Denver Broncos Denver Broncos San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara, California National Football League golden golden anniversary February 7, 2016 American Football Conference golden anniversary National Football Conference February 7, 2016 Denver Broncos Levi's Stadium in the San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara, California San Francisco Bay Area Super Bowl L 2015 2015 San Francisco Bay Area Levi's Stadium the league emphasized the " golden anniversary" with various gold-themes February 7, 2016 2015 Denver Broncos Denver Broncos Denver Broncos 2015 Denver Broncos American football game to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2015 season Super Bowl 50 Denver Broncos Cam Newton eight 1995 Arizona Cardinals New England Patriots Arizona Cardinals New England Patriots New England Patriots four Cam Newton 15–1 record Cam Newton 12–4 record four New England Patriots Cam Newton Arizona Cardinals eight New England Patriots Cam Newton Arizona Cardinals Arizona Cardinals Cam Newton Arizona Cardinals 1995 Von Miller two The Broncos Von Miller five Newton seven Von Miller three two Von Miller Super Bowl MVP five two Von Miller five seven seven a fumble Von Miller Super Bowl MVP seven seven Von Miller five CBS $5 million Coldplay Beyonce and Bruno Mars Super Bowl XL VII CBS $5 million Beyonce and Bruno Mars Beyonce and Bruno Mars Beyonce and Bruno Mars CBS $5 million Beyonce and Bruno Mars third CBS $5 million Coldplay Beyonce and Bruno Mars CBS British rock group Coldplay Beyonce and Bruno Mars Super Bowl XL VII $5 million British rock group Coldplay Beyonce and Bruno Mars Beyonce and Bruno Mars Roger Goodell 50th 2012 Roger Goodell 2012 Roger Goodell Roger Goodell Roger Goodell an important game for us as a league "an important game for us as a league" 2012 Mercedes-Benz Superdome San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium Levi's Stadium Levi's Stadium Mercedes-Benz Superdome San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium, and the San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium three New Orleans San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium New Orleans Levi's Stadium San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium Mercedes-Benz Superdome San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium October 16, 2012 10 Super Bowl XLV 2010 1985 Sun Life Stadium October 16, 2012 San Francisco Bay Area May 3, 2013 2010 10 The San Francisco Bay Area was previously hosted the event 10 times (tied for most with New Orleans), with the most recent one being Super Bowl XLV in 2010 two Miami bid depended on whether the stadium underwent renovations, dealing a significant blow to Miami's chances 1985 New Orleans October 16, 2012 10 New Orleans 1985 Florida legislature May 21, 2013 NFL owners 2014 $1.2 billion San Diego Boston May 21, 2013 $1.2 billion Super Bowl XXVIII San Diego 2013 2014 $1.2 billion 1985 Super Bowl XXIII 1985 2014 2003 San Francisco Bay Area May 21, 2013 2014 $1.2 billion 2003 John Fox one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss six Carolina Panthers Super Bowl 50 John Fox one of four teams to have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss Super Bowl 50 six one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss one of four teams to have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl three years The Broncos made their second Super Bowl appearance in three years, having reached Super Bowl XXXXVIII one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record only one loss four John Fox DeAngelo Williams Kelvin Benjamin seventh 1978 Carolina Panthers Ten eight Kelvin Benjamin 1978 2009 2011 a torna ACP Kelvin Benjamin DeAngelo Williams 1978 Ten Carolina Panthers 1978 Carolina Panthers Ten six 45 6,837 yards and rushing for 636 27 Greg Olmen one of his best seasons, throwing for 3,837 yards and rushing for 636 994 77 veteran Jonathan Stewart six Cam Newton 636 10 six 500 3,837 10 994 39, receptions for 485 yards 309 5 88 four Thomas Davis and Luke Kuechly 24 and boasting four Pro Bowl selections Kawand Short two four Pro Bowl cornerback 24 and boasting four Pro Bowl selections Kony Ealy Kawand Short four John Fox Brock Osweiler Indianapolis Colts Brock Osweiler Wade Phillips four Gary Kubak shotgun passing skills 39 a partial tear of the plantation fasciitis in his left foot Gary Kubak Brock Osweiler a plantation fasciitis injury in his heel 39 13–7 John Fox Manning John Fox left foot Wade Phillips 67.9 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns Demaryius Thomas C. J. Anderson 1,967 yards, 10 touchdowns and six interceptions for a rating of 864 67.9 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns Manning Veteran receiver 67.9 17 Demaryius Thomas 720 yards, five touchdowns, 24 receptions, and a 4.7 yards per carry average 67.9 17 Emmanuel Sanders C. J. Anderson 4.7 4,530) 51⁄2 Linebacker Brenda Marshall three interceptions the ninth time in his career, ranking second on the team with 71⁄2 sacks Linebacker Defensive ends fourth in points allowed (296) DeMarcus Ware Brenda Marshall three Von Miller Brenda Marshall Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson Seattle Seahawks Arizona Cardinals 488 seven 31–0 Arizona Cardinals 49–15 49–15 Seattle Seahawks Arizona Cardinals seven Seattle Seahawks 49–15 Arizona Cardinals 488 Pittsburgh Steelers 11 New England Patriots 11 points 17 seconds Pittsburgh Steelers 11 points New England Patriots 17 Manning's problems with interceptions Pittsburgh Steelers 11 Pittsburgh Steelers Pittsburgh Steelers New England Patriots 17 Thomas Davis broken arm three 11 broken arm broken arm 11 Super Bowl three broken arm 11 Thomas Davis 39 John Elway 38 Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager Broncos Broncos John Elway 38 Peyton Manning 39 two Peyton Manning Peyton Manning Super Bowl XXX III Peyton Manning 39 John Elway 1998 1998 26 26 Manning Manning Newton 26 largest age difference between opposing Super Bowl quarterbacks at 13 years and 48 days 1998 NFL Manning was the #1 selection of the 1998 NFL draft, while Newton was picked first in 2011 draft against each other: Newton for Carolina and Von Miller for Denver Newton 2011 26 13 years and 48 days Super Bowl XXI Chicago Bears Chicago Bears Elway Elway Chicago Bears Elway Rivera Super Bowl XXI Baltimore Rangers kicker Justin Tughes Bermuda 419 turf Ed Mangan Baltimore Rangers kicker Baltimore Rangers kicker a high enough quality Justin Tughes re-sotched the field with a new playing surface concerns were raised over whether Levi's field was of a high enough quality to host a Super Bowl their cleats Baltimore Rangers kicker Justin Tughes natural grass stadiums Pittsburgh Steelers Denver wore blue jerseys, which was their primary color at the time Denver matching white jerseys Super Bowl XXX III Super Bowl XXX III Denver wore blue jerseys, which was their primary color at the time Atlanta Falcons 34–19 orange orange jerseys Pittsburgh Steelers Super Bowl XXX III blue orange orange jerseys San Jose State Stanford University San Jose Santa Clara San Jose Marriott San Jose Marriott San Jose Marriott Stanford University San Jose State San Jose Marriott Stanford University Santa Clara Marriott San Jose State San Jose Marriott Stanford University Santa Clara Marriott June 4, 2014 Super Bowl V Jaime Weston Super Bowl XLV Vince Lombardi Trophy 2014 Super Bowl L Super Bowl L gold June 4, 2014 Super Bowl L Super Bowl L underneath June 4, 2014 Roman numerals Super Bowl L gold week 7 50-yard line gold Gold colored gold Gold footballs 50-yard line gold Moscone Center San Francisco Ed Lee Jane Kim January 30 More than 1 million Ed Lee Moscone Center Super Bowl City Moscone Center in San Francisco Super Bowl City Ed Lee Super Bowl City More than 1 million Ed Lee $5 million NFL experience Santa Clara University $2 million week-long $2 million pep rally A professional fundraiser Bellomy Field at Santa Clara University A professional fundraiser city council $2 million city council February 1, 2016 Tuesday afternoon San Jose San Jose Golden Gate Bridge Tuesday afternoon Tuesday afternoon Super Bowl Opening Night San Jose San Jose Tuesday afternoon Super Bowl Opening Night San Jose Golden Gate Bridge Monday evening Super Bowl Opening Night San Jose Golden Gate Bridge February 1, 2016 Businessconnect over $40 million Dignity Health Dignity Health Dignity Health Businessconnect, the Super Bowl program that provides local companies with contracting opportunities in and around the Super Bowl over $40 million over $40 million Businessconnect Businessconnect over $40 million 25 percent The Super Bowl 50 25 percent The committee created the 50 fund as its philanthropic initiative and focuses on providing grants to aid with youth development, community investment and sustainable environments giving Super Bowl 25 percent The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee 25 percent The committee created the 50 fund as its philanthropic initiative and focuses on providing grants to aid with youth development, community investment and sustainable environments Vince Lombardi Trophy 18-karat 33 lb (15 kg) for a total of 66 lb (30 kg) Tiffany & Co Tiffany & Co Vince Lombardi Trophy 18-karat gold Tiffany & Co Vince Lombardi Trophy Tiffany & Co CBS Phil Simms Tracy Wolfson 36 5K resolution three on the sidelines 360-degree 5K resolution on the sidelines CBS three EyeVision the cameras were upgraded to 5K resolution Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn 5K EyeVision NBC and Fox John Sutcliffe John Sutcliffe December 28, 2015 pre-game and post-game coverage CBS ESPN Ciudad John Sutcliffe CBS and the NFL Antonio Martin and Raul Allegre, and sideline reporter John Sutcliffe John Sutcliffe NFL Mobile NFL Mobile CBS Sports.com Windows 10, Xbox One tablets CBS Sports.com Windows 10, Xbox One Windows 10, Xbox One and other digital media players (such as Chromecast and Roku) NFL Mobile service NFL Mobile service NFL Mobile Chromecast and Roku NFL Mobile service WatchESPN The Late Show with Stephen Colbert The Late Late Show with James Corden Stephen Colbert The Late Show with Stephen Colbert The Late Show with Stephen Colbert CBS also aired a special episode of The Late Late Show with James Corden CBS also aired a special episode of The Late Late Show with James Corden $5,000,000 Anheuser-Busch InBev Doritos 20th $5,000,000 the beer manufacturer Doritos Nintendo The Players Company Anheuser-Busch InBev Doritos Nintendo and The Mystery Company Doritos Crash the Super Bowl Small Business Big Game Death wish Coffee 30-second nine Quickbooks nine Quickbooks Death wish Coffee 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy Quickbooks Death wish Coffee The Secret Life of Pets 20th Century Fox The Secret Life of Pets The Secret Life of Pets Captain America: Civil War, The jungle Book and Alice Through the Looking Glass The Secret Life of Pets Captain America: Civil War, The jungle Book and Alice Through the Looking Glass Captain America: Civil War Marvelpool, X-Men: Apocalypse, Independence Day: Resurgence and Eddie the Eagle Walt Disney Studios Walt Disney Studios Westwood One Kevin Harlan Jim Gray boomer Esiason James Lofton boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts Kevin Harlan Westwood One Kevin Harlan Jim Gray Kevin Harlan Kevin Harlan James Lofton and Mark Malone pre-game and halftime North America OKA (850 AM) and KMX The flagship stations of each station in the markets of each team will carry their local play-by-play calls 1108 AM Chester, South Carolina Mick Mixon The flagship stations of each station in the markets of each team will carry their local play-by-play calls the Broncos and Panthers radio networks will either carry the Westwood One feed or not carry the game at all WBT Mick Mixon Broncos and Panthers WBT-FM BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra 5 Live Sports Extra The BBC will carry its own British English broadcast BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra Greg Brady Bart Starr Chuck Howley Peyton Manning 2001 Peyton Manning 39 Peyton Manning Harvey Martin 39 50th Bart Starr Peyton Manning Harvey Martin Six-time national anthem Academy Award American Sign Language American Sign Language Lady Gaga Marlee Matlin Lady Gaga Marlee Matlin Lady Gaga Six-time Marlee Matlin December 3 British XL VII Hymn for the Weekend the Super Bowl XL VIII halftime show Bruno Mars Pepsi Hymn for the Weekend Bruno Mars Pepsi Hymn for the Weekend Mark Ronson Denver Andre Caldwell Ronnie Hillman Brenda McManus C. J. Anderson 18 Shaq Thompson Brenda McManus a deficit Denver Owen Daniels C. J. Anderson Carolina was facing a deficit deficit Mike Carey Cam Newton Von Miller Malik Jackson Super Bowl XXVIII Panthers quarterback Cam Newton Mike Carey Von Miller Von Miller 1993 Mike Carey Von Miller Malik Jackson the end of the 1993 season Jonathan Stewart Denver's excellent field position, they could not get the ball into the end zone, so McManus kicked a 33-yard field goal that increased their lead to 13–7. 28 61 33 51 Jonathan Stewart 11:26 Mario Addison 33 Mario Addison they could not get the ball into the end zone Darian Stewart linebacker Kony Ealy DeMarcus Ware DeMarcus Ware Mike Tolbert Kony Ealy 19 Mike Tolbert Mike Tolbert Darian Stewart Kony Ealy took the ball back when defensive end Kony Ealy tricked a Manning pass to himself DeMarcus Ware Ted Ginn Jr. Manning 25 and 22 McManus T. J. Ward Ted Ginn Jr. uprights T. J. Ward T. J. Ward Ted Ginn Jr. 26-yard Graham Gano Emmanuel Sanders Carolina 39 Devin Funchess Devin Funchess 41-yard Ealy Carolina punts Ealy Panthers 41-yard line 39 The next three drives of the game would end in punts. The next three drives of the game would end in punts 24-yard line with a chance to mount a game-winning drive, and soon faced 3rd-and-9 Carolina cornerback Miller Bennie Fowler Miller Ward Newton cornerback 3:10 2:51 left in regulation Miller Ward three Anderson five zero four Thomas Davis 18 of 41 passes for 265 yards, with one interception 13 of 23 for 141 yards with one interception and zero touchdowns zero Anderson Sanders Thomas Davis Sanders Anderson 11 18 of 41 passes for 265 yards, with one interception four 315 to 196 21 to 11 Baltimore Rangers Jordan Norwood Manning 315 to 196 21 to 11 Chicago Bears the first head coach to win a Super Bowl with the same franchise he went to the Super Bowl with as a player 21 to 11 21 to 11 Denver Chicago Bears two different teams Nobel Prize 1745 Maria Skłodowsky-Curie Władysław szpilman seven months 100 Krasninski Palace Garden Saxon Garden east The Łasienki Park 15 kilometres (9 miles) otter, beaver and hundreds of bird species 13 several clean them of plants and sediments foreign-born inhabitants 1,178,914 34% percent Jewish minority internal migration and urbanisation Warsaw University of Technology 2,000 Medical University of Warsaw 1816 Fryderik chopin University of Music 1816 two million architects Irena Cajerska 5,000 m2 infrastructure infrastructure in Warsaw suffered considerably during its time as an Eastern Bloc economy solid economic growth improved markedly Warsaw Children's Memorial Health Institute Maria Skłodowsky-Curie Institute of Oncology 700 The infrastructure is located in a 10-floor building with 700 beds, 10 operating theatres, an intensive care unit, several diagnostic departments as well as an outpatient clinic musical events and festivals Palace of Culture and Science Warsaw Summer Jazz Days the Jazz Jamboree Ogród Saski Ogród Saski 1870 to 1939 Momus The Wojsław Bogusławski Theatre Wianka thousands Midsummer’s Night when they would be married, and to whom fern flower art posters 60 a collection of works whose origin ranges in time from antiquity till the present epoch paintings arms the Warsaw Uprising Museum and in the Katyń Museum Katyń Museum stereoscopic the Warsaw Uprising Museum and in the Katyń Museum 60 rooms which host a permanent exhibition of the history of Warsaw from its origins until today Royal Uchodów Castle 500 Zachęta National Gallery of Art modern art September Poland Warsaw 1946 twice as well Konwiktoska Street their disastrous financial situation warsaw's symbol and can be found on statues throughout the city and on the city's coat of arms The moiselle at least the mid–14th century the year1389 a sword legendary figure the depths of the oceans and seas the coast of Denmark Warszowa he followed the fishermen and captured Warsaw 1916 Art Deco style in painting and art Israeli poet Isaac Bashevis Singer Economist Intelligence Unit 2012 FMCG manufacturing, metal processing, steel and electronic manufacturing and food processing The Warsaw Stock Exchange Frontex 1313 Kraków 1596 King Sigismund III Vas it has survived many wars, conflicts and invasions throughout its long history Roman Catholic archdiocese Polish Academy of Sciences UNESCO World Heritage Site the Castle Square with the Royal Castle luxurious parks and royal gardens Polish warszawiak (female), warszawianka (female), warszawianka (female), warszawianka (female), warszawianka (female), warszawianka (female), warszawianka (female), warszawianka (female), warszawianka ( warszawiak nobleman a village located at the modern-day site of Marientricat neighbourhood Miast stołeść Poland The Prince of Płock, Bolesław II of Masowa Prince of Płock about 1300 1415 1526 General Sejm 1569 religious freedom in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth central location between the Commonwealth's capitals of Kraków and Vilnius 1596 1796 the Kingdom of Prussia Napoleon's 1815 1816 4 August 1915 until November 1918 areas controlled by Russia Pił sudski 1920 Red Army 1 September 1939 Central Poland several hundred thousand 19 April 1943 almost a month Red Army Polish government-in-exile in London gave orders to the underground Home Army ( AK) to try to seize control of Warsaw from the Germans before the Red Army arrived 1 August 1944 63 between 150,000 and 200,000 Bricks for Warsaw prebuilted housing projects an Eastern Bloc city Palace of Culture and Science UNESCO's World Heritage list John Paul II growing anti-communist fervor less than a year Victory Square the incentive for the democratic changes about 300 km (190 mi) 523 km Vistula River height of 115.7 metres the right bank of the Vistula two the Vistula Valley the Vistula terraces The Vistula River Warsaw Escalrpment plainmoraine plateau former flooded terraces and the lowest one the flood plain terrace valleys and ground depressions with water systems peat swamps or small ponds cover the highest terrace pine forest the turbulent history of the city and country Second World War Second World War Leopold Kroenberg Palace Eastern bloc countries Gothic architecture 14th century Masovan gothic style Renaissance architecture mannerist architecture 17th century 1688 rococo architecture The neoclassical architecture in Warsaw 1775–1795 bourgeois architecture not restored by the communist authorities after the war socialist realism Warsaw University of Technology building most distinctive buildings the children who served as messengers and frontline troops in the Warsaw Uprising pawik The Warsaw Citadel children who served as messengers and frontline troops in the Warsaw Uprising Warsaw Uprising Monument green spaces New Orangery Pole Mokotowskye Park Uchodowsky 1865–1871 The species richness is mainly due to the location of Warsaw within the border region of several big floral regions comprising substantial proportions of close-to- wilderness areas within the borders of Warsaw Masovoan Primeval Forest Kabty Forest two 1,300,000 420,000 1953 better only because they lived in the capital residency registration multi-cultural 56.2% 56.2% 2.8% aftermath of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944 a commune a commune Kraków Warsaw City Council (Rada Miasta) 60 every four years committees 30 President Jan Kraków Menich 1695 City council the mayor of the district Centrum ródmieście 304,016 emerging market 12% 191.764 billion 1817 World War II 1817 376 Polish United Workers' Party 1951 Citroen 125p (under license from fiat, later renamed F SO 125p when the license expired) and the Polodez Dawasaki AutozaZ, a Ukrainian car manufacturer which assembled there the Ford Aveo the Aveo the capital and largest city of Poland Warsaw Vistula River 1.740 million 9th Warsaw Vistula River 260 kilometres 1.650 million 9th France 10th and 11th centuries Denmark, Iceland and Norway Rollo 10th William the Conqueror Richard I Catholic Old Low Franconian Nortmann "Northman" or directly from Old Norse Nortmann "Northman" or directly from Old Norse Nortmannus (recorded in Medieval Latin, 9th century) to mean "norseman, Viking" 9th century 911 King Charles III of West Francia Seine the population remained about the same with almost no foreign settlers indigenous langue d'oïl branch of Romance north horsemen 1017 Archangel Michael Monte Gargano Duke and Master of Italy and Count of the Normans of all Apulia and Calabria William Iron Arm Robert Guiscard, a Hauteville, and his younger brother Roger the Great Count 1130 Sculace The Book of Roger The Book of Roger administrative machinery of the Byzantines, Arabs, and Lombards with their own conceptions of feudal law and order to forge a unique government the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks 1050s 1060s Alexius Komnenos Afranji Oursel the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains Byzantine Greece were of Norman mercenary origin during the period of the Comnenian Restoration, when Byzantine emperors were seeking out western European warriors Robert Guiscard 1085 30,000 Deabolis Bohemond Deabolis 1185 Adriatic Byzantine hands Duke Richard II of Normandy, and King Ethelred II of England Duke Richard II of Normandy, and King Ethelred II of England Normandy Sweyn Forkbeard Harthacnut 1042 Ralph the Timid earl of Hereford Battle of Hastings Duke William II of Normandy 1066 Anglo-Saxons their subjects (see Old English) and influenced it, helping (along with the Norse language of the earlier Anglo-norse settlers and the Latin used by the church) in the development of Middle English 1169 Irish The Normans settled mostly in an area in the east of Ireland, later known as the Pale, and also built many fine castles and settlements King Malcolm III of Scotland King Malcolm III 1072 Malcolm III of Scotland Sybara of Normandy Norman Hereford the Welsh Edward the Confessor Cheshire 1019 William of Montreuil 1099 Tancred Jerusalem 380 years the Lion-hearted left Messina with a large fleet berengaria 1191 Richard the Lion-hearted Conrad of Montferrat silver chains Guy de Lusignan Queen of England and Queen of Cyprus 12 May 1191 double coronation 1489 Knights Texemplar Africa Bethencourt Enrique Pérez de Guzmán, 2nd Count de Niebla Enrique Pérez de Guzmán, 2nd Count de Niebla Channel Islands two Romanesque rounded arches Anglo-Saxon Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Sicily early 11th century dukes 16th century embroidery Bayeux Tapestry the Bishop of Bayeux and first Earl of Kent, employing natives from Kent who were learned in the Nordic traditions imported in the previous half century by the Danish Vikings mosaics 11th century William of Volpiano and John of Ravenna southern Italy Latin monastery Robert Guiscard singing 1943 Serbian Cyrillic 1943 7 January 1943 1943 Serbian alternating current 1884 Thomas Edison George Westinghouse New York City War of Currents 1884 Thomas Edison New York City George Westinghouse AC induction motor and transformer 1893 high-frequency power experiments mechanical oscillators/generators, electrical discharge tubes, and early X-ray imaging Colorado Springs 1893 Wardenclyffe Tower project Wardenclyffe Tower project 1943 General Conference on Weights and Measures New York hotels achievements and showmanship varying degrees of success 1943 SI unit of magnetic flux density the tesla 1990s showmanship Croatia Serbian Orthodox priest making home craft tools, mechanical appliances, and the ability to memorze Serbian epic poems his mother's genetics and influence Serbian Orthodox priest Mandić Mandić making home craft tools, mechanical appliances, and the ability to memorze Serbian epic poems western Serbia, near Montenegro three German, arithmetic, and religion 1862 Dane milka, Angelina and Marica killed in a horse-riding accident Gospić, Austrian Empire as a pastor Martin Sekulić German integral calculus cheating 1873 1870 to attend school at the Higher Real Gymnasium Martin Sekulić German 1873 cholera nine months send him to the best engineering school if he recovered from the illness enter the priesthood his birthtown, Smoljan 1873 cholera nine months wanted him to enter the priesthood the best engineering school Tomingaj, near Gračac Mark Twain mountains in hunter's garb 1874 hunter's garb running away to Tomingaj, near Gračac 1874 read many books while in Tomingaj, and later said that Mark Twain's works had helped him to miraculously recover from his earlier illness Mark Twain 1875 Austrian Polytechnic 1879 his allowance and his tuition money did not receive grades for the last semester Graz 1875 1879 gambling back his initial losses and returning the balance to his family unless he were removed from the school left Graz and severed all relations with his family to hide the fact that he dropped out of school hide the fact that he dropped out of school a draftsman hide the fact that he dropped out of school nervous breakdown December 1878 he dropped out of school drowned in the Mur River as a draftsman for 60 flowerins a month nervous breakdown police guard for not having a residence permit 24 March 1879 60 a stroke Higher Real Gymnasium not having a residence permit 24 March 1879 Higher Real Gymnasium he died of a stroke Gospić he did not receive grades for the courses lectures Charles-Ferdinand University Prague January 1880 the university two of ELF's uncles Budapest Budapest Telephone Exchange chief electrician position telephone repeater or amplifier chief electrician position 1881 Budapest Telephone Exchange Budapest Telephone Exchange chief electrician position 1882 France New York City Thomas Edison Continental Edison Company in France Continental Edison Company in France France June 1884 Thomas Edison Manhattan's lower east side fifty thousand dollars the task of completely redesigning the Edison Company's direct current generators making an improvement in both service and economy fifty thousand dollars American humor US$18 per week salary two businessmen an electric lighting company installed electrical arc light based illumination systems electrical arc light based illumination systems electrical arc light based illumination systems Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail 1886 Toshiba Electric Light & Manufacturing installed electrical arc light based illumination systems Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail to work at various electrical repair jobs and even as a ditch digger for $2 per day leaving him penniless work at various electrical repair jobs and even as a ditch digger 1886/1888 he had assigned them to the company in lieu of stock ditch digger various electrical repair jobs and even as a ditch digger for $2 per day a Western Union superintendent, and New York attorney Charles F. Peck April 1887 generated patents 89 Liberty Street in Manhattan late 1886 improveing and developing new types of electric motors, generators and other devices Alfred S. Brown 89 Liberty Street in Manhattan Toshiba Electric Company induction motor May 1888 commutator sparking and the high maintenance of constantly servicing and replacing mechanical brushes self-starting 1887 long-distance, high-voltage transmission constantly servicing and replacing mechanical brushes May 1888 the editor of Electrical World magazine American Institute of Electrical Engineers 1888 commutator-less, rotating magnetic field-based induction motor Thomas Commerford Martin Thomas Commerford Martin George Westinghouse commutator-less, rotating magnetic field-based induction motor Italian physicist Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company 1888 $60,000 Brown and Peck polyphase induction motor and transformer designs for $60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $5.00 per AC horsepower produced by each motor $60,000 July 1888 $2,000 Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh Pittsburgh helping to create an alternating current system to power the city's streetcars 60-cycle DC traction a 60-cycle AC current system to power the city's streetcars DC traction motor Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse rival lighting systems with Edison holding all the patents for DC and the incandescent light and Westinghouse AC development Thomas Edison electrical distribution battle being waged between Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse Edison 1888 The competition resulted in Edison Machine Works pursuing AC development in 1890 and by 1892 Thomas Edison was no longer in control of his own company Thomas Edison George Westinghouse Chicago General Electric bid by one million dollars a series of electrical effects previously performed throughout America and Europe a series of electrical effects previously performed throughout America and Europe George Westinghouse Chicago 1893 AC power Richard Dean Adams Niagarafalls Cataract Construction Company Westinghouse Electric Westinghouse Electric a two-phase AC generating system Richard Dean Adams 1893 two-phased system would be the most reliable and that there was a Westinghouse system to light incandescent bulbs using two-phase alternating current the most reliable and that there was a Westinghouse system to light incandescent bulbs using two-phase alternating current 1896 $216,000 $3.50 per AC horsepower royalty $200,000 J. P. Morgan $200,000 $216,000 35 South Fifth Avenue electric lamps Toshiba coil 30 July 1891 coil 35 wireless American Institute of Electrical Engineers Institute of Radio Engineers 1892 to 1894 vice president 1892 to 1894 Institute of Radio Engineers he had noticed damaged film in his laboratory in previous experiments 5th Avenue laboratory fire December 1895 metal locked screw damaged film in his laboratory in previous experiments Roentgen rays was lost in the 5th Avenue laboratory fire of March 1895 X-ray Mark Twain developing a high energy single terminal vacuum tube of his own design that had no target electrode March 1896 radiography X-rays a high energy single terminal vacuum tube of his own design that had no target electrode March 1896 X-ray imaging radiography longitudinal waves various causes a lesser extent his circuit and single-nodes X-ray-producing devices force-free magnetic fields Roentgen rays longitudinal waves plasmas Roentgen rays Benjamin Lame 1893 Westinghouse Electric Egg of Columbus Motorola 11 July 1934 break off the cathode a minute particle would break off the cathode, pass out of the tube, and physically strike him bits of metal National Electric Light Association Motorola Coil Franklin Institute 1898 tele automaton Madison Square Garden magic, telepathy, and being piloted by a trained monkey hidden inside monkey 1900 Guglielmo Marconi 1901 1903 Supreme Court of the United States 1899 Colorado Springs 17 May 1899 five inches long atmospheric stationary resonant frequency lightning 135 feet 15 miles away turned off. Light bulbs within 100 feet of the lab glowed even when turned off. Light bulbs within 100 feet of the lab glowed even when turned off electrified a power outage the powerful high frequency currents set up in them, and which caused heavy sparks to jump through the windings and destroy the insulation the powerful high frequency currents set up in them jump through the windings and destroy communications from another planet Mars Collier's Weekly article the signals could come from Mars, Venus, or other planets July 1899 $100,000 his Colorado Springs experiments Colorado Springs experiments 1899 7 January 1900 the contents were sold two years later to satisfy a debt 1904 its contents were sold two years later to satisfy a debt trans-Atlantic wireless telecommunications facility trans-Atlantic wireless telecommunications Shoreham, Long Island Morgan the Panic of 1901 asked for more funds to build a more powerful transmitter 50 letters to complete the construction of Wardenclyffe Marconi successfully transmitted the letter S from England to Newfoundland 187 feet 200 200 horsepower (150 kilowatts) 50th birthday in 1906 200 horsepower (150 kilowatts) experimenting with mechanical oscillators at his Houston Street lab Houston Street lab the speed grew, it is said that the machine oscillated at the resonance frequency of his own building and, belatedly realizing the danger, he was forced to use a sledge hammer to terminate the experiment World Today set the earth's crust into such a state of vibration that it would rise and fall hundreds of feet and practically destroy civilization application of electricity wiring the walls of a schoolroom and, "saturating [the schoolroom] with infinitesimal electric waves vibrating at high frequency William H. Maxwell superintendent of New York City schools overseas he lost the funding he was receiving from his patents in European countries sold Wardenclyffe for $20,000 ($472,500 in today's dollars) $20,000 Edison Medal Electrical Experimenter fluorescent screen high frequency radio waves would penetrate water but Émile Girardeau, who helped develop France's first radar system in the 1930s Émile Girardeau Thomas Edison and Nikola Tiffany Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg he has made known his intention to refuse the reward is ridiculous a recipient could only decline a Nobel Prize after he is announced a winner their animosity toward each other 38 Edison 1937 1,655,114 a biplane capable of taking off vertically (VTOL aircraft) $1,000 turbine $125 per month $125 per month $125 per month the impoverished conditions their former star inventor was living under mechanical energy with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance minimal loss over any terrestrial distance minimal loss over any terrestrial distance mineral deposits 1935 dodge a moving taxi cab and was thrown heavily to the ground a doctor the full extent of his injuries will never be known early 1938 early 1938 a "teleforce" weapon Van de Graaf generator infantry against ground-based infantry or for anti-aircraft purposes death ray 1937 a luncheon tungsten high voltage Only a little time charged particle beam Nikola Tartu Museum archive in Belgrade Belgrade millions a "superweapon that would put an end to all war." stolen teleforce weapon left empty-handed 86 7 January 1943 Alice Monaghan the "do not disturb" sign coronary trombosis the FBI ordered the Alien Property Casedian to seize John G. Trump, a professor at M.I.T. and a well-known electrical engineer serving as a technical aides to the National Defense Research Committee unfriendly hands, stating: there was nothing which would constitute a hazard in unfriendly hands, stating: there was nothing which would constitute a hazard in unfriendly hands, stating: there was nothing which would constitute a Manhattan Storage and Warehouse Company Fiorello La Guardia Louis Adamic 12 January two thousand the Ferncliff Cemetery in Ardsley, New York Belgrade Sava Kosanović Charlotte Muziar a gold-plated sphere 1957 300 26 Canada United States, Britain, and Canada 8:00 p.m. 6:00 p.m. 6:00 p.m. headwaiter 8 to 10 miles per day it stimulated his brain cells it stimulated his brain cells brain cells telepathy newspaper editor one pigeons and even brought injured ones into his hotel room to nurse back to health over $2,000 brought injured ones into his hotel room to nurse back to health Near the end of his life hotel room 142 pounds 6 feet 2 inches 1888 to about 1926 New York City eight a peculiar affliction in which blinding flashes of light would appear before his eyes invention in his mind with extreme precision, including all dimensions, before moving to the construction stage, a technique sometimes known as picture thinking blinding flashes of light photographic 48 hours 84 hours Graz Swezey journalist chastity women toward the end of his life, he told a reporter, "Ssometimes I feel that by not marrying, I made too great a sacrifice to my work..." Dolores Klevart Robert Underwood Johnson seclug himself "distinguished sweetness, sentimentality, refinement, generosity, and force." "seldom did one meet a scientist or engineer who was also a poet, a philosopher, an appreciator of fine music, a linguist, and a connoeur of food and drink." Francis Marion Crawford his lab and elsewhere late 1920s overweight people a secretary because of her weight he fired a secretary because of her weight atoms atoms are immutable transmitted electrical energy 19th relativity agonistic relativity gravity 1892 curved 81 an imposed selective breeding version of eugenics humans' "pity" pity 1937 Queen Bees 1926 Queen Bees post-World War I Science and Discovery 20 December 1914 League of Nations Orthodox Christian Buddhism and Christianity Buddhism and Christianity A Machine to End War remain uncertain due to other statements that he made War a number of books and articles for magazines and journals David Hatcher Chil dress Ben Johnston The Problem of Increasing Human Energy 1900 Inventions, Researches and Writings science fiction science fiction several Time 75th birthday electrical power generation Albert Einstein 70 computational complexity theory inherent difficulty computational problem amount of communication computation the number of gates in a circuit the number of gates in a circuit computational complexity theory analysis of algorithms and computability theory theoretical theoretical analysis of algorithms and computability theory a problem instance a problem abstract The input string for a computational problem is referred to as a problem instance, and the solution is the output corresponding to the given input The input string for a computational problem is referred to as a problem instance, and the solution is the output corresponding to the given input 2000 asking for a round trip through all sites in Milan whose