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tdiggelm

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climate_fever

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[ { "evidence_id": "Gene:215", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Gene", "evidence": "Genetic disorders are the result of deleterious mutations and can be due to spontaneous mutation in the affected individual, or can be inherited.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Genetics:196", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Genetics", "evidence": "These errors, called mutations, can affect the phenotype of an organism, especially if they occur within the protein coding sequence of a gene.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mutation:217", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mutation", "evidence": "This is especially useful studying diseases in adults by allowing expression after a certain period of growth, thus eliminating the deleterious effect of gene expression seen during stages of development in model organisms.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Zika fever:177", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Zika fever", "evidence": "In addition, research was needed to determine the mechanism by which Zika produced these effects.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Zika fever:216", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Zika fever", "evidence": "Zika also appears to have an equal tropism for cells of the developing eye, leading to high rates of eye abnormalities as well.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:278", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hockey stick controversy:474", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hockey stick controversy", "evidence": "In a paper published by PNAS on 9 September 2008, Mann and colleagues produced updated reconstructions of Earth surface temperature for the past two millennia.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hockey stick graph:249", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hockey stick graph", "evidence": "The report was not properly peer reviewed.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:35", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Instrumental temperature record", "evidence": "An examination of the average global temperature changes by decades reveals continuing climate change, and AR5 reports \"Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth's surface than any preceding decade since 1850 (see Figure SPM.1).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "The Daily Caller:103", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "The Daily Caller", "evidence": "In 2017, The Daily Caller published a story falsely claiming that a \"peer-reviewed study\" by \"two scientists and a veteran statistician\" found that recent years have not been the warmest ever.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Earth:174", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "Without this heat-retention effect, the average surface temperature would be −18 °C (0 °F), in contrast to the current +15 °C (59 °F), and life on Earth probably would not exist in its current form.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:192", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:206", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Uppsala:49", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Uppsala", "evidence": "The second warmest is 2018, with 8.0 °C (46 °F).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Uppsala:60", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Uppsala", "evidence": "If compared to the period 1861–1890, the annual increase in temperature is 1.8 °C.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:236", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "(2009) found that the evidence showed that connections between solar variation and climate were more likely to be mediated by direct variation of insolation rather than cosmic rays, and concluded: \"Hence within our assumptions, the effect of varying solar activity, either by direct solar irradiance or by varying cosmic ray rates, must be less than 0.07 °C since 1956, i.e.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:70", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "\"From new estimates of the combined anthropogenic forcing due to greenhouse gases, aerosols, and land surface changes, it is extremely likely (>95%) that human activities have exerted a substantial net warming influence on climate since 1750.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:9", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "Natural forces alone (such as solar and volcanic activity) cannot explain the observed warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:279", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it \"is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Solar activity and climate:0", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Solar activity and climate", "evidence": "Patterns of solar irradiance and solar variation has been a main driver of climate change over the millennia to gigayears of the geologic time scale, but its role in the recent warming has been found to be insignificant.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "United States:281", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "United States", "evidence": "The most prominent is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), created by presidential order in 1970.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "United States:496", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "United States", "evidence": "It is the only country in the world, other than Eritrea, to do so.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "United States:677", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "United States", "evidence": "Since 2007, the total greenhouse gas emissions by the United States are the second highest by country, exceeded only by China.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "United States:678", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "United States", "evidence": "The United States has historically been the world's largest producer of greenhouse gases and greenhouse gas emissions per capita remain high.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "United States:679", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "United States", "evidence": "Issues that affect water supply in the United States include droughts in the West, water scarcity, pollution, a backlog of investment, concerns about the affordability of water for the poorest, and a rapidly retiring workforce.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Canada:274", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Canada", "evidence": "The most densely populated part of the country, accounting for nearly 50 percent, is the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor in Southern Quebec and Southern Ontario along the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "France:812", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "France", "evidence": "Being the host country of the 2015 Paris Climate Change Conference, the French government was instrumental in securing the 2015 Paris agreement, a success that has been credited to its\"openness and experience in diplomacy\" (though the US, after the election of President Trump in 2016, then announced it will withdraw from the agreement).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement", "evidence": "On June 1, 2017, United States President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease all participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement:39", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement", "evidence": "The communique issued at the conclusion of the summit stated that the United States \"is not in a position to join the consensus\" of the other G7 countries on policies regarding climate change and the Paris Agreement.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement:729", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement", "evidence": "\"French PM blasts Trump's decision to pull US out of Paris climate accord as 'calamitous'\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Air pollution:171", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Air pollution", "evidence": "Causes of deaths include strokes, heart disease, COPD, lung cancer, and lung infections.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Air pollution:4", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Air pollution", "evidence": "Air pollution is a significant risk factor for a number of pollution-related diseases, including respiratory infections, heart disease, COPD, stroke and lung cancer.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Particulates:142", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Particulates", "evidence": "The effects of inhaling particulate matter that has been widely studied in humans and animals include asthma, lung cancer, respiratory diseases, cardiovascular disease, premature delivery, birth defects, low birth weight, and premature death.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Particulates:169", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Particulates", "evidence": "Bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and interstitial pneumonia were the most common ailments treated by area hospitals.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Particulates:9", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Particulates", "evidence": "Worldwide exposure to PM2.5 contributed to 4.1 million deaths from heart disease and stroke, lung cancer, chronic lung disease, and respiratory infections in 2016.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Developing country:10", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Developing country", "evidence": "For example, with regards to health risks, they commonly have: low levels of access to safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene; energy poverty; high levels of pollution (e.g.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Developing country:103", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Developing country", "evidence": "Tropical and infectious diseases (neglected tropical diseases) Unsafe drinking water, poor sanitation and hygiene Indoor air pollution in developing nations Pollution (e.g.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Developing country:134", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Developing country", "evidence": "Water pollution is a major problem in many developing countries.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "United States:3442", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "United States", "evidence": "\"How polluted is U.S. drinking water?\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "United States:677", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "United States", "evidence": "Since 2007, the total greenhouse gas emissions by the United States are the second highest by country, exceeded only by China.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:0", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:60", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Carbon dioxide is colorless.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:61", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "At low concentrations the gas is odorless; however, at sufficiently-high concentrations, it has a sharp, acidic odor.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:7", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Carbon dioxide is odorless at normally encountered concentrations, but at high concentrations, it has a sharp and acidic odor.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Exhaust gas:48", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Exhaust gas", "evidence": "Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless and tasteless, but highly toxic.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Cannabis cultivation:173", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Cannabis cultivation", "evidence": "Adequate levels of CO2 must be maintained for the plants to grow efficiently.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:240", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Plants can grow as much as 50 percent faster in concentrations of 1,000 ppm CO 2 when compared with ambient conditions, though this assumes no change in climate and no limitation on other nutrients.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse:73", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse", "evidence": "Secondary metabolites, e.g., cardiac glycosides in Digitalis lanata, are produced in higher amounts by greenhouse cultivation at enhanced temperature and at enhanced carbon dioxide concentration.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hydroponics:281", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Hydroponics", "evidence": "To increase yield further, some sealed greenhouses inject CO2 into their environment to help improve growth and plant fertility.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Vertical farming:136", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Vertical farming", "evidence": "Greenhouses commonly supplement carbon dioxide levels to 3–4 times the atmospheric rate.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:7", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "Global annual mean CO 2 concentration has increased by more than 45% since the start of the Industrial Revolution, from 280 ppm during the 10,000 years up to the mid-18th century to 415 ppm as of May 2019.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:177", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:3", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "The current concentration is about 0.04% (410 ppm) by volume, having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:127", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:5", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:128", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "A 2017 Politico article states that increased CO 2 levels may have a negative impact on the nutritional quality of various human food crops, by increasing the levels of carbohydrates, such as glucose, while decreasing the levels of important nutrients such as protein, iron, and zinc.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:194", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "While increased CO 2 levels help crop growth at lower temperature increases, those crops do become less nutritious.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:130", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:310", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Indur M. Goklany:8", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Indur M. Goklany", "evidence": "In an op-ed for The New York Times, he wrote, \"Ironically, much of the hysteria over global warming is itself fueled by concerns that it may drive numerous species to extinction and increase hunger worldwide, especially in developing countries.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:22", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "Since global warming is attributed to increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases such as CO 2 and methane, scientists closely monitor atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and their impact on the present-day biosphere.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide removal:15", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide removal", "evidence": "Both have the same net effect, but for achieving carbon dioxide concentration levels below present levels, carbon dioxide removal is critical.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:192", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:252", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "As stated in the Convention, this requires that greenhouse gas concentrations are stabilized in the atmosphere at a level where ecosystems can adapt naturally to climate change, food production is not threatened, and economic development can be sustained.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Snowball Earth:668", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Snowball Earth", "evidence": "\"High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Air pollution:295", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Air pollution", "evidence": "This would save about $600 billion in health costs a year due to reduced air pollution in 2050, or about 3.6% of the 2014 U.S. gross domestic product.