diff --git "a/eval/samples.validation.hyp.paragraph_question.answer.lmqg_qg_squad.default.txt" "b/eval/samples.validation.hyp.paragraph_question.answer.lmqg_qg_squad.default.txt"
new file mode 100644--- /dev/null
+++ "b/eval/samples.validation.hyp.paragraph_question.answer.lmqg_qg_squad.default.txt"
@@ -0,0 +1,10570 @@
+National Football League
+National Football League
+Levi's Stadium in the San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara, California
+National Football League
+golden
+American football game to determine the champion of the National Football League
+February 7, 2016
+American Football Conference
+American football game to determine the champion of the National Football League
+American Football Conference
+February 7, 2016
+Roman numerals (under which the game would have been known as "Super Bowl L")
+Levi's Stadium
+San Francisco Bay Area
+Super Bowl L
+2015
+24–10
+San Francisco Bay Area
+Levi's Stadium
+50th
+February 7, 2016
+2015
+Denver Broncos
+Denver Broncos
+Roman numerals (under which the game would have been known as "Super Bowl L")
+2015
+Denver Broncos
+Levi's Stadium in the San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara, California
+National Football League
+Denver Broncos
+Cam Newton
+eight
+1995
+Arizona Cardinals
+New England Patriots
+Arizona Cardinals 49–15
+New England Patriots
+New England Patriots
+four
+quarterback Cam Newton
+15–1
+Cam Newton
+12–4 record
+four
+New England Patriots
+Cam Newton
+Arizona Cardinals
+eight
+New England Patriots
+quarterback Cam Newton
+Arizona Cardinals
+Arizona Cardinals
+quarterback Cam Newton
+Arizona Cardinals
+15–1
+Von Miller
+two
+Broncos
+Von Miller
+five
+Newton
+seven
+Von Miller
+three
+two
+Von Miller
+linebacker
+five
+two
+Von Miller
+five solo tackles, 212 sacks, and two forced fumbles
+seven
+three
+defense
+Von Miller
+Super Bowl MVP
+seven
+three
+Von Miller
+five solo tackles, 212 sacks, and two forced fumbles
+CBS
+$5 million
+British rock group Coldplay
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+Super Bowl XLVII
+CBS
+$5 million
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+CBS
+$5 million
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+third-most
+CBS
+$5 million
+Coldplay
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+CBS
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+Super Bowl XLVII
+$5 million
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+Roger Goodell
+50th Super Bowl
+2012
+Roger Goodell
+early 2012
+Roger Goodell
+Roger Goodell
+Roger Goodell
+an important game for us as a league
+spectacular
+2012
+New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome
+New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome
+San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium
+Sun Life Stadium
+Levi's Stadium
+Levi's Stadium
+Mercedes-Benz Superdome
+Sun Life Stadium
+New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium, and the San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium
+three
+New Orleans
+Sun Life Stadium
+New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome
+Levi's Stadium
+San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium
+Mercedes-Benz Superdome
+Mercedes-Benz Superdome
+October 16, 2012
+10
+Super Bowl XLIV
+2010
+1985
+Sun Life Stadium
+October 16, 2012
+Stanford Stadium
+May 3, 2013
+2010
+10
+XLIV
+two
+New Orleans
+1985
+New Orleans
+October 16, 2012
+two
+New Orleans
+1985
+Florida legislature
+May 21, 2013
+NFL owners
+2014
+$1.2 billion
+San Diego
+Boston
+May 21, 2013
+$1.2 billion
+Super Bowl XXXVII
+San Diego
+2014
+2014
+$1.2 billion
+1985
+Super Bowl XXXVII
+1985
+2014
+2003
+San Francisco Bay Area
+May 21, 2013
+2014
+$1.2 billion
+2003
+John Fox
+one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss
+six
+The Carolina Panthers
+Super Bowl 50
+John Fox
+one of four teams to have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl
+ten
+Super Bowl 50
+six
+one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss
+one of four teams to have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl
+John Fox
+John Fox
+six
+one loss
+four
+John Fox
+DeAngelo Williams
+Kelvin Benjamin
+seventh
+1978
+Carolina Panthers
+Ten
+eight
+Kelvin Benjamin
+1978
+2009
+2011 Green Bay Packers
+ACL
+Kelvin Benjamin
+DeAngelo Williams
+1978
+Ten
+Carolina Panthers
+1978
+NFC
+Ten
+six
+45
+a career-low 10 interceptions
+27
+Greg Olsen
+45 total
+Pro Bowl quarterback
+1,104 yards and seven touchdowns
+key receivers
+Jonathan Stewart
+six
+Cam Newton
+3,837
+five
+six
+500
+18
+six
+99.4
+39
+308
+136
+118
+four
+Kony Ealy
+just 308 points, ranking sixth in the league
+Pro Bowl defensive tackle Kawann Short
+two of the Panthers three starting linebackers were also selected to play in the Pro Bowl: Thomas Davis and Luke Kuechly
+four
+Josh Norman
+two interceptions, two of which were returned for touchdowns
+Kony Ealy
+Jared Allen
+four interceptions, two of which were returned for touchdowns
+John Fox
+Brock Osweiler
+Indianapolis Colts
+Brock Osweiler
+John Fox (who had won four divisional championships in his four years as Broncos head coach), and the hiring of Gary Kubiak as the new head coach
+four
+Gary Kubiak
+a key 27–20 win
+39
+a partial tear of the plantar fasciitis
+Gary Kubiak
+Brock Osweiler
+plantar fasciitis
+39
+13–7
+John Fox
+Indianapolis Colts
+John Fox
+plantar fasciitis
+John Fox (who had won four divisional championships in his four years as Broncos head coach), and the hiring of Gary Kubiak as the new head coach
+67.9
+2,249 yards and nine touchdowns
+Demaryius Thomas
+Manning finished the year with a career-low 67.9 passer rating, throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17 interceptions
+1,967 yards, 10 touchdowns and six interceptions for a rating of 86.4
+67.9
+2,249
+2,249 yards and nine touchdowns
+Manning
+Veteran receiver
+67.9
+17
+Demaryius Thomas
+a big impact with 720 yards, five touchdowns, 24 receptions, and a 4.7 yards per carry average
+67.9
+17
+Emmanuel Sanders
+C. J. Anderson
+4.7
+4,530
+512
+Linebacker Brandon Marshall
+three interceptions
+Pro Bowl
+Linebacker
+512 sacks
+fourth
+Von Miller
+Brandon Marshall
+three interceptions
+Pro Bowl linebacker Von Miller
+Brandon Marshall
+Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson
+Seattle Seahawks
+Arizona Cardinals
+487
+seven
+31–24
+Arizona Cardinals
+49–15
+487
+Seattle Seahawks
+Seattle Seahawks
+seven
+Seattle Seahawks
+49–15
+Seattle Seahawks
+487
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+11
+New England Patriots
+20–18
+17 seconds
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+11 points
+New England Patriots
+17
+Manning's problems with interceptions
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+11
+the Pittsburgh Steelers
+Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots
+New England Patriots
+17
+Thomas Davis
+broken arm
+three
+11
+broken arm
+a broken arm
+11
+NFC Championship Game
+three
+broken arm
+11
+Thomas Davis
+39
+John Elway
+39
+Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager
+Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager
+Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager
+Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations
+39
+John Elway
+two
+two
+Peyton Manning
+Peyton Manning
+Super Bowl XXXIII
+Peyton Manning
+39
+John Elway
+1998
+1998
+26
+26
+Newton
+Manning
+Newton
+26
+a quarterback on both teams who was the #1 pick in their draft classes
+NFL
+2011
+Newton for Carolina and Von Miller for Denver
+2011
+26
+26
+Super Bowl XX
+Chicago Bears
+Chicago Bears
+Elway
+Elway
+Chicago Bears
+Elway
+Kubiak replacing Elway at the end of the Broncos
+Kubiak replacing Elway at the end of the Broncos' defeats in Super Bowls XXI and XXIV
+Justin Tucker
+Bermuda 419 turf
+Atlanta Braves
+Baltimore Ravens
+kicker
+Baltimore Ravens
+kicker
+natural grass stadiums
+Justin Tucker
+re-sodded the field with a new playing surface
+a hybrid Bermuda 419 turf
+their cleats
+Justin Tucker
+natural grass stadiums
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+0-4
+Denver
+white
+Atlanta Falcons 34–19
+Denver QB
+0-4
+Denver QB
+white
+orange
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+Super Bowl XXXIII
+0-4
+blue
+blue jerseys
+Stanford University
+Stanford University
+San Jose
+Santa Clara Marriott
+San Jose Marriott
+Santa Clara Marriott
+Stanford University
+Stanford University
+Stanford University
+San Jose Marriott
+Stanford University
+Stanford University
+San Jose State
+San Jose Marriott
+Stanford University
+Santa Clara Marriott
+June 4, 2014
+Super Bowl LI
+Jaime Weston
+Super Bowl XLV
+Vince Lombardi Trophy
+2014
+Super Bowl LI
+Arabic numerals
+gold
+June 4, 2014
+Super Bowl LI
+Super Bowl LI
+Vince Lombardi Trophy
+June 4, 2014
+Arabic
+Super Bowl LI
+gold
+week 7
+50
+gold
+Gold
+Golden Super Bowl
+Gold footballs
+50
+gold
+Moscone Center
+San Francisco
+Ed Lee
+Jane Kim
+January 30
+More than 1 million
+Ed Lee
+Moscone Center
+"Super Bowl City"
+Moscone Center
+"Super Bowl City"
+Ed Lee
+"Super Bowl City"
+More than 1 million
+Ed Lee
+$5 million
+"Super Bowl City" opened on January 30 at Justin Herman Plaza on The Embarcadero
+Santa Clara University
+$2 million
+week-long
+$2 million
+pep
+A professional fundraiser
+Bellomy Field
+professional fundraiser
+city council
+$2 million
+the city council
+February 1, 2016
+February 1, 2016
+SAP Center
+San Jose
+Golden Gate Bridge
+Tuesday
+February 1, 2016
+Opening Night
+SAP Center
+San Jose
+February 1, 2016
+Super Bowl Opening Night
+San Jose
+Golden Gate Bridge
+the Monday evening
+Super Bowl Opening Night
+SAP Center in San Jose
+Golden Gate Bridge
+February 1, 2016
+Super Bowl
+over $40 million
+Dignity Health
+Dignity Health
+Dignity Health
+Super Bowl 50 Host Committee
+over $40 million
+over $40 million
+Business Connect
+Business Connect
+over $40 million
+25
+The Super Bowl 50
+25
+50 fund
+Super Bowl
+25 percent
+50 fund
+25
+The committee created the 50 fund as its philanthropic initiative and focuses on providing grants to aid with youth development, community investment and sustainable environments
+Vince Lombardi Trophy
+18
+18-karat gold-plated
+Tiffany & Co
+Tiffany & Co
+Vince Lombardi Trophy
+Tiffany & Co
+Tiffany & Co
+Vince Lombardi Trophy
+Tiffany & Co
+CBS
+Phil Simms
+Tracy Wolfson
+36
+5K
+three
+on the sidelines
+360
+5K
+on the sidelines
+XXXV
+three
+XXXV
+Jim Nantz and Phil Simms
+Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn
+5K
+the cameras were upgraded to 5K resolution
+NBC and Fox
+John Sutcliffe
+Alvaro Martin
+December 28, 2015
+Spanish
+third dedicated Spanish-language
+ESPN Deportes
+John Sutcliffe
+third dedicated Spanish-language broadcast
+Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre
+John Sutcliffe
+NFL Mobile service
+WatchESPN
+CBSSports.com
+tablets
+Chromecast and Roku
+CBSSports.com
+CBSSports.com
+Verizon Wireless
+Verizon Wireless customers
+Verizon
+NFL Mobile service
+Chromecast and Roku
+Verizon Wireless
+WatchESPN
+The Late Show with Stephen Colbert
+The Late Late Show with James Corden
+Stephen Colbert
+Stephen Colbert
+The Late Show with Stephen Colbert
+the game
+CBS also aired a special episode of The Late Late Show with James Corden
+$5,000,000
+Anheuser-Busch InBev
+Doritos
+20th
+$5,000,000
+Anheuser-Busch InBev
+Doritos
+Nintendo and The Pokémon Company
+The Pokémon Company
+Anheuser-Busch InBev
+Doritos
+Anheuser-Busch InBev
+Doritos
+Crash the Super Bowl
+"Small Business Big Game"
+Death Wish coffee
+30-second commercial
+nine
+Death Wish coffee
+nine
+QuickBooks
+Death Wish coffee
+30
+Death Wish coffee
+Death Wish coffee
+Jason Bourne
+Gods of Egypt
+Jason Bourne
+Apocalypse
+Walt Disney Studios
+Walt Disney Studios
+Jason Bourne
+Captain America: Civil War
+Deadpool
+Captain America: Civil War, The Jungle Book and Alice Through the Looking Glass
+Fox
+Westwood One
+Kevin Harlan
+Jim Gray
+Boomer Esiason
+James Lofton
+Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts
+Kevin Harlan
+Westwood One
+Kevin Harlan
+Jim Gray
+Kevin Harlan
+Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts
+James Lofton and Mark Malone
+pre-game and halftime coverage
+North America
+KRFX
+Dave Logan
+1110 AM
+Chester, South Carolina
+Mick Mixon
+Dave Logan
+Ed McCaffrey
+WBT
+Mick Mixon
+KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM)
+WBT
+BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra
+Live Sports Extra
+Darren Fletcher
+BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra
+Greg Brady
+Bart Starr
+Chuck Howley
+Peyton Manning
+2001
+Peyton Manning
+39
+Peyton Manning
+Super Bowl XII
+39
+39
+Bart Starr
+Peyton Manning
+Super Bowl XII
+Six-time
+national anthem
+Academy Award
+American Sign Language
+American Sign Language
+Academy Award nominee Lady Gaga
+American Sign Language
+Academy Award nominee Lady Gaga
+Marlee Matlin
+Academy Award nominee Lady Gaga
+Six-time
+Marlee Matlin
+December 3
+British
+Super Bowl XLVII
+"Hymn for the Weekend"
+Super Bowl XLVIII
+Bruno Mars
+Associated Press
+"Hymn for the Weekend"
+Bruno Mars
+"Hymn for the Weekend"
+"Hymn for the Weekend"
+Mark Ronson
+Denver
+Andre Caldwell
+Ronnie Hillman
+Brandon McManus
+C. J. Anderson
+20
+Shaq Thompson
+Brandon McManus
+a deficit
+Denver
+Owen Daniels
+C. J. Anderson
+Carolina was facing a deficit
+a deficit
+Mike Carey
+Cam Newton
+Von Miller
+Malik Jackson
+Super Bowl XXVIII
+Cam Newton
+CBS
+Von Miller
+Von Miller
+1993
+Mike Carey
+Von Miller
+Malik Jackson
+end of the 1993 season
+Jonathan Stewart
+both teams
+28
+61
+33
+51
+Jonathan Stewart
+11:28
+Norwood
+33
+Jonathan Stewart
+they could not get the ball into the end zone
+Darian Stewart
+linebacker
+Kony Ealy
+Newton
+DeMarcus Ware
+Mike Tolbert
+Kony Ealy
+19
+Mike Tolbert
+Mike Tolbert
+Darian Stewart
+Kony Ealy
+defensive end Kony Ealy tipped a Manning pass to himself
+DeMarcus Ware
+Ted Ginn Jr
+Manning completed a pair of passes to Emmanuel Sanders for gains of 25 and 22 yards, setting up McManus' 33-yard field goal that gave the Broncos a 16–7 lead
+22
+McManus
+T. J. Ward
+Ted Ginn Jr
+uprights
+Ted Ginn Jr
+Trevathan
+Corey Brown
+26
+Graham Gano
+Emmanuel Sanders
+Devin Funchess
+39
+Devin Funchess
+Stewart
+41-yard line
+Ealy
+Carolina on the 50-yard line
+end in punts
+Ealy
+Panthers 41-yard line
+39
+The next three drives of the game would end in punts
+24
+Carolina
+Josh Norman
+Miller
+Bennie Fowler
+Miller
+Ward
+Newton
+Josh Norman
+3:08
+4:51
+Miller
+Ward
+three
+Anderson
+six total tackles (five solo), 212 sacks, and two forced fumbles
+zero
+four
+Thomas Davis
+18 of 41 passes for 265 yards
+13 of 23 for 141 yards with one interception and zero touchdowns
+zero
+Anderson
+Sanders
+Thomas Davis
+Sanders
+Anderson
+11
+265 yards
+four
+315 to 194
+21 to 11
+Baltimore Ravens
+Jordan Norwood
+Manning
+315 to 194
+21 to 11
+Kony Ealy
+the first head coach to win a Super Bowl with the same franchise he went to the Super Bowl with as a player
+21 to 11
+21 to 11
+Super Bowl winning team
+Kony Ealy
+two different teams
+Nobel Prize
+1745
+Maria Skodowska-Curie
+Wadysaw Szpilman
+seven months
+100
+Krasiski Palace Garden
+Saxon Garden
+east end
+azienki Park
+15 kilometres
+otter, beaver and hundreds of bird species
+13
+several
+to clean them of plants and sediments
+foreign-born inhabitants
+833,500
+34%
+Jewish
+internal migration and urbanisation
+Warsaw University of Technology
+2,000
+Medical University of Warsaw
+1816
+Warsaw School of Economics
+1816
+two million
+green
+Irena Bajerska
+5,111 m2
+infrastructure
+the initial Three-Year Plan to rebuild Poland
+solid economic growth
+improved markedly
+Warsaw
+Children's Memorial Health Institute
+Maria Skodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology
+700
+developed a lot over the past years
+musical
+events and festivals
+Palace of Culture and Science
+Warsaw Autumn
+events and festivals
+Ogrd Saski
+Ogrd Saski
+1870 to 1939
+Momus
+Wojciech Bogusawski Theatre
+Wianki
+Gatherings of thousands
+a yearly event in the programme of cultural events in Warsaw
+when they would be married
+fern
+art posters
+60
+prestigious ones
+paintings
+arms
+Warsaw Uprising Museum
+Katy Museum
+historic stereoscopic
+Museum of Independence
+60
+Royal Ujazdw Castle
+500
+Zachta National Gallery of Art
+modern art by Polish and international artists
+last weekend of September
+Polonia Warsaw
+1946
+twice as well
+Konwiktorska Street
+their disastrous financial situation
+syrenka
+The mermaid (syrenka)
+at least the mid-14th century
+1390
+a sword
+depths of the oceans and seas
+the depths of the oceans and seas
+on the coast of Denmark
+Warszowa
+he followed the fishermen and captured
+Warsaw
+1916
+Art Deco style
+the Israeli poet
+Isaac Bashevis Singer
+Economist Intelligence Unit
+2012
+FMCG manufacturing, metal processing, steel and electronic manufacturing and food processing
+The Warsaw Stock Exchange
+Frontex
+1313
+Krakw
+1806
+King Sigismund III Vasa
+it has survived many wars, conflicts and invasions throughout its long history
+Roman Catholic
+Polish Academy of Sciences
+UNESCO World Heritage Site
+iconic
+luxurious parks and royal gardens
+Warszawa
+belonging to Warsz
+a shortened form of the masculine name of Slavic origin Warcisaw
+village located at the modern-day site of Mariensztat neighbourhood
+miasto stoeczne Warszawa
+Jazdw
+Prince of Pock
+1300
+1413
+1526
+General Sejm
+1569
+religious freedom
+establishing religious freedom in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
+1596
+1796
+Kingdom of Prussia
+Napoleon
+Congress of Vienna of 1815
+1816
+from 4 August 1915 until November 1918
+areas controlled by Russia
+Pisudski
+1920
+the Red Army
+1 September 1939
+a German Nazi colonial administration
+several hundred thousand
+19 April 1943
+almost a month
+the Red Army
+Stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent Poland
+1 August 1944
+63
+between 150,000 and 200,000
+"Bricks for Warsaw"
+large prefabricated housing projects
+Eastern Bloc
+Palace of Culture and Science
+UNESCO's World Heritage list
+Let Thy Spirit descend
+anti-communist fervor
+less than a year
+Victory Square
+incentive for the democratic changes
+about 300 km (190 mi)
+523 km (325 mi)
+Vistula River
+115.7 metres (379.6 ft)
+right bank of the Vistula
+two
+plain moraine plateau and the Vistula Valley
+moraine plateau (10 to 25 m (32.8 to 82.0 ft) above Vistula level
+The Vistula River
+Warsaw Escarpment
+plain moraine
+former flooded terraces and the lowest one the flood plain terrace
+valleys and ground depressions with water systems
+by peat swamps or small ponds cover the highest terrace
+pine forest
+turbulent history of the city and country
+During the Second World War
+Second World War
+Leopold Kronenberg Palace
+Eastern bloc countries
+Gothic
+14th century
+the temple is a typical example of the so-called Masovian gothic style
+Renaissance
+mannerist architecture
+17th century
+1688–1692
+rococo
+The neoclassical architecture in Warsaw
+1775–1795
+bourgeois
+they were rebuilt in socialist realism style
+socialist realism
+Warsaw University of Technology building
+distinctive buildings
+many places
+Pawiak
+Warsaw Citadel
+children who served as messengers and frontline troops in the Warsaw Uprising
+Warsaw Uprising Monument by Wincenty Kuma
+green spaces
+New Orangery
+Pole Mokotowskie
+Park Ujazdowski
+1927
+The species richness is mainly due to the location of Warsaw within the border region of several big floral regions comprising substantial proportions of close-to-wilderness areas
+within the borders of Warsaw
+Masovian Primeval Forest
+Kabaty Forest
+two
+1,300,000
+420,000
+1951
+better only because they lived in the capital
+residency registration
+multi-cultural
+711,988
+56.2%
+2.8%
+aftermath of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944
+a commune (gmina)
+a commune (gmina)
+Krakw
+a unicameral Warsaw City Council (Rada Miasta)
+60
+every four years
+committees which have the oversight of various functions of the city government
+30
+President
+Jan Andrzej Menich
+1695–1696
+City council
+Centrum
+rdmiecie
+304,016
+emerging market
+12%
+191.766 billion PLN
+1817
+World War II
+April 1991
+374
+Polish United Workers' Party
+1951
+Colombia
+Daewoo
+AvtoZAZ
+Aveo
+Warszawa
+Warsaw
+Vistula River
+1.740 million
+9th most-populous
+Warsaw
+Vistula River
+260 kilometres (160 mi)
+2.666 million
+9th
+France
+10th and 11th centuries
+Denmark, Iceland and Norway
+Rollo
+10th century
+William the Conqueror
+Richard I of Normandy
+Christian
+Norman, Viking
+9th century
+911
+King Charles III of West Francia
+the river Seine
+Picardy or the le-de-France
+the indigenous langue d'ol branch of Romance
+north
+fighting horsemen
+Saracen attack
+Archangel Michael
+Monte Gargano
+Drogo
+William Iron Arm
+Robert Guiscard, a Hauteville
+1130
+Squillace
+Kitab Rudjdjar
+The Book of Roger
+meritocratic
+Seljuk Turks
+1050s
+1060s
+Alexius Komnenos
+Afranji
+A Norman
+Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron
+Byzantine Greece were of Norman mercenary origin during the period of the Comnenian Restoration
+Robert Guiscard
+February 1082
+30,000
+city of Deabolis
+Bohemond
+river Deabolis, Gllavenica (Ballsh), Kanina and Jericho
+1185
+Dyrrachium
+Byzantine hands
+King Ethelred II of England
+Duke Richard II
+Normandy
+Sweyn Forkbeard
+Harthacnut
+1041
+Robert of Jumiges
+Battle of Hastings
+Duke William II of Normandy
+1066
+Anglo-Saxons
+Anglo-Saxon
+1169
+Bannow Bay
+Irish
+King Malcolm III
+King Malcolm III
+1072
+Duncan
+Sybilla of Normandy
+Norman
+Hereford
+the Welsh
+Edward the Confessor
+Cheshire
+carve out a state for himself from Moorish lands
+William of Montreuil
+1097
+Tancred
+Jerusalem
+380 years
+large fleet
+Berengaria
+1191
+Richard the Lion-hearted left Messina with a large fleet in order to reach Acre
+Conrad of Montferrat
+silver
+Guy de Lusignan
+Richard the Lion-Heart
+12 May 1191
+double coronation
+1489
+Knights Templar
+Africa
+Bethencourt
+Maciot de Bethencourt
+Jean's nephew Maciot de Bethencourt
+Channel Islands
+two
+Romanesque
+rounded
+Early Gothic
+Early Gothic
+within the Kingdom of Sicily
+early 11th century
+the dukes
+16th century
+embroidery
+Bayeux Tapestry
+Odo, the Bishop of Bayeux and first Earl of Kent
+mosaics
+11th century
+William of Volpiano and John of Ravenna
+southern Italy
+Latin
+Robert Guiscard
+singing
+1943
+Serbian Cyrillic
+1943
+7 January 1943
+1943
+Serbian
+modern alternating current
+1884
+Thomas Edison
+George Westinghouse
+New York City
+a corporate alternating current/direct current "War of Currents"
+1884
+Thomas Edison
+New York City
+George Westinghouse
+AC induction motor
+1893
+high-voltage
+mechanical oscillators/generators, electrical discharge tubes, and early X-ray imaging
+Colorado Springs
+1893
+a wireless controlled boat
+Wardenclyffe Tower project
+1943
+the SI unit of magnetic flux density the tesla
+New York hotels
+an archetypal "mad scientist"
+a reputation in popular culture as an archetypal "mad scientist"
+1943
+SI unit of magnetic flux density the tesla
+1990s
+showmanship
+Croatia
+Serbian Orthodox priest
+eidetic memory
+Nikola
+Serbian Orthodox priest
+Milutin Tesla
+uka Tesla
+making home craft tools, mechanical appliances, and the ability to memorize Serbian epic poems
+western Serbia
+three
+"Lower" or "Primary" School, followed by the "Lower Real Gymnasium" or "Normal School."
+1862
+Dane
+Milka, Angelina and Marica
+killed in a horse-riding accident
+Gospi, Austrian Empire
+pastor
+Martin Sekuli
+German
+integral calculus
+cheating
+1873
+1870
+to attend school at the Higher Real Gymnasium
+Martin Sekuli
+German
+1873
+cholera
+nine months
+send him to the best engineering school
+enter the priesthood
+his birthtown, Smiljan
+1873
+cholera
+nine months
+enter the priesthood
+illness
+Tomingaj
+Mark Twain
+mountains
+1874
+books
+this contact with nature made him stronger, both physically and mentally
+1874
+evaded being drafted into the Austro-Hungarian Army in Smiljan
+Mark Twain
+1875
+Austrian Polytechnic
+1879
+a package of letters from his professors to his father, warning that unless he were removed from the school, Tesla would be killed through overwork
+He never graduated from the university and did not receive grades for the last semester
+Graz
+1875
+1879
+gambled away his allowance
+killed through overwork
+left Graz and severed all relations with his family to hide the fact that he dropped out of school
+to hide the fact that he dropped out of school
+a draftsman
+hide the fact that he dropped out of school
+nervous breakdown
+December 1878
+that he dropped out of school
+he had drowned in the Mur River
+draftsman
+he dropped out of school
+police guard for not having a residence permit
+24 March 1879
+60
+a stroke
+taught a large class of students
+not having a residence permit
+24 March 1879
+Higher Real Gymnasium
+he died of a stroke
+Gospi
+he did not receive grades for the courses
+attend lectures
+Charles-Ferdinand University
+Prague
+January 1880
+Gospi
+two of Tesla's uncles
+Budapest
+Ferenc Pusks
+chief electrician position
+telephone repeater or amplifier
+chief electrician position
+1881
+Ferenc Pusks
+the Budapest Telephone Exchange
+chief electrician position
+1882
+France
+New York City
+Thomas Edison
+Continental Edison Company
+Edison Machine Works on Manhattan's lower east side
+France
+June 1884
+Thomas Edison
+Manhattan's lower east side
+US$10 a week
+a US$10 a week raise over Tesla's US$18 per week salary
+1885
+US$10 a week
+American humor
+US$10 a week
+two businessmen
+electric lighting company
+installed electrical arc light based illumination systems
+dynamo electric machine commutators
+Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing
+Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing
+1886
+Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing
+installed electrical arc light based illumination systems
+Tesla
+forced Tesla out leaving him penniless
+leaving him penniless
+work at various electrical repair jobs and even as a ditch digger
+1886/1887
+he had assigned them to the company in lieu of stock
+ditch digger
+electrical repair jobs
+a Western Union superintendent
+April 1887
+13 to Tesla, 13 to Peck and Brown, and 13 to fund development
+89 Liberty Street
+late 1886
+a Western Union superintendent
+Alfred S. Brown
+89 Liberty Street in Manhattan
+Tesla Electric Company
+induction motor
+May 1888
+a commutator
+sparking and the high maintenance of constantly servicing and replacing mechanical brushes
+self-starting
+1887
+because of its advantages in long-distance, high-voltage transmission
+commutator
+May 1888
+a friend and publicist
+American Institute of Electrical Engineers
+1888
+decided Tesla's patent would probably control the market
+Thomas Commerford Martin
+Thomas Commerford Martin
+Galileo Ferraris
+Galileo Ferraris
+Italian physicist
+Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company
+1888
+$60,000
+Westinghouse
+a  specialist at the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh labs
+$60,000
+July 1888
+Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh labs
+Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh labs
+Pittsburgh
+Pittsburgh
+60
+DC traction motor
+an alternating current system to power the city's streetcars
+DC traction motor
+Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse
+rival lighting systems
+AC development
+Thomas Edison
+electrical distribution battle being waged between Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse
+Edison
+1888
+the financial strain of buying up patents and hiring the engineers needed to build it meant development of Tesla's motor had to be put on hold for a while
+Thomas Edison
+George Westinghouse
+Chicago
+General Electric
+Tesla Polyphase System
+Tesla Polyphase System
+George Westinghouse
+Columbian Exposition in Chicago
+1893
+AC power
+Richard Dean Adams
+a two-phased system would be the most reliable and that there was a Westinghouse system to light incandescent bulbs using two-phase alternating current
+Westinghouse Electric
+Westinghouse Electric
+two-phased system
+Richard Dean Adams
+1893
+two-phased system
+there was a Westinghouse system to light incandescent bulbs using two-phase alternating current
+1896
+$216,000
+$2.50 per AC horsepower
+$200,000
+J. P. Morgan
+$200,000
+$216,000
+35
+South Fifth Avenue
+electric lamps
+Tesla coil
+30 July 1891
+Tesla coil
+35
+wireless
+American Institute of Electrical Engineers
+Institute of Radio Engineers
+1892 to 1894
+vice president
+1892 to 1894
+Institute of Radio Engineers
+he had noticed damaged film in his laboratory in previous experiments
+5th Avenue laboratory fire
+December 1895
+metal locking screw
+1894
+"Roentgen rays" or "X-Rays"
+lost in the 5th Avenue laboratory fire
+X-ray
+Mark Twain
+X-rays
+March 1896
+Tesla Coil
+X-rays
+Tesla Coil
+March 1896
+X-ray imaging
+Roentgen rays of much greater power than obtainable with ordinary apparatus
+X-rays were longitudinal waves, such as those produced in waves in plasmas
+various causes
+lesser extent
+his circuit and single-node X-ray-producing devices
+force-free magnetic fields
+Roentgen rays
+longitudinal waves
+plasmas
+Roentgen rays
+Benjamin Lamme
+1893
+Westinghouse Electric
+Egg of Columbus
+Tesla
+11 July 1934
+break off the cathode
+he could feel a sharp stinging pain where it entered his body, and again at the place where it passed out
+electric gun
+National Electric Light Association
+Tesla Coil
+the Franklin Institute
+1898
+tele automaton
+Madison Square Garden
+electrical exhibition at Madison Square Garden
+monkey
+1900
+Guglielmo Marconi
+1901
+1903
+Supreme Court of the United States
+1899
+Colorado Springs
+15 June 1899
+five inches
+atmospheric
+stationary
+resonant frequency
+lightning
+135 feet
+15 miles away
+turned off
+electrified
+power outage
+burned out
+powerful high frequency currents set up in them
+jump through the windings and destroy the insulation
+communications from another planet
+Talking with Planets
+Collier's Weekly article "Talking With Planets"
+that the signals could come from Mars, Venus, or other planets
+July 1899
+$100,000
+Colorado Springs experiments
+Colorado Springs experiments
+1899
+7 January 1900
+torn down
+1904
+contents were sold two years later to satisfy a debt
+trans-Atlantic wireless telecommunications facility
+trans-Atlantic wireless telecommunications
+near Shoreham, Long Island
+Morgan
+the original agreement
+by saying that he was affected by the Panic of 1901
+over 50 letters
+to complete the construction of Wardenclyffe
+Marconi successfully transmitted the letter S from England to Newfoundland
+187
+200
+100–5,000 hp
+1906
+200 horsepower (150 kilowatts) 16,000 rpm bladeless turbine
+steam
+Houston Street lab
+the machine oscillated at the resonance frequency of his own building
+World Today
+set the earth's crust into such a state of vibration that it would rise and fall hundreds of feet and practically destroy civilization
+the application of electricity
+saturating them unconsciously with electricity
+William H. Maxwell
+superintendent of New York City schools
+overseas
+lost the funding he was receiving from his patents in European countries
+sold Wardenclyffe for $20,000 ($472,500 in today's dollars
+$20,000 ($472,500
+AIEE's highest honor, the Edison Medal
+Electrical Experimenter
+a fluorescent screen
+a very strong high frequency signal would be needed was correct stating "(Tesla) was prophesying or dreaming
+mile Girardeau
+Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla
+Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg
+he has made known his intention to refuse the reward is ridiculous
+recipient could only decline a Nobel Prize after he is announced a winner
+their animosity toward each other
+38
+Edison
+1937
+1,655,114
+a biplane capable of taking off vertically (VTOL aircraft)
+less than $1,000
+turbine engines
+$125 per month
+accept charity, or by one biographer (Marc Seifer), as a type of unspecified settlement
+$125 per month
+impoverished conditions their former star inventor was living under
+mechanical energy
+any terrestrial distance
+minimal loss
+mineral deposits
+1935
+refused medical aid
+consult a doctor
+broken
+early 1938
+1937
+"teleforce"
+Van de Graaff generator
+infantry
+anti-aircraft purposes
+death ray
+1937
+luncheon
+small tungsten
+high voltage
+Only a little time
+charged particle beam
+Nikola Tesla Museum archive in Belgrade
+Belgrade
+millions
+all war
+committed any part of it to paper
+teleforce weapon
+his papers
+86
+7 January 1943
+Alice Monaghan
+do not disturb
+coronary thrombosis
+Tesla was an American citizen
+Alien Property Custodian
+nothing
+Manhattan storage and Warehouse Company
+Louis Adamic
+Louis Adamic
+12 January
+two thousand
+Ferncliff Cemetery
+Belgrade
+Sava Kosanovi
+Charlotte Muzar
+Nikola Tesla Museum
+in a gold-plated sphere on a marble pedestal in the Nikola Tesla Museum
+around 300
+26
+Canada
+patent archives
+8:5 p.m
+3:00 a.m.