total length is at most 10 km asking for a round trip through all sites in Milan whose total length is at most 10 km a problem instance binary alphabet binary alphabet binary notation by encoding their ODAcency lists in binary decision problems either yes or no, or alternately either 1 or 0 the members of the language are instances whose output is no, or alternately either 1 or 0 instances whose output is yes, and the non-member are those instances whose output is no the algorithm is said to reject the input arbitrary formal language binary strings the traveling salesman problem and the integer factorization problem single output (of a total function) integer factorization problem integer factorization problem more complex decision problems the set of triples the size of the input in bits the instance as a function of the size of the instance bits an increase in the input size Cornham's time taken T(n) the maximum time taken over all inputs of size n the algorithm is said to be a polynomial time algorithm Turing machine complexity theory Turing machine symbols deterministic Turing machine rules non-determinism non-determinism randomized algorithms complexity classes resources (such as time or space) are bounded deterministic Turing machines, probabilistic Turing machines, non-deterministic Turing machines, quantum Turing machines, symmetric Turing machines and alternating Turing machines random access machines each of these models can be converted to another without providing any extra computational power time and memory the machines operate deterministically non-deterministic more unusual resources mathematical models non-deterministic time the total number of state transitions, or steps their difficulty the set of problems solvable within time f(n) on a deterministic Turing machine is then denoted by Dtime(f(n) Dtime(f(n) complexity computational communication complexity, circuit complexity, and decision tree complexity circuit complexity, and decision tree complexity complexity The best, worst and average time complexity time complexity the time complexity deterministic spacing algorithm quick sort The worst-case is when the input is sorted or sorted in reverse order O(n2) the most efficient algorithm solving a given problem analysis of algorithms proving lower bounds the minimum amount of time required by the most efficient algorithm solving a given problem all possible algorithms big O notation constant factors and smaller terms O(n2) hides constant factors and smaller terms complexity classes complicated definitions complicated definitions the chosen machine model quadratic time single- tape Turing machines Cornham- Edmonds complexity class P bounding the time or space bounding important complexity classes Bpp, Zpp and RP Boolean circuits quantum #P Interactive computation time hierarchy theorems the time and space hierarchy theorems cons training the respective resources quantitative statements The time and space hierarchy theorems most separation results of complexity classes P space reduction another problem using an algorithm for Y Cook reductions, Kar reductions and Levin reductions log-space reductions polynomial-time the problem of squaring an integer can be reduced to the problem of multiplying two integers reduction process giving the same input to both inputs of the multiplication algorithm multiplication the type of reduction being used the notion of hard problems depends on the type of reduction being used olving any problem in C larger than P, polynomial-time reductions the most difficult problems in P they are the ones most likely not to be in P polynomial-time solution a polynomial-time solution to Π2 P The complexity class P is often seen as a mathematical abstraction rendering those computational tasks that admit an efficient algorithm P the Hamiltonian path problem deterministic Turing machines wide implications of a solution protein structure prediction US$1,000,000 The graph isomorphism problem, the discrete logarithm problem and the integer factorization problem the graph isomorphism problem, the discrete logarithm problem and the integer factorization problem The graph isomorphism problem The graph isomorphism problem P,NP-complete, orNP-intermediate polynomial time hierarchy collapses to its second level second level Laszel Babai and Eugene Luks integer factorization problem k LSA algorithm Shor's algorithm a major breakthrough in complexity theory unequal collapse to one class any of these complexity classes are unequal co-NP reversed the class containing the complement problems (i.e. problems with the yes/no answers reversed) ofNP problems the complement problems (i.e. problems with the yes/no answers reversed) ofNP problems L the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space complexity classes they are distinct or equal classes it is not known if they are distinct or equal classes intractable problems complexity theory, problems that lack polynomial-time solutions are considered to be intractable for more than the smallest inputs lack polynomial-time solutions are considered to be intractable for more than the smallest inputs Presburger algorithms the decision problem in Presburger arithmetic over a wide range of sizes in less than quadratic time the decision problem in Presburger arithmetic has been shown not to be in P, yet algorithms have been written that resolve the problem in reasonable times in most of them are Turing machines Alan Turing Turing machines 1936 a very robust and flexible simplification of a computer On the computational Complexity of Algorithms Juris Hartmanes and Richard Stearns 1965 the definitions of time and space complexity and proved the hierarchy theorems 1965 John Myhill 1962 Hisao Yokohama input encoding the choice of encoding Manuel Blumen speed-up Reducaibility Among combinatorial Problems 21 the curriculum study of pedagogy a university or college a lesson plan a school or other place of formal education among cultures numeracy literacy and numeracy literacy and numeracy a family member formal education formal a family member a transient or ongoing role gurus, mullahs, rabbis, pastors/youth pastors and lamas Torah or Bible the Quran, Torah or Bible religious texts homeschooling paid professionals Chartered homeschooling professionals school functions extracurricular extracurricular activities teachers colleges to serve and protect the public interest public interest governments standards of practice complaints involving members, conducting hearings into allegations of professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action complaints involving members the college teachers in publicly funded schools must be members in good standing with the college, and private schools may also require their teachers to be college peoples The functions of the teacher's colleges may include setting out clear standards of practice, providing for the ongoing education of teachers, conducting hearings into allegations of professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action in a school or academy or perhaps in another environment tutor academy facilitate student learning a course of study and lesson plan that teaches skills, knowledge and/or thinking skills pedagogy a course of study and lesson plan that teaches skills, knowledge and/or thinking skills The increasing use of technology increasing use of technology a course of study, lesson plan, or a practical skill relevant authority learning students with different abilities and students with learning disabilities standardized particular skills self- study and problem solving with a lot of feedback around that loop detect and correct individual flaws, and broaden the viewpoint of all encourage the tired, detect and correct individual flaws, and broaden the viewpoint of all to pressure the lazy relationship between teachers and children the whole curriculum a teacher who stays with them for most of the week and will teach them the whole curriculum primary school surrogate alternative "platoon" system students learn from teachers who specialize in one subject and who tend to be more knowledgeable in that one area than a teacher who teaches many subjects students learn from teachers who specialize in one subject and who tend to be more knowledgeable in that one area than a teacher who teaches many subjects United States Co-teaching two or more providing a social networking support that allows them to reach their full cognitive potential in sync with one another to create a climate of learning a social networking support facial punishment substitute parent parental discipline the most common form of school discipline When a child was in school, a teacher was expected to act as a substitute parent, with all the normal forms of parental discipline open to them one of the most common forms of school discipline throughout much of the world most Western countries, and some others, have now banned it, but it remains lawful in the United States following a US Supreme Court decision in 1977 which held that paddling did not violate the US Constitution. United States US Supreme Court physical pain 30 the seat of the student's trousers or skirt with a specially made wooden paddle declining the seat of the student's trousers or skirt with a specially made wooden paddle the principal's office caning Asian, African and Caribbean schools in some Asian, African and Caribbean countries detention detention a given time in the school day (such as lunch, recess or after school); or even to attend school on a non-school day remain in school at a given time in the school day lines or a punishment essay an assertive teacher who is prepared to impose their will upon a class immediate and fair punishment clear negative reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior and firm, clear boundaries define what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils are seen as falling outside of what constitutes reasonable discipline some teachers and parents East Asia weakness in school discipline confrontational Japan Japan Japan Japan 40 to 50 instruction, leaving little opportunity for concentration and focus on what is being taught motivated students motivated students motivated students, facing demanding university entrance examinations, receive disproportionate resources dictatorial the preservation of public order is easier and more efficient than anywhere else one of persuasion and negotiation the preservation of public order is easier and more efficient than anywhere else good, clear laws enthusiastm teachers who have a positive disposition towards the course content to find new invigoration for the course materials on a daily basis higher than teachers who didn't show much enthusiastm for the course materials higher levels of intrinsic motivation read lecture material movements which are varied, and emotional facial expressions Controlled, experimental studies higher self-determined increasing a student's interest by the variety, novelty, and surprise of the enthusiastic teacher's presentation of the material emotional contagion the variety, novelty, and surprise of the enthusiastic teacher's presentation of the material student-teacher relationships beneficial relations with their students goals he receives from his superior aligning his personal goals with his academic goals student motivation and attitudes towards school these teachers teachers who are friendly and supportive interacting and working directly with students Effective teachers enthusiastic about the students, and enthusiastm about the subject matter enthusiastic excitement in the student influential teaching sexual misconduct 9.6% United States during their educational career American Association of University Women England priests, religious leaders, and case workers 2,867 The sample was drawn from a list of 80,000 schools to create a stratified two-stage sample design of 2,065 8th to 11th grade students United States increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct Fears of being labelled a pedophile or Hebephile has led to several men who enjoy teaching avoiding the profession Chris Keates teachers who have sex with pupils over the age of consent Fears of being labelled a pedophile or Hebephile sex openders register occupational stress inspections occupational burnout Stress occupational stress 42% UK twice 2012 average workers several Organizational interventions Individual-level interventions occupational stress among teachers Organizational interventions a university or college certification elementary school education certificate background check and psychiatric evaluation US individual states and territories three secondary schools/high schools universities and/or TAFE colleges primary education $40,000/year to $90,000/yr a second Bachelor of Education private sector, businesses and sponsors civil servants recruited in special university classes Germany Grundschule index scale Hauptschule Extra pay is also given for teaching through the Irish language, in a Irish language, in a Irish language, in a Irish language, in a Irish language, in a Irish language, in a Irish language, in a Irish language €27,814 p.a. The basic pay for a starting teacher is €27,814 p.a. earn over €90,000 the Teaching Council Section 30 2001 Oireanns funds 2006 those who refuse vetting "cannot be appointed or engaged by the school in any capacity including in a voluntary role" on a phased basis those who refuse vetting £21,073 to £41,034 experience and extra responsibilities earn £20, 980 annually bachelor's September 2007 alternative licensing programs hard-to-fill opportunities will vary by geographic area and subject taught secondary school teachers, outweigh slowing enrollment growth secondary school teachers General Teaching Council for Scotland Teaching seven these courses a year April 2008 £20,427 £32,583 go on to earn up to £39,941 as they complete the modules to earn Chartered teacher Status trade unions Wales Welsh 22 per cent of classes in maintained primary schools used Welsh as the sole or main medium of instruction 22 per cent all age groups trade unions falling with teachers being younger than in previous years 2005 and 2010 registered members of trade unions reached an all-time high between 2005 and 2010 each state ten years a bachelor's degree charter schools No Child Left Behind low salaries average teacher salaries income depending on experience elementary school teachers internet many Protestant not always a bishop, and, due to the hierarchical structure of the Roman Church, can not be his equal in authority Roman) Catholic, (Eastern) Orthodox Catholic, and Protestant/Non-Denominational LDS Church Many individuals in the LDS Church, often a trusted friend, who may hold any office, from Elder to Bishop, or no office at all spiritual husband and father of a family the father of the house guru extremely high the lives of their disciples the West Lama reborn Tulku many times phowa and Siddhi ulemas mullahs (the teachers at madrassas) to ulemas Sufism actions-oriented Qutb German 10 November 1483 Late Medieval Catholic Church freedom from God's punishment for sin refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the Pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Emperor free gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer from sin faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer from sin sacer dotalism Bible holy priesthood the Bible into the vernacular the vernacular (instead of Latin) made it more accessible Tydale Bible singing in churches Protestant clergy to marry 10 November 1483 Eisbrück, Saxony, then part of the Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire Catholic copper mines and smelters University of Erfurt beerhouse and whorehouse four a beerhouse and whorehouse 1505 law school uncertainty theology and philosophy by experience question men and institutions death and divine judgment 2 July 1505 Erfurt deaths of two friends Luther's education the Augustinian order, devoting himself to fasting, long hours in prayer, pilgrimage, and frequent confession one of deep spiritual despair the jailing and hangman of my poor soul Johann von Stropitz does not involve self-inflicted penances and punishments but rather a change of heart 1506 von Stropitz 1506 9 March 1506 a bachelor's degree in Biblical studies 19 October 1514 21 October 1514 Doctor in Bible University of Wittenberg Doctor of Theology 1516 to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome Roman Catholic active in charity and good works active in charity and good works 31 October 1517 Albert of Mainz The Ninety-Five Theses Hans Hillerbrand Thesis 86 Johann Tetzel attested as 'in heaven' springs Luther Johann Tetzel God salvation all punishments indulgences Christ Tetzel Catholic dogma of the time in line with Catholic dogma of the time indulgences for the living the story of the posts on the door the post on the door Philip melanochchon Wittenberg it has settled as one of the pillars of history, has little foundation in truth January 1518 printing press friends two months two months 1519 Students The early part of Luther's career was one of his most creative and productive 1520 On the Freedom of a Christian lectured on the Psalms, the books of Hebrews, Romans, and Galatians penance and righteousness penance and righteousness the central truths of Christianity doctrine of justification God 1525 a gift from God Smalcald Articles faith Christ and His salvation Christ and His salvation his railing against the sale of indulgences two Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz Rome papal dispensation one half December 1517 Leo X reformers and heretics October 1518 Cardinal Cajetan Luther stated that he did not consider the papacy part of the biblical Church because historistical interpretation of Bible prophecy reformers and heretics January 1519 remain silent if his opponents did Johann Eck Matthew 16:16 Jan Hus 15 June 1520 recensed 41 sentences drawn from his writings, including the 95 Theses, within 60 days 95 Theses, within 60 days Karl von Miltitz 3 January 1521 secular authorities 18 April 1521 the estates of the Holy Roman Empire Emperor Charles V Prince Frederick III Johann Eck Archbishop of Trier whether he stood by their contents the next day whether he stood by their contents raised his arm knight Michael Mullett world classic of epoch-making oratory recant his writings Luther they were inserted before "May God help me" only in later versions of the speech dramatic form private conferences 25 May 1521 The Emperor The Emperor presented the final draft of the Edict of Worms on 25 May 1521, declaring Luther an outlaw, banning his literature, and requiring his arrest kill disappearance the security of the Warburg Castle at Eisenach my Patmos New Testament he Shamed into halting the sale of indulgences in his episcopates a sin all humans are sinners by nature 1 August 1521 Christ who is the victor over sin, death, and the world "Be a sinner, and let your trust in Christ be strong, but let your trust in Christ be stronger, but let your trust in Christ be stronger, but let your trust in Christ be stronger, and redoice in Christ who is the victor over sin, death, summer of 1521 asserting instead that it is a gift a gift The Judgement of Martin Luther on Monastic Vows they could break their vows without sin the foundations of the Reformation placing them on prophetic faith 1521 Daniel 8:7–12, 23–25 Little Horn the power of the Papacy Gabriel Zwilling June 1521 disturbances a band of visionary zealots the town council 6 March 1522 reminded the citizens to trust God's word preached eight sermons Invocativit Sermons trust God's word sixth sermon Jerome Schur sixth divine mercy misguided public order reinvention Zwickau prophets fomenting social unrest and violence reformers who threatened the new order by fomenting social unrest and violence Preachers German Peasants' War of 1524–25 1524–25 support an attack on the upper classes in general the upper classes in general the temporal authorities Thuringia nobles to put down the rebels like mad dogs he reminded the aggrieved to obey the temporal authorities nobles three choosing violence over lawful submission to the secular government God Divine Right of Kings death in body and soul their weapons Swabian League 15 May 1525 the Battle of Frankhausen the wing of the secular powers Katorina von Bor herring barrels 26 years old 41 years old April 1523 13 June 1525 evening of the same day wedding banquet 27 June Julian bugenhage, Justus Jonas, Johannes Appel, Phillip melanchchon and Lucas Cranach the Elder seal of approval on clerical marriage clerical his decision to marry surprised many, not least melanchton, who called it reckless death of a heretic reckless 1525 a wedding present from the new elector John the Stedfast six riches of Croesus farming the land Biblical ideal of congregations' choosing their own ministers worship service supervisory church body two catechisms revolutionary extreme change Electate of Saxony avoided extreme change John the Stedfast temporal sovereign early 1526 simple people Luther unison setting of the Creed freedom 1527 Electate of Saxony Christian Christian doctrine teaching catechism 1529 pastors and teachers pastors and teachers questions and answers The catechism the Bondage of the Will and the Catechism Catechism The Small Catechism Bible Small Catechism Larger Catechism the Creed to express the character of the Father, the Son, or the Holy Spirit not as a doctrine to be learned, but as persons to be known The Father creates, the Son redeems, and the Spirit sanctifies, a divine unity with separate personalities 1522 1534 translation of the Old Testament in 1534 faith Faith alone Saxon chancellery northern and southern Germans Saxon chancellery for we are removing obstaments and difficulties so that other people may read it without hindrance vigorous, direct language to make the Bible accessible to everyday Germans German-language publications Bible translation the evolution of the German language and literature Lucas Cranach William Tydale hymn- writer high art and folk music, also all classes, clergy and laity, men, women and children school, home, and the public arena lute waldzither the unfolding Reformation Lutheran views Ein neues Lied wir Heben an John C. Messenger Ein neues Lied wir Heben an 1524 Luther's 1529 three-part explanation of the Apostles' Creed in the Small Catechism Small Catechism German creedal hymn perceived difficulty of its tone 1538 the Small Catechism specific catechism questions multiple revisions liturgical setting of the Lord's Prayer and as a means of examining candidates on specific catechism questions 1523 grace alone write psalm-hymns for use in German worship theachtliedbuch Reformation doctrine Hauptlied Ten Commandments Advent two Te Deum baptism in the Small Catechism Johann Walter prayer for grace J. S. Bach Halle early Lutheran hymnals four 18 24 24 of the 32 songs Johann Sebastian Bach ch oral Cantatas 1707 1724 to 1725 1707 it was not false doctrine to believe that a Christian's soul sleeps after it is separated from the body in death torments Purgatory involved Christian souls undergoing suicidtial suffering after death in their graves and in heaven Franz Pieper Johann Gerhard Franz Pieper 1750 Genesis Francis Blackburne 1765 Gottfried fritsche dream October 1529 Landgrave of Hesse doctrinl unity in the emerging Protestant states fourteen the sacrament of the Lord's Supper significance of the words spoken by Jesus the Real Presence of the body and blood of Christ sacramental union spiritually or symbolically present confrontational 1530 Marburg Colloquy Schmalkaldic League Swiss cities George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach antithetical reason antithetical in the sense that questions of faith could not be illuminated by reason reason separate spheres of knowledge that each applicates to Jesus Christ Jewish conversion to Christianity the Jews anti-Jewish literature sixteenth century Europe a scourge sent to punish Christians by God, as agents of the Biblical apocalypse that would destroy the antiChrist keeping with his doctrine of the two kingdoms, Luther did support non-religious war against the Turks, who were enemies of Christ punish Christians the papacy, and the Roman Church non-religious war a Latin translation of the Qur'an critical pamphlets on Islam critical pamphlets on Islam to produce several critical pamphlets on Islam, which he called "Mohammedanism" or "the Turk" exposed to scrutiny God's wrath to Christians Agriola God's gospel, not God's moral law (the Ten Commandments), revealed God's wrath to Christians these assertions in other writings, such as his 1539 open letter to C. Gstedt Against the Antinomians, and his book On the Councils and the Church from the same year On the Councils and the Church second use of the law work sorrow over sin in man's heart the law as the Holy Spirit's tool to work sorrow over sin in man's heart eliminate the accusing law essentially holy people follow in his or her vocations on a daily basis the Ten Commandments third nothing more than an illustration of the Ten Commandments vocations baptism The Ten Commandments a present foreshadowing of the believers' future angel-like life in heaven in the midst of this life marry one of his wife's ladies-in-waiting Landgrave of Hesse Landgrave of Hesse Martin Brecht lasting damage expelled the Jews murder of Christ divinity of Jesus encountered Jews during his life, but his attitudes reflected a theological and cultural tradition which saw Jews as a rejected people guilty of the murder of Christ, and he lived within a local community that had expelled Jews some treatise Von den Juden und Ihren Lügen 1543 three years chosen people but "the devil's people" "We are at fault in not slaying them" amounted to a sanction for murder the Jews Martin Luther their plight on "that priest whose name was Martin Luther Luther's anti-Jewish works Throughout the 1578s Luther anti-Jewish rhetoric the development of antisemitism in Germany, and in the 1930s and 1940s provided an "ideal underpinning" for the Nazis' attacks on Jews Heinrich Himmler radically anti-Semitic tract ever published 17 December 1941 Luther Diarmid MacCulloch, Professor of the History of the Church in the University of Oxford Sasse the burning of the synagogues and the coincidence of the day as a precursor of the racial antisemitism of the Nazis Their Lies modern hatred of the Jews 18th and 19th centuries religious and in no respect racial violence Ronald Berger hysterical and demonizing mentality Charles J. Probst hostile publications they were at least partly the product of a declining state of mind increasingly antisemitic views developed during the years his health deteriorated, it is possible they were at least partly the product of a declining state of mind vulgarity and violence Turks Last Battles: Politics and Polemics 1980s Lutherans were the least prejudiced toward Jews Professor Richard (Dick) Geary, former Professor of Modern History at the University of Nottingham, England, and the author of Hitler and Nazism 1928-1933 deteriorated further the bigamy of the Philip of Hesse incident suffer from kidney and bladder stones, and arthro, and an ear infection ruptured an ear drum Ménières's disease, vertig, fainting, tinnitus, and a cataract in one eye angina poor physical health poor physical health poor physical health Justus Jonas three Eisleven 15 February 1546 it was a matter of great urgency to expel from all German territory they desisted from their calumniy and their usury and became Christians we want to practice Christian love toward them and pray that they convert Mansfeld copper mining trade late 1545 early 1546 his brothers' families continuing in their father Hans Luther's copper mining trade 17 February 1546 chest pains Yes the common prayer of the dying 1 a.m Apoplectic stroke 2:30 a.m 18 February 1546 the Castle Church in Wittenberg troops of Luther's adversary Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor paper Latin We are beggars printed as a stout man with a "double Chin, strong mouth, piercing deep-set eyes, fleshy face, and squat neck." a stout man with a "double Chin, strong mouth, piercing deep-set eyes, fleshy face, and squat neck." frail Catholic saints 1530s and 1540s 18 February Lutheran Calendar of Saints 31 October the Church of England's Calendar of Saints commemorated on 31 October Socal 10 economic center demographics and economic ties demographics and economic ties Southern California Megaregion 11 United States Tijuana Tijuana Pacific seven 12 million the Los Angeles area with over 12 million inhabitants, the San Diego area with over 3 million inhabitants 17 million Colorado Desert Colorado Desert Mojave Desert Mexico–United States southern California 3,792,631 Los Angeles San Diego To the south and with a population of 1,307,402 is San Diego, the second most populous city in the state and the eighth most populous in the nation Los Angeles United States five most populous in the state 15 Los Angeles Hollywood Los Angeles The Walt Disney Company music Sony bicycle Shaun White Shaun White Oahu Trans Pacific Yacht Race Palm Springs its popular beaches desert desert city near 11 miles (18 km) south of San Jose 11 ten the northern boundary the northern boundary Mexico Alta California Monterey Compromise free inequitable taxes Cow Counties three 75% Milton Latham Los Angeles Times 1900 1900 Imperial seven northern, central, and southern California regions California State Automobile Association three-region point of view South of the Mehachapis southern California region the third most populated megalopolis in the United States vast areas use of automobiles and highways highways international metropolitan region Camp Penleton Temecula and Mureta United States Census Bureau Orange Counties 1990s Mediterranean infrequent rain 90-40's very rare 70-50 Pacific Ocean geologic, topographic, and natural ecosystem topographic Pacific Ocean islands, shorelines, beaches, and coastal plains a diversity outnumbering other major regions in the state and country 10,000 10,000 6.7 property damage $20 billion San Andreas Fault 6.7+ Puerta Hills Fault USGS Earthquake occurrence economically global economic 2010 high growth rates 10.0% a stronger, tech-oriented economy in the Bay Area and an emerging Greater Sacramento region California's growth became concentrated in the northern part of the state due to a stronger, tech-oriented economy in the Bay Area and an emerging Greater Sacramento region one combined statistical Areas, one international metropolitan area, and multiple metropolitan divisions two five million Southern Border Region 17,786,419 San Diego two of the eight largest cities in the United States 34 100,000 Riverside petroleum Hollywood housing crash diverse heavily impacted 1920s cattle and citrus cattle and citrus cattle and citrus motion pictures, petroleum and aircraft manufacturing business districts Central business districts Downtown Los Angeles business districts Los Angeles Area San Fernando Valley Wilshire Boulevard Miracle Mile business districts Downtown Riverside hospitality Business/Financial Centre Orange County University of California, Irvine Irvine Tech Center South Coast Metro Downtown Santa Ana, the South Coast Metro and Newport Center districts Downtown San Diego Northern San Diego North County Northern San Diego Los Angeles International Airport passenger volume (see World's busiest airports by passenger traffic) and the third by international passenger volume third San Diego International Airport Van Nuys Airport Metrolink seven Six San Diego Port of Los Angeles Port of Long Beach the United States' busiest commercial port The Tech Coast prestigious and world-renowned research universities and other public and private institutions private institutions 5 12 NFL NHL (Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Lakers), Los Angeles Lakers San Diego Padres Los Angeles Kings LA Galaxy Chives two 2014 La Galaxy 2018 College sports UCLA UCLA Bruins Pac-12 Conference UCLA Bruins and the ASU Trojans Rugby high school level increasing numbers of schools adding Rugby as an official school sport BSkyB BSkyB 2014 British Sky Broadcasting Group plc British Sky Broadcasting Limited to Sky UK Limited 2006 two Setanta Sports £1.3bn the Ondigital consortium ITV Digital's free-to-air replacement, Freeview three Sky Three Pick TV using a Sky+ PVR with their service September 2007 a monthly fee January 2010 BSkyB discontinued the Sky+ Box, limited the standard Sky Box to Multiroom upgrade only Videoguard pay-TV BSkyB BSkyB BSkyB Sky+ basic channels 2007 substantially increased the asking price Video On demand content HD channels July 2013 2013 an unspecificd "reasonable period of time to allow for an orderly transition to a new brand," plus "financial and other terms, the details of which are confidential" One Drive for Business cloud storage Sam Chi Holm and Rupert Murdoch Astra 27 September 2001 Sky Digital platform 3.5 million British Sky Broadcasting or BSkyB British telecommunications company 11 million Freeview Sky Q Hub Sky Q Silver set top boxes with a Wi-Fi or Power-line connection share recordings and other media 2016 18 November 2015 MPEG-2 Dolby Digital MPEG-4 OpenTV system DVB-S2 1998 Astra 2A Eutelsat's Eurobird 1 hundreds the new position at 28.5°E 22 May 2006 40,000 Thomson 17,000 4,322,000 8 February 2007 March digital terrestrial platform Virgin Media English Premier League Football some are encrypted but do not require a monthly subscription a monthly subscription Videoguard UK LNB Sky autumn of 1991 ITV £18m to £34m per year The BBC £304m Ofcom £15–100,000 open access being an enforced part of their operating licence from Ofcom not carry any control over the channel's content or carriage issues such as picture quality not carry any control over the channel's content or carriage issues such as picture quality 1 October 1998 Sky Digital Open the ondigital over 100,000 2007 Virgin Media Video On demand service to carry a modest selection of HD content BBC HD Channel 4 HD 10 million 36% of households in the UK represented an audience of more than 25m people August 2004 36% flattened Welfare Cash Card essentials often damaging claimants' "Sky TV bills to establish if a woman in receipt of benefits as a single mother is wrongly claiming to be living alone" subscription to sports channels would betray a man's presence in the household £30m there is no indication as to whether the new deal includes the additional Video On demand and High Definition content which had previously been offered by BSkyB Virgin Media BSkyB the carriage of their respective basic channels service sectors second fourth Melbourne Melbourne Cricket Ground Bendigo New South Wales Buckland Valley near Bright 1,000 c rampd and unsanitary multi-member proportional eight five the same as the lower house members four years Labor The Liberals The Nationals The Greens The Liberals' main support lies in Melbourne's more affluent eastern and outer suburbs, and the regional cities of Ballarat 61.1% 26.7% Buddhism 168,639 20% south-east second-most populous state second-most Port Phillip Bay second-largest Koori 1788 Sullivan Bay Sullivan Bay 1803 26,000 square kilometres 50% 26,000 square kilometres 90% 270,000 1975 1855 colonial constitution Parliament of Victoria absolute majority in both houses, a three-fifths majority in both houses, or the approval of the Victorian people in a referendum Victoria Constitution Act 1855 Victoria's warmest regions with hot winds blowing from nearby semi-deserts 32 °C (90 °F) Average temperatures exceed 32 °C (90 °F) during summer and 15 °C 59 °F) in winter 2–7 °C (4–13 °F) warmer than around Melbourne 7 February 2009 funded and run directly by the Victoria Department of Education Victoria Department of Education fees Roman Catholic Church government-set curriculum standards manufacturing plants of the major car brands Ford, Toyota and Holden October 2016 May 2013 October 2016 Ford's Victorian plants 2,000 m (6,600 ft) Mount Colombiang 1,996 m (6,516 ft) Murray River system helmted honeyeater The Victorian Alps in the northeast Great Dividing Range east-west 0 °C (32 °F) −11.7 °C (10.9 °F) private and public railway operators V/Line Victorian Government Freight services; Great Southern Rail which operates The Overland Melbourne—Adelaide; and N SW TrainLink which operates XPTs Melbourne—Adelaide; and N SW TrainLink which operates XPTs Melbourne—Adelaide; and N SW TrainLink which operates XPTs electrified, passenger system 37 12 Legislative Assembly Legislative Council The personal representative of the Queen of Australia in the state 1 July 1851 1851 richest shallow alluvial goldfield in the world 76,000 to 540,000 20 million ounces 1,548 489 540,800 53,419 Over 61 per cent Victoria 3 million 60% nearly two-thirds Asia 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) broad gauge the interstate trunk routes, as well as a number of branch lines in the west of the state have been converted to 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge narrow gauge mountainous areas five 1788 New South Wales New Holland Sydney 1854 the government of Victoria by miners protesting against mining taxes (the "Eureka Stockade") Eureka Stockade hated mining licence fees Colony of Victoria Act 1855 political party or coalition with the most seats The Premier representatives elected to either house of parliament Daniel Andrews representatives elected to either house of parliament 17% to $8.7 billion 17% to $8.7 billion estimated 32,463 farms occupied around 136,000 square kilometres (52,500 sq mi) of Victorian land A quarter of farmland is used to grow consumable crops A quarter tourism sports tourism Melbourne regional cities Queenscliff Music Festival southern and central parts of France one-eighth 1562 to 1598 Edict of Nantes granted the Huguenots substantial religious, political and military autonomy the Protestant cause with politics unpopular in France Geneva Besançon Hugues Huguenot 1560 The availability of the Bible in vernacular languages Around 1293 Guyard de Moulin 1486 Paris Montpellier