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Biodiesel:311", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Biodiesel", "evidence": "Judging by the continued growth in the Renewable Fuel Standard and the extension of the biodiesel tax incentive, the number of jobs can increase to 50,725, $2.7 billion in income, and reaching $5 billion in GDP by 2012 and 2013.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon tax:420", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon tax", "evidence": "The goal is to reduce carbon emissions to those outlined in the Kyoto Protocol; specifically to reduce their emissions by 7% below 1990 levels by 2012.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Kyoto Protocol and government action:125", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Kyoto Protocol and government action", "evidence": "The country has a national objective to reduce emissions by 25% from their 1990 levels by 2020, and a long-term target to reduce emissions 75–80% by 2050.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Kyoto Protocol and government action:157", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Kyoto Protocol and government action", "evidence": "Informed by the Energy White Paper 2003, the bill aims to achieve a mandatory reduction of 60% in the carbon emission from the 1990 level by 2050, with an intermediate target of between 26% and 32% by 2020.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Economy of Venezuela:296", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Economy of Venezuela", "evidence": "The hardest hit sectors in the worst recession years (2002–2003) were construction (−55.9%), petroleum (−26.5%), commerce (−23.6%) and manufacturing (−22.5%).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Economy of Venezuela:405", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Economy of Venezuela", "evidence": "By the first half of 2016, only 10 vehicles were manufactured per day in Venezuela with production dropping 86%.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mineral industry of Africa:11", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mineral industry of Africa", "evidence": "The 2012 share of world production from African soil was bauxite 7%; aluminium 5%; chromite 38%; cobalt 60%; copper 9%; gold 20%; iron ore 2%; steel 1%; lead (Pb) 2%; manganese 38%; zinc 1%; cement 4%; natural diamond 56%; graphite 2%; phosphate rock 21%; coal 4%; mineral fuels (including coal) & petroleum 47%; uranium 18%.platinum 69.4%.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mineral industry of Africa:181", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mineral industry of Africa", "evidence": "Crude steel production was expected to rise by an average of about 5% per year from 2005 to 2011.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Technological and industrial history of China:126", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Technological and industrial history of China", "evidence": "Improvements in existing plants reduced steel-industry energy consumption from 73.8 million tons of coal in 1978 to 69.1 million tons in 1983, and production increased by 26 percent.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Efficient energy use:124", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Efficient energy use", "evidence": "At an EU summit in October 2014, EU countries agreed on a new energy efficiency target of 27% or greater by 2030.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Efficient energy use:133", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Efficient energy use", "evidence": "They are: To help households and businesses transition to a low carbon future To streamline the adoption of efficient energy To make buildings more energy-efficient For governments to work in partnership and lead the way to energy efficiency The overriding agreement that governs this strategy is the National Partnership Agreement on Energy Efficiency.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Energy policy of the United States:316", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Energy policy of the United States", "evidence": "On August 31, 2006, the California Legislature reached an agreement with Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger to reduce the state's greenhouse-gas emissions, which rank at 12th-largest carbon emitter in the world, by 25 percent by the year 2020.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Smart grid:271", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Smart grid", "evidence": "The increased efficiency and reliability of the smart grid is expected to save consumers money and help reduce CO 2 emissions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Wind power:786", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Wind power", "evidence": "ESB National Grid, Ireland's electric utility, in a 2004 study that, concluded that to meet the renewable energy targets set by the EU in 2001 would \"increase electricity generation costs by a modest 15%\" \"Impact of Wind Power Generation in Ireland on the Operation of Conventional Plant and the Economic Implications\" (PDF).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:395", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "As a result, the continental mass of the East Antarctic ice sheet is held at lower temperatures, and the peripheral areas of Antarctica, especially the Antarctic Peninsula, are subject to higher temperatures, which promote accelerated melting.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:83", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "The sheet has been of recent concern because of the small possibility of its collapse.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Pine Island Glacier:19", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Pine Island Glacier", "evidence": "Scientists have found that the flow of these ice streams has accelerated in recent years, and suggested that if they were to melt, global sea levels would rise by 1 to 2 m (3 ft 3 in to 6 ft 7 in), destabilising the entire West Antarctic Ice Sheet and perhaps sections of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:12", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "The acceleration of the rate of retreat since 1995 of key outlet glaciers of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets may foreshadow a rise in sea level, which would affect coastal regions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:492", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "\"Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:352", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "However, it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice sheet:14", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ice sheet", "evidence": "Around 90% of the Earth's ice mass is in Antarctica, which, if melted, would cause sea levels to rise by 58 meters.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:114", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "A rapid collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet could raise sea level by 3.3 metres (11 ft).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:89", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "The world's largest potential source of sea level rise is the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, which holds enough ice to raise global sea levels by 53.3 m (175 ft).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:93", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "The lead scientist Eric Rignot told CNN: \"melting is taking place in the most vulnerable parts of Antarctica ... parts that hold the potential for multiple meters of sea level rise in the coming century or two.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Airplane:208", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Airplane", "evidence": "This enables the entire craft to contribute to lift generation with the result of potentially increased fuel economy.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Boeing:34", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Boeing", "evidence": "The airline industry is responsible for about 11% of greenhouse gases emitted by the U.S. transportation sector.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Boeing:35", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Boeing", "evidence": "Aviation's share of the greenhouse gas emissions is poised to grow, as air travel increases and ground vehicles use more alternative fuels like ethanol and biodiesel.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Boeing:36", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Boeing", "evidence": "Boeing estimates that biofuels could reduce flight-related greenhouse-gas emissions by 60 to 80%.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global catastrophic risk:114", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global catastrophic risk", "evidence": "In November 2017, a statement by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries indicated that increasing levels of greenhouse gases from use of fossil fuels, human population growth, deforestation, and overuse of land for agricultural production, particularly by farming ruminants for meat consumption, are trending in ways that forecast an increase in human misery over coming decades.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:119", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:395", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "As a result, the continental mass of the East Antarctic ice sheet is held at lower temperatures, and the peripheral areas of Antarctica, especially the Antarctic Peninsula, are subject to higher temperatures, which promote accelerated melting.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:79", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:189", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:24", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Also, a report by the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research stated that around three million years ago, levels of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere were similar to today’s levels which increased temperature by two to three degrees Celsius and melted one third of Antarctica’s ice sheets.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:2631", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "\"The next five years will be 'anomalously warm,' scientists predict\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Holocene:47", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Holocene", "evidence": "[citation needed] The Holocene climatic optimum (HCO) was a period of warming in which the global climate became warmer.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Holocene:49", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Holocene", "evidence": "This period of warmth ended about 5,500 years ago with the descent into the Neoglacial and concomitant Neopluvial.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:221", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "The last cold episode of the last glacial period ended about 10,000 years ago.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:128", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "There is a threshold in surface warming beyond which a partial or near-complete melting of the Greenland ice sheet occurs.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:180", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Both the Greenland ice sheet and Antarctica have tipping points for warming levels that could be reached before the end of the 21st century.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:23", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "The warming was sustained over a period of thousands of years and the magnitude of the rise in sea level implies a large contribution from the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tipping points in the climate system:89", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Tipping points in the climate system", "evidence": "Runaway climate change of 4–5 °C can make swathes of the planet around the equator uninhabitable, with sea levels up to 60 metres (197 ft) higher than they are today.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "West Antarctic Ice Sheet:47", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "West Antarctic Ice Sheet", "evidence": "In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:352", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "However, it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice shelf:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice shelf", "evidence": "An ice shelf is a large floating platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice sheet flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice shelf:40", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice shelf", "evidence": "This new source of ice volume flows down from above sea level, displacing sea water and so contributing to sea level rise.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice shelf:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice shelf", "evidence": "That flow continually moves ice from the grounding line to the seaward front of the shelf.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ross Ice Shelf:48", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ross Ice Shelf", "evidence": "The Ross Ice Shelf pushes out into the sea at between 1.5 and 3 m (5 and 10 ft) a day.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:114", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "A rapid collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet could raise sea level by 3.3 metres (11 ft).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "West Antarctic Ice Sheet:26", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "West Antarctic Ice Sheet", "evidence": "It has been hypothesised that this disintegration could raise sea levels by approximately 3.3 metres (11 ft).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "West Antarctic Ice Sheet:41", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "West Antarctic Ice Sheet", "evidence": "On 12 May 2014, it was announced that two teams of scientists said the long-feared collapse of the Ice Sheet had begun, kicking off what they say will be a centuries-long, \"unstoppable\" process that could raise sea levels by 1.2 to 3.6 metres (3.9 to 11.8 ft) They estimate that rapid drawdown of Thwaites Glacier will begin in 200 – 1000 years.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "West Antarctic Ice Sheet:45", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "West Antarctic Ice Sheet", "evidence": "In 2016, improved computer modeling revealed that the breakup of glaciers could lead to a steep rise in sea levels much more quickly than previously projected.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "West Antarctic Ice Sheet:47", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "West Antarctic Ice Sheet", "evidence": "In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:93", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "Atlantic Water has the same salinity as Arctic Bottom Water but is much warmer (up to 3 °C).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:94", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "In fact, this water mass is actually warmer than the surface water, and remains submerged only due to the role of salinity in density.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "El Niño:15", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "El Niño", "evidence": "The low-level surface trade winds, which normally blow from east to west along the equator, either weaken or start blowing from the other direction.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "El Niño:75", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "El Niño", "evidence": "Within the Atlantic Ocean vertical wind shear is increased, which inhibits tropical cyclone genesis and intensification, by causing the westerly winds in the atmosphere to be stronger.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Southern Ocean:200", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Southern Ocean", "evidence": "Strong westerly (eastward) winds blow around Antarctica, driving a significant flow of water northwards.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctica cooling controversy:10", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica cooling controversy", "evidence": "In a study released in 2009, historical weather station data was combined with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Antarctica cooling controversy:11", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica cooling controversy", "evidence": "One of the paper's authors, Eric Steig of the University of Washington, stated \"We now see warming is taking place on all seven of the earth’s continents in accord with what models predict as a response to greenhouse gases.