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[ { "evidence_id": "Polar bear:10", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Polar bear", "evidence": "For decades, large-scale hunting raised international concern for the future of the species, but populations rebounded after controls and quotas began to take effect.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Polar bear:347", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Polar bear", "evidence": "Polar bear population sizes and trends are difficult to estimate accurately because they occupy remote home ranges and exist at low population densities.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Polar bear:400", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Polar bear", "evidence": "However, in the short term, some polar bear populations in historically colder regions of the Arctic may temporarily benefit from a milder climate, as multiyear ice that is too thick for seals to create breathing holes is replaced by thinner annual ice.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Polar bear:404", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Polar bear", "evidence": "Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Polar bear:61", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Polar bear", "evidence": "Of the 19 recognized polar bear subpopulations, one is in decline, two are increasing, seven are stable, and nine have insufficient data, as of 2017.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Polar bear:139", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Polar bear", "evidence": "The Arctic is home to millions of seals, which become prey when they surface in holes in the ice in order to breathe, or when they haul out on the ice to rest.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Polar bear:173", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Polar bear", "evidence": "Unlike brown and black bears, polar bears are capable of fasting for up to several months during late summer and early fall, when they cannot hunt for seals because the sea is unfrozen.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Polar bear:218", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Polar bear", "evidence": "Then they begin the long walk from the denning area to the sea ice, where the mother can once again catch seals.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Polar bear:402", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Polar bear", "evidence": "It has been claimed that polar bears will be able to adapt to terrestrial food sources as the sea ice they use to hunt seals disappears.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Polar bear:7", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Polar bear", "evidence": "Polar bears hunt their preferred food of seals from the edge of sea ice, often living off fat reserves when no sea ice is present.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Bearded seal:54", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Bearded seal", "evidence": "Natural predators of the bearded seal include polar bears, who rely on these seals as a major food source.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Marine mammal:130", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Marine mammal", "evidence": "The polar bear is the most carnivorous species of bear, and its diet primarily consists of ringed (Pusa hispida) and bearded (Erignathus barbatus) seals.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Polar bear:138", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Polar bear", "evidence": "The polar bear is the most carnivorous member of the bear family, and throughout most of its range, its diet primarily consists of ringed (Pusa hispida) and bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Polar bear:66", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Polar bear", "evidence": "The polar bear tends to frequent areas where sea ice meets water, such as polynyas and leads (temporary stretches of open water in Arctic ice), to hunt the seals that make up most of its diet.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ringed seal:3", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ringed seal", "evidence": "Ringed seals are one of the primary prey of polar bears and killer whales, and have long been a component of the diet of indigenous people of the Arctic.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Polar bear:173", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Polar bear", "evidence": "Unlike brown and black bears, polar bears are capable of fasting for up to several months during late summer and early fall, when they cannot hunt for seals because the sea is unfrozen.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Polar bear:190", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Polar bear", "evidence": "They still manage to consume some seals, but they are food-deprived in summer as only marine mammal carcasses are an important alternative without sea ice, especially carcasses of the beluga whale.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Polar bear:231", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Polar bear", "evidence": "A study in Hudson Bay indicated that both the reproductive success and the maternal weight of females peaked in their mid-teens.Maternal success appeared to decline after this point, possibly because of an age-related impairment in the ability to store the fat necessary to rear cubs.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Polar bear:376", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Polar bear", "evidence": "In Alaska, the effects of sea ice shrinkage have contributed to higher mortality rates in polar bear cubs, and have led to changes in the denning locations of pregnant females.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Polar bear:397", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Polar bear", "evidence": "Steven Amstrup and other U.S. Geological Survey scientists have predicted two-thirds of the world's polar bears may disappear by 2050, based on moderate projections for the shrinking of summer sea ice caused by climate change, though the validity of this study has been debated.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event", "evidence": "The Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction event, also known as the Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) extinction, was a sudden mass extinction of three-quarters of the plant and animal species on Earth, approximately 66 million years ago.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Extinction event:11", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Extinction event", "evidence": "The most recent and arguably best-known, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, which occurred approximately 66 million years ago (Ma), was a large-scale mass extinction of animal and plant species in a geologically short period of time.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Extinction event:604", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Extinction event", "evidence": "\"Fossil record supports evidence of impending mass extinction\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Holocene extinction:183", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Holocene extinction", "evidence": "For the first time since the demise of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, we face a global mass extinction of wildlife.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Quaternary extinction event:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Quaternary extinction event", "evidence": "The Quaternary period (from 2.588 ± 0.005 million years ago to the present) saw the extinctions of numerous predominantly megafaunal species, which resulted in a collapse in faunal density and diversity and the extinction of key ecological strata across the globe.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "OSTM/Jason-2:2", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "OSTM/Jason-2", "evidence": "These very accurate observations of variations in sea surface height—also known as ocean topography—provide information about global sea level, the speed and direction of ocean currents, and heat stored in the ocean.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Remote sensing:22", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Remote sensing", "evidence": "Laser and radar altimeters on satellites have provided a wide range of data.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Remote sensing:25", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Remote sensing", "evidence": "Ultrasound (acoustic) and radar tide gauges measure sea level, tides and wave direction in coastal and offshore tide gauges.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:31", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Tide gauges can only measure relative sea level, whilst satellites can also measure absolute sea level changes.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tide gauge:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Tide gauge", "evidence": "A tide gauge is a device for measuring the change in sea level relative to a vertical datum.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:15", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Further effects are higher storm-surges and more dangerous tsunamis, displacement of populations, loss and degradation of agricultural land and damage in cities.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:168", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "A rise of 2.4 m (8 feet) is physically possible under a high emission scenario but the authors were unable to say how likely.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:234", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Future sea level rise could lead to potentially catastrophic difficulties for shore-based communities in the next centuries: for example, millions of people will be affected in cities such as Miami, Rio de Janeiro, Osaka and Shanghai if following the current trajectory of 3 °C (5.4 °F).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:8", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:9", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "A number of later studies have concluded that a global sea level rise of 200 to 270 cm (6.6 to 8.9 ft) this century is \"physically plausible\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Efficient energy use:2", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Efficient energy use", "evidence": "Installing LED lighting, fluorescent lighting, or natural skylight windows reduces the amount of energy required to attain the same level of illumination compared to using traditional incandescent light bulbs.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Headlamp:415", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Headlamp", "evidence": "Intelligent Light System is a headlamp beam control system introduced in 2006 on the Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W211) which offers five different bi-xenon light functions, each of which is suited to typical driving or weather conditions: Country mode Motorway mode Enhanced fog lamps Active light function (Advanced front-lighting system (AFS)) Cornering light function Adaptive Highbeam Assist is Mercedes-Benz' marketing name for a headlight control strategy that continuously automatically tailors the headlamp range so the beam just reaches other vehicles ahead, thus always ensuring maximum possible seeing range without glaring other road users.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "LED lamp:269", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "LED lamp", "evidence": "\"Longevity of light bulbs and how to make them last longer\".", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Phase-out of incandescent light bulbs:309", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Phase-out of incandescent light bulbs", "evidence": "\"Raising Awareness of Energy Efficient Light Bulbs Pays off in Rwanda\".", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Series and parallel circuits:8", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Series and parallel circuits", "evidence": "Consider a very simple circuit consisting of four light bulbs and a 12-volt automotive battery.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Buffalo meat:25", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Buffalo meat", "evidence": "Buffalo are generally fed on coarse feeds; they convert them into the protein-rich lean meat.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Meat:221", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Meat", "evidence": "conversion of human-inedible residues of food crops.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Veganism:142", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Veganism", "evidence": "To obtain milk from dairy cattle, cows are made pregnant to induce lactation; they are kept lactating for three to seven years, then slaughtered.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Vegetarianism:268", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Vegetarianism", "evidence": "are vehemently against the consumption of meat and eggs (though they do consume and encourage the consumption of milk, butter and cheese).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows:4", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows", "evidence": "Carnivores require meat in their diet for survival, but carnists choose to eat meat based on their beliefs.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Agriculture:258", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Agriculture", "evidence": "Agriculture contributes to climate change by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, and by the conversion of non-agricultural land such as forest for agricultural use.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Beef:48", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Beef", "evidence": "A simple exchange of beef to soy beans (a common feed source for cattle) in Americans' diets would, according to one estimate, result in meeting between 46 and 74 percent of the reductions needed to meet the 2020 greenhouse gas emission goals of the United States as pledged in 2009.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Livestock:75", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Livestock", "evidence": "The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) has estimated that agriculture (including not only livestock, but also food crop, biofuel and other production) accounted for about 10 to 12 percent of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (expressed as 100-year carbon dioxide equivalents) in 2005 and in 2010.Cows produce some 570 million cubic metres of methane per day, that accounts for from 35 to 40% of the overall methane emissions of the planet.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Milk:129", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Milk", "evidence": "Compared to plant milks, cow's milk requires the most land and water, and its production results in the greatest amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, air pollution, and water pollution.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Vegetarianism:279", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Vegetarianism", "evidence": "In addition, animal agriculture is a large source of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:22", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:26", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Although the most common measure of global warming is the increase in the near-surface atmospheric temperature, over 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system over the last 50 years has warmed ocean water.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:29", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:31", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Since the pre-industrial period, global average land temperatures have increased almost twice as fast as global average temperatures.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory", "evidence": "The Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) is a research unit of Columbia University located on a 157-acre (64 ha) campus in Palisades, N.Y., 18 miles (29 km) north of Manhattan on the Hudson River.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory:8", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory", "evidence": "The Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University is one of the world's leading research centers developing fundamental knowledge about the origin, evolution and future of the natural world.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Megadrought:29", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Megadrought", "evidence": "Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sean Solomon:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sean Solomon", "evidence": "Sean Carl Solomon (born October 24,1945) is the director of the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, where he is also the William B. Ransford Professor of Earth and Planetary Science.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Wallace Smith Broecker:1", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Wallace Smith Broecker", "evidence": "He was the Newberry Professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University, a scientist at Columbia's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and a sustainability fellow at Arizona State University.