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The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] A guide to clinical trials for cancer [|AI|] If you have cancer, a clinical trial may be an option for you. A clinical trial is a study using people who agree to participate in new tests or treatments. Clinical trials help researchers know whether a new treatment works well and is safe. Trials are available for many cancers and all stages of cancer, not just advanced cancer. If you join a trial, you may get treatment that can help you. Plus, you will help others to learn more about your cancer as well as new tests or treatments. There are many things to consider before joining a trial. Learn about why you might want to enroll in a clinical trial and where to find one.What is a Clinical Trial for Cancer? Clinical trials for cancer look at ways to:Prevent cancerScreen or test for cancerTreat or manage cancerReduce symptoms or side effects of cancer or cancer treatmentsA clinical trial will recruit many people to participate. During the study, each group of people will receive a different test or treatment. Some will get the new treatment being tested. Others will get standard treatment. The researchers will collect the results to see what works best. Current cancer medicines, tests, and treatments used by most health care providers have been tested through clinical trials.Why Should You Consider a Clinical Trial? The decision to join a clinical trial is a personal one. It is a decision you have to make based on your values, goals, and expectations. Plus, there are benefits and risks when you join a trial. Some of the benefits include:You may receive a new treatment that is not yet available to other people.You may receive treatment that is better than what is currently available.You will receive close attention and monitoring by your providers.You will help researchers understand your cancer and learn better ways to help other people with the same cancer. Some of the potential risks include:You may experience side effects.The new treatment may not work for you.The new treatment may not be as good as standard treatment.You may need more office visits and more tests.Your insurance may not pay for all of your costs in a clinical trial. Is It Safe? There are strict federal rules in place to protect your safety during a clinical trial. Safety guidelines (protocols) are agreed to before the study begins. These guidelines are reviewed by health experts to make sure that the study is based on good science and the risks are low. Clinical trials are also monitored during the entire study. Before you join a clinical trial, you will learn about the safety guidelines, what is expected of you, and how long the study will last. You will be asked to sign a consent form saying that you understand and agree to the way the study will be run and the potential side effects.Is There a Cost? Before you join a trial, make sure you look into which costs are covered. Routine cancer care costs are often covered by health insurance. You should review your policy and contact your health plan to make sure. Often, your health plan will cover most routine office visits and consults, as well as tests done to monitor your health.Research costs, such as the study medicine, or extra visits or tests, may need to be covered by the research sponsor. Also keep in mind that extra visits and tests may mean additional cost to you in lost work time and daycare or transportation costs.Who Can Join a Clinical Trial? Each clinical study has guidelines about who can join. These are called eligibility criteria. These guidelines are based on what questions the researchers are trying to answer. Studies often try to include people who have certain things in common. This can make it easier to understand the results. So you may be able to join only if you have cancer at a certain stage, are older or younger than a certain age, and do not have other health problems. If you are eligible, you can apply to be in the clinical trial. Once accepted, you become a volunteer. This means that you may quit at any time. But if you feel you want to quit, be sure you talk it over with your provider first. How to Find a Clinical Trial? Trials are done in many places, such as:Cancer centersLocal hospitalsMedical group officesCommunity clinics You can find clinical trials listed on the website of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) -- www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials. It is a part of the National Institutes of Health, the United States government research agency. Many of the clinical trials run across the country are sponsored by the NCI.If you are interested in joining a clinical trial, talk with your provider. Ask if there is a trial in your area related to your cancer. Your provider can help you understand the type of care you will receive and how the trial will change or add to your care. You can also go over all of the risks and benefits to decide whether joining a trial is a good move for you.Alternative Names Intervention study - cancerReferences American Cancer Society website. Clinical trials. www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/clinical-trials.html. Accessed October 19, 2022.National Cancer Institute website. Clinical trials information for patients and caregivers. www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials. Accessed October 19, 2022.National Institutes of Health website. Clinical Trials.gov. www.clinicaltrials.gov. Accessed October 19, 2022. Review Date 8/15/2022 Updated by: Todd Gersten, MD, Hematology/Oncology, Florida Cancer Specialists & Research Institute, Wellington, FL. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Clinical Trials Browse the Encyclopedia

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] A guide to help children understand cancer [|AI|] When your child is diagnosed with cancer, one of the hardest things you have to do is to explain what it means to have cancer. Know that what you tell your child will help your child face cancer. Explaining things honestly at the right level for your child's age will help your child be less afraid.Children understand things differently based on their age. Knowing what your child may understand, and what questions they may ask, can help you know better what to say.What can my Child Understand? Each child is different. Some children understand more than others. Your day-to-day approach will depend on your child's age and maturity. Here is a general guide.CHILDREN AGES 0 to 2 YEARSChildren this age:Only understand things that they can sense by touch and sightDo not understand cancerFocus is on what is happening in the momentAre afraid of medical tests and painAre afraid of being away from their parents How to talk to children ages 0 to 2 years:Talk to your child about what is happening in the moment or that day.Explain procedures and tests before you arrive. For example, let your child know that the needle will hurt for a bit, and it is OK to cry.Give your child choices, such as fun ways to take medicine, new books or videos during treatments, or mixing medicines with different juices.Let your child know you will always be by their side at the hospital.Explain how long they will be in the hospital and when they will be going home. CHILDREN AGES 2 to 7 YEARSChildren this age:May understand cancer when you explain using simple words.Look for cause and effect. They may blame the illness on a specific event, such as not finishing dinner.Are afraid of being away from their parents.May be afraid that that they will have to live in the hospital.Are afraid of medical tests and pain. How to talk to children ages 2 to 7 years:Use simple terms like "good cells" and "bad cells" to explain the cancer. You can say it is a contest between the two types of cells.Tell your child that they need treatment so that the hurting will go away and the good cells can get stronger.Make sure your child knows that nothing they did caused the cancer.Explain procedures and tests before you arrive. Let your child know what will happen, and it is OK to be scared or cry. Assure your child that doctors have ways to make tests less painful.Make sure you or your child's health care team offers choices and rewards.Let your child know you will be by their side at the hospital and when they go home. CHILDREN AGES 7 to 12 YEARSChildren this age:Understand cancer in a basic senseThink of their illness as symptoms and what they are not able to do compared to other kidsUnderstand that getting better comes from taking medicines and doing what doctors sayAre not likely to blame their illness on something they didAre afraid of pain and being hurtWill hear information about cancer from outside sources like school, TV, and the Internet How to talk to children ages 7 to 12 years:Explain cancer cells as "troublemaker" cells.Tell your child that the body has different types of cells that need to do different jobs in the body. The cancer cells get in the way of the good cells and treatments help to get rid of the cancer cells.Explain procedures and tests before you arrive and that it is OK to be nervous or sick of it.Ask your child to let you know about things they have heard about cancer from other sources or any worries they have. Make sure the information they have is accurate. CHILDREN AGES 12 YEARS AND OLDERChildren this age:Can understand complex conceptsCan imagine things that have not happened to themMay have many questions about their illnessThink of their illness as symptoms and what they miss or are not able to do compared to other kidsUnderstand that getting better comes from taking medicines and doing what doctors sayMay want to help make decisionsMay be more concerned about physical side effects such as hair loss or weight gainWill hear information about cancer from outside sources like school, TV, and the Internet How to talk to children ages 12 years and older:Explain cancer as a disease when some cells go wild and grow too quickly.The cancer cells get in the way of how the body needs to work.Treatments will kill the cancer cells so the body can work well and symptoms will go away.Be honest about procedures, tests, and side effects.Talk openly with your teen about treatment options, concerns, and fears.For older children, there may be online programs that can help them learn about their cancer and ways to cope. Other Tips for Talking With Your Child About Cancer? Other ways to talk to your child about cancer:Practice what you will say before you bring up new topics with your child.Ask your child's health care provider for advice on how to explain things.Have another family member or a provider with you when talking about cancer and the treatments.Check in with your child often about how your child is coping.Be honest.Share your feelings and ask your child to share their feelings.Explain medical terms in ways your child can understand. While the road ahead may not be easy, remind your child that most children with cancer are cured.References American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) website. How a child understands cancer. www.cancer.net/coping-with-cancer/talking-with-family-and-friends/how-child-understands-cancer. Updated September 2019. Accessed May 19, 2022.National Cancer Institute website. Adolescents and young adults with cancer. www.cancer.gov/types/aya. Updated September 24, 2020. Accessed May 19, 2022. Review Date 2/24/2022 Updated by: Neil K. Kaneshiro, MD, MHA, Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Cancer in Children Browse the Encyclopedia

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] A guide to herbal remedies [|AI|] Herbal remedies are plants used like a medicine. People use herbal remedies to help prevent or cure disease. They use them to get relief from symptoms, boost energy, relax, or lose weight. Herbal remedies are not regulated or tested like medicines. How can you know what you are getting and if it is useful? This guide can help you choose and use herbals safely.Herbals are not Medicines You have to be careful when using an herbal remedy. Herbal remedies are a type of dietary supplement. They are not medicines. Here are some things you should know about herbals:Herbals are not regulated like medicines.Herbals do not need to be rigidly tested before they are sold.Herbals may not work as claimed.Labels do not need to be approved by any authority. It may not list the correct amount of an ingredient.Some herbal remedies may contain ingredients or contaminants not listed on the label. Natural Does not Mean Safe Many people think that using plants to treat illness is safer than taking medicine. People have been using plants in folk medicine for centuries. So, it is easy to see the appeal. Yet "natural" does not mean safe. Unless taken as directed, some herbals can interact with other medicines or be toxic at high doses. Also, some may cause side effects.Here are some examples:Kava is an herb used for anxiety, insomnia, symptoms of menopause, and other ailments. Some studies show it may work for anxiety. But kava can also cause severe liver damage. The FDA has issued a warning against its use.St. John's Wort may work for mild to moderate depression. However, it can interact with birth control pills, antidepressants, and other drugs. It can also cause side effects such as stomach upset and anxiety.Yohimbe is a bark used to treat erectile dysfunction. The bark can cause high blood pressure, increased heart rate, anxiety, and other side effects. It can interact with certain medicines for depression. Taking it in high does or for a long time can be dangerous. Of course, some herbals have been tested and work well for their intended purpose. Many are also quite safe, but the word "natural" will not tell you which ones are safe and which ones are not safe.How to Choose and use Herbal Remedies Safely Some herbals can make you feel better and help keep you healthy. But you need to be a smart consumer. Use these tips when choosing herbal remedies.Look closely at the claims made about the product. How is the product described? Is it a "miracle" pill that "melts away" fat? Will it work faster than regular care? Is it a secret your health care provider and drug companies don't want you to know? Such claims are red flags. If something sounds too good to be true, it probably is not.Remember "real-life stories" are not scientific proof. Many products are promoted with real-life stories. Even if the quote comes from a provider, there's no proof that other people will get the same results.Before trying a product, talk with your provider. Ask for their opinion. Is the product safe? What are the chances it will work? Are their risks? Will it interact with other medicines? Will it interfere with your treatment?Buy only from companies that have certification on the label, such as "USP Verified" or "ConsumerLab.com Approved Quality." Companies with these certifications agree to test the purity and quality of their products.Do not give herbal supplements to children or use them if you are older than age 65 years. Talk to your provider first.Do not use herbals without talking to your provider if you are taking any medicines.Do not use them if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.Do not use them if you are having surgery.Always let your provider know what herbals you use. They can affect the medicines you take as well any treatment you receive.Where to get More Information These sites can help you learn more about specific herbal supplements:NIH MedlinePlus database of herbs and supplements -- medlineplus.gov/druginfo/herb_All.htmlThe National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH): Herbs at a glance -- nccih.nih.gov/health/herbsataglance.htmAmerican Cancer Society: Complementary and alternative medicine -- www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/complementary-and-alternative-medicine.htmlReferences Aronson JK. Herbal medicines. In: Aronson JK, ed. Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs. 16th ed. Waltham, MA: Elsevier B.V.; 2016:707-742.Gardiner P, Filippelli AC, Low Dog T. Prescribing botanicals. In: Rakel D, ed. Integrative Medicine. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018:chap 104.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health website. Using dietary supplements wisely. nccih.nih.gov/health/supplements/wiseuse.htm. Updated January 2019. Accessed November 24, 2022.US Food & Drug Administration website. Information for consumers on using dietary supplements. www.fda.gov/Food/DietarySupplements/UsingDietarySupplements/default.htm. Updated October 21, 2022. Accessed November 24, 2022. Review Date 8/11/2022 Updated by: Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Clinical Professor, Department of Family Medicine, UW Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Herbal Medicine Browse the Encyclopedia

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] A1C test [|AI|] A1C is a lab test that shows the average level of blood sugar (glucose) over the previous 3 months. It shows how well you are controlling your blood sugar to help prevent complications from diabetes.How the Test is Performed A blood sample is needed. Two methods are available:Blood drawn from a vein. This is done at a lab.Finger stick. This can be done in your health care provider's office. Or, you may be prescribed a kit that you can use at home. Results by finger stick may differ slightly from blood drawn from a vein, but in most cases can also be used to monitor your treatment.How to Prepare for the Test No special preparation is needed. The food you have recently eaten does not affect the A1C test, so you do not need to fast to prepare for this blood test.How the Test will Feel With a finger stick, you may feel slight pain.With blood drawn from a vein, you may feel a slight pinch or some stinging when the needle is inserted. Afterward, there may be some throbbing or a slight bruise. This soon goes away.Why the Test is Performed Your provider may order this test if you have diabetes. It shows how well you are controlling your diabetes. The test may also be used to screen for diabetes.Ask your provider how often you should have your A1C level tested. Usually, testing every 3 or 6 months is recommended.Normal Results The following are the results when A1C is being used to diagnose diabetes:Normal (no diabetes): Less than 5.7%Pre-diabetes: 5.7% to 6.4%Diabetes: 6.5% or higher If you have diabetes, you and your provider will discuss the correct range for you. For many people, the goal is to keep the level below 7%. The test result may be incorrect in people with anemia, kidney disease, liver disease, or certain blood disorders (thalassemia). Talk to your provider if you have any of these conditions. Certain medicines can also result in a false A1C level.The examples above are common measurements for results of these tests. Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your provider about the meaning of your specific test results.What Abnormal Results Mean An abnormal result means that you have had a high blood sugar level over a period of weeks to months.If your A1C is 6.5% or higher and you do not already have diabetes, you may be diagnosed with diabetes.If your level is above 7% and you have diabetes, it often means that your blood sugar is not as well controlled as would be ideal. You and your provider should determine your target A1C.Many labs now use the A1C to calculate an estimated average glucose (eAG). This estimate may be different from the average blood sugars you are recording from your glucose meter or continuous glucose monitor. Talk to your provider about what this means. The actual blood sugar readings are usually more reliable than the estimated average glucose based on the A1C.The higher your A1C, the higher the risk that you will develop problems such as:Eye diseaseHeart diseaseKidney diseaseNerve damageStrokeIf your A1C stays high, talk to your provider about how to best manage your blood sugar.Risks There is little risk involved with having your blood taken. Veins and arteries vary in size from one person to another and from one side of the body to the other. Taking blood from some people may be more difficult than from others.Other risks of having blood drawn are slight, but may include:Excessive bleedingMultiple punctures to locate veinsFainting or feeling lightheadedHematoma (blood accumulating under the skin)Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken) Alternative Names HbA1C test; Glycated hemoglobin test; Glycohemoglobin test; Hemoglobin A1C; Diabetes - A1C; Diabetic - A1CPatient Instructions Diabetes tests and checkups Images Blood test References American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee; Drazin B, Aroda VR, et al. 6. Glycemic targets: standards of medical care in diabetes - 2022. Diabetes Care. 2022;45(Suppl 1):S83-S96. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34964868/.Chernecky CC, Berger BJ. Glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb, glycohemoglobin, glycated hemoglobin, HbA1a, HbA1b, HbA1c) - blood. In: Chernecky CC, Berger BJ, eds. Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures. 6th ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders; 2013:596-597. Review Date 4/29/2022 Updated by: Sandeep K. Dhaliwal, MD, board-certified in Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Springfield, VA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics A1C Blood Glucose Diabetes Diabetes Type 1 Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Teens

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] Aarskog syndrome [|AI|] Aarskog syndrome is a very rare disease that affects a person's height, muscles, skeleton, genitals, and appearance. It can be passed down through families (inherited).Causes Aarskog syndrome is a genetic disorder that is linked to the X chromosome. It affects mainly males, but females may have a milder form. The condition is caused by changes (mutations) in a gene called "faciogenital dysplasia" (FGD1).Symptoms Symptoms of this condition include:Belly button that sticks outBulge in the groin or scrotumDelayed sexual maturityDelayed teethDownward palpebral slant to eyes (palpebral slant is the direction of the slant from the inner to outer corner of the eye)Hairline with a "widow's peak"Mildly sunken chest (pectus excavatum)Mild to moderate cognitive problemsMild to moderate short height which may not be obvious until the child is 1 to 3 years oldPoorly developed middle section of the faceRounded faceScrotum surrounds the penis (shawl scrotum)Short fingers and toes with mild webbingSingle crease in the palm of the handSmall, broad hands and feet with short fingers and curved-in fifth fingerSmall nose with nostrils tipped forwardTesticles that have not come down (undescended)Top portion of the ear folded over slightlyWide groove above the upper lip, crease below the lower lipWide-set eyes with droopy eyelids Exams and Tests These tests may be done:Genetic testing for mutations in the FGD1 geneX-rays Treatment Moving the teeth may be done to treat some of the abnormal dental features a person with Aarskog syndrome may have.Support Groups More information and support for people with Aarskog syndrome and their families can be found at:National Organization for Rare Disorders -- rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/aarskog-syndromeNIH Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center -- rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/4775/aarskog-syndromeOutlook (Prognosis) Some people may have some mental slowness, but children with this condition often have good social skills. Some males may have problems with fertility.Possible Complications These complications can occur:Changes in the brainDifficulty growing in the first year of lifePoorly aligned teethSeizuresUndescended testiclesWhen to Contact a Medical Professional Call your health care provider if your child has delayed growth or if you notice any symptoms of Aarskog syndrome. Seek genetic counseling if you have a family history of Aarskog syndrome. Contact a genetic specialist if your provider thinks you or your child may have Aarskog syndrome.Prevention Genetic testing may be available for people with a family history of the condition or a known mutation of the gene that causes it. Alternative Names Aarskog disease; Aarskog-Scott syndrome; AAS; Faciodigitogenital syndrome; Gaciogenital dysplasiaImages The face Pectus excavatum References D'Cunha Burkardt D, Graham JM. Abnormal body size and proportion. In: Pyeritz RE, Korf BR, Grody WW, eds. Emery and Rimoin's Principles and Practice of Medical Genetics and Genomics: Clinical Principles and Applications. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:chap 4.Jones KL, Jones MC, Del Campo M. Moderate short stature, facial ± genital. In: Jones KL, Jones MC, Del Campo M, eds. Smith's Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap D. Review Date 11/1/2021 Updated by: Anna C. Edens Hurst, MD, MS, Associate Professor in Medical Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Cleft Lip and Palate Congenital Heart Defects Learning Disabilities

