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[ { "evidence_id": "Cryosphere:65", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Cryosphere", "evidence": "Satellite data since the early 1970s reveal considerable seasonal, regional, and interannual variability in the sea-ice covers of both hemispheres.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Extratropical cyclone:70", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Extratropical cyclone", "evidence": "It was developed completely from surface-based weather observations, including descriptions of clouds found near frontal boundaries.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Precipitation:187", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Precipitation", "evidence": "As a result, the modern global record of precipitation largely depends on satellite observations.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Precipitation:203", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Precipitation", "evidence": "The IR estimates have rather low skill at short time and space scales, but are available very frequently (15 minutes or more often) from satellites in geosynchronous Earth orbit.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Snow:169", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Snow", "evidence": "These models typically derive snow water equivalent (SWE) in some manner from satellite observations of snow cover.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Ice sheet:26", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ice sheet", "evidence": "The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Pine Island Glacier:0", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Pine Island Glacier", "evidence": "Pine Island Glacier (PIG) is a large ice stream, and the fastest melting glacier in Antarctica, responsible for about 25% of Antarctica's ice loss.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:343", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "The significant accelerations noted on the three largest glaciers began at the calving front and propagated inland and are not seasonal in nature.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:978", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "\"Sharply increased mass loss from glaciers and ice caps in theCanadian Arctic Archipelago\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:639", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "\"A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:14", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic sea ice decline", "evidence": "The fast rate of the sea ice melting is resulting in the oceans absorbing and heating up the Arctic.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:271", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic sea ice decline", "evidence": "Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic:234", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic", "evidence": "\"Ice melting across globe at accelerating rate, NASA says.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the Arctic:34", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change in the Arctic", "evidence": "The rate of the decline in entire Arctic ice coverage is accelerating.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:492", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "\"Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades\".", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctic sea ice:13", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctic sea ice", "evidence": "Since the ocean off the Antarctic coast usually is much warmer than the air over it, the extent of the sea ice is largely controlled by the winds and currents that push it northwards.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Antarctic sea ice:19", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Antarctic sea ice", "evidence": "The net change is a slight increase in the area of sea ice in the Antarctic seas (unlike the Arctic Ocean, which is showing a much stronger decrease in the area of sea ice).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Antarctic sea ice:20", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Antarctic sea ice", "evidence": "Increased sea ice extent does not indicate that the Southern Ocean is cooling, since the Southern Ocean is warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Antarctic sea ice:25", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Antarctic sea ice", "evidence": "Sea ice coverage in the Arctic has shrunk at a much faster rate than it has expanded in the Southern Ocean.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:348", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "Sea ice extent expands annually in the Antarctic winter and most of this ice melts in the summer.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Jason-1:44", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Jason-1", "evidence": "Measurements by Jason-1 indicate that mean sea level has been rising at an average rate of 2.28 millimeters (.09 inches) per year since 2001.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Physical impacts of climate change:223", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Physical impacts of climate change", "evidence": "Since 1900, the sea level has risen at an average of 1.7 mm (0.067 in) per year; since 1993, satellite altimetry from TOPEX/Poseidon indicates a rate of about 3 mm (0.12 in) per year.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:38", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Current rates of sea level rise from satellite altimetry have been estimated to be 3.0 ± 0.4 millimetres (0.118 ± 0.016 in) per year for the period 1993–2017.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:49", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:50", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2 mm (0.13 in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Econometrics:1", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Econometrics", "evidence": "More precisely, it is \"the quantitative analysis of actual economic phenomena based on the concurrent development of theory and observation, related by appropriate methods of inference\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Falsifiability:72", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Falsifiability", "evidence": "In the philosophy of science, verificationism holds that a statement must, in principle, be empirically verifiable in order that it be scientific.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Logical positivism:21", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Logical positivism", "evidence": "A scientific theory would be stated with its method of verification, whereby a logical calculus or empirical operation could verify its falsity or truth.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Science:150", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Science", "evidence": "Both natural and social sciences are empirical sciences as their knowledge are based on empirical observations and are capable of being tested for its validity by other researchers working under the same conditions.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Science:153", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Science", "evidence": "Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:270", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "This graph extended the similar graph in Figure 3.20 from the IPCC Second Assessment Report of 1995, and differed from a schematic in the first assessment report that lacked temperature units, but appeared to depict larger global temperature variations over the past 1000 years, and higher temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period than the mid 20th century.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:271", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "The schematic was not an actual plot of data, and was based on a diagram of temperatures in central England, with temperatures increased on the basis of documentary evidence of Medieval vineyards in England.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Medieval Warm Period:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Medieval Warm Period", "evidence": "The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Medieval Warm Period:15", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Medieval Warm Period", "evidence": "However, that view was questioned by other researchers; the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 discussed the \"Medieval Warm Period around 1000 AD (which may not have been global) and the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Soon and Baliunas controversy:7", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Soon and Baliunas controversy", "evidence": "The IPCC First Assessment Report included a \"schematic diagram\" of global temperature variations over the last thousand years which has been traced to a graph based loosely on Hubert Lamb's 1965 paper.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Hockey stick controversy:34", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Hockey stick controversy", "evidence": "The IPCC First Assessment Report in 1990 noted evidence that Holocene climatic optimum around 5,000-6,000 years ago had been warmer than the present (at least in summer) and that in some areas there had been exceptional warmth during \"a shorter Medieval Warm Period (which may not have been global)\" about AD 950-1250, followed by a cooler period of the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:270", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "This graph extended the similar graph in Figure 3.20 from the IPCC Second Assessment Report of 1995, and differed from a schematic in the first assessment report that lacked temperature units, but appeared to depict larger global temperature variations over the past 1000 years, and higher temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period than the mid 20th century.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:298", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "These values are much greater than the 9–88 cm as projected by the IPCC itself in its Third Assessment Report, published in 2001\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:348", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "\"We concur with the climate science assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2001 ... We endorse the conclusions of the IPCC assessment...\" Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Medieval Warm Period:16", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Medieval Warm Period", "evidence": "The IPCC Third Assessment Report from 2001 then summarized research: \"evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this time frame, and the conventional terms of 'Little Ice Age' and 'Medieval Warm Period' appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.\"", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Earth:170", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "The ozone layer blocks ultraviolet solar radiation, permitting life on land.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ozone layer:22", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ozone layer", "evidence": "Although the concentration of the ozone in the ozone layer is very small, it is vitally important to life because it absorbs biologically harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation coming from the sun.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ozone layer:44", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ozone layer", "evidence": "The breakdown of ozone in the stratosphere results in reduced absorption of ultraviolet radiation.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ozone layer:45", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ozone layer", "evidence": "Consequently, unabsorbed and dangerous ultraviolet radiation is able to reach the Earth's surface at a higher intensity.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ozone:4", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ozone", "evidence": "It is present in very low concentrations throughout the latter, with its highest concentration high in the ozone layer of the stratosphere, which absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Ensemble forecasting:15", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ensemble forecasting", "evidence": "These uncertainties limit forecast model accuracy to about six days into the future.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ensemble forecasting:9", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ensemble forecasting", "evidence": "As proposed by Edward Lorenz in 1963, it is impossible for long-range forecasts—those made more than two weeks in advance—to predict the state of the atmosphere with any degree of skill owing to the chaotic nature of the fluid dynamics equations involved.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Meteorology:123", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Meteorology", "evidence": "Mathematical models used to predict the long term weather of the Earth (climate models), have been developed that have a resolution today that are as coarse as the older weather prediction models.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Meteorology:188", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Meteorology", "evidence": "Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere at a future time and given location.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Weather forecasting:100", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Weather forecasting", "evidence": "As proposed by Edward Lorenz in 1963, long range forecasts, those made at a range of two weeks or more, are impossible to definitively predict the state of the atmosphere, owing to the chaotic nature of the fluid dynamics equations involved.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Friction:229", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Friction", "evidence": "The work done by friction can translate into deformation, wear, and heat that can affect the contact surface properties (even the coefficient of friction between the surfaces).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Liquid:53", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Liquid", "evidence": "Liquids tend to have better thermal conductivity than gases, and the ability to flow makes a liquid suitable for removing excess heat from mechanical components.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Viscosity:47", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Viscosity", "evidence": "The bulk viscosity (also called volume viscosity) expresses a type of internal friction that resists the shearless compression or expansion of a fluid.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Weather:4", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Weather", "evidence": "Weather is driven by air pressure, temperature and moisture differences between one place and another.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Weather:43", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Weather", "evidence": "A hot surface warms the air above it causing it to expand and lower the density and the resulting surface air pressure.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit documents:159", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climatic Research Unit documents", "evidence": "The Science and Technology Select Committee report blamed the university for mishandling Freedom of Information requests and said it had \"found ways to support the culture at CRU of resisting disclosure of information to climate change sceptics\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit documents:37", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climatic Research Unit documents", "evidence": "The e-mail theft highlighted \"the harassment that denialists inflict on some climate-change researchers, often in the form of endless, time-consuming demands for information under the US and UK Freedom of Information Acts.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:256", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy", "evidence": "Over 95% of the CRU climate data set had been available to the public for several years before July 2009, when the university received numerous FOI requests for raw data or details of the confidentiality agreements from Stephen McIntyre and readers of his Climate Audit blog.