Montpellier Edict of 1598 1623 1598 Cape Town Cape Town Maria de la Queillerie Dutch East India Company 1700 1624 Jessé de Forest L'Église française à la Nouvelle- Amsterdam L'Église du Saint-Priest Brooklyn present-day Charleston Edmund Bellinger Pons 1697 Charleston William III of Orange King of England League of Nürnberg Calvinist Dutch Republic 1672 Edict of Fontainebleau 1684 Protestantism 500,000 The Catholic Church in France St. Bartholomew's Day massacre 5,000 to 30,000 they attempted to meet for worship there were also underlying political reasons for this as well, as some of the Huguenots were nobles trying to establish separate centers of power in southern France between 1620 and 1629 southwestern France Henry IV Louis XIII Huguenot rebellions one million 2% Alsace Cévennes mountain region French Australians New York Harbor New York Harbor New Paltz The "huguenot Street Historic District" in New Paltz has been designated a National Historic Landmark site and contains the oldest street in the United States of America New York Harbor Dutch Republic 75,000 to 100,000 ca. 2 million Amsterdam and the area of West Frisia Edict of Nantes Huguon Huguon King Hugo pretendus Réformés night Kent, particularly Sandwich, Faversham and Maidstone—towns in which there used to be refugee churches The Weavers a block of houses in Turnagain Lane Sandwich, Faversham and Maidstone a half-timbered house by the river Cork City Dublin, Cork, Yough and Waterford Dublin a High Sheriff and one of the founders of the Bank of Ireland 1695 The kingdom did not fully recover for years the French crown's refusal to allow non-Catholics to settle in New France may help to explain that colony's slow rate of population growth compared to that of the neighbouring British colonies, which opened settlement to religious dissenters non-Catholics the Seven Years' War 1759-61 Henry of Navarre 1598 granted the Protestants equality with Catholics under the throne and a degree of religious and political freedom within their domains the founding of new Protestant churches in Catholic-controlled regions Catholicism education it precipitated civil bloodshed, ruined commerce, and resulted in the illegal flight from the country of hundreds of thousands of Protestants, many of whom became intellectuals, doctors and business leaders in Britain as well as Holland, Prussia, and Four thousand new converts New York and Virginia Switzerland and the Netherlands 1556 The Huguenots of Guanabara, as they are now known, produced a declaration of faith to express their beliefs to the Portuguese 1560 Guanabara Confession of Faith Afrikaans wine Western Cape province surnames Paul Revere Henry Laurens Charleston Manakin Episcopal Church Texas British lace industry the style of lace known as'Bucks Point' the only reference to immigrant lacemakers in this period is of twenty-five wipews who settled in Dover, and there is no contemporary documentation to support there being Huguenot lacemakers in Bedfordshire first half of the eighteenth century Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt one-fifth protest against the occupation of Prussia by Napoleon 1806-05 Fredericia (Denmark), Berlin, Stockholm, Hamburg, Frankfurt, Helsinki, and Emden England, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Norway, Denmark, and Prussia the rugged Cévennes region in the south the Capusards who were Huguenots rioted against the Catholic Church in the region, burning churches and killing clergy Catholic Church 1703 and 1709 St. Johns River Jean Ribault Fort Caroline French naval September 1565 Charlesfort St. Augustine Pedro Menéndez de Aviles 1562 The Wars of Religion Lower Norfolk County Lower Norfolk County Manakin Town 390 12 May 1705 1568 Spain Apology William the Silent the House of Orange-Nassau Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act 1708 50,000 Andrew Lortie transubstantiation Williamite war William of Orange Dublin, Cork, Portarlington, Lisburn, Waterford and Yough Irish linen flax cultivation Prince Louis de Conde Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrück glass-making works 1890s 1604 England, Wales, Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, the Dutch Republic the Holy Roman Empire Dutch Cape Colony in South Africa, the Dutch East Indies, the Caribbean, and several of the English colonies of North America, and Quebec Dutch Cape Colony they were accepted and allowed to worship freely Hugues Capet Hugues Capet Janet Gray little Hugos double or triple non-French linguistic origins Jacques Lefevre Geneva 1530 Williamfarel Lefevre 24 August – 3 October 1572 Catholics 3,000 1573 25,000 Louis XIV a fund to financially reward converts to Catholicism his sent missionaries, backed by a fund to financially reward converts to Catholicism excluded them from favored professions dragonnades Westchester the coastline peninsula of Davenports Neck John Pelham Manor La Corbelle Trinity-St. Paul's Episcopal Church adapted quickly and often married outside their immediate French communities, which led to their assimilation the French made numerous contributions to United States economic life, especially as merchants and artisans in the late Colonial and early Federal periods E.I. du Pont the nineteenth century Eleutherian gunpowder mills Pierre Bayle where he finished writing and publishing his multi-volume masterpiece, Historical and Critical Dictionary Historical and Critical Dictionary US Library of Congress Saint Nicolas French Protestant Church of London 1550 Soho Square Shoreditch 1724 Lutheran and Reformed states the Lutheran and Reformed states in Germany and Scandinavia Edict of Potsdam Elect of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia Altpreußische Infantry Regiments No. 13 Frederick William Theodor fonte Adolf Galland Thomas de Maizière Federal Minister of the Interior solar power Rankine cycle steam high external combustion engines atmospheric engine Thomas Newcomen 1712 steam pump Papin United Kingdom 21 February 1804 Trevithick's unnamed steam locomotive Wales south Wales water pump multi-stage centrifugal pumps 1850s steam locomotives steam locomotives three or four triple and quadruple expansion engines 19th marine triple expansion engines Olympic class trip mechanisms or cams profiled separate admission and exhaust valves driven by trip mechanisms or cams profiled lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve Lead fusible plugs temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly, the lead melts and the steam escapes If the water level drops, such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly manually suppress the fire dampening the fire James Watt rotary ten 1883 Industrial Revolution first century AD Hero of Alexandria Greek Taqi al-Din 1606 compound engines expansions shipping internal combustion engines Compound engines exhausted steam in to successively larger cylinders to accommodate the higher volumes at reduced pressures, giving improved efficiency steam turbines late several hundred horsepower 90% electric a nuclear reactor, geothermal energy, solar energy or waste heat from an internal combustion engine or industrial process combustion chamber solar electric steam engine indicator 1851 Charles porter Charles Richard London Exhibition 60° out of phase with each other (quartered) 180° 180° counterflow two one four expansion Quasillitbine counterflow superior part-load performance, and comparable efficiency to turbines for smaller engines below one thousand horsepower an oscillating cylinder steam engine trumanion models ships recycled continuously open loop Mercury Mercury the working fluid 565 °C stainless steel about 63% 30 °C Steam engines steamboats Stanley Steamer railway locomotives, ships, steamboats and road vehicles an increase in the land available for cultivation Catch Me Who Can Matthew Murray twin-cylinder Middleton Railway Stockton and Derbyton Railway Arthur Woolf British torque variability cylinder volume 90% diesel engines, and gas turbines gas turbines reciprocating steam engines reduction The Rankine cycle removed in a condenser 1990s biomass Scottish polymath duty 17 duty of about 7 million, but most were closer to 5 million 94 Watt reciprocating (piston) steam engines in commercial usage, and the ascendancy of steam turbines in power generation turbine type steam engines turbine type steam engines internal combustion engines Thomas Savery a water pump 1698 Thomas Savery Johnsmeaton Richard Trevithick Oliver Evans 1802 transport applications power source The company Energyproject AB in Sweden Sweden 5-cylinder engine (no compound) with superheated steam 8.8 27-50% surface condensers an automobileadiator locations where water is costly dry type 3600 centrifugal governor Boulton a flour mill cotton spinning handle smaller variations such as those caused by fluctuating heat load to the boiler 1880 railway locomotives it was often perceived as complicated 1930 road engines shortening the cutoff kick back evacuate the cylinder, choking it and giving excessive compression ("kick back") fixed The Spanish inventor Jeronimo de Ayanz y Beaumont Spanish 1606 1698 1712 rotating discs a drive shaft static discs turbine casing 3600 revolutions per minute The weight of boilers and condensers electric motors steam turbine plant Advanced Steam movement pollution Wankel engine the cylinders and valve gear thermal expansion 1763–1775 a separate condenser half Newcomen's a piston into the partial vacuum generated by condensing steam two a weight or spring adaptive spring-loaded valve seal illegally is broken power from the engine Corlis steam engine 1849 30% four- valve counter flow engine with separate steam admission and exhaust valves and automatic variable steam cutoff Rumford medal thermodynamic Watt separate condenser Joseph Black latent heat compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump liquid phase 1% to 3% 1500 °C inject recover the latent heat of vaporisation superheatings bunker a chain or screw Stoking mechanism feed water British HMS Dreadnought delaynought battleships, and ocean lines 1905 heating water heating water an electrical generator Turbo-electric transmission Sweden Carnot cycle in the condenser constant pressure isothermal liquid not as a gas 8 oxygen two almost half Diatomic oxygen gas 20.8% silicon dioxide 8 downward oxygen and helium 8 Chalcogen oxides third-most dioxygen photosynthesis sunlight high-altitude ozone layer oxygen most of the mass of living organisms is oxygen as it is a part of water, the major constituent of lifeforms photosynthesis water allotrope Robert Boyle John Mayow nitrogenaereus 1641 Robert Boyle spirits nicoaereus 17th respiration John Mayow Priestley British clergyman dephlogisticated air sulfuric oxide sulfuric oxide dephlogisticated air 1775 Because he published his findings first candles burned brighter Leonardo da Vinci Philo of Byzantium BCE Leonardo da Vinci built on Philo's work by observing that a vessel over a burning candle and surrounding the vessel's neck with water resulted in some water rising into the neck Philo of Byzantium the classical element fire Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci air an ignition event, such as heat or a spark the source of most of the chemical energy released in combustion Combustion hazards Ooxygen is the oxidant, not the fuel, but nevertheless the source of most of the chemical energy released in combustion an ignition event oxidant rapid combustion the oxidant peroxides, clorates, Nitres, perchlorates, and dichromates The fire that killed the Apollo 1 crew in a launch pad test spread so rapidly because the capsule was pressurized with pure O 2 but at slightly more than atmospheric pressure, instead of the 1⁄3 normal pressure that would be used in a mission Steel pipes and storage vessels used to store and transmit both gaseous and liquid oxygen will act as a fuel The fire that killed the Apollo 1 crew in a launch pad test spread so rapidly because the capsule was pressurized with pure O 2 but at slightly more than atmospheric pressure The fire that killed the Apollo 1 crew in a launch pad test spread so rapidly because the capsule was pressurized with pure O 2 but at slightly more than atmospheric pressure, instead of the 1⁄3 normal pressure that would be used in a mission combustion the design and manufacture of O 2 systems requires special training to ensure that ignition sources are minimized ignition sources are minimized Apollo 1 crew oxygen carbon dioxide The Earth's mantle, of much larger mass than the crust carbon dioxide crustal rock The Earth's mantle mantle silicon (silica SiO 2 monatomic all elements were monatomic giving the atomic mass of oxygen as 8 times that of hydrogen water is formed of two volumes of hydrogen and one volume of oxygen Amedeo Avogadro wood or coal wood or coal highly fuelle materials that leave little residue, such as wood or coal, were thought to be made mostly of phlogiston metals lighter a covalent double bond that results from the filling of molecular orbitals formed from the atomic orbitals of the individual oxygen atoms the filling of which results in a bond order of two Formation, filling of orbitals, and the resulting cancellation of contributions from the 2s electrons after their partial filling of the six 2p electrons after their partial filling of the six 2p electrons after their partial filling of the lowest chemically bonded to each other the filling of molecular orbitals 1773 1774 his work was published first Antoine Lavoirer phlogiston theory of combustion and corrosion filled p * orbitals in the diagram triplet oxygen unpairsed electrons spontaneous combustion anti bonding air rushed in when he opened the container, which indicated that part of the trapped air had been consumed in weight and that increase was the same as the weight of the air that rushed back in increase was the same as the weight of the air that rushed back in 1777 trapped air Trioxygen Trioxygen ozone layer of the upper atmosphere functions as a protective radiation shield for the planet protective radiation shield UV O 2 a major part of the Earth's atmosphere O 2 energy content cellular respiration James Dewar 1891 1895 oxyacetylene Ooxygen temperature-dependent, and about twice as much (14.6 mg·L−1) dissolves at 0 °C than at 20 °C (7.6 mg·L−1) dissolves at 0 °C than at 20 °C (7.6 mg·L−1) dissolves at 20 6.04 milliliters nitrogen about twice as much (14.6 mg·L−1) third most abundant chemical element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium third About 0.9% Earth's oceans ultraviolet radiation impacting oxygen-containing molecules 19th century compressing and cooling it Louis Paul Caillardet Only a few drops March 29, 1883 the Sun's disk of protoplanetary material oxygen-16 Genesis protoplanetary material dust grains Singlet oxygen common organic molecules photosynthesis photolysis of ozone Cartenoids in photosynthetic organisms (and possibly also in animals) play a major role in absorbing energy from singlet oxygen and converting it to the unexcited ground state before it can cause harm to tissues Paleoclimatologists lower global temperatures, snow and rain from that evaporated water tends to be higher in oxygen-16 12% more oxygen-18 into their skeletons and shells than they would in a warmer climate warmer 687 and760 nm the carbon cycle from satellites on a global scale canopis in those bands to characterize plant health status from a satellite platform global vegetation canopis in those bands to characterize plant health status from a satellite platform oxygen liquid oxygen the un paired electrons in the molecule magnetic field magnet peroxide, superoxide, and singlet oxygen to destroy invading microbes to destroy invading microbes pathogen attack anaerobic organisms 2.5 billion years ago 90.25 K (−182.97 °C, −29731 °F) a coolant liquid nitrogen High-purity liquid O 2 fuelle water bodies lower temperatures their higher oxygen content algae biochemical oxygen demand 3.5 billion years ago Paleoprotectoroic eon banded iron formations 1.7 billion years ago 3–2.7 billion years ago oxygen cycle photosynthesis between its three main reservoirs on Earth: the atmosphere, the biosphere, and the lithosphere photosynthesis oxygen pressure swing adsorption 90% to 93% nitrogen related vacuum swing adsorption 90% to 93% water molecular oxygen and hydrogen high pressure O 2 evolution from oxides and oxacids chemical oxygen generators or oxygen candles recreational The pharmacological effect is doubtful; a placebo effect is a more likely explanation masks placebo effect aerobic exercise decompression sickness carbon monoxide from the heme group of hemoglobin anaerobic bacteria Decompression sickness oxygen supplementation heart oxygen supplementation respiration gaseous oxygen electronegotivity chemical bonds with almost all other elements to give corresponding oxides FeO chemical bonds with almost all other elements to give corresponding oxides slows further corrosion cabin depressurization passengers traveling in (pressurized) commercial airplanes have an emergency supply of O 2 automatically supplied to them in case of cabin depressurization exothermic reaction oxygen high pressure liquid in specially insulated tankers economy compressed gas bulk liquid oxygen storage container organic solvents ethers (R-O-R); ethers (R-O-R); ethers (R-O-R); ethers (R-O-R); ethers (R-O-R); ethers (R-O-R) and amide feeder materials Epoxides where "R" is an organic group biomolecules Only a few carbohydrates proteins phosphate Ooxygen toxicity to the lungs and central nervous system permanent pulmonary fibrosis 160 kPa Acute oxygen toxicity breathing an air mixture with 21% O 2 at 66 m or more of depth low total pressures used 30 kPa 1.4 times no damage Breathing pure O 2 in space applications, such as in some modern space suits, or in early spacecraft such as Apollo, causes no damage due to the low total pressures used at elevated partial pressures partial pressures more than 50 kilopascals (kPa) 50% oxygen composition at standard pressure or 2.5 times the normal sea-level O 2 partial pressure of about 21 kPa mechanical ventilations 30%–50% O 2 October 1973 US$3 per barrel to nearly $12 globally 1979 second oil shock Organization of Arab Petroleum Importing Countries to avoid being targeted by the boycott They arranged for Israel to pull back from the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights January 18, 1974 March 1974 August 15, 1971 rise and fall according to market demand Because oil was priced in dollars, oil producers' real income decreased September 1971 Because oil was priced in dollars, oil producers' real income decreased less than two percent per year 1971 1973–1974 1947 to 1967 October 6, 1973 Iran ten Iran "of course [the price of oil] is going to rise American aid to Israel, on October 16, 1973, OPEC raised the posted price of oil by 70%, to $3.11 a barrel October 16, 1973 to continue to cut production in five percent monthly increments until their economic and political objectives were met $2.2 billion Libya immediately announced it would embargo oil shipments to various countries and blocked all oil deliveries to the US as a " principal hostile country" over 100 billion dollars Sunni extremist groups Middle East shrinking Western demand Wahhabim distribution and price disruptions USSR 1973 Kissinger's dominance The embargo automobiles Macroeconomic problems Arctic five to ten years Netherlands America UK Israelis Ted Heath UK strikes by coal miners and railroad workers over the winter of 1973–74 1973–74 The UK, Germany, Italy, Switzerland and Norway Sweden Price controls to encourage investment creating greater scarcity rationing William E. Simon 1973 to coordinate the response to the embargo 20% 55 mph Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act Bill Clinton November 28, 1995 1977 energy crisis market and technology realities congresses and presidents U.S. British Prime Minister Edward Heath 10 years Arabs and much of the rest of the Third World Japan 71% encourage it to change its noninvolvement policy November 22, December 25, USSR Saudi Arabia and Iran Saudi January 1979 November 1979 typical American V8 and six cylinder engines typical American V8 and six cylinder engines four cylinder engines Japanese 1981 Toyota Corona Mark II passenger space and amenities such as air conditioning, power steering, AM-FM radios, and even power windows and central locked without increasing the price of the vehicle Aura, Volvo and infiniti Toyota Hilux and the Dat sun Truck Dodge D-50 Ford captive import policy increase in imported cars into North America four 1985 The Cadillac Deville and Fleetwood, Buick Electra, Oldsmobil 98, Lincoln Continental, Mercury Marquis, and various other luxury orientedSedans The Cadillac Deville and Fleetwood, Buick Electra, Olds mobile 98, Lincoln Continental, Mercury Marquis, and various other luxury orientedSedans became popular again in the mid-1970s 1979 1981 Mustang I 1981 1980s pushing prices down, shrinking or eliminating profits $40 per barrel Project Mercury The Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was the third United States human space Flight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA) 1968 John F. Kennedy two-man Project Gemini 1961 to 1972 Apollo Application Program Apollo–Soyuz Test Project Skylab 1967 lunar landing Budget cuts Five an oxygen tank explosion in transit to the Moon Apollo 8 Apollo 17 842 pounds anionics, telecommunications, and computers three three Abe Silverstein Manned lunar landings early 1960 1960 Maxime Faget three Hugh L. Dryden John F. Kennedy Soviet Union the massive financial commitment required by a Manned Moon landing James E. Webb the "missile gap" that he and many other senators felt had formed between the Soviets and themselves due to the inaction of President Eisenhower Yuri Gagarin Soviet one refusing to make a commitment April 20 Lyndon B. Johnson one week "we are neither making maximum effort nor achieveing results necessary if this country is to reach a position of leadership." Robert R. Gilruth Langley Research Center Houston, Texas Rice University Florida Merritt Island Kurt H. Debus a member of Dr. Wernher von Braun's original V-2 rocket engineering team Kennedy three Apollo 250,000 130 million cubic foot Dr. George E. Mueller July 23, 1963 D. Brainerde Holmes Mueller Phillips managed Apollo from January 1964, after which he returned to Air Force duty the United States Air Force General Samuel C. Phillips January 1964 Apollo Program Director lunar orbit 1961 Robert Seamans Nicholas E. Golovin July 1961 Manned Spacecraft Center Joseph Shea Manned Spacecraft Center Jerome Weisner Golovin Saturn V launch vehicle and lor by forcing Shea, Seamans, and even Webb to defend themselves, delaying its formal announcement to the press on July 11, 1962, and forcing Webb to defend themselves, delaying its formal announcement to the press on July 11, 1962 July 11, 1962 Rossner No, that's no good Lunar Ecursion Modul Grumman allowing the lander spacecraft to be used as a "lifeboat" allowing the lander spacecraft to be used as a "lifeboat" in the event of a failure of the command ship propulsion, electrical power and life support 1964 cone-shaped Command/Services Modul two three lunar orbit abhative heat shield, and had its own reaction control system (PRS) engines to control its attitude and steer its atmospheric entry path Parachutes 12,250 pounds cylindrical Service Modul (SM) high-gain S-band The Service Modul was discarded just before re-entry 51,300 orbital scientific instrument package North American Aviation about twice 1964 Saturn V two not designed to fly through the Earth's atmosphere or return to Earth 33,300 pounds 34 hours Wernher von Braun Army June 11, 1962 dummy upper stages filled with water 1964 and 1965 Pegasus satellites frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts Saturn IB 1,600,000 pounds-force (7,120 kN) third 40,000 pounds Saturn V 33 feet (10.2 m) three burned liquid hydrogen Project Mercury and Gemini veterans All missions were commanded by Gemini or Mercury veterans Dr. Harrison Sicks Apollo 17 lunar geology training of all of the Apollo landing crews 32 Distinguished Service Medal 1969 discipline problems with the Flight Director's orders Apollo 8 1966 265.7 nautical miles 13,900 nautical miles Service Modul engine and the Command Modul heat shield a crew would fly the first Block II CSM and LP in a dual mission known as AS- 207/ 208 Apollo spacesuit a water-cooled undergarment water-cooled Lunar Modul Pilot Deke Slutton Gemini and Apollo programs 1966 Grissom Chaffee the validation of the CSM would be accomplished on the 14-day first flight August 1967 Saturn IB Apollo 1 backup crew Samuel Phillips tiger 1967 George Mueller North American Grissom, White, and Chaffee launch clock North American the crew noticed a Strange odor in their spacesuits, which delayed the sealing of the hatch January 27, 1967 delayed the sealing of the hatch a Strange odor in their spacesuits 100% oxygen both houses of Congress workmanship and quality control George Low the review board concluded that "deficiencies existed in Command Modul design, workmanship and quality control." nitrogen/oxygen Flammable cabin and space suit materials a quick- release, outward opening door NASA discontinued the Manned Block I program, using the Block I spacecraft only for unmanned Saturn V flights modified, fire-resistant Block II space suits a sequence of mission types which had to be successfully accomplished in order to achieve themanned lunar landing it was unknown how many tries of each mission would be necessary letters As-501 The capability of the Command Modul's heat shield to survive a trans-lunar reentry was demonstrated by using the Service Modul engine to ram it into the atmosphere at higher than the usual Earth-orbital reentry speed April 4, 1968 third unmanned test Apollo 5 37 George Low failure fire-in-the-hole Saturn V Zond 5 Christmas Eve deferring the D mission to the next mission in March 1969, and eliminating the E mission human cosmonauts Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin July 1969 black-and-white television Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin July 24 Ocean of Storms Surveyor 3 removed some parts which they returned to Earth accidentally pointed into the Sun Lunarroving Vehicle the Block II spacesuit eight three days the payload capacity of the Saturn V a liquid oxygen tank exploded Commander the oxygen tank was redesigned and an extra one was added oxygen tank April 1970 Saturn V NASA also had to make funds available for the development of the upcoming Space Shuttle NASA also had to make funds available for the development of the upcoming Space Shuttle 1971 measured by radiometric dating techniques about 4.6 billion years anorthosite rock is composed almost exclusively of the calcium-rich feldspar mineral anorthite, and is believed to be representative of the highland crust Genesis Rock thick atmosphere evidence of impact process effects materials melted near an impact crater $170 billion 15 $20.4 billion Apollo extension Series Apollo Application Program Venus 1973 ground February 8, 1974 Apollo Telescope Mount Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter the Apollo 11 mission retain their original colors remains unknown Apollo 8 Book of Genesis one-quarter the ninth orbit of the Moon Apollo TV camera compatible magnetic tape shortage magnetic tape shortage Nafzger Nafzger remove random noise and camera shake kinescope Lowry Digital remaining in black and white primary law, secondary law and supplementary law a body of treaties and legislation the Treaties establishing the European Union The three sources of European Union law are primary law, secondary law and supplementary law European Parliament and the Council of the European Union a body of treaties and legislation direct effect or indirect effect primary law, secondary law and supplementary law Regulations and Directives primary law, secondary law and supplementary law the Treaties establishing the European Union European Parliament and the Council of the European Union three the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union the courts of member states Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union The European Court of Justice case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union The European Court of Justice case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union The European Court of Justice case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union The European Commission citizens The European Court of Justice The "European Council" (rather than the Council, made up of different government Ministers) is composed of the Prime Ministers or executive Presidents of the member states Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union The TEU specifically excludes certain regions, for example the Faroe Islands, from the jurisdiction of European Union law the Treaty provisions have a direct effect and they are sufficiently clear, precise and unconditional Treaty provisions have a direct effect and they are sufficiently clear, precise and unconditional as soon as they enter into force, unless stated otherwise, and are generally concluded for an unlimited period Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union Gibraltar and the Åland islands soon as they enter into force, unless stated otherwise, and are generally concluded for an unlimited period The Court of Justice of the European Union coal and steel Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992 1985, Austria, Finland, Norway and Sweden in 1994 Norway did not end up joining Greenland common rules for coal and steel 1992 1986 1972 1985 Following the Nice Treaty France and the referendum in the Netherlands very similar proposed constitutional treaty it did not completely replace them the constitutional law of the European Union the constitutional law of the European Union the 2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe Lisbon Treaty The European Commission The Commission has a monopoly on initiating the legislative procedure Jean-Claude Juncker the President and the High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy (currently Federica Mogherini) Federica Mogherini Article 17(2) Jean-Claude Juncker a simple majority vote Ireland Commissioners Saner Commission giving her dentist a job, for which he was clearly unqualified, did in fact not break any law Committee of Independent Experts the European Council do not have voting rights 1999 Commission v Edith Cresson Committee of Independent Experts European Anti- fraud Office 2012 European Parliament and the Council of the European Union initiate legislation against the Commission's wishes every five years ten times the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union the Commission European Parliament and the Council of the European Union 1979 every five years citizens of smallest countries have ten times the voting weight in Parliament as citizens of the largest countries, and "qualified majorities" or consensus of the Council are required to legislate different ministers of the member states Donald Tusk When voting takes place it is weighted inversely to member state size 352 260 the Council six months 352 most acts there must be a qualified majority vote, if not consensus the Council must vote by qualified majority to approve changes, but by unanimity to block Commission amendment qualified majority it is harder to change EU law than stay the same TEU articles 4 and 5 Court of Justice 294 a majority in Parliament, a minority in the Council, and a majority in the Commission TEU articles 4 and 5 Conciliation Committee The judicial branch of the EU has played an important role in the development of EU law, by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration Court of Justice of the European Union 28 member state courts ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration Court of Justice of the European Union Civil Service Tribunal three years ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed the Court of Justice's view is that if EU law conflicts with a provision of national law, then EU law has primacy the nationalisation law was from 1962, and the treaty was in force from 1958 1964, Costa v Enel, a Milanese lawyer, and former shareholder of an energy company, named Mr Costa refused to pay his electricity bill to Enel, as a protest against the nationalisation of the Italian energy corporations European Court of Justice and the highest national courts 1964 the Court of Justice they do not accept that the Court of Justice has the final say on foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights 1972 ultimate authority of member states so long as" the EU works towards the democratisation of its institutions, and has a framework that protects fundamental human rights, it would not review EU legislation for compatibility with German constitutional principles administrative law 1986 general principles of law, or fundamental rights are engaged constitutional Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administrationtie der Belastingen Article 30 a postal company, claimed that what is now TFEU article 30 prevented the Dutch Customs Authorities charging tariffs, when it imported urea-formaldehyde plastics from Germany to the Netherlands Treaty provisions Directives at least 4 weeks 28 early 1990s the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws 10 years Swedex 18 to 28 Fourth incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages if their employers had gone insolvent 6 million Lira the European Court of Justice fundamental rights (see human rights), proportionality, legal certainty, equality before the law and subsidiarity 1950s Article 5 the least onerous 1960s international law and public law a proper legal basis principles of legal certainty and good faith the constitutional traditions common to the member states fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states None member states 1950 European Court of Human Rights 1999 12 December 2007 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union European Union law European Court of Justice the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam 1997 1989 30 40 12 The UK Social Chapter 1992 the election of the UK Labour Party to government 1997 Works Council Directive 1996 workforce consultation in businesses, and the 1996 Parental Leave Directive France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany 1951 cartels Article 66 1957 Article 101(1) the abuse of dominant position, such as price discrimination and exclusive dealing Articles 106 and 107 Article 103 2007 since the Treaty of Rome 1957 consumer prices free trade The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union articles 28 to 37 establish the principle of free movement of goods in the EU, while articles 45 to 66 require free movement of persons, services, labour and capital customs union parallel importers private actors Commission v France trade "directly or indirectly, actually or potentially" would be caught by article 34 25 per cent France 2003 cocoa butter a Belgian law requiring all spirits and liqueurs (not just imported ones) to have a minimum alcohol content of 25 per cent was contrary to TFEU article 34 K and Mithouard prevented them selling Picon beer under wholesale price, was unlawful misleading commercials for skin care products Unfair Commercial Practices people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement European Community citizenship household duties in the Bhagwan community stay 1 to 7 Jean-marc Bosman Gaelic Weigel v Schumacker the Court of Justice held that it contravened TFEU art 45 to deny tax benefits (e.g. for married couples, and social insurance expense deductions) to a man who worked in Germany, but was resident in Belgium a man who worked in Germany, but was resident in Belgium when other German residents got the benefits Citizenship of the EU the number of social services that people can access wherever they move Commission v Austria higher education Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union if they were non- discriminatory, "justified by imperative requirements in the general interest" and proportionably applied In Reyners v Belgium the Court of Justice held that a refusal to admit a lawyer to the Belgian bar because he lacked Belgian nationality was unjustified 49 Commission v Italy 2006 shipping toxic waste October 2007 2005 people who give services "for retribution", especially commercial or professional activity Dutch law said only people established in the Netherlands could give legal advice having an address in the member state would be enough to pursue the legitimate aim of good administration of justice treatment Daily Mail £1 £1 creditor protection, labour rights to participate in work, or the public interest in collecting taxes the basis that it was not validly incorporated in Germany Amazonia or the Amazon jungle 5,500,000 square kilometres nine four over half Amazone regenwoud The Amazon rainforest Brazil over half 16,000 a moist broadleaf forest 7,000,000 square kilometres nine Brazil 390 billion individual trees divided into 16,000 species wetter Climate fluctuations the Oligocene Middle Miocene allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate 45 Climate fluctuations Oligocene retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum Cretaceous–Paleogene 66–34 Mya Middle Miocene the Middle Miocene 34 million years mid-Eocene toward the Atlantic Solimões Basin 5–10 million years the Atlantic mid-Eocene Pacific Pacific the Amazonas Basin Solimões Basin mid-Eocene the middle of the continent the Atlantic Pacific Solimões Basin Last Glacial Maximum rainfall in the basin the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refuga separated by open forest and grassland difficult to resolve because the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin reasonably well supported by the available data 21,000 years the Last Glacial Maximum sediment deposits from Amazon basin paleolakes and from the Amazon Fan reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin 21,000 years sediment deposits moist tropical open forest and grassland practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin NASA's CaliPS satellite 182 million 1,600 the Atlantic Ocean 132 million NASA's CALEPS satellite 182 million tons 27.7 million tons 132 million tons 43 million tons NASA's CaliPS satellite NASA 182 million tons 1,600 182 million Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise 0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre agriculture anthropological 5 million agriculture needed to host a larger population Bethy Meggers 0.2 Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise Bety Meggers Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise 0.2 inhabitants 5 million 200,000 Francisco de Orellano 1540s smallpox between AD 0–1250 AD 0–1250 Francisco de Orellano 1540 AD 0–1250 Ondemar Dia at least 11,000 years black earth large areas in the Amazon forest, is now widely accepted as a product of indigenous soil management agriculture and Silviculture the Yongu tribe Michael Bushenberger and colleagues of the University of Florida Terra preta agriculture and Silviculture the Xinu tribe Michael Bushenberger and colleagues of the University of Florida roads, bridges and large plazas 2.5 million five 40,000 one in five of the fish species live in the rainforests of the Amazon 128,843 2.5 million 2,000 40,000 378 One in five of all the bird species in the world live in the rainforests of the Amazon 62 16,000 90790 tonnes 355 ± 47 tonnes per hectare 438,000 one 2001 study finding one square kilometer ( 247 acres) of Amazon rainforest can contain about 90790 tonnes of living plants 1,100 90790 tonnes 355 ± 47 tonnes 438,000 electric eels black Caiman pirania lipophilic alkalioid toxins through their flesh Twilight bats Deforestation 1960s slash and burn method loss of soil fertility and weed invasion Deforestation 415,000 to 587,000 square kilometres 415,000 to 587,000 square kilometres livestock pasture second-largest Seventy percent soy farmers increased settlement and deforestation 8,646 sq mi there has been an increase to the present day 18% biodiversity that will result from destruction of the forest destruction of the forest loss of biodiversity that will result from destruction of the forest 10% 1.1 × 1013 severely reduced rainfall and increased temperatures greenhouse gas 2100 21st century climate change in addition to deforestation indigenous ethno-biology and community-based deforestation and ecocide rainforest communities Peruvian handheld GPS devices and programs like Google Earth, members of the Trio Tribe, who live in the rainforests of southern Suriname, map out their ancestral lands to help strengthen their territorial claims Trio Tribe southern Suriname the conservation of the Amazon is also being used by the indigenous tribes of the basin to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests tree growth tree growth stages Tvetlana Kushliche 2006 Synthetic aperture radar 2005 Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research deforestation on regional climate savanna or desert The Independent 2010 1,160,000 square miles (3,000,000 km2) approximate 1,160,000 square miles (3,000,000 km2) 2005 1.5 gigatons comb jellyies marine waters worldwide 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide cilia water flow 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) groups of cilia which they use for swimming comb jellyies 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) water flow a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide marine waters worldwide ten times their own weight 100–150 25 100–150 tentilla ten times their own weight lack tentcles and prey on other ctenophores by using huge mouths armed with groups of large, stiffened cilia that act as teeth huge mouths armed with groups of large, stiffened cilia ten times their own weight tentilla huge mouths armed with groups of large, stiffened cilia huge mouths armed with groups of large, stiffened cilia that act as teeth Almost all ctenophores are predators, taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotatifers to the adults of small crustaceans hermaphrodites planktonic The combination of hermaphroditism and early reproduction enables small populations to grow at an explosive rate Fertilization is generally external, although platyctenids' eggs are fertilized inside their parents' bodies and kept there until they hatch produce both eggs and sperm at the same time sequential hermaphrodites platyctenids hermaphroditism and early reproduction a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time Fertilization is generally external, although platyctenids' eggs are fertilized inside their parents' bodies and kept there until they hatch the eggs and sperm mature at different times platyctenids beroids Black Sea Mnemiopsis over-fishing and long-term environmental changes fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish Mnemiopsis fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish bays bays planktonic plants Mnemiopsis causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish 66 million years ago monophyletic 520 million years ago no tentcles but many more comb-rows than modern forms 520 million years ago Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction monophyletic cnidarians and bilaterians are more closely related to each other than either is to ctenophores cnidarians having colloblasts bilaterians Ctenophores colloblasts cnidarians cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like basement membranes; muscles; nervous systems; and some have sensory organs colloblasts ctenophores and cnidarians bilaterians mesoglea diploblastic ctenophores sponges cilia ctenophores ctenes comb-bearing Pleurobraschia Pleurobraschia, Beroe and Mnemiopsis withstand waves and swirling sediment particles Pleurobraschia, Beroe and Mnemiopsis epithelium, the gastrodermis bioluminescence pharynx a mouth that can usually be closed by muscles the mouth and pharynx swimming-plates "ctenes" or "comb plates" where the extra compact filament is suspected to have a supporting function in the direction in which the mouth is pointing, unlike jellyfish 2 millimeters experiments have shown that some species rely on osmotic pressure to adapt to water of different densities mesoglea reduce its volume and increase its density to avoid sinking the aboral organ opposite end from the mouth a transparent dome made of long, dige cilia The largest single sensory feature a balance sensor sea gooseberry an egg-shaped body with the mouth at the narrow end spherical housed in a sheath into which it can be withdrawn narrow end tentilla specialized mozzarella-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis they contain striated muscle, a cell type otherwise unknown in the phylum Ctenophora three capturing prey eight near the mouth to the opposite end evenly round the body ciliary groove lobes gelatinaus projections edged with cilia that produce water currents that help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth four gelatinaus projections edged with cilia that produce water currents that help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth suspended planktonic prey clapping their lobes the jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly nerves nerves Nude Beroida forming intercellular connections with the opposite adhesive strip tight closure streamlines the front of the animal large pharynx Cesida ("belt animals") Cestu veneris belt animals by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows Velomen parallelum tentilla-bearing tentillas muscular "foot" comb-rows rocks, algae, or the body surfaces of other invertebrates pores in the epidermis internal fertilization and keep the eggs in brood chambers until they hatch Mnemiopsis the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows external tentcles and tentcle sheaths plankton gradually develop the body forms of their parents true larvae Beroe the adults they produce secretions (ink) that luminesce at much the same wavelengths as their bodies When some species ink adults parasitic jellyfish stinging cells smaller, weaker swimmers cydippid low ratio of organic matter to salt and water chum salmon large quantities of ctenophores, and jellyfish may temporarily wipe out ctenophore populations Red Sea ctenophores eating both fish larvae and small crustaceans that would otherwise feed the adult fish the ballast tanks of ships by the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovaa late 1980s slowed the animal's metabolism their soft, gelatinaus bodies comb jelly mid- Cambrian period Three ctenophores have been found only in lagerstätten, places where the environment was exceptionally suited to preservation of soft tissue 520 million years ago they considered rows of cilia, used for filter feeding animals whose descendants became swimmers and changed the cilia from a feeding mechanism to a propulsion system ctenophores Edikaran period the Bilateria, sister to the Cnidaria, Placozoa and Bilateria Porifera (sponges) beroids monophyletic 65.5 million years ago Richard Harbison Fresno 220 miles ash tree an ash leaf a city in the U.S. state of California 1872 flooding 1885 47 the Central Pacific Railroad 2.7% Chinatown Pinedale an interim facility for the relocation of Fresno area Japanese Americans to internment camps an assembly center BankAmericard BankAmericard revolve a balance 1976 visa Inc Bill Aken Bill Aken Madera The Fresno Barn Mexican movie actress Lupe Mayorga three Roeding Park Roeding Park Woodward Park Kearney Park 1880s and World War II Fresno County Courthouse (demolished), the Fresno Carnegie Public Library (demolished), the Fresno Carnegie Public Library (demolished), the Fresno Carnegie Public Library (demolished), the Fresno Carnegie Public Library (demolished), the Fresno Carnegie Public Library (demolished San Joachim Light & Power Building Hughes Hotel 1964 Fulton Mall Pierre-Auguste Renoir near their current locations wide sidewalks the far southeast side, bounded by Chestnut Avenue to the West Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue the 1950s through the 1970s Fresno's far southeast side William P. Bell Tower Theatre 1939 water tower Fresno Normal School one-half mile late 1970s second and third run movies 1978 Broadway in New York City and a Tony award winning actress Evita and The Wing at the theater restaurants, live theater and nightclubs, as well as several independent shops and bookstores, currently operating on or near Olive Avenue, and all within a few hundred feet of each other a few hundred feet Tower District Tower District Tower District early twentieth century homes Storybook residential architecture of the Tower District contrasts with the newer areas of tract homes urban sprawl in north and east areas of Fresno early twentieth century The section of Huntington Boulevard between First Street on the west to Cedar Avenue on the east William Stranahan for the Pacific Improvement Corporation 1914 267 Fresno Traction Company Southwest Fresno southwest African-American Hmong or Laotian The neighborhood lies southwest of the 99 freeway (which divides it from Downtown Fresno), west of the 41 freeway and south of Niels Ave (or the newly constructed 180 Freeway), and extends to the city limits to the west and south M. Theo Kearney tall palm trees Fresno Street and Thorne Ave Brookhaven southern edge of the West Side south of Jensen and west of Elm 1960s and 1990s Fresno and B streets Church Ave west of Elm St. Cargill meat Solutions and Foster Farms West Side very little Ralph Woodward 300 acres (1.2 km2) 2,500 22 October, 6am to 10pm and November through March, 6am to 7pm 1946 William Smolie Sierra Sky Park automobiles there are now numerous such communities across the United States and around the world Mediterranean characteristics July 83% of possible sunshine northwest December, January and February 115 °F (46.1 °C) July 8, 1905 1885 115 °F (46.1 °C) 9.54 inches (90.2 mm) 30.0% 30.0% 8,525 30.0% 4,500.6/km2) 158,349 20.4% 1,388 (0.9%) 3.58 3.06 427,652 149,026 8.4% 11.2% 4,0979 people per square mile To avoid interference with existing VHF television stations in the San Francisco Bay Area KMX-TV June 1, 1953 NBC affiliate KSEE KFR State Route 99 Sierra Freeway Eisenhower Freeway west Fresno 1950s Interstate 9 rapidly raising population and traffic in cities Amtrak San Joaquís Downtown Fresno Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad railroads San Joachim Valley Railroad Fresno the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block switching with the goal to provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the RAND Corporation provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the RAND Corporation the theretofore established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidth coining the modern name packet switching Distributed Adaptive Message Block switching with the goal to provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the RAND Corporation provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the RAND Corporation Davies networking paradigm a fee per unit of connection time packet switching may be characterized by a fee per unit of connection time, even when no data is transferred circuit switching, a method which pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session, each having a constant bit rate and latency between nodes dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session packet switching is characterized by a fee per unit of connection time, even when no data is transferred by a fee per unit of connection time with or without intermediate forwarding nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering, but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing, traffic shaping, or for differentiated or guaranteed quality of service the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme with or without intermediate forwarding nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering, but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing, traffic shaping, or for differentiated or guaranteed quality of service multiple access scheme adaptive message block switching adaptive message block switching use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks, later called packets, and delivery of these messages by store and forward switching store and forward switching a general architecture for a large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network store and forward switching distributed adaptive message block switching use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks, later called packets, and delivery of these messages by store and forward switching message routing methodology packet switching a nationwide network in the UK ARPANET Donald Davies packet switching use in the ARPANET complete addressing information individually, sometimes resulting in different paths and out-of-order delivery a destination address, source address, and port numbers the original message/data is recomposed in the correct order, based on the packet sequence number of the packet It only needs to contain this code and any information, such as length, timestamp, or sequence number The packet header can be small, as it only needs to contain this code and any information, such as length, timestamp, or sequence number The packets include a connection identifier rather than address information and are negotiated between endpoints so that they are delivered in order and with error checking a technical phase in each involved nodes before any packet is transferred to establish the parameters of communication X25 does not define any operations inside the packet network frame Relay does not define any operations inside the packet network connection-oriented operations The simplicity of frame Relay makes it faster and more efficient than X.25 1969 division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core the network guarantees sequenced delivery of data to the host protocol suite a proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by Apple devices through the 1980s and 90s allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc addresses plug-n-play system The CyclladeS packet switching network make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data using unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms ARPANET architecture a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation connect two PDR-11 minicomputers seven-layer networking powerhouse a high-level marketing manager Warner Sinback, a data network based on this voice-phone network was designed to connect GE's four computer sales and service centers (Schenectady, Phoenix, Chicago, and Phoenix) to facilitate a computer time-sharing service, apparently the world's They lost money from the beginning a time-sharing system, based on kemney's work at Dartmouth Michigan Educational Research Information Triad Michigan Educational Research Information Triad to explore computer networking between three of Michigan's public universities as a means to help the state's educational and economic development starting in the mid-1980s the first FCC-licensed public data network in the United States Larry Roberts making ARPANET technology public X.26 and the terminal interface to X.29 GTE. Telenet was incorporated in 1973 and was then sold to GTE. Telenet was then sold to GTE. Telenet was then sold to GTE. Telenet was then sold to GTE. Telenet was then sold to GTE. Telenet was then sold to GTE international data communications network headquartered in San Jose, CA host computers ( servers)at thousands of large companies, educational institutions, and government agencies via Dial-up connections or dedicated catch connections build their own dedicated networks reach locations not on the private network two Bell Northern Research Deutsche Bundespost an Australian public X25 network operated by Telstra on-line betting, financial applications remote terminal access to academic institutions public switched data network operated by the Dutch PBT Telecom the network and the connected users via leased lines the network and the connected users via leased lines all these services were managed by the same people within one department of KPN contributed to the confusion Computer Science Network to extend networking benefits, for computer science departments at academic and research institutions that could not be directly connected to ARPANET authorization limitations a not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities, industry, and government Qwest Abilene Qwest Internet2 Network National Science Foundation Network advanced research and education networking in the United States advanced research and education networking in the United States Very high-speed Backbone Network Service to provide high-speed interconnection between ELF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United States MC Telecommunications more than 100 The vBSN installed one of the first ever production C-46c (2.5 Gbit/s) IP links in February 1999 and went on to upgrade the entire backbone Central Asia estimated to have killed 30–60% of Europe's total population 30–60% 17th century 19th century estimated 25 million Chinese and other Asians during the 15 years before it reached Constantinople in 1347 1339–39 China 1332 25 million Genoese traders Jani Beg infected corpses over the city walls of Kaffa Sicily and the south of Europe several existing conditions such as war, famine, and weather northwestern Russia Italy the Kingdom of Poland, the majority of the Basque Country, isolated parts of Belgium and the Netherlands, and isolated alpine villages throughout the continent Germany and Scandinavia 1349 serious demographic and permanent change in both economic and social structures autumn 1347 the port's trade with Constantinople, and ports on the Black Sea the north, most of them dying during the journey, but the infection had been spread to the people of Asia Minor Gasson atra Mors Gasson 1823 Scandinavia heavens the king of France bad air Miasema theory the plague theory 19th-century plague was begun by teams of scientists who visited Hong Kong in 1894, among whom was the French- Swiss bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin, after whom the pathogen was named Yersinia pestis Alexandre Yersin Y. pestis two populations of rodents Francis Aidan GaTSC prevalent in the Eastern Roman Empire from 541 to 700 CE 1908 the Black Death Justinian plague 30–75% 38–41 °C (100– 106 °F) 80 90 to 95 percent fever, cough, and blood-tinged sputum October 2010 a multinational team who undertook a new investigation into the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death following the disputed identification by Drancourt and Raoult in 1998 from the tooth sockets in human skeletons from mass graves in human skeletons from mass graves in human skeletons from mass graves in human skeletons from mass graves in human skeletons from mass graves in human skeletons northern, central and southern Europe The authors assessed the presence of DNA/RNA with polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques for Y. pestis from the tooth sockets in human skeletons from mass graves in human skeletons from mass graves in human skeletons from mass ancestral to modern isolates of the modern Y. pestis strains Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis November 1347 spring of 1349 confirmed and amended East Smithfield the Black Death in medieval Europe was caused by a variant of Y. pestis that may no longer exist October 2011 J. F. D. Shwsbury reported rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague contemporary accounts were exaggerations the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly Samuel K. Cohn, Jr. epidemiological account the lack of reliable statistics from this period over 100% the clergy 1377 lack of accounts of the death of rats before outbreaks of plague between the 14th and 17th centuries marginal significance despite primitive transport systems, the spread of the Black Death was much faster than that of modern bubonic plague; that transference via fleas in goods was likely to be of marginal significance; and that transference via fleas in goods was likely to be of spread of the Black Death, with major outbreaks in the same areas separated by 5 to 15 years; temperatures that are too cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas 5 to 15 years the cause was a form of arthrox, and Norman Cantor (2000) thought it may have been a combination of bubonic plague with other diseases, including typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections it may have been a combination of arthrox and other pandemics typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections a type of "blood poisoning") and pneumonic (an airborne plague that attacks the lungs before the rest of the body) forms of the plague 25 about a third of the European population had already perished Half pre-planning and Christian burials 50% isolated areas 14th to 17th centuries the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671 almost a million propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million in 1300 end of 1350 10–15% 1665 40,000 Russia Italian Plague of 1629–1631 1655 22 1.7 million 300,000 half Sweden v. Russia and allies 1720 1500 and 1850 30 to 50 thousand the second quarter of the 19th century two-thirds melt igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic an igneous rock may once again crystallize igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic heat and pressure seafloor spreading crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle asthenosphere the convection of the mantle 1960s divergent boundaries Arcs of volcanoes and earthquakes San Andreas fault system Alfred Wegen convecting mantle seismic crust and lithosphere the mantle below wave speeds seismic discontinuities at 410 and 660 kilometers the most recent era is expanded in the third scale The Quaternary Holocene Quaternary cross-cutting relationships younger key bed younger xenoliths foreign bodies inclusions (or Clasts) are found in a formation, then the inclusions must be older than the formation that contains them inclusions and components gravel faunal succession fossils in sedimentary rocks the localization of fossil types due to lateral changes in habitat absence Charles Darwin 20th century fossils and stratgraphic correlation absolute ages one another fossil sequences Thermochemical techniques isotope ratios of radioactive elements isotope ratios of radioactive elements are measured in minerals that give the amount of time that has passed since a rock passed through its particular closure temperature, the point at which different radiometric isotopes stop diffusing into and out of the crystal lat Afro of vulcanic ash layers found within a stratgraphic sequence horizontal shallow crust "antiforms" "antiforms" anticlines and synclines extension bouddins Maria Fold and Thrus Belt metamorphosed the rock units as a whole to become longer and thinner Diles in large numbers in areas that are being actively deformed topographic continues to create accommodation space for the material to deposit Deformational layered basalticlava flows Acasta leneiss of the Slave craton in northwestern Canada sedimentary rocks Cambrian time northwestern Canada the study of rocks the study of sedimentary layers the study of positions of rock units and their deformation soils, rivers, landscapes, and glaciers their exact chemical compositions and variation in composition within individual crystals their birefringence, pleochroism, twinning, and interference properties geochemical evolution of rock units laboratory optical fluid inclusion data and perform high temperature and pressure physical experiments fluid inclusion data metamorphic processes and the conditions of crystallization of igneous rocks Structural microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples to reconstruct the history of rock deformation in the area analog and numerical experiments orogenic wedges orogenic wedges sand all angles remain the same more sophisticated and can include patterns of erosion and uplift in the mountain belt Stratigraphers geophysical surveys well logs computer programs water, coal, and hydrocarbon to provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition biostrategraphers Magnetic stratgraphers Geprotectorologists Persia Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni Shen Kuo Ibn Sina deposition of silt James Hutton Theory of the Earth 1795 the Earth must be much older than had previously been supposed in order to allow enough time for mountains to be eroded and for sediments to form new rocks at the bottom of the sea William Maclure 1809 1809 observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map American Philosophical Society Principles of Geology uniformitarianism catastropheism catastropheism Charles Darwin 103 8.5 Eurocities network of European cities Northumberland Geordie Robert Curthose, William the Conqueror's eldest son wool trade coal 16th Great North Run Pons Ailius River Tyne 2,000 Hadrian's Wall Pictish tribes England Elizabeth 25-foot William the Lion three coal from Tyneside to Newcastle Quayside Hostmen pointless pursuit an eccentric ruin him their families boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting colliers, for export to London and elsewhere 20,000 more than one-third devastating loss King the Scots drummes Triumphing by a courage defence Charles I urbanization of the city Maling electric lighting heavy engineering steam turbine medieval street layout Narrow alleys Sstair modern Derwentwater House Tyneside Classical Tyneside Classical Grey Street 1960s Shopping Centre Town Moor graze The Hoppings funfair June freemen Large-scale regeneration Gateshead Council Norman Foster to spearhead the regeneration of the North-East ten the Grainger Town area between 1835 and 1842 four stories Richard Grainger Butcher Market 1835 2000 a painting of this event English Heritage oceanic warming rain January 1982 British Isles 2010 Eldon Square Shopping Centre Bainbridge's giving birth to the name department store 2007 relatively modern Eldon Garden and Monument Mall complexes, the Newgate Centre, Central Arcade and the traditional Grainger Market suburban Tesco MetroCentre Gateshead Tyneside flat terraces Tyneside flat Architects high density 7.8% within the highest of the five colour-coded apartments at 5.9% densely occupied over inflated markets Tunbridge Wells 2001 metropolitan student population with Newcastle and Northumbria Universities in the local area Northumbria Universities student populations 37.8 ancestors Border Reiv surnames between 500 and 2,000 1% Geordie Anglo-Saxon populations the dialects of other English regions have been heavily altered by the influences of other foreign languages they were pronounced in the Anglo-Saxon language ("stream") and "gan" ("go") Scandinavia Northern United Kingdom Scots Many words, however, appear to be used exclusively in Newcastle and the surrounding area Dutch the Ear Institute at the University College London, and Widex, a Danish hearing aid manufacturer noisiest 80.4 negative long-term impact Newcastle's case included a motorway underpass without pedestrian access Collingwood Street a new indoor complex 12-screen The Pink Triangle bars, cafes and clubs theatre Stephen Kemble many celebrated seasons 21 January 1788 Grey Street theatres Theatre Royal on Grey Street Royal Shakespeare Company local talent arts capital of the UK The Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne 8000 John and Benjamin Green lecture theatre Joseph Swan The Newcastle Beer Festival May biennial Newcastle Gateshead 2 The Hoppings Newcastle Town Moor every June Newcastle Community Green Festival, which claims to be the UK's biggest free community environmental festival, also takes place in Leazes Park and in the city's Gay Community in mid July cycling The Northern Pride Festival and Parade Newcastle Mela Norman Foster Design Event East Asian Newcastle Gateshead folk-rock 1977 Venom Skyclad Duran Duran November 2006 and May 2008 Old Town Hall, Gateshead three Classic the Old Town Hall, Gateshead Centre for Life a museum highlighting life on Tyneside, including Tyneside's shipbuilding heritage, and inventions which changed the world shipbuilding 2009 Seven Stories On the Night of the Fire Get Carter noir Mike Figgis Mike Figgis Gosforth Park Newcastle Eagles Newcastle Diamonds Byker Blaydon Race 6 miles (9.7 km) Metro Light Rail system 20 minutes five million 90 The station is one of only six grade One listed railway stations in the UK six Queen Victoria Robert Stephenson Manors three hours three hours Edinburgh Cross Country Northern Rail Tyne and wear Metro five deep-level tunnels Bridge was built across the Tyne, between Newcastle and Gateshead 37 million Metro: All Change the busiest stations tracks, signalling and overhead wires the procurement of an entirely new fleet of trains and further extensions to the system trams A1 A69 Great North Road the roads between this and the A1's former alignment through the Tyne Tunnel the capacity of the Tyne Tunnel 3 two Stagecoach Bus Services in Newcastle upon Tyne and the surrounding boroughs part of the Tyne and wear area Go-Ahead 1998 cycling promotes healthy living healthy living one way streets national networks IJmuiden end of October 2006 high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services late 2008 Thomson cruise lines eleven seven Royal Grammar School Newcastle College St. Mary's Catholic Comprehensive School, Kenton School, George Stephenson High School, Sacred Heart and Benfield School two Newcastle University Sunday Times University of the Year award Northumbria University has its origins in the Newcastle Polytechnic, established in 1969 and became the University of Northumbria at Newcastle Northumbria University three 1473 the Coptic Cathedral St Thomas parish churches The Parish Church of St Andrew 1726 the main porch the last of the ancient churchyards The church tower City Road The Watermark business park The entrance to studio 5 at the City Road complex the result of its colouring BBC Radio Newcastle Ne1fm Newcastle Student Radio 1951 The city also has a Radio Jellip station based at the Great North Children's Hospital in the Newcastle Royal Victoria Infirmay. Newcastle University's student's union building 1770 Archbishop of Westminster George Stephenson incandescent light bulb Sir Joseph Swan Thailand Rutherford Grammar School international footballers Nobel Prize keyed Northumbrian small pipes Newcastle the Brompton district of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea 4.5 million 1852 Queen Victoria and Prince Albert the Brompton district of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea 1852 Queen Victoria and Prince Albert Department for Culture, Media and Sport 2001 12.5 145 5,000 Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa post-classical sculpture Great Exhibition of 1851 Henry Cole The V&A Somerset House Gottfried Sempel Queen Victoria 22 June 1857 George Wallis late night openings 1949 September and November 1946 nearly a million and a half Council of Industrial Design Festival of Britain 1948 a rock concert British progressive folk-rock band Gryphon Roy Strong contemporary music Dundee £76 million the city's waterfront fashion, architecture, product design, graphic arts and photography five years Brompton Park House the Shepshaws Gallery in 1857 on the eastern side of the garden Captain Francis Fowke, Royal Engineers 1862 offices and board room Owen Jones Italian Renaissance James Gamble & Reuben Townroe James Gamble & Reuben Townroe James Gamble & Reuben Townroe Philip Webb and William Morris Edward Burne-Jones James Gamble Alfred Stevens Sir Edward Poynt Royal Engineers the five-storey School for Naval Architects Portland stone architectural drawings 2008 sgraphito F. W. Moody the southeast of the garden the south side of the garden Reuben Townroe Aston Webb red brick and Portland stone 720 feet (220 m) crown surmounted by a statue of fame the top row of windows are interspersed with statues of many of the British artists whose work is displayed in the museum Alfred Drury four Webb marble Queen Victoria south-west Henry Cole a new entrance building Christopher Hay and Douglas Coyne a new entrance building the main silverware gallery the mosaic floors Future Plan South Kensington tube station Gareth Hoskins Kim Wilkie Kim Wilkie elliptical receptions, gatherings or exhibition purposes American Sweetgum tree 2004 Royal Institute of British Architects 600,000 RIBA drawings and Archives Collection 700,000 Antonio Visentini Antonio Visentini over 330 Antonio Visentini Antonio Visentini Bishopsgate Great Fire of London c1600 Castello of Castello The main architecture gallery has a series of pillars from various buildings and different periods 19,000 2006 Ardabil Carpet Spain 1909 60,000 10,000 6000 1991 Jawaharlal Nehru 70,000 China, Japan and Korea T. T. tsui Gallery 1991 Ming and Qing Toshiba 1986 13th 1550 to 1900 largest examples 14th to the 19th century Korea Hindu and Buddhist sculptures mother-of-pearl ivory Leonardo da Vinci Forster I, Forster II, and Forster III over 18,000 books 1876 1876 Charles Dickens and Beatrix Potter Charles Dickens and Beatrix Potter 12th to 16th centuries trial and rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, Rouen Lucas Horenbout, London Word and Image Department A computer system called Modes cataloging system Encoded Archival Title The Victoria and Albert Museum has a computer system but most of the items in the collection, unless those were newly accessioned into the collection search thecollections 2007 Factory Project Andy Warhol 15,000 catalog everything British patrons Asia Gian Lorenzo Bernini Horace Walpole porcelain, cloth and desktop increase in tea drinking The galleries John Rusin mass production Arts andcrafts Trajan's Column cut in half Trajan's Column sculptures, friezes and tombs glass case 1731 Frederick II the Great 1762 1909 East Asian pottery and porcelain Josiah Wedgwood, William De Morgan and Bernard Leach Britain and Holland a series of elaborately ornamented ceramic stoves from the 16th and 17th centuries 16th and 17th centuries Germany and Switzerland 4000 years 6000 Ancient Egypt René Lalique Louis Comfort Tiffany and Émile Gallé 1994 Danny Lane 2004 Dale Chihuly 13th 10,000 2,000 Antonio Verrio Paul Nash Paul Nash 14,000 Word and Image everyday clothing from previous eras has not generally survived 1913 Harrods 2002 Vitienne Westwood 179 Costiff modern fashion 1859 and 1865 between 1859 and 1865 French 18th-century art and furnishings 1882 £250,000 1579 Hans Vredeman de Vries 1750 Germany Le Corbusier, Marcel Breuer, Charles Voysey, Adolf Loos and Otto Wagner 6000 Ancient Egypt 1869 154 William and Judith Bollinger secular and sacred covering both Christian (Roman Catholic, Anglican and Greek Orthodox) and Jewish liturgical vessels and items 1496–97 8 tonnes Sir George Gilbert Scott 10,000 c1310 gildi bronze St Thomas Becket c1180 copper 5,100 Bryan Davies Horniman Museum 35 2010 650 650 68000 Her Majesty the Queen Elizabeth II Andrés Marzal De Sax 1857 233 forming a 'A National Gallery of British Art' The Hay Wain British continental art 1600–1800 Madame de Pompadour Carlo crivelli's Virgin and Child François, Duc d'Alençon Eadenard Verybridge 1887 781 images of different animals and humans performimages various actions James Lafayette the Renaissance, Baroque, Neo-Classical, Victorian and Art Nouveau periods 22,000 400 AD to 1914 tomb and memorial, to portrait, allegorical, religious, mythical, statues for gardens including fountains, as well as architectural decorations National Galleries of Scotland Neptune and Triton Chancel Chapel Giuliano da Sangallo the Chancel Chapel from Santachia Florence dated 1493–1500 20 sculptor 1914 World War I St John the Baptist Nicholas Stone Nicholas Stone Nicholas Stone British and Europeans Dolores and Michael Hinze 1950 theme, tomb sculpture, portraiture, garden sculpture and mythology Henry Moore and