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:131", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "Play media Under the influence of the Quaternary glaciation, the Arctic Ocean is contained in a polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:147", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "As recently as 55 million years ago, during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, the region reached an average annual temperature of 10–20 °C (50–68 °F).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic sea ice decline", "evidence": "It has been established that the region is at its warmest for at least 4,000 years and the Arctic-wide melt season has lengthened at a rate of 5 days per decade (from 1979 to 2013), dominated by a later autumn freeze-up.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:8", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic sea ice decline", "evidence": "The Arctic Ocean is the mass of water positioned approximately above latitude 65° N. Arctic Sea Ice refers to the area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:11", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate sensitivity:51", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate sensitivity", "evidence": "The sensitivity of temperature to atmospheric gasses, most notably CO 2, is often expressed in terms of the change in temperature per doubling of the concentration of the gas.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate sensitivity:53", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate sensitivity", "evidence": "In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6 °C (9.0 to 10.8 °F) if the quantity of CO 2 was doubled.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate sensitivity:58", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate sensitivity", "evidence": "For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:207", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "As defined by the IPCC, climate sensitivity is the \"equilibrium temperature rise that would occur for a doubling of CO 2 concentration above pre-industrial levels\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "James Hansen:126", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "James Hansen", "evidence": "They did note that the agreement between the observations and the intermediate scenario was accidental because the climate sensitivity used was higher than current estimates.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:192", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate sensitivity:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate sensitivity", "evidence": "Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate sensitivity:118", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate sensitivity", "evidence": "Climate models of earth, for example the Coupled model intercomparison project (CMIP), are used to simulate the quantity of warming that will occur with rising CO 2 concentrations.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate sensitivity:48", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate sensitivity", "evidence": "The more sensitive a climate system is to increased greenhouse gases, the more likely it is to have decades when temperatures are much higher or much lower than the longer-term average.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate sensitivity:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate sensitivity", "evidence": "The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) is the temperature increase that would result from sustained doubling of the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, after the Earth's energy budget and the climate system reach radiative equilibrium.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements:109", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements", "evidence": "Some models show more warming in the troposphere than at the surface, while a slightly smaller number of simulations show the opposite behavior.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements:114", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements", "evidence": "While the satellite data now show global warming, there is still some difference between what climate models predict and what the satellite data show for warming of the lower troposphere, with the climate models predicting slightly more warming than what the satellites measure.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements:96", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements", "evidence": "Climate models predict that as the surface warms, so should the global troposphere.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements:97", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements", "evidence": "Globally, the troposphere (at the TLT altitude at which the MSU sounder measure) is predicted to warm about 1.2 times more than the surface; in the tropics, the troposphere should warm about 1.5 times more than the surface.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "The Great Global Warming Swindle:26", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "The Great Global Warming Swindle", "evidence": "The programme states that all models of greenhouse effect-derived temperature increase predict that the warming will be at its greatest for a given location in the troposphere and at its lowest near the surface of the earth.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:231", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding \"projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:232", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "This result went against a similar study of 19 models which found that discrepancies between model predictions and actual temperature were likely due to measurement errors.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:242", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "Certain scientists, skeptics and otherwise, believe this confidence in the models' ability to predict future climate is not earned.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Machine learning:60", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Machine learning", "evidence": "Loss functions express the discrepancy between the predictions of the model being trained and the actual problem instances (for example, in classification, one wants to assign a label to instances, and models are trained to correctly predict the pre-assigned labels of a set of examples).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Physics:137", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Physics", "evidence": "To that end, experiments are performed and observations are made in order to determine the validity or invalidity of the theory.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:231", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding \"projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Nuclear winter:189", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Nuclear winter", "evidence": "In 2007, a nuclear winter study, noted that modern computer models have been applied to the Kuwait oil fires, finding that individual smoke plumes are not able to loft smoke into the stratosphere, but that smoke from fires covering a large area[quantify] like some forest fires can lift smoke[quantify] into the stratosphere, and recent evidence suggests that this occurs far more often than previously thought.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Nuclear winter:202", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Nuclear winter", "evidence": "A study published in the Journal of Geophysical Research in July 2007, titled \"Nuclear winter revisited with a modern climate model and current nuclear arsenals: Still catastrophic consequences\", used current climate models to look at the consequences of a global nuclear war involving most or all of the world's current nuclear arsenals (which the authors judged to be one similar to the size of the world's arsenals twenty years earlier).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Nuclear winter:226", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Nuclear winter", "evidence": "While the highly popularized initial 1983 TTAPS 1-dimensional model forecasts were widely reported and criticized in the media, in part because every later model predicts far less of its \"apocalyptic\" level of cooling, most models continue to suggest that some deleterious global cooling would still result, under the assumption that a large number of fires occurred in the spring or summer.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Nuclear winter:46", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Nuclear winter", "evidence": "While it is believed that the modeled climate-cooling-effects from the mass of soot injected into the stratosphere by 100 firestorms (one to five teragrams) would have been detectable with technical instruments in WWII, five percent of that would not have been possible to observe at that time.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "1257 Samalas eruption:144", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "1257 Samalas eruption", "evidence": "The Little Ice Age was a period of several centuries during the last millennium during which global temperatures were depressed; the cooling was associated with volcanic eruptions.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Natural disaster:18", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Natural disaster", "evidence": "The effects include the volcanic eruption itself that may cause harm following the explosion of the volcano or falling rocks.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Nuclear winter:329", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Nuclear winter", "evidence": "Similar climatic effects to \"nuclear winter\" followed historical supervolcano eruptions, which plumed sulfate aerosols high into the stratosphere, with this being known as a volcanic winter.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Volcanism:16", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Volcanism", "evidence": "The amount of gas and ash emitted by volcanic eruptions has a significant effect on the Earth's climate.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Volcano:181", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Volcano", "evidence": "The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora created global climate anomalies that became known as the \"Year Without a Summer\" because of the effect on North American and European weather.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:196", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "John Christy:17", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "John Christy", "evidence": "This was once quite controversial: From the beginning of the satellite record in late 1978 into 1998 it showed a net global cooling trend, although ground measurements and instruments carried aloft by balloons showed warming in many areas.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "John Christy:18", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "John Christy", "evidence": "Part of the cooling trend seen by the satellites can be attributed to several years of cooler than normal temperatures and cooling caused by the eruption of the Mount Pinatubo volcano.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "John Christy:20", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "John Christy", "evidence": "Since the data correction of August 1998 (and the major La Niña Pacific Ocean warming event of the same year), data collected by satellite instruments has shown an average global warming trend in the atmosphere.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "John Christy:21", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "John Christy", "evidence": "From November 1978 through March 2011, Earth's atmosphere has warmed at an average rate of about 0.14 C per decade, according to the UAHuntsville satellite record.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "1257 Samalas eruption:144", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "1257 Samalas eruption", "evidence": "The Little Ice Age was a period of several centuries during the last millennium during which global temperatures were depressed; the cooling was associated with volcanic eruptions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "1257 Samalas eruption:94", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "1257 Samalas eruption", "evidence": "The deposits showed that climate disturbances reported at that time were due to a volcanic event, the global spread indicating a tropical volcano as the cause.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):101", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change (general concept)", "evidence": "Small eruptions, with injections of less than 0.1 Mt of sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere, affect the atmosphere only subtly, as temperature changes are comparable with natural variability.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Volcanism:16", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Volcanism", "evidence": "The amount of gas and ash emitted by volcanic eruptions has a significant effect on the Earth's climate.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Volcano:181", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Volcano", "evidence": "The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora created global climate anomalies that became known as the \"Year Without a Summer\" because of the effect on North American and European weather.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global cooling:26", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global cooling", "evidence": "Climatic oscillations at higher frequencies are not predicted... the results indicate that the long-term trend over the next 20,000 years is towards extensive Northern Hemisphere glaciation and cooler climate\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming hiatus:37", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming hiatus", "evidence": "They used computer simulations of future climate to show that it was \"possible, and indeed likely, to have a period as long as a decade or two of 'cooling' or no warming superimposed on a longer-term warming trend.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "John Christy:18", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "John Christy", "evidence": "Part of the cooling trend seen by the satellites can be attributed to several years of cooler than normal temperatures and cooling caused by the eruption of the Mount Pinatubo volcano.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Phanerozoic:119", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Phanerozoic", "evidence": "The Late Cretaceous featured a cooling trend that would continue into the Cenozoic Era.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Satellite temperature measurements:40", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Satellite temperature measurements", "evidence": "The long term cooling in the lower stratosphere occurred in two downward steps in temperature both after the transient warming related to explosive volcanic eruptions of El Chichón and Mount Pinatubo, this behavior of the global stratospheric temperature has been attributed to global ozone concentration variation in the two years following volcanic eruptions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "General circulation model:38", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "General circulation model", "evidence": "These models are the basis for model predictions of future climate, such as are discussed by the IPCC.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "General circulation model:5", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "General circulation model", "evidence": "GCMs and global climate models are used for weather forecasting, understanding the climate, and forecasting climate change.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:143", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that \"climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Science:206", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Science", "evidence": "For example, it is used in quantitative scientific modeling, which can generate new hypotheses and predictions to be tested.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sensitivity analysis:278", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sensitivity analysis", "evidence": "Effective Groundwater Model Calibration, with Analysis of Data, Sensitivities, Predictions, and Uncertainty.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:368", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "The mass balance of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet as a whole is thought to be slightly positive (lowering sea level) or near to balance.