Saint Bernadette Soubirous Basilica of the Sacred Heart the Grotto a Marian place of prayer and reflection the Basilica of the Sacred Heart September 1876 twice a year The Observer nine 1987 Rome Moreau Seminary Old College Retired priests and brothers Buechner Prize for Preaching eight 1920 Fitzpatrick, Cushing, and Stinson-Remick Halls of Engineering five 1870s a learning Resource Center five The First Year of Studies program U.S. News & World Report 1924 professional Master of Divinity Alliance for Catholic Education 1854–1855 College of Arts and Letters Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies President Emeritus 1986 Ray Kroc widow of Mc's 14 Theodore M. Hesburgh Library 1963 Millard Sheets "Touchdown Jesus" 3,577 3,577 top 10 to 15 39.1% more than 750 miles 18th 8th among Research Universities, and 1st in the Midwest 1st overall U.S. News & World Report's Best Colleges 2016 57.6% Father Joseph Carrier 1821 Science Department evolution and Dogma Professor of Chemistry and Physics 1882 Professor Jerome Green 1899 Father Julius Nieuwland an early wind tunnel Lobund Institute 1940s 1950 1958 1928 The Review of Politics German Catholic journals 44 years Frederick Crosson John Jenkins Medieval Institute International Peace studies 2013 climate change 8,448 Around 21–24% 700 the Holy Cross Missions in Bangladesh 12,179 About 80% one of four 15 20% 14 Congregatio a Sancta Cruce 93% over 100 times Fifty-seven over 80% Washington Hall 1879 Fr. Sorin April 1879 Washington Hall academic revolution College of Commerce Father James Burns three years Harvard Law School Knute Rockne highest winning percentage 1925 1918 three Princeton Ku Klux Klan Fr. Matthew Walsh a week-long Klavern South Bend station John Francis O'Hara John Francis O'Hara Laetare Medal 1883 God and of his Blessed Mother more than half the Nieuwland Science Hall Hall of Liberal Arts John J. Cavanaugh the Lobund Institute for Animal Studies 35 years (1952–87) a factor of 18 from $9.7 million to $176.6 million 40 35 years (1952–87) 389 to 950 coeducational institution Dean of Arts and Letters Vice President of Student Affairs 1971 a co-exchange program whereby several hundred students took classes not offered at their home institution 18 years 1240 to 1360 $350 million $15 million to more than $70 million 500 July 1, 2005 17th John I. Jenkins Compton Family Ice Arena $400m Holy Cross Basilica of the Sacred Heart French Revival Luigi Gregori 1896 Fr. Zahm 1950 Joseph LaFortune 83,000 $1.2 million 29 Theodore Hesburgh Library 4 million D Dave Hall Frank Eck Stadium 2008 40% University of Notre Dame Liberation Theology 1968 1 Suffolk Street Colleges of Arts & Letters, Business Administration, Science, Engineering and the Law School 1998 College of Arts and Letters 1842 1849 Jesuit Ratio Studiorum 33 Father Patrick Dillon 1865 six years Jordan Hall of Science 1,200 Notre Dame School of Architecture Bond Hall third year Rome Driehaus Architecture Prize 2015 Stanford Hall over three million volumes one of the 100 largest rise of Hitler and other dictators Germany classics and law Max Scheler sculptor University of Notre Dame du Lac Catholic research Our Lady of the Lake Virgin Mary 1,250 guidance of the legendary coach Knute Rockne Knute Rockne NCAA Division I seven 13 top twenty four Driehaus Architecture Prize more than 50 Snite Museum of Art 1842 Bishop of Vincennes the Congregation of the Holy Cross November 26, 1842 Old College 1849 1865 Father Lemonnier 1879 1873 NDtv one show WSND-FM WSND-FM $215 million June 3, 2008 Kite Realty City of South Bend City of South Bend National Collegiate Athletic Association Horizon League Midwest Fencing Conference Hockey East Big East Conference Big Ten Conference five Central Collegiate Hockey Association Navy Blue and Gold Rush The Notre Dame Leprechaun Under Armour $100 million 1846 The band regularly plays the school's fight song the Notre Dame Victory March, which began in 1846 and has a claim as the oldest university band in continuous existence in the United States Bicentennial Notre Dame Victory March Michigan Wolverines 1887 Ohio State University USC Ohio State University with the most Heisman Trophies won, and have the highest winning percentage in NCAA history George Gipp Notre Dame Pat O'Brien Gipp 80,795 two-story banner the drum line of the Band of the Fighting Irish and ushers Bond Hall Notre Dame Victory March and the Notre Dame Alma Mater Saturday 1,600 12 28 Austin Carr Mike Brey John F. Shea 1904 Rev. Michael J. Shea 1928 University of Notre Dame The Gipper Knute Rockne Sean Astin George Zipp All American Nobel Prize winner Eric F. Wieschaus Eric F. Wieschaus Rev. John Jenkins College of Science is Medicine Nobel Prize Jim Wetherbee September 4, 1981 singing and dancing late 1990s Houston, Texas 1981 Destiny's Child Dangerously in Love Mathew Knowles Houston, Texas Dangerously in Love September 4, 1981 Giselle Knowles-carter late 1990s lead singer Dangerously in Love 2003 five lead singer Dangerously in Love 2003 darker themes Jay Z six Dreamgirls 2010 Beyoncé I Am June 2005 B'Day Golden Globe-nominated performance in Dreamgirls rapper Jay Z Sasha Fierce love, relationships, and monogamy influential Forbes magazine 2000s Forbes magazine modern-day feminist 2013 and 2014 over 118 million over 118 million 60 million 20 Forbes magazine Destiny's Child Acadian leader Joseph Broussard Giselle Knowles Destiny's Child Mathew Knowles Methodist household Solange Joseph Broussard Destiny's Child Destiny's Child Solange Joseph Broussard Methodist Fredericksburg, Texas John Lennon Fredericksburg Darlette Johnson St. John's United Methodist Church music magnet John Lennon's "Imagine" Fredericksburg Darlette Johnson seven St. John's United Methodist Church Arne Frager Beyoncé's father Elektra Records Arne Frager 1995 Atlanta Records Dwayne Wiggins's Grass Roots Entertainment eight eight Dwayne Wiggins's Grass Roots Entertainment Arne Frager 1995 Dwayne Wiggins's Grass Roots Entertainment "Killing Time" "Killing Time" Marc Nelson 1996 Book of Isaiah Men in Black Say My Name Marc Nelson Book of Isaiah Book of Isaiah "No, No, No" No" 1999 Marc Nelson depression depression Destiny's Child split with Luckett and Roberson after being publicly blamed by the media, critics, and blogs a couple of years Beyoncé Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams Beyoncé, Rowland, and Williams Luckett and Roberson Farrah Franklin "Independent Women Part I" eleven consecutive weeks MTV 663,000 copies Georges Bizet Survivor Charlie's Angels Carmen: A Hip Hopera Beyoncé Luckett and Roberson October 2001 Cuba Gooding, Jr. UK, Norway, and Belgium The Fighting Temptations as Lilly Missy Elliott, MC Lyte, and Free which was also used to promote the film "Summertime" Foxxy Cleopatra $73 million The Fighting Temptations "Fighting Temptation" mixed review Foxxy Cleopatra Mike Myers Work It Out The Fighting Temptations as Lilly Work It Out Dangerously in Love Dangerously in Love 11 million copies Baby Boy "Me, Myself and I" and "Naughty Girl" Jay Z Dangerously in Love "Crazy in Love" Luther Vandross Jay Z June 24, 2003 "Crazy in Love" Luther Vandross five Destiny Fulfilled 2006 2003 Destiny Fulfilled Barcelona March 2006 Dangerously in Love Tour Missy Elliott and Aliciakeys Super Bowl XXXVIII Destiny Fulfilled 541,000 copies Déjà Vu Australia, Hungary, Ireland, New Zealand and the United States three twenty-fifth Jay Z five B'Day 541,000 Jay Z Green Light The Pink Panther Dreamgirls Beyoncé April 2007 over $24 million $158.8 million The Beyoncé experience Shakira The Pink Panther Diana Ross Beyoncé The Beyoncé experience Shakira Jay Z November 18, 2008 2000s Taylor Swift The music video for "Single Ladies" has been parodied and imitated around the world in a video montage April 4, 2008 Taylor Swift The music video for "Single Ladies" has been parodied and imitated around the world April 4, 2008 Jay Z Sasha Fierce "Single Ladies" Kanye West James Phoenix House "At Last" "At Last" at the First couple's first inaugural ball MTV Movie Award for Best Fight Phoenix House Idris Elba Sharon Charles $68 million Etta James Phoenix House James' "At Last" Idris Elba ten Lauryn Hill Lady Gaga sixth Lauryn Hill ten "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) Lady Gaga Lauryn Hill Lauryn Hill ten Lauryn Hill Lady Gaga Mariah Carey 2010 2010 Great Wall 2010 Beyoncé January 2010 nine months a hiatus from her music career Beyoncé business partners nine months 2011 Clinton Bush Haiti Fund Glastonbury Festival The Huffington Post minute Muammar Gaddafi 2011 Clinton Bush Haiti Fund the family of Libyan ruler Muammar Gaddafi Muammar Gaddafi Muammar Gaddafi Clinton Bush Haiti Fund the main Pyramid stage 2011 Love on Top New York Association of Black Journalists New York's Roseland Ballroom June 28, 2011 310,000 New York Association of Black Journalists late 2011 4 June 28, 2011 310,000 New York Association of Black Journalists New York's Roseland Ballroom January 7, 2012 Lenox Hill Hospital Blue Ivy Carter Blue Ivy January 7, 2012 Blue Ivy Carter Five months four January 7, 2012 Blue Ivy Carter Lenox Hill Hospital Blue Ivy four romance-themed songs Life Is But a Dream Warner/Chappell Music January 2013 Destiny's Child President Obama 268,000 January 2013 "Nuclear" pre-recorded track Super Bowl XLVII halftime show Life Is But a Dream 132 The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour " rise Up" 3D CGI March 2014 Met Gala Queen Tara " rise Up" The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour 132 Back to Black Met Gala Queen Tara The New York Times December 13, 2013 the iTunes Store without any prior announcement or promotion Jay Z Forbes $115 million December 13, 2013 one million "Drunk in Love" On the Run Tour six Beck Vogue magazine Coldplay six Beck Coldplay six Vogue Coldplay Coldplay six six Beck Vogue magazine Coldplay Tidal Formation February 6, 2016 a new single exclusively on music streaming service Tidal called "Formation" Tidal music streaming February 6, 2016 on music streaming service Tidal 300 million Paris saddest Jay Z April 4, 2008 300 million "the saddest thing" she had ever endured Paris The Blueprint 2: The Curse April 4, 2008 300 million "the saddest thing" she had ever endured Paris MTV Video Music Awards her pregnancy she had alluded to earlier in the evening 12.4 million Guinness World Records MTV Video Music Awards most hits per second recorded for a single event" "Beyonce pregnant" Love on Top Guinness World Records Love on Top 12.4 million "Beyonce pregnant" Lifeandtimes.com Glory Blue Ivy Carter Lenox Hill Hospital Glory Blue Ivy's cries Blue Ivy January 7, 2012 Blue Ivy Carter Glory Blue Ivy's cries "B.I.C." George Zimmerman "America the Beautiful" $4 million same sex marriage a rally in response to the acquittal of George Zimmerman "America the Beautiful" "America the Beautiful" "At Last" Tumblr July 2013 Vogue Ban bossy Vogue April 2013 Ban bossy "Flawless" leadership in girls Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Ban bossy Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma September 2015 women the priorities in development funding before a main UN summit in September 2015 that will establish new development goals for the generation 2015 Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma September 2015 Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa women Freddie Gray Gray Freddie Gray, Beyoncé and Jay-Z thousands Madonna and Celine Dion "World's Highest-Paid Celebrity couple" 2014 $80 million Madonna and Celine Dion Forbes April 2014 $115 million "Most Powerful Women in the World" list in 2010" Forbes magazine April 2014 MTV 2013 four Jody Rosen The Daily Mail hip hop era four "flexibilitle", capable of exploring power ballads, soul, rock belting, operatic flourishes, and hip hop." hip hop era praise her range and power, with Chris Richards of The Washington Post saying she was "capable of punctuating any beat with goose-bump-inducing whispers or full-bore diva-roars." four Her vocal abilities tart hip hop era R&B pop, soul and funk Irreemplazable Irreemplazable Rudy Perez exploration of 90s-style R&B English Spanish B'Day R&B Irreemplazable Rudy Perez Irreemplazable beats herself "Independent Women" and "Survivor" personally driven and female-empowerment themed compositions like "Independent Women" and "Survivor" "Cater 2 U" co-producing comes up with melodies and ideas "Independent Women" and "Survivor" co-producing melodies and ideas American Society of Composers American Society of Composers Diane Warren Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters 2001 Diane Warren Beyoncé third woman Pop Songwriters of the Year award at the American Society of Composers, Author, and Publishers Pop Music Awards American Society of Composers, Author, and Publishers Pop Music Awards three 17 Mariah Carey five World Music Awards experimenting vocal runs as a child Michael Jackson Vision of Love Michael Jackson Michael Jackson Diana Ross Whitney Houston Vision of Love feminism and female empowerment themes Josephine Baker Etta James B'Day "boldness" inspired Beyoncé to explore other musical genres and styles fashion Rocks Josephine Baker Déjà Vu Michelle Obama February 2013 Oprah Winfrey US First Lady Michelle Obama "the definition of Inspiration and a strong woman" lyrical genius to take control of her own career his lyrical genius US First Lady Michelle Obama Oprah Winfrey Jean-Michel Basquiat Madonna Suga Mama The Mamas Montina Cooper-Dnell, Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqué Riddick 2006 BET Awards Suga Mama Beyoncé the 2006 BET Awards Suga Mama Suga Mama B'Day The Mamas 2006 BET Awards stage presence and voice L.A. Reid stage presence and voice Jarett Wieselman The ex-President of Def Jam L.A. Reid has described Beyoncé as the greatest entertainer alive takes her role as entertainer so seriously she's almost too good Jarett Wieselman Def Jam L.A. Reid Sasha Fierce Sasha Fierce 2008 Revel Presents "too aggressive, too strong, too sassy [and] too sexy" "too aggressive, too strong, too sassy [and] too sexy" Sasha Fierce 2008 "Crazy in Love" Allure magazine wide-ranging Touré Oxford English Dictionary a portmanteau of the words booty "Bootylicious" "Bootylicious" 2006 Touré "Bootylicious" 2006 "is absolutely for the stage." Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show People January 2013 VH1 People Beyoncé January 2013 1 2010 Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show "Hottest Female Singer of All Time" Madame Tussauds Wax Museums Roberto Cavalli Tyra Banks Destiny's Style an account of how fashion had an impact on the trio's success 2007 Tyra Banks Tyra Banks People magazine The Bey Hive The Beyontourage Beyoncé The Bey Hive The Beyontourage The Beyontourage The Bey Hive beehive House of Deréon L'officiel L'officiel 2006 wearing and using fur in her clothing line House of Deréon L'officiel blackface and tribal L'officiel House of Deréon French fashion African-American Emmett Price L'Oréal that only "natural pictures be used" "it is categorically untrue" costuming Emmett Price L'Oréal Feria hair color H&M The Guardian 2013 2014 Artist of the Decade 2013 2014 Baz Luhrmann Jody Rosen The Guardian Time 100 Jody Rosen 2014 White Rabbits Gwyneth Paltrow Pepsi commercial Beyoncé's Pepsi commercial White Rabbits Adele, Ariana Grande, Lady Gaga, Bridgit Mendler, Rihanna, Kelly Rowland, Sam Smith, Meghan Trainor, Nicole Scherzinger, Rita Ora, Zendaya, Cheryl Cole, Jojo, Alexis Country Strong White Rabbits milk Famous Gwyneth Paltrow Country Strong Nicki Minaj "Crazy in Love" two 8 million copies Scaptia beyonceae July 2014 Crazy in Love two 8 million Drake Rolling Stone Drake Scaptia beyonceae 15 million over 118 million 64 60 million Beyoncé 15 million over 118 million records over 118 million 2008 World Music Awards 64 over 118 million over 118 million The Recording Industry Association of America 64 2008 World Music Awards 20 Alison Krauss 52 six two 20 52 2010 Amy Winehouse 20 52 "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) Dreamgirls Pepsi $50 million Center for Science 70 2002 Britney Spears, Pink, and Enrique Iglesias endorse Pepsi The Center for Science in the Public Interest Pepsi $50 million The Center for Science in the Public Interest NetBase Tommy Hilfiger Heat Heat 2013 over $400 million Heat February 2011 Pulse six Diamonds 2010 Heat six 18 Starpower June 2013 70 out of court by her lawyers Starpower Starpower Starpower millions of pounds June 2013 Parkwood Entertainment Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd street wear the fall of 2015 Parkwood Entertainment the fall of 2015 Parkwood Entertainment London-based fashion retailer Topshop London-based fashion retailer Topshop Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd March 30, 2015 Jay Z March 30, 2015 music streaming low payout of royalties Tidal Tidal, Aspiro Jay Z Spotify Beyond Productions Agnz Deréon Beyond Productions sportswear, denim offerings with fur, outerwear and accessories US and Canada Beyoncé 2005 Beyond Productions Destiny's Child's shows and tours Beyoncé and her mother Deréon House of Companies Brazil 2009 the House of Deréon collection Sasha Fierce for Deréon May 27, 2010 House of Companies Beyoncé fashion Diva Sasha Fierce for Deréon C&A Dillard's British fashion retailer Topshop October 2014 Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd 50-50 venture is called Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd April 2016 Topshop Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd activewear line Hurricane Katrina $250,000 Hurricane Ike the Survivor Foundation $250,000 expanded to work with other charities in the city Survivor Foundation $250,000 Hurricane Ike George Clooney and Wyclef Jean Brooklyn Phoenix House Lee Greenwood song "God Bless the USA" $1 million Beyoncé Cosmetology Center Lee Greenwood Beyoncé George Clooney and Wyclef Jean's Hope for Haiti now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief telethon Beyoncé Cosmetology Center "God Bless the USA" Sandy Hook elementary School shooting I Was Here "Miss a Meal" London Tina Knowles Sandy Hook elementary School shooting spread female empowerment Catapult Sandy Hook elementary School shooting Sandy Hook elementary School I Was Here Salma Hayek and Frida Giannini Spanish word montaa (mountain) 4th 4th 77 Spanish word montaa (mountain) 1908 1949 1981 ponderosa pine Maiasaura until 21 years after statehood Oro y Plata significant role of mining 1865 1895 the bitterroot seven largest communities 56 Billings Missoula and Greatfalls Montaa Montaa 147,040 square miles Wyoming Idaho Northern Rocky Mountains 60 percent the Waterton River, Belly, and Saint Mary rivers to flow north into Alberta, Canada Hudson Bay over 10,000 feet Granite Peak, 12,799 feet (3,901 m) high 12,799 feet (3,901 m) high one since 1996 59 to 41 29 to 21, a swing state 1992 since 1889 40 percent Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport spring of 2013 BNSF Railway 1880s Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation spring wolves and mountain lions 1930s the Federation of Fly Fishers recreational lake trout and kokanee salmon fisheries Norman Mclean's novel, A River Runs Through It April 26, 1864 1862 $1.75 1886 450 Pacific Ocean Triple Divide Peak in Glacier National Park Pacific Ocean Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin Three Forks east through fairly flat agricultural land and the Missouri Breaks to Fort Peck reservoir 1976 north North Dakota 3,223 flathead Lake Fort Peck Reservoir Missouri 25 percent 90 fish, 117 mammal, 20 reptile and 427 bird species grizzly five at least 17 15 inches 34.70 inches 104 inches (2,700 mm) 7 7 household goods are exempt from property taxes Approximately 66,000 1801 1887 Greatfalls 63% German mining camp 6.5 percent Big Horn, Glacier, and Roosevelt 1980 and 1990 2007 July 2007 forest fires 1855 Washington Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens 1859 flathead Indian Reservation Camp Cooke Missouri River 1876 1877 English 94.8 percent Spanish 13,040 1,700 89.4 6.3 2.9 1,032,949 4.40 percent Gallatin County Kalispell 1940 1917 smokejamps and for other forest fire-fighting duties 13 million 325 General Philip Sheridan 1875 1881 1881 1871, 1872 and 1873 1876 September 8, 1883 1866 failed bid for statehood 1884 1889 North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington 1862 free land to settlers who could claim and "prove-up" 160 acres 1868 1877 640 acres $25 James J. Hill of the Great Northern 1902 1909 160 to 320 acres June 1917 June 1917 criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means over 200 78 40,000 57,000 At least 1500 Fort William Henry Harrison Greatfalls, Lewistown, Cut Bank and Glasgow entire human groups group The phrase "in whole or in part" trial Chamber I – Judgment – IT-98-33 the Genocide Convention narrow interpretation group destruction Germany the perpetrator must have intended in order to be found guilty of genocide courts in Germany which had taken a broad view, that there had been few cases of genocide under other Convention States municipal laws and that " There are no reported cases in which the courts of these States have defined the type of group de UN General Assembly World War II Lemkin United Nations General Assembly provide a legal definition of the crime political killings USSR would invitation international intervention in domestic politics William Schabas the World Jewish Congress a national, racial, religious or ethnic group a national, racial, religious or ethnic group Jorgic v. Germany biological-physical destruction "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group's basic existence, including language, culture, and economic infrastructure." Peg LeVine mobilizing much of the international relations and community Australian ritualcide ritualcide Australian anthropologist language, culture, and economic infrastructure the legal aspect of the term a crime the deliberate killing of a certain group genocide Peace of Westphalia escape the process of trial and prosecution due to the fact that genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area ethnic, national, racial 1648 1944 Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill) a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill) Winston Churchill 1944 "a crime without a name" Raphael Lemkin a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them a number of considerations numeric size absolute terms prominence within the group the perpetrators' access to the victims The historical examples of genocide their reach opportunity presented to him to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him 12 January 1951 20 two United Kingdom four decades diplomatic research international legal credibility alternative definitions Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions Frank Chalk R. J. Rummel Helen Fein social and political groups The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response political groups "Genocide is a form of one-sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group, as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator." "Genocide is a form of one-sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group, as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator." policies genocide characteristics by which members of a group are identified by the state nationality pogroms murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership religious group the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide eliminate the group preventing births or forcibly transferring children out of the group to another group Adrian Gallagher collective power intent group identity destroyed acts of genocide 1999 Kosovo War former Yugoslavia following the 1999 Kosovo War International Court of Justice Norway the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide humanity murder the Holocaust Raphael Lemkin European Court of Human Rights wider interpretation of genocide "Amongst scholars, the majority have taken the view that ethnic cleansing, in the way in which it was carried out by the Serb forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to expel Muslims and Croats from their homes, expel Muslims and Croats from their homes Bosnia and Herzegovina 30 Zdravko Tolimir conspiracy Zdravko Tolimir German he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina Belgrade Ratko Mladi genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina Slobodan Miloevi The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda April 1994 Security Council of the United Nations other serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of Rwanda, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states the Security Council of the United Nations categorizing the situation in Darfur Colin Powell Senate Foreign Relations Committee an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur genocide the Consecutor of the International Criminal Court the Commission report the United States fourth the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide psychological and social processes Ervin Staub passivity of internal and external witnesses humanizing a devalued group resistance of bacteria a common phenomenon 1943 penicillin and erythromycin evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive highdoses of antibiotics 1943 Luria–Delbrck experiment its concentration bacterial infection bacterial growth phase division of bacterial cells its concentration host defense mechanisms, the location of bacterial cells the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile bacterial functions or growth processes penicillins and cephalosporins polymyxins macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity penicillins polymyxins four chemical structure, or spectrum of activity penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems beta-lactam aminoglycosides chemical synthesis various natural compounds less than 2000 atomic mass units penicillins fungi in the genus Penicillium tuberculosis effectiveness World Health Organization 20th anyone, of any age, in any country raising World Health Organization 20th century livestock raising vaccination 20th century raising World Health Organization every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country 20th century antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance tuberculosis empirical therapy in the laboratory microorgainsim the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory several days the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory a patient has proven or suspected infection before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora overgrowth of yeast species of the genus Candida a systemic corticosteroid the microbial organisms targeted negative effects clinical use microbial organisms Adverse host microbiota negative effects on humans or other mammals some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects diarrhea overgrowth of yeast species of the genus Candida a range of adverse side effects obesity in humans needs to be weighted against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighted against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities Early life accelerated growth, and increased hepatic expression of genes involved in adipogenesis, compared to controlled mice in cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency 1% reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial extra contraceptive measures contraceptive tablets 1% absorption of estrogens in the colon oral contraceptives these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients very low (about 1%) side-effects cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy lack of a categorical counterindication widespread side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy moderate alcohol consumption alcohol and antibiotics antibiotic therapy moderate alcohol consumption While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects Intrinsic antibacterial resistance antibacterial resistance genes an antibiotic target through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of DNA by horizontal genetic exchange a mutation in the bacterial chromosome vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of DNA by horizontal genetic exchange confer resistance to multiple antibacterials superbugs Antibacterial-resistant strains nearly half a million tuberculosis increases in bacterial strains and species that no longer respond to treatment with the most common antibiotics Self prescription of antibiotics Self prescription of antibiotics excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics correct doage of antibiotics failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect doage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery prescription to treat viral infections reduce inappropriate prescription of antibiotics US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), as well as other US agencies 2002 2003 Swann report 1969 American Society for Microbiology (ASM) and the American Medical Association (AMA) S.742 and H.R. 2562 American Holistic Nurses' Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association livestock 1977 March 2012 medicinal folklore over 2000 years ago specially selected mold and plant materials and extracts to treat infections against life Jean Paul Vuillemin biological properties, and attempted to use a crude preparation to treat some infections, but he was unable to pursue its further development without the aid of trained chemists Alexander Fleming penicillin biological properties Prontosil Gerhard Domagk Gerhard Domagk Nobel Prize for Medicine tyrothricin 1939 a compound of 20% gramicidin and 80% tyrocidine Rene Dubos a compound of 20% gramicidin and 80% tyrocidine 1942 1945 Norman Heatley 1945 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin immune modulation or augmentation Antibacterial antibodies, inflammation, and other classic immune reactions Phage therapy by infecting pathogenic bacteria with their own viruses the phages will infect " good" bacteria, or the bacteria that are important in the everyday function of human beings seven antibiotics against the Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) currently in phase 2 or phase 3 clinical trials seven 2013 FDA appropriate economic incentives Susceptibility Test Interpretive Criteria for Microbial Organisms Allan Coukell Polish and French Romantic era solo piano Duchy of Warsaw 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising 1849 the Duchy of Warsaw Warsaw solo piano 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising 17 October 1849 Frédéric Franois Chopin solo piano the Duchy of Warsaw 1849 Warsaw 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising Romantic era 1849 21 30 1835 Majorca tuberculosis Paris 30 Franz Liszt 1835 George Sand 21 30 1835 Jane Stirling 1835 Jane Stirling tuberculosis ballade instrumental ballade J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert their nuance and sensitivity salons the piano instrumental ballade their nuance and sensitivity J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert Polish ballade Polish their nuance and sensitivity mazurkas, waltzes, nocturnes, polonaises, études, impromptus, scherzos, preludes and sonatas ballade Polish Paris salons indirect public consciousness Romantic era numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy France Poland political insurrection Romantic era France political insurrection Romantic era elazowa Wola 1 March 1 March Fridericus Franciscus 29 elazowa Wola Napoleon 22 February 1810 1 March Fridericus Franciscus Napoleon 22 February 1810 1 March Fridericus Franciscus elazowa Wola Napoleon Justyna Krzyanowska Easter Sunday, 23 April 1810 Polish Nicolas Chopin Lorraine Justyna Krzyanowska Fryderyk Skarbek Luwika (1807–55) and Emilia (112–27) Fryderyk Skarbek Poland Fryderyk Skarbek, a pupil of Nicolas Chopin October 1810 French Palace grounds flute and violin illnesses October 1810 Warsaw Lyceum flute and violin piano six months French flute and violin piano Palace grounds Wojciech ywny Luwika seven two polonaises ywny Wojciech ywny her brother seven Fryderyk 1817 1816 to 1821 Wojciech ywny Luwika seven ywny 1817 Kazimierz Palace Kazimierz Palace Belweder Palace Nasze Przebiegi 1817 Kazimierz Palace the ruler of Russian Poland, Grand Duke Constantine a march Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz Grand Duke Constantine Grand Duke Constantine a march Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz 1823 to 1826 Jzefelsner "eolomelodicon" Rondo Op 10 June 1825 Wilhelm Wrfel Wilhelm Wrfel Rondo Op diamond ring Rondo Op Wilhelm Wrfel Silesian composer Jzefelsner "eolomelodicon" a diamond ring Rondo Op Dominik Dziewanowski Szafarnia The Szafarnia Courier The Szafarnia Courier Warsaw Polish rural folk music Dominik Dziewanowski The Szafarnia Courier Warsaw 1827 Warsaw University building 1830 a museum Ambroy Mieroszewski 1827 1830 a museum Ambroy Mieroszewski Emilia 1830 Chopin Family Parlour Ambroy Mieroszewski male Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Biaobocki, Jan Matuszyski and Julian Fontana Konstancja Gadkowska Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Biaobocki, Jan Matuszyski and Julian Fontana Konstancja Gadkowska Konstancja Gadkowska July 1829 Jan Matuszyski and Julian Fontana Konstancja Gadkowska Konstancja Gadkowska piano Concerto No. 1 Four Feliks Jarocki Prince Antoni Radziwi Prince Antoni Radziwi Polonaise brillante September 1828 Prince Antoni Radziwi Prince Antoni Radziwi Prince Antoni Radziwi Polonaise brillante 1828 Feliks Jarocki accomplished composer and aspiring cellist Gaspare Spontini 1829 a set of variations 11 August two 17 March 1830 a set of variations Warsaw Conservatory piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor September 1829 ac customed to the piano-bashing of local artists Niccol Paganini Vienna three weeks three 2 November 1830 Italy 1830 Jachimecki Zdzisaw Jachimecki Woyciechowski Italy Poland western Europe Woyciechowski 1830 "I curse the moment of my departure." 1831 Polish Great Emigration French versions 1835 friends and confidants French late September 1831 Polish Great Emigration 1835 Adam Zamoyski Poland French French Adam Zamoyski Great Emigration Paris Adam Mickiewicz songs Adam Mickiewicz artists and other distinguished figures Adam Mickiewicz Adam Mickiewicz Julian Fontana Albert Grzymaa elder brother Albert Grzymaa Polish England England Albert Grzymaa Albert Grzymaa Samson Warsaw Conservatory Robert Schumann 26 February 1832 essentially intimate keyboard technique his father Robert Schumann 26 February 1832 Rothschild banking end of 1831 essentially intimate keyboard technique publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students from all over Europe salons Chopin, Liszt and Hiller Salle Pleyel pianos Maurice Schlesinger Adolphe Gutmann Paris apartment J.S. Bach Maurice Schlesinger Felix Mendelssohn playing and discussing music at his piano Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow Carlsbad Lower Rhenish Music Festival in Aix-la-Chapelle with Hiller Felix Mendelssohn Carlsbad September Countess Wodziska Felix Mendelssohn Felix Mendelssohn director of the Academy of Art Maria Woyciechowski Rossini, Cherubini, Baillot, etc. Liszt 12 December 1831 Woyciechowski Salle Pleyel George Onslow's Sonata a few blocks seven Hector Berlioz Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory 2 April 1833 Beethoven Memorial in Bonn Htel de France Htel de France seven Hector Berlioz love-hate a love-hate relationship numerous intricate embellishments my friend Liszt Op. 10 tudes Marie d'Agoult's obsession with Chopin Liszt Hiller, "I should like to rob him of the way he plays my studies." Marie d'Agoult's obsession with Chopin Hiller George Sand Marie d'Agoult My tragedy Grzymaa of June 1838 George Sand she was influenced by his poor health and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d'Agoult and Sand My tragedy Marie d'Agoult 1837 My tragedy Grzymaa London the end of June 1838 they had become lover six years they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of Chopin and that of Sand's former lover Félicien Mallefille the deeply traditional Catholic people of Majorca became inhospitable James Broadwood English piano maker six years Félicien Mallefille Valldemossa June 1838 Majorca Sand's two children Félicien Mallefille former Carthusian monastery 3 December, Chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in Majorca his Pleyel piano sent to him the best possible condition in spite of the sea, the bad weather and the Palma customs Three doctors have visited me December bad health Ballade No. 2, Op. 38; two Polonaises, Op. 40; and the Scherzo No. 3, Op. 39 December Pleyel bad weather Canuts Barcelona Nohant Square d'Orléans a local French couple Marseilles Nohant 5 rue Tronchet Square d'Orléans bad weather a local French couple Marseilles Square d'Orléans Nohant dress rehearsal of Berlioz's Grande symphonie funbre et triomphale 26 July 1840 Adolphe Nourrit a transcription of Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne a transcription of Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne Adolphe Nourrit a transcription of Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne Grande symphonie funbre et triomphale the July Revolution Polonaise Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot 7 June 1842 piano technique and composition Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot piano technique and composition Delacroix 1842 Grzymaa Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement piano temporal lobe epilepsy 1842 Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement temporal lobe epilepsy 1842 my mouth and tonsils the Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement Charles Hallé temporal lobe epilepsy Auguste Clésinger radical political pursuits a "child," a "sufferer" and a "beloved little corpse." Lucrezia Floriani 1846 1846 Auguste Clésinger Lucrezia Floriani Auguste Clésinger composer's illness Lucrezia Floriani 1847 Op. 58 sonata more refined six six Op. 58 sonata six six a dozen works, only six were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843 February 1848 Auguste Franchomme February 1848 Auguste Franchomme struggle financially Auguste Franchomme cellist BBC Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Consseda Chopin – The Women Behind The Music BBC Chopin – The Women Behind The Music Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Consseda Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Consseda A Song to remember Cornel Wilde 1928 Hugh Grant George Sand A Song to remember Cornel Wilde Henry Roussel Pierre Blanchar Possibly Milan Giacomo Orefice a fanciful operatic version of some of its events written by Giacomo Orefice Giacomo Orefice 1901 Milan Leon Ulrich Marcel Proust and André Gide English (see bibliography for some of these) an 1830 sonnet 1830 English every five years Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin The New York Times Warsaw Chopin Society every five years The New York Times 1895 Paul Pabst of the Nocturne Paul Pabst Methuen-Campbell 1895 Methuen-Campbell International Chopin piano Competition 1927 Warsaw every five years 1,500 International Chopin piano Competition 1927 The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland 1,500 Chopiniana Michel Fokine Les Sylphides Alexander Glazunov 1909 Chopiniana Michel Fokine Alexander Glazunov Les Sylphides London, where he performed at several concerts and at numerous receptions in great houses Jane Stirling Paris Jane Stirling and her elder sister Jane Stirling he left for London, where he performed at several concerts and at numerous receptions in great houses Scottish pupil Dover Street Broadwood Stafford House Queen Victoria and Prince Albert 7 July Dover Street a grand piano Queen Victoria and Prince Albert piano lessons Viardot Scotland Adam yszczyski Scotland Glasgow 10 Warriston Crescent 16 November 1848 London's Guildhall Polish refugees very seriously ill London's Guildhall Delfina Potocka Chaillot Princess Obreskoff At the end of November Delfina Potocka Chaillot Princess Obreskoff June 1849 June 1849 Place Vendme 12 Luwika a loan from Jane Stirling Jane Stirling de rigueur fear of being buried alive No longer Solange's husband Clésinger fear of being buried alive Clésinger tuberculosis Jean Cruveilhier Permission for DNA testing tuberculosis Jean Cruveilhier cystic fibrosis Polish government Church of the Madeleine in Paris almost two weeks Over 3,000 Church of the Madeleine in Paris almost two weeks Over 3,000 Mozart's Requiem Louis Lefébure-Wély Prince Adam Czartoryski Funeral March from Chopin's piano Sonata No. 2 Requiem Louis Lefébure-Wély Pre Lachaise Cemetery Prince Adam Czartoryski Funeral March Clésinger Euterpe 5,000 francs Jane Stirling alcohol Clésinger 5,000 francs Jane Stirling Luwika She also took a collection of two hundred letters from Sand to Chopin Over 230 the piano Over 230 chamber music Clementi Clementi Bach and Mozart Haydn John Field ballades and scherzi salon ballades and scherzi the concert étude Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles seven seven the European musical map written specifically for the salon recital mazurka concert hall dance forms seven salon recital Revolutionary tude the Revolutionary tude (Op. 10, No. 12), and the Minute Waltz (Op. 64, No. 1) Sonata No. 2 Revolutionary tude (Op. 10, No. 12), and the Minute Waltz (Op. 64, No. 1) Revolutionary tude Minute Waltz 65 Julian Fontana 23 17 65 Julian Fontana 1857 Krystyna Kobylaska 1857 alternative catalogue designations Kobylaska Catalogue Chopin's works Krystyna Kobylaska Breitkopf & Hrtel Jan Ekier original publishers popular 19th-century piano anthologies Paderewski Jan Ekier Improvisation four-bar phrase Improvisation Nicholas Temperley his flexible handling of the four-bar phrase as a structural unit Barcarolle Op. 60 four ballades and four scherzos an extended "departure and return" form; "the more the middle section is extended, and the further it departs in key, mood and theme, from the opening idea, the more important and dramatic is the reprise when it at last comes." folk features straightforward ternary or episodic mazurkas drone canon at one beat's distance triple time Isner martial formidable 21 agitated expression Field 1833 agitated expression piano playing straightforward ternary form double thirds The Well-Tempressed Clavier J.S. Bach The preludes J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempressed Clavier generic preludes Ferruccio Busoni four Kornel Michaowski and Jim Samson four The last movement, a brief (75-bar) perpetuum mobile in which the hands play in unmodified octave unison throughout Kornel Michaowski Claude Debussy arisen Temperley his use of very independent finger technique Léon Escudier refused to conform to a standard method of playing and believed that there was no set technique for playing well Karol Szymanowski use of national modes and idioms Nikolai Zverev Karol Szymanowski