Saint Bernadelle Soubirous copper statue of the Virgin Mary Main Building Marian place of prayer and reflection Basilica of the Sacred Heart September 1876 twice a year The Observer nine 1987 Rome Moreau Seminary Old College Retired priests and brothers The university through the Moreau Seminary has ties to theologian eight 1920 Stinson-Remick Halls of Engineering five 1870s The program also includes a learning Resource Center which provides time management, collaborative learning, and subject tutoring five The First Year of Studies program U.S. News & World Report 1854–1855 Master of Divinity Alliance for Catholic Education program 1854–1855 College of Science Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies President Emitus of the University of Notre Dame 1986 Ray Kroc the widow of Mc's owner 14 Theodore M. Hesburgh Library 1963 Millard Sheets Touchdown Jesus 3,577 1,400 10 to 15 1,400 750 18th 8th 1st USA Today 57.6% Father Joseph Carrier a nationally prominent scientist and naturalist Science Department Evolution and Dogma Professor and Co- Director of the Science Department 1882 Jerome Green 1899 Father Julius Nieuwland an early wind tunnel Lobund Institute 1940s 1950 1928 1928 The Review of Politics German Catholic journals 44 Matthew Fitzsimons John Jenkins Medieval Institute International Peace studies 2013 how vulnerable they are to climate change 8,448 21–24% 700 Holy Cross Missions in Bangladesh 12,179 20% about 80% of undergraduates and 20% of graduate students live on campus 15 20% 14 Congregatio a sancta Cruce 93% over 100 times per week Firty-seven 80% Washington Hall 1879 Rev. William Corby April 1879 Washington Hall elective system and moving away from the university's traditional scholastic and classical emphasis College of Commerce Father James Burns three Harvard Law School Knute Rockne highest winning percentage 1925 13 three Catholic Church Ku Klux Klan Dr. Matthew Walsh a week-long Klavern in South Bend Ku Klux Klan John Francis O'Hara John Francis O'Hara Laetare Medal 1883 Blessed Mother more than half Lobund Institute for Animal Studies the Hall of Liberal Arts Rev. John J. Cavanaugh Lobund Institute for Animal Studies Rev. a factor of 18 from $9.7 million to $176.6 million $350 million 1952–87 35 years coeducational Dean of Arts and Letters Vice President of Student Affairs 1971 Saint Mary's College 18 1240 to 1370 $350 million to more than $3 billion $15 million to more than $70 million 500 July 1, 2005 17th John I. Jenkins Compton Family Ice Arena $400m Holy Cross Basilica of the Sacred Heart French Revival Luigi Gregori 1896 FR. Zahm 1950 Joseph LaFortune 83,000 $1.2 million 29 Theodore Hesburgh Library 4 million Dilbert Hall Frank Eck Stadium 2008 40% Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card 2010 Liberation Theology 1968 Trafalgar Square Global Gateways 1968 College of Arts and Letters 1842 1849 Saint Louis University 33 Father Patrick Dillon 1865 six Jordan Hall of Science over 1,200 The School of Architecture Bond Hall The university is globally recognized for its Notre Dame School of Architecture, a faculty that teaches (pre-modernist) traditional and classical architecture and urban planning (e.g. following the principles of New Urbanism and New Classical Architecture) Rome Driehaus Architecture Prize 2015 Stanford Hall over three million volumes one of the 100 largest libraries in the world rise of Hitler and other dictators Germany classics and law Max Scheler Croatian culture The University of Notre Dame du Lac Catholic research university "Our Lady of the Lake" Virgin Mary 1,250 Notre Dame rose to national prominence in the early 1900s for its Fighting Irish football team Knute Rockne NCAA Division I seven 13 top twenty four Driehaus Architecture Prize 50 Snite Museum of Art 1842 Bishop of Vincennes, Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière the Congregation of the Holy Cross November 26, 1842 Old College 1849 1865 Father Lemonnier 1879 1873 NDtv one show WSND-FM WSND-FM $215 million June 3, 2008 Kite Realty City of South Bend non-union workers National Collegiate Athletic Association Horizon League Midwest Fencing Conference Midwest Fencing Conference Big East Conference The Irish left the Big East for the AC during a prolonged period of instability in the Big East five Central Collegiate Hockey Association Navy Blue and Gold Rush Notre Dame Leprechaun Under Armour $100 million 1846 a claim as the oldest university band in continuous existence in the United States Notre Dame Victory March Michigan Wolveines football team 1887 Ohio State University ASU highest winning percentage in NCAA history George Gipp Ronald Reagan Pat O'Brien Pat O'Brien 80795 two-story banner activities occur all around campus and different dorms decorate their halls with a traditional item Bond Hall Notre Dame Victory March and the Notre Dame Alma Mater all around campus and different dorms decorate their halls with a traditional item (e.g. Zahm House's two-story banner) 1,600 12 28 Austin Carr Mike Brey John F. Shea 1904 Rev. Michael J. Shea 1928 University of Notre Dame The Gipper Airplane Sean Astan George Zipp George Gipp condoleezza Rice Eric F. Wieschaus Rev. John Jenkins Olympic gold medalst Jim Wetherbee September 4, 1981 singing and dancing late 1990s Houston, Texas 1990s Infinite's Child dangerousously in Love (2003) Mathew Knowles Houston, Texas dangerousously in Love September 4, 1981 Giselle Knowles-Carder late 1990s lead singer dangerousously in Love 2003 five lead singer dangerousously in Love (2003) darker themes Jay Z six Dreamgirls 2010 Beyonce 2013 Cadillac Records June 2005 B'Day Golden Globe-nominated performance in Dreamgirls Jay Z Sash fierce love, relationships, and monogamy influential Forbes 2000s Forbes creates songs that are often characterized by themes of love, relationships, and monogamy, as well as female sexuality and empowerment 2013 and 2014 118 million over 118 million 60 million 20 Forbes Faith's Child Houston, Texas a singer and a former member of Faith's Child Methodist Xerox a Methodist household Solangen Joseph Brossard a Methodist household a methodist household Solang Joseph Brossard Methodist Fredericksburg, Texas Darlette Johnson Fredericksburg Darlette Johnson St. John's United Methodist Church music magnet school John Lennon's "Imagine" Fredericksburg, Texas Darlette Johnson seven St. John's United Methodist Church R&B producer Arnold Schaur Dwayne Wiggins's Grass roots Entertainment Elektra Records R&B producer 1995 Elektra Records Elektra Records eight eight Girls's Tyme R&B producer Arnold Schaur 1995 Dwayne Wiggins's Grass roots Entertainment "Killing Time" "Say My Name" Marc Nelson 1996 Isaiah Men in Black Say My Name Marc Nelson Book of Isaiah Men in Black Killing Time 1999 Marc Nelson depression depression LeToya luckett and Roberson split a couple of years her mother Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams LeToya LeToya luckett and Roberson Farrah Franklin Independent Women Part I eleven MTV 663,000 copies Georges Bizet Gloria's Child Charlie's Angels Carmen: A Hip H opera "Independent Women Part I", which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2000 film, Carmen: A Hip H opera, starring alongside Americanactress Mekhi Phifer. luckett and Roberson October 2001 Mike Myers UK, Norway, and Belgium The Fighting Temptations as Lilly Lilly, a single mother whom Gooding's character falls in love with Summertime Foxxy Cleopatra $73 million The Fighting Temptations as Lilly Fighting Tempation mixed reviews Foxxy Cleopatra Mike Myers Work It Out The Fighting Temptations as Lilly Work It Out Jay Z's "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" '03 Bonnie & Clyde 11 million copies Baby Boy Michelle Williams and Kelly Rowland Jay Z Bonnie & Clyde "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" Luther Vandross Jay Z June 24, 2003 "Crazy in Love" Luther Vandross five Symphon Fulfilled 2006 2003 Infinite Fulfilled Barcelona March 2006 dangerously in Love Tour Missy Elliott and Aliciakeys the American national anthem Infinite Fulfilled 541,000 copies " Déjavu", featuring Jay Z, reached the top five on the Billboard Hot 100 chart Australia, Hungary, Ireland, New Zealand and the United States three twenty-fifth Jay Z top five B'Day 541,000 Jay Z Green Light The Pink Panther Dreamgirls The Pink Panther April 2007 over $24 million $158 million The Beyence experience Shakira The Pink Panther Diana Ross " listen" The Beyence experience Shakira Jay Z November 18, 2008 2000s Taylor Swift 482,000 copies in its first week video mount at the listening party for her third studio album March 2009 Taylor Swift 108 shows April 4, 2008 Jay Z Sash fierce Single Ladies Kanye West James Phoenix House James' "At Last" blues singer 2010 MTV Movie Award for Best Fight Phoenix House Cadillac Records. Her performance in the film received praise from critics, and she garnered several nominations for her portrayal of James, including a Satellite Award nomination for Best Supporting Aactress, and a NAACP Image Award nomination for Outstanding Support Sharon Charles $68 million James Phoenix House First couple's first inaugural ball The fight scene final between Sharon and the character played by Ali Lart and Idris Elba ten Laureyn Hill Lady Gaga sixth Laurah Carey ten "Telephone" Lady Gaga Mariah Carey Laurah Carey ten Laurah Carey Lady Gaga Mariah Carey 2010 2010 Great Wall 2010 her mother's advice, "to live life, to be inspired by things again" January 2010 nine months heeding her mother's advice, "to live life, to be inspired by things again" her mother business partners nine months 2011 Clinton Bush Haiti Fund Glastonbury Festival Clinton Bush Haiti Fund minute Libyan ruler Muammar Gaddafi 2011 Clinton Bush Haiti Fund the family of Libyan ruler Muammar Gaddafi Muammar Gaddafi Muammar Gaddafi Clinton Bush Haiti Fund main Pyramid stage 2011 Love on Top New York Association of Black Journalists New York's Roseland Ballroom June 28, 2011 310,000 New York Association of Black Journalists late 2011 4 June 28, 2011 310,000 Essence Roseland Ballroom January 7, 2012 Lenox Hill Hospital Blue Ivy Carter Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall January 7, 2012 Blue Ivy Carter four nights four January 7, 2012 Blue Ivy Carter Lenox Hill Hospital Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall four romance-theme songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded track, "Nuclear" Life Is But a Dream global publishing agreement with Warner/ Chappell Music January 2013 Nuclear President Obama 268,000 January 2013 Nuclear American national anthem Super Bowl XL VII halftime show Life Is But a Dream 132 The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour rise Up Queen Tara March 2014 Met Gala Queen Tara " rise Up" The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour 132 Back to Black Met Gala Queen Tara the iTunes Store December 13, 2013 iTunes Store Jay Z Forbes more than double December 13, 2013 one million The single "Drock in Love" On the Run Tour six Beck Vogue Pepsi six Beck Coldplay six Vogue Pepsi Coldplay six six Beck Vogue Coldplay Tidal "Formation" February 6, 2016 music streaming service Tidal called "Formation" Tidal music streaming service Tidal called "Formation" February 6, 2016 Tidal 300 million Paris a miscarriage in 2010 or 2011 Jay Z April 4, 2008 300 million "the saddest thing" she had ever endured Paris The Blueprint 2: The gift & The curse April 4, 2008 300 million a miscarriage Paris MTV Video Music Awards her pregnancy she had alluded to earlier in the evening 12.5 million Guinness World Records pulling in 12.5 million viewers "most hits per second recorded for a single event" Beyonce pregnant Love on Top Guinness World Records Love on Top 12.5 million Beyonce pregnant Lifeandtimes.com Glory Blue Ivy Carter Lenox Hill Hospital Glory Blue Ivy's cries are included at the end of the song, and she was officially credited as "B.I.C." on it Blue Ivy January 7, 2012 Blue Ivy Carter Glory Blue Ivy's cries "B.I.C." George Zimmerman America the Beautiful $4 million same sex marriage a rally in response to the acquittal of George Zimmerman for the shooting of Trayvon Martin America the Beautiful America the Beautiful America the Beautiful Flickr July 2013 Vogue Ban bossy campaign Vogue April 2013 Ban bossy campaign Flawless leadership in girls Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Ban bossy campaign Angela Merkel September 2015 women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa 2015 Angela Merkel the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa September 2015 Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini- Zuma Angela Merkel head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa Freddie Gray protesters of Gray's death Gray thousands Madonna and Celine Dion highest-earning power couple 2014 $250 million Madonna and Celine Dion Forbes April 2014 $114 million $250 million Forbes magazine April 2014 MTV 2013 four Jody Rosen The Daily Mail hip hop four "flexibilitle", capable of exploring power ballads, soul, rock belting, operac flourishes, and hip hop hip hop era range and power four vocal abilities tart hip hop era R&B pop, soul and funk Irreplicazable (re-recordings of songs from B'Day for a Spanish-language audience) Irreplicazable Rudy Perez R&B R&B Spanish B'Day R&B Irreplicazable Rudy Perez B'Day formulate beats herself "Cater 2 U" personally driven and female-epowerment themed compositions like "Independent Women" and "Fight" "Independent Women" and "Fight" co-writing credits comes up with melodies and ideas Independent Women Gloria's Child and her solo efforts melodies and ideas American Society of Composers,authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards American Society of Composers,authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards Diane Warren Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters 2001 third Billboard magazine American Society of Composers,authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards Pop Songwriter of the Year award American Society of Composers,authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards three 17 Michael Jackson five Michael Jackson vocal runs as a child Michael Jackson Vision of Love Michael Jackson Jackson performed Diana Ross Whitney Houston Vision of Love The feminist and female empowerment themes Baker Etta James B'Day "boldness" fashion Rocks Josephine Baker " Déjavu" Michelle Obama February 2013 Oprah Winfrey US First Lady Michelle Obama the definition of Inspiration and a strong woman I search for in every day in music take control of her own career his lyrical genius and in the obstacles he has overcome in his life US First Lady Michelle Obama Oprah Winfrey Jean-Michel Basquiat Madonna Suga Mama The Mamas Montina Cooper-Dooney, Crystal Collins and Tiffany moniqué Rid Dick 2006 BET Awards Suga Mama Suga Mama BET Awards Suga Mama Suga Mama B'Day The Mamas 2006 stage presence and voice L.A. Reid stage presence and voice Jaret Weiselman of the New York Post greatest entertainer alive takes her role as entertainer so seriously she's almost too good Jaret Weiselman Def Jam L.A. Reid Sash fierce Sash fierce 2012 Revel Presents too aggressive, too strong, too sashy too aggressive, too strong, too sashy Sash fierce February 2010 Crazy in Love Allure magazine wide-ranging Touré Bootylicious a portmanteau of the words booty and recipes Bootylicious Bootylicious 2006 Touré Bootylicious 2006 is absolutely for the stage Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show People and the "hottest Female Singer of All Time" January 2013 VH1 People Complex January 2013 1 2011 People and the "hottest Female Singer of All Time" Hottest Female Singer of All Time Madame Tussauds Wax Museums Roberto Cavali Tyra Banks Identity's Style 2007 Tyra Banks Tyra Banks People The Beyoncourage The Beyoncourage the online social networking service The Beyoncourage The Beyoncourage The Beyoncourage The Beyoncourage beeherbe House of Deréon L' Offical L' Offical 2006 wearing and using fur in her clothing line House of Deréon L' Offical blackface and tribal L' Offical House of Deréon French fashion African-American Emmet Price L'Oréal that only "natural pictures be used" "it is categorically unfalse" costuming Emmet Price L'Oréal feria hair color H&M The Guardian 2014 2014 Artist of the Decade 2013 2014 Baz Lukrmann Jody Rosen The Guardian Time 100 Jody Rosen 2014 White Rabbits Gwyneth Pogniw Pepsi commercial her decision to appear in the company's 2012 global campaign White Rabbits Adele, Ariana Grande, Lady Gaga, Bridgit Mendler, Rhanna, Kelly Rowland, Sam Smith, Michael Scherzinger, Rita Ora, Zendaya, Cheryl Cole, JoJo, Alexis Jordan, Sanchez, and Azealia Banks Country Strong White Rabbits milk Famous Gwyneth Pogniw Country Strong Nicki Minaj Crazy in Love two 8 million copies horse fly July 2014 Crazy in Love two 8 million Drake Rolling Stone Drake Scaptiabeyonceae 15 million 118 million 64 over 118 million Beyence 15 million over 118 million records over 118 million 2008 64 over 118 million 118 million The Recording Industry Association of America 64 2008 20 Alison Krauss 52 six two 20 52 2010 Adele 20 52 Single Ladies Dreamgirls Pepsi $50 million The Center for Science in the Public Interest 70 2002 Britney Spears, Pink, and Enrique Iglesias endorse Pepsi The Center for Science in the Public Interest Pepsi $50 million The Center for Science in the Public Interest NetBase Jimmy Hetton The Mrs. Carter Show Limited Edition version of Heat Heat 2013 over $400 million Heat February 2011 Pulse six Diamonds 2010 Heat six 18 Starpower age of 18 70 out of court by her lawyers in June 2013 who said that they had cancelled because GateFive had lost its financial backers Starpower Starpower Starpower 70 June 2013 Parkwood Entertainment Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd an athletic, street wear brand fall of 2015 Parkwood Entertainment fall of 2015 Parkwood Entertainment London-based fashion retailer Topshop London-based fashion retailer Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd March 30, 2015 Jay Z March 30, 2015 music streaming low payout of royalties Tidal Tidal, Aspiro Jay Z Tidal Beyond Productions, which provides the licensing and brand management for House of Deréon, and its junior collection, Deréon a respected seamstress Beyond Productions fur, outerwear and accessories US and Canada Beyond Productions, which provides the licensing and brand management for House of Deréon, and its junior collection, Deréon 2005 Beyond Productions Beyond Productions, which provides the licensing and brand management for House of Deréon, and are available at department and specialty stores across the US and Canada her mother Deréon House of brands Brazil 2009 a "high-style" mobile game with a social networking component Sash fierce for Deréon, for back-to-school selling May 27, 2010 House of brands "high-style" mobile game with a social networking component, featuring the House of Deréon collection Sash fierce for Deréon C&A Dillard British fashion retailer Topshop autumn 2015 Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd 50-50 April 2016 Topshop Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd activewear line Hurricane Katrina $250,000 Hurricane Ike Hurricane Katrina $250,000 expanded to work with other charities in the city Hurricane Ike $250,000 Hurricane Ike George Clooney and Wyclef Jean Brooklyn Phoenix House God Bless the USA $1 million a seven-month cosmetology training course for men and women Lee Greenwood Wyclef Jean's Hope for Haiti George Clooney and Wyclef Jean's Hope for Haiti a seven-month cosmetology training course for men and women God Bless the USA Sandy Hook elementary School shooting I Was Here Miss a Meal London Tina Knowles Sandy Hook elementary School shooting spread female empowerment Catapult Sandy Hook elementary School shooting Sandy Hook elementary School I Was Here Madonna Hayek and Frida Gianini Spanish word Montña (mountain) 4th 4th 77 Spanish word Montña (mountain) 1908 1949 1908 ponderosa pine Maiasaura 21 years after statehood Oro y Plata Gold and Silver 1865 the bitterroot the bitterroot 62 percent 56 Billings Missoula and Greatfalls Montaña del Norte Montaña 147,050 square miles (380,800 km2) Wyoming North Dakota and South Dakota western half of the state 60 percent east Hudson Bay 10,000 feet (3,000 m) Granite Peak 12,799 feet four of the five statewide offices 1996 the state Senate is, as of 2015 controlled by the Republicans 29 to 21, and the State House of Representatives at 59 to 41 The Legislative branch had split party control between the house and senate most years between 2004 and 2010, when the mid-term elections returned both branches to Republican control swing state 1992 60 percent of the time 40 percent of the time Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport spring of 2013 Burlington Railway 1880s Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation spring wolves and mountain lions 1930s Federation of Fly Fishers northern pike, smallmouth and largemouth bass fisheries Norman Mclean's novel, A River Runs Through It April 26, 1864 1862 $1.75 1886 450 Hudson Bay Glacier National Park Pacific Ocean Jefferson, Madison and Gal Latin rivers Three Forks north through the west-central part of the state to Great Fall 1976 north North Dakota 3,223 flathead Lake Fort Peck Reservoir Missouri 25 percent at least 17 species grivoping crane, least tern, pallid sturgeon and white sturgeon five 17 15 inches (380 mm) 34.74 inches (883 mm) 105 inches (2,700 mm) 7 personal income tax household goods are exempt from property taxes 66,000 (1851), the Dawes Act (1888), and the Indian Reorganization Act (1933) 1887 Great Fall 63% German mining camp 6.5 percent of the state's total population, the sixth highest percentage of all 50 states Big Horn, Glacier, and Roosevelt 1980 and 1990 2007 July 2007 combination of warmer weather, attack by beetles, and mismanagement 1859 Washington Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens 1859 flathead Indian Reservation Camp Cooke Missouri River 1876 1877 English 94.8 percent of the population aged 5 and older speak English at home Spanish 13,050 1,700 89.4 6.3 2.9 1,032,948 4.40% Gal Latin County Billings 1940 1940 smokejumps and for other forest fire-fighting duties 13 million 325 General Philip Sheridan 1875 1882 1882 1871, 1872 and 1873 1876 September 8, 1883 1884 failed bid for statehood 1884 1889 North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington 1862 free land to settlers who could claim and "prove-up" 160 acres (0.65 km2) of federal land in the midwest and western United States 1868 1877 640 acres $25 James J. Hill of the Great Northern 1902 1909 160 to 320 acres June 1917 May 1918 criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means over 200 individuals and the conviction of 78, mostly of German or Austrian descent 78, mostly of German or Austrian descent 40,000-plus 57,000 1500 Fort William Henry Harrison Greatfalls, Lewistown, Cut Bank and Glasgow entire human groups that group in whole or in part ICTY8 opinions of respected commentators on the Genocide Convention the narrow interpretation, that biological-physical destruction was necessary for an act to qualify as genocide group destruction the perpetrator must have intended in order to be found guilty of genocide Germany guilty of genocide courts in Germany which had taken a broad view, that there had been few cases of genocide under other Convention States municipal laws United Nations General Assembly Nazi Germany Lemkin United Nations General Assembly provide a legal definition of the crime political killings Lebanon, Sweden, Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, the Philippines, the Dominican Republic, Iran, Egypt, Belgium, and Uruguay international intervention in domestic politics William Schabas a permanent security council member a national, racial, religious or ethnic group national, racial, religious or ethnic group Jorgic v. Germany case biological-physical destruction the coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people Lemming international society Australian ritualcide ritualcide Australian anthropologist language, culture, and economic infrastructure the legal aspect of the term a crime, involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relations deliberate killing of a certain group the officials in power of a state or area the Peace of Westphalia not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relations ethnic, national, racial and in some instances religious groups 1648 1944 Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill) Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill) Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, described the policies of systematic murder founded by the Nazis as genocide Winston Churchill 1944 "a crime without a name" Raphael Lemkin Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill) remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point absolute terms prominence the perpetrators' access to the victims The historical examples of genocide their reach the opportunity presented to him inform the analysis 12 January 1951 20 two United Kingdom four diplomatic research international legal confidence alternative definitions Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn R. J. Rempel Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr social and political groups The Soviet Ininvasion and the Afghan Response Chalk and Jonassohn Genocide "Genocide is a form of one-sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group policies genocides and politicides the characteristics by which members of a group are identified by the state nationality genocides and 'pogroms murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership religious group the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide eliminate the group preventing births or forcibly transferring children out of the group to another group Adrian Gallagher collective power the multidimensional understanding of destroy, broadens the definition of group identity beyond that of the 1948 definition yet argues that a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide (dependent on relative group size) group identity destroyed acts of genocide 1999 Kosovo War International Court of Justice International Court of Justice Norway Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide humanity murder taking part in the Holocaust Raphael Lemkin European Court of Human Rights wider interpretation of genocide ethnic cleansing expel Muslims and Croats from their homes Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to expel Muslims and Croats from their homes, did not constitute genocide 30 committing genocide abetting genocide aiding and abetting genocide German genocide or sabotity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina Belgrade Radovan Karadžić genocide or sabotity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina Slobodan Milošević The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda April 1994 Security Council of the United Nations serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of Rwanda Rwandan citizens categorizing the situation in Darfurt as genocide Colin Powell Senate Foreign Relations Committee International Commission of Inquiry policy of genocide the Procution of the International Criminal Court the Commission report United States fourth the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide psychological and social Ervin Suri passivity of internal and external witnesses humanizing a devalued group emergence of resistance of bacteria evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy 1943 penicillin and erythromycin evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive highdoses of antibiotics 1943 antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes bacterial growth phase bacterial infection bacterial growth phase division of bacterial cells its concentration host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile, and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy bacterial functions or growth processes penicillins and cephalosporins polymyxis macrocides, lincosamides and tetramycins spectrum of activity penicillins and cephalosporins polymyxis four mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbonapenems beta-lactam antibiotics aminoglycosides chemical synthesis various natural compounds less than 2000 atomic mass units penicillins fungi in the genus Penicillium tuberculosis livestock raising World Health Organization 20th anyone, of any age, in any country raising World Health Organization 20th century antibiotic resistance vaccination 20th century raising World Health Organization every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country 20th century overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance tuberculosis tuberculosis empirical laboratory microorgansim the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory several days in the laboratory the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory a patient has proven or suspected infection before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory the microbial organisms targeted, and the individual patient disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora adverse side effects Quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid the microbial organisms targeted, and the individual patient negative effects clinical use microbial organisms adverse host microbioma negative effects on humans or other mammals fever and nausea to major allergic reactions diarrhea Antibacterials negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighted against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans, but whether or not there is a causal relationship remains unclear beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy increased body mass in humans and mouse models Early life it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency 1% reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapys using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives contraceptive tablets 1% absorption of estrogens in the colon oral contraceptives antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency interfere with contraceptives very low moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics widespread side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy moderate alcohol consumption alcohol and antibiotics antibiotic therapy moderate alcohol consumption moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics intrinsic antibacterial resistance antibacterial resistance genes an antibiotic target through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of DNA by horizontal genetic exchange mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra-chromosomal DNA vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of DNA by horizontal genetic exchange confer resistance to multiple antibacterials superbugs emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled nearly half a million "superbugs", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled increases in bacterial strains and species that do not respond to antibiotics or that are likely to resolve without treatment Self prescription of antibiotics Self prescription of antibiotics failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect doSAGE and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery failure to rest for sufficient recovery failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect doSAGE and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery their prescription to treat viral infections reduce inappropriate prescription of antibiotics Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of Health 2002 2003 Swir report 1969 The American Society for Microbiology (ASU), American Public Health Association (APH) and the American Medical Association S.741 and H.R. 62 American Hherapeutic Nurses' Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association animal husbandry 1977 March 2012 specially selected mold and plant materials and extracts 1877 specially selected mold and plant materials and extracts to treat infections against life Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch biological properties, and attempted to use a crude preparation to treat some infections, but he was unable to pursue its further development without the aid of trained chemists Alexander Fleming penicillin a crude preparation to treat some infections Prontosil Gerhard Domagk Gerhard Domagk Nobel Prize for Medicine B. brevis 1939 a compound of 20% gramicidin Rene dubos a compound of 20% gramicidin 1942 1945 Ernst Chain and Howard Floray 1945 Dolores Crowfoot Hodgkin antibodies, inflammation, and other classic immune reactions cell-free vaccines cell-free vaccines Phage therapy infecting pathogenic bacteria with their own viruses the phages will infect "good" bacteria, or the bacteria that are important in the everyday function of human beings seven antibiotics against the Gram-negative bacilli (GNCB) currently in phase 2 or phase 3 clinical trials seven 2013 FDA appropriate economic incentives The FDA antibiotics labeling process,'susceptibility Test Interpretive Ccriteria for Microbial Organisms' or 'breakpoints' Allan Coukel Polish and French Romantic solo piano the Duchy of Warsaw 20, less than a month 1815 Romantic Warsaw solo piano 20, less than a month 1815 a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano solo piano Romantic 1815 Warsaw 20 Romantic 1815 21 30 1835 Majorca with Sand tuberculosis Paris 30 Franz Lisz 1835 George Sand 21 30 1835 Jane stirling 1835 Jane stirling tuberculosis piano instrumental ballade Polish folk music, the classical tradition of J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert their nuance and sensitivity salons piano instrumental ballade their nuance and sensitivity J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert Polish piano Polish their nuance and sensitivity J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert piano Polish Paris salons if only indirect his love life and his early death Romantic films and biographys of varying degrees of historical accuracy France France political insurrection Romantic France political insurrection Romantic era Zelazowa Wola 1 March 1 March Friedericus Franciscus 29 Zelazowa Wola Frydery Chocin 22 February 1810 1 March Friedrichericus Franciscus Napoleon 22 February 1810 1 March Friedrichericus Franciscus the Duchy of Warsaw Napoleon Justy Brzmożanowsky 23 April 1810 Polish Fryderik Samarbek Lorraine Nicolas Fryderik Samarbek Ludwira (1807–55, and two younger sisters, Izabel (1811–81 and Emili (1822–27) Fryderik Samarbek Lorraine Izabel (1811–81 and Emili (1822–27) October 1810 French the Palace grounds flute and violin illnesses October 1810 the Warsaw Lyceum flute and violin flute and violin six months French flute and violin flute and violin Palace grounds the Czech pianist Wojsław Žyny his brother seven two polonais, in G minor and B-flat major polonais in A-flat major of 1821 the Czech pianist Wojsław Žyny her brother seven 1821 1816 to 1821 Wojsław Žyny Ludwira seven a polonais in A-flat major of 1821 1817 the rectorate of Warsaw University the Kazisław Palace Duke Constantine "little chopin's" 1817 Kazisław Palace Grand Duke Constantine a march Julian Ursyn Niecewicz Grand Duke Constantine Grand Duke Constantine a march Julian Ursyn Niecewicz 1823 to 1826 Jósef Alsner the "eolome Lodicon" Tsar Alexander I 10 June 1825 Wilhelm Wurfel Wilhelm Wurfel a diamond ring diamond ring Rondo Op. 1 Wilhelm Wurfel Jósef Alsner eolome Lodicon a diamond ring Rondo Op. 1 Dominik Dzewanowsky szafarnia