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:83", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy", "evidence": "In addition, the investigation would review CRU's compliance with Freedom of Information Act requests and also \"make recommendations about the management, governance and security structures for CRU and the security, integrity and release of the data it holds\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Freedom of Information requests to the Climatic Research Unit:57", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Freedom of Information requests to the Climatic Research Unit", "evidence": "It blamed the university for mishandling Freedom of Information requests, and said it had “found ways to support the culture at CRU of resisting disclosure of information to climate change sceptics”.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Creationism:233", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Creationism", "evidence": "Several religious organizations, among them the Catholic Church, hold that their faith does not conflict with the scientific consensus regarding evolution.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Creation–evolution controversy:244", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Creation–evolution controversy", "evidence": "Many creationists strongly oppose certain scientific theories in a number of ways, including opposition to specific applications of scientific processes, accusations of bias within the scientific community, and claims that discussions within the scientific community reveal or imply a crisis.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Galileo affair:12", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Galileo affair", "evidence": "Galileo's contributions caused difficulties for theologians and natural philosophers of the time, as they contradicted scientific and philosophical ideas based on those of Aristotle and Ptolemy and closely associated with the Catholic Church.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Galileo affair:4", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Galileo affair", "evidence": "Galileo's discoveries were met with opposition within the Catholic Church, and in 1616 the Inquisition declared heliocentrism to be \"formally heretical.\"", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Science and the Catholic Church:24", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Science and the Catholic Church", "evidence": "An alternative criticism is that the Church opposed particular scientific discoveries that it felt challenged its authority and power – particularly through the Reformation and on through the Enlightenment.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2006 Texas gubernatorial election:2", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "2006 Texas gubernatorial election", "evidence": "Perry was re-elected to a second full term in office, winning 39% of the vote to Bell's 30%, Strayhorn's 18% and Friedman's 12%.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2006 Texas gubernatorial election:4", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "2006 Texas gubernatorial election", "evidence": "Exit polls revealed that Perry won the Anglo vote with 46%, while Bell got 22%, Strayhorn got 16% and Friedman got 15%.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Rick Perry 2012 presidential campaign:8", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Rick Perry 2012 presidential campaign", "evidence": "Further, during a Republican gubernatorial debate in January 2010, when asked if he would commit to serving out his term if re-elected, he replied that \"the place hasn't been made yet\" where he would rather serve than the governor of Texas.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Rick Perry:107", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Rick Perry", "evidence": "Perry has called himself \"a firm believer in intelligent design as a matter of faith and intellect\", and has expressed support for its teaching alongside evolution in Texas schools, but has also said that \"educators and local school officials, not the governor, should determine science curriculum\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Rick Perry:129", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Rick Perry", "evidence": "Jeff L. Blackburn, chief counsel of the Innocence Project of Texas, said of Perry that \"He has done more good than any other governor we've ever had [...] unless, of course, it involves the death penalty.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:180", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "[...] This conclusion is based on a substantial array of scientific evidence, including recent work, and is consistent with the conclusions of recent assessments by the U.S.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:23", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "The U.S. government was the main force in forming the IPCC as an autonomous intergovernmental body in which scientists took part both as experts on the science and as official representatives of their governments, to produce reports which had the firm backing of all the leading scientists worldwide researching the topic, and which then had to gain consensus agreement from every one of the participating governments.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:1", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "This consensus is supported by various studies of scientists' opinions and by position statements of scientific organizations, many of which explicitly agree with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) synthesis reports.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:117", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "This report explicitly endorses the IPCC view of attribution of recent climate change as representing the view of the scientific community: The changes observed over the last several decades are likely mostly due to human activities, but we cannot rule out that some significant part of these changes is also a reflection of natural variability.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "The Great Global Warming Swindle:69", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "The Great Global Warming Swindle", "evidence": "The film argues that IPCC reports misrepresent the views of scientists who contribute to them through selective editorialising.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Imagism:49", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Imagism", "evidence": "This note, along with the appendix note (\"The Complete Works of T. S. Hulme\") in Pound's book Ripostes (1912), are considered to be the first appearances of the word \"Imagiste\" (later anglicised to \"Imagist\") in print.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Imagism:55", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Imagism", "evidence": "To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Imagism:64", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Imagism", "evidence": "Imagism refers to the manner of presentation, not to the subject.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mike Hulme:11", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Mike Hulme", "evidence": "He is best known as the author of Why We Disagree About Climate Change published in 2009 by Cambridge University Press and which was named by The Economist in December 2009 as one of their four Books of Year for science and technology.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mike Hulme:16", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Mike Hulme", "evidence": "In 2008, Hulme made a personal statement on what he called the \"5 lessons of climate change\", as: \"climate change is a relative risk, not an absolute one\" \"climate risks are serious, and we should seek to minimise them\" \"our world has huge unmet development needs\" \"our current energy portfolio is not sustainable\" \"massive and deliberate geo-engineering of the planet is a dubious practice\" After the Climatic Research Unit email controversy, he wrote an article for the BBC in which he said: At the very least, the publication of private CRU e-mail correspondence should be seen as a wake-up call for scientists – and especially for climate scientists.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:725", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:253", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "There is widespread support for the IPCC in the scientific community, which is reflected in publications by other scientific bodies and experts.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:280", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "Criticism of the MBH99 reconstruction in a review paper, which was quickly discredited in the Soon and Baliunas controversy, was picked up by the Bush administration, and a Senate speech by US Republican senator James Inhofe alleged that \"manmade global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "United Nations:234", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "United Nations", "evidence": "In 1988, the UNEP and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), another UN organization, established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which assesses and reports on research on global warming.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Benny Peiser:51", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Benny Peiser", "evidence": "In 2004, a paper was published in the journal Science by Naomi Oreskes titled Beyond the Ivory Tower: The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Merchants of Doubt:55", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Merchants of Doubt", "evidence": "Her work came to public attention in 2004 with the publication of \"The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change,\" in Science, in which she wrote that there was no significant disagreement in the scientific community about the reality of global warming from human causes.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:258", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "In 2004, the geologist and historian of science Naomi Oreskes summarized a study of the scientific literature on climate change.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:34", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The Working Group I report (WG1) was published in September 2013.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:732", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Naomi Oreskes (December 3, 2004).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Google Scholar:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Google Scholar", "evidence": "Google Scholar is a freely accessible web search engine that indexes the full text or metadata of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and disciplines.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Google Scholar:1", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Google Scholar", "evidence": "Released in beta in November 2004, the Google Scholar index includes most peer-reviewed online academic journals and books, conference papers, theses and dissertations, preprints, abstracts, technical reports, and other scholarly literature, including court opinions and patents.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Philosophy of geography:14", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Philosophy of geography", "evidence": "In 2005 the society sponsoring these annual meetings became the International Association for the Study of Environment, Space, and Place, and in 2009 the book series gave way to a peer-reviewed journal, Environment, Space, Place, published semiannually and currently edited by C. Patrick Heidkamp, Troy Paddock, and Christine Petto of Southern Connecticut State University.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Philosophy of geography:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Philosophy of geography", "evidence": "Three volumes of an annual peer-reviewed journal, Philosophy and Geography, were published by Rowman & Littlefield Press which later became a bi-annual journal published by Carfax publishers.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Web of Science:1", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Web of Science", "evidence": "It was originally produced by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) and is currently maintained by Clarivate Analytics (previously the Intellectual Property and Science business of Thomson Reuters) A citation index is built on the fact that citations in science serve as linkages between similar research items, and lead to matching or related scientific literature, such as journal articles, conference proceedings, abstracts, etc.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Concentrated solar power:110", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Concentrated solar power", "evidence": "The thermal storage capacity is indicated in hours of power generation at nameplate capacity.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Concentrated solar power:116", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Concentrated solar power", "evidence": "CSP with thermal storage systems are also available using Brayton cycle with air instead of steam for generating electricity and/or steam round the clock.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Concentrated solar power:16", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Concentrated solar power", "evidence": "A CSP plant can incorporate thermal energy storage, which stores energy either in the form of sensible heat, or as latent heat (for example, using molten salt), which enables these plants to continue to generate electricity whenever it is needed, day or night.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Solar power:211", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Solar power", "evidence": "Concentrated solar power plants may use thermal storage to store solar energy, such as in high-temperature molten salts.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Thermal energy storage:14", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Thermal energy storage", "evidence": "Presently, this is a commercially used technology to store the heat collected by concentrated solar power (e.g., from a solar tower or solar trough).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Renewable energy in Kenya:13", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Renewable energy in Kenya", "evidence": "Geothermal power has the potential to provide reliable, cost-competitive, baseload power with a small carbon footprint, and reduces vulnerability to climate by diversifying power supply away from hydropower, which currently provides the majority of Kenya’s electricity.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Renewable energy:141", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Renewable energy", "evidence": "Low temperature Geothermal (generally referred to as \"GHP\") is an increasingly important renewable technology because it both reduces total annual energy loads associated with heating and cooling, and it also flattens the electric demand curve eliminating the extreme summer and winter peak electric supply requirements.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Renewable energy:362", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Renewable energy", "evidence": "EGS and HDR technologies, such as hydrothermal geothermal, are expected to be baseload resources which produce power 24 hours a day like a fossil plant.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Variable renewable energy:19", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Variable renewable energy", "evidence": "Firm capacity is the amount of power that can be guaranteed to be provided as base power.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Variable renewable energy:325", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Variable renewable energy", "evidence": "Some renewable electricity sources have identical variability to coal-fired power stations, so they are base-load, and can be integrated into the electricity supply system without any additional back-up.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit documents:470", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climatic Research Unit documents", "evidence": "\"An imperative for climate change planning: tracking Earth's global energy\".", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth Summit 2002:14", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth Summit 2002", "evidence": "The Declaration on the Human Environment also known as the Stockholm Declaration set out the principles for various international environmental issues, including human rights, natural resource management, pollution prevention and the relationship between the environment and development.