+3:00 a.m.
+headwaiter
+between 8 to 10 miles per day
+it stimulated his brain cells
+stimulated his brain cells
+brain cells
+telepathy
+newspaper editor
+one
+broken wing and leg
+over $2,000
+he had been visited by a specific injured white pigeon daily
+park
+hotel room
+142 pounds
+6 feet 2 inches
+1888 to about 1926
+New York City
+eight
+a peculiar affliction
+they would be able to envision it in realistic detail
+blinding flashes of light
+photographic
+48 hours
+84 hours
+Graz
+Swezey
+a journalist whom Tesla had befriended
+chastity
+"Sometimes I feel that by not marrying, I made too great a sacrifice to my work..."
+end of his life
+Dorothy Skerrit
+Robert Underwood Johnson
+seclude himself
+a "distinguished sweetness, sincerity, modesty, refinement, generosity, and force."
+seldom did one meet a scientist or engineer who was also a poet
+Francis Marion Crawford
+his lab and elsewhere
+middle age
+overweight people
+a secretary
+her weight
+fired a secretary
+smaller subatomic particles
+an all pervasive "ether" that transmitted electrical energy
+transmitted electrical energy
+19th
+Einstein's theory of relativity
+antagonistic
+relativity
+gravity
+1892
+curved
+81
+an imposed selective breeding version of eugenics
+humans' "pity"
+"pity"
+1937
+Queen Bees
+1926
+Queen Bees
+post-World War I
+"Science and Discovery are the great Forces which will lead to the Consummation of the War"
+20 December 1914
+League of Nations
+Orthodox Christian
+opposed religious fanaticism
+Buddhism and Christianity
+"A Machine to End War"
+made
+War
+a number of books and articles for magazines and journals
+David Hatcher Childress
+Ben Johnston
+on the web
+1900
+Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla
+science fiction
+comics and video games
+several
+Time magazine
+75th birthday
+electrical power generation
+Albert Einstein
+70
+Computational complexity theory
+their inherent difficulty
+computational problem
+significant resources, whatever the algorithm used
+mathematical models
+amount of communication (used in communication complexity) and the number of processors (used in parallel computing)
+number of gates
+to determine the practical limits on what computers can and cannot do
+algorithms and computability theory
+computability theory
+computability theory
+computability theory
+a problem ice
+a problem
+abstract
+the solution is the output corresponding to the given input
+the solution is the output corresponding to the given input
+2000
+asking for a round trip
+computational problems and not particular problem
+binary alphabet
+the binary alphabet
+bitstrings
+binary notation
+their adjacency matrices
+Decision problems
+either no or no, or alternately either 1 or 0
+either yes or no, or alternately either 1 or 0
+a formal language
+the algorithm deciding this problem returns the answer yes
+arbitrary
+formal language
+how graphs are encoded as binary strings
+the traveling salesman problem and the integer factorization problem
+a single output (of a total function)
+integer factorization problem
+integer factorization problem
+more complex
+decision problems
+the set of triples
+the size of the input in bits
+a size of the input in bits
+as a function of the size of the ice
+bits
+an increase in the input size
+Cobham
+the time taken
+worst-case time complexity T(n)
+the maximum time taken over all inputs of size n
+the algorithm is said to be a polynomial time algorithm
+Turing machine
+an algorithm
+Turing machine
+manipulates symbols
+deterministic Turing machine
+rules
+non-determinism
+non-determinism
+randomized algorithms
+complexity classes
+when resources (such as time or space) are bounded
+deterministic Turing machines, probabilistic Turing machines, non-deterministic Turing machines
+random access machines
+The time and memory consumption of these alternate models may vary
+time and memory
+that the machines operate deterministically
+non-deterministic
+computational problems are easier to analyze in terms of more unusual resources
+algorithms
+non-deterministic time
+yes
+their difficulty
+DTIME(f(n)
+DTIME(f(n)
+computational
+computational
+communication complexity, circuit complexity, and decision tree complexity
+Complexity measures are very generally defined by the Blum complexity axioms
+a computational resource
+The best, worst and average case complexity
+time complexity (or any other complexity measure) of different inputs of the same size
+the time complexity (or any other complexity measure) of different inputs of the same size
+inputs of size n may be faster to solve than others
+deterministic sorting algorithm quicksort
+O(n log n) time
+time O(n2)
+the most efficient algorithm solving a given problem
+algorithms
+lower
+worst-case complexity
+all possible algorithms
+big O notation
+constant factors and smaller terms
+one would write T(n) = O(n2)
+independent of the specific details of the computational model used
+some complexity classes
+framework
+complicated definitions that do not fit into this framework
+the chosen machine model
+quadratic
+single-tape
+Cobham-Edmonds
+P
+time or space
+bounding
+important complexity classes
+BPP, ZPP and RP
+Boolean circuits
+quantum
+#P
+Interactive
+computation time
+DTIME(n2) is contained in DTIME(n2
+time and space hierarchy theorems
+the respective resources
+quantitative
+The time and space hierarchy theorems
+EXPTIME
+PSPACE
+a reduction
+another problem
+X reduces
+Karp reductions and Levin reductions
+log-space reductions
+a polynomial-time reduction
+an algorithm for multiplying two integers
+the reduction process takes polynomial time
+squaring is not more difficult than multiplication
+multiplication
+type of reduction
+an algorithm for X allows us to solve any problem in C
+solve any problem
+NP-hard problems
+most difficult problems
+they are the ones most likely not to be in P
+polynomial-time solution
+P = NP
+The complexity class P
+Cobham–Edmonds thesis
+NP
+the Boolean satisfiability problem
+non-deterministic Turing machines
+many important problems can be shown to have more efficient solutions
+integer programming problems in operations research
+US$1,000,000
+Ladner
+NP-intermediate problems
+graph isomorphism problem
+the problem is at least not NP-complete
+NP-complete
+polynomial time hierarchy collapses to its second level
+second
+Laszlo Babai and Eugene Luks
+integer factorization problem
+k
+modern cryptographic systems
+the general number field sieve
+breakthrough
+breakthrough
+all these complexity classes collapse to one class
+any of these classes are unequal would be a major breakthrough in complexity theory
+co-NP
+reversed
+NP is not equal to NP
+the class containing the complement problems (i.e. problems with the yes/no answers reversed) of NP problems
+if L (the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space) is strictly contained in P or equal to P. Again
+they are distinct or equal classes
+the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space
+NL and NC
+if they are distinct or equal classes
+intractable problems
+polynomial time algorithm is not always practical
+NP-complete problems
+Presburger
+algorithms
+the NP-complete knapsack problem
+over a wide range of sizes in less than quadratic time
+NP-complete Boolean satisfiability problem
+Turing machines by Alan Turing
+Alan Turing
+a computer
+1936
+a very robust and flexible simplification of a computer
+"On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms"
+Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns
+1965
+time and space complexity and proved the hierarchy theorems
+1965
+John Myhill
+1961
+Hisao Yamada
+input encoding
+encoding
+Manuel Blum
+speed-up theorem
+Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems
+21
+curriculum
+pedagogy
+a university or college
+a lesson plan
+a school or other place of formal education
+cultures
+numeracy
+craftsmanship
+vocational training
+a family member
+formal education
+formal
+a family member
+a transient or ongoing role
+the Quran, Torah or Bible
+religious
+the Quran, Torah or Bible
+gurus, mullahs, rabbis, pastors/youth pastors and lamas
+homeschooling
+paid professionals
+physicians
+homeschooling
+professionals
+school functions
+extracurricular
+supervise study halls
+teachers
+colleges, which are generally established to serve and protect the public interest through certifying, governing and enforcing the standards of practice for the teaching profession
+to serve and protect the public interest through certifying, governing and enforcing the standards of practice for the teaching profession
+public interest
+governments
+the standards of practice for the teaching profession
+teachers, investigating complaints involving members, conducting hearings into allegations of professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action and accrediting teacher education programs
+complaints involving members
+the college
+conducting hearings into allegations of professional misconduct
+Teaching Unions
+on an individual basis
+tutor
+academy
+facilitate student learning
+a course of study
+pedagogy
+a course of study and lesson plan that teaches skills, knowledge and/or thinking skills
+the rise of the internet over the past decade
+teachers approach their roles in the classroom
+a course of study, lesson plan
+relevant authority
+learning disabilities
+students of different ages
+standardized
+particular skills
+self-study and problem solving with a lot of feedback around that loop
+pressure the lazy, inspire the bored, deflate the cocky
+pressure the lazy, inspire the bored, deflate
+pressure the lazy, inspire the bored, deflate the cocky, encourage the timid, detect and correct individual flaws, and broaden the viewpoint of all
+the relationship between teachers and children
+whole curriculum
+different subject specialists each session during the week and may have ten or more different teachers
+primary school
+surrogate
+alternative
+platoon
+students still derive a strong sense of security by staying with the same group of peers for all classes
+students learn from teachers who specialize in one subject and who tend to be more knowledgeable in that one area than a teacher who teaches many subjects
+United States
+Co-teaching
+two or more
+learning
+harmoniously
+social networking
+corporal punishment
+a substitute parent
+all the normal forms of parental discipline open to them
+most common form of school discipline
+as a substitute parent
+school discipline
+the United States following a US Supreme Court decision in 1977 which held that paddling did not violate the US Constitution
+United States
+US Supreme Court
+physical pain
+30
+American schools is administered to the seat of the student's trousers or skirt with a specially made wooden paddle
+significant (though declining) degree
+wooden paddle
+principal's office
+caning
+Asian, African and Caribbean
+schools in some Asian, African and Caribbean countries
+detention
+detention
+school at a given time in the school day
+quietly
+lines or a punishment essay
+assertive teacher
+immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior and firm
+clear
+clear boundaries
+sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils are seen as falling outside of what constitutes reasonable discipline
+some teachers and parents
+East Asia
+many problems with modern schooling stem from the weakness in school discipline and if teachers exercised firm control over the classroom they would be able to teach more efficiently
+strict discipline with high standards of education
+Japan
+all
+Japan
+schools have extremely rigid codes of behavior, in practice many teachers find the students unmanageable and do not enforce discipline at all
+school class sizes are typically 40 to 50 students
+instruction
+motivated students
+motivated students
+motivated students
+dictatorial
+schools alike
+one of persuasion and negotiation
+more effectively than dictatorial authority for governments and schools alike
+a school that has good, clear laws, fairly and democratically
+enthusiasm
+teachers who have a positive disposition towards the course content
+teach by rote
+higher than teachers who didn't show much enthusiasm for the course materials
+higher levels of intrinsic motivation
+read lecture material
+movements which are varied, and emotional facial expressions
+experimental
+higher
+self-determined
+enthusiasm
+emotional contagion
+a classroom atmosphere full of energy and enthusiasm
+student-teacher relationships
+beneficial relations with their students
+goals he receives from his superior
+aligning his personal goals with his academic goals
+student motivation and attitudes towards school
+stronger relations with teachers who are friendly and supportive
+teachers who are friendly and supportive
+interacting
+Effective
+enthusiasm about the students
+enthusiastic
+excitement in the student
+influential
+teaching
+sexual
+9.6%
+United States
+sometime during their educational career
+American Association of University Women
+England
+not necessarily a teacher
+2,869
+The sample was drawn from a list of 80,000 schools to create a stratified two-stage sample design of 2,065 8th to 11th grade students
+Debra LaFave, Pamela Rogers, and Mary Kay Letourneau
+increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct
+jurisdictions reportedly led to a shortage of male teachers
+Chris Keates
+child protection and parental rights groups
+profession
+sex offenders register
+occupational stress
+inspections
+occupational burnout
+Stress
+occupational stress
+42%
+UK teachers experienced occupational stress, twice the figure for the average profession
+twice
+teachers
+average workers
+several
+Organizational interventions
+relieve occupational stress among teachers
+occupational stress
+Organizational interventions
+a university or college
+certification
+elementary school education
+a background check and psychiatric evaluation
+prospective teachers pass a background check and psychiatric evaluation to be able to teach in classroom
+individual states and territories
+three
+secondary schools/high schools
+universities and/or TAFE colleges
+three-tier model
+a post-secondary degree Bachelor's Degree
+Bachelor of Education
+private sector, businesses and sponsors
+civil servants recruited in special university classes
+special university classes
+Lehramtstudien
+Bundesbesoldungsordnung
+Hauptschule
+Extra pay
+€27,814 p.a.
+rising incrementally to €53,423
+over €90,000
+the Teaching Council
+Section 30
+Section 30 of the Teaching Council Act 2001
+Oireachtas
+2006
+Existing staff
+"cannot be appointed or engaged by the school in any capacity including in a voluntary role"
+refuse vetting
+£41,004
+experience and extra responsibilities
+earn £20,980 annually
+bachelor's
+September 2007
+alternative licensing programs
+hard-to-fill
+vary
+geographic area and subject taught
+secondary school teachers
+General Teaching Council for Scotland
+Teaching
+seven Scottish Universities
+"Provisional Registration" is given by the GTCS which is raised to "Full Registration" status after a year if there is sufficient evidence to show that the "Standard for Full Regist
+a year
+April 2008
+£32,583
+£32,583
+go on to earn up to £39,942
+the Scottish Secondary Teachers' Association
+Wales
+Welsh
+until the age of 16
+22 per cent
+all age groups
+ATL, NUT or NASUWT
+falling with teachers being younger than in previous years
+between 2005 and 2010
+ATL
+growing cause of concern
+each state
+ten years
+bachelor's degree
+charter schools
+No Child Left Behind
+low salaries
+average teacher salaries
+supervising after-school programs and other extracurricular activities
+elementary school
+monetary compensation
+many
+Protestant/Non-Denominational
+not always
+(Roman) Catholic, (Eastern) Orthodox Catholic, and Protestant/Non-Denominational
+the teacher is an office in the Aaronic priesthood
+a trusted friend, who may hold any office, from Elder to Bishop, or no office at all
+spiritual
+father
+father of the house
+a guru
+extremely high
+their disciples
+the West - the emphasis
+Dharma
+continue their Bodhisattva vow is called a Tulku
+Tulku
+through phowa and siddhi
+phowa and siddhi
+ulemas
+one of the Four Schools of Jurisprudence
+Sufism
+actions-oriented
+Qutb
+German
+18 February 1546
+Late Medieval Catholic Church
+freedom from God's punishment for sin
+reject all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X
+a free gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer from sin
+salvation and subsequently eternal life is not earned by good deeds
+sacerdotalism
+the Bible
+a holy priesthood
+the Bible into the vernacular
+a standard version
+Tyndale Bible
+singing in churches
+Protestant clergy to marry
+10 November 1483
+Hans Luder
+Holy Roman Empire
+Catholic
+copper mines and smelters
+University of Erfurt
+a beerhouse and whorehouse
+four
+a day of rote learning and often wearying spiritual exercises
+1505
+law school
+uncertainty
+Aristotle, William of Ockham, and Gabriel Biel
+everything himself by experience
+men and institutions
+death and divine judgment
+2 July 1505
+Erfurt
+deaths of two friends
+Luther's education
+fasting, long hours in prayer, pilgrimage, and frequent confession
+one of deep spiritual despair
+the jailer and hangman of my poor soul
+Johann von Staupitz
+true repentance does not involve self-inflicted penances and punishments but rather a change of heart
+1507
+von Staupitz
+1508
+9 March 1508
+Biblical studies
+19 October 1512
+21 October 1512
+Doctor in Bible
+University of Wittenberg
+Doctor of Theology
+1516
+to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome
+Roman Catholic
+active in charity and good works
+charity and good works
+31 October 1517
+Albert of Mainz
+The Ninety-Five Theses
+Hans Hillerbrand
+Thesis 86
+Johann Tetzel
+springs
+Luther
+Johann Tetzel
+those who claimed that indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments and granted them salvation were in error
+salvation
+all punishments
+salvation
+Christ
+Tetzel
+a reflection of his capacity to exaggerate
+indulgences for the living
+indulgences for the living
+the story of the post on the door
+Gerhard Prause
+Philipp Melanchthon
+Wittenberg
+it has settled as one of the pillars of history, has little foundation in truth
+January 1518
+the printing press
+friends of Luther
+two months
+two months
+as early as 1519
+Students
+early part
+1520
+On the Freedom of a Christian
+lectured on the Psalms, the books of Hebrews, Romans, and Galatians
+penance and righteousness
+the church was corrupt in its ways and had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of Christianity
+the central truths of Christianity
+"is the chief article of the whole Christian doctrine, which comprehends the understanding of all godliness."
+God
+1525
+faith alone makes someone just and fulfills the law
+Smalcald Articles
+faith
+"Christ and His salvation"
+"Christ and His salvation"
+the Reformation
+two points
+Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz and Magdeburg
+Rome
+a papal dispensation for his tenure of more than one bishopric
+one half
+December 1517
+Pope Leo X
+papal theologians and envoys
+October 1518
+the papacy was the Antichrist
+the Antichrist
+January 1519
+remain silent
+Johann Eck
+Matthew 16:18
+Jan Hus
+15 June 1520
+set fire to the bull and decretals at Wittenberg
+41
+Karl von Miltitz
+3 January 1521
+secular
+18 April 1521
+the estates of the Holy Roman Empire
+Emperor Charles V
+Prince Frederick III
+Johann Eck
+Archbishop of Trier
+whether he stood by their contents
+the next day
+he stood by their contents
+raised his arm "in the traditional salute of a knight winning a bout."
+knight winning a bout
+Michael Mullett
+world classic of epoch-making oratory
+recant his writings
+Luther
+they were inserted before "May God help me" only in later versions of the speech and not recorded in witness accounts of the proceedings
+dramatic form
+private conferences were held to determine Luther's fate
+25 May 1521
+The Emperor
+requiring his arrest
+kill Luther without legal consequence
+disappearance
+the security of the Wartburg Castle at Eisenach
+my Patmos
+New Testament
+in his episcopates
+a sin
+cannot be earned
+1 August 1521
+God's favor
+a place where justice resides
+summer of 1521
+asserting instead that it is a gift, to be received with Thanksgiving by the whole congregation
+it is a gift, to be received with Thanksgiving by the whole congregation
+On Confession, Whether the Pope has the Power to Require
+vows were an illegitimate and vain attempt to win salvation
+placing them on prophetic faith
+1521
+the prophecy of the Little Horn in Daniel 8:9–12, 23–25
+Little Horn
+The antichrist of 2 Thessalonians 2
+Gabriel Zwilling
+June 1521
+disturbances
+Zwickau prophets
+council
+6 March 1522
+necessary change
+preached eight sermons
+Invocavit Sermons
+violence
+immediate
+Jerome Schurf
+sixth sermon
+misguided people into the way of the truth
+misguided
+public order
+conservative
+Zwickau prophets
+fomenting social unrest and violence
+social unrest and violence
+Zwickau prophet
+German Peasants' War of 1524–25
+1524–25
+support an attack on the upper classes in general
+the upper classes in general
+temporal authorities
+Thuringia
+mad dogs
+condemned the violence as the devil's work
+mad dogs
+three grounds
+rebels with blasphemy for calling themselves "Christian brethren" and committing their sinful acts under the banner of the Gospel
+God
+Divine Right of Kings
+highwaymen and murderers
+laid down their weapons
+Swabian League
+15 May 1525
+Mntzer's execution
+wing of the secular powers
+Katharina von Bora
+herring barrels
+26 years old
+41 years old
+April 1523
+13 June 1525
+evening of the same day
+wedding banquet
+27 June
+Bugenhagen
+clerical
+clerical
+his decision to marry surprised many, not least Melanchthon, who called it reckless
+death of a heretic
+reckless
+1525–32
+a wedding present from the new elector John the Steadfast
+six
+my poverty for the riches of Croesus
+farming the land
+their own ministers
+worship service
+supervisory church body
+clear summary
+it is a theology of the cross
+extreme change
+the Electorate of Saxony
+an adviser
+John the Steadfast
+temporal sovereign
+early 1526
+Latin Mass
+Catholic mass
+unison setting of the Creed
+freedom
+1527
+Electorate of Saxony
+pastoral care and Christian education
+all of Christian doctrine
+teaching
+catechism
+1529
+the people themselves
+people themselves
+a method of imparting the basics of Christianity to the congregations
+The catechism
+The Small Catechism has earned a reputation as a model of clear religious teaching
+the Catechism
+The Small Catechism
+Bible
+Small Catechism
+Larger Catechism
+Apostles' Creed in simpler, more personal, Trinitarian language
+not as a doctrine to be learned
+with the Father and draws the believer to the Father
+1522
+1534
+translation
+alone
+Faith alone
+Saxon chancellery
+northern and southern Germans
+Germans
+for we are removing impediments and difficulties so that other people may read it without hindrance
+impediments and difficulties
+German-language publications
+Bible translation
+evolution of the German language and literature
+Lucas Cranach
+William Tyndale
+hymn-writer
+all classes, clergy and laity, men, women and children
+singing of German hymns
+sung hymns with a lute
+waldzither
+the execution of Johann Esch and Heinrich Voes
+for Lutheran views
+"Ein neues Lied wir heben an"
+John C. Messenger
+Ein neues Lied wir heben an
+1524
+Apostles' Creed in the Small Catechism
+Creed in the Small Catechism
+German creedal hymn
+perceived difficulty of its tune
+1538
+the Small Catechism
+specific catechism questions
+multiple revisions
+"Vater unser im Himmelreich"
+1523
+essential Reformation doctrine
+write psalm-hymns for use in German worship
+Achtliederbuch
+Reformation doctrine
+Nun komm
+Veni redemptor gentium
+Veni redemptor gentium
+two
+German Te Deum
+baptism
+Johann Walter
+grace
+J. S. Bach
+Halle
+early Lutheran hymnals
+four
+18
+24
+Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn
+Johann Sebastian Bach
+cantatas
+1707
+1724 to 1725
+1724 to 1725
+sleeps
+the parable of the rich man and Lazarus
+the continuity of one's personal identity
+involved Christian souls undergoing penitential suffering after death
+in their graves and in heaven
+Franz Pieper
+Johann Gerhard
+Franz Pieper
+1755
+wakes
+Francis Blackburne
+1765
+Gottfried Fritschel
+dreams
+October 1529
+Landgrave of Hesse
+doctrinal unity
+fourteen
+the nature of the Eucharist
+significance of the words spoken by Jesus
+sacramental union
+sacramental union
+only spiritually or symbolically present
+omnipresence of his human nature
+1530
+Marburg Colloquy
+Schmalkaldic League
+The Swiss cities
+George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
+antithetical
+reason
+faith has; it never comes to the aid of spiritual things
+reason
+separate spheres of knowledge that each applies to
+Jesus Christ was born a Jew
+large-scale Jewish conversion to Christianity
+the Jews, writing against them with the kind of venom he had already unleashed on the Anabaptists, Zwinglianism, and the papacy
+Anabaptists, Zwinglianism, and the papacy
+sixteenth century Europe
+against resisting the Turks in his 1518 Explanation of the Ninety-five Theses, provoking accusations of defeatism
+keeping with his doctrine of the two kingdoms
+to punish Christians
+papacy
+Holy War
+Latin translation of the Qur'an
+critical pamphlets
+critical pamphlets on Islam
+he called "Mohammedanism" or "the Turk"
+exposed to scrutiny
+God's wrath to Christians
+Agricola
+anonymous antinomian theses circulating in Wittenberg
+with six series of theses against Agricola and the antinomians
+On the Councils and the Church
+second use of the law
+work sorrow over sin in man's heart
+states that everything that is used to work sorrow over sin is called the law
+eliminate the accusing law
+Christians are no longer sinners in themselves and that the church consists only of essentially holy people
+live
+the Ten Commandments
+third
+a Christian should follow in his or her vocations on a daily basis
+Ten Commandments
+the sacrament of baptism
+The Ten Commandments
+a present foreshadowing of the believers' future angel-like life in heaven
+marry one of his wife's ladies-in-waiting
+Landgrave of Hesse
+Landgrave of Hesse
+Martin Brecht
+lasting damage
+expelled Jews some ninety years
+Jews
+the murder of Christ
+divinity of Jesus
+convert them to Christianity
+treatise Von den Juden and Ihren Lgen
+1543
+three years
+"that gentle mercy will only tend to make them worse, while sharp mercy will only tend to make them worse, while sharp mercy will only tend to make them worse
+"We are at fault in not slaying them" amounted to a sanction for murder
+Jews
+Martin Luther
+heretical books in which he said that whoever would help the Jews of Saxony was doomed to perdition
+Luther's anti-Jewish works
+1580s
+Luther
+anti-Jewish rhetoric
+attacks on Jews
+Heinrich Himmler
+the most radically anti-Semitic tract ever published
+17 December 1941
+territory
+Diarmaid MacCulloch
+Sasse
+a "blueprint."
+opportunistic
+Biographer
+modern hatred of the Jews
+18th and 19th centuries
+religious and in no respect racial
+a new element
+Ronald Berger
+"hysterical and demonizing mentality"
+Ronald Berger
+hostile publications
+declining state of mind
+state of mind
+vulgarity and violence
+Catholics
+Last Battles: Politics and Polemics
+1980s
+the least prejudiced toward Jews
+Professor Richard (Dick) Geary, former Professor of Modern History at the University of Nottingham, England, and the author of Hitler and Nazism (Routledge 1993)
+1928-1933
+deteriorated
+antagonisms
+kidney and bladder stones
+Ménire's disease, vertigo, fainting, tinnitus, and a cataract
+angina
+poor physical health
+poor physical health
+poor physical health made him short-tempered and even harsher
+Katharina
+three
+Eisleben
+15 February 1546
+they are "our public enemies... and if they could kill us all, they would gladly do."
+they are "our public enemies... and if they could kill us all, they would gladly do."
+Christian love toward them and pray that they convert
+Mansfeld
+negotiations for a settlement
+late 1545
+early 1546
+his siblings' families continuing in their father Hans Luther's copper mining trade
+17 February 1546
+chest pains
+"Yes"
+common prayer of the dying
+1 a.m.
+apoplectic stroke
+2:45 a.m
+18 February 1546
+Castle Church in Wittenberg
+Johannes Bugenhagen and Philipp Melanchthon
+his last statement
+Latin
+"We are beggars,"
+frail Catholic saints
+as a stout man with a "double chin, strong mouth, piercing deep-set eyes, fleshy face, and squat neck."
+a stout man with a "double chin, strong mouth, piercing deep-set eyes, fleshy face, and squat neck."
