diff --git "a/eval/samples.test.hyp.paragraph_question.answer.lmqg_qg_squad.default.txt" "b/eval/samples.test.hyp.paragraph_question.answer.lmqg_qg_squad.default.txt"
new file mode 100644--- /dev/null
+++ "b/eval/samples.test.hyp.paragraph_question.answer.lmqg_qg_squad.default.txt"
@@ -0,0 +1,11877 @@
+Saint Bernadette Soubirous
+a copper statue of Christ with arms upraised with the legend "Venite Ad Me Omnes"
+Main Building
+a Marian place of prayer and reflection
+a golden statue of the Virgin Mary
+September 1876
+twice a year
+The Observer
+three
+1987
+Rome
+Moreau Seminary
+Old College
+Retired priests and brothers
+Buechner Prize for Preaching
+eight
+1920
+Stinson-Remick Halls of Engineering
+five
+1870s
+a learning Resource Center
+five
+The First Year of Studies program
+U.S. News & World Report
+1924
+professional Master of Divinity
+Alliance for Catholic Education program
+1854
+Department of Pre-Professional Studies
+The Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies
+President Emeritus
+1986
+McDonald
+McDonald
+14
+Theodore M. Hesburgh Library
+1963
+Millard Sheets
+"Touchdown Jesus"
+3,577
+19.7%
+top 10 to 15
+39.1%
+750 miles
+18th
+8th
+1st
+USA Today
+57.6%
+Father Joseph Carrier
+1851–1921
+Science Department
+Evolution and Dogma
+Professor of Chemistry and Physics
+1882
+Professor Jerome Green
+1899
+Father Julius Nieuwland
+an early wind tunnel
+Lobund Institute
+1940s
+1950
+1958
+1928
+The Review of Politics
+German Catholic journals
+44
+The Review of Politics
+John Jenkins
+Medieval Institute
+recent research includes work on family conflict and child development, genome mapping, the increasing trade deficit of the United States with China, studies in fluid mechanics, computational science and engineering, and marketing trends on the Internet
+2013
+how vulnerable they are to climate change and how prepared they are to adapt
+8,448
+Around 21–24%
+700
+Holy Cross Missions
+12,179
+About 80%
+20%
+15
+20%
+14
+Congregatio a Sancta Cruce
+93%
+over 100 times per week
+Fifty-seven
+93%
+Washington Hall
+1879
+the Rev. William Corby
+17th of May
+LaFortune Student Center
+traditional scholastic and classical emphasis
+College of Commerce
+Father James Burns
+three years
+Harvard Law School
+Knute Rockne
+105
+1925
+13
+three
+Princeton
+Ku Klux Klan
+Fr. Matthew Walsh
+week-long Klavern
+Ku Klux Klan
+Holy Cross Father John Francis O'Hara
+John Francis O'Hara
+"Notre Dame football is a spiritual service because it is played for the honor and glory of God and of his Blessed Mother
+1883
+God and of his Blessed Mother
+more than half
+the Lobund Institute for Animal Studies
+Hall of Liberal Arts
+John J. Cavanaugh
+the Nieuwland Science Hall, Fisher Hall, and the Morris Inn
+1952–87
+$9.7 million to $176.6 million
+35 years (1952–87) of dramatic transformations
+1952–87
+more than doubled 389 to 950
+coeducational
+Dean of Arts and Letters
+Vice President of Student Affairs
+1971
+Saint Mary's College
+1987–2005
+1240 to 1360
+$350 million to more than $3 billion
+$70 million
+500
+July 1, 2005
+17th
+C.S.C.
+Compton Family Ice Arena
+$400m
+the Congregation of Holy Cross
+Basilica of the Sacred Heart
+French Revival
+Luigi Gregori
+1896
+Fr. Zahm
+1950
+Joseph LaFortune
+83,000 square feet
+$1.2 million
+29
+Theodore Hesburgh Library
+almost 4 million
+Duncan Hall
+Fighting Irish football team
+2008
+40%
+Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card 2010
+Liberation Theology
+1968
+1 Suffolk Street in Trafalgar Square
+Jerusalem
+1998
+The College of Arts and Letters
+1842
+1849
+Saint Louis University
+33
+Father Patrick Dillon
+1865
+six
+Jordan Hall of Science
+over 1,200
+Notre Dame School of Architecture
+Bond Hall
+third year
+Rome
+Driehaus Architecture Prize
+2015
+Stanford Hall
+over three million volumes
+one of the 100 largest
+The rise of Hitler and other dictators
+Germany
+classics and law
+Max Scheler
+a renowned sculptor
+Touchdown Jesus
+Catholic research
+Our Lady of the Lake
+Virgin Mary
+1,250
+Fighting Irish football team
+Knute Rockne
+NCAA Division I
+seven
+13
+top twenty
+four
+Driehaus Architecture Prize
+50
+Snite Museum of Art
+1842
+Bishop of Vincennes, Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandire
+Holy Cross
+November 26, 1842
+Old College
+1849
+1865
+Father Lemonnier
+1873
+1873
+NDtv
+24-hour
+WSND-FM
+WVFI
+$215 million
+June 3, 2008
+Kite Realty
+City of South Bend
+non-union workers
+National Collegiate Athletic Association
+Horizon League
+Midwest Fencing Conference
+Midwest Fencing Conference
+Big East Conference
+Big Ten Conference
+five
+Central Collegiate Hockey Association
+Navy Blue and Gold Rush
+The Notre Dame Leprechaun
+University of Notre Dame and Under Armour
+$100 million
+1846
+plays at home games for most of the sports
+Notre Dame Victory March
+Michigan Wolverines
+1887
+Ohio State University
+USC
+the greatest intersectional rivalry
+George Gipp
+Notre Dame
+Pat O'Brien
+Pat O'Brien
+80,795
+two-story banner
+Traditional activities
+Bond Hall
+Notre Dame Victory March and the Notre Dame Alma Mater
+Saturday
+1,600
+12
+28
+Austin Carr
+Mike Brey
+John F. Shea
+1904
+The Rev. Michael J. Shea
+1928
+onward to victory
+The Gipper
+Knute Rockne, All American, Knute Rockne
+Sean Astin
+George Zipp
+All American
+Condoleezza Rice
+Eric F. Wieschaus
+Rev. John Jenkins
+Olympic gold medalist
+Jim Wetherbee
+September 4, 1981
+singing and dancing competitions
+late 1990s
+Houston, Texas
+1981
+Destiny's Child
+Dangerously in Love
+Mathew Knowles
+Houston
+Dangerously in Love
+September 4, 1981
+Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter
+late 1990s
+lead singer of R&B girl-group
+Dangerously in Love
+2003
+five
+lead singer of R&B girl-group
+Dangerously in Love
+Dangerously in Love (2003)
+"Beautiful Liar"
+Jay Z
+six
+Dreamgirls
+2010
+Beyoncé
+Cadillac Records
+June 2005
+B'Day
+a Golden Globe-nominated performance in Dreamgirls
+Jay Z
+Sasha Fierce
+love, relationships, and monogamy
+influential
+Forbes
+2000s
+Forbes magazine
+creates songs that are often characterized by themes of love, relationships, and monogamy
+2013 and 2014
+118 million
+60 million
+60 million
+20
+Forbes magazine
+Destiny's Child
+Acadian leader Joseph Broussard
+Destiny
+Destiny
+Xerox
+Methodist household
+Solange
+Joseph Broussard
+Destiny
+Destiny
+Solange
+Joseph Broussard
+Methodist
+Houston
+Darlette Johnson
+Houston
+Darlette Johnson
+St. John's United Methodist Church
+music magnet school
+John Lennon's "Imagine"
+Fredericksburg
+Darlette Johnson
+seven
+United Methodist Church
+Arne Frager
+Beyoncé's father
+Elektra Records
+Arne Frager
+1995
+Atlanta Records
+Elektra Records
+eight
+eight
+LaTavia Roberson
+Arne Frager
+1995
+Dwayne Wiggins's Grass Roots Entertainment
+"No, No, No"
+"Say My Name"
+Marc Nelson
+1996
+Book of Isaiah
+Men in Black
+"Say My Name"
+Marc Nelson
+Book of Isaiah
+Men in Black
+"No, No, No"
+1997
+Marc Nelson
+depression
+depression
+Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams
+split with Luckett and Roberson after being publicly blamed by the media, critics, and blogs for its cause
+a couple of years
+Beyoncé would later speak of her mother as the person who helped her fight it
+Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams
+the media, critics, and blogs
+Luckett and Roberson
+Farrah Franklin
+Independent Women Part I
+eleven consecutive
+MTV
+663,000
+Georges Bizet
+Survivor
+Charlie's Angels
+Carmen: A Hip Hopera
+Beyoncé
+Luckett and Roberson
+early 2001
+Mike Myers
+UK, Norway, and Belgium
+The Fighting Temptations
+Missy Elliott, MC Lyte, and Free
+"Summertime"
+Austin Powers
+$73 million
+The Fighting Temptations
+"Fighting Temptation"
+mixed review from critics but grossed $30 million in the U.S. Beyoncé released "Fighting Temptation as the lead single from the film's soundtrack album
+Foxxy Cleopatra
+Mike Myers
+"Work It Out"
+The Fighting Temptations
+"Work It Out"
+Jay Z's "'03 Bonnie & Clyde"
+Dangerously in Love
+11 million copies
+"Baby Boy"
+517,000
+Jay Z
+Dangerously in Love
+atop the Billboard 200, and has since sold 11 million copies worldwide
+Luther Vandross
+Jay Z
+June 24, 2003
+"Crazy in Love"
+Vocals for "The Closer I Get to You" with Luther Vandross
+five
+Destiny Fulfilled
+2006
+2003
+Destiny Fulfilled
+Rowland
+March 2006
+the Dangerously in Love Tour
+Missy Elliott and Alicia Keys
+American national anthem
+Destiny Fulfilled
+541,000
+Déj Vu
+Australia, Hungary, Ireland, New Zealand and the United States
+three
+twenty-fifth
+Jay Z
+five
+B'Day
+541,000
+Jay Z
+"Green Light"
+The Pink Panther
+Dreamgirls
+The Pink Panther
+April 2007
+over $24 million
+$154 million
+The Beyoncé experience
+Shakira
+The Pink Panther
+Diana Ross
+" Listen"
+The Beyoncé experience
+Shakira
+Jay Z
+November 18, 2008
+2000s
+Toronto Star
+482,000 copies
+a video montage at the listening party for her third studio album
+April 4, 2008
+Scottish MOBO Awards, and the 2009 BET Awards
+482,000
+April 4, 2008
+Jay Z
+Sasha Fierce
+"Single Ladies"
+Toronto Star
+Etta James
+Phoenix House
+James' "At Last"
+thriller
+MTV Movie Award for Best Fight
+Phoenix House
+Ali Larter and Idris Elba
+Sharon Charles
+$68 million
+Etta James
+Phoenix House
+James' "At Last" at the First Couple's first inaugural ball
+Idris Elba
+ten
+Lauryn Hill
+Lady Gaga
+sixth
+Lauryn Hill
+ten
+US Pop Songs
+Lady Gaga
+Lauryn Hill
+Lauryn Hill
+ten
+Lauryn Hill
+Lady Gaga
+Mariah Carey
+2010
+2010
+Great Wall
+2010
+Beyoncé
+January 2010
+nine months
+music career
+her mother
+business partners
+nine months
+2011
+Clinton Bush Haiti Fund
+Pyramid stage
+The Huffington Post
+minute
+Libyan ruler Muammar Gaddafi
+2011 Glastonbury Festival
+Clinton Bush Haiti Fund
+Libyan ruler Muammar Gaddafi
+Libyan ruler Muammar Gaddafi
+WikiLeaks
+Clinton Bush Haiti Fund
+main Pyramid stage
+200
+"Love on Top"
+New York Association of Black Journalists
+New York's Roseland Ballroom
+June 28, 2011
+310,000
+New York Association of Black Journalists
+late 2011
+"Love on Top"
+June 28, 2011
+310,000
+Essence
+New York's Roseland Ballroom
+January 7, 2012
+Lenox Hill Hospital
+Blue Ivy Carter
+Blue Ivy
+January 7, 2012
+Blue Ivy Carter
+four nights
+four
+January 7, 2012
+Blue Ivy Carter
+Lenox Hill Hospital
+Blue Ivy
+four
+Love Songs
+Life Is But a Dream
+a global publishing agreement with Warner/Chappell Music
+January 2013
+"Nuclear"
+President Obama
+268,000
+January 2013
+"Nuclear"
+pre-recorded track
+Super Bowl XLVII
+Life Is But a Dream
+132
+Beyoncé embarked on The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour
+"Rise Up"
+Queen Tara
+March 2014
+Met Gala
+Queen Tara
+"Rise Up"
+The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour
+132
+"Back to Black"
+Met Gala
+Queen Tara
+iTunes Store
+December 13, 2013
+iTunes Store
+Jay Z
+Forbes
+more than double her earnings in 2013
+December 13, 2013
+one million
+Billboard 200
+On the Run Tour
+six
+Beck
+Vogue
+Coldplay
+six
+Beck
+Coldplay
+six
+Vogue
+Coldplay
+Coldplay
+six
+six
+Beck
+Vogue magazine
+Coldplay
+Tidal
+Formation
+February 6, 2016
+on music streaming service Tidal called "Formation"
+Tidal
+Tidal called "Formation"
+February 6, 2016
+on music streaming service Tidal
+300 million
+Paris
+a miscarriage
+Jay Z
+April 4, 2008
+300 million
+describing it as "the saddest thing" she had ever endured
+Paris
+The Blueprint 2: The gift & The Curse
+April 4, 2008
+300 million
+a miscarriage
+Paris
+MTV Video Music Awards
+pregnancy she had alluded to earlier in the evening
+couple
+Guinness World Records
+Her appearance helped that year's MTV Video Music Awards become the most-watched broadcast in MTV history
+"most tweets per second recorded for a single event"
+"Beyonce pregnant"
+"Love on Top"
+Guinness World Records
+"Love on Top"
+couple
+"Beyonce pregnant"
+Lifeandtimes.com
+"Glory"
+Blue Ivy Carter
+Lenox Hill Hospital
+Glory
+Blue Ivy's cries
+Blue Ivy
+January 7, 2012
+Blue Ivy Carter
+"Glory"
+Blue Ivy's cries
+"B.I.C."
+George Zimmerman
+"America the beautiful"
+$4 million
+sex marriage
+Trayvon Martin
+a pre-recorded track
+"America the beautiful"
+"At Last"
+Tumblr
+after the Supreme Court debate on California's Proposition 8
+Vogue
+Ban Bossy
+I do believe in equality
+April 2013
+Ban Bossy
+"Flawless"
+leadership in girls
+Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie
+Ban Bossy
+Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma
+September 2015
+women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa
+priorities
+2015
+Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma
+Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma
+September 2015
+Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma
+Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma
+head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa
+women
+Freddie Gray
+protesters of Gray
+Gray
+thousands of dollars
+Madonna and Celine Dion
+highest-earning power couple
+2014
+$80 million
+Madonna and Celine Dion
+Forbes
+end of 2014
+$40 million
+$80 million
+Forbes magazine
+end of 2014
+MTV
+In 2013, Beyoncé's endorsements of Pepsi and H&M made her and Jay Z the world's first billion dollar couple in the music industry
+four
+Jody Rosen
+The Daily Mail
+hip hop
+four
+"versatile"
+hip hop era
+range and power
+four
+Her vocal abilities
+tart
+hip hop era
+R&B
+pop, soul and funk
+Irreemplazable
+Irreemplazable
+Rudy Perez
+R&B
+English
+English
+B'Day
+R&B
+Irreemplazable
+Rudy Perez
+Irreemplazable
+beats herself
+"Cater 2 U"
+"Independent Women" and "Survivor"
+"Independent Women" and "Survivor"
+co-writing credits for most of the songs recorded with Destiny's Child and her solo efforts
+sharing them with producers
+female-empowerment themed compositions like "Independent Women" and "Survivor"
+co-producing
+melodies and ideas
+American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards
+American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards
+Diane Warren
+Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters
+2001
+nine songwriting credits on number-one singles
+Billboard magazine
+third woman
+Pop Songwriter of the Year award
+American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards
+three
+17
+Michael Jackson
+five
+World Music Awards
+practicing vocal runs
+Michael Jackson
+Vision of Love
+Michael Jackson
+where Jackson performed and she claims to have realised her purpose
+Diana Ross
+Whitney Houston
+"Vision of Love"
+The feminism and female empowerment themes on Beyoncé's second solo album B'Day
+Josephine Baker
+Etta James
+B'Day
+"boldness" inspired Beyoncé to explore other musical genres and styles
+fashion Rocks
+Josephine Baker
+"Déj Vu"
+Michelle Obama
+February 2013
+Oprah Winfrey
+US First Lady Michelle Obama
+the definition of ideas and a strong woman
+his lyrical genius
+take control of her own career
+his lyrical genius
+US First Lady Michelle Obama
+Oprah Winfrey
+Jean-Michel Basquiat
+Madonna
+Suga Mama
+Montina Cooper-Donnell, Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqué Riddick
+Montina Cooper-Donnell, Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqué Riddick
+2006 BET Awards
+Suga Mama
+all-female tour
+BET Awards
+The Beyoncé experience, 2009–2010 I Am... World Tour and 2013–2014 The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour
+Suga Mama
+B'Day
+Montina Cooper-Donnell, Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqué Riddick
+2006 BET Awards
+stage presence and voice
+L.A. Reid
+her stage presence and voice
+Jarett Wieselman
+the greatest entertainer alive
+"takes her role as entertainer so seriously she's almost too good."
+Jarett Wieselman
+Def Jam L.A. Reid
+"Sasha Fierce"
+"Sasha Fierce"
+2012
+Revel Presents
+"too aggressive, too strong, too sassy [and] too sexy"
+"Sasha Fierce" to keep that stage persona separate from who she really is
+"Sasha Fierce"
+2008
+"Crazy in Love"
+Allure magazine
+wide-ranging
+Touré
+Oxford English Dictionary
+Oxford English Dictionary
+"Bootylicious"
+"Bootylicious"
+2006
+Touré
+"Bootylicious"
+2006
+dress "is absolutely for the stage."
+modelling debut at Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show
+Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show
+Complex
+January 2013
+VH1
+People and the "Hottest Female Singer of All Time"
+Complex
+January 2013
+1
+2011
+Complex
+"Hottest Female Singer of All Time"
+Madame Tussauds Wax Museums
+Roberto Cavalli
+Tyra Banks
+Destiny's Style
+2007
+Tyra Banks
+Tyra Banks
+People magazine
+The Beyontourage
+The Beyontourage
+The Beyontourage
+The Beyontourage
+The Beyontourage
+The Beyontourage
+The Bey Hive
+beehive
+House of Deréon
+L'officiel
+House of Deréon
+2006
+wearing and using fur in her clothing line House of Deréon
+L'officiel
+blackface and tribal makeup that drew criticism from the media
+L'officiel
+House of Deréon
+French fashion magazine
+African-American
+Emmett Price
+L'Oréal
+only "natural pictures be used"
+"it is categorically untrue"
+costuming
+Emmett Price
+L'Oréal
+Feria hair color
+Vogue
+The Guardian
+2014
+2014
+Artist of the Decade
+2013
+2014
+the heir-apparent diva of the USA
+Jody Rosen
+The Guardian
+Time 100
+Jody Rosen
+2014
+White Rabbits
+Gwyneth Paltrow
+Pepsi commercial
+Beyoncé's Pepsi commercial
+White Rabbits
+artists including Adele, Ariana Grande
+Country Strong
+White Rabbits
+Milk Famous
+Gwyneth Paltrow
+Country Strong
+Nicki Minaj
+"Crazy in Love"
+two
+8 million copies
+horse fly
+July 2014
+Crazy in Love
+two
+8 million
+Drake
+Rolling Stone
+Drake
+Scaptia beyonceae
+15 million
+118 million
+64
+60 million
+Beyoncé
+15 million
+118 million
+over 118 million
+2008
+64
+over 15 million
+118 million
+The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)
+64
+2008
+20
+Alison Krauss
+52
+six
+two
+20
+52
+2010
+Adele
+20
+52
+"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)"
+Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards
+Pepsi
+$50 million
+The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPINET)
+70
+April 2013
+Britney Spears, Pink, and Enrique Iglesias
+endorse Pepsi
+Beyoncé
+Pepsi
+$50 million
+Beyoncé
+NetBase
+Tommy Hilfiger
+Beyoncé
+Heat
+2013
+over $400 million
+Heat
+February 2011
+Pulse
+six
+Diamonds
+2010
+Heat
+six
+18
+Starpower
+American Express, Nintendo DS and L'Oréal
+70
+out of court by her lawyers
+Starpower
+Starpower
+Starpower
+millions
+June 2013
+Parkwood Entertainment
+Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd
+an athletic, street wear brand
+fall of 2015
+Parkwood Entertainment
+fall of 2015
+Parkwood Entertainment
+London-based fashion retailer Topshop
+London-based fashion retailer
+to break into the activewear market
+March 30, 2015
+Jay Z
+March 30, 2015
+music streaming
+low payout of royalties
+Tidal
+Tidal, Aspiro
+Jay Z
+Spotify
+Agnz Deréon
+Agnz Deréon
+Beyond Productions
+sportswear, denim offerings with fur, outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear, and are available at department and specialty stores across the US and Canada
+US and Canada
+Beyond Productions
+2005
+Beyond Productions
+Destiny's Child's shows and tours
+her mother
+Deréon
+House of Brands
+Brazil
+2009
+a "high-style" mobile game with a social networking component
+junior apparel label
+May 27, 2010
+House of Brands
+Beyoncé fashion Diva
+Sasha Fierce for Deréon
+clothing store C&A
+Dillard
+British fashion retailer Topshop
+April 2016
+Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd
+50-50
+April 2016
+Topshop
+Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd
+activewear line
+Hurricane Katrina
+$250,000
+Hurricane Ike three years
+Survivor Foundation
+$250,000
+expanded to work with other charities in the city
+Survivor Foundation
+$250,000
+Hurricane Ike
+Wyclef Jean
+Brooklyn Phoenix House
+"God Bless the USA"
+$1 million
+Beyoncé Cosmetology Center
+to help raise funds for the New York Police and Fire Widows' and Children's Benefit Fund
+Beyoncé
+George Clooney and Wyclef Jean
+Beyoncé Cosmetology Center
+"God Bless the USA"
+Sandy Hook Elementary School
+"I Was Here"
+Miss a Meal
+London
+her mother Tina Knowles
+Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting
+spread female empowerment
+Catapult
+Sandy Hook Elementary School
+Sandy Hook Elementary School
+I Was Here
+Salma Hayek and Frida Giannini
+Spanish word montaa
+4th
+44th
+77
+Spanish word montaa
+1908
+1908
+1981
+the ponderosa pine
+Maiasaura
+21 years after statehood
+Oro y Plata
+Gold and Silver
+1865
+1895
+bitterroot
+62 percent
+56
+Billings
+Missoula and Great Falls
+Montaa del Norte
+Montaa del Norte
+147,040 square miles (380,800 km2)
+Wyoming
+Idaho
+Northern Rocky Mountains
+About 60 percent of the state is prairie, part of the northern Great Plains
+the Waterton River, Belly, and Saint Mary rivers to flow north into Alberta, Canada
+Hudson Bay
+10,000 feet (3,000 m)
+Granite Peak
+12,799 feet (3,901 m)
+one
+since 1996
+59 to 41
+29 to 21
+a swing state
+1992
+1889
+two elections from 1952 to the present
+Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport
+spring of 2013
+BNSF Railway
+1880s
+Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation
+spring hunting
+wolves and mountain lions
+1930s
+Federation of Fly Fishers
+robust recreational lake trout and kokanee salmon fisheries
+A River Runs Through It
+April 26, 1864
+1862
+$1.75
+1886
+450
+Hudson Bay
+Triple Divide Peak
+Pacific Ocean
+Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin
+Three Forks
+generally east through fairly flat agricultural land and the Missouri Breaks to Fort Peck reservoir
+1976
+north
+North Dakota
+at least 3,223
+flathead Lake
+Fort Peck Reservoir
+Missouri River
+25 percent
+90 fish, 117 mammal, 20 reptile and 427 bird species
+grizzly
+five federally endangered species
+at least 17
+15 inches (380 mm)
+34.70 inches
+105 inches (2,700 mm)
+7
+personal income tax
+no
+Approximately 66,000
+1851
+1887
+Great Falls
+63%
+German
+mining camp
+6.5
+Big Horn, Glacier, and Roosevelt
+1980 and 1990
+2007
+July 2007
+forest fires
+1859
+Washington Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens
+1859
+flathead Indian Reservation
+Camp Cooke
+Fort Benton, Montana
+1876
+1877
+English
+94.8
+Assiniboine
+13,040
+1,700
+89.4
+6.3
+2.9
+1,032,949
+4.40%
+Gallatin County
+Kalispell
+1941
+1941
+smokejumpers and for other forest fire-fighting duties
+13 million
+325
+General Philip Sheridan
+1875
+1881
+1882
+1872 and 1873
+1876
+September 8, 1883
+1866
+failed bid for statehood
+1884
+1889
+Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington
+1862
+free land to settlers who could claim and "prove-up" 160 acres (0.65 km2) of federal land in the midwest and western United States
+1868
+1877
+640 acres (2.6 km2)
+$.25
+James J. Hill of the Great Northern
+1902
+1909
+free land from 160 to 320 acres (0.6 to 1.3 km2) per family
+June 1917
+May 1918
+criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means
+over 200
+78, mostly of German or Austrian descent
+40,000
+57,000
+1500
+Fort William Henry Harrison
+Great Falls, Lewistown, Cut Bank and Glasgow
+entire human groups
+that group
+"in whole or in part"
+ICTY8
+commentators on the Genocide Convention
+International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Court of Justice
+biological-physical destruction
+Germany
+guilty of genocide
+courts in Germany which had taken a broad view, that there had been few cases of genocide under other Convention States municipal courts judgements
+the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG)
+World War II
+Lemkin
+United Nations General Assembly
+provide a legal definition of the crime
+political killings
+USSR
+would invite international intervention in domestic politics
+Soviet machination
+political and diplomatic compromise
+national, racial, religious or ethnic group
+national, racial, religious or ethnic
+Jorgic v. Germany case
+biological-physical destruction
+a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people
+Lemming
+mobilizing much of the international relations and community
+Australian
+ritualcide
+ritualcide
+anthropologist
+language, culture, and economic infrastructure
+legal aspect of the term
+a crime
+the deliberate killing of a certain group
+the officials in power of a state or area
+Peace of Westphalia
+the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint
+ethnic, national, racial
+1648
+1944
+a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them
+a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them
+the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill)
+Winston Churchill
+1944
+a crime without a name
+Raphael Lemkin
+a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them
+remove the entire group from existence
+a number of considerations
+numeric size
+absolute terms
+its prominence within the group
+the perpetrators' access to the victims
+historical examples of genocide
+their reach
+genocide
+in combination with other factors—inform the analysis
+12 January 1951
+20
+two
+United Kingdom
+four
+diplomatic
+research
+international legal credibility
+alternative definitions
+Jonassohn and Bjrnson
+slightly different definitions
+Kurt
+R. J. Rummel
+Helen Fein, Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr
+social and political groups
+The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response
+membership
+Genocide
+a form of one-sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group
+policies
+communal characteristics
+the promotion and execution of policies by a state
+nationality
+genocides and 'pogroms
+murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership
+religious group membership
+the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
+eliminate the group
+forcibly transferring children out of the group to another group
+Adrian Gallagher
+collective power
+intent
+the definition of group identity
+destroyed
+acts of genocide
+1999 Kosovo War
+the International Court of Justice
+the United States refused to allow a charge of genocide brought against it by former Yugoslavia following the 1999 Kosovo War
+Norway
+Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
+humanity
+murder
+taking part in the Holocaust were found guilty of crimes against humanity and other more specific crimes like murder
+Raphael Lemkin
+European Court of Human Rights
+wider interpretation of genocide
+ethnic cleansing
+expel Muslims and Croats from their homes
+the Serb forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina
+About 30
+conspiracy to commit genocide
+conspiracy
+aiding and abetting genocide
+German
+genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina
+Belgrade
+Ratko Mladi
+ten of the eleven charges
+Slobodan Miloevi
+The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
+April 1994
+Security Council of the United Nations
+serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of Rwanda
+those people responsible for the acts of genocide and other serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of Rwanda
+categorizing the situation in Darfur
+the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
+Senate Foreign Relations Committee
+an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur
+detracting from the gravity of the crimes perpetrated in that region
+Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court
+Commission report
+United States
+fourth
+structural conditions
+psychological and social
+Ervin Staub
+devaluation of the group that becomes the victim
+humanizing a devalued group
+emergence of resistance of bacteria
+evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy
+1943
+penicillin and erythromycin
+evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy
+select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics
+1943
+Luria–Delbrck experiment
+its concentration
+bacterial infection
+the bacterial growth phase
+division of bacterial cells
+its concentration
+several factors
+the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile
+bacterial functions or growth processes
+penicillins and cephalosporins
+polymyxins
+macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines
+based on their mechanism of action
+penicillins and cephalosporins
+polymyxins
+four
+mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity
+the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems
+beta-lactam
+aminoglycosides
+solely by chemical synthesis
+modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds
+less than 2000 atomic mass units
+penicillins
+fungi in the genus Penicillium
+tuberculosis
+livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance
+World Health Organization
+20th century
+antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance
+raising
+World Health Organization
+20th
+antibiotic resistance
+vaccination
+20th century
+raising
+World Health Organization
+every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country
+20th century
+antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance
+tuberculosis
+tuberculosis
+empirical
+usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic
+spectrum antibiotic
+proven or suspected infection
+several days
+unidentified
+a patient has proven or suspected infection
+initiated before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory
+photodermatitis and anaphylaxis
+disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora
+adverse side effects
+quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid
+the microbial organisms targeted, and the individual patient
+negative effects
+clinical use
+microbial organisms
+Adverse
+host microbiota
+negative effects on humans or other mammals
+photodermatitis and anaphylaxis
+diarrhea
+Antibacterials
+elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid
+obesity
+subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment
+penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin
+unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans
+there is a correlation between antibiotic use in early life and obesity
+a causal relationship remains unclear
+Early life
+unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans
+antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills
+1%
+reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon
+increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients
+extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives
+contraceptive pills
+1%
+absorption of estrogens
+oral contraceptives
+antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills
+interfere with contraceptive pills
+1%
+decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy
+alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread
+While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effect
+widespread
+side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy
+moderate alcohol consumption
+alcohol and antibiotics
+therapy
+specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects
+alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread
+Intrinsic antibacterial resistance
+antibacterial resistance genes
+an antibiotic target
+through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of DNA by horizontal genetic exchange
+a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra-chromosomal DNA
+vertical transmission of mutations
+carry these resistance genes
+superbugs
+emergence
+nearly half a million
+emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis
+increases in bacterial strains and species that no longer respond to treatment with the most common antibiotics
+Self prescription of antibiotics
+Self prescription of antibiotics
+excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics
+the correct dosage of antibiotics
+failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery
+their prescription to treat viral infections such as the common cold
+reduce inappropriate prescription of antibiotics
+the US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance
+US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH)
+2002
+2003
+Swann report 1969
+The American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Association (APHA) and the American Medical Association (AMA)
+S.742 and H.R. 2562
+American Holistic Nurses' Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association
+animal husbandry
+1977
+March 2012
+specially selected mold and plant materials and extracts
+in treatments of infections were described over 2000 years ago
+mold and plant materials
+against life
+Jean Paul Vuillemin
+crude
+Alexander Fleming
+chemotherapy
+crude preparation to treat some infections
+Prontosil
+Gerhard Domagk
+Gerhard Domagk
+Nobel Prize for Medicine
+tyrothricin
+1939
+a compound of 20% gramicidin and 80% tyrocidine
+Rene Dubos
+a compound of 20% gramicidin and 80% tyrocidine
+1942
+1945
+Norman Heatley
+1945
+Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
+antibodies, inflammation, and other classic immune reactions
+cell-free vaccines
+cell-free vaccines
+Phage therapy
+by infecting pathogenic bacteria with their own viruses, more specifically, bacteriophages
+the phages will infect "good" bacteria, or the bacteria that are important in the everyday function of human beings
+seven antibiotics against the Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) currently in phase 2 or phase 3 clinical trials
+seven
+2013
+FDA
+appropriate economic incentives
+Susceptibility Test Interpretive Criteria for Microbial Organisms
+Allan Coukell
+Polish and French
+Romantic
+solo piano
+Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin
+20
+1815
+Romantic
+Warsaw
+solo piano
+20, less than a month
+17 October 1849
+Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin
+solo piano
+Romantic
+1815
+Warsaw
+20, less than a month
+Romantic
+1830
+21
+30
+1835
+Majorca
+tuberculosis
+Paris
+30
+Franz Liszt
+1835
+George Sand
+21
+30
+1835
+Jane Stirling
+1835
+Jane Stirling
+tuberculosis
+ballade
+instrumental ballade
+Polish folk music, the classical tradition of J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert
+their nuance and sensitivity
+salons
+the piano
+instrumental ballade
+their nuance and sensitivity
+mazurkas, waltzes, nocturnes, polonaises, preludes and sonatas
+Polish
+ballade
+Polish
+their nuance and sensitivity
+instrumental ballade
+ballade
+Polish
+Paris salons
+varying degrees of historical accuracy
+films and biographies
+Romantic
+films and biographies
+Poland
+Poland
+political insurrection
+Romantic
+Poland, in France
+political insurrection
+Romantic era
+elazowa Wola
+1 March
+1 March
+Fridericus Franciscus
+29
+elazowa Wola
+Napoleon
+22 February 1810
+1 March
+Fridericus Franciscus
+Napoleon
+22 February 1810
+1 March
+Fridericus Franciscus
+elazowa Wola
+Napoleon
+Justyna Krzyanowska
+Easter Sunday
+Polish
+Nicolas Chopin
+Lorraine
+Nicolas Chopin
+Fryderyk Skarbek
+Ludwika
+Nicolas Chopin
+Lorraine
+Fryderyk Skarbek
+October 1810
+French
+Palace grounds
+flute and violin
+illnesses
+October 1810
+Warsaw Lyceum
+flute and violin
+the piano
+six months
+French
+flute and violin
+piano
+Palace grounds
+Wojciech ywny
+Ludwika
+seven
+two polonaises
+a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821
+Wojciech ywny
+Ludwika
+seven
+1816
+1816 to 1821
+Wojciech ywny
+Ludwika
+seven
+ywny
+1817
+Kazimierz Palace
+Kazimierz Palace
+Belweder Palace
+Niemcewicz
+1817
+Kazimierz Palace
+the ruler of Russian Poland, Grand Duke Constantine
+piano
+Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz
+Belweder Palace
+Grand Duke Constantine
+march
+Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz
+1823 to 1826
+Jzef Elsner
+eolomelodicon
+Alexander I
+May 1825
+Wilhelm Wrfel
+Wilhelm Wrfel
+Rondo Op
+diamond ring
+Rondo Op
+Tsar Alexander I
+Jzef Elsner
+eolomelodicon
+a diamond ring
+Rondo Op
+Dominik Dziewanowski
+Szafarnia
+Polish
+Polish
+Warsaw
+Polish rural folk music
+Dominik Dziewanowski
+The Szafarnia Courier
+Warsaw
+1827
+Kazimierz Palace
+1830
+a museum
+Ambroy Mieroszewski
+1827
+1830
+portrait of the composer
+Ambroy Mieroszewski
+Emilia
+1830
+Chopin Family Parlour
+Ambroy Mieroszewski
+male
+Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Biaobocki, Jan Matuszyski and Julian Fontana
+Konstancja Gadkowska
+Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Biaobocki, Jan Matuszyski and Julian Fontana
+Konstancja Gadkowska
+the slow movement (Larghetto) of his Piano Concerto No. 1 (in E minor)
+July 1829
+Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Biaobocki, Jan Matuszyski and Julian Fontana
+Konstancja Gadkowska
+Konstancja Gadkowska
+Piano Concerto No. 1
+Four
+a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki
+Gaspare Spontini
+Prince Antoni Radziwi
+Introduction
+September 1828
+Prince Antoni Radziwi
+Prince Antoni Radziwi
+Prince Antoni Radziwi
+composer and aspiring cellist
+1828
+Feliks Jarocki
+composer and aspiring cellist
+Gaspare Spontini
+1829
+a set of variations
+11 August
+two
+17 March 1830
+a set of variations
+Vienna
+Piano Concerto No. 2
+September 1829
+for those accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists
+Niccol Paganini
+Vienna
+two piano concerts and received many favourable review
+three
+2 November 1830
+Italy
+1830
+Jachimecki
+Zdzisaw Jachimecki
+Woyciechowski
+Italy
+Poland
+Europe
+Woyciechowski
+1830
+I curse the moment of my departure
+1831
+the Polish Great Emigration
+French
+1835
+friends and confidants
+Pole
+late September 1831
+the Polish Great Emigration
+1835
+Adam Zamoyski
+Poland
+French
+French
+Adam Zamoyski
+Polish Great Emigration
+Paris
+Adam Mickiewicz
+songs
+Adam Mickiewicz
+artists and other distinguished figures
+Adam Mickiewicz
+Adam Mickiewicz
+Julian Fontana
+Albert Grzymaa
+elder brother
+Albert Grzymaa
+Polish
+England
+England
+Albert Grzymaa
+Albert Grzymaa
+Samson
+Warsaw Conservatory
+Robert Schumann
+26 February 1832
+keyboard technique
+his father
+Robert Schumann
+26 February 1832
+wealthy Rothschild banking family
+end of 1831
+keyboard technique
+publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students from all over Europe
+salons
+a concert
+the Salle Pleyel
+Hiller
+Maurice Schlesinger
+Adolphe Gutmann
+Paris apartment
+J.S. Bach
+Maurice Schlesinger
+Felix Mendelssohn
+playing and discussing music at his piano
+Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow
+Carlsbad
+Dsseldorf
+Hiller
+Carlsbad
+July 1836
+Wodziskis
+Felix Mendelssohn
+Felix Mendelssohn
+director of the Academy of Art
+Delacroix
+Woyciechowski
+Rossini, Cherubini, Baillot, etc.