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] Aase syndrome [|AI|] Aase syndrome is a rare disorder that involves anemia and certain joint and skeletal deformities.Causes Many cases of Aase syndrome occur without a known reason and are not passed down through families (inherited). However, some cases (45%) have been shown to be inherited. These are due to a change in 1 of 20 genes important for making protein correctly (the genes make ribosomal proteins).This condition is similar to Diamond-Blackfan anemia, and the two conditions should considered the same. A missing piece on chromosome 19 is found in some people with Diamond-Blackfan anemia.The anemia in Aase syndrome is caused by poor development of the bone marrow, which is where blood cells are formed.Symptoms Symptoms may include:Absent or small knucklesCleft palateDeformed earsDroopy eyelidsInability to fully extend the joints from birthNarrow shouldersPale skinTriple-jointed thumbsExams and Tests Your health care provider will perform a physical exam. Tests that may be done include:Bone marrow biopsyComplete blood count (CBC)EchocardiogramX-raysTreatment Treatment may involve blood transfusions in the first year of life to treat anemia. A steroid medicine called prednisone has also been used to treat anemia associated with Aase syndrome. However, it should only be used after reviewing the benefits and risks with a provider who has experience treating anemias.A bone marrow transplant may be necessary if other treatment fails.Outlook (Prognosis) The anemia tends to improve with age.Possible Complications Complications related to anemia include:FatigueDecreased oxygen in the bloodWeakness Heart problems can lead to a variety of complications, depending on the specific defect.Severe cases of Aase syndrome have been associated with stillbirth or early death.Prevention Genetic counseling is recommended if you have a family history of this syndrome and wish to become pregnant.Alternative Names Aase-Smith syndrome; Hypoplastic anemia - triphalangeal thumbs, Aase-Smith type; Diamond-Blackfan with AS-II; Aase-Smith I syndrome; Hydrocephalus-cleft palate-joint contractures syndromeReferences Gallagher PG. The neonatal erythrocyte and its disorders. In: Orkin SH, Fisher DE, Ginsburg D, Look AT, Lux SE, Nathan DG, eds. Nathan and Oski's Hematology and Oncology of Infancy and Childhood. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2015:chap 2.National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences. Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center website. Aase-Smith syndrome. rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/5642/aase-smith-syndrome. Updated February 2023. Accessed September 25, 2023.Thornburg CD. Congenital hypoplastic anemia (Diamond-Blackfan anemia). In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 475. Review Date 9/18/2023 Updated by: Anna C. Edens Hurst, MD, MS, Associate Professor in Medical Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Anemia

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] Abdomen - swollen [|AI|] A swollen abdomen is when your belly area is bigger than usual.Causes Abdominal swelling, or distention, is more often caused by overeating than by a serious illness. This problem also can be caused by:Air swallowing (a nervous habit)Buildup of fluid in the abdomen (this can be a sign of a serious medical problem)Gas in the intestines from eating foods that are high in fiber (such as fruits and vegetables)Irritable bowel syndromeLactose intoleranceOvarian cyst or cancerPartial bowel blockagePregnancyPremenstrual syndrome (PMS)Uterine fibroidsWeight gainHome Care A swollen abdomen that is caused by eating a heavy meal will go away when you digest the food. Eating smaller amounts will help prevent swelling.For a swollen abdomen caused by swallowing air:Avoid carbonated beverages.Avoid chewing gum or sucking on candies.Avoid drinking through a straw or sipping the surface of a hot beverage.Eat slowly. For a swollen abdomen caused by malabsorption, try changing your diet and limiting milk. Talk to your health care provider.For irritable bowel syndrome:Decrease emotional stress.Increase dietary fiber.Talk to your provider.For a swollen abdomen due to other causes, follow the treatment prescribed by your provider.When to Contact a Medical Professional Contact your provider if:The abdominal swelling is getting worse and does not go away.The swelling occurs with other unexplained symptoms.Your abdomen is tender to the touch.You have a high fever.You have severe diarrhea or bloody stools.You are unable to eat or drink for more than 6 to 8 hours. What to Expect at Your Office Visit Your provider will perform a physical exam and ask questions about your medical history, such as when the problem began and when it occurs.The provider will also ask about other symptoms you may be having, such as: Absent menstrual periodDiarrheaExcessive fatigueExcessive gas or belchingIrritabilityVomitingWeight gain or lossTests that may be done include:Abdominal and pelvic CT scanAbdominal and pelvic ultrasoundBlood testsColonoscopyEsophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)ParacentesisSigmoidoscopyStool analysisUrine testsX-rays of the chest or abdomenAlternative Names Swollen belly; Swelling in the abdomen; Abdominal distention; Distended abdomen References Ball JW, Dains JE, Flynn JA, Solomon BS, Stewart RW. Abdomen. In: Ball JW, Dains JE, Flynn JA, Solomon BS, Stewart RW, eds. Seidel's Guide to Physical Examination. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 18.Landmann A, Bonds M, Postier R. Acute abdomen. In: Townsend CM Jr, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, Mattox KL, eds. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 21st ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2022:chap 46.McQuaid KR. Approach to the patient with gastrointestinal disease. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 123. Review Date 10/20/2022 Updated by: Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Clinical Professor, Department of Family Medicine, UW Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Edema

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] Abdominal aortic aneurysm [|AI|] The aorta is the main blood vessel that supplies blood to the abdomen, pelvis, and legs. An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) occurs when an area of the aorta in the abdomen becomes very large or balloons out.Causes The exact cause of an aneurysm is unknown. It occurs due to weakness in the wall of the artery. Factors that can increase your risk of having this problem include:SmokingHigh blood pressureMale sexGenetic factors An abdominal aortic aneurysm is most often seen in males over age 60 who have one or more risk factors. The larger the aneurysm, the more likely it is to break open or tear. This can be life threatening.Symptoms Aneurysms can develop slowly over many years, often with no symptoms. Symptoms may come on quickly if the aneurysm expands rapidly, tears open or leaks blood within the wall of the vessel (aortic dissection).Symptoms of rupture include:Pain in the abdomen or back. The pain may be severe, sudden, persistent, or constant. It may spread to the groin, buttocks, or legs.Passing out.Clammy skin. Dizziness.Nausea and vomiting.Rapid heart rate. Shock. Exams and Tests Your health care provider will examine your abdomen and feel the pulses in your legs. The provider may find:A lump (mass) in the abdomenPulsating sensation in the abdomenStiff or rigid abdomen Your provider may find this problem by doing the following tests:Ultrasound of the abdomen when the abdominal aneurysm is first suspectedCT scan of the abdomen to confirm the size of the aneurysmCTA (computed tomographic angiogram) to help with surgical planning Any one of these tests may be done when you are having symptoms.You may have an abdominal aortic aneurysm that is not causing any symptoms. Your provider may order an ultrasound of the abdomen to screen for an aneurysm.Most men who are age 65 to 75, who have smoked during their life should have this test one time.Some men who are age 65 to 75, who have never smoked during their life may need this test one time. Treatment If you have bleeding inside your body from an aortic aneurysm, you will need surgery right away.If the aneurysm is small and there are no symptoms:Surgery is rarely done.You and your provider must decide if the risk of having surgery is smaller than the risk of bleeding if you do not have surgery.Your provider will want to check the size of the aneurysm with ultrasound tests. The recommended frequency depends on the size of your aneurysm. Ask your provider what is best for you.Most of the time, surgery is done if the aneurysm is bigger than 2 inches (5 centimeters) across or growing quickly. The goal is to do surgery before complications develop.There are two types of surgery:Open repair - A large cut is made in your abdomen. The abnormal vessel is replaced with a graft made of man-made material.Endovascular stent grafting - This procedure can be done without making a large cut in your abdomen, so you may recover more quickly. This may be a safer approach if you have certain other medical problems or are an older adult. Endovascular repair can sometimes be done for a leaking or bleeding aneurysm. Outlook (Prognosis) The outcome is often good if you have surgery to repair the aneurysm before it ruptures. When an abdominal aortic aneurysm begins to tear or ruptures, it is a medical emergency. Only about 1 in 5 people survive a ruptured abdominal aneurysm.When to Contact a Medical Professional Go to the emergency room or call 911 or the local emergency number if you have pain in your belly or back that is very bad or does not go away.Prevention To reduce the risk of aneurysms:Eat a heart-healthy diet, exercise, stop smoking (if you smoke), and reduce stress.If you have high blood pressure or diabetes, take your medicines as your provider has told you. People over age 65 who have ever smoked should have a screening ultrasound done once. Alternative Names Aneurysm - aortic; AAAPatient Instructions Abdominal aortic aneurysm repair - open - discharge Aortic aneurysm repair - endovascular - discharge Images Aortic rupture - chest x-ray Aortic aneurysm References Braverman AC, Schermerhorn M. Diseases of the aorta. In: Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Tomaselli GF, Bhatt DL, Solomon SD, eds. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 12th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 42.Colwell CB. Abdominal aortic aneurysm. In: Walls RM, ed. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 72.Isselbacher EM, Preventza O, Black JH 3rd, et al. 2022 ACC/AHA Guideline for the diagnosis and management of aortic disease: a report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;80(24) e223–e393. PMID: 36334952 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36334952/.Owens DK, Davidson KW, Krist AH, et al. Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2019;322(22):2211-2218. PMID: 31821437 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31821437/.Sharafuddin MJ. Abdominal aortic aneurysms: open surgical treatment. In: Sidawy AN, Perler BA, eds. Rutherford's Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 73. Review Date 8/22/2023 Updated by: Mary C. Mancini, MD, PhD, Cardiothoracic Surgeon, Shreveport, LA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Aortic Aneurysm

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] Abdominal aortic aneurysm repair - open [|AI|] Open abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair is surgery to fix a widened part in your aorta. This is called an aneurysm. The aorta is the large artery that carries blood from your heart to your belly (abdomen), pelvis, and legs.An aortic aneurysm is when part of this artery becomes too large or balloons outward.Description The surgery will take place in an operating room. You will be given general anesthesia (you will be asleep and pain-free).Your surgeon opens up your belly and replaces the aortic aneurysm with a man-made, cloth-like material.Here is how it can be done: In one approach, you will lie on your back. The surgeon will make a cut in the middle of your belly, from just below the breastbone to below the belly button. Rarely, the cut goes across the belly.In another approach, you will lie slightly tilted on your right side. The surgeon will make a 5- to 6-inch (13 to 15 centimeters) cut from the left side of your belly, ending a little below your belly button.Your surgeon will replace the aneurysm with a long tube made of man-made (synthetic) cloth. It is sewn in with stitches.In some cases, the ends of this tube (or graft) will be moved through blood vessels in each groin and attached to those in the leg.Once the surgery is done, your legs will be examined to make sure that there is a pulse. Most often a dye test using x-rays is done to confirm that there is good blood flow to the legs.The cut is closed with sutures or staples. Surgery for aortic aneurysm replacement may take 2 to 4 hours. Most people recover in the intensive care unit (ICU) after the surgery.Why the Procedure is Performed Open surgery to repair an AAA is sometimes done as an emergency procedure when there is bleeding inside your body from the aneurysm.You may have an AAA that is not causing any symptoms or problems. Your health care provider may have found the problem after you had an ultrasound or CT scan done for another reason. There is a risk that this aneurysm may suddenly break open (rupture) if you do not have surgery to repair it. However, surgery to repair the aneurysm may also be risky, depending on your overall health.You and your provider must decide whether the risk of having this surgery is smaller than the risk for rupture. Surgery is more likely to be suggested if the aneurysm is:Larger (about 2 inches or 5 centimeters)Growing more quickly (a little less than 1/4 inch over the last 6 to 12 months) Risks The risks for this surgery are higher if you have:Heart diseaseKidney failureLung diseasePast strokeOther serious medical problems Complications are also higher for older people.Risks for any surgery are:Blood clots in the legs that may travel to the lungsBreathing problemsHeart attack or strokeInfection, including in the lungs (pneumonia), urinary tract, and bellyReactions to medicines Risks for this surgery are:Bleeding before or after surgeryDamage to a nerve, causing pain or numbness in the legDamage to your intestines or other nearby organsLoss of blood supply to a portion of the large intestine causing delayed bleeding in the stoolInfection of the graftInjury to the ureter, the tube that carries urine from your kidneys to your bladderKidney failure that may be permanentLower sex drive or inability to get an erectionPoor blood supply to your legs, your kidneys, or other organsSpinal cord injuryWound breaks openWound infections DeathBefore the Procedure Your will have a physical exam and get tests before you have surgery.Always tell your provider what medicines you are taking, even drugs, supplements, or herbs you bought without a prescription.If you are a smoker, you should stop smoking at least 4 weeks before your surgery. Your provider can help.During the 2 weeks before your surgery:You will have visits with your provider to make sure medical problems such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart or lung problems are well treated.You may be asked to stop taking drugs that make it harder for your blood to clot. These include aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), clopidogrel (Plavix), naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn), and other drugs like these.Ask which drugs you should still take on the day of your surgery.Always tell your provider if you have a cold, flu, fever, herpes breakout, or other illness before your surgery. DO NOT drink anything after midnight the day before your surgery, including water.On the day of your surgery:Take the drugs you were told to take with a small sip of water.You will be told when to arrive at the hospital. After the Procedure Most people stay in the hospital for 5 to 10 days. During a hospital stay, you will:Be in the intensive care unit (ICU), where you will be monitored very closely right after surgery. You may need a breathing machine during the first day.Have a urinary catheter.Have a tube that goes through your nose into your stomach to help drain fluids for 1 or 2 days. You will then slowly begin drinking, then eating.Receive medicine to keep your blood thin.Be encouraged to sit on the side of the bed and then walk.Wear special stockings to prevent blood clots in your legs.Be asked to use a breathing machine to help clear your lungs.Receive pain medicine into your veins or into the space that surrounds your spinal cord (epidural). Outlook (Prognosis) Full recovery for open surgery to repair an aortic aneurysm may take 2 or 3 months. Most people make a full recovery from this surgery.Most people who have an aneurysm repaired before it breaks open (ruptures) have a good outlook.Alternative Names AAA - open; Repair - aortic aneurysm - openPatient Instructions Abdominal aortic aneurysm repair - open - discharge Getting out of bed after surgery References Cameron J. Vascular surgery. In: Cameron J, ed. Current Surgical Therapy. 14th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:993-1214.Sharafuddin MJ. Abdominal aortic aneurysms: open surgical treatment. In: Sidawy AN, Perler BA, eds. Rutherford's Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 73. Review Date 10/18/2022 Updated by: Deepak Sudheendra, MD, MHCI, RPVI, FSIR, Founder and CEO, 360 Vascular Institute, with an expertise in Vascular Interventional Radiology & Surgical Critical Care, Columbus, OH. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Aortic Aneurysm

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] Abdominal aortic aneurysm repair - open - discharge [|AI|] Open abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair is surgery to fix a widened part in your aorta. This is called an aneurysm. The aorta is the large artery that carries blood to your belly (abdomen), pelvis, and legs.When You're in the Hospital You had open aortic aneurysm surgery to repair an aneurysm (a widened part) in your aorta, the large artery that carries blood to your belly (abdomen), pelvis, and legs.You have a long incision (cut) either in the middle of your belly or on the left side of your belly. Your surgeon repaired your aorta through this incision. After spending 1 to 3 days in the intensive care unit (ICU), you spent more time recovering in a regular hospital room.What to Expect at Home Plan to have someone drive you home from the hospital. Do not drive yourself home.You should be able to do most of your regular activities in 4 to 8 weeks. Before that:Do not lift anything heavier than 10 to 15 pounds (5 to 7 kg) until you see your health care provider.Avoid all strenuous activity, including heavy exercising, weightlifting, and other activities that make you breathe hard or strain.Short walks and using stairs are OK.Light housework is OK.Do not push yourself too hard.Increase how much you exercise slowly. Managing pain Your provider will prescribe pain medicines for you to use at home. If you are taking pain pills 3 or 4 times a day, try taking them at the same times each day for 3 to 4 days. They may be more effective this way.Get up and move around if you are having some pain in your belly. This may ease your pain.Press a pillow over your incision when you cough or sneeze to ease discomfort and protect your incision.Make sure your home is safe as you are recovering.Wound Care Change the dressing over your surgical wound once a day, or sooner if it becomes soiled. Your provider will tell you when you do not need to keep your wound covered. Keep the wound area clean. You may wash it with mild soap and water if your provider says you can.You may remove the wound dressings and take showers if sutures, staples, or glue were used to close your skin, or if your provider says you can.If tape strips (Steri-strips) were used to close your incision, cover the incision with plastic wrap before showering for the first week. Do not try to wash off the Steri-strips or glue.Do not soak in a bathtub or hot tub, or go swimming, until your doctor tells you it is OK.Lifestyle Changes Surgery does not cure the underlying problem with your blood vessels. Other blood vessels could be affected in the future, so lifestyle changes and medical management are important:Eat a heart-healthy diet.Get regular exercise.Stop smoking (if you smoke).Take the medicines your provider has prescribed as directed. These may include medicines to lower cholesterol, control blood pressure, and treat diabetes. When to Call the Doctor Call your provider if:You have pain in your belly or back that does not go away or is very bad.Your legs are swelling.You have chest pain or shortness of breath that does not go away with rest.You experience dizziness, fainting, or you are very tired.You are coughing up blood or yellow or green mucus.You have chills or a fever over 100.5°F (38°C).Your belly hurts or feels distended.You have blood in your stool or develop bloody diarrhea.You are not able to move your legs.Also call your provider if there are changes in your surgical incision, such as:The edges are pulling apart.You have green or yellow drainage.You have more redness, pain, warmth, or swelling.Your bandage is soaked with blood or clear fluid.Alternative Names AAA - open - discharge; Repair - aortic aneurysm - open - dischargeReferences DeAnda A, Worsham J, Mell M. The aorta. In: Townsend CM Jr, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, Mattox KL, eds. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 62.Perler BA. Open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms. In: Cameron AM, Cameron JL, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:901-905.Read More Abdominal aortic aneurysm Abdominal aortic aneurysm repair - open Aortic angiography Atherosclerosis Chest MRI Risks of tobacco Thoracic aortic aneurysm Tips on how to quit smoking Patient Instructions Cholesterol and lifestyle Cholesterol - drug treatment Controlling your high blood pressure Review Date 5/10/2022 Updated by: Deepak Sudheendra, MD, MHCI, RPVI, FSIR, Founder and CEO, 360 Vascular Institute, with an expertise in Vascular Interventional Radiology & Surgical Critical Care, Columbus, OH. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Aortic Aneurysm Browse the Encyclopedia