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:362", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.\".", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Kevin E. Trenberth:13", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Kevin E. Trenberth", "evidence": "In a 2013 scientific paper in Geophysical Research Letters, Trenberth and co-authors presented an observation-based reanalysis of global ocean temperatures.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Kevin E. Trenberth:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Kevin E. Trenberth", "evidence": "In a 2009 paper, \"An imperative for climate change planning: tracking Earth's global energy\", Trenberth discussed the distribution of heat and how it was affected by climate forcing, including greenhouse gas changes.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:346", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2013, p. 4: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Kevin E. Trenberth:1", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Kevin E. Trenberth", "evidence": "He was a lead author of the 2001 and 2007 IPCC Scientific Assessment of Climate Change (see IPCC Fourth Assessment Report) and serves on the Scientific Steering Group for the Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) program.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:226", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "In October 2009, the leaders of 18 US scientific societies and organizations sent an open letter to the United States Senate reaffirming the scientific consensus that climate change is occurring and is primarily caused by human activities.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:455", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:58", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The New York Times reported that \"the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Dengue fever:689", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Dengue fever", "evidence": "\"The current and future global distribution and population at risk of dengue\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Dysentery:85", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Dysentery", "evidence": "If the disease is left untreated, the prognosis varies with the immune status of the individual patient and the severity of disease.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Prognosis:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Prognosis", "evidence": "Prognosis (Greek: πρόγνωσις \"fore-knowing, foreseeing\") is a medical term for predicting the likely or expected development of a disease, including whether the signs and symptoms will improve or worsen (and how quickly) or remain stable over time; expectations of quality of life, such as the ability to carry out daily activities; the potential for complications and associated health issues; and the likelihood of survival (including life expectancy).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scarlet fever:165", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scarlet fever", "evidence": "The improvement in prognosis can be attributed to the use of penicillin in the treatment of this disease.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scarlet fever:486", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scarlet fever", "evidence": "\"Scarlet fever, a disease of yore, is making a comeback in parts of the world\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:511", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy", "evidence": "Here is the quote: \"The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming hiatus:42", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming hiatus", "evidence": "In January 2013 James Hansen and colleagues published their updated analysis that temperatures had continued at a high level despite strong La Niña conditions, and said the \"5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing\", noting \"that the 10 warmest years in the record all occurred since 1998.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hurricane Sandy:580", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hurricane Sandy", "evidence": "Global climate change has contributed to the higher sea surface and ocean temperatures, and a warmer and moister atmosphere, and its effects are in the range of 5 to 10%.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Kevin E. Trenberth:17", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Kevin E. Trenberth", "evidence": "This was associated with a change of surface winds over the Pacific which had caused ocean heat to penetrate below 700m depth and had contributed to the apparent global warming hiatus in surface temperatures during the previous decade.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Kevin E. Trenberth:18", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Kevin E. Trenberth", "evidence": "In an interview, Trenberth said, \"The planet is warming\", but \"the warmth just isn't being manifested at the surface.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Heat wave:46", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Heat wave", "evidence": "The end result is a continual build-up of heat at the surface that people experience as a heat wave.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean:140", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ocean", "evidence": "Titan is thought to have a subsurface liquid-water ocean under the ice in addition to the hydrocarbon mix that forms atop its outer crust.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean:162", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ocean", "evidence": "Underneath the thick atmospheres of the planets Uranus and Neptune, it is expected that these planets are composed of oceans of hot high-density fluid mixtures of water, ammonia and other volatiles.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean:94", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ocean", "evidence": "Surface heat and freshwater fluxes create global density gradients that drive the thermohaline circulation part of large-scale ocean circulation.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean:95", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ocean", "evidence": "It plays an important role in supplying heat to the polar regions, and thus in sea ice regulation.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Geoid:176", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Geoid", "evidence": "\"Interannual variations of the mass balance of the Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets from GRACE\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Post-glacial rebound:284", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Post-glacial rebound", "evidence": "\"A method of combining ICESat and GRACE satellite data to constrain Antarctic mass balance\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:13", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "The mass balance, or difference between accumulation and ablation (melting and sublimation), of a glacier is crucial to its survival.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:497", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "\"A Reconciled Estimate of Ice-Sheet Mass Balance\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:91", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "A combination of satellite observations of its changing volume, flow and gravitational attraction with modelling of its surface mass balance suggests the overall mass balance of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet was relatively steady or slightly positive for much of the period 1992–2017.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):200", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change (general concept)", "evidence": "Land ice sheets in both Antarctica and Greenland have been losing mass since 2002 and have seen an acceleration of ice mass loss since 2009.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice sheet:26", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ice sheet", "evidence": "The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:1187", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "\"Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:9", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "Since 1980, a significant global warming has led to glacier retreat becoming increasingly rapid and ubiquitous, so much so that some glaciers have disappeared altogether, and the existences of many of the remaining glaciers are threatened.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:978", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "\"Sharply increased mass loss from glaciers and ice caps in theCanadian Arctic Archipelago\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "GRACE and GRACE-FO:1", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "GRACE and GRACE-FO", "evidence": "Twin satellites took detailed measurements of Earth's gravity field anomalies from its launch in March 2002 to the end of its science mission in October 2017.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "GRACE and GRACE-FO:55", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "GRACE and GRACE-FO", "evidence": "As the twin GRACE satellites circle the globe 15 times a day, they sense minute variations in Earth's gravitational pull.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Gravimeter:9", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Gravimeter", "evidence": "Their first uses were to measure the changes in gravity from the varying densities and distribution of masses inside the earth, from temporal \"tidal\" variations in the shape and distribution of mass in the oceans, atmosphere and earth.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Gravity Probe B:1", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Gravity Probe B", "evidence": "This was to be accomplished by measuring, very precisely, tiny changes in the direction of spin of four gyroscopes contained in an Earth satellite orbiting at 650 km (400 mi) altitude, crossing directly over the poles.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Gravity of Mars:257", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Gravity of Mars", "evidence": "\"Tests and combination of satellite determinations of the gravity field with gravimetry\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "GRACE and GRACE-FO:34", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "GRACE and GRACE-FO", "evidence": "Glacial isostatic adjustment—the slow rise of land masses once depressed by the weight of ice sheets from the last ice age—is chief among these signals.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Post-glacial rebound:1", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Post-glacial rebound", "evidence": "Post-glacial rebound and isostatic depression are phases of glacial isostasy (glacial isostatic adjustment, glacioisostasy), the deformation of the Earth's crust in response to changes in ice mass distribution.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Post-glacial rebound:105", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Post-glacial rebound", "evidence": "Mass changes of ice sheets can be monitored by measuring changes in the ice surface height, the deformation of the ground below and the changes in the gravity field over the ice sheet.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Post-glacial rebound:107", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Post-glacial rebound", "evidence": "However, glacial isostatic adjustment of the ice sheets affect ground deformation and the gravity field today.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Post-glacial rebound:5", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Post-glacial rebound", "evidence": "The enormous weight of this ice caused the surface of the Earth's crust to deform and warp downward, forcing the viscoelastic mantle material to flow away from the loaded region.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctic ice sheet:26", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctic ice sheet", "evidence": "A 2006 paper derived from satellite data, measuring changes in the gravity of the ice mass, suggests that the total amount of ice in Antarctica has begun decreasing in the past few years.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "GRACE and GRACE-FO:167", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "GRACE and GRACE-FO", "evidence": "\"Regional acceleration in ice mass loss from Greenland and Antarctica using GRACE time-variable gravity data\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "GRACE and GRACE-FO:21", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "GRACE and GRACE-FO", "evidence": "Scientists have also detailed improved methods for using GRACE data to describe Earth's gravity field.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "GRACE and GRACE-FO:22", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "GRACE and GRACE-FO", "evidence": "GRACE data are critical in helping to determine the cause of sea level rise, whether it is the result of mass being added to the ocean - from melting glaciers, for example - or from thermal expansion of warming water or changes in salinity.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "GRACE and GRACE-FO:26", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "GRACE and GRACE-FO", "evidence": "GRACE data have provided a record of mass loss within the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:208", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "This represents a loss of 8% of the ice field, with all glaciers experiencing significant retreat.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:224", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "There has been significant and ongoing ice volume losses on the largest New Zealand glaciers, including the Tasman, Ivory, Classen, Mueller, Maud, Hooker, Grey, Godley, Ramsay, Murchison, Therma, Volta and Douglas Glaciers.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:226", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "The loss in Southern Alps total ice volume from 1976–2014 is 34 percent of the total.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:94", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "As with glaciers worldwide, those of the greater Himalayan region are experiencing a decline in mass, and researchers claim that between the early 1970s and early 2000s, there had been a 9 percent reduction in ice mass.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:978", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "\"Sharply increased mass loss from glaciers and ice caps in theCanadian Arctic Archipelago\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:162", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy", "evidence": "The MPs had seen no evidence to support claims that Jones had tampered with data or interfered with the peer-review process.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:255", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy", "evidence": "The Climatic Research Unit developed its gridded CRUTEM data set of land air temperature anomalies from instrumental temperature records held by National Meteorological Organisations around the world, often under formal or informal confidentiality agreements that restricted use of this raw data to academic purposes, and prevented it from being passed onto third parties.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:263", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy", "evidence": "On 27 July 2011 CRU announced that the raw instrumental data not already in the public domain had been released and was available for download, with the exception of Poland which was outside the area covered by the FOIA request.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Data mining:13", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Data mining", "evidence": "The difference between data analysis and data mining is that data analysis is used to test models and hypotheses on the dataset, e.g., analyzing the effectiveness of a marketing campaign, regardless of the amount of data; in contrast, data mining uses machine learning and statistical models to uncover clandestine or hidden patterns in a large volume of data.