Alexander Scriabin Nikolai Zverev Jonathan Bellman rigid procedures rigid procedures "conservatory" tradition of late 19th- and 20th-century music schools, and suitable for large auditoria or recordings Berlioz Hiller rubato the practice in performance of disregarding strict time rubato rubato Friederike Mller Friederike Mller rhythm nationalism 1836 his native Poland failure of the November 1830 rising Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein polonaises Schumann flowers Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein Barbara Milewski Micha Kleofas Ogiski and Franciszek Lessel Richard Taruskin design freedom Europe and the New World Byronic flamboyance Liszt and Henri Herz publishers who were willing to print his music, the wealthy and aristocratic who paid what Chopin asked for their lessons Arthur Hutchings Carnaval Ballade No. 2 in F major six Alkan a pianist and composer Carnaval Ballade No. 2 in F major Liszt Debussy Jacques Durand Raoul Koczalski Chopin's music Mainland Chinese scholars horse 1260–1294 Deshin Shekpa Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism Nepal armed resistance Mongols Ganden Phodrang regime 1578 9th Yarlung rulers of Tibet borders Inner Asia 821 907–960 960–1279 Khitan-ruled Liao dynasty Khitan Jurchen Genghis Khan gedei Khan 1229–1241 gedei Khan Godan Prince Godan Tregene Khatun 1241–1246 thirteen Khagan gedei Khan Karma Pakshi the Phagpa lama 1279 1271–1368 Yuan dynasty universal rule China 1358 Mongols Mongols Phagmodrupa Dynasty Zhu Yuanzhang Tibet Zhu Yuanzhang 1368–1408 Karmapa of the nearer Kham region and southeastern Tibet Rolpe Dorje Rolpe Dorje Buddhist link between Tibet and China disciples Ming government 1402–1424 the Yongle Emperor 1644–1912 1739 the "-L-S Army-Civilian Marshal Office" seventeen western Tibet five Princes the Phagmodru ruler Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen Turrell V. Wylie Morris Rossabi Morris Rossabi Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa Wang and Nyima 1371 princes imperial edicts Thomas Laird Mongols the People's Republic of China "A Mongol dynasty of China" "the line of Mongol rulers in China" a non-Chinese polity The Encyclopedia Americana 1271 to 1368 1311–1320 licensed border market Mongols and other ethnicities Mongol Yuan General of the Ngari Military and Civil Wanhu Office Ming dynasty's -Tsang Commanding Office Beijing Chen Qingying 1,000 10,000 John Powers ruling lamas subordinates Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan Hans Bielenstein "Education Minister" Degsi Phagmodrupa Dynasty Wang and Nyima Tai Situpa Changchub Gyaltsen Van Praag University of Washington all traces of Mongol suzerainty Sagya Gyaincain Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen the Ming officer of Hezhou the Ming court Phagmodrupa 1434 1642 hegemonies Karmapa Kargyu Mongol Je Tsongkhapa Ming Yongle Emperor Chen Qingying 1407 1413 Chosrje Shkya Yeshes 1414 Dawa Norbu eastern Tibetan princes an army Tibet Yang Sanbao Tibet 1413 gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states Mingshi Lu 1430s Mingshi Lu various lamas the Phagmodru myriarchy Melvyn C. Goldstein 1435–1565 Melvyn C. Goldstein 1565–1642 1398–1402 the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao the Hongwu Emperor March 10, 1403 his eunuch Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang to seek out the Karmapa 1407 Lhasa either through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan 1403 Nanjing Karmapa Kublai the Yongle Emperor Linggu Temple Nanjing Great Treasure Prince of Dharma religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects Deshin Shekpa religious purposes send a military force into Tibet to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools Deshin Shekpa Jianwen Emperor Deshin Shekpa Deshin Shekpa's miracles Chinese Communist historians Buddhist artifacts Josef Kolma 1435–1449 The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC Karmapa Great Treasure Prince of Dharma 1445 Karmapa hierarchs 1446 1415 Karma Kagyu to facilitate trade with Tibet in tea, horses, and salt tea, horses, and salt Sichuan merely to secure urgently needed horses Ming Chinese merchants and officials silver wares, Buddha relics, utensils for Buddhist temples and religious ceremonies the Ming corvée Tibet Altan Khan Oirat Mongols Ming dynasty Altan Khan 14th century November 1378 30,000 200,000 the Ming general Qu Neng recovery of the Ordos region Mongols Ming China was designed to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes divinide-and-rule when the Ming dynasty began the fifth Karmapa many different Tibetan lamas the Phagmodrupa 1498 New Years ceremonies and prayers 1518 1505–1521 lamas at court Miky Dorje Elliot Sperling China's intervening Ming dynasty 13th century 18th century Qing dynasty Chinese central government Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans Communist successors California Academy of Sciences Mongols patron and priest 13th century Ming dynasty 1981 Mingshi central government of China 1521–1567 Daoism Tibetan lamas Yang Tinghe Grand Secretary Yang Tinghe Jiajing Neo-Confucian establishment Ferno Pires de Andrade Tibetan Buddhism and lamas Jiajing Kokonor Ming Chinese Ming 1571 the third hierarch of the Gelug shamanism and blood sacrifice Mongol princes and subjects Gelug Buddhism Dalai Lama "the unique fusion of religious and political power" wielded by the Dalai Lama Tmen Khan Altan Khan 5th Dalai Lama 1642 Altan Khan Altan Khan the Ming Chinese official Zhang Juzheng Zhang Juzheng Mongolia pay tribute pay tribute Dorjichang or Vajradhara Dalai Lama the fifth Dalai Lama the fifth Panchen Lama Master of Vajradhara Yonten Gyatso 1616 Yonten Gyatso died before being able to make the journey Mongol old vassal of Tibet 1642 Ming court 1565 Karma Phuntsok Namgyal 1611–1621 Karmapa The fourth Dalai Lama Mongol prince Gshi Khan protector Gelugpas Amdo 1642 Lozang Gyatso conquest of Tibet Dalai Lama Sonam Chpel Gshi Khan Li Zicheng Dalai Lama Shunzhi Dzungar Mongols Kangxi Emperor 1720 1751 1751 Apple Inc October 23, 2001 three portable media players touchscreen 2001 Apple Inc three the ultra-compact iPod Shuffle 2015 external data storage devices 2 GB for the iPod Shuffle to 128 GB 2 GB for the iPod Shuffle the iPod Shuffle iPod Shuffle 2 GB 128 GB Apple Macintosh Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows Apple's iTunes software separate apps named "Music" and "Videos" are standardized across all iOS-powered products iPhone the iPod touch 2010 Music" and "Videos" A8 processor sixth A8 processor 2015 A8 processor 5 2001 2004 Tony Fadell and Michael Dhuey Braun T3 transistor radio 5 GB hard drive 2001 5 GB "big and suspinky or small and useless" Jon Rubinstein Jobs announced it as a Mac-compatible product with a 5 GB hard drive that put "1,000 songs in your pocket." Pixo Espy Sans 2007 Helvetica Steve Jobs PortalPlayer's reference platform Helvetica 2006 Irish rock band U2 silver an exclusive video U2 silver 2006 Burst.com Kane Kramer UK 1981 IXI Burst.com IXI Kane Kramer Vinnie Chieco freelance copywriters A Space Odyssey Vinnie Chieco 2005 A Space Odyssey Vinnie Chieco Joseph N. Grasso mid-2015 Pierre Dandumont latest 122 Pierre Dandumont weak bass response high-impedance an external icrophone amplifier low-frequency audio tests bass sound far too easily R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass booster equalizer amplified the digital audio level beyond the software's limit 2006 R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass booster hearing loss EU markets 100 dB France 100 dB France FireWire recharge the battery FireWire third a 30-pin dock connector fifth-generation fourth-generation a single 3.5 mm minijack phone connector third fourth-generation iPod Shuffle a single 3.5 mm minijack phone connector fourth-generation iPod nano iPod Hi-Fi Belkin and Griffin dock connector proprietary interface Belkin and Griffin iPod Hi-Fi Lightning Lightning older iPods, iPhones, and iPads 30pin dock connector used by older iPods, iPhones, and iPads both sides Lightning the iPhone 5 the iPod Hi-Fi Jbl, Bose, Monster Cable, and sendStation Griffin Technology, Belkin, Jbl, Bose, Monster Cable, and sendStation TV connections Nike+iPod Apple Scion offers standard iPod connectivity on all their cars 2005 Scion Mercedes-Benz, Volvo,Mitsubishi, Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, Aura, Audi, Ford, Renault, Infiniti and Volkswagen Scion JVC, Pioneer, Kenwood, Alpine, Sony, and Harman Kardon FM audio input jacks personal FM transmitters added audio input jacks United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates individual seat-back displays United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates 2007 WMA audio format PNG WMA audio format Digital Rights Management Mac OS MP3, AAC/M4A, Protected AAC, AIFF, WAV, Audible audiobook, and Apple Lossless The iPod photo Each time an iPod connects to its host computer anything added or edited entire music libraries or music playlists five the 3rd-generation iPod Shuffle the actual player 3.5" touch screen the iPhone five iPod Shuffle iPhone April 29, 2003 an online media store October 12, 2005 October 12, 2005 2003 2006 September 12, 2006 AAC format up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of iPods "iTunes Plus." January 6, 2009 January 6, 2009 AAC FairPlay DRG system ITunes Plus 2009 eMusic or Amie Street Apple uses the store to promote iPod sales D RM Universal Music Group the iTunes Store 2007 Media Event September 5, 2007 2007 an iPhone iPods an easter egg hidden feature Steve Wozniak Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz an easter egg Brick Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz 2006 7 5th 5th and 4th 2006 fifth Namco, Square Enix, Electronic Arts, Sega, and Hudson Soft handheld console market Namco, Square Enix, Electronic Arts, Sega, and Hudson Soft .ig files disguise software development kit the iPod Touch .ig files the iPod Touch and iPhone not publicly released a software development kit transfer media alternative third-party applications The user must use software that has been specifically designed to transfer media files to iPods D RM protected media 7 hidden host copying the files or albums off the iPod 2005 patent infringement Sony, RealNetworks, Napster, and Musicmatches as defendants Ho Keung Tse Advanced Audio devices FairPlay the iPod line August 2005 Northern District Court for the Northern District Court for the Northern District Court for the Northern District Court for the Northern District Court for the Northern District Court for the Northern District Court for the Northern District Court for the Northern District Court for the Northern District Court for the Northern District Zen Patent United States International Trade Commission rotational user inputs the United States District Court for the Northern District Court for the Northern District Court for the Northern District Court for the Northern District Court for the Northern District Court for the Northern District Court for the Northern District Court for the Northern District Court for the Northern District Court for the Northern August 24, 2006 US$100 million Made for iPod US$100 million Made for iPod over 90% October 2004 72.7% Bloomberg Online over 90% 70% 74% July 2005 Hewlett-Packard Hewlett-Packard 5% unfavorable terms Hewlett-Packard one-hundred millionth US$5.2 billion Mac computers second quarter revenue of US$5.2 billion 2007 32% US$24.01 billion 19.22% US$3.5 billion US$15.4 billion 26% January 22, 2008 US$1.58 billion 42% 42% Peter Oppenheimer 2009 14.21% 220 million 2013 fourth best favorable Sony Ericsson andMotorola AAC files PC World Sony Ericsson andMotorola PC World to train new staff to train new staff Royal and Western Infirmaries Glasgow, Scotland Duke University Duke University Duke University Entertainment Weekly album Era music digital music storage album Era up to 14 hours of music playback 2003, class action lawsuits 2003 the battery charges lasted for shorter lengths of time than stated 30 GB third-party vendors a refurbished replacement iPod lithium-ion batteries worn-out batteries lithium-ion batteries a battery replacement program US$99 soldering tools Fifth generation 2003 US$99 the iPod nano a health and safety risk an Apple product replacement program short life-span and fragile hard drives MacInTouch website 2005 late 2005 protective sleeves failure rates the surface The Mail British tabloid The Mail 25% The Mail 35% Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group Foxconn Longhua Foxconn Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group 2006 2009 an Apple prototype went missing 2010 U.S. innovation HFS+ FAT32 action-adventure GameCube and Wii home video game consoles November 2006 November 2005 Nintendo 2005 2006 Link, who tries to prevent Hyrule from being engulfed by a corrupted parallel dimension known as the Twilight Realm Hyrule Midna the Twilight Realm Midna The Wind Waker Game of the Year awards Nintendo Selects March 2016 Twilight Princess several 2006 2016 combat, exploration, and item collection Ocarina of Time projectile-based weapons a bow and arrows Clawshot action-adventure Ocarina of Time a sword and shield projectile-based weapons one button to serve a variety of functions, such as talking, opening doors, and pushing, pulling, pulling, pulling, and throwing objects The on-screen display shows what action, if any, the button will trigger, determined by the situation on the ground if he is standing still context-sensitive button The on-screen display Wii Remote trademark "chime" The Wii version Wii Remote two motion sensors Wii Remote nine enemies a large overworld a boss at the end in order to obtain an item or otherwise advance the plot battles enemies a boss a large overworld wolf dodging attacks Midna, a small imp-like creature the player can see and listen to the wandering spirits of those affected by the Twilight riding Epona a wolf a small imp-like creature hunt for enemy ghosts artificial intelligence The Wind Waker react artificial intelligence Link remains silent in conversation, but grunts when attacking or injured and gasps when surprised Midna Akiko Kmoto Japanese grunts remains silent in conversation, but grunts when attacking or injured and gasps when surprised Midna Akiko Kmoto a ranch hand in Ordon Village carry off the village's children