--- language: - nl - en - multilingual license: apache-2.0 tags: - dutch - english - t5 - t5x - ul2 - seq2seq - translation datasets: - yhavinga/mc4_nl_cleaned - yhavinga/nedd_wiki_news pipeline_tag: translation widget: - text: >- Redistricting and West Virginia’s shrinking population forced the state’s Republican Legislature to pit Mr. McKinley, a six-term Republican with a pragmatic bent, against Mr. Mooney, who has served four terms marked more by conservative rhetoric than legislative achievements. - text: >- It is a painful and tragic spectacle that rises before me: I have drawn back the curtain from the rottenness of man. This word, in my mouth, is at least free from one suspicion: that it involves a moral accusation against humanity. - text: >- Young Wehling was hunched in his chair, his head in his hand. He was so rumpled, so still and colorless as to be virtually invisible. His camouflage was perfect, since the waiting room had a disorderly and demoralized air, too. Chairs and ashtrays had been moved away from the walls. The floor was paved with spattered dropcloths. --- # ul2-base-en-nl for English to Dutch translation Fine-tuned T5 model on English to Dutch translation that was pretrained on Dutch using a UL2 (Mixture-of-Denoisers) objective. The T5 model was introduced in [this paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.10683) and first released at [this page](https://github.com/google-research/text-to-text-transfer-transformer). The UL2 objective was introduced in [this paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.05131) and first released at [this page](https://github.com/google-research/google-research/tree/master/ul2). ## Model description T5 is an encoder-decoder model and treats all NLP problems in a text-to-text format. `ul2-base-en-nl` T5 is a transformers model fine-tuned on parallel sentence and paragraph pairs sampled from books. This model used the [T5 v1.1](https://github.com/google-research/text-to-text-transfer-transformer/blob/main/released_checkpoints.md#t511) improvements compared to the original T5 model during the pretraining: - GEGLU activation in the feed-forward hidden layer, rather than ReLU - see [here](https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.05202) - Dropout was turned off during pre-training. Dropout should be re-enabled during fine-tuning - Pre-trained on self-supervised objective only without mixing in the downstream tasks - No parameter sharing between embedding and classifier layer ### UL2 pretraining objective This model was pretrained with the UL2's Mixture-of-Denoisers (MoD) objective, that combines diverse pre-training paradigms together. UL2 frames different objective functions for training language models as denoising tasks, where the model has to recover missing sub-sequences of a given input. During pre-training it uses a novel mixture-of-denoisers that samples from a varied set of such objectives, each with different configurations. UL2 is trained using a mixture of three denoising tasks: 1. R-denoising (or regular span corruption), which emulates the standard T5 span corruption objective; 2. X-denoising (or extreme span corruption); and 3. S-denoising (or sequential PrefixLM). During pre-training, we sample from the available denoising tasks based on user-specified ratios. UL2 introduces a notion of mode switching, wherein downstream fine-tuning is associated with specific pre-training denoising task. During the pre-training, a paradigm token is inserted to the input (`[NLU]` for R-denoising, `[NLG]` for X-denoising, or `[S2S]` for S-denoising) indicating the denoising task at hand. Then, during fine-tuning the same input token should be inserted to get the best performance for different downstream fine-tuning tasks. ## Intended uses & limitations This model was fine-tuned on parallel sentence and paragraph pairs and can be used for machine translation. ### How to use Here is how to use this model in PyTorch: ```python model_name = "yhavinga/ul2-base-en-nl" from transformers import AutoTokenizer from transformers import AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM from transformers import pipeline import torch