\"", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:371", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "A study by Eric Steig published in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05 °C (0.09 °F) per decade from 1957 to 2006.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:236", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "Using the long-term temperature trends for the earth scientists and statisticians conclude that it continues to warm through time.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming in Antarctica:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming in Antarctica", "evidence": "Research published in 2009 found that overall the continent had become warmer since the 1950s, a finding consistent with the influence of man-made climate change: \"We can't pin it down, but it certainly is consistent with the influence of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels\", said NASA scientist Drew Shindell, another study co-author.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:84", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "If the sheet were to break down, ocean levels would rise by several metres in a relatively geologically short period of time, perhaps a matter of centuries.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:147", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:114", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "A rapid collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet could raise sea level by 3.3 metres (11 ft).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:160", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52–98 cm (20–39 in).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:189", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Cambridge, Massachusetts:362", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Cambridge, Massachusetts", "evidence": "March 26, 1892. p. 11.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "University of Massachusetts Amherst:369", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "University of Massachusetts Amherst", "evidence": "from year to year, made possible the new M.A.C.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "University of Massachusetts Amherst:371", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "University of Massachusetts Amherst", "evidence": "Last of the ‘Big Four’ was President Henry H. Goodell—classicist, modern thinker, lover of literature and the arts, disciplinarian, sympathizer, self-forgetter.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "University of Massachusetts Amherst:469", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "University of Massachusetts Amherst", "evidence": "August 28, 2012.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "University of Massachusetts Amherst:566", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "University of Massachusetts Amherst", "evidence": "October 31, 2013.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:147", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:237", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called \"storm[s] of the century\" at least once a year.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:167", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:172", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:9", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "A number of later studies have concluded that a global sea level rise of 200 to 270 cm (6.6 to 8.9 ft) this century is \"physically plausible\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Emissions trading:38", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Emissions trading", "evidence": "These studies used mathematical models of several cities and their emission sources in order to compare the cost and effectiveness of various control strategies.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:392", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Decision 1/CP.16, paragraph 4, in UNFCCC: Cancun 2010: \"deep cuts in global greenhouse gas emissions are required according to science, and as documented in the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, with a view to reducing global greenhouse gas emissions so as to hold the increase in global average temperature below 2 °C above preindustrial levels\".", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:67", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "University of Massachusetts Amherst:99", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "University of Massachusetts Amherst", "evidence": "He and colleagues at the Political Economy Research Institute have developed a plan for national recovery that shows, for example, that investing in clean energy (wind power, solar, and biofuels) will create about three times as many good-paying jobs than conventional projects will, while reducing greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on foreign oil.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:83", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "The sheet has been of recent concern because of the small possibility of its collapse.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:7", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:128", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:193", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "Pledges made as part of the Cancún Agreements are broadly consistent with cost-effective scenarios that give a \"likely\" chance (66-100% probability) of limiting global warming (in 2100) to below 3 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:209", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "(2007) stated that the SRES represented \"a substantial advance from prior scenarios\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic:95", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic", "evidence": "The current Arctic warming is leading to ancient carbon being released from thawing permafrost, leading to methane and carbon dioxide production by micro-organisms.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:63", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coal:223", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Coal", "evidence": "The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Fossil fuel power station:12", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Fossil fuel power station", "evidence": "Fossil fueled power stations are major emitters of carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas which is a major contributor to global warming.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:170", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "One potential source of abrupt climate change would be the rapid release of methane and carbon dioxide from permafrost, which would amplify global warming.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Permafrost:122", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Permafrost", "evidence": "Permafrost and clathrates degrade on warming, and thus, large releases of methane from these sources may arise as a result of global warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Permafrost:130", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Permafrost", "evidence": "It is thought that permafrost thawing could exacerbate global warming by releasing methane and other hydrocarbons, which are powerful greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Permafrost:51", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Permafrost", "evidence": "It also contains gas hydrates in places, which are a \"potential abundant source of energy\" but may also destabilize as subsea permafrost warms and thaws, producing large amounts of methane gas, which is a potent greenhouse gas.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Permafrost:80", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Permafrost", "evidence": "The consequence is thawing soil, which may be weaker, and release of methane, which contributes to an increased rate of global warming as part of a feedback loop.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tundra:38", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Tundra", "evidence": "When the permafrost melts, it releases carbon in the form of carbon dioxide and methane, both of which are greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:192", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:105", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "The spread of land plants is thought to have reduced CO 2 concentrations during the late Devonian, and plant activities as both sources and sinks of CO 2 have since been important in providing stabilising feedbacks.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:138", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "The seven sources of CO 2 from fossil fuel combustion are (with percentage contributions for 2000–2004): Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide (N 2O) and three groups of fluorinated gases (sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs)) are the major anthropogenic greenhouse gases, and are regulated under the Kyoto Protocol international treaty, which came into force in 2005.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:183", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Between the period 1970 to 2004, greenhouse gas emissions (measured in CO 2-equivalent) increased at an average rate of 1.6% per year, with CO 2 emissions from the use of fossil fuels growing at a rate of 1.9% per year.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:244", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:147", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "As recently as 55 million years ago, during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, the region reached an average annual temperature of 10–20 °C (50–68 °F).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic:12", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic", "evidence": "Another definition of the Arctic is the region where the average temperature for the warmest month (July) is below 10 °C (50 °F); the northernmost tree line roughly follows the isotherm at the boundary of this region.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic:16", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic", "evidence": "Average winter temperatures can go as low as −40 °C (−40 °F), and the coldest recorded temperature is approximately −68 °C (−90 °F).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "North Pole:165", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "North Pole", "evidence": "It was estimated that the temperature at the North Pole was between 30 and 35 °F (−1 and 2 °C) during the storm.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "North Pole:167", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "North Pole", "evidence": "The highest temperature yet recorded is 13 °C (55 °F), much warmer than the South Pole's record high of only −12.3 °C (9.9 °F).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:21", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:22", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:150", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:48", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Global warming in this case was indicated by an increase of 0.75 degrees in average global temperatures over the last 100 years.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:507", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:165", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "Estimates vary for when the last time the Arctic was ice-free: 65 million years ago when fossils indicate that plants existed there to as recently as 5,500 years ago; ice and ocean cores going back 8,000 years to the last warm period or 125,000 during the last intraglacial period.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:221", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "The last cold episode of the last glacial period ended about 10,000 years ago.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Norwegian Sea:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Norwegian Sea", "evidence": "The Norwegian Sea (Norwegian: Norskehavet) is a marginal sea in the Arctic Ocean, northwest of Norway between the North Sea and the Greenland Sea, adjoining the Barents Sea to the northeast.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Norwegian Sea:183", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Norwegian Sea", "evidence": "Sea ice is a common problem in the Arctic seas, but ice-free conditions along the entire northern route were observed at the end of August 2008.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea:387", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea", "evidence": "Increased melting of Arctic ice since 2007 enables ships to travel the Northwest Passage for some weeks in summertime, avoiding the longer routes via the Suez Canal or the Panama Canal.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Ice age:178", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "John D. Hamaker:102", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "John D. Hamaker", "evidence": "In Paul Kelbie's article Remineralization Might Save Us From Global Warming, in The Independent, he wrote that since the last ice age, three million years ago, the Earth has gone through 25 glaciations, each lasting about 90,000 years, and that we are now 10,800 years into an interglacial – a hiatus between ice–ages.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:118", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Little Ice Age", "evidence": "In the North Atlantic, sediments accumulated since the end of the last ice age, nearly 12,000 years ago, show regular increases in the amount of coarse sediment grains deposited from icebergs melting in the now open ocean, indicating a series of 1–2 °C (2–4 °F) cooling events recurring every 1,500 years or so.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:167", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Little Ice Age", "evidence": "The Spörer Minimum has also been identified with a significant cooling period between 1460 and 1550.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:177", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Little Ice Age", "evidence": "This may have caused the initial cooling, and the 1452–53 eruption of Kuwae in Vanuatu triggered a second pulse of cooling.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:2", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic sea ice decline", "evidence": "A 2007 study found the decline to be \"faster than forecasted\" by model simulations.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:46", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic sea ice decline", "evidence": "However, these models do tend to underestimate the rate of sea ice loss since 2007.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:114", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "Since 1979, satellite records indicate the decline in summer sea ice coverage has been about 13% per decade.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:141", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Past models have underestimated the rate of Arctic shrinkage and underestimated the rate of precipitation increase.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:65", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Atmospheric methane:89", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Atmospheric methane", "evidence": "Permafrost contains almost twice as much carbon as is present in the atmosphere.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change feedback:28", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change feedback", "evidence": "The carbon currently stored in peatlands (390–455 gigatonnes, one-third of the total land-based carbon store) is over half the amount of carbon already in the atmosphere.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mars:195", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mars", "evidence": "The atmosphere of Mars consists of about 96% carbon dioxide, 1.93% argon and 1.89% nitrogen along with traces of oxygen and water.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Permafrost:110", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Permafrost", "evidence": "The amount of carbon sequestered in permafrost is four times the carbon that has been released to the atmosphere due to human activities in modern time.