with Link in pursuit before he encounters a wall of Twilight A Shadow Beast Twilight-covered areas Ordon Village Bulblins Tears of Light Fused Shadows Zant Master Sword Zelda Lanayru the Fused Shadows Zant Master Sword Zelda the Shadow Crystal within the Gerudo Desert, the only known gateway between both forms at will Ganondorf Hyrule Castle Zelda Shadow Crystal Gerudo Desert Midna Ganondorf a beast Mirror of Twilight Ordon Village Zelda and the Light Spirits Master Sword Link and Zelda Link and Zelda Midna's helmet Mirror of Twilight 2003 Game Developers Conference GameCube horseback combat 2003 Eiji Aonuma horseback combat four months Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004 the Nintendo DS Phantom hourglass 2004 a wolf Game Boy Advance "Revolution" Miyamoto Takano Wii Remote pointing-based 2005 Aonuma 2005 GameCube E3 2005 Wii At E3 2005 link's movements NGC Magazine Wii controller 2006 a month after the launch of the Wii NGC Magazine At E3 2006 the button that had previously been used for the sword the button that had previously been used for the sword E3 participantes right-handed implemented Wii controls under the mindset of "forcing" users to adapt, instead of making the system intuitive and easy to use Minegishi Minegishi Michiru shima Yasuzo Takemoto Michiru shima Yasuzo Takemoto live instruments Both six- and seven-track versions November 19, 2006 Master Sword and the Hylian Shield Media November 19, 2006 Nintendo Power promotion a buffer removal vulnerability Executable and Linkable Format Wii Twilight Hack 3.3 and 3.4 4.0 The Legend of Zelda The Legend of Zelda November 12, 2015 March 5, 2016 The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD Tantalus Media Amiibo March 4, 2016 Wolf Link Amiibo figurine Zelda and Sheik Zelda and Sheik Zelda Zelda game Wolf Link Amiibo figurine Wii U-exclusive dungeon Zelda-related Amiibo figurines Zelda and Sheik the United States 20 Japan, Europe, and Australia A CD containing 20 musical selections perfect scores GameRankings and Metacritic GameTrailers released to universal critical acclaim and commercial success 1UP.com, Computer and Video Games, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar, and GameSpy 95% and 95 GameTrailers 1UP.com, Computer and Video Games, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar, IGN and The Washington Post Jeff Gerstmann Wii version Javier Glickman "very long quests, excellent Wii controls and being able to save anytime" IGN and GameSpy Gaming Nexus Hyper's Javier Glickman GameCube 16th 4th-best third-best IGN and Nintendo Power Best Game Game 16th 4th-best PAL region 5.82 million 1.32 million PAL 5.82 million 1.32 million Akira Himekawa Japan Akira Himekawa publisher Shogakukan's MangaOne mobile application Eon Productions Ernst Stavro Blofeld James Bond Skyfall $245 million twenty-fourth a budget around $245 million fourth Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Columbia Pictures Sam Mendes Spectre, marking the group's first appearance in an Eon Productions film since 1971's Diamonds Are Forever,[N 2] Eon Productions James Bond characters, including M, Q and Eve Moneypenny return, with the new additions of Léa Seydoux as Dr. Madeleine Swann, Dave Bautista as Mr. Hinx, Andrew Scott as Max Denbigh and Monica Bellucc Dave Bautista Lucia Sciarra M, Q and Eve Moneypenny Léa Seydoux Dave Bautista 1971 6 November 2015 Royal Albert Hall 6 November 2015 action sequences and cinematography Academy Award Skyfall "Writing's on the Wall" Day of the dead M Garreth Mallory Nine Eyes Garreth Mallory Day of the dead MI5 and MI6 steals his ring Rome widow Lucia Franz Oberhauser a Spectre assassin Mr. White, former member of Quantum, a subsidiary of Spectre Rome Franz Oberhauser Mr. Hinx Oberhauser thallium poisoning Dr. Madeline Swann suicide Hoffler Klinik Tangier thallium poisoning Dr. Madeline Swann Tangier the Hoffler Klinik co-ordinates his father, Hannes, became his temporary guardian Ernst Stavro Blofeld Ernst Stavro Blofeld London where they meet M, Bill Tanner, Q, and Moneypenny M, Bill Tanner, Q, and Moneypenny M. Bond leaves the bridge with Swann Swann Q Nine Eyes an acronym of SPecial Executive for Counter-intelligence, Terrorism, Revenge and Extortion Kevin McClory 1963 Never Say never Again Warhead 2000 A.D. 1963 Warhead 2000 A.D. Thunderball MGM "Spectre" Eon Productions 2013 Danjaq, LLC discarded Danjaq Sony Pictures Entertainment Eon Productions John Logan Eon Productions November 2014 John Logan Eon Productions Christoph Waltz 1983 Neal Purvis and Robert Wade Quantum of Solace Octopussy Charmian " Octopussy" from the Octopussy and The Living Daylights collection Christoph Waltz Casino Royale Solace For Your Eyes Kingsley Amis The Hildebrand Rarity For Your Eyes Kingsley Amis' continuation novel Colonel Sun Hildebrand Rarities and antiques December 2014 Ralph Fiennes Naomie Harris Ralph Fiennes Rory Kinnear fourth Rory Kinnear Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw Franz Oberhauser Christoph Waltz Léa Seydoux Casino Royale and Quantum of Solace fifty Bérénice Lim Marlohe Quantum of Solace over fifteen hundred Alessandro Cremona Stephanie Sigman February 2015 Mexico Austria Alessandro Cremona Estrella John Glen Dennis Gassner Roger Deakins The living Daylights and Licence to Kill in 1987 and 1989 Dennis Gassner The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill John Glen sixth London, Mexico City and Rome Van Hoytema Pinewood Studios seven months Kodak 35 mm film stock Kodak December 2014 December 2014 Ice Q Restaurant knee whilest shooting a fight scene, and later by an accident involving a filming vehicle that saw three crew members injured, at least one of them seriously. Ice Q Restaurant Austrian Alps Rettenbach Aston Martin DB10 and a Jaguar C-X75 Formula One racing team Williams Jaguar four independent electric engines Blenheim Palace Ponte Sisto bridge Aston Martin DB10 and a Jaguar C-X75 Williams Jaguar Mexico City Day of the dead festival Zcalo and the Centro Histrico district 1,500 the Day of the dead festival filmed in and around the Zcalo and the Centro Histrico district Day of the dead Messerschmitt-Blkow-Blohm Bo 104 helicopter in and around the Zcalo and the Centro Histrico district New York 22 April New York Westminster and Lambeth Bridges The London Fire Brigade Thames Vauxhall Cross Westminster and Lambeth Bridges The London Fire Brigade Covent Garden near Westminster Bridge Oujda, Tangier and Erfoud " largest film stunt explosion" Chris Corbould 128 days Morocco Largest film stunt explosion 128 Chris Corbould $20 million Michael G. Wilson Mexico City Istanbul Thomas Newman 23 October 2015 the UK and 6 November 2015 in the USA on the Decca Records label Thomas Newman Decca Records once the film had moved into post-production July 2015 Writing's on the Wall one Writing's on the Wall Sam Smith 25 September 2015 The English band Radiohead Shirley Bassey Radiohead Adele Shirley Bassey Radiohead Aston Martin and Eon eight Williams F1 promotional work 10 007 clapperboards Skyfall's production of releasing still images of clapperboards and video blogs Eon's official Skyfall's production of releasing still images of clapperboards and video blogs Red Nose Day BBC One March 2015 March 2015 a drawing written by David Walliams and the Dawson Brothers for Comic Relief's Red Nose Day David Walliams Royal Albert Hall 26 October 2015 Paramount Pictures Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation Paramount Pictures $879.3 million $879.3 million $879.3 million £41.7 million The Dark Knight Avatar £6.3 million The Dark Knight Avatar The Dark Knight Germany 4% Spider-Man 3 $8.2 million Spider-Man 3 Minions 374 $17.1 million $70–75 million IMAX 374 6 November 2015 12 November $48.1 million $84.7 million $15 million Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation $84.7 million 60 out of 100 60 out of 100 274 an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale 64% 60 out of 100 Robbie Collin The Daily Telegraph 7.2 score four out of five Scott Mendelson Mick LaSalle 100 score, stating: "One of the great satisfactions of Spectre is that, in addition to all the stirring action, and all the timely references to a secret organization out to steal everyone’s personal information, we get to believe in Bond as a person." Mick LaSalle Christopher Orr "Bored, James Bored." The Washington Post "Bored, James Bored." Indian Central Board of Film certification the Indian Central Board of Film certification (CBFC) Craig spring 2016 spring 2016 2008 Great Sichuan earthquake 69,197 2008 8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw 02:28:01 PM China Standard Time 02:28:01 PM China Standard Time 69,197 Beijing and Shanghai 19 km (12 mi) 6 continued to hit the area even months after the main quake Great Wenchuan earthquake Wenchuan County, Sichuan 50 mi 19 km (12 mi) 69,197 68,636 4.8 million 15 million $146.5 billion 68,636 374,176 18,222 4.8 million 11 million Wenchuan County around 2 minutes 80% 8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw around 2 minutes 80% Longmenshan fault Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate 120 sec The focus was deeper than 10 km. Longmenshan fault Yingxiu-Beichuan in the first 80 sec 9 meters April 30, 2008 1972 a clever the earthquake, the easier it is to predict the possible occurrence of a significant earthquake in Ngawa Prefecture region of Sichuan the 1975 Haicheng and 1976 Tangshan earthquakes a correlation between the occurrence of droughts and earthquakes reports predicting the earthquake up to 9 meters along a fault approximately 240 km long by 20 km deep Tom Parsons up to 9 meters along a fault approximately 240 km long by 20 km deep 240 km 20 km northeastern and southwestern ends high risk over 6,000 traveled a long distance without losing their power Longmenshan Fault earthquake 30 times without losing their power because of the firmness of the terrain in central China Between 64 and 104 within 72 hours of the main quake August 5, 2008 Between 64 and 104 42,719 6.4 MS 246 August 5, 2008 August 30, 2008 southern Sichuan because it was caused by a different fault Panzhihua earthquake southern Sichuan 6.1 earthquake Ms 6.1 CEA XI very destructive using the modified Mercalli intensity scale (CC) Wenchuan eastern border of the Tibetan Plateau 3.5 metres 19 mi 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) vertical 2.3 metres (7 ft 7 in) horizontal eastern border of the Tibetan Plateau Longmen Shan Fault System 3.5 metres 3.5 metres 4.8 metres Shanghai's financial district "calm" 10 minutes Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport May 12 evacuated Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport disruption in air traffic services relief operations Chengdu Beijing Hui County, Gansu carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in Hui County, Gansu, and caught on fire after the rail was distorted cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas office towers None Hui County, Gansu the rail was distorted All 80% Shifang 60 All delayed arrival 80% collapse of two chemical plants 60 southwestern China Copper oil prices suspended trading of companies based in southwestern China southwestern China Copper Shenzhen Stock Exchange mobile and terrestrial telecommunications all internet capabilities over the next number of months mobile and terrestrial telecommunications Sichuan area the government piece mobile and terrestrial telecommunications major news and media websites 2,300 700 2,300 severe telecommunication traffic congestion Half China Unicom 700 Wolong National Nature Reserve 280 31 By May 20, two pandas at the reserve were found to be injured Mao Mao Six Five Mao Mao Zipingpu Hydropower Plant 20 km About 2,000 391 The Zipingpu Hydropower Plant 20 km east the damage was less severe than initially feared The Tulong reservoir 391 69,180 68,636 18,498 374,176 158 68,636 69,180 18,498 374,176 repair roads 2,300 Wenchuan County 9,000 3,000 to 5,000 3,000 to 5,000 2,300 9,000 3,000 to 5,000 3,000 to 5,000 Eight Health care Gao Qiang the "public health care system in China is insufficient." earthquake hit an area that has been largely neglected and untouched by China's economic rise Sichuan insufficient medical treatment thousands seven 1,700 7,000 700 shoddy construction seven 1,700 At least 7,000 600 December 2008 May 7, 2009 5,335 546 May 7, 2009 Ai Weiwei 546 546 fertility clinics 5 million 5 million 12.5 million a million 5 million at least 5 million Millions of livestock and a significant amount of agriculture were also destroyed a million Reginald DesRoches a professor of civil and environmental engineering 1976 Tangshan earthquake area Reginald DesRoches an international reconnaissance team of engineers was dispatched to the region dispatched to the region a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake engineers a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake poorer, rural villages Swaminathan Krishnan rural the earthquake occurred in the rural part of China strong any regulations overseeing them US$75 billion minor damage from the quake US$75 billion earthquake five largest cities thousands 6.0 Mw 63 thousands 63 Qingchuan, Sichuan Wei Hong 200,000 1.94 million 1,300 Executive vice governor Wei Hong more than 90,000 200,000 685,000 1.94 million Premier Wen Jiabao geomechanics rescue work 50,000 90 minutes ten 50,000 close proximity of the quake's epicenter a " Level II emergency contingency plan" the most serious class of natural disasters 22:15 CST Level II emergency contingency plan natural disasters Level I National Disaster Relief Commission 184 12 184 people (consisting of 12 people from the State Seismological Bureau, 150 from the Beijing Military Area Command, and 22 from the Armed Police General Hospital) left Beijing from Nanyuan Airport late May 12 in two military transport planes to travel to Wenchuan 22 from the Armed Police General Hospital earthquake emergency relief 184 150 Armed Police General Hospital two military transport planes a close analysis Book Blade China Digital Times Book Blade Children's Day living in relief centres went to the rubble of schools to mourn for their children the rubble of schools June 1, 2008 relief centres more than $48.6 million 10 million yuan more than $48.6 million 10 million yuan $457 million 19 four Saudi Arabia €40,000,000 $457 million Saudi Arabia four a counterpart