+frail Catholic saints
+1530s and 1540s
+18 February
+Lutheran Calendar of Saints
+31 October
+Church of England's Calendar of Saints
+he is commemorated on 31 October
+SoCal
+10
+economic center
+demographics and economic ties
+demographics and economic ties
+Southern California Megaregion
+11
+Tijuana
+Mexican
+Tijuana
+Pacific coast
+seven
+12 million
+Los Angeles area with over 12 million inhabitants, the Riverside-San Bernardino area with over 12 million inhabitants
+17.5 million
+Colorado River
+Colorado Desert
+Mojave Desert
+Mexico–United States border
+California
+3,792,621
+Los Angeles
+San Diego
+the second most populous city in the state and the eighth most populous in the nation
+Los Angeles
+United States
+five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States
+15
+San Bernardino
+Hollywood
+Los Angeles
+The Walt Disney Company
+music
+Sony
+skateboard
+Tony Hawk
+Shaun White
+Oahu
+Transpacific Yacht Race
+Palm Springs
+popular beaches
+desert
+open spaces
+37° 9' 58.23
+11
+ten
+Tehachapi Mountains
+Tehachapi Mountains
+Mexico
+Alta California
+Monterey
+Compromise
+a free state, preventing southern California from becoming its own separate slave state
+inequitable taxes
+"Cow Counties"
+three
+75%
+Milton Latham
+Los Angeles Times
+1900
+1999
+Imperial
+seven
+northern, central, and southern California regions
+California State Automobile Association
+three-region point
+South of the Tehachapis
+southern California region
+large, spread-out, suburban communities and use of automobiles and highways
+vast
+suburban
+highways
+international metropolitan region
+Camp Pendleton
+Temecula and Murrieta
+United States Census Bureau
+Orange Counties
+1990s
+Mediterranean
+infrequent rain
+90-60's
+very rare
+70-50's
+Pacific Ocean
+natural ecosystem
+topographic
+Peninsular Ranges
+topographic
+10,000
+10,000
+6.7
+property damage
+over $20 billion
+San Andreas Fault
+6.7+ earthquake
+Puente Hills Fault
+USGS
+Earthquake occurrence
+economically
+global
+economic
+2010
+high growth rates
+10.0%
+stronger, tech-oriented
+Greater Sacramento region
+Metropolitan Statistical Areas
+two
+five million
+Southern Border Region
+17,786,419
+San Diego
+over 100,000
+twelve
+100,000
+Riverside
+petroleum
+Hollywood
+housing bubble
+diverse
+heavily
+1920s
+aerospace
+aerospace
+suburbs
+aerospace
+major business districts
+Central business districts
+Downtown Los Angeles
+business districts
+Los Angeles Area
+San Fernando Valley
+Wilshire Boulevard Miracle Mile
+business districts
+Downtown Riverside
+Hospitality Business/Financial Centre
+Orange County
+University of California, Irvine
+Irvine Tech Center
+South Coast Metro
+rapidly
+Downtown San Diego
+Northern San Diego
+University City
+Downtown San Diego
+Los Angeles International Airport
+smaller commercial and general aviation
+third
+San Diego International Airport
+Van Nuys Airport
+Metrolink
+seven
+Six of the seven lines of the commuter rail system, Metrolink
+Orange
+Port of Los Angeles
+Port of Long Beach
+Southern California
+The Tech Coast
+prestigious and world-renowned research universities
+private institutions
+5
+12
+NFL
+NBA
+MLB
+Los Angeles Kings
+LA Galaxy
+Chivas
+two
+2014
+StubHub Center
+2018
+College sports
+UCLA Bruins
+USC Trojans
+Pac-12 Conference
+NCAA Division I
+Rugby
+high school
+increasing numbers of schools adding rugby as an official school sport
+BSkyB
+BSkyB
+2014
+British Sky Broadcasting Group plc
+British Sky Broadcasting Limited to Sky UK Limited
+2006
+two
+the English FA
+£4.2bn
+ondigital consortium
+ITV Digital
+three
+Sky Three
+'Pick TV'
+Sky+ PVR
+September 2007
+pay a monthly fee
+January 2010
+BSkyB discontinued the Sky+ Box
+VideoGuard pay-TV
+NDS
+Cisco Systems
+BSkyB
+PVR
+Virgin Media removing the basic channels from the network on 1 March 2007
+2007
+substantially increased the asking price
+Video On Demand
+HD channels
+July 2013
+2013
+cloud storage service
+cloud storage service
+SkyDrive cloud storage service
+Sam Chisholm and Rupert Murdoch
+Astra
+27 September 2001
+the Sky Digital platform
+3.5 million
+British Sky Broadcasting or BSkyB
+a British telecommunications company
+11 million
+Freeview
+Sky Q Hub
+the Sky Q Silver set top boxes with a Wi-Fi or Power-line connection
+share recordings and other media
+later in 2016
+2016
+MPEG-2
+Dolby Digital
+MPEG-4
+OpenTV system
+DVB-S2
+1998
+Astra 2A
+Eutelsat's Eurobird 1
+hundreds
+28.5°E
+22 May 2006
+40,000
+Thomson
+17,000
+4,222,000
+8 February 2007
+March
+digital terrestrial
+Virgin Media
+English Premier League Football
+free-to-view
+a monthly subscription
+a VideoGuard UK
+Ku band LNB (9.75/10.600 GHz)
+the Sky service
+autumn of 1991
+ITV
+£18m to £34m per year
+BBC
+£304m
+Ofcom
+£15–100,000
+BSkyB has no veto over the presence of channels on their EPG, with open access being an enforced part of their operating licence from Ofcom
+BSkyB does not carry any control over the channel's content or carriage issues such as picture quality
+BSkyB does not carry any control over the channel's content or carriage issues such as picture quality
+1 October 1998
+Sky Digital
+Open
+ondigital (later ITV Digital) terrestrial offering and cable services
+over 100,000
+2007
+Virgin Media
+Video On Demand service
+BBC HD
+Channel 4 HD
+10 million
+more than 25m people
+August 2004
+36%
+flattened
+"Welfare Cash Card"
+only "essentials"
+damaging
+claimants' "Sky TV bills to establish if a woman in receipt of benefits as a single mother is wrongly claiming to be living alone"
+a man's presence in the household
+£30m
+no indication
+Virgin Media
+BSkyB
+carriage of their respective basic channels
+service sectors
+second
+fourth
+Melbourne
+Melbourne Cricket Ground
+Bendigo
+New South Wales
+Buckland Valley near Bright
+over 1,000
+cramped and unsanitary
+multi-member proportional representation system
+eight
+five
+lower house members—four years
+every four years
+Labor
+Labor
+Labor
+The Greens
+Labor
+About 61.1%
+26.7%
+Buddhism
+168,637
+Around 20%
+south-east
+a state in the south-east of Australia
+second-most
+Port Phillip Bay
+second-largest
+Koori
+1788
+Sullivan Bay
+Sullivan Bay
+1803
+More than 26,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi)
+50%
+6,000 square kilometres (2,300 sq mi)
+90%
+270,000
+1975
+the 1855 colonial constitution
+Parliament of Victoria
+an absolute majority in both houses, a three-fifths majority in both houses, or the approval of the Victorian people in a referendum
+Victoria Constitution Act 1855
+hot winds blowing from nearby semi-deserts
+32 °C (90 °F)
+hot winds blowing from nearby semi-deserts
+48.8 °C (119.8 °F)
+7 February 2009
+state or government schools
+Victoria Department of Education
+fees
+Roman Catholic Church
+curriculum
+manufacturing
+October 2016
+October 2016
+October 2016
+Ford's Victorian plants
+2,000 m (6,600 ft)
+Mount Bogong
+1,986 m
+Murray River system
+helmeted honeyeater
+The Victorian Alps in the northeast
+Great Dividing Range mountain system
+east-west
+0 °C (32 °F)
+11.7 °C (10.9 °F)
+several private and public railway operators who operate over government-owned lines
+V/Line
+Victorian Government
+freight services
+passenger system
+37
+12
+Legislative Assembly
+Legislative Council
+Linda Dessau
+1 July 1851
+1851
+richest shallow alluvial goldfield in the world
+sevenfold from 76,000 to 540,000
+20 million ounces
+1,548
+489
+540,800
+63,519
+Over 61 per cent
+Victoria
+3 million
+60%
+nearly two-thirds
+Asia
+1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) broad gauge
+1,435 mm (4 ft 8 12 in) standard gauge
+760 mm (2 ft 6 in) narrow gauge lines
+mountainous areas
+five
+1788
+New South Wales
+New Holland
+Sydney
+1854
+British troops
+Eureka Stockade
+hated mining licence fees
+Colony of Victoria Act 1855
+political party or coalition
+The Premier
+representatives elected to either house of parliament
+Daniel Andrews
+representatives elected to either house of parliament
+17% to $8.7 billion
+17% to $8.7 billion
+32,463 farms occupied around 136,000 square kilometres (52,500 sq mi)
+A quarter of farmland is used to grow consumable crops
+60%
+a big part in tourism
+sports tourism
+Melbourne
+regional cities
+Bright Autumn Festival
+the southern and central parts of France
+one-eighth
+1562 to 1598
+the granting of the Edict of Nantes
+granted the Huguenots substantial religious, political and military autonomy
+unclear origins
+Geneva
+Besanon Hugues
+Amboise plot of 1560
+1560
+availability of the Bible in vernacular languages
+1294
+Roman Catholic priest, Guyard de Moulin
+1487
+Paris
+villes de sreté
+Montpellier
+the Edict of Als
+1622
+1629
+Cape of Good Hope
+Cape Town
+Maria de la Queillerie
+Dutch East India Company
+1600
+1624
+Jessé de Forest
+Boschwick
+L'Eglise du Saint-Esprit
+Brooklyn
+present-day Charleston
+British Landgrave Edmund Bellinger
+Pons
+1697
+Charleston
+William III of Orange
+the League of Augsburg
+League of Augustsburg
+Calvinist Dutch Republic
+1672
+Edict of Fontainebleau
+1685
+Protestantism
+roughly 500,000
+The Catholic Church in France
+St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
+5,000 to 30,000
+they attempted to meet for worship
+the Huguenots were nobles trying to establish separate centers of power in southern France
+between 1621 and 1629
+southwestern France
+Louis XIII
+Louis XIII
+Huguenot rebellions broke out
+Approximately one million
+2%
+Alsace
+Cévennes mountain region
+the Cévennes
+New Rochelle
+New Rochelle
+The "Huguenot Street Historic District"
+Huguenot Street Historic District
+New York Harbor
+Dutch Republic
+75,000 to 100,000
+ca. 2 million
+Amsterdam and the area of West Frisia
+Edict of Nantes
+Huguon
+King Hugo
+le roi Huguet
+prétendus réformés
+at night
+Kent
+The Weavers
+indigenous population
+Sandwich, Faversham and Maidstone
+The Weavers
+Cork City
+Dublin, Cork, Youghal and Waterford
+Dublin
+a High Sheriff
+1696
+kingdom
+non-Catholics
+non-Catholics
+Seven Years' War
+1759-60
+Henry of Navarre
+1598
+reaffirmed Catholicism
+the founding of new Protestant churches in Catholic-controlled regions
+the Protestants equality with Catholics
+education
+illegal flight from the country of hundreds of thousands of Protestants
+Four thousand
+new converts
+New York and Virginia
+Guanabara Confession of Faith
+1555
+Fort Coligny
+1560
+Guanabara Confession of Faith
+Afrikaans
+wine industry
+Western Cape province
+surnames
+Thomas Jefferson
+Henry Laurens
+Charleston
+Manakin Episcopal Church
+Texas
+British lace industry
+"combination of Mechlin patterns on Lille ground"
+no contemporary documentation to support
+first half of the eighteenth century
+Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt
+one-fifth
+protest against the occupation of Prussia by Napoleon
+1806-07
+Fredericia (Denmark), Berlin, Stockholm, Hamburg, Frankfurt, Helsinki, and Emden
+Great Elector Frederick William
+the rugged Cévennes region in the south
+Camisards who were Huguenots rioted against the Catholic Church
+the Catholic Church
+1702 and 1709
+Jacksonville
+Norman Huguenots
+Jacksonville
+French naval
+September 1565
+Charlesfort
+St. Augustine
+Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
+1562
+The Wars of Religion
+Lower Norfolk County
+Lower Norfolk County
+Manakin Town
+390
+12 May 1705
+1568–1609
+Huguenot exiles
+"Apologie" of William the Silent
+William the Silent
+Huguenot exiles
+Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act
+1708
+50,000
+Andrew Lortie
+Pope
+William of Orange
+William of Orange
+Dublin, Cork, Portarlington, Lisburn, Waterford and Youghal
+Irish linen
+Irish
+Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrcken
+Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrcken
+thriving glass-making works
+1890s
+1604
+England, Wales, Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, the Dutch Republic, the Electorate of the Palatinate
+Dutch Republic
+Holy Roman Empire
+Dutch Cape Colony
+they were accepted and allowed to worship freely
+Hugues Capet
+Hugues hypothesis
+Gallicans
+Hugues hypothesis
+double or triple non-French linguistic origins
+Jacques Lefevre
+Geneva
+1530
+William Farel
+Lefevre
+3 October 1572
+Catholics
+Nearly 3,000 Protestants were slaughtered in Toulouse alone
+1573
+almost 25,000 Protestants had been massacred in Paris alone
+Louis XIV
+increasingly aggressively
+he sent missionaries, backed by a fund to financially reward converts to Catholicism
+excluded them from favored professions
+dragonnades
+Westchester
+coastline peninsula of Davenports Neck called "Bauffet's Point"
+John Pell, Lord of Pelham Manor
+La Rochelle
+Trinity-St. Paul's Episcopal Church
+married outside their immediate French communities
+the French made numerous contributions to United States economic life
+E.I. du Pont
+nineteenth century
+Eleutherian gunpowder mills
+Pierre Bayle
+Rotterdam
+multi-volume masterpiece, Historical and Critical Dictionary
+US Library of Congress
+Saint Nicolas
+French Protestant Church of London
+1550
+Soho Square
+Shoreditch
+1724
+Lutheran and Reformed states in Germany and Scandinavia
+Altpreuische Infantry Regiments No. 13
+Edict of Potsdam
+Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia
+Altpreuische Infantry Regiments No. 13
+Thomas de Maizire
+Theodor Fontane
+Adolf Galland
+The last Prime Minister of the (East) German Democratic Republic, Lothar de Maizire
+German Federal Minister of the Interior
+power
+the Rankine cycle
+steam
+high pressure
+external combustion engines
+atmospheric engine
+Thomas Newcomen
+1712
+steam pump
+Thomas Newcomen
+United Kingdom
+21 February 1804
+south Wales
+Abercynon
+south
+water pump
+multi-stage centrifugal pumps
+1850s
+steam locomotives
+lower-pressure boiler feed water
+either three or four expansion stages and are known as triple and quadruple expansion engines respectively
+triple and quadruple expansion engines
+19th century
+marine triple expansion engines
+Olympic
+trip mechanisms or cams profiled
+Joy
+by lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve
+Lead fusible plugs
+the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly
+increases significantly
+suppress the fire
+dampening the fire
+James Watt
+rotary
+ten-horsepower engines enabled a wide range of manufacturing machinery to be powered
+1883
+Industrial Revolution
+first century AD
+Hero of Alexandria
+Greek mathematician
+Giovanni Branca
+1606
+compound engines
+expansions
+shipping where efficiency was important to reduce the weight of coal carried
+internal combustion engines
+coal carried
+steam turbines
+late part
+several hundred horsepower
+90%
+electric power
+a nuclear reactor, geothermal energy, solar energy or waste heat
+combustion chamber
+solar
+electric
+steam engine indicator
+1851
+Charles Porter
+Charles Richard
+London Exhibition
+90° out of phase with each other (quartered)
+180°
+90°
+counterflow
+two
+one
+four
+expansion
+Quasiturbine
+counterflow
+defect
+oscillating cylinder steam engine
+trunnion
+models
+ships where their compactness is valued
+the working fluid is recycled continuously
+open loop
+Mercury
+"open loop" system
+working fluid
+565
+stainless steel
+63%
+30 °C
+Steam engines
+steamboats
+Stanley Steamer
+propelling transport appliances
+an increase in the land available for cultivation
+Catch Me Who Can
+Matthew Murray
+twin-cylinder
+Middleton Railway
+Stockton and Darlington Railway
+Arthur Woolf
+British
+torque variability
+cylinder volume
+90%
+reciprocating Diesel engines, and gas turbines
+gas turbines
+reciprocating Diesel engines, and gas turbines
+reduction gearing (although the Turbinia has direct turbines to propellers with no reduction gearbox) dominated large ship propulsion
+The Rankine cycle
+removed in a condenser
+1990s
+biomass
+Scottish
+its "duty"
+17
+7 million
+94
+Watt
+turbine type steam engines
+Reciprocating piston type steam engines
+turbine type steam engines
+internal combustion engines
+Thomas Savery
+water pump
+1698
+Bento de Moura Portugal
+John Smeaton
+Richard Trevithick
+Oliver Evans
+1802
+transport
+power source
+Energiprojekt AB
+Sweden
+5
+4 kg (8.8 lb)
+27-30%
+surface condensers
+automobile radiator
+automobile radiator
+rejected heat to evaporate water
+3600
+one at a flour mill Boulton & Watt were building
+Boulton
+a steam engine
+operations requiring constant speed
+handle smaller variations such as those caused by fluctuating heat load to the boiler
+1880
+railway locomotives
+complicated
+1930
+road engines
+reversing mechanism which additionally can provide means for saving steam as speed and momentum are gained by gradually "shortening the cutoff"
+kick back
+evacuate the cylinder, choking it and giving excessive compression
+fixed
+Jernimo de Ayanz y Beaumont
+Spanish
+1606
+1698
+1712
+rotating discs
+a drive shaft
+static discs
+turbine casing
+50 Hertz electric power systems
+lower
+electric motors
+steam turbine plant
+Advanced Steam movement
+pollution
+Wankel engine
+cylinders and valve gear
+thermal expansion
+1763–1775
+a separate condenser
+half
+Newcomen's
+a piston into the partial vacuum generated by condensing steam
+two independent mechanisms
+plug valve
+an adjustable spring-loaded valve
+seal illegally
+power from the engine
+a four-valve counter flow engine with separate steam admission and exhaust valves and automatic variable steam cutoff
+1849
+30%
+four
+Rumford medal the committee
+thermodynamic
+Watt
+the separate condenser
+Joseph Black
+latent heat
+lower heat addition temperature
+liquid phase
+1% to 3%
+1500 °C
+injector
+recover the latent heat of vaporisation
+superheaters
+bunker
+a chain or screw stoking mechanism
+feed water
+British
+dreadnought battleships
+dreadnought battleships, and ocean liners
+1905
+water
+a turbine connected to an electrical generator
+electrical generator
+turbo-electric transmission
+Britain
+a practical Carnot cycle
+condenser
+constant pressure
+isothermal
+gas
+8
+oxygen
+two
+almost half
+Diatomic oxygen gas
+20.8%
+silicon dioxide
+8
+downward trend
+hydrogen and helium
+8
+chalcogen
+oxides
+third-most
+dioxygen
+photosynthesis
+sunlight
+high-altitude ozone layer
+oxygen
+water
+cellular respiration
+water
+allotrope
+Robert Boyle
+John Mayow
+nitroaereus
+1679
+Robert Boyle
+spiritus nitroaereus
+17th century
+respiration
+John Mayow
+Priestley
+mercuric oxide
+dephlogisticated air
+mercuric oxide
+mercuric oxide
+dephlogisticated air
+1775
+Because he published his findings first
+more active and lived longer
+Leonardo da Vinci
+Philo of Byzantium
+2nd century BCE
+parts of the air in the vessel were converted into the classical element fire
+Philo of Byzantium
+parts of the air in the vessel were converted into the classical element fire
+Pneumatica
+Leonardo da Vinci
+air
+an ignition event, such as heat or a spark
+the source of most of the chemical energy released
+oxygen
+Oxygen
+an ignition event
+the oxidant
+rapid combustion
+chemical energy
+peroxides, chlorates, nitrates, perchlorates, and dichromates
+pure O 2
+liquid oxygen
+13
+Concentrated O 2 will allow combustion to proceed rapidly and energetically
+combustion
+ignition sources are minimized
+fuel
+Apollo 1 crew
+oxygen
+trace quantities
+larger mass than the crust
+silicates
+crustal rock
+The Earth's mantle
+silicates of magnesium and iron
+silicates of magnesium and iron
+monatomic
+the simplest atomic ratios with respect to one another
+HO
+hydrogen
+Amedeo Avogadro's law
+phlogiston
+non-combustible substances that corrode, such as iron, contained very little
+gaseous
+metals
+buoyancy of the gaseous combustion products
+a covalent double bond
+two
+double bond
+chemically
+the filling of molecular orbitals formed from the atomic orbitals of the individual oxygen atoms
+1773
+1774
+his work
+Antoine Lavoisier
+the then-popular phlogiston theory of combustion and corrosion
+spin triplet state
+triplet oxygen
+unpaired electrons
+spontaneous
+the bond order from three to two
+part of the trapped air
+weight
+weight
+1777
+azote
+Trioxygen
+Trioxygen
+reactive allotrope of oxygen that is damaging to lung tissue
+protective radiation
+ozone layer of the upper atmosphere
+O 2
+the form that is a major part of the Earth's atmosphere
+Occurrence
+complex forms of life, such as animals, in cellular respiration (see Biological role)
+cellular respiration
+James Dewar
+1891
+1895
+oxyacetylene
+Oxygen
+temperature
+6.04 milliliters
+nitrogen
+twice as much
+most abundant
+third
+0.9%
+world's oceans
+ultraviolet radiation impacting oxygen-containing molecules
+19th century
+compressing and cooling
+Louis Paul Cailletet
+Only a few drops
+March 29, 1883
+dust grains
+oxygen-16
+Genesis
+unknown
+Genesis spacecraft
+molecular O 2
+common organic molecules
+photosynthesis
+the photolysis of ozone by light of short wavelength
+Carotenoids
+Paleoclimatologists
+water molecules of ice core samples that are up to several hundreds of thousands of years old
+12%
+oxygen-18
+warmer
+687 and 760 nm
+the carbon cycle from satellites on a global scale
+vegetation canopies in those bands to characterize plant health status from a satellite platform
+global scale
+remote sensing scientists have proposed using the measurement of the radiance coming from vegetation canopies in those bands to characterize plant health status from a satellite platform
+impart magnetic character to oxygen
+liquid oxygen
+unpaired electrons
+Liquid oxygen
+magnet
+hydrogen peroxide
+destroy invading microbes
+hypersensitive response
+anaerobic
+2.5 billion years ago
+90.20 K
+High-purity liquid O 2 is usually obtained by the fractional distillation of liquefied air
+Liquid oxygen
+liquid nitrogen
+combustible
+water bodies
+lower temperatures
+their higher oxygen content
+algae
+biochemical oxygen demand
+about 3.5 billion years ago
+Paleoproterozoic
+banded iron formations
+1.7 billion years ago
+3–2.7 billion years ago
+oxygen cycle
+biogeochemical
+three
+photosynthesis
+oxygen
+pressure swing adsorption
+90% to 93%
+nitrogen
+non-cryogenic
+90% to 93% O 2
+Oxygen gas
+molecular oxygen and hydrogen
+nearly pure O 2 gas
+O 2 evolution
+chemical oxygen generators or oxygen candles
+a history of recreational use
+a placebo effect is a more likely explanation
+a "boost" in performance
+a placebo effect
+aerobic
+decompression sickness
+carbon monoxide
+anaerobic bacteria
+Decompression sickness
+Oxygen
+heart
+emphysema
+respiration
+gaseous oxygen
+electronegativity
+chemical bonds
+FeO
+chemical bonds
+passivates the metal and slows further corrosion
+cabin depressurization
+exothermic reaction
+exothermic reaction
+oxygen
+high pressure
+smaller cylinders containing the compressed gas
+smaller cylinders
+compressed gas
+bulk liquid oxygen storage containers
+organic solvents
+a ring of three atoms
+feeder materials
+Epoxides
+"R" is an organic group
+biomolecules that are important to (or generated by) life
+Only a few common complex biomolecules
+biological relevance, carbohydrates
+proteins
+phosphate
+Oxygen toxicity to the lungs and central nervous system
+permanent pulmonary fibrosis
+160 kPa
+Acute oxygen toxicity
+breathing an air mixture with 21% O 2 at 66 m or more of depth
+low total pressures used
+marginally more than normal sea-level O 2 partial pressure
+about 30 kPa (1.4 times normal)
+no damage
+marginally more than normal
+at elevated partial pressures
+partial pressures more than 50 kilopascals (kPa)
+50% oxygen composition at standard pressure
+mechanical ventilators
+30%–50%
+October 1973
+US$3 per barrel to nearly $12 globally
+1979
+second oil shock
+members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
+foreign policy in the Middle East to avoid being targeted by the boycott
+multilateral negotiations with the combatants
+January 18, 1974
+March 1974
+August 15, 1971
+rise and fall according to market demand
+Because oil was priced in dollars, oil producers' real income decreased
+September 1971
+oil producers' real income decreased
+less than two percent per year
+1971
+1973–1974
+1947 to 1967
+October 6, 1973
+Iran
+ten times more
+Iran
+"of course [the price of oil] is going to rise... Certainly!
+a barrel
+October 16, 1973
+to continue to cut production in five percent monthly increments until their economic and political objectives were met
+$2.2 billion
+principal hostile country
+over 100 billion dollars
+Sunni extremist groups such as Al-Qaeda and the Taliban
+Middle East
+amid shrinking Western demand
+Wahhabism
+distribution and price disruptions
+USSR
+1973
+Kissinger's dominance
+The embargo had a negative influence on the US economy by causing immediate demands to address the threats to U.S. energy security
+automobiles
+Macroeconomic problems
+Arctic
+five to ten years
+Netherlands
+America
+UK
+Israelis
+Ted Heath
+the UK
+strikes by coal miners and railroad workers
+1973–74
+Switzerland
+Sweden
+Price controls
+to encourage investment
+creating greater scarcity
+rationing
+William E. Simon
+1973
+coordinate the response to the embargo
+20%
+55 mph
+Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act
+Bill Clinton
+November 28, 1995
+1977
+energy crisis
+market and technology realities
+congresses and presidents
+Soviet
+British Prime Minister Edward Heath
+10 years
+the Arabs and much of the rest of the Third World
+Japan
+71%
+declared Japan a "nonfriendly" country to encourage it to change its noninvolvement policy
+November 22, Japan issued a statement "asserting that Israel should withdraw from all of the 1967 territories, advocating Palestinian self-determination, and threatening to reconsider its policy to
+December 25,
+Afghanistan
+Saudi Arabia and Iran
+Saudi
+January 1979
+November 1979
+Japanese imports, primarily the Toyota Corona, the Toyota Corolla, the Datsun B210, the Datsun B210, the Datsun B210, the Datsun B210, the Dats
+Accord all had four cylinder engines that were more fuel efficient than the typical American V8 and six cylinder engines
+four cylinder engines that were more fuel efficient than the typical American V8 and six cylinder engines
+Japanese
+A decade after the 1973 oil crisis
+Toyota Corona Mark II
+Datsun 810
+Acura, Lexus and Infiniti
+the Toyota Hilux and the Datsun Truck
+Dodge D-50
+Ford, Chrysler, and GM
+captive import policy
+domestic sales
+at least four
+1985
+Mercury Marquis
+Chevrolet Bel Air, and Ford Galaxie 500
+1979
+1981
+Mustang I
+1981
+1980s
+pushing prices down, shrinking
+$40 per barrel
+Project Mercury
+The Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was the third United States human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
+1968
+John F. Kennedy
+two
+from 1961 to 1972
+Apollo Applications Program
+Soviet Union
+Skylab
+1967
+cabin fire
+Budget cuts
+six
+landing was prevented by an oxygen tank explosion in transit to the Moon
+Apollo 8
+final Apollo 17
+842 pounds (382 kg)
+avionics, telecommunications, and computers
+one astronaut on a limited Earth orbital mission
+three
+Abe Silverstein
+manned lunar landings
+early 1960
+1960
+Maxime Faget
+three
+Hugh L. Dryden
+John F. Kennedy
+Soviet Union
+massive financial commitment
+James E. Webb
+aerospace technology
+Yuri Gagarin
+Soviet Union
+one
+circumspect
+April 20
+Lyndon B. Johnson
+one week
+"we are neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary if this country is to reach a position of leadership."
+Robert R. Gilruth
+NASA's Langley Research Center
+Houston, Texas
+Rice University
+Florida
+Merritt Island
+Kurt H. Debus
+a member of Dr. Wernher von Braun's original V-2 rocket engineering team
+Kennedy
+at least three
+Apollo
+250,000
+130 million cubic foot
+Dr. George E. Mueller
+July 23, 1963
+D. Brainerd Holmes
+Mueller
+a reputation for his effective management of the Minuteman program, as OMSF program controller
+General Samuel C. Phillips
+General Samuel C. Phillips
+from January 1964
+Apollo Program Director
+rendezvous
+1961
+Robert Seamans
+Nicholas E. Golovin
+July 1961
+Manned Spacecraft Center
+Joseph Shea
+Manned Spacecraft Center
+Jerome Wiesner
+Golovin
+NASA
+July 11, 1962
+Wiesner
+No, that's no good
+Lunar Excursion Module
+Grumman
+allowing the lander spacecraft to be used as a "lifeboat"
+an oxygen tank explosion left the command ship without electrical power
+propulsion, electrical power and life support
+1964
+cone-shaped
+Command/Service Module
+two
+three
+Earth ocean landing
+heat shield
+Parachutes
+5,560
+A cylindrical Service Module
+high-gain S-band
+discarded
+51,300 pounds
+an orbital scientific instrument package
+North American Aviation
+twice
+1964
+Saturn V
+two
+Not designed to fly through the Earth's atmosphere
+15,100
+34 hours
+Wernher von Braun and his team of rocket engineers
+the Army
+June 11, 1962
+dummy upper stages filled with water
+1964 and 1965
+Pegasus satellites
+frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts
+The Saturn IB
+200,000 lbf
+third stage
+40,000 pounds
+The three-stage Saturn V
+33
+230,000 lbf (1,020 kN) and capability to restart the engine for translunar injection after reaching a parking orbit
+burned liquid hydrogen
+Project Mercury and Gemini veterans
+All missions were commanded by Gemini or Mercury veterans
+Dr. Harrison Schmitt
+Apollo 17
+lunar geology training of all of the Apollo landing crews
+all 32 of these astronauts its highest honor, the Distinguished Service Medal
+Distinguished Service Medal
+1969
+discipline problems with the Flight Director's orders
+Apollo 8
+1966
+265.7 nautical miles
+25,700 km
+Service Module engine and the Command Module heat shield
+a crew would fly the first Block II CSM and LM in a dual mission known as AS-207/208
+Apollo spacesuit
+greater visibility
+water-cooled
+Lunar Module Pilot
+Deke Slayton
+Gemini and Apollo programs
+1966
+Donn F. Eisele
+KC135 weightlessness training aircraft
+AS-205 would have been devoted to space experiments and contribute no new engineering knowledge about the spacecraft
+August 1967
+Saturn IB
+Apollo 1 backup crew
+Samuel Phillips
+tiger team
+1967
+Manned Space Flight Administrator George Mueller
+altitude chamber
+Grissom, White, and Chaffee
+launch countdown
+altitude chamber
+a strange odor
+January 27, 1967
+sealing of the hatch
+noticed a strange odor
+100% oxygen atmosphere
+both houses of Congress
+deficiencies
+George Low
+While the determination of responsibility for the accident was complex, the review board concluded that "deficiencies existed in Command Module design, workmanship and quality control."
