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Bloomz-3b Reranking

This reranking model is built from cmarkea/bloomz-3b-dpo-chat model and aims to measure the semantic correspondence between a question (query) and a context. With its normalized scoring, it helps to filter the query/context matchings outputted by a retriever in an ODQA (Open-Domain Question Answering) context. Moreover, it allows to reorder the results using a more efficient modeling approach than the retriever one. However, this modeling type is not conducive to direct database searching due to its high computational cost.

Developed to be language-agnostic, this model supports both French and English. Consequently, it can effectively score in a cross-language context without being influenced by its behavior in a monolingual context (English or French).

Dataset

The training dataset is composed of the mMARCO dataset, consisting of query/positive/hard negative triplets. Additionally, we have included SQuAD data from the "train" split, forming query/positive/hard negative triplets. In order to generate hard negative data for SQuAD, we considered contexts from the same theme as the query but from a different set of queries. Hence, the negative observations belong to the same themes as the queries but presumably do not contain the answer to the question.

Finally, the triplets are flattened to obtain pairs of query/context sentences with a label 1 if query/positive and a label 0 if query/negative. In each element of the pair (query and context), the language, French or English, is randomly and uniformly chosen.

Evaluation

To assess the performance of the reranker, we will make use of the "validation" split of the SQuAD dataset. We will select the first question from each paragraph, along with the paragraph constituting the context that should be ranked Top-1 for an Oracle modeling. What's intriguing is that the number of themes is limited, and each context from a corresponding theme that does not match the query is considered as a hard negative (other contexts outside the theme are simple negatives). Thus, we can construct the following table, with each theme showing the number of contexts and associated query:

Theme name Context number Theme name Context number
Normans 39 Civil_disobedience 26
Computational_complexity_theory 48 Construction 22
Southern_California 39 Private_school 26
Sky_(United_Kingdom) 22 Harvard_University 30
Victoria_(Australia) 25 Jacksonville,_Florida 21
Huguenot 44 Economic_inequality 44
Steam_engine 46 University_of_Chicago 37
Oxygen 43 Yuan_dynasty 47
1973_oil_crisis 24 Immune_system 49
European_Union_law 40 Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change 24
Amazon_rainforest 21 Prime_number 31
Ctenophora 31 Rhine 44
Fresno,_California 28 Scottish_Parliament 39
Packet_switching 23 Islamism 39
Black_Death 23 Imperialism 39
Geology 25 Warsaw 49
Pharmacy 26 French_and_Indian_War 46
Force 44

The evaluation corpus consists of 1204 pairs of query/context to be ranked.

Firstly, the evaluation scores were computed in cases where both the query and the context are in the same language (French/French).

Model (French/French) Top-mean Top-std Top-1 (%) Top-10 (%) Top-100 (%) MRR (x100) mean score Top std score Top
BM25 14.47 92.19 69.77 92.03 98.09 77.74 NA NA
CamemBERT 5.72 36.88 69.35 95.51 98.92 79.51 0.83 0.37
DistilCamemBERT 5.54 25.90 66.11 92.77 99.17 76.00 0.80 0.39
mMiniLMv2-L12 4.43 30.27 71.51 95.68 99.42 80.17 0.78 0.38
RoBERTa (multilingual) 15.13 60.39 57.23 83.87 96.18 66.21 0.53 0.11
cmarkea/bloomz-560m-reranking 1.49 2.58 83.55 99.17 100 89.98 0.93 0.15
cmarkea/bloomz-3b-reranking 1.22 1.06 89.37 99.75 100 93.79 0.94 0.10

Then, we evaluated the model in a cross-language context, with queries in French and contexts in English.

Model (French/English) Top-mean Top-std Top-1 (%) Top-10 (%) Top-100 (%) MRR (x100) mean score Top std score Top
BM25 288.04 371.46 21.93 41.93 55.15 28.41 NA NA
CamemBERT 12.20 61.39 59.55 89.71 97.42 70.38 0.65 0.47
DistilCamemBERT 40.97 104.78 25.66 64.78 88.62 38.83 0.53 0.49
mMiniLMv2-L12 6.91 32.16 59.88 89.95 99.09 70.39 0.61 0.46
RoBERTa (multilingual) 79.32 153.62 27.91 49.50 78.16 35.41 0.40 0.12
cmarkea/bloomz-560m-reranking 1.51 1.92 81.89 99.09 100 88.64 0.92 0.15
cmarkea/bloomz-3b-reranking 1.22 0.98 89.20 99.84 100 93.63 0.94 0.10

As observed, the cross-language context does not significantly impact the behavior of our models. If the model were used in a context of reranking and filtering the Top-K results from a search, a threshold of 0.8 could be applied to filter the contexts outputted by the retriever, thereby reducing noise issues present in the contexts for RAG-type applications.

How to Use Bloomz-3b-reranking

The following example is based on the API Pipeline of the Transformers library.

from transformers import pipeline

reranker = pipeline(
    task='feature-extraction',
    model='cmarkea/bloomz-3b-reranking',
    top_k=None
)

query: str
contexts: List[str]

similarities = reranker(
    [
        dict(
            text=context, # the model was trained with context in `text`
            text_pair=query # and query in `text_pair` argument.
        )
        for context in contexts
    ]
)

contexts_reranked = sorted(
    filter(
        lambda x: x[0]['label'] == "LABEL_1",
        zip(similarities, contexts)
    ),
    key=lambda x: x[0],
    reverse=True
)

score, contexts_cleaned = zip(
    *filter(
        lambda x: x[0] >= 0.8,
        contexts_reranked
    )
)

Citation

@online{DeBloomzReranking,
  AUTHOR = {Cyrile Delestre},
  ORGANIZATION = {Cr{\'e}dit Mutuel Ark{\'e}a},
  URL = {https://huggingface.co/cmarkea/bloomz-3b-reranking},
  YEAR = {2024},
  KEYWORDS = {NLP ; Transformers ; LLM ; Bloomz},
}
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