Polish the Warsaw newspapers Polish rural folk music Polish rural folk music Dominik Dzewanowsky The szafarnia Courier Warsaw 1827 the Warsaw University building 1830 a museum composer 1827 1830 the first known portrait of the composer Mariozy Miesoszewski Emili 1830 Salonik Chocinów Mariozy Miesoszewski male Tytus Woycialewski, Jan Neumucen Białobłoski, Jan Matu Szynski and Julian fonta Constancia Gładkiewicz Tytus Woycialewski, Jan Pomucen Białobłoski, Jan Matu Szynski and Julian fonta Constancia Gładkow the slow movement (Larghetto) of his piano Concerto No. 1 (in E minor) was secretly dedicated to her July 1829 Tytus Woycialewski, Jan Pomucen Białobłoski, Jan Matu Szynski and Julian fonta Constancia Gładkiewicz their passages, and even which of their passages, were influenced by his excitation with her piano Concerto No. 1 Four a family friend, zoologist felks Jarocki Gaspare Spontini Prince Antoni Radzwiłł, governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen the Introduction and Polonais brilliante in C major for cello and piano September 1828 a family friend, zoologist Félks Jarocki Gaspare Spontini Prince Antoni Radzwiłł, governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen the Grand Duchy of Posen 1828 a family friend, zoologist Félks Jarocki operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrichzelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities Gaspare Spontini 1829 Ssouvenir de Pachino 11 August two 17 March 1830 Ssouvenir de Pachino Vienna Ssouvenir de Pachino September 1829 the piano-bashing of local artists Niccolò Pachino Vienna three three 2 November 1830 Italy 1830 Jachimecki Zdejsław Jachimecki Woycialewski Italy the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever western Europe Zdejsław Jachimecki 1830 I curse the moment of my departure 1831 the Polish Great Emigration French 1835 friends and confidants French September 1831 the Polish Great Emigration 1835 Adam Zamoyski Poland France French Adam Zamoyski Great Emigration Paris Adam mickiewicz songs Adam mickiewicz artists and other distinguished figures Adam mickiewicz principal of the Polish Literary Society Julian fonta Albert Gźmała elder brother Albert Gźmała Polish England England Albert Gźmała Albert Gźmała Michalowsky and Samson Warsaw Conservatory Robert Schumann 26 February 1832 intimate keyboard technique his father Robert Schumann 26 February 1832 Rothschild banking family end of 1831 essentially intimate keyboard technique publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students from all over Europe salons pianos Salle Pleyel hexameron Maurice Schlesinger Adolphe Gutmann Paris apartment J.S. Bach Maurice Schlesinger Felix Mendelssohn playing and discussing music at his piano Friedrich Wilhelm Schdow Carlsbad Aix-la-Chapelle with Hiller Hiller Carlsbad September Countess Woziń Felix Mendelssohn Aix-la-Chapelle director of the Academy of Art Maria Woycialewski Rossini, Che Rubini, Baillé, etc Lisz 12 December 1831 Woycialewski Salle Pleyel the Rue Lafitte between 1833 and 1841 seven his bankrupt Shakespearean actress wife Harriet Smithson, during which they played George Onslow's Sonata in F minor for piano duet Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory 2 April 1833 Beethoven Memorial in Bonn Hôtel de France on the Rue Lafitte Rue Lafitte seven Harriet Smithson, during which they played George Onslow's Sonata in F minor for piano duet love-hate love-hate relationship the music as written or not play it at all my friend Op. 10 Éditions Marie d'Agoult composer to write to Hiller, "I should like to Rob him of the way he plays my studies." Lisz Marie d'Agoult Hiller George Sand Marie d'Agoult My tragedy the composer and debated whether to abandon a current affair in order to begin a relationship with chopin George Sand she was influenced by his poor health and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d'Agoult and Sand My tragedy Marie d'Agoult 1837 My tragedy the composer London his association with Sand began in earnest six "I must say I was confused and excited at the effect this little creature had on me... I have still not recovered from my astonishment, and if I were a proud person I should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away..." the deeply traditional Catholic people of Majorca Camille Pleyel English piano maker six years Maurice the cold winter weather June 1838 Majorca Maurice Maurice Carthusian monastery Three Pleyel piano the best possible condition in spite of the sea, the bad weather and the Palma customs Three December his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in Majorca Pleyel piano December Pleyel bad weather Canuts Barcelona Nohant Square d'Orléans French couple, the Canuts Marseilles Nohant 5 Rue Torchet Square d'Orléans bad weather a local French couple, the Canuts Marseilles Square d'Orléans Nohant the dress rehearsal of Friedrich Schubert's Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale tenth The Gestirne a transcription of Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne Die Gestirne tenor Adolphenoubrist a transcription of Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale July Revolution Polonais in A-flat major, Op. 53 Paule Viardot 7 June 1842 piano technique and composition Delacière and the mezzo-soprano Paulie Viardot piano technique and composition Delacôte Viardot, whom chopin had advised on piano technique and composition 1842 Gśćmała Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement temporal lobe epilepsy 1842 Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement temporal lobe epilepsy 1842 my mouth and tonsils Alkan Charles Hallé temporal lobe epilepsy Auguste Clésinger disdain a "child," a "little angel", a "sutterer" and a "beloved little corpse." Lucrezia Florii 1846 1846 the young fortune-hunting sculptor Auguste Clésinger Lucrezia Florii Auguste Clésinger disdain Lucrezia Florii 1846 Op. 58 sonata the powers of concentration were failing and his motivation was beset by anguish, both emotional and intellectual six six the Op. 58 sonata six six six February 1848 the cellist Auguste Francensemble February 1848 the Celo Sonata Op. 65 struggle financially Auguste Francensemble Cello Sonata Op BBC Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Cons Seda The Women Behind The Music BBC The Women Behind The Music Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Cons Seda Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Cons Seda A Song to remember A Song to remember 1928 Hugh Grant George Sand A Song to remember Cornel Wild Henry Roussel Hugh Grant 1901 Milan Giacomo Orefici a fanciful operac version of some of its events a fanciful operac version of some of its events Giacomo Orefici 1901 Milan Leon Ulrich Marcel Progust and André Gide English serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments 1830 André Gide five years GrandPrix du dique de F. chopin The New York Times The Warsaw Chocin Society every five years The New York Times 1895 Paul Pabst of the Nocturne in E major Op. 62 No. 2 Paul Pabst The British Library 1895 Metuen-Campbell International chopin piano Competition 1927 Warsaw every five years in Warsaw 1,500 International chopin piano Competition 1927 the composer and his music nearly 1,500 Les Sylphides Michel Fokine Les Sylphides Alexander Glazunov 1909 Chociniana Michel Fokine Alexander Glazunov Les Sylphides Paris Scottish pupil Jane stirling and her elder sister London Jane stirling and her elder sister Jane stirling and her elder sister he left for London, where he performed at several concerts and at numerous receptions in great houses Scottish pupil Dover Street Broadwood Stafford House Queen Victoria and Prince Albert 7 July Dover Street a grand piano Queen Victoria and Prince Albert piano lessons Viardot Scotland Adam Łyskinski Scotland Glasgow "a kind of disposition to be made of my stuff in the future, if I should drop dead somewhere" 16 November 1848 London's Guildhall Polish refugees very seriously ill London's Guildhall Delina Potočka Chaillé, out of the centre of the city Princess Obeskoff end of November Delina Potočka Chaillé, out of the centre of the city Princess Obeskoff June 1849 June 1849 Place Vendôme 12 Ludwira Ludwira Jane stirling it de rigueur to faint in his room fear of being buried alive No longer Solang's husband Clésinger fear of being buried alive a cast of his left hand tuberculosis Jean Cruveilhier permission for DNA testing tuberculosis Jean Cruveilhier the cause of his death have since been a matter of discussion Polish government Church of the Madeleine in Paris two weeks Over 3,000 Church of the Madeleine in Paris two weeks Over 3,000 Mozart's Musicem Louis Lefébure-Wély Prince Adam Czartoryski Funeral March Mozart's Commandem Louis Lefébure-Wély Père Lambais Cemetery Prince Adam Czartoryski Funeral March Clésinger Euterpe 5,000 francs Jane stirling an urn Clésinger 5,000 francs Jane stirling Ludwali She 230 the piano 230 chamber music Clementi Clementi Bach and Mozart Haydn John Field ballades and scherzi salon ballades and scherzi poetic potential of the concept of the concert investigatione Lisz, Clementi and Mosheles seven seven the European musical map salon recil traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall the concert hall a greater range of melody and expression seven Waltzes Revolutionary Étude The Funeral March Sonata No. 2 the Revolutionary Étude (Op. 10, No. 12), and the Minute Waltz (Op. 64, No. 1 Revolutionary Étude Minute Waltz 65 Julian fonta 23 17 65 Julian fonta 1857 Polish musicologist 1857 Works published since 1857 have received alternative catalogue designations instead of opus numbers Kobylska cataloguee the Polish musicologist the Polish musicologist Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel Janekier original publishers popular 19th-century piano anthologys Paderlewski Janekier Improvisation four-bar phrase Improvisation Nicholas TEMPley his flexible handling of the four-bar phrase as a structural unit the Barcarole Op. 60 four ballades and four scherzos an extended "departure and return" form folk features straightforward ternary or episodic form Mazuras drone a canon at one beat's distance triple Elner martial formidable 21 agitated expression Field 1833 agitated expression piano playing straightforward ternary form ternary The Well- Tempered Consonant Kenneth Hamilton The preludes J.S. Bach's The Well- Tempered C keyboard generic preludes Ferrucci Busoni four Korel Michalowsky and Jim Samson four a brief (75-bar) perpetuum mobile in which the hands play in unmodified octave unison throughout The Op. 58 Claude Debowsky harmonic innovations TEMPley his use of very independent finger technique Léon Escalier Project de méthode Karol Szymanowsky use of national modes and idioms Nikolai Zorrev Karol Szymanowsky Alexander Scribin Nikolai Zorrev Jonathan Bellman rigid procedures expressive phrasing, rhythmic consistency and sensitive colouring the idea of hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art Jonathan Bellman Hiller rubato the practice in performance of dis regarding strict time, 'robbing' some notes-values for expressive effect rubato rubato He—or she—does not know how to join two notes together Friederike Müller rhythm a new sense of nationalism 1836 native Poland their appeal to us artists is even stronger Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein polonaiss Schumann flowers Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein Barbara Milewski Michal Kleofas Oginski and Franciszek Lessel Richard Taruskin it served all the same to symbolize the will of the Polish people freedom Europe and the New World Byronic flamboyance Lisz and Henri Herz Paris Arthur Hutcheds Carnaval Ballade No. 2 six Alkan qualities as a pianist and composer Carnaval Ballade No. 2 Alkan Debussi Jacques Durand Raoul Koczaarski chopin's music Mainland Chinese scholars horse trade 1260–1294 Deshin Shekhara Karma Kagyu Nepal armed resistance Mongols Ganden Phodrang regime 1578 9th century Yarlung rulers of Tibet borders Inner Asia 821 907–960 960–1279 Khitan-ruled Liao dynasty Khitan Jurchen Genghis Khan Ögedei Khan 1229–1241 Ögedei Khan Godan Prince Godan Tö Regene Khatun 1241–1246 thirteen Khagan Ögedei Khan Karma Pakhi Phagpa lama 1279 1271–1369 Yuan universal rule China 1358 Phagmodru myriarch Tai situ Changchub Gyaldsen the Mongols in Tibet Phagmodrup Dynasty Zhu Yuanzhang Zhu Yuanzhang Zhu Yuanzhang 1378–1398 the Karmapa of the nearer Kham region and southeastern Tibet Rolpe Dorje Rolpe Dorje Buddhist texts some disciples the early Ming government 1502–1424 the Yongle Emperor 1644–1912 1737 the "É-Lí-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office" seventeen western Tibet five Phagmodru ruler Tai situ Changchub Gyalsen Tai situ Changchub Gyalsen Turrell V. Wylie Morris Rossabi Morris Rossabi Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain state Wang and Nyima believed that the Ming emperor sent edicts to the court for official positions in the early years of its founding, won submission from ex- Yuan religious and administrative leaders in the Tibetan areas into the rule of the Ming court 1370 princes imperial edicts to invitation ex- Yuan officials to the court for official positions in the early years of its founding, won submission from ex- Yuan religious and administrative leaders in the Tibetan areas Thomas Laird British the People's Republic of China the line of Mongol rulers in China the line of Mongol rulers in China a non-Chinese Polity and plays down its Chinese characteristics The Metropolitan Museum of Art 1471 to 1358 1311–1320 licensed border market the ethno-geographic caste hierarchy favoring the Mongols and other ethnicities Mongol Yuan General of the Ngari Military and Civil Wanhu Office The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic Beijing Chen Qingying 1,000 10,000 John Powers ruling lamas subordinates Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan the Han government's conferral of Chinese seals and seal cords to them Education Minister Degsi Phagmodrup Dynasty Wang and Nyima Tai situpa Changchub Gyaldsen Van Praag University of Washington Mongol suzerainty Sagya Gyaincain Jamyang Shakya Gyalsen Jamyang Shakya Gyalsen Chen, the Ming officer of Hezhou (modern day Linxia) Ming court the Phagmodrup 1433 1642 hegemonies Karmapa Kargyu Mongol Je Tsongkhapa Ming Yongle Emperor Chen Qingying 1417 1415 Chosrje Shākya Yeshes 1514 Dawa Norbu eastern Tibetan princes an army Tibet Yang Sanbo Tibet 1415 gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as Nepal and Tibet the Ming court 1420s Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu various lamas Phagmodru myriarchy Melvyn C. Goldstein 1435–1435 Melvyn C. Goldstein 1565–1442 1398–1502 Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao the Hongwu Emperor March 10, 1415 Zhi Guang Traveling to Lhasa either through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan 1417 Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan 1405 Nanjing Karma Thinley Kublai the Yongle Emperor Lanjing Temple Nanjing Great Treasure Prince ofdharma religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects Yongle Emperor religious purposes send a military force into Tibet to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools Deshin Shekhara Jianwen Emperor Deshin Shek Deshin Shek's miracles Chinese Communist historians Buddhist artifacts Josef Kolaš 1435–1449 The Information Office of the State Council of the PC Zheng Tong Emperor Great Treasure Prince ofdharma after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court Karmapa hierarchs 1446 1415 Karma Kagyu to facilitate trade with Tibet in tea, horses, and salt tea, horses, and salt Sichuan to secure urgently needed horses oxen, horses, camels, sheep, fur products, medical herbs, Tibetan incenses, thangkas (painted scrolls), and handicrafts oxen, horses, camels, sheep, fur products, medical herbs, Tibetan incenses, thangkas the Ming a mandatory "cor Vée" tax Tibet Altan Khan Oira Mongol confederation's hegemony over the steppes the Ming dynasty Altan Khan 14th century November 1378 30,000 200,000 the Ming general Qu Neng recovery of the Ordos region Mongols Ming China was designed to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes weak and politically fragmented Tibet after the Sakya regime had fallen after the Sakya regime had fallen the fifth Karmapa Tibetan lamas Phagmodrup 1498 New Years ceremonies and prayers 1518 1505–1521 lamas Mikyö Dorje Chinese writers China's intervening Ming dynasty 13th century 18th century Qing Chinese central government Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans the Republic of China and its Communist successors California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco Mongols patron and priest 13th century Ming dynasty 1981 Mingshi central government of China 1521–1567 Daoism Tibetan lamas Yang Ticchia Yang Tingwei Mongols Neo-Confucian Portuguese embassy of Fernão Pires de Andrade Tibetan Buddhism and lamas Jiajing the Kokonor region Ming Chinese Ming 1571 Gelug—Söam Gyatso shamanism and blood sacrifice Mongol princes and subjects Gelug Buddhism Dalai Lama the unique fusion of religious and political power Dahan Khan Altan Khan 5th Dalai Lama 1642 Sonam Gyatso Altan Khan the Ming Chinese official Zhang Ju Zheng Zhang Ju Zheng Mongolia pay tribute pay tribute Dorychang orvajoradhar Dalai Lama fifth Dalai Lama fifth Dalai Lama the title " Master ofvajoradhar" and an official seal by the Wanli Emperor in 1516 Yonten Gyatso 1516 Yonten Gyatso his predecessor he died before being able to make the journey a Mongol leader in 1642, the Ming emperors "viewed with apparent unconcept of Tibet and "fill once more the political vacuum in that country." old vassal of Tibet 1642 Ming court 1565 Karma Phuntsak Namyal 1611–1611 the Karmapa The fourth Dalai Lama Mongol prince Güshi Khan protector Amdo and Kham regions Amdo 1642 Lozang Gyatso conquest of Tibet the Dalai Lama Sonam Chöpel Güshi Khan Li Zicheng the Dalai Lama was very observant of what was going on in China and accepted a Manchu invitation in 1640 to send envoys to their capital at Mukden in 1640 to send envoys to their capital at Mukden in 1640 Shunzhi Dzungar Mongols Kangxi Emperor 1720 1751 1751 Apple Inc October 23, 2001 three multi-purpose pocket computers touchscreen 2001 Apple Inc three the ultra- compact iPod Shuffle 2015 external data storage devices 2 GB 2 GB iPod Shuffle iPod Shuffle 2 GB 128 GB Apple's iTunes software Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows Apple software separate apps named "Music" and "Video" are standardized across all iOS-powered products iPhone the iPod Touch 2010 Music" and "Video" A8 sixth the upgraded A8 processor and higher-quality screen 2015 A8 5 2001 2001 Tony Fadell and Michael Dhuey Braun T3 transistor radio 5 GB hard drive 2001 5 GB "big and clunky or small and useless" with user interfaces that were "unbelievably awful Jon Rubinstein Tony Fadell and Michael Dhuey Podium Sans Podium Sans 2007 serif Steve Jobs Portal Player's reference platform Podium Sans 2006 Irish rock band U2 silver an exclusive video with 33 minutes of interviews and performance Irish rock band U2 silver 2006 Bursat.com Kane Kramer UK 1981 ixi a patent for a similar device that was developed in 1979 Kane Kramer Kane Kramer Vinnie Chieco freelance copywriters A Space Odyssey Vinnie Chieco 2005 A Space Odyssey Vinnie Chieco Joseph N. Grasso mid-2015 Pierre Dandumont 12.3 12.3 Pierre Dandumont weak bass response high-impedance high-pass filter low-frequency high-pass filter bass sound R&B, Rock, acoustic, and Bass Builder the equalizer amplified the digital audio level beyond the software's limit 2006 R&B, Rock, acoustic, and Bass Builder hearing loss EU maximum volume output level is limited to 100 dB in EU markets France 100 dB France FireWire to update songs or recharge the battery FireWire third a 30-pin dock connector fifth-generation fourth-generation a single 3.5 mm minijack phone connector third The second-, third-, and fourth-generation iPod Shuffle The second-, third- and fourth-generation iPod Shuffle USB cables Hi-Fi Belkin and Griffin dock connector the implementation of the interface requires paying royalties to Apple Belkin and Griffin iPod Hi-Fi iPhone 5, the fifth generation iPod Touch, and the seventh generation iPod nano iPhone 5, the fifth generation iPod Touch, and the seventh generation iPod nano on both sides of the plug on both sides of the plug both sides iPhone 5, the fifth generation iPod Touch, and the seventh generation iPod nano the fifth generation iPod nano iPod Hi-Fi iPod Hi-Fi Griffin Technology, Belkin, JBK, Bose, Monster Cable, and sendstation radio tuners, wired remote controls, and audio/visual cables Griffin Technology, Belkin, JBK, Bose, Monster Cable, and sendstation Apple Scion 2005 Scion Mercedes-Benz Scion JVC, Pioneer, Kenwood, Alpine, Sony, and Harman Kardon FM transmitters audio input jacks personal FM transmitters input jacks United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates the free service will allow passengers to power and charge an iPod, and view video and music libraries on individual seat-back displays United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates 2007 Apple Lossless iPod photo a converter for MPEG files without Digital Rights Management (DRMB) is provided with the Windows version of iTunes Digital Rights Management Mac OS Oggvorbis and FLAC iPod photo one anything added or edited entire music libraries or music Playlists five 3rd-generation iPod Shuffle, the 6th & 7th generation iPod nano, and iPod Touch the actual player a 3.5 touch screen along with a home button, sleep/wake button and (on the second and third generations of the iPod Touch) volume-up and -down buttons iPhone five iPod Shuffle a 3.5 touch screen along with a home button, sleep/wake button and (on the second and third generations of the iPod Touch) volume-up and -down buttons April 29, 2003 an online media store run by Apple October 12, 2005 October 12, 2005 2003 2005 September 12, 2006 the AAC format with added encryption Up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of iPods iTunes Plus January 6, 2009 April 2009 the AAC format with added encryption FairPlay iTunes Plus 2009 eMusic or Amie Street eMusic or Amie Street DRIM Universal Music Group iTunes Store 2007 The Beat Goes On September 5, 2007 2007 iPhone various versions of iPods easter egg hidden feature Apple's co-founder Steve Wzoriak Parachute, Socards, and Music Mystery easter egg Brick Parachute, Soquette, and Music Mystery 2006 7, compatible with the fifth generation iPod with iPod software 1.2 or later 6th and 5th 5th and 4th 2006 fifth Namco, Square Enix, Electronic Arts, Sega, and Hudson Soft video game handheld console market GamePro and E GM .iPG files disguise software development kit iPod Touch .iPG files iPod Touch and iPhone not publicly released a software development kit (SDK) for iPod-specific development transfer media alternative third-party applications the files are playable and viewable DRIM protected media 7 and above hidden host copying the files or files 2005 patent infringement Sony, RealNetworks, Napster, and Musicmatches Ho Keung Tse Advanced Audio devices Apple's FairPlay rotational user inputs August 2005 Creative Technology Zen Patent United States International Trade Commission rotational user inputs Creative Technology August 24, 2006 US$100 million Made for iPod program US$100 million Made for iPod program over 90% of the market for hard drive-based players and over 70% of the market for all types of players October 2004 72.7% Bloomberg Online 90% over 90% 74% July 2005 Hewlett-Packard Hewlett-Packard 5% unfavourable Hewlett-Packard one-hundred millionth 32% Mac computers US$5.2 billion 2007 32% US$24.02 billion with US$3.5 billion in profits 19.22% US$3.5 billion US$15.5 billion 26% January 22, 2008 US$1.58 billion 42% 42% Peter Oppenheimer 2009 14.21% 220 million 2013 fourth favorable Sony Ericsson andMotorola CD copy-protection schemes, and mobile phones PC World Sony Ericsson andMotorola PC World to train new staff to train new staff Royal and Western Infirmaries Glasgow, Scotland Duke University Entertainment Weekly Duke University Entertainment Weekly the end of the album Era music digital music storage album Era 14 hours of music playback class action lawsuits 2003 the battery charges lasted for shorter lengths of time than stated 30 GB third-party vendors worn-out batteries lithium-ion batteries worn-out batteries worn-out batteries battery replacement program US$99 soldering tools Fifth 2003 US$99 Fifth generation iPods a flawed battery used by Apple from a single battery manufacturer Apple product replacement program short life- span and fragile hard drives MacIntouch usually above 20% late 2005 protective sleeves failure rates for iPods employing hard drives was usually above 20% while those with flash memory had a failure rate below 10% the surface The Mail The Mail 25% The Mail 35% Electronic Industry Code of conduct implementation Group Electronic Industry Code of conduct implementation Group Foxconn Longhua, Shenzhen Foxconn Verité 2006 2009 an Apple prototype went missing 2010 lower skilled U.S. retail employees or overseas manufacturing labor HFS+ HFS+ action- adventure GameCube and Wii home video game consoles November 2006 November 2005 Nintendo 2005 2006 Midna Hyrule Midna Midna Midna The Wind Wakaer Game of the Year awards Nintendo Selects March 2016 Twilight Princess several 2006 2016 combat, exploration, and item collection The Legend of Zda projectile-based weapons sword and shield the Hookshot action- adventure The Legend of Zda a bow and arrows, a boomerang, bombs, and the Clawshot L-targeting talking, opening doors, and pushing, pulling, and throwing objects The on-screen display shows what action, if any, the button will trigger, determined by the situation targeting an object or enemy, or place the rock on the ground if he is standing still context-sensitive button The on-screen display The Wii version of the game makes use of the motion sensors and built-in speaker of the Wii Remote a bowstring The Wii version of the game makes use of the motion sensors and built-in speaker of the Wii Remote the motion sensors and built-in speaker of the Wii Remote two motion sensors and built-in speaker of the Wii Remote The speaker nine enemies a large overworld a large overworld a boss at the end in order to obtain an item or otherwise advance the plot boss a large overworld the void that corrupts parts of Hyrule dodging attacks Poes the player can see and listen to the wandering spirits of those affected by the Twilight, as well as hunt for enemy ghosts named Poes riding Epone a wolf a small imp-like creature enemy ghosts artificial intelligence The Wind Wakaer react artificial intelligence Link nods and facial expressions Midna Akira Kōmoto Japanese remains silent in conversation, but Gruns when attacking or injured and gasps when surprised nods and facial expressions Midna Akira Kōmoto ranch hand in Ordon Village carry off the village's children with Link in pursuit before he encounters a wall of Twilight A Shadow Beast Tears of Light Ordon Village Bulblins tears of Light Fused Shadows, fragments of a relic containing powerful dark magic Zant Master Sword Zant another source Fused Shadows, fragments of a relic containing powerful dark magic Zant Master Sword Zant Shadow Crystal within the Gerudo Desert, the only known gateway between the Twilight Realm and Hyrule Twilight Realm and Hyrule Hyrule Castle Zant The Sages there explain that Zant tried to destroy it, but Link defeats him and Midna is able to resurrect Zant The Sages there explain that Zant tried to destroy it, but he was only able to shatter it into fragments Midna Ganodorp a beast Mirror of Twilight Ordon Village Zda and the Light Spirits Master Sword Link and Zeda Link and Zeda Midna's helleni Mirror of Twilight 2003 Game Developers Conference North American market horseback combat 2003 Eiji Aonuma horseback combat four months Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004 NintendoDS Aonuma's team managed to present realistic horseback riding,[l] which Nintendo later revealed to present realistic horseback riding,[l] which Nintendo later revealed to present realistic horseback riding,[l] which Nintendo later 2004 a wolf The Minih Cap for the Game Boy Advance Revolution Aonuma Takano Wii Remote pointing-based 2005 Aonuma 2005 GameCube E3 2005 Twilight Princess E3 2005 a swinging gesture British publication GNC Magazine the Wii controller 2006 a month GNC Magazine E3 2006 a right-handed swing to control a left-handed sword attack sword Aonuma right-handed "forcing" users to adapt, instead of making the system intuitie and easy to use Minegizumi Twilight Princess Michiru Ōshima Michiru Ōshima Michiru Ōshima Michiru Ōshima live Both six- and seven-track versions of the game's soundtrack were released on November 19, 2006, as part of a Nintendo Power promotion and bundled with replicas of the Master Sword and the Hylian Shield November 19, 2006 Nintendo Power promotion Media requests at the trade show November 19, 2006 Nintendo Power promotion buffer flood vulnerability executable and Linkable Format Twilight Hack Twilight Hack 3.3 and 3.3 4.0 Moltalus Media Wii U November 12, 2015 March 5, 2016 The Legend ofzelda: Twilight Princess HD Moltalus Media for the Wii U enhanced graphics and Amiiba functionality March 4, 2016 Wolf Link Amiibe figureine Link and Toon Link Zda and Sheik Wolf Link "Cave of Shadows" a Wolf Link Amiibe figureine "Cave of Shadows" Link and Toon Link Zda and Sheik Japan, Europe, and Australia 20 Japan, Europe, and Australia A CD perfect scores GameRankings and Metacritic GameTrailers perfect scores from major publications such as 1UP.com, Computer and Video Games, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar, and GameSpy 1UP.com, Computer and Video Games, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar, and GameSpy 95% and 95 GameTrailers 1UP.com, Computer and Video Games, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar, IGN and The Washington Post Jeff Gerstmann Gamespot Cubed3 GameCube IGN and GameSpy Gaming Motorola Hyper's Kevin Glimpton GameCube 16th in Official Nintendo Magazine's list of the 100 Greatest Nintendo Games of All Time Official Nintendo Magazine's list of the 100 Greatest Nintendo Games of All Time third-best IGN and Nintendo Power Best Console Game 16th 4th-best PAL region 5.82 million copies 1.32 million PAL region 5.82 million 1.32 million Akira Himesawa Japan Shogokukan's MangaOne mobile application publisher Shohōkan's MangaOne mobile application Eon Productions Daniel Craig his fourth performance as James Bond Skyfall $ 245 million twenty-fourth a budget around $ 245 million fourth Metro- Goldwyn-Mayer and Columbia Pictures Sam Mendes James Bond characters, including M, Q and Eve Moneypenny return, with the new additions of Léa Seydoux as Dr. Madeleine Swann, Dave Bauista as Mr. Hinx, Andrew Scott as Max Denbigh and Monica Bellucci as Lucia Sciarra Eon Productions film James Bond characters, including M, Q and Eve Moneypenny return, with the new additions of Léa Seydoux as Dr. Madeleine Swann, Dave Bauista as Mr. Hinx, Andrew Scott as Max Denbigh and Monica Bellucci as Lucia Sciarra Dave Bauista Lucia Sciarra M, Q and Eve Moneypenny Léa Seydoux Dave Bauista 1971 26 October 2015 Royal Albert Hall in London 6 November 2015 action sequences and cinematography Best Original Song Skyfall "Writing's on the Wall" Day of the dead M, who is in the midst of a power struggle with C, the head of the privately-backed Joint Intelligence Service, consisting of the recently merged MI5 and MI6 C, the head of the privately-backed Joint Intelligence Service, consisting of the recently merged MI5 and MI6 Nine Eyes Garheral Mallory Day of the dead MI5 and MI6 an assassin who survived the attack Rome a criminal organisation to which her husband belonged Franz Oberhausen a spectre assassin Oberhausen, who was presumed dead years earlier Rome Franz Oberhausen Mr. Hinx Oberhausen thallium poisoning Dr. Madeline Swann dying of thallium poisoning L' Américain Tangier thallium poisoning Dr. Madeline Swann Tangier Hinx the nearest station, but are once again confronted by Hinx; they engage in a fight throughout the train in which Mr Hinx is eventually thrown off the train by Bond with Swann's assistance his father, Hannes, became his temporary guardian Ernststavro Blofeld Ernststavro Blofeld on the way, the group is ambushed and Bond is kidnapped, but the rest still proceed with the plan M, Bill Taner, Q, and Moneypenny the bridge with Swann M and C ends with the latter falling to his death Q a brief struggle between M and C ends with the latter falling to his death SPecial Executive for Counter-intelligence, Terrorism, Revenge and Extortion Ian Fleming and Kevin McClory 1963 Never Say Never Again Never Say Never Again 1963 Never Say Never Again Thunderball Danjaq, LLC "spectre" Eon Productions 2013 Eon Productions the acquisition of the film rights and the organisation's re-introduction to the series' continuity Danjaq Sony Pictures Entertainment Sony Pictures Entertainment John Logan Eon Productions November 2014 John Logan Eon Productions Christoph Waltz 1983 Neal Purvis and Robert Wade Quantum organisation Octosquirt Charmian Bond The Living Daylights collection Christoph Waltz Quantum of solace Quantum of Solarce The Hildebrand Rarity Kingsley Amis The Hildebrand Rarity For Your Eyes Only the title character of Kingsley Amis' continuation novel Colonel Sun Hildebrand Rarities and antiques December 2014 Daniel Craig Daniel Craig Daniel Craig Rory Kinnear fourth Rory Kinnear Rory Kinnear and Ben Whishaw Franz Oberhausen Christoph Waltz Monica Bellucci Casino Royale fifty Bénénice Lim Marlene Casino Royale over fifteen hundred extras Alessandro Cremona Stephanie Sigman February 2015 Mexico Austria Alessandro Cremona Estar John Glen Dennis Gassner Roger Deakins The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill Skyfall John Glen sixth London, Mexico City and Rome Kodak 35 mm film stock Pinewood Studios, and around London, with scenes variously featuring Craig and Harris at Bond's flat, and Craig and Kinnear travelling down the River Thames seven months Kodak 35 mm film stock Kodak 35 mm film stock December 2014 December 2014 Sölden knee Ice Q Restaurant Austrian Alps the Ötztal Glacier Road Aston Martin DB10 and a jaguar C-X75 Formula One racing team Williams Formula One racing team four independent electric engines Oxfordshire Ponti Sisto bridge Aston Martin DB10 and a jaguar C-X75 Williams jaguar Mexico City Day of the dead Zócalo and the Centro Histórico district 1,500 Zócalo and the Centro Histórico district Day of the dead a helicopter flown by stunt pilot Chuck Aaron, which called for modifications to be made to several buildings to prevent damage Zócalo and the Centro Histórico district New York 22 April New York Westminster and Lambeth Bridges The London Fire Brigade Thames Vauxhall Cross Westminster and Lambeth Bridges The London Fire Brigade Covent Garden a speedboat as well as a low flying helicopter near Westminster Bridge Oujada, Tangier and Er Foud Largest film stunt explosion Chris Corbould 128 days Morocco Largest film stunt explosion 128 Chris Corbould $20 million Michael G. Wilson Mexico City India Thomas Newman 23 October 2015 Decca Records Thomas Newman Decca Records once the film had moved into post-production July 2015 "Writing's on the Wall" one Writing's on the Wall Sam Smith 25 September 2015 The English band Radiohead Shirley Bassey Radiohead Radiohead Shirley Bassey Radiohead Aston Martin and Eon eight Williams F1 promotional