+nitrogen/oxygen
+flammable cabin and space suit materials
+quick-release
+NASA discontinued the manned Block I program, using the Block I spacecraft only for unmanned Saturn V flights
+modified, fire-resistant Block II space suits
+unmanned Saturn V validation
+successfully accomplished
+letters
+AS-501
+a Block I CSM
+April 4, 1968
+a third unmanned
+Apollo 5
+37
+George Low
+successfully test-fired and restarted
+"fire-in-the-hole" test
+Saturn V
+Zond 5
+Christmas Eve
+bold step of sending Apollo 8 to orbit the Moon
+human cosmonauts
+Neil Armstrong
+July 1969
+black-and-white television
+Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin
+July 24
+Ocean of Storms
+Surveyor 3
+removed some parts which they returned to Earth
+accidentally pointed into the Sun
+Lunar Roving Vehicle
+Block II spacesuit
+eight
+over three days
+mass
+a liquid oxygen tank exploded
+Commander
+the oxygen tank was redesigned and an extra one was added
+oxygen tank
+April 1970
+Apollo 20
+shrink
+museum exhibits
+1971
+extremely old
+3.2 billion years
+KREEP
+Genesis Rock
+multiple impact events
+impact process effects
+materials melted near an impact crater
+$170 billion
+15
+$20.4 billion
+Apollo Extension Series
+Apollo Applications Program
+Apollo Telescope Missions
+1973
+it was constructed complete on the ground rather than in space
+1979
+Apollo Telescope Mount
+Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
+Apollo 11
+unknown
+Apollo 8
+Book of Genesis
+one-quarter
+inspiring
+Apollo TV camera
+incompatible
+a magnetic tape shortage
+newer satellite data
+Nafzger
+Nafzger
+remove random noise and camera shake
+kinescope
+Nafzger
+black and white
+primary law, secondary law and supplementary law
+a body of treaties and legislation
+the Treaties establishing the European Union
+regulations and directives
+Regulations and Directives
+a body of treaties and legislation
+direct effect or indirect effect
+primary law, secondary law and supplementary law
+the Treaties establishing the European Union
+primary law, secondary law and supplementary law
+the Treaties establishing the European Union
+European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
+The three sources of European Union law are primary law, secondary law and supplementary law
+courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union
+the courts of member states
+the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
+The European Court of Justice
+case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law
+courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union
+the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
+The European Court of Justice
+case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law
+the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union
+courts of member states
+The European Court of Justice
+case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law
+Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
+The European Commission
+citizens
+The European Court of Justice
+The European Court of Justice
+The TEU
+The TEU specifically excludes certain regions, for example the Faroe Islands, from the jurisdiction of European Union law
+interpret the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
+the founding treaties, the "core" treaties being the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
+as soon as they enter into force
+Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
+Gibraltar and the land islands
+as soon as they enter into force
+Court of Justice of the European Union
+with common rules for coal and steel
+Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992
+1985
+Norway did not end up joining
+Greenland
+common rules for coal and steel
+1992
+1986
+1972
+1985
+following the Nice Treaty
+France and the referendum in the Netherlands
+substance
+amending treaty
+it did not completely replace them
+constitutional law of the European Union
+produced a single constitutional document
+referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands
+the Lisbon Treaty
+The European Commission
+the Council is the "de facto catalyst of many legislative initiatives"
+President (currently an ex-Luxembourg Prime Minister, Jean-Claude Juncker)
+one
+Federica Mogherini
+Article 17(3)
+The Commission's President (currently an ex-Luxembourg Prime Minister, Jean-Claude Juncker)
+by a simple majority vote, usually through a "written procedure" of circulating the proposals and adopting if there are no objections
+Ireland
+The Commissioners, as a block, are then subject to a qualified majority vote of the Council to approve, and majority approval of the Parliament
+Santer Commission
+not break any law
+Committee of Independent Experts
+European Council
+President of the Council and a Commissioner can sit in on ECB meetings
+1999
+Commission v Edith Cresson
+a Committee of Independent Experts
+European Anti-fraud Office
+2012
+European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
+initiate legislation against the Commission's wishes
+first direct elections in 1979, to having increasingly more rights in the legislative process
+one million signatures
+amendment and veto
+European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
+European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
+1979
+first direct elections in 1979, to having increasingly more rights in the legislative process
+citizens of smallest countries
+different ministers of the member states
+former Poland Prime Minister Donald Tusk
+inversely to member state size
+352
+260
+the Council, which is composed of different ministers of the member states
+each six months
+352
+most acts there must be a qualified majority vote, if not consensus
+unanimity
+qualified majority
+harder
+TEU articles 4 and 5
+member state courts
+294
+a majority in Parliament, a minority in the Council, and a majority in the Commission
+TEU articles 4 and 5
+Conciliation Committee
+judicial
+Court of Justice of the European Union
+one judge from each member state, 28 at present, who are supposed to "possess the qualifications required for appointment to high judicial office"
+member state courts
+ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed
+assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration
+Court of Justice of the European Union
+Civil Service Tribunal
+three years
+ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed
+the Court of Justice's view is that if EU law conflicts with a provision of national law, then EU law has primacy
+the nationalisation law was from 1962
+1962, and the treaty was in force from 1958
+European Court of Justice and the highest national courts
+1964
+Court of Justice
+EU law
+foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights
+1972
+national law
+the Solange I and Solange II
+administrative law
+1986
+All actions by EU institutions can be subject to judicial review, and judged by standards of proportionality, particularly where general principles of law, or fundamental rights are engaged
+constitutional law
+Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen
+288 states, they are ‘directly applicable in all Member States’
+postal
+Treaty provisions
+Directives
+at least 4 weeks
+more than 28 days
+early 1990s
+the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws
+the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws
+the years people worked under the age of 25 would not count towards the increasing statutory notice
+Swedex GmbH & Co KG
+25
+Fourth, national courts have a duty to interpret domestic law "as far as possible in the light of the wording and purpose of the directive"
+incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons
+set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages
+6 million Lira
+European Court of Justice
+fundamental rights (see human rights), proportionality, legal certainty, equality before the law and subsidiarity
+since the 1950s
+Article 5
+the least onerous
+since the 1960s
+international law and public law
+a proper legal basis
+principles of legal certainty and good faith
+constitutional traditions common to the member states
+fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states
+None
+member states
+1950
+European Court of Human Rights
+1999
+2007
+the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
+European Union law
+European Court of Justice
+Treaty of Amsterdam
+1997
+1989
+30
+40
+12
+The UK
+the "Social Chapter" of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty
+1992
+the election of the UK Labour Party to government
+1997
+Works Council Directive
+1996
+workforce consultation in businesses
+France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany
+1951
+cartels
+Article 65 of the agreement banned cartels and article 66
+1957
+Article 101(1)
+abuse of dominant position
+Articles 106 and 107
+Article 102
+2007
+since the Treaty of Rome 1957
+consumer prices
+principle of free movement of goods in the EU
+North American Free Trade Association
+a customs union
+parallel importers
+private actors
+Commission v France French farmer vigilantes were continually sabotaging shipments of Spanish strawberries, and even Belgian tomato imports
+trading rules
+25 per cent
+France
+Rewe-Zentral AG v Bundesmonopol fr Branntwein
+a greater practical effect on imports than domestic products
+a Belgian law requiring all margarine to be in cube shaped packages
+Keck and Mithouard
+prevent cut throat competition
+Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini
+Selling arrangements can be held to have an unequal effect "in fact" particularly where traders from another member state are seeking to break into the market
+people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement
+European Community
+citizenship
+Steymann v Staatssecretaris van Justitie
+stay
+1 to 7
+Jean-Marc Bosman
+Gaelic
+Belgian Football Association v Bosman
+1 to 4
+Citizenship of the EU
+social services that people can access wherever they move
+Commission v Austria the Court held that Austria was not entended to restrict places in Austrian universities to Austrian students to avoid "structural, staffing and financial problems"
+higher education
+Functioning of the European Union
+if they were non-discriminatory, "justified by imperative requirements in the general interest" and proportionately applied
+Reyners v Belgium
+article 49
+Reyners v Belgium
+2006
+shipping toxic waste
+October 2007
+2005
+people who give services "for remuneration"
+Dutch law said only people established in the Netherlands could give legal advice
+to pursue the legitimate aim of good administration of justice
+treatment
+Daily Mail
+£1
+£1
+a company in the UK could admittedly provide services in Denmark without being established there
+Centros Ltd v Erhversus-og Selkabsyrelsen
+Amazonia or the Amazon Jungle
+5,500,000 square kilometres (2,100,000 sq mi)
+nine
+four
+over half
+Amazoneregenwoud
+Amazon Jungle
+South America
+over half of the planet's remaining rainforests
+16,000
+broadleaf
+5,500,000 square kilometres (2,700,000 sq mi)
+nine
+Brazil
+estimated 390 billion individual trees divided into 16,000 species
+the tropical rainforest
+Climate fluctuations
+the Oligocene
+Middle Miocene
+the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods, allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species
+the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate
+45°
+Climate fluctuations
+Oligocene
+retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum
+Cretaceous–Paleogene
+66–34 Mya
+Middle Miocene
+Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction
+34 million years
+middle of the continent by the Purus Arch
+toward the Atlantic
+Solimes Basin
+5–10 million years
+the Atlantic
+mid-Eocene
+Atlantic
+Pacific across the Amazonas Basin
+Amazonas Basin
+Solimes Basin
+mid-Eocene
+the middle of the continent by the Purus Arch
+toward the Atlantic
+Pacific
+Solimes Basin
+Last Glacial Maximum
+that rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present
+that the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland
+difficult to resolve
+by the available data
+21,000 years
+evidence that there have been significant changes in Amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation
+significant changes
+reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin
+21,000 years
+sediment deposits
+moist tropical
+open forest and grassland
+the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin
+CALIPSO
+182 million
+1,600 miles
+Amazon basin
+132 million
+CALIPSO satellite
+182 million tons
+27.7 million tons
+132 million tons
+43 million tons
+CALIPSO
+CALIPSO
+182 million tons
+1,600 miles
+27.7 million
+Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise
+0.52/sq mi
+agriculture
+anthropological
+5 million
+density of 0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (0.52/sq mi)
+Betty Meggers
+0.2
+Amazonia: Man and Culture
+Betty Meggers
+Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise
+0.2 inhabitants
+5 million
+200,000
+Francisco de Orellana
+1540s
+spread of diseases from Europe
+between AD 0–1250
+AD 0–1250
+Francisco de Orellana
+1542
+AD 0–1250
+Ondemar Dias
+at least 11,000 years
+black earth
+large areas
+agriculture and silviculture
+Xingu tribe
+Michael Heckenberger
+Terra preta
+agriculture and silviculture
+Xingu tribe
+Michael Heckenberger
+roads, bridges and large plazas
+2.5 million
+One in five
+40,000
+one in five of the fish species live in Amazonian rivers and streams
+128,843
+2.5 million
+2,000
+40,000
+378
+one in five of all the bird species in the world live in the rainforests of the Amazon
+1,100
+16,000
+90,790
+356  47 tonnes per hectare
+438,000
+16,000
+1,100
+90,790
+356  47 tonnes
+438,000
+electric eels
+black caiman
+piranha
+lipophilic alkaloid toxins
+Vampire bats dwell
+crop cultivation
+early 1960s
+slash and burn method
+loss of soil fertility and weed invasion
+areas cleared of forest are visible to the naked eye from outer space
+587,000 square kilometres
+587,000 square kilometres
+cattle
+second-largest
+91%
+soy farmers
+increased settlement and deforestation
+8,646
+an increase to the present day
+18%
+biodiversity
+destruction of the forest
+loss of biodiversity that will result from destruction of the forest
+10%
+1011
+severely reduced rainfall and increased temperatures
+greenhouse gas
+2100
+21st century
+climate change in addition to deforestation
+indigenous
+community-based
+deforestation and ecocide
+the Urarina
+non-human primates
+remote sensing
+Trio Tribe
+southern Suriname
+handheld GPS devices and programs
+to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests
+tree growth stages
+carbon related emissions
+Tatiana Kuplich
+2006
+Synthetic aperture radar
+2005
+Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research
+deforestation on regional climate
+irreversibly
+Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research
+2010
+1,160,000 square miles
+three
+2005
+1.5 gigatons
+comb jellies
+marine waters worldwide
+1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)
+a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide
+they are the largest animals that swim by means of cilia
+body cavity
+a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide
+combs
+comb jellies
+a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide
+water flow
+a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide
+marine waters worldwide
+ten times their own weight
+100–150
+25
+100–150
+tentilla
+ten times their own weight
+lack tentacles and prey
+huge mouths armed with groups of large, stiffened cilia
+ten times their own weight
+little tentacles
+huge mouths armed with groups of large, stiffened cilia
+colloblasts, sticky cells
+Only 100–150 species have been validated, and possibly another 25 have not been fully described and named
+hermaphrodites
+miniature cydippids
+juveniles are capable of reproduction before reaching the adult size and shape
+a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time
+produce both eggs and sperm at the same time
+simultaneous hermaphrodites
+platyctenids
+combination of hermaphroditism and early reproduction
+a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm
+produce both eggs and sperm at the same time
+the eggs and sperm mature at different times
+platyctenids
+beroids
+Black Sea
+Mnemiopsis
+over-fishing and long-term environmental changes
+fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish
+Mnemiopsis
+fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish
+bays
+other places they are uncommon and difficult to find
+planktonic plants
+Mnemiopsis
+causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish
+causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish
+66 million years ago
+monophyletic
+515 million years ago
+comb-rows than modern forms
+515 million years ago
+Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction
+monophyletic
+tentacles
+cnidarians
+having colloblasts
+bilaterians
+animal phylum
+colloblasts
+cnidarians
+colloblasts
+colloblasts
+ctenophores and cnidarians
+bilaterians
+mesoglea
+triploblastic
+ctenophores
+sponges
+cilia
+locomotion
+ctenes
+"comb-bearing"
+Pleurobrachia
+oceanic
+withstand waves and swirling sediment particles
+Pleurobrachia, Beroe and Mnemiopsis
+an epithelium
+bioluminescence
+pharynx
+a mouth that can usually be closed by muscles
+mouth and pharynx
+swimming-plates
+ctenes
+have a supporting function
+direction in which the mouth is pointing, unlike jellyfish
+2 millimeters
+experiments have shown that some species rely on osmotic pressure to adapt to water of different densities
+mesoglea
+reduce its bulk and decrease its density
+pump this into the mesoglea
+aboral organ
+opposite end from the mouth
+transparent dome made of long, immobile cilia
+a statocyst
+a balance sensor
+sea gooseberry
+an egg-shaped body with the mouth at the narrow end
+spherical
+a sheath into which it can be withdrawn
+at the narrow end
+tentilla ("little tentacles")
+microscopic colloblasts that capture prey by sticking to it
+they contain striated muscle, a cell type otherwise unknown in the phylum Ctenophora
+a few genera have simple tentacles without these sidebranches
+a domed head with vesicles (chambers) that contain adhesive
+eight
+near the mouth to the opposite end
+evenly round the body
+a ciliary groove
+lobes
+gelatinous projections edged with cilia that produce water currents that help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth
+four
+produce water currents that help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth
+suspended planktonic prey
+clapping their lobes
+the jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly
+nerves
+water disturbances
+Nuda
+The Beroida
+forming intercellular connections with the opposite adhesive strip
+tight closure streamlines the front of the animal
+their large pharynx
+The Cestida
+Cestum veneris
+belt animals
+by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows
+Velamen parallelum
+tentilla-bearing tentacles
+a muscular "foot"
+comb-rows
+rocks, algae, or the body surfaces of other invertebrates
+via pores in the epidermis
+internal fertilization
+genus Mnemiopsis
+in the parts of the internal canal network
+external
+tentacles and tentacle sheaths
+among the plankton
+by a more radical metamorphosis
+true larvae
+Beroe the juveniles
+secretions (ink) that luminesce at much the same wavelengths as their bodies
+they produce secretions (ink) that luminesce at much the same wavelengths as their bodies
+ink
+more brightly in relation to their body size
+vegetarians
+zooplankton
+incorporate their prey's nematocysts (stinging cells) into their own tentacles instead of colloblasts
+10 times their own weight per day
+Lampea
+low ratio of organic matter to salt and water
+chum salmon
+other ctenophores
+blooms in the Red Sea
+ctenophores
+eating both fish larvae and small crustaceans that would otherwise feed the adult fish
+via the ballast tanks of ships
+by the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata
+late 1980s
+slowed the animal's metabolism
+soft, gelatinous bodies
+a comb jelly
+mid-Cambrian period
+Three
+tentacles
+515 million years ago
+sessile frond-like fossil Stromatoveris
+Stromatoveris
+ctenophores
+Ediacaran
+Bilateria, sister to the Cnidaria, sister to Cnidaria, Placozoa and Bilateria
+Porifera (sponges)
+beroids
+monophyletic
+65.5 million years ago
+Richard Harbison
+Fresno
+220 miles
+ash tree
+an ash leaf
+a city in the U.S. state of California
+1872
+the convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding
+1885
+47
+the Central Pacific Railroad
+2.7%
+Chinatown
+Pinedale Assembly Center
+an interim facility for the relocation of Fresno area Japanese Americans to internment camps
+assembly center
+BankAmericard
+BankAmericard
+revolve a balance
+1976
+Visa Inc
+Bill Aken
+Bob Gallion
+Madera
+The Fresno Barn
+Lupe Mayorga
+three
+Roeding Park
+Kearney Park is the largest of the Fresno region's park system
+Woodward Park
+Civil War Revisited
+Between the 1880s and World War II
+San Joaquin Valley
+San Joaquin Light & Power Building
+Hughes Hotel
+1964
+Fulton Mall
+Pierre-Auguste Renoir
+near their current locations
+wide sidewalks
+Fresno's far southeast side
+Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue
+1950s through the 1970s
+a golf course designed by William P. Bell
+William P. Bell
+Tower Theatre
+1939
+water tower
+Fresno Normal School
+one-half mile south
+1970s
+second and third run
+1978
+Broadway in New York City
+Evita and The Wiz
+restaurants, live theater and nightclubs
+a few hundred feet
+Tower District
+Tower District
+Tower District
+early twentieth century homes
+Storybook
+newer areas of tract homes urban sprawl
+decades
+Huntington Boulevard
+William Stranahan
+1914
+267
+Huntington Boulevard
+"Southwest Fresno"
+southwest
+African-American
+Hmong or Laotian
+Nielsen Ave
+M. Theo Kearney
+tall palm
+Fresno Street and Thorne Ave
+Brookhaven
+West Side south of Jensen and west of Elm
+between the 1960s and 1990s
+Fresno and B streets
+Church Ave west of Elm St. Cargill Meat Solutions and Foster Farms
+Fresno Chandler Executive Airport is also on the West Side
+little
+Ralph Woodward
+300
+2,500
+22 miles
+6am
+1946
+Developer William Smilie
+Sierra Sky Park
+automobiles
+there are now numerous such communities across the United States and around the world
+Mediterranean characteristics
+July
+81%
+northwest
+December, January and February
+115 °F (46.1 °C)
+January 6, 1913
+1885
+the heaviest snowfall at the airport was 2.2 inches (0.06 m) on January 21, 1962
+3.55 inches
+494,665
+49.6%
+8,525 (1.7%)
+30.0%
+4,404.5
+68,511
+7.4%
+1,388
+3.62
+3.62
+427,652
+149,025
+8.4%
+11.2%
+4,097.9 people per square mile
+To avoid interference with existing VHF television stations in the San Francisco Bay Area
+KMJ-TV
+June 1, 1953
+NBC affiliate KSEE
+KGPE
+main north/south freeway
+Sierra Freeway
+Eisenhower Freeway
+west
+Fresno
+1950s
+Interstate 99
+improvements to signage, lane width, median separation, vertical clearance, and other concerns are currently underway
+Amtrak San Joaquins
+Downtown Fresno
+Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad
+San Joaquin Valley Railroad
+Fresno
+Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
+provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the RAND Corporation
+the theretofore established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidth
+coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in Europe
+Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
+to provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the RAND Corporation
+Davies
+networking paradigm
+a fee per unit of connection time
+by a fee per unit of information transmitted
+another principal networking paradigm
+pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session
+by a fee per unit of connection time
+by a fee per unit of information transmitted
+with or without intermediate forwarding nodes
+by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering
+according to a multiple access scheme
+with or without intermediate forwarding nodes
+by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering
+according to a multiple access scheme
+distributed adaptive message block switching
+distributed adaptive message block switching
+use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks, later called packets, and delivery of these messages by store and forward switching
+by store and forward switching
+described a general architecture for a large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network
+by store and forward switching
+distributed adaptive message block switching
+multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks, later called packets, and delivery of these messages by store and forward switching
+the same message routing methodology as developed by Baran
+Operating System Principles
+a nationwide network in the UK
+ARPANET
+Donald Davies
+Operating System Principles
+use in the ARPANET
+complete addressing information
+individually
+a destination address, source address, and port numbers
+a dedicated path to help the packet find its way to its destination
+The packet header can be small, as it only needs to contain this code and any information, such as length, timestamp, or sequence number, which is different for different packets
+connection id in a table
+address information
+a setup phase in each involved node before any packet is transferred to establish the parameters of communication
+connection-oriented operations
+a handshake between the communicating parties before any user packets are transmitted
+connection-oriented operations
+X.25 requires a handshake between the communicating parties before any user packets are transmitted
+1969
+division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core
+an example of a datagram protocol
+protocol suite
+a proprietary suite of networking protocols
+allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router or server
+addresses
+plug-n-play system
+CYCLADES packet switching network
+to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data
+using unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms
+ARPANET architecture
+a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation
+connect two PDP-11 minicomputers
+seven-layer OSI-compliant networking protocol
+a seven-layer OSI-compliant networking protocol
+a data network based on this voice-phone network
+Schenectady, Phoenix, Chicago, and Phoenix
+They lost money from the beginning, and Sinback, a high-level marketing manager, was given the job of turning the business around
+a time-sharing system, based on Kemney's work at Dartmouth
+Merit Network, Inc., an independent non-profit 501(c) corporation governed by Michigan's public universities
+connections to the CDC mainframe at Michigan State University in East Lansing
+Merit Network, Inc., an independent non-profit 501(c) corporation governed by Michigan's public universities
+first FCC-licensed public data network in the United States
+Larry Roberts
+the first FCC-licensed public data network in the United States
+ARPANET technology
+GTE
+an international data communications network headquartered in San Jose, CA
+host computers (servers)at thousands of large companies, educational institutions, and government agencies
+via dial-up connections or dedicated async connections
+build their own dedicated networks
+build their own dedicated networks
+two
+Bell Northern Research
+the interconnection of national X.25 networks
+an Australian public X.25 network operated by Telstra
+on-line betting, financial applications
+by linking a permanent X.25 node to the network
+public switched data network operated by the Dutch PTT Telecom
+the network and the connected users via leased lines
+the network and the connected users via leased lines
+incorrect all these services were managed by the same people within one department of KPN contributed to the confusion
+The Computer Science Network
+to extend networking benefits
+a computer network funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF)
+a not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities, industry, and government
+Qwest
+Abilene
+Qwest
+Internet2 Network
+National Science Foundation Network
+advanced research and education networking
+advanced research and education networking in the United States
+Very high-speed Backbone Network Service
+provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United States
+MCI Telecommunications
+more than 100
+OC-48c (2.5 Gbit/s) IP links
+arid plains of Central Asia
+killed 30–60% of Europe's total population
+30–60%
+17th century
+450 million down to 350–375 million
+fleas carried by ground rodents
+1338–39
+China and India
+1331
+25 million
+Genoese traders
+Jani Beg
+infected corpses
+Sicily and the south of Europe
+several existing conditions such as war, famine, and weather
+northwest
+Italy
+smaller trade relations with their neighbours
+Germany and Scandinavia
+1349
+serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures
+autumn 1347
+through the port's trade with Constantinople
+the north
+Gasquet
+atra mors
+Gasquet
+1823
+Scandinavia and then Germany, gradually becoming attached to the mid 14th-century epidemic as a proper name
+a series of plague tracts that sought to give advice to sufferers
+the king of France
+Miasma theory
+Miasma theory
+the plague theory
+19th-century plague was begun by teams of scientists who visited Hong Kong in 1894
+Alexandre Yersin
+mechanism by which Y. pestis was usually transmitted
+two populations of rodents
+Francis Aidan Gasquet
+"it would appear to be some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague"
+1908
+the Black Death
+the Justinian plague that was prevalent in the Eastern Roman Empire
+30–75%
+Symptoms are high fevers and purple skin patches (purpura due to disseminated intravascular coagulation)
+80
+90 to 95 percent
+fever of 38–41 °C (100–106 °F)
+October 2010
+a new investigation into the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death
+They assessed the presence of DNA/RNA with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques for Y. pestis from the tooth sockets in human skeletons from mass graves in northern, central
+the tooth sockets in human skeletons from mass graves in northern, central and southern Europe
+presence of DNA/RNA with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques for Y. pestis from the tooth sockets in human skeletons from mass graves in northern, central and southern Europe
+genetic branches
+Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis
+may have entered Europe in two waves
+through the port of Marseille around November 1347
+spring of 1349
+amended
+England
+the strain that caused the Black Death is ancestral to most modern strains of the disease
+October 2011
+J. F. D. Shrewsbury
+the reported rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague
+contemporary accounts were exaggerations
+bubonic plague theory
+Samuel K. Cohn, Jr.
+an epidemiological account
+lack of reliable statistics
+over 100%
+figures from the clergy
+1377
+extensive samples from other mass graves
+marginal significance
+lack of accounts of the death of rats before outbreaks of plague between the 14th and 17th centuries
+faster
+5 to 15 years
+cause was a form of anthrax
+thought it may have been a combination of anthrax and other pandemics
+typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections
+blood poisoning
+25
+50%
+100,000
+some pre-planning and Christian burials
+50%
+isolated
+14th to 17th centuries
+the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671
+almost a million
+propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million in 1300
+end of 1350
+10–15%
+1665
+40,000
+Russia
+Italian Plague of 1629–1631
+1654
+22
+1.7 million
+about half
+half
+Sweden v. Russia and allies
+1720
+1500 and 1850
+30 to 50 thousand
+second quarter of the 19th century
+two-thirds
+melt
+a metamorphic rock
+a new magma
+igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
+heat and pressure
+seafloor spreading
+crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle
+asthenosphere
+convecting mantle
+1960s
+divergent boundaries
+convergent boundaries
+San Andreas
+Alfred Wegener
+convecting
+arrival times of seismic waves
+simplified layered model with a much more dynamic model
+410 and 660 kilometers
+wave speeds
+separated within itself by seismic discontinuities at 410 and 660 kilometers
+the most recent eon with an expanded scale
+Quaternary
+The Holocene
+Quaternary
+cross-cutting relationships
+younger
+key bed
+younger
+xenoliths
+magma or lava flows
+clasts
+inclusions and components
+gravel
+faunal succession
+William Smith almost a hundred years before the publication of Charles Darwin's theory of evolutionary thought
+the localization of fossil types due to lateral changes in sedimentary strata
+organisms
+Charles Darwin
+20th century
+fossils and stratigraphic correlation
+new absolute ages
+one another
+fossil sequences
+Thermochemical techniques
+geochronologic and thermochronologic studies
+isotope ratios
+Dating of lava and volcanic ash layers found within a stratigraphic sequence
+horizontal
+shallow crust
+"synforms"
+"synforms"
+anticlines and synclines
+Extension
+boudins
+within the Maria Fold and Thrust Belt
+metamorphosed
+Extension
+Dikes
+large numbers in areas that are being actively deformed
+topographic
+Continual motion along the fault
+Deformational
+layered basaltic lava flows
+Acasta gneiss of the Slave craton
+almost-undeformed stacks of sedimentary rocks that have remained in place since Cambrian time
+Cambrian time
+the Acasta gneiss of the Slave craton in northwestern Canada
+the study of rocks
+the study of sedimentary layers
+the study of positions of rock units and their deformation
+soils, rivers, landscapes, and glaciers
+optical microscopy
+birefringence, pleochroism, twinning, and interference
+geochemical evolution of rock units
+laboratory
+optical microscopy
+how they change through igneous and metamorphic processes
+how they change through igneous and metamorphic processes
+metamorphic processes and the conditions of crystallization of igneous rocks
+Structural
+microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples
+plot and combine
+analog and numerical experiments
+orogenic wedges
+orogenic wedges
+sand
+all angles remain the same
+they are often more sophisticated and can include patterns of erosion and uplift in the mountain belt
+stratigraphers
+geophysical
+well logs
+computer programs
+water, coal, and hydrocarbon
+to provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition
+biostratigraphers
+Magnetic stratigraphers
+Geochronologists
+Persia
+Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni
+fossil animal shells
+Ibn Sina
+deposition of silt
+James Hutton
+Theory of the Earth
+1795
+the Earth must be much older than had previously been supposed in order to allow enough time for mountains to be eroded and for sediments to form new rocks at the bottom of the sea
+William Maclure
+1809
+1809
+Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map
+American Philosophical Society
+Principles of Geology
+uniformitarianism
+catastrophism
+catastrophism
+Charles Darwin
+103 miles
+8.5
+English Core Cities Group
+Northumberland
+Geordie
+Robert Curthose, William the Conqueror
+wool trade
+coal
+16th century
+the Great North Run
+Pons Aelius
+River Tyne
+2,000
+Hadrian's Wall
+Pictish
+England
+Elizabeth
+25-foot
+William the Lion
+three
+coal
+the Hostmen
+a pointless pursuit
+an eccentric
+ruin
+their families
+boats
+about 7,000 out of 20,000
+one-third
+devastating loss
+King
+the Scots
+drummes
+Triumphing by a brave defence
+Charles I
+urbanization
+the Maling company
+electric lighting
+prosperity
+steam turbine
+medieval
+Narrow alleys or 'chares', most of which can only be traversed by foot
+Stairs
+modern
+Derwentwater House
+Tyneside Classical
+England's best-looking city
+Grey Street
+1960s
+one side of the original Eldon Square itself
+Town Moor
+graze cattle
+The Hoppings funfair
+June
+King Harald V of Norway
+Large-scale regeneration
+Gateshead Council
+Norman Foster
+a tourist promotion
+ten
+Grainger Town area
+between 1835 and 1842
+four stories
+244
+Butcher Market
+1835
+2000
+a painting of this event
+English Heritage
+oceanic
+warming
+rain
+January 1982
+the remainder of the British Isles
+2010
+Eldon Square Shopping Centre
+Bainbridge's
+by department
+2007
+shopping destinations
+suburban
+Tesco
+Newcastle
+Gateshead
+The Tyneside flat
+terraces
+the industrial centres on Tyneside
+Architects
+high density
+Census
+at 5.9%
+overinflated
+authorities
+Tunbridge Wells
+2001
+metropolitan
+student population with Newcastle and Northumbria Universities
+a large student population with Newcastle and Northumbria Universities
+student populations
+37.8
+ancestors
+Border Reiver
+between 500 and 2,000
+1%
+Geordie
+Anglo-Saxon populations who migrated to
+many elements
+forerunner
+("stream")
+Scandinavia
+elsewhere in the Northern United Kingdom
+Scots
+Many words
+the Dutch gooien
+Ear Institute at the University College London
+noisiest
+80.4
+negative long-term
+a motorway underpass without pedestrian access
+Collingwood Street
+a new indoor complex consisting of bars, upmarket clubs, restaurants and a 12-screen Empire multiplex cinema
+12
+The Pink Triangle
+bars, cafés and clubs
+theatre
+Stephen Kemble
+many celebrated seasons
+21 January 1788
+Grey Street
+theatres
+Theatre Royal on Grey Street
+Royal Shakespeare Company
+local talent
+arts capital of the UK
+The Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle
+8000
+John and Benjamin Green
+lecture theatre
+Joseph Swan
+The Newcastle Beer Festival
+May
+biennial
+NewcastleGateshead
+2
+The Hoppings
+every June
+Temperance Movement
+cycling
+The Northern Pride Festival and Parade
+Newcastle Mela
+Norman Foster
+Design Event
+East Asian
+NewcastleGateshead
+folk-rock group
+1971
+Folk metal band Skyclad
+Folk metal band Skyclad
+Duran Duran
+November 2006 and May 2008
+Old Town Hall, Gateshead
+three
+the restored Classic
+a roof extension
+Newcastle
+a museum highlighting life on Tyneside
+shipbuilding
+2009
+Seven Stories
+On the Night of the Fire
+Get Carter
+noir thriller
+Mike Figgis
+Tommy Lee Jones
+Gosforth Park
+Newcastle Eagles
+Newcastle Diamonds
+Brough Park in Byker
+Blaydon Race
+6 miles (9.7 km)
+via the Metro Light Rail system
+20 minutes
+five million
+over 90
+Victorian architecture
+six
+Queen Victoria
+Robert Stephenson
+Manors
+three hours
+three hours
+Edinburgh
+CrossCountry
+Northern Rail
+Tyne and Wear Metro
+five
+deep-level
+A bridge was built across the Tyne
+37 million
+'Metro: All Change
+smart ticketing
+tracks, signalling and overhead wires
+procurement of an entirely new fleet of trains and further extensions to the system
+trams as opposed to the current light rail trains
+A1 (Gateshead Newcastle Western Bypass)
+A69
+Great North Road
+the roads between this and the A1's former alignment through the Tyne Tunnel
+the capacity of the Tyne Tunnel
+3
+two
+Stagecoach
+Bus Services in Newcastle upon Tyne and the surrounding boroughs part of the Tyne and Wear area
+Eldon Square Bus Station
+1998
+cycling promotes healthy living
+healthy
+one way streets
+national networks
+Danish DFDS Seaways
+end of October 2006
+high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services
+late 2008
+Thomson
+eleven
+seven
+Royal Grammar School
+Newcastle College
+the two primary state-Catholic run high schools
+two
+Newcastle University
+Sunday Times University of the Year award
+polytechnics became new universities
+Northumbria University
+three
+1474
+Coptic Cathedral
+Church of St Thomas
+parish churches
+Parish Church of St Andrew
+1726
+the Priory church at Hexham
+the last of the ancient churchyards
+The church tower
+City Road
+a new facility on The Watermark business park next to the MetroCentre in Gateshead
+The entrance to studio 5
+the result of its colouring
+BBC Radio Newcastle
+NE1fm
+Newcastle Student Radio
+since 1951
+Radio Lollipop
+Newcastle University's student's union building
+1770
+Archbishop of Westminster
+George Stephenson
+light bulb
+Thailand
+Rutherford Grammar School
+international footballers
+Nobel Prize
+keyed Northumbrian smallpipes
+Newcastle
+the Brompton district of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
+4.5 million
+1852
+Queen Victoria and Prince Albert
+Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
+1852
+Queen Victoria and Prince Albert
+Department for Culture, Media and Sport
+2001
+12.5 acres
+145
+5,000 years
+Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa
+the world's largest collection of post-classical sculpture
+Great Exhibition of 1851
+Henry Cole
+Museum of Manufactures
+Somerset House
+Gottfried Semper
+Queen Victoria
+22 June 1857
+George Wallis
+late night openings
+1949
+between September and November 1946
+nearly a million and a half
+Council of Industrial Design
+Festival of Britain
+1948
+a rock concert
+young people
+Roy Strong
+mediaeval
+Dundee
+£76 million
+on the city's waterfront
+fashion, architecture, product design, graphic arts and photography
+five years
+Brompton Park House
+Sheepshanks Gallery
+Captain Francis Fowke
+1862
+the offices and board room
+Owen Jones
+Italian Renaissance
+James Gamble & Reuben Townroe
+mosaic
+James Gamble & Reuben
+Philip Webb and William Morris
+Edward Burne-Jones
+James Gamble
+Alfred Stevens
+Sir Edward Poynter
+Henry Young Darracott Scott
+Colonel
+Cadeby
+prints, drawings, paintings and photographs
+2008
+sgraffito
+Starkie Gardner
+southeast of the garden
+south side of the garden
+Reuben Townroe
+Aston Webb
+red brick and Portland stone
+720 feet (220 m)
+an open work crown surmounted by a statue of fame
+fame
+Alfred Drury
+four
+Webb
+marble
+Queen Victoria
+the Art Library
+Henry Cole wing
+the Spiral
+Christopher Hay and Douglas Coyne
+the Spiral
+main silverware
+mosaic floors
+FuturePlan
+South Kensington
+the exhibition designers and masterplanners Metaphor
+Kim Wilkie
+Kim Wilkie
+elliptical
+receptions, gatherings or exhibition purposes
+American Sweetgum
+2004
+Royal Institute of British Architects
+600,000
+RIBA Drawings and Archives Collection
+700,000
+Andrea Palladio
+American
+330
+Andrea Palladio
+Andrea Palladio
+the Great Fire of London
+the Great Fire of London
+c1600
+Montal
+Alhambra
+19,000
+2006
+Ardabil Carpet
+Afghanistan
+1909
+60,000
+10,000
+6000
+1991
+Jawaharlal Nehru
+70,000
+China, Japan and Korea
+T. T. Tsui Gallery
+1991
+Ming and Qing
+Ando Cloisonné
+1986
+13th-century
+1550 to 1900
+koro
+14th to the 19th century
+Himalayan
+Hindu and Buddhist sculptures
+mother-of-pearl
+ivory
+Leonardo da Vinci
+Forster I, Forster II, and Forster III
+over 18,000
+1876
+1876
+Charles Dickens and Beatrix Potter
+Charles Dickens
+12th to 16th
+trial and rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, Rouen
+Lucas Horenbout
+Word and Image Department
+MODES
+Encoded Archival Title (EAD)
+newly accessioned into the collection
+" search the Collections,"
+2007
+Factory Project
+Andy Warhol
+15,000
+catalog everything
+British patrons
+Asia
+Designers and artists whose work is on display
+Horace Walpole
+imports
+increase in tea drinking
+wider trends
+John Ruskin
+mass production
+Arts and Crafts
+Trajan's Column
+cut in half
+Trajan's Column
+sculptures, friezes and tombs
+in a glass case
+1731
+Frederick II the Great
+1762
+1909
+East Asian pottery and porcelain
+Josiah Wedgwood, William De Morgan and Bernard Leach as well as Mintons & Royal Doulton
+Britain and Holland
+elaborately ornamented ceramic stoves
+16th and 17th centuries
+Germany and Switzerland
+4000 years
+6000
+Ancient Egypt
+René Lalique
+René Lalique
+1994
+Danny Lane
+2004
+Dale Chihuly
+13th
+over 10,000
+2,000
+David Hockney
+David Hockney
+David Hockney
+1,442
+Word and Image department
+everyday clothing from previous eras has not generally survived
+1913
+Harrods
+2002
+Vivienne Westwood
+178
+Vivienne Westwood costumes
+modern fashion
+1859 and 1865
+between 1859 and 1865
+art and furnishings
+1882
+£250,000
+1580
+Hans Vredeman de Vries
+c1750
+Germany
+Le Corbusier, Marcel Breuer, Charles and Ray Eames, and Gi Ponti
+6000
+Ancient Egypt
+1869
+154
+William and Judith Bollinger
+secular and sacred covering both Christian (Roman Catholic, Anglican and Greek Orthodox) and items
+1496–97
+nearly 8 tonnes
+Sir George Gilbert Scott
+over 10,000
+c1110
+gilt bronze
+St Thomas Becket
+c1180
+gilt copper
+5,100
+Bryan Davies
+Horniman Museum
+35
+2010
+650
+650
+6800
+Her Majesty the Queen Elizabeth II
+Andrés Marzal De Sax
+1857
+233
+forming a 'A National Gallery of British Art'
+The Hay Wain
+British
+1600–1800
+Madame de Pompadour
+Carlo Crivelli's Virgin
+Franois, Duc d'Alenon
+Eadweard Muybridge
+1887
+781
+images of different animals and humans performimages various actions
+James Lafayette
+400 AD to 1914
+22,000
+400 AD to 1914
+tomb and memorial
+National Galleries of Scotland
+Neptune and Triton
+Italian, Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque and Neoclassical sculpture
+Michelangelo
+c. 1547
+20
+the sculptor
+1914
+World War I
+St John the Baptist
+Eric Gill
+Nicholas Stone
+Eric Gill
+sample of some of these sculptors' work is on display
+Dorothy and Michael Hintze
+1950
+by theme, tomb sculpture, portraiture, garden sculpture and mythology
+Henry Moore and Jacob Epstein
+Tate Britain
+53,000
+all populated continents are represented, dating from the 1st century AD to the present
+1st century AD
+western European
+by technique
+Cloth of St Gereon
+15th
+Netherlands
+hunting of various animals
+John Vanderbank
+late 14th-century
+William Morris
+1887
+Marion Dorn
+Serge Chermayeff
+Theatre Museum
+2009
+the UK's biggest national collection of material about live performance
+The V&A Theatre & performance galleries
+research, exhibitions and other shows
+Conservation
+temperature and light
+Interventive
+V&A Museum of Childhood
+preventive
+Disney–ABC Television Group
+1957
+Columbus Avenue
+Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street
+Disney Media Networks
+October 12, 1943
+NBC Blue Network
+1948
+ESPN
+Capital Cities Communications
+232
+Citadel Broadcasting
+eight
+Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
+Citadel Broadcasting
+National Broadcasting Company
+NBC Blue and NBC Red
+major cities, and to test drama series
+new programs on markets of lesser importance than those served by NBC Red, which served the major cities, and to test drama series
+NBC Blue Network
+Mutual
+1938
+1940
+NBC Red Network
+NBC Blue
+Mark Woods
+NBC Blue Network
+Dillon, Read & Co.