+Liszt
+26 February 1832
+Woyciechowski
+Liszt
+George Onslow's Sonata
+a few blocks away
+seven
+Hector Berlioz
+Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory
+on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841
+the Beethoven Memorial
+Htel de France
+Htel de France
+seven
+Hector Berlioz
+love-hate
+their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love-hate relationship
+annoyance
+my friend Liszt
+Op
+Marie d'Agoult's obsession with Chopin
+Liszt
+Hiller
+Marie d'Agoult's obsession with Chopin
+Hiller
+George Sand
+Marie d'Agoult
+My tragedy
+Grzymaa
+George Sand
+she was influenced by his poor health and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d'Agoult and Sand
+My tragedy
+Marie d'Agoult
+1837
+My tragedy
+Grzymaa
+London
+they had become lovers
+six
+lovers
+a former Carthusian monastery in Valldemossa
+Camille Pleyel
+English piano maker
+six years
+Félicien Mallefille
+Valldemossa
+end of June 1838
+Majorca
+Camille Pleyel
+Félicien Mallefille
+former Carthusian monastery
+Three
+Pleyel piano
+Pleyel
+Three
+December
+his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in Majorca
+Pleyel piano
+December
+Pleyel
+bad weather
+the Canuts
+Barcelona
+Nohant
+Square d'Orléans
+a local French couple, the Canuts
+Marseilles
+Nohant
+5 rue Tronchet
+Square d'Orléans
+bad weather
+a local French couple, the Canuts
+Marseilles
+Square d'Orléans
+Nohant
+the dress rehearsal of Berlioz's Grande symphonie funbre et triomphale
+tenth
+tenor Adolphe Nourrit
+a transcription of Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne
+Die Gestirne
+Adolphe Nourrit
+transcription of Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne
+Berlioz's Grande symphonie funbre et triomphale
+July Revolution
+Polonaise
+Pauline Viardot
+7 June 1842
+piano technique and composition
+Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot
+piano technique and composition
+Delacroix
+1842
+Grzymaa
+Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement
+piano
+temporal lobe epilepsy
+1842
+Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement
+temporal lobe epilepsy
+1842
+mouth and tonsils
+Alkan
+Charles Hallé
+temporal lobe epilepsy
+Auguste Clésinger
+a lover
+a "child," a "little angel" and a "beloved little corpse."
+Lucrezia Floriani
+1847
+1846
+Auguste Clésinger
+Lucrezia Floriani
+Auguste Clésinger
+society friends with disdain
+Lucrezia Floriani
+1847
+Op. 58 sonata
+refined than many of his earlier compositions
+six shorter
+six
+Op. 58 sonata
+six
+six shorter pieces
+dozen
+February 1848
+Auguste Franchomme
+February 1848
+the cellist Auguste Franchomme
+struggle financially
+Auguste Franchomme
+cellist
+BBC
+Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda
+Chopin – The Women Behind The Music
+BBC
+Chopin – The Women Behind The Music
+Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda
+Roberto Prosseda
+A Song to Remember
+Cornel Wilde
+1928
+Hugh Grant
+George Sand
+A Song to Remember
+Cornel Wilde
+Henry Roussel
+Hugh Grant
+1901
+Milan
+Giacomo Orefice
+a fanciful operatic version of some of its events
+fanciful
+Giacomo Orefice
+1901
+Milan
+Leon Ulrich
+Marcel Proust and André Gide
+apart from Sand
+1830 sonnet
+1830
+English
+every five years
+Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin
+The New York Times
+The Warsaw Chopin Society
+every five years
+the critics of The New York Times
+1895
+62 No. 2
+Paul Pabst of the Nocturne
+The British Library
+62 No. 2
+Methuen-Campbell
+International Chopin Piano Competition
+1927
+Warsaw
+every five years
+1,500
+International Chopin Piano Competition
+1927
+the composer
+nearly 1,500
+Chopiniana
+Michel Fokine
+Les Sylphides
+Alexander Glazunov
+1909
+Chopiniana
+Michel Fokine
+Alexander Glazunov
+Les Sylphides
+London
+Jane Stirling and her elder sister
+London
+Jane Stirling and her elder sister
+Jane Stirling and her elder sister
+he left for London
+Scottish
+Dover Street
+Broadwood
+Stafford House
+Queen Victoria and Prince Albert
+7 July
+the high fee of one guinea (£1.05 in present British currency) per hour
+a grand piano
+Queen Victoria and Prince Albert
+technique
+Viardot
+Scotland
+Adam yszczyski
+Scotland
+Glasgow
+"a kind of disposition to be made of my stuff in the future, if I should drop dead somewhere"
+16 November 1848
+London's Guildhall
+Polish refugees
+seriously ill
+London's Guildhall
+Delfina Potocka
+Chaillot
+Princess Obreskoff
+end of November
+Delfina Potocka
+Chaillot
+Princess Obreskoff
+June 1849
+June 1849
+Place Vendme 12
+Ludwika
+Ludwika
+Jane Stirling
+de rigueur
+fear of being buried alive
+"No longer"
+Clésinger
+fear of being buried alive
+a cast of his left hand
+tuberculosis
+Jean Cruveilhier
+attribution of tuberculosis as principal cause of death has not been disproved
+tuberculosis
+Jean Cruveilhier
+cystic fibrosis
+Polish government
+Church of the Madeleine
+two weeks
+Over 3,000
+Church of the Madeleine
+two weeks
+Over 3,000
+Mozart's Requiem
+Louis Lefébure-Wély
+Prince Adam Czartoryski
+Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2
+Requiem
+Louis Lefébure-Wély
+Preludes No. 4
+Prince Adam Czartoryski
+Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2
+Clésinger
+Euterpe
+5,000 francs
+Jane Stirling
+alcohol
+Clésinger
+5,000 francs
+Jane Stirling
+Ludwika
+She
+Over 230
+the piano
+Over 230
+chamber music
+Clementi
+Clementi
+Bach and Mozart
+Clementi's piano method
+John Field
+ballades and scherzi
+salon genre of the nocturne
+ballades and scherzi
+concert étude
+Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles
+seven
+seven
+the European musical map
+faster tempos than their dance-floor equivalents
+a greater range of melody and expression
+concert
+dance forms
+seven
+salon
+Revolutionary tude
+Revolutionary tude
+Sonata No. 2
+the composer never named an instrumental work beyond genre and number
+Revolutionary tude
+Minute Waltz
+65
+Julian Fontana
+23
+17
+65
+Julian Fontana
+1855
+Krystyna Kobylaska
+1857
+alternative catalogue designations
+Krystyna Kobylaska
+KK
+Krystyna Kobylaska
+Breitkopf & Hrtel
+Jan Ekier
+original publishers
+popular 19th-century piano anthologies
+Paderewski
+Jan Ekier
+Improvisation
+a structural unit
+Improvisation
+Nicholas Temperley
+his flexible handling of the four-bar phrase as a structural unit
+the Barcarolle Op. 60
+four ballades and four scherzos
+an extended "departure and return" form
+folk features
+episodic
+mazurkas
+drone basses
+a canon at one beat's distance
+triple time
+Elsner
+martial
+formidable
+21
+agitated expression
+those of Field
+1833
+performer
+piano playing
+ternary
+ternary
+The Well-Tempered Clavier
+Kenneth Hamilton
+The preludes
+move up the circle of fifths (rather than Bach's chromatic scale sequence) to create a prelude in each major and minor tonality
+generic preludes
+Ferruccio Busoni
+four
+Kornel Michaowski and Jim Samson
+four
+the hands play in unmodified octave unison throughout
+Op. 58
+Claude Debussy
+harmonic innovations
+Temperley
+his use of very independent finger technique
+Léon Escudier
+refused to conform to a standard method of playing
+Karol Szymanowski
+use of national modes and idioms
+Nikolai Zverev
+Karol Szymanowski
+Alexander Scriabin
+Nikolai Zverev
+Jonathan Bellman
+rigid procedures
+expressive phrasing, rhythmic consistency and sensitive colouring
+"concerts are never real music, you have to give up the idea of hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art."
+Berlioz
+Hiller
+rubato
+the practice in performance of disregarding strict time
+rubato
+rubato
+adherence
+Friederike Mller
+rhythm
+a new sense of nationalism
+1836
+his native Poland
+failure of the November 1830 rising
+Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein
+polonaises
+Schumann
+flowers
+Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein
+Barbara Milewski
+Poland's Micha Kleofas Ogiski and Franciszek Lessel
+Richard Taruskin impugns Schumann
+conscious patriotic design
+freedom
+Europe and the New World
+Byronic flamboyance
+Liszt and Henri Herz
+virtually everything
+Arthur Hutchings
+Carnaval
+Ballade No. 2
+six
+Alkan
+qualities as a pianist and composer
+Carnaval
+Ballade No. 2
+Alkan
+Debussy
+Jacques Durand
+Raoul Koczalski
+Chopin's
+Some Mainland Chinese scholars
+horse trade
+1260–1294
+Deshin Shekpa
+Karma Kagyu
+Nepal
+armed resistance
+Mongols
+Ganden Phodrang
+1578
+9th century
+Yarlung rulers of Tibet
+the borders
+Tibetan Empire
+821
+907–960
+960–1279
+Khitan-ruled Liao dynasty
+Khitan
+Jurchen
+Tibetan
+gedei Khan
+1229–1241
+gedei Khan
+Genghis Khan
+Sakya Pandita
+Tregene Khatun
+1241–1246
+thirteen
+Khagan
+gedei Khan
+Karma Pakshi
+Phagpa lama
+1279
+1368
+Yuan
+universal rule
+China
+1358
+the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen
+the Mongols
+Phagmodrupa Dynasty
+Zhu Yuanzhang
+Tibet
+Phagmodru
+1368–1398
+Yuan officeholders
+Rolpe Dorje
+Rolpe Dorje
+Buddhist texts
+disciples
+the early Ming government
+1402–1424
+Morris Rossabi
+1644–1912
+1739
+"-L-S Army-Civilian Marshal Office"
+seventeen
+western Tibet
+three Princes of Dharma () and five Princes
+Phagmodru ruler Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen
+Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen
+Turrell V. Wylie
+Morris Rossabi
+Morris Rossabi
+Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa
+Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain state
+lamas
+1371
+princes
+imperial edicts to invite ex-Yuan officials to the court for official positions in the early years of its founding, won submission from ex-Yuan religious and administrative leaders in the Tibetan
+Thomas Laird
+the British
+the People's Republic of China
+"A Mongol dynasty of China that ruled from 1271 to 1368
+"the line of Mongol rulers in China"
+a non-Chinese polity
+Rossabi
+1271 to 1368
+1311–1320
+licensed border market
+the ethno-geographic caste hierarchy
+Mongol Yuan
+General of the Ngari Military and Civil Wanhu Office
+Ming dynasty's -Tsang Commanding Office
+Beijing
+Chen Qingying
+1,000
+10,000
+John Powers
+ruling lamas
+subordinates
+Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan
+the Han government's conferral of Chinese seals and seal cords to them
+"Education Minister"
+Degsi
+Phagmodrupa Dynasty
+Wang and Nyima
+Tai Situpa
+Changchub Gyaltsen
+Van Praag
+University of Washington
+the old Tibetan Kingdom
+Sagya Gyaincain
+Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen
+Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen
+the Ming officer of Hezhou
+Ming court
+Phagmodrupa
+1434
+1642
+hegemonies
+Karmapa Kargyu
+Mongol
+Je Tsongkhapa
+Ming Yongle Emperor
+Chen Qingying
+1407
+1413
+Chosrje Shkya Yeshes
+1414
+Dawa Norbu
+eastern Tibetan princes
+army
+Tibet
+Yang Sanbao
+Tibet
+1413
+gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes
+to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as Nepal and Tibet
+missions to the Ming court
+1430s
+Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu
+various lamas
+the Phagmodru myriarchy
+Melvyn C. Goldstein
+1435–1565
+Melvyn C. Goldstein
+1565–1642
+1398
+Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao
+the Hongwu Emperor
+March 10, 1403
+Zhi Guang
+to seek out the Karmapa
+1407
+Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan
+1403
+Nanjing
+Karma Thinley
+Kublai
+Yongle Emperor
+Linggu Temple
+Nanjing
+Great Treasure Prince of Dharma
+religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects
+Yongle Emperor
+religious
+send a military force into Tibet to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools
+forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools
+Deshin Shekpa
+Jianwen Emperor
+Deshin Shekpa
+Deshin Shekpa's miracles
+Chinese Communist historians
+Buddhist artifacts
+Josef Kolma
+1435–1449
+The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC
+Zhengtong Emperor
+Great Treasure Prince of Dharma
+after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court
+Karmapa hierarchs
+1446
+1415
+Karma Kagyu
+to facilitate trade with Tibet in tea, horses, and salt
+tea, horses, and salt
+Sichuan and crossed Shangri-La County in Yunnan
+to secure urgently needed horses
+Tibetans were "undertaking domestic affairs, not foreign diplomacy"
+undertaking domestic affairs, not foreign diplomacy
+Ming
+a mandatory "corvée" tax
+Tibet
+Altan Khan
+Oirat Mongol confederation's hegemony
+Ming dynasty
+Altan Khan
+14th century
+November 1378
+30,000
+200,000
+Ming general Qu Neng
+recovery of the Ordos region
+Mongols
+Ming China
+"was designed to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes."
+divide-and-rule
+after the Sakya regime had fallen
+the fifth Karmapa
+Tibetan lamas
+Phagmodrupa
+1498
+New Years ceremonies and prayers
+1518
+1505
+lamas
+Miky Dorje
+Chinese writers of the early 20th century
+China's intervening Ming dynasty
+13th century
+18th century
+Qing
+Chinese central government
+Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans
+the Republic of China and its Communist successors
+San Francisco
+the Mongols
+patron and priest
+13th century
+Ming dynasty
+2008
+Ming
+central government of China
+1521–1567
+Chinese ideology of Daoism
+Tibetan lamas
+Yang Tinghe
+Grand Secretary Yang Tinghe
+Evelyn S. Rawski
+Neo-Confucian
+Portuguese embassy of Ferno Pires de Andrade
+Tibetan Buddhism and lamas
+Jiajing
+Kokonor region
+Ming Chinese
+Ming
+1571
+Snam Gyatso
+shamanism and blood sacrifice
+Mongol princes and subjects
+Gelug Buddhism
+Dalai Lama
+the unique fusion of religious and political power
+Tmen Khan
+Altan Khan
+5th Dalai Lama
+1642
+Altan Khan
+Altan Khan
+Ming Chinese official Zhang Juzheng
+Zhang Juzheng
+Mongolia working with Altan Khan's son to further the spread of Buddhism
+pay tribute
+pay tribute
+Dorjichang or Vajradhara Dalai Lama
+fifth Dalai Lama
+fifth Panchen Lama
+Master of Vajradhara
+one Soinam Lozui
+1616
+Yonten Gyatso
+his predecessor he died before being able to make the journey
+Mongol
+old vassal of Tibet
+1642
+Ming court
+1565
+Karma Phuntsok Namgyal
+1611–1621
+Karmapa
+The fourth Dalai Lama
+Mongol prince Gshi Khan
+protector
+the Gelugpas' enemies in the Amdo and Kham regions
+Amdo
+1642
+Lozang Gyatso
+Tibet
+Dalai Lama
+Sonam Chpel
+Gshi Khan
+Li Zicheng
+Dalai Lama
+Shunzhi
+Dzungar Mongols
+Kangxi Emperor
+1720
+1751
+1735–1796
+Apple Inc
+October 23, 2001
+three
+multi-purpose pocket computers
+portable media players
+2001
+Apple Inc
+three
+iTunes
+2015
+external data storage devices
+2 GB
+2 GB for the iPod Shuffle to 128 GB
+iPod Touch
+iPod Classic
+2 GB
+128 GB
+iTunes software
+Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows
+iTunes software
+a combination of the Music and Videos apps on the iPod Touch
+iPod
+iPod Touch
+2010
+"Music" and "Videos"
+A8
+sixth
+The sixth generation iPod Touch includes a wide variety of spec improvements such as the upgraded A8 processor and higher-quality screen
+2015
+A8
+5 different colors
+2001
+2004
+Sir Jonathan Ive
+Braun T3 transistor radio
+5 GB hard drive
+2001
+5 GB
+"big and clunky or small and useless"
+Jon Rubinstein
+Jobs
+Pixo
+Espy Sans
+2007
+Helvetica
+Steve Jobs
+rudimentary software running on a commercial microkernel embedded operating system
+rudimentary software running on a commercial microkernel embedded operating system
+2006
+Irish
+black
+an exclusive video
+Irish rock band U2
+black
+2006
+Burst.com
+Kane Kramer
+UK
+1981
+IXI
+Burst.com
+IXI
+Kane Kramer
+Vinnie Chieco
+freelance copywriter
+A Space Odyssey
+Vinnie Chieco
+2005
+A Space Odyssey
+Vinnie Chieco
+Joseph N. Grasso of New Jersey
+mid-2015
+Pierre Dandumont
+12.2
+12.2
+Pierre Dandumont
+weak bass response
+high-impedance
+an external headphone amplifier
+low-frequency bass
+high-pass filter
+bass
+R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster
+the equalizer amplified the digital audio level beyond the software's limit
+2006
+R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster
+hearing loss
+EU
+fifth-generation iPod
+France
+100 dB
+France
+FireWire
+FireWire connection to the host computer
+a FireWire connection
+third
+a 30-pin dock connector
+fifth-generation
+fourth-generation
+a single 3.5 mm minijack phone connector
+third
+fourth-generation iPod Shuffle
+FireWire
+USB cables
+the now-discontinued iPod Hi-Fi
+Belkin and Griffin
+the iPod's own screen
+a proprietary interface
+Belkin and Griffin
+iPod Hi-Fi
+8-pin dock connector
+a new 8-pin dock connector
+both sides of the plug
+pins on both sides of the plug
+both sides of the plug
+Lightning
+fifth
+the iPod Hi-Fi
+Griffin Technology, Belkin, JBL, Bose, Monster Cable, and sendStation
+Griffin Technology, Belkin, JBL, Bose, Monster Cable, and sendStation
+audio/visual cables
+Griffin Technology, Belkin, JBL, Bose, Monster Cable, and sendStation
+Apple
+BMW
+2005
+Scion
+BMW
+Scion
+JVC, Pioneer, Kenwood, Alpine, Sony, and Harman Kardon
+FM transmitters
+audio input jacks
+personal FM transmitters
+input jacks
+United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates
+individual seat-back displays
+United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates
+United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates
+2007
+Apple Lossless
+iPod photo
+WMA
+Digital Rights Management
+Mac OS
+MP3, AAC/M4A, Protected AAC, AIFF, WAV, Audible audiobook, and Apple Lossless
+iPod photo
+one
+anything added or edited
+entire music libraries or music playlists
+five
+the second and third generations of the iPod Touch
+the actual player
+uncluttered, minimalist
+the iPhone
+five
+The 3rd-generation iPod Shuffle
+iOS
+October 12, 2005
+online media store
+October 12, 2005
+October 12, 2005
+2003
+2006
+September 12, 2006
+AAC
+Up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of iPods
+iTunes Plus
+January 6, 2009
+April 2009
+AAC
+FairPlay DRM system
+iTunes Plus
+2009
+eMusic or Amie Street
+iPod
+DRM
+Universal Music Group
+iTunes Store
+2007
+Media Event
+September 5, 2007
+2007
+the user's iTunes Library
+various versions of iPods
+an easter egg hidden feature
+Steve Wozniak
+Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz
+Brick (originally invented by Apple's co-founder Steve Wozniak)
+Brick
+Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz
+2006
+iTunes 7
+6th and 5th
+5th and 4th
+2006
+fifth
+Namco, Square Enix, Electronic Arts, Sega, and Hudson Soft
+video game handheld console market
+GamePro and EGM
+.zip archives
+.zip archives
+software development kit
+iOS
+.ipg
+iOS on the iPod Touch and iPhone
+Apple has not publicly released a software development kit (SDK) for iPod-specific development
+third-party
+third-party
+iPods
+DRM protected media
+7
+hidden
+host
+by copying the files or folders
+2005
+patent infringement
+Hong Kong-based IP portfolio company
+Ho Keung Tse
+Advanced Audio Devices
+Apple's FairPlay
+rotational user inputs
+August 2005
+United States International Trade Commission
+rotational user inputs
+United States International Trade Commission
+rotational user inputs
+Creative Technology
+August 24, 2006
+US$100 million
+Made for iPod program
+US$100 million
+Made for iPod program
+over 90% of the market for hard drive-based players and over 70% of the market for all types of players
+October 2004
+72.7%
+Bloomberg online
+90%
+over 90% of the market for hard drive-based players and over 70% of the market for all types of players
+74%
+July 2005
+Hewlett-Packard
+Hewlett-Packard
+5%
+unfavorable
+Hewlett-Packard
+one-hundred millionth
+32%
+Mac computers
+second quarter revenue of US$5.2 billion
+2007
+32%
+US$3.5 billion
+US$6.22 billion
+US$3.5 billion
+US$15.4 billion
+26%
+January 22, 2008
+US$1.58 billion
+42%
+42%
+Peter Oppenheimer
+2009
+14.21%
+14.21%
+2013
+fourth best
+favorable
+Sony Ericsson and Nokia
+AAC
+PC World
+Sony Ericsson and Nokia
+PC World
+Scotland
+to train new staff
+Royal and Western Infirmaries
+Glasgow, Scotland
+Duke University
+Duke University
+Duke University
+Entertainment Weekly
+Album Era
+music
+digital music storage
+Album Era
+14 hours
+MP3.com
+2003
+lawsuits
+up to 14 hours of music playback
+third-party vendors
+a refurbished replacement iPod
+third-party
+worn-out batteries
+third-party
+battery replacement program
+US$99
+soldering tools
+Fifth
+2003
+US$99
+iPod Nano
+first generation iPod Nano may overheat and pose a health and safety risk
+an Apple product replacement program
+alleged short life-span and fragile hard drives
+MacInTouch
+usually above 20%
+late 2005
+protective sleeves
+models
+screen unusable
+The Mail
+the British tabloid The Mail on Sunday reported that iPods are mainly manufactured by workers who earn no more than US$50 per month and work 15-hour shifts
+25%
+The Mail
+35%
+Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group
+Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group
+Verité
+Longhua
+Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group
+Verité
+2006
+2009
+an Apple prototype went missing, and claimed in messages to friends, that he had been beaten and interrogated
+2010
+innovation
+HFS+
+HFS+
+action-adventure
+GameCube and Wii home video game
+November 2006
+November 2005
+Nintendo
+2005
+2006
+The Wind Waker
+Hyrule
+Midna
+Link
+Midna
+The Wind Waker
+Game of the Year
+Nintendo Selects
+March 2016
+Twilight Princess
+several
+2006
+2016
+combat, exploration, and item collection
+Ocarina of Time
+L-targeting, projectile-based weapons
+a bow and arrows
+Clawshot
+action-adventure
+Ocarina of Time
+a sword and shield
+L-targeting, projectile-based weapons can be fired at a target without the need for manual aiming
+one button to serve a variety of functions, such as talking, opening doors, and pushing, pulling, and throwing objects
+if any, the button will trigger, determined by the situation
+an object or enemy
+context-sensitive button
+on-screen
+the sounds of a bowstring when shooting an arrow
+"chime"
+the motion sensors and built-in speaker of the Wii Remote
+Wii Remote
+two
+motion sensors
+an arrow
+nine
+a boss at the end
+teleporting
+teleporting
+puzzles
+boss
+a large overworld
+wolf
+the Twilight Realm
+enemy ghosts named Poes
+the player can see and listen to the wandering spirits of those affected by the Twilight
+he does as a human (though riding Epona is still faster)
+wolf
+a small imp-like creature who gives him hints
+enemy ghosts
+artificial intelligence
+The Wind Waker
+react
+artificial intelligence
+Link
+nods and facial expressions
+Akiko Kmoto
+Akiko Kmoto
+Japanese
+grunts
+by nods and facial expressions
+Midna
+her on-screen dialog
+working as a ranch hand in Ordon Village
+a wall of Twilight
+A Shadow Beast
+Light Spirits
+Ordon Village
+Bulblins
+Tears of Light
+Fused Shadows
+Zant
+Master Sword
+Zant
+Lanayru
+Fused Shadows
+Zant
+Master Sword
+Zelda
+Shadow Crystal
+Shadow Crystal
+Ganondorf
+within the Gerudo Desert
+Gerudo leader who attempted to steal the Triforce
+Shadow Crystal
+Gerudo Desert
+Midna
+Ganondorf
+the Triforce
+Mirror of Twilight
+Ordon Village heading to parts unknown
+Zelda and the Light Spirits
+the Master Sword
+Ganondorf
+Link and Zelda outside the castle
+Midna's helmet
+Mirror of Twilight
+Ocarina of Time
+Game Developers Conference
+a young audience
+horseback combat
+2003
+Eiji Aonuma
+horseback combat
+four months
+Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004
+Nintendo DS
+Nintendo DS
+19ectronic Entertainment Expo 2004
+a wolf
+The Minish Cap for the Game Boy Advance
+Revolution
+Aonuma
+Takano
+Wii Remote
+pointing-based
+2005
+Aonuma
+2005
+GameCube
+Nintendo DS game cards
+Twilight Princess
+E3 2005
+a swinging gesture
+British publication NGC Magazine
+Wii controller
+2006
+a month
+NGC Magazine
+E3 2006
+making the system intuitive and easy to use
+sword
+E3 attendees
+right-handed
+Wii controls under the mindset of "forcing" users to adapt
+Kondo
+Minegishi
+Yasuzo Takemoto
+Kondo
+Michiru shima
+Yasuzo Takemoto
+live
+Both six- and seven-track versions
+November 19, 2006
+Nintendo Power
+Media
+November 19, 2006
+Nintendo Power promotion
+an exploit known as the "Twilight Hack" was developed, allowing the execution of custom code from a Secure Digital (SD) card on the console
+Executable and Linkable Format
+version 4.0
+Twilight Hack
+3.3 and 3.4
+4.0
+Tantalus Media
+Nintendo Direct
+November 12, 2015
+March 5, 2016
+The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD
+Tantalus Media
+Amiibo
+March 4, 2016
+Wolf Link Amiibo figurine
+Zelda and Sheik
+Zelda and Sheik
+Ganondorf
+Wii U-exclusive dungeon
+a Wolf Link Amiibo figurine
+Wii U-exclusive dungeon
+Link and Toon
+Zelda and Sheik
+the United States
+20
+Japan, Europe, and Australia
+A CD containing 20 musical selections
+perfect scores
+GameRankings and Metacritic
+GameTrailers
+universal critical acclaim and commercial success
+perfect scores
+95% and 95
+GameTrailers
+IGN and GameSpy
+Jeff Gerstmann
+Wii
+GameCube
+GameCube
+IGN and GameSpy
+Gaming Nexus
+Computer and Video Games
+GameCube
+100 Greatest Nintendo Games of All Time
+4th-best
+third-best
+IGN and Nintendo Power
+Best Console Game
+16th
+4th-best
+PAL region
+5.82 million
+1.32 million
+PAL region
+5.82 million
+1.32 million
+Akira Himekawa
+Japan
+Akira Himekawa
+publisher Shogakukan's MangaOne
+Eon Productions
+Christoph Waltz
+James Bond
+James Bond
+$245 million
+twenty-fourth
+James Bond film
+fourth
+Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Columbia Pictures
+Sam Mendes
+Spectre
+Eon Productions
+James Bond characters, including M, Q and Eve Moneypenny
+Dave Bautista
+Lucia Sciarra
+M, Q and Eve Moneypenny
+Léa Seydoux
+Dave Bautista
+1971
+6 November 2015
+the second James Bond film to be screened in IMAX venues after Skyfall
+6 November 2015
+action sequences and cinematography
+Academy Award
+Spectre
+"Writing's on the Wall"
+Day of the Dead
+M, who is indefinitely suspended from field duty by M, who is indefinitely suspended from field duty by M, who is indefinitely suspended from field duty by M, who is indefinitely suspended from field duty
+C, the head of the privately-backed Joint Intelligence Service
+Joint Intelligence Service
+Garreth Mallory
+Day of the Dead
+MI5 and MI6
+an assassin who survived the attack
+Sciarra's widow Lucia
+Spectre
+Franz Oberhauser
+Spectre assassin
+Franz Oberhauser
+Rome
+Franz Oberhauser
+Mr. Hinx
+Oberhauser
+thallium poisoning
+Dr. Madeline Swann
+commits suicide
+L'Américain
+Tangier
+thallium poisoning
+his daughter, Dr. Madeline Swann
+Tangier
+Bond
+Bond and Swann
+Bond is tortured as Oberhauser discusses their shared history
+Ernst Stavro Blofeld
+Ernst Stavro Blofeld
+the old MI6 building
+M, Bill Tanner, Q, and Moneypenny
+by M. Bond leaves the bridge with Swann
+Blofeld
+Q succeeds
+M and C ends with the latter
+SPecial Executive for Counter-intelligence, Terrorism, Revenge and Extortion
+Ian Fleming and Kevin McClory
+1963
+never Say never Again
+Warhead 2000 A.D.