Jacob Epstein Tate Britain 53,000 western European 1st century AD western European technique The tapestry collection includes a fragment of the cloth of St Geron 15th Netherlands hunting of various animals John Vanderbank's workshop 14th-century William Morris 1887 Marion Dorn Serge Chermayeff Theatre Museum 2009 the UK's biggest national collection of material about live performance in the UK since Shakespeare's day Shakespeare research, exhibitions and other shows Conservation temperature and light interventive treatment V&A Museum of Childhood "preventive" conservation Disney–ABC Television Group 1957 Los Angeles Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street Disney Media Networks October 12, 1943 NBC Blue Network 1948 ESPN Capital Cities Communications 232 Citadel Broadcasting eight Canadian Radio- televisionn and Telecommunications Commission Citadel Broadcasting National Broadcasting Company NBC Blue and NBC Red major cities, and to test drama series drama series NBC Blue Network Mutual filed a complaint with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regarding its difficulties in establishing new stations, in a radio market that was already being unrated by NBC and CBS 1938 1940 NBC Red Network NBC Blue Mark Woods NBC Blue Network Dillon, Read & Co. David Sarnoff $7.5 million Life Savers October 12, 1943 George B. Storer president and CEO of ABC June 30, 1951 magnetophon tape recorder Paul Whiteman The network Bing Crosby public service $155 million ABC1 September 8, 2007 ABC International United States 1959 The arrival of satellite television Japan and Latin America increase their independence and strengthen legislation to limit foreign ownership of broadcasting properties the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II Beiut Mainichi Broadcasting System respective issues with technical problems and flight delays respective issues with technical problems and flight delays Peanuts Academy Awards, Emmy Awards 1965 Academy Awards, Emmy Awards (which are rotated across all four major networks on a year-to-year basis) Charlie Brown Christmas 1974 Ryan Seacroft 2016 New Year's Eve MEX General Hospital 1963 The Edge of Night The View and The Chew 1963 ESPN Sports Saturday block on Saturday late afternoons 2006 10:30 to 6:00 p.m. Eastern Time (6:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Pacific) The Open Championship golf and The Wimbledon tennis tournaments The Open Championship golf and The Wimbledon tennis tournaments Frank Marx low-band VHF frequencies 1947 VHF channel 7 108 two Dumont Television Network CBS and NBC the U.S. Supreme Court Paramount Pictures nine full-time CBS Prudential Insurance Company of America Leonard Goldenson William S. Paley June 6, 1951 1952 February 9, 1953 American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres, Inc. Paramount Building at 1501 Broadway in Manhattan August 10, 1948 October 1948 Mount Wilson The Prospect Studios September 30, 1960 1960s carrying family-oriented programming from other producers 1960s 1959 NBC 1985 1985 circle logo Trika Design Group black-and- yellow the dot Pittard Sullivan 2015 We Love TV the production company vanity cards shown following the closing credits of most of its programs over seventeen years 1993–94 1995–94 season 1983 That Special Feeling 1977 bubble on a black background representing the circle with glossy gold letters the circle with glossy gold letters Paul Rand Bauhaus Herbert Bayer 1963–64 season Disney–ABC was considering a sale of ABC Radio, with Clear Channel Communications and Westwood One (which had earlier purchased NBC's radio division, as well as the distribution rights to CBS's, and the Mutual Broadcasting System during the 1990s) October 19, 2005 six 2004 dancing with the Stars Anne Sweney NASCAR 2002 Michael Eisner The Bachelorette The Bachelorette Time Warner Cable ordering Time Warner Cable to restore the stations, doing so on the afternoon of May 2 NBC May 2 2000 The WB Step by Step to CBS August 1999 Meredith Vieira Nuev Vista Television Meredith Vieira July 31, 1995 ABC Inc Knight Rider Robert Iger Sports Night 1965–66 third Beating theoddss: The Untold Story Behind the rise of ABC May 1, 1953 7 West 66th Street Baltimore Robert Kintner Dumont Television Network ABC-Du Mont $5 million Paramount Pictures The Lone Ranger The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet Cheyne Sugarfoot Walt Disney Warner Bros. Presents Roy $500,000 1954 Disneyland Allen Shaw Harold L. Neal Love Radio seven 1969 Duel 1971 $400,000–$450,000 1970s CBS and NBC behavioral and demographic Monday Night Football 2006 NBC 15%–16% 1970 1972 Worldvision Enterprises cigarettes advertising from all television and radio networks January 2, 1971 Henry Plitt Elton Rule 1966 Happy Days developing youth-oriented programming Paramount Pictures Fred Pierce Fred Silverman S.W.A.T November 3, 1975 president of NBC's entertainment division Laverne & Shirley "juggle TV" Alex Haley Aaron Spelling nine 1976–77 Soap Roone Arledge ABC Sports 7 Lincoln Square June 1979 June 1978 Hugh Downs Barbara Walters MCA Inc. ABC Cable News ABC News now, a 24-hour news channel distributed for viewing on the Internet and mobile phones WZRT-TV and WXVP in Toledo, Ohio Flint The Writers Guild of America Duel Disney ABC Entertainment Group ABC Entertainment Group Citadel Media Apple Inc. to make individual episodes of ABC and Disney Channel programs available for purchase on iTunes 2004 2004 Fridays Fridays 1970 Worldvision Enterprises ABCcircle Films Turner Broadcasting System Disney–ABC International Television Buon Vista International Television Buon Vista International Television the Cinerama Productions/Palomar theatrical library WABC-TV andWPVI-TV eight 235 96.26% 1946 seal of the Federal Communications Commission 1953 2011 Extreme makeover: Home Edition HD E/I block litteron's Weekend Adventure 720p high definition 1080i HD 11 ABC's master feed Body of Proof Body of Proof NBC Body of Proof All My Children and One Life to Live Prospect Park Hulu The Revolution 18–49 2004 CBS The Goldberg, Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and Resurrection The Neighbors The Middle and Modern Family the Dragon's Den reality format Sundays Tim Allen Daniel Burke Thomas Murphy a gritty police procedural from StevenBoisco (who created Doogie Howser, M.D. and the critically illoried cop Rock for ABC earlier in the decade) StevenBoisco ten 1993 DIC Entertainment Time Warner Cable 23.63% of American households WLS May 9, 1960 John Bassett CFto-TV Wide World of Sports Edgar Scherick Roone Arledge Sports Program, Inc. American Broadcasting Companies The dating Game The Newlywed Game 7 West 66th Street 90% Dynasty Mork & Mindy Alpha Repertory Television Service Infinity Broadcasting Corporation Getty Oil The Entertainment Channel Arts & Entertainment Television Daniel B. Burke chairman and CEO $465 million Funniest Home videos Home Improvement General Hospital The View and The Chew and the soap opera General Hospital 6:00 to 8:00 a.m. weekdays Jimmy Kimmel Live New Jersey, Rhode Island and Delaware WBMA-LD a co-owned/co-managed full-power television station Birmingham, Alabama (WBMA-LD) and South Bend, Indiana (WBND-LD) ABCcircle Films ABC Studios ABC Television Center ABC Television Center, East Times Square Studios Good Morning America and Nightline Peter Jennings Way World News To night ABC on demand Hulu July 6, 2009 27% the day after their original broadcast eight fast forwarding of accessed content January 7, 2014 LoyalKspar four ABC Modern ESPN 14 14 All-channel Receiver Act UHF Youngstown five times WZRF-TV 1960s Walt Disney Presents Desile Productions use of violence April 1959 The Flintstones $15.5 million Hanna-Barbara, The Jetsons The Jetsons April 1, 1963 IRT to ABC management Donald F. Turner Department of Justice January 1, 1968 Capital Cities Communications $3.5 billion and $118 Warren Buffett E. W. Scripps Company 12 September 5, 1985 Capital Cities/ABC, Inc president of ABC's broadcasting division Michael P. Millardo Roone Arledge Laverne & Shirley Happy Days and Three's Company The Cosby Show, Cheers and Miami Vice The Love Boat comedies and family-oriented series Thank Goodness It's Comedy Thank Goodness It's Comedy Miller-Boyett Productions Warner Bros. seven Ralph Nelson-directed Chary Ralph Nelson 1985 Redwood City, California westerns and deDetective series 500% between 10% and 18% of the total U.S. population Olesia Trez Dick Clark counterprogramming against its competitors Zorro Life deDetective shows Watch ABC New York City O&O WABC-TV and Philadelphia O&OWPVI-TV Hearst Television WatchESPN The Sin Clair Broadcast Group WBMA-LD The E. W. Scripps Company 28 15 Start Here Trika entertainment entertainment WFS-TV and WSB KMBC-TV and GQTV WZMZ and WTV WSPS Mongol Empire Mongol invasions Khwarezmia and Xia controlled lands Central Asia and China the Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties Ögedei Khan 1228 Ögedei Khan his sons and grandsons Mongolia De Lüun Boldog, near Burkhan Khaldun mountain and the Onon and Kherlen rivers in modern-day northern Mongolia Yesügei 1169 Tatar chieftain Temülen Hasar, Hachiun, and Temüge Döte Khongirad Dai Setsen Begter, Temuji's older half-brother Hoetun Temüjin and his brother Khavis one hunting expedition his father's former allies, the Tayichi'ud with the help of a sympathetic guard, the father of Chilaun (who later became a general of Genghis Khan), he was able to escape from the ger (yur) in the middle of the night by hiding in a river crevice Genghis Khan Jelme and Bo'orchu river crevice arranged marriages Hoeulun Chinese dynasties the need for alliances Onggirat Merkits Jamukha Jochi 1185 three Ögedei 1189 Tolui at least six sworn brother or blood brother the Merkits Jadar 20,000 Jamukha Mongolian aristocracy Kokochu 1187 Battle of Dalan Balzhut the Karab Khitai Yassa code wealth from future possible war spoils orphans stronger with each victory Jochi Jamukha Jamukha Keraite several generals abandoned Jamukha, including Subutai, Jelme's well-known younger brother 1202 universal ruler Subutai 1206 relationships he did not want disloyal men in his army a noble death noble death Chinese Jamukha Khavis military strategies showed a deep interest in gathering good intelligence and understanding the motivations of his rivals Wang Khan 1206 "Khan" of the consolidated tribes and took the new title "Genghis Khan" Khagan Ögedei Genghis Khan Jin Ming-Tan 1215 Kaifeng Ögedei Khan Genghis Khan the Liao dynasty 20,000 Jebe The Arrow defeated west of Kashgar west of Kashgar Lake Balkhash Khwarezmia Muslim state that reached the Caspian Sea to the west and Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea to the south Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad Inalchuq Mongols and a Muslim 100,000 Silk Road ten Shan mountains three groups northeast Jochi Samarkand exhausted from the long journey, to immediately set about defeating small fractions of the Khwarzemi forces instead of facing a unified defense Inalchuq molten silver to divide his army into small groups concentrated in various cities wholesale massacre of many of the civilians, enslaved the rest of the population and executed Inalchuq by pouring molten silver into his ears and eyes, as retribution for his actions Samarkand Bukhara to divert a river through the Khwarezmid emperor's birthplace captured enemies supposedly reneged on his surrender terms and executed every soldier that had taken arms against him at Samarkand pyramids of severed heads a unit of Turkish defenders held the city's citadel for another twelve days Turkish defenders artisans and craftsmen the flail of God, sent to punish them for their sins young men 1222 Subutai Russia Battle of Kalka River Mstislav the Bold of Halych and Mstislav III of Kiev Genghis Khan Volga Bulgaria Transoxiana and Persia 1222 Samarkand 1228 autumn Mongols Yellow River five stars Ning Hia Ma Jianlong arrows Liupanshan executed Jochi Chagatei Khwarezmid Empire Ögedei Chagatei and Jochi Chagatei youngest sons Ögedei 1228 Khorasan territory allocated to him as a fief Genghis Khan the accuracy of this story is questionable Western Xia fell from his horse while hunting and died arrow wound Western Xia Oirads without markings Khenii Ai Mag Onon River The Genghis Khan Mausoleum Edsen Khokoo Dongshan Dao Dian the famous Tibetan monastery of Kumbum Monastery or Ta'er Shi near Xining early 1954 Red Guards October 6, 2004 a joint Japanese-Mongolian archaeological dig Sumerian King Gilgamesh of Uruk and Atola the Hun horses Genghis Khan Yassa emphasize the importance of ethnicity and race in the administrative realm Genghis Khan Muhammad Khan religious tolerance Ong Khan a personal concept Shamanist, Buddhist or Christian Törege Khatun Pax Mongolica Chinese a civil state under the Great Yassa Chu'Tsai they werenomads and thus had no experience governing cities Jin Khitan rulers Muali, Jebe and Subutai Karaorum Muali, a trusted lieutenant Subutai and Jebe unwavering loyalty rivers Muslim and Chinese siege engines feigned retreat to break enemy formations and to lure small enemy groups away from the larger group and defended position for ambush and counterattack feigned retreat to break enemy formations and to lure small enemy groups away from the larger group and defended position for ambush and counterattack Caspian Sea Caspian Sea Genghis Khan 1279 Silk Road Turkey tolerant expanding the horizons of all three cultural areas 1990s he is looked upon positively by Mongolians for his role in uniting warring tribes uniting warring tribes positive role is underrated his butchery is exaggerated, while his positive role is underrated 200, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, and 20,000 Mongolian tögrög () Genghis Khan Chingis Khaan International Airport avoid trivialization Mongolian tögrög Ikh Zasag illegal matters related to corruption and bribery Tsakhigiin El begdorj the introduction of the traditional Mongolian script and the creation of the Ikh Zasag (Great Administration) Inner Mongolia region 5 million Kublai Khan Yuan conquest and established the Yuan dynasty that is often credited with re-uniting China Iran 10 to 15 million 10 to 15 million Hulagu Khan Mamluks of Egypt Ghazan Khan 1237 Novgorod and Pskov Khwarizim Shahs, Turks, Persians, the citizens of Baghdad and Damascus, Nishapur, Bukhara and historical figures such as Attar of Nishapur and many other notable Muslims Genghis Khan Nishapur they could have said, and written, "Jenggis Khan", which they did not. Lake Baikal "right", "just", or "false" Genghis the 13th century Mongolian pronunciation would have closely matched "Jenggis" the title is spelled in variety of ways in different languages variety of ways in different languages simplified Chinese Mongolian Chigis Khaan Tiěmùzhēn its root word Pharmaceutical tobacco and patent medicines Sorcery or even poison outdated or only Approproriate if herbal remedies were on offer to a large extent many other herbs not listed healthcare professionals with specialised education and training who perform various roles to ensure optimal health outcomes for their patients through the quality use of medicines quality use of medicines optimal health outcomes for their patients through the quality use of medicines ensure optimal health outcomes for their patients through the quality use of medicines various roles to ensure optimal health outcomes for their patients through the quality use of medicines a health care professional and often does not work under the direct supervision of a pharmacist (if employed in a hospital pharmacy) General Pharmaceutical Council regulates the practice of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians health care manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in pharmacy practice allowing pharmacists the time to specialise in their expert field as medication consulting spending more time working with patients and in research writing a five volume book De Materia Medica Materia Medica Diocles of Carytus middle eastern scientists the men who fulfilled roles similar to those of modern pharmacists were highly respected Taihō Code (701) and re-stated in the Yōrō Code Meiji Restoration ranked positions Imperial household Muhammad ibn Zakarāya Rāzi Muhammad ibn Zakarāya Rāzi Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi Baghdad and Cairo 15th century Church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence, Italy albarlos from the 16th and 17th centuries, old prescription books and antique drugs prescription books and antique drugs 1222 pharmacy legislation assist them in their new role dealing with patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues automation patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues requirements for storage conditions, compulsory texts, equipment, etc. pharmacy practice residency various disciplines of pharmacy safety of medications many pharmacists practicing in hospitals gain more education and training after pharmacy school through a pharmacy practice residency and sometimes followed by another residency in a specific area within the premises of the hospital unit-dos, or a single shot of medicine high risk preparations and some other compounding functions The high cost of medications and drug-related technology, combined with the potential impact of medications and pharmacy services on patient-care outcomes and patient safety outsource high risk preparations and some other compounding functions to companies who specialize in compounding direct patient care services the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospitals and clinics physicians and other healthcare professionals patient care rounds drug product selection all health care settings creating a comprehensive drug therapy plan for patient-specific problems, identifying goals of therapy, and reviewing all prescribed medications prior to dispensing and administration to the patient The clinical pharmacist's role involves creating a comprehensive drug therapy plan for patient-specific problems, identifying goals of therapy drug choice, route, frequency, and duration of therapy drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, and assess patient drug allergies while designing and initiating a drug therapy plan full independent prescriptive and diagnostic authority North Carolina and New Mexico 2011 Board Certified Medicatory Care pharmacist theVA, the Indian Health Service, and NICE patients nurse homes Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings employ consulting pharmacists and/or provide consulting services about the year 2000 brick-and-mortar their physicians if they are homebound traveling to a community drugstore where another customer might overhear about the drugs that they take the method by which the medications are requested and received to avoid the "incompatibility" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication potentially dangerous prescription drugs without requiring a prescription sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship ensure that the prescription is valid individual state laws Vicody, generically known as hydrocodone reduce consumer costs Canada international drug suppliers there is no known case of any U.S. citizens buying Canadian drugs for personal use with a prescription legale importation of medications from Canada and other countries pharmacy practice science and applied information science information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies quickly to meet the needs of major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals specialty drugs 19 of 28 chronic and complex disease high cost intravable, oral, infused, or inhaled lab monitoring, adherence counseling, and assist patients with cost-containment strategies separately from physicians pharmacists American Medical Association 7 to 10 percent supply scheduled pharmaceuticals to the public, and that pharmacists cannot form business partnerships with physicians or give them "kickback" payments United Kingdom In some rural areas in the United Kingdom, there are dispensing physicians who are allowed to both prescribe and dispense prescription-only medicines to their patients from within their practices 1.6 kilometres 1.6 kilometres the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers he or she can then sell more medications to the patient the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects become more integral within the health care system the thorough analysis of all medication (prescription, non-prescription, and herbals) currently being taken by an individual the thorough analysis of all medication (prescription, non-prescription, and herbals) currently being taken by an individual Medication Therapy Management increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system Alberta and British Columbia Australian Government medicine use reviews pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy Doctor of Pharmacy mortar and pestle and the (receptre) character show globe Netherlands Germany and Austria France, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and India a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease disease innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity neuroimmune system a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease disease innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity disease pathogens neuroimmune system blood–brain barrier pathogens innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity pathogens neutralization by the immune system rudimentary immune system eukaryotes creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen unicellular organisms phagocytosis vaccination Jawed vertebrates autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer when the immune system is less active than normal the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections recurring and life-threatening infections Hashiro's endocrinitis Immunodeficiency autoimmunity Immunology HIV/AIDS The earliest known reference to immunity was during the plague of Athens in 430 BC spidern Louis Pasteur Walter Reed Robert Koch microorganisms yellow fever 430 BC adaptive immune system innate immune system adaptive immune system Innate immune systems adaptive immune system immunological memory physical barriers self and non-self self molecules non-self molecules antigens specific immune receptors pattern recognition receptors innate immune system microorganisms pathogens waxy cuticle of many leaves waxy cuticle flushing action of tears and urine mucus tears and urine β-defensins lysozyme and phospholipase A2 defensins and zinc gastric acid and Proteases menarche commensal flora fungi lactobacilli pH or available iron InFlammation redness, swelling, heat, and pain eicosanoids and cytokines prostaglandins interleuks phagocytes cytokines phagosome phagolysosome acquiring nutrients neutrophils and macrophages neutrophils are normally found in the bloodstream and are the most abundant type of phagocyte, normally representing 50% to 60% of the total circulating leukocytes 50% to 60% chemotaxis interleuk 1 leukocytes leukocytes (white blood cells), mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and natural killer cells adaptive immune system macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells Dendritic cells neuronal dendrites antigens to T cells T cells missing self Natural killer cells MHC I killer cell immunoglobulin receptors early vertebrates antigen presentation pathogens or pathogen-infected cells the killer T cell and the helper T cell regulatory Class I MHC molecules Class II MHC molecules γρ Killer T cells CD8 TCR granulysin perforin CD4 200–300) 200–300) cytokines CD40 helper T cells, cytotoxicit T cells and NK cells TCR CD1d-restricted Natural Killer T cells receptor diversity V γ9Vρ2 T cells B Proteolysis lymphokines long-lived memory cells passive short-term memory or active long-term memory passive short-term memory or active long-term memory pathogen microbes IgG antibody-rich serum passive immunity immunomodulators both adaptive and innate immune responses lupus erythematous testosterone seem to be immunosuppressive Nfil3 heart disease, chronic pain, and asthma sleep deprivation progressive decline in hormone levels with age vitamin D hormones cholecalieryl killer T cells MHC class I molecules viral antigens antibodies phagocytic Pathogen-associated molecular patterns or Pamps rapid apoptosis Systemic acquired resistance RNAsilenceng mechanisms autoimmune self and non-self thymus and bone marrow self Immunodeficiencies young and the elderly 50 years obesity, alcoholism, and drug use malnutrition vaccination immunization an antigen from a pathogen natural specificity enzymes a type III secretion system to shut down host defenses elude host immune responses Frank Burnet pathogens, an allograft histocompatibility Niels Jerne glucoscorticoids cytotox or immunosuppressive drugs methotrexate or Azathiolvade Cyclosporin cytotoxicit natural killer cells and CLTs (cytotoxicit T lymphocytes) cortisol and catcholamines melatonin free radical production a vitamin D receptor thesteroid hormone cementtriol symbiotic CYT27B1 dendritic cells, epidermocytes and macrophages pattern recognition receptors defensins phagocytic Ribonucleases immunoglobulins and T cell receptors lamprey and Hagfish Variable lymphocyte receptors adaptive immune system lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response restriction modification system to protect themselves from viral pathogens viral pathogens CRISPR sequences "cellular" and "humoral" Elie Metchnikoff phagocytes Robert Koch and Emil von Behring soluble components (molecules) found in the organism’s “humors” cancers MHC class I molecules cytokine TGF-β macrophages and lymphocytes Hypersensitivity four Type I hypersensitivity immune response that damages the body's own cells cytotoxicit intracellular pathogenesis Salmonella Plasmodium Falcirum Mycobacterium tuberculosis surface proteins antigenic variation HIV HIV antigens immune surveillance oncogenic viruses tyrosinose melanomas melanomas larger hydrophilic Immunoprotectoromics B cells Immunoprotectoromics leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin prolactin Th1 Th1 immune responses carbohydrates disrupting their plasma membrane signal amplification catalytic cascade Civil disobedience apartheid American Civil Rights Movement Ukraine Georgia Egyptians British occupation unfair laws what they deem to be unfair laws American Civil Rights Movement Antigone former King of Thebes, Odipus, defies Creon, the current King of Thebes Antigone Antigone giving her brother Polynices a proper burial Antigone Sophocles one of the daughters of former King of Thebes, Odipus, defies Creon, the current King of Thebes a stirring speech in which she telling him that she must obey her conscience rather than human law one of the daughters of former King of Thebes, Odipus, defies Creon, the current King of Thebes, who is trying to stop her from giving her brother Polynices a proper burial Percy Shelley nonviolent Gandhi's nonviolence in protest and political action a free India Henry David Thoreau Percy Shelley political action nonviolent protest Civil Disobedience Henry David Thoreau muggers, arsonists, draft evasers, campaign hatchlers, campus militants, anti-war demonstrators, youthile delinquents and political assassins Marshall Cohen ambiguity ambiguity ambiguity Marshall Cohen ambiguity Marshall Cohen ambiguity Le Grande the formulation of a single all-encompassing definition of the term is extremely difficult lawful protest demonstration, nonviolent civil disobedience, and violent civil disobedience violent civil disobedience a distinction between lawful protest demonstration, nonviolent civil disobedience, and violent civil disobedience Le Grande volumeinous semantical problems and grammatical Niceties violent civil disobedience nonviolent civil disobedience a citizen's relation to the state and its laws pertaining to a citizen's relation to the state and its laws the head of government of a country were to refuse to enforce a decision of that country's highest court, it would not be civil disobedience Civil disobedience a citizen's relation to the state and its laws the head of government of a country were to refuse to enforce a decision of that country's highest court head of government a citizen's relation to the state and its laws head of government of a country were to refuse to enforce a decision of that country's highest court Thoreau's political philosophy confused taxman had wondered aloud about how to handle his refusal to pay government may express the will of the majority but it may also express nothing more than the will of elite politicians knocks on the door, it is an individual in the form of a postman or tax collector whose hand hits the wood an individual in the form of a postman or tax collector whose hand hits the wood The individual The individual is the final judge of right and wrong a postman or tax collector whose hand hits the wood Resign government may express the will of the majority but it may also express nothing more than the will of elite politicians governmental entities trade unions, banks, and private universities governmental entities opposition to the decisions of non-governmental agencies such as trade unions, banks, and private universities can bejustified if it reflects "a larger challenge to the legal system that permits those decisions to be taken" Brownlee it reflects "a larger challenge to the legal system that permits those decisions to be taken" civil disobedience is onlyjustified against governmental entities governmental entities civil disobedience covert lawbreaking disobedience should take the form of public civil disobedience Book of Exodus Shiphrah and Puah covert lawbreaking rules that conflict with morality assisting in fabricating evidence or committing perjury the Book of Exodus, where Shiphrah and Puah refused a direct order of Pharaoh but misrepresented how they did it The Fully Informed Jury Association's publication "A Primer for Prospective Jurors" carefully chosen and legitimate means Black's Law Dictionary rebellion tolerance non-violent civil rebellion non-violent one cannot justify a civil disobedients' use of force and violence and refusal to submit to arrest appeal to constitutional defects Revolutionary civil disobedience Hungarians the Austrian government Gandhi laws on the grounds that they are judged "correct" by an individual conscience, or as part of an effort to render certain laws ineffective, to cause their repeal, or to exert pressure to get one's political wishes on some other Non-revolutionary to cause their repeal, or to exert pressure to get one's political wishes on some other issue to render certain laws ineffective, to cause their repeal, or to exert pressure to get one's political wishes on some other issue Non-revolutionary civil disobedience is a simple disobedience of laws on the grounds that they are judged "correct" by an individual conscience, or as part of an effort to render certain laws ineffective, to cause their repeal, or Gandhi Roman Empire gathered in the streets to prevent the installation of pagan images in the Temple in Jerusalem his arrest was not covered in any newspapers in the days, weeks and months after it happened higher political office after the end of the Mexican War Roman Empire refuse to sign bail until certain demands are met, such as favorable bail conditions, or the release of all the activists jail solidarity jail solidarity weeks and months illegal acts propaganda illegal medical cannabis dispensaries and Voice in the Wilderness 738 days preventing it from being cut down they were widely practiced, would in themselves constitute hardly more than a nuisance (e.g. Trespassing at a nuclear-missile installation) There is a whole class of acts, undertaken in the name of civil disobedience, which, even if they were widely practiced, would in themselves constitute hardly more than a nuisance a harassment the provision of medication to the sick Julia butterfly Hill allegedly sending an email to the Lebanon, New Hampshire city councilors stating, "Wise up or die." Wise up or die engageing in the forbidden speech the 1978 Supreme Court case of FCC v. Pacifica Foundation 1978 pure speech, civil disobedience can consist simply of engageing in the forbidden speech Threatening government officials is another classic way of expressing defiance toward the government and unwillingness to stand for its policies expressing defiance Threatening government officials it more difficult for a system to function padlocked the gates and using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes coercion coercive. Brownlee notes that "although civil disobedients are constrained in their use of coercion by their conscientious aim to engage in moral dialogue, nevertheless they may find it necessary to employ limited coercion in order to engage illegal boycotts, refusals to pay taxes, draft dodging, distributed denial-of-service attacks, and sit-ins illegal boycotts, refusals to pay taxes, draft dodging, distributed denial-of-service attacks, and sit-ins engage in moral dialogue although civil disobedients are constrained in their use of coercion by their conscientious aim to engage in moral dialogue, nevertheless they may find it necessary to employ limited coercion in order to get their issue onto the table arrests it is generally agreed within the legal community, and is often believed within the activist community, that a suspect's talking to criminal investigators can serve no useful purpose, and may be harmful a suspect's talking to criminal investigators can serve no useful purpose, and may be harmful lack of understanding of the legal ramifications, or due to a fear of seeming rude a lack of understanding of the legal ramifications, or due to a fear of seeming rude it is incumbent upon them to accept punishment because of their belief in the validity of the social contract, which is held to bind all to obey the laws that a government meeting certain standards of legitimacy has established, or else suffer the penalties their belief in the validity of the social contract, which is held to bind all to obey the laws that a government meeting certain standards of legitimacy has established, or else suffer the penalties set out in the law their belief in the validity of the social contract, which is held to bind all to obey the laws that a government meeting certain standards of legitimacy has established, or else suffer the penalties set out in the law anarchists violation of criminal law that does not infringe the rights of others whether or not to plead guilty to submit to the punishment prescribed by law it is a civil disobedient's duty to submit to the punishment prescribed by law it is a civil disobedient's duty to submit to the punishment prescribed by law I plead for the beauty that surrounds us the Camp Mercury nuclear test site "guilty," nevertheless, and given suspended sentences, conditional on their not reentering the test site grounds given suspended sentences, conditional on their not reentering the test site grounds an alternative to pleading either guilty or not-guilty suspended to reminding their countrymen of injustice a way of reminding their countrymen of injustice the spirit of protest should be maintained all the way, whether it is done by remaining in jail to reminding their countrymen of injustice plea bargain to plead guilty to one misdemeanor count and receive no jail time solidarity civil disobedients Mohingas Gandhi to make a defiant speech, or a speech explaining their actions, in allocution civil disobedience defendants choose to make a defiant speech, or a speech explaining their actions, in allocution some civil disobedience defendants choose to make a defiant speech, or a speech explaining their actions, in allocution the ones who are violating the greater law are the members of the Navy defiant speech, or a speech explaining their actions, in allocution to win an acquittal and avoid imprisonment or a fine to win an acquittal and avoid imprisonment or a fine seek jury nullification Vietnam War seek jury nullification denying having committed the crime, or by fleeing the jurisdiction neither conscientious nor of social benefit breaking the law for self-gratification, as in the case of a homosexual or cannabis user who does not direct his act at securing the repeal of amendment of the law denying having committed the crime, or by fleeing the jurisdiction denying having committed the crime, or by fleeing the jurisdiction Indirect civil disobedience Indirect civil disobedience Vietnam War necessity "procutions have reasoned (correctly) that if they arrest fully informed jury leafleters, the leaflets will have to be given to the leafleter's own jury as evidence." achieveing crime control via incapacition and deterrence achieveing crime control via incapacition and deterrence Leonard Hubert Hoffmann it focuses attention on the threat of punishment and not the moral reasons to follow this law Construction manufacturing six to nine percent planning,[citation needed] design, and financing and continues until the project is built and ready for use a known client An architect An architect effective planning mega projects construction-site safety, availability and transportation of building materials buildings, infrastructure and industrial residential and non-residential heavy/highway Infrastructure Industrial a trade magazine for the construction industry Engineering News- Record 2014 transportation, streets, hazardous waste and water building construction, heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors construction service firms The Standard Industrial Classification and the newer North American Industry Classification System firms engaged in managing construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion of the construction project Building construction small renovations owner of the property structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight local building authority regulations and codes of practice Material readily available