work only 10 being produced especially for spectre as a celebration of the 50th anniversary of the company's association with the franchise the007 logo clapperboards and video blogs Skyfall's production of releasing still images of clapperboards and video blogs Eon Eon Comic Relief's Red Nose Day BBC One October March 2015 Comic Relief's Red Nose Day David Wallians and the Dawson Brothers Royal Albert Hall 26 October 2015 Paramount Pictures Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation The UK it received a wider release than Skyfall, with a minimum of 643 cinemas including 40 IMAX screens, compared to Skyfall's 587 locations and 21 IMAX screens. $879.3 million $199.8 million $138.1 million £6.3 million ($63.8 million) The Dark Knight Avengers £6.3 million ($9.2 million) The Dark Knight avatar The Dark Knight France $4.8 million Spider-Man 3 $ 8.2 million Spider-Man 3 Minions $17.1 million $17.1 million $70–75 million IMAX $9.1 million 6 November 2015 12 November 198% $12.1 million $15 million Mission: Iimpossible – Rogue Nation $84.7 million 60 out of 100 60 out of 100 64% Audiences 64% 60 out of 100 Mark Kermode Peter Bradshaw seven out of five stars, observing that the film did not live up to the standard set by Skyfall, but was able to tap into audience expectations four out of five Scott Mendelson Mick LaSalle 100 The 24th movie about the British MI6 agent with a license to kill Christopher Orr Bored, James Bored The Washington Post "Bored, James Bored." Indian Central Board of Film certification Facebook Craig spring 2016 spring 2016 2008 Great Sichuan earthquake 69,198 2008 8.0 Ms and7.9 Mw May 12 06:006:00 PM China Standard Time 69,198 Beijing and Shanghai 19 km (12 mi) 1,500 km (930 mi) and 1,700 km (1,060 mi) away Wenchuan County Wenchuan County, Sichuan 80 kilometres (50 mi) west-northwest 19 km (12 mi) 69,198 69,198 4.7 million 15 million 1 trillion RMB 68.636 376,176 18,222 4.7 million 11 million Wenchuan County, Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture around 2 minutes 80% 8.0 Ms and7.9 Mw around 2 minutes 80% Longmenshan fault the border of the Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate 120 sec 10 km Longmenshan Yingxi-Beichuan fracture 80 sec 9 meters April 30, 2008 1972 a confidential written report the possible occurrence of a significant earthquake in Ngawa Prefecture region of Sichuan around May 8, with a range of 10 days before or after the quake May 8, with a range of 10 days before or after the quake a correlation between the occurrence of droughts and earthquakes reports predicting the earthquake up to 9 meters along a fault approximately 240 km long by 20 km deep Tom Parsons up to 9 meters along a fault approximately 240 km long by 20 km deep 240 km 20 km northeastern and southwestern ends a major M >7 aftershock over 6,000 the seismic waves of the quake traveled a long distance without losing their power because of the firmness of the terrain in central China 155-mile Longmenshan Fault shallowness of the epicenter 30 times firmness of the terrain in central China Between 64 and 104 major aftershocks, ranging in magnitude from 4.0 to 6.1, were recorded within 72 hours of the main quake 72 hours of the main quake August 5, 2008 Between 64 and 104 42,721 6.4 MS 246 August 5, 2008 August 30, 2008 southern Sichuan it was caused by a different fault Panzhihua earthquake southern Sichuan 6.1 The Ms 6.1 earthquake ECA XI very destructive using the modified Mercall intensity scale (CC) also placed maximum intensity at XI, "very disastrous" Wenchuan eastern border of the Tibetan Plateau 3.5 metres (11 ft) vertical 19 mi 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) vertical 2.3 metres (7 ft 7 in) horizontal Tibetan Plateau Longmen Shan Fault System 3.5 metres 3.5 metres (11 ft) vertical, 3.5 metres (11 ft) horizontal-perpendicular to the fault 4.6 metres Shanghai's financial district "calm" 10 minutes Chengdu S Huangli International Airport May 12 evacuated Chengdu S Huangli International Airport disruption in air traffic services staging area for relief operations Chengdu Beijing Hui County, Gansu carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in Hui County, Gansu, and caught on fire after the rail was distorted cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas office towers downtown Hui County, Gansu carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in Hui County, Gansu, and caught on fire after the rail was distorted All 80% Shifeng 60 All of the highways into Wenchuan, and others throughout the province, were damaged, resulting in delayed arrival of the rescue troops delayed arrival 80% the collapse of two chemical plants 60 southwestern China Copper rose over speculations that production in southwestern China may be affected, and oil prices dropped over speculations that demand from China would fall Copper rose suspended trading of companies based in southwestern China southwestern China Copper Shenzhen Stock Exchange mobile and terrestrial internet after the earthquake event, mobile and terrestrial telecommunications were cut to the affected and surrounding area, with all internet capabilities cut to the Sichuan area too mobile and terrestrial telecommunications Sichuan area government piece mobile and terrestrial telecommunications major news and media websites 2,300 700 2,300 severe telecommunication traffic congestion Half China Unicom 700 Wotong National Nature Reserve around 280 31 two breeding center Six Five Mao Mao Zipingpu Hydropower Plant 20 km 2,000 387 Zipingpu Hydropower Plant 20 km east The Zipingpu Hydropower Plant The Tlong reservoir 387 69,180 69,180 18,498 376,176 158 69,180 69,180 18,498 376,176 repair roads 2,300 Wenchuan County about 9,000 3,000 to 5,000 10,000 2,300 about 9,000 3,000 to 5,000 10,000 Eight Health care Gao Qiang public health care system in China is insufficient earthquake hit an area that has been largely neglected and untouchd by China's economic rise Sichuan insufficient medical treatment thousands seven 1,700 7,000 700 shoddy construction seven 1,700 7,000 600 December 2008 May 7, 2009 5,337 545 May 7, 2009 Ai Weiwei 5,337 545 from fertility clinics to reverse vasectomyes and tubal ligations conducted by family planning authorities 5 million 5 million 12.5 million 60 million 5 million 5 million Millions 60 million Reginald DesRoches civil and environmental engineering 1976 massive damage of properties and houses in the earthquake area was because China did not create an adequate seismic design code until after the devastating 1976 Tangshan earthquake an international reconnaissance team of engineers was dispatched to the region to make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake engineers a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake poorer, rural villages Simamsathan Krishnan rural the earthquake occurred in the rural part of China strong any regulations overseeing them US$75 billion major damage from the quake US$75 billion the earthquake five largest more than 420,000 homes and injured 63 people 6.0 Mw (6.4 Ms according to FEA) hit northeast of the original earthquake's epicenter 63 thousands of buildings 63 blocking roads in the area including a national highway Wei Hong 200,000 1.93 million 1,300 Wei Hong more than 90,000 200,000 685,000 1.93 million Premier Wen Jiabo geo mechanics rescue work 50,000 90 minutes ten 50,000 close proximity of the quake's epicenter Level II emergency contingency plan the most serious class of natural disasters May 12 The National Disaster Relief Commission natural Level I National Disaster Relief Commission 184 12 12 12 people (consisting of 12 people from the State Seismological Bureau, 150 from the Beijing Military Area Command, and 22 from the Armed Police General Hospital) left Beijing from Nanyuan Airport late May 12 in two military transport planes to travel to Wenchuan County military transport planes 184 150 the Armed Police General Hospital two military transport planes a close analysis Book Blade China Digital Times Book Blade Children's Day relief centres performed ceremonies marking the special day, but also acknowledging the earthquake The surviving children, who were mostly living in relief centres, performed ceremonies marking the special day, but also acknowledging the earthquake June 1, 2008 relief centres more than $46.6 million 10 million yuan more than $46.6 million 10 million yuan $457 million 19 four Saudi Arabia €40,000,000 $457 million Saudi Arabia four counterpart support plan 3 years counterpart support plan one province to one affected county 3 years no less than one percent The government had dis regarded warnings about so many large-scale dam projects in a seismically active area. Zipingpu Dam "25 times more" than a year's worth of natural stress from tectonic movement The government seismically active access to seismological and geological data to examine the cause of the quake further opportunities for researchers to retrofit data the time of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake with an accuracy of ±1 day time prediction method statistics on geomagnetism with tidal gravitational potential earthquake prediction was a global issue no proven methods exist, and that no prediction notification was received before the earthquake global no prediction notification he also did not see anything that could be regarded as having 'predicted' the earthquake's occurrence 2002 Chen Xuezhong Chen Xuezhong 2002 earthquake with a magnitude of over 7.0 occurring in Sichuan region 30 years 30 years there was no consensus within the scientific community that earthquake "prediction" is possible quake, experts and the general public sought information on whether or not studying statistics related to the quake Earthquake prediction Taiwan Fire Department from Taiwan over 300 traffic problem to the hardest hit areas closest to the epicenter donating cash instead of other items, as it had not been possible to reach roads that were completely damaged or places that were blocked off by landslides traffic problem the ethnically Tibetan village of Sier Persistent heavy rain and landslides 20 15,600 3,000 15 Persistent heavy rain and landslides in Wenchuan County and the nearby area badly affected rescue efforts 20 15,600 3,000 9,000 the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters 60 30 over 150 over 150 60 were to be provided by the civil aviation industry, bringing the total of number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force, army, and civil aviation to over 150, resulting in the largest non-combat airlifting operation in People's Liber the civil aviation industry relief operations Tzu Chi Foundation Taiwan May 13 Tzu Chi international help to Cope with the quake to Cope with the quake China Airlines 19:00 May 16 sending some 100 tons of relief supplies donated by the Tzu Chi Foundation and the Red Cross Society of Taiwan to the affected areas Taiwan Taiyuan International Airport Chengdu Sichuanli International Airport Mandarin Airlines Chengdu satellite images of the quake-stricken areas with Chinese authorities Chinese authorities 135,000 May 16, satellite images of the quake-stricken areas tents and generators 135,000 The Internet an online rescue request center to find the blind spots of disaster recovery the epicenter area in Wenchuan The Internet Xinhua student contact information for victims and evacuees May 31, raise money for the survivors of the quake sealed ruins of the Beichuan county seat three days a moment of silence as people across the nation remembered the dead sealed ruins concerts the terrible disaster blood China Unicom and China Mobile all over mainland China the earthquake, donations were made by people from all over mainland China, with booths set up in schools, at banks, and around gas stations booths set up in schools, at banks, and around gas stations to accounts set up by China Unicom and China Mobile $159 million 30,000 2,500 788,000 yuan Wenchuan County 30,000 Red Cross Society of China US$143,000 30,000 those left homeless Amity Foundation over 7,000 Chinese citizens have since invented a catch phrase the one-child policy, many families lost their only child when schools in the region collapsed during the earthquake over 7,000 toxin-tregs schoolhouses legal replacements a special four-hour program a wide range of entertainment, literary, business and political figures from mainland China, Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan 1.5 billion Chinese Yuan $1.58 million Promise The Giveing of Love 1.5 billion Chinese Yuan Television $1.58 million Promise China's openness during the media coverage of the Sichuan earthquake foreign aid China's openness during the media coverage of the Sichuan earthquake Los Angeles Times Cyclone Nargis quake lakes 34 28 7.9 large landslides quake lakes 34 entire villages Mount Tangjia in Beichuan County, Sichuan by foot or air a sluice was constructed to allow the safe discharge of the bottlenecked water more than 200,000 dam bursting Mount Tangjia in Beichuan County, Sichuan Beichuan County, Sichuan 1,200 the quake victims national mourning for the quake victims Mao Zedong May 19, 2008 Cars and trucks on Beijing's roads three-day The Ningbo organizing Committee of the Beijing Olympic torch Relay Ningbo The Ningbo organizing Committee of the Beijing Olympic torch Relay Ningbo The route of the torch through the country was scaled down, and there was a minute of silence when the next leg started in city of Rujin, Jiangxi on the Wednesday after the quake the next leg started in city of Rujin, Jiangxi on the Wednesday after the quake black and white all advertisements Chinese servers for World of Wlizzard burst out cheering various strategys, including " Long Live China" Casinos Ye Zhiping proactive action 2,323 400,000 yuan Sangzao Middle School Sangzao An County three safety checks were to be carried out at schools across China after last month's earthquake safety checks Chinese proscutions professional crime schools across China Reuters money riot police officers Beijing and Sichuan sign a document, which forbade them from holding protests, in exchange of money, but some who refused to sign were threatened money threatened school collapses Liu Shakun he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of violent subversion Sichuan school teacher suspicion of the crime of insulting subversion put them online "the shoddy fuku-drygs buildings” collapsed school buildings, and put them online 2007 2007 massive casualties in schools China formally requested the support of the international community to respond to the needs of affected families condolences and assistance May 14, UNICEF the magnitude of the quake, and the media attention on China, foreign nations and organizations immediately responded to the needs of affected families $26 million $26 million 10.7 billion yuan Ministry of Civil Affairs Yao Ming $26 million swift and very efficient openness uncharacteristic openness 10 days International Federation of the Red Cross live earthquake footage earthquake footage Channel V Myanmar's ruling military junta school construction scandal response to the quake cutting corners in school construction children lost in collapsed schools complained they had yet to receive any reports poorly built schools The state-controlled media propaganda bureau The state-controlled media builders cut corners by replacing steel rods with thin iron wires for concrete re-inforcement thin iron wires agencies corrupt government officials many families who lost their only child arrest the Times their only child New York City New York New York New York New York City New York City five 1898 8,495,078 distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles (790 km2) 305 square miles 23.6 million five Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island 1898 8,495,078 800 New Amsterdam Dutch Republic 1790 1664 1785 1624 1626 1664 1790 56 million 470 Financial District of Lower Manhattan 120 New York Stock Exchange and NYSE Staten Island Wisconsinan glaciation the ice sheet Lenapehoking 1524 Nouvelle Angoulême La Dauphine French Nouvelle Angoulême 1524 La Dauphine France 1525 Estãovão Gomes Portuguese Emperor Charles V Rio de San Antonio Rio de San Antonio Padrón Real Henry Hudson Dutch East India Company 1614 ten Mauritis River Dutch East India Company 1614 Henry Hudson Santo Domingo of Portuguese and African descent Jan Rodríguezs Dominican trader 218th Street the winter of 1613–1624 Juan Rodríguez 218th Street Manhattan Island Manhattan Island 1725 Peter minuit 2006 1624 1725 $24 worth of glass beads New York New York Peter Stuyvesant Director-General of the colony of New Netherland 1664 Peter Stuyvesant King William III August 24, 1673 New Orange 1674 Anthonio Colve England King William III Second Anglo-Dutch War 200 Run 200 Second Anglo-Dutch War 42% South Carolina Foley Square a new federal courthouse near Foley Square New York 1990s 1735 Manhattan 1754 King George II King's College in Lower Manhattan John Peter Zenger 1754 New York Battle of Long Island Brooklyn August 1776 10,000 1776 Battle of Long Island Brooklyn 1783 September 11, 1776 Benjamin Franklin Great Fire of New York West Side of Lower Manhattan Trinity Church Lord Howe Great Fire of New York 1785 George Washington Federal Hall on Wall Street Federal Hall Philadelphia Congress of the Confederation Articles of Confederation 1789 1790 1799 New York Manumission Society Alexander Hamilton 1827 16,000 1799 1827 Commissioners' Plan 1825 Tammany Hall Irish 1825 Central Park 1857 landscaped park The Great Irish Famine Over 200,000 a quarter 25% revolutions had disrupted societies The Great Irish Famine Over 200,000 Fernando Wood $300 Irish working class 120 10,000 Colored Orphan Asylum 1898 1904 Richmond 1904 1904 1,021 TriangleShirtswaist Factory fire 1,021 International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union TriangleShirtswaist Factory fire 36, 620 Harlem Renaissance 36, 620 New York New York Fiorello La Guardia eighty megacity 1952 Paris abstract expressionism United Nations Headquarters Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan Greenwich Village June 28, 1969 Lower Manhattan a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan 2000 Census 2000 Census silicon Alley 1990s 1970s 1970s American Airlines Flight 11 Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 343 July 19, 1909 1,776 feet 1909 10 American Airlines Flight 11 September 17, 2011 Zuccetti Park Financial District of Lower Manhattan Financial District September 17, 2011 William F. Buckley, Jr. 1955 Donald Trump New York values Northeastern southeastern Boston Atlantic Ocean Hudson River Hudson River Atlantic Ocean Long Island, Manhattan, and Staten Island New Jersey Harlem River The Bronx River New York Bay Troy New Jersey The Bronx River The Harlem River Battery Park City 467.9 square miles 164.2 sq mi (425 km2) 304.8 sq mi Todt Hill Staten Island 467.9 square miles 164.2 sq mi (425 km2) 304.8 sq mi Todt Hill 409.8 Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House Brooklyn Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House Lower Manhattan 1656 the skyscraper at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan 5,937 New York City 550 completed structures 1913 over 50 completed skyscrapers taller than 656 feet Hong Kong 550 1931 Art Deco 61st Seagram Building New York State eagles 1931 1930 Bronx Brooklyn Queens 1930 Victorian architectural styles such as Tudor Revival and Victorian Great Fire of 1835 six Jackson Heights Stone and brick wooden roof-mounted water towers July 2014 four five Brokenlyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx 0 °C (32 °F) coldest month 234 2,535 a humid continental climate January humid subtropical 234 USDA 7b Plant Hardiness zone Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the Appalachians 32.6 °F (0.3 °C) 72% 17 days each summer February 9, 1934 −15 °F (−26 °C) February 9, 1934 1934 (1,270 mm) 25.8 inches October 29, 2012 99.9 inches (1,270 mm) Hurricane Sandy 25.8 National Park Service National Park Service National Park Service New York City New York City Minneapolis over 26,000 acres over 9,000 acres Fort Tilden Jacob Riis Park and Fort Tilden salt marsh, islands 26,000 National Park Service Grant's Tomb Greenwich Village modern gay rights movement National Park Service New York and New Jersey New Jersey Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village Grant's Tomb seven 28-acre 21 seven rises 69 feet 28,000 14 Pelham Bay Park 2,700 28,000 14 miles Pelham Bay Park 2,700 Fort Hamilton 1825 New York City North Atlantic Division of the United States Army Corps of Engineers North Atlantic Division of the United States Army Corps of Engineers Fort Hamilton 1825 New York City Staten Island 8,495,078 New York City 316,000 40% 40% 8,495,078 Los Angeles 40% 71,672 73,672 Hudson County 28.6% 0.7% Asians 28.6% 3 percent 44% Civil War Asians 12.7% 12 million Lower East Side Germans 92% Germans 12 million 92% Approximately 37% Dominican Republic 74,000 Dominican Republic Approximately 37% Queens Brooklyn 6.3% New York City 0.3% 2.7 million 550,000 201,000 65,000 New York City 2.7 million 20 million 1.5 million 20% 20 million 6 1.3 million South America Ecuador, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, and Brazil El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala Ecuador, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, and Brazil 567,905 June 24, 2011 30 567,905 June 24, 2011 30 59 approximately 1.1 million 1.1 million New York City Islam Catholicism Catholicism Brooklyn 24% Islam 0.5 for the city overall and 0.6 for Manhattan New York City Michael R. Bloomberg 4.6% $2, 749 $2, 749 New York City silicon Alley New York City 2014 2012 one out of ten private sector jobs in the city is with a foreign company FDi Magazine US$9148 billion US$1.1 billion $510 million $1,476 six Time Warner Center American office building Madison Avenue 180,000 $11 billion Omnicom Group 180,000 Madison Avenue 19,000 US$5 billion Brooklyn US$234 million Brooklyn Manhattan Choc Candy Godiva 163,400 5 percent 8.5 percent US$360,700 22 an average salary of US$360,700 Wall Street 165 Broadway $40 billion 19% British Bankers Association Lower Manhattan is the third-largest central business district in the United States and is home to the New York Stock Exchange, on Wall Street, and the NYSE, at 165 Broadway, representing the world's largest and second largest stock exchanges Wall Street over 500 million square feet 500 million square feet over 500 million square feet Manhattan 140 West Street US$3 billion 300,000 300,000 Technion-Israel Institute of Technology US$2 billion Roosevelt Island US$30 million 700,000 square feet Cornell Tech 51 million 54 million 56.4 million US$61.3 billion 56.4 million 54 million I Love New York 1977 New York State Empire State Development The song 1977 The song Greenwich Village Macy Rockefeller Center Summerstage Queens 90,000 10% Anbang Insurance Group US$1.97 billion The Anbang Insurance Group, based in China, purchased the Waldorf Astria New York for US$1.97 billion 90,000 Anbang Insurance Group US$1.97 billion 200 130,000 individuals, and generating an estimated $7.1 billion in direct expenditures, and by volume, New York is the world leader in independent film production 200 feature films New York City Sony Music Entertainment New York City Seven 25,000 The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times The Wall Street Journal 1919 Alexander Hamilton 200 More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city, and the publishing industry employs about 25,000 people Two The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times 1919 Comedy Central The City of New York operates a public broadcast service Comedy Central MTV, Fox News, CBS, Showtime, Bravo, Food Network, AMC, and Comedy Central Manhattan Neighborhood Network 1971 WNET WNET 1997 Manhattan Neighborhood Network 1971 WNET New York City Department of Education 1.1 million 1.1 million nine 1.1 million nine The New York City Charter School Center 900 over half million five five over half million over 120 The New York Public Library New York Public Library Queens Borough Public Library Queens Borough Public Library Manhattan The New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation (HHC) operates the public hospitals and clinics in New York City 11 $6.6 billion 1.4 million 475,000 1969 five Bellevue Hospital Ramanath Raju Bellevue Hospital Bellevue Hospital Ramanath Raju Illinois Ramanath Raju over 35,000 New York's Finest New York's Finest over 35,000 New York's Finest a far lower murder rate than other major American cities 75% Provo, Utah 2007 326 95.1% the Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards Five Famils Five Points Black Spades Tokyo Fire Department Tokyo Fire Department New York's Bravest New York City Fire Department New York City Fire Department 11,085 3,300 New York's Bravest tunnel with electrified track brush fires 9 Metrotech Center in Downtown Brooklyn Randalls Island Manhattan/Citywide, Brooklyn, and Staten Island Fire Communications 9 Metrotech Center Downtown Brooklyn Randalls Island 11 Metrotech Center 1940s 1970s Harlem Renaissance jazz abstract expressionism hip hop New York City New York fashion Week New York School New York fashion Week Global Language monitor 1880s 500 42nd Street George M. Cohan 2,000 electric lighting approximately US$1.25 billion The Great White Way US$1.25 billion 11.4% approximately US$1.25 billion worth of Tickets approximately US$1.25 billion worth of Tickets in the 2013–2014 season, an 11.4% increase from US$1.239 billion in the 2012–2014 season 24,000 4,000 nearly one thousand The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene one thousand 1882 MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field Madison Square Garden, its predecessor, as well as the original Yankee Stadium and Ebbets Field 1882 National Football League, Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, the National Hockey League, and Major League Soccer five over forty Baseball 35 Los Angeles, Chicago, Baltimore– Washington, and the San Francisco Bay Area two 14 73 two 14 Subway Series MetLife Stadium 2014 New York Giants MetLife Stadium East Rutherford, New Jersey XL VIII 2014 New Jersey Devils Newark Newark National Hockey League New Jersey Devils Brooklyn Nets and the New York Knicks New York Liberty 1938 New York Liberty National invitation Tournament 1938 New York Knicks the National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows- Corona Park, Queens Millrose Games The city is also considered the host of the Belmont Stakes, the last, longest and oldest of horse racing's Triple Crown races, held just over the city's border at Belmont Park on the first or second Sunday of June 1930 and 1939 Madison Square Garden Flushing Meadows- Corona Park United States Open Tennis Championships 37,867 Millrose Games Madison Square Garden stickball stickball Boulevard Bronx New York City Subway 470, and by length of routes Grand Central Station 1.75 billion Grand Central Station 38.4 54.6% 22% 54.6% 90% 38.4 22% 22% Port Authority Bus Terminal 7,000 200,000 Port Authority Bus Terminal John F. Kennedy International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, and La Guardia Airport John F. Kennedy International Airport JFL Newburgh 109 million The Staten Island Ferry 24 5.2-mile Lower Manhattan 20 million George Washington Bridge Verrazano-Narrows Bridge The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge 1903 George Washington Bridge Bergen County Verrazano-Narrows Bridge neo-Gothic 1903 Lincoln Tunnel 1927 1940 President Franklin D. Roosevelt 120,000 Hudson River Manhattan Island Lower Manhattan President Franklin D. Roosevelt over 200,000 200,000 8% Citibank Quinnipiac University Walk Score Catskill Mountains watershed Catskill Mountains US$3.2 billion 20% 20% north of the city is undergoing construction of a US$3.2 billion water purification plant to augment New York City's water supply by an estimated 290 million gallons daily, representing a greater than 20% addition to the city's current availability of water 51 four four years 51 Each term for the mayor and council members lasts four years and has a three consecutive-term limit The New York City Administrative Code four The Democratic Party 67% Barack Obama 1924 Calvin Coolidge The Democratic Party 67% 1924 five Democratic Party 43, 523 Roosevelt Island 127 225,000 one million one-fifth one-fifth one-fifth lead pollution from automobile exhaust broken windows theory Tom Wolfe New York's Baruch College Baruch College Iceland Upper West Side of Manhattan Upper West Side Union Square New York University Central Park SummerStage Upper East Side of Manhattan New York City 1959 2009 Upper East Side Brooklynese All in the Family Carpenter O'Sullivan The traditional New York area accent is characterized as non-rhotic, so that the sound [] does not appear at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonant New York City FC Yankee Stadium Harrison, New Jersey Pelé Hofstra University two-thirds 20 250 Laguardia Airport Pennsylvania Station West Side of Manhattan six The Staten Island Railway The Staten Island Railway Port Authority Trans-Hudson Second Avenue Subway 12,000 Manhattan Island the theater, finance, advertising, and fashion organizations the theater, finance, advertising, and fashion organizations the theater, finance, advertising, and fashion organizations Seventh Avenue rush hour southwestern northern Long Island the west end of the larger Long Island Manhattan Structural Expressionism cantilever architecture 3,715 28% 80% Hearst Tower Supreme Court 3.5-mile an estimated 30 million US gallons toxins metropolitan municipality with a mayor-council form of government 1898 the Second Department Manhattan the state Unified Court System Brooklyn the District Court for the Eastern District of New York Foley Square the District Court for the Eastern District of New York Manhattan Manhattan 10021 83 $11 billion $11 billion New York City Global Partner 2006 1960 Pulitzer Prize Harper Lee Harper Lee 1960 the author's observations of her family and neighbors United States Southern Gothic novel To Kill a Mockingbird involve racial injustice and the destruction of innocence American Deep South racial epithets Mary McDonough Murphy 2006 1962 1990 Robert Mullig Bible Horton Foote Robert Mullig Monroeville, Alabama February 2016 To Kill a Mockingbird Go Set a Watchman July 14, 2015 February 2016 Truman Capote 1950 reservation clerk for British Overseas Airways Corporation Monroeville 1926 Truman Capote Montgomery University of Alabama J. B. Lippincott Go Set a Watchman Therese von Hohoff Torrey To Kill a Mockingbird mental illness lawyer To Kill a Mockingbird July 11, 1960 two and a half years Reading's Digest Condensed Books Maycomb County three three children are terrified of, and excitated by, their neighbor, the reclusive Arthur " Boo" Radley a boy named Dill, who visits Maycomb to stay with his aunt each summer Maycomb, Alabama, the seat of Maycomb County Great Depression Jean Louise Finch Mayella Ewell Mayella Ewell Scout, Jess, and Dill Mayella and her father, Bob Ewell colored balcony colored balcony the hapless Tom is shot and killed while trying to escape from prison the defenseless Jess and Scout school Halloween pageant The mysterious man Bob Ewell The mysterious man Sheriff Tate fell on his own knife autobiography 1919 25 editor and publisher New York City 1960 Cold Blood Truman Capote an old Underwood typeWriter Lee's father gave them they wrote on an old Underwood type writer Lee's father gave them 10 years old Walter Lett Emmet till Civil Rights Movement display Southern prejudices Emmet till education, the justice system, and her own society satire, and irony effectively by using a child's perspective the church basement with the furnace Calpurnia laugh uproariously asleep during the Halloween pageant and makes atardiy entrance onstage Southern Gothic Gothic Atticus Miss Maudie several of race and class 1955 race relations white farmers excessive violence during an attempted escape from prison, shot seventeen times death poor white farmers who convicted him despite overwhelming evidence of his innocence seventeen a Rabid dog racial injustice Walter Cunningham Aunt Alexandria Walter Cunningham Jane Austen of South Alabama individual equally poor silence the voices that might challenge the existing order, and greatly complicate many Americans' conception of the causes of racism and segregation people's motives and behavior break herself of a morphine addiction Atticus courage Charles Shields Charles Shields human digny and respect for others Mayella Calpurnia and her neighbor Miss Maudie Calpurnia and her neighbor Miss Maudie Mrs. dubose a feminist in the South Bob Ewell Bob Ewell Mr. Dolophus Raymond Scout and Jess's childhood world, compromises and treaties are struck with each other by spitting on one's palm and laws Aunt Alexandria's "fantical" attempts to place her in them made her feel "a pink cotton dispensatiary closing in on [her] Songbirds Finch a mockingbird Uncle Jack other living creatures innocent and harmless Condensed Books Book of the month Club ten ten 30 million copies 30 million copies 40 Scout, Atticus, and Boo Alice Lee Scout, Atticus, and Boo To Kill a Mockingbird integrity 1997 Alabama State Bar creating Atticus who "has become the personification of the exemplary lawyer in serving the legal needs of the poor" 1963 21 1963 21 1966 a parent protested that the use of rape as a plot device was immoral The National Education Association Little Black Sando civil rights Uncle Tom's cabin Uncle Tom's cabin Archulus persons Truman Capote Alice Alice Alice 1961 41st 1962 1964 Pulitzer Prize 1964 2001 25 Richard M. Daley Richard M. Daley 25 University of Notre Dame George W. Bush November 5, 2007 University of Notre Dame George W. Bush 1962 Gregory Peck Gregory Peck pocketwatch Lee and Peck her father's pocketwatch grandson May 2005 She's like a national treasure Albert Murray 1990 Monroeville county courthouse grounds and townspeople the production moves into the Monroe County Courthouse UK Regent's Park Open Air Theatre Sergel July 14, 2015 1957 20 Tonja Carter Go Set a Watchman 1957 20 rape and racial inequality Atticus Finch Harper Lee has a remarkable gift of story-telling flashback all Southerners safety and comfort in the neighborhood Southern romantic regionalism fine folks The South itself, with its traditions and Taboos Tom Robinson someone with an inner goodness that must be Cherished Scout because every character has to face, or even suffer defeat The Chicago Sunday Tribune Granville Hicks Flanery O'Sullivan William Faulkner Jane Austen Allen Barra Ajayi Calpurnia black students poor rural "white garb" racial cognitive dissonance an act of protest Harper Lee herself refused to attend any performances, because "she abhor anything that trades on the book's fame" Scoutingbird groupies Sun solar solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis radiant light and heat from the Sun 174,000 30% 3.5 to 7.0 174,000 30% 150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3.5 to 7.0 kW/m2 per day clouds, oceans and land masses 71% 14 °C photosynthesis 71% Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises which rain onto the Earth's surface, completeing the water cycle The latent heat of water condensation photosynthesis green approximately 3,750,000 one year 3,000 one year about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earth's non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined approximately 3,000 EJ per year in biomass coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined the Sun in a