+1963
+Warhead 2000 A.D.
+SPecial Executive for Counter-intelligence, Terrorism, Revenge and Extortion
+the McClory estate
+SPECTRE acronym
+Eon Productions
+2013
+MGM
+discarded and the organisation reimagined as "Spectre"
+Danjaq
+Sony Pictures Entertainment
+Eon Productions
+John Logan
+Eon Productions
+November 2014
+John Logan
+Eon Productions
+Christoph Waltz
+1983
+Neal Purvis and Robert Wade
+Quantum of Solace
+Octopussy
+Charmian Bond
+Octopussy
+Christoph Waltz
+Quantum of Solace
+Spectre
+For Your Eyes Only
+Kingsley Amis
+The Hildebrand Rarity
+For Your Eyes Only
+Kingsley Amis
+"Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques"
+December 2014
+Ben Whishaw
+Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw
+Rory Kinnear
+Rory Kinnear
+fourth
+Rory Kinnear
+Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw
+Franz Oberhauser
+Christoph Waltz
+Léa Seydoux
+Quantum of Solace
+fifty
+Bérénice Lim Marlohe
+Ernst Stavro Blofeld
+fifteen hundred
+Alessandro Cremona
+Stephanie Sigman
+February 2015
+Mexico
+Austria
+Alessandro Cremona
+Estrella
+John Glen
+Dennis Gassner
+Roger Deakins
+The living Daylights and Licence to Kill
+Craig
+Spectre numbered over one thousand, making it a larger production than Skyfall
+John Glen
+sixth
+London, Mexico City and Rome
+Kodak 35 mm film stock
+Pinewood Studios
+seven months
+Kodak 35 mm film stock
+Kodak 35 mm film stock
+December 2014
+December 2014
+Ice Q Restaurant
+knee whilst shooting a fight scene
+Ice Q Restaurant
+Austrian Alps
+Rettenbach
+Aston Martin DB10 and a Jaguar C-X75
+Aston Martin DB10 and a Jaguar C-X75
+Jaguar
+four independent electric engines
+Blenheim Palace
+Ponte Sisto bridge
+Aston Martin DB10 and a Jaguar C-X75
+Williams
+Jaguar
+Mexico City
+Day of the Dead
+Zcalo and the Centro Histrico district
+1,500
+around the Zcalo and the Centro Histrico district
+Day of the Dead
+Messerschmitt-Blkow-Blohm Bo 105
+in and around the Zcalo and the Centro Histrico district
+New York
+22 April
+New York
+Westminster and Lambeth Bridges
+The London Fire Brigade
+Thames
+Vauxhall Cross
+Lambeth Bridges
+The London Fire Brigade
+Covent Garden
+Craig and Seydoux on a speedboat as well as a low flying helicopter near Westminster Bridge
+Oujda, Tangier and Erfoud
+Guinness World Record
+production designer Chris Corbould
+128 days
+Morocco
+"Largest film stunt explosion"
+128
+Chris Corbould
+$20 million
+Michael G. Wilson
+Mexico City
+Istanbul
+Thomas Newman
+23 October 2015
+the Decca Records
+Thomas Newman
+Decca Records
+during filming
+July 2015
+" writing's on the Wall"
+one
+demo
+Jimmy Napes
+25 September 2015
+"Skyfall"
+Shirley Bassey
+The English band Radiohead
+Adele
+Shirley Bassey
+Radiohead
+Aston Martin and Eon
+Only eight of those 10
+Williams F1
+promotional work
+10
+007
+clapperboards
+the film, production continued the trend established during Skyfall's production of releasing still images of clapperboards and video blogs on Eon's official social media accounts
+Eon's official
+video blogs
+a sketch written by David Walliams and the Dawson Brothers for Comic Relief's Red Nose Day on BBC One
+BBC One
+March 2015
+March 2015
+a sketch written by David Walliams and the Dawson Brothers for Comic Relief's Red Nose Day on BBC One
+David Walliams and the Dawson Brothers
+Royal Albert Hall
+26 October 2015
+Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation
+Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation
+Skyfall
+$879.3 million
+$199.8 million
+$879.3 million
+£41.7 million
+The Dark Knight
+Avatar
+£6.3 million
+The Dark Knight
+Avatar
+The Dark Knight
+France
+4%
+Spider-Man 3
+$8.2 million
+Spider-Man 3
+Minions
+374 screens
+$17.1 million
+$70–75 million
+IMAX
+374
+6 November 2015
+12 November
+198%
+$84.7 million
+$15 million
+Hollywood
+$84.7 million
+60 out of 100
+60 out of 100
+64%
+an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale
+64%
+60 out of 100
+Robbie Collin
+IGN's Chris Tilly
+7.2 score
+four out of five
+Scott Mendelson
+Mick LaSalle
+comes off as exhausted and uninspired
+San Francisco Chronicle
+Christopher Orr
+"Bored, James Bored."
+The Washington Post
+"Bored, James Bored."
+Indian Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC)
+Léa Seydoux
+Craig
+spring 2016
+spring 2016
+2008
+the Great Sichuan earthquake
+69,197
+2008
+8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw
+02:28:01 PM China Standard Time
+02:28:01 PM China Standard Time
+69,197
+Beijing and Shanghai
+19 km
+even months
+Wenchuan earthquake
+Wenchuan County, Sichuan
+1,700 km (1,060 mi)
+19 km
+69,197
+68,636
+4.8 million
+Approximately 15 million
+$146.5 billion
+68,636
+374,176
+18,222
+4.8 million
+11 million
+Wenchuan County, Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture
+2 minutes
+80%
+8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw
+14:28:01.42 China Standard Time
+80%
+Longmenshan fault
+border of the Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate
+120 sec
+10 km
+Longmenshan
+Yingxiu-Beichuan
+80 sec
+9 meters
+April 30, 2008
+1972
+a confidential written report
+the possible occurrence of a significant earthquake in Ngawa Prefecture region of Sichuan
+10 days before or after
+correlation
+reports predicting the earthquake
+20 km
+Tom Parsons
+9 meters
+240 km
+20 km
+northeastern and southwestern ends
+high risk
+6,000
+the earthquake lasted about two minutes and released 30 times the energy of the Great Hanshin earthquake of 1995 in Japan
+Longmenshan Fault
+shallowness of the epicenter
+30 times
+losing their power because of the firmness of the terrain in central China
+Between 64 and 104 major aftershocks
+within 72 hours of the main quake
+August 5, 2008
+Between 64 and 104
+42,719
+6.4 MS
+246
+August 5, 2008
+August 30, 2008
+southern Sichuan
+caused by a different fault
+Panzhihua earthquake
+southern Sichuan
+Ms 6.1 earthquake
+The Ms 6.1 earthquake
+CEA
+XI, "very disastrous"
+CSIS
+using the Modified Mercalli intensity scale (CC)
+Wenchuan
+the eastern border of the Tibetan Plateau
+3.5 metres (11 ft) vertical
+19 mi
+2.5 metres
+2.3 metres
+eastern border of the Tibetan Plateau
+Longmen Shan Fault System
+3.5 metres
+3.5 metres
+4.8 metres
+Shanghai's financial district
+"calm"
+about 10 minutes
+Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport
+May 12
+evacuated
+Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport
+disruption in air traffic services
+relief operations
+Chengdu
+the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 Summer Olympics
+Hui County, Gansu
+caught on fire after the rail was distorted
+cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas
+office towers
+None
+Hui County, Gansu
+the rail was distorted
+All of the highways into Wenchuan, and others throughout the province
+80%
+Shifang
+60
+All of the highways into Wenchuan, and others throughout the province
+delayed arrival
+80%
+80 tons
+fewer than 60
+southwestern China
+Copper
+oil prices
+suspended trading of companies based in southwestern China
+southwestern China
+Copper
+Shenzhen Stock Exchange
+mobile and terrestrial
+internet capabilities
+over the next number of months
+mobile and terrestrial telecommunications
+Sichuan area
+government piece
+major news and media
+major news and media websites
+2,300
+700
+2,300
+traffic congestion
+Half
+China Unicom
+700
+Wolong National Nature Reserve
+280
+31
+two
+breeding
+Six
+Five
+The missing panda was later found dead under the rubble of an enclosure
+Zipingpu Hydropower Plant
+20 km
+2,000
+391
+Zipingpu Hydropower Plant
+20 km
+less severe than initially feared
+danger
+391
+69,180
+68,636
+18,498
+374,176
+158
+69,180
+69,180
+18,498
+374,176
+repair roads
+2,300
+Wenchuan County
+about 9,000
+3,000 to 5,000
+10,000
+2,300
+about 9,000
+3,000 to 5,000
+10,000
+Eight
+Health care
+Gao Qiang
+the "public health care system in China is insufficient."
+the earthquake hit an area that has been largely neglected and untouched by China's economic rise
+Sichuan
+the "public health care system in China is insufficient."
+medical treatment
+thousands
+seven
+at least 1,700
+At least 7,000
+700
+shoddy construction
+seven
+at least 1,700
+At least 7,000
+At least 600
+December 2008
+May 7, 2009
+5,335
+546
+May 7, 2009
+Ai Weiwei
+546
+546
+fertility clinics
+at least 5 million
+at least 5 million
+12.5 million
+a million pigs died out of 60 million total
+at least 5 million
+at least 5 million
+12.5 million animals, mainly birds
+a million pigs died out of 60 million total
+Reginald DesRoches
+civil and environmental engineering
+after the devastating 1976 Tangshan earthquake
+Reginald DesRoches
+an international reconnaissance team of engineers was dispatched to the region to make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings
+make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings
+a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake
+reconnaissance
+a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings
+why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake
+poorer, rural villages
+Swaminathan Krishnan
+rural part
+they were not designed, so to speak
+strong
+regulations overseeing them
+US$75 billion
+minor damage from the quake
+US$75 billion
+earthquake
+five largest cities in Sichuan suffering only minor damage from the quake
+420,000
+6.0 Mw (6.4 Ms according to CEA)
+63
+1,000
+63
+blocking roads in the area including a national highway
+Wei Hong
+200,000
+1.94 million
+1,300
+Wei Hong
+more than 90,000
+200,000
+685,000
+1.94 million
+Premier Wen Jiabao
+geomechanics
+rescue work
+50,000
+90 minutes
+ten
+50,000
+close proximity of the quake's epicenter
+"Level II emergency contingency plan"
+most serious class of natural disasters
+22:15 CST
+Level I at 22:15 CST
+serious class of natural disasters
+Level I
+National Disaster Relief Commission
+184
+12
+An earthquake emergency relief team
+22
+earthquake emergency relief team
+184
+150
+Armed Police General Hospital
+two military transport planes
+a close analysis
+Book Blade
+China Digital Times
+Book Blade
+Children's Day
+relief centres
+acknowledging the earthquake
+the rubble of schools
+June 1, 2008
+relief centres
+$48.6 million
+10 million yuan
+more than $48.6 million
+10 million yuan
+$457 million
+19
+four
+Saudi Arabia
+€40,000,000
+$457 million
+Saudi Arabia
+four
+a counterpart support plan
+3 years
+a counterpart support plan
+"one province to one affected county"
+3 years
+no less than one percent
+the construction and filling of the Zipingpu Dam may have triggered the earthquake
+the construction and filling of the Zipingpu Dam
+"25 times more" than a year's worth of natural stress from tectonic movement
+The government
+seismically active area
+access to seismological and geological data to examine the cause of the quake further
+opportunities for researchers to retrofit data
+the time of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake with an accuracy of 1 day
+time prediction method
+statistics on geomagnetism with tidal gravitational potential
+earthquake prediction was a global issue
+no proven methods exist
+global issue
+no prediction notification
+'predicted' the earthquake's occurrence
+2002
+Chinese geologist Chen Xuezhong
+Chinese geologist Chen Xuezhong
+2002
+seismically active area
+30 years
+30 years
+no consensus
+earthquakes
+Earthquake prediction
+Taipei Fire Department from Taiwan
+over 300
+traffic problem to the hardest hit areas closest to the epicenter
+donating cash instead of other items
+it was inconvenient currently due to the traffic problem to the hardest hit areas closest to the epicenter
+Tibetan village of Sier at a height of 4000 m above sea level in Pingwu county
+Persistent heavy rain and landslides
+20
+15,600 troops and militia reservists from the Chengdu Military Region
+around 3,000
+15 Special Operations Troops
+Persistent heavy rain and landslides in Wenchuan County and the nearby area badly affected rescue efforts
+20
+over 15,600 troops
+3,000
+9,000
+deployment of an additional 90 helicopters
+60
+30
+number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force, army, and civil aviation to over 150
+the total of number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force, army, and civil aviation to over 150
+60
+civil aviation industry
+relief operations
+Tzu Chi Foundation
+Taiwan
+May 13
+Tzu Chi
+international help to cope with the quake
+cope with the quake
+China Airlines from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport
+20:30 CST
+15:00 CST on May 16
+by the Tzu Chi Foundation and the Red Cross Society of Taiwan
+Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport
+Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport
+A rescue team from the Red Cross in Taiwan was also scheduled to depart Taipei on a Mandarin Airlines direct chartered flight to Chengdu at 15:00 CST
+Taipei on a Mandarin Airlines direct chartered flight to Chengdu at 15:00 CST on May 16
+some of its satellite images of the quake-stricken areas with Chinese authorities
+Chinese authorities
+135,000
+May 16
+some of its satellite images of the quake-stricken areas with Chinese authorities
+tents and generators
+135,000
+The Internet
+an online rescue request center
+to find the blind spots of disaster recovery
+epicenter area in Wenchuan
+The Internet
+Xinhua
+a student
+contact information for victims and evacuees
+May 31, a rescue helicopter carrying earthquake survivors and crew members crashed in fog and turbulence in Wenchuan county
+a state earthquake relic museum
+sealed ruins of the Beichuan county seat
+three days
+remind people of the terrible disaster
+state earthquake relic museum
+concerts
+terrible disaster
+blood
+China Unicom and China Mobile
+all over mainland China
+Xinhua
+schools, at banks, and around gas stations
+text messaging
+$772 million
+557
+2,500
+788,000 yuan (US$113,000) to Wenchuan County
+Wenchuan County
+30,000
+The Red Cross Society of China
+US$143,000
+30,000
+left homeless
+Amity Foundation
+over 7,000
+tofu-dregs schoolhouses
+many families lost their only child
+over 7,000
+tofu-dregs schoolhouses
+legal replacements
+a special four-hour program called The Giving of Love
+Bai Yansong
+1.5 billion
+$1.57 million
+Promise
+The Giving of Love
+1.5 billion Chinese Yuan
+CCTV
+$1.57 million
+Promise
+This is the first time [that] the Chinese media has lived up to international standards
+foreign aid
+This is the first time [that] the Chinese media has lived up to international standards
+Los Angeles Times
+Sichuan earthquake
+quake lakes
+34
+28
+7.9
+large landslides
+quake lakes
+34
+Entire villages
+Mount Tangjia
+by foot or air
+Five tons of fuel
+more than 200,000
+anticipation of the dam bursting
+Mount Tangjia
+Beichuan County, Sichuan
+1,200
+The State Council
+national mourning
+Mao Zedong
+14:28 CST
+Cars and trucks on Beijing's roads
+three-day period
+The Ningbo Organizing Committee of the Beijing Olympic torch relay
+Ningbo
+The Ningbo Organizing Committee of the Beijing Olympic torch relay
+Ningbo
+mourning period
+city of Ruijin, Jiangxi
+black and white
+all advertisements
+altogether
+burst out cheering various slogans
+Casinos
+Ye Zhiping
+proactive action that spared the lives of all 2,323 pupils
+2,323
+more than 400,000 yuan (US$60,000)
+Sangzao Middle School
+Sangzao
+An County
+three
+safety checks were to be carried out at schools across China after last month's earthquake
+safety checks
+Chinese prosecutors
+professional crime
+schools across China
+Reuters
+forbade them from holding protests
+riot police officers
+government officials in Beijing and Sichuan
+sign a document
+money
+threatened
+school collapses
+Liu Shaokun
+he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion
+a Sichuan school teacher
+suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion
+put them online
+tofu-dregs buildings
+the shoddy tofu-dregs buildings
+1989
+2007
+massive casualties
+China formally requested the support of the international community to respond to the needs of affected families
+condolences and assistance
+May 14, UNICEF
+UNICEF
+to respond to the needs of affected families
+$26 million
+$26 million
+10.7 billion yuan
+Chinese public
+Yao Ming
+$26 million
+"swift and very efficient"
+openness
+earthquake
+10 days
+International Federation of the Red Cross
+live earthquake footage
+CCTV-1
+Channel V
+the Chinese government
+school construction
+response to the quake
+cutting corners
+any reports
+poorly built schools
+The state-controlled media
+propaganda bureau
+The state-controlled media
+because builders cut corners by replacing steel rods with thin iron wires for concrete re-inforcement
+thin iron wires
+the supervising agencies
+corrupt government officials
+many families who lost their only child
+arrest
+the Times
+their only child
+New York City
+New York City
+New York City
+New York City
+New York City
+New York City
+five
+1898
+8,491,079
+305 square miles
+23.6 million
+five
+Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island
+1898
+8,491,079
+As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world
+New Amsterdam
+New York City
+1790
+1664
+1785
+1624
+1626
+1664
+1790
+56 million
+469
+Financial District of Lower Manhattan
+120
+New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ
+Staten Island
+Wisconsinan glaciation
+the ice sheet
+Lenapehoking
+1524
+Nouvelle Angoulme
+La Dauphine
+French
+Nouvelle Angoulme
+1524
+Nouvelle Angoulme
+Florentine
+1525
+Estvo Gomes
+Spanish
+Hudson River
+Rio de San Antonio
+Rio de San Antonio
+Padrn Real
+Henry Hudson
+the Northwest Passage to the Orient
+1614
+ten
+Mauritis River
+Dutch East India Company
+1614
+Henry Hudson
+Santo Domingo of Portuguese
+Jan Rodrigues
+transliterated to Dutch as Jan Rodrigues
+218th Street
+winter of 1613–1614
+Juan Rodriguez
+218th Street
+Governors Island
+Manhattan Island
+1625
+Peter Minuit
+1626
+1624
+1625
+$24 worth of glass beads
+the fledgling city "New York"
+King James II
+Peter Stuyvesant
+the Director-General of the colony of New Netherland
+1664
+Peter Stuyvesant
+King William III
+August 24, 1673
+New Orange
+1674
+Anthonio Colve
+England
+King William III
+Second Anglo-Dutch War
+200
+Run
+200
+Second Anglo-Dutch War
+42%
+Charleston
+Foley Square
+a new federal courthouse near Foley Square
+Charleston
+1990s
+1735
+Manhattan
+1754
+King George II
+King George II
+John Peter Zenger
+1754
+New York
+Battle of Long Island
+modern-day borough of Brooklyn
+August 1776
+10,000
+1776
+Battle of Long Island
+Brooklyn
+1783
+September 11, 1776
+Lord Howe
+the Great Fire of New York
+West Side of Lower Manhattan
+Trinity Church
+Lord Howe
+the Great Fire of New York
+1785
+George Washington
+Federal Hall on Wall Street
+Wall Street
+Philadelphia
+Congress of the Confederation
+United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States
+1789
+1790
+1827
+Revolutionary War and escaped slaves
+Alexander Hamilton
+1827
+16,000
+1799
+1827
+Commissioners' Plan
+1825
+Tammany Hall
+Irish
+1825
+Central Park
+1857
+landscaped park
+The Great Irish Famine
+200,000
+a quarter
+25%
+revolutions had disrupted societies
+The Great Irish Famine
+Over 200,000
+Fernando Wood
+hire a substitute
+Irish working class
+120
+below 10,000
+Colored Orphan Asylum
+1898
+1904
+the Bronx
+1904
+1904
+1,021
+Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
+1,021
+International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union
+Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
+36,620
+The Harlem Renaissance of literary and cultural life
+36,620
+New York
+the first megacity in human history
+Fiorello La Guardia
+eighty years
+megacity
+1952
+Paris
+abstract
+United Nations Headquarters
+Stonewall Inn
+Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan
+June 28, 1969
+Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan
+Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan
+Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan
+2000 Census
+2010
+Silicon Alley
+mid 1990s
+1970s
+1970s
+American Airlines Flight 11
+United Airlines Flight 175
+343
+July 19, 1909
+9/11
+1909
+19
+Hudson Terminal
+September 17, 2011
+Zuccotti Park
+Zuccotti Park
+Financial District
+September 17, 2011
+William F. Buckley, Jr.
+1955
+Donald Trump
+Republican
+Northeastern
+southeastern
+Boston
+Atlantic Ocean
+Hudson River
+Hudson River
+Atlantic Ocean
+Long Island, Manhattan, and Staten Island
+New Jersey
+The Harlem River
+The Bronx River
+New York Bay
+Troy
+New Jersey
+The Bronx River
+The Bronx River
+Battery Park City
+468.9 square miles
+468.9 square miles
+304.8 sq mi
+Todt Hill
+Todt Hill
+468.9 square miles
+468.9 square miles
+468.9 square miles
+Todt Hill
+409.8
+Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House
+Brooklyn
+Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House
+Ground Zero
+1656
+skyscraper at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan
+5,937
+New York City
+550
+1913
+5,937
+Hong Kong
+550
+1931
+Art Deco
+61st floor
+Seagram Building
+AIA New York State
+eagles
+1931
+1930
+Bronx
+Brooklyn
+Queens
+1930
+Victorian
+elegant brownstone rowhouses
+the Great Fire of 1835
+six
+Jackson Heights
+Stone and brick
+municipal water pipes
+July 2014
+four
+five
+Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx
+humid subtropical
+234
+2,535
+a humid continental climate
+January
+humid subtropical
+234
+USDA 7b Plant Hardiness zone
+Atlantic and the partial shielding
+32.6 °F
+72%
+32 °C
+February 9, 1934
+106 °F (41 °C)
+February 9, 1934
+1934
+49.9 inches
+25.8 inches
+October 29, 2012
+49.9
+Hurricane Sandy
+25.8
+New York City Department of Parks and Recreation
+New York State Office of Parks
+National Park Service
+New York City
+New York City
+Minneapolis
+over 26,000 acres (10,521.83 ha)
+over 9,000 acres
+Jacob Riis Park and Fort Tilden
+Jacob Riis Park
+salt marsh, islands
+over 26,000 acres
+National Park Service
+Grant's Tomb
+Greenwich Village
+modern gay rights movement
+National Park Service
+New York
+New Jersey
+the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village
+Grant's Tomb
+seven
+28
+21
+seven
+69 feet
+28,000
+14
+Pelham Bay Park
+2,700 acres
+over 28,000 acres
+14 miles
+Pelham Bay Park
+2,700
+Fort Hamilton
+1825
+Brooklyn
+North Atlantic Division
+1179th Transportation Brigade
+Fort Hamilton
+1825
+New York City Recruiting Battalion
+Queens
+8,491,079
+Los Angeles
+more
+40%
+similar percentage
+8,491,079
+Los Angeles
+40%
+27,673/km2
+71,672
+New York County
+12.7%
+12.7%
+Asians
+28.6%
+3
+33.3%
+Civil War
+Asians
+0.7%
+12 million
+Lower East Side
+Germans
+92%
+the Irish, Jews, and Italians
+12 million
+92%
+Approximately 37%
+Tobago
+74,000
+Trinidad and Tobago
+Approximately 37%
+Queens
+Manhattan
+6.3%
+Queens
+0.3%
+2.7 million
+550,000
+201,000
+60,000
+New York City
+larger than the non-Hispanic white population of any American city
+20 million
+1.5 million
+50%
+4.8 million
+at least 6
+1.3 million
+Tobago
+Egypt, Ghana, and Nigeria
+El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala
+Ecuador, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, and Brazil
+568,903
+June 24, 2011
+30
+568,903
+June 24, 2011
+30
+59%
+59%
+1.1 million
+Christianity
+Islam
+Christianity
+Christianity
+Brooklyn
+24%
+Christianity
+0.5
+Manhattan
+Michael R. Bloomberg
+4.6%
+$2,749
+$2,749
+New York City
+Silicon Alley
+The Atlantic
+2014
+2012
+one out of ten
+FDi Magazine
+US$914.8 billion
+US$1.1 billion
+$1,589
+$1,476
+six
+The Time Warner Center
+an American office building
+Madison Avenue
+180,000
+180,000
+Omnicom Group
+180,000
+Madison Avenue
+more than 19,000
+US$5 billion
+Brooklyn
+US$234 million
+Brooklyn
+Manhattan
+Chocolate
+specialty-food
+Godiva
+163,400
+5
+8.5 percent (US$3.8 billion)
+US$360,700
+22
+an average salary of US$360,700
+Wall Street
+165 Broadway
+$40 billion
+19%
+NYSE Euronext
+on Wall Street
+Wall Street
+over 500 million square feet (46.5 million m2)
+400 million square feet (46.5 million m2)
+over 500 million square feet (46.5 million m2)
+Manhattan
+140 West Street
+US$3 billion
+300,000
+300,000
+Technion-Israel Institute of Technology
+US$2 billion
+Roosevelt Island
+more than US$30 million
+700,000 square feet
+Cornell Tech
+51 million
+54 million
+56.4 million
+US$61.3 billion
+56.4 million
+54 million
+Love New York
+1977
+New York State Empire State Development
+The song
+1977
+The song
+Greenwich Village
+the Macy
+Rockefeller Center
+Summerstage
+Queens
+90,000
+10%
+Anbang Insurance Group
+US$1.95 billion
+Waldorf Astoria New York
+90,000
+Anbang Insurance Group
+US$1.95 billion
+200
+130,000
+$7.1 billion
+New York City
+Sony Music Entertainment
+New York City
+Seven
+about 25,000
+The New York Times
+The Wall Street Journal
+1919
+Alexander Hamilton
+More than 200
+350
+Two
+The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times
+1919
+CBS
+NYCTV
+comedy Central
+MTV, Fox News, HBO, Showtime, Bravo, Food Network, AMC, and Comedy Central
+Manhattan Neighborhood Network
+1971
+WNET
+WNYC
+1997
+Manhattan Neighborhood Network
+1971
+WNYC
+New York City Department of Education
+1.1 million
+1,700
+nine
+1.1 million
+nine
+The New York City Charter School Center
+900
+over half million
+three out of five
+one out of four
+over half million
+120
+The New York Public Library
+Queens Borough Public Library
+Queens Borough Public Library
+Brooklyn Public Library
+Manhattan
+HHC
+11 acute care
+$6.7 billion
+1.4 million
+475,000
+1969
+five
+Bellevue Hospital
+Ramanathan Raju
+Bellevue Hospital
+Bellevue Hospital
+Ramanathan Raju
+Illinois
+Ramanathan Raju
+35,000
+New York's Finest
+New York City Police Department
+35,000
+New York's Finest
+328
+75%
+Provo, Utah
+2007
+328
+95.9%
+the Roach Guards
+Five Families
+Five Points
+Black Spades
+Tokyo Fire Department
+Tokyo Fire Department
+New York's Bravest
+The New York City Fire Department
+New York City Fire Department
+approximately 11,080
+3,300
+New York's Bravest
+subway systems
+brush fires
+9 MetroTech Center
+Randalls Island
+9 MetroTech Center
+9 MetroTech Center
+9 MetroTech Center
+Randalls Island
+11 Metrotech Center
+1940s
+1970s
+Harlem Renaissance
+jazz
+abstract
+hip hop
+New York City
+New York fashion Week
+New York School
+New York fashion Week
+Global Language Monitor
+1880s
+500
+42nd Street
+George M. Cohan
+2,000
+electric lighting
+11.57 million
+The Great White Way
+US$1.27 billion
+11.4%
+11.4%
+11.57 million
+24,000
+4,000
+nearly one thousand of the finest and most diverse haute cuisine restaurants
+Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
+one thousand
+1882
+MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field
+Madison Square Garden, its predecessor, as well as the original Yankee Stadium and Ebbets Field
+1882
+Major League Soccer
+five
+forty
+Baseball
+35
+baseball
+two
+14 World Series in which two New York City teams played each other, known as a Subway Series and occurring most recently in 2000
+73
+two
+14
+Subway Series
+MetLife Stadium
+2014
+New York Giants
+MetLife Stadium
+East Rutherford, New Jersey
+Super Bowl XLVIII
+2014
+New York Islanders and the New York Rangers
+Newark
+Newark
+National Hockey League
+National Hockey League
+Brooklyn Nets and the New York Knicks
+New York Liberty
+1938
+New York Liberty
+National Invitation Tournament
+1938
+New York Knicks
+National Tennis Center
+The Millrose Games
+Belmont Stakes
+1932 U.S. Open golf tournament and the 1930 and 1939
+Madison Square Garden
+Flushing Meadows-Corona Park
+United States Open Tennis Championships
+37,866
+Millrose Games
+Madison Square Garden
+Stickball
+Stickball Boulevard
+the Bronx
+New York City Subway system
+469
+Grand Central Terminal
+1.75 billion
+Grand Central Station
+38.4
+54.6%
+22%
+54.6%
+90%
+38.4 minutes
+52%
+22%
+Port Authority Bus Terminal
+7,000
+200,000
+Port Authority Bus Terminal
+John F. Kennedy International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, and LaGuardia Airport
+John F. Kennedy International Airport
+JFK
+Newburgh
+109 million
+The Staten Island Ferry
+24
+8.4 km
+5.2-mile
+20 million
+The George Washington Bridge
+Verrazano-Narrows Bridge
+suspension bridge
+1903
+The George Washington Bridge
+Bergen County
+The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge
+neo-Gothic
+1903
+Lincoln Tunnel
+1927
+1940
+President Franklin D. Roosevelt
+120,000
+Hudson River
+Manhattan Island
+New Jersey
+President Franklin D. Roosevelt
+over 200,000
+10,000
+21%
+Citibank
+Quinnipiac University
+Walk Score
+Catskill Mountains
+Catskill Mountains
+US$3.2 billion
+estimated 290 million gallons
+20%
+north of the city is undergoing construction of a US$3.2 billion water purification plant to augment New York City's water supply by an estimated 290 million gallons daily
+51 council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries
+four-year terms
+four-year break
+51
+four-year terms
+The New York City Administrative Code
+four
+Democratic Party
+67%
+Democrat Barack Obama
+1924
+President Calvin Coolidge
+Democratic Party
+67%
+1924
+five
+Democratic Party
+43,523
+Roosevelt Island
+127
+225,000
+one million
+five million
+one-fifth
+one-fifth
+automobile exhaust
+phenomenon
+Tom Wolfe
+National Library of Australia
+the diplomatic consulates of Iceland and Latvia
+Iceland
+Upper West Side of Manhattan
+Upper West Side
+Union Square
+New York University
+Central Park SummerStage
+Upper East Side of Manhattan
+Upper Carnegie Hill
+1959
+2012
+Upper East Side
+Brooklynese
+All in the Family
+Carroll O'Connor
+New Yawk
+New York City FC
+Yankee Stadium
+Harrison, New Jersey
+Pelé
+Hofstra University
+two-thirds
+20
+250
+LaGuardia Airport
+Pennsylvania Station
+West Side of Manhattan
+six
+PATCO Speedline
+The Staten Island Railway rapid transit system
+Port Authority Trans-Hudson
+Second Avenue Subway
+12,000
+Manhattan Island
+theater, finance, advertising, and fashion organizations
+theater, finance, advertising, and fashion organizations
+theater, finance, advertising, and fashion organizations
+Seventh Avenue
+rush hour
+southwestern
+northern
+Long Island
+west end
+Manhattan
+Structural Expressionism
+cantilever architecture
+3,715
+28%
+80%
+Hearst Tower
+Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency Supreme Court case
+6.5-mile
+30 million US gallons (110,000 m3)
+spilled oil
+mayor-council
+1898
+Second Department
+First Department
+the state Unified Court System
+Foley Square
+District Court for the Eastern District of New York
+Foley Square
+District Court for the Eastern District of New York
+District Court for the Southern District of New York
+Manhattan
+The top ZIP code, 10021 on the Upper East Side
+83 cents
+$11 billion
+$11 billion
+New York City Global Partners
+2006
+1960
+Pulitzer Prize
+Harper Lee
+Harper Lee
+1960
+author's observations of her family and neighbors
+United States
+Southern Gothic novel
+emphasize tolerance and decry prejudice
+Southern Gothic
+racial epithets
+Mary McDonough Murphy
+2006
+1962
+1990
+Robert Mulligan
+the Bible
+Horton Foote
+Robert Mulligan
+Monroeville, Alabama
+February 2016
+Go Set a Watchman
+Go Set a Watchman
+July 14, 2015
+February 2016
+Truman Capote
+1950
+reservation clerk for British Overseas Airways Corporation
+Alabama
+1926
+Truman Capote
+Huntingdon College in Montgomery
+University of Alabama
+J. B. Lippincott
+Go Set a Watchman
+Therese von Hohoff Torrey
+To Kill a Mockingbird
+mental illness
+a lawyer on whom Atticus
+To Kill a Mockingbird
+July 11, 1960
+two and a half years
+Reader's Digest Condensed Books
+the seat of Maycomb County
+three years (1933–35)
+six-year-old Jean Louise Finch (Scout), who lives with her older brother, Jem, and their widowed father
+older brother, Jem, and their widowed father
+the Great Depression in the fictional "tired old town" of Maycomb, Alabama, the seat of Maycomb County
+Great Depression
+Arthur "Boo" Radley
+Mayella Ewell
+Tom Robinson
+Scout, Jem, and Dill
+Mayella and her father, Bob Ewell
+colored balcony
+colored balcony
+the hapless Tom is shot and killed
+Jem and Scout
+the school Halloween pageant
+Tom Robinson
+Tom Robinson
+Boo Radley
+Sheriff Tate
+simply fell on his own knife
+autobiography
+1919
+25
+editor and publisher
+next door to Lee with his aunts while his mother visited New York City
+1960
+In Cold Blood
+Truman Capote
+an old Underwood typewriter Lee's father gave them
+apart people
+10 years old
+Walter Lett
+Emmett Till
+Civil Rights Movement
+Southern prejudices
+Emmett Till
+education, the justice system, and her own society
+Jacqueline Tavernier-Courbin
+Shadrach
+Shadrach
+laugh uproariously
+her ham costume
+Bildungsroman
+"Gothic"
+Atticus
+Miss Maudie
+separations of race and class
+1955
+race relations
+white farmers
+excessive violence
+death for the accused
+poor white farmers
+seventeen
+rabid dog
+racial injustice
+Calpurnia
+Aunt Alexandra
+Walter Cunningham
+Jane Austen of South Alabama
+individual worth
+poor
+how issues of gender and class
+people's motives and behavior
+morphine
+Atticus
+courage
+Charles Shields
+Charles Shields
+human dignity and respect for others
+Mayella reacts with confusion to Atticus
+Calpurnia and her neighbor Miss Maudie
+Calpurnia and her neighbor Miss Maudie
+Mrs. Dubose
+a feminist in the South
+Bob Ewell
+Apart from Atticus
+Mr. Dolphus Raymond
+Lawyers, I suppose
+Aunt Alexandra's "fanatical" attempts to place her in them
+Songbirds
+Finch
+Tom Robinson
+Uncle Jack
+mockingbirds
+innocent and harmless
+Condensed Books
+Book of the Month Club
+ten
+40
+more than 30 million
+more than 30 million
+40
+Scout, Atticus, and Boo
+Alice Lee
+Scout, Atticus, and Boo
+legal profession
+integrity
+1992
+Alabama State Bar
+an honorary special membership
+1963
+21 of the 100
+1963
+21
+1966
+immoral
+Little Black Sambo
+Little Black Sambo
+civil rights movement
+Uncle Tom's Cabin
+Uncle Tom's Cabin
+Archulus Persons
+Capote
+Alice
+Truman Capote
+editor at Lippincott
+1961
+41st
+1962
+1964
+Pulitzer Prize
+1964
+2001
+25
+Richard M. Daley
+Richard M. Daley
+25
+University of Notre Dame
+President George W. Bush
+November 5, 2007
+University of Notre Dame
+President George W. Bush
+1962
+Gregory Peck
+Gregory Peck
+Oscar
+Harper
+so impressed with Peck's performance that she gave him her father's pocketwatch, which he had with him the evening he was awarded the Oscar for best actor
+grandson
+May 2005
+Veronique
+Christopher Sergel
+every May on the county courthouse grounds and townspeople make up the cast
+Monroeville
+townspeople
+the production moves into the Monroe County Courthouse and the audience is racially segregated
+Leeds
+Regent's Park Open Air Theatre
+Duncan Preston
+July 14, 2015
+1957
+20
+Tonja Carter
+Go Set a Watchman
+1957
+20
+rape and racial inequality
+Atticus Finch
+narration
+the narrative technique of flashback
+all Southerners
+safety and comfort in the neighborhood
+Southern romantic regionalism
+fine folks
+The South itself, with its traditions and taboos
+Tom Robinson
+a'mockingbird'
+"Most people are, Scout, when you finally see them."