+David Sarnoff
+$7.5 million
+Life savers
+October 12, 1943
+George B. Storer
+president and CEO of ABC
+June 30, 1951
+counterprogramming
+Paul Whiteman
+suspenseful
+Bing Crosby
+public service
+$155 million
+ABC1
+October
+ABC International
+United States
+1959
+The arrival of satellite television
+Japan and Latin America
+Japan and Latin America
+the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II
+Beirut
+Mainichi Broadcasting System
+respective issues with technical problems and flight delays
+respective issues with technical problems and flight delays
+Peanuts television specials
+Emmy Awards
+1965
+Academy Awards, Emmy Awards
+A Charlie Brown Christmas
+1974
+Ryan Seacrest
+through 2016
+New Year's Eve
+cable channel TLC
+the latter of which is the longest-running entertainment program in the history of the ABC television network
+1975
+The Edge of Night
+The View and The Chew
+1963
+X Games
+2006
+weekend afternoons at any time from 12:00 to 6:00 p.m. Eastern Time (9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. Pacific)
+NBA
+The Open Championship golf and The Wimbledon tennis tournaments
+Frank Marx
+2 through 6
+1947
+VHF
+108
+two
+DuMont Television Network
+CBS and NBC
+United Paramount Theatres
+Paramount Pictures
+nine full-time affiliates
+CBS
+Prudential Insurance Company of America
+Leonard Goldenson
+William S. Paley
+June 6, 1951
+1952
+February 9, 1953
+American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres, Inc.
+Paramount Building at 1501 Broadway in Manhattan
+August 10, 1948
+October 1948
+Mount Wilson
+The Prospect Studios
+September 30, 1960
+1960s
+ABC
+1960s
+1959
+NBC
+1961
+1985
+circle logo
+Troika Design Group
+black-and-yellow
+the dot
+Pittard Sullivan
+1998–2002
+"We Love TV"
+Demand
+1993–94
+1995–96 season
+1983
+"That Special Feeling"
+1970s
+black
+black
+Paul Rand
+Bauhaus
+Herbert Bayer
+1963–64 season
+ABC Radio
+October 19, 2005
+six divisions
+2004
+Dancing with the Stars
+Anne Sweeney
+NASCAR
+2002
+Michael Eisner
+The Bachelor
+The Bachelorette
+Time Warner Cable
+ABC
+NBC
+May 2
+2000
+The WB
+Step by Step to CBS
+August 1999
+Meredith Vieira
+Buena Vista Television
+Meredith Vieira
+July 31, 1995
+ABC Inc
+Knight Ridder
+Robert Iger
+Sports Night
+1965–66
+third
+Beating the Odds: The Untold Story Behind the Rise of ABC
+May 1, 1953
+7 West 66th Street
+Baltimore
+Robert Kintner
+DuMont Television Network
+ABC-DuMont
+$5 million
+Paramount Pictures
+The Lone Ranger
+The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet
+Cheyenne
+Sugarfoot
+Walt Disney
+the wheel series Warner Bros
+Roy
+$500,000
+1954
+anthology television programs that Disney would broadcast over the course of the next 50 years
+Allen Shaw
+Harold L. Neal
+"LOVE Radio"
+seven
+1969
+Duel
+1971
+$400,000–$450,000
+1970s
+CBS and NBC
+behavioral and demographic
+Monday Night Football
+2006
+NBC
+15%–16%
+1970
+1972
+Worldvision Enterprises
+cigarette advertising from all television and radio networks
+January 2, 1971
+Henry Plitt
+Elton Rule
+1966
+Happy Days
+developing youth-oriented programming
+Paramount Pictures
+Fred Pierce
+Fred Silverman
+S.W.A.T
+November 3, 1975
+president of NBC's entertainment division
+Laverne & Shirley
+jiggle TV
+Alex Haley
+Aaron Spelling
+nine
+1976–77 season
+Soap
+Roone Arledge
+ABC Sports
+7 Lincoln Square
+June 1979
+June 1978
+Hugh Downs
+Barbara Walters
+MCA Inc
+ABC Cable News
+ABC News now
+WJRT-TV and WTVG
+WJRT-TV and WTVG
+The Writers Guild of America
+Duel
+Caris & Co
+ABC Entertainment
+ABC Entertainment Group
+Citadel Media
+iTunes
+2004
+2004
+Fridays
+Fridays
+1970
+Worldvision Enterprises
+ABC Circle Films
+Turner Broadcasting System
+Disney–ABC Domestic Television
+Buena Vista Television
+Buena Vista International Television
+Cinerama Productions/Palomar theatrical library
+WABC-TV and WPVI-TV
+eight
+235
+96.26%
+1946
+the seal of the Federal Communications Commission
+1943
+2011
+Extreme makeover: Home Edition
+HD
+Litton's Weekend Aventure
+720p high definition
+the network's programming in 1080i HD
+11
+ABC's master feed
+Body of Proof
+late-season premiere Happy Endings
+NBC
+Brothers & Sisters
+All My Children and One Life to Live
+Prospect Park
+Hulu
+The Revolution
+18–49
+2004
+long-dominant CBS
+The Neighbors (which languished in its new Friday time slot despite being bookended by Last Man Standing and Shark Tank) and Suburgatory
+The Neighbors
+The Middle and Modern Family
+Dragon's Den
+Sundays
+Tim Allen
+Daniel Burke
+Thomas Murphy
+NewPD Blue
+Doogie Howser, M.D
+ten
+1993
+DIC Entertainment
+Time Warner Cable
+23.63%
+Chicago radio station WLS
+May 9, 1960
+John Bassett
+CFTO-TV
+Wide World of Sports
+Edgar Scherick
+Roone Arledge
+Sports Programs, Inc.
+American Broadcasting Companies
+The Dating Game
+The Newlywed Game
+1330 Avenue of the Americas in Manhattan
+90%
+Dynasty
+Mork & Mindy
+Alpha Repertory Television Service (ARTS)
+Infinity Broadcasting Corporation
+Getty Oil
+The Entertainment Channel
+Arts & Entertainment Television
+Daniel B. Burke
+chairman and CEO
+$465 million
+America's Funniest Home Videos
+Home Improvement
+General Hospital
+The View and The Chew and the soap opera General Hospital
+7:00 to 9:00
+Jimmy Kimmel Live!
+New Jersey, Rhode Island and Delaware
+WBMA-LD
+a co-owned/co-managed full-power television station
+WLQP-LP
+ABC Circle Films
+ABC Studios
+ABC Television Center
+ABC Television Center, East
+Times Square Studios
+Good Morning America and Nightline
+Peter Jennings Way
+World News Tonight
+ABC on Demand
+Hulu
+July 6, 2009
+27%
+the day after their original broadcast
+eight
+fast forwarding of accessed content
+January 7, 2014
+LoyalKaspar
+four
+ABC Modern
+ESPN
+14
+14
+All-Channel Receiver Act
+UHF
+Youngstown
+five times
+WTRF-TV
+1960s
+Walt Disney Presents
+Desilu Productions
+because of its use of violence, Desilu then presented it to ABC
+April 1959
+ABC Sunday Night Movie
+$15.5 million
+Hanna-Barbera
+Hanna-Barbera, The Jetsons
+April 1, 1963
+ITT
+Donald F. Turner
+Department of Justice
+January 1, 1968
+Capital Cities Communications
+$3.5 billion
+Warren Buffett
+E. W. Scripps Company
+12 television stations
+September 5, 1985
+Capital Cities/ABC, Inc
+president of ABC's broadcasting division
+Michael P. Millardi
+Roone Arledge
+Laverne & Shirley
+Laverne & Shirley
+Big Three networks
+The Love Boat
+comedies and family-oriented series
+TGIF
+"Thank Goodness It's Funny"
+Miller-Boyett Productions
+Warner Bros
+seven
+the Ralph Nelson-directed Charly
+ABC Pictures
+1985
+Redwood City, California
+westerns and detective series
+500%
+between 10% and 18% of the total U.S. population
+Ollie Treiz
+Dick Clark
+counterprogramming against its competitors
+actioner Zorro
+Life
+detective
+"WATCH ABC"
+New York City O&O WABC-TV and Philadelphia O&O WPVI-TV
+Hearst Television
+WatchESPN
+The Sinclair Broadcast Group
+Sinclair
+The E. W. Scripps Company
+28 ABC affiliates and two additional subchannel-only affiliates
+15
+"Start Here"
+Troika
+entertainment division
+entertainment division
+WFTS-TV and WWSB
+KMBC-TV and KQTV
+WZZM and WOTV
+WTSP
+Mongol Empire
+the Mongol invasions
+Khwarezmian and Xia
+Central Asia and China
+Qara Khitai, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin
+gedei Khan
+1227
+Western Xia
+sons and grandsons
+Mongolia
+Deln Boldog
+Yesgei
+1162
+Tatar chieftain
+Temlen
+Hasar, Hachiun, and Temge
+Brte
+Khongirad
+Dai Setsen
+Begter
+Hoelun
+Khasar
+one hunting excursion
+his father's former allies, the Tayichi'ud
+with a cangue, a sort of portable stocks
+Jelme and Bo'orchu
+Jelme and Bo'orchu
+a river crevice
+temporary alliances
+Hoelun
+Chinese dynasties
+the need for alliances
+Brte of the Onggirat tribe
+the Merkits
+Jamukha
+Jochi
+1226
+three
+Tolui
+1189
+Tolui
+at least six
+sworn brother or blood brother
+the Merkits
+Jadaran
+20,000
+Jamukha
+Mongolian aristocracy
+Kokochu
+1186
+Battle of Dalan Balzhut
+Qara Khitai
+Yassa code
+civilians and soldiers wealth from future possible war spoils
+orphans
+stronger with each victory
+Jochi
+Jamukha
+Jamukha
+Keraite tribe
+several generals
+1201
+universal ruler
+Subutai
+1206
+friendship and reunion
+he did not want disloyal men in his army
+reunion
+noble death
+Chinese
+Jamukha
+Khasar
+extensive spy network and Yam route systems
+Wang Khan
+1206
+Khuruldai
+Khagan
+his son and successor, gedei
+Genghis Khan
+Jin dynasty
+Ming-Tan
+1215
+Zhongdu
+gedei Khan
+Kuchlug
+Liao
+two tumen
+Jebe
+The Arrow
+internal revolt
+west of Kashgar
+Lake Balkhash
+Khwarezmia (Khwarezmid Empire)
+Muslim
+Shah Ala
+Inalchuq
+two Mongols and a Muslim
+100,000
+Silk Road
+Tien Shan mountains
+three groups
+northeast
+Jochi
+Samarkand
+superior strategy and tactics
+Inalchuq
+molten silver
+divide his army into small groups concentrated in various cities
+Subutai and Jebe
+Samarkand fell
+Bukhara
+a river
+captured enemies
+executed every soldier that had taken arms against him at Samarkand
+pyramids of severed heads
+opened the gates
+Turkish defenders
+artisans and craftsmen
+he was the flail of God
+young men who had not fought
+1220
+Subutai
+Armenia and Azerbaijan
+Battle of Kalka River
+Mstislav the Bold of Halych and Mstislav III of Kiev
+Volga Bulgaria
+Volga Bulgaria and Kievan Rus
+Transoxiana and Persia
+1225
+Samarkand
+1226
+autumn
+Mongols
+Yellow River
+a line of five stars
+Ning Hia
+Ma Jianlong
+arrows
+Liupanshan (Qingshui County, Gansu Province)
+ordered the entire imperial family to be executed, effectively ending the Tangut lineage
+seniority of Jochi
+gedei
+Khwarezmid Empire
+gedei
+Chagatai and Jochi
+Chagatai
+Tolui
+gedei
+1226
+Khorasan
+Urgench
+Genghis Khan
+I would be doing a service if I killed my father when he is hunting
+Western Xia
+fell from his horse
+an arrow wound
+war booty
+Oirads
+markings
+Khentii Aimag
+Onon River
+Genghis Khan Mausoleum
+Edsen Khoroo
+Dongshan Dafo Dian
+Japanese troops
+early 1954
+Red Guards
+October 6, 2004
+rural Mongolia
+horses
+horses
+Genghis Khan
+Yassa
+meritocracy
+Genghis Khan and his family
+Genghis Khan
+tax exemptions
+Ong Khan
+a personal concept
+Shamanist, Buddhist or Christian
+Tregene Khatun
+Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace)
+Tregene Khatun
+a civil state under the Great Yassa
+Chu'Tsai
+they were nomads and thus had no experience governing cities
+Jin
+Khitan rulers
+Muqali, Jebe and Subutai
+Karakorum
+Muqali
+Subutai and Jebe
+unwavering loyalty
+certain rivers
+Muslim and Chinese siege engines and engineers to aid the Mongol cavalry in capturing cities
+defended position for ambush and counterattack
+feigned retreat to break enemy formations and to lure small enemy groups away from the larger group and defended position for ambush and counterattack
+Caspian Sea
+Caspian Sea
+Genghis's successor gedei Khan
+1279
+Silk Road
+Turkey
+tolerant
+expanding the horizons of all three cultural areas
+the Mongolian People's Republic period
+his butchery is exaggerated
+Genghis Khan's Mongolia
+butchery
+"Genghis Khan's children"
+Mongolian tgrg
+Genghis Khan
+Chinggis Khaan International Airport
+to avoid trivialization
+Ulaanbaatar
+Ikh Zasag
+illegal matters related to corruption and bribery very heavily
+Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj
+Ikh Zasag (Great Administration)
+Inner Mongolia region
+5 million
+Kublai Khan
+Yuan
+conquest and established the Yuan dynasty that is often credited with re-uniting China
+Iran
+10 to 15 million
+10 to 15 million
+Hulagu Khan
+Mamluks of Egypt
+Ghazan Khan
+1237
+Novgorod and Pskov
+Timur
+Genghis Khan
+Nishapur
+tenggis
+Baikal
+"right", "just", or "true"
+modifier -s
+Chinggis
+Chinggis Khaan, English Chinghiz, Chinghis, and Chingiz
+variety of ways in different languages
+simplified Chinese
+Mongolian Chinggis Khaan
+simplified Chinese
+root
+tobacco and patent medicines
+sorcery or even poison
+outdated or only approproriate if herbal remedies were on offer to a large extent
+many other herbs not listed
+healthcare
+optimal
+optimisation
+optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual
+small-business proprietors
+pharmacists and pharmacy technicians
+General Pharmaceutical Council
+the governing body for pharmacy health care professionals
+health care professional
+pharmacists and pharmacy technicians
+writing a five volume book
+De Materia Medica
+materia medica
+Diocles of Carystus
+middle eastern scientists
+fulfilled roles similar to those of modern pharmacists were highly respected
+Taih Code (701) and re-stated in the Yr Code
+Meiji Restoration
+Meiji Restoration
+Imperial household
+botany and chemistry
+Muhammad ibn Zakarya Rzi
+Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
+Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
+Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis)
+15th century
+Church of Santa Maria Novella
+a Catalan enclave close to Puigcerd
+old prescription books and antique drugs
+1221
+pharmacy legislation
+patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues
+automation
+patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues
+dispensary
+hospitals
+disciplines of pharmacy
+safety of medications
+clinical pharmacists
+within the premises of the hospital
+unit-dose
+high risk preparations and some other compounding functions to companies who specialize in compounding
+high cost of medications and drug-related technology
+high risk preparations and some other compounding functions to companies who specialize in compounding
+direct patient care services that optimizes the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention
+integral part of the interdisciplinary approach to patient care
+physicians and other healthcare professionals
+patient care rounds drug product selection
+all health care settings
+drug choice, dose, route, frequency
+an evaluation of the appropriateness of the drug therapy
+drug choice, dose, route, frequency, and duration
+drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, and assess patient drug allergies while designing and initiating a drug therapy plan
+full independent prescribing
+North Carolina and New Mexico
+2011
+Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist
+Virginia, the Indian Health Service, and NIH
+patients
+directly with patients
+Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica
+many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings
+employ  specialist pharmacists and/or provide consulting services
+about the year 2000
+brick-and-mortar community pharmacies
+online pharmacies
+traveling to a community drugstore where another customer might overhear about the drugs that they take
+method by which the medications are requested and received
+to avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe
+those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication
+potentially dangerous
+prescription drugs without requiring a prescription
+sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription
+the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances
+a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship
+the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances
+a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship
+a corresponding responsibility to ensure that the prescription is valid
+individual state laws
+Vicodin
+reduce consumer costs
+Canada
+international drugsupplys, rather than consumers
+there is no known case of any U.S. citizens buying Canadian drugs for personal use with a prescription
+legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries
+pharmacy practice science and applied information science
+information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies
+major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals
+information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies
+quickly to meet the needs of major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals
+specialty drugs
+19 of 28
+chronic and complex disease
+novel medications that need to be properly stored, administered, carefully monitored, and clinically managed
+lab monitoring, adherence counseling
+separately from physicians
+pharmacists
+American Medical Association (AMA) Code of Ethics
+7 to 10 percent
+form business partnerships with physicians or give them "kickback" payments
+United Kingdom
+rural areas in the United Kingdom
+1.6 kilometres
+1.6 kilometres
+high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers
+the physician has a financial self-interest in "diagnosing" as many conditions as possible
+the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers
+exaggerating their seriousness
+directly conflicts with the patient's interest in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects
+more integral
+integral
+clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients
+Medication Therapy Management
+increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system
+Alberta and British Columbia
+the Australian Government
+medicine use review
+pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy
+Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm. D.)
+mortar and pestle and the  (recipere) character
+show globe
+Netherlands
+Germany and Austria
+France, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and India
+a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease
+disease
+innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity
+neuroimmune system
+a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease
+disease
+innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity
+disease
+pathogens
+neuroimmune system
+the blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and similar fluid–brain barriers
+pathogens
+innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity
+innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity
+pathogens
+by the immune system
+rudimentary
+eukaryotes
+the basis of vaccination
+bacteriophage
+defensins
+vaccination
+Jawed vertebrates
+autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer
+when the immune system is less active than normal
+recurring and life-threatening infections
+recurring and life-threatening infections
+Hashimoto's thyroiditis
+Immunodeficiency
+autoimmunity
+Immunology
+HIV/AIDS
+plague of Athens
+scorpion
+Louis Pasteur
+Walter Reed
+Robert Koch
+microorganisms
+yellow fever
+during the plague of Athens in 430 BC
+adaptive immune system
+immune system
+adaptive immune system
+Innate
+adaptive immune system
+immunological memory
+physical barriers
+self and non-self
+self molecules
+non-self molecules
+antigens
+specific immune receptors
+pattern recognition receptors
+innate immune system
+microorganisms
+pathogens
+the exoskeleton
+the exoskeleton of insects
+coughing and sneezing
+mucus
+tears and urine
+-defensins
+lysozyme and phospholipase A2
+defensins and zinc
+gastric acid and proteases
+menarche
+commensal flora
+fungi
+pure cultures of the lactobacilli
+pH or available iron
+Inflammation
+increased blood flow into tissue
+eicosanoids and cytokines
+prostaglandins
+interleukins
+Phagocytes
+cytokines
+intracellular
+phagolysosome
+acquiring nutrients
+Neutrophils and macrophages
+Neutrophils and macrophages
+50% to 60%
+chemotaxis
+interleukin 1
+Leukocytes
+Leukocytes (white blood cells) act like independent, single-celled organisms
+adaptive immune system
+macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells
+Dendritic cells
+neuronal dendrites
+T cells
+T cells
+missing self
+Natural killer cells
+MHC I
+killer cell immunoglobulin receptors (KIR)
+early vertebrates
+antigen presentation
+pathogens or pathogen-infected cells
+killer T cell and the helper T cell
+regulatory
+Class I MHC
+Class II MHC
+A third, minor subtype
+Killer T cells are a sub-group of T cells that kill cells that are infected with viruses
+CD8
+TCR
+granulysin
+perforin
+MHC:antigen complex is also recognized by the helper cell's CD4 co-receptor
+200–300
+200–300
+cytokines
+CD40
+helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and NK cells
+T cell receptor (TCR)
+CD1d-restricted Natural Killer T cells
+receptor diversity
+V9/V2
+B cell
+proteolysis
+lymphokines
+long-lived memory cells
+immunological memory can be in the form of either passive short-term memory or active long-term memory
+passive short-term memory or active long-term memory
+specific pathogen
+microbes
+IgG
+Breast milk or colostrum
+passive immunity is usually short-term, lasting from a few days up to several months
+immunomodulators
+adaptive and innate
+lupus erythematosus
+immunosuppressive
+NFIL3
+heart disease, chronic pain, and asthma
+sleep deprivation
+progressive decline in hormone levels with age
+cholecalciferol
+hormones
+cholecalciferol
+killer T cells
+MHC class I
+viral
+MHC class I
+phagocytic
+Pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs
+rapid apoptosis
+Systemic acquired resistance (SAR)
+RNA silencing mechanisms
+autoimmune disorders
+self and non-self
+thymus and bone marrow
+self
+Immunodeficiencies
+young and the elderly
+50 years
+obesity, alcoholism, and drug use
+malnutrition
+vaccination
+immunization
+an antigen from a pathogen
+natural specificity
+enzymes
+a type III secretion system
+move from the pathogen to the host
+elude host immune responses
+Frank Burnet
+pathogens, an allograft
+histocompatibility
+Niels Jerne
+Glucorticoids
+cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs
+methotrexate or azathioprine
+cyclosporin
+cytotoxic natural killer cells and CTLs
+cortisol and catecholamines
+melatonin
+free radical production
+vitamin D receptor
+the steroid hormone calcitriol
+symbiotic
+CYP27B1
+dendritic cells, keratinocytes and macrophages
+Pattern recognition receptors
+defensins
+phagocytic
+Ribonucleases and the RNA interference pathway
+immunoglobulins and T cell receptors
+lamprey and hagfish
+Variable lymphocyte receptors
+adaptive immune system
+lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response
+restriction modification system
+viral
+CRISPR
+"cellular" and "humoral"
+Elie Metchnikoff
+phagocytes
+Robert Koch and Emil von Behring
+soluble components (molecules) found in the organism’s “humors” rather than its cells
+cancers
+MHC class I molecules
+cytokine TGF-
+macrophages and lymphocytes
+Hypersensitivity
+four
+immediate or anaphylactic reaction
+IgE
+cytotoxic
+intracellular pathogenesis
+food poisoning bacterium Salmonella
+Plasmodium falciparum
+Mycobacterium tuberculosis
+surface proteins
+antigenic variation
+HIV
+HIV
+antigens
+immune surveillance
+papillomavirus
+tyrosinase
+melanocytes
+melanocytes
+larger doses
+hydrophilic
+Immunoproteomics
+B cells
+immunoinformatics
+leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin
+APCs
+Th1/Th2
+slowly evolving adaptive immune response
+proteases
+disrupting their plasma membrane
+recognition signal
+catalytic
+Civil disobedience
+apartheid
+Singing Revolution
+Ukraine
+Georgia
+Egyptians
+Egyptians
+people have rebelled against what they deem to be unfair laws
+what they deem to be unfair laws
+Civil Rights Movement
+Antigone
+King of Thebes
+Antigone, one of the daughters of former King of Thebes, Oedipus, defies Creon
+Sophocles
+giving her brother Polynices a proper burial
+Antigone
+Sophocles
+King of Thebes
+to stop her from giving her brother Polynices a proper burial
+a stirring speech in which she tells him that she must obey her conscience rather than human law
+Percy Shelley
+nonviolent
+Satyagraha
+vast audiences
+Henry David Thoreau
+Percy Shelley
+nonviolent protest
+nonviolent protest
+Civil Disobedience
+Henry David Thoreau
+muggers, arsonists, draft evaders, campaign hecklers, campus militants, anti-war demonstrators, anti-war demonstrators, juvenile delinquents and political assassins
+Marshall Cohen
+ambiguity
+utterly debased
+become utterly debased
+Marshall Cohen
+ambiguity
+Marshall Cohen
+ambiguity
+LeGrande
+the formulation of a single all-encompassing definition of the term is extremely difficult
+lawful protest demonstration, nonviolent civil disobedience, and violent civil disobedience
+semantical problems
+more (or no less) meaning than the individual orator intends it to have
+LeGrande
+voluminous
+semantical problems and grammatical Niceties
+lawful
+violent
+civil disobedience
+two public agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government, conflict
+pertaining to a citizen's relation to the state and its laws
+Civil disobedience is usually defined as pertaining to a citizen's relation to the state and its laws
+Civil disobedience
+state and its laws
+the head of government of a country were to refuse to enforce a decision of that country's highest court
+head of government of a country
+two public agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government, conflict
+head of government of a country
+Thoreau
+political philosophy pitching the conscience vs. the collective
+not necessarily right
+handle his refusal to pay
+individuals who disagree with what is being said
+The individual
+individuals
+individuals who disagree with what is being said
+Resign
+it is not necessarily right
+governmental entities
+non-governmental agencies such as trade unions, banks, and private universities
+governmental entities
+against governmental entities
+non-governmental agencies such as trade unions, banks, and private universities
+larger challenge to the legal system that permits those decisions to be taken
+civil disobedience is only justified against governmental entities
+governmental entities
+civil disobedience
+covert lawbreaking
+constitute civil disobedience
+Book of Exodus
+Shiphrah and Puah
+constitute
+rules that conflict with morality
+assisting in fabricating evidence or committing perjury
+Book of Exodus
+Book of Exodus
+non-violent
+Black's Law Dictionary
+rebellion
+tolerance
+non-violent
+non-violent
+non-violent
+a civil disobedients' use of force and violence and refusal to submit to arrest
+to whether civil disobedience must necessarily be non-violent
+Revolutionary civil disobedience
+Hungarians
+Ferenc Dek
+an active attempt to overthrow a government
+change cultural traditions, social customs, religious beliefs
+Non-revolutionary civil disobedience of laws on the grounds that they are judged "wrong" by an individual conscience
+to cause their repeal, or to exert pressure to get one's political wishes on some other issue
+to render certain laws ineffective
+Revolutionary civil disobedience is more of an active attempt to overthrow a government
+Gandhi's acts have been described as revolutionary civil disobedience
+Roman Empire
+prevent the installation of pagan images
+his arrest was not covered in any newspapers in the days, weeks and months after it happened
+higher political office
+after the end of the Mexican War
+Roman Empire
+to prevent the installation of pagan images in the Temple in Jerusalem
+jail solidarity
+jail solidarity
+weeks and months
+illegal
+propaganda
+the proprietors of illegal medical cannabis dispensaries and Voice in the Wilderness
+738 days
+being cut down
+different illegal acts
+the proprietors of illegal medical cannabis dispensaries and Voice in the Wilderness
+harassment
+public policy
+Julia Butterfly Hill
+allegedly sending an email to the Lebanon, New Hampshire city councilors stating, "Wise up or die."
+"Wise up or die."