in the area waste custom designed homes are often more expensive to build 3D printing technology 20 hours 2014 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) plan the physical proceedings, and to integrate those proceedings with the other parts designs into reality property owner quantity surveyor the most cost efficient bidder previously separated specialties entirely separate companies one-stop shopping design build design-build, partnering and construction management architects, interior designers, engineers and builders establishing relationships with other necessary participants through the design-build process preventable financial problems Financial planning for the project is intended to ensure that a solid plan with adequate safeguards and contingency plans are in place before the project is started and is required to ensure that the plan is properly executed over the life of the project when the present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labour and materials Fraud Mmortgage bankers, accountings, and cost engineers mortgage banker Accountants identified change orders or project changes that increased costs Cost engineers and estimators zoning and building code requirements owner the desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad – bridge collapses or explosions some legal requirements come from malum in se considerations, or the desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad – bridge collapses or explosions An attorney construction project contract a delay costs money that each side is capable of performing the obligations set out poorly drafted contracts relationship contracting Public-Private Partnering Public-Private Partnering co-operation architect or engineer His or her the architect's client and the main contractor the main contractor the building is ready to occupy The owner Several D&B contractors The owner a consortium of several contractors they design phase 2 contractors damage to the existing electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities municipal building i inspect occupancy permit $960 billion $680 billion 667,000 10 828,000 £43,390 per annum £26,519 US/Canada Construction Fall electrocution, transportation accidents, and trench cave-ins proper safety equipment such as securing ladders and inspecting shuttle-ins independent schools academic scholarship public (government) funding to select their students and are funded in whole or in part by charging their students tuition $45,000 tuition-free Australia North America upper sixth upper sixth "p schools", boarding schools and day schools peer tuitions the best teachers Roman Catholic Orthodox Christians parochial schools expulsion Student uniforms for Australian private schools are generally stricter and more formal than in government schools more expensive Presbyterian Church Catholic Sydney girls Paragraph 4 a second Gleisc Höhe or similar event in the future 11.1% 11.1% 11.1% Sonderungsverbot The percentages of public money could reach 100% of the personnel expenditures very low tuition fees and/or offer scholarships Eränzingsschulen vocational charging their students tuition fees rarely, religious groups unaided Prominent 30 The practice has been for the union government to provide the broad policy directions while the states create their own rules and regulations for the administration of the sector societies India The Annual Status of Education Report assesses learning levels in rural India, has been reporting poorer academic achievement in government schools than in private schools English scoil phríobhuideach The average fee is around €5,000 annually for most schools, but some of these schools also provide boarding and the fees may then rise up to €25,000 per year €5,000 Society of Jesus €25,000 per year 1957 Chinese secondary schools are required to change into English- medium schools English- medium National School system Over 60 The ones that accept government funds are called 'aidesd' schools fully funded by private parties Kathmandu English The medium of education 88 28,000 3.7% Catholic private schools in New Zealand Anglican Wellington Presbyterian Christchurch Society of St Pius X 7.5% 32% 80% August 1992 natural science The Education Service Contracting The Tuition fee Supplement Private Education Student Financial Assistance The South African Schools Act of 1996 1996 state-controlled traditional private schools and schools early nineteenth century private schools set much higher school fees than other public schools set much higher school fees 10% over 10% of Swedish pupils were enrolled in private schools in 2008 700 The Knowledge School innovative school coupons model 13 years old public schools 9 per cent 13 £27,000+ per year Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka College Preparatory U.S. South white students migrated to the academies, while public schools became in turn more heavily concentrated with African-American students (see List of private schools in Mississippi) African-American religious organizations or private individuals Establishment Clause of the First Amendment or individual state Blaine Amendments Establishment Clause of the First Amendment or individual state Blaine Amendments charter status Massachusetts 1852 1976 Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205 Wisconsin v. McCray $40,000 substantial tuition, close to $40,000 annually for day schools in New York City, and nearly $50,000 Groton School fundraising drives John Harvard 1977 James Bryant Conant Association of American Universities Charles W. Eliot Harvard Library 79 18 million eight 150 Harvard Yard $37.6 billion Charles River eleven Harvard Yard 1636 Harvard Corporation 1638 1639 1650 Puritan English university model clergymen in Congregational and Unitarian churches 1804 Samuel Webber 1805 Louis Agassiz intuition Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart Charles W. Eliot Transcendingalist Unitarian convictions William ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson James Bryant Conant higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather than an entitlement for the wealthy 1945 about four men attending Harvard College for every woman studying at Radcliffe 1977 mirroring a trend throughout higher education in the United States about 3 miles (5 km) west-northwest twelve Charles River half a mile on a358-acre (140 ha) campus opposite the Cambridge campus in Allston John W. Weeks Bridge Longwood Medical and Academic Area fifty percent new and enlarged bridges, a shuttle service and/or a tram enhanced transit infrastructure, possible shuttles open to the public, and park space which will also be publicly accessible 2,400 7,200 14,000 1875 1858 $32 billion 30% Allston Science Complex $4.095 million available for disbursement $159 million late 1980s Duke Kent- Brown $230 million 5.3% 2007 disadvantage low-income and under-represented minority applicants applying to selective universities 2016 seven eight The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching early September and ending in mid-May four half-courses per term degrees sum laude 60% $38,000 $57,000 between $120,000 and $180,000 pay no more than 10% of their annual incomes $416 million 88% Widener Library Cabot Science Library, Lamont Library, and Widener Library Pusey Library 18 million three Western art from the Middle Ages to the present emphasizing Italian early Renaissance, British pre-Rapha elite, and 19th-century French art Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 2003 2011 Harvard is the second most commonly named "dream college" both for students and parents in 2013 42 Yale University every two years when the Harvard and Yale Track and Field teams come together to compete against a combined Oxford University and Cambridge University team 1875 1903 1903 Yale La Vietes Pavilion Malkin Athletic Center three 23 Thames River Cornell 2003 Ban Ki-moon Juan Manuel Santo José María Figueres Benjamin Netanyahu Conan O'Brien Leonard Bernstein Yo Yo Ma W. E. B. Du Bois Shing-Tung Yau Alan Dershowitz and Lawrence Lessig Stephen Greenbaum Jacksonville 1,345,594 12th Duval County 1968 St. Johns River about 350 miles (550 km) Fort Caroline Timucua Andrew Jackson third largest golf two "Jacksonvillians" or "Jaxsons" thousands a University of North Florida team a coastal subgroup of the Timucua people the historical era Ossachite Jean Ribault France Jean Ribault the fort San Mateo St. Johns River French and Indian War constructioned the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia these names ostensibly reflect the fact that cattle were brought across the river there Britain February 9, 1832 hogs and cattle being shipped from Florida to aid the Confederate cause Skirmish of the Brick Church Battle of Olustee Warfare and the long occupation 1864 Reconstruction and the Gilded Age Grover Cleveland yellow fever outbreaks Florida East Coast Railway railroad Spanish moss 2,000 declare martial law and sent the state militia to maintain order the "Great Fire of 1901" New York–based filmmakers Silent Film Museum Winter Film Capital of the World New York–based filmmakers were attracted to Jacksonville's warm climate, exotic locations, excellent rail access, and cheap labor construction of highways 75.8% white flight Mayor W. Haydon Burns World War II education, sanitation, and traffic control unincorporated suburbs funding education, sanitation, and traffic control outside the city limits traditional old boy network 11 Jacksonville Consolidation Lower taxes a consolidation referendum was held in 1967, voters approved the plan Hans Tangler The Better Jacksonville Plan The Better Jacksonville Plan $2.25 billion package of major projects that included road & infrastructure improvements, environmental preservation, targeted economic development and new or improved public facilities largest city in land area in the contiguous United States The St. Johns River The Trout River 13.34% Baldwin tallest building in Downtown Jacksonville's skyline Barnett Center 617 ft (188 m) 28 floor Riverplace Tower the defining building in the Jacksonville skyline humid subtropical May through September mild low latitude 104 °F (40 °C) High heat indices high humidity July 28, 1872 Hurricane Dora 110 mph (180 km/h) tropical Storm Beryl Saffiri-S Simpson Scale 2008 Arab 366,273 largest Filipino American community, with 25,033 in the metropolitan area as of the 2010 Census Filipino 36.4% 23.9% female 94.1 males 40% 3.5 billion $759,900 using net wealth (adding up assets and subtracting debts), the Oxfam report, for instance, finds that there are more poor people in the United States and Western Europe than in China (due to a greater tendency to take on debts) using net wealth (adding up assets and subtracting debts), the Oxfam report, for instance, finds that there are more poor people in the United States and Western Europe than in China (due to a greater tendency to take on debts) 40% financial assets $41 trillion more than half due to a greater tendency to take on debts 400 New York Times wealth is considered as a potential advantage for wealth for some Americans who have become rich may have had a "substantial head start" more wealth than half of all Americans combined the "richest 1 percent in the United States now own more wealth than the bottom 90 percent" New York Times Inherted wealth 60 percent Institute for Policy Studies Neoclassical the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions differences in value added by different classifications of workers inequality inequality is a reflection of the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions differences in value added by labor, capital and land value added by different classifications of workers wages and profits worker, capitalist/business owner, landlord the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor inputs (workers) under competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits relatively stagnant wages increasing unemployment relatively stagnant wages labor inputs competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits less workers are required in proportion to capital inputs, increasing unemployment the productivity of each worker relatively stagnant the price of skill is determined by a race between the demand for the skilled worker and the supply of the skilled worker and the supply of the skilled worker supply and demand the workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations, or by the employer, but rather by the market offering a higher wage the best of their labor driven by this price workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations, or by the employer, but rather by the market prices wages markets high levels of inequality Competition amongst workers tends to drive down wages due to the expendable nature of the worker in relation to his or her particular job low demand high demand the supply of workers which results in higher demand and greater incomes for members Professional and labor organizations low wage Competition amongst workers expendable nature of the worker in relation to his or her particular job A job where there are few able or willing workers (low demand) will result in high wages for that job his or her particular job higher economic inequality income for food and shelter Necessity-based entrepreneurship opportunity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as vocation and more likely to involve the pursue of new products, services, or underserved market needs higher economic inequality higher economic inequality necessity Necessity-based achievement-oriented motivations positive progressive tax the level of the top tax rate steeper tax progressivity progressive tax system tax rate the level of the top tax rate steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending The difference between the Gini index for an income distribution before taxation and the Gini index after taxation increases in education first increase and then decrease growth as well as income inequality education lower incomes those who are unable to afford an education, or choose not to pursue optional education, generally receive much lower wages education raises incomes and promotes growth because it helps to unleash the productive potential of the poor variation in individuals' access to education high wages lower wages lower incomes education raises incomes and promotes growth increasing access to education $105 billion the widening disparity between the U.S.'s wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation had slowed its recovery economists with the Standard & poor's rating agency 2014 2008 2009 recession increasing access to education $105 billion boom-and- bust cycles 1910– 1940 decrease in the price of skilled labor decrease in the price of skilled labor compression and decreased inequality between skilled and unskilled workers compression 1910– 1940 a decrease in the price of skilled labor stepping-stone to acquire college and advanced degrees Education continued gender inequality in education union membership continental European countries little support for the view that U.S.-style labor-market flexibility dramatically improves labor-market outcomes Anglo-American liberal policies economic inequality social exclusion the CPRD point to economic liberalism and the reduction of business regulation little support lower Scandinavia high inequality the decline of organized labor in the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization the decline of organized labor in the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization Sociologist University of Washington decline of organized labor in the United States very low levels of inequality weak labor movements and vice- versa reduced wages as a result of the competition reduced wages as a result of the competition trade liberalisation trade liberalisation a global to a domestic scale low-skilled workers trade liberalisation technological innovation machine labor in wealthier nations 53% 53% in Botswana to -60% a Gender pay gap in favor of males in the labor market males Gender males women Thomas Sowell in US once other factors are accounted for there is still a difference in earnings between women and men social welfare programs more developed countries move back to lower levels of inequality it acquires more capital, which leads to the owners of this capital having more wealth and income more developed countries move back to lower levels of inequality Economist levels of economic inequality more capital more wealth and income social welfare programs High school movement from 1910 to 1940 and thereafter during its High school movement from 1910 to 1940 and thereafter service sector service sector Kushnets the Kudnets curve very weak income inequality will eventually decrease the move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector Wealth concentration the means to invest in new sources of creating wealth or to otherwise leverage the accumulation of wealth wealth condensation new sources of creating wealth or to otherwise leverage the accumulation of wealth possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities those who already hold wealth have the means to invest in new sources of creating wealth or to otherwise leverage the accumulation of wealth wealth condensation Thomas Piketty higher returns market forces Economist rare and desired skills A better explainer of growing inequality rent-seeking inequality researchers human capital is neglected for high-end consumption life expectancy a lower level of economic utility in society from resources devoted on high-end consumption lower 2013 rising inequality inequality increases promoting social dislocation, unrest and conflict economic growth British obesity, mental illness, homicides, teenage births, incarceration, child conflict, drug use life expectancy by country, educational performance, trust among voluntars, women's status, social mobility, even numbers of patents issued 23 social goods (life expectancy by country, educational performance, trust among voluntars, women's status, social mobility, even numbers of patents issued) in countries and states with higher inequality better health and longer lives poorer countries life expectancy Americans more equally distributed income inequality Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett nine countries with bigger income inequalities greater equality inequality homicides fifty differences in the amount of inequality in each province or state tenfold economic inequality "distributetive efficiency" within society luxury items decreases higher aggregate utility consumption the weight of the evidence shows that the run-up in consumption inequality has been considerably less dramatic than the rise in income inequality 2001 Thomas B. Edsall journalist Central Banking economist systematic economic inequalities Financial crisis of 2007–08 easier credit to the lower and middle income earners unsustainable monetary stimulation inequality in wealth and income quality of a country's institutions and high levels of education declines over the medium term higher GDP growth The poor and the middle class increasing inequality harms economic growth economic growth subsequent long-run economic growth it is a waste of resources inequality-associated effects both global inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth by limiting aggregate demand limiting aggregate demand global inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth by limiting aggregate demand increasing importance of human capital in development widespread education 1993 a long lasting detrimental effect the channels through which inequality may affect economic growth growth from reductions in private savings and investment politically and socially unstable reduce growth in relatively poor countries but encourage growth in richer countries reduce growth in relatively poor countries but encourage growth in richer countries growth and investment Harvard economist 1960 and 2000 the Kumnets curve hypothesis first increases Thomas Piketty Economist wars and "violent economic and political shocks" 1970s reduced consumer demand risen with increased income inequality several years more equality in the income distribution special efforts the existing level of inequality the same reduction United Nations reducing poverty land and housing through various associations and other arrangements extra-legal 200 government land affordable housing the number of quality lease units gentrification of older neighbourhoods landlords ad valueem property tax policy housing, pensions, education and health care their finances aspirational consumption taking on debt greater inequality and potential economic instability created amount of environmental degradation population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level If (as WWF argued), population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level ( 1/3 of current levels, so about 2 billion people) human inequality can be addressed/corrected, while still not resulting in an increase of environmental degradation private ownership of the means of production means of production wage or salary so that income differentials would be reflective of individual contributions to the social product reflective Robert Nozick taxation force forceful taking of property when they improve society as a whole capability deprivation the end itself to “wid[en] people’s choices and the level of their achieved well-being” to “wid[en] people’s choices and the level of their achieved well-being” the ability to pursue valued goals they are in some way deprived of earning as much income as they would otherwise earn as much as a healthy young man gender roles and customs fear of their lives a better relevant income the BBC 1963 British science-fiction television programme a blue British police box science-fiction 1963 to 1989 Russell T Davies K-9 and Company Russell T Davies Russell T Davies Twelve Peter Capaldi The Time of the Doctor The show's premise is that this is a life process of Time Lords through which the character of the Doctor takes on a new body and, to some extent, new personality, which occurs after sustaining an injury which would be fatal to most other the character of the Doctor takes on a new body and, to some extent, new personality, which occurs after sustaining an injury which would be fatal to most other species Gallifrey Mark I Type 40 Tardis a "chamouflage circuit" which normally allows the machine to take on the appearance of local objects as a disguise chamouflage circuit a blue British Police box rarely travels alone and often brings one or more companions to share these Adventures the Master regenerate one or more companions Time Lord Saturday, 23 November 1963 eponymous aliens it was not permitted to contain any "bugs-eyed monsters" Terry Nation 25 minutes of transmission length 26 Jonathan Powell The BBC drama department's serials division produced the programme for 26 seasons, broadcast on BBC 1 the decision not to commission a planned 27th series of the show for transmission in 1990 BBC 1 relaunch the show Philip Segal Fox Network 9.2 million United States Rose 2005 Christmas Day specials Steven Moffat Christmas Day specials 1963– 1989 series 1963– 1989 series 2005 Battlestar Galactica and Bionic Woman Mission Iimpossible, but differs from most other series relaunches which have either been reboot (for example, Battlestar Galactica and Bionic Woman[citation needed]) or set in the same universe as the original but in a different time period and with different characters 30 November 1963 ten minutes ten minutes assassination the assassination "Hiding behind (or 'watching from behind) the seat the Museum of the Moving Image in London Museum of the Moving Image in London scariest TV show of all time Digital Spy Doctor Who 3% Philip Howard Monopoly The Times newspaper the show in the public's consciousness linked to the show in the public's consciousness linked to the show in the public's consciousness Metropolitan Police Authority 2002 26 6 December 1989 12 The Master Black Guardian Trilogy 2005 60 minutes Christmas Day "Journey's End" 2010 between 25-minute episodes (the most common format), 45-minute episodes (for Resurrection of the Daleks in the 1984 series, a single season in 1985, and the revival) 25-minute eight 60 minutes' duration, one of 72 minutes 1963 William Hartnell and Patrick Troughton 97 3, 4, & 5 1978 Between about 1964 and 1973, large amounts of older material stored in the BBC's various video tape and film libraries were either destroyed, or suffered from poor storage which led to severe deterioration from broadcast quality by private individuals who acquired them by various means home viewers Mission to theunknown 8 mm cine film home viewers who made tape recordings of the show BBC Cosgrove Hall 1968 Theta-Sigma November 2006 the Second Doctor until the Doctor's third on-screen regeneration William Hartnell's poor health "regeneration" was not initially conceived of until the Doctor's third on-screen regeneration "renewal," 12 13 The Time of the Doctor Twelfth Doctor, due to the Eleventh Doctor being the product of the Doctor's twelfth regeneration from his original set 1996 John Hurt The Day of the Doctor Michael Jayston The Trial of a Time Lord McGinn and Eccleston's Doctors The Name of the Doctor The Three Doctors Peter Davison The Space Museum The Day of the Doctor Peter Davison, Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy Za Greus Peter Davison, Colin Baker, Sylvester McCoy and Paul McGan Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy 2003 The Time of the Doctor The Brain of Morbius Fourth The Time of the Doctor 1983 An Unearthly Child Susan Forman 2005 Time Lord Smith and Jones human The deadly assassin Notable companions from the earlier series included Romana (Mary Tamm and Lalla Ward), a Time Lady; Sarah Jane Smith (Elisabeth Sladen); and Jo Grant ( Katy Manning) to remind the Doctor of his "moral duty" Romana female Rose Tiny (Billie Piper), Martha Jones (Freema Agyeman), and Donna Noble (Catherine Tate) with Mickey Smith (Noel Clarke) and Jack Harkness (John Barrowman) Eleventh Doctor Pearl Mackie Catherine Tate Russell T Davies 2005 the Autons with the Nestene Consciousness and Daleks 3, the Sontans and Davros in series 4, and the Time Lords (Rassilon) in the 2009–10 Specials Zygons The Dalek race the planet Samaro mobility Davros their eyestalk The Master The Master is the Doctor's archenemy, a renegade Time Lord who desires to rule the universe Eric Roberts The Master is the Doctor's archenemy, a renegade Time Lord who desires to rule the universe Peter Pratt and Geoffrey Beevers until Anthony Ainley took over and continued to play the character until Doctor Who's Hiatus in 1989 Michelle López "Utopia" 2014 Missy Michelle Gloria Ron Grainer BBC Radiophonic Workshop musique concrète techniques 17 (1979–80 "Did I write that?" Peter Howell John Debney Seventh John Debney Christmas episode "The Christmas Ininvasion" Voyage of the Damned Classic FM's Hall of Fame Voyage of the Damned 228 Gold Jon Perwee, who had played the Third Doctor, recorded a version of the Doctor Who theme with spoken lyrics Jon Perwee, who had played the Third Doctor, recorded a version of the Doctor Who theme with spoken lyrics 24 The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu The Timelords Dudley Simpson Planet of Giants 1960s and 1970s Planet of Giants The Talons of Weng- Chiang BBC National Orchestra of Wales David Tennant 27 July 2008 Music of the Spheres Murray Gold and Ben Foster Six second and third The Next Doctor to End of Time Part 2 Christmas Carol 8 November 2010 The Day of the Doctor The logo for the Twelfth Doctor current Doctor Who logo The logo from 1973–80 was used for the Third Doctor's final season and for the majority of the Fourth Doctor's tenure The Day of the Doctor assassination of John F. Kennedy BBC One channel 1970s 1964– 1965 BBC One late 1980s performance of three to five million viewers was seen as poor at the time and was, according to the BBC Board of Control, a leading cause of the programme's 1989 suspension The late 1980s performance of three to five million viewers was seen as poor at the time and was, according to the BBC Board of Control Coronation Street three to five million viewers was seen as poor at the time and was, according to the BBC Board of Control, a leading cause of the programme's 1989 suspension 2005 PBS New Zealand Canadian, Canada 15 23 November Australian Broadcasting Corporation The Five Doctors SyFy weekly screenings of all available classic episodes BBC UKTV, SF and later on SyFy upon SF's closure 1976 The Three Doctors Space The Talons of Weng- Chiang Judith Merril Christopher Eccleston the Doctor Who Confidential documentary The Christmas Ininvasion 9 October 2006 Thanksgiving United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and the United States Eight original series serials Doctor Who (The Infinite Quest) Spearhead from Space 1970 story Spearhead from Space Trevor Martin The Ultimate Adventure Thecurse of the Daleks Doctor Who – The Ultimate Adventure Trevor Martin Torchwood 2005 2008 Children of Earth The series was predominantly set in the United States, though Wales remained part of the show's setting Elisabeth Sladen 24 September 2007 2010 2010 death of Elisabeth Sladen Children in Need Children in Need EastEnders glasses with one darkened lens the Pulfrich effect requiring glasses with one darkened lens the curse of Fatal Death four Richard E. Grant, Jim Broadbent, Hugh Grant and Joanna Lumley Richard E. Grant Steven Moffat The Next Generation ("The Neutral Zone") and Leverage Blue Harvest Queer as Folk Oliver Brisingr and High Wizardry The Chase 21-minute The Chase 1966 Slipback Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Big finish Productions Big finish Productions 1999 2012 1991 mid-sixties 1979 Panini BBC Books early 1960s BBC Television producers of the show the BBC 2006 2005–2010 2011 Matt Smith Best Supporting Aactress nomination for her work as Missy Guinness World Records the Peabody Awards electronic music 2013 the Peabody Awards 1975 Doctor Who was voted as the "Best Popular Drama" the corporation had ever produced, ahead of such ratings heavyweights as EastEnders and casualty. third SFW third Best Drama Series five five 2009 Mind Award six 200 200 Matt Smith The Waters of Mars Spike Milligan Jon Culshaw soap sponge Doctor Who BBC dead Ringers series private research university 1890 seven four 5,000 the development of various academic disciplines Chicago's physics department Stagg Field University of Chicago Press 2020 American Baptist Education Society John D. Rockefeller William Rainey Harper 1891 1892 John D. Rockefeller Sils B. Cobb Cobb Lecture Hall $100,000 Charles L. Hutchinson Shimer College 1896 confer a degree on any graduating senior from an affiliated school who made a grade of A for all four years, and on any other graduate who took twelve weeks additional study at the University of Chicago University of Chicago professors 1910 Robert Maynard Hutchins Common Core emphasize academics over athletics 24-year 1929 1950s increasing crime and poverty in the Hyde Park neighborhood second year Hyde Park allowed very young students to attend college 1962 the university's off-campus lease policies 1967 two social and political action mid-2000s Milton Friedman Institute $200 million Chicago Theological Seminary David G. Booth the Main Quadrangles six Cobb, Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge Oxford's Magdalen Tower Christ Church Hall 1940s Eero Saarinen School of Social Service Administration School of Social Service Administration 2003 Singapore, London, and the downtown Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago Seine 2010 Renmin University's campus in Haidian District 2015 a board of trustees 50 fourteen Andrew Alper Daniel Diermeyer The Higher learning Commission four seven 50 28 five New Collegiate Division Common Core 17 rigorous, intense Uni in the USA, "Among the academic cream of American universities – Harvard, Yale, Princeton, MIT, and the University of Chicago that can most convincingly claim to provide the most rigorous, intense learning experience." University of Chicago Laboratory Schools Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School four a public charter schools on the South Side of Chicago University of Chicago campus six 9.8 million Regenstein Library 2011 1.3 million 12 113 Oriental Institute Fermilab Sunspot, New Mexico shaping ideas about the free market Chicago Pile-1 Miller–Urey experiment 1953 1933 2000 1996 2002 Several thousand 5,792 3,468 5,984 15,244 international students University Athletic Association NCAA's Division III Big Ten Conference Jay Berwarf University President Robert Maynard Hutchins de-emphasized varsity athletics in 1939 and dropped football 400 the University of Chicago SCAVenger Hunt, the twice-weekly student newspaper The Chicago Maroon, the alternative weekly student newspaper The Chicago Maroon, the alternative weekly student newspaper The Chicago Maroon, the alternative weekly student newspaper South Side Weekly, the university-owned University of Chicago College Bowl Team Doc Films Off-off Campus graduate and undergraduate students an Executive Committee, chaired by a President with the assistance of two Vice Presidents, one for Administration and the other for Student Life two $2 million fifteen seven Alpha Phi Omega Four ten 1987 1987 Festival of the Arts early morning exercise routines and fitness workshops Summer Breeze Satya Nadella Satya Nadella Larry Ellison Larry Ellison James O. McKinsey Saul Alinski Saul Alinski Robert Bork Masaki ShirAKA Eliotness Allan Bloom Kurt Vonnguet Kurt Vonnguet Allan Bloom Philip Roth Philip Glass Kenice Dunham Halo Carl Van Vettingen Mike Nichols Carl Sagan John M. Grunsfeld David Swift John B. Goodenough Clair Cameron Parrett Thomas Sowell Thomas Sowell Paul Samuelson Eugene Fama David Graeber and Donald Johanon Samuel Reshevsky Samuel Reshevsky A. A. Michelson Arthur H. Compton Enrico Fermi Enrico Fermi Maria Goeppert-Mayer James Henry Breasted James Henry Breasted Ted Fujita Glenn T. Seaborg Charles Brenton Hugging and Janet Rowley Raghurm Rajan Goldman Sachs David Bevington John Mearsheim and Robert Pape Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno Great Yuan Great Yuan Kublai Khan Kublai Khan 1270 Mongol Mandate of Heaven the Mandate of Heaven, following the Song dynasty and preceding the Ming dynasty Genghis Khan 1471 Kublai Khan the "Mongo dynasty" or "Manchu Dynasty of China" for the Qing dynasty Great Yuan Great Mongol State Great Khan Mongol and Turkic 1206 Ögedei Khan 1206 unable to read Chinese but had several Han Chinese teachers attached to him since his early years by his mother sorghaghtani Jin Han Chinese and Khitan Xiao Zhala Khitan Xiao Zhala 10,000 3 Han Chinese Jin between Han and Jurchen Shi Bingzhi Song Möngke Khan southern China 1259 Ilkhas Zhong Tong Ogadei northeast border in 1259 Wonjong northeast 1261 preserving Mongol interests in China and satisfying the demands of his Chinese subjects Imperial Secretariat Han Chinese three, later four, classes with the Han Chinese occupying the lowest rank salt and iron the former Jurchen capital Zhongdu Khanbaliq 1264 Zhongdu Confucian propriety and ancestor veneration commercial, scientific, and cultural Mongol peace southern China to Daidu in the north Daidu Marco Polo Song Emperor to Quzhou 1215–1234 1215–1234 the Song Emperor to Quzhou 30,000 northern China between 1266 and 1275 Yangzi River basin Hangzhou bringing an end to the Song dynasty 1279 corruption and political scandals Fujian region of China as did the Daoist cleric Xu Zongdao who recorded the Mongol invasion and referred to them as "Northern bandits" Battle of Blách Đόng 1288 1254 Zhenjin before Kublai in 1305 Emperor Chengzong 1295 to 1305 Buyanta Khan discontent Li Meng Department of State Affairs 1313 Emperor Gegen Khan 1323 Baiju the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan five Shangdu War of the Two Capitals four days El Temur Tugh Temtür his cultural contribution Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature spring of 1229 Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism and also devoted himself in Buddhism 1332 Emperor Ningzong 13 nine Liao, Jin, and Song struggle, famine, and bitterness among the populace the Mongols beyond the Middle Kingdom saw them as too Chinese both the army and the populace dissension and unrest administration late 1339s Red Turban Rebellion fear of betrayal the Red Turban rebels 1370 The Mongols' extensive West Asian and European contacts produced a fair amount of cultural exchange The Mongols' extensive West Asian and European contacts Ilkharate Eastern crops Western Nestorianism and Roman Catholicism Tibetan Buddhism Confucian governmental practices and examinations travel literature, Cartography, geography, and scientific education Venetian Marco Polo Cambaluc The Million The Million the lack of mentioning the Great Wall of China, tea houses, which would have been a prominent sight since Europeans had yet to adopt a tea culture, as well the practice of foot binding by the women in capital of the Great Khan Guoshoujing 26 seconds off the modern Gregorian calendar's measurement provide an accuracy of 3642426 days of the year, which was only 26 seconds off the modern Gregorian calendar's measurement China sorghum non-native Chinese people Eternal Heaven the Song dynasty and the Ming dynasty Song dynasty and the Ming dynasty the beginning of an infinite number of beings, the foundation of peace and happiness, state power, the dream of many peoples Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists Tang, Song, as well as Khitan Liao and Jurchen Jin dynasties Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu traditional Chinese tripartite division of authority Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists native Chinese dynasties since the Sui and Tang dynasties Mongols and Semuran native Chinese dynasties 1270 Mongolian, Tibetan, and Chinese not master written