+claims that because every character has to face, or even suffer defeat
+To Kill a Mockingbird
+Granville Hicks
+Flannery O'Connor
+William Faulkner
+Jane Austen
+Alabamian Allen Barra
+Ajayi
+Calpurnia
+black students
+poor rural "white trash"
+the harsh reality of inequality
+an act of protest
+from it like Scripture
+Mockingbird groupies
+the Sun harnessed
+Solar
+solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis
+radiant light and heat from the Sun harnessed
+174,000
+Approximately 30%
+3.5 to 7.0
+174,000
+Approximately 30%
+150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3.5 to 7.0 kWh/m2 per day
+by clouds, oceans and land masses
+71%
+14 °C
+photosynthesis
+71%
+Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises
+condenses
+atmospheric phenomena
+photosynthesis green
+3,850,000
+one year
+3,000
+one year
+about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earth's non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined
+approximately 3,000 EJ per year
+coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium
+the Sun in a direct or indirect way
+passive or active depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight
+they capture
+geothermal and tidal
+in a direct or indirect way
+passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies
+passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources
+supply side technologies
+supply side technologies
+increase the supply of energy and are considered supply side technologies
+reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies
+Frank Shuman
+1908
+1912
+a U.S. inventor, engineer and solar energy pioneer
+1912
+larger solar power plants
+1908
+1912
+Maadi, Egypt
+22,000
+1970s
+Maadi, Egypt
+parabolic troughs
+Nile River
+the outbreak of World War I and the discovery of cheap oil
+1970s
+60 °C
+sunlight
+60 °C
+evacuated tube collectors
+unglazed plastic collectors
+154 thermal gigawatt (GWth)
+Israel and Cyprus
+154 thermal gigawatt
+China
+90%
+United States, Canada and Australia
+50%
+50% (10.1 EJ/yr)
+50%
+Solar heating, cooling and ventilation technologies
+Thermal mass
+any material that can be used to store heat—heat from the Sun in the case of solar energy
+stone, cement and water
+absorbing solar energy
+climate, daylighting and shading conditions
+auxiliary heating and cooling equipment
+passive solar ventilation system
+passive solar ventilation system
+a passive solar ventilation system
+by using glazing and thermal mass materials in a way that mimics greenhouses
+winter
+Deciduous trees and plants
+1/3 to 1/2 of incident solar radiation, there is a balance between the benefits of summer shading and the corresponding loss of winter heating
+they will interfere with winter solar availability
+the Equator facing side
+1767
+concentrating geometries (dish, trough, Fresnel mirrors) to focus light on a cooking container
+cooking, drying and pasteurization
+box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers
+Horace de Saussure
+90–150 °C
+direct light
+114
+more
+parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors
+Solar Total Energy Project
+evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water
+Clothes lines, clotheshorses, and clothes racks
+perforated sun-facing walls used for preheating ventilation air
+1872
+Solar distillation
+16th-century Arab alchemists
+1872
+22,700 L (5,000 imp gal; 6,000 US gal) per day
+large-scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in the Chilean mining town of Las Salinas
+World Health Organization
+several hours
+a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage
+Over two million
+consume carbon dioxide
+to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity
+algae may produce toxic chemicals that make the water unusable
+2050
+2050
+Mojave Desert of California
+2013
+354 MW SEGS CSP installation
+Mojave Desert of California
+The 250 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project, in the United States, and the 221 MW Charanka Solar Park in India
+Charles Fritts
+1954
+evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source
+a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect
+Charles Fritts
+Dr Bruno Lange
+Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin
+a conventional power plant
+lenses or mirrors and tracking systems
+conventional power plant
+the parabolic trough
+the parabolic trough, the concentrating linear fresnel reflector, the Stirling dish and the solar power tower
+Megaron House
+orientation relative to the Sun
+well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range
+Socrates' Megaron House
+Active solar equipment
+Solar light
+3
+Urban heat islands
+asphalt and concrete
+increased absorption of the Solar light
+fruit walls
+power grape presses
+optimize the productivity of plants
+timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties
+employed fruit walls to maximize the collection of solar energy
+to maximize the collection of solar energy
+Europe in the 16th century
+16th century
+convert solar light to heat
+to keep exotic plants brought back from explorations abroad
+to produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emperor Tiberius
+Europe
+The World Solar Challenge
+90.87 kilometres per hour
+a biannual solar-powered car race
+1987
+67 kilometres per hour (42 mph)
+90.87 kilometres per hour
+South African Solar Challenge and the planned South African Solar Challenge
+1975
+1975
+Kenichi Horie
+the sun21 catamaran
+40
+Solar Impulse
+29 April 1979
+29 April 1979
+July 1981
+21 hops flew from California to North Carolina
+36 hours
+hydrogen production from protons
+Solar chemical processes
+artificial photosynthesis
+Solzinc
+pure zinc
+Hydrogen production technologies
+photovoltaic or photochemical cells
+Solzinc
+heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or interseasonal durations
+Thermal mass systems
+water, earth and stone
+store solar energy in the form of heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or interseasonal durations
+thermal storage media
+Dover House
+paraffin wax and Glauber's salt
+64 °C or 147 °F
+The "Dover House"
+they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems
+1.44 terajoules
+rechargeable batteries
+rechargeable batteries
+Net metering programs
+by 'rolling back' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes
+increased installation cost
+hydroelectric power generator
+water pumped
+when demand is high by releasing the water
+1973
+The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis
+Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program
+Japan (NEDO), and Germany (Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE)
+NEDO
+Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE
+1920s
+20% per year
+1890s
+falling petroleum prices
+20%
+154 GW
+The International Energy Agency
+The International Energy Agency
+glass in building
+the materials used in solar water heaters
+ISO 9050
+ISO 10217
+passive solar or active solar
+photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating
+the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness the energy
+559.8 EJ
+1,575–49,837 exajoules
+The large magnitude of solar energy available
+United Nations Development Programme
+through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource
+mitigating global warming
+learning investments
+lower than otherwise
+because factors such as geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans limits the amount of solar energy that we can acquire
+areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation
+photovoltaics
+during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the Earth for solar panels to absorb
+block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells
+solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels
+they can collect energy directly from their homes this way
+insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans
+1,575–49,837 EJ per year
+the conversion of sunlight into electricity
+using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP)
+CSP
+to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam
+photoelectric effect
+Sunlight
+the Greeks and Chinese
+toward the south
+a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air
+the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force
+toy market
+the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high
+increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum
+increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum
+2060
+de-carbonizing the global economy
+Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire
+empires and dynasties
+Sarazm
+1991
+1992 to 1997
+Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism
+Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire
+1991
+1992 to 1997
+1939
+260,000
+1,530,000
+living conditions, education and industry
+clan loyalties
+30% of ministerial positions would go to the opposition
+Emomali Rahmon
+persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities in the West or in other former Soviet republics
+Russian border troops
+Dushanbe Airport
+Ayni Air Base
+conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration
+28 Tajik soldiers
+2015
+November 2010
+Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August
+the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament
+Kokhir Rasulzoda
+Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova
+November 1994
+presidential system
+independent press outlets remain restricted
+public criticism of the regime
+public criticism of the regime is tolerated
+local and foreign websites including avesta.tj, Tjk News.com, ferghana.ru, centrasia.ru and journalists are often obstructed from reporting on controversial
+Tajikistan
+Pamir range
+southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley
+Central Asia
+3,000 meters (9,800 ft)
+twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia
+the "Land of the Tajiks"
+Persian for "place of" or "country"
+the term is "embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia."
+650–680
+Umayyads
+Samanid Empire
+Khorasan
+650–680
+Umayyads
+650–680
+Samanid Empire
+Umayyads
+Samanid Empire
+Khorasan
+Khorasan
+650–680
+710
+Kara-Khanid Khanate
+819 to 999
+late 19th century's Imperial Era
+Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand
+gaining access to a supply of cotton
+gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan
+the Russian Empire or its vassal state
+Islamic social movement
+anti-Russian the Russians
+between 1910 and 1913
+over the threat of forced conscription during World War I
+the Russian Revolution of 1917 guerrillas
+armies in a futile attempt to maintain independence
+Bolshevik armies
+Islam, Judaism, and Christianity
+Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
+southern region
+collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production
+Soviet collectivization policy
+Moscow
+nearly 10,000
+Ethnic Russians
+grew from less than 1% to 13%
+Ethnic Russians were sent in to replace those expelled and subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels
+ruling PDPT lose four seats in Parliament
+accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment
+failed to meet many key OSCE commitments
+only minor violations had occurred, which would not affect the will of the Tajik people
+Central Asia
+estimated 8 million
+143,100 km2
+China
+narrow Wakhan Corridor
+China
+8 million
+143,100 km2
+Afghanistan
+Uzbekistan
+500 BCE
+Achaemenid Empire
+Alexander the Great
+Yuezhi tribes
+early eighth century
+Hephthalite Empire
+Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism
+9.6%
+aluminium production
+Cotton
+Tajik Aluminum Company
+the government
+hydropower potential
+Nurek Dam
+transmit 1000 MW of surplus electricity from Tajikistan to Pakistan with power transit through Afghanistan
+less than US$1.25
+$2.1 billion US dollars
+without substantial and protracted recourse to aid
+remittances
+some opium poppy
+Tajikistani Drug Control Agency
+heroin and raw opium
+strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams
+roads, air, and rail
+Iran and Pakistan
+Pakistan, and Afghanistan
+2012
+26
+Dushanbe International Airport
+Russia
+Khorog Airport
+7,349,145
+70%
+35%
+7,349,145
+Tajikistanis
+Pamiri people of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province
+linguistically and culturally
+Afghanistan and China
+Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school
+secular
+Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon
+98%
+minority religious groups undermine national unity
+minority religious groups undermine national unity
+Hizb ut-Tahrir
+an overthrow of secular governments
+the State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities
+a charter, a list of 10 or more members
+Religious groups who do not have a physical structure
+large fines and closure of place of worship
+severe shortages of medical supplies
+104,272
+1%
+Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
+11
+12-year system
+Khujand State University
+17%
+humans and their societies in the past and present
+social anthropology and cultural anthropology
+linguistic anthropology
+biological or physical anthropology
+United States
+1870
+1869
+1902
+1865
+empirical foundation
+anthropological societies and associations
+association
+The major theorists
+48
+13
+late 19th and early 20th centuries
+gender equality and sexual liberation
+cross-cultural comparisons
+19th-century racial ideology
+cultural relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques
+humanities, social, and natural sciences
+Anthropology
+global discipline where humanities, social, and natural sciences are forced to confront one another
+Classical Greece and Persia
+cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies
+structuralist and postmodern theories
+1970s and 1990s
+questions about the nature and production of knowledge
+archaeology and biological anthropology
+cohesion
+Sociocultural anthropology
+social
+social structures
+no hard-and-fast distinction
+Cultural anthropology
+sociocultural anthropology
+Ethnography
+Participant observation
+emic
+reductionism in cross-cultural comparison
+sociocultural
+consumption and exchange
+kinship
+language
+kinship is a human universal
+Archaeology
+patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices
+the evidence left behind
+similar ways
+cultural and material lives of past societies
+anthropological problems
+interpretation of sociocultural processes
+Linguistic
+sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis
+universality of 'art
+the Western categories of 'painting','sculpture', or 'literature'
+'artistic', have certain evident 'aesthetic' qualities
+1983
+culturally specific 'aesthetics
+tienne Serres
+1850 at the National Museum of Natural History (France) by Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Bréau
+1850
+National Museum of Natural History (France)
+anti-slavery activists
+the comparative methods
+similarities
+similarities between animals, languages, and folkways
+the epiphany of everything they had begun to suspect
+through comparison of species he had seen in agronomy and in the wild
+late 1850s
+bring it into the social sciences
+the Société de biologie
+Société de biologie
+Transformisme
+a neurosurgeon
+Biological anthropology
+the speech center
+psychology
+six
+"the science of the nature of man"
+the science of the nature of man
+comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology
+empirical
+civilization
+British ethnologists
+1863
+new anthropology
+French Société
+Waitz
+higher educational institutions
+major subdivisions
+Practical
+recreate the final scene
+three dozen
+ethnographic studies
+ethnographic
+the early 1990s
+ethnographic
+cyber
+Visual
+museums
+sandpaintings, tattoos, sculptures and reliefs
+ethnographic film
+Economic
+widest historic, geographic and cultural scope
+discipline of economics
+Bronislaw Malinowski
+exchange
+the traditional concerns of anthropology
+history and colonialism
+Hunter-gatherers
+complex revolutionary wars
+industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism around the world
+Applied Anthropology
+change or stability in specific cultural systems through the provision of data, initiation of direct action, and/or the formulation of policy
+direct action
+practical side of anthropological research
+participating
+a critical perspective
+pondering
+increasing
+gap
+fail
+Kinship
+anthropology
+"descent", "descent groups", "lineages", "affines", "cognates", and even "fictive kinship"
+kinship patterns may be considered to include people related both by descent (one's social relations during development), and also relatives by marriage
+marriage
+Feminist
+male bias
+systematic bias
+construction of gender across societies
+birth
+Nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals with the interplay between economic systems, nutritional status and food security, and how changes in the former affect the latter
+nutritional status and food security
+food security, and dietary health
+Nutritional status
+human development or traditional western models
+Psychological anthropology
+ways in which humans' development and enculturation
+humans' development and enculturation
+shape
+understanding of cognition, emotion, motivation
+Cognitive
+experimental psychology and evolutionary biology
+experimental psychology and evolutionary biology
+implicit knowledge
+Political
+the basis of the structure of societies
+1960s
+complex
+Geertz
+Cyborg
+1993
+Society for the Social Studies of Science
+Donna Haraway
+reflexively shaped notions of what it means to be human beings
+Environmental
+political ecology
+culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues
+corporate exploitation and damage of land
+the people of Hyde Park
+examining historical records
+ethnic
+its foundation
+documents and manuscripts
+Practitioners
+Urban
+Ulf Hannerz
+anti-urban by definition
+two
+different social issues
+human–animal studies
+Anthrozoology
+a number of other disciplines
+positive effects of human-animal relationships on either party and the study of their interactions
+anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy
+Evolutionary
+natural science and social science
+humans, past and present
+scientific
+lines
+Ethical
+mutilation
+racism, slavery, and human sacrifice
+acculturation
+stretching across all the major and minor sub-fields
+anthropologist contemporaries were active in the allied war effort against the "Axis" (Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan)
+Boas' anthropologist contemporaries
+armed forces
+intelligence
+for communist sympathies
+the state
+secret
+scholarship
+The AAA
+agreed to or given
+US military
+US Army's strategy in Afghanistan
+Christian Science Monitor reports that "Counterinsurgency efforts focus on better grasping and meeting local needs"
+Iraq
+incompatibility of HTS with disciplinary ethics and practice for job seekers
+Biological
+human universals
+into the field
+a community in its own setting
+genetic
+relevant time periods and geographic regions
+into relevant cultural traditions based on material
+archaeologists and other anthropologists in understanding major trends in the human past
+geographers
+comparative method
+other cultures
+time
+non-European/non-Western societies
+Ulf Hannerz
+late 1960s
+set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region
+a single locale
+daily life of ordinary people
+scientific laboratories
+scientific laboratories
+wounded in an attempted assassination
+Tvora family and the Duke of Aveiro
+The Jesuits
+1759
+Sebastio de Melo prosecuted every person involved, even women and children
+1770
+until Joseph I's death in 1779
+autocracy
+no opposition
+crushing opposition
+Napoleon
+1822
+Brazil
+United Kingdom of Portugal
+20th century
+Portugal
+the Liberal Revolution of 1820
+Porto
+1815
+change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family
+the turn of the 20th century
+1884
+the Conference of Berlin of 1884
+to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa
+Beira, Moâmedes, Lobito, Joo Belo, Nacala and Porto Amélia
+1 February 1908
+14 June 1892, and again on 10 May 1902
+Manuel II of Portugal
+5 October 1910
+Political instability and economic weaknesses
+Antnio de Oliveira Salazar
+1933
+five
+These actions were used to affirm Portugal's status as a transcontinental nation and not as a colonial empire
+United Nations, the European Union, the Eurozone, OECD, NATO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries
+unitary semi-presidential republican
+18th highest
+France, Spain and Italy
+so
+to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors
+Iberian Peninsula
+Battle of Covadonga
+722 AD
+Reconquista Crist
+dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring
+King Alfonso III
+868 AD
+First Count of Portus Cale
+Portucale, Portugale, and simultaneously Portuglia
+Galicians found themselves struggling to maintain the autonomy of Galicia with its distinct language and culture (Galician-Portuguese) from the Leonese culture
+Kingdom of Portugal
+Galician
+Spanish
+Castilian
+daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef
+Sebastio José de Carvalho e Melo
+Queen consort of Portugal
+Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef
+King John V of Portugal
+earthquakes
+marching troops
+no epidemics and within less than one year was already being rebuilt
+The buildings and big squares of the Pombaline City Centre
+by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country
+Portuguese Republic
+Iberian Peninsula
+Atlantic Ocean
+1,214 km (754 mi)
+Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira
+Portuguese Republic
+Iberian Peninsula
+Spain
+Atlantic Ocean
+The Portugal–Spain border is 1,214 km (754 mi) long
+the Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples
+Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples
+1139
+Age of Discovery
+15th and 16th
+Lisbon
+1822
+1910
+Macau
+250 million
+Portus Cale
+Pre-Celts and Celts
+Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes
+45 BC until 298 AD
+Alankerk
+27 BC
+Gallaecia
+Conmbriga and Mirobriga
+many ruins of castros (hill forts) all over modern Portugal and remains of Castro culture
+16 km
+a few months
+711
+750
+Abd-ar-Rahman I
+almost two centuries
+Emir of their provinces
+Christian kingdoms of the north
+Taifa of Badajoz of the Aftasid Dynasty
+1147
+Battle of Sagrajas
+Muwallad or Muladi
+Oman
+Atlas mountains and Rif mountains of North Africa
+Algarve
+approximately 800
+Len
+Ordoo
+Asturias with Oviedo
+910
+1230
+1348 and 1349
+England
+England
+NATO
+Oporto region
+European exploration of the world and the Age of Discovery
+King Joo I
+Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde
+Cape of Good Hope
+Brazil
+increased
+Prime Minister
+British
+He abolished slavery in Portugal and in the Portuguese colonies in India
+University of Coimbra
+economic and financial
+to ensure the wine's quality
+upper classes
+Sebastio de Melo
+imposing strict law upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class
+April 1974
+bloodless left-wing military coup
+social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces
+Junta de Salvao Nacional
+Portuguese Socialist Party
+Mrio Soares
+1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985
+socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model
+1976
+accommodate socialist and communist principles
+Mediterranean
+16–19 °C (60.8–66.2 °F)
+16–19 °C (60.8–66.2 °F)
+900 metres (3,000 ft)
+subtropical
+variations between islands exist
+Mediterranean
+deciduous and coniferous
+Tertiary
+Pyrenean
+Boars
+12
+a unique type of subtropical rainforest found in few areas of Europe and the world
+the fox, badger, iberian lynx, iberian wolf, wild goat (Capra pyrenaica)
+birds
+more than 100
+Tagus International Natural Park
+habitat loss, pollution and drought
+plankton
+five
+Anbal Cavaco Silva
+230
+four-year term
+thirteen
+The Assembly of the Republic, Regional Assemblies and local municipalities and parishes
+national-, regional- and local-levels
+Republic, Regional Assemblies and local municipalities and parishes
+between 5 and 15%
+President of the Republic
+five
+direct, universal suffrage
+the Assembly of the Republic
+the Ministers (may also include one or more Deputy Prime Ministers)
+define the broad understanding of its policies in a programme
+a mandatory period of debate
+those countries
+a civilian police force who work in urban areas
+a highly specialized criminal investigation police that is overseen by the Public Ministry
+the Public Ministry
+2001
+more than "10 days worth of personal use"
+go to a rehab facility
+50 percent
+308
+3,092
+18
+three
+Navy, Army and Air Force
+to protect the territorial integrity of the country
+7,500
+$5.2 billion
+21,000
+Pandur II APC
+Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113 APC
+paratroopers, commandos and rangers
+10,700
+World War I and the Portuguese Colonial War
+1961–1974
+East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq (Nasiriyah) and Lebanon
+the interventions of the Portuguese Armed Forces in Angola in 1992 and in Guinea-Bissau
+Pedro Passos Coelho
+to implement measures with the intention of improve the State's financial situation
+improve the State's financial situation
+20%
+1974
+through unclear Public–private partnerships
+Dirio de Notcias
+2007–2009
+Banco Portugus de Negcios (BPN) and Banco Privado Portugus (BPP)
+bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud
+because of its size, market share, and the political implications - Portugal's then current President, Cavaco Silva
+for fraud and other crimes
+the euro
+Portuguese Escudo
+Banco de Portugal
+Lisbon and Porto metropolitan
+Leading Golf Destination 2012 and 2013
+1974
+PREC
+to a system that is  focus on exports, private investment and the development of the high-tech sector
+textiles, clothing, footwear and cork
+cork
+European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund
+2011
+€78 billion
+May 2014
+15.3
+small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units
+intensive farming
+tomatoes, citrus, green vegetables, rice, corn, barley, olives, oilseeds, nuts
+crops
+Ramirez
+Ramirez
+capita
+copper producers
+tin, tungsten and uranium
+hydrocarbon exploration
+north
+low competitiveness
+Volkswagen Autoeuropa and Peugeot Citroen
+Embraer and OGMA
+Palmela
+Alverca, Covilh, vora, and Ponte de Sor
+Alverca, Covilh, vora, and Ponte de Sor
+increase significantly
+rural
+to stay ahead of its competitors
+health, nature and rural
+The Economist
+65% (270,500 unemployed citizens in 2002, 448,600 unemployed citizens in 2007)
+10.2%
+"negative" from "stable," voicing pessimism on the country's structural weaknesses in the economy and weak competitiveness that would hamper growth and the capacity to strengthen its public finances and reduce debt
+2011
+the country would request financial assistance from the IMF and the European Financial Stability Facility
+third
+Carnation's Revolution
+financial weakness
+62.4
+62.4
+slow and inefficient
+Italy
+30
+Passos Coelho
+austerity measures are necessary if Portugal seeks to avoid another monetary bailout grant from the European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund
+austerity measures are necessary if Portugal seeks to avoid another monetary bailout grant from the European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund
+European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund
+65 to 66
+the pensions, unemployment benefits, health, education and science expenses
+English
+social unrest
+third quarter of 2014
+17.7%
+7.3%
+December 2009
+Lisbon, Algarve, Madeira, Porto and the city of Coimbra
+Ftima
+Blessed Virgin Mary to three shepherd children
+new tourist destinations
+Lisbon
+increasing consumption and purchase of new automobiles
+new motorways
+almost 3,000 km (1,864 mi) are part of system of 44 motorways
+1944
+89,015 km2
+four
+Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja
+geographical position
+TAP Portugal
+Spain
+Comboios de Portugal
+1,430 km (889 mi)
+1,430 km
+900 km
+Lisbon Metro and Metro Sul do Tejo
+35 km (22 mi)
+Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa (Carris)
+over a century
+a network of R&D units belonging to public universities and state-managed autonomous research institutions
+INETI
+Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education
+Instituto Gulbenkian de Cincia and the Champalimaud Foundation
+a neuroscience and oncology research centre
+one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world
+1779
+Portugal
+a scientific and technological culture
+the Lisbon Oceanarium, and the Portuguese
+emergence and growth of several science parks
+Taguspark (in Oeiras), the Coimbra iParque (in Coimbra) and Parkurbis (in Covilh)
+to take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support
+wind and river power
+near Moura
+Norte region
+66%
+Redes Energéticas Nacionais
+uses sophisticated modeling to predict weather, especially wind patterns, and computer programs to calculate energy from the various renewable-energy plants
+hydropower plants
+wind-driven turbines
+by setting a premium price for those who buy rooftop-generated solar electricity
+10,562,178
+52%
+48%
+Catholicism
+Mouriscos (former Muslims) and Cristos Novos (New Christians or former Jews)
+Paleolithic
+around 45,000 years ago
+Paleolithic
+colonial history
+Atlantic Ocean
+Angola and Mozambique
+Portuguese
+10,617,575
+81.0%
+Jehovah's Witnesses, Baha'i, Buddhist, Jewish and Spiritist
+6.8%
+8.3%
+Christian
+13th and 14th
+growth of liberal and nascent republican movements
+1910–26
+25 July 1139
+victories
+to create an empire which would carry His name to unknown lands
+Portuguese
+Romance
+Galician-Portuguese
+Galician-Portuguese
+Latin
+Pre-Roman
+1415 and 1999
+five
+Brazil
+99 percent
+100
+Over 35%
+50%
+1290
+Lisbon
+Coimbra
+the Real Academia de Artilharia
+the Escola Médico-Cirrgica of Goa
+2006
+public money
+23 years old
+developing health policy as well as managing the SNS
+Five
+implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery
+noncommunicable diseases
+ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease
+cerebrovascular disease
+12%
+children
+self-reporting
+one third
+1990s and 2000s
+1956
+Lisbon
+Belém Cultural Centre in Lisbon, Serralves Foundation and the Casa da Msica
+fifteen
+Portuguese late Gothic
+Portuguese late Gothic
+A 20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture
+Eduardo Souto de Moura, lvaro Siza Vieira
+stadium design
+the late 19th century
+Arthur Duarte, Antnio Lopes Ribeiro, Antnio Reis
+Joaquim de Almeida, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, and Diogo Morgado
+the late 19th century
+Arthur Duarte, Antnio Lopes Ribeiro, Antnio Reis
+Joaquim de Almeida, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, and Diogo Morgado
+Adventurer and poet
+Os Lusadas
+Virgil's Aeneid
+neoclassic and contemporary
+Almeida Garrett, Camilo Castelo Branco, Ea de Queiroz
+bacalhau
+grilled sardines and caldeirada
+a potato-based stew that can be made from several types of fish
+beef, pork, lamb, or chicken
+arroz de sarrabulho (rice stewed in pigs blood) or the arroz de cabidela
+Francesinha (Frenchie) from Porto, and bifanas (grilled pork) or prego (grilled beef) sandwiches
+in the many medieval Catholic monasteries spread widely across the country
+almonds, flour, eggs and some liquor
+pastéis de Belém (or pastéis de nata) originally from Lisbon, and ovos moles from Aveiro
+the times of the Romans
+Bacchus
+Vinho Verde, Vinho Alvarinho, Vinho do Douro, Vinho do Douro
+Port and Madeira
+Festival Sudoeste in Zambujeira do Mar
+Flowfest or Hip Hop Porto
+Idanha-a- Nova Municipality
+European Festival Award 2010 – Green'n'Clean Festival of the Year and the Greener Festival Award Outstanding 2008 and 2010
+2005
+Artur Pizarro, Maria Joo Pires, Sequeira Costa
+Carlos Damas, Gerardo Ribeiro
+José Vianna da Motta, Carlos Seixas, Joo Domingos Bomtempo
+Nuno Malo and Miguel d'Oliveira
+20th century
+French painters
+Cano Popular a Russa e o Fgaro
+Vieira da Silva, Jlio Pomar, Helena Almeida, Joana Vasconcelos, Julio Sarmento and Paula Rego
+Football
+Eusébio
+Lus Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo
+FIFA World Player of the Year
+José Mourinho, André Villas-Boas, Fernando Santos, Carlos Queiroz and Manuel José
+SL Benfica, FC Porto, and Sporting CP
+SL Benfica, FC Porto, and Sporting CP
+eight
+roller hockey, basketball, futsal, handball, and volleyball
+Federao Portuguesa de Futebol
+1977
+acclaimed
+Kanye Omari West
+June 8, 1977
+Roc-A-Fella Records
+Jay-Z and Alicia Keys
+The College Dropout
+Jay-Z and Alicia Keys
+Chicago
+The College Dropout
+2004
+The College Dropout
+more than 32 million
+100 million
+Grammy-awarded
+three
+Forbes
+more than 32 million
+21
+two of his albums feature at first and eighth, respectively, in Pitchfork Media's The 100 Best Albums of All Time
+2005 and 2015
+English
+Atlanta
+Good Water Store and Café
+Chicago, Illinois
+Polaris High School
+Nanjing, China
+foreigner
+settled
+10
+Nanjing University
+poetry
+"Green Eggs and Ham"
+No I.D.