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Data visualization:141", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Data visualization", "evidence": "DPA has two main objectives: To use data to provide knowledge in the most efficient manner possible (minimize noise, complexity, and unnecessary data or detail given each audience's needs and roles) To use data to provide knowledge in the most effective manner possible (provide relevant, timely and complete data to each audience member in a clear and understandable manner that conveys important meaning, is actionable and can affect understanding, behavior and decisions) With the above objectives in mind, the actual work of data presentation architecture consists of: Creating effective delivery mechanisms for each audience member depending on their role, tasks, locations and access to technology Defining important meaning (relevant knowledge) that is needed by each audience member in each context Determining the required periodicity of data updates (the currency of the data) Determining the right timing for data presentation (when and how often the user needs to see the data) Finding the right data (subject area, historical reach, breadth, level of detail, etc.)", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit documents:177", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climatic Research Unit documents", "evidence": "On 27 July 2011 CRU announced release of the raw instrumental data not already in the public domain, with the exception of Poland which was outside the area covered by the FOIA request.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:125", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy", "evidence": "They were already working with the Met Office to obtain permissions to release the remaining raw data.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:256", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy", "evidence": "Over 95% of the CRU climate data set had been available to the public for several years before July 2009, when the university received numerous FOI requests for raw data or details of the confidentiality agreements from Stephen McIntyre and readers of his Climate Audit blog.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:263", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy", "evidence": "On 27 July 2011 CRU announced that the raw instrumental data not already in the public domain had been released and was available for download, with the exception of Poland which was outside the area covered by the FOIA request.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:4", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy", "evidence": "The mainstream media picked up the story, as negotiations over climate change mitigation began in Copenhagen on 7 December 2009.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Cross-validation (statistics):3", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Cross-validation (statistics)", "evidence": "The goal of cross-validation is to test the model's ability to predict new data that was not used in estimating it, in order to flag problems like overfitting or selection bias and to give an insight on how the model will generalize to an independent dataset (i.e., an unknown dataset, for instance from a real problem).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "SeaLifeBase:10", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "SeaLifeBase", "evidence": "This would mean that when a new hypothesis needs to be tested, the available data will already be there in a validated and accessible form, and there will be no need create a new dataset and then have to validate it.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "They:20", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "They", "evidence": "It was gradually replaced by an Old Norse borrowing, þeir (nominative plural masculine of the demonstrative, which acted in Old Norse as a plural pronoun), until it was entirely replaced in around the 15th century in Middle English.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "ZFS:112", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "ZFS", "evidence": "A device in any vdev can be marked for removal, and ZFS will de-allocate data from it to allow it to be removed or replaced.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "ZFS:25", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "ZFS", "evidence": "A pool level snapshot (known as a \"checkpoint\") is available which allows rollback of operations that may affect the entire pool's structure, or which add or remove entire datasets.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate of the Arctic:135", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate of the Arctic", "evidence": "In summer, the sea ice keeps the surface from warming above freezing.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Cryosphere:36", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Cryosphere", "evidence": "While snow and ice act to insulate the surface from large energy losses in winter, they also act to retard warming in the spring and summer because of the large amount of energy required to melt ice (the latent heat of fusion, 3.34 x 105 J/kg at 0 °C).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:120", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "This low precipitation allows high-latitude snowfalls to melt during the summer.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea ice:102", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea ice", "evidence": "In the Arctic, the area of ocean covered by sea ice increases over winter from a minimum in September to a maximum in March or sometimes February, before melting over the summer.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea ice:125", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea ice", "evidence": "As the sea ice melts, its surface area shrinks, diminishing the size of the reflective surface and therefore causing the earth to absorb more of the sun's heat.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Artificial intelligence:506", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Artificial intelligence", "evidence": "Newell and Simon's physical symbol system hypothesis \"A physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means of general intelligent action.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Chemistry:152", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Chemistry", "evidence": "Many physical chemists specialize in exploring and proposing the mechanisms of various chemical reactions.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Free will:883", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Free will", "evidence": "In fact, according to the generalized interpretation of the psycho-physical parallelism, the freedom of the will must be considered a feature of conscious life that corresponds to functions of the organism that not only evade a causal mechanical description, but resist even a physical analysis carried to the extent required for an unambiguous application of the statistical laws of atomic mechanics.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific method:598", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific method", "evidence": "One key point was that they realized that the quickest way to reach a result was not to continue a mathematical analysis, but to build a physical model.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sensor-based sorting:156", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sensor-based sorting", "evidence": "The washability analysis is widely known in bulk material analysis, where the specific density is the physical property describing the liberation and the separation results, which is then in the form of the partition curve.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station:11", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station", "evidence": "During this six-month \"night\", air temperatures can drop below −73 °C (−99 °F).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate:71", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate", "evidence": "A subarctic climate has little precipitation, and monthly temperatures which are above 10 °C (50 °F) for one to three months of the year, with permafrost in large parts of the area due to the cold winters.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:211", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "The lowest air temperature ever directly measured on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at Vostok Station in 1983, but satellites have used remote sensing to measure temperatures as low as −94.7 °C (−138.5 °F) in East Antarctica.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Precipitation:101", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Precipitation", "evidence": "Rarely, at a temperature of around −2 °C (28 °F), snowflakes can form in threefold symmetry—triangular snowflakes.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Winter storm:47", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Winter storm", "evidence": "They typically occur when a layer of warm air hovers over a region, but the ambient temperature a few meters above the ground is near or below 0 °C (32 °F), and the ground temperature is sub-freezing.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:101", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "This insulation keeps the warm Atlantic Water from melting the surface ice.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:121", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "Much of the Arctic Ocean is covered by sea ice that varies in extent and thickness seasonally.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:141", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "In the winter the relatively warm ocean water exerts a moderating influence, even when covered by ice.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:5", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "It is partly covered by sea ice throughout the year and almost completely in winter.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic ice pack:6", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Arctic ice pack", "evidence": "Sea ice has an important effect on the heat balance of the polar oceans, since it insulates the (relatively) warm ocean from the much colder air above, thus reducing heat loss from the oceans.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Air pollution:211", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Air pollution", "evidence": "These dangerous pollutants are known as the criteria pollutants, and include ozone, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and lead.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Air pollution:22", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Air pollution", "evidence": "Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as \"the leading pollutant\" and \"the worst climate pollutant\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Fossil fuel power station:81", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Fossil fuel power station", "evidence": "In these modern designs, pollution from coal-fired power plants comes from the emission of gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide into the air, as well a significant volume of wastewater which may contain lead, mercury, cadmium and chromium, as well as arsenic, selenium and nitrogen compounds (nitrates and nitrites).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Fossil fuel power station:9", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Fossil fuel power station", "evidence": "Flue gas from combustion of the fossil fuels contains carbon dioxide and water vapor, as well as pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), and, for coal-fired plants, mercury, traces of other metals, and fly ash.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Pollution:59", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Pollution", "evidence": "Common gaseous pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Air pollution:25", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Air pollution", "evidence": "CO 2 currently forms about 410 parts per million (ppm) of earth's atmosphere, compared to about 280 ppm in pre-industrial times, and billions of metric tons of CO 2 are emitted annually by burning of fossil fuels.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Indoor air quality:115", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Indoor air quality", "evidence": "European standards limit carbon dioxide to 3,500 ppm.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Natural gas:79", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Natural gas", "evidence": "Excluding water vapor, about half of landfill gas is methane and most of the rest is carbon dioxide, with small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen, and variable trace amounts of hydrogen sulfide and siloxanes.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Respiratory system:131", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Respiratory system", "evidence": "Similarly, since the blood arriving in the alveolar capillaries has a partial pressure of CO2 of also about 6 kPa (45 mmHg), whereas that of the alveolar air is 5.3 kPa (40 mmHg), there is a net movement of carbon dioxide out of the capillaries into the alveoli.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Respiratory system:177", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Respiratory system", "evidence": "Thus at sea level, where the ambient atmospheric pressure is about 100 kPa, the moistened air that flows into the lungs from the trachea consists of water vapor (6.3 kPa), nitrogen (74.0 kPa), oxygen (19.7 kPa) and trace amounts of carbon dioxide and other gases (a total of 100 kPa).", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Glossary of geography terms:317", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Glossary of geography terms", "evidence": "Geostatistical algorithms are often incorporated in GIS software applications.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Glossary of geography terms:808", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Glossary of geography terms", "evidence": "It is characterized by high annual precipitation and the absence of any significant seasonal variation in temperature.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Norway:1132", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Norway", "evidence": "Selected climatic data for a global set of standard stations for vegetation.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Norway:323", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Norway", "evidence": "Temperature anomalies found in coastal locations are exceptional, with Røst and Værøy lacking a meteorological winter in spite of being north of the Arctic Circle.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Precipitation:187", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Precipitation", "evidence": "As a result, the modern global record of precipitation largely depends on satellite observations.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the United States:285", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Climate change in the United States", "evidence": "\"A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:150", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "According to a 2006 paper from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, \"the earth would warm by 8 degrees Celsius (14.4 degrees Fahrenheit) if humans use the entire planet's available fossil fuels by the year 2300.\"", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:957", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "\"Modeling of long-term fossil fuel consumption shows 14.5-degree hike in Earth's temperature\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:318", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Arrhenius calculated the temperature increase expected from doubling CO 2 to be around 5-6 °C.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:67", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration:1", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration", "evidence": "NOAA warns of dangerous weather, charts seas, guides the use and protection of ocean and coastal resources, and conducts research to provide understanding and improve stewardship of the environment.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration:145", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration", "evidence": "Feds close 600 weather stations amid criticism they're situated to report warming\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration:21", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration", "evidence": "In 2013, NOAA closed 600 weather stations.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration:37", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration", "evidence": "NOAA data is also relevant to the issues of global warming and ozone depletion.