device_num = 0 if torch.cuda.is_available() else -1 device = "cpu" if device_num < 0 else f"cuda:{device_num}" tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name, use_fast=False) model = AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM.from_pretrained(model_name, use_auth_token=True).to( device ) params = {"max_length": 370, "num_beams": 4, "early_stopping": True} translator = pipeline("translation", tokenizer=tokenizer, model=model, device=device_num) print(translator("Young Wehling was hunched in his chair, his head in his hand. He was so rumpled, so still and colorless as to be virtually invisible.", **params)[0]['translation_text']) ``` ### Limitations and bias The training data used for this model contains a lot of unfiltered content from the internet, which is far from neutral. Therefore, the model can have biased predictions. This bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model. ## Training data The `ul2-base-en-nl` T5 model was pre-trained simultaneously on a combination of several datasets, including the `full` config of the "mc4_nl_cleaned" dataset, which is a cleaned version of Common Crawl's web crawl corpus, Dutch books, the Dutch subset of Wikipedia (2022-03-20), and a subset of "mc4_nl_cleaned" containing only texts from Dutch newspapers. After pre-training, the model was fine-tuned on a translation dataset containing 13 million sentence and paragraph pairs sampled from books. ## Training procedure ### Preprocessing The ul2-base-en-nl T5 model uses a SentencePiece unigram tokenizer with a vocabulary of 32,000 tokens. The tokenizer includes the special tokens ``, ``, ``, known from the original T5 paper, `[NLU]`, `[NLG]` and `[S2S]` for the MoD pre-training, and `` for newline. During pre-training with the UL2 objective, input and output sequences consist of 512 consecutive tokens. The tokenizer does not lowercase texts and is therefore case-sensitive; it distinguises between `dutch` and `Dutch`. Additionally, 100+28 extra tokens were added for pre-training tasks, resulting in a total of 32,128 tokens. ### Fine-tuning This model was fine-tuned on a dataset containing 13M sentence and paragraph translation pairs sampled from books. * Pre-trained model used as starting point: yhavinga/ul2-base-dutch * Amount of fine-tune training steps: 96035 * Batch size: 512 (gradient accumulation steps: 4) * Sequence length: 370 tokens * Model dtype: bfloat16 * z_loss: 0.0001 * Optimizer: adamw_hf beta1: 0.9 beta2: 0.9969 eps: 1e-08 * Dropout rate: 0.01 * Learning rate: 0.0010 with linear decay to 0 and warmup for 500 steps * Label smoothing factor: 0.11 * Bleu score: 43.2 ### Model list Models in this series: | | ul2-base-en-nl | ul2-base-nl36-en-nl | ul2-large-en-nl | |:---------------------|:-----------------|:----------------------|:------------------| | model_type | t5 | t5 | t5 | | _pipeline_tag | translation | translation | translation | | d_model | 768 | 768 | 1024 | | d_ff | 2048 | 3072 | 2816 | | num_heads | 12 | 12 | 16 | | d_kv | 64 | 64 | 64 | | num_layers | 12 | 36 | 24 | | num_decoder_layers | 12 | 36 | 24 | | feed_forward_proj | gated-silu | gated-silu | gated-silu | | dense_act_fn | silu | silu | silu | | vocab_size | 32128 | 32128 | 32128 | | tie_word_embeddings | 0 | 0 | 0 | | torch_dtype | float32 | float32 | float32 | | _gin_batch_size | 128 | 64 | 64 | | _gin_z_loss | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | | _gin_t5_config_dtype | 'bfloat16' | 'bfloat16' | 'bfloat16' | ## Evaluation results See the evaluation section in the interactive [Pre-training Dutch T5 Models](https://huggingface.co/spaces/yhavinga/pre-training-dutch-t5-models) blog. ## Acknowledgements This project would not have been possible without compute generously provided by Google through the [TPU Research Cloud](https://sites.research.google/trc/). Thanks to the [Finnish-NLP](https://huggingface.co/Finnish-NLP) authors for releasing their code for the UL2 objective and associated task definitions. Thanks to [Stephenn Fernandes](https://huggingface.co/StephennFernandes) for helping me get started with the t5x framework. Created by [Yeb Havinga](https://www.linkedin.com/in/yeb-havinga-86530825/)