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] Abdominal bloating [|AI|] Abdominal bloating is a condition in which the belly (abdomen) feels full and tight. Your belly may look swollen (distended).Causes Common causes include:Swallowing airConstipationGastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)Irritable bowel syndromeLactose intolerance and problems digesting other foodsOvereatingSmall bowel bacterial overgrowthWeight gainYou may have bloating if you take the oral diabetes medicine acarbose. Some other medicines or foods containing lactulose or sorbitol, may cause bloating.More serious disorders that may cause bloating are:Ascites and abdominal tumorsCeliac diseaseDumping syndromeOvarian cancerProblems with the pancreas not producing enough digestive enzymes (pancreatic insufficiency)Home Care You may take the following steps:Avoid chewing gum or carbonated drinks. Stay away from foods with high levels of fructose or sorbitol.Avoid foods that can produce gas, such as Brussels sprouts, turnips, cabbage, beans, and lentils.Do not eat too quickly.Stop smoking. Get treatment for constipation if you have it. However, fiber supplements such as psyllium or 100% bran can make your symptoms worse.You may try simethicone and other medicines that you can buy at the drugstore to help with gas. Charcoal caps can also help.Watch for foods that trigger your bloating so you can start to avoid those foods. These may include: Milk and other dairy products that contain lactoseCertain carbohydrates, including fructose (fruit sugar), that are fermentable and thus can produce gas. These carbohydrates are known as FODMAPs.When to Contact a Medical Professional Contact your health care provider if you have:Abdominal painBlood in the stools or dark, tarry looking stoolsDiarrheaHeartburn that is getting worseVomitingWeight lossAlternative Names Bloating; MeteorismReferences Azpiroz F. Intestinal gas. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 17.McQuaid KR. Approach to the patient with gastrointestinal disease. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 123. Review Date 5/4/2022 Updated by: Michael M. Phillips, MD, Emeritus Professor of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Gas

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] Abdominal CT scan [|AI|] An abdominal CT scan is an imaging method. This test uses x-rays to create cross-sectional pictures of the belly area. CT stands for computed tomography.How the Test is Performed You will lie on a narrow table that slides into the center of the CT scanner. Most often, you will lie on your back with your arms raised above your head.Once you are inside the scanner, the machine's x-ray beam rotates around you. Modern spiral scanners can perform the exam without stopping.A computer creates separate images of the belly area. These are called slices. These images can be stored, viewed on a monitor, printed on film or saved to a disk. Three-dimensional models of the belly area can be made by stacking the slices together.You must be still during the exam, because movement causes blurred images. You may be told to hold your breath for short periods of time.In many cases, an abdominal CT is done with a pelvis CT.The scan should take less than 30 minutes.How to Prepare for the Test You need to have a special dye, called contrast, put into your body before some exams. Contrast helps certain areas show up better on the scans. Contrast can be administered in various ways. Such as:Contrast can be given through a vein (IV) in your hand or forearm. If contrast is used, you may also be asked not to eat or drink anything for 4 to 6 hours before the test.You may have to drink the contrast before the exam. When you drink it will depend on the type of exam being done. Contrast has a chalky taste, although some are flavored so they taste a little better. The contrast you drink will pass out of your body through your stools and is harmless. Let your health care provider know if you have ever had a reaction to contrast. You may need to take medicines before the test to safely receive this substance. Before receiving the contrast, tell your provider if you take the diabetes medicine metformin (Glucophage). People taking this medicine may have to stop taking it for a while before the test. Let your provider know if you have any kidney problems. The IV contrast can worsen kidney function. Too much weight can damage the scanner. Find out if the CT machine has a weight limit if you weigh more than 300 pounds (135 kg). You will need to take off your jewelry and wear a hospital gown during the study.How the Test will Feel Lying on the hard table may be a bit uncomfortable.If you have contrast through a vein (IV), you may have:Slight burning sensationMetallic taste in the mouthWarm flushing of the body These feelings are normal and go away within a few seconds.Why the Test is Performed An abdominal CT scan makes detailed pictures of the structures inside your belly very quickly.This test may be used to look for:Cause of blood in the urineCause of abdominal pain or swellingCause of abnormal blood test results such as liver or kidney problemsHerniaCause of a feverMasses and tumors, including cancerInfections or injuryKidney stonesAppendicitisWhat Abnormal Results Mean The abdominal CT scan may show some cancers, including:Cancer of the renal pelvis or ureterColon cancerHepatocellular carcinoma Lymphoma MelanomaOvarian cancerPancreatic cancerPheochromocytomaRenal cell carcinoma (kidney cancer)Spread of cancers that began outside the belly The abdominal CT scan may show problems with the gallbladder, liver, or pancreas, including:Acute cholecystitisAlcoholic liver diseaseCholelithiasisPancreatic abscessPancreatic pseudocystPancreatitisBlockage of bile ducts The abdominal CT scan may reveal the following kidney problems:Blockage of the kidneysHydronephrosis (kidney swelling from the backflow of urine)Kidney infectionKidney stonesKidney or ureter damagePolycystic kidney diseaseAbnormal results may also be due to:Abdominal aortic aneurysmAbscessesAppendicitisBowel wall thickeningCrohn diseaseRenal artery stenosisRenal vein thrombosisRisks Risks of CT scans include:Allergy to contrast dyeExposure to radiationDamage to kidney function from contrast dye CT scans expose you to more radiation than regular x-rays. Many x-rays or CT scans over time may increase your risk for cancer. However, the risk from any one scan is small. Most modern scanners are able to reduce the radiation exposure. Talk to your provider about this risk and the benefit of the test for getting a correct diagnosis of your medical problem. Some people have allergies to contrast dye. Let your provider know if you have ever had an allergic reaction to injected contrast dye.The most common type of contrast given into a vein contains iodine. If you have an iodine allergy, you may have nausea or vomiting, sneezing, itching, or hives if you get this type of contrast. If you must be given such contrast, your provider may give you antihistamines (such as Benadryl) or steroids before the test.Your kidneys help remove IV dye from the body. You may need extra fluids after the test to help flush the iodine out of your body if you have kidney disease or diabetes.Rarely, the dye may cause a life-threatening allergic response. Tell the scanner operator right away if you have any trouble breathing during the test. Scanners come with an intercom and speakers, so the operator can hear you at all times.Alternative Names Computed tomography scan - abdomen; CT scan - abdomen; CT abdomen and pelvisPatient Instructions Aortic aneurysm repair - endovascular - discharge Images CT scan Digestive system Liver cirrhosis - CT scan Liver metastases, CT scan Lymph node metastases, CT scan Lymphoma, malignant - CT scan Neuroblastoma in the liver - CT scan Pancreatic cancer, CT scan Pancreatic pseudocyst - CT scan Peritoneal and ovarian cancer, CT scan Spleen and liver metastases – CT scan Normal external abdomen References Al Sarraf AA, McLaughlin PD, Maher MM. Current status of imaging of the gastrointestinal tract. In: Adam A, Dixon AK, Gillard JH, Schaefer-Prokop CM, eds. Grainger & Allison's Diagnostic Radiology: A Textbook of Medical Imaging. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 18.Levin MS, Gore RM. Diagnostic imaging procedures in gastroenterology. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 124.Martinez JP. Abdominal pain. In: Walls RM, ed. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 23. Review Date 7/5/2022 Updated by: Jason Levy, MD, FSIR, Northside Radiology Associates, Atlanta, GA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Abdominal Pain Aortic Aneurysm CT Scans Colorectal Cancer Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis Intestinal Obstruction Kidney Cancer Kidney Cysts Kidney Stones Kidney Tests Liver Cancer Liver Diseases Pancreatic Cancer Pancreatic Diseases Pancreatitis

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] Abdominal exploration [|AI|] Abdominal exploration is surgery to look at the organs and structures in your belly area (abdomen). This includes your:AppendixBladderGallbladderIntestinesKidney and uretersLiverPancreasSpleenStomachUterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries (in women)Surgery that opens the abdomen is called a laparotomy. Description Exploratory laparotomy is done while you are under general anesthesia. This means you are asleep and feel no pain. The surgeon makes a cut into the abdomen and examines the abdominal organs. The size and location of the surgical cut depend on the specific health concern.A biopsy can be taken during the procedure.Laparoscopy describes a procedure that is performed with a tiny camera placed inside the abdomen. If possible, laparoscopy will be done instead of laparotomy.Why the Procedure is Performed Your health care provider may recommend a laparotomy if imaging tests of the abdomen, such as x-rays and CT scans, have not provided an accurate diagnosis.Exploratory laparotomy may be used to help diagnose and treat many health conditions, including:Cancer of the ovary, colon, pancreas, liverEndometriosisGallstonesHole in the intestine (intestinal perforation)Acute appendicitisDiverticulitisAcute or chronic pancreatitisLiver abscessPockets of infection (retroperitoneal abscess, abdominal abscess, pelvic abscess)Pregnancy outside of the uterus (ectopic pregnancy)Scar tissue in the abdomen (adhesions) Risks Risks of anesthesia and surgery in general include:Reactions to medicinesBreathing problemsBleeding, blood clots, infectionRisks of this surgery include:Incisional herniaDamage to organs in the abdomenBefore the Procedure You will visit with your provider and have medical tests before your surgery. Your provider will:Do a complete physical exam.Make sure other medical conditions you may have, such as diabetes or high blood pressure, are under control.Perform tests to make sure that you will be able to tolerate the surgery.If you are a smoker, you should stop smoking several weeks before your surgery. Ask your provider for help. Tell your provider:What prescription and over-the-counter medicines you are takingAny vitamins, herbs, and other supplements you are takingIf you have been drinking a lot of alcohol, more than 1 or 2 drinks a dayIf you might be pregnant During the week before your surgery:You may be asked to temporarily stop taking blood thinners. Some of these are:AspirinIbuprofen (Advil, Motrin)Vitamin EWarfarin (Coumadin)Clopidogrel (Plavix)Ticlopidine (Ticlid)Ask your provider which drugs you should still take on the day of your surgery.Prepare your home for your return from the hospital.On the day of your surgery:Follow your provider's instructions about when to stop eating and drinking.Take medicines your provider told you to take with a small sip of water.Arrive at the hospital on time. Outlook (Prognosis) You should be able to start eating and drinking normally about 2 to 3 days after the surgery. How long you stay in the hospital depends on the severity of the problem. Complete recovery usually takes about 4 to 6 weeks.Alternative Names Exploratory surgery; Laparotomy; Exploratory laparotomyImages Digestive system Pelvic adhesions Abdominal exploration - series References Landmann A, Bonds M, Postier R. Acute abdomen. In: Townsend CM Jr, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, Mattox KL, eds. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 21st ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2022:chap 46.Sham JG, Reames BN, He J. Management of periampullary cancer. In: Cameron AM, Cameron JL, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 13th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:545-552. Review Date 2/28/2022 Updated by: Debra G. Wechter, MD, FACS, General Surgery Practice Specializing in Breast Cancer, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Adhesions Appendicitis Colorectal Cancer Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis Endometriosis Gallstones Liver Cancer Ovarian Cancer Pancreatic Cancer Peritoneal Disorders

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] Abdominal girth [|AI|] Abdominal girth is the measurement of the distance around the abdomen at a specific point. Measurement is most often made at the level of the belly button (navel). Abdominal girth is used to diagnose and monitor the following:Buildup of fluid in the abdomen, most often caused by liver failure, heart failure, or any cancer that has spread widely throughout the abdomenObesityBuildup of intestinal gas, most often caused by blockage or obstruction in the intestinesImages Abdominal girth measurement References Kumar RB, Aronne LJ. Obesity. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology/Diagnosis/Management. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 7.Martin P. Approach to the patient with liver disease. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 132. Review Date 8/7/2023 Updated by: Michael M. Phillips, MD, Emeritus Professor of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] Abdominal mass [|AI|] An abdominal mass is swelling in one part of the belly area (abdomen).Considerations An abdominal mass is often found during a routine physical exam. Most of the time, the mass develops slowly. You may not be able to feel the mass.Locating the mass helps your health care provider make a diagnosis. For example, the abdomen can be divided into four areas:Right-upper quadrantLeft-upper quadrantRight-lower quadrantLeft-lower quadrantOther terms used to describe the location of abdominal pain or masses include:Epigastric -- center of the abdomen just below the rib cagePeriumbilical -- area around the belly button The location of the mass and its firmness, texture, and other qualities can provide clues to its cause.Causes Several conditions can cause an abdominal mass:Abdominal aortic aneurysm can cause a pulsating mass around the navel.Bladder distention (urinary bladder over-filled with fluid) can cause a firm mass in the center of the lower abdomen above the pelvic bones. In extreme cases, it can reach as far up as the navel.Cholecystitis can cause a very tender mass that is felt below the liver in the right-upper quadrant (occasionally).Colon cancer can cause a mass almost anywhere in the abdomen.Crohn disease or bowel obstruction can cause many tender, sausage-shaped masses anywhere in the abdomen.Diverticulitis can cause a mass that is usually located in the left-lower quadrant.Gallbladder tumor can cause a tender, irregularly shaped mass in the right-upper quadrant.Hydronephrosis (fluid-filled kidney) can cause a smooth, spongy-feeling mass in one or both sides or toward the back (flank area).Kidney cancer can sometimes cause a smooth, firm, but not tender mass in the abdomen.Liver cancer can cause a firm, lumpy mass in the right upper quadrant.Liver enlargement (hepatomegaly) can cause a firm, irregular mass below the right rib cage, or on the left side in the stomach area.Neuroblastoma, a cancerous tumor often found in the lower abdomen can cause a mass (this cancer mainly occurs in children and infants).Ovarian cyst can cause a smooth, rounded, rubbery mass above the pelvis in the lower abdomen.Pancreatic abscess can cause a mass in the upper abdomen in the epigastric area.Pancreatic pseudocyst can cause a lumpy mass in the upper abdomen in the epigastric area.Spleen enlargement (splenomegaly) can sometimes be felt in the left-upper quadrant.Stomach cancer can cause a mass in the left-upper abdomen in the stomach area (epigastric) if the cancer is large.Uterine leiomyoma (fibroids) can cause a round, lumpy mass above the pelvis in the lower abdomen (sometimes can be felt if the fibroids are large).Volvulus can cause a mass anywhere in the abdomen.Ureteropelvic junction obstruction can cause a mass in the lower abdomen. Home Care All abdominal masses should be examined as soon as possible by the provider.Changing your body position may help relieve pain due to an abdominal mass.When to Contact a Medical Professional Get medical help right away if you have a pulsating lump in your abdomen along with severe abdominal pain. This could be a sign of a ruptured aortic aneurysm, which is an emergency condition.Contact your provider if you notice any type of abdominal mass.What to Expect at Your Office Visit In nonemergency situations, your provider will perform a physical exam and ask questions about your symptoms and medical history.In an emergency situation, you will be stabilized first. Then, your provider will examine your abdomen and ask questions about your symptoms and medical history, such as:Where is the mass located?When did you notice the mass?Does it come and go?Has the mass changed in size or position? Has it become more or less painful?What other symptoms do you have? A pelvic or rectal exam may be needed in some cases. Tests that may be done to find the cause of an abdominal mass include:Abdominal and pelvic CT scanAbdominal and pelvic ultrasoundAngiographyBarium enemaBlood testsColonoscopyEsophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)ParacentesisSigmoidoscopyStool analysisUrine testsX-rays of the chest or abdomenAlternative Names Mass in the abdomenImages Anatomical landmarks adult - front view Digestive system Fibroid tumors Aortic aneurysm References Ball JW, Dains JE, Flynn JA, Solomon BS, Stewart RW. Abdomen. In: Ball JW, Dains JE, Flynn JA, Solomon BS, Stewart RW, eds. Seidel's Guide to Physical Examination. 10th ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2023:chap 18.Landmann A, Bonds M, Postier R. Acute abdomen. In: Townsend CM Jr, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, Mattox KL, eds. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 21st ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2022:chap 46.McQuaid KR. Approach to the patient with gastrointestinal disease. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 123. Review Date 10/20/2022 Updated by: Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Clinical Professor, Department of Family Medicine, UW Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Abdominal Pain

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] Abdominal MRI scan [|AI|] An abdominal magnetic resonance imaging scan is an imaging test that uses powerful magnets and radio waves. The waves create pictures of the inside of the belly area. It does not use radiation (x-rays).Single magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images are called slices. The images can be stored on a computer, viewed on a monitor, printed on film or scanned to a disk. One exam produces dozens or sometimes hundreds of images.How the Test is Performed You may be asked to wear a hospital gown or clothing without metal zippers or snaps (such as sweatpants and a t-shirt). Certain types of metal can cause blurry images.You will lie on a narrow table. The table slides into a large tunnel-shaped scanner.Some exams require a special dye (contrast). Most of the time, the dye is given during the test through a vein (IV) in your hand or forearm. The dye helps the radiologist see certain areas more clearly.During the MRI, the person who operates the machine will watch you from another room. The test lasts about 30 to 60 minutes, but it may take longer.How to Prepare for the Test You may be asked not to eat or drink anything for 4 to 6 hours before the scan.Tell your health care provider if you are afraid of close spaces (have claustrophobia). You may be given a medicine to help you feel sleepy and less anxious. Your provider may also suggest an open MRI, in which the machine is not as close to your body.Before the test, tell your provider if you have:Artificial heart valvesBrain aneurysm clipsHeart defibrillator or pacemakerInner ear (cochlear) implantsKidney disease or dialysis (you may not be able to receive contrast)Recently placed artificial jointsCertain types of vascular stentsWorked with sheet metal in the past (you may need tests to check for metal pieces in your eyes) Because the MRI contains strong magnets, metal objects are not allowed into the room with the MRI scanner. Avoid carrying items such as:Pocketknives, pens, and eyeglassesWatches, credit cards, jewelry, and hearing aidsHairpins, metal zippers, pins, and similar itemsRemovable dental implants How the Test will Feel An MRI exam causes no pain. You may get medicine to relax you if you have a problem lying still or are very nervous. Moving too much can blur MRI images and cause errors.The table may be hard or cold, but you can ask for a blanket or pillow. The machine makes loud thumping and humming noises when turned on. You can wear ear plugs to help reduce the noise.An intercom in the room allows you to speak to someone at any time. Some MRI facilities have televisions and special headphones to help you pass time.There is no recovery time, unless you were given a medicine to help you relax. After an MRI scan, you can go back to your normal diet, activity, and medicines.Why the Test is Performed An abdominal MRI provides detailed pictures of the belly area from many views. It is often used to clarify findings from earlier ultrasound or CT scan exams.This test may be used to look at:Blood flow in the abdomenBlood vessels in the abdomenThe cause of abdominal pain or swellingThe cause of abnormal blood test results, such as liver or kidney problemsLymph nodes in the abdomenMasses in the liver, kidneys, adrenals, pancreas, or spleen MRI can distinguish tumors from normal tissues. This can help your provider know more about the tumor such as size, severity, and spread. This is called staging.In some cases it can give better information about masses in the abdomen than CT.What Abnormal Results Mean An abnormal result may be due to:Abdominal aortic aneurysmAbscessCancer or tumors that involves the adrenal glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidneys, ureters, intestines or bladderEnlarged spleen or liverGallbladder or bile duct problemsHemangiomasHydronephrosis (kidney swelling from the backflow of urine)Kidney infectionKidney damage or diseasesKidney stonesEnlarged lymph nodesObstructed inferior vena cavaPortal vein obstruction (liver)Blockage or narrowing of the arteries that supply the kidneysRenal vein thrombosisKidney or liver transplant rejectionCirrhosis of the liverSpread of cancers that began outside the belly Risks MRI does not use ionizing radiation. No side effects from the magnetic fields and radio waves have been reported.The most common type of contrast (dye) used is gadolinium. It is very safe. Allergic reactions are rare but can occur. If you have a history of severe allergic reactions to other medicines you should notify your doctor. In addition, gadolinium can be harmful to people with kidney problems who need dialysis. Tell your provider before the test if you have kidney problems.The strong magnetic fields created during an MRI can cause heart pacemakers and other implants not to work as well. The magnets can also cause a piece of metal inside your body to move or shift.Alternative Names Nuclear magnetic resonance - abdomen; NMR - abdomen; Magnetic resonance imaging - abdomen; MRI of the abdomen; Liver MRI - abdomen; Pancreas MRI - abdomen; Kidney MRI - abdomenPatient Instructions Aortic aneurysm repair - endovascular - discharge Images Digestive system MRI scans References Al Sarraf AA, McLaughlin PD, Maher MM. Current status of imaging of the gastrointestinal tract. In: Adam A, Dixon AK, Gillard JH, Schaefer-Prokop CM, eds. Grainger & Allison's Diagnostic Radiology: A Textbook of Medical Imaging. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 18.Levine MS, Gore RM. Diagnostic imaging procedures in gastroenterology. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 124.Mileto A, Boll DT. Liver: normal anatomy, imaging techniques, and diffuse diseases. In: Haaga JR, Boll DT, eds. CT and MRI of the Whole Body. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2017:chap 43. Review Date 7/5/2022 Updated by: Jason Levy, MD, FSIR, Northside Radiology Associates, Atlanta, GA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Abdominal Pain Adrenal Gland Cancer Bile Duct Cancer Bile Duct Diseases Gallbladder Cancer Gallbladder Diseases Gallstones Kidney Cancer Kidney Cysts Kidney Tests Liver Cancer Liver Diseases MRI Scans Pancreatic Cancer Pancreatic Diseases Pancreatitis Spleen Diseases