support plan 3 years a counterpart support plan The plan is to arrange 19 eastern and central province and municipalitie to help 18 counties, on "one province to one affected county" basis 3 years no less than one percent the construction and filling of the Zipingpu Dam may have triggered the earthquake the construction and filling of the Zipingpu Dam "25 times more" than a year's worth of natural stress from tectonic movement The government a seismically active area access to seismological and geological data opportunities for researchers to retrofit data in order to model future earthquake predictions the time of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake a "time prediction method" statistics on geomagnetism State Council Information Office a global issue global no prediction notification having 'predicted' the earthquake's occurrence 2002 Chen Xuezhong Chen Xuezhong 2002 a seismically active area over 30 years 30 years there was no consensus within the scientific community that earthquake "prediction" is possible. earthquakes Earthquake prediction Taipei Fire Department over 300 to reach roads that were completely damaged or places that were blocked off by landslides donating cash instead of other items, as it had not been possible to reach roads that were completely damaged or places that were blocked off by landslides traffic problem Tibetan village of Sier Persistent heavy rain and landslides 20 15,600 3,000 15 Special Operations Troops a total of over 15,600 troops and militia reservists from the Chengdu Military Region 20 15,600 3,000 9,000 deployment of an additional 90 helicopters 60 30 over 150, resulting in the largest non-combat airlifting operation in People's Liberation Army history. over 150 60 Premier Wen Jiabao relief operations Tzu Chi Foundation Taiwan May 13 Tzu Chi Foundation international help to cope with the quake to cope with the quake China Airlines from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport 20:30 CST May 16 sending some 100 tons of relief supplies donated by the Tzu Chi Foundation and the Red Cross Society of Taiwan to the affected areas Taipei Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport Mandarin Airlines Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport some of its satellite images of the quake-stricken areas with Chinese authorities Chinese authorities 135,000 May 16 some of its satellite images of the quake-stricken areas tents and generators 135,000 The Internet an online rescue request center to find the blind spots of disaster recovery Wenchuan Internet Xinhua student contact information for victims and evacuees May 31, opened access to the sealed ruins of the Beichuan county seat for three days, after which it will be frozen in time as a state earthquake relic museum the sealed ruins of the Beichuan county seat three days a moment of silence as people across the nation remembered the dead earthquake relic museum concerts the terrible disaster blood China Unicom and China Mobile all over mainland China earthquake booths set up in schools, at banks, and around gas stations through text messagesing on mobile phones to accounts set up by China Unicom and China Mobile By May May 16, the Chinese government had allocated a total of $772 million for earthquake relief so far, up sharply from $159 million from May 14 $772 million 557 2,500 788,000 yuan (US$113,000) to Wenchuan County Wenchuan County 30,000 Red Cross Society of China US$143,000 30,000 788,000 yuan (US$113,000) to Wenchuan County Amity Foundation over 7,000 tofu-dregs schoolhouses the one-child policy over 7,000 tofu-dregs schoolhouses legal replacements The Giving of Love regulars from the CCTV New Year's Gala and round-the-clock coverage anchor Bai Yansong 1.5 billion Chinese Yuan $1.57 million "Promise" The Giving of Love 1.5 billion Chinese Yuan CCTV $1.57 million "Promise" China's openness during the media coverage of the Sichuan earthquake foreign aid openness during the media coverage of the Sichuan earthquake Los Angeles Times Chinese media "quake lakes" 34 28 7.9 large landslides "quake lakes" 34 Around villages Mount Tangjia foot or air a sluice was constructed to allow the safe discharge of the bottlenecked water more than 200,000 dam bursting Mount Tangjia Beichuan County, Sichuan County, Sichuan 1,200 The State Council national mourning Mao Zedong 14:28 CST Cars and trucks on Beijing's roads three-day period The Ningbo organizing Committee of the Beijing Olympic torch relay Ningbo The Ningbo organizing Committee of the Beijing Olympic torch relay Ningbo The Ningbo organizing Committee of the Beijing Olympic torch city of Ruijin, Jiangxi black and white all advertisements Chinese servers for World of Warcraft spontaneously burst out cheering various slogans Casinos Ye Zhiping proactive action that spared the lives of all 2,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened 2,323 US$60,000 Sangzao Middle School Sangzao An County three to be carried out at schools across China after last month's earthquake safety checks Chinese prosecutors professional crime schools across China Reuters forbade them from holding protests riot police officers Beijing and Sichuan sign a document a document, which forbade them from holding protests, in exchange of money officials pushed parents to sign a document, which forbade them from holding protests, in exchange of money, but some who refused to sign were threatened school collapses Liu Shaokun he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion a Sichuan school teacher suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion travelled to the Shifang tofu-dregs buildings re-education through labor (RTL) January 2010 2007 massive casualties in schools China formally requested the support of the international community to respond to the needs of affected families condolences and assistance May 14, UNICEF UNICEF to respond to the needs of affected families $26 million $26 million 10.7 billion yuan Chinese public Yao Ming $26 million "swift and very efficient" openness secretive response 10 days International Federation of the Red Cross live earthquake footage earthquake footage had their programmes suspended Myanmar's ruling military junta school construction response to the quake cutting corners in school construction any reports poorly built schools The state-controlled media the propaganda bureau The EPA because builders cut corners by replacing steel rods with thin iron wires for concrete re-inforcement inferior grade cement supervising agencies corrupt government officials the many families who lost their only child arrest the Times their only child New York City New York City New York New York New York New York City five 1898 8,491,079 305 square miles 23.6 million five Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island 1898 8,491,079 800 New Amsterdam New York City 1790 1664 1785 1624 1626 1664 1790 56 million 469 Financial District of Lower Manhattan 120 New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ Staten Island Wisconsinan glaciation Wisconsinan glaciation Lenapehoking 1524 Nouvelle Angoulme La Dauphine French "Nouvelle Angoulme" (New Angoulme" (New Angoulme" (New Angoulme" (New Angoulme" (New Angoulme" (New Angoulme" (New Ango 1524 "Nouvelle Angoulme" (New Angoulme" French crown 1525 Estvo Gomes Portuguese Emperor Charles V Rio de San Antonio Rio de San Antonio Padrn Real Henry Hudson Dutch East India Company 1614 ten Mauritis River Dutch East India Company 1614 Henry Hudson Santo Domingo of Portuguese and African descent Jan Rodrigues trader 218th Street 1613–1614 Juan Rodriguez 218th Street Governors Island Manhattan Island 1625 Peter Minuit 1625 1624 1625 $24 worth of glass beads New York New York Peter Stuyvesant Director-General of the colony of New Netherland 1664 Peter Stuyvesant New Orange August 24, 1673 New Orange 1674 Anthonio Colve England Prince of Orange, King William III Second Anglo-Dutch War 200 New York 200 Second Anglo-Dutch War 42% Charleston Foley Square a new federal courthouse near Foley Square South Carolina 1990s 1735 Manhattan 1754 King George II King George II John Peter Zenger 1754 New York Battle of Long Island Brooklyn August 1776 10,000 1776 Battle of Long Island Brooklyn 1783 September 11, 1776 Lord Howe the Great Fire of New York New York Trinity Church Lord Howe Great Fire of New York 1785 George Washington Federal Hall on Wall Street Wall Street Philadelphia Congress of the Confederation Articles of Confederation 1789 1790 1799 New York Manumission Society Alexander Hamilton 1827 16,000 1799 1827 Commissioners' Plan 1825 Tammany Hall Irish 1825 Central Park 1857 landscaped Great Irish Famine Over 200,000 a quarter 25% revolutions had disrupted societies Great Irish Famine Over 200,000 Fernando Wood $300 (equivalent to $5,766 in 2016) commutation fee to hire a substitute Irish working class at least 120 10,000 Colored Orphan Asylum 1898 1904 the Bronx 1904 1904 1,021 Triangle Cottonwaist Factory 1,021 International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union Triangle Cottonwaist Factory fire 36,620 Harlem Renaissance 36,620 London metropolitan Fiorello La Guardia eighty years megacity 1952 Paris abstract expressionism United Nations Headquarters Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan June 28, 1969 Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan spontaneous, violent demonstrations Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan 2000 Census 2010 Census silicon Alley 1990s 1970s 1970s American Airlines Flight 11 American Airlines Flight 11 343 July 19, 1909 541.3 m 1909 10 American Airlines Flight 11 September 17, 2011 Zuccotti Park Zuccotti Park Zuccotti Park September 17, 2011 William F. Buckley, Jr. 1955 Donald Trump New York values Northeastern Northeastern United States Boston Atlantic Ocean Hudson River Hudson River Atlantic Ocean Long Island, Manhattan, and Staten Island New Jersey Harlem River The Bronx River New York Bay Troy New Jersey The Bronx River The Bronx River Battery Park City 468.9 468.9 square miles 304.8 sq mi Todt Hill Todt Hill 468.9 164.1 sq mi 304.8 sq mi Todt Hill 409.8 Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House Brooklyn Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House Lower Manhattan 1656 the skyscraper at Ground Zero 5,937 New York City at least 330 feet 1913 5,937 Hong Kong 550 1931 Art Deco 61st floor Seagram Building American Institute of Architects eagles 1931 1930 Bronx Brooklyn Queens 1930 Victorian brownstone rowhouses and townhouses and shabby tenements Great Fire of 1835 six Jackson Heights Stone and brick wooden roof-mounted water towers July 2014 four five Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx 0 °C (32 °F) coldest month (January) isotherm 234 2,535 west January humid subtropical 234 USDA 7b Plant Hardiness zone Appalachians 32.6 °F 72% 17 days each summer February 9, 1934 −15 °F February 9, 1934 1934 49.9 inches 66 cm October 29, 2012 49.9 Hurricane Sandy 25.8 New York State Office of Parks New York State Office of Parks National Park Service New York City New York City New York City over 26,000 acres over 9,000 acres Jacob Riis Park Jacob Riis Park salt marsh over 26,000 acres National Park Service Grant's Tomb Greenwich Village the modern gay rights movement National Park Service New York and New Jersey New Jersey Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village Grant's Tomb seven 28-acre 21 seven 69 feet 28,000 14 Pelham Bay Park 2,700 acres over 28,000 acres 14 miles Pelham Bay Park 2,700 Fort Hamilton 1825 New York City North Atlantic Division 1179th Transportation Brigade Fort Hamilton 1825 New York City Staten Island 8,491,079 New York City 316,000 40% 40% 8,491,079 New York City More than twice as many 71,672 71,672 Manhattan 28.6% 0.7% Asians 28.6% 3 percent 44% Civil War Asians 0.7% 12 million Lower East Side Germans 92% Germans 12 million 92% Approximately 37% New York 74,000 Trinidad and Tobago Approximately 37% Queens Manhattan Chinatown 6.3% New York City borough of Queens 0.3% 2.7 million 550,000 201,000 65,000 New York City 1.1 million 20 million 1.5 million 20% 4.8 million at least 6 1.3 million South America Ecuador, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, and Brazil El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala Ecuador, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, and Brazil 568,903 June 24, 2011 30 568,903 June 24, 2011 30 59% 33% 1.1 million New York City Islam Christianity Judaism Brooklyn 24% Islam 0.5 for the city overall and 0.6 for Manhattan New York City Michael R. Bloomberg 4.6% 2,749 $2,749 New York City silicon Alley The Atlantic 2014 2012 one out of ten FDi Magazine US$914.8 billion US$1.1 billion $510 million $15,887/m2 six Time Warner Center an American office building Madison Avenue 180,000 $11 billion Omnicom Group 180,000 Madison Avenue 19,000 US$5 billion Brooklyn US$234 million Brooklyn Manhattan Candy specialty-foods Godiva 163,400 5 percent US$3.8 billion US$360,700 22 percent US$360,700 Wall Street 165 Broadway $40 billion 19% British Bankers Association Wall Street 165 Broadway 46.5 million 400 million square feet over 500 million square feet Manhattan 140 West Street US$3 billion 300,000 300,000 Technion-Israel Institute of Technology US$2 billion graduate school of applied sciences Roosevelt Island more than US$30 million 700,000 square feet Cornell Tech 51 million 54 million 56.4 million 56.4 million 56.4 million 54 million I Love New York 1977 New York State Empire State Development I Love New York 1977 I Love New York Greenwich Village Macy Rockefeller Center Summerstage Queens 90,000 10% Anbang Insurance Group US$1.95 billion Waldorf Astoria New York 90,000 Anbang Insurance Group US$1.95 billion 200 130,000 estimated $7.1 billion New York City Sony Music Entertainment New York City Seven 25,000 The Wall Street Journal The Wall Street Journal 1919 Alexander Hamilton More than 200 more than 40 Two The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times 1919 CBS ManhattanTV ABC, CBS, and NBC MTV, Fox News, Hbo, Showtime, Bravo, Food Network, AMC, and Comedy Central Manhattan Neighborhood Network 1971 WNET W Brooklyn, a public radio station owned by the city until 1997, has the largest public radio audience in the United States. 