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sperm whale:388", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sperm whale", "evidence": "By reducing the abundance of sperm whales in the Southern Ocean, whaling has resulted in an extra 2 million tonnes of carbon remaining in the atmosphere each year.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effigy Mounds National Monument:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effigy Mounds National Monument", "evidence": "However, mounds in the shape of mammals, birds, or reptiles, known as effigies, apparently were constructed primarily by peoples in what is now known as southern Wisconsin, northeast Iowa, and small parts of Minnesota and Illinois.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Soil:275", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Soil", "evidence": "At the next larger scale, soil structures called peds or more commonly soil aggregates are created from the soil separates when iron oxides, carbonates, clay, silica and humus, coat particles and cause them to adhere into larger, relatively stable secondary structures.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Soil:309", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Soil", "evidence": "The clumping of the soil textural components of sand, silt and clay causes aggregates to form and the further association of those aggregates into larger units creates soil structures called peds (a contraction of the word pedolith).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Soil:342", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Soil", "evidence": "At the same time, root hairs and fungal hyphae create microscopic tunnels that break up peds.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Soil:856", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Soil", "evidence": "Phosphorus is largely immobile in the soil and is not leached but actually builds up in the surface layer if not cropped.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:86", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "In the last 30–40 years, heat waves with high humidity have become more frequent and severe.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation:33", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation", "evidence": "The western side of the equatorial Pacific is characterized by warm, wet, low-pressure weather as the collected moisture is dumped in the form of typhoons and thunderstorms.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:156", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:57", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Little Ice Age", "evidence": "Disease tends to intensify under the same conditions that unemployment and economic difficulties arise: prolonged, cold, dry seasons.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sahara:95", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sahara", "evidence": "The climate of the Sahara has undergone enormous variations between wet and dry over the last few hundred thousand years, believed to be caused by long-term changes in the North African climate cycle that alters the path of the North African Monsoon – usually southward.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2006 European heat wave:23", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "2006 European heat wave", "evidence": "The Environment Agency claimed that the UK may have had the most severe drought in 100 years.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2006 European heat wave:64", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2006 European heat wave", "evidence": "Despite the low rainfall, drought was not an issue in Ireland.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2006 European heat wave:84", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2006 European heat wave", "evidence": "The Netherlands also had to deal with extreme drought in June and July.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in Australia:116", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change in Australia", "evidence": "He says that the drought in Australia is already 8 years long.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Drought in the United Kingdom:64", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Drought in the United Kingdom", "evidence": "A significant hydrological drought occurred in the United Kingdom between 1995 and 1998, when the warm, dry summers were followed by dry, cool winters.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Physical impacts of climate change:90", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Physical impacts of climate change", "evidence": "Scientists have found evidence that increased evaporation could result in more extreme weather as global warming progresses.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:134", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:307", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:667", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Rises in temperature will have complex and frequently localised effects on weather, but an overall increase in extreme weather conditions and changes in precipitation patterns are probable, resulting in flooding and drought.", "entropy": 1.0397207736968994, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:693", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Health impacts of climate change include the direct impacts of extreme events such as storms, floods, heatwaves and fires and the indirect effects of longer-term changes, such as drought, changes to the food and water supply, resource conflicts and population shifts.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:70", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "In other words, regions which are dry at present will in general become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will in general become even wetter.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Kalahari Desert:47", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Kalahari Desert", "evidence": "In certain areas where the climate is drier, it becomes a true semi-desert with ground not entirely covered by vegetation: \"open\" as opposed to \"closed\" vegetation.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Physical impacts of climate change:23", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Physical impacts of climate change", "evidence": "In other words, regions which are dry at present will generally become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will generally become even wetter.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Water cycle:319", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Water cycle", "evidence": "Will the wet get wetter and the dry drier?", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Wetland:36", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Wetland", "evidence": "Wetlands can be dry during the dry season and abnormally dry periods during the wet season, but under normal environmental conditions the soils in a wetland will be saturated to the surface or inundated such that the soils become anaerobic, and those conditions will persist through the wet portion of the growing season.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain:120", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain", "evidence": "In recent decades, a few specialists have continued to support this interpretation, and Peter Schrijver has said that 'to a large extent, it is linguistics that is responsible for thinking in terms of drastic scenarios' about demographic change in late Roman Britain.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain:291", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain", "evidence": "Many feasible scenarios can be constructed to account for evidence.", "entropy": 1.0397207736968994, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain:293", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain", "evidence": "Therefore, scenarios that are not justified by other evidence or are created to account for the historical evidence have not been universally accepted.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Indo-Aryan migration:775", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Indo-Aryan migration", "evidence": "The reverse possibility, that a small group broke off and wandered from India into Western Asia is readily dismissed as an improbably long migration, again without the least bit of evidence.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "July Crisis:626", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "July Crisis", "evidence": "On the contrary, there are reasons to believe that this is altogether out of the question.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Beach nourishment:144", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Beach nourishment", "evidence": "The restoration was complicated by the presence of old seawalls, groins, piles of rocks and other structures.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Beach nourishment:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Beach nourishment", "evidence": "The structural alternative involves constructing a seawall, revetment, groyne or breakwater.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hurricane Donna:193", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hurricane Donna", "evidence": "Heavy rains and poor drainage in some areas flooded basements, lawns, and streets.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Lake Worth Beach, Florida:80", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Lake Worth Beach, Florida", "evidence": "As in the flatwoods, these soils are poorly drained for many purposes unless drainage systems are installed.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Seawall:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Seawall", "evidence": "A seawall (or sea wall) is a form of coastal defense constructed where the sea, and associated coastal processes, impact directly upon the landforms of the coast.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:0", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:112", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "With continued melt and retreat they contribute to raising global sea levels.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:141", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Sea ice melt contributes very slightly to global sea level rise.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:381", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "\"One of the most striking trends – over a century of global-average sea level change\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:442", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "\"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:146", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:165", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "This could mean rapid sea level rise of up to 19 mm (0.75 in) per year by the end of the century.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:38", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Current rates of sea level rise from satellite altimetry have been estimated to be 3.0 ± 0.4 millimetres (0.118 ± 0.016 in) per year for the period 1993–2017.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:49", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:50", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2 mm (0.13 in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:1282", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "\"The rate of sea-level rise\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:1322", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "\"Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:146", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:147", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:166", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Jet stream:125", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Jet stream", "evidence": "This in turn reduces the temperature gradient that drives jet stream winds, which may eventually cause the jet stream to become weaker and more variable in its course.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Jet stream:53", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Jet stream", "evidence": "If two air masses of different temperatures or densities meet, the resulting pressure difference caused by the density difference (which ultimately causes wind) is highest within the transition zone.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Jet stream:66", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Jet stream", "evidence": "Therefore, the strong eastward moving jet streams are in part a simple consequence of the fact that the Equator is warmer than the North and South poles.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Pacific Ocean:118", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Pacific Ocean", "evidence": "The Westerlies and associated jet stream within the Mid-Latitudes can be particularly strong, especially in the Southern Hemisphere, due to the temperature difference between the tropics and Antarctica, which records the coldest temperature readings on the planet.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Weather:28", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Weather", "evidence": "The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the large scale atmospheric circulation cells and the jet stream.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Jet stream:121", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Jet stream", "evidence": "During the Dust Bowl, the jet stream weakened and changed course traveling farther south than normal.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Jet stream:125", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Jet stream", "evidence": "This in turn reduces the temperature gradient that drives jet stream winds, which may eventually cause the jet stream to become weaker and more variable in its course.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Jet stream:127", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Jet stream", "evidence": "With a weaker jet stream, the Polar vortex has a higher probability to leak out of the polar area and bring extremely cold weather to the middle latitude regions.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Jet stream:134", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Jet stream", "evidence": "During these dark months the air high over the poles becomes much colder than the air over the Equator.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Jet stream:66", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Jet stream", "evidence": "Therefore, the strong eastward moving jet streams are in part a simple consequence of the fact that the Equator is warmer than the North and South poles.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global cooling:206", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global cooling", "evidence": "Whether this be due directly to the health, disposition or constitution of our globe itself, or to the weather from without, as the new glacial cosmogony would teach us, must remain a question for experts to debate, if not settle.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:7", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "Public disputes that also reflect scientific debate include estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of greenhouse gases (climate sensitivity), how the climate will change at local and regional scales, and what the consequences of global warming will be.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:110", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Problems of global warming, climate change, and their various negative impacts on human life and on the functioning of entire societies are one of the most dramatic challenges of modern times.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:228", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:38", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:67", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic sea ice decline", "evidence": "This relationship has been documented through observation evidence and model responses to sea ice loss according to the 2017 Wiley Periodicals Article, Amplified Arctic warming and mid latitude weather: new perspectives on emerging connections.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:81", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic sea ice decline", "evidence": "Correlations have been identified between high-latitude cryosphere changes, hemispheric wind patterns and mid-latitude extreme weather events for the Northern Hemisphere.