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] Abdominal pain [|AI|] Abdominal pain is pain that you feel anywhere between your chest and groin. This is often referred to as the stomach region or belly.Considerations Almost everyone has pain in the abdomen at some point. Most of the time, it is not serious. How bad your pain is does not always reflect the seriousness of the condition causing the pain.For example, you might have very bad abdominal pain if you have gas or stomach cramps due to viral gastroenteritis.However, fatal conditions, such as colon cancer or early appendicitis, may only cause mild pain or no pain.Other ways to describe pain in your abdomen include:Generalized pain -- This means that you feel it in more than half of your belly. This type of pain is more typical for a stomach virus, indigestion, or gas. If the pain becomes more severe, it may be caused by a blockage of the intestines.Localized pain -- This is pain found in only one area of your belly. It is more likely to be a sign of a problem in an organ, such as the appendix, gallbladder, or stomach.Cramp-like pain -- This type of pain is not serious most of the time. It is likely to be due to gas and bloating, and is often followed by diarrhea. More worrisome signs include pain that occurs more often, lasts more than 24 hours, or occurs with a fever.Colicky pain -- This type of pain comes in waves. It very often starts and ends suddenly, and is often severe. Kidney stones and gallstones are common causes of this type of belly pain. Causes Many different conditions can cause abdominal pain. The key is to know when you need to get medical care right away. Sometimes, you may only need to call a health care provider if your symptoms continue.Less serious causes of abdominal pain include: Constipation Irritable bowel syndromeFood allergies or intolerance (such as lactose intolerance)Food poisoningStomach fluOther possible causes include:AppendicitisAbdominal aortic aneurysm (bulging and weakening of the major artery in the body)Bowel blockage or obstructionCancer of the stomach, colon (large bowel), and other organsCholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder) with or without gallstonesDecreased blood supply to the intestines (ischemic bowel)Diverticulitis (inflammation and infection of the colon)EndometriosisHeartburn, indigestion, or gastroesophageal reflux (GERD)Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn disease or ulcerative colitis)Kidney stonesMuscle strainPancreatitis (swelling or infection of the pancreas)Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)Ruptured ovarian cystSevere menstrual crampsTubal (ectopic) pregnancyUlcersUrinary tract infections (UTI)Home Care You can try the following home care steps to ease mild abdominal pain: Sip water or other clear fluids. You may have sports drinks in small amounts. People with diabetes must check their blood sugar often and adjust their medicines as needed.Avoid solid food for the first few hours.If you have been vomiting, wait 6 hours, and then eat small amounts of mild foods such as rice, applesauce, or crackers. Avoid dairy products.If the pain is high up in your abdomen and occurs after meals, antacids may help, especially if you feel heartburn or indigestion. Avoid citrus, high-fat foods, fried or greasy foods, tomato products, caffeine, alcohol, and carbonated beverages.DO NOT take any medicine without talking to your provider. These additional steps may help prevent some types of abdominal pain:Drink plenty of water each day.Eat small meals more frequently.Exercise regularly.Limit foods that produce gas.Make sure that your meals are well-balanced and high in fiber. Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables. When to Contact a Medical Professional Get medical help right away or call your local emergency number (such as 911) if you:Are currently being treated for cancerAre unable to pass stool, especially if you are also vomitingAre vomiting blood or have blood in your stool (especially if bright red, maroon or dark, tarry black)Have chest, neck, or shoulder painHave sudden, sharp abdominal painHave pain in, or between, your shoulder blades with nauseaHave tenderness in your belly, or your belly is rigid and hard to the touchAre pregnant or could be pregnantHad a recent injury to your abdomenHave difficulty breathing Contact your provider if you have:Abdominal discomfort that lasts 1 week or longerAbdominal pain that does not improve in 24 to 48 hours, or becomes more severe and frequent and occurs with nausea and vomitingBloating that persists for more than 2 daysBurning sensation when you urinate or frequent urinationDiarrhea for more than 5 daysFever, over 100°F (37.7°C) for adults or 100.4°F (38°C) for children, with painProlonged poor appetiteProlonged vaginal bleedingUnexplained weight loss What to Expect at Your Office Visit Your provider will perform a physical exam and ask about your symptoms and medical history. Your specific symptoms, the location of pain and when it occurs will help your provider detect the cause.LOCATION OF YOUR PAINWhere do you feel the pain?Is it all over or in one spot?Does the pain move into your back, groin, or down your legs? TYPE AND INTENSITY OF YOUR PAINIs the pain severe, sharp, or cramping?Do you have it all the time, or does it come and go?Does the pain wake you up at night? HISTORY OF YOUR PAINHave you had similar pain in the past? How long has each episode lasted?When does the pain occur? For example, after meals or during menstruation?What makes the pain worse? For example, eating, stress, or lying down?What makes the pain better? For example, drinking milk, having a bowel movement, or taking an antacid?What medicines are you taking? OTHER MEDICAL HISTORYHave you had a recent injury?Are you pregnant?What other symptoms do you have? Tests that may be done include:Barium enemaBlood, urine, and stool testsCT scanColonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy (tube through the rectum into the colon)ECG (electrocardiogram) or heart tracingUltrasound of the abdomenUpper endoscopy (tube through the mouth into the esophagus, stomach and upper small intestine)Upper GI (gastrointestinal) and small bowel seriesX-rays of the abdomenAlternative Names Stomach pain; Pain - abdomen; Belly ache; Abdominal cramps; Bellyache; StomachachePatient Instructions Gallstones - discharge Images Anatomical landmarks adult - front view Abdominal organs Abdominal quadrants Appendicitis Kidney function References McQuaid KR. Approach to the patient with gastrointestinal disease. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 123.Landmann A, Bonds M, Postier R. Acute abdomen. In: Townsend CM Jr, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, Mattox KL, eds. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 21st ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2022:chap 46.Smith KA. Abdominal pain. In: Walls RM, Hockberger RS, Gausche-Hill M, eds. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018:chap 24.Weber F. Gastrointestinal and hepatic manifestations of systemic diseases. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 37. Review Date 2/7/2022 Updated by: Michael M. Phillips, MD, Emeritus Professor of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Abdominal Pain

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] Abdominal radiation - discharge [|AI|] When you have radiation treatment for cancer, your body goes through changes. Follow your health care provider's instructions on how to care for yourself at home. Use the information below as a reminder.What to Expect at Home About 2 weeks after radiation treatment starts, you might notice changes in your skin. Most of these symptoms go away after your treatments have stopped.Your skin and mouth may turn red.Your skin might start to peel or get dark.Your skin may itch. Your body hair will fall out after about 2 weeks, but only in the area being treated. When your hair grows back, it may be different than before.Around the second or third week after radiation treatments start, you may have:DiarrheaCramping in your bellyAn upset stomach Skin Care When you have radiation treatment, color markings are drawn on your skin. Do not remove them. These show where to aim the radiation. If they come off, do not redraw them. Tell your provider instead.To take care of the treatment area:Wash gently with lukewarm water only. Don't scrub.Use a mild soap that doesn't dry out your skin.Pat your skin dry.Don't use lotions, ointments, makeup, perfumed powders, or products on the treatment area. Ask your provider what you should use.Keep the area that is being treated out of the direct sun.Don't scratch or rub your skin.Don't put a heating pad or an ice bag on the treatment area. Tell your provider if you have any break or opening in your skin.Other Self-care Wear loose-fitting clothing around your stomach and pelvis.You will likely feel tired after a few weeks. If so:Don't try to do too much. You probably will not be able to do everything you used to.Try to get more sleep at night. Rest during the day when you can.Take a few weeks off work, or work less.Ask your provider before taking any drugs or other remedies for an upset stomach.Don't eat for 4 hours before your treatment. If your stomach feels upset just before your treatment:Try a bland snack, such as toast or crackers and apple juice.Try to relax. Read, listen to music, or do a crossword puzzle.If your stomach is upset right after radiation treatment:Wait 1 to 2 hours after your treatment before eating.Your provider may prescribe medicines to help.For an upset stomach:Stay on the special diet that your provider or dietitian recommends for you.Eat small meals and eat more often during the day.Eat and drink slowly.Don't eat foods that are fried or are high in fat.Drink cool liquids between meals.Eat foods that are cool or at room temperature, instead of warm or hot. Cooler foods will smell less.Choose foods with a mild odor.Try a clear, liquid diet -- water, weak tea, apple juice, peach nectar, clear broth, and plain Jell-O.Eat bland food, such as dry toast or Jell-O.To help with diarrhea:Try a clear, liquid diet.Don't eat raw fruits and vegetables and other high-fiber foods, coffee, beans, cabbage, whole grain breads and cereals, sweets, or spicy foods.Eat and drink slowly.Don't drink milk or eat any other dairy products if they bother your bowels.When the diarrhea starts to improve, eat small amounts of low-fiber foods, such as white rice, bananas, applesauce, mashed potatoes, low-fat cottage cheese, and dry toast.Eat foods that are high in potassium (bananas, potatoes, and apricots) when you have diarrhea.Eat enough protein and calories to keep your weight up.Follow-up Care Your provider may check your blood counts regularly, especially if the radiation treatment area is large.Alternative Names Radiation - abdomen - discharge; Cancer - abdominal radiation; Lymphoma - abdominal radiationReferences Doroshow JH. Approach to the patient with cancer. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 169.National Cancer Institute website. Radiation therapy and you: support for people with cancer. www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/radiationttherapy.pdf. Updated October 2016. Accessed July 1, 2022.Read More Colorectal cancer Ovarian cancer Patient Instructions Diarrhea - what to ask your doctor - child Diarrhea - what to ask your health care provider - adult Drinking water safely during cancer treatment Dry mouth during cancer treatment Eating extra calories when sick - adults Radiation therapy - questions to ask your doctor Safe eating during cancer treatment When you have diarrhea When you have nausea and vomiting Review Date 1/25/2022 Updated by: Todd Gersten, MD, Hematology/Oncology, Florida Cancer Specialists & Research Institute, Wellington, FL. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Colorectal Cancer Intestinal Cancer Mesothelioma Ovarian Cancer Radiation Therapy Stomach Cancer Uterine Cancer Browse the Encyclopedia

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] Abdominal rigidity [|AI|] Abdominal rigidity is stiffness of the muscles in the belly area, which can be felt when touched or pressed.Considerations When there is a sore area inside the belly or abdomen, the pain will often get worse when a hand presses against your belly area.Your fear or nervousness about being touched (palpated) may cause your abdominal muscles to stiffen, but there should be no pain.If you have pain when you are touched and you tighten the muscles to guard against more pain, it is more likely caused by a physical condition inside your body. The condition may affect one or both sides of your body.Abdominal rigidity may occur with:Abdominal tendernessNauseaPainSwellingVomitingCauses Causes can include:Abscess inside the abdomenAppendicitisCholecystitis caused by gallstonesHole that develops through the entire wall of the stomach, small intestine, large bowel, or gallbladder (gastrointestinal perforation)Injury to the abdomenPeritonitisWhen to Contact a Medical Professional Get medical care right away if you have pain when the belly is gently pressed and then released. What to Expect at Your Office Visit You will probably be seen in an emergency room.The health care provider will examine you. This may include a pelvic exam, and possibly a rectal exam.The provider will ask questions about your symptoms, such as:When did they first start?What other symptoms do you have at the same time? For example, do you have abdominal pain? You may have the following tests:Abdominal and pelvic CT scanAbdominal and pelvic ultrasoundBlood testsColonoscopyEsophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)ParacentesisSigmoidoscopyStool analysisUrine testsX-rays of the chest or abdomenYou will probably not be given any pain relievers until a diagnosis is made. Pain relievers can hide your symptoms.Alternative Names Rigidity of the abdomenReferences Ball JW, Dains JE, Flynn JA, Solomon BS, Stewart RW. Abdomen. In: Ball JW, Dains JE, Flynn JA, Solomon BS, Stewart RW, eds. Seidel's Guide to Physical Examination. 10th ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2023:chap 18.Landmann A, Bonds M, Postier R. Acute abdomen. In: Townsend CM Jr, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, Mattox KL, eds. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 21st ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2022:chap 46.McQuaid KR. Approach to the patient with gastrointestinal disease. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 123. Review Date 10/20/2022 Updated by: Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Clinical Professor, Department of Family Medicine, UW Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Abdominal Pain

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] Abdominal sounds [|AI|] Abdominal sounds are the noises made by the intestines.Considerations Abdominal sounds (bowel sounds) are made by the movement of the intestines as they push food through. The intestines are hollow, so bowel sounds echo through the abdomen much like the sounds heard from water pipes.Most bowel sounds are normal. They simply mean that the gastrointestinal tract is working. A health care provider can check abdominal sounds by listening to the abdomen with a stethoscope (auscultation).Most bowel sounds are harmless. However, there are some cases in which abnormal sounds can indicate a problem.Ileus is a condition in which there is a lack of intestinal activity. Many medical conditions may lead to ileus. This problem can cause gas, fluids, and the contents of the intestines to build up and break open (rupture) the bowel wall. The provider may be unable to hear any bowel sounds when listening to the abdomen.Reduced (hypoactive) bowel sounds include a reduction in the loudness, tone, or regularity of the sounds. They are a sign that intestinal activity has slowed.Hypoactive bowel sounds are normal during sleep. They also occur normally for a short time after the use of certain medicines and after abdominal surgery. Decreased or absent bowel sounds often indicate constipation.Increased (hyperactive) bowel sounds can sometimes be heard even without a stethoscope. Hyperactive bowel sounds mean there is an increase in intestinal activity. This may happen with diarrhea or after eating.Abdominal sounds are always evaluated together with symptoms such as:GasNauseaPresence or absence of bowel movementsVomiting If bowel sounds are hypoactive or hyperactive and there are other abnormal symptoms, you should continue to follow-up with your provider.For example, no bowel sounds after a period of hyperactive bowel sounds can mean there is a rupture of the intestines, or strangulation of the bowel and death (necrosis) of the bowel tissue.Very high-pitched bowel sounds may be a sign of early bowel obstruction.Causes Most of the sounds you hear in your stomach and intestines are due to normal digestion. They are not a cause for concern. Many conditions can cause hyperactive or hypoactive bowel sounds. Most are harmless and do not need to be treated.The following is a list of more serious conditions that can cause abnormal bowel sounds.Hyperactive, hypoactive, or missing bowel sounds may be caused by:Blocked blood vessels prevent the intestines from getting proper blood flow. For example, blood clots can cause mesenteric artery occlusion.Mechanical bowel obstruction is caused by hernia, tumor, adhesions, or similar conditions that can block the intestines.Paralytic ileus is a problem with the nerves to the intestines. Other causes of hypoactive bowel sounds include:Drugs that slow down movement in the intestines such as opioids (including codeine), anticholinergics, and phenothiazinesGeneral anesthesiaRadiation to the abdomenSpinal anesthesiaSurgery in the abdomen Other causes of hyperactive bowel sounds include:Crohn diseaseDiarrheaFood allergyGI bleedingInfectious enteritisUlcerative colitisWhen to Contact a Medical Professional Contact your provider if you have any symptoms such as:Bleeding from your rectumNauseaDiarrhea or constipation that continuesVomiting What to Expect at Your Office Visit The provider will examine you and ask you questions about your medical history and symptoms. You may be asked:What other symptoms do you have?Do you have abdominal pain?Do you have diarrhea or constipation?Do you have abdominal distention?Do you have excessive or absent gas (flatus)?Have you noticed any bleeding from the rectum or black stools? You may need the following tests: Abdominal CT scanAbdominal x-rayBlood testsEndoscopyIf there are signs of an emergency, you will be sent to the hospital. A tube may be placed through your nose or mouth into the stomach or intestines. This empties your intestines. In most cases, you will not be allowed to eat or drink anything so your intestines can rest. You will be given fluids through a vein (intravenously).You may be given medicine to reduce symptoms and to treat the cause of the problem. The type of medicine will depend on the cause of the problem. Some people may need surgery right away.Alternative Names Bowel soundsImages Abdominal organs References Ball JW, Dains JE, Flynn JA, Solomon BS, Stewart RW. Abdomen. In: Ball JW, Dains JE, Flynn JA, Solomon BS, Stewart RW, eds. Seidel's Guide to Physical Examination. 10th ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2023:chap 18.Landmann A, Bonds M, Postier R. Acute abdomen. In: Townsend CM Jr, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, Mattox KL, eds. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 21st ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2022:chap 46.McQuaid KR. Approach to the patient with gastrointestinal disease. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 123. Review Date 10/20/2022 Updated by: Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Clinical Professor, Department of Family Medicine, UW Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Digestive Diseases