direct or indirect way either passive or active depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight geothermal and tidal in a direct or indirect way passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies photovoltaics, concentrated solar power, solar thermal collectors, pumps, and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs photovoltaics, concentrated solar power, solar thermal collectors, pumps, and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs convert sunlight into useful outputs reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies Frank Shuman 1908 1912 U.S. inventor, engineer and solar energy pioneer 1897 low-pressure water 1908 1912 Maadi, Egypt 22,000 1970s Maadi, Egypt parabolic troughs Nile River the outbreak of World War I and the discovery of cheap oil in the 1930s 1970s 60 °C sunlight 60 to 70% evacuated tube collectors un glazed plastic collectors 154 thermal gigawatt Israel and Cyprus approximately 154 thermal gigawatt China 90% United States, Canada and Australia 30% 30% (4.7 EJ/yr) 50% Solar heating, cooling and ventilation technologies Thermal mass any material that can be used to store heat stone, cement and water absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night climate, daylighting and shading conditions heating and cooling equipment passive solar ventilation system thermal chimney a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building using glazing and thermal mass materials in a way that mimics greenhouses climates with significant heating loads Deciduous trees and plants 1/3 to 1/2 they will interfere with winter solar availability the equator facing side 1767 315 °C (699 °F) and above cooking, drying and pasteurization box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers Horace de Saussure 90–150 °C direct light 114 more cost-effective parabolic dish, trough and Scheffer reflectors Solar Total Energy Project The use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water Clothes lines, clothes horses, and clothes racks perforated sun- facing walls used for preheating ventilation air 1872 Solar distillation 16th-century Arab alchemists 1872 22,700 L (5,000 imp gal; 6,000 US gal) per day single-slope, double-slope (or greenhouse type), vertical, conical, inverted absorber, multi-wick, and multiple effect World Health Organization several hours household water treatment and safe storage Over two million reduce carbon dioxide in photosynthesis treat waste water without chemicals or electricity algae may produce toxic chemicals 2050 2050 Mojave Desert of California 2013 the Mojave Desert of California Mojave Desert of California The 250 MW Agua Cavidad Solar Project, in the United States, and the 221 MW Charanka Solar Park in India Charles fritts 1954 evolved from a pure iche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect Charles fritts Dr Bruno Lange Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin power generation or energy storage lenses or mirrors and tracking systems conventional power plant parabolic trough lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam Megaron House orientation relative to the Sun well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range Socrates' Megaron House active solar equipment Urban heat islands 3 °C Urban heat islands asphalt and concrete increased absorption of the Solar light fruit walls power grape presss to optimize the productivity of plants timed planting cycles, taggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties employed fruit walls to maximize the collection of solar energy Roman times 16th century convert solar light to heat to keep exotic plants brought back from explorations abroad to produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emperor Tiberius Europe World Solar Challenge 90.84 kilometres per hour a biannual solar-powered car race 1987 67 kilometres per hour 90.84 kilometres per hour North American Solar Challenge and the planned South African Solar Challenge 1975 1975 Kenichi Hore Kenichi Hore 40 feet Solar Alternate 1974 29 April 1979 July 1981 California to North Carolina 36 hours hydrogen production from protons Solar chemical processes artificial photosynthesis Solzinc pure zinc Hydrogen production technologies photovoltaic or photochemical cells Solzinc heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or interseasonal durations Thermal mass systems water, earth and stone store solar energy in the form of heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or interseasonal durations Phase change materials Dover House paraffin wax and Glauber's salt 64 °C or 147 °F The "Dover House" they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems 1.48 terajeuse (400,000 kW) in its 68 cubic metres storage tank with an annual storage efficiency of about 99% transmission grid rechargeable batteries Net metering programs rolling back' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes increased installation cost hydroelectric power generator water pumped demand is high by releasing the water 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis Federal PhotovoltaicUtilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan SERI Sunshine Program Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISI 1920s 20% 1890s falling petroleum prices 20% 154 GW International Energy Agency The International Energy Agency solar energy equipment solar energy equipment ISO 905 ISO 10217 passive solar or active solar photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating positioning a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air 599.8 EJ 1,575–49,837 exajeuses The large magnitude of solar energy available United Nations Development Programme reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource mitigating global warming learning investments lower than otherwise factors such as geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans limits the amount of solar energy that we can acquire areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation photovoltaics during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the Earth for solar panels to absorb block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels land availability has a large effect on the available solar energy because solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels inisolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans 1,575–49,837 the conversion of sunlight into electricity Solar power lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam conversion of sunlight into electricity photoelectric effect Sunlight Greeks and Chinese toward the south to provide light and warmth black balloon the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force usage is generally limited to the toy market as the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high an expectation that coal would soon become scarce increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum 2060 de-carbonizing the global economy Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire Sarazm 1991 1992 to 1997 the Oxus civilization, Andronova culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire 1991 1992 to 1997 1939 260,000 Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8% living conditions, education and industry clan loyalties 30% of ministerial positions would go to the opposition emomali Rahmon persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities in the West or in other former Soviet republics Russian border troops Dushanbe Airport the outskirts of Dushanbe to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration 28 2015 November 2010 Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise elections for the presidency and parliament Kokkhir Nabizoda Murotali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanva November 1994 the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament independent press providers remain restricted, as does a substantial amount of web content public criticism public criticism of the regime is tolerated and all direct protest is severely suppressed Institute for War & Peace Reports Tajikistan Pamir range southern slopes above the Kofarnahon valley the smallest nation in Central Asia by area more than fifty percent of the country is over 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) above sea level the name of a pre-Islamic ( before the seventh century A.D.) tribe Land of the Tajiks "place of" or "country" and Tajik whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia 650–680 Umayyads Samanid Empire Khorasan 650–680 Umayyads 650–680 Samanid Empire Umayyads Samanid Empire Khorasan Khorasan 650–680 710 Kara-Khanid Khanate between 999–1211 late 19th century's Imperial Era the Emiratese of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokkand gaining access to a supply of cotton gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkstan, the Tajikistan portion of which had been controlled by the Emirates of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokkand the Russian Empire or its vassal state an Islamic social movement anti-Russian the Russians between 1910 and 1913 forced conscription Russian Revolution of 1917 guerrillas a futile attempt to maintain independence Bolshevik armies Islam, Judaism, and Christianity Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic southern region collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production Soviet collectivization policy Moscow 10,000 Ethnic Russians grew from less than 1% to 13% the expulsion of nearly 10,000 people failed to meet many key OSCE commitments accusations from opposition parties and international observers that Presidentemomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment failed to meet many key OSCE commitments only minor violations had occurred, which would not affect the will of the Tajik people Central Asia 8 million 143,100 km2 China traditional homelands of Tajik people included present-day Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Uzbekistan China 8 million 143,100 km2 Afghanistan Uzbekistan 500 BCE Achaemenid Empire Scythians and Yuezhi nomadic tribes around 150 BCE Yuezhi tribes early eighth century Hephthalite Empire Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism 9.6% aluminium production Cotton Tajik Aluminium Company the government hydropower potential, and the government has focused on attracting investment for projects for internal use and electricity exports Nurek Dam transmit 1000 MW of surplus electricity from Tajikistan to Pakistan with power transit through Afghanistan 20% $2.1 billion US dollars without substantial and protracted recourse to aid The World Bank Tajikistan Policy Note 2006 opium poppy cooperation with the US, Russian, EU and Afghan authorities heroin and raw opium strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams roads, air, and rail Iran and Pakistan Pakistan, and Afghanistan 2012 26 Dushanbe International Airport Russia Khorog Airport 7,349,145 70% 35% Tajik Tajikistanis Pamiri linguistically and culturally Gorno- Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the southeast, bordering Afghanistan and China, though considered part of the Tajik ethnicity, nevertheless are distinct linguistically and culturally from most Tajiks Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school secular ID Al-fitr and Ide Qurbon 98% religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere minority religious groups undermine national unity Hizb ut-Tahrir an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of Tajiks under one Islamic state State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities a charter, a list of 10 or more members Religious groups who do not have a physical structure large fines and closure of place of worship severe shortages of medical supplies 104272 1% Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper 11 a 12-year system Khuwad State University 17% humans and their societies in the past and present social anthropology and cultural anthropology linguistic anthropology biological or physical anthropology United States 1870 1869 1902 1865 empirical foundation anthropological societies and associations international The major theorists 48 13 late 19th and early 20th centuries gender equality and sexual liberation cross-cultural comparisons 19th-century racial ideology relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques humanities, social, and natural sciences Anthropology global Classical Greece and Persia cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies structuralist and postmodern theories 1970s and 1990s nature and production of knowledge archaeology and biological anthropology cohesion sociocultural anthropology social anthropology social structures hard-and-fast Cultural anthropology Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology Ethnography participant observation an emic reductionism in cross-cultural comparison sociocultural anthropology consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, ethnicity, childrearing and socialization kinship language kinship is a human universal Archaeology patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices the evidence left behind by past human groups a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups the cultural and material lives of past societies anthropological problems the interpretation of sociocultural processes Linguistic sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis universality of 'art the Western categories of 'painting','sculpture', or 'literature' painting','sculpture', or 'literature' 1983 culturally specific 'aesthetics Étienne Serres 1838 1850 France anthropologists comparative methods similarities similarities between animals, languages, and folkways the epiphany of everything they had begun to suspect comparison of species he had seen in agronomy and in the wild late 1850s bring it into the social sciences Paris Sompagnie de biology the study of the human group, considered as a whole, in its details, and in relation to the rest of nature neurosurgeon Biological anthropology speech center psychology six the science of the nature of man the science of the nature of man comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology empirical civilization British ethnologists 1863 new anthropology French Sompagnie the young Edward Burnett Tylor, inventor of cultural anthropology, and his brother Alfred Tylor, a geologist the majority of the world's higher educational institutions major subdivisions anthropological knowledge and technique recreate the final scene three dozen Media anthropology ethnographys of news rooms in newspapers, journalists in the field, film production 1990s ethnographys of news rooms in newspapers, journalists in the field, film production cyber anthropology Visual anthropology museums sandpaintings, tattoos, sculptures and reliefs, cave paintings, scrimshaw, jewelry, hieroglyphics, paintings and photographs ethnographic film Economic widest historic, geographic and cultural economics Bronislaw Maliowsky exchange the traditional concerns of anthropology history and colonialism Hunter-gatherers The second area was concerned with the vast majority of the world's population at the time, the peasantry, many of whom were involved in complex revolutionary wars such as in Vietnam industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism around the world Applied Anthropology change or stability in specific cultural systems direct action practical participating critical pondering why, if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty, is poverty increasing increasing a critical perspective because is development so externally driven rather than having an internal basis Kinship anthropology Over its history one's social relations during development marriage feminists from non-Western traditions, whose perspectives and experiences can differ from those of white European and American feminists male bias systematic bias in mainstream feminist theory the construction of gender across societies birth anthropology nutritional nutritional status and food security globalization Nutritional status health status, work performance potential, and the overall potential for economic development (either in terms of human development or traditional western models) for any given group of people Psychological anthropology humans' development and enculturation history, language, practices, and conceptual categories emotion, perception, motivation, and mental health understanding of cognition, emotion, motivation, and similar psychological processes Cognitive anthropology experimental psychology and evolutionary biology experimental psychology and evolutionary biology implicit knowledge Political the basis of the structure of societies 1960s entered both ethnographic accounts and analysis of local phenomena Geertz Cyborg 1993 Society for the Social Studies of Science Donna Haraway modern technological systems that have reflexively shaped notions of what it means to be human beings Environmental anthropology political ecology culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues corporate exploitation and damage of land Hyde Park examining historical records various ethnic groups its foundation documents and manuscripts practitioners urbanization Ulf Hannerz a notoriously agoraphobic lot, anti-urban by definition two social issues human– animal studies Anthrozoology a number of other disciplines positive effects of human- animal relationships on either party and the study of their interactions anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy Evolutionary natural science and social science physiology and human behaviour scientific many lines of evidence Ethical commitments subincision racism, slavery, and human sacrifice genes to acculturation stretching across all the major and minor sub-fields allied war effort against the "Axi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan) Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan armed forces intelligence communist sympathies the state secret The Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth The AAA agreed to or given US military as part of the US Army's strategy in Afghanistan US Army's strategy in Afghanistan Counterinsurgency Iraq disciplinary ethics and practice for job seekers Biological human universals in the field a community in its own setting genetic in relevant time periods and geographic regions relevant cultural traditions based on material, such as the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, of particular use in archaeology archaeologists and other anthropologists in understanding major trends in the human past geographers comparisons across cultural traditions (time-based) and cultural regions (space-based) other cultures space non-European/non-Western societies Ulf Hannerz late 1960s set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region a single local daily life of ordinary people scientific laboratories, social movements, governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses scientific laboratories, social movements assassination Thetávora family and the Duke of Aveiro Jesuits 1759 The Jesuits were expelled from the country and their assets confiscated by the crown 1770 1770 autocracy suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation as well as intensifying book censorship and consolidating personal control and profit crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation Napoleon 1822 Brazil United Kingdom of Portugal 20th century Portugal until the Liberal Revolution of 1820 Porto 1815 change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family 20th century 1884 inland to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries Beira, Moçâmedes, Lobito, João Belo, Nacla and Porto Aélia 1 February 1908 14 June 1892, and again on 10 May 1902 Manuel II 5 October 1910 revolution Political instability and economic weaknesses António de Oliveira Salazar 1933 five new economic development projects and relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa were initiated, with Angola and Mozambique, as the largest and richest overseas territories United Nations, the European Union, the Eurozone, OECD, NATO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries semi-presidential republican 18th France, Spain and Italy de criminalized the usage of all common drugs to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors the Iberian Peninsula's Christian armies Battle of Covadaya 721 AD the Reconquista Cristoã dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring King Alfonso III of Asturias 868 AD First Count of Portus Cala ( Portugal) PortuCALE, Portugale, and simultaneously Portugalalia its distinct language and culture ( Galician-Portuguese) from the Leonese culture Kingdom of Portugal Galician-Portuguese Spanish Castilian the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun Sebastião José de Coimbra eMontenegro Queen con sort of Portugal the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun King John V of Portugal subsequent earthquakes marching troops within less than one year was already being rebuilt The buildings and big squares of the Pombaline City Centre designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country Portuguese Republic Southwestern Europe Atlantic Ocean 1,214 km (754 mi) Azores and Madeira Portuguese Republic Southwestern Europe the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east Atlantic Ocean The Portugal– Spain border is 1,214 km (754 mi) long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union the Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples 1138 Age of Discovery 15th and 16th Lisbon 1822 1910 Macau 250 million Portus Cal Pre-Cels and Celts Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes 45 BC until 298 AD Alan Kerk 27 BC Gallaecia Conimbriga and Mirbriga hill forts 16 km a few months 711 750 Abd-ar-Rahman I 929 Emirates of their provinces and established diplomatic relations with the Christian kingdoms of the north Christian Taifa of Bada Jov of the Aftasid Dynasty 1086 Battle of Sag Rajas Muwallad or muladi noblemen from Oman Atlas mountains and Rif mountains of North Africa Al Portugal region, and south of the Tagus 800 León León Fruela 910 1229 1348 and 1349 Portugal England England NATO O Porto Age of Discovery King João I Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde the Cape of Good Hope Brazil increased Prime Minister British Portuguese colonies in India University of Coimbra economic and financial to ensure the wine's quality high nobility Sebastião demelo Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class April 1974 a bloodless left-wing military coup in Lisbon social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces Junta desalvações Nacional Portuguese Socialist Party Mário Soares 1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985 socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model 1976 to accommodate socialist and communist principles Mediterranean 8–12 °C (46.4–53.6 °F) 16–19 °C 900 metres (3,000 ft) subtropical variations between islands Mediterranean deciduous and coniferous forests Tertiary Pyrenas oak Boars 12 endemic fox, badger, iberian lynx, iberian wolf, wild goat thousands more than 100 Tagus International Natural Park habitat loss, pollution and drought plankton a five-year term Aníbal Cavaco Vila 230 four-year thirteen The Assembly of the Republic, Regional Assemblies and local municipalities and parishes national-, regional- and local-levels Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party 5 and 15% the President of the Republic five universal suffrage Presidential powers The Council of Ministers to define the broad orientation of its policies in a programme an absolute majority of deputies those countries a civilian police force who work in urban areas a highly specialized criminal investigation police the Public Ministry 2001 more than "10 days worth of personal use" go to a rehabilit facility, and may refuse treatment without consequences 50 percent 309 3,094 18 three Navy, Army and Air Force to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security at home and abroad 7,500 $5.2 billion 21,000 Pandur II ACP Leopard 2 A6 tanks paratroopers, commandos and Rangers 10,700 World War I and the Portuguese Colonial War 1962–1973 East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq (Nasseriyah) and Lebanon the cases of the interventions of the Portuguese Armed Forces in Angola in 1992 and in Guinea-Bissau in 1998 with the main objectives of protecting and withdrawing of Portuguese and foreign citizens threatened by local civil conflicts Pedro Passos Coácio improve the State's financial situation measures with the intention of improve the State's financial situation 20% 1974 unclear Public–Private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms democratic Portuguese Republic governments 2007–08 Banco Portuguese de Negócio (BPN) and Banco Privatedo Portuguese (BNP) bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud size, market share, and the political implications fraud and other crimes euro Portuguese Banco de Portugal Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas Golf 1974 turmoil of the 1974 revolution and the Prec period exports, private investment and the development of the high-tech sector textiles, clothing, footwear and cork cork European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund 2011 €78 billion May 2014 15.3 percent small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units Grupo RAF's vitacress, Sovena, lactogal, Vale da Rosa, Companyhia da Rosa tomatoes, citrus, green vegetables, rice, corn, barley, olives, oilseeds, nuts crops and livestock products Portuguese processed fish products are exported through several companies, under a number of different brands and registered trademarks Ramrez (the world’s oldest active canned fish producer) fish tin, tungsten and uranium tin, tungsten and uranium hydrocarbon north low competitiveness Volkswagen Auto Europa and Citroen electronics and textiles, to food, chemicals, cement and wood pulp Palmela alveRCA, Covilã, Évora, and Pont de Sor Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Coimbra and Aveiro increase Eastern European increasing competition from Eastern European destinations continues to develop, with the presence of similar attractions that are often cheaper in countries such as Croatia health, nature and rural tourism The Economist 65% 10.2% "negative" 2011 the country would request financial assistance from the IMF and the European Financial Stability Facility, as Greece and the Republic of Ireland had done previously third Carnation's Revolution financial weakness 70.8 62.4 per thousand inhabitants being slow and inefficient Italy 30 Passos Coello significant government plan for the public sector austerity measures are necessary if Portugal seeks to avoid another monetary bailout grant from the European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund 65 to 66 pensions, unemployment benefits, health, education and science expenses English social unrest third quarter of 2014 17.7% 7.3% December 2009 Lisbon, Al Portugal, Madeira, Porto and the city of Coimbra Falatima Blessed Virgin Mary to three shepherd children Douro Valley, the island of Porto Santo, and Alentesjo Lisbon fast economic growth with increasing consumption and purchase of new automobiles new motorways almost 3,000 km 1944 89,014 km2 four Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja geographical position TRANS Portugal Spain Comboios de Portugal about 900 km (569 mi) allow train speeds greater than 120 km/h (75 mph) 1,430 km about 900 km Lisbon Metro and Metro Sul do Tjo in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and Porto Metro in the Porto Metropolitan Area 35 km Companyhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisbo over a century R&D units the INTI – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Technology e Inovão and the INRB – Instituto Nacional do Recourses Biological Sciences Institute Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia and the Champamaud Foundation neuroscience and oncology research centre one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world 1779 Lisbon Oceanarium a scientific and technological culture Ciencia Viva, a programme of the Portuguese Ministry of Science and Technology to the promotion of a scientific and technological culture among the Portuguese population the emergence and growth of several science parks throughout the world Taguspark (in Oeira), the Coimbra iParque (in Coimbra), the Coimbra iParque (in Coimbra), the Coimbra iParque (in Coimbra), the Coimbra iParque (in Coimbra), the Coimbra iParque (in Coimbra), to take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support wind and river power the south Norte region 6% Redes energéticos Nacionais predict weather, especially wind patterns, and computer programs to calculation energy from the various renewable-energy plants hydropower plants wind-driven turbines setting a premium price for those who buy rooftop-generated solar electricity 10,562,178 52% 48% Catholicism Mouritos (former Muslims) and Cristoãos Novos (New Christians or former Jews) Paleolithic 45,000 years ago Paleolithic Portugal's colonial history Atlantic Ocean Angola and Mozambique Portuguese 10,618,575 81.0% Protestant, Latter-day Saint, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Baha'i, Buddhist, Jewish and Spiritist 6.8% 8.3% Christian 13th and 14th centuries The growth of liberal and nascent republican movements 1910–26 25 July 1138 victories for the coming battles to create an empire which would carry His name to unknown lands Portuguese Portuguese is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia and Northern Portugal, originating from Galician-Portuguese, which was the common language of the Galician and Portuguese people until the independence of Portugal Galician-Portuguese Galician-Portuguese Latin pre-Roman 1415 and 1999 five Brazil 99 percent 100 percent Over 35% Over 35% of college-age citizens (20 years old) attend one of the country's higher education institutions ( compared with 50% in the United States and 35% in the OECD countries) 1290 Lisbon Coimbra Real Academia de Artilheria the Sekolah Medicalco-Cirúgica of Goa 2006 public money 23 years old developing health policy Five implementing the national health policy objectives noncommunicable diseases ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease cerebrovascular disease 12% children self-reporting one third 1990s and 2000s 1956 Lisbon municipal libraries and concert halls fifteen Portuguese late Gothic Portuguese late Gothic traditional architecture Eduardo Souto demoura, Álvarosiza Vieira stadium design 19th century Arthur Duart, AntónioLópezs Ribeiro, António Reis, Pedro Costa, manoel de Oliveira, João César Monteiro, João César Monteiro, and Leonel Vieira Maria de Medeiro, António Reis, Pedro Costa, manoel de Oliveira, João César Monteiro, João César Monteiro, and Diogo Morgada 19th century Arthur Duart, AntónioLópezs Ribeiro, António Reis, Pedro Costa, manoel de Oliveira, João César Monteiro, João César Monteiro, and Leonel Vieira Maria de Medeiro, António Reis, Pedro Costa, manoel de Oliveira, João César Monteiro, João César Monteiro, and Diogo Morgada Adventurer and poet Os Lusíades Virgil's Aeneid neoclassic and contemporary Almeida Garrett, Camillo Castelo Brezo, Eça de Queiroz Bacałau sardines and Caldeirada, a potato-based stew that can be made from several types of fish potato-based stew beef, pork, lamb, or chicken arroz de saribollo (rice stewed in pigs blood) or the arroz de cabidela (rice and chickens meat stewed in chickens blood) or the arroz de cabidela (rice and chickens meat stewed in chickens blood Francesinho (Frenchie) from Porto, and bifanis (fried pork) or prego (fried beef) sandwiches many medieval Catholic monasteries spread widely across the country almonds, flour, eggs and some liquor pastéli de Bedél (or pastéli de na) originally from Lisbon, and ovos moles from Aveiro the times of the Romans Bacchus Vinho Verde, Vinho Verde, Vinho do Douro, Vinho do Douro, Vinho do Douro, Vinho do Dão, Vinho da Bairrada Port and Madeira Festival Sudeste in Zamupeira do Mar, Festival de Pardes de coura in Pardes de coura in Pardes decoura, Festival Vilar demouros near Caminha Festival Sudeste in Zamupeira do Mar largest international Goa trance festivals takes place in central Portugal every two years European Festival Award 2010 – Green'n'clean Festival of the Year and the Greener Festival Award Outstanding 2008 and 2010 2005 Arthur Pizro, Maria João Pires, Sequero Costa, the violinists Carlos Damas, Gerardo Ribeiro and in the past by the great cellist Guilherminashiggia Carlos Damas, Gerardo Ribeiro José Vianna da Motta, Carlos Seixas Nuno Mal and Miguel d'Oliveira 20th French painters Canções Popular a Russa e o Fígaro Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso Football Eusébio Luís Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo FIFA World Player of the Year Manuel José Sl Benfic, FC Porto, and UEFA CP "os trão Grande" ("the big three") eight the "big three", compete in several other sports events with a varying level of success and popularity Portuguese Football Federation 1977 hip hop Omari West June 8, 1977 Good Music Jay-Z and Aliciakeys The College Dropout Jay-Z and Aliciakeys Chicago a singer 2004 sixth 32 million 100 million Grammy-awarded artist three Time 32 million 21 Three of his albums feature at first and eighth, respectively, in Pitchfork Media's The 100 Bestalbums of All Time 2005 and 2015 English Atlanta Good Water Store and Café Chicago State University Polaris High School Nanjing, China foreigner settled in well and quickly picked up the language 10 Nanjing University poetry Green Eggs and Ham No I.D. rapping in the third grade and began making musical compositions in the seventh grade Green Eggs and Ham DJ No I.D. Chicago's American Academy of Art 20 American Academy of Art English 20 College Dropout burgeoning local artists classic soul records Go- Getters mid-1990s mid-1990s Deric "D-DOT" Angelettie Go- Getters Hustle Period 1999 Chyna Doll Nas, Drag-On, and R&B singer Carl Thomas The Movement The Notorious B.I.G.'s second and final studio album Life After Death Ro-A-Fella Records The Blueprint 2000 The Blueprint a rapping Capitol Records rapping gangsta image prominent in mainstream hip hop Capitol Records Joe Weinberger Damon Dash a producer first and formost Joe Weinberger Capitol Record's A&R, Joe Weinberger Through The Wire Through The Wire The College Dropout October 23, 2002 Through The Wire Through The Wire The College Dropout was significantly remixed, remastered, and revised before being released three Los Angeles three significantly remixed, remastered, and revised before being released "Through the Wire" peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for five weeks two Jesus Walks Good Music, a record label and management company that would go on to house affiliate artists and producers, such as No I.D. and John Legend February 2004 Slow Jamz 10 Good Music string orchestra Jon Brion Late Registration over 2.3 million units in the United States alone by the end of 2005 Portishead Late Registration 2.3 million units Best New Artist Hurricane Katrina victims Rolling Stone Best New Artist Mike Myers Rolling Stone A Concert for Hurricane Relief U2 lyricism folk and country singer-songwriters Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash U2 1980s Rolling Stones Bob Dylan GGraduate Stronger 957,000 rapping a part in the revival of disco and electro-infused music, but also for playing