+rapping
+"Green Eggs and Ham"
+No I.D
+Chicago's American Academy of Art
+20
+Chicago's American Academy of Art
+English
+20
+College Dropout
+burgeoning local artists
+classic soul records
+D-Dot
+mid-1990s
+mid-1990s
+Deric "D-Dot" Angelettie
+Go- Getters
+Hustle Period
+1999
+Foxy Brown
+Nas, Drag-On, and R&B singer Carl Thomas
+a female rapper
+Deric "D-Dot" Angelettie
+Roc-A-Fella Records
+The Blueprint
+2000
+The Blueprint
+a rapper
+Capitol Records
+rapper
+the gangsta image prominent in mainstream hip hop
+Capitol Records
+Joe Weinberger
+Roc-A-Fella Records
+a producer first and foremost
+Joe Weinberger
+Capitol Record's A&R
+jaw still wired shut
+Get Well Soon
+The College Dropout
+October 23, 2002
+jaw still wired shut
+Get Well Soon
+recovering from the car accident
+fifteen minutes
+Los Angeles
+three
+August 2003
+fifteen
+two
+"Jesus Walks"
+GOOD Music
+February 2004
+"Slow Jamz"
+West 10
+GOOD Music
+string orchestra
+Jon Brion
+Late Registration
+2.3 million
+Portishead
+Late Registration
+2.3 million
+Best New Artist
+Hurricane Katrina victims
+Rolling Stone
+Best New Artist
+Mike Myers
+Rolling Stone
+A Concert for Hurricane Relief
+The Rolling Stones and Led Zeppelin
+lyricism
+Johnny cash
+U2
+1980s
+The Rolling Stones
+Bob Dylan
+Graduation
+"Stronger", garnered the rapper his third number-one hit
+957,000
+Daft Punk
+Graduation
+rapper 50 Cent's Curtis
+Curtis
+Alexis Phifer
+"Jesus Walks" and "Never Let Me Down."
+2007
+Alexis Phifer
+Glow
+Honolulu
+"Love Lockdown"
+Billboard Hot 100
+"Hot Shot Debut"
+Island Def Jam
+November 2008
+"Hot Shot Debut"
+Roland TR-808 drum machine
+Matthew Trammell
+Matthew Trammell
+the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards
+Taylor Swift
+Lady Gaga
+2009
+microphone
+Lady Gaga
+52nd Grammy Awards
+Hawaii
+fashion
+Hawaii
+My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy
+Album of the Year at the 54th Grammy Awards
+My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy
+November 2010
+All of the Lights
+GOOD Fridays
+"one of greatest hip-hop sets of all time"
+Jay-Z
+Cannes Film Festival
+Cannes Film Festival
+Watch the Throne
+"Mercy" and "Clique"
+2012
+Cannes Film Festival
+his own personal loft's living room at a Paris hotel
+Yeezus
+Kendrick Lamar
+2013
+architecture
+Yeezus
+June 18, 2013
+Yeezus
+North
+Adidas
+Paul McCartney
+Theophilus London, Allan Kingdom and Paul McCartney
+Kim Kardashian
+North
+Florence
+Paul McCartney
+Yeezy Season 1
+Glastonbury Festival
+School of the Art Institute of Chicago
+135,000
+So help Me God
+School of the Art Institute of Chicago
+135,000
+14 February 2016
+Waves
+Wiz Khalifa
+The Life of Pablo
+Tidal
+"Facts"
+Waves
+Wiz Khalifa
+Yeezy Season 3
+David Bowie
+Wu-Tang Clan producer RZA
+chipmunk soul
+David Bowie
+Puff Daddy
+"The Can't Be Life"
+Jon Brion
+genres and prominent orchestral
+Late Orchestration
+Jon Brion
+Portishead
+Graduation
+Graduation
+melody and chord progression
+2007
+stark electropop sound
+Gary Numan, TJ Swan and Boy George
+austere production and elements such as dense drums, lengthy strings, droning synthesizers, and choir monks
+Boy George
+post-punk
+Rolling Stone
+My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy
+maximalist aesthetic
+Jon Brion
+Simon Vozick-Levinson
+808s & Heartbreak
+My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy
+a protest to music
+Le Corbusier
+2013
+Yeezus
+Pastelle Clothing line
+"Now that I have a Grammy under my belt and Late Registration is finished, I am ready to launch my clothing line next spring."
+spring 2006
+2006
+Nike
+Louis Vuitton
+DW Kanye West
+mixed-to-negative
+March 6, 2012
+October 1, 2011
+DW Kanye West
+October 1, 2011
+DW Kanye West
+mixed-to-negative
+March 6, 2012
+Adidas
+50 cinemas
+Adidas UK stores
+9000
+Adidas Yeezy Boosts
+2015
+The Life of Pablo
+Fatburger
+two
+the remaining Beverly location also was shuttered
+KW Foods LLC
+two
+September 2008
+KW Foods LLC
+GOOD Music
+Pusha T
+2004
+John Legend
+Pusha T
+to make products and experiences that people want and can afford
+Donda West
+January 5, 2012
+Tidal
+Jay Z
+low payout of royalties
+Tidal
+lossless audio and high definition music videos
+Jay Z
+Jay Z
+Kanye West Foundation
+to battle dropout and illiteracy rates
+Kanye West Foundation
+2007
+Chicago
+underprivileged youth access to music education
+"Ed in '08"
+August
+The Dr. Donda West Foundation
+2011
+2008
+The Dr. Donda West Foundation
+2011
+fundraisers, benefit concerts
+A Concert for Hurricane Relief
+President George W. Bush
+President George W. Bush
+September 2, 2005
+telethon producer Rick Kaplan cut off the microphone and then cut away to Chris Tucker
+George Bush
+in my moment of frustration, I didn't have the grounds to call him a racist
+Matt Lauer
+Kazakhstan
+US$3 million
+one of the poorest
+Nazarbayev
+Arizona
+human rights concerns
+Zane Lowe
+an apology shortly before taping
+Jimmy Kimmel
+Zane Lowe
+BBC Radio 1
+President Obama
+Jewish
+November 26, 2013
+December 21, 2013
+sexual assault
+Bill Cosby
+Gretchen Wilson
+"Touch the Sky"
+Gretchen Wilson
+Touch the Sky
+November 7, 2006
+Saturday Night Live
+Spears has not had a hit in a long period of time and that MTV exploited her for ratings
+"Stronger"
+his race had something to do with his being overlooked for opening the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards (VMAs) in favor of Britney Spears
+"Stronger"
+Taylor Swift
+President Barack Obama
+President Barack Obama
+Kim Kardashian
+"I'm sorry Taylor."
+September 2010
+2009
+The Life of Pablo
+Album of the Year
+Beyoncé
+Album of the Year
+February 26, 2015
+Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award
+2020
+Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award
+Glastonbury Festival
+Glastonbury Festival 2015
+Change.org
+Glastonbury Festival 2015
+50,000
+Alexis Phifer
+Amber Rose
+Fort di Belvedere
+two
+2002
+August 2006
+Amber Rose
+April 2012
+Armenian Apostolic Church at the Cathedral of St. James
+58
+Jan Adams
+7:35 pm
+heart disease
+Jan Adams
+Jan Adams
+Larry King Live
+liposuction and mammoplasty
+Ed McPherson
+violating patient confidentiality following her death
+Larry King Live
+January 10, 2008
+Oklahoma City
+"Don't Stop Believin'"
+Oklahoma City
+November 20, 2007
+November 22
+Glow in the Dark tour
+New Zealand
+New Zealand
+Arnold Schwarzenegger
+Arnold Schwarzenegger
+Donda West Law
+Robert "Evel" Knievel
+November 2007
+Robert "Evel" Knievel
+Evel Kanyevel
+November 2007
+felony vandalism
+$20,000
+misdemeanor vandalism
+September 11, 2008
+one count of misdemeanor vandalism, one count of grand theft and one count of battery
+Don "Don C." Crowley
+$20,000
+Tup Tup Palace nightclub
+November 14, 2008
+Hilton hotel near Gateshead
+Hilton hotel
+dozens
+misdemeanor battery conviction
+Daniel Ramos
+two
+anger management
+250
+"I will say that I'm spiritual. I have accepted Jesus as my Savior
+The College Dropout
+Christian
+"most important artist of any art form, of any genre."
+David Bowie
+Jon Caramanic of The New York Times
+Ben Westhoff
+The Guardian
+homophobia
+hip-hop
+middle-class
+rapper 50 Cent's Curtis
+rappers who did not follow the hardcore-gangster mold
+an influence
+Elon Musk
+six
+30 million
+all of which have gone platinum, have received numerous awards and critical acclaim
+No. 1
+3,086,000
+third
+30 million
+21
+Bob Dylan
+twice
+21
+No. 8
+May 16, 2008
+MTV Man of the Year
+Bob Dylan
+three
+three
+Yeezus
+eighth
+The Pitchfork
+Yeezus
+"Runaway"
+President George W. Bush
+Taylor Swift
+collaborations with Nike, Louis Vuitton, and A.P.C
+DONDA
+2013
+nontheistic
+teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha
+eastern part of the Indian subcontinent
+through the elimination of ignorance and craving
+ignorance and craving
+nontheistic
+Gautama Buddha
+between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE
+eastern part of the Indian subcontinent
+Gautama Buddha
+eastern part of the Indian subcontinent
+6th and 4th centuries BCE
+Gautama Buddha
+Four
+Indian
+Gautama Buddha
+Theravada ("The School of the Elders") and Mahayana ("The Great Vehicle")
+Vajrayana
+Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia
+Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren Buddhism, Shingon, and Tiantai
+535 million
+Vajrayana
+Vajrayana
+Vajrayana
+Indian siddhas
+The School of the Elders
+attainment of the sublime state of Nirvana
+practicing the Noble Eightfold Path
+a state wherein one remains in this cycle to help other beings reach awakening
+attainment of the sublime state of Nirvana
+practicing the Noble Eightfold Path
+Theravada Buddhism
+Tibetan Buddhism
+Middle Way
+bodhisattva
+suffering and rebirth
+the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings), and the Sangha (the community)
+giving charity to reduce the greediness
+Ten Meritorious Deeds
+giving charity to reduce the greediness
+creator
+the greediness
+Mahayana
+Buddhaghoa
+Buddhacarita, the Lokottaravdin Mahvastu, and the Sarvstivdin Lalitavistara Stra
+unqualified claims
+5th century CE
+the Buddhacarita
+Scholars are hesitant to make unqualified claims about the historical facts of the Buddha's life
+the historical facts of the Buddha
+monastic order
+5th century CE
+Michael Carrithers
+birth, maturity, renunciation, search, awakening and liberation, teaching, death
+Karen Armstrong
+Siddhatta Gotama
+Siddhatta Gotama
+Michael Carrithers
+the Buddha that meets modern criteria
+Siddhatta Gotama
+fifth century BCE
+a community that was on the periphery
+a community that was on the periphery
+a community that was on the periphery
+fifth century BCE
+small republic
+the northeastern Indian subcontinent
+an oligarch
+Siddhrtha Gautama
+oligarch
+Asita
+Siddhartha would either become a holy man, depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls
+holy man
+an astrologer named Asita
+Suddhodana
+holy man
+Asita
+Asita
+great king
+leaving the palace grounds
+29
+ventured beyond the palace several times
+the suffering of ordinary people, encountering an old man, a sick man, a corpse and, finally, an ascetic holy man, a corpse and, finally, an ascetic holy man
+a king
+29
+Buddhist literature
+abandon royal life and take up a spiritual quest
+a king
+29
+four
+corpse
+they did not provide a permanent end to suffering
+Middle Way
+prolonged fasting, breath-holding, and exposure to pain
+mastered the meditative attainments
+fasting, breath-holding, and exposure to pain
+milk and rice
+Middle Way
+they did not provide a permanent end to suffering
+milk and rice
+anapanasati
+meditation
+35
+Ficus religiosa
+teaching the path of awakening
+80
+Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
+Ficus religiosa tree
+Bodhi Tree
+35
+Ficus religiosa
+Ficus religiosa
+Bodh Gaya
+Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
+the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death that arises from ordinary beings' grasping and fixating on a self and experiences
+ignorance
+suffering, anxiety, dissatisfaction
+by following the Buddhist path
+samsara
+six
+ignorance
+by following the Buddhist path
+continual repetitive cycle of birth and death
+six
+psychological
+dukkha (suffering, anxiety, dissatisfaction)
+the Buddhist path
+action, work
+the force that drives sasra
+sla
+body, speech or mind that spring from mental intent
+action, work
+sla
+sasra
+sasra
+force that drives sasra
+sla
+result
+Theravada
+the Lotus Sutra, the Agulimlya Stra and the Mahyna Mahparinirva Stra
+Vajrayana
+Amitbha
+Theravada Buddhism
+Amitbha
+Mahayana
+previous negative karma
+Genshin
+Amitbha
+Rebirth
+anatt
+the laws of cause and effect (karma)
+conception to death
+karma
+Rebirth
+anatt
+prattyasamutpda
+an unchanging, eternal soul
+those who can meditate on the arpajhnas
+those who can meditate on the arpajhnas
+31
+uddhvsa Worlds or Pure Abodes
+angmis
+formless realms
+arpajhnas
+31
+angmis
+arpajhnas
+formless realms
+East Asian and Tibetan
+The orthodox Theravada position
+Samyutta Nikaya of the Pali Canon
+Tibetan "bardo")
+The orthodox Theravada
+Tibetan
+East Asian
+Tibetan
+orthodox
+Samyutta Nikaya of the Pali Canon
+The teachings on the Four Noble Truths
+the nature of dukkha (suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness), its causes, and how it can be overcome
+Four Noble Truths
+suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness
+The teachings on the Four Noble Truths
+dukkha
+the nature of dukkha
+"suffering", "anxiety", "unsatisfactoriness", "unease"
+the nature of dukkha
+suffering
+unsatisfactoriness
+three
+suffering
+Dukkha
+three
+craving
+craving (Pali: tanha) conditioned by ignorance (Pali: avijja) of the true nature of things
+the complete cessation of dukkha is possible
+craving
+the origin of dukkha can be known
+craving
+the fourth noble truth identifies a path to this cessation
+the origin of dukkha can be known
+ignorance
+the true nature of things
+dukkha
+The Noble Eightfold Path
+lead to the cessation of dukkha
+right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), right Effort, right Mindfulness, and right Concentration
+Noble Truths
+eight
+cessation of dukkha
+right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or right Thought)
+the fourth of the Buddha's Noble Truths
+eight
+dukkha
+Ajahn Sucitto
+as stages
+mental, spoken, and bodily
+Ajahn Sucitto
+teacher Kalama with what later became known as "the immeasurables"
+one without egotism
+brahmaviharas
+mett or loving-kindness meditation
+"wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings."
+Kalama
+egotism
+love, compassion, joy, and equanimity
+Pema Chdrn
+meditation that cultivates "wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings."
+prior to his enlightenment
+Middle Way (or Middle Path)
+enlightenment
+intellectual
+discourage
+Buddhist scholars
+doctrinal
+The concept of liberation
+suffering
+nirva
+The concept of liberation
+dispassion for the objects of clinging
+three
+notion that all compounded or conditioned phenomena (all things and experiences) are inconstant, unsteady, and impermanent
+flux in the aging process, the cycle of rebirth (sasra), and in any experience of loss
+doctrine asserts that because things are impermanent
+Everything
+ceasing to be
+sasra
+suffering
+suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness, sorrow, affliction, anxiety, dissatisfaction, discomfort, anguish, stress, misery, and frustration
+disquietude
+realistic
+Buddhism
+disquietude
+disquietude
+"dukkha"
+Not-self (Pli: anatta; Sanskrit: antman)
+suffering
+the Buddha refused to answer
+practitioner
+Not-self (Pli: anatta; Sanskrit: antman)
+Nikayas
+metaphysical
+skandhas
+prattyasamutpda
+dependent origination
+Buddhist
+Twelve Nidnas
+continuation of the cycle of suffering and rebirth (sasra)
+Twelve Nidnas
+cause, foundation, source or origin
+The Twelve Nidnas
+The Twelve Nidnas
+by attaining Nirvana
+ignorance
+absence of the others
+Sentient beings
+dukkha
+by attaining Nirvana
+ignorance
+nyat
+emptiness
+tman
+all phenomena
+Sarvastivada
+Vasubandhu and Asanga
+cittamatra
+Not all Yogacarins asserted that mind was truly existent
+Buddha-nature
+perfected spiritual insight
+Tibetan Buddhism
+Jonang
+Mahayana sutras that present a unique model of Buddha-nature
+Nirvana
+Enlightenment
+arahant
+Bodhi
+nirvana
+raga
+dosa
+delusion
+the bodhisattva
+buddha
+nirvana
+parinirvana
+a Buddha
+Samsara
+suffering
+28
+Maitreya
+celestial
+reality
+arahants
+Bodhi
+anagami
+Dharmakaya
+omnipresent
+Mahayana
+existence
+monks
+nyat
+bodhisattvas
+Pure Land
+manifestation
+Amitabha Buddha
+Gautama Buddha
+A Buddha era
+The Gautama Buddha
+Buddha of this era
+Mahayana Buddhists
+A Theravada
+Pure Land Buddhism
+enlightenment being
+bodhicitta
+Mahyna
+Mahyna "Great Vehicle"
+Mahayana
+Mahayana Buddhism
+bodhisattva vow
+dna, la, kanti, vrya, dhyna, and praj
+14th
+Buddhists
+bowing, offerings, pilgrimage, and chanting
+meditative
+the Buddha
+early Brahminic
+liberating
+the yogis
+mindfulness and clear awareness
+vision
+meditative
+"transcendent wisdom"
+The Buddhist texts
+The Buddhist texts
+Upanishads
+meditation
+contemplative
+Nasadiya Sukta
+taking refuge in the Three Jewels
+Majjhima Nikaya
+Tibetan
+essence
+The Three Jewels have the quality of excellence
+Gautama Buddha
+The Dharma
+The Sangha
+speech, or mind
+pramit
+keeping these precepts
+la
+keeping the precepts
+basic morality
+precepts
+asceticism
+training rules that laypeople undertake voluntarily to facilitate practice
+ethical
+lower
+the third precept
+celibacy
+ten
+the seventh precept
+ten
+Vinaya
+227
+vinayapitaka
+counts
+life
+higher attainments
+islands unto themselves
+Mahayana Brahmajala Sutra
+vegetarianism
+Japan
+Chn
+jhnas
+right concentration
+samdhi
+defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous
+Sanskrit  dhyna
+vipassan
+insight
+idea
+jhna
+mind
+disturbed to start with
+jna
+praj Pli pa
+Only understanding (praj or vipassana)
+craving
+various defilements
+suffering and stress
+Nibbna
+Four
+bodhi
+Praj
+sermons
+at any point
+each Buddhist can verify the truth of the Buddha's teaching at a practical level
+seon
+Zen Buddhism
+Zen
+direct spiritual
+two
+Rinzai () and St
+Zen
+True Self or Formless Self
+Thinking and thought
+Mahayana
+Diamond Vehicle
+Tantric
+ritual, visualization, physical exercises, and meditation
+second half of the first millennium BCE
+the sense of the influence of morality on rebirth
+ascetic religious and philosophical groups
+non-Vedic
+Greater Magadha
+Rajagrha
+2nd or 3rd centuries BCE
+Upanishads
+Pakudha Kaccayana
+Ajnanas
+the Ajnanas (agnostics) and the Jains
+Vedic animal sacrifice
+hymn of the cosmic man
+animal sacrifices
+Vedas
+The reliability of these sources, and the possibility to draw out a core of oldest teachings, is a matter of dispute
+insight
+the Rupa Jhanas
+Majjhima Nikaya 36
+rebirth
+a concept of karma that differed considerably from the commonly held views of his time
+dhyna
+meditative
+fourth
+liberating insight
+linear
+Nirvna
+Nikayas
+"Nibbna" (Sanskrit: Nirvna)
+the middle way
+eightfold
+prajna
+liberating insight
+person
+three
+five
+Early Buddhism
+Sectarian Buddhism
+Early Buddhism
+Vajrayana Buddhism
+Pre-sectarian Buddhism
+rebirth
+Noble Eightfold Path
+Buddhist
+nanda
+stras, Pli suttas
+abhidhamma
+the Second Council
+the Second Council
+100 BCE
+Mahsghikas
+the Mahasanghika
+vinaya
+The Sthaviras
+monasteries
+doctrinal disagreements
+Abhidharma
+systematic philosophical treatises
+3rd century BCE, 100 to 200 years after the death of the Buddha
+Mahasanghika
+Prajpramit stras
+ndhra
+Prajpramit
+1st century BCE
+the ndhra country
+third century BCE
+South India
+Buddhism
+a separate Vinaya or ordination lineage from the early schools of Buddhism
+monasteries side by side
+early Chinese translations of Mahyna texts
+Lokakema
+Prajpramit series
+1st century BCE
+Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic
+Buddhist Logic
+Yogacara
+Ashoka
+stpas
+Buddhist religious memorials
+spread Buddhism (Dharma)
+missionaries
+spread Buddhism (Dharma)
+Persian and Greek
+Menander
+3rd century BCE
+3rd century BCE
+2nd century CE
+2nd century CE
+Korea and Japan
+Indian period of Esoteric Buddhism
+Buddhist
+the teachings of the Buddha
+the Buddhist community
+progressive
+depart from traditional beliefs and practices
+second half of the 20th Century
+neo-Buddhism
+Soka Gakkai
+"the most diverse" and "the largest lay Buddhist movement in the world"
+Soka Gakkai International
+Soka Gakkai International
+Buddhism
+China
+244 million or 18.2%
+360 million
+150 million
+Seven million
+138 million
+495 million
+487 million
+lesser vehicle
+Hinayana
+concepts
+one Buddhist ecumenical organization
+Theravada
+the ancestral Sthvirya
+Pali Canon
+west
+Theravadin
+merit
+Nland University
+the Mahayana Sutras
+the Buddha himself
+Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra
+Eastern Buddhism
+Mahayana
+the Pure Land school of Mahayana
+Saivism
+Buddhists
+The Guhyasiddhi of Padmavajra
+Buddhist
+objects in themselves
+text that is universally referred to by all traditions
+gamas
+core
+The size and complexity of the Buddhist canons
+Dhammapada
+Buddhism
+Theravada
+sample
+The Buddha and His Dhamma
+The Pli Tipitaka
+Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka
+The Vinaya Pitaka
+The Sutta Pitaka
+The Abhidhamma Pitaka
+Pli Tipitaka
+five or seven
+Mahkyapa
+to record the Buddha's teachings
+nanda
+nanda
+the dhamma
+Theravadin
+The Theravadins
+Mahayana Buddhist tradition
+The Mahayana sutras
+Sarvastivada Abhidharma
+Mahayana
+the Great Vehicle
+the bodhisattva path
+Mahayana
+Mahayana sutras
+Mahayana
+Approximately six hundred
+East Asian Buddhism
+after the 5th century CE
+Hinayana
+Theravada school
+Sri Lanka
+modern era
+the Hinayna, the Inferior Way
+rvakayna
+Buddhism
+ethics
+moral and spiritual
+Christianity
+scientific
+Buddhism
+Buddhism
+Simon Fuller
+Simon Fuller
+2002
+Pop Idol
+Fox
+Simon Fuller
+Pop Idol
+Simon Fuller
+19 Entertainment
+June 11, 2002
+Pop Idol
+Randy Jackson
+Brian Dunkleman
+Jennifer Lopez
+Ryan Seacrest and comedian Brian Dunkleman
+Brian Dunkleman
+Randy Jackson
+Jennifer Lopez
+Randy Jackson
+Paula Abdul
+Simon Cowell
+Keith Urban
+Harry Connick, Jr
+345
+Jordin Sparks
+a rival TV executive
+Jordin Sparks
+Jordin Sparks
+Jordin Sparks
+Jordin Sparks
+345
+a rival TV executive
+2015
+2015
+fifteenth
+eight
+May 11, 2015
+Popstars
+Simon Fuller
+2001
+Simon Cowell
+Lythgoe
+British
+Nigel Lythgoe
+real-life soap opera
+2001
+Lythgoe
+seven consecutive
+2002
+2001
+Elisabeth
+Rupert Murdoch
+The search for a Superstar
+eight
+four
+Angie Martinez
+Stryker
+four
+A fourth judge, radio DJ Stryker
+Angie Martinez
+the second season, New York radio personality Angie Martinez had been hired as a fourth judge but withdrew only after a few days of auditions due to not being comfortable with giving out criticism
+Kara DioGuardi
+Ellen DeGeneres
+two
+2011
+The X Factor
+Kara DioGuardi
+before season nine
+January 11, 2010
+Ellen DeGeneres
+season ten
+season two
+Adam Lambert
+season three
+season eight
+season nine
+Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb
+season eight
+season three
+Brian Dunkleman
+Dunkleman
+Jimmy Iovine
+Scott Borchetta
+song choice and performance
+Jimmy Iovine
+Jimmy Iovine
+Jimmy Iovine
+twenty-eight
+twenty-four in the first three seasons
+semi-final stage
+only a few hundred of these make it past the preliminary round of auditions
+the only audition stage shown on television
+only a few hundred
+a few hundred
+a few hundred
+producers
+the only audition stage shown on television
+season seven, the group round was eliminated and contestants may, after a first solo performance and on judges approval, skip a second solo round and move directly to the final Hollywood round
+seasons two and three
+usually three rounds of eliminations
+season twelve
+three
+group round
+seasons two and three
+Las Vegas
+Sudden Death round
+season thirteen
+178 million
+season ten
+Telescope Inc
+the semi-finals onwards
+Over 110 million
+750 million
+12
+wildcard round
+individually in their respective night
+individually in their respective night
+In seasons two and three, there were four groups of eight, and the top two of each selected
+12 finalists in all
+12
+twenty-four
+gender in order to ensure an equal gender division in the top twelve
+only six of each remained to form the top twelve
+six
+The men and women sang separately on consecutive nights, and the bottom two in each groups were eliminated each week until only six of each remained to form the top twelve
+four
+three contestants moving forward – the highest male, the highest female, and the next highest-placed singer - for each night, and four wildcards were chosen by the judges to produce a final 13
+the top twenty semifinalists were split into gender groups
+three
+season eight
+three
+four
+three contestants moving forward – the highest male, the highest female, and the next highest-placed singer - for each night, and four wildcards were chosen by the judges to produce a final 13
+CBS Television City
+Jimmy Iovine
+thirteen
+eight
+CBS Television City in Los Angeles
+Jimmy Iovine
+one
+each week
+season eight
+once, and only up through the top five
+safety
+season six
+fourteenth
+by using their Facebook account to decide which contestant will move on to the next show
+The "Fan save"
+five-minute window
+fourteenth season
+Nokia Theatre
+3,400
+two-hour last episode of the season
+Dolby Theatre
+3,400
+6,000
+Nokia Theatre
+affiliated 19 Management
+Big Machine Records
+three months
+a record deal with a major label
+American Idol-affiliated 19 Management
+Big Machine Records
+a golden ticket
+a golden ticket
+the viewing public
+season seven
+Rickey Minor
+season ten
+Rickey Minor
+Rickey Minor
+Ray Chew
+season seven
+Fox network
+2002
+Brian Dunkleman
+June 2002
+Fox network
+Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman
+121 contestants were selected from around 10,000 who attended the auditions
+around 10,000
+Jim Verraros
+Tamyra Gray
+in the hospital
+121
+10,000
+Delano Cagnolatti
+at the top four
+Christina Christian
+2002
+Justin Guarini
+September 4, 2002
+Justin Guarini
+Betty Hutton
+September 4, 2002
+"A Moment Like This", went on to break a 38-year-old record held by The Beatles for the biggest leap to number one on the Billboard Hot 100
+From Justin
+23 million
+coronation
+coronation
+"A Moment Like This", went on to break a 38-year-old record held by The Beatles for the biggest leap to number one on the Billboard Hot 100
+"A Moment Like This", went on to break a 38-year-old record held by The Beatles
+From Justin to Kelly
+23 million
+2003
+Kristin Adams
+January 2003
+Kristin Adams
+Paula Abdul
+Frenchie Davis
+Corey Clark
+Jaered Andrews
+Corey Clark
+Frenchie Davis
+Jaered Andrews
+Ruben Studdard
+just 134,000
+Nigel Lythgoe
+24 million
+Nigel Lythgoe
+Ruben Studdard
+Nigel Lythgoe
+134,000
+just 134,000
+Aiken
+"Flying Without Wings"
+Josh Gracin
+"Flying Without Wings"
+"Flying Without Wings"
+"Flying Without Wings"
+Aiken out-performed Studdard's coronation song "Flying Without Wings"
+Josh Gracin
+2004
+William Hung
+William Hung
+January 19, 2004
+William Hung
+William Hung
+Fantasia Barrino, LaToya London, and Jennifer Hudson
+Hudson
+Elton John
+John Stevens
+Three Divas
+Hudson
+Elton John
+John Stevens
+Simon Cowell
+I Believe
+"Dreams"
+I Believe
+Simon Cowell
+Diana DeGarmo
+Fantasia
+I Believe
+Nikko Smith
+Nikko Smith
+Freemantle Media
+Vazquez
+the top 11 week
+until the following night
+2005
+65 million
+"Inside Your Heaven"
+an "American Idol" alumnus
+May 2005
+Carrie Underwood
+"Inside Your Heaven"
+65 million
+Season five
+Brittenum twins
+Season five
+January 17, 2006
+Brittenum twins
+an invitation
+the top four
+Chris Daughtry
+Chris Daughtry
+new lead singer
+Chris Daughtry
+Live's version of "I Walk the Line"
+not crediting the arrangement to Live
+Taylor Hicks
+"Do I make You Proud"
+"Do I make You Proud"
+May 30, 2006
+Katharine McPhee
+"Do I make You Proud"
+"Do I make You Proud"
+Hicks, McPhee, Bucky Covington, Mandisa, Kellie Pickler, and Elliott Yamin
+Daughtry
+Chris Daughtry
+Daughtry
+2007
+37.3 million
+January 16, 2007
+37.3 million
+Teenager Sanjaya Malakar
+Howard Stern
+Vote for the Worst
+April 18
+Teenager Sanjaya Malakar
+Teenager Sanjaya Malakar
+vote for the Worst and satellite radio personality Howard Stern
+Vote for the Worst
+Howard Stern
+April 18
+Idol Gives Back telethon
+more than $76 million
+Melinda Doolittle
+Idol Gives Back telethon-inspired event
+Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson
+Melinda Doolittle
+Jordin Sparks
+Jordin Sparks
+May 23
+May 23 season
+Jordin Sparks
+Blake Lewis
+2005
+over 100,000
+Constantine Maroulis
+January 18, 2005
+January 18, 2005
+January 18, 2005
+high definition
+over 100,000
+28
+2007
+"These Is My now"
+by both finalists during the finale and released by Sparks
+American Idol Songwriter
+the "coronation song"
+20 entries
+"coronation song"
+May 24, 2007
+2008
+David Hernandez
+David Hernandez
+January 15, 2008
+David Hernandez
+his past employment as a stripper
+David Hernandez
+"Billie Jean"
+David Cook
+Chris Cornell
+March 11, 2008
+March 11, 2008
+Chris Cornell arrangement
+David Cook
+John Lennon
+season ten
+"Hallelujah"
+Jason Castro
+iTunes
+John Lennon's "Imagine"
+Jennifer Lopez
+Jason Castro
+Jeff Buckley
+iTunes
+David Cook
+David Cook
+May 21, 2008
+David Cook
+The Time of My Life
+The Time of My Life
+2008
+The Time of My Life
+May 22, 2008
+2009
+Mike Darnell
+president of alternative programming
+January 13, 2009
+January 13, 2009
+Mike Darnell
+Danny Gokey
+Kara DioGuardi
+two weeks
+So You Think You Can Dance
+Kodak Theatre
+global recession at the time
+fourth
+Kara DioGuardi
+So You Think You Can Dance
+Kodak Theatre
+Idol Gives Back
+13
+Matt Giraud
+two
+two
+Lil rounds and Anoop Desai
+13
+two
+Matt Giraud
+Kris Allen and Adam Lambert
+Adam Lambert
+Arkansas
+38 million
+Allen
+the contest in the most controversial voting result since season two
+38 million
+AT&T
+No Boundaries
+DioGuardi
+No Boundaries
+DioGuardi
+gold album status
+none
+2010
+Ellen DeGeneres
+Hollywood Week
+January 12, 2010
+Ellen DeGeneres
+Ellen DeGeneres
+January 12, 2010
+Crystal Bowersox
+Ken Warwick
+diabetic ketoacidosis
+Crystal Bowersox
+the top 20 week
+Ken Warwick
+Ken Warwick
+producer, wanted to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay
+Judges
+April 21, 2010
+Adam Lambert
+$45 million
+Michael Lynche
+Adam Lambert
+Simon Cowell
+A special tribute to Simon Cowell
+Simon Cowell
+Paula Abdul
+DeWyze
+"Beautiful Day"
+May 26
+neither finalist achieved significant album sales
+DeWyze chose U2's "Beautiful Day" and Bowersox chose Patty Griffin's "Up to the Mountain"
+DeWyze chose U2's "Beautiful Day"
+2011
+January 19, 2011
+Jimmy Iovine
+U.S. version of The X Factor
+Nigel Lythgoe
+January 19, 2011
+Nigel Lythgoe
+Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler
+Jimmy Iovine
+Season ten
+Myspace
+one such auditioner and reached the final rounds
+online auditions where contestants could submit a 40-second video audition via Myspace
+online auditions where contestants could submit a 40-second video audition via Myspace
+Chris Medina
+Top 40
+Casey Abrams
+Abrams
+Chris Medina
+following week
+Casey Abrams
+Top 13
+Abrams
+Tom Hanks
+Tom Hanks
+Pia Toscano
+Tom Hanks
+"Like My Mother does"
+Scotty McCreery
+"I Love You This Big"
+"Like My Mother does"
+Soulful
+May 25, being the youngest male winner and the fourth male in a row to win American Idol
+The two finalists in 2011 were Lauren Alaina and Scotty McCreery, both teenage country singers
+No. 1
+2012
+one more finalist would join the Top 24 making it the Top 25
+Jermaine Jones
+January 18, 2012
+Jermaine Jones
+March 14, Jones denied the accusation that he concealed his arrests
+concealing arrests and outstanding warrants
+Phillip Phillips
+a blockage caused by kidney stones
+eight surgeries
+Phillip Phillips
+Phillip Phillips
+kidney
+Colton Dixon
+Jessica Sanchez
+Colton Dixon
+fewest number of votes during the Top 7 week
+during the Top 7 week
+Jessica Sanchez
+Colton Dixon
+Diana DeGarmo
+season five
+season three runner-up
+Ace Young
+season five finalist
+stage
+"Change Nothing"
+"Change Nothing"
+Home