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] Abdominal tap [|AI|] An abdominal tap is used to remove fluid from the area between the belly wall and the spine. This space is called the abdominal cavity or peritoneal cavity.How the Test is Performed This test may be done in a health care provider's office, treatment room, or hospital.The puncture site will be cleaned and shaved, if necessary. You then receive a local numbing medicine. The tap needle is inserted 1 to 2 inches (2.5 to 5 cm) into the abdomen. Sometimes, a small cut is made to help insert the needle. The fluid is pulled out into a syringe.The needle is removed. A dressing is placed on the puncture site. If a cut was made, one or two stitches may be used to close it.Sometimes, ultrasound is used to guide the needle. An ultrasound uses sound waves to make the image and not x-rays. It does not hurt.There are 2 kinds of abdominal taps:Diagnostic tap -- A small amount of fluid is taken and sent to the laboratory for testing.Large volume tap -- Several liters may be removed to relieve abdominal pain and fluid buildup and shortness of breath caused by a large volume of ascites. How to Prepare for the Test Let your provider know if you:Have any allergies to medicines or numbing medicineAre taking any medicines (including herbal remedies)Have any bleeding problemsMight be pregnant How the Test will Feel You may feel a slight sting from the numbing medicine, or pressure as the needle is inserted.If a large amount of fluid is taken out, you may feel dizzy or lightheaded. Tell the provider if you feel dizzy or lightheaded.Why the Test is Performed Normally, the abdominal cavity contains only a small amount of fluid if any. In certain conditions, large amounts of fluid can build up in this space.An abdominal tap can help diagnose the cause of fluid buildup or the presence of an infection. It may also be done to remove a large amount of fluid to reduce belly pain.Normal Results Normally, there should be little or no fluid in the abdominal space.What Abnormal Results Mean An exam of abdominal fluid may show:Cancer that has spread to the abdominal cavity (most often cancer of the ovaries)Cirrhosis of the liverDamaged bowelHeart diseaseInfectionKidney diseasePancreatic disease (inflammation or cancer)Risks There is a slight chance that the needle could puncture the bowel, bladder, or a blood vessel in the abdomen. If a large quantity of fluid is removed, there is a slight risk of lowered blood pressure and kidney problems. There is also a slight chance of infection.Alternative Names Peritoneal tap; Paracentesis; Ascites - abdominal tap; Cirrhosis - abdominal tap; Malignant ascites - abdominal tapImages Digestive system Peritoneal fluid sample References Alarcon LH. Paracentesis and diagnostic peritoneal lavage. In: Vincent J-L, Abraham E, Moore FA, Kochanek PM, Fink MP, eds. Textbook of Critical Care. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2017:chap E10.Koyfman A, Long B. Peritoneal procedures. In: Roberts JR, Custalow CB, Thomsen TW, eds. Roberts and Hedges' Clinical Procedures in Emergency Medicine and Acute Care. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:chap 43.McNaught C. Practical procedures and patient investigation. In: Garden JO, Parks RW, Wigmore SJ, eds. Principles and Practice of Surgery. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 10.Solà E, Ginès P. Ascites and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 93. Review Date 7/30/2022 Updated by: Michael M. Phillips, MD, Emeritus Professor of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Cirrhosis Edema Heart Failure Kidney Tests Liver Cancer Liver Diseases Ovarian Cancer Pancreatic Diseases Pancreatitis Peritoneal Disorders

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] Abdominal thrusts [|AI|] Choking is when someone is having a very hard time breathing because food, a toy, or other object is blocking the throat or windpipe (airway).A choking person's airway may be blocked so that not enough oxygen reaches the lungs. Without oxygen, brain damage can occur in as little as 4 to 6 minutes. Rapid first aid for choking can save a person's life.Abdominal thrusts is an emergency technique to help clear someone's airway.The procedure is done on someone who is choking and also conscious.Most experts do not recommend abdominal thrusts for infants less than 1 year old.You can also perform the maneuver on yourself.First Aid First ask, "Are you choking? Can you speak?" DO NOT perform first aid if the person is coughing forcefully and is able to speak. A strong cough can often dislodge the object.If the person is choking, perform abdominal thrusts as follows:If the person is sitting or standing, position yourself behind the person and reach your arms around their waist. For a child, you may have to kneel.Place your fist, thumb side in, just above the person's navel (belly button).Grasp the fist tightly with your other hand.Make quick, upward and inward thrusts with your fist.If the person is lying on their back, straddle the person facing the head. Push your grasped fist upward and inward in a movement similar to the one above.You may need to repeat the procedure several times before the object is dislodged. If repeated attempts do not free the airway, call 911 or the local emergency number.If the person loses consciousness, start CPR. If you are not comfortable performing abdominal thrusts, you can perform back blows instead on a person who is choking.Alternative Names Choking - Heimlich maneuverImages Heimlich maneuver on adult Heimlich maneuver on infant Choking Heimlich maneuver on an adult Heimlich maneuver on conscious child Heimlich maneuver on conscious child Heimlich maneuver on infant Heimlich maneuver on infant References American Red Cross. First Aid/CPR/AED Participant's Manual. 2nd ed. Dallas, TX: American Red Cross; 2016. www.pdfdrive.com/american-red-cross-first-aidcpraed-d128296673.html. Accessed February 20, 2023.Goodloe JM, Soulek J. Foreign bodies. In: Walls RM, ed. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 51.Kleinman ME, Goldberger ZD, Rea T, et al. 2017 American Heart Association focused update on adult basic life support and cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality: an update to the American Heart Association Guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2018;137(1):e7-e13. PMID: 29114008 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29114008/. Review Date 1/2/2023 Updated by: Jesse Borke, MD, CPE, FAAEM, FACEP, Attending Physician at Kaiser Permanente, Orange County, CA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Choking First Aid

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] Abdominal ultrasound [|AI|] Abdominal ultrasound is a type of imaging test. It is used to look at organs in the abdomen, including the liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys. The blood vessels that lead to some of these organs, such as the inferior vena cava and aorta, can also be examined with ultrasound.How the Test is Performed An ultrasound machine makes images of organs and structures inside the body. The machine sends out high-frequency sound waves that reflect off body structures. A computer receives these waves and uses them to create a picture. Unlike with x-rays or CT scans, this test does not expose you to ionizing radiation. You will be lying down for the procedure. A clear, water-based conducting gel is applied to the skin over the abdomen. This helps with the transmission of the sound waves. A handheld probe called a transducer is then moved over the abdomen.You may need to change position so that the health care provider can look at different areas. You may also need to hold your breath for short periods during the exam.Most of the time, the test takes less than 30 minutes.How to Prepare for the Test How you will prepare for the test depends on the problem. You will likely be asked not to eat or drink for several hours before the exam. Your health care provider will go over what you need to do. How the Test will Feel There is little discomfort. The conducting gel may feel a little cold and wet. The sonographer may press the probe against your abdomen.Why the Test is Performed You may have this test to: Find the cause of abdominal painFind the cause of kidney infectionsDiagnose or monitor tumors and cancersDiagnose or treat ascitesLearn why there is swelling of an abdominal organLook for damage after an injuryLook for stones in the gallbladder or kidneyLook for the cause of abnormal blood tests such as liver function tests or kidney testsLook for the cause of a fever The reason for the test will depend on your symptoms.Normal Results The organs examined appear normal.What Abnormal Results Mean The meaning of abnormal results depends on the organ being examined and the type of problem. Talk to your provider if you have any questions or concerns.An abdominal ultrasound can indicate conditions such as:Abdominal aortic aneurysmAbscessAppendicitisCholecystitisGallstonesHydronephrosisKidney stonesPancreatitis (inflammation in pancreas)Spleen enlargement (splenomegaly)Portal hypertensionLiver tumorsObstruction of bile ductsCirrhosisRisks There is no known risk. You are not exposed to ionizing radiation. Alternative Names Ultrasound - abdomen; Abdominal sonogram; Right upper quadrant sonogramImages Abdominal ultrasound Digestive system Kidney anatomy Kidney - blood and urine flow Abdominal ultrasound References Barnett CF, Sweeney DA, Huddleston LL. Ultrasonography: advanced applications and procedures. In: Broaddus VC, Ernst JD, King TE, et al, eds. Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 24.Chen L. Abdominal ultrasound imaging: anatomy, physics, instrumentation, and technique. In: Sahani DV, Samir AE, eds. Abdominal Imaging. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2017:chap 3.Levine MS, Gore RM. Diagnostic imaging procedures in gastroenterology. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 124.Nickels LC, Duran-Gehring P. Emergency ultrasound. In: Walls RM, ed. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap e3.Wilson SR. The gastrointestinal tract. In: Rumack CM, Levine D, eds. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018:chap 8. Review Date 7/5/2022 Updated by: Jason Levy, MD, FSIR, Northside Radiology Associates, Atlanta, GA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Abdominal Pain Aortic Aneurysm Appendicitis Gallbladder Diseases Gallstones Hernia Kidney Stones Liver Diseases Pancreatic Diseases Pancreatitis

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] Abdominal wall fat pad biopsy [|AI|] An abdominal wall fat pad biopsy is the removal of a small part of the abdominal wall fat pad for laboratory study of the tissue.How the Test is Performed Needle aspiration is the most common method of taking an abdominal wall fat pad biopsy. The health care provider cleans the skin on your belly area. Numbing medicine will be applied on or injected into the area. A needle is placed through the skin and into the fat pad under the skin. A small piece of the fat pad is removed with the needle. It is sent to a laboratory for analysis.How to Prepare for the Test No special preparation is usually necessary. However, follow any specific instructions your provider gives you.How the Test will Feel You may have some mild discomfort or feel pressure when the needle is inserted. Afterward, the area may feel tender or be bruised for several days.Why the Test is Performed The procedure is done most often to test for amyloidosis. Amyloidosis is a disorder in which abnormal proteins build up in tissues and organs, impairing their function. Clumps of the abnormal proteins are called amyloid deposits.Diagnosing the disease in this way may avoid the need for a biopsy of a nerve or an internal organ, which is a more difficult procedure.Normal Results The fat pad tissues are normal.What Abnormal Results Mean In the case of amyloidosis, abnormal results mean there are amyloid deposits.Risks There is a slight risk for infection, bruising, or slight bleeding.Alternative Names Amyloidosis - abdominal wall fat pad biopsy; Abdominal wall biopsy; Biopsy - abdominal wall fat padImages Digestive system Fat tissue biopsy References Gertz MA. Amyloidosis. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 179. Review Date 2/28/2023 Updated by: Jacob Berman, MD, MPH, Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Amyloidosis Biopsy

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] Abdominal wall surgery [|AI|] Abdominal wall surgery is a procedure that improves the appearance of flabby, stretched-out abdominal (belly) muscles and skin. It is also called a tummy tuck. It can range from a simple mini-tummy tuck to more extensive surgery.Abdominal wall surgery is not the same as liposuction, which is another way to remove fat. But, abdominal wall surgery is sometimes combined with liposuction.Description Your surgery will be done in an operating room in a hospital. You will receive general anesthesia. This will keep you asleep and pain-free during the procedure. The surgery takes 2 to 6 hours. You can expect to stay in the hospital for 1 to 3 days after surgery.After you receive anesthesia, your surgeon will make a cut (incision) across your abdomen to open up the area. This cut will be just above your pubic area.Your surgeon will remove fatty tissue and loose skin from the middle and lower sections of your abdomen to make it firmer and flatter. In extended surgeries, the surgeon also removes excess fat and skin (love handles) from the sides of the abdomen. Your abdominal muscles may be tightened also.Mini abdominoplasty is performed when there are areas of fat pockets (love handles). It can be done with much smaller cuts.Your surgeon will close your cut with stitches. Small tubes called drains may be inserted to allow fluid to drain out of your cut. These will be removed later.A firm elastic dressing (bandage) will be placed over your abdomen.For less complicated surgery, your surgeon may use a medical device called an endoscope. Endoscopes are small cameras that are inserted into the skin through very small cuts. They are connected to a video monitor in the operating room that allows the surgeon to see the area being worked on. Your surgeon will remove excess fat with other small tools that are inserted through other small cuts. This surgery is called endoscopic surgery.Why the Procedure is Performed Most of the time, this surgery is an elective or cosmetic procedure because it is an operation you choose to have. It is not usually needed for health reasons. Cosmetic abdomen repair can help improve appearance, particularly after a lot of weight gain or loss. It helps flatten the lower abdomen and tighten stretched skin.It may also help relieve skin rashes or infections that develop under large flaps of skin.Abdominoplasty can be helpful when:Diet and exercise have not helped improve muscle tone, such as in women who have had more than one pregnancy.Skin and muscle cannot regain its normal tone. This can be a problem for very overweight people who lost a lot of weight. This procedure is a major surgery. Be sure you understand the risks and benefits before having it.Abdominoplasty is not used as an alternative to weight loss.Risks Risks for anesthesia and surgery in general are:Reactions to medicinesBreathing problemsBleeding, blood clots, or infection Risks for this surgery are:Excessive scarringLoss of skinNerve damage that can cause pain or numbness in part of your bellyPoor healing Before the Procedure Tell your surgeon or nurse:If you could be pregnantWhat medicines you are taking, even medicines, supplements, or herbs you bought without a prescription Before surgery:Several days before surgery, you may be asked to temporarily stop taking blood thinners. These include aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), warfarin (Coumadin), and others.Ask your surgeon which medicines you should still take on the day of your surgery.If you smoke, try to stop. Smoking increases the risk for problems such as slow healing. Ask your health care provider for help quitting. On the day of surgery:Follow instructions about when to stop eating and drinking.Take the medicines your surgeon told you to take with a small sip of water.Arrive at the hospital on time.After the Procedure You will have some pain and discomfort for several days after surgery. Your surgeon will prescribe pain medicine to help you manage your pain. It may help to rest with your legs and hips bent during recovery to reduce pressure on your abdomen.Wearing an elastic support similar to a girdle for 2 to 3 weeks will provide extra support while you heal. You should avoid strenuous activity and anything that makes you strain for 4 to 6 weeks. You will probably be able to return to work in 2 to 4 weeks.Your scars will become flatter and lighter in color over the next year. DO NOT expose the area to sun, because it can worsen the scar and darken the color. Keep it covered when you are out in the sun.Outlook (Prognosis) Most people are happy with the results of abdominoplasty. Many feel a new sense of self-confidence.Alternative Names Cosmetic surgery of the abdomen; Tummy tuck; AbdominoplastyPatient Instructions Surgical wound care - open Images Abdominoplasty - series Abdominal muscles References Padilla PL, Khoo KH, Ho T, Cole EL, Sirvent RZ, Phillips LG. Plastic surgery. In: Townsend CM Jr, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, Mattox KL, eds. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 21st ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2022:chap 69.Richter DF, Schwaiger N. Abdominoplasty procedures. In: Rubin JP, Neligan PC, eds. Plastic Surgery, Volume 2: Aesthetic Surgery. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018:chap 23. Review Date 3/11/2023 Updated by: Debra G. Wechter, MD, FACS, General Surgery Practice Specializing in Breast Cancer, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] Abdominal x-ray [|AI|] An abdominal x-ray is an imaging test to look at organs and structures in the abdomen. Organs include the liver, spleen, stomach, and intestines.When the test is done to look at the bladder and kidney structures, it is called a KUB (kidneys, ureters, bladder) x-ray.How the Test is Performed The test may be done in a hospital radiology department. Or, it may be done in the health care provider's office by an x-ray technologist.You lie on your back on the x-ray table. The x-ray machine is positioned over your abdominal area. You hold your breath as the picture is taken so that the picture will not be blurry. You may be asked to change position to the side or to stand up for additional pictures.Body parts not being imaged may be covered with a lead apron or shield to limit exposure to the x-rays.How to Prepare for the Test Before having the x-ray, tell your provider the following:If you are pregnant or think you could be pregnantHave had a barium contrast x-ray in the last 4 daysYou will wear a hospital gown during the x-ray procedure. You must remove all jewelry.How the Test will Feel There is no discomfort. The x-rays are taken as you lie on your back, side, and while standing.Why the Test is Performed Your provider may order this test to:Diagnose a pain in the abdomen or unexplained nauseaIdentify suspected problems in the urinary system, such as a kidney stoneIdentify blockage in the intestineLocate an object that has been swallowedHelp diagnose diseases, such as tumors or other conditions Normal Results The x-ray will show normal structures for a person your age.What Abnormal Results Mean Abnormal findings include:Abdominal massesBuildup of fluid in the abdomen (ascites)Certain types of gallstonesForeign object in the intestinesHole in the stomach or intestinesIntestinal blockageKidney stonesRisks There is low radiation exposure. X-rays are monitored and regulated to provide the minimum amount of radiation exposure needed to produce the image. Most experts feel that the risk is low compared to the benefits.Pregnant women and children are more sensitive to the risks of the x-ray. Women should tell their provider if they are, or may be, pregnant.Alternative Names Abdominal film; X-ray - abdomen; Flat plate; KUB x-rayImages X-ray Digestive system References Sarraf AAA, McLaughlub PD, Maher MM. Current status of imaging of the gastrointestinal tract. In: Adam A, Dixon AK, Gillard JH, Schaefer-Prokop CM, eds. Grainger & Allison's Diagnostic Radiology. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 18.Tomei E, Cantisani V, Marcantonio A, D'Ambrosio U, Hayano K. Plain radiography of the abdomen. In: Sahani DV, Samir AE, eds. Abdominal Imaging. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2017:chap 1. Review Date 1/7/2023 Updated by: Jason Levy, MD, FSIR, Northside Radiology Associates, Atlanta, GA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics X-Rays