a part in the revival of disco and electro-infused music in the late 2000s GGraduate 50 Cent's Curtis Stronger Donda West "Jesus Walks" and " Never Let Me Down." 2007 Alexis Phifer glow in the Dark Tour Hawaii The College Dropout for the background vocals of "Jesus Walks" and " Never Let Me Down." Billboard Hot 100 Hotshot Debut Island Def Jam November 2008 Hotshot Debut Roland TR-806 drum machine Matthew Trammelt Matthew Tramell MTV Video Music Awards Taylor Swift Lady Gaga 2009 microphone Lady Gaga 52nd Grammy Awards Hawaii fashion Hawaii My Beautiful Darktwisted Fantasy 54th Grammy Awards My Beautiful Darktwisted Fantasy November 2010 All of the Light Good Fridays Cannes Film Festival Jay-Z Cannes Film Festival "one of greatest hip-hop sets of all time" Watch the throne Niggs in Paris 2012 Cannes Film Festival Paris hotel Yeezus fellow American superstar Kendall Lamar 2013 architecture Yeezus June 18, 2013 Yeezus North Adidas Allan Kingdom and Paul McCartney Florence, Italy Kimendall North Florence Paul McCartney Y Adidas Season 2 slated for a 2014 release School of the Art Institute of Chicago 135,000 Sohelp Me God School of the Art Institute of Chicago 135,000 January 26, 2016 The Life of Pablo Amber Rose The Life of Pablo Tidal facts Waves Khalifa's child The Life of Pablo David Bowie Rolling Stone chipmunk soul David Bowie Piff Dumb This Can't Be Life Jon Brion string arrangements, piano chords, and horn riffs among other symphonic instrumentation a string section Jon Brion Portishead G Gradu (2007) atmospheric, rock-tinged, electronic- influenced soundscape melody and chord progression 2007 stark electropop sound Gary Numan, TK Swan and Boy George dense drums, lengthy strings,drone-tuned vocal tracks Boy George post-punk Rolling Stone My Beautiful Darktwisted Fantasy Simonvozick-Levinson Jon Brion DJ toomp 801s & Heartbreak My Beautiful Darktwisted Fantasy protest to music Le Corbusier 2013 Yeezus Metallicle Clothing line The line was developed over the following four years – with multiple pieces teased by West himself spring 2006 2006 Air Y Adidass Louis Versailles D Squared2 duo Dean and Dan Caten mixed-to-negative March 6, 2012 October 1, 2011 The line's reception was markedly improved from the previous presentation, with a number of critics heralding West for his " much improved" sophomore effort October 1, 2011 The line's reception was markedly improved from the previous presentation, with a number of critics heralding West for his " much improved" sophomore effort mixed-to-negative March 6, 2012 Adidas 50 cinemas in 13 countries around the world boutique stores and the Adidas UK stores 9000 Adidas Younce boosts 2015 The Life of Pablo Foods LLC 10 the first was set to open in September 2008 in Orland Park Orland Park two September 2008 KW Foods LLC Good Music Pusha T 2004 John Legend Pusha T to make products and experiences that people want and can afford Donda West January 5, 2012 Tidal, Aspiro Aspiro low payout of royalties Tidal lossless audio and high definition music videos Jay Z Playlist a mission to battle dropout and illiteracy rates, while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education battle dropout and illiteracy rates a mission to battle dropout and illiteracy rates, while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education 2007 Chicago battle Strong American Schools August The Dr. Donda West Foundation 2011 2008 The Dr. Donda West Foundation 2011 fundraisers, benefit concerts, and has done community work for Hurricane Katrina relief A Concert for Hurricane Relief George W. Bush George W. Bush September 2, 2005 " George Bush doesn't care about black people." George Bush "one of the most disgusting moments" of his presidency Matt Lauer Kazakhstan US$3 million one of the poorest human rights records in the world Kazakhstan Arizona human rights concerns Zane Lowe apology Jimmy Kimmel Zane Lowe BBC Radio 1 President Obama Jewish November 26, 2013 December 21, 2013 Bill Cosby Bill Cosby's innocence Gretchen Wilson Touch the Sky Gretchen Wilson Touch the Sky November 7, 2006 Saturday Night Live his race had something to do with his being overlooked for opening the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards (VMAs) in favor of Britney Spears Stronger his race had something to do with his being overlooked for opening the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards (VMAs) in favor of Britney Spears Stronger "One of the best videos of all time" Barack Obama Barack Obama MTV I did not diss Taylor Swift and if she did not accept the song, he would perform it himself September 2010 November 8, 2010 The Life of Pablo Beyonce Beyonce album of the Year February 26, 2015 Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award 2020 Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award Glastonbury Festival 2015 Glastonbury Festival 2015 Change.org Glastonbury Festival 2015 over 50,000 Alexis Phifer Amber Rose Fort di Belvedere in Florence, Italy two 2002 August 2006 Amber Rose April 2012 Armenian Apostolic Church at the Cathedral of St. James 58 Jan Adams November 10, 2007 heart disease Andre Aboolian Jan Adams Larry King Live coronary artery disease Ed McPlymouth violating patient confidentiality following her death Larry King Live January 10, 2008 Oklahoma City Hey Mama Oklahoma City November 20, 2007 November 22 glow in the Dark New Zealand New Zealand Arnold Schwarenberg Arnold Schwarenberg Donga West Law Robert "Evel" November 2007 Robert "Evel"kneevel Evel Kanyevel November 2007 felony vandalism $20,000 misdemeanor vandalism September 11, 2008 felony vandalism Don "Don C." Crowley $20,000 the Hilton hotel near Gateshead November 14, 2008 Hilton hotel near Gateshead Gateshead Daniel Ramos misdemeanor battery Daniel Ramos two anger management 250 Jesus Walks The College Dropout Christian most important artist of any art form, of any genre David Bowie The Guardian Ben Westhoff The Guardian homophobia in hip hop hip hop's mainstream middle-class 50 Cent's Curtis Ben De trick influenced Elon Musk six 30 million All of his albums have been commercially successful, with Yeezus, his sixth solo album, becoming his fifth consecutive No. 1 album in the U.S. upon release No. 1 3,086,000 third 30 million 21 Bob Dylan twice 21 No. 8 May 16, 2008 MTV Man of the Year Bob Dylan three three Yeezus eighth The Pitchfork Yeezus Runaway singer Taylor Swift Taylor Swift collaborations with Nike, Louis Versailles, and A.P.C. on both clothing and footwear Adidas 2013 nontheistic teachings attributed to Gauatu Buddha eastern part of the Indian subcontinent elimination of ignorance and brooding shared his invisions to help sentient beings end their suffering through the elimination of ignorance and brooding nontheistic Gauatu Buddha 6th and 4th centuries BCE eastern part of the Indian subcontinent Gauatu Buddha eastern part of the Indian subcontinent 6th and 4th centuries BCE Gauatu Buddha Four Indian Buddha Theravada ("The School of the Elders") and Mahayana ("The Great Vehicle") Theravada ("The School of the Elders") and Mahayana ("The Great Vehicle") Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia Pure Land, Zen, Nickiren Buddhism, Shingon, and Tianta (Tendai) 488 million Tibetan Buddhism Theravada Buddhists number between an estimated 488 million Indian Siddhas The School of the Elders attainment of the sublime state of Nirvana practicing the Noble Eightfold Path (also known as the Middle Way) a state wherein one remains in this cycle to help other beings reach awakening attainment of the sublime state of Nirvana by practicing the Noble Eightfold Path (also known as the Middle Way), thus escaping what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth Theravada Buddhism Tibetan Buddhism Middle Way bodhisattva path suffering and rebirth the Buddha, thedharma (the teachings), and the Sangha (the community) giving charity to reduce the greediness giving charity to reduce the greediness giving charity to reduce the greediness creator greediness Mahayana Buddhaghoṣa the Buddhacarita, the Lokottaravādin Mahāvistu, and the Sarvāstivādin Lalita Vistara Sūsra unqualified claims 5th century CE Buddhacarita Most accept that he lived, taught and founded a monastic order, but do not consistently accept all of the details contained in his biographys the Buddha's life monastic order 5th century CE Michael Carrithers birth, maturity, renunciation, search, awakening and liberation, teaching, death Karen Armstrong Siddhat Gotam Siddhat Gotam Michael Carrithers the Buddha Siddhat Gotam fifth century BCE in a community that was on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the northeastern Indian subcontinent in the fifth century BCE a community that was on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the northeastern Indian subcontinent in a community that was on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the northeastern Indian subcontinent in the fifth century BCE fifth century BCE either a small republic, in which case his father was an elected chieftain, or an oligarchy northeastern Indian subcontinent oligarch Siddhārtha Gauranga oligarch Asita Sidddharma would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man astrologer Suddhodan a holy man Asita Suddhodan a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man prevented him from leaving the palace grounds 29 the suffering of ordinary people, encountering an old man, a sick man, a corpse and, finally, an ascetic holy man, apparently content and at peace with the world encountering an old man, a sick man, a corpse and, finally, an ascetic holy man, apparently content and at peace with the world king 29 Buddhist literature abandon royal life king 29 four ascetic holy man they did not provide a permanent end to suffering Middle Way prolonged fasting, breath-holding, and exposure to pain meditative attainments he had taken this kind of practice to its limit, and had not put an end to suffering milk and rice Middle Way they did not provide a permanent end to suffering milk and rice anapaasati Middle Way 35 aficusreligiousa tree teaching the path of awakening 80 Bdhi Tree in the town of Bodh Gaya and vowed not to rise before achieveing enlightenment Bodha Tree Bdhi Tree 35 Bdhi Tree in the town of Bodh Gaya aficusreligiousa tree Bodh Gaya Sri Maha Bodha the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death that arises from ordinary beings' grasping and fixing on a self and experiences anxiety, dissatisfaction suffering, anxiety, dissatisfaction by following the Buddhist path Samsara six anxiety, dissatisfaction following the Buddhist path the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death six psychological Buddhist path following the Buddhist path action, work action, work sīla body, speech or mind that spring from mental intent action, work sīla fruition sīla action, work sīla result Theravada Lotus Sutra, the Aṅgullmālīya Sutterra and the Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sutterra Theravada Buddhism Amimācharya Theravada Buddhism The Japanese Pure Land teacher Genshin Mahayana sutras previous negative Genshin Amimācharya Rebirth Animā laws of cause and effect conception to death pratītyasamutpāda Rebirth anaitta pratītyasamutpāda an unchanging, eternal soul skilled Buddhist practitioners those who can meditate on the arūpahhānas 31 Śuddhāvāsa Worlds or Pure Abodes anāgāmis formless realms arūphānas 31 anāgāmis Rebirths in theārūpydhātu (formless realms) can be attained by only those who can meditate on the arūpahhānas formless realms East Asian and Tibetan Theravada Samyutta Nikoya of the Pali Canon Tibetan "bardo" Theravada Tibetan East Asian Tibetan Buddhism orthodox the Pali Canon The teachings on the Four Noble Truths the nature of Dukkha (suffering, anxiety, un satisfactoriness), its causes, and how it can be overcome Four Noble Truths anxiety, un satisfactoriness The teachings on the Four Noble Truths Dukkha (suffering, anxiety, un satisfactoriness), its causes, and how it can be overcome the nature of Dukkha suffering the nature of Dukkha suffering "suffering", "anxiety", "un satisfactoriness", "unease" three suffering Dukkha three screaming (Pali: tanha) conditioned by ignorance The second truth is that the origin ofdukkha can be known the complete cessation of Dukkha is possible the origin of Dukkha is commonly explained as screaming (Pali: tanha) conditioned by ignorance the origin of Dukkha can be known as screaming (Pali: tanha) conditioned by ignorance ignorance the origin of Dukkha can be known ignorance true nature of things a path to this cessation The Noble Eightfold Path cessation ofdukkha Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right fourth a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions The Noble Eightfold Path Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right the fourth of the Buddha's Noble Truths eight Dukkha Ajahn Sucitt as stages, in which each stage is completed before moving on to the next a complete path, or way of living Ajahn Sucitt Yoga practice of his teacher Kalaa with what later became known as "the immeasurables" one without egotism Brahmavedas, divine abodes, or simply as four immeasurables metā or willing-kindness prayer " wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings Kalaa egotism love, compassion, joy, and equ Animity Pema Chödrö prayer that cultivtes " wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings prior to his enlightenment the Middle Way (or Middle Path) enlightenment intellectual some regard it as essential practice Buddhist scholars doctrinl liberation suffering suffering (dukkha) and the cycle of incessant rebirths liberation dispassion for the objects of clinging three the Buddhist notion that all compounded or conditioned phenomena (all things and experiences) are inconstant, unsteady, and impermanent embodies this flux in the aging process leads to suffering Nothing is in constant flux, and so conditions and the thing itself are constantly changing ceasing to be sāmsāra suffering suffering, pain, un satisfactoriness, sorrow, affliction, anxiety, discomfort, anguish, stress, misery, and frustration disquientese realistic Buddhism disquientese philosophical meaning is more analogous to "disquientese" suffering Not-self suffering neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self Not-self Sanskrit: anātman metaphysical skadhars pratītyasamutpāda "dependent origination", "conditioned genesis", "dependent co-arising", "interdependent arising", or "contingency" Buddhist Twelve Nidānas the continuation of the cycle of suffering and rebirth Twelve Nidānas cause, foundation, source or origin Twelve Nidānas Twelve Nidānas by attaining Nirvana ignorance absence of the others sentient beings dukkha attaining Nirvana ignorance śūnyata Prajñāpāramitā sutras ātman empty of ātman Sarvedaveda teachings Nāgārjuna cittamtra Va subsequent Mahayana metaphysics in the Indo-Tibetan tradition, form the basis of subsequent Mahayana metaphysics in the Indo-Tibetan tradition Buddha- nature innate qualities of the mind that expresses themselves as omniscience the Sakya school the Jonng school Mahayana sutras Nibbāna Enlightenment Buddha Bodha nirvana extinction of raga aversion delusion bodhisattva buddha nirvana parinirvana Buddha Samsara suffering 28 Maitreya celestial reality arakts and occasionally buddhas Bodha angami the Buddha dharma Kaya Mahayana sutras existence monks śūnyata bodhisattves Pure Land Pure Land Buddhism Amitabha Buddha Buddhists A Buddha era The Gauranga Buddha the Buddha of this era Mahayana Buddhists Theravada Pure Land Buddhism enlightenment being Bodhicitta Mahāyāna Mahāyāna "Great Vehicle" Mahayana Mahayana Mahayana Buddhism encourages everyone to become bodhisattva vow dāna, śīla, kṣanti, vīrya, dhiāna, and prajñā 14th Buddhists bowing, offerings, pilgrimage, and chanting meditative the Buddha early Brahminic texts liberating the buddhis in the centuries preceding the Buddha monsciousness and clear awareness "vision" meditative techniques transcendant wisdom The Buddhist texts The Buddhist texts Upanishads prayer a contemplative tradition Nasaniyasukta taking refuge in the Three Jewels Majjima Nikoya Tibetan essence The Three Jewels have the quality of excellence Gauranga Buddha Thedharma The Sangha Śīla pāramitā the peace of mind of the cultivtor, which is internal, but also peace in the community, which is external Śīla Keeping the precpts basic morality Buddhist schools asceticism training rules that laypeople undertakevoluntarly to facilitate practice ethical the cultivation of dana and ethical conduct themselves refine consciousness to such a level that rebirth in one of the lower heavens the third precept a precept of celibacy ten seventh precept ten Vinaya 227 vinyapOKA counts life the higher attainments islands unto themselves Mahayana Brahmajala Sutra meat Japan Chán (Zen) jhānas right concentration Samādhi defilement jāna viassanā insight idea jāna mind disturbed to start with jñāna prajñā Pāli pañā Only understanding screaming, which carries with it the various defilements various defilements suffering and stress Nibbāna Four bodhi Prajñā sermons deep in prayer, listening to a sermon, conducting the business of one's daily life, or any other activity each Buddhist can verify the truth of the Buddha's teaching at a practical level seon Zen Buddhism Zen spiritual breakthroughs two Rinza () and Sōtō Zen True Self or Formless Self Thinking and thought Mahayana Diamond Vehicle Tantric ritual, visualation, physical exercises, and prayer as a means of developing the mind second half of the first millennium BCE shramanas Vedas and the Brahmans non-Vedic strand Greater Magadha Rajagrha 2nd or 3rd centuries BCE Upanishads Pakudha Kacchayana Ajnanas Ajiviks Vedic animal sacrifice cosmic man animal sacrifices Vedas The reliability of these sources insight therupa Jhanas Majjimanjaliya 36 rebirth a concept of Karma that differed considerably from the commonly held views of his time Buddhist invention meditative fourth liberating insight linear Nirvāna which are not specified Nibbāna the middle way eightfold path prajna liberating insight person three five Pre-sectarian Buddhism Sectarian Buddhism Early Mahayana Buddhism Rajyadia Buddhism Pre-sectarian Buddhism rebirth Noble Eightfold Path first Buddhist Ánanda Pāli suttas Pāli suttas Second Council the Second Council 100 BCE Mahāsāṅghikas the Mahasonghita the vinaya The Sthaviras monasteries doctrinl disagreements abhidharma systematic philosophical treatises 3rd century BCE Mahasanhita school Prajñāpāramitā sutterras theāndhra region Prajñāpāramitā 1st century BCE theāndhra country third South India Buddhism Vinaya or ordination lineage monasteries side by side early Chinese translations of Mahāyāna texts Morakṣema Prajñāpāramitā series 1st Madhya maka, Yoga Cara, Tathagantagirbha, and Buddhist Logic Buddhist Logic Buddhist Logic Ashoka stūpas (Buddhist religious memorials) and to efforts to spread Buddhism throughout the enlarged Maurya empire and even into neighboring lands Buddhist religious memorials spread Buddhism (Dharma) missionaries spread Buddhism (Dharma), particularly in eastern provinces of the neighboring Seleucid Empire, and even farther to Hellenistic kingdoms of the Mediterranean Persian and Greek Menander 3rd century BCE 3rd century BCE 2nd century CE 2nd century CE Korea and Japan 8th century Buddhist the teachings of the Buddha the Buddhist community progressive traditional beliefs and practices second half of the 20th Century neo-Buddhism Shiniren Buddhism "the most diverse" and "the largest lay Buddhist movement in the world" Soga Gukkai International (SGI) "the most diverse" and "the largest lay Buddhist movement in the world" Buddhism China approximately 245 million or 18.2% 360 million 150 million Seven million 138 million 490 million 137 million lesser vehicle Hinayana concepts Buddhist ecumenical organization Theravada Sthā virīya Pali Canon west Theravadin merit Nālandā University Mahayana Sutras Buddha himself Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra Eastern Buddhism Mahayana Pure Land school of Mahayana Saivism Buddhists The Guhyasedhi of Padmavāra Buddhist objects in themselves text that is universally referred to by all traditions āgamas core The size and complexity of the Buddhist canons Dhammapada Buddhism Theravada a sample The Buddha and His Dhamma The Pāli tipika Vinaya Pita, the Sutta Pita, and the Abidhammar Pita The Vinaya Pita The Sutta Pita The Sutta Pita Tripiṭa five or seven Mahākāśyapa record the Buddha's teachings Upāli ānanda thedharma Theravadin The Theravadins Mahayana sutras Mahayana sutras Sarveda Bhagdharma Mahayana the Buddha's deeper, more advanced doctrines, reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path Mahayana sutras Mahayana sutras Mahayana sutras Mahayana six hundred East Asian Buddhism 5th century CE Hinayana Theravada Sri Lanka Theravada Hinayāna, the Inferior Way Śrāvakeyāna Buddhism ethics moral and spiritual Christianity scientific differences Buddhism Simon Fuller 19 Entertainment 2002 Pop idol Fox 19 Entertainment Pop idol Simon Fuller Simon Fuller June 11, 2002 Pop idol Randy Jackson Brian Dunkleman Keith Urban Ryan Seacres and comedian Brian Dunkleman Brian Dunkleman Randy Jackson Keith Urban Randy Jackson Paul Abdul and music executive and manager Simon Cowell Simon Cowell Keith Urban Harry Connick, Jr 345 Kelly Clarkson a rival TV executive Kelly Clarkson Kelly Clarkson Kelly Clarkson Kelly Clarkson 345 a rival TV executive 2015 2015 fifteenth eight May 11, 2015 Popstars Simon Fuller 2001 Simon Fuller Lythgoe British Nigel Lythgoe real-life soap opera 2001 Lythgoe seven 2002 2001 Elisabeth Rupert Murdoch The search for a Superstar eight four Angie Martinez Stroker All three original judges stayed on the judging panel for eight seasons. All three original judges stayed on the judging panel for eight seasons. All three original judges stayed on the judging panel for eight seasons A fourth judge, radio DJ Stroker Angie Martinez eight seasons Kara Dioguardi Ellen Degènes two 2010 The X Factor Kara Dioguardi season nine January 11, 2010 Ellen Degènes season ten season two Adam Lambert season three season eight season nine Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb seasons four, six, nine, and fourteen season three Ryan Seacroft and Brian Dunkleman Dunkleman Randy Jackson Scott Borchetti their song choice and performance Jimmy Iovina Jimmy Iovina Scott Borchetti twenty-eight in season four first three seasons semi-final stage 10,000 judges 10,000 judges Between 10–60 people in each city may make it to Hollywood producers in front of the judges, which is the only audition stage shown on television season ten two and three three season twelve three contestants may, after a first solo performance and on judges approval, skip a second solo round and move directly to the final Hollywood round two and three Las Vegas a Sudden Death round season thirteen 179 million season ten Telescope Inc semi-finals onwards Over 110 million over 110 million 12 wildcard individually in their respective night individually in their respective night In season one, only one wildcard contestant was chosen by the judges, giving a total of ten finalists in all ten 12 twenty-four gender in order to ensure an equal gender division in the top twelve twenty-four four to seven twenty-four four three twenty three groups of twelve, with three contestants moving forward – the highest male, the highest female, and the next highest-placed singer - for each night, and four wildcards were chosen by the judges composing the final 13 season eight three three three CBS Television City Jimmy Iovina ten eight CBS Television City in Los Angeles Jimmy Iovina two songs from top four or five onwards, then three songs for the top two or three each week, but this is increased to two songs from top four or five onwards, then three songs for the top two or three. season eight once, and only up through the top five safety season six fourteenth using their Facebook account to decide which contestant will move on to the next show Fan Save in danger of elimination fourteenth season the Gibson Amphitheatre, which holds an audience of over 7,000 three through six, and fourteen The final Dolby Theatre 3,400 over 6,000 the Gibson Amphitheatre 19 Management Big Machine Records three months after the season's final a record deal with a major label American idol-affiliated 19 Management Big Machine Records the judges making their critiques after each performance a golden seat to proceed on to the next round in Hollywood The contestants are voted for by the viewing public, and the outcome of the public votes is then revealed in the results show typically on the following night season seven Rickey Minor season ten Rickey Minor Rickey Minor Ray Chew season seven Fox 2002 Brian Dunkleman June 2002 Fox Ryan Seacroft and Brian Dunkleman 10,000 10,000 Jim Verrascos Tamyra Gray in the hospital 121 10,000 Delano Cagnolitti at the top four Christine Christian 2002 Justin Guarini September 4, 2002 Justin Guarini Justin Guarini September 4, 2002 "A Moment Like This" From Justin to Kelly 23 million coronation coronation song "A Moment Like This" "A Moment Like This" From Justin to Kelly 23 million 2003 Krist Adams January 2003 Krist Adams Paul Abdul Frenchie Davis Corey Clark Jaered Andrews Corey Clark Frenchie Davis Jaered Andrews Nigel Lythgoe 24 million Nigel Lythgoe 24 million Nigel Lythgoe Nigel Lythgoe Nigel Lythgoe 24 million 24 million executive producer "Flying Without Wings" Aken "Flying Without Wings" Flying Without Wings "Flying Without Wings" Aike Aken out- performed Cutdard's coronation song "Flying Without Wings" with his single release from the show "Flying Without Wings" with his single release from the show "Flying Without Wings" with his single release from the show "Flying Without Wings" 2004 Ricky Martin William Hung January 19, 2004 Ricky Martin William Hung Three Divas Hudson Elton John The prolonged stays of John Stevens and Jasmine Trias Three Divas bottom three on the top seven result show Elton John John Stevens Diana Degarmo I Belief Dreams "I Belief", a song co-written by season one finalist Tamyra Gray, and Degarmo released "Destins" Simon Cowell Diana Degarmo Diana Degarmo I Belief Nikko Smith Nikko Smith Freemantle Media lewd behavior the top 11 week until the following night 2005 65 million Inside Your Heaven Underwood May 2005 Carrie Underwood Inside Your Heaven 65 million the Hollywood round were the Brittenum twins who were later disqualified for identity theft Brittenum twins Season five January 17, 2006 Brittenum twins Chris Daughtry the top four Chris Daughtry Chris Daughtry lead singer Chris Daughtry "I Walk the Line" not crediting the arrangement to Live Taylor Hicks "Do I make You Proud" "Do I make You Proud" May 30, 2006 Katerine McPhee Do I make You Proud My desire Hicks, McPhee, Bucky Covington, Mandisa, Kelie Pickler, and Elliott Yamin Daughtry Chris Daughtry Daughtry 2007 37.3 million Tuesday, January 16, 2007 37.3 million Sanjiya Malakar Howard Stern Vote for the Worst and satellite radio personality Howard Stern April 18 Sanjana Malakar Sanjana Malakar unusual hairdo Vote for the Worst and satellite radio personality Howard Stern Howard Stern April 18 Gives Back telechon $76 million Melinda Doolittle the first idol Gives Back telechon-inspired event Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson Melinda Doolittle Blake Lewis Blake Lewis May 23 May 23 season Blake Lewis Blake Lewis 2005 over 100,000 The number of those attending the auditions by now had increased to over 100,000 from the 10,000 of the first season Season four January 18, 2005 January 18, 2005 high definition over 100,000 28 2007 This Is Mynow performed by both finalists during the final and released by Sparks American idol Songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the " coronation song" coronation song 20 This Is Mynow May 24, 2007 2008 David Herrer Carly Smithson January 15, 2008 David Herrer his past employment as a stripper David Herrer Billie Jean David Cook Chris Cornell March 11, 2008 March 11, 2008 Chris Cornell arrangement David Cook John Lennon season ten Hallelujah Jonathan Castro iTunes John Lennon's "Imagine" John Lennon Jonathan Castro Jeff Buckley iTunes David Cook David Cook May 21, 2008 David Cook The Time of My Life The Time of My Life 2008 The Time of My Life May 22, 2008 2009 Mike Darnell president of alternative programming January 13, 2009 January 13, 2009 Mike Darnell Danny Gokey Kara Dioguardi two weeks So You Think You Can Dance Kodak Theatre global recession fourth Kara Dioguardi So You Think You Can Dance Kodak Theatre Gives Back 13 Matt Giraud two 13 fewest votes 13 two Matt Giraud Kris Allen and Adam Lambert Adam Lambert, both of whom had previously landed in the bottom three at the top five Arkansas 38 million Allen the most controversial voting result since season two 38 million AT&T No boundaries Dioguardi No boundaries Dioguardi gold album none 2010 Ellen Degènes January 12, 2010 January 12, 2010 Ellen Degènes Ellen Degènes January 12, 2010 Crystal Bowersox Ken Warwick diabetes Crystal Bowersox the morning of the girls performance night for the top 20 week The schedule was rearranged so the boys performed first and she could perform the following night instead Ken Warwick to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show Michael Lynche The next week, Katie Stevens and Andrew Garcia were eliminated Adam Lambert $45 million Michael Lynche Adam Lambert Simon Cowell A special tribute to Simon Cowell Simon Cowell Paul Abdul De Wyze Beautiful Day May 26 Lee De Wyze and Bowersox Beautiful Day Patty Griffin's "Up to the Mountain" 2011 Season ten Jimmy Iovina The X Factor Nigel Lythgoe January 19, 2011 Nigel Lythgoe Brenda Lopez and Steven Tiny Jimmy Iovina Season ten Myspace reached the final rounds online Myspace Chris Medina Top 40 Casey Abrams Naima Adedapo and Thia Megia Chris Medina the following week Casey Abrams Top 13 result show Chris Medina, whose story of caring for his brain-damaged fiancée, was hospitalized twice and missed the Top 13 result show Tom Hanks Tom Hanks Pia Siciliano Tom Hanks "Like My Mother does" Scotty McCreery "I Love You This Big" "Like My Mother does" Soulful May 25, being the youngest male winner and the fourth male in a row to win American idol Scotty McCreery 2003 2012 one more finalist would join the Top 24 making it the Top 25 Jones January 18, 2012 Jeromaine Jones March 14, concealing arrests and outstanding warrants Phillip Phillips to alleviate a blockage caused by kidney stones eight Phillip Phillips Phillip Phillips kidney pain Colton Dixon Colton Dixon Colton Dixon the first female recipient of the save The following week, unlike previous seasons, Colton Dixon was the only contestant sent home Colton Dixon Colton Dixon Diana Degarmo season five stage Ace Young stage stage "Home" Change Nothing Home Change Nothing Home 2013 Randy Jackson TMZ January 16, 2013 four five Lazaro Arbos five males and five females five Lazaro Arbos four Kayin Sparks Kree Harrison "I Am Beautiful" as a single while Harrison released "I Am Beautiful" as a single while Harrison released "I Am Beautiful" as a single while Harrison released "I Am Beautiful" as a single while Harrison released "I Am All cried Out Kree Harrison Kree Harrison I Am Beautiful I Am Beautiful signed by a music label Randy Jackson one Randy Jackson Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj 2014 Ryan Seacroft in-menter Randy Jackson and Keith Urban January 15, 2014 Harry Connick, Jr. Harry Connick, Jr. Harry Connick, Jr. Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick Sam Woolf The 500th episode of the series was the Top 3 performance night songs they wrote themselves Sam Woolf The 500th episode of the series was the Top 3 performance night Top 3 performance night Calb Johnson Jena Helena "As Long as You Love Me" "As Long as You Love Me" Calb Johnson Jena Helena As Long as You Love Me We Are One 2015 Ryan Seacroft Adam Lambert judges Randy Jackson January 7, 2015 Adam Lambert one Ford Motor Company Ford Motor Company Big Machine Records one Pep Kool Ford Motor Company Big Machine Records Nick Fradiani Jax Jax Beautiful Life "Forcefield" Nick Fradiani Jax Beautiful Life Champions Jax 2015 fifteenth third, fourth, and fifth Harry Connick Jr. Fox May 11, 2015 Ryan Seacroft fourteen 2002 Southern North Carolina North Carolina ten Chris Daughtry 47 million 16 percent 47 million 85 percent Taylor Hicks Alabama Bible Belt Bible Belt state of Alabama White guy with guitar Richard Rushfield The Untold Story five the guitar White guy with guitar Richard Rushfield Phillip Phillips 19 Entertainment Clay Aike Clay Aike 2013 100 million season eight season eight power voting 2010 2013 Gives Back $185 million Gives Back season six 2002 40 million more than 40 million 2002 June 2002 40 million 23 million 26.8 million 26.8 million Clay Aike season four season four 26.5 million 26.8 million season four Season six Season six a programming force unlike any seen before, as its consistent dominance of up to two hours two or three nights a week exceeded the 30- or 60-minute reach of previous hits such as NBC's The Cosby Show NBC Season six The Death Star a steady decline average results show higher than the competition stages 2007– 2008 the fall in viewership across all networks due in part to the 2007– 2008 Writers Guild of America strike 2002 Kristy Lee Cook the ratings rebounded for the season seven final with the excitement over the battle of the Davids, and improved over season six the most watched TV network in the country Writers Guild of America strike NBC CBS 2010 NBC's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics 29.5 million sixth 32.1 32.1 47.2 47.2 eight NBC Sunday Night Football 8 straight years from 2004 to 2012 12.3 million 2013–14 2013–14 7.4 million 12.3 million Fox 8.03 million fifteenth May 11, 2015 8.03 million 1990s and 2000s 18–49 New Girl Glee and New Girl Simon Fuller So You Think You Can Dance dancing with the Stars and So You Think You Can Dance Daughtry and Carrie Underwood Kelly Clarkson, Daughtry and Carrie Underwood Kelly Clarkson 345 Richmeyer Kelly Clarkson 345 Fred Bronson four four million 59 million 120 million 59 million 120 million Debra Byrd vocal coach Broadway Debra Byrd Dreamgirls Debra Byrd Entertainment Weekly national anthem Ken Tuck Entertainment Weekly Karla Peterson Lincoln Memorial Entertainment Weekly Ramin Setoodeh John Mayer Newsweek commercialism Ann Powers Ramin Setoodeh John Mayer Elton John 2006 Le Ann Rimes Usher Le Ann Rimes Faith Hill Le Ann Rimes Elton John country music country music nine years Bruce Gower nine years Gives Back edition nine years Governor's Award $900 million $6.4 billion The American idol experience $900 million Disney starting season four $1.3 million $427 million $700,000 2014 $800 million first first AT&T Wireless mid 2010s season seven $10 million $35 million AT&T Wireless text-messagesing 4,349 PepsiCo The X Factor PepsiCo The X Factor third The season five tour M&M's pretzelCaramel Candyes a semi-finalist who won a sing-off Kellogge's Pop-Tarts a semi-finalist who won a sing-off was also added to the tour The season five tour season seven five iTunes winner's coronation single as a compilation album at the end of the season the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG) to promote and distribute the recordings through its labels RCA Records, Arista Records, J Records, J Records, J Records, Jive Records Sony Music UMG's Interscope-Geff-A&M Records 19 Entertainment 19 Recordings Bertelsmann Music Group Sony Music Entertainment UMG's Interscope-GEFF-A&M Records Walt Disney Company 2009 2009 Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park August 30, 2014 Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida a " Dream Tickets" that granted them front-of-the-line privileges at any future American idol audition August 30, 2014 100 STV and/or STV Two 2014 Yes TV 100 STV and/or STV Two Yes TV La3 two Sony Entertainment Television Thursday and Friday nine or ten hours STAR World La3 double standard seven eight Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris domestic dog millennia sensory capabilities 2010s 40,000 years ago Eurasia starch-rich diet extensive genetic studies man's best friend man's best friend meat *dukkōn Proto-Indo-European Middle English dogg, from Old English docga, a "powerful dog breed" Proto-Indo-European hound dog 16th hound 16th century to refer only to types used for hunting *k won- "dog" offspring the sire poupée male canine hwelp girlfriend a dog sire the sire a dog Canis familiaris 1758 the taxonomist Linnaeus Canis lupus has been universally used for this species Mammal Species of the World Canis Dog-family Canis lupus Canis familiaris 1982 2003 Mammal Species of the World Canis familiaris Mammal Species of the World Canis familiaris the INKN Canis familiaris is sometimes used due to an ongoing nomenclature debate because wild and domestic animals are separately recognizable entities genetic studies extinct ancient wolf fossils that have been found in Europe than they are to modern gray wolves Taimyr wolf of North Asia human hunter-gatherers gray wolf Taimyr Modern dog breeds catching and tearing scavengers wrist bones endurance catching and tearing scavengers height and weight English Mastiff English Mastiff "double" soft down hair "double" soft down hair countershadeng on its upper surfaces and light coloring below countershadeng dark general visibility sickle emotional state sickle genetic ailments parasites unspayed unspayed females of all types and ages parasites abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning macadocha nuts Theobromine toxic The nicotine theobromine poisoning 1.2 years heavier 2013 1.2 years the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive Dogue devignon 6 to 7 years 6 to 7 years Dogue devignon breed with the shortest life span (among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a reasonable sample size) 14 to 15 years Bluey Bluey 1939 Bluey 1939 Posuke six to twelve months pregnancy two years old subsequentestrous cycles biannually, during which the body prepares for pregnancy 58 to 68 days 63 days six twelve 58 to 68 days six average as many as twelve Neutering American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus ovaries and uterus testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus testicles dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered Neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs, and prostate cancer in males neutering reduces the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs, and prostate cancer in males urinary incontinence prostate cancer Chaser Chaser gesturing and pointing Australian dingos to resolve their problems for them knowledge for applying tosolve problems over 200 advanced memory skills 1,000 9,000–30,000 years BCE humans social-cognitive skills physical and social evolution, dogs, more than any other species, have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans and they are uniquely attuned to our behaviors humans actions or inactions acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans human children scents, pheromones and taste using vocalization, hand signals and body posture movements of bodies and limbs hand signals The skin of domestic dogs tends to be thicker than that of wolves, with some Insect tribes favoring the former for use as clothing due to its greater resistance to wear and tear in harsh weather atrophy of the jaw muscles Domesticated dogs are clearly distinguishable from wolves by starch Gel electrophoresis of red blood cell acid phosphatease twice yearly their behaviors 11 morphology and behavior production-related traits fear and aggression production-related traits their behaviors 11 aggression 525 million 525 million regional human population densities apex uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings dogs apex sheep Wolves Coyotes Striped hyenas alligators and Pythons Coyotes Coyotes alligators and Pythons Striped hyenas omnivores vegetables and grains dogs can adapt to a wide-ranging diet, and are not dependent on meat-specific protein nor a very high level of protein in order to fulfill their basic dietary requirements Carnivora protein starch-rich diet hundred years old morphologies and behaviors the dog has developed into hundreds of varied breeds, and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal Irish Wolfhound a few hundred years old hundreds blue selective breeding Dog breeds are groups of animals that possess a set of inherited characteristics that distinguishes them from other animals within the same species modern Kenne clubs genetics, or characteristics Dog breeds non-s scientific classifications unsystematic four Malamute and Shar Pei herding four Malamute the "old world dogs" (e.g., Malamute and Shar Pei), "herding"-type (e.g., Border Collie), "herding"-type (e.g., Border Collie) bit inhibition sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication one of the most successful species on the planet today bit inhibition hunter-gatherers aiding handicapped individuals man's best friend a source of meat food scraps three dog night their camps cleaning up food scraps three dog night cooperative 2004 use of dogs' robust sense of smell to assist with the hunt domestication of the wolf Emigrants from Siberia that walked across the Bering land bridge into North America may have had dogs in their company Bering land bridge 9,400 years ago about 9,400 years ago Athawascan Apache and Navajo tribes horse four-to-five-month humans and dogs 1950s and 1960s 1980s outside more often than they tend to be today (using the expression "in the doghouse" to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between the doghouse and the home) elites outside more often than they tend to be today From the 1980s, there have been changes in the role of the pet dog, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians commodification dogs-as-dogs two commodification everyday routines and practices commodity forms 18th century urine marking 18th century through scent digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking the popular reconceptualization of the dog–human family as a pack Dog Willower part of the family Dog Willower newspaper plates dog Yoga set tasks or routines undertaken as family members newspaper 77.5 million 77.5 million magnetic resonance imaging voices brain emotional magnetic resonance imaging emotional man's best friend herding livestock, hunting nets, detection dogs, and pulling loads Laika herding livestock, hunting (e.g. pointers and hounds), rodent control, guarding, helping fishermen with nets, detection dogs, and pulling loads man's best friend pointers and hounds nets, detection dogs, and pulling loads Laika 1957 Service dogs medical care breed shows judge familiar with the specific dog breed conformity with their established breed type the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog (such as appearance, movement, and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) conformation shows judge familiar with the specific dog breed assesses individual purebreed dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard the externally observable qualities of the dog health in some parts of Switzerland taboo dog fat consumption of dog meat as taboo taboo medicinal properties gae Jang-gu Korean dog dish ensure good health by balancing one's gi, or vital energy of the body scallions and chili powder 19th century scallions and chili powder 4.5 million 17 26. 77% 4.5 million 2000s less severe 5.9 per 10,000 inhabitants 60.7 boys aged 5 to 9, the incidence rate is 60.7 per 10,000 Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections Colorado 60.7 serious infections cats two- wheeled vehicles two- wheeled vehicles Toxo Cara canis (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected 10,000 cause retinal damage and decreased vision Toxo Cara canis (dog roundworm) eggs 14% 10,000 24% retinal damage 2005 sickness 2005 physical exercise physical exercise exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms social interactions 2015 exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms a dog mental institutions social behaviors antisocial and violent behavior late 18th century mental institutions increased knowledge and skill objectives animal- assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors Medical detection 40 times trillion 40 times 551 Cerberus the gates of Hades Garmr guards Helheim Kimat thunder Persian Cerberus Garmr Kimat Kimat the gates of Naraka Yama bronze dogfigurines Yama the gates of Naraka bronze dogfigurines bronze dogfigurines unclean they are viewed as scavengers The Hague leather dog boieties they are viewed as scavengers 2015 Lérida, Spain their luggage faithfulness Jews feeding them before obtaining them faithfulness kind protectors China kind protectors caves Hunting caves Hunting Cultural depictions of dogs in art extend back thousands of years to when dogs were portrayed on the walls of caves humans French Bulldogs run away respond with aggression pet dogs living in human homes more safety, more reliable food, lesser caloric needs, and more chance to breed domestication of dogs poorly controlled doctor and being less likely to be on medication than non-guardians 1936 129 one world, one dream Journey of Harmony one world, one dream Beijing, China the "Journey of Harmony" 85,000 March 24 Greece March 31 six Silk Road the birthplace of the Olympic Games in Olympia, Greece March 24 Pan Olympiaiko Stadium March 31 Mount Everest hundreds none Tibetan independence, animal rights, and legal online gambling Chinese security officials the Chinese government the number of supporters Australia, Japan, South Korea, the counter- protesters overseas Chinese and foreign-based Chinese nationals skirmishes Latin America, Africa, and Western Asia legs of the torch Relay Jacquesrogge Tibetan global Relays in future editions of the games the president of the International Olympic Committee expelled from the games the president of the International Olympic Committee calls to do Paratrophiic Games ParaOlympic Games had been cancelled Lucky cloud aluminum 985 grams An ignition key Lucky cloud aluminum 65 kilometre per hour 50 millimetres cans of protone March 2008 red and yellow March 2008 130 a chartered Air China aircraft A330 red and yellow Air China aircraft A330 130 a total of 137,000 km (85,000 mi) for a duration of 130 days through 21 countries and regions six The planned route originally included a stop in Taiwan between Ho Chi Minh City and Hong Kong Hong Kong and Macau continents Beijing Hong Kong and Macau 24 March 24, 2008 Olympia, Greece Maria Naf Plioou Maria Naf Plioou March 30, 2008 Olympia, Greece Luo Xue Juan silver Alexandros Nikolaids Nepal the LVMH Group, of donating funds to the Dalai Lama LVMH Group French flags Kunming LVMH Group censorship the LVMH Group, of donating funds to the Dalai Lama People's Daily People's Daily legal Olympic torch Nur Sultan Nazarbaev President Astan Square Uighur Kazakhstan Nur Sultan Nazarbaev 20 km Uighur April 3 Sultan Ahmed Square Taksim Square The torch Relay leg in Istanbul, held on April 3, started on SultanMehmet Square and finished in Taksim Square Istanbul Taksim Square Taksim Square The torch Relay leg in Istanbul, held on April 3, started on SultanMehmet Square and finished in Taksim Square promptly arrested by the police April 5 the Victory Square the Palace Square PRide Heavyweight Champion Dmitr Emenianenko the Victory Square the Victory Square the Victory Square PRide Heavyweight Champion London April 6 £750,000 London Wembley Stadium O2 Arena 30 the tracksuit-clad Chinese security guards 80 Francesco Martinez and Richard Vaughan Richard Vaughan Gordon Brown Sir Steve Redgrave 2,000 Francesco Martinez and Richard Vaughan 10 Downing Street The London Relay saw the torch surrounded by what the BBC described as "a mobile protective ring." April 7 the Eiffel Tower and finished at the Stade Charéty bus Teddy Riner April 7 Paris Eiffel Tower 3,000 five Green Party officials Jin Jing Angels in Wheelchair Chinese officials canceled the torch Relay ceremony Jin Jing Angels in Wheelchair Green Party officials Reporters Without Borders Eiffel Tower Notre Dame protest banner Reporters Without Borders Notre Dame cathedral the Troadéron with banners and Tibetan flags Jane Birkin Thupten Gyatso the Troadéron with banners and Tibetan flags peaceful protest Jane Birkin freedom of speech the National Assembly's session Respect for Human Rights in China Freedom for Tibet Parliament the National Assembly's session Respect for Human Rights in China Freedom for Tibet Tibetan flags Libération everywhere except on the Troadération Michielle Alliot-Marie Tibetan flags everywhere except on the Troadération Minister of the Interior police officer McCovey Cove April 9 Lin Li The route changes allowed the run to avoid large numbers of China supporters and protesters against China Peter Ueberroth San Francisco April 9 Lin Li San Francisco International Airport San Francisco Board of supervisors human rights abuses April 8 April 9, 2008 San Francisco Board of supervisors United Nations Plaza Richard Ger and Archbishop Desmond Tut Golden Gate Bridge KJPEG-CBS5 China Golden Gate Bridge Laurel Sutherlin five five a Warehouse on a waterfront pier where it stayed for a half-an-hour Majora Carter Andrew Michael San Francisco International Airport San Francisco International Airport a waterfront pier April 11, Palermo district Mauricio Macri Costaner Sur Costaner Sur Mauricio Macri Mauricio Macri the flame Jorge CarCAVo the Obelisk to the city hall Free Tibet Jorge Car cavalo the Obelisk to the city hall Free Tibet Free Tibet Human Rights Torch Susan Pragueer Friends of Falungong Diego Maradona 1200 several water balloons Friends of Falungong Diego Maradona 1200 a complex security operative peaceful Tanzania April 13 the old city to the Benjamin Mkama National Stadium in Temike Tanzania Tazara Railway the grand terminal of the Tazara Railway Tanzania Dar es Salaam Sultanate of Oman April 14 Sulaf Fawakaherji Sultanate of Oman 20 km Sulaf Fawakaherji April 16 Jinnah Stadium Prime Minister Yousafrazza Gillani a stadium behind closed doors Jinnah Stadium April 17 70 Bai Chung Bhutia five India Gate 1.5 miles five five Bai Chung Bhutia Republic Day celebrations Nirupma Sen India's Commerce Minister, Kamalnath India's Commerce Minister, Kamalnath 2 am local time Republic Day celebrations terrorist 150,000 a democracy India 150,000 protests Tibetan exile community the Tibetan government in exile, which is based in India, has stated that it did not support the disruption of the Olympic torch Relay Tibetan government in exile Bollywood actress Soha Ali Khan Indian Police Service Soha Ali Khan April 16, Kehran Bedi Soha Ali Khan Delhi Bollywood actress Soha Ali Khan caged woman April 18 M.R. Narita Buddhis Bongse students told the media that the Chinese Embassy provided them with transportation and gave them shirts to wear April 18 10 Thai authorities Mom Raja Wongse Narinara Chak Bongse 1964 Kuala Malaysia Independence Square 1964 Tokyo edition Independence Square Petronas Twin Towers 1964 1000 Falungong Falungong Malaysian citizenship and their 5-year-old child Taiwan and Tibet belong to China placards April 22 Chinese embassy journalists the city main's stadium 20 security concerns and at the request of the Chinese embassy the city main's stadium in the streets around the city main's stadium April 24 Australian and Chinese officials peace and welcome Australian and Chinese officials Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 16 The event was held in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory on April 24, and covered around 16 km of Canberra's central areas, from Reconciliation Place to Commonwealth Park Australian Federal Police Ages Shea People's Liberation Army personnel sacred torch Tony Goh Stephen Smith People's Liberation Army personnel Australian police Tony Goh Zhang Rong Stephen Smith Lin Hatfield Dodds Stephen Smith Lin Hatfield Dodds Stephen Smith Ted Quinlan between 2,000 and 10,000 Australia Ian Thorpe between 2,000 and 10,000 2,000 and 10,000 Ted Quinlan the Chinese embassy Zenkō-ji April 26 Nagano 1998 Winter Olympics Zenkō-ji the Minami Nagano Sports Park following the torch Relay was also canceled out of concern about disruptions caused by demonstrators protesting against China's recent crackdown in Tibet two Seoul April 27 Olympic Park Chinese students Seoul 1988 Summer Games April 28 Kim Yong Nam Pak Duik the large sculpted flame of the obelisk of the Juche Tower, which commemorates the national ideology of Juche, or "self-reliance" Pyongyang April 28 pink paper flowers and small flags with the Beijing Olympics logo Pak Duik propaganda stunt against human rights UNICEF United Nations Organization and its children's agency UNICEF raising awareness of conditions for children North Korea April 29 Ho Chi Minh City 60 Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam is involved in a territorial dispute with China (and other countries) for sovereignty of the Spraly and Paracel Islands Sansha Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City Nguyen Tưn Dưng seven Điề Cày Lão Minh Phiề seven Nguyen Văn Hân tax evacua Lão Minh Phiề the disputed islands May 2 Lee Lai Shan Hong Kong Cultural Centre in Tsim Sha tsui Golden Bauhinia Square in Wan Chai 120 May 2 Donald Tsong dragon boat 120 pro-Beijing camp politicians novelty inflaable plastic Olympic flames the implementation of democracy in Hong Kong Christine Chan the Hong Kong government, claiming her human rights were breached claiming her human rights were breached democracy Leung K Wong-hang Tibetan snow lion flag Color Orange democracy group "Pilla of Shame" immigration reasons Mia Farrow two systems policy Color Orange democracy group "Pilla of Shame" immigration reasons Mia Farrow May 3 Macau Fisherman's Wharf 120 Leong Hong Man and Leong Heng Teng non-athletes May 3 120 Leong Hong Man and Leong Heng Teng Stanley Ho. Leong Hong Man and Leong Heng Teng Macao Daily News cyberctm.com Internet forums Macau resident cyberctm.com The head of the Bureau of Telecommunications Regulation the first time since April Jackie Chan May 4 April International Olympic Committee (Olympic) officials and Chinese big names like Jackie Chan Jackie Chan biased biased Libération The coverage of the events by the media Western reporters in Beijing have described Chinese media coverage as partial Reporters Without Borders Libération saboteur disruptive protesters the people of the world who cordially love the Olympic spirit Marie-José Pérec radicals Marie-José Pérec The Beijing Organising Committee for the Games spirit of Olympics sports and politics run for spirit of Olympics sports and politics The Daily Telegraph Libération torch Relays Fu Ying The Daily Telegraph Libération the Lhasa riots and the Olympic torch Relay by the U.S.-based Cable News Network (CNN) the Lhasa riots and the Olympic torch Relay by the U.S.-based Cable News Network (CNN) Chinese government The challenges of reporting Paul Danahar 1,300 Paul Danahar China People's Daily People's Daily an anti-CNN website a Beijing citizen Beijing citizen foreign correspondents in Beijing 30 August 2007 matching blue tracksuits Second Right Brother 30 August 2007 matching blue tracksuits Second Right Brother the LVMH Group, of donating funds to the Dalai Lama LVMH Group Dalai Lama French flags LVMH Group anti-Chinese racism anti-Japanese People's Daily Sohu.com May 1 anti-Japanese protests People's Daily Sohu.com May 1 Shoichi Washizawa "great nuisance" un-identified person Shoichi Washizawa great nuisance Olympic torch Relay alight in a set of 8 lanterns protests Hong Kong legislator Jin Jing Western media Two 40 mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorem of 1931 Kurt Gödel the set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics 1931 encapsulate mathematics Whitehead and Russell's book metaphysics The Aims of Education and Other Essays teaching of what he called "education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful." it is, above all things, harmful between 1912 and 1927 1912 and 1927 between 1912 and 1927 numerous Essay and addresses by Whitehead inert ideas a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge it should be transdisciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate transdisciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate it should be transdisciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge many different areas of knowledge multidisciplinary, value-free school model beyond his undergraduate education his profound ignorance of that science for bids me to enter the 20th century's formost metaphysicians Bertrand Russell beyond his undergraduate education great interest in and respect for philosophy and metaphysics a rank amateur a rank amateur "Every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislike metaphysics how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress, even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress, even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic essential to both good science and good philosophy make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works all the time they remain unexamined and unquestioned basic assumptions about how the universe works metaphysical investigations reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience exclusively material or else exclusively mental the Cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another Cartesian an event-based or " process" ontology rejected in favor of an event-based or " process" ontology the most basic elements of reality can all be regarded as experienceential, indeed that everything is constituted by its experience process philosophy materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete "quality", "matter", and "form" They are useful abstractions, but are not the world's basic building blocks a continuum of overlapping events logically distinct problematic change "classical" concepts society a continuum of overlapping events occasions of experience a " defining essence" or a "core identity" qualitative and secondary to their core identity qualitative and secondary to their core identity discrete "occasions of experience" that overlap one another in time and space, and jointly make up the enduring person or thing one another in time and space all things flow the only fundamentally exist things are discrete "occasions of experience" that overlap one another in time and space, and jointly make up the enduring person or thing it may be difficult to ever wholly move past such ideas in everyday speech it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things limitations of language it is not philosophically or ontologically sound to think that a person is the same from one second to the next it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things limitations of language it is not philosophically or ontologically sound to think that a person is the same from one second to the next relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves separate in time and space primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves The idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything it obscures the importance of relations materialism distinct and discrete simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it it could not be said to really exist nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities it was not related to any other entity they are what the thing is synthesis of and reaction to the world around it conform to it Europe and China Archbishop of Canterbury, William Temple Temple's Gifford Lectures of 1932- 1934 political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education ecology, physics, biology, education, economics, and psychology University of Chicago's Divinity School Henry Nelson Wieman John B. Cobb, Jr. Wieman, Charles Hartshallne, Bernard Loomer, Bernard Meland, and Daniel Day Williams China modernization and industrialization Chinese government has encouraged the building of twenty-three university-based centers for the study of Whitehead's philosophy John Cobb and David Ray Griffin mutual interdependence of humanity and nature his assertion that matter is an abstraction it may be partly due to his metaphysical ideas seeming somewhat counter- intuitie passé influential American pragmatism William James and John Dewey Nicholas Rescher Charles Sanders Peirce Richard Rorty a view that might perhaps be regarded as dual to Einstein's general relativity Henry Stapp and David Bohm They are phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that Whitehead assumes phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that Whitehead assumes as a local approximation Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order Theology of Ecology For the Common Good: Layering the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future Theology of Ecology aimed to challenge "economists' zelous faith in the great god of growth." Xie Bangxian five things in curriculum and education help a person become whole Chinese government organizations and the Institute for the Postmodern Development of China Mark Diben applied process thought philosophy of management and business ethics philosophy of management and organizational theory a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experienceing, as opposed to occasional – and thoroughly passive – happening 1910s and early 1920s philosophy of science processes bits of matter that exist independently of one another Process and reality mathematics to philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics metaphysics metaphysics metaphysical system processes Ramsgate, Kent, England 1861 Thomas Whitehead a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy Maria Sarah Whitehead Ramsgate, Kent, England 1861 a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy Maria Sarah Whitehead E Victoria University of London system Dean of the Faculty of Science Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London 1924 Bachelor of Science 1918 Dean of the Faculty of Science University of London system 1924 Victor Lowe his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death almost skeptical belief No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him two Victor Lowe all of his papers be destroyed very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life Principia Mathematica Bertrand Russell professional mathematicians Principia Mathematica (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and An Introduction to Mathematics one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century mathematics three Bertrand Russell Principia Mathematica 1898 expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplictive class generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them, but rather the comparative study of their several structures It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplictive class unity of design their several structures ten years ten years to add insult to injury Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London likely no major academic library in the world ten years ten years more than 2,000 pages 2,000 pages Whitehead and Russell among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon Gifford Process and reality professional philosophers Process and reality 1927–28 among the most difficult to understand frustration with Whitehead's books did not negatively affect his interest perceived the importance of what Whitehead was doing without fully grasping all of the details and implications Henry Nelson Wieman he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years, and for at least thirty years afterward Chicago's Divinity School was closely associated with Whitehead's thought Mathews Divinity School 1927 Henry Nelson Wieman he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years, and for at least thirty years afterward Chicago's Divinity School was closely associated with Whitehead's thought little-read and little-understood it demands it has been little-read and little-understood Process and reality Isabelle Stengers philosophy's most dearly held assumptions about how the universe works scientific and philosophical problems a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems absolute principle of existence reaction to them consciousness faulty understanding or inadequate technology creativity a assessment of them and reaction to them creativity is the absolute principle of existence, and every entity (whether it is a human being, a tree, or an electron) has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities Latin prehensio the mind only has private ideas about other entities self-conscious beings Latin prehensio seize people as well as electrons two a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons the experience dominating the primitive living organisms, which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged, and the fate towards which they go pure sense perception causal efficacy Presental immediacy pure appearance the experience dominating the primitive living organisms pure sense perception the sense perceptions which indicate a higher grade mentality symbolic reference the causal relationships causation higher grade mentality a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other "might not have jumped to the notion of a chair", but instead "might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape." sees a colored shape, and immediately infers that it is a chair would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such "life is comparatively deficient in survival value." actively engaged in modifying their environment increasing its own satisfaction increasing its own satisfaction survival value modifying their environment three increasing its own satisfaction increasing its own satisfaction "the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment, an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three-fold goal of living, living well, and living better the brief Galilean vision of humility the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar monotheistic notions necessary for his metaphysical system ordered potentials exist in what he called the primordial nature of God the consequent nature primordial nature springing primarily from religious faith God's reception of the world's activity change the way God interacts with the world "[God] saves the world as it passes into the immediacy of his own life." change the way God interacts with the world the immediacy of his own life actuality and change fulfilling one another fulfilling one another fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can provide by taking them into God's self fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can provide by taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time individual religion is what the individual does with his own solitariness a system of general truths that transformed a person's character encourage the violent extermination of a rival religion's adherents solitariness the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals The spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals the work of his students and admiraers rather than Whitehead himself Bruno La Tour Claremont Willard Van Orman Quine he stands provisionally as the last great Anglo-American philosopher before Wittgenstein's disciples spread their misty confusion, sufficiency, and terror American progressive theology Charles Hartshallne full-blown process theology John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hloyd Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faer, and Catherine Keller relational nature the fellow sufferer who understands would not praise a human ruler who was un affected by either the joys or Sorrows of his followers the being who can most appropriately respond to the world process naturalism biology and economics poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory geneticist Benjamin I. Gamwell process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests an ultimate tempting to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people organizational theory and organizational behavior "understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference." Integrative Process: Follettian Thinking from Ontology to Administration maintain their assets under management a conflict of interest between professional investment managers and their institutional clients Professional investment managers maximize their compensation maintain their assets under management Countrywide Financial July 11, 2008 Southern California–based InnyMac InyMac Bank FDIC April 2008 9.27% total risk-based $160 million Moody's and Standard & poor's 10% risk-based capital ratio Charles Schumer Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation $7 billion the breakout of maturities of these deposits is not known exactly $500 million 7.5% 7.5% $10.7 billion Charles Schumer the unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated FSB $100,000 roughly 10,000 July 11, 2008 July 14, 2008 Over 100 Bear Stearns September and October 2008 Oct. 6, 2008 Lehman Brothers money market funds commercial paper issued by corporations to fund their operations and payrolls September 2008 $144.5 billion 4.65% shadow banking system shadow banking system investment banks and other entities Treasury Secretary nearly one-third collapse of the shadow banking system Brookings Institution securitization capital more than a quarter 45% 20% $13 trillion $13 trillion at its peak in 2006 their creditworthiness depends on their future profits loss of close to $6 trillion in housing wealth and an even larger amount of stock wealth Tens of millions future profits their creditworthiness depends on their future profits global economic collapse Investment bank three quarters Iceland capital injection more than a third 14.4% 21.5% The US economy a recession in the U.S. and the increased savings rate of U.S. consumers a fall from more than 10% in 2007 to close to zero $251 billion 300,000 provide a sound economic policymaking and good governance falls in trade, commodity prices, investment and re Mittances sent from migrant workers Arab World Foreign Direct Investment global downturn lower oil prices lower oil prices 10.1% 33, the lowest level since the government began collecting the data in 1964 6% 1983 patent applications faulty risk-weightings financial engineering Basel III regulations Johan Norberg capital ratios, limits on leverage, narrow definition of capital (to exclude subordinated debt), limit counter-party risk, and new liquidity requirements June 2009 June 2009 2008 "More Quickly Than It Began, The Banking Crisis Is Over." January 27, 2010 Advanced economies 69% global economic growth 69% Advanced Krugman December 2010 2006 commercial mortgage-backed securities related lending the collateralized debt obligation $70 trillion doubled the mortgage-backed security and the collateralized debt obligation Giant Pool of Money collateralized debt obligation enabled financial institutions to obtain investment funds to finance sub prime and other lending, extending or increasing