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coal:223", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Coal", "evidence": "The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:3", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:178", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum:618", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum", "evidence": "\"Release of methane from a volcanic basin as a mechanism for initial Eocene global warming\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:147", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:163", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:167", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:171", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "For instance, Mercer published a study in 1978 predicting that anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming and its potential effects on climate in the 21st century could cause a sea level rise of around 5 metres (16 ft) from melting of the West Antarctic ice-sheet alone.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:9", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "A number of later studies have concluded that a global sea level rise of 200 to 270 cm (6.6 to 8.9 ft) this century is \"physically plausible\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:84", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "If the sheet were to break down, ocean levels would rise by several metres in a relatively geologically short period of time, perhaps a matter of centuries.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Lake Tahoe:237", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Lake Tahoe", "evidence": "Historically, the clarity of Lake Tahoe continued to decrease through 2010, when the average Secchi depth, 64.4 feet (19.6 m), was the second lowest ever recorded (the lowest was 64.1 feet (19.5 m) in 1997).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Miami:56", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Miami", "evidence": "Beginning some 130,000 years ago, the Sangamonian Stage raised sea levels to approximately 25 feet (8 m) above the current level.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Miami:61", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Miami", "evidence": "By 15,000 years ago, the sea level had dropped 300 to 350 feet (90 to 110 m) below the current level.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "River Thames:66", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "River Thames", "evidence": "Combined, this and other studies suggest that the Thames sea-level has risen more than 30 m during the Holocene at a rate of around 5–6 mm per year from 10,000 to 6,000 years ago.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Science:197", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Science", "evidence": "In addition to testing hypotheses, scientists may also generate a model, an attempt to describe or depict the phenomenon in terms of a logical, physical or mathematical representation and to generate new hypotheses that can be tested, based on observable phenomena.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific method:124", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific method", "evidence": "Scientific models vary in the extent to which they have been experimentally tested and for how long, and in their acceptance in the scientific community.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific method:279", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific method", "evidence": "Crucially, experimental and theoretical results must be reproduced by others within the scientific community.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific method:598", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific method", "evidence": "One key point was that they realized that the quickest way to reach a result was not to continue a mathematical analysis, but to build a physical model.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific method:623", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific method", "evidence": "In essence it is a process of accelerated and rigorous trial and error building on previous knowledge to refine an existing hypothesis, or discarding it altogether to find a better model.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climatology:22", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climatology", "evidence": "While scientists knew of past climate change such as the ice ages, the concept of climate as unchanging was useful in the development of a general theory of what determines climate.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:100", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "They offered a conclusion that the \"coupling between surface melting and ice-sheet flow provides a mechanism for rapid, large-scale, dynamic responses of ice sheets to climate warming\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:53", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "An ice sheet response time of centuries seems probable, and we cannot rule out large changes on decadal time-scales once wide-scale surface melt is underway.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:16", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Its conclusions are summarized below: \"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:671", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "There is growing evidence that our climate is changing.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:351", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "Melting of floating ice shelves (ice that originated on the land) does not in itself contribute much to sea-level rise (since the ice displaces only its own mass of water).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:108", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Secondly, melting of the ice shelves, the floating extensions of the ice sheet, leads to a process named the Marine Ice Cliff Instability.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:545", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "\"Potential Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat driven by hydrofracturing and ice cliff failure\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "West Antarctic Ice Sheet:1", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "West Antarctic Ice Sheet", "evidence": "The WAIS is classified as a marine-based ice sheet, meaning that its bed lies well below sea level and its edges flow into floating ice shelves.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "West Antarctic Ice Sheet:36", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "West Antarctic Ice Sheet", "evidence": "They proposed that changes in air circulation patterns have led to increased upwelling of warm, deep ocean water along the coast of Antarctica and that this warm water has increased melting of floating ice shelves at the edge of the ice sheet.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:1282", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "\"The rate of sea-level rise\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:147", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:166", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Nuclear power:399", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Nuclear power", "evidence": "Slowing global warming requires a transition to a low-carbon economy, mainly by burning far less fossil fuel.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sustainable energy:41", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sustainable energy", "evidence": "The pathways that are consistent with limiting warning to approximately 1.5 °C describe a rapid transition towards producing electricity through lower-emission methods, and increasing use of electricity instead of other fuels in sectors such as transportation.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the Arctic:13", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change in the Arctic", "evidence": "The authors conclude that \"anthropogenic increases in greenhouse gases have led to unprecedented regional warmth.\"", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:463", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:296", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "Another example of scientific research which suggests that previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating dangers and risks, have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:107", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The statement references the IPCC's Fourth Assessment of 2007, and asserts that \"climate change is happening even faster than previously estimated; global CO 2 emissions since 2000 have been higher than even the highest predictions, Arctic sea ice has been melting at rates much faster than predicted, and the rise in the sea level has become more rapid\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:35", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The report's Summary for Policymakers stated that warming of the climate system is 'unequivocal' with changes unprecedented over decades to millennia, including warming of the atmosphere and oceans, loss of snow and ice, and sea level rise.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Europa (moon):155", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Europa (moon)", "evidence": "Observations with the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph of the Hubble Space Telescope, first described in 1995, revealed that Europa has a thin atmosphere composed mostly of molecular oxygen (O2), and some water vapor.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Oxygen:151", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Oxygen", "evidence": "Paleoclimatologists measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms to determine the climate millions of years ago (see oxygen isotope ratio cycle).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Oxygen:155", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Oxygen", "evidence": "Paleoclimatologists also directly measure this ratio in the water molecules of ice core samples as old as hundreds of thousands of years.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Radiocarbon dating:124", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Radiocarbon dating", "evidence": "The effect also applies to marine organisms such as shells, and marine mammals such as whales and seals, which have radiocarbon ages that appear to be hundreds of years old.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Radiocarbon dating:135", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Radiocarbon dating", "evidence": "The effect varies greatly and there is no general offset that can be applied; additional research is usually needed to determine the size of the offset, for example by comparing the radiocarbon age of deposited freshwater shells with associated organic material.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Pleistocene:92", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Pleistocene", "evidence": "Such a pattern seems to fit the information on climate change found in oxygen isotope cores.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Proxy (climate):108", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Proxy (climate)", "evidence": "As of 2018[update], there is a decade of research demonstrating that in mineral soils the degree of methylation of bacteria (brGDGTs), helps to calculate mean annual air temperatures.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Radiocarbon dating:19", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Radiocarbon dating", "evidence": "In 1939, Martin Kamen and Samuel Ruben of the Radiation Laboratory at Berkeley began experiments to determine if any of the elements common in organic matter had isotopes with half-lives long enough to be of value in biomedical research.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Speleothem:29", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Speleothem", "evidence": "Stable isotopes of oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) are recorded well in speleothems, giving high-resolution data that can show annual variation in temperature (oxygen isotopes primarily reflect rainfall temperature) and precipitation (carbon isotopes primarily reflect C3/C4 plant composition and plant productivity, but the interpretation is often complicated).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Speleothem:89", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Speleothem", "evidence": "\"Cryogenic cave calcite from several Central European caves: age, carbon and oxygen isotopes and a genetic model\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Common octopus:153", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Common octopus", "evidence": "Variations in temperature can also induce a change in hemolymph protein levels along oxygen consumption.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Common octopus:157", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Common octopus", "evidence": "The slight rise in P50 that occurs with temperature change allows oxygen pressure to remain high in the capillaries, allowing for elevated diffusion of oxygen into the mitochondria during periods of high oxygen consumption.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Common octopus:33", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Common octopus", "evidence": "In moving vertically throughout the water, the octopus is subjected to various pressures and temperatures, which affect the concentration of oxygen available in the water.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Human impact on marine life:118", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Human impact on marine life", "evidence": "This means the density of ocean water changes as its temperature and salinity changes.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paleoclimatology:97", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paleoclimatology", "evidence": "The exact cause of the variation of the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is not known.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Paleothermometer:11", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paleothermometer", "evidence": "The calibration was initially done on the basis of spatial variations in temperature and it was assumed that this corresponded to temporal variations (Jouzel and Merlivat, 1984).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paleothermometer:16", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paleothermometer", "evidence": "Mg has a long residence time in the ocean, and so it is possible to largely ignore the effect of changes in seawater Mg/Ca on the signal.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paleothermometer:22", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paleothermometer", "evidence": "Temperature has been estimated (to varying degrees of fidelity) using leaf physiognomy for Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic leaf floras, principally using two main approaches: A univariate approach that is based on the observation that the proportion of woody dicot species with smooth (i.e.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paleothermometer:9", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paleothermometer", "evidence": "The major influence on δ18O is the difference between ocean temperatures where the moisture evaporated and the place where the final precipitation occurred; since ocean temperatures are relatively stable the δ18O value mostly reflects the temperature where precipitation occurs.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "We Belong Together:125", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "We Belong Together", "evidence": "Styles P raps \"Past is the past, just let it be bygones / Matter of fact I know a fly song that we could vibe on\", which Sanneh writes \"Cheerfully out of place, he sounds like a man who has wandered into the wrong summertime party, but so what?", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Geobiology:34", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Geobiology", "evidence": "While there are many aspects of studying past and present interactions between life and Earth that are unclear, several important ideas and concepts provide a basis of knowledge in geobiology that serve as a platform for posing researchable questions, including the evolution of life and planet and the co-evolution of the two, genetics - from both a historical and functional standpoint, the metabolic diversity of all life, the sedimentological preservation of past life, and the origin of life.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Geology:187", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Geology", "evidence": "These fossils help scientists to date the core and to understand the depositional environment in which the rock units formed.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Geology:86", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Geology", "evidence": "Observation of modern marine and non-marine sediments in a wide variety of environments supports this generalization (although cross-bedding is inclined, the overall orientation of cross-bedded units is horizontal).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paleontology:1", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paleontology", "evidence": "It includes the study of fossils to determine organisms' evolution and interactions with each other and their environments (their paleoecology).