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] Abnormal hemoglobins testing [|AI|] Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that moves oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and body tissues.Hemoglobin derivatives are forms of hemoglobin altered by attachment of carbon monoxide or certain drugs. High levels of hemoglobin derivatives prevent adequate transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide and cause illness.This article discusses the test used to detect and measure the amount of hemoglobin derivatives in your blood.How the Test is Performed The test is done using a small needle to collect a sample of blood from a vein or an artery. The sample may be collected from a vein or artery in the wrist, groin, or arm.Before blood is drawn, your health care provider may test circulation to the hand (if the wrist is the site). After the blood is drawn, pressure applied to the puncture site for a few minutes stops the bleeding.How to Prepare for the Test No special preparation is needed.For children, it may help to explain how the test will feel and why it is done. This may make the child feel less nervous.How the Test will Feel You may feel slight pain or a sting when the needle is inserted. You may also feel some throbbing at the site after the blood is drawn.Why the Test is Performed Carboxyhemoglobin is a hemoglobin derivative to which carbon monoxide has attached. High amounts of carboxyhemoglobin ("carbon monoxide poisoning") prevent the normal movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide by the blood. Carbon monoxide is released in the exhaust from cars, trucks, small engines, stoves, lanterns, grills, fireplaces, gas ranges, and furnaces. In closed spaces such as homes or garages that are not adequately ventilated, carbon monoxide can build up to dangerous levels.Sulfhemoglobin and methemoglobin are rare hemoglobin derivatives to which oxygen cannot attach. They may occur when you take certain medicines such as dapsone, metoclopramide, nitrates, or sulfonamides.Normal Results Some levels of hemoglobin derivatives may be normal:Carboxyhemoglobin -- less than 1.5% (but may be as high as 9% in smokers)Methemoglobin -- less than 2%Sulfhemoglobin -- undetectable Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your provider about the meaning of your specific test results.What Abnormal Results Mean High levels of hemoglobin derivatives can lead to major health problems.Carboxyhemoglobin:10% to 20% -- symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning begin to appear30% -- symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning may be severe50% to 80% -- potentially deadlyMethemoglobin:10% to 25% -- bluish skin color (cyanosis)35% to 40% -- shortness of breath and headacheOver 60% -- lethargy and stuporOver 70% -- potentially deadlySulfhemoglobin:Values of greater than 10 grams per deciliter (g/dL) or 6.2 millimoles per liter (mmol/L) cause bluish skin color, but do not usually cause harmful effects.Alternative Names Methemoglobin; Carboxyhemoglobin; SulfhemoglobinImages Blood test References Benz EJ, Ebert BL. Hemoglobin variants associated with hemolytic anemia, altered oxygen affinity, and methemoglobinemias. In: Hoffman R, Benz EJ, Silberstein LE, et al, eds. Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 44. Marshall WJ, Lapsley M, Day A, Shipman K. Therapeutic drug monitoring and chemical aspects of toxicology. In: Marshall WJ, Lapsley M, Day A, Shipman K, eds. Clinical Chemistry. 9th ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2021:chap 21.Toffalett JG, Rackley CR. Introduction to blood-gas tests and blood-gas physiology. In: Toffalett JG, Rackley CR, eds. Blood Gases and Critical Care Testing. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 1.Vajpayee N, Graham SS, Bem S. Basic examination of blood and bone marrow. In: McPherson RA, Pincus MR, eds. Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 24th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 31. Review Date 4/18/2023 Updated by: John Roberts, MD, Professor of Internal Medicine (Medical Oncology), Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT. He is board certified in Internal Medicine, Medical Oncology, Pediatrics, Hospice and Palliative Medicine. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Blood Count Tests Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Poisoning

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] Abnormal uterine bleeding [|AI|] Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is bleeding from the uterus that is longer than usual or that occurs at an irregular time. Bleeding may be heavier or lighter than usual and occur often or randomly.AUB can occur:As spotting or bleeding between your periodsAfter sexFor more days than your normal periodHeavier than normalAfter menopauseIt does not occur during pregnancy. Bleeding during pregnancy has different causes. If you have any bleeding when you are pregnant, be sure to contact your health care provider.Causes Every woman's menstrual cycle is different. On average, a woman's period (menstrual flow) occurs every 28 days, although cycles may vary from 24 to 34 days.Menstruation flow normally last about 4 to 7 days.Young girls may get their periods anywhere from 21 to 45 days or more apart.Women in their 40s may start to have their period less often or have the interval between their periods decrease. For most women, female hormone levels change every month. The hormones estrogen and progesterone are released as part of the process of ovulation. When a woman ovulates, an egg is released.AUB can occur when the ovaries do not release an egg. Changes in hormone levels cause your period to be later or earlier. Your period may sometimes be heavier than normal.AUB is more common in teenagers or in premenopausal women. Women who are overweight also may be more likely to have AUB.In many women, AUB is caused by a hormone imbalance. It can also occur due to following causes:Thickening of the uterine wall or liningUterine fibroidsUterine polypsCancers of ovaries, uterus, cervix, or vaginaBleeding disorders or problems with blood clottingPolycystic ovary syndromeSevere weight lossHormonal birth control, such as birth control pills or intrauterine devices (IUD)Excessive weight gain or loss (more than 10 pounds or 4.5 kilograms)Infection of the uterus or cervixSymptoms AUB is unpredictable. The bleeding may be very heavy or light, and can occur often or randomly.Symptoms of AUB may include:Bleeding or spotting from the vagina between periodsPeriods that occur less than 28 days apart (more common) or more than 35 days apartTime between periods changes each monthHeavier bleeding (such as passing large clots, needing to change protection during the night, soaking through a sanitary pad or tampon every hour for 2 to 3 hours in a row)Bleeding that lasts for more days than normal or for more than 7 daysOther symptoms caused by changes in hormone levels may include:Excessive growth of body hair in a male pattern (hirsutism)Hot flashesMood swingsTenderness and dryness of the vagina A woman may feel tired or fatigued if she loses too much blood over time. This is a symptom of anemia.Exams and Tests Your provider will rule out other possible causes of irregular bleeding. You will likely have a pelvic exam and Pap/HPV test. Other tests that may be done include:Complete blood count (CBC)Blood clotting profileLiver function tests (LFT)Fasting blood glucoseHormone tests, for FSH, LH, male hormone (androgen) levels, prolactin, and progesteronePregnancy testThyroid function testsYour provider may recommend the following:Culture to look for infectionBiopsy to check for precancer, cancer, or to help decide on hormone treatmentHysteroscopy, performed in your provider's office to look into the uterus through the vaginaUltrasound to look for problems in the uterus or pelvis Saline infusion sonohysterogram to further evaluate the uterine cavity for a source of the bleedingTreatment Treatment may include one or more of the following:Low-dose birth control pillsHormone therapyHigh-dose estrogen therapy for women with very heavy bleedingIntrauterine device (IUD) that releases the hormone progestinNonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) taken just before the period startsTranexamic acid is a prescription medicine that treats heavy menstrual bleeding. It comes in a tablet and is taken each month at the start of the menstrual period.Surgery, if the cause of the bleeding is a polyp or fibroidYour provider may put you on iron supplements if you have anemia.If you want to get pregnant, you may be given medicine to stimulate ovulation.Women with severe symptoms that don't improve or who have a cancerous or precancerous diagnosis may require other procedures such as:Surgical procedure to destroy or remove the lining of the uterusHysterectomy to remove the uterus Outlook (Prognosis) Hormone therapy often relieves symptoms. Treatment may not be needed if you do not develop anemia due to blood loss. A treatment focused on the cause of the bleeding is often immediately effective. That is why it's important to understand the cause.Possible Complications Complications that may occur:Infertility (inability to get pregnant)Severe anemia due to a lot of blood loss over timeIncreased risk for endometrial cancerWhen to Contact a Medical Professional Contact your provider if you have unusual vaginal bleeding.Alternative Names Anovulatory bleeding; Abnormal uterine bleeding - hormonal; Polymenorrhea - dysfunctional uterine bleedingImages Normal uterine anatomy (cut section) References The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists website. ACOG committee opinion no. 557: Management of acute abnormal uterine bleeding in nonpregnant reproductive-aged women. Reaffirmed 2020. www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2013/04/management-of-acute-abnormal-uterine-bleeding-in-nonpregnant-reproductive-aged-women. Accessed December 15, 2022.Bahamondes L, Ali M. Recent advances in managing and understanding menstrual disorders. F1000Prime Rep. 2015;7:33. PMID: 25926984 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25926984/.Ryntz T, Lobo RA. Abnormal uterine bleeding: etiology and management of acute and chronic excessive bleeding. In: Gershenson DM, Lentz GM, Valea FA, Lobo RA, eds. Comprehensive Gynecology. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 26.Schrager S. Abnormal uterine bleeding. In: Kellerman RD, Rakel DP, Heidelbaugh JJ, Lee EM, eds. Conn's Current Therapy 2023. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:1197-1198. Review Date 11/10/2022 Updated by: John D. Jacobson, MD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Vaginal Bleeding

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] Abnormally dark or light skin [|AI|] Abnormally dark or light skin is skin that has turned darker or lighter than normal.Considerations Normal skin contains cells called melanocytes. These cells produce melanin, the substance that gives skin its color.Skin with too much melanin is called hyperpigmented skin.Skin with too little melanin is called hypopigmented. Skin with no melanin at all is called depigmented.Pale skin areas are due to too little melanin or underactive melanocytes. Darker areas of skin (or an area that tans more easily) occurs when you have more melanin or overactive melanocytes.Bronzing of the skin may sometimes be mistaken for a suntan. This skin discoloration often develops slowly, starting at the elbows, knuckles, and knees and spreading from there. Bronzing may also be seen on the soles of the feet and the palms of the hands. The bronze color can range from light to dark (in fair-skinned people) with the degree of darkness due to the underlying cause.Causes Causes of hyperpigmentation include:Skin inflammation (post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation)Use of certain drugs (such as minocycline, certain cancer chemotherapies, and birth control pills)Hormone system diseases such as Addison diseaseHemochromatosis (iron overload)Sun exposurePregnancy (melasma, or mask of pregnancy) Certain birthmarksSkin condition called acanthosis nigricansCauses of hypopigmentation include:Skin inflammation (post-inflammatory hypopigmentation)Certain fungal infections (such as tinea versicolor)Pityriasis albaVitiligoCertain medicinesSkin condition called idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis in sun exposed areas such as the arms Certain birthmarksHome Care Over-the-counter and prescription creams are available for lightening the skin. Hydroquinone combined with tretinoin is an effective combination. If you use these creams, follow instructions carefully, and don't use one for more than 3 weeks at a time. Darker skin requires greater care when using these preparations. Cosmetics may also help mask a discoloration.Avoid too much sun exposure. Always use sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher.Abnormally dark skin may continue even after treatment.When to Contact a Medical Professional Call your health care provider for an appointment if you have:Skin discoloration that causes significant concernPersistent, unexplained darkening or lightening of the skinAny skin sore or lesion that changes shape, size, or color may be a sign of skin cancer What to Expect at Your Office Visit Your provider will perform a physical exam and ask about your symptoms, including:When did the discoloration develop?Did it develop suddenly?Is it getting worse? How fast?Has it spread to other parts of the body?What medicines do you take?Has anyone else in your family had a similar problem?How often are you in the sun? Do you use a sun lamp or go to tanning salons?What is your diet like?What other symptoms do you have? For example, are there any rashes or skin lesions? Tests that may be done include:Adrenocorticotrophin hormone stimulation testSkin biopsyThyroid function studiesWood lamp testKOH testYour provider may recommend creams, ointments, surgery, or phototherapy, depending on the type of skin condition you have. Bleaching creams can help lighten dark areas of skin.Some skin color changes may return to normal without treatment.Alternative Names Hyperpigmentation; Hypopigmentation; Skin - abnormally light or darkImages Vitiligo - drug induced Vitiligo on the face Incontinentia pigmenti on the leg Incontinentia pigmenti on the leg Hyperpigmentation 2 Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation - calf Hyperpigmentation w/malignancy Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation 2 References Chang MW. Disorders of hyperpigmentation. In: Bolognia JL, Schaffer JV, Cerroni L, eds. Dermatology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018:chap 67.Passeron T, Ortonne JP. Vitiligo and other disorders of hypopigmentation. In: Bolognia JL, Schaffer JV, Cerroni L, eds. Dermatology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018:chap 66. Review Date 6/7/2023 Updated by: Elika Hoss, MD, Assistant Professor of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Skin Pigmentation Disorders

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] ABO incompatibility [|AI|] A, B, AB, and O are the 4 major blood types. The types are based on small substances (molecules) on the surface of the blood cells.When people who have one blood type receive blood from someone with a different blood type, it may cause their immune system to react. This is called ABO incompatibility.Due to modern testing techniques, this problem is very rare.Causes The different blood types are:Type AType BType ABType O People who have one blood type may form proteins (antibodies) that cause their immune system to react against one or more of the other blood types. Being exposed to another type of blood can cause a reaction. This is important when someone needs to receive a blood transfusion or have an organ transplant. The blood types must be compatible to avoid an ABO incompatibility reaction.For example:People with type A blood will react against type B or type AB blood.People with type B blood will react against type A or type AB blood.People with type O blood will react against type A, type B, or type AB blood.People with type AB blood will not react against type A, type B, type AB, or type O blood. Type O blood does not cause an immune response when it is given to people with type A, type B, or type AB blood. This is why type O blood cells can be given to people of any blood type. People with type O blood are called universal donors. But people with type O can only receive type O blood.Both blood and plasma transfusions must be matched to avoid an immune reaction. Before anyone receives blood, both the blood and the person receiving it are tested carefully to avoid a reaction. Usually, a reaction occurs because of a clerical error causing someone to receive incompatible blood.Symptoms The following are symptoms of ABO incompatible transfusion reactions:Low back painBlood in urineChillsFeeling of "impending doom"FeverNausea and vomitingShortness of breathIncreased heart ratePain at infusion siteChest painDizzinessBronchospasm (spasm of the muscles lining the lung; causes cough)Yellow skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice)Acute kidney failureLow blood pressureDisseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)Exams and Tests The health care provider will perform a physical exam. Blood tests will usually show:The bilirubin level is highThe complete blood count (CBC) shows damage to red blood cells or anemiaThe recipient's and donor's blood are not compatibleElevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)Elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and blood creatinine; in case of renal injuryProlonged prothrombin time or partial thromboplastin time (findings of DIC)Positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT)Urine tests show the presence of hemoglobin due to breakdown of red blood cells.Treatment In case of any reaction, transfusion should be stopped immediately. Treatment may also include: Medicines used to treat allergic reactions (antihistamines) Medicines used to treat swelling and allergies (steroids) Fluids given through a vein (intravenously) Medicines to raise blood pressure if it drops too low Outlook (Prognosis) ABO incompatibility can be a very serious problem that can result in death. With the right and timely treatment, a full recovery is expected.Possible Complications Complications that may result include:Kidney failureLow blood pressure needing intensive careDeathWhen to Contact a Medical Professional Contact your provider if you have recently had a blood transfusion or transplant and you have symptoms of ABO incompatibility.Prevention Careful testing of donor and recipient blood types before transfusion or transplant can prevent this problem.Alternative Names Transfusion reaction - hemolytic; Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction; AHTR; Blood incompatibility - ABOImages Jaundiced infant Antibodies References Kaide CG, Thompson LR. Transfusion therapy: blood and blood products. In: Roberts JR, Custalow CB, Thomsen TW, eds. Roberts and Hedges' Clinical Procedures in Emergency Medicine and Acute Care. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:chap 28.Manis JP. Blood components, product modifications, and blood donor screening. In: Rifai N, Chiu RWK, Young I, Burnham CAD, Wittwer CT, eds. Tietz Textbook of Laboratory Medicine. 7th ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2023:chap 91.Nester T. Blood component therapy and transfusion reactions. In: Kellerman RD, Rakel DP, eds. Conn's Current Therapy 2022. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:408-415. Review Date 4/29/2022 Updated by: Todd Gersten, MD, Hematology/Oncology, Florida Cancer Specialists & Research Institute, Wellington, FL. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Blood Transfusion and Donation

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] Abortion - medical [|AI|] Medical abortion is the use of medicine to end an undesired pregnancy. The medicine helps remove the fetus and placenta from the mother's womb (uterus).There are different types of medical abortions:Therapeutic medical abortion is done because the woman has a health condition.Elective abortion is done because a woman chooses (elects) to end the pregnancy.An elective abortion is not the same as a miscarriage. Miscarriage is when a pregnancy ends on its own before the 20th week of pregnancy. Miscarriage is sometimes called a spontaneous abortion.Surgical abortion uses surgery to end a pregnancy.Description A medical, or nonsurgical, abortion can be done within 7 weeks of the first day of the woman's last period. A combination of prescription hormone medicines is used to help the body expel the fetus and placenta tissue. Your health care provider may give you the medicines after doing a physical exam and asking questions about your medical history.Medicines used include mifepristone, methotrexate, misoprostol, prostaglandins, or a combination of these medicines. Your provider will prescribe the medicine, and you will take it at home.After you take the medicine, your body will expel the pregnancy tissue. Most women have moderate to heavy bleeding and cramping for several hours. Your provider may prescribe medicine for pain and nausea if needed to ease your discomfort during this process.Why the Procedure is Performed Reasons a medical abortion might be considered include:You have made a personal decision to not carry the pregnancy.Your baby has a birth defect or genetic problem.Your pregnancy is harmful to your health (therapeutic abortion).The pregnancy resulted after a traumatic event such as rape or incest.Risks Risks of medical abortion include:Continued bleedingDiarrheaPregnancy tissue not passing completely from body, making surgery necessaryInfectionNauseaPainVomiting Before the Procedure The decision to end a pregnancy is very personal. To help weigh your choices, discuss your feelings with a counselor, provider, or a family member or friend.Before the procedure, you may have the following tests:Pelvic exam to confirm the pregnancy and estimate how many weeks pregnant you are.A urine or blood HCG test checks if you are pregnant.A blood test checks your blood type. Based on the test result, you may need a special shot to prevent problems if you get pregnant in the future. The shot is called Rho(D) immune globulin (RhoGAM and other brands).An ultrasound test checks how many weeks pregnant you are and the location of the fetus in the womb.After the Procedure Follow-up with your provider is very important. This is to make sure the process was completed and all the tissue was expelled. The medicine may not work in a very small number of women. If this happens, another dose of the medicine or a surgical abortion procedure may need to be done.Physical recovery most often occurs within a few days. It will depend on the stage of the pregnancy. Expect some vaginal bleeding and mild cramping for a few days.A warm bath, a heating pad set on low, or a hot water bottle filled with warm water placed on the abdomen may help ease discomfort. Rest as needed. Do not do any vigorous activity for a few days. Light housework is fine. Avoid sexual intercourse for 2 to 3 weeks. A normal menstrual period should occur in about 4 to 6 weeks.You can get pregnant before your next period. Be sure to make arrangements to prevent pregnancy, particularly during the first month after the abortion.Outlook (Prognosis) Medical and surgical abortions are safe and effective. They rarely have serious complications. It is rare for a medical abortion to affect a woman's fertility or her ability to bear children in the future.Alternative Names Therapeutic medical abortion; Elective medical abortion; Induced abortion; Nonsurgical abortionReferences American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice bulletin no. 143: medical management of first-trimester abortion. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;123(3):676-692. PMID: 24553166 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24553166/.Gilner JB, Rhee EHJ, Padro A, Kuller JA. Reproductive genetics. In: Gershenson DM, Lentz GM, Valea FA, Lobo RA, eds. Comprehensive Gynecology. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 2.Mullins EWS, Regan L. Women's health. In: Feather A, Randall D, Waterhouse M, eds. Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Limited; 2021:chap 39. Review Date 11/10/2022 Updated by: John D. Jacobson, MD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Abortion