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate of Mars:289", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate of Mars", "evidence": "K. I. Abdusamatov has proposed that \"parallel global warmings\" observed simultaneously on Mars and on Earth can only be a consequence of the same factor: a long-time change in solar irradiance.\"", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Granger causality:1", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Granger causality", "evidence": "Ordinarily, regressions reflect \"mere\" correlations, but Clive Granger argued that causality in economics could be tested for by measuring the ability to predict the future values of a time series using prior values of another time series.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Psychology:455", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Psychology", "evidence": "Observational studies analyze uncontrolled data in search of correlations; multivariate statistics are typically used to interpret the more complex situation.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:73", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic sea ice decline", "evidence": "In a 2017 study conducted by climatologist Dr. Judah Cohen and several of his research associates, Cohen wrote that \"[the] shift in polar vortex states can account for most of the recent winter cooling trends over Eurasian midlatitudes\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:158", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Various mechanisms have been identified that might explain extreme weather in mid-latitudes from the rapidly warming Arctic, such as the jet stream becoming more erratic.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Polar amplification:40", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Polar amplification", "evidence": "Studies published in 2017 and 2018 identified stalling patterns of rossby waves, in the northern hemisphere jet stream, to have caused almost stationary extreme weather events, such as the 2018 European heatwave, the 2003 European heat wave, 2010 Russian heat wave, 2010 Pakistan floods - these events have been linked to global warming, the rapid heating of the Arctic.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Polar amplification:43", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Polar amplification", "evidence": "Cold Arctic air intrudes into the warmer lower latitudes more rapidly today during autumn and winter, a trend projected to continue in the future except during summer, thus calling into question whether winters will bring more cold extremes.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Rossby wave:30", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Rossby wave", "evidence": "In 2011, a Nature Geoscience study using general circulation models linked Pacific Rossby waves generated by increasing central tropical Pacific temperatures to warming of the Amundsen Sea region, leading to winter and spring continental warming of Ellsworth Land and Marie Byrd Land in West Antarctica via an increase in advection.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:140", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.", "entropy": 0.5004024505615234, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:5", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report concluded, \"It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:130", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.", "entropy": 0.5004024505615234, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:571", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Because the complexity of the climate makes accurate prediction difficult, the APS urges an enhanced effort to understand the effects of human activity on the Earth's climate, and to provide the technological options for meeting the climate challenge in the near and longer terms.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:692", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.", "entropy": 0.5004024505615234, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:172", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic sea ice decline", "evidence": "\"Arctic Sea Ice Hits Record Low—Extreme Weather to Come?\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:23", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic sea ice decline", "evidence": "Scientists recently measured sixteen-foot (five-meter) wave heights during a storm in the Beaufort Sea in mid-August until late October 2012.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:245", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic sea ice decline", "evidence": "Given the estimated trend and the volume estimate for October–November of 2007 at less than 9,000 km3, one can project that at this rate it would take only 9 more years or until 2016 ± 3 years to reach a nearly ice-free Arctic Ocean in summer.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:31", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic sea ice decline", "evidence": "The previous record of the lowest area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice in 2012 saw a low of 1.58 million square miles (4.09 million square kilometers).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Methane:434", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Methane", "evidence": "\"Arctic sea ice reaches lowest extent for the year and the satellite record\" (Press release).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic:92", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic", "evidence": "The Arctic is especially vulnerable to the effects of any climate change, as has become apparent with the reduction of sea ice in recent years.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic:97", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic", "evidence": "Climate change is also predicted to have a large impact on Tundra vegetation, causing an increase of shrubs, and having a negative impact on bryophytes and lichens.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the Arctic:119", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change in the Arctic", "evidence": "Climate change is having a direct impact on the people that live in the Arctic, as well as other societies around the world.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the United States:211", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change in the United States", "evidence": "As an island Territory, we are directly and immediately impacted by global climate change.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "El Niño:80", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "El Niño", "evidence": "As a result of this change, Micronesia is more likely to be affected by tropical cyclones, while China has a decreased risk of being affected by tropical cyclones.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:35", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years since detailed records have been kept and is likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise as well as to possible changes in ocean circulation in the future if this is sustained.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:46", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:56", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "Besides contributing to global sea level rise, the process adds freshwater to the ocean, which may disturb ocean circulation and thus regional climate.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland:185", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenland", "evidence": "The glaciers of Greenland are also contributing to a rise in the global sea level faster than was previously believed.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:128", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "There is a threshold in surface warming beyond which a partial or near-complete melting of the Greenland ice sheet occurs.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2014–16 El Niño event:0", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "2014–16 El Niño event", "evidence": "The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2014–16 El Niño event:76", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "2014–16 El Niño event", "evidence": "As El Niño conditions started to develop during early 2014, sea levels in western Micronesia including in waters surrounding the island nations of Palau and Guam dropped by 6–9 feet (1.8–2.7 m).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:1", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:25", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "This in turn caused sea-levels to rise 20 metres.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:614", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "18 January 2019.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:141", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "The IPCC's Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere concluded that global mean sea level rose by 0.16 metres between 1901 and 2016.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:143", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "Global sea level rise is accelerating, rising 2.5 times faster between 2006 and 2016 than it did during the 20th century.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:1", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:2", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:85", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:55", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change mitigation", "evidence": "At the core of most proposals is the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through reducing energy waste and switching to low-carbon power sources of energy.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:8", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change mitigation", "evidence": "Examples of mitigation include reducing energy demand by increasing energy efficiency, phasing out fossil fuels by switching to low-carbon energy sources, and removing carbon dioxide from Earth's atmosphere.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:62", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "Robert Watson found this \"very disappointing\" and said \"We need the public to understand that climate change is serious so they will change their habits and help us move towards a low carbon economy.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Low-carbon economy:28", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Low-carbon economy", "evidence": "This would make the technologies more affordable and competitive in the global market, particularly when combined with a phasing out of fossil fuel subsidies.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Low-carbon economy:29", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Low-carbon economy", "evidence": "Recent advances in technology and policy will allow renewable energy and energy efficiency to play major roles in displacing fossil fuels, meeting global energy demand while reducing carbon dioxide emissions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "El Niño:129", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "El Niño", "evidence": "An El Niño is associated with warm and very wet weather months in April–October along the coasts of northern Peru and Ecuador, causing major flooding whenever the event is strong or extreme.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "El Niño:13", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "El Niño", "evidence": "However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "El Niño:18", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "El Niño", "evidence": "Scientists have also found the chemical signatures of warmer sea surface temperatures and increased rainfall caused by El Niño in coral specimens that are around 13,000 years old.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "El Niño:54", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "El Niño", "evidence": "The event temporarily warmed air temperature by 1.5 °C, compared to the usual increase of 0.25 °C associated with El Niño events.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "La Niña:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "La Niña", "evidence": "La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Conservation biology:229", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Conservation biology", "evidence": "The loss of coral reefs, which are predicted to go extinct in the next century, threatens the balance of global biodiversity, will have huge economic impacts, and endangers food security for hundreds of millions of people.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Conservation biology:904", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Conservation biology", "evidence": "\"One-Third of Reef-Building Corals Face Elevated Extinction Risk from Climate Change and Local Impacts\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event", "evidence": "The Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction event, also known as the Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) extinction, was a sudden mass extinction of three-quarters of the plant and animal species on Earth, approximately 66 million years ago.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Extinction risk from global warming:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Extinction risk from global warming", "evidence": "The extinction risk of global warming is the risk of species becoming extinct due to the effects of global warming.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Water scarcity:175", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Water scarcity", "evidence": "Several fish species have been driven to the edge of extinction and some, such as the disturbed Tokios coral reef formations in the Indian Ocean, are effectively lost.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Coral in non-tropical regions:0", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Coral in non-tropical regions", "evidence": "The poleward migration of coral species refers to the phenomenon brought on by rising sea temperatures, wherein corals are colonising cooler climates in an attempt to circumvent coral bleaching, rising sea levels and ocean acidification.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coral in non-tropical regions:40", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Coral in non-tropical regions", "evidence": "One way, however, that corals \"might escape ocean warming, is to migrate into cooler waters.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Great Barrier Reef:47", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Great Barrier Reef", "evidence": "The corals could then overgrow the submerged hills, to form the present cays and reefs.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paleocene:80", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paleocene", "evidence": "In the modern thermohaline circulation, warm tropical water becomes colder and saltier at the poles and sinks (downwelling or deep water formation) that occurs at the North Atlantic near the North Pole and the Southern Ocean near the Antarctic Peninsula.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paleocene:90", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paleocene", "evidence": "In the PETM, it is possible deep water formation occurred in saltier tropical waters and moved polewards, which would increase global surface temperatures by warming the poles.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:8", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Coral bleaching", "evidence": "In 2016, bleaching of coral on the Great Barrier Reef killed between 29 and 50 percent of the reef's coral.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coral reef:47", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Coral reef", "evidence": "Sea level on the Great Barrier Reef has not changed significantly in the last 6,000 years.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Environmental threats to the Great Barrier Reef:43", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Environmental threats to the Great Barrier Reef", "evidence": "When the 2019 Townsville flood waters reached the Great Barrier Reef, the flood plumes covered a large area of corals, even reaching 60 km out to sea.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Great Barrier Reef:132", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Great Barrier Reef", "evidence": "On 3 April 2010, the bulk coal carrier Shen Neng 1 ran aground on Douglas Shoals, spilling up to four tonnes of oil into the water and causing extensive damage to the reef.