the housing bubble and generating large fees investment-grade single pool Securities with lower priority 20% mid 2006 nearly 1.3 million properties 2.3 million 9.2% 6.5% to 1.0% to soften the effects of the collapse of the dot-com bubble and the September 2001 terrorist attacks, as well as to combat a perceived risk of deflation housing excessive credit growth Lower interest rates $650 billion 5.8% Asia and oil-exporting nations a capital account (investment) surplus of the same amount foreign funds between July 2004 and July 2006 interest rate resets more expensive for homeowners inversely deflating of the housing bubble, as asset prices generally move inversely to interest rates, and it became risker to speculate in housing dramatically declined in value the Business Chief UnderWriter for Correspondent Lending in the Consumer Lending Group for Citigroup 220 60% 1,600 over 80% of production Clayton Holdings 900,000 23 28% 900,000 Predatory lending Countrywide Financial an adjustment rate mortgage negative Amoration, which the credit consumer might not notice until long after the loan transaction had been consummated advertising low interest rates for home refinancing California Attorney General Jerry Brown adjustment rate mortgages their home equity had disappeared Office of Telegraph Supervision weak Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Gethser Timothy Geithr OECD regulatory framework Basel accords increasing their appetite for risky investments and reducing their resilience in case of losses complex government bankruptcy off-balance sheet securitization and derivatives five financial shock capital requirements $4.2 trillion Lehman Brothers saving more during adverse economic conditions the paradox of thrift the paradox of thrift Hyman Minski Economist Hyman Minski also described a "paradox of deleveraging" as financial institutions that have too much leverage (debt relative to equity) cannot all de-leverage simultaneously without significant declines in the value of their assets Janet Yellen it didn’t take long before we were in a recession The recession cancelling planned investments and laying off workers balance sheet deleveraging financial innovation the adjustment-rate mortgage the adjustment-rate mortgage; the Bundling of sub prime mortgages into mortgage-backed securities into mortgage-backed securities (MBS) or collateralized debt obligations (CDO) for sale to investors, a type of securitization ongoing development of financial products designed to achieve particular client objectives, such as offsetting a particular risk exposure (such as the default of a borrower) or to assist with obtaining financing These products vary in complexity and the ease with which they can be valued on the books of financial institutions Q1 2007 $20 billion $180 billion 36% $20 billion innovative financial products spreading risk this provided the ground for fraudulent acts, misjudgments and finally market collapse indirect information Fico scores on creditworthiness, appraisals and due diligence checks by third party organizations 2005 interest rates or fees The price of risk a lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures a straightforward, readily understandable format far more disruptive risk inherent with financial innovation accurately measure the risk inherent with financial innovation such as MBS and CDOs or understand its impact on the overall stability of the financial system approximately 32 cents on the dollar approximately 32 cents $ 450bn AG a premium in exchange for a promise to pay money to party A in the event party B defaulted September 2008 over $180 billion a premium George Soros investors were re assurd by the fact that both the international bond rating agencies and bank regulators, who came to rely on them, accepted as valid some complex mathematical models which theoretically showed the risks were much smaller than they actually proved the originators of synthetic products the originators of synthetic products the international bond rating agencies and bank regulators World Scientific 2006 Merrill Lynch some of the copule limitations 2006 Timothy Gethenir 2009 a "run" shadow banking system maturity mismatch spring of 2007 fall of 2008 More than a third Brookings Institution a number of years Mark Zalai securitization markets $2 trillion less than $150 billion TELF program Rapid increases $50 to $149 plunging speculative flow of money from housing and other investments into commodities gasoline Michael Greenberger Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and BP Michael Greenberger Mr Greenberger London and New York Ailsa McKay mainstream economics and within the economics profession new advances the financial crisis and the response to it revealed a crisis of ideas in mainstream economics and within the economics profession Ragurangam Rajan 2005 a celebration honouring Alan Green span, who was about to retired as chairman of the US Federal Reserve Has Financial Development Made the World riskier tail risks Raghurm Rajan Great moderation Dirk Bezemer as a vindication and classic example of a predictable credit-fueled bubble that could not forestall the dis regarded but inevitable effect of an artificial, manufactured laxity in monetary supply Alan Green span BusinessWeek Great Depression Wharton School nouriel Roubini Dr. Doom Nassim Nicholas Taleb David Brooks breakdown of the banking system banking stocks Phil Dow more than 50% 54.7% Floyd Norris Northern Rock Bank of England mid- September 2007 February 2008 Northern Rock the borrower’s income or assets Appraisals poor Appraisals obtained by InduyMac on underlying collateral regulate its involvement in those loans or tighten their issuing criteria half 63 percent 77 percent 4,000 poorest families European Commission at Brussels 0.1% 0.1% the IMF 3% expand money supplies borrowing and spending lending-of-last- resort mitigating stigma self-reinforcing decline in global consumption credit freeze US$2.5 trillion $1.5 trillion Joseph Stelitz spending the money in more profitable areas by investing internationally in emerging markets regulatory proposals executive pay, bank financial cushions or capital requirements proprietary trading Paul Volcker Paul Volcker May 2010 May 2010 Volcker Rule the Volcker Rule The active phase of the crisis, which manifested as a liquidity crisis, can be dated from August 9, 2007, when BNP paribas terminated withdrawals from three hedge funds citing "a complete evaporation of liquidity" trillions of U.S. dollars August 9, 2007 2008–2012 BNP paribas 2004 2009 Escalte, questionable trading practices on behalf of both buyers and buyers and buyers the values of securities tied to U.S. real estate price to plummet, damaging financial institutions globally capital Levin–Coburn Report Glass-Steagh Act The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission credit rating agencies and investors regulatory mortgage-backed securities collateralized debt obligations major global financial institutions institutions and investors around the world mortgage payments and housing prices the trillions of U.S. dollars globally enter foreclosure 2006 loan types The ongoing foreclosure epidemic investment banks and hedge funds investment banks and hedge funds financialization deregulation to encourage business U.S. Government policy large loan defaults or MBS losses the ability of financial institutions to lend, slowing economic activity central banks Governments slowing economic activity January 2011 widespread failures in financial regulation Federal Reserve key policy makers corporate governance market power shifted from securitizers to originators and as intense competition from private securitizers undermined GSE power, mortgage standards declined and risky loans proliferated 2003 2004–2006 2004–2006 conservative government-sponsored enterprises six Paul Krugman government affordable housing policy GSE 3 of the 4 Republican appointees 13 million $2 trillion Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac American Enterprise Institute 6 Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight Bush September 10, 2003 The hearings never resulted in new legislation or formal investigation the committee members $468 billion $468 billion Community Reinvestment Act 25% 25% 1995 $4.5 trillion faulty and self-serving based on the faulty and self-serving assumption that high- interest-rate loans (3 percentage points over average) equal “sub prime” loans September 11, 2001 credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs investment banks and hedge funds used financial innovation to enable large wagers to be made, far beyond the actual value of the underlying mortgage loans portfolio Magazine credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs U.S. residential housing bubble low or no it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans 1997–2006 period the U.S. residential housing bubble (as opposed to other types of bubbles) led to financial crisis was that it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans 160 St. Barthélemy lies immediately southeast of the islands of Saint Martin and Anguilla turtle rocks Renaissance Islands Île Toc Vers, Île Tortue andgros Îlets French citizens and work at establishments on the island French 500–700 French geographically, and not racially Saint Martin five March 2012 15 July 2007 nineteen September 2014 European Union One 2008 six Agricultural production Sweet potato Agricultural production vegetables, cotton, pineapples, salt, bananas and also fishing Gustavia rich and famous 200,000 €61,200,000 International investment airplane 25 58 Portugal 12 400 naturalized varieties of flora The eastern part several hundred Sea grapes Pacific islands antioxidant or alo Vera cereus South America 1773 shrubs December till May December till May turtles jellyfish tall sea grasses pearly- pink shells urchins on the shore line in shallow waters ghost crabs lay eggs in water 1,200 sea turtles Anchoring Reserve Naturelle mooring buoys the Swedes Gustav Adolph 1787 The other fort known as Fort Oscar (formerly Gustav Adolph) which overlooking the sea is located on the far side of La Pointe La Pointe over 70 hotels les grands creux French cuisine, West Indian cuisine, Creole cuisine, Italian cuisine and Asian cuisine gastronomc every alternate year Concarneau in Brittany, France, reaching St. Barthélemy boats of 10 m length with a single hull and with essential safety equipment 10 m length 10 m length St. Barthélemy a typical commercial jet airliner Princess Juliana International Airport St. Barthélemy Gustaf III Airport France Saint-Barth English Ouanalao Greater Antilles volcanic island 9,037 Gustavia Guadeloupe the winter holiday season Guadeloupe 2003 2007 Hotel de la Collectivité A senator Jean Bay small coral reef shallow waters a marine reserve 22 15 leeward side leeward side windsurfer arid 25 square kilometres 1000 mm May to November 13 °C 1744 1785 Carénage Carénage Caribbean war Musée Territorial de St.-Barthe Lemy The island’s history relating to French, Swedish and British period of occupation is well presented in the museum with photographs, maps and paintings La Pointe British ancestral costumes, antique tools, models of Creole houses and ancient fishing boats modern molecular biology and genetics DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses) DNA Hans Wimmer 1920 University of Hamburg, Germany biome, rhizome half segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis mitochondria and chloroplasts, or viruses genomics the properties of single genes or groups of genes genomics C-value paradox protozoan 60,000 three times Walter fiers Haemophilus influenzae Walter fiers The Institute for Genomic Research 1996 The US National Institutes of Health Arabidopsis thaliana Arabidopsis thaliana December 2013 130,000 massive parallel sequencing Manteia Predictive Medicine James D. Watson DNA a genome map The Human Genome Project Jean Weissenburg Genoscope in Paris Genome composition evolutionary history prokaryotes and eukaryotes exon-intron organization of protein coding genes prokaryotes and eukaryotes a pathogenic microbe biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes chromosomes plants, protozoa and animals plastome chloroplasts or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome Genome size morphological complexity mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above Developmental biology single cell organisms Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes increasing genome size E. coli Higher eukaryotes 20% tandem repeats and interspersed repeats The proportion of repetitive DNA satellite DNA satellite DNA and microsatellites interspersed repeats Transposable elements (TEs) integrate into the genome at another site within the cell Interspersed repeats Interspersed repeats RNA cut and paste RNA karyotype chromosome number Duplications creation of genetic novelty Horizontal gene transfer microbes chloroplast and mitochondrial comprehensive school selective England and Wales 90% a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude design and technology and vocational learning smaller comprehensive schools City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes 164 1965 neighbourhood Current education reforms withacademies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges 1970s 7 to 16 comprehensive college preparatory classes for the students who are doing well, general education classes for average students, and remedial courses for those who aren't doing that well general education classes for average students, and remedial courses for those who are doing that well 50% 50% Stadttürschule in Hamburg Stadttürschule in Hamburg and Secondarschule 2010 2011 regular classes and remedial classes the Abitur The "Mempelschule" grade inflation sick and tired of the comprehensive schools blaming their problems on the social class origins of their students Sigrid Beer Christian Democratic Union Alliance '90/The Greens their middle class peers their middle class peers Gymnasium or a Realschule Helmut Fend tripartite 1972 sixth form A-levels 1966 Patrick Hillery vocational school system community school concept 1970s The state the denominational basis of the schools Community colleges 1946 London County Council Holyhead County School 1949 Woodlands Boys School Anthony Crosland Secretary of State for Education Secondary technical Margaret Thatcher local authorities Conservative government 1975 large neighbourhood comprehensives comprehensive status Sandwell and Dudley in the West Midlands James Callaghan Comprehensive school Labour prime minister Education Reform Act 1988 specialisation league tables of school performance comprehensive specialist schools 2005 United Kingdom England and Wales République du Congo Central African Republic Gabon Cameroon Central Bantu-speaking tribes 1960 former colony of French Congo became the Republic of the Congo President Denis Sassou fourth oil revenues Pygmy 1500 BC Angola, Gabon, and Democratic Republic of the Congo Diogo Cão Portuguese commodities, manufactured goods, and people captured from the hinterlands late 19th century Bantu societies 1880 Pierre de Brazza Middle Congo French Equatorial Africa 14,000 Brazzaville Brazzaville Conference of 1944 1946 Fourth Republic 1958 the Fifth Republic Republic of the Congo 1959 August 15, 1960 Fulbert Youlou Fulbert The Congolese military took charge of the country briefly and installed a civilian provisional government headed by Alphonse Massamba- Débat The Congolese military Massamba- Débat the regime adopted "s scientific socialism" as the country's constitutional ideology Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, North Korea and North Vietnam September 1968 Marien Ngouabi People's Republic of the Congo Congolese Labour Party 1972 March 16, 1977 Eastern Bloc Soviet Union political repression to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship Pascal Lissa Uba IMF civil war structural adjustment facility Lissa Uba and Sassou Cobras Angolan mid-October Andre Milong seven years January 2002 April 2003 Sassou Congolese Observatory of Human Rights "very low" turnout multi-party Congolese Labour Party Parti Congalo du Toeuvre corruption revelations France March 27, 2015 third consecutive term government There is one government-owned television station and around 10 small private television channels 10 The Congolese Human Rights Observatory property the same way "pets" December 30, 2010 3°N and 5°S 11° and 17°E Atlantic Ocean Angola Angola Brazzaville Congo River KinCongo Democratic Republic of the Congo a coastal plain Kouilau-Nari River a coastal plain Forests Equator 24 °C (75 °F) and nights generally between 16 °C (61 °F) and 21 °C (70 °F) between 16 °C (61 °F) and 21 °C (70 °F) June to August Wildlife Conservation Society Sangha Region islandspitable swamps petroleum, support services, and a government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing budget problems and overstaffing forestry 65% 92% large-scale development projects with GDP growth averaging 5% annually 5% 50% 46% civil war slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict in December 1998 December 1998 stimulating recovery and reducing poverty Natural gas and diamonds 2004 gold, iron and phosphate deposits Organization for the harmonizization of Business Law in Africa 200,000 hectares land, air and water transportation 1930s Paris Atlantic Ocean southwestern 70% of its total population living in a few urban areas 62 Laari in Brazzaville and Pool regions and Vili around Pointe-noire and along the Atlantic coast 2% 12% about 9,000 French 300 Catholics 22.3% 19.9% 1.6% Catholics 8.9% 2.8% US$30 20 560 Female genital mutilation 59 16year-olds 44% a bachelor's degree in three years and a master's after four teaching at all levels is in French, and the educational system as a whole models the French system executive parliamentary or semi-presidential system the civil service and execute the directives of the head of state the prime minister is the presiding and actual head of government and head of the executive branch ceremonial to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature royal prerogative parliament First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service Minister of Defence 1725 Louis XIV and his descendants generally attempted to avoid giving this title to their chief ministers. Louis XIV and his descendants generally attempted to avoid giving this title to their chief ministers France Louis XIV 18th century Sir Robert Walpole Thomas Cromwell Charles II and Godolphin Clarendon the personal favour of the monarch the monarch Tory ministers Davidson and St John Clarendon the Glorious Revolution of 1688 The monarch could no longer establish any law or impose any tax without its permission and thus the House of Commons became a part of the government House of Commons George I 1714 Hanover twenty-one years Whig politician the doctrine of cabinet solidarity defend it in public, or resign Lord Melbourne parliamentarians and legal scholars George II and George III Benjamin Disraeli 18th century the president Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah 1970 Bahrain parliamentary republics parliamentary republics the Premier of the State Council the Premier of the State Council the legislature the legislature is controlled by a party different from that of the president the resignation of the government Bangladesh's constitution functions and powers National People's Congress Zōnglī Constitution Act 1982 federal and provincial the process of his/her appointment and dismissal first decade of the twentieth century Balfour 1905 Margaret Thatcher 1979 1979 House of Commons The position of prime minister is normally chosen from the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament every general election lower house of parliament upper houses a motion of no confidence passed against them the prime minister the resignation of the prime minister and his or her government prime minister 1918 1918 Executive Council the Irish cabinet a spill motion Chairman of the government Rosh HaMenshalah the President of the Government the Teoising president of the council of ministers (i.e. minister of state), President of the Executive Council, or Minister-President minister of state the equivalent term of premier Germany and Austria the Minister of State Secretary of State the President of Iran, who is not actually a head of state, but the head of the government of Iran non-Commonwealth the style of Excellency like a president Prime Minister of Canada the Prime Minister of Canada devolved government First Minister Prachan Mantri The Prime Minister is referred to as "Wa zir-e-A Zam", meaning "Grand Vizier" Grand Vizier The Prime Minister's executive office is usually called the Office of the Prime Minister in the case of the Canada and other Commonwealth countries, it is called Cabinet Office in United Kingdom Cabinet Office IT 19th École Polytechnic Greek polytechnic the Berg-Schola World War II Collegium Carolinum 1794 higher education 1992 University of Westminster Regent Street polytechnic University of Technology College of Advanced Education system Melbourne Polytechnic rebranding and repositioning in 2014 from Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE Melbourne Polytechnic 2009 seven Hausakademiee master's Hogeschool the Erasmus Hogeschool Belgium four three Cambodia affiliate Schools Quebec public funding Polytechnics Canada collaborative institute-industries 1895 Capital University about half 1997 Geophysics Institute The Quito Astronomical Observatory National Polytechnic School 1873 one their knowledge and skills in the country's development 50 Instituts de technologies 180 180 Finland University of applied sciences yrkesögskola higher education engineering institutes institut universitaire de technologies IUT a type of institution Polytechnicum 18th century Sekolah Poli technique 1970s social science, medicine, business and design business universities of technology or technical university research medicine nine 17 290,000 Saxony Niedersische Technical Universitye Higher Education Reform Act The Hong Kong Polytechnic The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 1984 The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology 1994 copper 1735 the Court Chamber of Vienna 30 30 The Authority a Diploma in Engineering four three Regional Technical College Dublin Institute of Technology Politecnici two Genoa Imperial College of Engineering sciences Malaysia UNESCO Ipah 32 60,840 85,440 University of Technology technology New Zealand Universal College of learning 1989 Wellington Polytechnic 1990s The Central Institute of Technology North Island The Australian University of Technology 10th various trades three BE F.Sc Politechnica the Portuguese licenciatura Bologna Process Millennia Institute 5 5 Maria Theresa 1735 silver and gold mining and metallurgy 1764 teaching between Universities and Technicons 1993 2004 technical colleges bachelor's Pathumwan Institute of Technology University of Technology Institute of Technology and vocational Education Institutes of technology with different origins are Asian Institute of Technology Suranaree University of Technology 1989 Mahanakor University of Technology Bursa Technical University 2 Ankara and Iİzmir 1970 UK Council for National Academic Awards CNAA Central Institutions the Royal Polytechnic Institution later known as the Polytechnic of Central London (now the University of Westminster) was established in 1838 at Regent Street in London and its goal was to educate and popularize engineering and scientific knowledge and inventions in Victorian Britain "at little expens two Loughborough University of Technology 1956 Further and Higher Education Act 1992 the oversight of the national CNAA organization university colleges 20th century early 20th century 1824 Massachusetts Institute of Technology sound middle class 1950s Caracas Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio a digital archive of the World Wide Web Internet Archive San Francisco, California, United States Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gillimat digital archive of the World Wide Web Linux 1996 to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down The Rocky and BullINKle Show Mr. Peabody and Sherman Wayback Machine 1996 The information collected by these "spiderers" also respect the algorithm exclusion standard for websites whose ownersopt for them not to appear in search results or be cached the Gopher hierarchy, the Gopher hierarchy, the Gopher hierarchy, the Net News ( Usenet) bulletin board system, and downloadable software Internet Archive digital tape Kahle fifth University of California, Berkeley snapshots usually become available more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later; it can take twenty-four months or longer six months variable, so not all tracked web site updates are recorded August 2008 Jeff Kaplan November 2010 100 terabytes 12 terabytes/month PentaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies Capricorn Technologies 2009 Sun Open Storage Sun Modular Datacenter on Sun Microsystems' California campus 2011 March 2011 2008 2010 Save a Page October 2013 Netbula Netbula the Wayback Machine to retroactively remove access to previous versions of pages it had archived from Nebula's site defendants defendants were asking to alter Netbula's web site and that they should have subpoenaed Internet Archive for the pages directly Howard Lloyd San Jose Division Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd the dish Network the dish Network Ronald Guzman Ronald Guzman when a Web page is available as prior art for instance in examining a patent application evidence of when a given Web page was accessible to the public technical limitations complaints, answers, or expert witness reports complaints, answers, or expert witness reports non-restful e-commerce databases in their archives violating copyright laws delete pages from its system upon request of the creator thefaq section the Wayback Machine lawyers lawyers Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey The plaintiff, Healthcare Advocates, then amended their complaint to include the Internet Archive, accusing the organization of copyright infringement as well as violations of the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act Internet Archive DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act voluntary the Internet Archive respects that disallows bots from indexing certain pages delineated by its creator as off-limits the robot.text file is archived. The Internet Archive Suzanne Shell web site profane-justice.org United States District Court for the Northern District of California United States District Court for the District of Colorado April 25, 2007 Ms. Shell Suzanne Shell sending multiple DMCA requests to the Archive Federal Court of Canada the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands 1591 the United Netherlands or Republic of the Seven United Provinces Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg Flanders, which was under the Kingdom of France House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor Charles V 1568 high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government 1579 northern provinces of the Low Countries Act of Abjuration 1591 they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army 1582 1582 10 July 1584 Earl of Leicester 1588 republican revolutions France the French Republic 1813 United Provinces of the Netherlands and "United Netherlands" Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège 17th century The County of Holland 1602 The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company six Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles Between 1590–1712 Africa and the Pacific breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient seven the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government representatives of each of the seven provinces County of Drenthe poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes raads pensionaris the stadtholder the stadtholder the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau Zeeland and usually Utrecht the Republicans the Republicans the Peace of Westphalia Generality Lands Generality Lands The States General of the United Provinces Holland and/or Zeeland The framers of the US Constitution Madison the Act of Abjuration Union of Utrecht personal religion William of Orange Catholic services Reformed Church the time period and regional or city leaders fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city personal freedom of religion predestination the struggle between Arminianism and Gumarism Synod of Dort 18th century private churches Greek lichens German 130 years they can, but do not have to live with the other organism they can, but do not have to live with the other organism symbiotic relationships mistletoe conjunctive symBIOSis mistletoe 10%–15% of insects Frankia single-celled algae ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosympants such as the Barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales the Barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales exosyribosis interspecies reciprocal altruism lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact cellulose-digesting protozoans cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines rely on mutualisms between the plants mycor rhyzal fungi ocellaris clownfish A special mucus on the clownfish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentcles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators mutual symBIOSis gobies the goby fish touches the shrimp with its tail non-obligate late 1980s oxidize either hydrogen sulfide or methane Galapatas Islands nutrients regulate the increasing population of the endosyribonts and ensuring that these genetic changes are passed onto the offspring via vertical transmission (heredity) vertical transmission (heredity) drastic reduction in its genome size Muller's ratchet phenomenon lack of selection mechanisms prevailing in the rich environment of the host medieval Latin Commensalism commensal commensal transportation (phoresy) or for housing (inquilinim) parasitic relationship is one in which one member of the association benefits while the other is harmed biotrophic necrotrophic half parasites may be necrotrophic, which is to say they kill their host, or biotrophic, meaning they rely on their host's surviving Amorsalism competition and antiBIOSis Competition is where a larger or stronger organisms deprives a smaller or weaker one from a resource a substance which destroys many herbaceous plants within its root zone Spanish ibex and weevils of the genus Timarcha significant quantities of plant matter asymmetrical competitive interactions interaction between species is detrimental death uncommon prey inflict pain on themselves the evolution of all eukaryotes (plants, animals, fungi, and protists) is believed under the endosymbiotic theory plants, animals, fungi, and protists symbiosis Darwin co-evolution nectar and large sticky pollen species can only be pollinated by one species of insect Canadian Forces National Defence Act the Canadian Forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada and consist of one Service called the Canadian Armed Forces The Canadian Armed Forces four National Defence Act Queen Elizabeth II Governor General of Canada Chief of the Defence Staff the Armed Forces Council Cold War to the security of Europe in the face of the Soviet military threat Soviet 1950s 1950s North Atlantic Treaty Organization international security operations Afghanistan 2002 Afghanistan Canada First Defence Strategy 2008 six core missions North America conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy deployment of Canadian Defence attachés American Air Forces the deployment of Canadian Defence attachés deployment of Canadian Defence attachés 1867 French and British attacks by other European powers, Aboriginal peoples, and later American forces during the American Revolutionary War and War of 1812 American Revolutionary War and War of 1812 invasion British Crown-in- Council Halifax 1906 Department of Militaria and Defence November 1940 Second Boer War British command First World War Second World War Second World War more than 200 72 Cold War, First Gulf War, Kosovo War, and in United Nations Peacekeeping operations United Nations Peacekeeping operations aircraft carrier Battle of Vimy Ridge strategic bombing Battle of the Atlantic Croatia fourth-largest air force and fifth-largest naval surface fleet in the world Soviet Union Canada 1 February 1968 a unified structure and superseded by elemental commands the distinguished achievement and sacrifice of the Canadian Corps in the First World War 1931 First World War Canadian Armed Forces 2013 2013 Canadian Forces Land Forces 2011 United Nations International Security Assistance Force Government of Afghanistan peacekeeping operations $20.1 billion 74th 119,000 2020 30,000 Canada First Defence Strategy purchase of new equipment, improved training and readiness, as well as the establishment of the Canadian Special Operations Regiment its rate of loss of existing members, which increased between 2006 and 2008 from 6% to 9.2% annually main battle tanks, artillery, unmanned air vehicles and other systems C-130 Hercules CH-46 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters 2006 medicine, communication, logistics, and administration 1970s vehicle drivers and mechanics, aircraft mechanics, air- traffic controllers, military police, and firefighters replenishment ships Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms infantry, armoured corps, field artillery, air-defence artillery, signals, field engineers, and naval operations 5 February 1987 Minister of National Defence Combat-related Employment of Women 1989 submarine service 100 percent Jean Chrétien mixed-gender force Combat helmets, rggages, combat Boots, and flak jackets brassier undergarments The following The Canadian constitution his or her viceroy, the governor general All troop deployment and disposition orders monarch or governor general his or her ministers in Cabinet 115,349 Chief of the Defence Staff The governor general O Toronto, Ontario The sovereign and most other members of the Canadian Royal Family also act as colonels-in-chief, honorary air commodores-in-chief, honorary air commodores-in-chief, admiraary air commodores-in-chief, admiraary air commodores- 27 Canadian Forces Leadership and recruit School in Saint-Jean-sur-Seinelieu Canadian Forces Leadership and recruit School 33 Her Majesty's Canadian Dockyard in Halifax Naval Reserve Headquarters NATO the Commander of the Canadian Army four 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division three field-ready brigade groups one regiment each of artillery, armour, and combat engineers A tactical helicopter squadron A tactical helicopter squadron Cfb Gagetown, CSB Montreal and CFC Wainwright Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force Canadian NorAD Region eleven single tactical commander British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early warning Force is also based at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen near Geilenkirchen, Germany Geilenkirchen, Germany NATO Airborne Early warning Force Geilenkirchen, Germany The RCAF and Joint Task Force (North) The RCAF and Joint Task Force supporting fighter operations CF-18 Arctic sovereignty October 2012 Canada Command, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command the cost-cutting measures in the 2012 federal budget Canadian Special