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] Abortion - surgical [|AI|] Surgical abortion is a procedure that ends an undesired pregnancy by removing the fetus and placenta from the mother's womb (uterus).Surgical abortion is not the same as miscarriage. Miscarriage is when a pregnancy ends on its own before the 20th week of pregnancy. Description Surgical abortion involves dilating the opening to the uterus (cervix) and placing a small suction tube into the uterus. Suction is used to remove the fetus and related pregnancy material from the uterus. Before the procedure, you may have the following tests:Pelvic exam to confirm the pregnancy and estimate how many weeks pregnant you are.A urine or blood HCG test checks if you are pregnant.A blood test checks your blood type. Based on the test result, you may need a special shot to prevent problems if you get pregnant in the future. The shot is called Rho(D) immune globulin (RhoGAM and other brands).An ultrasound test checks how many weeks pregnant you are and the location of the fetus in the womb.During the procedure:You will lie on an exam table.You may receive medicine (sedative) to help you relax and feel sleepy.Your feet will rest in supports called stirrups. These allow your legs to be positioned so that your doctor can view your vagina and cervix.Your health care provider may numb your cervix so you feel little pain during the procedure.Small rods called dilators will be put in your cervix to gently stretch it open. Sometimes laminaria (sticks of seaweed for medical use) are placed in the cervix. This is done the day before the procedure to help the cervix dilate slowly.Your provider will insert a tube into your womb, then use a special vacuum to remove the pregnancy tissue through the tube.You may be given an antibiotic to reduce the risk of infection.After the procedure, you may be given medicine to help your uterus contract. This reduces bleeding.Why the Procedure is Performed Reasons a surgical abortion might be considered include:You have made a personal decision to not carry the pregnancy.Your baby has a birth defect or genetic problem.Your pregnancy is harmful to your health (therapeutic abortion).The pregnancy resulted after a traumatic event such as rape or incest. The decision to end a pregnancy is very personal. To help you weigh your choices, discuss your feelings with a counselor or your provider. A family member or friend can also be of help.Risks Surgical abortion is very safe. It is very rare to have any complications. Risks of surgical abortion include:Damage to the womb or cervixUterine perforation (accidentally putting a hole in the uterus with one of the instruments used)Excessive bleedingInfection of the uterus or fallopian tubesScarring of the inside of the uterusReaction to the medicines or anesthesia, such as problems breathingNot removing all of the tissue, requiring another procedure After the Procedure You will stay in a recovery area for a few hours. Your providers will tell you when you can go home. Because you may still be drowsy from the medicines, arrange ahead of time to have someone pick you up.Follow instructions for how to care for yourself at home. Make any follow-up appointments.Outlook (Prognosis) Problems rarely occur after this procedure.Physical recovery usually occurs within a few days, depending on the stage of the pregnancy. Vaginal bleeding can last for a week to 10 days. Cramping most often lasts for a day or two.You can get pregnant before your next period, which will occur 4 to 6 weeks after the procedure. Be sure to make arrangements to prevent pregnancy, especially during the first month after the procedure. You may want to talk with your provider about emergency contraception.Alternative Names Suction curettage; Surgical abortion; Elective abortion - surgical; Therapeutic abortion - surgicalImages Abortion procedure References Gilner JB, Rhee EHJ, Padro A, Kuller JA. Reproductive genetics. In: Gershenson DM, Lentz GM, Valea FA, Lobo RA, eds. Comprehensive Gynecology. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 2.Katzir L. Induced abortion. In: Mularz A, Dalati S, Pedigo R, eds. Ob/Gyn Secrets. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2017:chap 13.Leeman L, Godfrey E. Pregnancy termination: first-trimester suction aspiration. In: Fowler GC, ed. Pfenninger and Fowler's Procedures for Primary Care. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 113.Simpson JD, Brown A. Abortion. In: Magowan B, ed. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 20. Review Date 11/10/2022 Updated by: John D. Jacobson, MD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Abortion

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] Abortion - surgical - aftercare [|AI|] You have had a surgical abortion. This is a procedure that ends pregnancy by removing the fetus and placenta from your womb (uterus). What to Expect at Home These procedures are very safe and low risk. You will likely recover without problems. It may take a few days to feel well.You may have cramps that feel like menstrual cramps for a few days to 2 weeks. You may have light vaginal bleeding or spotting for up to 4 weeks.Your normal period will likely return in 4 to 6 weeks.It is normal to feel sad or depressed after this procedure. Seek help from your health care provider or a counselor if these feelings do not go away. A family member or friend can also provide comfort.Self-care To relieve discomfort or pain in your abdomen:Apply a heating pad to your lower abdomen or place a hot water bottle filled with warm water on your abdomen.Take over-the-counter painkillers as instructed. Follow these activity guidelines after your procedure:Rest as needed.Do not do any strenuous activity the first few days. This includes not lifting anything heavier than 10 pounds or 4.5 kilograms (about the weight of a 1-gallon or 4 liters milk jug).Also, do not do any strenuous aerobic activity, including running or working out. Light housework is fine.Use pads to absorb bleeding and drainage from your vagina. Change the pads every 2 to 4 hours to avoid infection.Do not use tampons or put anything in your vagina, including douching for 1 week.Do not have vaginal intercourse for 2 to 3 weeks, or until cleared by your health care provider.Take any other medicine, such as an antibiotic, as instructed.Begin using birth control right after your procedure. It is possible to get pregnant again even before your normal period resumes. Birth control can help prevent unplanned pregnancies. Be aware though, unplanned pregnancies can occur even when you use birth control. Do not take a bath or swim for 1 week unless your provider tells you it is OK. Showering is OK.When to Call the Doctor Contact your provider if:You have vaginal bleeding that increases or you need to change your pads more often than every hour.You feel lightheaded or dizzy.You have chest pain or shortness of breath.You have swelling or pain in one leg.You have continued pain or pregnancy symptoms beyond 2 weeks.You have signs of infection, including fever that does not go away, vaginal drainage with a foul odor, vaginal drainage that looks like pus, or pain or tenderness in your abdomen. Alternative Names Termination - aftercareReferences Mullins EWS, Regan L. Women's health. In: Feather A, Randall D, Waterhouse M, eds. Kumar and Clarke's Clinical Medicine. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 39.Rivlin K, Davis AR. Contraception and abortion. In: Gershenson DM, Lentz GM, Valea FA, Lobo RA, eds. Comprehensive Gynecology. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 13.Simpson JA, Owen P. Abortion. In: Layden EA, Thomson A, Owen P, Madhra M, Magowan BA, eds. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 5th ed. Elsevier; 2023:chap 20. Review Date 1/1/2023 Updated by: John D. Jacobson, MD, Professor Emeritus, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Abortion Browse the Encyclopedia

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] Abscess [|AI|] An abscess is a collection of pus in any part of the body. In most cases, the area around an abscess is swollen and inflamed.Causes Abscesses occur when an area of tissue becomes infected and the body's immune system tries to fight and contain it. White blood cells (WBCs) move through the walls of the blood vessels into the area of the infection and collect in the damaged tissue. During this process, pus forms. Pus is the buildup of fluid, living and dead white blood cells, dead tissue, and bacteria or other foreign substances.Abscesses can form in almost any part of the body. The skin, under the skin, and the teeth are the most common sites. Abscesses may be caused by bacteria, parasites, and foreign substances.Abscesses in the skin are easy to see. They are red, raised, and painful. Abscesses in other areas of the body may not be seen, but they may cause organ damage.Some types and locations of abscesses include:Abdominal abscessAmebic liver abscessAnorectal abscessBartholin gland abscessBrain abscessEpidural abscessPeritonsillar abscessPyogenic liver abscessSpinal cord abscessSubcutaneous (skin) abscessTooth abscessExams and Tests The health care provider will perform a physical exam, focusing on the symptoms of the abscess.Tests to locate the abscess include:UltrasoundCT scanMRI scanX-ray (mainly for tooth abscess)Often, a sample of fluid will be taken from the abscess and tested to see what type of germ is causing the problem.Treatment Treatment varies, but often surgery is needed to drain the abscess. Antibiotics can also be used.When to Contact a Medical Professional Contact your provider if you think that you have any type of abscess. Contact your dentist if you think that you have a tooth abscess.Prevention Preventing abscesses depends on where they develop. For example, good hygiene can help prevent skin abscesses. Dental hygiene and routine care will prevent tooth abscesses.Images Pyogenic abscess Tooth abscess Intra-abdominal abscess - CT scan References Ambrose G, Berlin D. Incision and drainage. In: Roberts JR, Custalow CB, Thomsen TW, eds. Roberts & Hedges' Clinical Procedures in Emergency Medicine and Acute Care. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:chap 37.De Prisco G, Celinski S, Spak CW. Abdominal abscesses and gastrointestinal fistulas. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 29.Gea-Banacloche JC, Tunkel AR. Brain abscess. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 90. Review Date 9/10/2022 Updated by: Jatin M. Vyas, MD, PhD, Associate Professor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Associate in Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Abscess

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] Abscess - abdomen or pelvis [|AI|] An abdominal abscess is a pocket of infected fluid and pus located inside the belly (abdominal cavity). This type of abscess can be located near or inside the liver, pancreas, kidneys or other organs. There can be one or more abscesses.Causes You can get abdominal abscesses because you have:A burst appendixA burst or leaking intestineA burst ovaryA perforated diverticulum, most often in the sigmoid colonInflammatory bowel diseaseInfection in your gallbladder, pancreas, ovary or other organsPelvic infectionParasite infectionYou are more at risk for an abdominal abscess if you have:TraumaPerforated ulcer diseaseSurgery in your belly areaWeakened immune systemGerms may pass through your blood to an organ in your belly. Sometimes, no reason can be found for an abscess.Symptoms Pain or discomfort in the belly that does not go away is a common symptom. This pain:May be found only in one area of your belly or over most of your bellyMay be sharp or dullMay become worse over time Depending on where the abscess is located, you may have:Pain in your backPain in your chest or shoulder Other symptoms of an abdominal abscess may be a lot like symptoms of having the flu. You may have:Swollen bellyDiarrheaFever or chillsLack of appetite and possible weight lossNausea or vomitingWeaknessCough Exams and Tests Your symptoms can be a sign of many different problems. Your health care provider will do some tests to help determine if you have an abdominal abscess. These may include the following tests:Complete blood count -- A high white blood cell count is a possible sign of an abscess of other infection.Comprehensive metabolic panel -- This will show any liver, kidney or blood problems. Other tests that should show abdominal abscesses include:Abdominal x-rayUltrasound of the abdomen and pelvisCT scan of the abdomen and pelvisMRI of the abdomen and pelvis Treatment Your health care team will try to identify and treat the cause of the abscess. Your abscess will be treated with antibiotics, drainage of the pus, or both. At first, you will likely receive care in the hospital.ANTIBIOTICSYou will be given antibiotics to treat the abscess. You will take them for up to 4 to 6 weeks.You will start on IV antibiotics in the hospital and you may receive IV antibiotics at home.You then may change to pills. Be sure you take all of your antibiotics, even if you feel better. DRAINAGEYour abscess needs to be drained of pus. Your provider and you will decide the best way to do this.Using a needle and drain -- Your provider puts a needle through the skin and into the abscess. Usually, this is done with the help of x-rays to make sure the needle is inserted into the abscess.Your provider will give you medicine to make you sleepy, and medicine to numb the skin before the needle is inserted into the skin.A sample of the abscess will be sent to the lab. This helps your provider choose which antibiotics to use.A drain is left in the abscess so that pus can drain out. Usually, the drain is kept in for days or weeks until the abscess gets better.Having surgery -- Sometimes, a surgeon does surgery to clean out the abscess. You will be put under general anesthesia so that you are asleep for the surgery. Surgery may be needed if:Your abscess cannot be reached safely using a needle through the skinYour appendix, intestines, or another organ has burst The surgeon will make a cut into the belly area. Laparotomy involves a larger cut. Laparoscopy uses a very small cut and a laparoscope (a tiny video camera). The surgeon will then:Clean and drain the abscess.Put a drain into the abscess. The drain stays in until the abscess gets better. Outlook (Prognosis) How well you respond to treatment depends on the cause of the abscess and how bad the infection is. It also depends on your overall health. Usually, antibiotics and drainage takes care of abdominal abscesses that have not spread.You may need more than one operation. Sometimes, an abscess will come back.Possible Complications Complications may include:The abscess may not drain fully.The abscess may come back (recur).The abscess may cause severe illness and a bloodstream infection.The infection could spread.When to Contact a Medical Professional Contact your provider if you have:Severe abdominal painFeversNauseaVomitingChanges in bowel habitsAlternative Names Abscess - intra-abdominal; Pelvic abscessImages Intra-abdominal abscess - CT scan Meckel diverticulum References de Prisco G, Celinski S, Spak CW. Abdominal abscesses and gastrointestinal fistulas. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 29.Landmann A, Bonds M, Postier R. Acute abdomen. In: Townsend CM Jr, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, Mattox KL, eds. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 21st ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2022:chap 46.Shapiro NI, Jones AE. Sepsis syndromes. In: Walls RM, ed. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 135. Review Date 10/31/2022 Updated by: Michael M. Phillips, MD, Emeritus Professor of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Abscess

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] Absence of sweating [|AI|] An abnormal lack of sweat in response to heat may be harmful because sweating allows heat to be released from the body. The medical term for absent sweating is anhidrosis.Considerations Anhidrosis sometimes goes unrecognized until a substantial amount of heat or exertion fails to cause sweating.Overall lack of sweating can be life threatening because the body will overheat. If the lack of sweating happens in a small area only, it is usually not as dangerous.Causes Cause of anhidrosis may include:BurnsBrain tumorCertain genetic syndromesCertain nerve problems (neuropathies)Congenital disorders including ectodermal dysplasiaDehydrationNervous system disorders such as Guillain-Barré syndromeSkin diseases or scarring of the skin that block sweat glandsTrauma to sweat glandsUse of certain drugs Home Care If there is a danger of overheating, take the following measures:Take a cool shower or sit in a bathtub with cool waterDrink plenty of fluidsStay in a cool environmentMove slowlyDO NOT do heavy exercise When to Contact a Medical Professional Call your health care provider if you have a general lack of sweating or an abnormal lack of sweating when exposed to heat or strenuous exercise.What to Expect at Your Office Visit Your provider will perform a physical exam. In emergencies, the health care team will perform rapid cooling measures and give you fluids to stabilize you.You may be asked about your symptoms and medical history. You may be asked to wrap yourself in an electric blanket or sit in a sweatbox while the health care team watches your body's reaction. Other tests to cause and measure sweating may also be done.A skin biopsy may be done. Genetic testing may be done if appropriate.Treatment depends on the cause of your lack of sweating. You may be given medicine to cause sweating.Alternative Names Decreased sweating; AnhidrosisReferences James WD, Elston DM, Treat JR, Rosenbach MA, Neuhaus IM. Diseases of the skin appendages. In: James WD, Elston DM, Treat JR, Rosenbach MA, Neuhaus IM, eds. Andrews' Diseases of the Skin. 13th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 33.Miller JL. Diseases of the eccrine and apocrine sweat glands. In: Bolognia JL, Schaffer JV, Cerroni L, eds. Dermatology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018:chap 39. Review Date 6/7/2023 Updated by: Elika Hoss, MD, Assistant Professor of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Sweat

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] Absence seizure [|AI|] An absence seizure is the term for a type of seizure involving staring spells. This type of seizure is a brief (usually less than 15 seconds) disturbance of brain function due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain.Causes Seizures result from overactivity in the brain. Absence seizures occur most often in people under age 20, usually in children ages 4 to 12.In some cases, the seizures are triggered by flashing lights or when the person breathes faster and more deeply than usual (hyperventilates).They may also occur with other types of seizures, such as bilateral tonic-clonic seizures (grand mal seizures), twitches or jerks (myoclonus), or sudden loss of muscle strength (atonic seizures).Symptoms Most absence seizures last only a few seconds. They often involve staring episodes. The episodes may:Occur many times a dayOccur for weeks to months before being noticedInterfere with school and learningBe mistaken for lack of attention, daydreaming or other misbehavior Unexplained difficulties in school and learning difficulties may be the first sign of absence seizures.During the seizure, the person may:Stop walking and start again a few seconds laterStop talking in mid-sentence and start again a few seconds later The person usually does not fall during the seizure. Right after the seizure, the person is usually:Wide awakeThinking clearlyUnaware of the seizure Specific symptoms of typical absence seizures may include:Changes in muscle activity, such as no movement, hand fumbling, fluttering eyelids, lip smacking, chewingChanges in alertness (consciousness), such as staring episodes, lack of awareness of surroundings, sudden halt in movement, talking, and other awake activitiesSome absence seizures begin slower and last longer. These are called atypical absence seizures. Symptoms are similar to regular absence seizures, but muscle activity changes may be more noticeable. Exams and Tests The doctor will perform a physical exam. This will include a detailed look at the brain and nervous system.An EEG (electroencephalogram) will be done to check the electrical activity in the brain. People with seizures often have abnormal electrical activity seen on this test. In some cases, the test shows the area in the brain where the seizures start. The brain may appear normal after a seizure or between seizures.Blood and urine tests may also be ordered to check for other health problems that may be causing the seizures.Head CT or MRI scan may be done to find the cause and location of the problem in the brain.Treatment Treatment for absence seizures includes medicines, changes in lifestyle for adults and children, such as activity and diet, and sometimes surgery. Your doctor can tell you more about these options.Alternative Names Seizure - petit mal; Seizure - absence; Petit mal seizure; Epilepsy - absence seizure; Non-motor generalized seizurePatient Instructions Epilepsy in adults - what to ask your doctor Epilepsy in children - what to ask your doctor Images Brain References Abou-Khalil BW, Gallagher MJ, Macdonald RL. Epilepsies. In: Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, Newman NJ, eds. Bradley and Daroff’s Neurology in Clinical Practice. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 100.Kanner AM, Ashman E, Gloss D, et al. Practice guideline update summary: Efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs I: Treatment of new-onset epilepsy: Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2018;91(2):74-81. PMID: 29898971 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29898971/.Marcdante KJ, Kliegman RM. Seizures. In: Marcdante KJ, Kliegman RM, Schuh AM, eds. Nelson Essentials of Pediatrics. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 181.Wiebe S. The epilepsies. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 375. Review Date 1/23/2022 Updated by: Joseph V. Campellone, MD, Department of Neurology, Cooper Medical School at Rowan University, Camden, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Seizures