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration:67", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration", "evidence": "AOML's research spans hurricanes, coastal ecosystems, oceans and human health, climate studies, global carbon systems, and ocean observations.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Phenotype:20", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Phenotype", "evidence": "Phenotypic variation (due to underlying heritable genetic variation) is a fundamental prerequisite for evolution by natural selection.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Phenotype:22", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Phenotype", "evidence": "Without phenotypic variation, there would be no evolution by natural selection.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Species:120", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Species", "evidence": "It has been argued that this definition is a natural consequence of the effect of sexual reproduction on the dynamics of natural selection.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Species:193", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Species", "evidence": "He established the idea of a taxonomic hierarchy of classification based upon observable characteristics and intended to reflect natural relationships.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Species:201", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Species", "evidence": "Darwin argued that it was populations that evolved, not individuals, by natural selection from naturally occurring variation among individuals.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):78", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change (general concept)", "evidence": "During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:130", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "Correlation of CO 2 and temperature is not part of this evidence.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:892", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "\"Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice core:193", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ice core", "evidence": "Further research has demonstrated a reliable correlation between CO 2 levels and the temperature calculated from ice isotope data.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paleoclimatology:148", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Paleoclimatology", "evidence": "There is also a close correlation between CO2 and temperature, where CO2 has a strong control over global temperatures in Earth history.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon capture and storage:415", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon capture and storage", "evidence": "These three changes are closely interrelated, because Venus's extreme temperature is due to the high pressure of its dense atmosphere, and the greenhouse effect.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate sensitivity:0", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate sensitivity", "evidence": "Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate sensitivity:28", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate sensitivity", "evidence": "A related concept is the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions, which is the globally averaged surface temperature change per unit of CO 2 emitted.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate sensitivity:51", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate sensitivity", "evidence": "The sensitivity of temperature to atmospheric gasses, most notably CO 2, is often expressed in terms of the change in temperature per doubling of the concentration of the gas.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate sensitivity:7", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate sensitivity", "evidence": "The transient climate response (TCR) is the amount of temperature increase that might occur at the time when CO2 doubles, having increased gradually by 1% each year.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:249", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Additionally, and crucially to life on earth, photosynthesis by phytoplankton consumes dissolved CO 2 in the upper ocean and thereby promotes the absorption of CO 2 from the atmosphere.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:153", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:128", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Natural sources of carbon dioxide are more than 20 times greater than sources due to human activity, but over periods longer than a few years natural sources are closely balanced by natural sinks, mainly photosynthesis of carbon compounds by plants and marine plankton.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:302", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "This is the case for CO 2, which is reduced by photosynthesis of plants, and which, after dissolving in the oceans, reacts to form carbonic acid and bicarbonate and carbonate ions (see ocean acidification).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Water:56", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Water", "evidence": "Water also dissolves many gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide—the latter giving the fizz of carbonated beverages, sparkling wines and beers.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global cooling:117", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global cooling", "evidence": "Scientists said that \"abrupt climate change initiated by Greenland ice sheet melting is not a realistic scenario for the 21st century\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global cooling:2", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global cooling", "evidence": "The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:1", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:727", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "Despite increasing consensus on the science underpinning predictions of global climate change, doubts have been expressed recently about the need to mitigate the risks posed by global climate change.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:276", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate", "evidence": "Climate is the long-term average of weather, typically averaged over a period of 30 years.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate:25", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate", "evidence": "temperature) over a 30-year period.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Eocene:99", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Eocene", "evidence": "The transition from a warming climate into a cooling climate began at ~49 million years ago.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mesozoic:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mesozoic", "evidence": "The climate of the Mesozoic was varied, alternating between warming and cooling periods.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:22", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:113", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:157", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "\"Robust findings\" of the Synthesis report include: \"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:150", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:719", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5°C.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:18", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "The global mean CO 2 concentration is currently rising at a rate of approximately 2 ppm/year and accelerating.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:192", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:204", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Eocene:4", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Eocene", "evidence": "The start of the Eocene is marked by a brief period in which the concentration of the carbon isotope 13C in the atmosphere was exceptionally low in comparison with the more common isotope 12C.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:127", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Reason:160", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Reason", "evidence": "The reasoning in this argument is valid, because there is no way in which the premises, 1 and 2, could be true and the conclusion, 3, be false.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:395", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "\"It is likely that increases in GHG concentrations alone would have caused more warming than observed because volcanic and anthropogenic aerosols have offset some warming that would otherwise have taken place.\"", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:47", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "According to this summary, the Fourth Assessment Report found that human actions are \"very likely\" the cause of global warming, meaning a 90% or greater probability.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:678", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The statement concludes with a call for \"reduction in anthropogenic (human-caused) sources of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions contributing to global climate change and the conservation of CO 2- consuming photosynthesizers (i.e., plants).\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:692", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:188", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "Since 1978, output from the Sun has been measured by satellites significantly more accurately than was previously possible from the surface.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:189", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "These measurements indicate that the Sun's total solar irradiance has not increased since 1978, so the warming during the past 30 years cannot be directly attributed to an increase in total solar energy reaching the Earth (see graph above, left).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:190", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "In the three decades since 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity probably had a slight cooling influence on the climate.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:21", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Solar activity and climate:16", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Solar activity and climate", "evidence": "In the three decades following 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity is estimated to have had a slight cooling influence.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Solar irradiance:56", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Solar irradiance", "evidence": "The space-based TSI record comprises measurements from more than ten radiometers spanning three solar cycles.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Solar irradiance:64", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Solar irradiance", "evidence": "The Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment/Total Irradiance Measurement (SORCE/TIM) TSI values are lower than prior measurements by the Earth Radiometer Budget Experiment (ERBE) on the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS), VIRGO on the Solar Heliospheric Observatory (SoHO) and the ACRIM instruments on the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM), Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) and ACRIMSAT.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Solar irradiance:9", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Solar irradiance", "evidence": "Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) is a measure of the solar power over all wavelengths per unit area incident on the Earth's upper atmosphere.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sunlight:59", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Sunlight", "evidence": "Total solar irradiance (TSI) – the amount of solar radiation received at the top of Earth's atmosphere – has been measured since 1978 by a series of overlapping NASA and ESA satellite experiments to be 1.365 kilo⁠watts per square meter (kW/m²).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite:65", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite", "evidence": "The ACRIM2 instrument on the UARS satellite measured the total solar irradiance (TSI), the total solar radiant energy reaching Earth, continuing the climate change database begun in 1980 by the ACRIM1 experiment on the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Catalan pseudoprime:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Catalan pseudoprime", "evidence": "In mathematics, a Catalan pseudoprime is an odd composite number n satisfying the congruence ( − 1 ) n − 1 2 ⋅ C n − 1 2 ≡ 2 ( mod n ) , {\\displaystyle (-1)^{\\frac {n-1}{2}}\\cdot C_{\\frac {n-1}{2}}\\equiv 2{\\pmod {n}},} where Cm denotes the m-th Catalan number.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Lucas pseudoprime:105", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Lucas pseudoprime", "evidence": "A Pell pseudoprime may be defined as a composite number n for which equation (1) above is true with P = 2 and Q = −1; the sequence Un then being the Pell sequence.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Lucas pseudoprime:92", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Lucas pseudoprime", "evidence": "A Fibonacci pseudoprime is often defined as a composite number n not divisible by 5 for which congruence (1) holds with P = 1 and Q = −1 (but n is ).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Solar irradiance:107", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Solar irradiance", "evidence": "In 2014 a new ACRIM composite was developed using the updated ACRIM3 record.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Solar irradiance:72", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Solar irradiance", "evidence": "Examples include the issue of the irradiance increase between cycle minima in 1986 and 1996, evident only in the ACRIM composite (and not the model) and the low irradiance levels in the PMOD composite during the 2008 minimum.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Chinese remainder theorem:113", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Chinese remainder theorem", "evidence": "However, the two other versions make sense over a principal ideal domain R: it suffices to replace \"integer\" by \"element of the domain\" and Z {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} } by R. These two versions of the theorem are true in this context, because the proofs (except for the first existence proof), are based on Euclid's lemma and Bézout's identity, which are true over every principal domain.", "entropy": 0.5004024505615234, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "International Standard Book Number:77", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "International Standard Book Number", "evidence": "when typing it or writing it down) are a single altered digit or the transposition of adjacent digits.", "entropy": 0.5004024505615234, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Legendre symbol:2", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Legendre symbol", "evidence": "The Legendre symbol was introduced by Adrien-Marie Legendre in 1798 in the course of his attempts at proving the law of quadratic reciprocity.", "entropy": 0.5004024505615234, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Modular multiplicative inverse:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Modular multiplicative inverse", "evidence": "In mathematics, in particular the area of number theory, a modular multiplicative inverse of an integer a is an integer x such that the product ax is congruent to 1 with respect to the modulus m. In the standard notation of modular arithmetic this congruence is written as a x ≡ 1 ( mod m ) , {\\displaystyle ax\\equiv 1{\\pmod {m}},} which is the shorthand way of writing the statement that m divides (evenly) the quantity ax − 1, or, put another way, the remainder after dividing ax by the integer m is 1.", "entropy": 0.5004024505615234, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Solar irradiance:116", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Solar irradiance", "evidence": "These arise from the fact that ACRIM uses the original TSI results published by the satellite experiment teams while PMOD significantly modifies some results to conform them to specific TSI proxy models.", "entropy": 0.5004024505615234, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change and agriculture:135", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change and agriculture", "evidence": "His study assumes that no efforts are made to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, leading to global warming of 3.3 °C above the pre-industrial level.