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paleontology:47", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paleontology", "evidence": "Biostratigraphy, the use of fossils to work out the chronological order in which rocks were formed, is useful to both paleontologists and geologists.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Agriculture:225", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Agriculture", "evidence": "It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases, responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 equivalents.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Agriculture:259", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Agriculture", "evidence": "Agriculture, forestry and land-use change contributed around 20 to 25% to global annual emissions in 2010.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change and agriculture:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change and agriculture", "evidence": "Agriculture, forestry and land-use change contributed around 20 to 25% of global annual emissions in 2010.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Kyoto Protocol:333", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Kyoto Protocol", "evidence": "In 2008, countries with a Kyoto cap made up less than one-third of annual global carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Kyoto Protocol:388", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Kyoto Protocol", "evidence": "The Kyoto second commitment period applies to about 11% of annual global emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Anoxic event:65", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Anoxic event", "evidence": "The trigger for these mass extinctions appears to be a warming of the ocean caused by a rise of carbon dioxide levels to about 1000 parts per million.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Biodiversity:310", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Biodiversity", "evidence": "Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide certainly affects plant morphology and is acidifying oceans, and temperature affects species ranges, phenology, and weather, but, mercifully, the major impacts that have been predicted are still potential futures.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:63", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on human health:306", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Effects of global warming on human health", "evidence": "Historically, cold temperatures at night and in the winter months would kill off insects, bacteria and fungi.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paleoclimatology:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paleoclimatology", "evidence": "Studies of past changes in the environment and biodiversity often reflect on the current situation, specifically the impact of climate on mass extinctions and biotic recovery and current global warming.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:58", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "This has led to increases in mean global temperature, or global warming.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:61", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "According to the historical temperature record of the last century, the Earth's near-surface air temperature has risen around 0.74 ± 0.18 °Celsius (1.3 ± 0.32 °Fahrenheit).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:72", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:1459", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "\"Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:35", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Instrumental temperature record", "evidence": "An examination of the average global temperature changes by decades reveals continuing climate change, and AR5 reports \"Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth's surface than any preceding decade since 1850 (see Figure SPM.1).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Adelaide:426", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Adelaide", "evidence": "[citation needed] South Australia has the highest retail price for electricity in the country.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Energy in South Australia:269", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Energy in South Australia", "evidence": "\"South Australia has the highest power prices in the world\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Energy in South Australia:91", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Energy in South Australia", "evidence": "It was claimed in 2017 that South Australia had the most expensive electricity in the world Another analysis claimed that South Australia has the second cheapest electricity in Australia.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "South Australia:95", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "South Australia", "evidence": "Renewable energy is a growing source of electricity in South Australia, and there is potential for growth from this particular industry of the state's economy.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "South Australia:97", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "South Australia", "evidence": "At the time of construction in late 2017, it was billed as the largest lithium-ion battery in the world.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate:75", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate", "evidence": "Ice caps form because high-latitude regions receive less energy as solar radiation from the sun than equatorial regions, resulting in lower surface temperatures.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:181", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "The result is atmospheric circulation that drives the weather and climate through redistribution of thermal energy.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Future of Earth:79", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Future of Earth", "evidence": "These changes can influence the planetary climate.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:48", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "increased concentrations of greenhouse gases), solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sun:36", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sun", "evidence": "The energy of this sunlight supports almost all life on Earth by photosynthesis, and drives Earth's climate and weather.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:352", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change mitigation", "evidence": "Countries that ratified the Kyoto protocol committed to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases, or engage in emissions trading if they maintain or increase emissions of these gases.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Energy policy of China:24", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Energy policy of China", "evidence": "The plan did not include targets for carbon dioxide emission reductions, but it has been estimated that, if fully implemented, China's annual emissions of greenhouse gases would be reduced by 1.5 billion tons of carbon dioxide equivalent by 2010.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paris Agreement:12", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paris Agreement", "evidence": "This strategy involved energy and climate policy including the so-called 20/20/20 targets, namely the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 20%, the increase of renewable energy's market share to 20%, and a 20% increase in energy efficiency.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paris Agreement:168", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Paris Agreement", "evidence": "Institutional asset owners associations and think-tanks have also observed that the stated objectives of the Paris Agreement are implicitly \"predicated upon an assumption – that member states of the United Nations, including high polluters such as China, the US, India, Russia, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Indonesia and Mexico, which generate more than half the world's greenhouse gas emissions, will somehow drive down their carbon pollution voluntarily and assiduously without any binding enforcement mechanism to measure and control CO 2 emissions at any level from factory to state, and without any specific penalty gradation or fiscal pressure (for example a carbon tax) to discourage bad behaviour.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paris Agreement:240", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Paris Agreement", "evidence": "\"U.S. and China announce steps to join the Paris accord that set nation-by-nation targets for cutting carbon emissions\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:231", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "During active photosynthesis, plants can absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than they release in respiration.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon sink:10", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon sink", "evidence": "It is estimated that forests absorb between 10 and 20 tons of carbon dioxide per hectare each year, through photosynthetic conversion into starch, cellulose, lignin, and other components of wooden biomass.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Reforestation:24", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Reforestation", "evidence": "Forests are an important part of the global carbon cycle because trees and plants absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Reforestation:85", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Reforestation", "evidence": "They absorb a huge amount of carbon dioxide, combating climate change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Wetland:266", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Wetland", "evidence": "It decomposes and turns into carbon dioxide (CO2), which is released into the atmosphere.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on human health:339", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming on human health", "evidence": "Perhaps one of the most recent adverse effects of climate change to be explored is that of ocean acidification.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:362", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Human impact on marine life:128", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Human impact on marine life", "evidence": "The direction and magnitude of the effects of ocean acidification, warming and deoxygenation on the ocean has been quantified by meta-analyses, and has been further tested by mesocosm studies.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Human impact on marine life:561", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Human impact on marine life", "evidence": "(2013) \"Meta‐analysis reveals complex marine biological responses to the interactive effects of ocean acidification and warming\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea:38", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea", "evidence": "Both are informed by chemical oceanography, which studies the behavior of elements and molecules within the oceans: particularly, at the moment, the ocean's role in the carbon cycle and carbon dioxide's role in the increasing acidification of seawater.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Environmental impact of the coal industry:87", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Environmental impact of the coal industry", "evidence": "The presence of acid-forming materials exposed as a result of surface mining can affect wildlife by eliminating habitat and by causing direct destruction of some species.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Human impact on marine life:99", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Human impact on marine life", "evidence": "These large-scale alterations in the physical environment are \"driving change through all levels of Antarctic marine food webs\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:139", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "Aside from the slowing and/or reversing of calcification, organisms may suffer other adverse effects, either indirectly through negative impacts on food resources, or directly as reproductive or physiological effects.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:175", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "Other organisms are directly harmed as a result of acidification.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:57", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "Changes in ocean chemistry can have extensive direct and indirect effects on organisms and their habitats.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Algae:12", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Algae", "evidence": "Most are phototrophic, although some are mixotrophic, deriving energy both from photosynthesis and uptake of organic carbon either by osmotrophy, myzotrophy, or phagotrophy.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Botany:82", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Botany", "evidence": "Plants, algae and cyanobacteria are the major groups of organisms that carry out photosynthesis, a process that uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars that can be used both as a source of chemical energy and of organic molecules that are used in the structural components of cells.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:232", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Carbon fixation is a biochemical process by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated by plants, algae and (cyanobacteria) into energy-rich organic molecules such as glucose, thus creating their own food by photosynthesis.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Cyanobacteria:61", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Cyanobacteria", "evidence": "Cyanobacteria use the energy of sunlight to drive photosynthesis, a process where the energy of light is used to synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Plant:24", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Plant", "evidence": "Algae comprise several different groups of organisms which produce food by photosynthesis and thus have traditionally been included in the plant kingdom.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):18", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change (general concept)", "evidence": "The term \"climate change\" is often used to refer specifically to anthropogenic climate change (also known as global warming).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):20", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change (general concept)", "evidence": "In this sense, especially in the context of environmental policy, the term climate change has become synonymous with anthropogenic global warming.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):216", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change (general concept)", "evidence": "Climate change refers to a broad range of global phenomena ...[which] include the increased temperature trends described by global warming.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:246", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate engineering (sometimes called geoengineering or climate intervention) is the deliberate modification of the climate.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:709", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "NASA's Global Climate Change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:3", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:362", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:9", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:721", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "This could lead to changing, and for all emissions scenarios more unpredictable, weather patterns around the world, less frost days, more extreme events (droughts and storm or flood disasters), and warmer sea temperatures and melting glaciers causing sea levels to rise.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tropical rainforest:66", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Tropical rainforest", "evidence": "In general, climatic patterns consist of warm temperatures and high annual rainfall.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change denial:112", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change denial", "evidence": "Scientists have known for over a century that even this small proportion has a significant warming effect, and doubling the proportion leads to a large temperature increase.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:317", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:328", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "This phrase next appeared in a November 1957 report in The Hammond Times which described Roger Revelle's research into the effects of increasing human-caused CO 2 emissions on the greenhouse effect: \"a large scale global warming, with radical climate changes may result\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse effect:54", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse effect", "evidence": "The effect of combustion-produced carbon dioxide on the global climate, a special case of the greenhouse effect first described in 1896 by Svante Arrhenius, has also been called the Callendar effect.