1997 Manhattan Neighborhood Network 1971 WNY, a public radio station owned by the city until 1997 New York City Department of Education 1.1 million 1.1 million nine 1.1 million nine The New York City Charter School Center 900 Over 600,000 one of the highest concentrations of highly educated people in any American city one out of four 24 Over 600,000 New York Public Library The New York Public Library Queens Borough Public Library New York Public Library Manhattan The New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation 11 $6.7 billion 1.4 million 475,000 1969 five Bellevue Hospital Ramanathan Raju Bellevue Hospital Bellevue Hospital Ramanathan Raju New York City Ramanathan Raju 35,000 sworn officers New York's Finest New York City Police Department 35,000 New York's Finest 328 homicides 75% Provo, Utah 2007 328 homicides 95.9% Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards the Five Familys the Five points Black Spades Tokyo Fire Department Tokyo Fire Department New York's Bravest New York City Fire Department New York City Fire Department approximately 11,080 3,300 New York's Bravest one of the largest subway systems brush fires 9 Metrotech Center Randalls Island 9 Metrotech Center 9 Metrotech Center Downtown Brooklyn Randalls Island 11 Metrotech Center 1940s 1970s Harlem Renaissance jazz abstract expressionism hip hop New York City New York fashion Week New York School New York fashion Week Global Language monitor 1880s more than 500 42nd Street George M. Cohan 2,000 electric lighting 12.21 million The Great White Way US$1.27 billion 5.5% approximately US$1.27 billion approximately US$1.27 billion 24,000 4,000 24,000 New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene 24,000 1882 MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field Yankee Stadium and Ebbets Field 1882 National Football League five over forty Baseball 35 baseball two 73 pennants 73 two 14 Subway Series MetLife Stadium 2014 New York Giants MetLife Stadium East Rutherford, New Jersey Super Bowl XLVIII 2014 New Jersey Devils Newark Newark New Jersey Devils New Jersey Devils Brooklyn Nets and the New York Knicks New York Liberty 1938 New York Liberty National invitation Tournament 1938 New York Knicks New York Marathon Millrose Games Belmont Stakes 1930 and 1939 Madison Square Garden Flushing Meadows- Corona Park, Queens The annual United States Open Tennis Championships 37,867 Millrose Games Madison Square Garden Stickball Stickball Boulevard the Bronx New York City Subway system 469 Grand Central Terminal 1.75 billion Grand Central Station 38.4 54.6% 22% 54.6% 90% 38.4 minutes 52% 22% Port Authority Bus Terminal 7,000 200,000 Port Authority Bus Terminal John F. Kennedy International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, and LaGuardia Airport John F. Kennedy International Airport JFK Newburgh, New York 109 million Staten Island Ferry 24 8.4 km Lower Manhattan 20 million George Washington Bridge Verrazano-Narrows Bridge suspension bridge 1903 George Washington Bridge Bergen County Verrazano-Narrows Bridge neo-Gothic 1903 Lincoln Tunnel 1927 1940 President Franklin D. Roosevelt 120,000 Hudson River Manhattan Island Jersey City President Franklin D. Roosevelt 200,000 10,000 8% Citibank Quinnipiac University Walk Score Catskill Mountains Catskill Mountains US$3.2 billion 20% 20% north 51 four-year terms four-year break 51 four-year terms New York City Rules four The Democratic Party 67% Barack Obama 2012 Calvin Coolidge The Democratic Party 67% 1924 five Democratic Party 43,523 Roosevelt Island 127 225,000 one million five million one-fifth one million automobile exhaust CompStat Tom Wolfe National Library of Australia New York City Iceland Upper West Side of Manhattan Upper West Side Union Square New York University Central Park SummerStage Upper East Side of Manhattan Upper East Side of Manhattan 1959 2012 Upper East Side Brooklynese All in the Family Carroll O'Connor New Yawk New York City FC Yankee Stadium Red Bull Arena Pelé Hofstra University two-thirds 20 250 JFK International Airport Pennsylvania Station West Side of Manhattan three PATCO Speedline Staten Island Railway Port Authority Trans-Hudson Second Avenue Subway 12,000 Manhattan Island the theater, finance, advertising, and fashion organizations the theater, finance, advertising, and fashion organizations the theater, finance, advertising, and fashion organizations Seventh Avenue during rush hour southwestern northern Long Island west end Manhattan Structural Expressionism cantilever architecture 3,715 28% 80% Hearst Tower Supreme Court case 3.5-mile an estimated 30 million US gallons Greenpoint oil spill a mayor-council form of government 1898 First Department of the Supreme Court, Appellate Division New York Supreme Court the state Unified Court System Foley Square near City Hall District Court for the Eastern District of New York Foley Square District Court for the Eastern District of New York Manhattan Manhattan 10021 83 $11 billion $11 billion New York City Global partners 2006 1960 Pulitzer Prize Harper Lee Harper Lee 1960 the author's observations of her family and neighbors United States Southern Gothic Southern Gothic novel and a Bildungsroman Southern Gothic racial epithets Mary McDonough Murphy 2006 1962 1990 Robert Mulligan the Bible Horton Foote Robert Mulligan Monroeville, Alabama February 2016 Kill a Mockingbird Go Set a Watchman February 2016 February 2016 Truman Capote 1950 a reservation clerk for British Overseas Airways Corporation Alabama 1926 Truman Capote University of Alabama University of Alabama J. B. Lippincott "Go Set a Watchman" Therese von Hohoff Torrey To Kill a Mockingbird mental illness lawyer To Kill a Mockingbird July 11, 1960 over two and a half years Digest Condensed Books Maycomb County three years three Jean Louise Finch Maycomb, Alabama Great Depression Jean Louise Finch Mayella Ewell Mayella Ewell Scout, Jem, and Dill Mayella and her father, Bob Ewell, the town drunk the colored balcony colored balcony the hapless Tom is shot and killed while trying to escape from prison Jem and Scout school Halloween pageant Tom Robinson Tom Robinson Scout while they walk home on a dark night after the school Halloween pageant Sheriff Tate simply fell on his own knife autobiography 1919 25 editor and publisher of the Monroeville newspaper New York City 1960 In Cold Blood Truman Capote an old Underwood typewriters a scrappy tomboy 10 years old Walter Lett Emmett Till Civil Rights Movement to display Southern prejudices Emmett Till education, the justice system, and her own society Tavernier-Courbin the church basement Calpurnia makes a tardy entrance onstage, causing the audience to laugh uproariously Ham costume Southern Gothic Gothic Atticus Miss Maudie the separations of race and class 1955 "the spirit-corroding shame of the civilized white Southerner in the treatment of the Negro" poor white farmers a punishment of death for the accused death Roslyn Siegel seventeen rabid dog racial injustice Walter Cunningham Aunt Alexandra Walter Cunningham Jane Austen of South Alabama individual poor gender and class people's motives and behavior morphine addiction Atticus courage Charles Shields Charles Shields human dignity and respect for others Atticus Calpurnia and her neighbor Miss Maudie Calpurnia and her neighbor Miss Maudie Mrs. Dubose feminist Bob Ewell Bob Ewell Dolphus Raymond "LAttorneys, I suppose, were children once." "fanatical" attempts to place her in them made her feel "a pink cotton penitentiary closing in on [her]" Songbirds Finch mockingbird a mockingbird mockingbird innocent and harmless Book of the month Club Book of the month Club ten ten 30 million copies 30 million copies more than 40 Scout, Atticus, and Boo Alice Lee Scout, Atticus, and Boo legal profession integrity 2008 Alabama State Bar honorary special membership 1963 21 1963 21 1966 a parent protested that the use of rape as a plot device was immoral The National Education Association Little Black Sambo civil rights Uncle Tom's cabin Uncle Tom's cabin Archulus Persons Capote Alice Alice Capote's authorship 1961 41st 1962 1964 Pulitzer Prize 1964 2001 25 Chicago Chicago 25 University of Notre Dame George W. Bush November 5, 2007 University of Notre Dame George W. Bush 1962 Gregory Peck Gregory Peck pocketwatch Harper her father's pocketwatch grandson May 2005 She's like a national treasure Christopher Sergel 1990 Monroeville townspeople racially segregated UK Regent's Park Open Air Theatre Dughes Preston July 14, 2015 1957 20 years Tonja Carter Go Set a Watchman 1957 20 years rape and racial inequality Atticus Finch tactile brilliance flashback all Southerners safety and comfort Southern romantic regionalism fine folks The South itself, with its traditions and taboos Tom Robinson scholar Christopher Metress Scout because every character has to face, or even suffer defeat Chicago Sunday Tribune Granville Hicks Flannery O'Connor William Faulkner Jane Austen Native Alabamian Allen Barra Ajayi Calpurnia black students poor rural "white garb" racial cognitive dissonance an act of protest Harper Lee herself refused to attend any performances Mockingbird groupies Sun Solar energy solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis radiant light 174,000 Approximately 30% 3.5 to 7.0 174,000 terawatts Approximately 30% 150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3.5 to 7.0 kWh/m2 per day at the upper atmosphere 71% 14 °C photosynthesis 71% Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises condenses atmospheric phenomena photosynthesis 3,850,000 one year 3,000 EJ one year 3,850,000 exajoules 3,000 EJ per year coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium the Sun either passive or active depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight they capture, convert and distribute sunlight geothermal and tidal in a direct or indirect way passive passive photovoltaics photovoltaics increase the supply of energy and are considered supply side technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies Frank Shuman 1908 1912 a U.S. inventor, engineer and solar energy pioneer 1908 larger solar power plants 1908 1897 Maadi, Egypt 22,000 1970s Maadi, Egypt parabolic troughs Nile River cheap oil 1970s 60 °C sunlight 60 °C evacuated tube collectors unglazed plastic collectors 154 thermal gigawatt Israel and Cyprus 154 thermal gigawatt China 90% Canada and Australia 30% (4.65 EJ/yr 30% (4.65 EJ/yr) 50% (10.1 EJ/yr) Solar heating, cooling and ventilation technologies Thermal mass any material that can be used to store heat stone, cement and water by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night climate, daylighting and shading conditions auxiliary heating and cooling equipment passive solar ventilation system thermal chimney a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building by using glazing and thermal mass materials climates with significant heating loads Deciduous trees 1/3 to 1/2 they will interfere with winter solar availability southern 1767 315 °C (599 °F) cooking, drying and pasteurization box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers Horace de Saussure 90–150 °C direct light 114 more cost-effective parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors Solar Total Energy Project The use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water Clothes lines, clotheshorses, and clothes racks perforated sun-facing walls used for preheating ventilation air 1872 Solar distillation 16th-century Arab alchemists 1872 up to 22,700 L (5,000 imp gal; 6,000 US gal) per day saline or brackish water potable World Health Organization several hours a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage Over two million environmental advantage to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity algae may produce toxic chemicals 2050 2050 Mojave Desert of California 2013 Mojave Desert of California Mojave Desert of California 221 MW Charanka Solar Park in India Charles Fritts 1954 evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect Charles Fritts Dr Bruno Lange Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin a working fluid lenses or mirrors a conventional power plant parabolic trough the parabolic trough, the concentrating linear fresnel reflector, the Stirling dish and the solar power tower Megaron House orientation relative to the Sun well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range Megaron House active solar equipment Urban heat islands 3 °C Urban heat islands asphalt and concrete increased absorption of the Solar light fruit walls power grape presses to optimize the productivity of plants timed planting cycles, taggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties employed fruit walls to maximize the collection of solar energy to maximize the collection of solar energy 16th century 16th convert solar light to heat to produce cucumbers year-round production produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emperor Tiberius Europe The World Solar Challenge 90.87 kilometres per hour a biannual solar-powered car race 1987 67 kilometres per hour (42 mph) 90.87 kilometres per hour North American Solar Challenge and the planned South African Solar Challenge 1975 1975 Kenichi Horie Kenichi Horie 40 feet (12 m) Solar Impulse 1974 29 April 1979 July 1981 California to North Carolina 36 hours hydrogen production from protons Solar chemical processes artificial photosynthesis Solzinc pure zinc Hydrogen production technologies photochemical cells Solzinc heat at domestically useful temperatures Thermal mass systems water, earth and stone store solar energy thermal Dover House paraffin wax and Glauber's salt 64 °C or 147 °F Dover House low-cost 1.44 terajoules grid-tied systems rechargeable batteries Net metering programs deliver to the grid increased installation cost hydroelectric power generator water pumped when demand is high by releasing the water 1973 The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan SERI, now NREL), Japan (NEDO), and Germany (Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE) Sunshine Program Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE 1920s 20% 1890s due to falling petroleum prices 20% 154 GW The International Energy Agency The International Energy Agency glass in building the materials used in solar water heaters ISO 9050 ISO 10417 passive solar or active solar photovoltaic systems photovoltaic systems 559.8 EJ 1,575–49,837 exajoules large magnitude United Nations Development Programme