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:230", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "Orrell says that the range of future increase in temperature suggested by the IPCC rather represents a social consensus in the climate community, but adds \"we are having a dangerous effect on the climate\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:36", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "IPCC Fourth Assessment Report", "evidence": "It is likely that greenhouse gases would have caused more warming than we have observed if not for the cooling effects of volcanic and human-caused aerosols.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:127", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is \"likely\" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:459", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:10", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:294", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Over 99.99% of climate scientists did not reject AGW in their peer-reviewed research.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:295", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "James Lawrence Powell reported 2017 that using rejection as the criterion of consensus, five surveys of the peer-reviewed literature from 1991 to 2015, including several of those above, combine to 54,195 articles with an average consensus of 99.94%.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:296", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "In November 2019, his survey of over 11,600 peer-reviewed articles published in the first seven months of 2019 showed that the consensus had reached 100%.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:3", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "A November 2019 study showed that the consensus among research scientists had grown to 100%, based on a review of 11,602 peer-reviewed articles published in the first 7 months of 2019.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:148", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "However, the Stern report, like many other reports, notes the past correlation between CO 2 emissions and economic growth and then extrapolates using a \"business as usual\" scenario to predict GDP growth and hence CO 2 levels, concluding that: Increasing scarcity of fossil fuels alone will not stop emissions growth in time.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:101", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Both CO 2 and CH 4 vary between glacial and interglacial phases, and concentrations of these gases correlate strongly with temperature.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:102", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Direct data does not exist for periods earlier than those represented in the ice core record, a record that indicates CO 2 mole fractions stayed within a range of 180 ppm to 280 ppm throughout the last 800,000 years, until the increase of the last 250 years.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:244", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice core:193", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ice core", "evidence": "Further research has demonstrated a reliable correlation between CO 2 levels and the temperature calculated from ice isotope data.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:140", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:182", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation have caused the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide to increase by about 43% since the beginning of the age of industrialization.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:183", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Between the period 1970 to 2004, greenhouse gas emissions (measured in CO 2-equivalent) increased at an average rate of 1.6% per year, with CO 2 emissions from the use of fossil fuels growing at a rate of 1.9% per year.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:77", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "World energy consumption:111", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "World energy consumption", "evidence": "After the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979, during which the price of oil increased from 5 to 45 US dollars per barrel, there was a shift away from oil.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Waste heat:58", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Waste heat", "evidence": "In cities this source typically contributes 15–50 W/m2 to the local heat balance, and several hundred W/m2 in the center of large cities in cold climates and industrial areas.\"", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Waste heat:63", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Waste heat", "evidence": "Anthropogenic heat is a much smaller contributor to global warming than are greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Waste heat:65", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Waste heat", "evidence": "For example, waste heat flux was +0.39 and +0.68 W/m2 for the continental United States and western Europe, respectively) globally it accounted for only 1% of the energy flux created by anthropogenic greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Waste heat:66", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Waste heat", "evidence": "Global forcing from waste heat was 0.028 W/m2 in 2005.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Waste heat:69", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Waste heat", "evidence": "Equilibrium climate experiments show statistically significant continental-scale surface warming (0.4–0.9 °C) produced by one 2100 AHF scenario, but not by current or 2040 estimates.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:186", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "At present, the primary source of CO 2 emissions is the burning of coal, natural gas, and petroleum for electricity and heat.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:7", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hydrocarbon:84", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Hydrocarbon", "evidence": "Burning hydrocarbons as fuel, producing carbon dioxide and water, is a major contributor to anthropogenic global warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Natural gas:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Natural gas", "evidence": "Natural gas (also called fossil gas) is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes, and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Natural gas:3", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Natural gas", "evidence": "Natural gas is a non-renewable hydrocarbon used as a source of energy for heating, cooking, and electricity generation.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):41", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change (general concept)", "evidence": "Natural changes in the climate system result in internal \"climate variability\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Cloud:338", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Cloud", "evidence": "Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:131", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:49", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:832", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use.\"", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:191", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:192", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Eocene:57", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Eocene", "evidence": "The models, while accurately predicting the tropics, tend to produce significantly cooler temperatures of up to 20 °C (36 °F) colder than the actual determined temperature at the poles.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:322", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "1950s military research found less saturation of the greenhouse effect at high altitudes.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Troposphere:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Troposphere", "evidence": "The tropopause is an inversion layer, where the air temperature ceases to decrease with height and remains constant through its thickness.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Atmosphere of Venus:116", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Atmosphere of Venus", "evidence": "In contrast, the nightside Venusian thermosphere is the coldest place on Venus with temperature as low as 100 K (−173 °C).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Eocene:94", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Eocene", "evidence": "These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Snowball Earth:668", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Snowball Earth", "evidence": "\"High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Troposphere:53", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Troposphere", "evidence": "At the equator, tropospheric temperatures decrease from an average of 20 °C (68-degree Fahrenheit) at sea level to about −70 to −75 °C (-94 to -103-degree Fahrenheit) at the tropopause.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Water on Mars:430", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Water on Mars", "evidence": "At this location, the highest temperature never reached the freezing point of water (0 °C (32 °F; 273 K)), too cold for pure liquid water to exist on the surface.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse effect:13", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse effect", "evidence": "From 1859 onwards, he showed that the effect was due to a very small proportion of the atmosphere, with the main gases having no effect, and was largely due to water vapour, though small percentages of hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide had a significant effect.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse effect:30", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse effect", "evidence": "However radiative energy losses become increasingly important higher in the atmosphere, largely because of the decreasing concentration of water vapor, an important greenhouse gas.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse effect:45", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse effect", "evidence": "By their percentage contribution to the greenhouse effect on Earth the four major gases are: water vapor, 36–70% carbon dioxide, 9–26% methane, 4–9% ozone, 3–7% It is not possible to assign a specific percentage to each gas because the absorption and emission bands of the gases overlap (hence the ranges given above).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:172", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Water vapor accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, between 36% and 66% for clear sky conditions and between 66% and 85% when including clouds.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Water vapor:110", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Water vapor", "evidence": "Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:181", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a \"positive feedback\" that amplifies the original warming.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:182", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Eventually other earth processes offset these positive feedbacks, stabilizing the global temperature at a new equilibrium and preventing the loss of Earth's water through a Venus-like runaway greenhouse effect.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Runaway greenhouse effect:19", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Runaway greenhouse effect", "evidence": "An increase in temperature from greenhouse gases leading to increased water vapor (which is itself a greenhouse gas) causing further warming is a positive feedback, but not a runaway effect, on Earth.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Runaway greenhouse effect:24", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Runaway greenhouse effect", "evidence": "A planet's outgoing longwave radiation is limited by this evaporated water, which is an effective greenhouse gas and blocks additional infrared radiation as it accumulates in the atmosphere.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Water:354", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Water", "evidence": "Water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere provide a temperature buffer (greenhouse effect) which helps maintain a relatively steady surface temperature.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:72", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:16", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "It is a major aspect of climate change, and has been demonstrated by the instrumental temperature record which shows global warming of around 1 °C since the pre-industrial period, although the bulk of this (0.9°C) has occurred since 1970.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:21", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the time before and after.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Urban heat island:331", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Urban heat island", "evidence": "For example, Ross McKitrick and Patrick J. Michaels conducted a statistical study of surface-temperature data regressed against socioeconomic indicators, and concluded that about half of the observed warming trend (for 1979–2002) could be accounted for by the residual UHI effects in the corrected temperature data set they studied—which had already been processed to remove the (modeled) UHI contribution.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:192", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:21", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:146", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:22", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:227", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "To keep warming below 2 °C, more stringent emission reductions in the near-term would allow for less rapid reductions after 2030.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:116", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.", "entropy": 1.0397207736968994, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:437", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "This effect results in the increased absorption of radiation that accelerates melting.\"", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:77", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "For instance, the change from a dark forest to grassland makes the surface lighter, causing it to reflect more sunlight.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:81", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In the tropics the net effect is to produce a significant warming, while at latitudes closer to the poles a loss of albedo leads to an overall cooling effect.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:92", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon tax:4", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Carbon tax", "evidence": "Economists generally argue that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Economics of global warming:415", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Economics of global warming", "evidence": "No models suggest that the optimal policy is to do nothing, i.e., allow \"business-as-usual\" emissions.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:257", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "Researchers have warned that current economic modeling may seriously underestimate the impact of potentially catastrophic climate change and point to the need for new models that give a more accurate picture of potential damages.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Stern Review:213", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Stern Review", "evidence": "Economists have different views over the cost estimates of climate change mitigation given in the Review.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Stern Review:57", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Stern Review", "evidence": "Some economists have argued that the Review overestimates the present value of the costs of climate change, and underestimates the costs of emission reduction.