+engaging in the forbidden speech
+the 1978 Supreme Court case of FCC v. Pacifica Foundation
+1978
+pure speech
+criminalized behavior
+expressing defiance
+engaging in the forbidden speech
+a system to function
+padlocking the gates
+GCSB Waihopai
+coercion
+coercive
+civil disobedience
+coercive
+to engage in moral dialogue
+coercion in order to get their issue onto the table
+criminal
+a suspect's talking to criminal investigators can serve no useful purpose, and may be harmful
+criminal investigators can serve no useful purpose, and may be harmful
+lack of understanding of the legal ramifications, or due to a fear of seeming rude
+lack of understanding of the legal ramifications, or due to a fear of seeming rude
+accept punishment
+their belief in the validity of the social contract
+criminal law that does not infringe the rights of others
+criminal law
+a violation of criminal law that does not infringe the rights of others
+whether or not to plead guilty
+plead guilty
+either choice is compatible with the spirit of civil disobedience
+important decision for civil disobedients
+plead for the beauty that surrounds us
+Camp Mercury nuclear test site
+suspended sentences, conditional on their not reentering the test site grounds
+they faced arrest
+nolo contendere
+suspended
+continuing their protest, as a way of reminding their countrymen of injustice
+reminding their countrymen of injustice
+remaining in jail
+reminding their countrymen of injustice
+plea bargain
+plead guilty to one misdemeanor count
+solidarity
+blind
+Mohandas Gandhi
+defiant speech
+lack of remorse, an attempt to avoid responsibility for her actions, and even a likelihood of repeating her illegal actions
+civil disobedience defendants choose to make a defiant speech, or a speech explaining their actions, in allocution
+lack of remorse, an attempt to avoid responsibility for her actions, and even a likelihood of repeating her illegal actions
+defiant speech
+to win an acquittal and avoid imprisonment or a fine
+to win an acquittal and avoid imprisonment or a fine
+seek jury nullification
+Vietnam War era
+seek jury nullification
+attribution
+conscientious lawbreakers must be punished
+breaking the law for self-gratification
+avoiding attribution
+denying having committed the crime
+Indirect civil disobedience
+Indirect civil disobedience
+Vietnam War
+necessity
+"prosecutors have reasoned (correctly) that if they arrest fully informed jury leafleters have reasoned (correctly) that if they arrest fully informed jury leaflet
+giving the offender his "just deserts", achieving crime control via incapacitation and deterrence
+achieving crime control via incapacitation and deterrence
+the state (including the judges) to decide on utilitarian grounds whether to do so or not
+utilitarian grounds
+construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure
+manufacturing
+six to nine percent
+design, and financing
+a known client
+An architect
+a construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer or project manager
+effective planning
+megaprojects
+design and execution of the infrastructure
+buildings, infrastructure and industrial
+residential and non-residential
+heavy/highway
+Infrastructure
+Industrial
+a trade magazine for the construction industry
+ENR
+2014
+transportation, sewer, hazardous waste and water
+building construction, heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors
+construction service firms
+The Standard Industrial Classification and the newer North American Industry Classification System
+firms engaged in managing construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion of the construction project
+Building construction
+small renovations
+the owner of the property
+structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation
+make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight
+local building authority regulations and codes of practice
+Materials readily available in the area
+waste
+more expensive to build
+3D printing technology
+20 hours
+2014
+2 metres (6 ft 7 in)
+plan the physical proceedings
+designs into reality
+the property owner
+a quantity surveyor
+the most cost efficient bidder
+previously separated specialties
+entirely separate companies
+one-stop shopping
+"design build"
+design-build, partnering and construction management
+architects, interior designers, engineers and constructors
+establishing relationships with other necessary participants through the design-build process
+preventable financial problems
+builders ask for too little money to complete the project
+when the present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labour and materials
+Fraud
+Mortgage bankers, accountants, and cost engineers
+the loans banker
+accountants
+identified change orders or project changes that increased costs
+Cost engineers and estimators
+zoning and building code requirements
+the owner
+Some legal requirements come from malum prohibitum considerations
+things that are a matter of custom or expectation, such as isolating businesses to a business district and residences to a residential district
+An attorney
+construction project
+A contract
+that a delay costs money
+that each side is capable of performing the obligations set out
+poorly drafted contracts
+relationship contracting
+Public-Private Partnering
+Public-Private Partnering
+co-operation
+architect or engineer
+His or her
+the architect's client and the main contractor
+the main contractor
+building is ready to occupy
+The owner
+Several D&B contractors
+The owner
+a consortium of several contractors
+they design phase 2
+contractors
+damage to the existing electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities
+electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities
+municipal building inspector
+an occupancy permit
+$960 billion
+$680 billion
+about 667,000
+fewer than 10
+828,000
+£42,090
+£26,719
+US/Canada
+construction
+Falls
+electrocution, transportation accidents, and trench cave-ins
+Proper safety equipment such as securing ladders and inspecting scaffolding
+independent schools
+academic scholarship
+public (government) funding
+select their students and are funded in whole or in part by charging their students tuition
+$45,000
+tuition-free
+Australia
+United Kingdom and several other Commonwealth countries including Australia and Canada
+upper sixth
+upper sixth
+prep schools
+peer tuitions
+the best teachers
+Roman Catholic
+Orthodox Christians
+religious
+Student uniforms for Australian private schools are generally stricter and more formal than in government schools
+a compulsory blazer
+more expensive
+Presbyterian Church
+Catholic schools
+Sydney
+girls
+Article 7, Paragraph 4
+second Gleichschaltung
+11.1%
+11.1%
+11.1%
+Sonderungsverbot
+Private Schools became insolvent in the past in Germany
+very low tuition fees and/or offer scholarships
+Ergnzungschulen
+vocational
+charging their students tuition fees
+religious groups
+independent schools
+Prominent Examination Boards
+Prominent Examination Boards that are present in multiple states are the CBSE and the CISCE, NENBSE, NENBSE
+the union government
+societies
+a country that has the largest adult illiterate population in the world
+The Annual Status of Education Report
+assesses learning levels in rural India
+English
+scoil phrobhideach
+boarding schools
+€5,000
+Society of Jesus
+€25,000 per year
+1957
+English-medium
+English-medium
+National School system
+Over 60 schools converted to become National Type schools
+aided
+fully funded by private parties
+Kathmandu
+Nepali and/or the state's official language is also taught
+the state's official language
+88
+28,000
+3.7%
+the nation's then-private Catholic school system
+Auckland
+Anglican
+Wellington
+Presbyterian
+Christchurch
+Catholic schismatic group
+about 7.5%
+32%
+80%
+August 1992
+natural science
+The Education Service Contracting scheme of the government
+Tuition Fee Supplement
+Private Education Student Financial Assistance
+The South African Schools Act of 1996
+1996
+traditional private schools and schools which are privately governed
+traditional private schools and schools
+early nineteenth century
+private schools
+more academic results than government schools formerly reserved for other race groups
+higher school fees
+10%
+30
+700
+The Knowledge School
+innovative school voucher model
+13 years old
+public schools
+9 per cent
+13 per cent
+£27,000+ per year
+Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
+College Preparatory
+South
+College Preparatory
+African-American
+religious organizations or private individuals
+Establishment Clause of the First Amendment
+Establishment Clause of the First Amendment or individual state Blaine Amendments
+charter status
+Massachusetts
+1852
+1972
+268 U.S. 510
+McCrary
+$40,000
+$50,000
+Groton School
+boarding schools
+John Harvard
+after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College
+James Bryant Conant
+Association of American Universities
+President Charles W. Eliot
+Harvard Library
+79
+18 million volumes
+eight
+150
+Harvard Yard
+$37.6 billion
+Charles River
+eleven
+Harvard Yard
+1636
+Harvard Corporation
+1638
+1639
+1650
+Puritan
+English
+The school's purpose was "to advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity, dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches when our present ministers shall lie in the dust"
+1804
+Samuel Webber
+1805
+Louis Agassiz
+intuition
+Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart
+Charles W. Eliot
+Transcendentalist Unitarian convictions
+William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson
+James Bryant Conant
+higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather than an entitlement for the wealthy
+1945
+four
+1977
+mirroring a trend throughout higher education in the United States
+3 miles (5 km) west-northwest
+twelve
+Charles River
+half a mile northwest
+on a 358-acre (145 ha) campus opposite the Cambridge campus in Allston
+John W. Weeks Bridge
+on a 21-acre (8.5 ha) campus in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area
+fifty percent
+new and enlarged bridges, a shuttle service and/or a tram
+enhanced transit infrastructure, possible shuttles open to the public, and park space which will also be publicly accessible
+2,400
+7,200
+14,000
+1875
+1875
+$32 billion
+30%
+Allston Science Complex
+$4.093 million
+$159 million
+1980s
+Duke Kent-Brown
+$230 million
+5.3%
+2007
+disadvantage low-income and under-represented minority applicants applying to selective universities
+2016
+seven
+eight
+The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching
+60%
+four
+degrees summa cum laude
+60%
+$38,000
+$57,000
+$120,000 to $80,000 pay no more than 10% of their annual incomes
+$414 million
+88%
+Widener Library
+Cabot Science Library, Lamont Library, and Widener Library
+Pusey Library
+18 million
+three
+Western art from the Middle Ages
+the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
+2003
+2011
+second most commonly named "dream college"
+42
+Yale University
+every two years
+1903
+1903
+1906
+Yale
+Lavietes Pavilion
+Malkin Athletic Center
+three
+23
+Thames River
+Cornell
+2003
+General Ban Ki-moon
+Juan Manuel Santos
+José Mara Figueres
+Fan S. Noli
+Conan O'Brien
+Leonard Bernstein
+Yo Yo Ma
+W. E. B. Du Bois
+Shing-Tung Yau
+Alan Dershowitz and Lawrence Lessig
+Stephen Greenblatt
+Jacksonville
+1,345,596
+largest
+Duval County
+1968
+St. Johns River
+340 miles
+Fort Caroline
+Timucua
+Andrew Jackson
+third largest
+golf
+two
+"Jacksonvillians" or "Jaxsons"
+thousands
+University of North Florida team
+Ecological and Historic Preserve
+the historical era
+Ossachite
+Jean Ribault
+France
+Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
+fort San Mateo
+St. Johns River
+the American Revolutionary War
+prospered economically more than it had under the Spanish
+ostensibly reflect the fact that cattle were brought across the river
+Britain
+February 9, 1832
+Confederate
+The Skirmish of the Brick Church
+American Civil War
+supply point for hogs and cattle being shipped from Florida to aid the Confederate cause
+1864
+Reconstruction and the Gilded Age
+Grover Cleveland
+yellow fever outbreaks
+Florida East Coast Railway
+railroad
+Spanish moss at a nearby mattress factory was quickly engulfed in flames and enabling the fire to spread rapidly
+2,000
+sent the state militia to maintain order
+Great Fire of 1901
+New York–based filmmakers
+silent film studios
+"Winter Film Capital of the World"
+the emergence of Hollywood
+construction of highways
+55.1%
+white flight
+Mayor W. Haydon Burns
+World War II
+education, sanitation, and traffic control
+unincorporated suburbs
+funding education, sanitation, and traffic control
+Voters
+through the traditional old boy network
+11
+Jacksonville Consolidation
+Lower taxes
+voters approved the plan
+Hans Tanzler
+The Better Jacksonville Plan
+$2.25 billion
+$2.25 billion package of major projects that included road & infrastructure improvements, environmental preservation, targeted economic development and new or improved public facilities
+86.66%
+The Trout River
+The Trout River
+13.34% (116.7 sq mi or 302 km2)
+Baldwin
+tallest building in Downtown Jacksonville's skyline
+Barnett Center
+tallest building in Downtown Jacksonville's skyline
+42
+distinctive flared base
+humid subtropical
+May through September
+mild and sunny
+low latitude
+104 °F
+thunderstorms
+rapid heating
+64 to 92 °F
+Hurricane Dora
+110 mph (180 km/h)
+Tropical Storm Fay
+Saffir-Simpson Scale
+2008
+Arab
+366,273
+largest Filipino American community, with 25,033 in the metropolitan area as of the 2010 Census
+Filipino
+29.7%
+23.9%
+non-families
+94.1
+40%
+3.5 billion
+$759,900
+using net wealth (adding up assets and subtracting debts)
+the accelerating disparity could trigger a recession
+40%
+financial assets
+nearly $41 trillion
+more than half
+The three richest people in the world possess more financial assets than the lowest 48 nations combined
+400
+New York Times
+why many Americans who have become rich may have had a "substantial head start"
+substantial head start
+wealth
+the "richest 1 percent
+Inherited wealth
+over 60 percent
+Institute for Policy Studies
+a reflection of the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions
+differences in value added by labor, capital and land
+differences in value added by different classifications of workers
+inequality
+inequality is a reflection of the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions
+differences in value added by labor, capital and land
+value added by different classifications of workers
+wages and profits
+worker, capitalist/business owner, landlord
+productivity gap
+capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor inputs
+a situation of relatively stagnant wages for the working class amidst rising levels of property income for the capitalist class
+increasing unemployment
+relatively stagnant wages for the working class amidst rising levels of property income for the capitalist class
+labor inputs
+competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits
+less workers are required in proportion to capital inputs
+productivity of each worker
+relatively stagnant
+workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations, or by the employer
+law of supply and demand
+losing proposition to offer below or above market wages to workers
+by offering a higher wage the best of their labor
+unfair
+the workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations, or by the employer, but rather by the market
+prices
+wages
+markets
+high levels of inequality
+competition between employers for employees will drive up the wage
+low demand
+high wages
+collective bargaining, political influence, or corruption
+Members may also receive higher wages through collective bargaining, political influence, or corruption
+a low wage
+competition
+expendable nature of the worker in relation to his or her particular job
+a large need for the positions
+Competition
+entrepreneurship rates at the individual level (self-employment)
+self-employment
+Necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income
+opportunity-based entrepreneurship is driven by achievement-oriented motivations ("pull") such as vocation and more likely to involve the pursue of new products, services, or underserved market needs
+opportunity-based entrepreneurship is driven by achievement-oriented motivations ("pull") such as vocation and more likely to involve the pursue of new products, services, or underserved market needs
+higher economic inequality
+necessity rather than opportunity
+Necessity-based
+achievement-oriented motivations
+more positive
+progressive tax
+the level of the top tax rate
+steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending
+progressive tax system
+tax rate
+the level of the top tax rate
+steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending
+The difference between the Gini index for an income distribution before taxation and the Gini index after taxation
+increases in education first increase and then decrease growth as well as income inequality
+aggregate savings and investment
+lower incomes
+the poor
+aggregate savings and investment
+variation
+high wages
+lower
+lower incomes
+education raises incomes and promotes growth
+increasing access to education
+$105 billion
+boom-and-bust cycles
+economists with the Standard & Poor's rating agency
+2014
+2008-2009 recession
+increasing access to education
+$105 billion
+boom-and-bust cycles
+1910–1940
+decrease in the price of skilled labor
+decreased inequality
+educational inequality in gender also influence towards the economy
+compression
+1910–1940
+a decrease in the price of skilled labor
+a stepping-stone to acquire college and advanced degrees
+Education
+gender inequality in education
+continental European countries
+continental European countries
+little support for the view that U.S.-style labor-market flexibility dramatically improves labor-market outcomes
+intensive Anglo-American liberal policies
+economic inequality
+social exclusion
+CEPR
+little support
+lower
+Scandinavia
+vice-versa
+decline of organized labor in the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization
+decline of organized labor
+Sociologist
+University of Washington
+decline of organized labor
+very low levels of inequality
+weak labor movements and vice-versa
+reduced wages as a result of the competition
+reduced wages as a result of the competition
+low skilled jobs
+trade liberalisation
+a global to a domestic scale
+low-skilled workers
+trade liberalisation
+minor
+machine labor in wealthier nations
+53%
+-40%
+income studies show that that does not explain the entire difference
+males
+Gender
+males
+women
+Thomas Sowell
+in US once other factors are accounted for there is still a difference in earnings between women and men
+social welfare programs
+lower
+various possible redistribution mechanisms such as social welfare programs, more developed countries move back to lower levels of inequality
+more developed countries move back to lower levels of inequality
+Economist
+levels of economic inequality
+more capital
+more wealth and income and introducing inequality
+social welfare programs
+1910 to 1940
+1970s
+service sector
+service sector
+Kuznets
+Kuznets curve
+very weak
+income inequality will eventually decrease
+implies that it may be possible for multiple Kuznets' cycles to be in effect at any given time
+Wealth concentration
+invest in new sources of creating wealth
+wealth condensation
+those who already hold wealth have the means to invest in new sources of creating wealth or to otherwise leverage the accumulation of wealth
+the possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities
+those who already hold wealth
+wealth condensation
+Thomas Piketty
+higher returns
+market forces
+Economist
+rare and desired skills
+A better explainer of growing inequality
+rent-seeking
+resources devoted on high-end consumption
+human capital is neglected
+life expectancy
+economic utility
+lower
+2013
+rising inequality
+negative effect
+promoting social dislocation
+economic
+British
+obesity, mental illness, homicides, teenage births, incarceration, child conflict, drug use
+lower
+23
+social goods
+better health and longer lives
+poorer countries
+life expectancy
+Americans
+longer
+income inequality
+Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
+nine
+countries with bigger income inequalities
+greater equality
+inequality
+homicides
+fifty
+differences in the amount of inequality in each province or state
+about half of all variation
+economic inequality is problematic
+"distributive efficiency"
+luxury items providing a great deal of utility to that person
+decreases
+higher aggregate utility
+income
+consumption is more important than income
+2001
+Thomas B. Edsall
+journalist
+economist
+systematic economic inequalities
+Financial crisis of 2007–08
+easier credit to the lower and middle income earners
+unsustainable monetary stimulation
+inequality in wealth and income
+not just economic prosperity
+declines over the medium term
+higher GDP growth
+The poor and the middle class
+increasing inequality harms economic growth
+economic growth
+subsequent long-run economic growth
+it is a waste of resources
+inequality-associated effects
+both global inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth by limiting aggregate demand
+limiting aggregate demand
+both global inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth by limiting aggregate demand
+increasing importance of human capital in development
+human capital is scarcer than machines, widespread education
+1993
+a long lasting detrimental effect
+channels through which inequality may affect economic growth
+redistributive taxation
+politically and socially unstable
+reduce growth in relatively poor countries
+reduce growth in relatively poor countries
+growth and investment
+Research by Harvard economist
+between 1960 and 2000
+Kuznets curve hypothesis
+first increases
+Thomas Piketty
+Economist
+wars and "violent economic and political shocks"
+1970s
+reduced consumer demand
+risen with increased income inequality
+several years
+more equality in the income distribution
+special efforts
+existing level of inequality
+the same reduction
+United Nations
+reducing poverty
+land and housing
+through various associations and other arrangements
+extra-legal
+200
+government land
+affordable housing
+quality rental units
+higher quality housing increased
+landlords found new residents willing to pay higher market rate for housing and left lower income families without rental units
+ad valorem property tax policy
+by everyone
+their finances
+aspirational consumption
+by taking on debt
+economic instability
+more environmental degradation
+multiplier
+this as well
+corrected
+private ownership of the means of production
+a small portion of the population lives off unearned property income by virtue of ownership titles in capital equipment, financial assets and corporate stock
+income in the form of a wage or salary
+so that income differentials would be reflective of individual contributions to the social product
+reflective
+Robert Nozick
+taxation
+force
+forceful taking of property
+when they improve society as a whole
+capability deprivation
+end itself
+to “wid[en] people’s choices and the level of their achieved well-being
+through increasing functionings (the things a person values doing) and agency (the ability to pursue valued goals
+the ability to pursue valued goals
+they are in some way deprived of earning as much income as they would otherwise
+earn as much as a healthy young man
+gender roles and customs
+fear of their lives
+a better relevant income
+BBC
+1963
+TARDIS
+time-travelling space ship
+British science-fiction
+1963 to 1989
+Russell T Davies
+Torchwood
+BBC Wales
+Christopher Eccleston
+Twelve
+Peter Capaldi
+The Time of the Doctor
+Time Lords
+personality, which occurs after sustaining an injury which would be fatal to most other species
+Gallifrey
+Mark I Type 40 TARDIS
+"chameleon circuit"
+chameleon circuit
+a blue British Police box
+one or more companions to share these adventures
+The Doctor has the ability to regenerate when his body is mortally damaged, taking on a new appearance and personality
+regenerate
+humans
+Time Lord
+23 November 1963
+Newman and Wilson
+the programme was not permitted to contain any "bug-eyed monsters"
+Terry Nation
+25 minutes
+26
+Jonathan Powell
+More Than 30 Years in the TARDIS
+the series would return
+BBC 1
+relaunch the show
+Philip Segal
+Fox Network
+9.1 million
+UK
+"Rose"
+2005
+2009
+Chris Chibnall
+Christmas Day specials
+1963–1989
+1963–1989 series
+1963–1989
+Battlestar Galactica and Bionic Woman
+1963–1989 series
+30 November 1963
+ten minutes
+ten minutes
+episode two
+assassination
+"Behind the Sofa"
+Museum of the Moving Image
+Museum of the Moving Image
+scariest TV show of all time
+Digital Spy
+Doctor who was the most violent of the drama programmes the corporation produced at the time
+3%
+Philip Howard
+comparing Monopoly
+The Times newspaper
+TARDIS
+public's consciousness
+to the show in the public's consciousness
+Metropolitan Police Authority
+2002
+26
+6 December 1989
+12
+The Trial
+Black Guardian Trilogy
+2005
+60 minutes
+Christmas Day
+"Journey's End"
+2010
+between 25-minute episodes
+25-minute
+eight
+one of 72 minutes
+1080i
+William Hartnell and Patrick Troughton
+97
+seasons 3, 4, & 5
+1978
+1972, almost all episodes produced during the first six years of the programme are not held
+bought prints for broadcast, or by private individuals who acquired them by various means
+home viewers who made tape recordings of the show
+Mission to the Unknown
+8 mm cine film
+home viewers who made tape recordings of the show
+BBC on VHS
+animation studio Cosgrove Hall
+1968
+Theta-Sigma
+November 2006
+Second Doctor
+until the Doctor's third on-screen regeneration however
+original star William Hartnell's poor health
+"regeneration" was not initially conceived of until the Doctor's third on-screen regeneration
+"change of appearance"
+12
+13
+The Time of the Doctor
+The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead and the 1996 TV film
+1996
+John Hurt
+The Day of the Doctor
+Michael Jayston
+The Trial of a Time Lord
+McGann and Eccleston's Doctors
+The Space Museum
+Shada
+Peter Davison
+The Space Museum
+The Day of the Doctor
+Peter Davison, Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy
+Zagreus
+Peter Davison, Colin Baker, Sylvester McCoy and Paul McGann
+Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy
+2003
+The Time of the Doctor
+The Brain of Morbius
+"Fourth"
+The Time of the Doctor
+1983
+An Unearthly Child
+Susan Foreman
+2005
+destroyed
+"Smith and Jones"
+human, or humanoid aliens
+The Deadly Assassin
+The Deadly Assassin
+human, or humanoid aliens
+Sarah Jane Smith
+the Doctor generally travels with a primary female companion, who occupies a larger narrative role
+Rose Tyler (Billie Piper), Martha Jones (Freema Agyeman), and Jack Harkness (John Barrowman)
+Eleventh Doctor
+Pearl Mackie
+Catherine Tate
+Russell T Davies
+1, Cybermen in series 2, the Macra and the Master in series 3, and the Time Lords (Rassilon) in the 2009–10 Specials
+Doctor who one step at a time: the Autons with the Nestene Consciousness and Daleks
+3, the Sontarans and Davros
+Zygons
+The Dalek race
+Skaro
+attacks upon them using various weapons can blind a Dalek, making it go mad
+Davros
+their eyestalk
+The Master
+Time Lord
+Eric Roberts
+Professor Moriarty
+Roger Delgado
+Michelle Gomez
+"Utopia"
+2014
+Missy
+Michelle Gomez
+Ron Grainer
+BBC Radiophonic Workshop
+musique concrte techniques
+end of season 17 (1979–80)
+Did I write that
+Peter Howell
+John Debney
+Seventh Doctor
+Ron Grainer
+Christmas episode "The Christmas Invasion"
+"Voyage of the Damned"
+Classic FM's Hall of Fame
+the theme which was reported to have had a hostile reception from some viewers
+228
+Gold
+Jon Pertwee
+Jon Pertwee
+24
+The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu
+The Timelords
+Dudley Simpson
+Planet of Giants
+1964
+Planet of Giants
+The Talons of Weng-Chiang
+BBC National Orchestra of Wales
+BBC National Orchestra of Wales
+27 July 2008
+Music of the Spheres
+Murray Gold and Ben Foster
+Six
+first two series
+The next Doctor to End of Time Part 2
+Christmas Carol
+8 November 2010
+The Day of the Doctor
+Twelfth Doctor
+current Doctor who logo is used for all merchandise relating to the current Doctor
+Fourth Doctor
+the current Doctor who logo is used for all merchandise relating to the current Doctor
+assassination of John F. Kennedy
+BBC's mainstream BBC One channel
+1970s
+circa 1964–1965
+BBC Three
+the BBC Board of Control
+the programme was scheduled against the soap opera Coronation Street
+the BBC Board of Control
+soap opera
+2005
+PBS
+New Zealand
+CITV
+15
+23 November
+Australian Broadcasting Corporation
+partial funding
+SyFy
+weekly screenings of all available classic episodes
+BBC UKTV
+1976
+The Three Doctors
+Space
+The Talons of Weng-Chiang
+Judith Merril
+Christopher Eccleston
+excerpts from the Doctor who Confidential documentary
+The Christmas Invasion
+9 October 2006
+Christmas Invasion
+United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and the United States
+Eight original series serials
+Doctor who (The Infinite Quest)
+Spearhead from Space
+2009
+Trevor Martin
+Doctor who – The Ultimate Adventure
+The Curse of the Daleks
+Doctor who – The Ultimate Adventure
+David Banks
+Torchwood
+BBC Three on 22 October 2006
+2008
+Children of Earth
+an anagram of "Doctor Who")
+Elisabeth Sladen
+24 September 2007
+2010
+autumn 2011
+death of Elisabeth Sladen
+Dimensions in Time
+Dimensions in Time
+EastEnders
+darkened lens
+Pulfrich effect requiring glasses with one darkened lens
+Curse of Fatal Death
+four
+Richard E. Grant, Jim Broadbent, Hugh Grant and Joanna Lumley
+Richard E. Grant, Jim Broadbent, Hugh Grant and Joanna Lumley
+head writer and executive producer
+The Next Generation ("The Neutral Zone") and Leverage
+"Blue Harvest" and "420"
+Queer as Folk
+Oliver
+Brisingr and High Wizardry
+LP record
+Ten years
+The Chase
+1981
+Slipback
+Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Doctors
+50th Anniversary celebrations
+Big Finish Productions
+1999
+2012
+1991
+1965 to 1991
+since 1979
+Panini
+BBC Books
+early 1960s
+BBC Television
+producers of the show
+BBC
+2006
+2005–2010
+2016
+Michelle Gomez
+BAFTA Television Award for Best Actor
+Guinness World Records
+50th anniversary special
+electronic music (originally produced by the BBC Radiophonic Workshop)
+2013
+50th anniversary special
+1975
+Best Popular Drama
+third
+SFX
+third
+Best Drama Series
+five
+five
+2009
+Mind Award
+over a hundred
+200
+200
+Matt Smith
+Karen Gillan who won Best Actor in the 2012 National Television awards alongside Karen Gillan who won Best Actor in the 2012 National Television awards alongside Karen Gillan who won Best Actress
+Spike Milligan
+Jon Culshaw
+a soap sponge
+Doctor who fandom
+BBC Dead Ringers series
+private research
+1890
+seven
+four
+approximately 5,000
+academic disciplines
+Chicago's physics department
+the university's Stagg Field
+University of Chicago Press
+2020
+American Baptist Education Society
+American Baptist Education Society
+William Rainey Harper
+1891
+1892
+John D. Rockefeller
+Silas B. Cobb
+Cobb Lecture Hall
+$100,000
+Charles L. Hutchinson
+Shimer College
+1896
+confer a degree on any graduating senior from an affiliated school who made a grade of A for all four years
+University of Chicago professors
+1910
+Robert Maynard Hutchins
+Common Core
+eliminated varsity football from the university in an attempt to emphasize academics over athletics
+24-year
+1929
+1950s
+increasing crime and poverty
+after their second year
+Hyde Park
+attend college
+1962
+President George Beadle's office in a protest over the university's off-campus rental policies
+1967
+two
+social and political action
+mid-2000s
+Milton Friedman Institute
+around $200 million
+Chicago Theological Seminary
+David G. Booth
+the Main Quadrangles
+six
+Cobb, Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge, Holabird & Roche
+Magdalen Tower
+Magdalen Tower
+1940s
+Eero Saarinen
+School of Social Service Administration
+Harris School of Public Policy Studies
+2003
+Singapore, London, and the downtown Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago
+Haidian District
+2010
+Renmin University's campus in Haidian District
+2015
+a board of trustees
+50
+fourteen
+Andrew Alper
+Daniel Diermeier
+The Higher learning Commission
+four
+seven
+50
+28
+five
+New Collegiate Division
+Common Core
+17
+rigorous
+Uni in the USA, "Among the academic cream of American universities – Harvard, Yale, Princeton, MIT, and the University of Chicago
+University of Chicago Laboratory Schools
+Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School
+four
+academic institutions and programs apart from its undergraduate and postgraduate schools
+University of Chicago campus
+six
+9.8 million volumes
+Regenstein Library
+2011
+1.3 million
+113
+113
+Oriental Institute
+Fermilab
+Sunspot, New Mexico
+shaping ideas about the free market
+Chicago Pile-1
+Miller–Urey experiment
+1953
+1933
+2000
+1996
+2002
+Several thousand
+5,792
+3,468
+5,984
+15,244
+international students
+University Athletic Association
+NCAA's Division III
+Big Ten Conference
+Jay Berwanger
+University President Robert Maynard Hutchins de-emphasized varsity athletics in 1939 and dropped football
+400
+Recognized Student Organizations
+University of Chicago College Bowl Team
+Doc Films
+Off-Off Campus
+graduate and undergraduate students elected to represent members from their respective academic unit
+Executive Committee
+two
+$2 million
+fifteen
+seven
+Alpha Phi Omega
+Four
+ten
+1987
+1987
+Festival of the Arts
+Kuviasungnerk/Kangeiko
+Kuviasungnerk/Kangeiko
+Satya Nadella
+Satya Nadella
+Larry Ellison
+MF Global CEO
+James O. McKinsey
+Saul Alinsky
+Saul Alinsky
+Robert Bork
+Masaaki Shirakawa
+Eliot Ness
+Allan Bloom
+Kurt Vonnegut
+Kurt Vonnegut
+Kurt Vonnegut
+Philip Roth
+Philip Glass
+Katherine Dunham
+Halo
+Ed Asner
+Mike Nichols
+Carl Sagan
+John M. Grunsfeld
+David Suzuki
+John B. Goodenough, mathematician and Fields Medal recipient Paul Joseph Cohen
+Clair Cameron Patterson
+Thomas Sowell
+Thomas Sowell
+Paul Samuelson
+Eugene Fama
+David Graeber and Donald Johanson
+Samuel Reshevsky
+White House Coordinator of Security Planning for the National Security Council Samuel P. Huntington
+A. A. Michelson
+Arthur H. Compton
+Enrico Fermi
+Enrico Fermi
+Maria Goeppert-Mayer
+James Henry Breasted
+Alberto Caldern
+Ted Fujita
+Glenn T. Seaborg
+Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley
+Raghuram Rajan
+President Barack Obama's Council of Economic Advisors
+David Bevington
+John Mearsheimer and Robert Pape
+Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno
+Great Yuan
+the Great Yuan
+Kublai Khan
+Kublai Khan
+1271
+Ming dynasty
+the Ming dynasty
+the Ming dynasty
+Genghis Khan
+1271
+Kublai Khan
+Mongol dynasty of China
+Great Yuan Great Mongol State
+Great Khan
+Mongol and Turkic
+1206
+gedei Khan
+1206
+unable to read Chinese but had several Han Chinese teachers attached to him since his early years by his mother Sorghaghtani
+the Jin
+Khitan Xiao Zhala
+Khitan
+10,000 troops