Operations Forces Command generating special operations forces operating independently but primarily focused on generating special operations forces Cfb Trenton 427 the conduct of electronic warfare and the protection of the Armed Forces' communications and computer networks Canadian Forces Information Operations Group to design and build cyber warfare capabilities for the Canadian Armed Forces June 2011 Brigadier General Canadian Armed Forces Canadian Joint Operations Command domestic support and force generation, or temporarily assigned under command of a deployed Joint Task Force through Canadian Joint Operations Command times of national emergency or threat Canadian Armed Forces Reserve Force Chief of Reserves and Cadets Operationally and administratively responsible to its corresponding environmental command in the Regular Force officers and non-commissioned members 12 to 18 years officers of the Cadt Instructors Cadre officers and non-commissioned members who conduct training, safety, supervision and administration of nearly 60,000 cadets aged 12 to 18 years surveillance and patrol services in Canada's arctic and other remote areas Canada's arctic and other remote areas Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory surveillance and patrol services in Canada's arctic and other remote areas service dress the naval "high-collar" white uniform, kilted Highland, Scottish, and Irish regiments, and the scarlet uniforms of the Royal Military Colleges operational dress Approval parkas The navy, most army, and some other units beret, wedge cap, ballcap, Yukon cap, and tuque (toque) The beret is probably the most widely worn headgear and is worn with the exception of the more formal orders of dress The beret CG634 The Constitution of Canada 2005 the principal clergy of Rome a church in Rome cardinal the ninth century the title, which is held by the two senior members of the College of Minor Canons of St Paul's Cathedral cardo the College of Minor Canons of St Paul's Cathedral deacons of the seven regions of the city 8th century 769 Nicholas II Papal Bull In nomination Domini 1245 Pope Innocent IV cardinal 1567 1567 Pope Zacharia 1567 Pius V. 1567 1563 Pope Pius IV 1563 Pope Pius IV French kings secular affairs Cardinal Richmondlieu Henry, King of Portugal Henry, King of Portugal 70 six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons Pope John XXIII 70, comprising six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons eighty years maximum of 120, but set no limit on the number of cardinals generally number of cardinals generally in contact with the pastoral staffs The Dean of the College of Cardinals bishopric of Ostia 1630 Pope Urban VIII secular Prince Pope Urban VIII Cardinal [First name] [surname] the correct form for referring to a cardinal in English is normally as "Cardinal [First name] [surname] placing the title "Cardinal" (abbreviated Card.) after their personal name and before their surname by placing the title "Cardinal" (abbreviated Card.) after their personal name and before their surname as, for instance, "John Card(inal) Doe" or, in Latin, "Ioannes Card(inal) Doe" or, in Latin, "Ioan they do not belong to the Roman clergy the [First name] Cardinal [surname] order a cardinal 1378 1378 not even if its bishop is a Patriarch cardinalate Cardinal bishops cardinals of the episcopal order magister prelates of the Catholic Church the privilege of papal election To preserve apostolic succession the privilege of papal election was not reserved to the cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia The rule remains that, if the person elected Pope is not yet a bishop seven 1150 Pope Pius X Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina 1962 Ostia Cardinal Vicar 1962 Ostia Ostia College of Cardinals Roman Rota gold ring Pope Benedict XVI a galero 1969 a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero Eastern Catholic willingness to die for his faith Rochet scarlet color 1460s revealing the identity of an in pectore cardinal Pope Martin V marry 1917 those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals to wear and use the episcopal vestments and other pontificalia 1962 1917 1962 to collete information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See Cardinal protodeacon the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State Pope John Paul I mitre 30 10 about half about half Cardinal deacons The cardinal deacons The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests the Pope a spermbicarian see Cardinal priests Cardinal priests above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops certain key priests of important churches of the Diocese of Rome a Titu church in Rome 1587 50 cardinal priests Pope Sixtus V The Iranian languages or Iranic languages form a branch of the Indo-European language family Indo-Iranian languages Indo-European language family 400 BCE – 900 CE Middle Persian 86 Proto-Iranian Persian and Sanskrit 1836 Christian Lassen Robert Needham Cust 1878 Central Asia Central Asia Andronova ca. 2000 BC Indo-European southeastern Europe great linguistic diversity two the last inscription (and only inscription of significant length) in which Old Persian is still grammatically correct 520 BC 4th century BC The Old Avestan dialect is very archaic, and at roughly the same stage of development as Rigvedic Sanskrit Zoroastrianism The language of the Aveda is subdivided into two dialects, conventionally known as "Old (or 'Gathic' Avestan", and " Younger Avestan" Rigvedic Sanskrit Old Iranian Scythian "western" and "eastern" branches Old Avestan Old Avestan palatal consonants Proto-Indo-Iranian first-series palatal consonants Nuristani consonant clusters *ćw and *śćw consonant clusters distinct dialect groups Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian Old Parthian 4th century BCE Western and Eastern Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category Avestan Achaemenid Imperial Aramaic script adapted Greek script Pahlavi 3rd century CE Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian Syriac script Medieval Iranian scholars such as Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa (8th century) and Ibn al-Nadim (10th century) associated the term "Pahlavi" to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between Isfahan and Azerbaijan, and The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari Safarid dynasty 975 CE the eastern province of Khorasan Arabic script second half of the 8th century Tajik 1930s Soviet government Khuzestan Western Iran ( Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia 6th century AD the Zarafshan valley east of Samarkand, and Saka as Ossetic in the Caucasus the Caucasus, which is the sole remnant of the once predominant Scythian languages in Eastern Europe proper and large parts of the North Caucasus Daylighting positive psychological effects capturing daylight artificial light sources Light or illumination Daylighting artificial light sources positive psychological effects a major component of energy consumption in buildings Light or illumination light Indoor lighting Light light Light 1939 Recessed lighting 400,000 BCE birds and fish fire 15,000 years ago incandescent light bulb early 1800s urban crime Light fixtures visual Glae lumen per watt around 8400 Kelvin An incandescent bulb yellow and red Lower color temperature lamps the distribution of the light produced by the fixture Lightolier master transformer A modified version of this is cable lighting, where lights are hung from or clipped to bare metal cables under tension 12 or 24 A torchieri The portable or table lamp task in a dark nightclub The illuminated ceiling was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but fell out of favor after the 1980s intended to illuminate anything else, but to actually be an artwork in itself small lights LED based versions translucent Street Light LED and photovoltaic luminaires floodlights security lighting can be used along roadways in urban areas, or behind homes or commercial facilities Entry lights white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle, designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible white or selective yellow lights late 1950s White Flashing turn signals on the front, side, and rear of the vehicle lamps electrical energy 60 W incandescent light bulb produces about the same amount of light as a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp about 800 lumens architectural lighting design quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency and cost radiance tabular Daylight factor calculation dark light Photometric studies set of lighting cues stage lighting the candela candela per square metre equal to one candela per square cmre or 10 kcd/m2 lumen the power at each wavelength weighted according to the luminosity function the luminous power per area Unified Glare Rating correlated color temperature color rendering index color rendering index correlated color temperature relative separation of object colors illuminated by a light source gammaut area index greater a DOSimeter The is the first device created to accurately measure and characterize light (intensity, spectrum, timing, and duration) entering the eye that affects the human body's clock circadian light meter 30 short-wavelength light Specification of illumination requirements Light control systems wireless mesh open standards wireless mesh open standards easier installation (no need to run control wires) and interoperability with other standards-based building control systems Occupancy sensors changes in heat Ultrasonic Ultrasonic sensors can see around obstructions and are best for areas with cabinets and shelves, rest rooms, and open areas requiring 360-degree coverage Daylighting patients in hospitals as well as work and school performance light emitting diodes using the principles of nonimaging optics stress relieve symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease 24-hour they disrupt the natural circadian cycle Robert Ulrich The study concluded that patients assigned to rooms with windows allowing lots of natural light had shorter postoperative hospital stays 23 matched patients in similar rooms with windows facing a brick wall University of Toronto Scarborough Northwestern University Dr. Abraham Gesner 1849 coal-gas Compact fluorescent lamps Care should be taken when selecting CFL's because not all of them are suitable for dimming 10% 50,000 hours 50,000 hours 10% Light pollution Glae present searchlights and flares light night vision Flaskan laser-guided and GPS weapons International Commission on Illumination The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America the distribution of light released by a specific luminaire International Association oflighting Designers Professionallighting Designers Association Professionallighting Designers Association The National Council on qualifications for thelighting Professions National Council on qualifications for thelighting Professions LC lighting equipment manufacturers, electric utility employees, etc The Professionallighting And Sound Association The Professionallighting And Sound Association 500+ Restriction of hazarddous Substances Directive Separation of powers three The Spirit of the Laws abuse of power separation of powers John Locke Montesquieu Montesquieu the framers of the United States Constitution Montesquieu Montesquieu the framers The United Kingdom parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government separate and distinct The United Kingdom Court of Appeals Congress Clinton v. City of New York 1998 Congress nondelegation Clinton v. City of New York 1998 Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 1825 John Marshall Supreme Court Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 John Marshall 1930s National Recovery Administration 1935 1930s creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schinger Poultry Corp. v. United States Chief of the Army and Navy Ambassadors and Public Ministers, and "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" the Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress and approved by the President all quasi-judicial Army and Navy Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy impeachment Bodies such as the War Claims Commission, the Interstate Commerce Commission, the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission performance of their duties Supreme Court 1983 2⁄3 The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office constitutional courts Judicial power the president with the advice and consent of the Senate the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office le legislative courts the judicial power of the United States two houses the president The Vice President The president The president The president Congress a majority vote of the Senate The Supreme Court The Supreme Court Supreme Court Congress Supreme Court The Chief Justice James Madison 51 republicans two seven seven Andrew Jackson twenty-nine Tenure of Office Act Grover Cleveland Cleveland Theodore Roosevelt Congress national security checks and balances the Supreme Court Florida Supreme Court The State of New Hampshire architectura architectura Architecture Architectural works Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art Latin the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures buildings and other physical structures art their surviving architectural achievements De architectura De architectura early 1st century AD firmness, commodity and delight De architectura Vitruvius Roman architect firmitas, Venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight firmness, commodity and delight 16th century Vasari Italian, French, Spanish and English De Re Aedifictoria Leon Battista Alberti an inherent part of an object Golden mean 16th century Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin 1836 contrasts 1836 neo-medieval Gothic architecture John Rusin John Rusin English art critic 1849 mental health, power, and pleasure it is in some way "adorned" a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned" adorned string courses or ranchation 20th Le Corbusier renowned 20th-century architect 20th-century renowned 20th-century architect the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction function aesthetic, psychological and cultural Vitruvius practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology phenomenology rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology empiricism late 20th century sustainable architecture production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting shelter, security, worship, etc. developed and knowledge the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft architecture attendant skills vernacular urbanization trial and error vernacular architecture rural a surplus in production very rapidly in some cases, such as that ofçatal Käyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan Egypt and Mesopotamia Egypt and Mesopotamia symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself Kaogong Ji of China China 7th–5th centuries BCE Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka pantheistic Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture 3rd century BCE macrocosm and the microcosm the Shastras Buddhist architecture pantheistic Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent 7th century CE Byzantium religious and social pointed arch abbeys and cathedrals abbeys and cathedrals clerics and tradesmen Romanesque Romanesque and Gothic 900 CE from about 1400 onwards about 1400 onwards Renaissance Medieval period the role of the individual in society artist, architect and engineer functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic form, space and ambience form, space and ambience Nunzia Rondanini expressing values social life social development functional aspects art for art for art's sake perfection or originality perfection or originality civic religious or empirical ones civic Architectural "style" 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius formal prescriptions or canons canons 1st-century BCE Roman Architect canonic architecture guilds ecclesiastical buildings ecclesiastical buildings Magister lathomorum proportions and structure an artist scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering technical aspects of building design gentleman architect wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles offices of other architects mass production and consumption Aesthetics ornamented products pattern books and architectural journals current architectural design 20th modern Architecture 1907 formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects Bauhaus avant-garde middle and working classes middle and working classes functional and structural elements, exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament Frank Lloyd Wright Organic architecture to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world Industrial Revolution steel-frame International Style Modernism Minoru Yamasaki decorative richness Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen unfinished concrete Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen metaphorec architecture biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture metaphorec architecture expressionist architecture 1950s and 1960s modernism human experience using historical buildings as models and precedents Robert Venturi "ducks" 1980s one person Modernism and Postmodernism Environmental sustainability Sustainability in architecture was pioneered by Frank Lloyd Wright, in the 1960s by Buckminster Fuller and in the 1970s by architects such as Ian McHarg and Sim Van der Ryn in the US and Brenda and Robert Vale in the UK and New Zealand Frank Lloyd Wright Frank Lloyd Wright The U.S. Green Building Council's LEED New Urbanism, Metaphorec architecture and New Classical Architecture modernist and globally uniform architecture modernist and globally uniform architecture, as well as Leaning against solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl modernist and globally uniform architecture life expectancy, education, and income per capita higher Mahmoud ul Qaz United Nations Development Programme longer 2010 Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index 1990 Sen national income accounting to people-centered policies 1990 Life expectancy at birth Life expectancy at birth Expected years of schooling (Years that a 5-year-old child will spend in schools throughout his life) Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita per capita per capita United Nations Development Programme December 14, 2015 2014 July 24, 2014 2013 inequality measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait very high the lack of necessary data United Nations Member States March 14, 2013 2012 measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates 2011 Argentina Argentina the unavailability of certain crucial data United Nations Member States November 4, 2010 2010 income, life expectancy, and education Barbados the unavailability of certain crucial data United Nations Member States High Human Development country October 5, 2009 Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development very high human development as developed countries being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication new index an accompanying Human Development Report the period up to 2006 and was published without an accompanying Human Development Report November 27, 2007 Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world 2005 2005 Brasília, Brazil high income countries 0.5 Africa 119th and 121st 119th and 121st Gabon and South Africa A HDI of 0.8 or more Eastern Europe, Central and South America, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, and the oil-rich Arabian Peninsula Albania, Belarus, Brazil, Libya, Macedonia, Russia and Saudi Arabia red arrows green arrows Blue Dashes Norway Iceland national performance and ranking egalitarianism global national performance and ranking, lack of attention to development from a global perspective, measurement error of the underlying statistics, and on the UNDP's changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of technological development or contributions to the human c Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer 2010 The Economist 169 169 Mediterranean Europe Iberian peninsula the Balkan countries of southeast Europe, which are geographically in the southern part of Europe, but which have different historical, political, economic, and cultural backgrounds southern political, economic, and cultural political, economic, and cultural attributes Mediterranean Portugal, Spain, Southeast France, Italy, Croatia, Albania, Montenegro, Greece, the Western and Southern coastal regions vegetations and landscapes throughout, including dry hills, small plains, pine forests and olive trees mountain ranges of Spain and Italy within the mountain ranges of Spain and Italy Atlantic climate Mediterranean Region Southern Europe's flora classical antiquity Greek influence reached its zenith under the expansive empire of Alexander the Great Alexander the Great Rome Constantinople Rome, and the Eastern Roman Empire based in Constantinople AD 476 300 AD Byzantine Empire Germanic peoples kingdoms and empires of their own the Crusades 1204 Genoa and Venice religiously motivated military expeditions Byzantine Empire Late Middle Ages the Black Death Ottoman Empire 1453 14th century Florence the Arabic texts and thought bringing about rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge classical Greek and Roman knowledge Portugal and Spain 1648 Spain and France Galileo Galilei Guglielmo Marconi The combination of resource inflows from the New World and the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain, allowed a new economy based on manufacturing instead of subsistence agriculture Columbian Exchange Columbian Exchange Industrial Revolution of Great Britain between 1815 and 1871 Ottoman Empire 1870 The Age of Empire 1914 1914 Paris Peace Conference Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler Italy Mussolini the Warsaw Pact European Union taxation, health and education 1989 1991 2013 Romance languages Romance languages, the heirs of Latin eastern Spain Galician 40 million Hellenic languages Cyprus Macedonian Bulgarian is spoken in Bulgaria; Croatian is spoken in Croatia and Bosnia; Bulgarian is spoken in Bulgaria; Bulgarian is spoken in Bulgaria; Bulgarian is spoken in Bulgaria Slovenia English Malta Gibraltar Albanian Semitic northern Spain and southwestern France Christianity 380 AD Roman Catholic Christians in the western half of Southern Europe — e.g., Portugal, Spain, Italy — are generally Roman Catholic. Christians in the eastern half based in Constantinople, different branches of Christianity are prodominent in different parts of Europe sub-regions does not imply any assumption regarding political or other accession of countries or territories by the United Nations United Nations Tourism decision Mographics European Travel Commission BBC Television British Broadcasting Corporation 1932 2 November 1936 United Kingdom 30% television production companies 30 September 1929 Long acres, London 30 June 1932 30 September 1929 16 Portland Place, London telephone line electromechanical broadcasts obsolete 16 Portland Place, London 22 August 1932 a converted wing of Alexandria Palace in London VHF 240 405 1 October 1936, from a converted wing of Alexandria Palace in London, which housed two studios, various scenery stores, make-up areas, dressing rooms, offices, and the transmitter itself, now broadcasting on the VHF band six months mechanical camera Saturday 13 February 1937 40 kilometres 1938 RCA British television set Brookmans Park 2 August 1932 Opening of the BBC Television Service King George VI and Queen Elizabeth September 1939 the VHF transmissions would act as a beacon to enemy aircraft homing in on London television service's technical staff and engineers Mickey Mouse Cartoon, Mickey Mouse Cartoon, Mickey Mouse Cartoon, Mickey Mouse Cartoon, Mickey Mouse Cartoon, Mickey Mouse Cartoon, Mickey Mouse Cartoon, Mickey Mouse Cartoon, Mickey Mouse Cartoon, Mickey Mouse Cartoon, Mickey Mouse before the end of the Cartoon 18,999 Good afternoon everybody 7 June 1946 lime Grove Studios Mickey Mouse Birmingham Sutton Coldfield transmitting station 405-line interlaced image 405-line interlaced image BBC Television Service ITV Doctor Who a wide range of genres and regularly competed with ITV to become the channel with the highest ratings for that week BBC Two BBC2 massive power failure Battersea Power Station Denis Tuohy BBC Two 15 November 1969 soap opera or standard news programming Sir David Attenborough heavyweight documentaries and documentary series 1967 1967 2 CBBC BBC Natural History Unit 1950s Life on Earth, The Private Life of Plants, The Blue Planet, The Life of Mammals, Planet Earth and Frozen Planet fifteen The other nations of the United Kingdom (Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland) have been granted more autonomy from the English network The other nations of the United Kingdom (Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland) have been granted more autonomy from the English network to show programmes of local importance local news programming The politically fuelled Give My Head Peace (produced by BBC Northern Ireland) and the soap opera River City Pobol y Cwm S4C BBC Scotland produces daily programmes for its Gaelic-speaking viewers, including current affairs, political and children's programming such as the popular Eòrpa and Dè a-nis The UK nations also produce a number of programmes that are shown across the UK, such as BBC Scotland's comedy series Chewin' the Fat 25% The Simpsons Neighbour teletext 1974 interactive BBCi service March 2003 Astra 2D 14 July £85 million Western Europe Hollywood studios and sporting organisations Sky Digital platform Scottish Premier League and Scottish Cup football 5 July 2004 Television Newsreel newsreel Little Angels Jan Bennett a new, much larger group The BBC Television department headed byjana Bennett was absorbed into a new, much larger group 2008 November 2008 Keeping Up Aappearances 1000 times BBC Worldwide annually they are instead funded by a television licence fee which TV viewers are required to pay annually 2013 Danny Cohen commissioning, producing, scheduling and broadcasting of all programming on the BBC's television channels December 2004 and April 2006 December 2004 and April 2006 a general entertainment channel July 30, 1947 the 38th Governor of California two terms 15 seven Conan the Barbarian 15 Arnie 2011 California State Treasurer Gray Davis January 5, 2007 Thal Jadrny Jadrny his parents were very strict meinhard a refrigerator soccer Steve Reeves police officer Reg Park, Steve Reeves, and Johnny Weiss Mull 1971 Patrick his brother,meinhard, died in a car accident Barbara Baker Fortune The Mr. Universe Junior Mr. Europe 1966 London Reg Park a health club 20 Rolfo Putzinger 10 10 New York Ric Drasin LA Weekly Arnold: The Education of a Bodybuilder Santa Monica College Transcendingal Mandala anxiety Arnold Classic many years $250,000 executive editor Junior Mr. Europe seven half an hour Munich stone-lifting 1969 Sergio Oliva 1970 23 Franco Columbu 1975 professional brestling Pumping Iron three months Jeff Bridges Conan seven seventh 1977 Dr. Willi Heupe US$10,000 libel judgment The Globe Hercules in 1970's Hercules in New York Arnold Strong Robert Altman New Male Star of the Year too weird 1991 1950s The IFantastic Hulk The Villain Conan the destroyer 1984 James Cameron Sylvester Stallone 1987 Twins $10 million Christmas in Connecticut Tales from the crypt Terminator 2: Judgment Day National Association of Theatre owners True Lies Golden Globe nomination over $150 million 25-meter (82 ft) Forum Stadtpark The Kid & I Governator Stan Lee With Wings as Eagles Randall Wallace May 20, 2011 10 years escape Plan 2013 The Legend of Conan 2015 2004 Stop the Melanchol 1988 George H.W. Bush Conan the Republican 1999 The Hollywood Reporter August 6, 2003 several 77.4% Bustamante 1.3 million 31% Irish-born Governor John G. Downey Willie Brown Hans and Franz November four Susan Kennedy Phil Angelides San Francisco United States Senate Wendy Leigh Sargent Shriver The Simpsons Movie 1983 Austrian Rudy Giuliani and Senator John McCain Giuliani their concerns for the environment and economy Progressive ethics watchdog group Citizens for responsibilityy and Ethics 89% 89% Gropegate six Los Angeles Times bathing suit GQ marijuana Anna Richardson The 6th Day Los Angeles Times 1968 Peter Pilz September 27, 2006 refineries 2020 Northeast solar panels 2009 California Detroit Article II, Section I, Clause V New York Post Columbia University index cards 30 Franco Columbu San Fernando earthquake $10,000 Planet Hollywood 2000 Hard Rock Cafe Arnold's Sports Festival Columbus Oak Productions, Inc. and Fitness Publications Simon & Schuster Schatzi On Main Santa Monica "little treasure," colloquial for "honey" or "darling" in German 1998 2011 $38 million 2006 he had "little understanding of polite society" and she found him a turn-off Apollo Moon Susan Moray Robert F. Kennedy Tennis Tournament August 1978 niece Hyannis four physical therapist 25 years Los Angeles Times 20 Joseph 2010 Bob Becker Jenn Aniston and Reese Witherspoon spousal support Brigitta Jensen bicuspid 1997 Patrick rightfemur Sun Valley, Idaho Van Nuys Airport 6'1.5 Herb Wesson 5'10 Total Recall The Secret October 2012 1992 a street-legal, civilian version dark brown leather 6,300 US$21,000 California Hydrogen Highway Network U.S. Department of Energy Inner City Games Foundation Shanghai over 400 ASU Sol Price School of Public Policy 2012 chairman about 37 miles 190 Tamar Devon Cornwall Mount Batten Sutton 1620 between 1642 and 1646 Plymouth Colony Devonport 1928 Plymouth Blitz 1967 East Stonehouse 261,646 30th three Santander HMNB Devonport Geographia Mount Batten mouth/estuaries of the Tamar 11th south town 1440 King Henry VI mouth of the River Plym 1339 Breton raiders 1596 Sutton Pool 1514 Sir John Hawkins Sir Francis Drake 1588. 1620 Plymouth Colony Parliamentarians four Freedom Fields Park 1660 Drake's Island 18th century 17th century 1690 River Tamar 318 3,000 Stoke Damerel timber Devonport Stonehouse John Foulston Union Street William Cookworth 1768 Local chemist Johnsmeaton 2-mile-long John Rennie 1812 1812 the outskirts of Devonport maize, wheat, barley, sugar cane, guano, sodium nitrate and phosphate Devonport Devonport escort vessels and repairs Mount Batten Royal Australian Air Force Western Approaches Command 59 1,000 3,700 Sir Patrick Achille 1000 20,000 1962 grade II Ark Royal 1971 the 42 Commando of the Royal Marines Domesday Book 1086 Sudtone, Saxon for south farm 1254 1254 Nancy Astor Plymouth Sutton 18 October 1928 1935 Plympton Plymouth Devonport Secretary of State for Education 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act Labour party Plymouth Devonport 250,000 The 1971 Local Government White Paper Tamarside 1 April 1974 Banham Commission South West England Conservative MPs Conservative Moor View 17 17 a third of the council is up for election for three consecutive years Brest 2001 King George V six Lord Mayor King George V 3 Elliot Terrace Lady Astor Armada Way June 2007 £40m River Tamar River Plym Cornwall Plymouth Sound 1967 Cattewater 1814 Drake's Island 79.84 square kilometres 79.84 square kilometres Site of Special Scientific Interest Lower Devonian slates and shales Granite Upper Devonian slates geology the Hoe Dartmoor Tamar Cattedown Middle Devonian limestone 27 April 1944 Sir Patrick Afendi Union Street David Mac Kay 28 temperate oceanic climate 11 °C February 8 inches (20 cm) July Atlantic depressions autumn 980 millimetres June south-west over 1,600 South West England 26.6 °C June 1976 25.1 26.6 °C June 1976 25,895 25895 3,000 £160 million 1992 The University of St Mark & St John teacher training Foundation degrees 26,000 153 four two 13 state secondary schools, 13 state secondary schools, eight special schools and three selective state grammar schools, Devonport High School for Boys and Plymouth High School for Girls 13 three Plymouth College Plymouth College Royal Naval Engineering College 1880 Dockyard Technical College 1994 University of Southampton Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership National Marine Laboratory, the Sir Alists Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences, Plymouth University's Marine Institute and the Diving Diseases Research Centre, these marine-related organisations form the Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership 256,386 256,386 15,663 2.3 persons 0.5% 25% £19,943 and compared to the national average of £24,255, was £3,813 lower £19,943 £19,943 7.0% 26.2% 78.3 years 78.3 years lowest over 12,000 7,500 1793 Royal Navy 1930s 10% Devonport Dockyard 270 500 Devonport Dockyard Pannier Market 1959 29th The T inside Pool £3.4 million Vision for Plymouth David Mac Kay Plymouth Chamber of Commerce 300,000 33,000 October 2006 October 2006 Cattedown RIBA stirling Prize for Architecture Charles Cross car park the civic centre the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena Millbay The Parkway 40 miles Tamar Bridge Milehouse, Coypool (Plympton) First South West Santander on the three ferries, MV Armorique, MV Brest and MV Pont-Aven MV Armorique Cornish hamlet 1204 Air Southwest 6 2018 FlyPlymouth 1877 Great Western Railway Cornish Main Line Three Cross Country network 4 February 2014 130 4 April 2014 February 2014 150 1858 St Andrew's St Andrew's over twenty Moses the Jew 1762 Ashkenazi Synagogue in the English speaking world Ashkenazi Synagogue 58.1% 0.8% doubled 58.1% 16% 1815 Charlie Chaplin 30 sailors from the Royal Navy British Firework Championships August 2006 Roy Lowry University of Plymouth 1992 1,315 200 free six 1961 to 2009 ITV West Country ITV West Country 16 February 2009 BBC Radio Devon, Heart South West, and Pirate FM BBC Radio Devon Plymouth Parkway F.C. who play at Bolitho Park, Elburton Villa F.C. who play at Haye Road, Vospers Oak Villa F.C. who play at Weston Mill and Plymstock United F.C. who play at Deans Cross fourth tier The team's home ground is called Home Park and is located in Central Park The Pilgrims Vospers Oak Villa F.C. Plymouth Albion Rugby Football Club Plymouth Raiders 1875 Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena 1983 1823 September 2011 nine 1973 South West Water 24 April 1591 Dartmoor to Plymouth 24 April 1591 Plymouth City Council Plymouth City Council Western Power Distribution 2009 Plympton 1836 Charles Cross and Crownhill five Millbay Docks Devon and Cornwall Constabulary Derriford Hospital 6 Royal Eye Infirmay South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust the rest of the south west 2007 the outskirts of the city, Drake Memorial Park which does not allow headstones to mark graves, but a brass plaque set into the ground Drake Memorial Park brass plaque set into the ground mid-19th century 1666 English Civil War 1759 14 miles Armada Memorial The Pilgrim Fathers left for the New World in 1620 near the commemorative Mayflower Steps in Sutton Pool 1620 Mayflower Steps 400 100 Crownhill Fort northern Landmark Trust west 70 Dartmoor, the Tamar Valley and the beaches of south-east Cornwall Kingsand Dartmoor Henning Larsen 2008 University of Plymouth Arts the city's central quarter Janners Janners Cousin Jan Cousin Jan the nearby town of Tafistock El draco 1596 dysentery Sir Joshua Reynolds Beryl Cook South Devon Jazz Keith Rowe Treaton Castle footballer Canadian Lyndon B. Johnson Clear and Present danger comedian