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "History of the world:540", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "History of the world", "evidence": "The \"greenhouse effect\", substantially responsible for Earth's global warming, was first described in 1824 by the French mathematician Joseph Fourier.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:60", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "As of 2011, the concentrations of CO2 and methane had increased by about 40% and 150%, respectively, since pre-industrial times.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:111", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:115", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "For example, the mole fraction of carbon dioxide has increased from 280 ppm to 415 ppm, or 120 ppm over modern pre-industrial levels.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:118", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "In the 1960s, the average annual increase was only 37% of what it was in 2000 through 2007.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:127", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:11", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "CO 2 is produced by all aerobic organisms when they metabolize carbohydrates and lipids to produce energy by respiration.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:74", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Carbon dioxide can be obtained by distillation from air, but the method is inefficient.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:43", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The slower pace of warming can be attributed to a combination of natural fluctuations, reduced solar activity, and increased volcanic activity.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:59", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Nature:42", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Nature", "evidence": "Outgassing and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:21", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:276", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:55", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:59", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:147", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Conservatism in the United States:238", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Conservatism in the United States", "evidence": "On the other hand, some conservatives tend to oppose free-market trade policies and support protectionism instead.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Conservatism in the United States:287", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Conservatism in the United States", "evidence": "Conservative think tanks since the 1990s have opposed the concept of man-made global warming; challenged scientific evidence; publicized what they perceived as beneficial aspects of global warming, and asserted that proposed remedies would do more harm than good.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Conservative Party (UK):334", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Conservative Party (UK)", "evidence": "Some Conservative politicians such as Alan Duncan and Crispin Blunt take the libertarian approach that individual freedom and economic freedom of industry and trade should be respected.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Framing (social sciences):228", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Framing (social sciences)", "evidence": "Neoliberal frameworks that are often echoed by conservatives, such as support for the free market economy, are posited against climate action interventions that inherently place constraints on the free economy through support for renewable energy through subsidies or through additional tax on nonrenewable sources of energy.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Republican Party (United States):177", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Republican Party (United States)", "evidence": "Since then, Republicans have increasingly taken positions against environmental regulation, with some Republicans rejecting the scientific consensus on climate change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:136", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:4", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The current scientific consensus is that: Earth's climate has warmed significantly since the late 1800s.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:507", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:69", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:74", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Over the past 30 years, temperatures have risen faster in winter than in any other season, with average winter temperatures in the Midwest and northern Great Plains increasing more than 7 °F (3.9 °C).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the United States:46", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change in the United States", "evidence": "A report released in March 2012 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) confirmed that a strong body of evidence links global warming to an increase in heat waves, a rise in episodes of heavy rainfall and other precipitation, and more frequent coastal flooding.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:86", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "In the last 30–40 years, heat waves with high humidity have become more frequent and severe.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:123", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:156", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Heat wave:160", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Heat wave", "evidence": "\"More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:113", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "Human activity is likely to have made a substantial contribution to ocean surface temperature changes in hurricane formation regions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:173", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In terrestrial ecosystems, the earlier timing of spring events, as well as poleward and upward shifts in plant and animal ranges, have been linked with high confidence to recent warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:202", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate change has been linked to an increase in violent conflict by amplifying poverty and economic shocks, which are well-documented drivers of these conflicts.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:294", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Although there are a few areas of linkage, the relationship between the two is weak.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Regional effects of global warming:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Regional effects of global warming", "evidence": "Regional effects of global warming are long-term significant changes in the expected patterns of average weather of a specific region due to global warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:212", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Successful adaptation is easier if there are substantial emission reductions.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:214", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate change can be mitigated through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions or the enhancement of the capacity of carbon sinks to absorb greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:221", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In some scenarios emissions continue to rise over the century, while others have reduced emissions.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:227", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "To keep warming below 2 °C, more stringent emission reductions in the near-term would allow for less rapid reductions after 2030.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:190", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Avoiding this future warming will require a large and rapid reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Abrupt climate change:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Abrupt climate change", "evidence": "An abrupt climate change occurs when the climate system is forced to transition to a new climate state at a rate that is determined by the climate system energy-balance, and which is more rapid than the rate of change of the external forcing.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:122", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Further global climate changes are predicted, with impacts expected to become more costly as time progresses.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:160", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "It is clear that major efforts are necessary to quickly and strongly reduce CO 2 emissions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:41", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The stronger our efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the lower the risk of extreme climate impacts.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Continuing emissions will increase the likelihood and severity of global effects.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Air pollution:287", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Air pollution", "evidence": "Efforts to reduce pollution from mobile sources includes primary regulation (many developing countries have permissive regulations),[citation needed] expanding regulation to new sources (such as cruise and transport ships, farm equipment, and small gas-powered equipment such as string trimmers, chainsaws, and snowmobiles), increased fuel efficiency (such as through the use of hybrid vehicles), conversion to cleaner fuels or conversion to electric vehicles.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Renewable energy:18", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Renewable energy", "evidence": "As most of renewable energy technologies provide electricity, renewable energy deployment is often applied in conjunction with further electrification, which has several benefits: electricity can be converted to heat (where necessary generating higher temperatures than fossil fuels), can be converted into mechanical energy with high efficiency, and is clean at the point of consumption.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Renewable energy:209", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Renewable energy", "evidence": "The results of a recent review of the literature concluded that as greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters begin to be held liable for damages resulting from GHG emissions resulting in climate change, a high value for liability mitigation would provide powerful incentives for deployment of renewable energy technologies.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Renewable energy:25", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Renewable energy", "evidence": "It would also reduce environmental pollution such as air pollution caused by burning of fossil fuels and improve public health, reduce premature mortalities due to pollution and save associated health costs that amount to several hundred billion dollars annually only in the United States.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Renewable energy:442", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Renewable energy", "evidence": "Other renewable sources such as wind power, photovoltaics, and hydroelectricity have the advantage of being able to conserve water, lower pollution and reduce CO 2 emissions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon capture and storage:0", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon capture and storage", "evidence": "Carbon capture and storage (CCS) (or carbon capture and sequestration or carbon control and sequestration) is the process of capturing waste carbon dioxide (CO 2) usually from large point sources, such as a cement factory or biomass power plant, transporting it to a storage site, and depositing it where it will not enter the atmosphere, normally an underground geological formation.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon capture and storage:268", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon capture and storage", "evidence": "The geothermal plant then pumps the carbonated water into rock formations underground where the carbon dioxide reacts with basaltic bedrock and forms carbonite minerals.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon capture and storage:92", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon capture and storage", "evidence": "Also known as geo-sequestration, this method involves injecting carbon dioxide, generally in supercritical form, directly into underground geological formations.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:195", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change mitigation", "evidence": "Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a method to mitigate climate change by capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from large point sources such as power plants and subsequently storing it away safely instead of releasing it into the atmosphere.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coal pollution mitigation:0", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Coal pollution mitigation", "evidence": "Coal pollution mitigation, often called clean coal, is a series of systems and technologies that seek to mitigate the pollution and other environmental effects normally associated with the burning (though not the mining or processing) of coal, which is widely regarded as the dirtiest of the common fuels for industrial processes and power generation.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate:115", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate", "evidence": "These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:108", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Uncertainty over feedbacks is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:141", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Past models have underestimated the rate of Arctic shrinkage and underestimated the rate of precipitation increase.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:143", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that \"climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Richard Lindzen:80", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Richard Lindzen", "evidence": "Lindzen said that predicted warming may be overestimated because of their handling of the climate system's water vapor feedback.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate:115", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate", "evidence": "These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climatology:51", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climatology", "evidence": "These models predict an upward trend in the surface temperatures, as well as a more rapid increase in temperature at higher latitudes.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:108", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Uncertainty over feedbacks is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:143", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that \"climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:300", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Additional disputes concern estimates of climate sensitivity, predictions of additional warming, what the consequences of global warming will be, and what to do about it.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming hiatus:12", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming hiatus", "evidence": "Subsequently, a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing, but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted, and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), which was negative during that period.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming hiatus:55", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming hiatus", "evidence": "A month before formal AR5 publication, a leaked draft of the report noted that \"Models do not generally reproduce the observed reduction in surface warming trend over the last 10–15 years\", but lacked clear explanations, and attracted wide media coverage.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming hiatus:80", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming hiatus", "evidence": "They used the IPCC definition of the supposed hiatus as a slowdown in rate of temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, compared to the rate from 1951 to 2012, and again found no support for the idea of a \"hiatus\" or slowdown.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:143", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that \"climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:113", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:228", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "The actual increase by 2000 was about 29%.