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] Absent menstrual periods - primary [|AI|] Absence of a woman's monthly menstrual period is called amenorrhea.Primary amenorrhea is when a girl has not yet started her monthly periods, and she:Has gone through other normal changes that occur during pubertyIs older than 15Causes Most girls begin their periods between ages 9 and 18. The average is around 12 years old. If no periods have occurred when a girl is older than 15, further testing may be needed. The need is more urgent if she has gone through other normal changes that occur during puberty.Being born with incompletely formed genital or pelvic organs can lead to a lack of menstrual periods. Some of these defects include:Blockages or narrowing of the cervixHymen that has no openingMissing uterus or vaginaVaginal septum (a wall that divides the vagina into 2 sections)Hormones play a big role in a woman's menstrual cycle. Hormone problems can occur when:Changes occur to the parts of the brain where hormones that help manage the menstrual cycle are produced.The ovaries are not working correctly.Either of these problems may be due to:Anorexia (loss of appetite) with low body mass index (BMI)Chronic or long-term illnesses, such as cystic fibrosis or heart diseaseGenetic defects or disordersInfections that occurred before or after the woman's birthOther birth defectsPoor nutritionTumors In many cases, the cause of primary amenorrhea is not known.Symptoms A female with amenorrhea will have no menstrual flow. She may have other signs of puberty.Exams and Tests The health care provider will perform a physical exam to check for birth defects of the vagina or uterus.The provider will ask questions about:Your medical historyMedicines and supplements you may be takingHow much exercise you doYour eating habits A pregnancy test will be done.Blood tests to measure different hormone levels may include:EstradiolFSHLHProlactin17 hydroxyprogesteroneSerum progesteroneSerum testosterone levelTSHT3 and T4Other tests that may be done include:Chromosome or genetic testingHead CT scan or head MRI scan to look for brain tumorsPelvic ultrasound to look for birth defects Treatment Treatment depends on the cause of the missing period. Lack of periods that is caused by birth defects may require hormone medicines, surgery, or both.If the amenorrhea is caused by a tumor in the brain:Medicines may shrink certain types of tumors.Surgery to remove the tumor may also be needed.Radiation therapy is usually only done when other treatments have not worked. If the problem is caused by a systemic disease, treatment of the disease may allow menstruation to begin.If the cause is the bulimia, anorexia or too much exercise, periods will often begin when the weight returns to normal or the exercise level is decreased.If the amenorrhea cannot be corrected, hormone medicines can sometimes be used. Medicines can help the woman feel more like her friends and female family members. They can also protect the bones from becoming too thin (osteoporosis).Outlook (Prognosis) The outlook depends on the cause of the amenorrhea and whether it can be corrected with treatment or lifestyle changes. Periods are not likely to start on their own if the amenorrhea was caused by one of the following conditions:Birth defects of the female organsCraniopharyngioma (a tumor near the pituitary gland at the base of the brain)Cystic fibrosisGenetic disorders You may have emotional distress because you feel different from friends or family. Or, you may worry that you might not be able to have children.When to Contact a Medical Professional Contact your provider if your daughter is older than 15 and has not yet begun menstruating, or if she is 14 or older and shows no other signs of puberty.Alternative Names Primary amenorrhea; No periods - primary; Absent periods - primary; Absent menses - primary; Absence of periods - primaryImages Primary amenorrhea Normal uterine anatomy (cut section) Absence of menstruation (amenorrhea) References Bulun SE. Physiology and pathology of the female reproductive axis. In: Melmed S, Auchus RJ, Goldfine AB, Koenig RJ, Rosen CJ, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 14th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 17.Lobo RA. Primary and secondary amenorrhea and precocious puberty: etiology, diagnostic evaluation, management. In: Gershenson DM, Lentz GM, Valea FA, Lobo RA, eds. Comprehensive Gynecology. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 36.Magowan BA, Owen P, Thomson A. The normal menstrual cycle and amenorrhoea. In: Magowan BA, Owen P, Thomson A, eds. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 4th ed. Elsevier; 2019:chap 4. Review Date 4/19/2022 Updated by: John D. Jacobson, MD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Menstruation

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] Absent menstrual periods - secondary [|AI|] Absence of a woman's monthly menstrual period is called amenorrhea. Secondary amenorrhea is when a woman who has been having normal menstrual cycles stops getting her periods for 6 months or longer.Causes Secondary amenorrhea can occur due to natural changes in the body. For example, the most common cause of secondary amenorrhea is pregnancy. Breastfeeding and menopause are also common, but natural causes.Women who take birth control pills or who receive hormone shots such as Depo-Provera may not have any monthly bleeding. When they stop taking these hormones, their periods may not return for more than 6 months.You are more likely to have absent periods if you:Are obeseExercise too much and for long periods of timeHave very low body fat (less than 15% to 17%)Have severe anxiety or emotional distressLose a lot of weight suddenly (for example, from strict or extreme diets or after gastric bypass surgery) Other causes include:Brain (pituitary) tumorsDrugs for cancer treatmentMedicines to treat schizophrenia or psychosisOveractive thyroid glandPolycystic ovarian syndromeReduced function of the ovaries Also, procedures such as a dilation and curettage (D and C) can cause scar tissue to form. This tissue may cause a woman to stop menstruating. This is called Asherman syndrome. Scarring may also be caused by some severe pelvic infections.Symptoms In addition to having no menstrual periods, other symptoms can include:Breast size changesWeight gain or weight lossDischarge from the breast or change in breast sizeAcne and increased hair growth in a male patternVaginal drynessVoice changes If amenorrhea is caused by a pituitary tumor, there may be other symptoms related to the tumor, such as vision loss and headache.Exams and Tests A physical exam and pelvic exam must be done to check for pregnancy. A pregnancy test will be done.Blood tests may be done to check hormone levels, including:Estradiol levelsFollicle stimulating hormone (FSH level)Luteinizing hormone (LH level)Prolactin levelSerum hormone levels, such as testosterone levelsThyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Other tests that may be performed include:CT scan or MRI scan of the head to look for tumorsBiopsy of the lining of the uterusGenetic testingUltrasound of the pelvis or hysterosonogram (pelvic ultrasound that involves putting saline solution inside the uterus) Treatment Treatment depends on the cause of amenorrhea. Normal monthly periods most often return after the condition is treated.A lack of menstrual period due to obesity, vigorous exercise, or weight loss may respond to a change in exercise routine or weight control (gain or loss, as needed).Outlook (Prognosis) The outlook depends on the cause of amenorrhea. Many of the conditions that cause secondary amenorrhea will respond to treatment.When to Contact a Medical Professional See your primary health care provider or women's health care provider if you have missed more than one period so you can get diagnosed and treated, if needed.Alternative Names Amenorrhea - secondary; No periods - secondary; Absent periods - secondary; Absent menses - secondary; Absence of periods - secondaryImages Secondary amenorrhea Normal uterine anatomy (cut section) Absence of menstruation (amenorrhea) References Bulun SE. Physiology and pathology of the female reproductive axis. In Melmed S, Auchus RJ, Goldfine AB, Koenig RJ, et al. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 14th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 17.Lobo RA. Primary and secondary amenorrhea and precocious puberty. In: Gershenson DM, Lentz GM, Valea FA, Lobo RA, eds. Comprehensive Gynecology. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 36.Magowan BA, Owen P, Thomson A. The normal menstrual cycle and amenorrhoea. In: Magowan BA, Owen P, Thomson A, eds. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 4th ed. Elsevier; 2019:chap 4. Review Date 4/19/2022 Updated by: John D. Jacobson, MD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Menstruation

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] Absent pulmonary valve [|AI|] Absent pulmonary valve is a rare defect in which the pulmonary valve is either missing or poorly formed. Oxygen-poor blood flows through this valve from the heart to the lungs, where it picks up fresh oxygen. This condition is present at birth (congenital).Causes Absent pulmonary valve occurs when the pulmonary valve does not form or develop properly while the baby is in the mother's womb. When present, it often occurs as part of a heart condition called tetralogy of Fallot. It is found in about 3% to 6% of people who have tetralogy of Fallot.When the pulmonary valve is missing or does not work well, blood does not flow efficiently to the lungs to get enough oxygen.In most cases, there is also a hole between the left and right ventricles of the heart (ventricular septal defect). This defect will also lead to low-oxygen blood being pumped out to the body.The skin will have a blue appearance (cyanosis), because the body's blood contains a low amount of oxygen.Absent pulmonary valve also results in very enlarged (dilated) branch pulmonary arteries (the arteries that carry blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen). They can become so enlarged that they press on the tubes that bring the oxygen into the lungs (bronchi). This causes breathing problems.Other heart defects that can occur with absent pulmonary valve include:Abnormal tricuspid valveAtrial septal defectDouble outlet right ventricleDuctus arteriosisEndocardial cushion defectMarfan syndromeTricuspid atresiaAbsent left pulmonary artery Heart problems that occur with absent pulmonary valve may be due to defects in certain genes. Symptoms Symptoms can vary depending on which other defects the infant has, but may include:Blue coloring to the skin (cyanosis)CoughingFailure to thrivePoor appetiteRapid breathingRespiratory failureWheezing Exams and Tests Absent pulmonary valve may be diagnosed before the baby is born with a test that uses sound waves to create an image of the heart (echocardiogram).During an exam, the health care provider may hear a murmur in the infant's chest.Tests for absent pulmonary valve include:A test to measure the electrical activity of the heart (electrocardiogram)Heart CT scanChest x-rayEchocardiogramMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the heart Treatment Infants who have respiratory symptoms typically need surgery early. Infants without severe symptoms most often have surgery within the first 3 to 6 months of life or later.Depending on the type of other heart defects the infant has, surgery may involve:Closing the hole in the wall between the left and right ventricles of the heart (ventricular septal defect)Closing a blood vessel that connects the aorta to the pulmonary artery (ductus arteriosis)Enlarging the flow from the right ventricle to the lungs Types of surgery for absent pulmonary valve include:Moving the pulmonary artery to the front of the aorta and away from the airwaysRebuilding the artery wall in the lungs to reduce pressure on the airways (pulmonary plication and reduction arterioplasty)Rebuilding the windpipe and breathing tubes to the lungsReplacing the abnormal pulmonary valve with one taken from human or animal tissue Infants with severe breathing symptoms may need to get oxygen or be placed on a breathing machine (ventilator) before and after surgery.Outlook (Prognosis) Without surgery, there may be a risk for serious consequences.In many cases, surgery can treat the condition and relieve symptoms. Outcomes are most often very good. Possible Complications Complications may include:Brain infection (abscess)Lung collapse (atelectasis)PneumoniaRight-sided heart failureStroke When to Contact a Medical Professional Contact your provider if your infant has symptoms of absent pulmonary valve. If you have a family history of heart defects, talk to your provider before or during pregnancy.Prevention Although there is no way to prevent this condition, families may be evaluated to determine their risk for congenital defects.Alternative Names Absent pulmonary valve syndrome; Congenital absence of the pulmonary valve; Pulmonary valve agenesis; Cyanotic heart disease - pulmonary valve; Congenital heart disease - pulmonary valve; Birth defect heart - pulmonary valveImages Absent pulmonary valve Cyanotic 'Tet spell' Tetralogy of Fallot References Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM. Acyanotic congenital heart disease: regurgitant lesions. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 455.Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM. Cyanotic congenital heart lesions: lesions associated with decreased pulmonary blood flow. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 457.Scholz T, Reinking BE. Congenital heart disease. In: Gleason CA, Juul SE, eds. Avery's Diseases of the Newborn. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018:chap 55.Valente AM, Dorfman AL, Babu-Narayan SV, Krieger EV. Congenital heart disease in the adolescent and adult. In: Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Tomaselli GF, Bhatt DL, Solomon SD, eds. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 12th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 82. Review Date 2/23/2022 Updated by: Thomas S. Metkus, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine and Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Congenital Heart Defects Heart Valve Diseases

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] Acanthosis nigricans [|AI|] Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a skin disorder in which there is darker, thick, velvety skin in body folds and creases.Causes AN can affect otherwise healthy people. It can also be related to medical problems, such as:Genetic disorders, including Down syndrome and Alström syndromeHormone imbalances that occur in diabetes and obesity, often called insulin resistanceCancer, such as cancer of the digestive system, liver, kidney, bladder, or lymphomaSome medicines, including hormones such as human growth hormone or birth control pills Symptoms AN usually appears slowly and doesn't cause any symptoms other than skin changes.Eventually, dark, velvety skin with very visible markings and creases appears in the armpits, groin and neck folds, and over the joints of the fingers and toes.Sometimes, the lips, palms, soles of the feet, or other areas are affected. These symptoms are more common in people with cancer.Exams and Tests Your health care provider can usually diagnose AN by looking at your skin. A skin biopsy may be needed in rare cases.If there is no clear cause of AN, your provider may order tests. These may include:Blood tests to check blood sugar level or insulin levelEndoscopy X-rays Treatment No treatment is needed, as AN only causes a change in skin color. If the condition is affecting your appearance, using moisturizers containing ammonium lactate, tretinoin, or hydroquinone can help lighten the skin. Your provider may also suggest laser treatment.It is important to treat any underlying medical problem that may be causing these skin changes. When AN is related to obesity, losing weight often improves the condition.Outlook (Prognosis) AN often disappears if the cause can be found and treated.When to Contact a Medical Professional Contact your provider if you develop areas of thick, dark, velvety skin.Alternative Names AN; Skin pigment disorder - acanthosis nigricansImages Acanthosis nigricans - close-up Acanthosis nigricans on the hand References Dinulos JGH. Cutaneous manifestations of internal disease. In: Dinulos JGH, ed. Habif's Clinical Dermatology. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 26.Patterson JW. Miscellaneous conditions. In: Patterson JW, ed. Weedon's Skin Pathology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 20. Review Date 5/31/2022 Updated by: Elika Hoss, MD, Assistant Professor of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Skin Pigmentation Disorders

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] ACE blood test [|AI|] The ACE test measures the level of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the blood.How the Test is Performed A blood sample is needed.How to Prepare for the Test Follow your health care provider's instructions for not eating or drinking for up to 12 hours before the test. If you are on steroid medicine, ask your provider if you need to stop the medicine before the test, because steroids can decrease ACE levels. Do not stop any medicine before talking to your provider.How the Test will Feel When the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain. Others feel only a prick or stinging. Afterward, there may be some throbbing or slight bruising. This soon goes away.Why the Test is Performed This test is most often ordered to help diagnose and monitor a disorder called sarcoidosis. People with sarcoidosis may have their ACE level tested regularly to check how severe the disease is and how well treatment is working. This test may also help confirm a diagnosis of Gaucher disease.Normal Results Normal values vary based on your age and the test method used. Adults have an ACE level less than 40 micrograms per liter.Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Some labs use different measurements or test different samples. Talk to your provider about the meaning of your specific test results.What Abnormal Results Mean Higher than normal ACE level may be a sign of sarcoidosis. ACE levels may rise or fall as sarcoidosis worsens or improves.A higher than normal ACE level may also be seen in several other diseases and disorders, including:Adrenal glands do not make enough hormones (Addison disease)Cancer of the lymph tissue (Hodgkin disease)DiabetesLiver swelling and inflammation (hepatitis) due to alcohol useLung disease such as asthma, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or tuberculosisKidney disorder called nephrotic syndromeMultiple sclerosis Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) Overactive parathyroid glands (hyperparathyroidism)Stomach ulcerLower than normal ACE level may indicate:Chronic liver diseaseChronic kidney failureEating disorder called anorexia nervosaSteroid therapy (usually prednisone)Therapy for sarcoidosisUnderactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) Risks There is little risk involved with having your blood taken. Veins and arteries vary in size from one person to another and from one side of the body to the other. Taking blood from some people may be more difficult than from others.Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight, but may include:Excessive bleedingFainting or feeling lightheadedHematoma (blood buildup under the skin)Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)Multiple punctures to locate veinsAlternative Names Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme; SACEImages Blood test References Pincus MR, Carty RP. Clinical enzymology. In: McPherson RA, Pincus MR, eds. Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 24th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 21.Vaidya A, Zennaro MC, Stowasser M. Primary aldosteronism. In: Robertson RP, ed. DeGroot's Endocrinology. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 95.Young WF. Endocrine hypertension. In: Melmed S, Auchus RJ, Goldfine AB, Koenig RJ, Rosen CJ, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 14th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 16. Review Date 11/19/2023 Updated by: Jacob Berman, MD, MPH, Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Cirrhosis Diabetes Interstitial Lung Diseases Lymphoma Pulmonary Fibrosis Sarcoidosis Thyroid Diseases Tuberculosis

The conversation between human and AI assistant. [|Human|] ACE inhibitors [|AI|] Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are medicines. They treat heart, blood vessel, and kidney problems.How ACE inhibitors help ACE inhibitors are used to treat heart disease. These medicines make your heart work less hard by lowering your blood pressure. This keeps some kinds of heart disease from getting worse. Most people who have heart failure take one of these medicines or similar medicines.These medicines treat high blood pressure, strokes, or heart attacks. They may help lower your risk for stroke or heart attack.They are also used to treat kidney problems. This can help keep your kidneys from getting worse or even improve the function of your kidneys, especially if you have diabetes. If you have these problems, ask your health care provider if you should be taking these medicines.Types of ACE inhibitors There are many different names and brands of ACE inhibitors. Most work as well as another. Side effects may be different for different ones.Taking Your ACE inhibitors ACE inhibitors are pills that you take by mouth. Take all of your medicines as your provider told you to. Follow up with your provider regularly. Your provider will check your blood pressure and do blood tests to make sure the medicines are working properly. Your provider may change your dose from time to time. In addition:Try to take your medicines at the same time each day.Don't stop taking your medicines without talking to your provider first.Plan ahead so that you do not run out of medicine. Make sure you have enough with you when you travel.Before taking ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) or aspirin, talk to your provider.Tell your provider what other medicines you are taking, including anything you bought without a prescription, diuretics (water pills), potassium pills, or herbal or dietary supplements.Don't take ACE inhibitors if you are planning to become pregnant, are pregnant, or are breastfeeding. Call your provider if you become pregnant when you are taking these medicines.Side effects Side effects from ACE inhibitors are unusual.You may have a dry cough. This may go away after a while. It also may start after you have been taking the medicine for some time. Tell your provider if you develop a cough. Sometimes reducing your dose helps. But sometimes, your provider will switch you to a different medicine. Do not lower your dose without talking with your provider first.You may feel dizzy or lightheaded when you start taking these medicines, or if your provider increases your dose. Standing up slowly from a chair or your bed may help. If you have a fainting spell, call your provider right away.Other side effects include:HeadacheFatigueLoss of appetiteUpset stomachDiarrheaNumbnessFeverSkin rashes or blistersJoint painIf your tongue or lips swell, call your provider right away, or go to the emergency room. You may be having a serious allergic reaction to the medicine. This is very rare.When to Call the Doctor Contact your provider if you are having any of the side effects listed above. Also call your provider if you are having any other unusual symptoms.Alternative Names Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitorsReferences Mann DL. Management of heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction. In: Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Tomaselli GF, Bhatt DL, Solomon SD, eds. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 12th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 50.Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;145(18):e895-e1032. PMID: 35363499 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35363499/.Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(19):e127-e248. PMID: 29146535 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29146535/.Read More Diabetes and kidney disease Heart failure High blood pressure in adults - hypertension Type 2 diabetes Patient Instructions Angina - discharge Angioplasty and stent - heart - discharge Aspirin and heart disease Being active when you have heart disease Cardiac catheterization - discharge Controlling your high blood pressure Diabetes and exercise Diabetes - keeping active Diabetes - preventing heart attack and stroke Diabetes - taking care of your feet Diabetes tests and checkups Diabetes - when you are sick Heart attack – discharge Heart failure - discharge Heart failure - what to ask your doctor High blood pressure - what to ask your doctor Low blood sugar - self-care Managing your blood sugar Stroke - discharge Type 2 diabetes - what to ask your doctor Review Date 8/16/2022 Updated by: Michael A. Chen, MD, PhD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Learn how to cite this page Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Blood Pressure Medicines Chronic Kidney Disease High Blood Pressure Kidney Diseases Browse the Encyclopedia