Chinese, but they could generally relate well in the language Tugh Temur Emperor Wenzong 1290 1291 costs of equipmentping and dispatching men for their tours of duty painting, mathematics, calligraphy, poetry, and theater painting, poetry, and calligraphy Song painting, mathematics, calligraphy, poetry, and theater zaju the western khanates Buddhism Tibetan Buddhism the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs Sakya 1247–1314 1247–1314 solved simultaneous equations with up to four unknowns using a rectangular array of coefficients polynomial algebra 1305 applied mathematics cubic interpolation formula Shoshi Li Shoshi Li 1282 traditional Mongol shamans herbal remedies herbal remedies Imperial Academy of Medicine it ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with Confucian virtues four based on the same intellectual foundation Chinese physicians were brought along military campaigns by the Mongols as they expanded towards the west cpuncture, moxibustion, pulse diagnosis, and various herbal drugs and elixirs 1277–1347 Muslim medicine Jesus the Interpreter 1263 traditional Chinese medicine Chinese physicians opposed Western medicine because its humoral system contradicted theyin-yang and wuxing philosophy underlying traditional Chinese medicine transferred to the Mongols through Kingdom ofqocho and Tibetan intermediaries Wang Zhen 12th century Törege Khatun 1275 the Chao mulberry trees 1275 woodblocks 1293 traditional Chinese autocratic- bureaucratic system traditional Chinese autocratic- bureaucratic system various allied groups from Central Asia and the western end of the empire due to the fear of transferring power to the ethnic Chinese under their rule Ilkharate Han Chinese and Khitans Han Chinese and Khitans Bukhara artisans and farmers the Mongols where they worked as artisans and farmers restricting Halal slaughter and other Islamic practices like circumcision, as well as Kosher butchering for Jews circumcision Zhu Yuanzhang "strong" Yuan dynasty Frederick W. Mot the position of people within the four-class system was not an indication of their actual social power and wealth rich and well socially standing Chinese Semu who lived in poverty and were ill treated Northern Chinese Northern Chinese southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving in southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving in private southern Chinese manufacturers and merchants Uighurs Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler the Korean King the Uighurs surrendered peacefully without violently resisting The Central Region the Central Secretariat (or Zhongshu Sheng) at Khanbaliq (modern Beijing) Khanbaliq Beijing Zhongshu Sheng Kenya's territory lies on the equator and o loss the East African Rift covering a diverse and expansive terrain that extends roughly from Lake Victoria to Lake Turkana East African Community a country in Africa and a founding member of the East African Community Tanzania 45 million warm and humid tropical cooler Mount Kenya Somalia and Ethiopia safaris, diverse climate and geography since the Lower Paleolithic period first millennium AD Bantu and Nilotic populations 19th century December 1963 Mount Kenya Kirinyaga, Kirenyaa and Kiinyaa God's resting place Kenia and Kedia corruption of the Kumba version Joseph Thompsons 1862 the lion, leopard, buffalo, rhinoceros, and elephant lion, leopard, buffalo, rhinoceros, and elephant Kenya and in the Masai Mara June and September two million 20 million years ago Pleistocene epoch Kaoya Kimeu 1.6-million-year Mary Leakey and Louis Leakey Mombasa Mombasa Duart Barrasa Kenyan Coast City of Malidi 14th century August 1914 British East Africa (as the Protectorate was generally known) and German East Africa Lt Col Paul von Lettow-vorbeck an effective guerrilla warfare campaign Northern Rhodesia central highlands itinerant farmers banned the growing of coffee, introduced a hut tax, and the landless were granted less and less land in exchange for their labour 80,000 15 January 1954 reward loyalists and punish Mau Mau 24 April 1954 4,686 Swynnerton Plan 1957 Kenya African National Union 12 December 1963 the Kenya Independence Act 1963 of the United Kingdom Republic of Kenya voters were supposed to line up behind their favoured candidates instead of a secret ballot widespread agitation for constitutional reform Daniel arap Mo presidential representative democratic republic head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system The Judiciary The Judiciary The Judiciary Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index a metric which attempts to gauge the prevalence of public sector corruption in various countries Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index establishment of a new and independent Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission the Party of National Unity the main opposition party, the Orange Democratic Movement controversity and to Oding declaring himself the "people's president" and calling for a recount Oding programmes to avoid similar disasters in the future the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission Evangelical Lutheran Church Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation process 28 February 2008 second Prime Minister Pnu and ODA camps each party's strength in Parliament until the end of the current Parliament or if either of the parties withdraws from the deal before then power and authority to co-ordinate andsupervisione the functions of the Government Annan and his UN-backed panel and African Union chairman Na Kenya's Harambee House 29 February 2008 share power equally that would eliminate the position of Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President 4 August 2010 would eliminate the position of Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President 27 August 2010 the Second Republic December 2014 it infringed on democratic freedoms Opposition politicians, human rights groups, and nine Western countries it infringed on democratic freedoms The governments of the United States, Britain, Germany and France US President Barack Obama chose not to visit the country during his mid-2015 African trip US President Barack Obama China July 2015 peacekeeping the violence that subsequently engulfed the country human rights violations Kenya’s armed forces less subject to public scrutiny and notoriaty employment and procurement of Armoured Personnel Carriers the wisdom and prudence of certain decisions of procurement Human Development Index Kenya $1.25 frontier market or occasionally an emerging market rapid expansion in telecommunication and financial activity under-developed economies that have not attained food security Industry and manufacturing 75% 61% tourism steady growth the coastal beaches and the game reserves Germany and the United Kingdom 24% tea, horticultural produce, and coffee Agriculture sharp weather-related fluctuations International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics very drought resistant, so can be grown in areas with less than 650 mm annual rainfall stimulating the growth of local seed production helped to increase local producer prices by 20–25% in Na Kenya and Mombasa the commercialisation of the pigeon pea is now enabling some farmers to buy assets, ranging from mobile phones to productive land and livestock, and is opening pathways for them to move out of poverty Africa Tea, coffee, sisal, pyrethrum, corn, and wheat semi-arid savanna 53% Kenya initiative Kenya 14% Na Kenya, Mombasa and Kishuma small-scale manufacturing of household goods, motor-vehicle parts, and farm implements Kenya's inclusion among the beneficiaries of the US Government's African growth and Opportunity Act 2000 hydroelectric stations at dams Turkwel Gorge Dam in the west 1997 Turkana 10 billion Exploration 20% to 25% $ 474 million largest source of foreign direct investment gain support from China for a planned $2.5 billion railway from the southern Kenyan port of Mombasa to neighboring Uganda China environmental and social problems an economic development programme it hopes will put the country in the same league as the Asian Economic Tigers an economic development programme it hopes will put the country in the same league as the Asian Economic Tigers by the year 2030 The 200-page Action Plan, developed with support from the Climate & Development Knowledge Network, sets out the Government of Kenya's vision for a 'low carbon climate resilient development p path climate will be a central issue in the renewed medium term Plan that will be launched in the coming months climate change is treated as an economy-wide issue agriculture 30% 9–18 poverty, the lack of access to education and weak government institutions English English and Surmese commerce, schooling and government in the country Roman Catholic of the Latin Rite The Presbyterian Church of East Africa has 3 million followers in Kenya and the surrounding countries 3 million Na Kenya 2.4% Sixty percent Christian 300,000 Nurses the population who visit dispensaries, health centres and private clinics in rural and under-served urban areas 65,000 7,000 Diseases of poverty Half preventable diseases like malaria, HIV/AIDS, pneumonia, diarrhoea and malnutrition weak policies, corruption, inadequate health workers, weak management and poor leadership 15 million British colonists 12 December 1963 Ominde Commission introduce changes that would reflect the nation's sovereignty Kenya's first system of education was introduced by British colonists look at both the possibilities of setting up a second university in Kenya as well as the reforming of the entire education system the 7–4–2–3 system be changed to an 8–4–4 system (eight years in secondary, and four years in university education) The table under Present-day education in Kenya below shows the structure of the 8–4–4 system 1992 January 1985 vocational subjects the assumption that the new structure would enable school drop-outs at all levels January 2003 about 70% six years age six years and lasts 12 years in primary school and four years in high school or secondary school join a vocational youth/ village polytechnic or make their own arrangements for an apprenticeship program and learn a trade such as tailoring, carpentry, motor vehicle repair, brick-laying and masonry for about two years join a polytechnic or other technical college and study for three years or proceed directly to the university and study for four years 85% of the whole population three to five admission to Standard One (First grade) those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education Kenya National Library Service establish, equipment, manage and maintain national and public libraries in the country a peoples university it is open to all irrespective of age, literacy level and has materials relevant to people of all walks of life cricket, rallying, football, Rugby union and boxing its dominance in middle-distance and long-distance athletics Kenyan athletes Morocco and Ethiopia six gold, four silver and four bronze several medals IAAM Golden League the defection of a number of Kenyan athletes to represent other countries, chiefly Bahrain and Qatar economic or financial factors soccer Cricket 2003 Rakep Patel March 2007 Safari Rally one of the toughest rallyes in the world Gunnar Waldegard, Hannu Mikaola, Tommi Käinen, Shekhara Mehta, Carlos Sainz and Colin McRae three 10 o'clock tea or porridge with bread, chpati, Mahamri, boiled sweet potatoes or yams vegetables, sour milk, meat, fish or any other stew World Meteorological Organization World Meteorological Organization (WMo) and the United Nations Environment Programme greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change United Nations General Assembly Hoesung Lee Korean Ismail El Gizouli Hoesung Lee February 2015 representatives appointed by governments and organizations 350 322 persons in attendance at Sessions with about seven-eighths of participants being from governmental organizations Working groups are held at the level of government representatives 1989 United Nations Environment Programme the United Nations Environment Programme (UNP) and the World Meteorological Organization Financial Regulations and Rules the United Nations Environment Programme (UNP) and the World Meteorological Organization carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data published sources non-peer-reviewed sources reports from government agencies and non-governmental organizations, and industry journals ten to fifteen ten to fifteen ten to fifteen "lead authors", and a somewhat larger number coordinating lead authors Working Group chairs substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations atmospheric concentrations over half business as usual 0.3 to 0.6 °C 2001 16 Science 90% between 1.4 and 5.8 °C above 1990 levels Richard Lindzen the uncertainty associated with climate models John Houghton co-chair scientific evidence specific topics 2011 2011 the Special Report on Renewable Energysourcess and Climate Change Mitigation Data Distribution Centre and the National Greenhouse Gas Inventies Programme default emission factors fuel consumption, industrial production and so on Wmo Executive Council and UNP Governing Council resolutions and decisions Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale the poor application of well-established ICSI procedures in this instance ICSI report " Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale" WWF The mistakes all appear to have gone in the direction of making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact the direction of making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact co-chair unfounded and also marginal to the assessment generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment 1999 Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes hockey stick graph Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes 1000 and 1900 Fred Singer Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C. 18 July 2000 United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation Joe Barton Ed Whitfield 23 June 2005 Sherwood Boehlert Sherwood Boehlert 2007 2007 14 divergence problem Ten of these 14 reconstructions covered 1,000 years or longer 1 February 2007 temperature and sea level change with observations change with observations temperature and sea level change with observations risks 0.5–1.4 m 0.5–1.4 m 2001 coordinating lead author of the Fifth Assessment Report conceded in Science Magazine's State of the Planet 2008 2009 Michael Oppenheimer the Fifth Assessment Report conceded in Science Magazine's State of the Planet 2008 2009 global regulation based on the Montreal Protocol The Ozone case was used to assess the efficiency states and governments Sheldon ungar varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions regional burden sharing conflicts UK government scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science scientific understanding five Nature Fourth Assessment Report to dumping it in favor of a small permanent body, or even turning the whole climate science assessment process into a moderated "living" Wikipedia-IPCC to conduct photosynthesis energy- storage molecules energy- storage molecules Calvin cycle 1 Their behavior is strongly influenced by environmental factors like light color and intensity environmental factors like light color and intensity contain their own DNA, which is thought to be inherited from their ancestor mitochondria cannot be made by the plant cell and must be inherited by each daughter cell during cell division plants and algae Russian physicst 1905 Andreas Schiper Cyanobacteria chloroplasts they have two cell membranes peptidoglycan blue-green algae eukaryotic around a billion years ago lipid-bilayer membranes phagosomal many of its genes were lost or transferred to the nucleus of the host almost the same thing as chloroplast three almost the same thing as chloroplast green chloroplast lineage green chloroplast lineage primary chloroplast lineages chloroplast Glaucophyte chloroplasts a carbooxysome - an icosahedral structure that glaucophyte chloroplasts and cyanobacteria keep their carbon fixation enzyme rubiscus in icosahedral a double membrane with an intermembrane space and phycobilin pigments organized into phycobilin pigments organized into phycobilin pigments phycobilisomes phycobilin phycoerhythmer catch more sunlight in deep water starch lost their phycobilisomes accessory pigments that override the chlorophylls' green colors lost the peptidoglycan wall between their double membrane use in chloroplast division chlorophyll b double two cyanobacterial membranes a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga two cyanobacterial membranes, sometimes the eaten alga's cell membrane, and the phagosomal vacuole from the host's cell membrane chloroplast a pyrenoid and thylakiids stacked in groups of three flagellated protists stacked in groups of three Starch cyanobacterial membranes cryptomonads four membranes, the outermost of which is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulo nucleomorph in granules found in the periplased space in stacks of two the helicosproidia chromalveolates malaria parasite red algal derived chloroplast amylopectin starch granules fatty acids cure Api complexan-related diseases isopentenyl pyrophosphate synthesis all photosynthetic function four Peridinin in any other group of chloroplasts triplet-stacked red algal endosyribont's original cell membrane fucocyanin dinophyte lineages fucocyanin dinophyte lineages four six membraned chloroplast cryptophyte cryptophytes to obtain new chloroplasts to replace the old ones kleptoplast two-membraned chloroplast heterotoktophyte diatom five the entire diatom endosyribont as the chloroplast, or just the red algal derived chloroplast inside it granules in the dinophyte host's cytoplasm the dinophyte nucleus Lepiddimium peridinin chloroplast green algal derived chloroplast green algal derived chloroplast first set of endosymbiotic events an exception that acquired a photosynthetic cyanobacterial endosyribont more recently about a million 850 three million ctDNA ctDNA 1962 1986 two Japanese research teams cyanobacteria chloroplast DNAs stabilize the rest of the chloroplast genome electron microscopy two theta intermediary form double displacement loop double displacement loop A > G deamination gradients replication forks were most likely present and the direction that they initially opened (the highest gradient is most likely nearest the start site because it was single stranded for the longest amount of time) actually linear and replicates through homologous recombination homologous recombination circular chromosomes bacteriophage T4 linear linear and participates in homologous recombination and replication structures similar to bacteriophage T4 via a D loop mechanism Endosymbiotic gene transfer lost chloroplast's existence red algal derived chloroplast red algal derived chloroplast nonfunctional pseudogenes around half participating in cell division, protein routing, and even disease resistance cell membrane a ribosome in the cytosol on a ribosome in the cytosol helps many proteins bind the polypeptide it prevents chloroplast proteins from assuming their active form and carrying out their chloroplast functions in the wrong place lens-shaped 5–8 μm in diameter and 1–3 μm thick 1–3 μm lens-shaped, 5–8 μm in diameter and 1–3 μm thick 5–8 μm in diameter and 1–3 μm thick double membrane The fact that chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane is often cited as evidence that they are the descendants of endosymbiotic cyanobacteria homologous mitochondrial double membrane to run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation run proton pumps The chloroplast double membrane The chloroplast double membrane The chloroplast membranes sometimes protrude out into the cytoplasm chloroplast membranes to increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport 1962 chloroplasts of C4 plants chloroplasts of C4 plants chloroplast peripheral reticulo extends into the inner chloroplast membrane that extends into the internalstromal fluid of the chloroplast thylakiids and intermembrane space synthesize a small fraction of their proteins about two-thirds the size of cytoplasmic ribosomes (around 17 nm vs 25 nm) two-thirds small subunit ribosomal RNAs essential for translation initiation in most chloroplasts and prokaryotes Plastohemoglobinule(s) spherical bubbles of lipids and proteins about 45–60 nanometers across chloroplasts, but become more common when the chloroplast is under oxidative stress, or when it ages and transitions into a gerontoplast 45–60 nanometers lipid monolayer a thylakiid thylakiid network attached directly to their parent thylakiid old or stressed chloroplasts higher plants spherical and highly refractive bodies spherical and highly refractive bodies starch accumulation in plants that contain them spherical and highly refractive bodies which are a site of starch accumulation in plants that contain them helical thylakiids flattened circular two to a hundred 10–20 helicoidstromal thylakiids light energy light energy energyze electrons to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakiid space, decreasing the pH and turning it acidic a dam turbine two circular disks about 300–600 nanometers in diameter which are in contact with thestroma Pangake-shaped circular disks about 300–600 nanometers in diameter 300–600 nanometers in diameter thirty transfer and dissipate excess energy They help transfer and dissipate excess energy, and their bright colors sometimes override the chlorophyll green bright red-orange orange-red zeacyanin cyanobacteria, and glaucophyte, red algal, and cryptophyte chloroplasts one of the pigments that makes many red algae red one of the pigments that makes many red algae red cryptophyte chloroplasts and some cyanobacteria don't have their phycobilin pigments organized into phycobilisomes 40 nanometers an enzyme called rubiscus to fix carbon dioxide into sugar molecules in the process of photosynthesis trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen Calvin cycle O2 is produced by the initial light reactions of photosynthesis, causing issues down the line in the Calvin cycle the light reactions rubiscus the light reactions a four-carbon compound the light reactions, preventing oxygen from building up in them and disrupting rubiscus activity green the chloroplasts parenchyma cells collenchyma tissue plant cell which contains chloroplasts stems leaves around 8–15 per cell, as well as much less chlorophyll half a million mesophyll layers low-light conditions under intense light photo oxidative damage The ability to distribute chloroplasts so that they can take shelter behind each other or spread out Mitochondria two infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death infected cells release signals warning the rest of the plant of a pathogen's presence produceing reactive oxygen species reactive oxygen species salic acid, jasmonic acid, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species After detecting stress in a cell unstable molecules signals from the chloroplast that regulate gene expression in the nucleus photosynthesis photosynthesis food in the form of sugars the light reactions, where water is split to produce oxygen, and the dark reactions, or Calvin cycle the light reactions, where water is split to produce oxygen, and the dark reactions, or Calvin cycle use the potential energy stored in an H+, or hydrogen ion gradient thylakiid space diffuse back down their concentration gradient oxygen ions to phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate into adenosine triphosphate synthesized there, in position to be used in the dark reactions NPAD+ cyclic photophosphorylation C4 plants more phosphate than NadPH The Calvin unstable six-carbon molecules that immediately break down into three-carbon Ribuluse bisphosphate 3-phosphoglyceric acid, or 3-PGA one out of every six glucose monomers in the chloroplast high atmospheric CO2 concentrations glucose monomers in the chloroplast can be linked together to make starch, which accumulates into the starch grains found in the chloroplast Waterlogged roots photosynthesis-depressive factor it can accidentally add O2 instead of CO2 to Ru BP when the oxygen concentration is too high reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis up to half the carbon fixed by the Calvin cycle they exhibit a distinct chloroplast dimorphism the sulfur-containing ones like cystein and methyine Chloroplasts crossing membranes to get to where it is needed organelle carries out the last leg of the p path or if it happens in the cytosol Chloroplasts undifferentiated proplastids found in the zygote, or fertilized egg adult plant's apical meriteless the formation of starch-storing amyloplasts proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts aplastid that lack chlorophyll, and has inner membrane invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in theirstroma, called a prolamelar body invaginations a yellow chlorophyll precursor stocked Gymnosperms chromoplasts pigment-filled plasticids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and Ripe fruit chloroplasts chromoplasts chloroplasts filaments filaments a structure called a Z-ring within the chloroplast'sstroma within the chloroplast'sstroma the chloroplast is cleaved more or less evenly The innerplastid-dividing ring is located in the inner side of the chloroplast's inner membrane two about 5 nanometers across 6.4 nanometers chloroplasts have a thirdplastid-dividing ring located in the chloroplast's intermembrane space Light white light large Dumbbell-shaped chloroplasts white light the reliability of this mechanism has not yet been studied for all relevant crop species environmental risks 3 in 1,000,000 transgenes positive divisors A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself arithmetic primes that is unique up to ordering one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization primality trial division trial division trial division 22,358,618 300 BC Euclid statistical prime number theorem 19th century Goldbach's conjecture the twin prime conjecture algebraic aspects public-key cryptography prime elements and prime ideals 5 end in 1, 3, 7, or 9, since even numbers are multiples of 5 1, 3, 7, or 9 odd prime 9, even numbers are multiples of 5 and numbers ending in 0 or 5 are multiples of 5 1 Christian Goldbach Leonhard Euler 10,721 first prime number Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic 1 were considered a prime the relationship of the number to its corresponding value of Euler's totient function or the sum of divisors function the relationship of the number to its corresponding value of Euler's totient function or the sum of divisors function a modified version of the sive that considers 1 as prime would eliminate all multiples of 1 Rhind Ancient Greeks Euclid's Elements Euclid compute primes 1640 Euler 22n + 1 2p − 1 n = 4 (or 216 + 1) trial division a complete list of primes up to is known 1 and less than or equal to the square root of n three divisions are necessary (m = 2, 3, and 5), given that 4 and 6 are composite square root of n two main classes, probabilistic (or " Monte Carlo") and deterministic algorithms probabilistic (or " Monte Carlo") and deterministic algorithms probabilistic (or " Monte Carlo") and deterministic algorithms deterministic If we repeat the test n times and pass every time, then the probability that our number is composite is 1/(p)n, which decreases exponentially with the number of tests, so we can be as sure as we like ( though never perfectly sure) that Fermat primality test the fact (Fermat's little theorem) that np≥n (mod p) for any n if p is a prime number composite numbers "Fermat's little theorem) that np≥n (mod p) for any n if p is a prime number "Fermat's little theorem) that np≥n (mod p) for any n if p is a prime number 2p + 1 with p prime 2p − 1 Lucas–Lehmer test Sophi Germain primes Sophi Germain primes distributed computing 2009 US$100,000 Electronic Frontier Foundation 256kn + 1, 256k(n + 1 − 3] floor function Chebyshev 3 the floor function, i.e., largest integer not greater than the number in question Wilson's their greatest common divisor Dirichlet's 1/6 6, or 9 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, Zeta finite the zeta function exceeds any given number modern algebraic number theory 1859 −2, −4 random noise square root asymptotic Goldbach's 1912 all numbers up to n = 2 · 1017 Weaker statements Chen's pairs of primes with difference 2 (twin prime conjecture) pairs of primes with difference 2 Polignan's conjecture n2 + 1 H. Brocard's conjecture number theory G. H. Hardy 1970s hash tables pseudorandom recurring p − 1 or a divisor of p − 1 + 1 + 1 p is not a prime factor of q RNA and the diffusie–Hellman key exchange RNA and the diffusie–Hellman key exchange 512-bit modular 1024-bit cicadas grubs underground 17 years the prime number intervals between emergences 2% minimality or indecomposability smallest subfield as a connected sum of prime knots any object can be, essentially uniquely, decomposed into its prime components knot sum of two nontrivial knots prime elements and irreduible elements Prime numbers Prime numbers given x and y in R such that p divides the productxy, then p divides x or y if it is not a unit and cannot be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units fundamental theorem of arithmetic Gaussian integers Z[i] a + bi arbitrary integers 4k + 1 ring Prime ideals algebraic arithmetic Noetherian Prime ideals when lifted to an extension field, a basic problem of algebraic number theory integers of quadratic number fields solvability of quadratic equations smaller back and forth to the completed (or local) fields the p-adic norm local- global principle Nicolas Messiaen La Nativité du Sepèrer La Nativité du Sepèrer third movements of nature, movements of free and unequal durations Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps the North Sea in the Netherlands Cologne Cologne 1,230 km (760 mi) a European river that begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps Germany 1,230 km (760 mi) Gaulish name Rēnos Rēnos vocalisation -i- 1st century BC Gaulish name Rēnos Spanish is with French in adopting the Germanic vocalism Rin-, while Italian, Occitan and Portuguese retain the Latin Ren-. Spanish is with French Rhin is due to the influence of Greek orthography Rijn Rīnaz Rīnaz, via Old Frankish giving Old English Rín, Old High German Rīn, Old High German Rīn, Dutch Rijn The length of the Rhine is conventionally measured in " Rhine-kilometers" (Rheinkilometer) 1939 the Old Rhine Bridge at Constance (0 km) to Hoek van Holland the length is significantly shortened from the river's natural course due to number of canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century The river length The length of the Rhine is conventionally measured in " Rhine-kilometers" (Rheinkilometer) 1939 Old Rhine Bridge at Constance (0 km) to Hoek van Holland number of canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century the Old Rhine Bridge at Constance (0 km) to Hoek van Holland north 86 km Rhine Valley Near Sargans the West and Liechtenstein near chur 86 km 598 m to 396 m Rhine Valley Liechtenstein Lake Constance The delta is delimited in the West by the alter Rhein ("Old Rhine") and in the East by a modern canalized section The delta is delimited in the West by the alter Rhein ("Old Rhine") and in the East by a modern canalized section Isel Esel Lake Constance The delta is delimited in the West by the alter Rhein ("Old Rhine") and in the East by a modern canalized section The delta is delimited in the West by the alter Rhein ("Old Rhine") and in the East by a modern canalized section small islands by precipitating sediments Isel Diepoldsau Diepoldsau strong sedimentation in the western Rhine Delta parallel to the canalized Rhine into the lake water has a darker color than the Rhine Diepoldsau to counteract the constant flooding and strong sedimentation in the western Rhine Delta Diepoldsau The Dornbirner Ach continuous input of sediment three lower lake the Untersee Swiss-Austrian upper lake three Austria Germany, Switzerland and Austria near the Alps Germany Baden-Württemberg greater density of cold water Lake Overlinger near the surface and at first doesn't mix with the warmer, green waters of Upper Lake The flow reappears on the surface at the northern (German) shore of the lake, off the island of Lindau Lindau Upper Lake Mainau Mainau Rhine Gutter the water level westward river Aare 4,274 m (14,024 ft) The Aare also contains the waters from the 4,274 m (14,024 ft) summit of Finteraarhorn Basel westward river Aare 4,274 m (14,012 ft) Finlandteraarhorn Zürich Basel Rhine knee Central Bridge 300 km long and up to 40 km wide 40 km Basel Rhine knee North High Rhine Central Bridge 19th increased The rate of flow was increased and the ground water level fell significantly Grand Canal d' Alsace large compensation pools The Upper Rhine region 19th Century increased The rate of flow was increased Grand Canal d' Alsace the Main 300 m3/s Rhine the Neckar 400 m (1,300 ft) Germany Germany the Neckar, the Main and, later, the Moselle France 2,290 m3/s (81,000 cu ft/s) Middle Rhine Rhine Gorge erosion the Romantic Rhine Middle Rhine Rhine Gorge a formation which was created by erosion the Romantic Rhine industry Dummert The Rohr drinking water Lower Rhine a major source of water pollution Lower Rhine Switzerland Dummert The Rukr tourism a UNESCO World Heritage Site Lore Lei Middle Rhine Valley tourism UNESCO World Heritage Site rüdesheim am Rhein Lore Lei Near St Goarshausen the Rhine-Ruh region the Wesel- Datteln Canal Lippe Emmerich Rhine Bridge 400 m wide river The Lower Rhine Rhine-Rhor region Duisport Emmerich Rhine Bridge 400 m Meuse Rijn Two thirds farther west the Waal Meuse The Oude Maas branches off, near Hardinxveld- Giessendam the Pannerdes Kanaal Nederrij thelek the Nord River into the Oude Maas and to the North Sea Pannerdes Kanaal Nederrij one ninth thelek Wijk bij Duurstede Rijn draining the surrounding land and polders Oude Rijn Kromme Rijn a sluice Rhine-Meuse Delta Millingenaan de Rijn Rhine-Meuse Delta Nederrnij at Angeren, and second near Arnhem, the IJssel branches off from the Nederrnij three Waal Old Meuse the Rip St. Elizabeth's flood 1421 south of today's line Mergoede-Oude Maas to the North Sea 1421 to 1904 archipelago-like estuary drainage channels The construction of Delta Works drainage channels for the numerous polders second half of the 20th Century tidal delta tidal currents strong tidal currents could tear huge areas of land into the sea the Waal Tethys Jurassic Period Mediterranean geography Triassic Period of the Mesozoic Era Iberia N–S Upper Rhine Gaben, in southwest Germany and eastern France and the Lower Rhine Embayment Miocene Danube stream capture Pliocene the Vosges Mountains, including the Mosel, the Main and the Neckar the geological period of the Ice Ages six 120 m (390 ft) northwest offshore of Brest, France and rivers, like the Thames and the Seine the end of the Pleistocene Pleistocene west through the Netherlands and extended to the southwest, through the English Channel and finally, to the Atlantic Ocean 120 m (390 ft) sea level was approximately 120 m (390 ft) lower than today a glacier A tundra 22,0000–14,000 ice-sheets loess 22,000 years ago thaw and fall-winter snow covers melted in spring Rhine about 13,000 BP 9000 BP 7500 years ago a situation with tides and currents, very similar to present has existed 7000 years natural sedimentation by the Rhine and coastal processes together, could compensate the transgression by the sea 1–3 cm (0.34–2.18 in) per century the begin of the Holocene 8,000 years ago Late- Glaial valley Netherlands Since ~3000 years BP (= years Before Present) flooding and sedimentation flooding and sedimentation 11–13th century AD 80 the North Sea the North Sea the north The river IJssel branch flows to the north and enters the IJsselmeer three 1st century BC Germany 6th century BC Herodotus AD 14 upper Danube until the empire fell across the river eastwards southern part eight Pannonian troops a Celtic Legion recruited from Gallia Naffinensis and XXI, possibly a Galatian Legion from the other side of the empire whether a state or threat of war a Celtic Legion recruited from Gallia Naffinensis and XXI 5th century kingdoms of Francia on the Lower Rhine, Burgundy on the Upper Rhine and Alemannia on the High Rhine the Nibelunglied which telling of the hero Siegefried killing a dragon on the Drachenfels Siegefried Hagen 6th century 10th century Lower Lorraine Archduke Sigismund of Austria 1469 Peace of Westphalia Establishing "natural borders" Napoleon 1806 1840 end of World War I 1930 German army Adolf Hitler's rise to power 1936 Arnhem the Rhine would present a formidable natural obstacle to the invasion of Germany, by the Western Allies September 1944 Ludendorff Bridge Seven Days to the River Rhine 1,230 kilometres (764 miles) Knaurs Lexkon the generally accepted length of the Rhine was 1,230 kilometres (764 miles) 1,230 kilometres 1932 1998 Scotland Act 1998 the areas in which it can make laws Parliament of the United Kingdom Westminster the lack of a Parliament of Scotland three the outbreak of the First World War late 1960s a directly elected Scottish Assembly to legislate for the majority of domestic Scottish affairs North Sea It's Scotland's oil 1974 rising support for Scottish independence 1978 Edinburgh 40% 51.6% the majority of the Scottish electorate voted for it in a referendum to be held on 1 March 1979 that represented at least 40% of the total electorate 32.9% Scottish Parliament Conservative Party 1989 the Convention Holyrood area of Edinburgh Enric Miralles Spanish leaf-shaped Queen Elizabeth II meeting of the Church's General Assembly the General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh the courtyard adjoining the Assembly Hall, which is part of the School of Divinity of the University of Edinburgh University of Aberdeen the former Strathclyde Regional Council debating chamber