+There were 4 Han Tumens and 3 Khitan Tumens, with each Tumen consisting of 10,000 troops
+Han Chinese
+Jin
+Interethnic marriage between Han and Jurchen
+Shi Bingzhi
+Song
+Mngke Khan
+southern China
+1259
+Ariq Bke
+Zhongtong
+Ogedei
+an obstacle in the south
+Wonjong
+Mongol tributary state
+1262
+preserving Mongol interests in China and satisfying the demands of his Chinese subjects
+Imperial Secretariat
+Han Chinese
+three, later four, classes with the Han Chinese occupying the lowest rank
+salt and iron
+Karakorum
+Khanbaliq
+1264
+Zhongdu
+Confucian propriety and ancestor veneration
+commercial, scientific, and cultural
+Mongol peace
+southern China to Daidu
+southern China to Daidu
+Venetian merchant Marco Polo
+Song Emperor
+1115–1234
+1115–1234
+Kong Duancao
+30,000
+northern China
+1268 and 1273
+Yangzi River basin
+Hangzhou
+bringing an end to the Song dynasty
+1279
+an inauspicious typhoon
+Annam (Dai Viet) crushed and defeated the Mongols at the Battle of Bch ng
+Battle of Bch ng
+1288
+1253
+Zhenjin
+1285
+Emperor Chengzong
+1294 to 1307
+Buyantu Khan
+actively support and adopt mainstream Chinese culture after the reign of Kublai
+Li Meng
+Department of State Affairs
+1313
+Emperor Gegeen Khan
+1321 to 1323
+Baiju
+the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan
+five
+Shangdu
+War of the Two Capitals
+four days
+El Temr
+Tugh Temr
+cultural contribution
+Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature
+spring of 1329
+compilation of a vast institutional compendium named Jingshi Dadian
+Confucianism and promoting Chinese cultural values
+1332
+Emperor Ningzong
+13
+nine
+Liao, Jin, and Song
+struggle, famine, and bitterness
+the Mongols beyond the Middle Kingdom saw them as too Chinese
+intrigues and rivalries
+Outlaws ravaged the country without interference
+administration
+late 1340s
+Red Turban Rebellion
+fear of betrayal
+Khanbaliq
+1644
+communications between Yuan dynasty and its ally and subordinate in Persia, the Ilkhanate
+The Mongols' extensive West Asian and European contacts
+the Ilkhanate
+Eastern crops such as carrots, turnips, new varieties of lemons, eggplants, and melons, high-quality granulated sugar, and cotton
+Western
+Nestorianism and Roman Catholicism
+Tibetan
+governmental
+travel literature, cartography, geography, and scientific education
+Venetian Marco Polo
+Cambaluc
+Il milione
+The Million
+through contact with Persian traders
+Guo Shoujing
+26 seconds off the modern Gregorian calendar's measurement
+granaries were ordered built throughout the empire
+Beijing
+sorghum
+non-native Chinese people
+Eternal Heaven
+the Yuan dynasty is usually considered to be the legitimate dynasty between the Song dynasty and the Ming dynasty
+the Yuan dynasty is usually considered to be the legitimate dynasty between the Song dynasty
+a period of foreign domination
+Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists
+Jurchen Jin
+Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu
+traditional Chinese tripartite
+the Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists
+Privy Council
+since the Sui and Tang dynasties
+Mongols and Semuren
+Privy Council
+end of the dynasty
+Mongolian, Tibetan, and Chinese
+generally converse well
+Tangut
+Emperor Wenzong
+1290
+1291
+by costs of equipping and dispatching men for their tours of duty
+classical Chinese art
+painting, poetry, and calligraphy
+Song
+qu
+the incorporation of poetry both classical and of the newer qu form
+Yuan dynasty
+Tibetan variants
+Tibetan Buddhism
+Khanbaliq
+Sakya
+1314
+1314
+equivalent
+polynomial algebra
+1303
+applied mathematics to the construction
+cubic interpolation formula
+Shoushi Li
+Shoushi Li
+1281
+Healers were divided into non-Mongol physicians called otachi and traditional Mongol shamans
+herbal remedies
+herbal remedies
+Imperial Academy of Medicine
+it ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with Confucian virtues
+All four schools were based on the same intellectual foundation, but advocated different theoretical approaches toward medicine
+advocated different theoretical approaches toward medicine
+to other parts of the empire
+acupuncture, moxibustion, pulse diagnosis
+1347
+Western medicine was also practiced in China by the Nestorian Christians of the Yuan court
+Jesus the Interpreter
+1263
+yin-yang and wuxing philosophy underlying traditional Chinese medicine
+yin-yang and wuxing
+through Kingdom of Qocho and Tibetan intermediaries
+Wang Zhen
+12th century
+Tregene Khatun
+1273
+chao
+mulberry trees
+1275
+woodblocks
+1294
+patrimonial feudalism
+Mongolian patrimonial feudalism
+Mongols and the Semuren (various allied groups from Central Asia and the western end of the empire)
+due to the fear of transferring power to the ethnic Chinese under their rule
+Ilkhanate
+Han Chinese and Khitans
+Han Chinese and Khitans
+Besh Baliq, Almaliq, and Samarqand
+artisans and farmers
+Qara-Khitay (Khitan)
+Halal slaughter and other Islamic practices like circumcision
+Kosher butchering
+Zhu Yuanzhang
+thanks
+Yuan dynasty
+Frederick W. Mote
+actual social power and wealth
+socially standing
+less rich
+Northern
+Northern Chinese
+southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving in
+southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving in
+private southern Chinese manufacturers and merchants
+Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler
+Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler
+the Korean King
+the Uighurs surrendered peacefully without violently resisting
+the south-eastern part of present-day Inner Mongolia
+Central Secretariat (or Zhongshu Sheng)
+Khanbaliq
+Beijing
+Zhongshu Sheng
+Africa
+East African Community
+Nairobi
+Tanzania
+45 million
+warm and humid tropical
+cooler
+Mount Kenya
+Somalia and Ethiopia
+safaris, diverse climate and geography
+since the Lower Paleolithic period
+first millennium AD
+Bantu and Nilotic populations
+19th century
+December 1963
+Mount Kenya
+Kirinyaga, Kirenyaa and Kiinyaa
+"God's resting place"
+Kenia and Kegnia
+a very precise notation of a correct African pronunciation /knj/
+Joseph Thompsons
+1862
+Big Five
+lion, leopard, buffalo, rhinoceros, and elephant
+Kenya and in the Masai Mara
+between June and September
+2,900 kilometres (1,802 mi)
+20 million years ago
+Pleistocene epoch
+paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey
+1.6-million-year-old
+Mary Leakey and Louis Leakey
+The Swahili
+Mombasa
+Duarte Barbosa
+the Kenyan Coast
+City of Malindi
+14th century
+August 1914
+British East Africa (as the Protectorate was generally known) and German East Africa
+Lt Col Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck
+effective guerrilla warfare campaign
+Northern Rhodesia
+central highlands
+itinerant farmers
+banned the growing of coffee, introduced a hut tax
+80,000
+15 January 1954
+understanding of the Mau Mau command structure
+24 April 1954
+4,686
+Swynnerton Plan
+1957
+Jomo Kenyatta
+12 December 1963
+Kenya Independence Act 1963
+Republic of Kenya
+voters were supposed to line up behind their favoured candidates instead of a secret ballot
+widespread agitation for constitutional reform
+Daniel arap Moi
+presidential representative democratic republic
+head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system
+the government
+the government and the National Assembly and the Senate
+Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly and the Senate
+Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index
+a metric which attempts to gauge the prevalence of public sector corruption in various countries
+139th out of 176 total countries in the CPI
+establishment of a new and independent Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC)
+Party of National Unity
+the main opposition party, the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM)
+complicity
+Odinga
+programmes
+Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission
+Evangelical Lutheran Church
+Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation process
+28 February 2008
+appoint cabinet ministers from both PNU and ODM camps depending on each party's strength in Parliament
+both PNU and ODM camps
+a vice-president and two deputy Prime Ministers
+end of the current Parliament
+authority to co-ordinate and supervise the functions of the Government
+Jakaya Kikwete
+Nairobi's Harambee House
+29 February 2008
+the two political parties would share power equally
+that would eliminate the position of Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President
+4 August 2010
+the new constitution passed by a wide margin
+27 August 2010
+Second Republic
+December 2014
+it infringed on democratic freedoms
+Opposition politicians, human rights groups, and nine Western countries
+democratic freedoms
+The governments of the United States, Britain, Germany and France
+US President Barack Obama chose not to visit the country during his mid-2013 African trip
+US President Barack Obama
+China
+July 2015
+peacekeeping
+the violence that subsequently engulfed the country
+human rights violations
+Kenya’s armed forces
+less
+recruitment and procurement of Armoured Personnel Carriers
+wisdom and prudence of certain decisions of procurement
+Human Development Index
+Kenya
+$1.25
+frontier market
+rapid expansion in telecommunication
+food security
+Industry and manufacturing
+75%
+61%
+tourism
+exhibited steady growth
+the expansive East and West Tsavo National Park 20,808 square kilometres (8,034 sq mi) in the southeast
+Germany and the United Kingdom
+24%
+tea, horticultural produce, and coffee
+Agriculture
+sharp weather-related fluctuations
+International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)
+very drought resistant, so can be grown in areas with less than 650 mm annual rainfall
+by stimulating the growth of local seed production and agro-dealer networks for distribution and marketing
+by 20–25% in Nairobi and Mombasa
+linking producers to wholesalers, helped to increase local producer prices by 20–25% in Nairobi and Mombasa
+Africa
+Tea, coffee, sisal, pyrethrum, corn, and wheat
+semi-arid savanna to the north and east
+53%
+Kenyans for Kenya
+Kenya
+14%
+Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu
+small-scale manufacturing of household goods, motor-vehicle parts, and farm implements
+Kenya's inclusion among the beneficiaries of the US Government's African growth and Opportunity Act
+2000
+hydroelectric stations at dams along the upper Tana River
+Turkwel Gorge Dam
+1997
+Turkana
+10 billion barrels
+Exploration
+20% to 25%
+$474 million
+foreign direct investment
+gain support from China for a planned $2.5 billion railway from the southern Kenyan port of Mombasa to neighboring Uganda
+Kenyan coastal town of Kilifi
+environmental and social problems
+a 'low carbon climate resilient development pathway'
+an economic development programme
+Medium Term Plan
+climate will be a central issue in the renewed Medium Term Plan that will be launched in the coming months
+climate change is treated as an economy-wide issue
+agriculture
+30%
+9–18
+poverty, the lack of access to education and weak government institutions
+English
+English and Swahili
+commerce, schooling and government
+in the country
+the Independent Presbyterian Church
+The vast majority of Kenyans are Christian (83%), with 47.7% regarding themselves as Protestant and 23.5% as Roman Catholic of the Latin Rite
+3 million
+Nairobi
+2.4%
+Sixty percent
+Christian
+300,000
+Nurses
+clinical officers, medical officers and medical practitioners
+65,000
+7,000
+Diseases of poverty
+Half
+Preventable diseases like malaria, HIV/AIDS, pneumonia, diarrhoea and malnutrition
+weak policies, corruption, inadequate health workers, weak management and poor leadership
+15 million
+British colonists
+12 December 1963
+an authority named the Ominde Commission
+introduce changes that would reflect the nation's sovereignty
+the 7–4–2–3 system
+look at both the possibilities of setting up a second university in Kenya as well as the reforming of the entire education system
+changed to an 8–4–4 system (eight years in primary, four years in secondary, and four years in university education)
+8–4–4 system
+1992
+January 1985
+vocational subjects
+the new structure would enable school drop-outs at all levels either to be self-employed or to secure employment in the informal sector
+January 2003
+70%
+six years
+age six years and lasts 12 years comprising eight years in primary school and four years in high school or secondary school
+exit at this level can join a vocational youth/village polytechnic or make their own arrangements for an apprenticeship program
+join a polytechnic or other technical college
+85%
+three to five
+admission to Standard One (First grade)
+those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training
+Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education
+Kenya National Library Service (KNLS)
+establish, equip, manage and maintain national and public libraries in the country
+a peoples university
+it is open to all irrespective of age, literacy level and has materials relevant to people of all walks of life
+cricket, rallying, football, rugby union and boxing
+its dominance in middle-distance and long-distance athletics
+Kenyan athletes
+Olympic and Commonwealth Games champions
+several
+several medals
+IAAF Golden League jackpot
+defection of a number of Kenyan athletes to represent other countries, chiefly Bahrain and Qatar
+economic or financial factors
+volleyball
+Cricket
+2003
+Rakep Patel
+March 2007
+the world famous Safari Rally
+one of the toughest rallies in the world
+Bjrn Waldegrd, Hannu Mikkola, Tommi Mkinen, Shekhar Mehta, Carlos Sainz and Colin McRae
+three
+10 o'clock tea
+tea or porridge with bread, chapati, mahamri, boiled sweet potatoes or yams
+Ugali with vegetables, sour milk, meat, fish or any other stew
+The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
+United Nations organizations, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme
+greenhouse gas concentrations
+United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
+Resolution 43/53
+Hoesung Lee
+Korean
+Ismail El Gizouli
+Hoesung Lee
+February 2015
+representatives appointed by governments and organizations
+350
+Non Governmental and Intergovernmental Organizations may be allowed to attend as observers
+Plenary sessions of the IPCC and IPCC Working groups are held at the level of government representatives
+1989
+United Nations Environment Programme
+the IPCC Trust Fund
+Financial Regulations and Rules of the WMO
+the IPCC Trust Fund
+carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data
+published sources
+non-peer-reviewed sources
+model results, reports from government agencies and non-governmental organizations, and industry journals
+two
+two
+two "coordinating lead authors", ten to fifteen "lead authors", and a somewhat larger number of "contributing authors"
+The coordinating lead authors
+Working Group chairs
+increasing the atmospheric concentrations
+atmospheric concentrations
+over half the enhanced greenhouse effect is not likely for a decade or more
+"business as usual" (BAU) scenario
+0.3 to 0.6 °C
+2001
+16
+Science
+at least 90%
+between 1.4 and 5.8 °C above 1990 levels
+Richard Lindzen
+full WGI report
+John Houghton
+responded to Lindzen's criticisms of the SPM
+scientific evidence
+publishing Special Reports on specific topics
+year 2011
+year 2011
+Managing Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX)
+Data Distribution Centre and the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme
+publishing default emission factors
+fuel consumption, industrial production and so on
+WMO Executive Council and UNEP Governing Council resolutions
+the conclusion in the final summary was robust
+the poor application of well-established IPCCC procedures
+an ICSI report "Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale"
+ICSI report "Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale"
+chairman
+direction of making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact
+climate expert who had been co-chair of the IPCC working group II
+climate change is more serious by overstating the impact
+generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment
+1999
+Michael E. Mann
+"hockey stick graph"
+Jones et al. 1998, Pollack, Huang & Shen 1998, Crowley & Lowery 2000 and Briffa 2000
+between 1000 and 1900
+Fred Singer
+Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C
+18 July 2000
+United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation
+Joe Barton
+Ed Whitfield
+23 June 2005
+Sherwood Boehlert
+Sherwood Boehlert
+2007
+2007
+14
+divergence problem
+Ten of these 14 reconstructions covered 1,000 years or longer
+1 February 2007
+temperature and sea level change with observations
+projections on temperature and sea level change with observations
+temperature and sea level change with observations
+a study on projected rises in sea levels
+0.5–1.4 m
+0.5–1.4 m
+2001
+a long-time participant in the IPCC and coordinating lead author of the Fifth Assessment Report
+Science Magazine
+IPCC consensus
+global regulation based on the Montreal Protocol
+Climate Change
+states and governments
+Sheldon Ungar
+varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions
+regional burden sharing
+the UK government
+scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies
+significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science
+the science
+five
+the journal Nature
+"living" Wikipedia-IPCC
+the panel employ a full-time staff and remove government oversight from its processes to avoid political interference
+conduct photosynthesis
+energy-storage molecules
+energy-storage molecules
+Calvin cycle
+1
+pinch in two
+environmental factors like light color and intensity
+contain their own DNA
+a photosynthetic cyanobacterium
+cannot be made by the plant cell and must be inherited by each daughter cell during cell division
+plants and algae
+Russian
+biologist
+1905
+Konstantin Mereschkowski
+thylakoids
+ancestors of chloroplasts
+they have two cell membranes
+peptidoglycan
+blue-green algae
+eukaryotic
+around a billion years ago
+two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes
+phagosomal
+many of its genes were lost or transferred to the nucleus of the host
+chloroplast
+three
+red algal chloroplast lineage
+green chloroplast lineage
+green chloroplast
+a glaucophyte chloroplast group is the smallest of the three primary chloroplast lineages
+a glaucophyte
+glaucophyte chloroplasts
+a carboxysome
+icosahedral
+photosynthetic
+phycobilisomes
+phycoerytherin pigment is an adaptation to help red algae catch more sunlight in deep water
+catch more sunlight in deep water
+collects into granules outside the rhodoplast
+lost their phycobilisomes
+accessory pigments that override the chlorophylls' green colors
+lost the peptidoglycan wall between their double membrane
+chloroplast division
+chlorophyll b
+double membrane from their cyanobacterial ancestor
+secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two
+a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga
+membranes outside of the original two
+its chloroplast
+pyrenoid and thylakoids
+common flagellated
+groups of three
+membrane-bound granules in the cytoplasm of the euglenophyte
+cyanobacterial membranes
+cryptomonads
+red-algal derived chloroplast
+nucleomorph
+in granules found in the periplastid space
+in stacks of two
+the helicosproidia
+chromalveolates
+malaria parasite
+a vestigial red algal derived chloroplast
+amylopectin starch granules
+fatty acids
+apicomplexan-related diseases
+isopentenyl pyrophosphate synthesis
+all photosynthetic function
+four
+Peridinin
+any other group of chloroplasts
+triplet-stacked
+red algal endosymbiont's original cell membrane
+fucoxanthin dinophyte
+fucoxanthin dinophyte
+four
+a six membraned chloroplast
+a cryptophyte
+nucleomorph and outermost two membranes
+a kleptoplast
+two-membraned chloroplast
+heterokontophyte
+diatom (heterokontophyte) derived chloroplast
+five
+entire diatom endosymbiont
+granules in the dinophyte host's cytoplasm
+dinophyte nucleus
+Lepidodinium
+their original peridinin chloroplast
+a green algal derived chloroplast
+a green algal derived chloroplast
+first set of endosymbiotic events
+acquired a photosynthetic cyanobacterial endosymbiont more recently
+about a million
+850
+three million
+ctDNA
+plastome
+1962
+1986
+two Japanese research teams
+cyanobacteria and the other two chloroplast lineages (glaucophyta and rhodophyce)
+genomes of cyanobacteria and the other two chloroplast lineages (glaucophyta and rhodophyce)
+stabilize the rest of the chloroplast genome
+electron microscopy
+two
+a theta intermediary form
+double displacement loop
+using a double displacement loop
+A] G deamination gradients
+when it is single stranded
+linear and replicates through homologous recombination
+through homologous recombination
+circular chromosomes
+bacteriophage T4
+linear
+linear and participates in homologous recombination and replication structures similar to bacteriophage T4
+linear and participates in homologous recombination and replication structures similar to bacteriophage T4
+Endosymbiotic gene transfer
+the lost chloroplast's existence
+a red algal derived chloroplast
+red algal derived chloroplast
+nonfunctional pseudogenes
+around half
+participating in cell division, protein routing, and even disease resistance
+cell membrane
+a ribosome in the cytosol
+on a ribosome in the cytosol
+helps many proteins bind the polypeptide, keeping it from folding prematurely
+it prevents chloroplast proteins from assuming their active form and carrying out their chloroplast functions in the wrong place
+generally lens-shaped
+1–3 m
+1–3 m
+a net
+a cup
+double membrane
+the product of the host's cell membraneinfolding to form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanobacterium
+homologous
+mitochondrial double membrane
+run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation across to generate ATP energy
+generate ATP energy
+the internal thylakoid system
+inner mitochondrial double membrane
+Stromules
+chloroplast membranes sometimes protrude out into the cytoplasm
+to increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport
+1962
+chloroplasts of C4 plants
+the chloroplasts of C4 plants
+chloroplast peripheral reticulum
+increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport between its stroma and the cell cytoplasm
+thylakoids and intermembrane space
+to synthesize a small fraction of their proteins
+two-thirds
+two-thirds
+motifs for shine-dalgarno sequence recognition
+translation initiation in most chloroplasts and prokaryotes
+plastoglobulus
+singular
+lipids and proteins about 45–60 nanometers
+45–60 nanometers
+lipid monolayer
+thylakoid
+thylakoid network
+directly to their parent thylakoid
+In old or stressed chloroplasts
+higher plants
+spherical and highly refractive bodies
+spherical and highly refractive bodies
+de novo
+form new pyrenoids, or be produced "de novo"
+the helical thylakoid model
+helicoid stromal
+two to a hundred thylakoids
+two to a hundred thylakoids
+helicoid stromal thylakoids
+light energy
+light energy
+energize electrons
+to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space
+a large protein complex that harnesses the concentration gradient of the hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space
+two
+pancake-shaped circular disks about 300–600 nanometers in diameter
+helicoid sheets that spiral around grana
+pancake-shaped circular disks about 300–600 nanometers in diameter
+two types of thylakoids
+thirty
+help transfer and dissipate excess energy
+the leaves of some land plants change color
+-carotene is a bright red-orange carotenoid found in nearly all chloroplasts
+orange-red zeaxanthin
+a third group of pigments found in cyanobacteria, and glaucophyte, red algal, and cryptophyte chloroplasts
+red algae red
+one of the pigments that makes many red algae red
+Cryptophyte chloroplasts and some cyanobacteria don't have their phycobilin pigments organized into phycobilisomes
+40 nanometers
+an enzyme called rubisco
+distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen
+distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen
+Calvin cycle
+ATP energy
+light reactions
+rubisco
+normal grana and thylakoids
+a four-carbon compound
+each stage of photosynthesis
+All green parts of a plant contain chloroplasts—the chloroplasts, or more specifically, the chlorophyll in them are what make the photosynthetic parts of a plant green
+chlorophyll
+parenchyma cells
+collenchyma tissue
+chloroplasts
+the stems
+the leaves
+8–15 per cell
+half a million
+mesophyll layers
+low-light conditions
+vertical columns along the plant cell's cell wall
+photooxidative damage
+ability to distribute chloroplasts so that they can take shelter behind each other or spread out
+Mitochondria
+two
+infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death
+infected cells release signals warning the rest of the plant of a pathogen's presence
+by purposely damaging their photosynthetic system
+reactive oxygen species
+salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species
+After detecting stress in a cell
+unstable molecules
+signals from the chloroplast that regulate gene expression in the nucleus
+the process by which light is transformed into chemical energy, to subsequently produce food in the form of sugars
+photosynthesis
+food in the form of sugars
+sugar molecules from carbon dioxide
+sugar molecules from carbon dioxide
+use the potential energy stored in an H+, or hydrogen ion gradient to generate ATP energy
+into the thylakoid space
+a concentration gradient
+adenosine triphosphate
+chloroplast ATP synthase projects out into the stroma
+NADP+
+cyclic photophosphorylation
+C4 plants
+more ATP than NADPH
+Calvin
+unstable six-carbon molecules that immediately break down into three-carbon molecules called 3-phosphoglyceric acid, or 3-PGA
+three-carbon molecules called 3-phosphoglyceric acid, or 3-PGA
+one out of every six
+glucose monomers
+high atmospheric CO2 concentrations
+distorting the grana and thylakoids
+Waterlogged
+another photosynthesis-depressing factor
+distinguish between oxygen and carbon dioxide
+when the oxygen concentration is too high
+reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis
+up to half the carbon fixed by the Calvin cycle
+exhibit a distinct chloroplast dimorphism
+their stroma
+cysteine and methionine
+crossing membranes to get to where it is needed
+whether the organelle carries out the last leg of the pathway or if it happens in the cytosol
+two terms
+undifferentiated proplastids found in the zygote, or fertilized egg
+adult plant's apical meristems
+starch-storing amyloplasts
+proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts
+a plastid that lacks chlorophyll
+invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma
+a yellow chlorophyll precursor stocked
+Gymnosperms
+proplastids
+pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit
+chloroplasts
+chloroplasts
+chloroplasts and other plastids can turn back into proplastids
+filaments
+assemble into filaments
+a structure called a Z-ring within the chloroplast's stroma
+near the center of the chloroplast
+the chloroplast is cleaved more or less evenly
+two plastid-dividing rings
+two
+5 nanometers
+6.4 nanometers
+chloroplasts have a third plastid-dividing ring located in the chloroplast's intermembrane space
+Light
+white light
+large dumbbell-shaped chloroplasts
+white light
+developers of genetically modified crops
+environmental risks
+3 in 1,000,000
+a valuable tool for the creation and cultivation of genetically modified plants that are biologically contained
+no positive divisors
+prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that is not a prime number is called a composite number
+fundamental theorem of arithmetic
+primes that is unique up to ordering
+1 as a prime
+primality
+trial division
+trial division
+the Miller–Rabin primality test
+22,338,618
+300 BC
+Euclid around 300 BC
+statistical behaviour
+prime number theorem
+end of the 19th century
+Goldbach's conjecture
+twin prime conjecture
+algebraic aspects
+public-key cryptography
+prime elements and prime ideals
+2
+1, 2, and n
+odd prime
+9
+even numbers are multiples of 2 and numbers ending in 0 or 5 are multiples of 5
+1
+Christian Goldbach
+mathematicians
+10,006,721
+a prime number
+sieve of Eratosthenes
+1 were considered a prime
+the relationship of the number to its corresponding value of Euler's totient function
+the relationship of the number to its corresponding value of Euler's totient function
+a modified version of the sieve that considers 1 as prime would eliminate all multiples of 1
+the Egyptian fraction expansions
+Ancient Greeks
+Euclid's Elements
+Euclid
+compute primes
+1640
+Euler
+22n + 1
+2p  1
+n = 4 (or 216 + 1)
+trial division
+a complete list of primes up to is known
+1
+three divisions are necessary (m = 2, 3, and 5), given that 4 and 6 are composite
+square root of n
+two
+probabilistic
+deterministic algorithms
+deterministic
+1/(1-p)n
+Fermat primality test
+the fact (Fermat's little theorem) that npn (mod p) for any n if p is a prime number
+composite numbers
+the Baillie-PW, Miller-Rabin, and Solovay-Strassen tests
+Solovay-Strassen tests
+primes of the form 2p + 1 with p prime
+2p  1
+The Lucas–Lehmer test
+Sophie Germain primes
+the Sophie Germain primes
+distributed
+2009
+US$100,000
+Electronic Frontier Foundation
+256kn + 1, 256k(n + 1)  1
+floor function
+Chebyshev
+n > 3
+at least one
+Wilson's theorem
+their greatest common divisor is one
+Dirichlet's
+1/6
+infinitely many
+infinitely many
+The zeta function
+finite
+exceeds any given number
+exceeds any given number
+modern algebraic number theory
+1859
+= 2, 4
+random noise
+square root
+asymptotic
+Goldbach's conjecture
+1912
+n = 2 · 1017
+Vinogradov
+Chen's theorem
+A third type of conjectures concerns aspects of the distribution of primes
+pairs of primes with difference 2
+Polignac's conjecture
+n2 + 1
+H. Brocard's conjecture
+number theory
+G. H. Hardy
+1970s
+algorithms
+pseudorandom
+recurring
+decimal
+if and only if the factorial (p  1)
+if
+fraction 1/p
+RSA and the Diffie–Hellman key exchange
+the Diffie–Hellman key exchange
+512
+modular exponentiation
+512
+cicadas of the genus Magicicada
+as grubs underground
+17 years
+the prime number intervals between emergences make it very difficult for predators on Magicicadas
+2%
+minimality or indecomposability
+smallest subfield
+as a connected sum of prime knots
+any object can be, essentially uniquely, decomposed into its prime components
+knot sum of two nontrivial knots
+prime elements and irreducible elements
+prime elements and irreducible elements
+prime elements and irreducible elements
+given x and y in R such that p divides the product xy, then p divides x or y
+if it is not a unit
+fundamental theorem of arithmetic
+Gaussian integers Z
+a + bi
+arbitrary
+4k + 1
+ring theory
+Prime
+algebraic
+arithmetic generalizes
+Noetherian
+Prime ideals
+some resemblance with ramification in geometry
+integers
+solvability of quadratic equations
+completing with respect to the usual absolute value (also referred to as the infinite prime)
+back and forth to the completed (or local) fields
+p-adic norm
+local- global principle
+Olivier Messiaen
+La Nativité du Seigneur
+La Nativité du Seigneur
+third étude
+the movements of nature, movements of free and unequal durations
+the Swiss canton of Graubnden in the southeastern Swiss Alps
+North Sea in the Netherlands
+Cologne
+Cologne
+1,050,000
+the Swiss canton of Graubnden in the southeastern Swiss Alps
+Netherlands
+1,050,000
+Gaulish name Rnos
+Germanic vocalism Rin-
+vocalisation -i-
+1st century BC
+Gaulish name Rnos
+Rhin
+Rijn
+the vocalisation -i-
+Rhijn
+"Rhine-kilometers" (Rheinkilometer)
+1939
+Hoek van Holland
+Hoek van Holland
+canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century
+"Rhine-kilometers" (Rheinkilometer)
+1939
+Hoek van Holland
+canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century
+Lake Constance
+north
+86 km
+Rhine Valley
+a wide glacial alpine valley
+Liechtenstein
+near Chur
+86 km
+599 m to 396 m
+Rhine Valley
+Liechtenstein
+Lake Constance
+Alter Rhein ("Old Rhine")
+Alter Rhein ("Old Rhine")
+Isel
+sediments
+Lake Constance
+modern canalized section
+Alter Rhein ("Old Rhine")
+small islands
+the singular is pronounced "Isel"
+near Diepoldsau
+Fuach
+strong sedimentation in the western Rhine Delta
+parallel to the canalized Rhine into the lake
+the lake will silt up the lake
+Fuach
+counteract the constant flooding and strong sedimentation in the western Rhine Delta
+near Diepoldsau
+The Dornbirner Ach
+the continuous input of sediment
+three
+lower lake
+Seerhein
+Swiss-Austrian
+upper lake
+three
+Austria near the Alps
+Obersee
+the south following the Swiss-Austrian border
+Baden-Wrttemberg
+greater density of cold water
+Lake berlingen
+near the surface and at first doesn't mix with the warmer, green waters of Upper Lake
+entire length
+Lindau
+near the surface and at first doesn't mix with the warmer, green waters of Upper Lake
+Lake berlingen
+Lake berlingen
+Rhine Gutter
+the water level
+westward
+river Aare
+4,274 m (14,022 ft) summit of Finsteraarhorn
+Finsteraarhorn
+Basel
+westward
+river Aare
+4,274 m (14,022 ft)
+Finsteraarhorn
+the German-Swiss border
+the "Rhine knee"
+the "Rhine knee"
+the Central Bridge
+300 km
+40 km
+the "Rhine knee"
+the "Rhine knee"
+North
+High Rhine
+the Central Bridge
+19th Century
+increased
+fell
+Grand Canal d'Alsace
+large compensation pools
+Upper Rhine region
+19th Century
+increased
+fell
+Grand Canal d'Alsace
+the Main and, later, the Moselle
+more than 300 m3/s (11,000 cu ft/s)
+The Rhine
+Neckar
+400 m (1,300 ft)
+Germany
+Germany
+Neckar, the Main and, later, the Moselle
+the Moselle, which contributes an average discharge of more than 300 m3/s (11,000 cu ft/s)
+2,290 m3/s (81,000 cu ft/s)
+Middle Rhine
+Rhine Gorge
+by erosion
+the Romantic Rhine
+Middle Rhine
+through the Rhine Gorge
+the Romantic Rhine
+the Romantic Rhine
+industry
+Duisburg
+The Ruhr
+drinking water
+Lower Rhine
+a major source of water pollution
+Lower Rhine
+Switzerland
+Duisburg
+The Ruhr
+tourism
+Rdesheim am Rhein
+Lorelei
+Middle Rhine Valley
+tourism
+UNESCO World Heritage Site
+Rdesheim
+Lorelei
+Sankt Goarshausen
+Duisburg
+Wesel-Datteln Canal
+Lippe
+Between Emmerich and Cleves the Emmerich Rhine Bridge
+400 m
+Lower Rhine
+Rhine-Ruhr region
+Duisport
+Emmerich Rhine Bridge
+the Rhine-Ruhr region
+Meuse
+Rijn
+Two thirds
+west
+west, through the Waal and then, via the Merwede and Nieuwe Merwede (De Biesbosch)
+Meuse
+Oude Maas
+the Pannerdens Kanaal
+Nederrijn
+the Lek
+Wijk bij Duurstede
+the Pannerdens Kanaal
+Nederrijn
+one ninth
+the Lek
+Wijk bij Duurstede
+Rijn
+draining the surrounding land and polders
+Kromme Rijn
+Kromme Rijn ("Bent Rhine")
+sluice
+Rhine-Meuse Delta
+near Millingen aan de Rijn
+Rhine–Meuse Delta
+Waal and Pannerdens Kanaal
+three
+Boven Merwede
+Dordtse Kil
+the Rip
+St. Elizabeth's flood
+1421
+just south of today's line Merwede-Oude Maas to the North Sea
+1421 to 1904
+an archipelago-like estuary
+drainage channels
+construction of Delta Works
+dammed
+second half of the 20th Century fundamentally
+tidal delta
+tidal currents
+strong tidal currents could tear huge areas of land into the sea
+Zaltbommel
+Tethys
+Jurassic Period