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Bjørn Lomborg:116", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Bjørn Lomborg", "evidence": "He argues that \"... the cost and benefits of the proposed measures against global warming.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Stern Review:26", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Stern Review", "evidence": "'Central estimates of the annual costs of achieving stabilisation between 500 and 550ppm CO2e are around 1% of global GDP, if we start to take strong action now.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "United Kingdom:2612", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "United Kingdom", "evidence": "This would take us to 9.4 per cent of GDP spent on health ie around EU average.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "United Kingdom:305", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "United Kingdom", "evidence": "The UK service sector makes up around 79 per cent of GDP.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "United Kingdom:543", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "United Kingdom", "evidence": "The UK spends around 8.4 per cent of its gross domestic product on healthcare, which is 0.5 percentage points below the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development average and about one percentage point below the average of the European Union.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Mauna Loa Observatory:1", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mauna Loa Observatory", "evidence": "Since 1958, initially under the direction of Charles Keeling, followed by his son Ralph and later Elmer Robinson, Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) has been monitoring and collecting data relating to atmospheric change, and is known especially for the continuous monitoring of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), which is sometimes referred to as the Keeling Curve.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mauna Loa Observatory:16", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Mauna Loa Observatory", "evidence": "The contamination from local volcanic sources is sometimes detected at the observatory, and is then removed from the background data.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mauna Loa Observatory:3", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mauna Loa Observatory", "evidence": "According to the NOAA, Mauna Loa is the world's oldest continuous CO2 monitoring station, and the world's primary benchmark site for measurement of the gas.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mauna Loa Observatory:4", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mauna Loa Observatory", "evidence": "The latest observation of CO2 concentrations from MLO can be found at web sites along with data from other sites and trends at Mauna Loa.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mauna Loa:232", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mauna Loa", "evidence": "Measurements are adjusted to account for local outgassing of CO2 from the volcano.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:61", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In 2013, CO2 readings taken at the world's primary benchmark site in Mauna Loa surpassing 400 ppm for the first time.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse effect:52", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse effect", "evidence": "Measurements of CO 2 from the Mauna Loa observatory show that concentrations have increased from about 313 parts per million (ppm) in 1960, passing the 400 ppm milestone on May 9, 2013.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Keeling Curve:20", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Keeling Curve", "evidence": "The measurements collected at Mauna Loa Observatory show a steady increase in mean atmospheric CO 2 concentration from 313 parts per million by volume (ppmv) in March 1958 to 406 ppmv in November 2018, with an increase of ~2 ppmv CO 2 per year.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mauna Loa Observatory:1", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mauna Loa Observatory", "evidence": "Since 1958, initially under the direction of Charles Keeling, followed by his son Ralph and later Elmer Robinson, Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) has been monitoring and collecting data relating to atmospheric change, and is known especially for the continuous monitoring of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), which is sometimes referred to as the Keeling Curve.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mauna Loa Observatory:3", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mauna Loa Observatory", "evidence": "According to the NOAA, Mauna Loa is the world's oldest continuous CO2 monitoring station, and the world's primary benchmark site for measurement of the gas.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:246", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "\"Up-to-date weekly average CO 2 at Mauna Loa\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:192", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ecosystem ecology:49", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ecosystem ecology", "evidence": "Figure 4 shows seasonal and annual changes in CO2 concentration measured at Mauna Loa, Hawaii from 1987 to 1990.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:300", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "An example is the mixing of atmospheric gases into the oceans.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:70", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "This figure accounts for CO 2 molecules being removed from the atmosphere by mixing into the ocean, photosynthesis, and other processes.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Kīlauea:180", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Kīlauea", "evidence": "Kīlauea's bulk affects local climate conditions through the influence of trade winds coming predominantly from the northeast, which, when squeezed upwards by the volcano's height, result in a moister windward side and a comparatively arid leeward flank.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Level Mountain:125", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Level Mountain", "evidence": "This tremendous variation in the erupted magmas and influence of adjacent vents gave rise to a high and volumnous complex bimodal stratovolcano centrally located atop the shield.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ovid:253", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ovid", "evidence": "In his treatment of elegy, scholars have traced the influence of rhetorical education in his enumeration, in his effects of surprise, and in his transitional devices.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Socompa:139", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Socompa", "evidence": "Groundwater is warmer and richer in CO 2 the closer to Socompa it is pumped, also suggesting that volcanic gas fluxes still occur at the volcano and that the volcano influences groundwater systems.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Under the Volcano:174", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Under the Volcano", "evidence": "The influence of Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus runs throughout the novel, and references to Charles Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du mal, William Shakespeare's tragedies, and Dante's Divine Comedy enrich the novel's meaning.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carl Sagan:138", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Carl Sagan", "evidence": "He also perceived global warming as a growing, man-made danger and likened it to the natural development of Venus into a hot, life-hostile planet through a kind of runaway greenhouse effect.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse effect:6", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Greenhouse effect", "evidence": "The planet Venus experienced runaway greenhouse effect, resulting in an atmosphere which is 96% carbon dioxide, with surface atmospheric pressure roughly the same as found 900 m (3,000 ft) underwater on Earth.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Runaway greenhouse effect:57", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Runaway greenhouse effect", "evidence": "Venus is sufficiently strongly heated by the Sun that water vapor can rise much higher in the atmosphere and be split into hydrogen and oxygen by ultraviolet light.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Venus:13", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Venus", "evidence": "It may have had water oceans in the past, but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a runaway greenhouse effect.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Venus:88", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Venus", "evidence": "The CO 2-rich atmosphere generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735 K (462 °C; 864 °F).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Jupiter trojan:106", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Jupiter trojan", "evidence": "This occurred when the period of the trojans' libration about their Lagrangian point had a 3:1 ratio to the period at which the position where Jupiter passes Saturn circulated relative to its perihelion.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Orbital resonance:98", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Orbital resonance", "evidence": "As mentioned above, Gliese 876 e, b and c are in a Laplace resonance, with a 4:2:1 ratio of periods (124.3, 61.1 and 30.0 days).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Saturn:632", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Saturn", "evidence": "\"Modeling the 5 : 2 Mean-Motion Resonance in the Jupiter-Saturn Planetary System\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tibetan calendar:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Tibetan calendar", "evidence": "From the 12th century onwards, we observe the usage of two sixty-year cycles.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Year:130", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Year", "evidence": "The Galactic year is the time it takes Earth's Solar System to revolve once around the galactic center.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:55", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Holocene:279", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Holocene", "evidence": "\"Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden event around 8,200 years ago\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Holocene:49", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Holocene", "evidence": "This period of warmth ended about 5,500 years ago with the descent into the Neoglacial and concomitant Neopluvial.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:190", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum:26", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum", "evidence": "These can be defined as geologically brief (<200,000 year) events characterized by rapid global warming, major changes in the environment, and massive carbon addition.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Aeolis quadrangle:1012", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Aeolis quadrangle", "evidence": "\"High Concentrations of Silica Indicate Considerable Water Activity on Mars – SpaceRef\".", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Gale (crater):70", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Gale (crater)", "evidence": "On November 4, 2018, geologists presented evidence, based on studies in Gale by the Curiosity rover, that there was plenty of water on early Mars.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:146", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "In 2009, further evidence was provided that changes in solar insolation provide the initial trigger for the earth to warm after an Ice Age, with secondary factors like increases in greenhouse gases accounting for the magnitude of the change.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:147", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Lakes on Mars:86", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Lakes on Mars", "evidence": "Eight times as much deuterium was inferred at the polar deposits of Mars than exists on Earth (VSMOW), suggesting that ancient Mars had significantly higher levels of water.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Atlantic Ocean:300", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Atlantic Ocean", "evidence": "This heat uptake provides a time-lag for climate change but it also results in a thermal expansion of the oceans which contribute to sea-level rise.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:236", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "(2009) found that the evidence showed that connections between solar variation and climate were more likely to be mediated by direct variation of insolation rather than cosmic rays, and concluded: \"Hence within our assumptions, the effect of varying solar activity, either by direct solar irradiance or by varying cosmic ray rates, must be less than 0.07 °C since 1956, i.e.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:100", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Another line of evidence for the warming not being due to the Sun is how temperature changes differ at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:26", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Although the most common measure of global warming is the increase in the near-surface atmospheric temperature, over 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system over the last 50 years has warmed ocean water.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sun:306", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sun", "evidence": "However, the geological record demonstrates that Earth has remained at a fairly constant temperature throughout its history, and that the young Earth was somewhat warmer than it is today.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:276", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Solar activity and climate:70", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Solar activity and climate", "evidence": "Neither direct measurements nor proxies of solar variation correlate well with Earth global temperature, particularly in recent decades when both quantities are best known.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Solar activity and climate:84", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Solar activity and climate", "evidence": "Scafetta and West correlated solar proxy data and lower tropospheric temperature for the preindustrial era, before significant anthropogenic greenhouse forcing, suggesting that TSI variations may have contributed 50% of the warming observed between 1900 and 2000 (although they conclude \"our estimates about the solar effect on climate might be overestimated and should be considered as an upper limit.\")", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Solar activity and climate:95", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Solar activity and climate", "evidence": "In 1991, Friis-Christensen and Lassen claimed a strong correlation of the length of the solar cycle with northern hemispheric temperature changes.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sun:212", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sun", "evidence": "Earlier extended minima have been discovered through analysis of tree rings and appear to have coincided with lower-than-average global temperatures.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Ice age:182", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Leap year:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Leap year", "evidence": "A leap year (also known as an intercalary year or bissextile year) is a calendar year containing an additional day (or, in the case of lunisolar calendars, a month) added to keep the calendar year synchronized with the astronomical or seasonal year.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Leap year:109", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Leap year", "evidence": "The Bahá'í calendar is a solar calendar composed of 19 months of 19 days each (361 days).