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming hiatus:12", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming hiatus", "evidence": "Subsequently, a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing, but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted, and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), which was negative during that period.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming hiatus:55", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming hiatus", "evidence": "A month before formal AR5 publication, a leaked draft of the report noted that \"Models do not generally reproduce the observed reduction in surface warming trend over the last 10–15 years\", but lacked clear explanations, and attracted wide media coverage.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming hiatus:87", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming hiatus", "evidence": "A March 2014 study found that climate models assuming natural variability which matched subsequent observations of ENSO phasing had produced realistic estimates of 15-year trends.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:224", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:48", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "IPCC Fourth Assessment Report", "evidence": "The observed increase in hurricane intensity is larger than climate models predict for the sea surface temperature changes we have experienced.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:113", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:128", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:226", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "The finished report summarizes the findings of scientists, showing that maintaining a temperature rise to below 1.5 °C remains possible, but only through \"rapid and far-reaching transitions in energy, land, urban and infrastructure..., and industrial systems\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2010 Russian wildfires:19", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2010 Russian wildfires", "evidence": "Such human activity, coupled with the unusually high temperatures over the Russian territories, catalyzed this record disturbance.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2010 Russian wildfires:2", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "2010 Russian wildfires", "evidence": "The fires were associated with record-high temperatures, which were attributed to climate change—the summer had been the hottest recorded in Russian history—and drought.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2010 Russian wildfires:5", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2010 Russian wildfires", "evidence": "A combination of the smoke from the fires, producing heavy smog blanketing large urban regions and the record-breaking heat wave put stress on the Russian healthcare system.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2019–20 Australian bushfire season:415", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "2019–20 Australian bushfire season", "evidence": "Scientific experts and land management agencies agree that severely below average fuel moisture attributed to record-breaking temperatures and drought, accompanied by severe fire weather, are the primary causes of the 2019-20 Australian bushfire season, and that these are likely to have been exacerbated by long-term trends of warmer and dryer weather observed over the Australian land mass.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Bushfires in Australia:129", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Bushfires in Australia", "evidence": "Across the country, the average summer temperatures have increased leading to record-breaking hot weather, with the early summer of 2019 the hottest on record.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:340", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves", "evidence": "A two-day-long heat wave hit the more rural parts of Texas on July 1.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:341", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves", "evidence": "From July 4 to July 9, 2010, the majority of the American East Coast, from the Carolinas to Maine, was gripped in a severe heat wave.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:369", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves", "evidence": "The heat continued through the second half of July but extreme heat was mostly confined to the Southeastern United States, giving relief to the Northeast and Upper Midwest as it had early in the month.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Cold wave:257", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Cold wave", "evidence": "The cold wave was followed by one of the hottest summers on record, the 1936 North American heat wave.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Cold wave:277", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Cold wave", "evidence": "1888 1888 US cold wave – A severe cold wave that passed through the Pacific Northwest.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:104", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "As a result, since the 1980s, both the size and ferocity of fires in California have increased dramatically.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:105", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "Since the 1970s, the size of the area burned has increased fivefold while fifteen of the 20 largest fires in California have occurred since 2000.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:327", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "After about a thousand years, 20% to 30% of human-emitted CO 2 will remain in the atmosphere, not taken up by the ocean or the land, committing the climate to warming long after emissions have stopped.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:45", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "The data shows that recent warming has surpassed anything in the last 2,000 years.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:73", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "Over most land areas since the 1950s, it is very likely that at all times of year both days and nights have become warmer due to human activities.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "California:178", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "California", "evidence": "As part of the Ring of Fire, California is subject to tsunamis, floods, droughts, Santa Ana winds, wildfires, landslides on steep terrain, and has several volcanoes.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "California:22", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "California", "evidence": "Over time, drought and wildfires have become more frequent challenges.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Maryland:199", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Maryland", "evidence": "More than 1,231 firefighters worked to bring the blaze under control.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "United States:137", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "United States", "evidence": "Nonetheless, large-scale conflicts continued throughout the West into the 1900s.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Wisconsin:87", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Wisconsin", "evidence": "By the close of the 19th century, intensive agriculture had devastated soil fertility, and lumbering had deforested most of the state.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:92", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "Global warming not only causes changes in tropical cyclones, it may also make some impacts from them worse via sea level rise.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hurricane Harvey:1021", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Hurricane Harvey", "evidence": "\"It's a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly\".", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hurricane Harvey:292", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Hurricane Harvey", "evidence": "The Gulf of Mexico is known for hurricanes in August, so their incidence alone cannot be attributed to global warming, but the warming climate does influence certain attributes of storms.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hurricane Harvey:294", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Hurricane Harvey", "evidence": "Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hurricane Harvey:996", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Hurricane Harvey", "evidence": "\"Storm Harvey: impacts likely worsened due to global warming\".", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Physical impacts of climate change:30", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Physical impacts of climate change", "evidence": "For 2 °C of warming the fraction of precipitation extremes attributable to human influence rises to about 40%.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Physical impacts of climate change:377", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Physical impacts of climate change", "evidence": "We show that at the present-day warming of 0.85 °C about 18% of the moderate daily precipitation extremes over land are attributable to the observed temperature increase since pre-industrial times, which in turn primarily results from human influence.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Puerto Rico:406", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Puerto Rico", "evidence": "On average, a quarter of its annual rainfall is contributed from tropical cyclones, which are more prevalent during periods of La Niña than El Niño.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Saudi Arabia:427", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Saudi Arabia", "evidence": "An average of 300 mm (12 in) of rainfall occurs during this period, which is about 60 percent of the annual precipitation.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Urban heat island:98", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Urban heat island", "evidence": "Some cities show a total precipitation increase of 51%.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate:36", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate", "evidence": "Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Eocene:100", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Eocene", "evidence": "Isotopes of carbon and oxygen indicate a shift to a global cooling climate.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Eocene:134", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Eocene", "evidence": "that the Eocene hothouse world was caused by runaway global warming from released methane clathrates deep in the oceans.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:125", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "Additional fresh water flowing into the North Atlantic during a warming cycle may also reduce the global ocean water circulation.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:185", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Little Ice Age", "evidence": "There is some concern that a shutdown of thermohaline circulation could happen again as a result of the present warming period.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Atlantic Ocean:94", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Atlantic Ocean", "evidence": "The subpolar gyre forms an important part of the global thermohaline circulation.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:171", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Another example is the possibility for the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation to slow or shut down (see also shutdown of thermohaline circulation).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:125", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "Additional fresh water flowing into the North Atlantic during a warming cycle may also reduce the global ocean water circulation.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Shutdown of thermohaline circulation:0", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Shutdown of thermohaline circulation", "evidence": "A shutdown or slowdown of the thermohaline circulation is a hypothesized effect of global warming on a major ocean circulation.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Thermohaline circulation:75", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Thermohaline circulation", "evidence": "The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension towards Europe, the North Atlantic Drift, is a powerful, warm, and swift Atlantic ocean current that originates at the tip of Florida, and follows the eastern coastlines of the United States and Newfoundland before crossing the Atlantic Ocean.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Anoxic event:2", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Anoxic event", "evidence": "Although anoxic events have not happened for millions of years, the geological record shows that they happened many times in the past.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Geologist:31", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Geologist", "evidence": "Geochronology: the study of isotope geology specifically toward determining the date within the past of rock formation, metamorphism, mineralization and geological events (notably, meteorite impacts).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Geologist:5", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Geologist", "evidence": "Their studies are used to warn the general public of the occurrence of these events.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Geology:190", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Geology", "evidence": "Other scientists perform stable-isotope studies on the rocks to gain information about past climate.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Geology:73", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Geology", "evidence": "In Hutton's words: \"the past history of our globe must be explained by what can be seen to be happening now.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Atlantic Ocean:86", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Atlantic Ocean", "evidence": "The NADW is fed by a flow of warm shallow water into the northern North Atlantic which is responsible for the anomalous warm climate in Europe.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate:33", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate", "evidence": "Other climate determinants are more dynamic: the thermohaline circulation of the ocean leads to a 5 °C (9 °F) warming of the northern Atlantic Ocean compared to other ocean basins.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Cretaceous:4", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Cretaceous", "evidence": "The Cretaceous was a period with a relatively warm climate, resulting in high eustatic sea levels that created numerous shallow inland seas.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Cretaceous:66", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Cretaceous", "evidence": "Meanwhile, deep ocean temperatures were as much as 15 to 20 °C (27 to 36 °F) warmer than today's.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:118", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Little Ice Age", "evidence": "In the North Atlantic, sediments accumulated since the end of the last ice age, nearly 12,000 years ago, show regular increases in the amount of coarse sediment grains deposited from icebergs melting in the now open ocean, indicating a series of 1–2 °C (2–4 °F) cooling events recurring every 1,500 years or so.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:253", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Concentrations of 7% to 10% (70,000 to 100,000 ppm) may cause suffocation, even in the presence of sufficient oxygen, manifesting as dizziness, headache, visual and hearing dysfunction, and unconsciousness within a few minutes to an hour.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:265", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "There are few studies of the health effects of long-term continuous CO 2 exposure on humans and animals at levels below 1%.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:267", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "At this CO 2 concentration, International Space Station crew experienced headaches, lethargy, mental slowness, emotional irritation, and sleep disruption.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Smog:181", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Smog", "evidence": "When inhaled, these particles can settle in the lungs and respiratory tract and cause health problems.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Smog:81", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Smog", "evidence": "Smog is a serious problem in many cities and continues to harm human health.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change and ecosystems:163", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Climate change and ecosystems", "evidence": "The species said to be most at risk for endangerment or extinction are populations that are not of conservation concern.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:166", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Given the potential threat to marine ecosystems and its ensuing impact on human society and economy, especially as it acts in conjunction with anthropogenic global warming, there is an urgent need for immediate action.