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Great Barrier Reef:16", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Great Barrier Reef", "evidence": "In March 2017, the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of an 800-kilometre (500 mi) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures, an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Coastal fish:180", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Coastal fish", "evidence": "In turn, they are preyed on by larger predatory fish, seabirds and marine mammals.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coral reef:294", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Coral reef", "evidence": "This level of variety in the environment benefits many coral reef animals, which, for example, may feed in the sea grass and use the reefs for protection or breeding.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Diversity of fish:55", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Diversity of fish", "evidence": "Swordfish are teleosts Rose fish are also teleosts Eels are teleosts too So are seahorses Some of the shortest-lived species are gobies, which are small coral reef–dwelling fish.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Glossary of fishery terms:151", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Glossary of fishery terms", "evidence": "Endangered species - An endangered species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming extinct.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Glossary of fishery terms:41", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Glossary of fishery terms", "evidence": "They are important apex predators feeding on a wide variety of smaller fish and cephalopods.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:20", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:186", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "At present, the primary source of CO 2 emissions is the burning of coal, natural gas, and petroleum for electricity and heat.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:2", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:717", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The world's most important greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide, a by-product of the burning of fossil fuels.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Water vapor:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Water vapor", "evidence": "Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Alf Ramsey:216", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Alf Ramsey", "evidence": "\"Shots which appeared certain to score missed by the width of a coat of paint.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Anti-submarine warfare:164", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Anti-submarine warfare", "evidence": "However, they ended up having little impact, especially in the latter half of the war.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film):126", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)", "evidence": "The first take ran well, but in the second take, the burst of fire came too soon as a result of which the flames set fire to her green and copper-based face paint, causing third-degree burns on her hands and face.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film):203", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)", "evidence": "During the reshoots in May, the inside of the farm house was painted sepia, and when Dorothy opens the door, it is not Garland, but her stand-in, Bobbie Koshay, wearing a sepia gingham dress, who then backs out of frame; once the camera moves through the door, Garland steps back into frame in her bright blue gingham dress (as noted in DVD extras), and the sepia-painted door briefly tints her with the same color before she emerges from the house's shadow, into the bright glare of the Technicolor lighting.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tincture (heraldry):229", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Tincture (heraldry)", "evidence": "At one point, aluminum paint was used for argent, as it was more resistant to oxidation; but its effect also faded with age.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Gambler's fallacy:12", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Gambler's fallacy", "evidence": "Since the first four tosses turn up heads, the probability that the next toss is a head is: Pr ( A 5 | A 1 ∩ A 2 ∩ A 3 ∩ A 4 ) = Pr ( A 5 ) = 1 2 {\\displaystyle \\Pr \\left(A_{5}|A_{1}\\cap A_{2}\\cap A_{3}\\cap A_{4}\\right)=\\Pr \\left(A_{5}\\right)={\\frac {1}{2}}} .", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Gambler's fallacy:20", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Gambler's fallacy", "evidence": "Assuming a fair coin: The probability of 20 heads, then 1 tail is 0.520 × 0.5 = 0.521 The probability of 20 heads, then 1 head is 0.520 × 0.5 = 0.521 The probability of getting 20 heads then 1 tail, and the probability of getting 20 heads then another head are both 1 in 2,097,152.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Probability:102", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Probability", "evidence": "If two events, A and B are independent then the joint probability is P ( A  and  B ) = P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ) P ( B ) , {\\displaystyle P(A{\\mbox{ and }}B)=P(A\\cap B)=P(A)P(B),\\,} for example, if two coins are flipped the chance of both being heads is 1 2 × 1 2 = 1 4 {\\displaystyle {\\tfrac {1}{2}}\\times {\\tfrac {1}{2}}={\\tfrac {1}{4}}} .", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Probability:106", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Probability", "evidence": "P ( A  or  B ) = P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) − P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) − 0 = P ( A ) + P ( B ) {\\displaystyle P(A{\\mbox{ or }}B)=P(A\\cup B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A\\cap B)=P(A)+P(B)-0=P(A)+P(B)} For example, the chance of rolling a 1 or 2 on a six-sided die is P ( 1  or  2 ) = P ( 1 ) + P ( 2 ) = 1 6 + 1 6 = 1 3 .", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Random variable:70", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Random variable", "evidence": "{\\displaystyle Y(\\omega )={\\begin{cases}1,&{\\text{if }}\\omega ={\\text{heads}},\\\\[6pt]0,&{\\text{if }}\\omega ={\\text{tails}}.\\end{cases}}} If the coin is a fair coin, Y has a probability mass function f Y {\\displaystyle f_{Y}} given by: f Y ( y ) = { 1 2 , if  y = 1 , 1 2 , if  y = 0 , {\\displaystyle f_{Y}(y)={\\begin{cases}{\\tfrac {1}{2}},&{\\text{if }}y=1,\\\\[6pt]{\\tfrac {1}{2}},&{\\text{if }}y=0,\\end{cases}}} A random variable can also be used to describe the process of rolling dice and the possible outcomes.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Dimensional analysis:69", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Dimensional analysis", "evidence": "1000   g   NO x 1 kg   NO x × 46   kg   NO x 1   kmol   NO x × 1   kmol   NO x 22.414   m 3   NO x × 10   m 3   NO x 10 6   m 3   gas × 20   m 3   gas 1   minute × 60   minute 1   hour = 24.63   g   NO x hour {\\displaystyle {\\frac {1000\\ {\\ce {g\\ NO}}_{x}}{1{\\cancel {{\\ce {kg\\ NO}}_{x}}}}}\\times {\\frac {46\\ {\\cancel {{\\ce {kg\\ NO}}_{x}}}}{1\\ {\\cancel {{\\ce {kmol\\ NO}}_{x}}}}}\\times {\\frac {1\\ {\\cancel {{\\ce {kmol\\ NO}}_{x}}}}{22.414\\ {\\cancel {{\\ce {m}}^{3}\\ {\\ce {NO}}_{x}}}}}\\times {\\frac {10\\ {\\cancel {{\\ce {m}}^{3}\\ {\\ce {NO}}_{x}}}}{10^{6}\\ {\\cancel {{\\ce {m}}^{3}\\ {\\ce {gas}}}}}}\\times {\\frac {20\\ {\\cancel {{\\ce {m}}^{3}\\ {\\ce {gas}}}}}{1\\ {\\cancel {\\ce {minute}}}}}\\times {\\frac {60\\ {\\cancel {\\ce {minute}}}}{1\\ {\\ce {hour}}}}=24.63\\ {\\frac {{\\ce {g\\ NO}}_{x}}{\\ce {hour}}}} After canceling out any dimensional units that appear both in the numerators and denominators of the fractions in the above equation, the NOx concentration of 10 ppmv converts to mass flow rate of 24.63 grams per hour.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Rate of return:33", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Rate of return", "evidence": "This is a return of 20,000 USD divided by 100,000 USD, which equals 20 percent.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Rate of return:46", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Rate of return", "evidence": "Assuming returns are reinvested, if the returns over n {\\displaystyle n} successive time sub-periods are R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , ⋯ , R n {\\displaystyle R_{1},R_{2},R_{3},\\cdots ,R_{n}} , then the cumulative return or overall return over the overall time period is the result of compounding the returns together: ( 1 + R 1 ) ( 1 + R 2 ) ⋯ ( 1 + R n ) − 1 {\\displaystyle (1+R_{1})(1+R_{2})\\cdots (1+R_{n})-1} If the returns are logarithmic returns however, the logarithmic return over the overall time period is: ∑ i = 1 n R l o g , i = R l o g , 1 + R l o g , 2 + R l o g , 3 + ⋯ + R l o g , n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{i=1}^{n}R_{\\mathrm {log} ,i}=R_{\\mathrm {log} ,1}+R_{\\mathrm {log} ,2}+R_{\\mathrm {log} ,3}+\\cdots +R_{\\mathrm {log} ,n}} This formula applies with an assumption of reinvestment of returns and it means that successive logarithmic returns can be summed, i.e.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Rate of return:53", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Rate of return", "evidence": "For example, assuming reinvestment, the cumulative return for annual returns: 50%, -20%, 30% and -40% is: ( 1 + 0.50 ) ( 1 − 0.20 ) ( 1 + 0.30 ) ( 1 − 0.40 ) − 1 = − 0.0640 = − 6.40 % {\\displaystyle (1+0.50)(1-0.20)(1+0.30)(1-0.40)-1=-0.0640=-6.40\\%} and the geometric average is: ( 1 + 0.50 ) ( 1 − 0.20 ) ( 1 + 0.30 ) ( 1 − 0.40 ) 4 − 1 = − 0.0164 = − 1.64 % {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt[{4}]{(1+0.50)(1-0.20)(1+0.30)(1-0.40)}}-1=-0.0164=-1.64\\%} which is equal to the annualized cumulative return: 1 − 0.0640 4 − 1 = − 0.0164 {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt[{4}]{1-0.0640}}-1=-0.0164} In the presence of external flows, such as cash or securities moving into or out of the portfolio, the return should be calculated by compensating for these movements.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Rate of return:72", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Rate of return", "evidence": "The value of an investment is doubled if the return r {\\displaystyle r} = +100%, that is, if r l o g {\\displaystyle r_{\\mathrm {log} }} = ln($200 / $100) = ln(2) = 69.3%.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:1005", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "There are many interesting palaeoclimate studies that suggest that solar variability had an influence on pre-industrial climate.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:137", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "The consensus is that several factors are important: atmospheric composition, such as the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane (the specific levels of the previously mentioned gases are now able to be seen with the new ice core samples from EPICA Dome C in Antarctica over the past 800,000 years); changes in the earth's orbit around the Sun known as Milankovitch cycles; the motion of tectonic plates resulting in changes in the relative location and amount of continental and oceanic crust on the earth's surface, which affect wind and ocean currents; variations in solar output; the orbital dynamics of the Earth–Moon system; the impact of relatively large meteorites and volcanism including eruptions of supervolcanoes.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Milankovitch cycles:110", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Milankovitch cycles", "evidence": "Physical evidence shows that the variation in Earth's climate is much more extreme than the variation in the intensity of solar radiation calculated as the Earth's orbit evolves.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Milankovitch cycles:119", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Milankovitch cycles", "evidence": "Since orbital variations are predictable, any model that relates orbital variations to climate can be run forward to predict future climate, with two caveats: the mechanism by which orbital forcing influences climate is not definitive; and non-orbital effects can be important (for example, Human impact on the environment principally increases in greenhouse gases result in a warmer climate).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Milankovitch cycles:14", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Milankovitch cycles", "evidence": "Milankovitch studied changes in these movements of the Earth, which alter the amount and location of solar radiation reaching the Earth.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:276", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:39", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "While record-breaking years attract considerable public interest, individual years are less significant than the overall trend.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:40", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Global surface temperature is subject to short-term fluctuations that overlie long-term trends, and can temporarily mask or magnify them.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:30", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Instrumental temperature record", "evidence": "This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events.\"", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:162", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Little Ice Age", "evidence": "Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2010s:110", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2010s", "evidence": "As a result, for example, US stock prices reached record highs.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Milwaukee:177", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Milwaukee", "evidence": "Milwaukee tends to experience highs that are 90 °F (32 °C) on or above seven days per year, and lows at or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on six to seven nights.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "New Orleans:306", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "New Orleans", "evidence": "On average, there are 77 days of 90 °F (32 °C)+ highs, 8.1 days per winter where the high does not exceed 50 °F (10 °C), and 8.0 nights with freezing lows annually.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Seattle:179", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Seattle", "evidence": "Winters are cool and wet with December, the coolest month, averaging 40.6 °F (4.8 °C), with 28 annual days with lows that reach the freezing mark, and 2.0 days where the temperature stays at or below freezing all day; the temperature rarely lowers to 20 °F (−7 °C).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Seattle:182", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Seattle", "evidence": "The hottest officially recorded temperature was 103 °F (39 °C) on July 29, 2009; the coldest recorded temperature was 0 °F (−18 °C) on January 31, 1950; the record cold daily maximum is 16 °F (−9 °C) on January 14, 1950, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 71 °F (22 °C) the day the official record high was set.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Albany, New York:162", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Albany, New York", "evidence": "Record temperature extremes range from −28 °F (−33 °C), on January 19, 1971, to 104 °F (40 °C) on July 4, 1911.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Chicago:217", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Chicago", "evidence": "The normal winter high from December through March is about 36 °F (2 °C), with January and February being the coldest months; January 2019's polar vortex nearly broke the city's cold record of minus 27 degrees, which was set on January 20, 1985.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "December:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "December", "evidence": "January February March April May June July August September October November December December is the twelfth and final month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars and is the seventh and last of seven months to have a length of 31 days.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Humid subtropical climate:105", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Humid subtropical climate", "evidence": "Temperatures are very warm to hot but are not excessive: the average maximum in February is usually around 29 °C (84 °F) and in July around 21 °C (70 °F).