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:162", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Little Ice Age", "evidence": "Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Moon:1417", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Moon", "evidence": "One comprises what we have called \"Saros Cycle Texts\", which give the months of eclipse possibilities arranged in consistent cycles of 223 months (or 18 years).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:166", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "East Antarctica is colder than its western counterpart because of its higher elevation.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) (or even −94.7 °C (−135.8 °F) as measured from space), though the average for the third quarter (the coldest part of the year) is −63 °C (−81 °F).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "East Antarctic Ice Sheet:4", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "East Antarctic Ice Sheet", "evidence": "The EAIS is the driest, windiest, and coldest place on Earth, with temperatures reported down to nearly -100°C.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "East Antarctica:11", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "East Antarctica", "evidence": "East Antarctica is generally higher than West Antarctica, and is considered the coldest place on Earth.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming in Antarctica:29", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming in Antarctica", "evidence": "East Antarctica appears to have experienced a net gain of a relatively small amount of ice during the 25-years although uncertainty is greater due to subsidence of the underlying bedrock.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change feedback:128", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change feedback", "evidence": "Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change feedback:2", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change feedback", "evidence": "Positive feedback amplifies the change in the first quantity while negative feedback reduces it.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change feedback:73", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change feedback", "evidence": "This releases more stored carbon into the atmosphere than the carbon cycle can naturally re-absorb, as well as reducing the overall forest area on the planet, creating a positive feedback loop.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Negative feedback:49", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Negative feedback", "evidence": "In contrast, positive feedback is feedback in which the system responds so as to increase the magnitude of any particular perturbation, resulting in amplification of the original signal instead of stabilization.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Positive feedback:1", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Positive feedback", "evidence": "That is, the effects of a perturbation on a system include an increase in the magnitude of the perturbation.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:5", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "Concentrations of CO 2 in the atmosphere were as high as 4,000 parts per million (ppm, on a molar basis) during the Cambrian period about 500 million years ago to as low as 180 ppm during the Quaternary glaciation of the last two million years.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:51", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "Decreasing CO 2 concentration, with a tipping point of 600 ppm, was the primary agent forcing Antarctic glaciation.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:250", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Carbon dioxide content in fresh air (averaged between sea-level and 10 kPa level, i.e., about 30 km (19 mi) altitude) varies between 0.036% (360 ppm) and 0.041% (410 ppm), depending on the location.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Gondwana:187", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Gondwana", "evidence": "However, strong evidence exists of glaciation during the Carboniferous to Permian time, especially in South Africa.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Supercontinent:88", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Supercontinent", "evidence": "During the late Ordovician (~458.4 Ma), the particular configuration of Gondwana may have allowed for glaciation and high CO2 levels to occur at the same time.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change denial:221", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change denial", "evidence": "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change feedback:139", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change feedback", "evidence": "The primary driver of this is the ocean, which absorbs anthropogenic CO2 via the so-called solubility pump.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change feedback:143", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change feedback", "evidence": "With current global warming, weathering is increasing, demonstrating significant feedbacks between climate and Earth surface.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:1", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:362", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon cycle:58", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon cycle", "evidence": "It is one of the most important determinants of the amount of carbon in the atmosphere, and thus of global temperatures.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate:36", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate", "evidence": "Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:174", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "It is expected that most ecosystems will be affected by higher atmospheric CO2 levels and higher global temperatures.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:276", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:77", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "If this energy balance is shifted, Earth's surface becomes warmer or cooler, leading to a variety of changes in global climate.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):216", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change (general concept)", "evidence": "Climate change refers to a broad range of global phenomena ...[which] include the increased temperature trends described by global warming.\"", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate:115", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate", "evidence": "These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "General circulation model:129", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "General circulation model", "evidence": "Any imbalance results in a change in temperature.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "General circulation model:131", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "General circulation model", "evidence": "These models project an upward trend in the surface temperature record, as well as a more rapid increase in temperature at higher altitudes.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:317", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Kiribati:195", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Kiribati", "evidence": "However, if the increase in sea level occurs at a rate faster than coral growth, or if polyp activity is damaged by ocean acidification, then the resilience of the atolls and reef islands is less certain.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Maldives:179", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Maldives", "evidence": "More than 80 per cent of the country's land is composed of coral islands which rise less than one metre above sea level.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Maldives:180", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Maldives", "evidence": "As a result, the Maldives are at high risk of being submerged due to rising sea levels.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Micronesia:49", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Micronesia", "evidence": "When the volcano sinks back down into the sea, the coral continues to grow, keeping the reef at or above water level.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tuvalu:493", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Tuvalu", "evidence": "Mean sea-level rise is projected to continue (very high confidence).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:84", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "The first line of evidence is based on a physical understanding of how greenhouse gases trap heat, how the climate system responds to increases in greenhouse gases, and how other human and natural factors influence climate.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:186", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:276", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:115", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:130", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:203", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon sink:49", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon sink", "evidence": "Presently, oceans are CO2 sinks, and represent the largest active carbon sink on Earth, absorbing more than a quarter of the carbon dioxide that humans put into the air.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Fossil fuel:14", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Fossil fuel", "evidence": "It is estimated that natural processes can only absorb about half of that amount, so there is a net increase of 10.65 billion tonnes of atmospheric carbon dioxide per year.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:16", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "The annual airborne fraction is the ratio of the atmospheric increase in a given year to that year's total emissions.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:6", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "This increase has occurred despite the uptake of more than half of the emissions by various natural \"sinks\" involved in the carbon cycle.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:140", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:186", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:130", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:229", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:244", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:192", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Eocene:94", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Eocene", "evidence": "These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:3", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse effect:9", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse effect", "evidence": "The result, however, is an increase in temperature in both cases.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:310", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):229", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change (general concept)", "evidence": "Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "El Niño:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "El Niño", "evidence": "The ENSO cycle, including both El Niño and La Niña, causes global changes in temperature and rainfall.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:52", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:130", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:692", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:146", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:22", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paleocene:10", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paleocene", "evidence": "In the Paleocene, with a global average temperature of about 24–25 °C (75–77 °F), compared to 14 °C (57 °F) in more recent times, the Earth had a greenhouse climate without permanent ice sheets at the poles, like the preceding Mesozoic.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paleocene:124", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paleocene", "evidence": "The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum was an approximate 200,000 year long event where the global average temperature rose by some 5 to 8 °C (9 to 14 °F), and mid-latitude and polar areas may have exceeded modern tropical temperatures of 24–29 °C (75–84 °F).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paleocene:99", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paleocene", "evidence": "For comparison, the average global temperature for the period between 1951 and 1980 was 14 °C (57 °F).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:374", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "There is evidence from one study that Antarctica is warming as a result of human carbon dioxide emissions, but this remains ambiguous.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Chlorofluorocarbon:253", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Chlorofluorocarbon", "evidence": "\"Ozone hole-forming chemical emissions increasing and mysterious source in East Asia may be responsible\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Cosmic ray:718", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Cosmic ray", "evidence": "\"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Cosmic ray:728", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Cosmic ray", "evidence": "\"No, a new study does not show cosmic-rays are connected to global warming\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "The Great Global Warming Swindle:46", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "The Great Global Warming Swindle", "evidence": "The posited mechanism involves cosmic rays as well as heat from the sun aiding cloud formation.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Deccan Traps:12", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Deccan Traps", "evidence": "Data points to an average drop in temperature of about 2 °C (3.6 °F) in this period.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Eocene:94", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Eocene", "evidence": "These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sun:121", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sun", "evidence": "At the photosphere, the temperature has dropped to 5,700 K and the density to only 0.2 g/m3 (about 1/6,000 the density of air at sea level).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sun:212", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sun", "evidence": "Earlier extended minima have been discovered through analysis of tree rings and appear to have coincided with lower-than-average global temperatures.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tropical cyclone:137", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Tropical cyclone", "evidence": "All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:192", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Chlorofluorocarbon:48", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Chlorofluorocarbon", "evidence": "The strength of CFC absorption bands and the unique susceptibility of the atmosphere at wavelengths where CFCs (indeed all covalent fluorine compounds) absorb creates a “super” greenhouse effect from CFCs and other unreactive fluorine-containing gases such as perfluorocarbons, HFCs, HCFCs, bromofluorocarbons, SF6, and NF3.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:138", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "The seven sources of CO 2 from fossil fuel combustion are (with percentage contributions for 2000–2004): Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide (N 2O) and three groups of fluorinated gases (sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs)) are the major anthropogenic greenhouse gases, and are regulated under the Kyoto Protocol international treaty, which came into force in 2005.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:142", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Although CFCs are greenhouse gases, they are regulated by the Montreal Protocol, which was motivated by CFCs' contribution to ozone depletion rather than by their contribution to global warming.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:57", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "IPCC Fourth Assessment Report", "evidence": "The report shows in detail the individual warming contributions (positive forcing) of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, halocarbons, other human warming factors, and the warming effects of changes in solar activity.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]