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:197", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Mitigation will reduce the amount of future climate change and the risk of impacts that are potentially large and dangerous.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:562", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The threats are serious and action is urgently needed to mitigate the risks of climate change.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "The Daily Caller:60", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "The Daily Caller", "evidence": "Other news outlets confirmed Halper's identity but did not report his identity because US intelligence officials warned that it would endanger him and his contacts.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Economic growth:306", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Economic growth", "evidence": "The Stern Review notes that the prediction that, \"Under business as usual, global emissions will be sufficient to propel greenhouse gas concentrations to over 550 ppm CO 2 by 2050 and over 650–700 ppm by the end of this century is robust to a wide range of changes in model assumptions.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Low-carbon economy:1", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Low-carbon economy", "evidence": "GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Low-carbon economy:20", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Low-carbon economy", "evidence": "Estimates from the International Labour Organization’s Global Economic Linkages model suggest that unmitigated climate change, with associated negative impacts on enterprises and workers, will have negative effects on output in many industries, with drops in output of 2.4% by 2030 and 7.2% by 2050.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sustainability:190", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sustainability", "evidence": "In 2019, 2 weeks before the elections to the European Parlament, the World Wide Fund for Nature stated that the European Union is unsustainable in his current mode of life and economy and asked him to fix it by \"Shift to sustainable consumption and food systems, make Europe climate-neutral by 2040, restore our Nature, protect the Ocean, invest in a sustainable future\" At a March 2009 meeting of the Copenhagen Climate Council, 2,500 climate experts from 80 countries issued a keynote statement that there is now \"no excuse\" for failing to act on global warming and that without strong carbon reduction \"abrupt or irreversible\" shifts in climate may occur that \"will be very difficult for contemporary societies to cope with\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sustainability:300", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sustainability", "evidence": "Several key areas have been targeted for economic analysis and reform: the environmental effects of unconstrained economic growth; the consequences of nature being treated as an economic externality; and the possibility of an economics that takes greater account of the social and environmental consequences of market behavior.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "American Civil War:119", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "American Civil War", "evidence": "It proved to be the death struggle of a society, which went down in ruins.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction:138", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction", "evidence": "In René Barjavel's novel Ravage (1943), written and published during the German occupation of France, a future France is devastated by the sudden failure of electricity, causing chaos, disease, and famine, with a small band of survivors desperately struggling for survival.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Vietnam War:209", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Vietnam War", "evidence": "Following the coup, chaos ensued.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "World War I:1011", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "World War I", "evidence": "By 1929, the Great Depression arrived, causing political chaos throughout the world.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "World War I:648", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "World War I", "evidence": "Diseases flourished in the chaotic wartime conditions.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change policy of the United States:307", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change policy of the United States", "evidence": "Spokespeople within these groups argue that universal access to a clean and healthy environment and access to critical natural resources are basic human rights.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Habitat destruction:117", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Habitat destruction", "evidence": "Any efforts to protect the world's remaining natural habitat and biodiversity will compete directly with humans’ growing demand for natural resources, especially new agricultural lands.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "List of ecoregions in North America (CEC):1108", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)", "evidence": "The white-tailed deer competes with other herbivores for limited food resources directly affecting the ecosystem, as well as indirectly affecting the area by altering habitats for small vertebrates and mammals.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "List of ecoregions in North America (CEC):1179", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)", "evidence": "Therefore, as species that thrive in the lower areas of the region are expanding into a greater space, they are beginning to compete for resources and nutrients with pre-existing native species.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sustainability:366", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sustainability", "evidence": "Depletion of natural resources including fresh water increases the likelihood of \"resource wars\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "El Niño:35", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "El Niño", "evidence": "When this warming occurs for seven to nine months, it is classified as El Niño \"conditions\"; when its duration is longer, it is classified as an El Niño \"episode\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:18", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Instrumental temperature record", "evidence": "2016's record meant that 16 of the 17 warmest years have occurred since 2000, 2017 being the third-hottest year on record meant that 17 of the last 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:21", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Instrumental temperature record", "evidence": "Of the 2015 and 2016 records, Schmidt stated that the 2014–16 El Niño event was \"a factor ... but both 2015 and 2016 would have been records even without it\"; he attributed about 90% of the warming in 2016 to anthropogenic climate change.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:30", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Instrumental temperature record", "evidence": "This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events.\"", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "La Niña:24", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "La Niña", "evidence": "It was the second-coolest year of the 21st century to date, and tied with the second-warmest year of the 20th century.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2014–16 El Niño event:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2014–16 El Niño event", "evidence": "The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "El Niño:13", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "El Niño", "evidence": "However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "El Niño:83", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "El Niño", "evidence": "A study of climate records has shown that El Niño events in the equatorial Pacific are generally associated with a warm tropical North Atlantic in the following spring and summer.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "El Niño:84", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "El Niño", "evidence": "About half of El Niño events persist sufficiently into the spring months for the Western Hemisphere Warm Pool to become unusually large in summer.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "La Niña:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "La Niña", "evidence": "La Niña (/lɑːˈniːnjə/, Spanish pronunciation: [la ˈniɲa]) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the colder counterpart of El Niño, as part of the broader El Niño–Southern Oscillation climate pattern.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Abrupt climate change:2", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Abrupt climate change", "evidence": "The term is also used within the context of global warming to describe sudden climate change that is detectable over the time-scale of a human lifetime, possibly as the result of feedback loops within the climate system.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change denial:1401", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change denial", "evidence": "\"Details the findings of a new report that confirms NOAA data about climate change.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change denial:411", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change denial", "evidence": "Such disagreements are not new but the emails provided climate sceptics, in the sense of deniers or contrarians, with a golden opportunity to mount a sustained effort aimed at demonstrating the legitimacy of their views.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change denial:414", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change denial", "evidence": "I shall use \"climate sceptics\" here in the sense of \"climate deniers\", although there are obvious differences between scepticism and denial (see Shermer, 2010; Kemp, et al., 2010).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:107", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The statement references the IPCC's Fourth Assessment of 2007, and asserts that \"climate change is happening even faster than previously estimated; global CO 2 emissions since 2000 have been higher than even the highest predictions, Arctic sea ice has been melting at rates much faster than predicted, and the rise in the sea level has become more rapid\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:1277", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "\"Reducing risks to food security from climate change\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:167", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Abrupt climate change, tipping points in the climate system: Climate change could result in global, large-scale changes.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:2309", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "\"Climate change could impact the poor much more than previously thought\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:281", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that \"the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption\" is \"especially troubling\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "New York Harbor Storm-Surge Barrier:114", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "New York Harbor Storm-Surge Barrier", "evidence": "David Wallace-Wells, \"The Uninhabitable Earth: Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think,\" New York Magazine, July 9, 2017.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:237", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "In July 2019, they issued a declaration \"affirming that climate change poses the single greatest threat to the human rights and security of present and future generations of Pacific Island peoples\" and claim their lands could become uninhabitable as early as 2030.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:243", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "At current rates, sea level would be high enough to make the Maldives uninhabitable by 2100.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:249", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "In the case all islands of an island nation become uninhabitable or completely submerged by the sea, the states themselves would also become dissolved.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Solar System:104", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Solar System", "evidence": "The expanding Sun is expected to vaporize Mercury and render Earth uninhabitable.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Space and survival:11", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Space and survival", "evidence": "Eventually the Earth will be uninhabitable, at the latest when the Sun becomes a red giant in about 5 billion years.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:380", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "The ice was being held back by a \"thread\" of ice about 6 km (4 mi) wide, prior to its collapse on 5 April 2009.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Iceberg:96", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Iceberg", "evidence": "\"An Iceberg 30 Times the Size of Manhattan Is About to Break Off Antarctica\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Larsen Ice Shelf:170", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Larsen Ice Shelf", "evidence": "\"A giant crack in Antarctic ice is 'days or weeks' from breaking off a Delaware-size iceberg\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Larsen Ice Shelf:42", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Larsen Ice Shelf", "evidence": "Scientists with Swansea University in the UK say the crack lengthened 18 km (11 mi) from 25 May to 31 May, and that less than 13 km (8 mi) of ice is all that prevents the birth of an enormous iceberg.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ross Ice Shelf:11", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ross Ice Shelf", "evidence": "Four days later, they found their way into open water and were hoping that they would have a clear passage to their destination.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:349", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change mitigation", "evidence": "The Paris Agreement's long-term temperature goal is to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels; and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:263", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2 °C.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Karachi:88", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Karachi", "evidence": "While the summers are hot and humid, cool sea breezes typically provide relief during hot summer months, though Karachi is prone to deadly heat waves, though a text-message based early warning system is now in place that helped prevent any fatalities during an unusually strong heatwave in October 2017.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paris Agreement:11", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paris Agreement", "evidence": "The aim of the agreement is to decrease global warming described in its Article 2, \"enhancing the implementation\" of the UNFCCC through: (a) Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change; (b) Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development, in a manner that does not threaten food production; (c) Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paris Agreement:3", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paris Agreement", "evidence": "The Paris Agreement's long-term temperature goal is to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels; and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 °C, recognizing that this would substantially reduce the risks and impacts of climate change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2006 North American heat wave:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2006 North American heat wave", "evidence": "The Summer 2006 North American heat wave was a severe heat wave that affected most of the United States and Canada, killing at least 225 people and bringing extreme heat to many locations.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2019 heat wave in India and Pakistan:36", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2019 heat wave in India and Pakistan", "evidence": "For comparison, the 2003 European heat wave killed an estimated 35,000–70,000 people, with temperatures slightly less than in India and Pakistan.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Cold wave:115", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Cold wave", "evidence": "Overall it was the coldest winter since 1978–79, with a mean temperature of 1.5 °C (34.7 °F).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "List of heat waves:72", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "List of heat waves", "evidence": "The European heat wave of 2006 was the second massive heat wave to hit the continent in four years, with temperatures rising to 40 °C (104 °F) in Paris; in Ireland, which has a moderate maritime climate, temperatures of over 32 °C (90 °F) were reported.