+"Change Nothing"
+"Change Nothing"
+2013
+Randy Jackson
+TMZ
+January 16, 2013
+four
+five males and five females
+Lazaro Arbos
+the top 10 contestants were all female
+five
+Lazaro Arbos
+the top four contestants were therefore given an extra week to perform again with their votes carried over with no elimination in the first week
+Jordin Sparks
+Jordin Sparks
+Jordin Sparks
+All Cried Out
+Candice Glover
+Kree Harrison
+"I Am Beautiful"
+All Cried Out
+signed by a music label
+Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj
+one
+Randy Jackson
+Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj
+2014
+Ryan Seacrest
+in-mentor
+Ryan Seacrest
+January 15, 2014
+Harry Connick
+Jennifer Lopez
+Harry Connick
+Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick
+Sam Woolf
+Top 3
+songs they wrote themselves
+Sam Woolf
+In the Top 8
+the Top 3 performance night
+Caleb Johnson
+Caleb Johnson
+"As Long as You Love Me"
+"As Long as You Love Me"
+Caleb Johnson
+Jena Irene
+"As Long as You Love Me"
+"As Long as You Love Me"
+2015
+Ryan Seacrest
+Adam Lambert
+judges
+Randy Jackson
+January 7, 2015
+Adam Lambert
+one
+Coca Cola
+Ford Motor Company
+Big Machine Records
+one
+Coca Cola
+Ford Motor Company
+Big Machine Records
+Nick Fradiani
+Nick Fradiani
+Jax
+"Beautiful Life"
+Forcefield
+Nick Fradiani
+Nick Fradiani
+"Beautiful Life"
+"Champion"
+Jax
+2015
+fifteenth season
+fifth
+judges
+Ryan Seacrest
+May 11, 2015
+Ryan Seacrest
+131
+2002
+Southern
+South Carolina
+North Carolina
+ten of the fourteen
+Chris Daughtry
+47 million
+16 percent
+47 million
+85 percent
+Taylor Hicks
+Alabama
+Bible Belt
+church
+Alabama
+"White guy with guitar"
+Richard Rushfield
+American Idol: The Untold Story
+five
+white male who plays the guitar
+Idol pundits call the "White guy with guitar"
+Richard Rushfield
+Phillip Phillips
+19 Entertainment
+Ruben Studdard
+Ruben Studdard
+2013
+100 million
+season eight
+season 7
+power voting
+2010
+2013
+Idol Gives Back
+$185 million
+Idol Gives Back
+season six
+2002
+more than 40 million
+23 million
+June 2002
+June 2002
+more than 40 million
+23 million
+26.8 million
+21.7 million viewers
+Ruben Studdard
+18–49
+season four, American Idol had become the most watched series amongst all viewers on American TV for the first time, with an average viewership of 26.8 million
+26.5 million
+21.7 million
+season four
+Season six
+16%
+rearranged their schedules in order to minimize losses
+NBC
+American Idol
+The show was dubbed "the Death Star" and competing networks often rearranged their schedules in order to minimize losses
+a drop in ratings of 16% from the previous year
+average results show rated higher than the competition stages
+2007–2008
+the fall in viewership across all networks due in part to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike
+2002
+Kristy Lee Cook
+improved over season six
+most watched TV network in the country
+Writers Guild of America strike
+NBC
+CBS
+18.4 million
+NBC's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics
+30.1 million
+sixth
+32.1
+32.1
+32.1
+32.1
+eight years
+NBC Sunday Night Football
+18-49 demographic victory
+13.3 million
+2013–14
+end of the 2013–14 television season
+7.2 million
+13.3 million
+Coca-Cola
+8.03 million
+fifteenth
+May 11, 2015
+8.03 million viewers
+1990s and 2000s
+18–49
+New Girl
+Glee and New Girl
+Simon Fuller
+So You Think You Can Dance
+The Sing-Off
+Daughtry and Carrie Underwood
+Kelly Clarkson
+Carrie Underwood
+345
+Rich Meyer
+Kelly Clarkson
+345
+Fred Bronson
+four
+four million
+59 million
+120 million
+59 million
+120 million
+Debra Byrd
+won a role in Dreamgirls and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance
+television and films
+Jennifer Hudson
+Dreamgirls
+Debra Byrd
+Entertainment Weekly
+national anthem
+Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly
+Entertainment Weekly
+Karla Peterson of The San Diego Union-Tribune
+Lincoln Memorial
+Entertainment Weekly
+Ramin Setoodeh of Newsweek
+John Mayer
+Newsweek
+commercialism
+Ann Powers
+Ramin Setoodeh of Newsweek
+John Mayer
+Elton John
+2006
+LeAnn Rimes
+Usher
+Carrie Underwood
+Faith Hill
+LeAnn Rimes
+Elton John
+country music and Idol "go together well"
+country music
+nine years
+Bruce Gower
+nine years
+Idol Gives Back edition
+nine years
+Governor's Award
+$900 million
+$900 million
+The American Idol experience
+$900 million
+Disney
+season four
+$1.3 million
+$300,000
+$737,000
+the next season, it had broken the record in advertising rate for season eleven also resulted in a sharp drop in advertising rate for season eleven also resulted in a sharp drop in advertising rate for season eleven
+more than its nearest competitor
+first
+first
+AT&T Wireless
+the mid-2010s
+season seven
+$10 million
+$35 million
+AT&T Wireless
+text-messaging
+4,349
+PepsiCo
+The X Factor
+PepsiCo
+The X Factor
+third
+twelve
+M&M's Pretzel Chocolate Candies
+a semi-finalist who won a sing-off
+Kellogg's Pop-Tarts
+M&M's Pretzel Chocolate Candies
+The season five tour
+season seven
+first five
+iTunes
+winner's coronation single
+as a compilation album at the end of the season
+the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program
+iTunes
+Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG)
+UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M Records
+UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M Records
+19 Entertainment
+19 Recordings
+Bertelsmann Music Group
+Sony Music Entertainment
+UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M Records
+The Walt Disney Company
+2014
+2014
+Disney's Hollywood Studios
+August 30, 2014
+Walt Disney World Resort
+Dream Ticket
+August 30, 2014
+over 100
+CTV and/or CTV Two
+2014
+Yes TV
+over 100
+CTV and/or CTV Two
+Yes TV
+La3
+two
+STAR World
+every Thursday and Friday nine or ten hours
+STAR World
+La3
+double standard
+eight
+eight
+Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris
+domestic dog
+millennia
+sensory capabilities
+2010s
+40,000 years ago
+a starch-rich diet which would be inadequate for other canid species
+starch-rich diet
+an extinct wolf-like canid
+man's best friend
+man's best friend
+meat
+*dukkn
+Proto-Indo-European
+Middle English dogge
+Proto-Indo-European
+hound
+dog
+16th
+hound
+16th century
+types used for hunting
+*kwon- "dog"
+Offspring
+the sire
+poupée
+a male canine
+bitch
+bitch
+a dog
+the sire
+the dam
+offspring
+Canis
+1982
+the taxonomist Linnaeus
+Dog-wolf
+Mammal Species of the World
+Canis
+"Dog- family" or the family dog
+Canis lupus
+Canis familiaris
+1982
+2003
+Mammal Species of the World
+Canis familiaris
+researchers
+Canis familiaris
+ICZN
+the ICZN ruled in its Opinion 2027 that if wild animals and their domesticated derivatives are regarded as one species
+Later genetic studies
+extinct
+ancient wolf fossils that have been found in Europe than they are to modern gray wolves
+Taimyr wolf of North Asia
+human hunter-gatherers
+gray wolf
+Taimyr wolf of North Asia
+domestic animal
+catching and tearing
+scavengers
+wrist bones
+endurance
+catching and tearing
+scavengers
+height and weight
+English Mastiff
+English Mastiff
+double
+soft down hair
+double
+soft down hair
+countershading
+upper surfaces and light coloring below
+countershading
+dark
+general visibility
+sickle
+emotional state
+sickle
+genetic ailments
+parasites
+unspayed
+unspayed females of all types and ages
+parasites
+toxic
+macadamia nuts
+macadamia
+Theobromine
+toxic
+nicotine
+dark
+1.2 years
+shorter
+2013
+1.2 years
+typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds
+Dogue de Bordeaux
+6 to 7 years
+6 to 7 years
+Dogue de Bordeaux
+about 5.2 years
+14 to 15 years
+Bluey
+Bluey
+1939
+Bluey
+1939
+Pusuke
+six
+pregnancy
+two years old
+subsequent estrous cycles biannually
+58 to 68 days
+63 days
+six
+twelve
+63 days
+six
+one to four
+American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
+American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
+testicles
+ovaries and uterus
+testicles
+ovaries and uterus
+undesired puppies that may have to later be euthanized
+Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality
+urinary incontinence
+female dogs are less likely to develop some forms of cancer, affecting mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs
+urinary incontinence
+hypersexuality
+Rico
+Chaser
+gesturing and pointing
+domestic dogs
+solve their problems
+knowledge for applying to solve problems
+over 200 different items
+advanced memory skills
+1,000
+9,000–30,000 years BCE
+humans
+social-cognitive skills
+physical and social evolution
+humans
+internally coordinated responses
+understand and communicate
+some of the social-cognitive skills of human children
+scents, pheromones and taste
+hand signals
+movements of bodies and limbs
+hand signals
+domestic dogs
+atrophy of the jaw muscles
+diagnostic
+twice yearly
+their behaviors
+11
+morphology and behavior
+production-related traits
+fear and aggression
+production-related traits
+for their behaviors
+11
+aggression
+525 million:225
+525 million:225
+regional human population densities
+apex
+uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings
+kill dogs
+apex
+kill sheep
+Wolves
+Leopards
+Striped hyenas
+alligators and pythons
+Coyotes
+Coyotes
+alligators and pythons
+Striped hyenas
+omnivores
+vegetables and grains
+obligate
+Carnivora
+protein
+starch-rich diet
+a few hundred years old
+behavioral and morphological variation
+varied breeds
+Irish Wolfhound
+a few hundred years old
+hundreds
+blue
+selective breeding
+inherited characteristics
+modern kennel clubs
+reinforced certain characteristics in certain populations of dogs
+Dog breeds
+non-scientific
+unsystematic
+four
+Malamute and Shar Pei
+herding
+four
+old world dogs
+Malamute and Shar Pei
+bite inhibition
+sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication
+one of the most successful
+bite inhibition
+hunter-gatherers
+aiding handicapped individuals
+man's best friend
+a source of meat
+food scraps
+three dog night
+an early warning
+by cleaning up food scraps
+three dog night
+cooperative
+2004
+use of dogs' robust sense of smell to assist with the hunt
+domestication of the wolf
+sled dogs
+Bering land bridge
+about 9,400 years ago
+about 9,400 years ago
+Athabascan
+Apache and Navajo tribes
+horse
+a four-to-five-month-old puppy
+humans and dogs
+1950s and 1960s
+1980s
+outside more often than they tend to be today
+elites
+outside more often than they tend to be today
+1980s
+human expectations of personality and behaviour
+dogs-as-dogs
+two
+commodification
+everyday routines and practices
+commodity forms
+18th century
+urine marking
+18th century
+through scent
+establish territory through scent
+as part of the family
+Dog Whisperer
+part of the family
+Dog Whisperer
+the newspaper
+the plates
+dog yoga
+set tasks or routines undertaken as family members
+newspaper
+77.5 million
+77.5 million
+magnetic resonance imaging
+voices and use the same parts of the brain
+the brain
+emotional
+magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
+emotional
+man's best friend
+herding livestock
+nets, detection dogs, and pulling loads
+Laika
+herding livestock, hunting (e.g. pointers and hounds)
+man's best friend
+pointers and hounds
+nets, detection dogs, and pulling loads
+Laika
+1957
+psychological therapy
+medical care
+breed shows
+a judge familiar with the specific dog
+individual purebred dogs
+externally observable qualities of the dog
+conformation shows
+individual purebred dogs
+externally observable qualities of the dog (such as appearance, movement, and temperament)
+qualities
+western hypocrisy
+taboo
+dog fat
+no difference
+western hypocrisy
+medicinal properties
+gaejang-guk
+bosintang
+to ensure good health by balancing one's gi, or vital energy of the body
+scallions and chili powder
+summer months
+beef, chicken, and pork
+4.5 million
+17 fatalities per year
+26. 77%
+4.5 million
+2000s
+less severe
+12.9 per 10,000
+60.7 per 10,000
+in the face or neck
+serious infections
+Colorado
+60.7 per 10,000
+serious infections
+cats
+two-wheeled vehicles
+two-wheeled vehicles
+Toxocara canis
+eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis
+10,000
+cutaneous larva migrans
+Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) eggs
+14%
+about 10,000
+24%
+cause retinal damage and decreased vision
+2005
+absenteeism from school through sickness
+2005
+physical exercise
+physical exercise
+social interactions
+social interactions
+2015
+reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral, and psychological indicators of anxiety
+strangers
+mental institutions
+social behaviors
+antisocial and violent behavior
+late 18th century
+mental institutions
+increased attendance
+animal-assisted
+odour
+40 times
+trillion
+40 times
+551
+Cerberus
+the gates of Hades
+Garmr guards Helheim
+Kimat who is the pet of Tadaklan
+thunder
+Persian mythology
+Cerberus
+Garmr
+Kimat
+Kimat
+the gates of Naraka
+Yama
+bronze dog figurines
+Yama
+the gates of Naraka
+bronze dog figurines
+bronze dog figurines
+unclean
+they are viewed as scavengers
+Hasan Kk of The Hague
+leather dog booties
+they are viewed as scavengers
+2015
+Lérida, Spain
+their luggage
+faithfulness
+themselves
+feeding them
+faithfulness
+kind protectors
+Chinese mythology
+as kind protectors
+caves
+Hunting scenes
+caves
+Hunting scenes
+the relationships between human and canine developed
+humans
+Male French Bulldogs
+run away
+respond with aggression
+pet dogs living in human homes
+more safety, more reliable food, lesser caloric needs, and more chance to breed
+domestication of dogs
+poorly controlled
+to the doctor
+1936 Summer Olympics
+129
+one world, one dream
+Journey of Harmony
+one world, one dream
+Beijing, China
+"Journey of Harmony"
+85,000
+March 24
+Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens
+March 31
+six
+Silk Road
+Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens
+March 24
+Panathinaiko Stadium
+March 24
+Mount Everest
+hundreds
+none
+protests, which ranged from hundreds of people in San Francisco, to effectively none in Pyongyang, forced the path of the torch relay to be changed or shortened on a number of occasions
+Chinese security officials
+Chinese government
+supporters
+counter-protesters
+overseas Chinese and foreign-based Chinese nationals
+skirmishes
+Latin America, Africa, and Western Asia
+Jacques Rogge
+Tibetan
+global relays
+Jacques Rogge
+expelled from the games
+Jacques Rogge
+the IOC's decision to scrap global relays
+Paralympic Games
+Paralympic Games
+"Lucky cloud"
+aluminum
+985 grams
+An ignition key
+"Lucky cloud"
+aluminum
+65 kilometre per hour
+up to 50 millimetres (2 inches) per hour
+cans of propane
+Air China Airbus A330
+yellow
+March 2008
+130
+a chartered Air China Airbus A330
+red and yellow colors
+Air China Airbus A330
+130
+137,000 km (85,000 mi)
+six
+Taipei
+Hong Kong and Macau
+continents
+Beijing and Taipei
+Beijing and Taipei
+24
+March 24, 2008
+Olympia, Greece
+Maria Nafpliotou
+Liu Qi
+March 30, 2008
+Olympia, Greece
+Luo Xuejuan
+silver
+Maria Nafpliotou
+Nepal
+French hypermart Carrefour
+LVMH Group
+French flags
+Kunming
+LVMH Group
+censorship
+Carrefour
+People's Daily
+People's Daily
+legal
+Almaty
+Kazakhstan
+President of Kazakhstan
+Astana Square
+Uighur
+Almaty
+Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbaev
+20 km
+Uighur
+April 3
+Taksim Square
+Sultanahmet Square
+Uyghurs living in Turkey
+Istanbul
+Sultanahmet Square
+Taksim Square
+Uyghurs
+Several protesters who tried to disrupt the relay were promptly arrested by the police
+April 5
+Victory Square
+Palace Square
+PRIDE Heavyweight Champion Fedor Emelianenko
+Victory Square
+Victory Square
+Palace Square
+Olympic flame
+The torch relay leg held in London
+April 6
+£750,000
+The torch relay leg
+Wembley Stadium
+O2 Arena
+30
+thugs
+80
+Sir Steve Redgrave
+Richard Vaughan
+Prime Minister Gordon Brown
+Sir Steve Redgrave
+2,000
+Francesca Martinez and Richard Vaughan
+10 Downing Street
+Konnie Huq in a momentary struggle
+April 7
+Stade Charléty
+by bus
+the police authorities in Paris
+April 7
+Stade Charléty
+Stade Charléty
+estimated 3,000
+five
+Green Party officials
+Jin Jing
+Angel in Wheelchair
+torch relay ceremony amidst disruptions
+Jin Jing
+Angel in Wheelchair
+Green Party officials
+Reporters Without Borders
+Eiffel Tower
+Notre Dame
+a protest banner
+Reporters Without Borders
+Notre Dame cathedral
+Trocadéro
+Jane Birkin
+Thupten Gyatso
+Trocadéro
+peaceful protest
+Jane Birkin
+freedom of speech
+National Assembly's session
+"Respect for Human Rights in China"
+Freedom for Tibet!
+Parliament
+the National Assembly's session
+"Respect for Human Rights in China"
+Freedom for Tibet!
+Tibetan flags
+Libération
+Trocadéro
+Michle Alliot-Marie
+Tibetan flags
+Trocadéro
+Minister of the Interior Michle Alliot-Marie
+police officer
+McCovey Cove
+April 9
+Chinese 1992 Olympic champion swimmer Lin Li
+large numbers of China supporters and protesters against China
+Peter Ueberroth
+San Francisco
+April 9
+Norman Bellingham
+Justin Herman Plaza
+San Francisco Board of Supervisors
+human rights abuses
+April 8
+April 1, 2008
+San Francisco Board of Supervisors
+United Nations Plaza
+Richard Gere
+"One World, One Dream. Free Tibet"
+KPIX-CBS5
+Laurel Sutherlin
+Golden Gate Bridge
+Laurel Sutherlin
+five
+The three activists and five supporters face charges related to trespassing, conspiracy and causing a public nuisance
+a warehouse on a waterfront pier
+Majora Carter
+Majora Carter
+Van Ness Avenue
+Justin Herman Plaza
+waterfront pier
+April 11
+the Lola Mora amphitheatre in Costanera Sur
+Mauricio Macri
+the Lola Mora amphitheatre in Costanera Sur
+Lola Mora amphitheatre
+Carlos Espnola
+Carlos Espnola
+confetti
+Jorge Carcavallo
+"Human Rights Torch."
+Free Tibet
+Jorge Carcavallo
+the city hall
+"Human Rights Torch."
+Free Tibet
+Human Rights Torch Relay
+Susan Prager
+Friends of Falun Gong
+Diego Maradona
+1200
+several water balloons
+Friends of Falun Gong
+Diego Maradona
+1200
+Olympic controversy
+peaceful
+Dar es Salaam
+April 13
+the old city to the Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium in Temeke
+Olympic flag
+TAZARA Railway
+the grand terminal of the TAZARA Railway
+Temeke
+Dar es Salaam
+Sultanate of Oman: Muscat
+April 14
+Sulaf Fawakherji
+Muscat
+20 km
+Sulaf Fawakherji
+April 16
+Jinnah Stadium
+Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani
+a stadium behind closed doors
+Jinnah Stadium
+April 17
+70
+Baichung Bhutia
+five
+Indian leg
+1.5 miles
+five
+five
+Baichung Bhutia
+Republic Day celebrations
+Indian ambassador
+India's Commerce Minister, Kamal Nath
+India's Commerce Minister, Kamal Nath
+2 am local time
+Republic Day celebrations
+terrorist
+150,000
+a ban on congregation near the curtailed 3 km route
+India
+150,000
+protests
+Holy Flame Protection Unit
+relations
+Tibetan government in exile
+Kiran Bedi
+Indian Police Service
+Soha Ali Khan
+April 16
+Kiran Bedi
+Soha Ali Khan
+Delhi
+the police
+caged woman
+April 18
+M.R. Narisa Chakrabongse
+Chinese Embassy
+April 18
+10
+Thai authorities threatened to arrest foreign protesters and ban them from future entry into Thailand
+Mom Rajawongse Narissara Chakrabongse
+1964 Tokyo edition
+Kuala Lumpur
+the historic Independence Square
+1964 Tokyo edition
+the historic Independence Square
+Petronas Twin Towers
+1964
+1000 personnel
+Falun Gong
+Falun Gong
+Malaysian citizenship
+"Taiwan and Tibet belong to China."
+placards
+April 22
+Chinese embassy
+journalists
+Islamabad
+20
+security worries
+round the city main's stadium
+outside the stadium
+April 24
+Aboriginal elder Agnes Shea
+a message stick
+Australian and Chinese officials
+Canberra, Australian Capital Territory
+16
+Reconciliation Place to Commonwealth Park
+Australian Federal Police
+Agnes Shea
+People's Liberation Army personnel
+our sacred torch
+Tony Goh
+Stephen Smith
+People's Liberation Army personnel
+Australian police
+Tony Goh
+Zhang Rongan
+Stephen Smith
+Lin Hatfield Dodds
+Stephen Smith
+Lin Hatfield Dodds
+Stephen Smith
+Ted Quinlan
+between 2,000 and 10,000
+Chinese embassy
+Ian Thorpe
+between 2,000 and 10,000
+between 2,000 and 10,000
+Ted Quinlan
+Jon Stanhope
+Nagano
+April 26
+Minami Nagano Sports Park
+Winter Olympics
+Minami Nagano Sports Park
+Minami Nagano Sports Park
+Thousands of riot police were mobilized to protect the torch along its route
+Seoul
+1988 Summer Games
+Olympic Park
+Chinese students
+Seoul
+1988 Summer Olympics
+April 28
+Kim Yong Nam
+Pak Du Ik
+Pyongyang
+Pyongyang
+April 28
+pink paper flowers and small flags with the Beijing Olympics logo
+Pak Du Ik
+propaganda stunt
+against human rights
+UNICEF
+their staff
+raising awareness of conditions for children
+North Korea
+April 29
+Ho Chi Minh City
+Some 60 torchbearers carried the torch from the downtown Opera House to the Military Zone 7 Competition Hall stadium near Tan Son Nhat International Airport
+Ho Chi Minh City
+Ho Chi Minh City
+Ho Chi Minh City
+Spratly and Paracel Islands
+Sansha
+Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City
+Nguyn Tn Dng
+seven
+iu Cy
+L Minh Phiu
+seven
+Nguyn Vn Hi
+tax evasion
+L Minh Phiu
+disputed islands and dotted lines marking China's maritime claims in the South China Sea
+May 2
+Lee Lai Shan
+Hong Kong Cultural Centre
+Golden Bauhinia Square
+120
+May 2
+Chief Executive Donald Tsang
+dragon boat
+120
+pro-Beijing camp politicians
+novelty inflatable plastic Olympic flames
+Tiananmen Square protests
+Christina Chan
+Several onlookers
+Several onlookers heckled Chan, shouting the Hong Kong we still have people brave enough to speak out
+democracy
+Leung Kwok-hung
+Tibetan snow lion flag
+Color Orange democracy group
+"Pillar of Shame"
+"immigration reasons"
+Mia Farrow
+two systems policy
+Color Orange democracy group
+"Pillar of Shame"
+immigration reasons
+Mia Farrow
+May 3
+Macau Fisherman's Wharf
+120
+Leong Hong Man and Leong Heng Teng
+non-athletes
+May 3
+120
+Leong Hong Man and Leong Heng Teng
+Stanley Ho. Leong Hong Man and Leong Heng Teng
+Macanese
+cyberctm.com
+Internet forums
+A Macau resident
+cyberctm.com
+The head of the Bureau of Telecommunications Regulation
+April
+Jackie Chan
+May 4
+April
+International Olympic Committee (IOC) officials and Chinese big names like Jackie Chan
+Jackie Chan
+biased
+biased
+Libération
+coverage of the events by the media
+censored
+Reporters Without Borders
+Libération
+saboteurs
+disruptive protesters
+the people of the world who cordially love the Olympic spirit
+Marie-José Pérec
+"radicals" who "trampled human rights" and whose activities were condemned by "the people of the world who cordially love the Olympic spirit"
+Marie-José Pérec
+Xinhua
+spirit of Olympics
+sports and politics
+run for spirit of Olympics
+sports and politics
+Fu Ying
+Libération
+Western media bias
+Fu Ying
+The Daily Telegraph
+Libération
+the Lhasa riots and the Olympic torch relay
+the Lhasa riots and the Olympic torch relay
+the Chinese government
+"The challenges of reporting in China"
+Paul Danahar
+1,300
+Paul Danahar
+Tibet
+People's Daily
+People's Daily
+anti-CNN website
+a Beijing citizen
+a Beijing citizen
+a Beijing citizen
+30
+August 2007
+to keep the Olympic flame alight throughout the journey and to assist in transferring the flame between the torches, the lanterns and the cauldrons
+China's female netizens
+30
+August 2007
+matching blue tracksuits
+Second Right Brother
+Carrefour
+LVMH Group
+Dalai Lama
+French flags
+LVMH Group
+conspiracy and anti-Chinese racism
+anti-Japanese
+People's Daily
+Sohu.com
+May 1
+anti-Japanese protests
+People's Daily
+Sohu.com
+May 1
+Shoichi Washizawa
+great nuisance
+an un-identified person
+Shoichi Washizawa
+great nuisance
+Olympic torch relay
+a set of 8 lanterns
+bad weather
+Hong Kong legislator
+Chinese Paralympic
+Western media
+Two additional teams of 40 attendants each will accompany the flame
+Two additional teams of 40 attendants each will accompany the flame on its Mainland China route
+Principia Mathematica could never achieve its aims
+encapsulate mathematics
+Kurt Gdel
+Kurt Gdel's incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics
+the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics
+1931
+encapsulate mathematics
+Whitehead and Russell's book
+metaphysics
+The Aims of Education and Other Essays
+against the teaching of what he called "inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful."
+it is, above all things, harmful
+between 1912 and 1927
+between 1912 and 1927
+1927
+the London Branch of the Mathematical Association
+inert ideas
+a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge
+teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge
+transdisciplinary
+provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate
+a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge
+many different areas of knowledge
+multidisciplinary
+he considered himself a rank amateur
+he considered himself a rank amateur
+one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians
+Bertrand Russell
+metaphysics
+he considered himself a rank amateur
+a rank amateur
+foremost
+"Every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics criticized."
+scientists and philosophers make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress, even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic
+both good science and good philosophy
+essential to both good science and good philosophy
+make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works all the time
+they remain unexamined and unquestioned
+their basic assumptions about how the universe works
+metaphysical investigations
+reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another
+"philosophy of organism"
+it would become known more widely as "process philosophy of organism"
+exclusively material or else exclusively mental
+"philosophy of organism"
+Cartesian
+an event-based or "process" ontology
+rejected in favor of an event-based or "process philosophy of organism"
+experiential
+process philosophy
+materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete
+"quality", "matter", and "form"
+They are useful abstractions, but are not the world's basic building blocks
+philosophically described as a continuum of overlapping events
+logically distinct
+problematic
+change
+"classical" concepts fail to adequately account for change
+a "society" of events
+a continuum of overlapping events
+occasions of experience
+defining essence" or a "core identity"
+qualitative and secondary to their core identity
+qualitative and secondary to their core identity
+discrete "occasions of experience"
+one another in time and space
+all things flow
+people define identities
+it may be difficult to ever wholly move past such ideas in everyday speech
+it is not philosophically or ontologically sound to think that a person is the same from one second to the next
+it may be difficult to ever wholly move past such ideas in everyday speech
+not philosophically or ontologically sound to think that a person is the same from one second to the next
+it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things
+limitations of language
+not philosophically or ontologically sound to think that a person is the same from one second to the next
+relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves
+as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space
+relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves
+every object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things
+it obscures the importance of relations
+A second problem with materialism
+distinct and discrete from all other objects
+an inert clump of matter that is only externally
+in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities – its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it
+forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it
+it could not be said to really exist
+nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities
+nothing more
+to really exist
+they are what the thing is
+nothing less
+conform to it
+Europe and China
+Archbishop of Canterbury, William Temple
+Gifford Lectures
+intellectuals
+Europe and China
+University of Chicago's Divinity School
+Henry Nelson Wieman
+John B. Cobb, Jr.
+Wieman, Charles Hartshorne, Bernard Loomer, Bernard Meland, and Daniel Day Williams
+China
+modernization and industrialization
+Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism
+John Cobb and David Ray Griffin
+to Whitehead's stress on the mutual interdependence of humanity and nature
+his assertion that matter is an abstraction
+his metaphysical ideas seeming somewhat counter-intuitive
+the sheer difficulty and density of his prose
+influential
+American pragmatism
+William James and John Dewey
+Nicholas Rescher
+Charles Sanders Peirce
+Richard Rorty
+severely criticized
+Henry Stapp and David Bohm
+obsolete
+They are phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that Whitehead assumes
+as a local approximation
+Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order
+Theology of Ecology
+For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future
+Sustainable Future
+to challenge "economists' zealous faith in the great god of growth."
+Xie Bangxiu
+five things in curriculum and education
+to "help a person become whole."
+Chinese government organizations and the Institute for the Postmodern Development of China
+philosophy of business administration and organizational theory
+applied process thought
+philosophy of management and business ethics
+philosophy of business administration and organizational theory
+allows "a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing, as opposed to occasional – and thoroughly passive – happening."
+1910s
+philosophy of science
+processes
+that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another
+Process and Reality
+metaphysics
+metaphysics
+metaphysics
+comprehensive metaphysical system
+processes rather than material objects
+Ramsgate, Kent, England
+1861
+Thomas Whitehead
+minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy
+Maria Sarah Whitehead
+Ramsgate, Kent, England
+1861
+minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy
+Maria Sarah Whitehead
+Evelyn
+University of London system
+Dean of the Faculty of Science
+chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council
+1924
+Bachelor of Science
+1918
+Dean of the Faculty of Science
+University of London system
+1924
+Victor Lowe
+his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed
+almost fanatical belief
+"No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him."
+two volumes
+Victor Lowe
+instructions that all of his papers be destroyed
+"No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him."
+A Treatise on Universal Algebra
+Bertrand Russell
+professional mathematicians
+A Treatise on Universal Algebra
+one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century
+mathematics
+three
+Bertrand Russell
+Principia Mathematica
+1898
+expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class
+not unification of the several methods, nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them, but rather the comparative study of their several structures
+"It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes."
+algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class
+a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes
+their several structures
+ten years
+ten years
+there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica
+Whitehead and Russell
+there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica
+ten years
+ten years
+ten years
+more than 2,000 pages
+Cambridge University Press
+to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon
+Gifford
+Process and Reality
+professional philosophers
+Process and Reality
+1927–28
+philosophical work
+frustration with Whitehead's books did not negatively affect his interest
+there were numerous philosophers and theologians at Chicago's Divinity School that perceived the importance of what Whitehead was doing without fully grasping all of the details and implications
+Henry Nelson Wieman
+he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years
+Mathews
+Chicago's Divinity School
+1927
+Henry Nelson Wieman
+he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years
+"arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century,"
+it demands
+little-read and little-understood
+Process and Reality
+Isabelle Stengers
+western philosophy's most dearly held assumptions about how the universe works
+scientific and philosophical problems
+the universe works, but in doing so he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions
+absolute principle of existence
+reaction to them
+consciousness
+faulty understanding or inadequate technology
+creativity
+a valuation of them and reaction to them
+a sum
+Latin prehensio
+the mind only has private ideas about other entities
+"prehension"
+Latin
+the Latin prehensio
+people as well as electrons
+two
+perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons
+the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself
+causal efficacy (or "physical prehension") and presentational immediacy
+the sense of causal relations between entities, a feeling of being influenced and affected by the surrounding environment
+"pure sense perception"
+causal efficacy
+Presentational immediacy
+pure appearance
+the experience dominating the primitive living organisms
+the experience dominating the primitive living organisms
+sense perceptions
+symbolic reference
+causal relationships
+causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it
+higher grade mentality
+a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other
+might not have jumped to the notion of a chair
+might not have jumped to the notion of a chair
+would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such
+startling observation that "life is comparatively deficient in survival value."
+modifying their environment
+unintelligible
+increasing its own satisfaction
+survival value
+modifying their environment
+three
+increasing its own satisfaction
+unintelligible
+humorously notes, "they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them."
+the brief Galilean vision of humility
+the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar
+the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar
+a "dipolar" entity has called for fresh theological thinking
+primordial nature of God
+consequent nature
+primordial nature
+springing primarily from religious faith
+it is God's reception of the world's activity
+change the way God interacts with the world
+a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved
+change the way God interacts with the world
+judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved
+in actuality and change
+fulfilling one another
+fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can provide by taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time
+a permanence which only God can provide by taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time
+by taking them into God's self
+individual
+religion is what the individual does with his own solitariness
+a system of general truths that transformed a person's character
+a religion might encourage the violent extermination of a rival religion's adherents
+solitariness
+the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals
+no such value till it has merged its individual claim with that of the objective universe
+a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals
+mutually dependent
+the work of his students and admirers rather than Whitehead himself
+Bruno Latour
+outside of Claremont
+Willard Van Orman Quine
+he stands provisionally as the last great Anglo-American philosopher before Wittgenstein's disciples spread their misty confusion, sufficiency, and terror
+progressive theology
+Charles Hartshorne
+full-blown process theology
+John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller
+the fellow sufferer who understands
+the fellow sufferer who understands
+would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers
+God is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world
+process naturalism
+biology and economics
+posttructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory
+geneticist
+Alexander Bard and Jan Sderqvist
+process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests
+an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone
+served as a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society
+to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people
+to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people
+organizational theory and organizational behavior
+an ontology that "understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference
+Integrative Process: Follettian Thinking from Ontology to Administration
+invest client funds in over- priced (under-yielding) investments
+a conflict of interest between professional investment managers and their institutional clients, combined with a global glut in investment capital
+Professional investment managers
+maximize their compensation
+under-yielding
+Countrywide Financial
+July 11, 2008
+Countrywide Financial
+IndyMac Bank
+IndyMac Bancorp
+April 2008
+9.27% total risk-based
+$160 million
+Standard & Poor
+adequately capitalized
+Charles Schumer
+Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
+$7 billion
+regulator disallowed IndyMac from acquiring new brokered deposits on June 30
+$500 million
+7.5%
+7.5%
+$10.7 billion
+Charles Schumer
+the unsafe and unsound manner
+IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB
+$100,000
+roughly 10,000
+July 11, 2008
+July 14, 2008
+Over 100
+Bear Stearns
+September and October 2008
+Oct. 6, 2008
+Lehman Brothers
+money market funds
+commercial paper
+September 2008
+$144.5 billion
+4.65%
+the shadow banking system
+shadow banking system
+investor funds in exchange for most types of loans-backed securities or asset-backed commercial paper, investment banks and other entities
+Secretary
+nearly one-third
+the collapse of the shadow banking system
+Brookings Institution
+forms of securitization
+the capital
+more than a quarter
+45%
+20%
+$13 trillion
+$8.8 trillion
+a serious default risk
+the loss of close to $6 trillion in housing wealth and an even larger amount of stock wealth
+Tens of millions
+their future profits
+much worse
+global economic
+UBS
+three quarters
+Iceland
+capital injection
+more than a third
+14.4%
+21.5%
+the rest of the world
+the increased savings rate of U.S. consumers
+a fall from more than 10% in 2007 to close to zero
+$251 billion
+300,000
+sound economic policymaking and good governance
+falls in trade, commodity prices, investment and remittances sent from migrant workers
+Arab World
+Foreign Direct Investment
+global downturn
+lower oil prices
+lower oil prices
+10.1%
+33
+6%
+1983
+patent applications
+faulty risk-weightings
+financial engineering
+Basel III regulations
+Johan Norberg
+capital ratios
+June 2009
+about the same time
+2008
+More quickly Than It Began
+January 27, 2010
+Advanced economies
+69%
+Advanced economies
+69%
+Advanced economies
+Krugman
+December 2010
+2006
+commercial loans-backed securities
+related lending
+the collateralized debt obligation
+$70 trillion
+doubled
+loans-backed security
+a "Giant pool of Money" (represented by $70 trillion in worldwide fixed income investments)
+collateralized debt obligation
+enabled financial institutions to obtain investor funds to finance subprime and other lending, extending or increasing the housing bubble and generating large fees
+investment-grade
+a single pool
+Securities with lower priority had lower credit ratings but theoretically a higher rate of return on the amount invested
+over 20% from their mid-2006 peak
+mid-2006
+nearly 1.3 million
+79%
+9.2%
+6.5% to 1.0%
+to soften the effects of the collapse of the dot-com bubble
+housing
+excessive credit growth
+Lower interest rates
+$650 billion
+5.8%
+Asia and oil-exporting nations
+capital account (investment) surplus of the same amount
+large and growing amounts of foreign funds
+between July 2004 and July 2006
+ARM interest rate resets more expensive for homeowners
+deflating of the housing bubble
+increase in 1-year and 5-year adjustable-rate loans
+dramatically declined in value
+Business Chief Underwriter for Correspondent Lending
+220 professional underwriters
+60%
+1,600
+80%
+Clayton Holdings
+900,000
+23
+28%
+over 900,000
+Predatory lending
+Countrywide Financial
+an adjustable rate loans (ARM)
+negative amortization
+classic bait-and-switch method
+General Jerry Brown
+weak credit, adjustable rate loanss (ARMs)
+disappeared
+Office of Thrift Supervision
+weak
+Paul Krugman
+Timothy Geithner
+OECD
+regulatory framework
+Bank regulation based on the Basel accords
+increasing their appetite for risky investments and reducing their resilience in case of losses
+complex
+government
+bankruptcy
+off-balance sheet securitization and derivatives
+top five
+a financial shock
+capital requirements
+over $4.1 trillion
+Lehman Brothers
+Behavior
+paradox of thrift
+deepen a recession
+Hyman Minsky
+their assets
+Janet Yellen
+it didn’t take long before we were in a recession
+The recession
+cancelling planned investments
+A process of balance sheet deleveraging
+financial innovation
+the adjustable-rate loans
+CDS
+adjustable-rate
+expanded dramatically
+$180 billion
+$20 billion
+over $180 billion
+36%
+$20 billion
+innovative financial products
+multiplied the number of actors connected to a single loans
+indirect information
+FICO scores on creditworthiness, appraisals and due diligence checks by third party organizations
+adequate
+interest rates or fees
+pricing of risk
+a lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures
+in a straightforward, readily understandable format
+far more disruptive than it would have been
+risk inherent with financial innovation such as MBS and CDOs
+accurately measure the risk inherent with financial innovation such as MBS and CDOs
+approximately 32 cents on the dollar
+approximately 32 cents
+$450bn
+AIG
+AIG receiving a premium in exchange for a promise to pay money to party A in the event party B defaulted
+September 2008
+$180 billion
+a premium
+George Soros
+investors were reassured by the fact that both the international bond rating agencies and bank regulators
+the originators of synthetic products
+the originators of synthetic products
+the international bond rating agencies and bank regulators
+World Scientific
+2006
+Merrill Lynch
+some of the copula limitations
+2006
+Timothy Geithner
+2009
+a "run" on the entities in the "parallel" banking system
+the shadow banking system
+maturity mismatch
+spring of 2007
+fall of 2008
+More than a third
+Brookings Institution
+a number of years
+Mark Zandi
+securitization markets
+$2 trillion
+less than $150 billion
+TALF
+Rapid increases
+$50 to $147
+plunging
+speculative flow of money from housing and other investments into gasoline
+an increase in oil prices tends to divert a larger share of consumer spending into gasoline
+Michael Greenberger
+the Atlanta-based IntercontinentalExchange
+Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and BP
+European and U.S. authorities
+London and New York
+Ailsa McKay
+mainstream economics and within the economics profession
+new advances within feminist economics and ecological economics that take as their starting point the socially responsible, sensible and accountable subject in creating an economy and economic theories that fully acknowledge care for 
+reshaping
+Raghuram Rajan
+2005
+at a celebration honouring Alan Greenspan
+"Has Financial Development Made the World Riskier?"
+tail risks
+Raghuram Rajan
+the Great Moderation
+Dirk Bezemer
+as a vindication and classic example of a predictable credit-fueled bubble that could not forestall the disregarded
+Alan Greenspan
+BusinessWeek
+Great Depression
+The Wharton School
+Nouriel Roubini
+Dr. Doom
+Nassim Nicholas Taleb
+David Brooks
+breakdown of the banking system
+banking stocks
+Phil Dow
+more than 50%
+54.7%
+Floyd Norris
+Northern Rock
+the Bank of England
+mid- September 2007
+February 2008
+Northern Rock's problems proved to be an early indication of the troubles that would soon befall other banks and financial institutions
+the borrower’s income or assets
+Appraisals
+poor
+poor credit histories
+regulate its involvement
+half
+63
+77 percent
+50 percent
+Typical American families did not fare as well, nor did those "wealthy-but-not wealthiest" families just beneath the pyramid's top
+European Commission at Brussels
+0.1%
+0.1%
+the IMF
+3%
+expand money supplies
+enacted large fiscal stimulus packages
+lender-of-last-resort
+increasing the flexibility with which institutions could tap such liquidity
+self-reinforcing decline
+credit freeze
+US$2.5 trillion
+$1.5 trillion newly issued
+Joseph Stiglitz
+spur banks
+regulatory proposals
+executive pay
+proprietary trading
+Paul Volcker
+Paul Volcker
+May 2010
+December 2009
+Volcker Rule
+the Senate bill
+bailout of banks
+trillions of U.S. dollars
+August 9, 2007
+2008–2012
+BNP Paribas
+2004
+2009
+escalate
+subprime borrowers
+capital
+Levin–Coburn Report
+Glass-Steagall Act
+The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission
+credit rating agencies and investors
+regulatory
+loans-backed securities
+collateralized debt obligations
+major global financial institutions that had borrowed
+institutions and investors around the world
+loans payments and housing prices
+trillions of U.S. dollars globally
+enter foreclosure
+2006
+Defaults and losses on other loan types
+ongoing foreclosure epidemic
+investment banks and hedge funds
+investment banks and hedge funds, also known as the shadow banking system
+financialization
+deregulation
+U.S. Government policy
+large loan defaults or MBS losses
+ability of financial institutions to lend, slowing economic activity
+key financial institutions drove central banks
+Governments
+the stability of key financial institutions drove central banks to provide funds to encourage lending and restore faith in the commercial paper markets
+January 2011
+"the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: widespread failures in financial regulation
+Federal Reserve
+key policy makers
+corporate governance
+supply of creditworthy borrowers
+2003
+2004–2007
+2004–2007
+relatively conservative government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs)
+six
+Paul Krugman
+government affordable housing policy
+GSE
+4
+13 million
+over $2 trillion
+Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac
+HUD
+6
+Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO)
+the Bush administration
+September 10, 2003
+new legislation or formal investigation
+the committee members
+$467 billion
+$467 billion
+Community Reinvestment Act
+25%
+25%
+1995
+$4.5 trillion
+high-interest-rate loans
+as “prime” is based on the faulty and self-serving assumption that high-interest-rate loans (3 percentage points over average) equal “subprime” loans
+September 11, 2001
+financial innovation
+derivatives
+Portfolio Magazine
+loans used financial innovation to enable large wagers to be made, far beyond the actual value of the underlying  loan loans
+credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs
+substandard loans
+low or no downpayments
+it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans
+1997–2007
+every bubble
+160
+northeast of Saba and St Eustatius
+little Turtle rocks
+Renaissance Islands
+small satellite islets
+Saint-Barthélemy (Saint-Barthélemoise people)
+French
+500–700
+Saint-Barthélemy
+geographically
+Saint Martin
+every five years
+March 2012
+15 July 2007
+nineteen
+September 2014
+European Union
+One senator represents the island in the French Senate
+2008
+six
+Agricultural production
+Sweet potato
+Agricultural production
+vegetables, cotton, pineapples, salt, bananas
+Gustavia
+rich and famous
+200,000
+€61,200,000
+the wealth generated by wealthy tourists
+airplane
+25
+58
+Portugal
+12
+400
+cacti and succulent
+eastern part
+several hundred
+Sea grapes
+Pacific islands
+aloe or aloe vera
+cereus
+South America, bougainvillea and others
+1773
+barbed wire defences
+December till May
+December till May
+Turtles
+they live in the sea, the females come to the shore to lay eggs and are protected by private societies
+amidst tall sea grasses
+pearly-pink
+the marine aquafauna
+shallow waters
+ghost crabs
+garbage and sewerage
+1.200
+sea turtles
+Anchoring
+Reserve Naturelle
+offshore rocks such as Les Gross Islets, Pain de Sucre, Tortue and Forchue
+the Swedes
+Gustav Adolph
+1787
+the local gendarmerie
+La Pointe
+over 70
+in the hotels
+les petits creux
+spicier
+gastronomic
+every alternate year
+Concarneau
+a boat race with boats of 10 m length with a single hull and with essential safety equipment
+10 m length with a single hull and with essential safety equipment
+two sailors
+north coast
+charters
+Princess Juliana International Airport
+Sint Maarten
+Gustaf III Airport
+France
+an overseas collectivity of France
+English
+Ouanalao
+240 kilometres (150 mi) to the west in the Greater Antilles
+volcanic
+9,035
+Gustavia
+Caribbean
+winter holiday season
+Guadeloupe
+Through a referendum in 2003
+2007
+Hotel de la Collectivité
+senator
+Jean Bay
+small vessels
+a visible coral reef
+shallow waters
+a marine reserve
+22
+15
+leeward side
+windward side
+windsurfing
+arid
+2,500 ha
+1000 mm
+May to November
+13 °C
+1744
+1785
+Carénage
+Carénage
+Caribbean war
+Musée Territorial de St.-Barthélemy
+Musée Territorial de St.-Barthélemy
+La Pointe
+British period
+ancestral costumes, antique tools, models of Creole houses and ancient fishing boats
+modern molecular biology and genetics
+genetic material of an organism
+DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses)
+Hans Winkler
+1920
+University of Hamburg
+biome, rhizome
+half the number
+segregation of homologous chromosomes
+mitochondria and chloroplasts, or viruses
+genomics
+the properties of single genes or groups of genes
+genome of a particular individual or organism
+C-value paradox
+trichomoniasis
+almost three times as many as in the human genome
+three times
+Walter Fiers
+RNA-genome (Bacteriophage MS2)
+Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent
+Haemophilus influenzae
+1996
+The US National Institutes of Health
+rice
+puffer
+December 2013
+130,000
+massive parallel sequencing
+Manteia Predictive Medicine
+James D. Watson
+co-discoverers of the structure of DNA
+genome sequence
+The Human Genome Project
+Jean Weissenbach
+Genoscope in Paris
+Genome composition
+evolutionary history
+prokaryotes and eukaryotes
+exon-intron
+prokaryotes
+sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe
+sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe
+their chromosomes
+plants, protozoa and animals
+plastome
+the "mitochondrial genome"
+Genome size
+morphological complexity
+mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above
+research strategy
+vivo and in silico
+Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes
+non-repetitive DNA decreases
+genome size
+plants and amphibians
+Higher eukaryotes
+20%
+tandem repeats and interspersed repeats
+The proportion of repetitive DNA is calculated
+satellite DNA
+microsatellites
+interspersed repeats
+transposable elements
+genome evolution
+retrotransposons
+DNA transposons
+RNA
+cut and paste
+RNA
+karyotype
+chromosome number
+Duplications
+genetic novelty
+Horizontal gene transfer
+microbes
+mitochondrial
+comprehensive school
+selective
+England and Wales
+90%
+Gesamtschule
+practical subjects such as design and technology and vocational learning
+smaller comprehensive schools
+City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes
+164
+1965
+neighbourhood
+Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges
+1970s
+7 to 16
+comprehensive school
+college preparatory classes
+the Hauptschulabschluss, the Realschulabschluss or the Abitur
+50%
+less than 1%
+Stadtteilschule
+Stadtteilschule
+2010/2011
+regular classes and remedial classes
+the Abitur
+the Hauptschule
+grade inflation
+Social Democratic Party of Germany
+Social Democratic Party
+Christian Democratic Union
+Social Democratic Party of Germany
+working class students
+middle class peers
+Hauptschule
+Helmut Fend
+tripartite system
+1972
+the sixth form
+complete their A-levels
+1966
+Patrick Hillery
+vocational school system
+community school concept
+1970s
+The state
+denominational basis
+Community colleges tended to be amalgamations of unviable local schools under the umbrella of a new community school model
+1946
+London County Council
+Holyhead County School
+1949
+Woodlands Boys School
+Anthony Crosland
+Secretary of State for Education
+Secondary technical schools
+Margaret Thatcher
+local authorities
+Conservative government
+1975
+large neighbourhood comprehensives
+comprehensive status
+Sandwell and Dudley
+James Callaghan
+state secondary school
+Labour
+Education Reform Act
+1988
+'specialisation
+league tables of school performance
+comprehensive
+comprehensive education
+2005
+Scotland
+England and Wales
+République du Congo
+Cameroon
+Gabon
+Cameroon
+Central Africa
+the Republic of the Congo
+1960
+President Denis Sassou Nguesso
+President Denis Sassou
+fourth
+oil revenues
+Bakongo, a Bantu ethnic group that also occupied parts of present-day Angola, Gabon, and Democratic Republic of the Congo
+1500 BC
+present-day Angola, Gabon, and Democratic Republic of the Congo
+Diogo Co
+Portuguese
+commodities, manufactured goods, and people captured from the hinterlands
+in the late 19th century
+Bantu societies
+1880
+Pierre de Brazza
+Middle Congo
+French Equatorial Africa
+at least 14,000
+Brazzaville
+The Brazzaville Conference of 1944
+1946
+Fourth Republic
+1958
+the AEF
+the Republic of the Congo
+1959
+August 15, 1960
+Fulbert Youlou
+Alphonse Massamba-Débat
+Alphonse Massamba-Débat
+The Congolese military
+Massamba-Débat
+the regime adopted "scientific socialism"
+Soviet Union
+1966
+Denis Sassou Nguesso
+Congolese Labour Party
+Congolese Labour Party
+1972
+March 16, 1977
+Eastern Bloc
+Soviet Union
+political repression
+political repression
+Pascal Lissouba
+IMF
+announcing a renewed annual agreement when civil war broke out in Congo in mid-1997
+structural adjustment facility
+Lissouba and Sassou
+Cobras
+Angolan
+mid-October
+Andre Milongo
+seven years
+January 2002
+April 2003
+Sassou
+Congolese Observatory of Human Rights
+"very low" turnout and "fraud and irregularities"
+multi-party
+Congolese Labour Party
+Congolese Labour Party
+corruption revelations
+French
+March 27, 2015
+third consecutive term
+the government
+one
+one government-owned television station and around 10 small private television channels
+Bantus
+Pygmies are treated as property the same way "pets" are
+December 30, 2010
+4°N and 5°S
+11° and 19°E
+Atlantic Ocean
+Cabinda (Angola)
+Angola
+Kinshasa
+Congo River
+Democratic Republic
+Democratic Republic of the Congo
+Kouilou-Niari River
+Kouilou-Niari River
+central plateau
+Forests
+the Equator
+24 °C (75 °F)
+24 °C (75 °F)
+June to August
+Wildlife Conservation Society
+Ouesso district of the Sangha Region
+inhospitable swamps
+petroleum, support services, and a government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing
+budget problems and overstaffing
+forestry
+92%
+92%
+large-scale development projects with GDP growth averaging 5% annually
+5%
+50%
+46%
+civil war
+slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict
+June 1997
+stimulating recovery and reducing poverty
+Natural gas and diamonds
+2004
+gold, iron and phosphate deposits
+Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa
+200,000 hectares
+land, air and water transportation
+1930s
+water transportation
+Atlantic Ocean
+southwestern
+534-kilometre (332 mi) railway
+62
+Laari
+2%
+12%
+about 9,000
+French
+Around 300
+Catholics
+22.3%
+19.9%
+19.9%
+Catholics
+8.9%
+2.8%
+30
+20
+560
+Female genital mutilation
+59.34
+six and sixteen
+44%
+a bachelor's degree
+they often lack the technical knowledge and familiarity with the national curriculum to teach effectively
+executive
+parliamentary or semi-presidential system
+the civil service and execute the directives of the head of state
+Westminster system
+ceremonial
+member of parliament
+the royal prerogative
+crown
+First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service
+Minister of Defence
+1625
+Cardinal Richelieu
+France
+Louis XIV
+18th century
+Sir Robert Walpole
+Thomas Cromwell
+Clarendon
+Clarendon
+the personal favour of the monarch
+the monarch
+Tory ministers Harley and St John
+Cromwell
+Glorious Revolution
+the Bill of Rights
+House of Commons
+Anne
+1714
+Hanover
+twenty-one years
+House of Commons
+doctrine of cabinet solidarity
+defend it
+Lord Melbourne
+parliamentarians and legal scholars
+George II and George III
+Benjamin Disraeli
+1905
+president
+Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah
+1970
+non-elected
+parliamentary republics
+parliamentary republics
+Premier of the State Council
+Taiwan
+the legislature
+the legislature is controlled by a party different from that of the president
+resignation of the government
+Bangladesh's
+his/her appointment and dismissal
+National People's Congress
+Zngl
+Constitution Act
+1982
+federal and provincial
+process of his/her appointment and dismissal
+first decade of the twentieth century
+Balfour
+1905
+Margaret Thatcher
+1979
+1990
+House of Commons
+chosen from the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament
+the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament
+after every general election
+the lower house of parliament
+upper houses
+confidence
+prime minister
+refuse a parliamentary dissolution
+prime minister
+1918
+1918
+Executive Council
+the Irish cabinet
+step down if s/he loses the majority support of his/her party under a spill motion
+Chairman of the government
+Rosh HaMemshalah meaning "head of the government"
+the Taoiseach
+Taoiseach
+statsminister
+statsminister
+premier
+Germany and Austria
+Minister of State
+Secretary of State
+the Taoiseach by English speakers
+non-Commonwealth
+Excellency
+Prime Minister of Canada
+Prime Minister of Canada
+devolved government
+First Minister
+Pradhan Mantri
+"Wazir-e-Azam"
+Grand Vizier
+the Office of the Prime Minister
+Cabinet Office
+IT
+19th century
+French cole Polytechnique
+Greek
+the preference concerning which one is the preferred term varies from country to country
+the Berg-Schola
+World War II
+Collegium Carolinum
+1794
+higher education
+1992
+University of Westminster
+Regent Street
+polytechnic
+University of Technology
+College of Advanced Education system
+mid-1990s
+Melbourne Polytechnic rebranding and repositioning
+2009
+seven
+Fachhochschule
+master's
+Hogeschool
+academization
+four
+three
+Cambodia
+Affiliate Schools
+Quebec
+financing
+Polytechnics Canada
+collaborative institute-industry
+1895
+Capital University
+about half
+1997
+Geophysics Institute
+Quito Astronomical Observatory
+National Polytechnic School
+1873
+one
+their knowledge and skills
+50
+Instituts de technologie
+180
+160
+Finland
+university of applied sciences
+yrkeshgskola
+technology
+institut universitaire de technologie
+undergraduate technology curricula
+Fachhochschule
+Polytechnicum
+18th century
+Escola Politécnica
+1970s
+social science, medicine, business and design
+business
+TU
+research
+RWTH Aachen, TU Dresden and TU Mnchen
+The nine largest and most renowned Technische Universitten
+17
+290,000
+Saxony
+Niederschsische Technische Hochschule
+N.1404/1983 Higher Education Reform Act
+Hong Kong Technical College (Government Trade School before 1947)
+The Hong Kong Polytechnic
+1984
+The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
+1994
+copper
+1735
+Selmecbnya
+30
+30
+AICTE
+Diploma in Engineering
+four
+three
+Regional Technical College (RTCs) system
+Dublin Institute of Technology
+Politecnico
+two
+Genoa
+Imperial College of Engineering
+sciences
+Malaysia
+UNESCO
+Ipoh
+32
+60,840
+87,440
+University of Technology
+technology focus
+New Zealand
+Universal College of learning
+1989
+Wellington Polytechnic
+1990s
+The Central Institute of Technology
+North Island
+The Auckland University of Technology
+10th grade
+various trades
+three years
+BE
+F.Sc equivalent
+university of technology
+bacharelatos
+Bologna Process
+Millennia Institute
+5
+5
+Maria Theresa
+1735
+silver and gold mining and metallurgy
+1764
+teaching
+Universities and Technikons
+1993
+2004
+technical colleges
+bachelor's
+Pathumwan Institute of Technology
+University of Technology Thonburi
+Institute of Technology and Vocational Education
+Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology
+Suranaree University of Technology
+1989
+Mahanakorn University of Technology
+a sixth technical university is about to be opened in Konya named Konya Technical University
+2
+Kocaeli and Izmir
+1970
+UK Council for National Academic Awards CNAA
+Central Institutions
+Polytechnic of Central London
+two
+Loughborough University of Technology
+1956
+Further and Higher Education Act 1992
+the national CNAA organization
+university colleges
+early 20th century
+technical school
+1824
+Massachusetts Institute of Technology
+a sound middle class economy
+1950s
+Caracas
+Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio
+Alexa Internet
+Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat
+San Francisco, California, United States
+Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat
+digital archive of the World Wide Web
+Their grand vision is to archive the entire Internet
+1996
+archive the entire Internet
+The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show
+Mr. Peabody and Sherman
+"WABAC machine"
+1996
+robots exclusion standard
+robots exclusion standard
+Archive-It.org
+clunky database
+researchers and scientists
+University of California, Berkeley
+University of California, Berkeley
+several weeks or years between snapshots
+six months
+twenty-four months or longer
+August 2008
+Jeff Kaplan
+November 2010
+three petabytes
+12 terabytes/month
+PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies
+Capricorn Technologies
+2009
+Sun Modular Data center
+Sun Modular Data Center on Sun Microsystems' California campus
+2011
+March 2011
+2008
+2010
+"Save a Page"
+October 2013
+Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc.
+Netbula
+Wayback Machine
+Internet Archive
+Chordiant
+Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd
+San Jose Division
+San Jose Division
+Dish Network
+Dish Network
+district Court Judge Ronald Guzman
+district Court Judge Ronald Guzman
+when a given Web page was accessible to the public
+an authoritative statement of the archivist
+technical limitations
+complaints
+non-RESTful e-commerce databases
+non-RESTful e-commerce databases
+violating copyright laws
+delete pages from its system
+FAQ section
+Scientology
+lawyers from the Church of Scientology
+the Church of Scientology
+Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey
+the Archive's Wayback Machine
+Internet Archive
+DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
+voluntary
+Robots.txt
+robots.txt
+The Internet Archive
+Suzanne Shell
+Internet Archive profane-justice.org
+declaratory
+breach of contract
+April 25, 2007
+Ms. Shell
+Suzanne Shell
+sending multiple DMCA requests to theArchives
+Federal Court of Canada
+United Provinces (Verenigde Provincin)
+1581
+Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands
+Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg
+duchies, counties, and Prince-bishoprics
+House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg
+Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
+1568
+high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government
+1579
+northern provinces of the Low Countries
+Act of Abjuration
+1581
+to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army
+1582
+1582
+10 July 1584
+the latter
+1588
+republican revolutions
+France
+the Batavian Republic
+1813
+United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands"
+Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Lige
+17th century
+The County of Holland
+1602
+Rotterdam
+six
+a single city
+Between 1590–1712
+Africa and the Pacific
+breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean
+seven
+the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch)
+The Hague
+County of Drenthe
+poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence
+raadspensionaris
+the stadtholder, who commanded the army
+the stadtholder
+subordinate to the states of each province
+Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau
+Zeeland and usually Utrecht
+Orangists
+the Republicans
+Peace of Westphalia
+Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden)
+Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden)
+The States General of the United Provinces
+Holland and/or Zeeland
+The framers of the US Constitution
+Madison
+Act of Abjuration
+Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579
+personal religion
+William of Orange
+Catholic services
+the Reformed Church
+the time period and regional or city leaders
+could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city
+personal freedom of religion existed
+predestination
+the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism
+Synod of Dort
+Beginning in the 18th century
+private churches
+Greek
+living together of unlike organisms
+German
+130 years
+symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival
+facultative
+that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival
+mistletoe
+disjunctive symbiosis
+endosymbiosis
+about 10%–15% of insects
+Frankia
+bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects
+lice, commensal ectosymbionts
+exosymbiosis
+exosymbiosis
+interspecies reciprocal altruism
+lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact
+cellulose-digesting protozoans
+mutualisms
+plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground
+mycorrhyzal
+tentacles
+A special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles
+ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones
+goby fish
+the goby fish touches the shrimp with its tail to warn it
+non-obligate
+1980s
+hydrogen sulfide or methane
+Galapagos Islands
+nutrients
+endosymbiont's growth processes
+offspring via vertical transmission (heredity)
+changes in the endosymbiont–the foremost being drastic reduction in its genome size
+Muller's ratchet phenomenon
+lack of selection mechanisms prevailing in the rich environment of the host
+English
+Commensalism
+transportation (phoresy) or for housing (inquilinism)
+Commensal
+Commensal
+A parasitic relationship is one in which one member of the association benefits while the other is harmed
+biotrophic
+necrotrophic
+almost all free-living animals are host to one or more parasite taxa
+Biotrophic parasitism
+rudimentary reference texts
+competition and antibiosis
+the type of relationship that exists where one species is inhibited or completely obliterated and one is unaffected
+Juglans nigra
+Spanish ibex and weevils of the genus Timarcha
+shrub
+asymmetrical competitive interactions
+Synnecrosis
+interaction eventually causes death
+uncommon
+Because of this, evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature
+evolution of all eukaryotes
+plants, animals, fungi, and protists
+symbiosis
+Dorion Sagan
+co-evolution
+nectar and large sticky pollen
+species can only be pollinated by one species of insect
+Forces armées canadiennes
+National Defence Act
+The Canadian Forces are the armed forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada and consist of one Service called the Canadian Armed Forces
+Canadian Forces
+four
+National Defence Act
+Queen Elizabeth II
+Governor General of Canada
+Chief of the Defence Staff
+Armed Forces Council
+the Cold War
+security of Europe
+Soviet
+1950s
+1950s
+North Atlantic Treaty Organization
+international security operations
+Afghanistan
+2002
+North Atlantic Treaty Organization
+Canada First Defence Strategy
+2008
+six core missions
+North America
+conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy
+deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés
+Canadian Defence Attachés
+deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés
+deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés
+1867
+Aboriginal
+Aboriginal peoples
+American Revolutionary War and War of 1812
+invasion
+the British Crown-in-Council
+Halifax
+1906
+Department of Militia and Defence
+November 1940
+the Second Boer War
+British command
+when the United Kingdom entered into conflict with Germany in the First World War
+the Korean War
+European theatres
+72 international operations
+72
+Cold War, First Gulf War, Kosovo War
+United Nations Peacekeeping operations
+patrols
+Battle of the Atlantic
+the strategic bombing
+Battle of the Atlantic
+Croatia
+volunteer army ever fielded
+Soviet Union
+Canada
+1 February 1968
+a unified structure and superseded by elemental commands
+the distinguished achievement and sacrifice of the Canadian Corps in the First World War
+1931
+First World War
+The "Canadian Armed Forces" name returned in 2013
+2013
+2013
+Canadian Forces
+Land Forces during this period also deployed in support of peacekeeping operations within United Nations sanctioned conflicts
+2011
+United Nations International Security Assistance Force (ISAF)
+Government of Afghanistan
+peacekeeping operations
+$20.1 billion
+74th
+119,000
+2020
+119,000
+Canada First Defence Strategy
+through the purchase of new equipment, improved training and readiness, as well as the establishment of the Canadian Special Operations Regiment
+a problem with its rate of loss of existing members
+main battle tanks, artillery, unmanned air vehicles and other systems
+air force's medium range transport aircraft fleet
+CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters
+2006
+medicine, communication, logistics, and administration
+1971
+medicine, communication, logistics, and administration
+replenishment ships
+Canadian Human Rights Act
+infantry, armoured corps, field artillery, air-defence artillery, signals, field engineers, and naval operations
+5 February 1987
+Minister of National Defence
+Combat-Related Employment of Women
+1989
+submarine service
+100 percent
+government of Jean Chretien
+a mixed-gender force
+Combat helmets, rucksacks, combat boots, and flak jackets
+an annual financial entitlement for the purchase of brassiere undergarments
+The following
+The Canadian constitution
+his or her viceroy
+Orders in Council
+monarch or governor general
+his or her ministers
+115,349
+Chief of the Defence Staff
+governor general
+Ottawa, Ontario
+colonels-in-chief, honorary air commodores, air commodores-in-chief, admirals, and captains-general
+27
+Canadian Forces Leadership and Recruit School in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu
+Canadian Forces Leadership and Recruit School in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu
+33
+Her Majesty's Canadian Dockyard
+Naval Reserve Headquarters
+NATO
+Commander of the Canadian Army
+four divisions
+the 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division
+5th Canadian Division
+5th Canadian Division
+three field-ready brigade groups
+one
+A tactical helicopter squadron
+A tactical helicopter squadron
+CFB Gagetown, CFB Montreal and CFB Wainwright
+Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force
+Winnipeg
+eleven
+a single tactical commander
+British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador
+Winnipeg and North Bay
+NATO Airborne Early Warning Force
+NATO Airborne Early Warning Force
+NATO Airborne Early Warning Force
+Joint Task Force
+a chain of forward operating locations
+supporting fighter operations
+CF-18
+Arctic sovereignty
+October 2012
+Canada Command, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command
+the cost-cutting measures in the 2012 federal budget, combines the resources, roles and responsibilities of the three former commands under a single headquarters
+Canadian Special Operations Forces Command
+generating special operations forces (SOF) elements to support CJOC
+CJOC
+CJIRU
+427
+conduct of electronic warfare and the protection of the Armed Forces' communications and computer networks
+CFS Leitrim in Ottawa
+design and build cyber warfare capabilities for the Canadian Armed Forces
+June 2011
+Brigadier General
+Canadian Armed Forces
+a deployed Joint Task Force
+domestic
+in times of national emergency or threat
+the components and sub-components of the Canadian Armed Forces Reserve Force
+Chief of Reserves and Cadets
+Naval Reserve (NAVRES), Land Force Reserve (LFR), and Air Reserve (AIRRES)
+officers and non-commissioned members
+12 to 18 years
+Cadet Instructors Cadre (CIC) branch of the CAF
+officers and non-commissioned members who conduct training, safety, supervision and administration of nearly 60,000 cadets
+sovereignty over its northern territory
+Canada's arctic and other remote areas
+reserve
+sovereignty over its northern territory
+service dress
+the naval "high-collar" white uniform, kilted Highland, Scottish, and Irish regiments, and the scarlet uniforms of the Royal Military Colleges
+operational dress
+Approved parkas
+a ceremonial/regimental full dress
+beret, wedge cap, ballcap, Yukon cap, and tuque
+there is no naval variant of the wedge cap
+The beret
+beret, wedge cap, ballcap, Yukon cap, and tuque
+The Constitution of Canada
+2005
+the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees
+a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses
+incardinated
+as early as the ninth century to the priests of the tituli (parishes) of the diocese of Rome
+"principal" or "chief"
+hinge
+the Latin cardo
+the deacons of the seven regions of the city
+8th century
+769
+Nicholas II
+Papal Bull In nomine Domini
+1244
+Pope Innocent IV
+cardinal
+747
+1567
+Pope Zacharias
+747
+Pius V
+1567
+1563
+Pope Pius IV
+1563
+Pope Pius IV
+French kings
+secular affairs
+Cardinal Richelieu
+Cardinal Richelieu
+King of Portugal
+70
+six cardinal bishops
+Pope John XXIII
+the number of cardinal bishops by giving that rank to patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches
+eighty years
+120
+the number of cardinals generally
+a titular church, either a church in the city of Rome or one of the suburbicarian sees
+The Dean of the College of Cardinals
+the titular bishopric of Ostia
+1630
+Pope Urban VIII
+secular
+Pope and crowned monarchs
+Pope Urban VIII
+Cardinal [First name] [Surname]
+Cardinal [First name] [Surname]
+by placing the title "Cardinal" (abbreviated Card.)