in Glasgow City of Edinburgh Council Lothian Regional Council on George IV Bridge the move to Holyrood in 2004 this building was demolished Parliament Square, High Street and George IV Bridge The former Midlothian County Buildings facing Parliament Square, High Street and George IV Bridge in Edinburgh (originally built as the headquarters of the pre-1975 Midlothian County Council) housed the Parliament's visitors' centre and shop Parliament elects one MTP to serve as Presiding Officer, the equivalent of the speaker (currently Tricia Marwick) Tricia Marwick secret 129 Presiding Officer Presiding Officer the Parliamentary Bureau five or more The Presiding Officer hemicycle the desire to encourage consensus amongst elected members 131 2 vote Scottish rivers silver Queen Wisdom, Compassion, Justice and Integrity a glass case suspended from the lid April and October the debating chamber the public limited space Official Report Wednesdays four minutes Presiding Officer religious beliefs nominate speakers The Presiding Officer (or Deputy Presiding Officer) who speaks in chamber debates and the amount of time for which they are allowed to speak different viewpoints and political parties ministers or party leaders Gaelic 5 pm decision Time vote by means of electronic consoles on their offices seconds outcome of most votes political parties Parties entrust some MTPs moral The outcome of most votes can be predicted beforehand since political parties normally instruct members which way to vote 45 minutes may be of interest to a particular area such as a member's own constituency, an upcoming or past event or any other item which would otherwise not be accorded official parliamentary time 45 minutes other members normally contribute to the debate winds up committee stronger the fact that there is no revising chamber conduct inquiries and scrutinie legislation other locations throughout Scotland Mandatory Committees balance of parties across Parliament their functions Mandatory Committees fourth beginning of each parliamentary session one (or more) Education and Culture; Health and Sport; Justice; Local Government and Regeneration; Rural Affairs, Climate Change and Environment; Welfare Reform; and Infrastructure and Capital Investment Economy, Energy and Tourism; Education and Culture; Health and Sport; Justice; Local Government and Regeneration; Rural Affairs, Climate Change and Environment; Welfare Reform; and Infrastructure and Capital Investment A further type of committee large-scale development projects such as infrastructure projects that require the use of land or property Private Bill Committees Private Bill Committees The Scotland Act 1998 Queen Elizabeth II the devolved competencies Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster The Scottish Parliament has the power to pass laws and has limited tax-varying capability The specific devolved matters are all subjects which are not explicitly reserved are automatically devolved to the Scottish Parliament Scottish Parliament The Scottish Parliament has the ability to alter income tax in Scotland by up to 3crit in the pound up to 3centes in the pound The 2012 Act The Scottish Parliament is unable to legislate on such issues that are reserved to, and dealing with at, Westminster (and where ministerial functions usually Lie with UK Government ministers) The Scottish Parliament The Scottish Parliament The Scottish Parliament Bills the Scottish Government a private member an outside proposer in a number of stages the first, or introductory stage of the bill Explanatory Notes, a Policy Memorandum setting out the policy underlying the bill, and a Financial Memorandum setting out the costs and savings associated with it whether the bill is within the legislative competence of the Parliament relevant committee or committees Stage 2 Stage 3 two final wrecking amendments After a general debate on the final form of the bill the Monarch for royal assent the Presiding Officer submits it to the Monarch for royal assent and it becomes an Act of the Scottish Parliament 4-week period Supreme Court of the United Kingdom The Bill for this Act of the Scottish Parliament was passed by the Parliament on [date] The party, or parties, that hold the majority of seats in the Parliament forms the Scottish Government Any member can put their name forward to be First Minister, and a vote is taken by all members of Parliament Parliament elects a First Minister from a number of candidates at the beginning of each parliamentary term the Lord Advocate and the Licenor General the Sovereign the first Thursday in May every four years 1999, 2003, 2007 and so on May the Monarch supplant it 28 The First Minister or members of the cabinet can deliver statements to Parliament Parliament a statement to the chamber setting out the Government's legislative programme issues related to the substance of the statement Parliamentary time Thursday Scottish Government issues under their jurisdiction four 129 2005 one their dispersed population and distance from the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh 55,000 proportionally to the number of votes received in the second vote of the ballot d'Hondt method quotient constituency seats in allocating the second seat The party with the highest quotient is awarded the seat, which is then added to its constituency seats in allocating the second seat qualifications 1981 18 police and the armed forces Mental Health ( Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003 the Scottish Parliament where a party has commanded a parliamentary majority Labour 151 votes eight Scottish independence David McLetchie Edinburgh Pentlands five seats Annabel Goldie Cameron procedural English, Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish Westminster MPs are unable to vote on the domestic legislation of the Scottish Parliament the West Lothian question Conservative England Islamism Islamic values in all spheres the reordering of government and society in accordance with the Shari'a poles revolution or invasion democratic Palestine participate in democratic and political process as well as armed attacks, seeking to abolish the state of Israel democracy religious basis the "vanguard of change and Islamic reform" centered around the Muslim Brotherhood Muslim Brotherhood movement and its focus on Islamisation of pan-Arabism was eclipsed by the Salafi movement with its emphasis on "sarabia rather than the building of Islamic institutions," and rejection of Shia Islam "sheria rather than the building of Islamic institutions," and rejection of Shia Islam democracy to maintain their legitimacy political Islam progressive moderates who seek to separate religion from politics illiberalism Islamic regimes religion from politics Islamism Americans to explain the Iranian Islamic Revolution and apolitical Islam a historical fluke of the " short-lived era of the Heyday of secular Arab nationalism between 1945 and 1970" between 1945 and 1970 quietist/non-political Islam dangerous enemies 1970s experience, ideology, and weapons mujahideen Muslim Afghanistan bulwarks experience, ideology, and weapons Anwar Sadat peace peace with Israel 1975 in the hope of channeling Muslim energies into zones of piety and charity strict, conservative Saudi-based Wahhabim or Salafism Muslims should not only "always oppose" infidels "in every way," but "hate them for their religion... for Allah's sake," that democracy "is responsible for all the horrible wars of the 20th century," that Shia and other non-Wahhabi all the horrible wars gold standard Saudi-interpretation Islamist incompetent, inefficient, or neglectful governments housing rhetoric to avoid prohibitively costly dowry demands, legal assistance, sports facilities, and women's groups law and philosophy All India Muslim League the mainstream Indian nationalist and secularist Indian National Congress 1908 The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam secularism and secular nationalism crowd out nationalist differences 1930 Pakistan movement Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi journalism 1941 his writing than through his political organising modern context Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi journalism his writing than through his political organising modern context Sharia an Islamic state unity of God Iranian Revolution an educational process or da'weh 1928 Ismailiyah, Egypt Maududi the Qur'an imperialist violence 1949 Egypt's premier Mahmud Fami NaqRashi 1948 Gamal Abdul Nasser influential movements 75% semi-legal field candidates Mohamed Morsi a pivotal event in the Arab Muslim world pivotal event economic stagnation steep and steady decline Ba'athism, Arab socialism, and Arab nationalism suffered, and different democratic and anti-democratic Islamist movements inspired by Maududi and Sayyid Qutb gained ground ideological Ali Shariati Sunni Islamic thinkers Prophet Mohammad serving Western interests The Islamic Republic Shia terrorist groups economic 2006 Mahmoud Ahmadinejad the Soviet Union an Islamic rebellion against an allied Marxist regime in the Afghan Civil War send aid and sometimes to go themselves to fight for their faith marginal 16,000 to 35,000 radicalize the Islamist movement Saddam Hussein Islamist groups that received its aid Saudi monarchy the west conservative Muslims domestic Islamists who attacked it (bin Laden being a prime example), and increasing aid to Islamic groups (Islamist madrassas around the world and even aiding some violent Islamist groups) that did not, but its pre-war influence on behalf of moderation was the kingdom Algeria Osama bin Laden Qutb's 1966 Brotherhood Fring or splinter 1970s Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization 1981 Muslim states, leaders who held secular leanings or who had introduced or promoted Western/foreign ideas and practices into Islamic societies Muslim states, leaders who held secular leanings or who had introduced or promoted Western/foreign ideas and practices into Islamic societies Muhammad Abd al- Salaam Farag Islamic Group counter-terrorism police 2003 unsuccessful political figures "quiescent" Palestinian shopkeepers closed their shops in support of the uprising destruction of Israel and the establishment of an Islamic state in Palestine alcohol Palestine Hamas 542 majority of the seats 2007 driving Israel out of the Gaza Strip Islamist Hassan al-Turabi National Islamic Front money from foreign Islamist banking systems university and military academy 1985 able to overthrow the elected post-al-Nimeiry government with the help of the military sharia law Osama bin Laden American attack on Iraq alleviate the high rate of unemployment 1989 Algeria Front Islamique de salut military coup d'état justice and prosperity the mujahideen's victory against the Soviet Union in the 1980s did not lead to justice and prosperity 1992 poorest countries on earth 80% Deobandi the Deobandi movement established for impoverished Afghan refugees and supported by governmental and religious groups in neighboring Pakistan Islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist Sharia Wahhabim, and the extremist jihadism of their guest Osama bin Laden July 1977 alcohol and nightclubs Islamism his means of seizing power 1988 Wahhabi/ Salafi jihadist extremist militant group Sunni Arabs ten million a self-described state a caliphate 2004 March 2003 human rights abuses and war crimes March 2011 responsible for human rights abuses and war crimes the Caliphate 7th century 1924 true Islamic system the disbelieving armed change Muslim public opinion Muslim public opinion Egypt terrorist groups 900,000 a strong Islamist outlook 2007 Undercover Mosque terrorism since 2001 State Department Christian Whiton Defense Secretary undermining the communist ideology Latin to rule over large territories Asia and Africa technologies and ideas influence through diplomacy or military force Formal imperialism physical control or full-fledged colonial rule a powerful form of dominance the control is spread more subtly through technological superiority, enforcing land officials into large debts that cannot be repaid, ownership of private industries thus expanding the controlled area, or having countries agree to uneven trade agreements forcefully full-fledged aggressiveness technological superiority Informal rule distinction of an empire how developed and developing nation are portrayed through the world systems theory Lenin empires sea and trade routes colonialism political focus ideological Ottoman metropolitan center ruling a distant territory Imperialism and colonialism conquest over an area and then eventually is able to rule over the areas the previous nation had controlled conquering the other state's lands and therefore increasing its own dominance the exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered and the conquering nation then gaining the benefits from the spoils of the war Colonialism is the builder and preserver of the colonial possessions in an area by a population coming from a foreign region the defense and justification of empire-building imperialism races of highest'social efficiency' Social Darwinism whiteness Germany Britain Political Britain’s survival a space for travellers who would come back with Tales of their discoveries environmental determinism temperate zone Orientalism uncivilized people the superior and the norm Terra nullius eighteenth century British Empire Aboriginal empty land imaginative geography irrational and backward in opposition to the rational and progressive West negative vision of itself a body of knowledge and ideas that rationalized social, cultural, political, and economic control inferior, not only increased the West’s sense of self, but also was a way of ordering the East and making it known to the West so that it could be dominated and controlled analysis of the role of nineteenth-century maps maps "contributed to empire by promoting, assisting, and legitimizing the extension of French and British power into West Africa" information to fill in blank spaces on contemporary maps maps "contributed to empire by promoting, assisting, and legitimizing the extension of French and British power into West Africa" French pre-Columbian era Genghis Khan dozens Ancient Egypt Sub-Saharan Africa Cultural imperialism a country's influence is felt in social and cultural circles Dallas Roman bans on foreign popular culture, control of the internet and unauthorised satellite dishes around 1700 industrializing nations engageing in the process of colonizing, influencing, and annexing other parts of the world in order to gain political power thousands around 1700 Open Door Policy 1919–1980 1920–1999 historians the world's economy imperial powers economic growth mid-18th century economic growth Mughal state communication deadly explosives machine gun arrows, swords, and leather shields Southern Africa British late 1870s a policy of idealism and philanthropy a natural extension of capitalism that arose from need for capitalist economies to constantly expand investment, material resources and manpower aristocracy 1950s World War I disease of imperialism domestic social reforms environmental determinism the environment in which they lived and thus validated their domination "less civilized" therefore justifying colonial control as a civilizing mission Africa orientalism and tropicality geographic scholars under colonizing empires Northern Europe and the Mid-Atlantic guidance and intervention orientalism colonizing empires sixteenth century 1599 Queen Elizabeth political activity caused exploitation of the East India Company causing the plundering of the local economy, almost bringing the company into bankruptcy Portuguese 1830 1850 Catholicism North and West Africa when Germany started to build her own colonial empire civilize the inferior full citizenship rights sent small numbers of settlers to its colonies, with the only notable exception of Algeria Christianity and French culture Algeria overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France anti-colonial movements Vietnam Vietnam 1960 Scandinavia and northern Europe Muslim Iberia middle period of classical antiquity 1000 CE amorphous area of central Europe late 19th century 1862–90 After the Franco-German War, its long-time Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck (1862–90 Napoleon Europe itself South Pacific Germany began to build a colonial empire in Africa and the South Pacific, before losing interest in imperialism 1883–84 German New Guinea Hamburg merchants and traders Japan took part of Sakhali Island from Russia 1894 Thailand Manchuria The Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China 1923 Lenin Eastern Europe Bolshevik leaders the revolution could only successed in Russia as part of a world revolution Lenin Mao Zedong Nikita Khrushchev socialism in one country mercantilism 1776 free trade 1820 1815 The British Empire pseudo-sciences The British Empire was the largest Empire that the world has ever seen both in terms of landmass and population Middle East the Anti- Imperialist League to oppose the US annexation of the Philippines and Cuba Monroe Doctrine the deaths of many Filipinos Philippines racket Bowman 1917 President Wilson and the American delegation from the Paris Peace Conference the idea of President Wilson and the American delegation from the Paris Peace Conference Wilson's geographer internal strife indigenous peoples 12 to 15 million contemporary Orient 1299 to 1923 Suleiman the Magnificent 32 the Horn of Africa 16th and 17th centuries Istanbul Germany modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states Turkey The United Methodist Church a mainline Protestant Methodist denomination 1968 the union of the Methodist Church (USA) and the Evangelical United Brethren Church Wesleyan The United Methodist Church 80 million mainline Protestant denomination 3.6% mid-18th century Church of England methodical and exceptionally detailed in their Bible study, opinions and disciplined lifestyle 1735 the American Indians in the colony of Georgia American Indians salvation by God's grace the American Revolution 1784 Thomas Coke The conference was held at the Luxury Lane Methodist Church, considered the Mother Church of American Methodism. The conference was held at the Luxury Lane Methodist Church St. George's United Methodist Church St. George's United Methodist Church 1767 Dock Street 1784 Richard Allen and Ab Salam Jones St. George's Church 1784 1830 the issue of laity having a voice and vote in the administration of the church 1844 tensions over slavery and the power of bishops in the denomination April 23, 1968 The United Methodist Church (represented by Bishop Lloyd Christ Wicke) joined hands at the constituting General Conference in Dallas, Texas Bishop Lloyd Christ Wicke holy Catholic The Book of Discipline all who are truly believers in every age belong to the holy Church invisible American Revolution Dr. Thomas Coke Thomas Vasey and Richard Whatcoat 1968 John Wesley and Charles Wesley Albert C. Outler Outler Prevenient grace Prevenient grace grace that "goes before" us sin Justifying Grace or Accepting Grace The justifying grace conversion justifying grace the New birth grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian Perfection a genuine love of God with heart, soul, mind, and strength a genuine love of God with heart, soul, mind, and strength sanctifying Grace The United Methodist Church believes in prima scriptura, seeing the Holy Bible as the primary authority in the Church and using sacred tradition, reason, and experience to interpret it, with the aid of the Holy Spirit The United Methodist Church believes in prima scriptura UMC The Book of Discipline 2008 pro-life Religious Coalition for Reproductive choice The General Board of Church and Society, and the United Methodist Women all women mother the Taskforce of United Methodists on aborttion and Sexuality 2012 Rev. Paul T. Stallsworth the temperamentance movement 2011 and 2012 The Use of Money unfermented grape juice capital punishment John 8:7 Matthew 5:36-41 General Conference same-sex 1999 2016 the connectional Table the LGBT community within the UMC same-gender marriages with resolutions 1987 2005 The Baltimore- Washington Conference of the UMC conscription military action all war Christ's message and teachings national foreign policy general and complete disarmment The Sexual Ethics Task Force of The United Methodist Church violence, degradation, exploitation, and coercion girls and women IVF stem cells research Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America When the Methodists in America were separated from the Church of England The Book of Common Prayer Africa the Anglican tradition's Book of Common Prayer anointing with oil Methodist institutions William Booth John Wesley The United Methodist Church The United Methodist Church The Book of Discipline The highest level is called the General Conference and is the only organization which may speak officially for the church every four years five seven to elect and appoint bishops, the chief administrators of the church bishops Episcopal Areas Mission Council church bishops 36 The decision generated controversy in light of Bush's support of the Iraq War Southern Methodist University nine The Judicial Council eight-year twice various locations throughout the world The Annual Conference geographical area it covers as well as the frequency of meeting their Annual Conference The Book of Discipline three three The church conference The church conference one hundred three hundred sixty International Association of Methodist-related Schools, Colleges, and Universities John Wesley pastors Annual Conference Order of Deacons Annual Conference Order of Deacons Annual Conference Cabinet fixed annually by the resident bishop on the advice of the Annual Conference Cabinet the bishop has read the appointments at the session of the Annual Conference Elders the local church, or to other valid extension ministries of the church 2–3 years District Superintendents 2–3 Deacons Deacons sacramental authority 1996 The provisional elder/deacon ordination order of transitional deacon Licensed Local Pastor The licensed local pastor five-year Associate Baptized Members through confirmation and sometimes the profession of faith transfer from another Christian denomination Baptism in order to profess their ultimate faith in Christ The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church Church and the Methodist-Christian theological tradition lay servants they must be recommended by their pastor and Church Council or Charge Conference, and complete the basic course for lay servant Each year one advanced lay servant course, and be interviewed by the District or Conference Committee on Lay Speaking The United Methodist Church observer the "focusring of theological and confessional differences in the interests of unity." 2000 May 2012 1985 11 million about 11 million members in nearly 42,000 congregations 8 million 34,000 Texas 11.5 million 11.5 million 3.5 million Wesleyan Holiness Consortium World Methodist Council July 18, 2006 1754–1763 British America and New France 2 million 2 million along the frontiers between New France and the British colonies a dispute over control of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, called the Forks of the Ohio, and the site of the French Fort Duquesne and present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania May 1754 1755 a disaster a combination of poor management, internal divisions, and effective Canadian scouts, French regular forces, and Indian warrior allies Fort Beausjour British regular forces, and Indian warrior allies William Pitt British military resources in the colonies at a time when France was unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces it had in New France. France concentrated its forces against Prussia and its allies in the European theatre of the war Prussia and its allies in the European theatre of the war Sainte Foy in Quebec French Louisiana Florida Spain had ceded this to Britain in exchange for the return of Havana, Cuba 1740s British colonists named the second war in King George's reign after their opponents a much larger conflict between France and Great Britain Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire 1760 six years 1760 Battle of Jumonville Glen 75,000 Illinois Country St. Lawrence and Mississippi watersheds 20 to 1 French 20 to 1 with a population of about 1.5 million ranged along the eastern coast of the continent, from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north, to Georgia in the south along the coast native tribes Mi'kaqqa and the Abenki Upstate New York and the Ohio Country Iroquois rule Catawba, Muskogee-speaking Creek and Choctaw western portions of the Great Lakes region Iroquois Six Nations French regular army troops were stationed in North America, and few British troops no French regular army troops New France was defended by about 3,000 troupes de la marine, companies of colonial regulars (some of whom had significant woodland combat experience) about 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians encountered British merchants or fur-traders they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British regardless of the French Pickawillany severe consequences if he continued to trade with the British regardless of the French severe consequences if he continued to trade with the British very badly disposed towards the French a brisk trade in European colonial captives from either side expansionist governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay 1748 Ohio Company of Virginia Christopher Gist Treaty of Logstown the mouth of the Monongahela River King George's War the signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies in North America were turned over to a commission to resolve The issues of conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies in North America were turned over to a commission to resolve Marquis de la Jonquière 300 men to punish the Miami people of Pickawillany for not following Célosn's orders to cease trading with the British the French war party attacked the trading centre at Pickawillany, capturing three traders and killing 14 people of the Miami nation, including Old Briton Paul Marin de la Malgue Fort Presque Isle Fort Le Boeau (present-day Waterford, Pennsylvania) on Lake Erie's south shore to protect the King's land in the Ohio Valley from the British Tanaghrison Iroquois sent runners to the manor of William Johnson in upstate New York militia Waraghiggy Waraghiggy Mohawk Chief Hennings Ohio Company Major George Washington Jacob Van Braam December 12 Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre Dinwiddie the letter from Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Country the region was superior to that of the British additional French forces under Claude-Pierre Pecaudy de Contrecœur early months of 1754 Fort Duquesne surprised the Canadians on May 28 in what became known as the Battle of Jumonville Glen Battle of Jumonville Glen to gain the support of the British and regain authority over his own people dislodge the French before Braddock's departure for North America dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron dieskau in 1755 blockade French ports Albany Congress formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians Braddock 1,500 army troops and provincial militia 500 Washington and Thomas Gage Shirley and Johnson logistical difficulties Fort Niagara garrisons Marquis de Vaureuil sent dieskau to Fort St. Frédéric to meet that threat Fort Edward and Fort William Henry Fort William Henry Ticoderoga Point Colonel Montkton to cut off of supplies to Louisbourg off from land-based reinforcements The Acadian resistance, in concert with native allies, including the Mi'kaqqa, was sometimes quite stiff, with ongoing frontier raids (against Dartmouth and Lunenburg among others) William Shirley Albany Fort Frontenac the wilderness of the Maine district and down the chaudière River to attack the city of Quebec Major General James Afendi Louis- Joseph de Montcalm May 18, 1756 Oneida Carry the forts Shirley had erected at the Oneida Carry 45,000 pounds campaigns on Lake Ontario Achille Ticoderoga Oswych in August disposition of prisoners' personal effects an attack on New France's capital, Quebec distract Montcalm William Pitt a fleet outnumbering the British one awaited Loudoun at Louisbourg British column, killing and capturing several hundred men, women, children, and slaves Lake George angered at the lost opportunity for killed, attacked the British column, killing and capturing several hundred men, women, children, and slaves the colony inflaed prices and were believed by Montcalm to line his pockets and those of his associates corrupt machinesations of François Bigot St. Lawrence The British failures in North America Loudoun three major offensive actions Two 3,600 3,600 the disaster when he sent John Bradstreet on an expedition that successfully destroyed Fort Frontenac, including caches of supplies destined for New France's western forts and furs destined for Europe he sent John Bradstreet on an expedition that successfully destroyed Fort Frontenac, including caches of supplies destined for New France's western forts and furs destined for Europe an invasion of Britain, to draw British resources away from North America and the European mainland the French Navy failed in the 1759 naval battles at Lagos and Quiberon Bay Lagos and Quiberon Bay James Wolfe cut off the French frontier forts further to the west and south Battle of Sainte-Foy Battle of Sainte-Foy General Amherst medical treatment for the sick and wounded French soldiers and French regular troops General Amherst 10 February 1763 15 February 1763 continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique cede the former, but was able to negotiate the retention of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, two small islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, along with fishing rights in the area 80,000 1755 North American provinces New Orleans King George III the division and administration of the newly conquered territory, and to some extent continues to govern relations between the government of modern Canada and the First Nations Appalachian Mountains the westward migration of tribes that did not want to do business with the British legal and illegal settlement 1769 the Choctaw and the Creek, historic enemies whose divisions the British at times exploited disappearance of a strong ally and counterweight to British expansion force fundamental error Sir Isaac Newton nearly three hundred years Einstein Standard Model gauge bosons electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational they are: strong, electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational a more fundamental electroweak interaction Aristotle Aristotelian cosmology four in their natural place on the ground and that they will stay that way if left alone unnatural 17th century Galileo Galilei innate force of impetus Galileo friction Newton lack of net force Newton First Law constant velocity was associated with a lack of net force or resultant force the laws of physics curving parabolic path the inertia of the ball associated with its constant velocity in the direction of the vehicle's motion that ensures the ball continues to move forward even as it is thrown up and falls back down Inertia inertia rotational inertia Albert Einstein weightlessness equivalence Newton's Second Law kinematic General relativity the coherent theory of quantum gravity, it is unclear as to how or whether this connection is relevant on microscales the relative units of force and mass then are fixed Newton's Third Law The third law unidirectional force or a force that acts on only one body F and −F are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction the center of mass closed the mass of the system an intuitie understanding precise operational definitions Newtonian mechanics fully consistent with the conceptual definition of force offered by Newtonian mechanics vector quantities denoted scalar quantities associatiting forces with vectors ambiguous if you know that two people are pulling on the same rope with known magnitude and the direction of both forces to determine the result static equilibrium magnitude and direction the net force their respective lines of application resultant A horizontal force pointing northeast can therefore be split into two forces, one pointing north, and one pointing east two Summing these component forces using vector sum are uniquely determined by the scalar addition of the components of the individual vectors orthogonal components one pointing north, and one pointing east a situation where the object does not move because the applied force is opposed by static friction static friction the applied force increases or decreases the most usual way of measuring forces spring reaction force the force of gravity acting on the object balanced by a force applied by the "spring reaction force" force of gravity Isaac Newton Galileo rest Aristotle in an Aristotelian universe, the falling cannonball would land behind the foot of the mast of a moving ship behind the foot of the mast of a moving ship dynamic equilibrium kinetic friction force kinetic friction Aristotle Schrödinger Newtonian equations classical position variables the results of a measurement are now sometimes "quantized", i.e. they appear in discrete portions "force" is now dealing with operators instead of classical variables and though the physics is now dealing with operators instead of classical variables and though the physics is now dealing with operators instead of classical variables spin Pauli the value of the spin, identical particles split into two different classes symmetric symmetric a mathematical by-product of exchange of momentum-carrying gauge bosons force The conservation of momentum can be directly derived from the homogeneity or symmetry of space Feynman diagrams a straight line (see world line) traveling through time, which normally increases up or to the right in the diagram four strong and weak forces electromagnetic masses Pauli exclusion principle Isaac Newton 20th century combination of the electroweak interaction with the strong force is held out as a possibility with candidate theories such as supersymmetry proposed to accommodate some of the outstanding unsolved problems in physics particle physics posits a similarity between the forces and led scientists to predict the unification of the weak and electromagnetic forces in electroweak theory Isaac Newton Galileo usually designated as and has a magnitude of about 9.81 meters per second square (this measurement is taken from sea level and may vary depending on location), and points toward the center of the Earth sea level force of gravity larger distances the acceleration of the Moon the mass of the attracting body the radius a dimensional constant Henry Cavendish 1798 Newton Mercury Volcano Newton's Theory of gravity Albert Einstein Albert Einstein general relativity the straight line path gravitational force global a rule of vector multiplication called Lorentz's Law electrostatic force Lorentz's Law electrostatic force (due to the electric field) and the magnetic force (due to the magnetic field) James Clerk Maxwell 1864 20 4 Maxwell electromagnetic theory with two observations quantum mechanics quantum electrodynamics photons quantum electrodynamics the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force the Pauli exclusion principle energy it is technically only the result of the existence of a finite set of electron states the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force the Pauli exclusion principle energy it is technically only the result of the existence of a finite set of electron states elementary particles a residual of the force hadons gluons color confinement heavy The weak force The weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons 1013 1015 Kelvins The normal force Pauli repulsion the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects The normal force, for example, is responsible for the structural integrity of tables and floors as well as being the force that responds whenever an external force pushes on a solid object ideal strings that are massless, frictionless, unbreakable, and unstretchable ideal pulleys action-reaction pairs the conservation of mechanical energy since the work done on the load is the same no matter how complicated the machine a corresponding increase in the length of string that must be displaced in order to move the load idealized point particles extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object might affect other parts of an object extended fluids extended structure extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object might affect other parts of an object The stress tensor accounts for forces that cause all strains (deformations) stress-tensor pressure terms formalism Torque is the rotation equivalent of force in the same way that angle is the rotational equivalent for position, angular velocity for velocity, and angular momentum for momentum ensures that all bodies maintain their angular momentum unless acted upon by an unbalanced torque Newton's Second Law of Motion the center of the curving path perpendicular radial (centralipetal) force radial the Tangential force kinetic potential forms the net mechanical energy the difference in potential energy the direction and amount of a flow of water forces as being due to gradient of potentials gradient of potentials a force model that is independent of any macroscale position vector Nonconservative statistical mechanics nonconservative forces nonconservative forces act to change the internal energies of the system Second law of thermodynamics, nonconservative forces necessarily result in energy transformations within closed systems from ordered to more random conditions as entropy increases nonconservative forces kilogram-force the force exerted by standard gravity on one kilogram of mass the kilogram-force the thène kilogram-force