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "List of heat waves:83", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "List of heat waves", "evidence": "The European heat wave of 2007 affected primarily south-eastern Europe during late June through August.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic methane emissions:17", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic methane emissions", "evidence": "(2008) estimate that not less than 1,400 gigatonnes (Gt) of carbon is presently locked up as methane and methane hydrates under the Arctic submarine permafrost, and 5–10% of that area is subject to puncturing by open taliks.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic methane emissions:79", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic methane emissions", "evidence": "Melting of this ice may release large quantities of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas into the atmosphere, causing further warming in a strong positive feedback cycle.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic:96", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic", "evidence": "Release of methane and carbon dioxide stored in permafrost could cause abrupt and severe global warming, as they are potent greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Permafrost:110", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Permafrost", "evidence": "The amount of carbon sequestered in permafrost is four times the carbon that has been released to the atmosphere due to human activities in modern time.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tundra:38", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Tundra", "evidence": "When the permafrost melts, it releases carbon in the form of carbon dioxide and methane, both of which are greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Albedo:54", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Albedo", "evidence": "This has been a concern since arctic ice and snow has been melting at higher rates due to higher temperatures, creating regions in the arctic that are notably darker (being water or ground which is darker color) and reflects less heat back into space.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:112", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The reduction of snow cover and sea ice in the Arctic reduces the albedo of the Earth's surface.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:116", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:76", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Changing the type of vegetation in a region impacts the local temperature by changing how much sunlight gets reflected back into space, called albedo, and how much heat is lost by evaporation.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tipping points in the climate system:32", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Tipping points in the climate system", "evidence": "The IPCC reports that feedbacks to increased temperatures are net positive for the remainder of this century, with the impact of cloud cover the largest uncertainty.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic:95", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic", "evidence": "The current Arctic warming is leading to ancient carbon being released from thawing permafrost, leading to methane and carbon dioxide production by micro-organisms.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:55", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "The last continental glaciation ended 10,000 years ago.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Eocene:134", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Eocene", "evidence": "that the Eocene hothouse world was caused by runaway global warming from released methane clathrates deep in the oceans.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Permafrost:120", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Permafrost", "evidence": "Global warming accelerates its release due to release of methane from both existing stores and methanogenesis in rotting biomass.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tundra:38", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Tundra", "evidence": "When the permafrost melts, it releases carbon in the form of carbon dioxide and methane, both of which are greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Devonian:52", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Devonian", "evidence": "Sea levels were high worldwide, and much of the land lay under shallow seas, where tropical reef organisms lived.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:145", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "The elevation of the land surface varies from the low point of −418 m (−1,371 ft) at the Dead Sea, to a maximum altitude of 8,848 m (29,029 ft) at the top of Mount Everest.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:192", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ordovician:34", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ordovician", "evidence": "In the early and middle Ordovician, temperatures were mild, but at the beginning of the Late Ordovician, from 460 to 450 Ma, volcanoes along the margin of the Iapetus Ocean spewed massive amounts of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere, turning the planet into a hothouse.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ordovician:47", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ordovician", "evidence": "The Ordovician saw the highest sea levels of the Paleozoic, and the low relief of the continents led to many shelf deposits being formed under hundreds of metres of water.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "SUPPORTS" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Human overpopulation:151", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Human overpopulation", "evidence": "To keep the numbers of starving constant, the percentage would have dropped by more than half.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Human overpopulation:175", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Human overpopulation", "evidence": "The global consumption of meat is projected to rise by as much as 76% by 2050 as the global population surges to more than 9 billion, resulting in further biodiversity loss and increased GHG emissions.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Human overpopulation:219", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Human overpopulation", "evidence": "Although plants produce 54 billion metric tons of carbohydrates per year, when the population is expected to grow to 9 billion by 2050, the plants may not be able to keep up (Biello).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Human overpopulation:340", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Human overpopulation", "evidence": "The British scientist John Beddington predicted in 2009 that supplies of energy, food, and water will need to be increased by 50% to reach demand levels of 2030.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Human overpopulation:55", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Human overpopulation", "evidence": "In 2019, a warning on climate change signed by 11,000 scientists from 153 nations said that human population growth adds 80 million humans annually, and \"the world population must be stabilized—and, ideally, gradually reduced—within a framework that ensures social integrity\" to reduce the impact of \"population growth on GHG emissions and biodiversity loss.\"", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change and agriculture:18", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change and agriculture", "evidence": "In Africa and Latin America many rainfed crops are near their maximum temperature tolerance, so that yields are likely to fall sharply for even small climate changes; falls in agricultural productivity of up to 30% over the 21st century are projected.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change and agriculture:183", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change and agriculture", "evidence": "Rice becomes sterile if exposed to temperatures above 35 degrees for more than one hour during flowering and consequently produces no grain.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Eocene:57", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Eocene", "evidence": "The models, while accurately predicting the tropics, tend to produce significantly cooler temperatures of up to 20 °C (36 °F) colder than the actual determined temperature at the poles.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Eocene:84", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Eocene", "evidence": "The polar stratospheric clouds had a warming effect on the poles, increasing temperatures by up to 20 °C in the winter months.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tropics:4", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Tropics", "evidence": "In terms of climate, the tropics receive sunlight that is more direct than the rest of Earth and are generally hotter and wetter.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Europe:372", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Europe", "evidence": "There are frequent summer droughts in this region.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:156", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:214", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate change can be mitigated through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions or the enhancement of the capacity of carbon sinks to absorb greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Severe weather:185", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Severe weather", "evidence": "Another form of severe weather is drought, which is a prolonged period of persistently dry weather (that is, absence of precipitation).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Severe weather:188", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Severe weather", "evidence": "A drought in the 1930s known as the Dust Bowl affected 50 million acres of farmland in the central United States.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Biodiversity:189", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Biodiversity", "evidence": "Biodiversity is also important to the security of resources such as water, timber, paper, fiber, and food.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Florida:502", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Florida", "evidence": "The state produces about 75% of the phosphate required by farmers in the United States and 25% of the world supply, with about 95% used for agriculture (90% for fertilizer and 5% for livestock feed supplements) and 5% used for other products.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hong Kong:259", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hong Kong", "evidence": "With few natural lakes and rivers, high population density, inaccessible groundwater sources, and extremely seasonal rainfall, the territory does not have a reliable source of fresh water.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Human nutrition:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Human nutrition", "evidence": "Human nutrition deals with the provision of essential nutrients in food that are necessary to support human life and health.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Melbourne:20", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Melbourne", "evidence": "It was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and a vital source of food and water.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "El Salvador:223", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "El Salvador", "evidence": "In the summer of 2001 a severe drought destroyed 80% of El Salvador's crops, causing famine in the countryside.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hypertension:120", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hypertension", "evidence": "Serum creatinine is measured to assess for the presence of kidney disease, which can be either the cause or the result of hypertension.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Kidney:144", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Kidney", "evidence": "Only when the amount of functioning kidney tissue is greatly diminished does one develop chronic kidney disease.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mesoamerican nephropathy:3", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mesoamerican nephropathy", "evidence": "In El Salvador and Nicaragua alone, the reported number of men dying from this painful disease has risen five-fold in the last 20 years, although some researchers believe hidden cases have always been there and this increment in official data could be partially due to the recent increase in reports and improved case search, pushed by the growing social and political interest in the disease.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mesoamerican nephropathy:4", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mesoamerican nephropathy", "evidence": "In El Salvador, the disease has become the second leading cause of death among adult men, and according to a recent editorial, it has been estimated that this largely unknown epidemic has caused the premature death of at least 20,000 men in the region.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ozone depletion:149", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ozone depletion", "evidence": "So far, ozone depletion in most locations has been typically a few percent and, as noted above, no direct evidence of health damage is available in most latitudes.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ozone depletion:46", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ozone depletion", "evidence": "Reductions of up to 70 percent in the ozone column observed in the austral (southern hemispheric) spring over Antarctica and first reported in 1985 (Farman et al.)", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ozone depletion:67", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ozone depletion", "evidence": "Some stratospheric cooling is also predicted from increases in greenhouse gases such as CO 2 and CFCs themselves; however, the ozone-induced cooling appears to be dominant.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Philadelphia:164", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Philadelphia", "evidence": "According to the same report, the city experienced a significant reduction in high ozone days since 2001—from nearly 50 days per year to fewer than 10—along with fewer days of high particle pollution since 2000—from about 19 days per year to about 3—and an approximate 30% reduction in annual levels of particle pollution since 2000.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:579", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "For an ideal gas mixture this is equivalent to parts per million by volume (ppmv).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Eocene:22", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Eocene", "evidence": "For contrast, today the carbon dioxide levels are at 400 ppm or 0.04%.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse effect:52", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse effect", "evidence": "Measurements of CO 2 from the Mauna Loa observatory show that concentrations have increased from about 313 parts per million (ppm) in 1960, passing the 400 ppm milestone on May 9, 2013.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:111", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:547", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "The oft-cited Mauna Loa average for 2012 is 393.8 ppm, which is a good approximation although typically about 1 ppm higher than the spatial average given above.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Spanish flu:1", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Spanish flu", "evidence": "It infected 500 million people around the world, or about 27% of the then world population of about 1.8 billion, including people on remote Pacific islands and in the Arctic.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Spanish flu:2", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Spanish flu", "evidence": "The death toll is estimated to have been 50 million, and possibly as high as 100 million (about 3 to 6 percent of Earth's population at the time), making it one of the deadliest epidemics in human history.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Spanish flu:315", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Spanish flu", "evidence": "\"1918 Flu Pandemic That Killed 50 Million Originated in China, Historians Say\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Spanish flu:56", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Spanish flu", "evidence": "Older estimates say it killed 40–50 million people, while current estimates put the death toll at probably 50 million (less than 3% of the global population), and possibly as high as 100 million (more than 5%).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Spanish flu:69", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Spanish flu", "evidence": "In the U.S., about 28% of the population of 105 million became infected, and 500,000 to 675,000 died (0.48 to 0.64 percent of the population).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]