+by placing the title "Cardinal" (abbreviated Card.)
+they do not belong to the Roman clergy
+the [First name] Cardinal [Surname] order
+a cardinal
+1378
+1378
+no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate
+the cardinalate
+Cardinal bishops
+cardinals of the episcopal order
+Cardinal bishop
+the person elected was customarily a Roman priest and never a bishop from elsewhere
+To preserve apostolic succession the rite of consecrating him a bishop had to be performed by someone who was already a bishop
+Pope
+he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals
+seven
+1150 until 1914
+Pope Pius X
+Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina
+1962
+Ostia
+the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome
+1962
+Ostia
+Ostia
+College of Cardinals
+the pope
+a gold ring
+Pope Benedict XVI
+galero
+1969
+a galero
+Eastern Catholic
+willingness to die for his faith
+rochet
+the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture
+1460s
+the cardinalate expires
+Pope Martin V
+marry
+1917
+those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals
+wear and use the episcopal vestments and other pontificalia
+1962
+1917
+1917
+sede vacante
+The cardinal protodeacon
+the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State
+Pope John Paul I
+white
+30
+10 years
+about half
+about half
+Papal Household
+cardinal deacons
+Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil
+Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil
+the cardinal bishops
+suburbicarian see
+Cardinal priests
+Cardinal priests
+above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops
+meaning a cardinal who is of the order of priests
+a titular church in Rome
+1587
+70
+Pope Sixtus V
+Iranian peoples
+Indo-Iranian languages
+Indo-European language family
+400 BCE – 900 CE
+Middle Persian
+86
+the ancestral Proto-Iranian language
+Persian and Sanskrit
+1836
+Christian Lassen
+Robert Needham Cust
+1878
+Central Asia
+Central Asia
+Andronovo
+ca. 2000 BC
+Indo-European
+vast areas of southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia
+great linguistic diversity
+two
+the last inscription of significant length
+circa 520 BC
+4th century BC
+"Old (or 'Gathic") Avestan
+Zoroastrianism
+Younger Avestan
+Old Persian
+the hypothetical predecessor to Kurdish
+Scythian
+"western" and "eastern" branches
+eastern
+western
+first-series palatal consonants, * and *d
+Proto-Indo-Iranian first-series palatal consonants
+Nuristani
+consonant clusters *w and *dw
+consonant clusters
+distinct dialect groups
+Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup
+the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian
+4th century BCE
+Western and Eastern
+Achaemenid Imperial Aramaic script
+Achaemenid Imperial Aramaic script
+Achaemenid Imperial Aramaic script
+Greek script
+Pahlavi
+10th century
+Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian
+Syriac script
+Islamic Conquest of Persia
+Dari
+Saffarid
+875 CE
+royal court
+Arabic script
+second half of the 8th century
+Tajik
+1930s
+Soviet government
+Khuzestan
+Sogdian and Bactrian
+6th century AD
+the Zarafshan valley east of Samarkand
+Saka
+Daylighting
+positive
+capturing daylight
+artificial light sources
+Lighting or illumination
+Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves)
+artificial light sources
+positive
+capturing daylight
+Lighting or illumination
+light
+Indoor lighting
+Lighting
+light fixtures
+Lighting
+1939 World's Fair
+Recessed
+400,000 BCE
+birds and fish
+fire
+15,000 years ago
+incandescent light bulb
+early 1800s
+urban crime
+Lighting fixtures
+visual glare
+lumen per watt
+6400
+An incandescent bulb
+blue-white
+Lower color temperature
+the distribution of the light produced by the fixture
+Lightolier
+master transformer
+cable lighting
+12 or 24
+A torchiere
+portable or table lamp
+task
+a dark nightclub
+a suspended ceiling
+general
+a row of small lights
+LED based versions
+translucent
+Street Lights
+LED and photovoltaic luminaires
+Floodlights
+security lighting
+Entry lights
+red
+white
+late 1950s
+White
+Flashing turn signals on the front, side, and rear
+'light bulbs'
+electrical energy
+60 W incandescent light bulb produces about the same amount of light
+about 800 lumens
+Lighting
+Lighting of structures
+Radiance
+tabular
+Daylight
+dark
+dark
+Photometric studies
+set of lighting cues
+stage
+the candela (cd)
+candela per square metre
+the stilb
+lumen
+the power at each wavelength weighted according to the luminosity function
+the luminous power per area
+Unified Glare Rating
+correlated color temperature
+color rendering index
+color rendering index
+correlated color temperature
+gamut area index
+GAI
+greater the GAI
+Dosimeter
+personal circadian light meter called the Daysimeter
+circadian light
+up to 30
+short-wavelength light
+Specification of illumination requirements
+Lighting control systems
+wireless mesh open standards
+wireless mesh open standards
+provides benefits including easier installation (no need to run control wires) and interoperability with other standards-based building control systems (e.g. security)
+Occupancy sensors
+changes in heat
+Ultrasonic
+They can be used to control one lamp, one fixture or many fixtures
+Daylighting
+patients in hospitals as well as work and school performance
+light emitting diodes
+using the principles of nonimaging optics
+lest
+Alzheimer's Disease
+24
+disrupt
+Robert Ulrich
+patients assigned to rooms with windows allowing lots of natural light had shorter postoperative hospital stays
+fewer potent analegesics than 23 matched patients in similar rooms with windows facing a brick wall
+University of Toronto Scarborough
+Northwestern University
+Dr. Abraham Gesner
+1849
+Earlier coal-gas
+Compact fluorescent lamps
+not all of them are suitable for dimming
+10%
+50,000 hours
+50,000 hours
+70%
+Light pollution
+temporarily blinding passersby making them vulnerable to would-be assailants
+searchlights and flares
+light
+night vision
+Flares
+laser-guided and GPS weapons
+International Commission on Illumination
+The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America
+guidelines, standards, and handbooks
+distribution of light released by a specific luminaire
+International Association of Lighting Designers
+The Professional Lighting Designers Association
+The Professional Lighting Designers Association
+The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions (NCQLP)
+The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions
+LC
+CLEP and CLMC
+The Professional Lighting And Sound Association
+UK
+500+
+Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive
+Separation of powers
+three
+the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws
+abuse of power
+separation of powers
+Montesquieu
+Montesquieu
+John Locke
+the framers of the United States Constitution
+John Locke
+Thomas Hobbes
+Thomas Hobbes
+The United Kingdom
+parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government
+King ("His Majesty's Government")
+U.S. Constitution
+the presiding officers of the two houses of the state legislature
+the nondelegation doctrine
+Clinton v. City of New York
+1998
+Congress
+nondelegation doctrine
+Clinton v. City of New York
+1998
+Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825)
+1825
+John Marshall
+unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers
+Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42
+John Marshall
+1930s
+National Recovery Administration
+1930s
+1930s
+A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States
+Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy
+Ambassadors and Public Ministers
+quasi-judicial
+direct Congressional oversight
+War Claims Commission, the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission
+the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states
+"take care that the laws be faithfully executed"
+Bodies such as the War Claims Commission, the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission
+performance of their duties
+Supreme Court
+1983
+23 majority
+Supreme Court
+a court's judges
+The judges
+constitutional courts
+Judicial power
+president with the advice and consent of the Senate
+the Senate
+legislative courts
+the judicial power of the United States
+two houses of Congress
+Either house or both houses
+The Vice President
+appoints judges with the Senate's advice and consent
+appoints judges with the Senate's advice and consent
+the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States
+the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se
+a majority vote of the Senate
+The Supreme Court
+The Supreme Court established a precedent for judicial review in Marbury v. Madison
+only Supreme Court decisions are binding across the nation
+Congress
+Congress
+The Chief Justice
+James Madison
+51
+Civil War
+two
+twelve bills
+twelve
+Andrew Jackson
+fifteen
+Tenure of Office Act
+Grover Cleveland
+Grover Cleveland
+Theodore Roosevelt
+Congress
+national security
+checks and balances
+the Congress and in the states the legislatures
+Florida Supreme Court
+The State of New Hampshire
+architectura
+architectura
+Architecture
+Architectural works
+architectural achievements
+Latin
+process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures
+buildings and other physical structures
+art
+Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements
+De architectura
+Roman architect Vitruvius
+early 1st century AD
+firmitas, utilitas, venustas
+De architectura
+Roman architect Vitruvius
+Roman architect
+firmitas, utilitas, venustas
+firmness, commodity and delight
+16th century
+Vasari
+Italian, French, Spanish and English
+Leon Battista Alberti
+Leon Battista Alberti
+an inherent part of an object
+human figure
+16th century
+Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin
+1836
+Contrasts
+1836
+neo-medieval world
+Gothic
+John Ruskin
+John Ruskin
+English art critic
+1849
+mental health, power, and pleasure
+not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned"
+adorned
+adorned
+string courses or rustication
+20th
+Le Corbusier
+Architecture
+20th-century
+the renowned 20th-century architect
+Architecture
+"function"
+aesthetic, psychological and cultural
+Vitruvius
+practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural
+structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism
+rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, and phenomenology
+phenomenology
+modern architects
+empiricism
+late 20th century
+sustainable architecture
+satisfy the contemporary ethos
+non-sustainable
+shelter, security, worship
+developed and knowledge
+a craft
+architecture
+attendant skills
+vernacular
+urbanization
+trial and error
+vernacular
+rural
+rural
+very rapidly
+Egypt and Mesopotamia
+Egypt and Mesopotamia
+political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself
+the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself
+Kao Gong Ji
+China
+7th–5th centuries BCE
+Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra
+Kao Gong Ji
+pantheistic
+Buddhist
+3rd century BCE
+macrocosm and the microcosm
+the Shastras
+Buddhist
+pantheistic
+European architecture of the Medieval period
+7th century CE
+Byzantium
+religious and social
+pointed arch
+abbeys and cathedrals
+abbeys and cathedrals
+clerics and tradesmen
+pan-European
+Romanesque
+900 CE
+the Medieval period
+the Medieval period
+Renaissance Humanism
+Medieval period
+greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society
+artist, architect and engineer
+functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic
+form, space and ambience
+form, space and ambience
+Nunzia Rondanini
+aesthetic dimension
+social life
+social development
+aesthetic dimension
+art for art's sake
+a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality
+perfection or originality
+civic
+religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged
+civic
+Architectural "style"
+ancient time
+specific formal prescriptions or canons
+canons
+1st-century BCE Roman Architect
+religious
+guilds
+ecclesiastical buildings
+relation to ecclesiastical buildings
+Magister lathomorum
+proportions and structure
+an artist
+scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering
+technical aspects of building design
+gentleman architect
+the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility
+offices of other architects
+mass production and consumption
+Aesthetics
+ornamented products
+pattern books and architectural journals
+current architectural design
+20th
+revivalist
+1907
+produce better quality machine made objects
+Bauhaus school
+avant-garde
+middle and working classes
+middle and working classes
+functionalist details
+functionalist details
+Frank Lloyd Wright
+Robie House and Fallingwater
+aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being Robie House and Fallingwater
+Industrial Revolution
+steel-frame
+International Style
+an aesthetic epitomized
+Minoru Yamasaki
+decorative richness
+Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen
+expressive sculptural facades
+Eero Saarinen
+metaphoric architecture
+biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture
+metaphoric architecture
+expressionist architecture
+late 1950s and 1960s
+modernism
+human experience using historical buildings as models and precedents
+Robert Venturi
+ducks
+1980s
+one person
+Modernism and Postmodernism
+The U.S. Green Building Council's LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rating system
+the environment
+Frank Lloyd Wright
+Buckminster Fuller
+U.S. Green Building Council's LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)
+New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture
+solitary
+modernist and globally uniform architecture and New Classical Architecture
+modernist and globally uniform architecture
+life expectancy, education, and income per capita indicators
+longer
+Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq
+Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq
+longer
+2010
+Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index
+maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality
+maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality
+1990
+Sen
+people-centered
+1990
+Life expectancy
+Years that a person 25 years-of-age or older has spent in schools throughout his life
+Years that a 5-year-old child will spend in schools throughout his life
+Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita
+United Nations Development Programme
+December 14, 2015
+2014
+July 24, 2014
+2013
+a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account."
+measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account
+Countries
+very high human development
+the lack of necessary data
+Tuvalu
+March 14, 2013
+2012
+measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account
+Countries
+Countries
+2011
+Countries
+Countries
+unavailability of certain crucial data
+United Nations Member States
+November 4, 2010
+2010
+income, life expectancy, and education
+Countries
+unavailability of certain crucial data
+United Nations Member States
+High Human Development country
+October 5, 2009
+2007
+"Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development"
+"Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development"
+as developed countries
+a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication
+new index
+an accompanying Human Development Report
+2006
+November 27, 2007
+"Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world."
+2005
+2005
+Braslia, Brazil
+high income countries
+0.5
+Africa
+119th and 121st
+119th and 121st
+Gabon and South Africa
+0.8
+Southeast Asia
+Saudi Arabia
+red arrows
+green arrows
+Blue dashes
+Norway
+Iceland
+national performance and ranking
+Western
+global
+national performance and ranking
+three
+2010
+The Economist
+169
+169
+Mediterranean Europe
+Iberian peninsula
+Balkan
+southern
+political, economic, and cultural attributes
+political, economic, and cultural attributes
+Mediterranean
+Portugal, Spain, Southeast France, Italy, Croatia, Albania, Montenegro, Greece, the Western and Southern coastal regions
+dry hills, small plains, pine forests and olive trees
+mountain ranges of Spain and Italy
+mountain ranges of Spain and Italy
+Atlantic climate
+Mediterranean Region
+Armen Takhtajan
+classical antiquity
+city-states
+Alexander the Great
+Rome
+Constantinople
+Rome, and the Eastern Roman Empire
+AD 476
+300 AD
+Byzantine Empire
+Germanic peoples
+kingdoms and empires of their own
+Crusades
+1204
+Genoa and Venice
+Reconquista
+Byzantine Empire
+the Black Death
+demographic catastrophe
+the Ottoman Empire
+1453
+Beginning roughly in the 14th century in Florence
+Florence
+traditional doctrines
+classical Greek and Roman
+Portugal and Spain
+1648
+Spain and France
+Galileo Galilei
+Guglielmo Marconi
+The combination of resource inflows from the New World and the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain
+Industrial Revolution of Great Britain
+subsistence agriculture
+Industrial Revolution of Great Britain
+1815 and 1871
+Ottoman Empire
+1870
+The Age of Empire
+1914
+1914
+Paris Peace Conference
+Adolf Hitler
+Adolf Hitler
+Italy
+Mussolini
+Warsaw Pact
+European Union
+the division of powers
+1989
+1991
+2013
+the Romance languages
+San Marino, and the Vatican
+eastern Spain
+Galician
+40 million
+Greek language are widely spoken in Greece and in the Greek part of Cyprus
+Cyprus
+Macedonian
+Bulgarian is spoken
+Slovenia
+English
+Malta
+Gibraltar
+Maltese
+Semitic
+northern Spain and southwestern France
+Christianity
+380 AD
+The predominant religion
+Greek Orthodox
+sub-regions
+assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories by the United Nations
+the United Nations (the sub-regions according to the UN)
+Tourism Decision Metrics
+Tourism Decision Metrics
+BBC Television
+the terms of a Royal charter
+1932
+2 November 1936
+United Kingdom
+30%
+television production companies
+30 September 1929
+Long Acre
+30
+June 1932
+30 March 1930
+16 Portland Place
+telephone line
+electromechanical
+16 Portland Place
+22 August 1932
+VHF band
+VHF
+240
+405
+1 October 1936
+six months
+mechanical camera
+Saturday 13 February 1937
+40 kilometres
+1938
+RCA
+British television set
+Brookmans Park
+2 August 1932
+Opening of the BBC Television Service
+King George VI and Queen Elizabeth
+September 1939
+the VHF transmissions would act as a beacon to enemy aircraft homing in on London
+radar programme
+the end of the cartoon
+before the end of the cartoon
+18,999
+Jasmine Bligh
+7 June 1946
+Lime Grove Studios
+Jasmine Bligh
+Birmingham
+Sutton Coldfield transmitting station
+transmitting a 405-line interlaced image on VHF
+405
+The BBC Television Service
+ITV
+Doctor who
+genres
+BBC2
+ITV
+a massive power failure
+Battersea Power Station
+Denis Tuohy
+BBC Two
+15 November 1969
+soap opera or standard news programming
+Sir David Attenborough
+heavyweight documentaries and documentary series
+1967
+1967
+2
+CBBC
+BBC Natural History Unit
+1950s
+Life on Earth, The Private Life of Plants, The Blue Planet, The Life of Mammals, Planet Earth and Frozen Planet
+fifteen
+other nations of the United Kingdom (Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland) have been granted more autonomy from the English network
+BBC One and BBC Two
+local news programmes of local importance
+Patrick Kielty Almost Live
+River City
+Gaelic
+the popular Erpa and D a-nis
+Patrick Kielty Almost Live
+25%
+The Simpsons
+Neighbours
+teletext
+1974
+BBCi service
+March 2003
+Astra 2D
+the BBC £85 million over the next five years
+£85 million
+Western Europe
+Hollywood studios and sporting organisations
+Hollywood studios and sporting organisations
+Scottish Premier League and Scottish Cup football
+5 July 2004
+the Television Newsreel
+the newsreel format of the first BBC Television News bulletins, to the 24-hour, worldwide news coverage available in 2004
+Little Angels
+Jana Bennett
+new, much larger group
+new media outlets and technology
+November 2008
+November 2008
+Keeping Up Appearances
+nearly 1000 times
+BBC Worldwide
+annually
+by advertisements and subscription
+2013
+Danny Cohen
+commissioning, producing, scheduling and broadcasting
+after its Japanese distributor folded
+April 2006
+a general entertainment channel
+July 30, 1947
+Alois Schwarzenegger
+two terms
+15
+seven
+sword-and-sorcery epic Conan the Barbarian
+20
+Arnie
+2011
+Democrat Phil Angelides
+Democrat Phil Angelides
+January 5, 2007
+Thal
+Arnold
+Gustav Schwarzenegger
+christened Arnold Alois
+Meinhard
+refrigerator
+Olympic lifting
+Reg Park, Steve Reeves, and Johnny Weissmuller
+police officer
+Reg Park, Steve Reeves, and Johnny Weissmuller
+1971
+Patrick
+he was training for a bodybuilding contest
+Barbara Baker
+Fortune
+Mr. Universe
+military prison
+1966
+London
+Reg Park
+a health club (Rolf Putziger's gym
+three
+Rolf Putziger
+21, speaking little English
+10
+New York
+Ric Drasin
+LA Weekly
+Arnold: The Education of a Bodybuilder
+Santa Monica College
+Transcendental Meditation
+anxiety
+Arnold Classic
+many years
+$250,000
+executive editor
+Junior Mr. Europe
+eighth
+half an hour
+Munich stone-lifting contest
+1969
+Sergio Oliva
+1970
+23
+Franco Columbu
+1975
+Franco Columbu
+Pumping Iron
+three months
+Jeff Bridges
+Conan
+seven
+seventh
+1977
+Dr. Willi Heepe
+US$10,000
+The Globe
+Hercules
+Arnold Strong
+Robert Altman
+New Male Star of the Year
+early struggles
+1991
+1950s
+The Incredible Hulk
+The Villain
+Conan the Destroyer
+1984
+James Cameron
+Sylvester Stallone
+1987
+Twins
+$10 million
+Christmas in Connecticut
+Tales from the Crypt
+Terminator 2: Judgment Day
+National Association of Theatre  owners
+comedy drama True Lies
+Golden Globe nomination
+$150 million
+82
+Forum Stadtpark
+The Kid & I
+Governator
+Stan Lee
+World War II action drama with Wings as Eagles
+Randall Wallace
+May 20, 2011
+10 years
+Escape Plan
+Terminator Genisys
+2015
+2004
+Stop the Madness
+1988
+then-Vice President George H.W. Bush
+Conan the Republican
+1999
+The Hollywood Reporter
+August 6, 2003
+several
+55.4%
+Bustamante
+1.3 million
+31%
+John G. Downey
+Democratic State
+Democratic State
+November
+four
+Democrat, Susan Kennedy
+Democrat Phil Angelides
+San Francisco
+United States Senate
+Leigh
+Sargent Shriver
+The Simpsons Movie
+1983
+Austrian
+McCain
+Giuliani
+environment and economy
+Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics
+89%
+89%
+Gropegate
+several individual women
+Los Angeles Times
+a hotel elevator
+GQ
+marijuana
+Anna Richardson
+The 6th Day
+The 6th Day
+1968
+Peter Pilz
+September 27, 2006
+refineries
+2020
+Northeast
+solar panels
+2009
+the Northeast's Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative
+Detroit
+Article II
+New York Post
+Columbia University
+index cards
+30, Schwarzenegger was a millionaire, well before his career in Hollywood
+fellow bodybuilder Franco Columbu
+San Fernando earthquake
+$10,000
+Planet Hollywood
+early 2000
+Hard Rock Cafe
+Dimensional Fund Advisors
+Columbus
+Oak Productions
+Simon & Schuster
+Schatzi On Main
+Santa Monica
+"little treasure," colloquial for "honey" or "darling"
+1998
+2011
+$38 million
+1977
+their respective recollection of events can differ
+Apollo Moon
+Sue Moray
+Robert F. Kennedy Tennis Tournament
+August 1978
+niece
+Hyannis
+four
+Heather Milligan
+25 years
+Los Angeles Times
+20
+Joseph
+2010
+Bob Kaufman
+Schwarzenegger
+spousal support
+Brigitte Nielsen
+Schwarzenegger
+1997
+Patrick
+broken bone
+Sun Valley, Idaho
+Van Nuys Airport
+by using a tailor's tape measure on the Governor
+Herb Wesson
+5'10
+Total Recall
+The Secret
+October 2012
+1992
+a street-legal
+dark brown
+6,300 lb (2,900 kg)
+US$21,000
+California Hydrogen Highway Network
+Department of Energy
+Inner City Games Foundation
+Shanghai
+over 400
+USC Sol Price School of Public Policy
+2012
+chairman
+about 37 miles (60 km) south-west
+190 miles
+Cornwall
+Devon
+the west
+Mount Batten
+Plymouth Colony
+1620
+between 1642 and 1646
+Plymouth Colony
+Devonport
+1928
+Plymouth Blitz
+1967
+East Stonehouse
+261,546
+30th
+three
+Santander
+HMNB Devonport
+Geographia
+Mount Batten
+mouth/estuaries of the Tamar
+11th century
+south town
+1211
+King Henry VI
+mouth of the River Plym
+1340
+Breton raiders
+1596
+Sutton pool
+1512
+Atlantic
+Sir Francis Drake
+1588
+1620
+Plymouth Colony
+Parliamentarians
+almost four years
+Freedom Fields Park
+1660
+Drake's Island
+18th century
+17th century
+1690
+River Tamar
+318
+3,000
+Stoke Damerel
+timber
+Devonport
+Stonehouse
+John Foulston
+Union Street
+William Cookworthy
+1768
+Local chemist
+John Smeaton
+1-mile-long (2 km)
+John Rennie
+1812
+1812
+the outskirts of Devonport
+phosphate Aside
+Devonport
+Scapa Flow
+escort vessels and repairs
+Mount Batten
+Royal Australian Air Force
+Royal Australian Air Force
+59
+more than 1,000
+3,700
+Sir Patrick Abercrombie
+over 1000
+20,000
+1962
+grade II
+Ark Royal
+1971
+Ark Royal
+Domesday Book
+1086
+Sudtone
+1254
+1439
+Nancy Astor
+Plymouth Sutton
+18 October 1928
+1935
+Plymstock
+war-torn
+Secretary of State for Education
+Secretary of State for Education
+Labour party
+Plymouth
+250,000
+The 1971 Local Government White Paper
+Tamarside
+1 April 1974
+Banham Commission
+South West England
+Gary Streeter
+Conservative
+Moor View
+20
+57
+a third of the council is up for election for three consecutive years
+Brest
+2001
+King George V
+six
+Lord Mayor
+King George V
+3 Elliot Terrace
+Lady Astor
+Armada Way
+June 2007
+£40m
+River Tamar
+River Plym
+Cornwall
+the natural harbour of Plymouth Sound
+1967
+Cattewater
+1814
+Drake's Island
+30.83
+155
+Site of Special Scientific Interest
+Lower Devonian slates
+granite
+Upper Devonian slates
+its geology
+West Hoe, Cattedown and Radford
+Dartmoor
+Tamar
+Cattedown
+limestone
+27 April 1944
+Sir Patrick Abercrombie
+Union Street
+Barcelona-based architect David MacKay
+28
+temperate oceanic
+11 °C (52 °F)
+February
+20
+19 °C (66 °F)
+Atlantic depressions
+autumn
+980 millimetres
+November
+south-west
+1,600
+South West
+26.6 °C
+June 1976
+4.25
+26.6 °C
+June 1976
+25,895
+25,895
+3,000
+£160 million
+1992
+University of St Mark & St John
+teacher training
+College of Art
+approximately 26,000
+153
+four
+two
+71
+13
+three
+Plymouth College
+Plymouth College
+a new college opened in Keyham, it trained engineering students for five years before they completed the remaining two years of the course at Greenwich
+1880
+Dockyard Technical College
+1959
+University of Southampton
+Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
+National Marine Aquarium
+Plymouth University's Marine Institute
+Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership
+National Marine Aquarium
+256,384
+256,384
+256,384
+2.3
+0.5%
+25%
+2,169 million GBP
+£19,943
+£19,943
+7.0%
+26.2%
+78.3 years
+82.1
+lowest
+over 12,000
+7,500
+1930s
+Plymouth Gin Distillery
+1930s
+10%
+Devonport Dockyard
+270
+500
+Devonport Dockyard
+Pannier Market
+1959
+29th
+The Tinside pool
+£3.4 million
+"Vision for Plymouth"
+David Mackay
+Plymouth Chamber of Commerce
+300,000
+33,000
+October 2006
+October 2006
+on wasteland at Cattedown
+RIBA Stirling Prize for Architecture
+David Mackay
+the Bretonside bus station
+demolition of the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment
+Millbay
+The Parkway
+40 miles
+Tamar Bridge
+Plymouth City Airport
+First South West
+Brittany Ferries
+Roscoff
+MV Armorique
+Stonehouse
+1204
+Plymouth City Airport
+6
+2018
+FlyPlymouth
+1877
+Great Western Railway
+Cornish Main Line
+Three MPs from the three main political parties in the region have lobbied that the train services are vital to its economy
+CrossCountry network
+4 February 2014
+40 metres (130 ft)
+4 April 2014
+February 2014
+150
+1858
+St Andrew's
+St Andrew's (Anglican)
+twenty
+Moses the Jew
+1762
+Listed grade II
+Ashkenazi Synagogue
+58.1%
+0.8%
+doubled
+58.1%
+-16% and -7%
+1815
+Charlie Chaplin
+30
+Charlie Chaplin
+British Firework Championships
+August 2006
+Roy Lowry of the University of Plymouth
+University of Plymouth
+1992
+1,315
+200
+six galleries
+six
+1961 to 2009
+BBC South West
+ITV West Country
+16 February 2009
+ITV West Country
+Pirate FM
+Football League Two
+fourth tier
+Home Park
+The Pilgrims
+Vospers Oak Villa F.C
+Plymouth Albion Rugby Football Club
+Plymouth Raiders
+1875
+British Basketball League
+1983
+1823
+September 2011
+nine
+1973
+South West Water
+24 April 1591
+River Meavy
+1801
+Plymouth City Council
+South West Water
+Western Power Distribution
+2009
+cycle gas-powered
+1836
+Camel's Head, Crownhill, Greenbank, Plympton and Plymstock
+five
+Millbay Docks
+Devon and Cornwall Constabulary
+Derriford Hospital
+6
+Royal Eye Infirmary
+South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust
+Exeter
+2007
+crematoria and chapels
+Drake Memorial Park
+graves
+2007
+1666
+English Civil War
+1759
+23
+Armada Memorial
+the Barbican
+1620
+Mayflower Steps
+400
+100
+Crownhill Fort
+northern
+the Landmark Trust
+west
+70
+south-east Cornwall
+Kingsand
+Tamar Valley
+architect Henning Larsen
+2008
+University of Plymouth
+University's Arts faculty
+the city's central quarter
+Plymothians
+Plymothians
+a person from Devon
+Cousin Jan
+The Elizabethan navigator
+El Draco meaning "The Dragon"
+1596
+dysentery
+Painter Sir Joshua Reynolds
+Robert Lenkiewicz
+Plymouth College of Art
+Jazz
+Keith Rowe
+Trematon Castle
+footballer
+Canadian
+Lyndon B. Johnson
+The Right Stuff
+comedian
\ No newline at end of file