+Mediterranean geography
+Triassic Period of the Mesozoic Era
+Iberia
+N–S
+Upper Rhine Graben
+the time of the Miocene
+Danube
+stream capture
+Pliocene
+Vosges Mountains
+the geological period of the Ice Ages
+six
+120 m (390 ft)
+northwest
+offshore of Brest, France and rivers
+end of the Pleistocene
+end of the Pleistocene
+west
+120 m (390 ft)
+sea level
+a glacier
+A tundra, with Ice Age flora and fauna
+ca. 22,000–14,000 yr BP
+ice-sheets
+loess
+22,000 years ago
+thaw and fall-winter snow covers
+the Rhine and its downstream extension
+13,000 BP
+9000 BP
+7500 yr ago
+Rates of sea-level rise
+7000 years
+ongoing tectonic subsidence
+1–3 cm (0.39–1.18 in) per century (1 metre or 39 inches in last 3000 years)
+11,700 years ago
+8,000 years ago
+Late-Glacial valley
+Netherlands
+Since ~3000 yr BP (= years Before Present), human impact is seen in the delta started with peat mining, for salt and fuel, from Roman times onward
+flooding and sedimentation
+sediment load
+11–13th century AD
+approximately 80
+North Sea
+the North Sea
+the north and enters the IJsselmeer
+the IJsselmeer
+three
+1st century BC
+Germania
+6th century BC
+Herodotus
+AD 14
+upper Danube
+until the empire fell
+Alsace-Lorraine
+The northern section of this frontier, where the Rhine is deep and broad, remained the Roman boundary until the empire fell
+eight
+Pannonian troops
+a Celtic legion recruited from Gallia Narbonensis and XXI
+whether a state or threat of war existed
+Cologne, V Alaudae
+the Migration period
+the kingdoms of Francia
+Drachenfels
+Siegfried
+Hagen
+6th century
+10th century
+Lower Lorraine
+Archduke Sigismund of Austria
+1469
+Peace of Westphalia
+Establishing "natural borders"
+Napoleon
+1806
+1840
+end of World War I
+1930
+German army
+Adolf Hitler's rise to power
+1936
+Arnhem
+a formidable natural obstacle
+September 1944
+Ludendorff Bridge
+Seven Days to the River Rhine
+1,230 kilometres
+Knaurs Lexikon
+it became generally accepted and found its way into numerous textbooks and official publications
+1,230 kilometres
+1,230 kilometres (764 miles)
+1998
+Scotland Act 1998
+areas in which it can make laws – by explicitly specifying powers that are "reserved" to the Parliament of the United Kingdom
+Parliament of the United Kingdom
+Westminster
+the lack of a Parliament of Scotland
+three
+the outbreak of the First World War
+late 1960s
+Scottish Assembly to legislate for the majority of domestic Scottish affairs
+North Sea
+It's Scotland's oil
+1974
+the revenues from the oil were not benefitting Scotland as much as they should
+1978
+Edinburgh
+majority
+51.6%
+Scottish devolution referendum
+32.9%
+Scottish Parliament
+Conservative Party
+1989
+the Convention
+Scottish Parliament Building
+Spanish architect Enric Miralles
+Spanish
+leaf-shaped
+Queen Elizabeth II
+meeting of the Church's General Assembly
+the General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh
+the Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh
+University of Aberdeen
+the former Strathclyde Regional Council debating chamber in Glasgow
+City of Edinburgh Council
+Lothian Regional Council
+demolished
+Parliament Square, High Street and George IV Bridge
+main hall
+one MSP
+Tricia Marwick
+secret ballot of the 129 MSPs
+129
+A vote clerk
+the Presiding Officer
+the Parliamentary Bureau
+five or more
+The Presiding Officer
+hemicycle
+reflects the desire to encourage consensus amongst elected members
+131
+2
+vote
+Scottish rivers
+silver and inlaid with gold panned from Scottish rivers
+the Queen
+Wisdom, Compassion, Justice and Integrity
+a glass case suspended from the lid
+October
+debating chamber
+the public
+Entry
+Official Report
+Wednesdays
+up to four minutes
+Presiding Officer on the advice of the parliamentary bureau
+religious beliefs
+nominate speakers
+The Presiding Officer (or Deputy Presiding Officer)
+who speaks in chamber debates and the amount of time for which they are allowed to speak
+different viewpoints and political parties
+ministers or party leaders
+Gaelic
+at 5 pm
+Decision Time
+vote
+by means of electronic consoles on their desks
+seconds
+The outcome of most votes
+political parties
+MSPs
+moral
+entrust some MSPs, known as whips, with the task of ensuring that party members vote according to the party line
+45 minutes
+issues which may be of interest to a particular area such as a member's own constituency
+45 minutes
+other members normally contribute to the debate
+"winds up" the debate
+committee
+stronger
+the fact that there is no revising chamber
+conduct inquiries and scrutinise legislation
+Scotland
+MSPs
+balance of parties across Parliament
+different committees with their functions
+Mandatory Committees
+fourth Session
+at the beginning of each parliamentary session
+one (or more)
+current Subject Committees
+Session
+A further type of committee
+large-scale development projects such as infrastructure projects that require the use of land or property
+an outside party or promoter who is not a member of the Scottish Parliament or Scottish Government
+Private Bill Committees
+The Scotland Act
+Queen Elizabeth II
+devolved competencies
+Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster
+Parliament
+Schedule 5
+Scottish Parliament
+ability to alter income tax in Scotland by up to 3 pence in the pound
+3 pence
+2012 Act
+subjects that are outside the legislative competence of the Scotland Parliament
+The Scottish Parliament
+Westminster
+the Scotland Parliament
+Bills
+Scottish Government
+a private member
+an outside proposer
+in a number of stages
+first, or introductory stage of the bill
+accompanying documents
+whether the bill is within the legislative competence of the Parliament
+Parliament together with its accompanying documents
+Stage 2
+Stage 3
+two parts
+final vote
+"wrecking amendments"
+Decision Time
+the Monarch for royal assent
+for royal assent and it becomes an Act of the Scottish Parliament
+4-week period
+the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
+a conventional enacting formula
+parties, that hold the majority of seats in the Parliament forms the Scottish Government
+Any member
+a First Minister from a number of candidates
+the elected MSPs
+the Sovereign
+May every four years (1999, 2003, 2007 and so on)
+May
+the Monarch
+supplant
+28
+Several procedures
+Parliament upon which MSPs are invited to question
+a statement to the chamber setting out the Government's legislative programme
+issues related to the substance of the statement
+Parliamentary time
+a Thursday between 11:40 a.m. and 12 p.m
+any member of the Scottish Government
+issues under their jurisdiction
+four
+73 are elected to represent first past the post constituencies and are known as "Constituency MSPs"
+2005
+one
+their dispersed population and distance from the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh
+55,000
+proportionally to the number of votes received in the second vote of the ballot using the d'Hondt method
+d'Hondt method
+quotient
+constituency seats
+iteratively
+a number of qualifications
+1981
+18
+police and the armed forces
+Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003
+Scottish Parliament
+Labour
+151 votes
+eight
+Scottish independence
+David McLetchie
+Edinburgh Pentlands
+five seats
+Annabel Goldie
+Cameron
+procedural
+domestic legislation of the Scottish Parliament
+West Lothian question
+Conservative
+England
+Islamism
+spheres
+favors the reordering of government and society in accordance with the Shari'a
+two poles
+revolution or invasion
+democratic
+Palestine
+abolish the state of Israel
+democracy
+religious
+the "vanguard of change and Islamic reform" centered around the Muslim Brotherhood
+Sunni pan-Islamism
+"sharia rather than the building of Islamic institutions," and rejection of Shia Islam
+democracy
+to maintain their legitimacy
+political
+Islam
+Scholars and observers who do not believe that Islam is, or can be, apolitical is an error
+illiberal Islamic regimes
+religion from politics
+Islamism
+Americans
+a historical fluke of the "short-lived era of the heyday of secular Arab nationalism between 1945 and 1970"
+between 1945 and 1970
+quietist/non-political Islam
+dangerous enemies
+1970s
+experience, ideology, and weapons
+mujahideen Muslim Afghanistan enemies
+leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents/opposition
+experience, ideology, and weapons
+Anwar Sadat
+making peace
+peace with Israel
+1975
+a formidable insurgency was formed in Egypt in the 1990s
+the strict, conservative Saudi-based Wahhabism
+Muslims should not only "always oppose" infidels "in every way,"
+all the horrible wars
+the "gold standard" of religion
+Saudi-interpretation
+Islamist
+incompetent, inefficient, or neglectful governments whose commitment to social justice is limited to rhetoric
+housing
+rhetoric
+to avoid prohibitively costly dowry demands, legal assistance, sports facilities, and women's groups
+law and philosophy
+All India Muslim League
+mainstream Indian nationalist and secularist Indian National Congress
+1908
+The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
+secularism and secular nationalism
+crowd out
+nationalist differences
+1930
+Pakistan movement
+Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi
+profession of journalism
+1941
+his writing
+in a modern context
+Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi
+journalism
+his writing
+in a modern context
+Sharia
+an Islamic state
+unity of God
+Iranian Revolution
+an educational process or da'wah
+1928
+Ismailiyah, Egypt
+Maududi
+the Qur'an
+imperialist
+violence
+1949
+Egypt's premier Mahmud Fami Naqrashi
+1948
+Gamal Abdul Nasser
+one of the most influential movements
+75%
+semi-legal
+field candidates
+Mohamed Morsi
+quick and decisive defeat
+pivotal event
+economic
+A steep and steady decline
+different democratic and anti-democratic Islamist movements
+ideological
+Ali Shariati
+Sunni Islamic thinkers
+Prophet Mohammad
+conspiracy
+Islamic Republic
+Shia terrorist groups
+economic
+2006
+President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
+Soviet Union
+an Islamic rebellion against an allied Marxist regime
+send aid and sometimes to go themselves to fight for their faith
+marginal
+estimated 16,000 to 35,000
+brought several hundred thousand US and allied non-Muslim military personnel to put an end to Saddam Hussein's occupation of Kuwait
+Saddam Hussein
+Islamist groups
+Saudi monarchy
+the west
+conservative Muslims
+those domestic Islamists who attacked it (bin Laden being a prime example)
+the kingdom
+Algeria and Osama bin Laden's terror attacks climaxing in the 9/11 attack
+Osama
+Qutb
+1966
+the Brotherhood
+Fringe or splinter
+1970s
+Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization
+1981
+Muslim states, leaders who held secular leanings or who had introduced or promoted Western/foreign ideas and practices into Islamic societies
+Muslim
+Muhammad Abd al-Salaam Farag
+violence
+Major General Raouf Khayrat
+2003
+unsuccessful
+political figures
+"quiescent"
+HAMAS
+the destruction of Israel and the establishment of an Islamic state in Palestine
+devout middle class
+Palestine
+Hamas
+542
+majority of the seats
+2007
+driving Israel out of the Gaza Strip
+Islamist
+Hassan al-Turabi
+National Islamic Front
+with money from foreign Islamist banking systems
+university and military academy
+1985
+able to overthrow the elected post-al-Nimeiry government with the help of the military
+sharia law
+Osama bin Laden
+American attack on Iraq
+staying home to alleviate the high rate of unemployment among young Algerian men
+1989
+Algeria
+Front Islamique de Salut
+a military coup d'état
+justice and prosperity
+vicious and destructive
+1992
+political and tribal warlords
+80%
+Deobandi
+neighboring Pakistan
+Islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist
+conservative tribal village customs
+Wahhabism
+July 1977
+alcohol and nightclubs
+Islamism
+his means of seizing power
+1988
+Wahhabi/Salafi jihadist extremist militant group
+Sunni Arabs from Iraq and Syria
+ten million
+recognition
+a caliphate
+2004
+March 2003
+human rights abuses and war crimes
+March 2011
+a terrorist organisation
+a different view
+7th century
+1924
+Islamic system
+"the disbelieving (Kafir)
+armed
+through "ideological struggle" to change Muslim public opinion
+elites who will "facilitate" a "change of the government,"
+Egypt
+terrorist groups
+900,000
+Islamist
+2007
+Londonistan
+incitement to terrorism
+since 2001
+State Department
+Christian Whiton
+Defense Secretary
+undermining the communist ideology
+Latin
+a policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means
+Japanese
+technologies and ideas
+influence through diplomacy or military force
+full-fledged
+diplomacy or military force
+powerful form of dominance
+uneven trade agreements forcefully
+full-fledged
+aggressiveness
+technological superiority
+Informal rule
+distinction of an empire
+world systems theory
+Russian leader Lenin
+the closest modern English equivalent would perhaps be ‘sovereignty’, or simply ‘rule’
+sea and trade routes
+colonialism
+political focus
+ideological
+Ottoman
+a person or group of people
+Imperialism and colonialism
+start dominating areas and then eventually is able to rule over the areas the previous nation had controlled
+conquering the other state's lands and therefore increasing its own dominance
+exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered and the conquering nation then gaining the benefits from the spoils of the war
+the characteristics of the conquering peoples are inherited by the conquered indigenous populations
+defense and justification of empire-building
+imperialism
+races of highest'social efficiency'
+"Social Darwinism"
+"whiteness"
+Germany
+Britain
+Political geographers such as Friedrich Ratzel of Germany and Halford Mackinder of Britain also supported imperialism
+a state’s survival
+able to fund travelers who would come back with tales of their discoveries
+environmental determinism
+temperate zone
+Orientalism
+uncivilized
+the superior and the norm
+Terra nullius
+eighteenth century
+Terra nullius
+Aboriginal
+empty land
+imaginative geography
+irrational and backward in opposition to the rational and progressive West
+a negative vision of itself
+early Western imperialism
+a negative vision
+analysis of the role of nineteenth-century maps
+information to fill in blank spaces on contemporary maps
+contemporary maps
+the role of nineteenth-century maps
+imperial
+pre-Columbian
+Genghis Khan
+number in the dozens
+Ancient Egypt
+Sub-Saharan Africa
+Cultural
+soft power
+depictions of opulent American lifestyles in the soap opera Dallas
+Nor
+bans on foreign popular culture, control of the internet and unauthorised satellite dishes
+around 1700
+industrializing nations engaging in the process of colonizing, influencing, and annexing other parts of the world in order to gain political power
+thousands
+around 1700
+Open Door Policy
+1919–1980
+1920–1999
+European imperialism
+the world's economy
+imperial powers
+economic growth
+mid-18th century
+economic growth
+the political weakness of the Mughal state
+advancements in communication
+deadly explosives
+machine gun
+arrows, swords, and leather shields
+the 1880s
+British
+late 1870s
+policy of idealism and philanthropy
+it was characterized by political self-interest, and a growing number associated it with capitalist greed
+aristocracy
+1950s
+1872–1967
+domestic social reforms
+domestic social reforms could cure the international disease of imperialism by removing its economic foundation
+The concept environmental determinism
+the environment in which they lived and thus validated their domination
+"less civilized"
+Africa
+orientalism and tropicality
+geographic scholars
+Northern Europe and the Mid-Atlantic
+guidance and intervention
+orientalism
+colonizing empires
+sixteenth century
+1599
+Queen Elizabeth
+exploitation of the East India Company causing the plundering of the local economy
+the Portuguese
+1830
+1850
+Catholicism
+Algeria
+when Germany started to build her own colonial empire
+civilize the inferior
+assimilation was always on the distant horizon
+small numbers of settlers
+Christianity
+Britain
+the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France
+anti-colonial movements
+Vietnam
+Algeria
+1960
+Scandinavia and northern Europe
+Muslim Iberia
+middle period of classical antiquity
+late antiquity
+central Europe
+the late 19th century
+1862–90
+After Prussia unified the other states into the second German Empire after the Franco-German War
+Napoleon
+Europe itself
+South Pacific
+German New Guinea
+1884
+German New Guinea
+Hamburg merchants
+Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia
+1894
+Thailand
+Manchuria
+Soviet Union
+1932
+Lenin
+Eastern Europe
+Bolshevik leaders
+the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of a world revolution
+Lenin
+Mao Zedong
+Nikita Khrushchev
+Imperialism
+mercantilism
+1776
+free trade
+1820
+1815
+The British Empire
+pseudo-sciences
+Lord Cromer, Lord Curzon, General Kitchner, Lord Milner
+Middle East
+Americans who opposed imperialism created the Anti-Imperialist League to oppose the US annexation of the Philippines and Cuba
+interventionism in Central America and Woodrow Wilson’s mission to "make the world safe for democracy"
+denounced them for causing the deaths of many Filipinos
+Philippines
+racket
+Bowman
+1917
+President Wilson
+would allow for U.S authorship of a 'new world' which was to be characterized by geographical order
+Wilson's geographer
+internal strife
+internal colonialism
+12 to 15 million
+Orient
+1299 to 1923
+Suleiman the Magnificent
+32
+the Horn of Africa
+16th and 17th centuries
+Istanbul
+Germany
+modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states
+Germany
+United Methodist Church
+a mainline Protestant Methodist denomination
+1968
+the union of the Methodist Church (USA) and the Evangelical United Brethren Church
+Wesleyan
+The United Methodist Church
+80 million
+mainline Protestant denomination
+3.6%
+mid-18th century
+Church of England
+started individual societies or classes for members of the Church of England who wanted to live a holy life
+1735
+American Indians in the colony of Georgia
+American Indians
+salvation by God's grace
+the American Revolution decisively separated the Methodists in the American colonies from the life and sacraments of the Anglican Church
+1784
+Thomas Coke
+Lovely Lane Methodist Church
+Lovely Lane Methodist Church
+St. George's United Methodist Church
+St. George's United Methodist Church
+1767
+a sail loft on Dock Street
+1784
+Richard Allen and Absalom Jones
+St. George's Church
+1784
+1830
+the issue of laity having a voice and vote in the administration of the church
+1844
+tensions over slavery and the power of bishops in the denomination
+April 23, 1968
+the two churches that had distinguished histories and influential ministries in various parts of the world
+The Methodist Church
+the holy catholic (or universal) church
+The Book of Discipline
+all who are truly believers in every age belong to the holy Church invisible
+American Revolution
+Dr. Thomas Coke
+Thomas Vasey and Richard Whatcoat
+1968
+John Wesley and Charles Wesley
+Albert C. Outler
+Outler's work proved pivotal in the work of union
+Prevenient grace
+Prevenient grace
+power which enables us to love and motivates us to seek a relationship with God through Jesus Christ
+sin
+Justifying Grace or Accepting Grace
+The justifying grace
+conversion
+conversion
+New Birth
+grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian perfection
+Sanctifying Grace
+a genuine love of God with heart, soul, mind, and strength
+grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian Perfection
+Wesleyan theology
+The United Methodist Church believes in prima scriptura
+UMC
+The Book of Discipline
+2008
+pro-choice
+Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice
+Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice's
+all women
+the mother
+Taskforce of United Methodists on Abortion and Sexuality (TUMAS)
+2012
+Rev. Paul T. Stallsworth
+temperance
+2011 and 2012
+The Use of Money
+unfermented grape juice
+capital
+John 8:7
+Matthew 5:38-39
+General Conference of the United Methodist Church
+same-sex
+1999
+2016
+Connectional Table
+LGBT
+same-gender marriages with resolutions
+1987
+2005
+Baltimore-Washington Conference of the UMC
+conscription
+military action
+all war
+Christ's message and teachings
+national foreign policy
+general and complete disarmament
+Sexual Ethics Task Force of The United Methodist Church
+violence, degradation, exploitation, and coercion
+girls and women
+IVF
+stem
+research
+Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America
+When the Methodists in America were separated from the Church of England
+The Book of Common Prayer
+Africa
+Book of Common Prayer
+anointing with oil
+Methodist institutions
+John Wesley
+John Wesley
+The United Methodist Church
+The highest level is called the General Conference
+The Book of Discipline
+the General Conference
+every four years
+five
+seven
+elect and appoint bishops
+appoint bishops
+Episcopal Areas
+Mission Council
+church bishops
+36
+controversy in light of Bush's support of the Iraq War
+Southern Methodist University
+nine
+The Judicial Council
+eight-year term
+twice
+twice a year at various locations throughout the world
+the Evangelical Lutheran Church
+geographical area
+Annual Conference
+The Book of Discipline
+three
+at least three members
+The church conference
+compensation packages for tax purposes
+one hundred
+three hundred sixty
+International Association of Methodist-related Schools, Colleges, and Universities
+John Wesley
+pastors
+Annual Conference Order of Deacons
+their Annual Conference Order of Deacons
+Annual Conference Cabinet
+multiple years
+appointments are officially fixed
+Elders
+the local church, or to other valid extension ministries of the church
+2–3 years
+District Superintendents
+2–3 years
+Deacons
+Deacons
+sacramental authority
+1996
+The provisional elder/deacon
+ordination order of transitional deacon
+'Licensed Local Pastor
+licensed local pastor
+five
+Associate Membership
+Baptized Members
+through confirmation and sometimes the profession of faith
+Individuals
+Baptism
+students learn about Church and the Methodist-Christian theological tradition in order to profess their ultimate faith in Christ
+The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church
+Church and the Methodist-Christian theological tradition
+lay servants
+they must be recommended by their pastor and Church Council or Charge Conference
+annually
+two
+The United Methodist Church
+observer
+the "blurring of theological and confessional differences in the interests of unity."
+2000
+May 2012
+1985
+11 million
+42,000
+8 million
+34,000
+Texas
+11.4 million
+11.4 million
+3.5 million
+Wesleyan Holiness Consortium
+World Methodist Council
+July 18, 2006
+1754–1763
+the North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years' War
+2 million
+2 million
+along the frontiers between New France and the British colonies
+with a dispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers
+May 1754
+1755
+disaster
+a combination of poor management, internal divisions, and effective Canadian scouts, French regular forces, and Indian warrior allies
+Fort Beauséjour
+four-way attack
+William Pitt
+1763 treaty
+Prussia and its allies in the European theatre of the war
+Sainte Foy in Quebec
+French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River
+Britain of Florida
+Spain's loss to Britain of Florida (Spain had ceded this to Britain in exchange for the return of Havana, Cuba)
+1740s
+British colonists named the second war in King George's reign after their opponents
+a much larger conflict between France and Great Britain
+Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire
+1763
+six years
+1760
+Battle of Jumonville Glen
+75,000
+Illinois Country
+St. Lawrence and Mississippi watersheds
+20 to 1
+eastern coast of the continent
+along the coast
+native tribes
+Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki
+Upstate New York and the Ohio Country
+Iroquois rule
+Iroquoian-speaking Cherokee tribes
+Huron, Mississauga, Ojibwa, Winnebago, and Potawatomi
+Iroquois Six Nations
+no French regular army troops were stationed in North America, and few British troops
+no French regular army troops
+local militia companies
+200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians
+Céloron's expedition force consisted of about 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians
+he encountered British merchants or fur-traders, Céloron informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave
+they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British regardless of the French
+Pickawillany
+severe consequences
+ignored the warning
+very badly disposed towards the French
+brisk trade
+British colonists would not be safe as long as the French were present
+1749
+Ohio Company of Virginia
+Christopher Gist
+"Half-King" Tanacharison
+Monongahela River
+King George's War
+Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
+conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies in North America were turned over to a commission to resolve
+resolve
+Marquis de la Jonquire
+300 men, including French-Canadians and warriors of the Ottawa
+punish the Miami people of Pickawillany for not following Céloron's orders to cease trading with the British
+the French war party attacked the trading centre at Pickawillany
+Paul Marin de la Malgue
+Fort Presque Isle
+Fort Le Boeuf
+to protect the King's land in the Ohio Valley from the British
+Fort Le Boeuf
+a colonel of the Western New York Militia
+Warraghiggey
+Warraghiggey
+Mohawk Chief Hendrick
+Ohio Company
+Major George Washington
+Jacob Van Braam
+December 12
+Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre
+letter from Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Country
+presented Saint-Pierre with the letter from Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Country
+superior to that of the British
+additional French forces under Claude-Pierre Pecaudy de Contrecur
+early months of 1754
+Fort Duquesne
+learning of a French scouting party in the area, Washington, with Tanaghrisson and his party, surprised the Canadians on May 28 in what became known as the Battle of Jumonville Glen
+They had been inclined to support the French, with whom they had long trading relationships
+to gain the support of the British and regain authority over his own people
+to dislodge the French
+before Braddock's departure for North America
+dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau
+Word of the British military plans leaked to France well before Braddock's departure for North America
+Albany Congress
+formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians
+unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians
+formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians
+Braddock
+1,500 army troops and provincial militia
+500
+Washington and Thomas Gage
+Shirley and Johnson
+logistical difficulties
+Fort Niagara
+garrisons
+Marquis de Vaudreuil
+Vaudreuil sent Dieskau to Fort St. Frédéric to meet that threat
+Fort Edward and Fort William Henry
+Fort William Henry
+Ticonderoga Point
+Colonel Monckton
+cutting off of supplies to Louisbourg led to its demise
+Petitcodiac and St. John rivers, and le Saint-Jean
+William Shirley
+Albany
+Fort Frontenac on the north shore of Lake Ontario and an expedition through the wilderness of the Maine district and down the Chaudire River to attack the city of Quebec
+Chaudire River
+Major General James Abercrombie
+Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm
+May 18, 1756
+the Oneida Carry
+the forts Shirley had erected at the Oneida Carry
+45,000 pounds
+hopes for campaigns on Lake Ontario
+Abercrombie
+Ticonderoga
+Oswego
+prisoners' personal effects
+an attack on New France's capital, Quebec
+to distract Montcalm
+William Pitt
+returned to New York amid news that a massacre had occurred at Fort William Henry
+French irregular forces (Canadian scouts and Indians)
+Lake George
+angered at the lost opportunity for loot
+poor harvest
+the allegedly corrupt machinations of Franois Bigot
+St. Lawrence
+The British failures in North America, combined with other failures in the European theater
+Newcastle and Pitt
+three major offensive actions involving large numbers of regular troops
+Two
+3,600
+18,000 regulars, militia and Native American allies
+destroyed Fort Frontenac
+he sent John Bradstreet on an expedition that successfully destroyed Fort Frontenac
+an invasion of Britain
+the French Navy failed in the 1759 naval battles at Lagos and Quiberon Bay
+Lagos and Quiberon Bay
+James Wolfe
+successfully cut off the French frontier forts further to the west and south
+Battle of Sainte-Foy
+Fort Niagara
+Governor Vaudreuil
+medical treatment for the sick and wounded French soldiers and French regular troops
+General Amherst
+10 February 1763
+15 February 1763
+the choice of surrendering either its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique
+chose to cede the former, but was able to negotiate the retention of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, two small islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence
+80,000
+1755
+North American provinces
+New Orleans
+King George III
+a demarcation that was at best a temporary impediment to a rising tide of westward-bound settlers
+Appalachian Mountains
+Cuba
+legal and illegal settlement
+1769
+Spanish Catholic population
+disappearance of a strong ally and counterweight to British expansion
+force
+A fundamental error
+Sir Isaac Newton
+three hundred years
+Einstein
+devised a Standard Model
+gauge bosons
+decreasing strength
+gravitational
+a more fundamental electroweak interaction
+Aristotle
+Aristotelian cosmology
+four
+on the ground
+unnatural
+17th century
+Galileo Galilei
+an innate force of impetus
+Galileo
+friction
+an external net force or resultant force
+a lack of net force
+Aristotelian
+First Law
+the same in every inertial frame of reference
+the laws of physics
+curving parabolic path
+it is the outside world that is moving with a constant speed in the opposite direction
+Inertia
+inertia
+The rotational inertia of planet Earth
+Albert Einstein
+weightlessness
+equivalence
+Newton's Second Law
+kinematic
+General relativity
+how or whether this connection is relevant on microscales
+the relative units of force and mass then are fixed
+Third Law
+third law
+unidirectional force or a force that acts on only one body
+F and F are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction
+the center of mass
+closed
+mass of the system
+intuitive understanding
+precise operational definitions
+Newtonian mechanics
+fully consistent with the conceptual definition of force offered by Newtonian mechanics
+vector quantities
+denoted scalar quantities
+Associating forces with vectors
+ambiguous
+impossible
+static equilibrium
+magnitude and direction
+the net force
+their respective lines of application
+resultant
+independent components
+two
+yields the original force
+orthogonal components
+independent
+the applied force is opposed by static friction
+static friction
+the applied force
+increases or decreases
+weighing
+the force of gravity acting on the object balanced by a force applied by the "spring reaction force"
+the object's weight
+millennia
+Isaac Newton
+Galileo
+completely equivalent to rest
+Aristotle
+at a constant velocity
+at a constant velocity
+A simple case of dynamic equilibrium
+kinetic friction force
+kinetic friction
+Aristotle misinterpreted this motion
+Schrdinger equation
+Newtonian
+classical position variables
+quantized
+The notion "force" keeps its meaning in quantum mechanics
+spin
+Pauli
+the correlation is strictly positive
+symmetric
+symmetric
+mathematical
+force
+conservation of momentum
+Feynman diagrams
+identical
+four fundamental interactions
+The strong and weak forces
+electromagnetic
+masses
+Pauli exclusion principle
+Isaac Newton
+20th century
+unification models
+self-consistent unification models that would combine all four fundamental interactions into a theory of everything
+Isaac Newton
+Galileo
+9.81 meters per second squared (this measurement is taken from sea level and may vary depending on location)
+from sea level and may vary depending on location
+force of gravity
+different ways at larger distances
+the mass of the attracting body
+mass of the attracting body
+the radius
+a dimensional constant
+Henry Cavendish
+1798
+Newton
+Mercury
+Vulcan
+discrepancy
+Albert Einstein
+Albert Einstein
+general relativity
+the straight line path in space-time is seen as a curved line in space
+gravitational force
+global
+a rule of vector multiplication called Lorentz's Law
+unified electromagnetic force
+Lorentz's Law
+the electric field
+James Clerk Maxwell
+1864
+20
+4
+Maxwell
+nonexistence
+quantum mechanics
+quantum electrodynamics
+photons
+quantum electrodynamics
+stiffness
+the Pauli exclusion principle
+energy
+as a structural force
+stiffness
+the Pauli exclusion principle
+energy
+as a structural force
+elementary particles
+a residual of the force
+nuclear force
+as gluons
+color confinement
+heavy W and Z bosons
+beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity
+weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons
+1013
+1015 kelvins
+The normal force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact
+the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects
+the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects
+the force that responds whenever an external force pushes on a solid object
+ideal strings that are massless, frictionless, unbreakable, and unstretchable
+ideal pulleys
+action-reaction pairs
+conservation of mechanical energy
+a corresponding increase in the length of string that must be displaced in order to move the load
+idealized point particles
+how forces affect idealized point particles rather than three-dimensional objects
+extended fluids
+other parts of an object
+extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object might affect other parts of an object
+The stress tensor accounts for forces that cause all strains (deformations)
+the stress-tensor
+pressure terms
+formalism
+Torque is the rotation equivalent for position
+all bodies maintain their angular momentum unless acted upon by an unbalanced torque
+analogous equation
+the center of the curving path
+perpendicular
+radial (centripetal) force
+radial
+tangential force
+kinetic
+potential forms
+the net mechanical energy
+difference in potential energy
+artifact
+macrophysical considerations that yield forces as arising from a macroscopic statistical average of microstates
+gradient of potentials
+force model that is independent of any macroscale position vector
+Nonconservative forces other than friction
+statistical mechanics
+nonconservative forces act to change the internal energies of the system
+nonconservative forces act to change the internal energies of the system
+Second law of thermodynamics, nonconservative forces act to change the internal energies of the system
+nonconservative forces necessarily
+the kilogram-force (kgf) (sometimes kilopond)
+kilopond
+the metric slug (sometimes mug or hyl)
+kip
+kilogram-force (kgf) (sometimes kilopond)
\ No newline at end of file