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Season:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Season", "evidence": "However, due to seasonal lag, June, July, and August are the warmest months in the Northern Hemisphere while December, January, and February are the warmest months in the Southern Hemisphere.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Anoxic event:88", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Anoxic event", "evidence": "If the high latitude waters are below 5 °C (41 °F), they will be dense enough to sink; as they are cool, oxygen is highly soluble in their waters, and the deep ocean will be oxygenated.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Anoxic event:89", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Anoxic event", "evidence": "If high latitude waters are warmer than 5 °C (41 °F), their density is too low for them to sink below the cooler deep waters.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Lake ecosystem:28", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Lake ecosystem", "evidence": "As the season progresses, the warmer air temperatures heat the surface waters, making them less dense.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Marine habitats:49", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Marine habitats", "evidence": "Water that is saltier or cooler will be denser, and will sink in relation to the surrounding water.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea:56", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea", "evidence": "Warm surface currents cool as they move away from the tropics, and the water becomes denser and sinks.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change and ecosystems:32", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change and ecosystems", "evidence": "A 2005 study concludes human activity is the cause of the temperature rise and resultant changing species behaviour, and links these effects with the predictions of climate models to provide validation for them.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:132", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy", "evidence": "They reaffirmed their 2007 position statement on climate change \"based on the large body of scientific evidence that Earth's climate is warming and that human activity is a contributing factor.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:276", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:279", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it \"is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:334", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "He said, \"Global warming has reached a level such that we can ascribe with a high degree of confidence a cause and effect relationship between the greenhouse effect and the observed warming.\"", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:134", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "The ocean has already lost oxygen, throughout the entire water column and oxygen minimum zones are expanding worldwide.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Environmental issues in Thailand:36", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Environmental issues in Thailand", "evidence": "The decline in income is not evenly distributed, with tropical regions hardest hit.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ozone depletion:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ozone depletion", "evidence": "Ozone depletion consists of two related events observed since the late 1970s: a steady lowering of about four percent in the total amount of ozone in Earth's atmosphere (the ozone layer), and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone around Earth's polar regions.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ozone depletion:131", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ozone depletion", "evidence": "Ozone at middle latitudes has declined, but by a much smaller extent (a decrease of about 4–5 percent).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ozone depletion:53", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ozone depletion", "evidence": "The greatest Arctic declines are in the winter and spring, reaching up to 30 percent when the stratosphere is coldest.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Dead zone (ecology):0", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Dead zone (ecology)", "evidence": "Dead zones are hypoxic (low-oxygen) areas in the world's oceans and large lakes, caused by \"excessive nutrient pollution from human activities coupled with other factors that deplete the oxygen required to support most marine life in bottom and near-bottom water.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Dead zone (ecology):26", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Dead zone (ecology)", "evidence": "These areas are also known as oxygen minimum zones (OMZ).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Deep sea fish:8", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Deep sea fish", "evidence": "The oxygen minimum layer exists somewhere between a depth of 700m and 1000m deep depending on the place in the ocean.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Lake:188", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Lake", "evidence": "The deeper layer becomes oxygen starved and can become saturated with carbon dioxide, or other gases such as sulfur dioxide if there is even a trace of volcanic activity.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mesopelagic zone:41", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Mesopelagic zone", "evidence": "The oxygen consumption due to respiration of most of the sinking organic matter and lack of gas exchange, often creates an oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) in the mesopelagic.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:326", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "In Greenland, glacier retreat has been observed in outlet glaciers, resulting in an increase of the ice flow rate and destabilization of the mass balance of the ice sheet that is their source.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:120", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Some of Greenland's largest outlet glaciers, such as Jakobshavn Isbræ and Kangerlussuaq Glacier, are flowing faster into the ocean.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:3", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:56", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "The three main reasons warming causes global sea level to rise are: oceans expand, ice sheets lose ice faster than it forms from snowfall, and glaciers at higher altitudes also melt.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:639", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "\"A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate of the United Kingdom:225", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate of the United Kingdom", "evidence": "The summer of 1976 or 2019, for example, experienced temperatures as high as 35 °C (95 °F), and it was so dry the country suffered drought and water shortages.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:79", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "more intense droughts and tropical cyclones) are more uncertain.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mediterranean climate:47", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mediterranean climate", "evidence": "hot and dry); as a result, these communities are well suited to recover from droughts, floods, and fires.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Physical impacts of climate change:46", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Physical impacts of climate change", "evidence": "Between 2011 and 2014, California experienced the driest period in its recorded history and more than 100 million trees died in the drought, creating areas of dead, dry wood.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Rain:259", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Rain", "evidence": "There is also evidence that global warming is leading to increased precipitation to the eastern portions of North America, while droughts are becoming more frequent in the tropics and subtropics.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "SUPPORTS" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Alentejo:22", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Alentejo", "evidence": "The climate of the region is typically warm and dry for a large part of the year, with summer temperatures occasionally reaching up to 40 °C (104 °F), while winters are relatively mild and wet.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:156", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "List of ecoregions in North America (CEC):32", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)", "evidence": "Today the weather is generally very cold and dry with a few weeks of sun and rain in the summer.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Physical impacts of climate change:23", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Physical impacts of climate change", "evidence": "In other words, regions which are dry at present will generally become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will generally become even wetter.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Temperate climate:21", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Temperate climate", "evidence": "In these regions winters are quite dry and summers have very heavy rainfall.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Durban:55", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Durban", "evidence": "Durban has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), with hot and humid summers and pleasantly warm and dry winters, which are snow and frost-free.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Montreal:3", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Montreal", "evidence": "It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold, snowy winters.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Podlaskie Voivodeship:28", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Podlaskie Voivodeship", "evidence": "Podlaskie has a Warm Summer Continental or Hemiboreal climate (Dfb) according to the Köppen climate classification system, which is characterized by warm temperatures during summer and long and frosty winters.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Taiga:14", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Taiga", "evidence": "The taiga or boreal forest has a subarctic climate with very large temperature range between seasons, but the long and cold winter is the dominant feature.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Taiga:23", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Taiga", "evidence": "The summers, while short, are generally warm and humid.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Atlantic Ocean:66", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Atlantic Ocean", "evidence": "From October to June the surface is usually covered with sea ice in the Labrador Sea, Denmark Strait, and Baltic Sea.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:316", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:150", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:354", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Holocene:33", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Holocene", "evidence": "However, ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 m (115 ft) in the early part of the Holocene.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic:18", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic", "evidence": "The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the Arctic:0", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change in the Arctic", "evidence": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:11", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:150", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:69", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:1046", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:79", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Colonization of Mars:30", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Colonization of Mars", "evidence": "The lowest temperature ever recorded on Earth was 180 K (−89.2 °C, −128.6 °F) in Antarctica.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Physical impacts of climate change:149", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Physical impacts of climate change", "evidence": "Sea ice extent for September for 2012 was by far the lowest on record at 3.29 million square kilometers, eclipsing the previous record low sea ice extent of 2007 by 18%.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea ice:118", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea ice", "evidence": "Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:374", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "There is evidence from one study that Antarctica is warming as a result of human carbon dioxide emissions, but this remains ambiguous.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:381", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "According to NASA, the most widespread Antarctic surface melting of the past 30 years occurred in 2005, when an area of ice comparable in size to California briefly melted and refroze; this may have resulted from temperatures rising to as high as 5 °C (41 °F).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:315", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming in Antarctica:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming in Antarctica", "evidence": "Research published in 2009 found that overall the continent had become warmer since the 1950s, a finding consistent with the influence of man-made climate change: \"We can't pin it down, but it certainly is consistent with the influence of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels\", said NASA scientist Drew Shindell, another study co-author.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ozone depletion:312", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ozone depletion", "evidence": "The change was attributed to increasingly cold winters in the Arctic stratosphere at an altitude of approximately 20 km (12 mi), a change associated with global warming in a relationship that is still under investigation.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):53", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change (general concept)", "evidence": "These variations can affect global average surface temperature by redistributing heat between the deep ocean and the atmosphere and/or by altering the cloud/water vapor/sea ice distribution which can affect the total energy budget of the earth.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:183", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "Ocean currents are also important factors in determining climate, particularly the thermohaline circulation that distributes thermal energy from the equatorial oceans to the polar regions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean:95", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ocean", "evidence": "It plays an important role in supplying heat to the polar regions, and thus in sea ice regulation.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea ice:122", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea ice", "evidence": "Furthermore, the sea ice itself functions to help keep polar climates cool, since the ice exists in expansive enough amounts to maintain a cold environment.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea ice:129", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea ice", "evidence": "Furthermore, sea ice affects the movement of ocean waters.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:186", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Instrumental temperature record", "evidence": "\"U.S. Report Confirms 2016 Was The Hottest Year On Record\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:22", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Instrumental temperature record", "evidence": "Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that \"globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean\" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have \"increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius).\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:5", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Instrumental temperature record", "evidence": "The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:55", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Instrumental temperature record", "evidence": "The Earth's average surface absolute temperature for the 1961–1990 period has been derived by spatial interpolation of average observed near-surface air temperatures from over the land, oceans and sea ice regions, with a best estimate of 14 °C (57.2 °F).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "NASA:365", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "NASA", "evidence": "Its statements concur with the global scientific consensus that the global climate is warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Communications satellite:65", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Communications satellite", "evidence": "In addition, there are important differences in the onboard and ground equipment needed to support the two types of missions.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:432", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "Such statements suggest that there might be substantive disagreement in the scientific community about the reality of anthropogenic climate change.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:59", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "There are differences between the opinion of scientists and that of the general public.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:287", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Significant regional differences exist in how concerned people are about climate change and how much they understand the issue.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:22", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Instrumental temperature record", "evidence": "Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that \"globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean\" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have \"increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius).\"", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Rock music:194", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Rock music", "evidence": "Reflecting on developments in rock music at the start of the 1970s, Robert Christgau later wrote in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981): The decade is, of course, an arbitrary schema itself—time doesn't just execute a neat turn toward the future every ten years.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Twitter:528", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Twitter", "evidence": "Tech writer Bruce Sterling commented in 2007 that using Twitter for \"literate communication\" is \"about as likely as firing up a CB radio and hearing some guy recite the Iliad\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Wayback Machine:126", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Wayback Machine", "evidence": "Kevin Vaughan suspects that in the long-term of multiple generations \"next to nothing\" will survive in a useful way besides \"if we have continuity in our technological civilization\" by which \"a lot of the bare data will remain findable and searchable\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Wikipedia:241", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Wikipedia", "evidence": "Rosenzweig also criticized the \"waffling—encouraged by the NPOV policy—[which] means that it is hard to discern any overall interpretive stance in Wikipedia history\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Wikipedia:55", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Wikipedia", "evidence": "On January 20, 2014, Subodh Varma reporting for The Economic Times indicated that not only had Wikipedia's growth stalled, it \"had lost nearly ten percent of its page views last year.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:132", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "The main sources of greenhouse gases due to human activity are: burning of fossil fuels and deforestation leading to higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the air.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:186", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "At present, the primary source of CO 2 emissions is the burning of coal, natural gas, and petroleum for electricity and heat.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:7", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Human impact on the environment:8", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Human impact on the environment", "evidence": "Many of the actions taken by humans that contribute to a heated environment stem from the burning of fossil fuel from a variety of sources, such as: electricity, cars, planes, space heating, manufacturing, or the destruction of forests.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Non-renewable resource:16", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Non-renewable resource", "evidence": "At present, the main energy source used by humans is non-renewable fossil fuels.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Eocene:84", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Eocene", "evidence": "The polar stratospheric clouds had a warming effect on the poles, increasing temperatures by up to 20 °C in the winter months.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Nuclear winter:37", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Nuclear winter", "evidence": "that surface air temperatures would be the same as, or colder than, a given region's winter for months to years on end.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ozone depletion:312", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ozone depletion", "evidence": "The change was attributed to increasingly cold winters in the Arctic stratosphere at an altitude of approximately 20 km (12 mi), a change associated with global warming in a relationship that is still under investigation.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ozone depletion:336", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ozone depletion", "evidence": "One of the strongest predictions of the greenhouse effect is that the stratosphere will cool.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Satellite temperature measurements:39", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Satellite temperature measurements", "evidence": "Global Warming theory suggests that the stratosphere should cool while the troposphere warms.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):10", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change (general concept)", "evidence": "Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:236", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "Using the long-term temperature trends for the earth scientists and statisticians conclude that it continues to warm through time.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:39", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "While record-breaking years attract considerable public interest, individual years are less significant than the overall trend.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:30", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Instrumental temperature record", "evidence": "This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events.\"", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Phenology:36", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Phenology", "evidence": "Between 1850 and 1950 a long-term trend of gradual climate warming is observable, and during this same period the Marsham record of oak-leafing dates tended to become earlier.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:173", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "Marine extinction intensity during the Phanerozoic % Millions of years ago (H) K–Pg Tr–J P–Tr Cap Late D O–S Sea ice, and the cold conditions it sustains, serves to stabilize methane deposits on and near the shoreline, preventing the clathrate breaking down and outgassing methane into the atmosphere, causing further warming.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:51", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Coral bleaching", "evidence": "A global mass coral bleaching has been occurring since 2014 because of the highest recorded temperatures plaguing oceans.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:65", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Coral bleaching", "evidence": "Coral reef provinces have been permanently damaged by warm sea temperatures, most severely in the Indian Ocean.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Great Barrier Reef:14", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Great Barrier Reef", "evidence": "A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Great Barrier Reef:16", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Great Barrier Reef", "evidence": "In March 2017, the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of an 800-kilometre (500 mi) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures, an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:260", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves", "evidence": "Temperatures of 53.7C (128.66 F) have been recorded in Pakistan.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "2019 heat wave in India and Pakistan:29", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "2019 heat wave in India and Pakistan", "evidence": "On 2 June 2019, the city of Churu recorded a temperature of 50.8 °C (123.4 °F), only one-fifth of a degree Celsius short of the country's highest-ever temperature, 51 °C (124 °F) during the 2016 heat wave.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Abadan, Iran:65", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Abadan, Iran", "evidence": "which was recorded on January 20, 1964 and February 3, 1967 while the highest is 53 °C (127 °F), recorded on July 11, 1951 and August 9, 1981.", "entropy": 1.0397207736968994, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Phalodi:4", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Phalodi", "evidence": "It holds the record for the highest verified temperature recorded in India at 51 °C (124 °F) on 19 May 2016.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Phalodi:47", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Phalodi", "evidence": "The highest temperatures recorded in Phalodi during 2016 summers from 18 May to 21 May when it rose up to 51 degrees Celsius.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Doctor of Philosophy:129", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Doctor of Philosophy", "evidence": "The aim of the Doctor of Arts degree was to shorten the time needed to complete the degree by focusing on pedagogy over research, although the Doctor of Arts still contains a significant research component.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Doctor of Philosophy:151", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Doctor of Philosophy", "evidence": "Upon completion of at least two years' research and coursework as a graduate student, a candidate must demonstrate truthful and original contributions to their specific field of knowledge within a frame of academic excellence.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Doctor of Philosophy:211", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Doctor of Philosophy", "evidence": "A Master's degree is required, and the doctorate combines approximately 4–5 years of research (amounting to 3–5 scientific articles, some of which must be first-author) and 60 ECTS points of studies.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Doctor of Philosophy:317", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Doctor of Philosophy", "evidence": "This is typically done after one or two years and the research work done may count towards the Ph.D. degree.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Doctor of Philosophy:40", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Doctor of Philosophy", "evidence": "The arts faculty, which in Germany was labelled the faculty of philosophy, started demanding contributions to research, attested by a dissertation, for the award of their final degree, which was labelled Doctor of Philosophy (abbreviated as Ph.D.)—originally this was just the German equivalent of the Master of Arts degree.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:302", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "This is the case for CO 2, which is reduced by photosynthesis of plants, and which, after dissolving in the oceans, reacts to form carbonic acid and bicarbonate and carbonate ions (see ocean acidification).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:116", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "With the production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, oceans are becoming more acidic since CO2 dissolves in water and forms the acidic bicarbonate ion.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:140", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "For example, the elevated oceanic levels of CO 2 may produce CO 2-induced acidification of body fluids, known as hypercapnia.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:229", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "The ocean would not become acidic even if it were to absorb the CO2 produced from the combustion of all fossil fuel resources.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:3", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "Some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:205", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "This reduction in pH affects biological systems in the oceans, primarily oceanic calcifying organisms.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:173", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "The effects on the calcifying organisms at the base of the food webs could potentially destroy fisheries.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:190", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "The German Advisory Council on Global Change stated: In order to prevent disruption of the calcification of marine organisms and the resultant risk of fundamentally altering marine food webs, the following guard rail should be obeyed: the pH of near surface waters should not drop more than 0.2 units below the pre-industrial average value in any larger ocean region (nor in the global mean).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:29", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "It is expected to drop by a further 0.3 to 0.5 pH units (an additional doubling to tripling of today's post-industrial acid concentrations) by 2100 as the oceans absorb more anthropogenic CO 2, the impacts being most severe for coral reefs and the Southern Ocean.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:83", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "Although the natural absorption of CO 2 by the world's oceans helps mitigate the climatic effects of anthropogenic emissions of CO 2, it is believed that the resulting decrease in pH will have negative consequences, primarily for oceanic calcifying organisms.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "REFUTES" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Marine life:725", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Marine life", "evidence": "Human activities affect marine life and marine habitats through overfishing, pollution, acidification and the introduction of invasive species.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:509", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "\"Rising levels of acids in seas may endanger marine life, says study\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:7", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of potentially harmful consequences for marine organisms such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms and causing coral bleaching.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea:229", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Sea", "evidence": "Calcium carbonate also becomes more soluble at lower pH, so ocean acidification is likely to have profound effects on marine organisms with calcareous shells, such as oysters, clams, sea urchins, and corals, because their ability to form shells will be reduced, and the carbonate compensation depth will rise closer to the sea surface.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Seawater:81", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Seawater", "evidence": "One of the most striking features of this is ocean acidification, resulting from increased CO2 uptake of the oceans related to higher atmospheric concentration of CO2 and higher temperatures, because it severely affects coral reefs, mollusks, echinoderms and crustaceans (see coral bleaching).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] } ]