through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource mitigating global warming learning investments keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans limits the amount of solar energy that we can acquire because areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation photovoltaics during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the Earth block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells because solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels as many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans 1,575–49,837 EJ per year conversion of sunlight into electricity directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP) lenses or mirrors conversion of sunlight into electricity photoelectric effect Sunlight the Greeks and Chinese south a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force the toy market the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high expectation that coal would soon become scarce increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum 2060 de-carbonizing the global economy Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Timurid dynasty, and Manichaeism Sarazm 1991 1992 to 1997 Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire 1991 1992 to 1997 1939 260,000 Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%) Nikita Khrushchev's Virgin Lands Campaign clan loyalties 30% of ministerial positions would go to the opposition Emomali Rahmon persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities in the West or in other former Soviet republics Russian border troops Dushanbe Airport Ayni Air Base to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration 28 2015 November 2010 Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August republic Kokhir Rasulzoda Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova November 1994 the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan ostensibly officially guaranteed by the government public criticism public criticism of the regime to local and foreign websites including avesta.tj, Tjk News.com, ferghana.ru, centrasia.ru and journalists are often obstructed from reporting on controversial events Tajikistan Pamir range southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley between latitudes 36° and 41° N (a small area is north of 41°), and longitudes 67° and 75° E (a small area is east of 75°) above sea level mountains of the Pamir range the Library of Congress's 1997 Country Study of Tajikistan Land of the Tajiks Land of the Tajiks the term is "embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia." 650–680 the Umayyads Samanid Empire Khorasan 650–680 the Umayyads 650–680 Samanid Empire the Umayyads Samanid Empire Khorasan Khorasan from 650–680 710 Kara-Khanid Khanate between 999–1211 late 19th century's Imperial Era the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand gaining access to a supply of cotton gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan Russian Empire an Islamic social movement anti-Russian the Russians between 1910 and 1913 over the threat of forced conscription during World War I the Russian Revolution of 1917 guerrrrillas a futile attempt to maintain independence Bolshevik armies Islam, Judaism, and Christianity the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic southern region collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production Soviet collectivization policy Moscow nearly 10,000 Ethnic Russians grew from less than 1% to 13% Ethnic Russians were sent in to replace those expelled and subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels failed to meet many key OSCE commitments many accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment "these elections failed on many basic democratic standards." The government insisted that only minor violations had occurred, which would not affect the will of the Tajik people. Republic of Tajikistan 8 million 143,100 km2 (55,300 sq mi) China Wakhan Corridor China 8 million 143,100 km2 (55,300 sq mi) Afghanistan Uzbekistan 500 BCE Achaemenid Empire Alexander the Great Yuezhi tribes early eighth century Hephthalite Empire Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism 9.6% aluminium production Cotton Tajik luminum Company the government hydropower potential Nurek Dam transmit 1000 MW of surplus electricity $2.25 $2.1 billion US dollars without substantial and protracted recourse to aid World Bank Tajikistan Policy Note 2006 opium poppy cooperation with the US, Russian, EU and Afghan authorities heroin and raw opium confiscations strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams roads, air, and rail Iran and Pakistan Pakistan, and Afghanistan 2012 26 Dushanbe International Airport Russia Khorog Airport 7,349,145 70% 35% Tajikistanis Tajikistanis Pamiri people of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province the Pamiri people of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the southeast, bordering Afghanistan and China Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school secular Id Al- Fitr and Idi Qurbon 98% minority religious groups undermine national unity minority religious groups undermine national unity Islamic Renaissance Party an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of Tajiks under one Islamic state State Committee on Religious Affairs a charter, a list of 10 or more members Religious groups who do not have a physical structure a physical structure are not allowed to gather publicly for prayer extremely underdeveloped and poor 104,272 1% Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper 11 a 12-year system Khujand State University 17% humans social anthropology linguistic anthropology biological or physical anthropology United States 1870 1867 1902 1865 empirical foundation anthropological societies international major theorists 48 13 late 19th and early 20th centuries gender equality and sexual liberation cross-cultural comparisons 19th-century racial ideology cultural relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques humanities, social, and natural sciences Anthropology global discipline where humanities, social, and natural sciences are forced to confront one another Classical Greece and Persia cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies structuralist and postmodern theories During the 1970s and 1990s nature and production of knowledge archaeology and biological anthropology cohesion Sociocultural anthropology social anthropology social structures hard-and-fast Cultural anthropology Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology Ethnography Participant observation emic reductionism in cross-cultural comparison sociocultural anthropology consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, childrearing and socialization, religion, myth, symbols, etiquette, worldview, sports, nutrition, recreation, games, food, festivals, and language kinship language kinship is a human universal Archaeology patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices the evidence left behind by past human groups similar ways cultural and material lives of past societies anthropological problems sociocultural processes Linguistic anthropology sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis universality of 'art 'painting', 'literature' 'artistic' 1983 culturally specific 'aesthetics' tienne Serres 1838 1850 1850 Société comparative methods developed in the earlier 19th century similarities processes or laws unknown to them then the epiphany of everything they had begun to suspect through comparison of species he had seen in agronomy and in the wild late 1850s bring it into the social sciences Paris Société de biologie Transformisme neurosurgeon Biological anthropology the speech center psychology six "the science of the nature of man" anthropology comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology empirical civilization British ethnologists 1863 the new anthropology French Société Waitz the world's higher educational institutions a few major subdivisions anthropological knowledge recreate the final scene three dozen Media anthropology ethnographic 1990s media reception cyber anthropology Visual anthropology museums sandpaintings, tattoos, sculptures and reliefs, cave paintings, hieroglyphics, paintings and photographs ethnographic film Economic widest historic, geographic and cultural scope economics Bronislaw Malinowski exchange the traditional concerns of anthropology history and colonialism Sahlins work on Hunter-gatherers population industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism around the world Applied Anthropology change or stability in specific cultural systems direct the practical side of anthropological research participating critical willing to disregard history and the lessons it might offer increasing poverty increasing willing to disregard history and the lessons it might offer Kinship anthropology Over its history one's social relations during development marriage Feminist male bias this systematic bias in mainstream feminist theory construction of gender across societies birth anthropology nutritional status nutritional status and food security food, food security, and dietary health Nutritional status economic development Psychological anthropology humans' development and enculturation its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories shape understanding of cognition, emotion, motivation, and similar psychological processes Cognitive anthropology transmission over time and space experimental psychology and evolutionary biology knowledge changes Political anthropology structure of societies 1960s "complex" social settings in which the presence of states, bureaucracies and markets entered both ethnographic accounts and analysis of local phenomena Geertz Cyborg 1993 Society for the Social Studies of Science Donna Haraway relations with the technological systems it has built, specifically modern technological systems that have reflexively shaped notions of what it means to be human beings Environmental anthropology political ecology culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues, and more corporate the people of Hyde Park by examining historical records various ethnic groups its foundation documents and manuscripts Practitioners Urban Ulf Hannerz "a notoriously agoraphobic lot, anti-urban by definition" two social issues human–animal studies Anthrozoology a number of other disciplines the quantifying of the positive effects of human-animal relationships on either party and the study of their interactions anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy evolution of human physiology natural science and social science humans, past and present scientific many lines Ethical commitments mutilation racism, slavery, and human sacrifice man stretching across all the major and minor sub-fields active in the allied war effort against the "Axis" (Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan) Boas' anthropologist contemporaries the armed forces intelligence communist sympathies the state secret briefings The Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth AAA agreed to or given the US Army's strategy in Afghanistan US Army's strategy in Afghanistan The Christian Science monitor Iraq disciplinary ethics Biological behaviors into the field a community in its own setting genetic up into relevant time periods and geographic regions into relevant cultural traditions based on material cultural subdivisions mapping comparative method "other cultures", both in terms of time (past societies) and space (non-European/non-Western societies) and space (non-European/non-Western societies) and space (non-European/non-Western soc time (past societies) and space (non-European/non-Western societies) non-European/non-Western societies Ulf Hannerz late 1960s set ethnographic research a single local the daily life of ordinary people scientific laboratories, social movements, governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses research wound in an attempted assassination The Tvora family and the Duke of Aveiro Jesuits 1759 Sebastio de Melo 1770 until Joseph I's death in 1779 autocracy no opposition crushing opposition Napoleon 1822 Brazil United Kingdom of Portugal until the 20th century Portugal the Liberal Revolution of 1820 Porto 1815 the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family before the turn of the 20th century, railway tracks as the Benguela railway in Angola 1884 the Conference of Berlin of 1884 to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa Beira, Moâmedes, Lobito, Joo Belo, Nacala and Porto Amélia 1 February 1908 14 June 1892 Prince Royal Dom Lus Filipe, Duke of Braganza 5 October 1910 revolution National Dictatorship (Ditadura Nacional) Antnio de Oliveira Salazar 1933 five colonial empire United Nations, the European Union, the Eurozone, OECD, NATO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries unitary semi-presidential republican form 18th highest France, Spain and Italy decriminalized the usage of all common drugs to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors Christian Kingdom of Asturias Battle of Covadonga 722 AD the Reconquista Crist dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring King Alfonso III 868 AD King Alfonso III of Asturias Portucale, Portugale dominance among the Northern Christians kingdoms Kingdom of Portugal Galician Spanish Castilian the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun Sebastio José de Carvalho e Melo Portuguese Ambassador Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa King John V of Portugal subsequent earthquakes marching troops Lisbon suffered no epidemics and within less than one year was already being rebuilt Pombaline City Centre designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country Portuguese Republic Iberian Peninsula Atlantic Ocean 1,214 km (754 mi) the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira Portuguese Republic Iberian Peninsula Spain Atlantic Ocean The Portugal–Spain border Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples, who were themselves later invaded by the Moors Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples 1139 Age of Discovery 15th and 16th centuries Lisbon 1822 1910 Macau over 250 million Portus Cale Pre-Celts and Celts Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes 45 BC until 298 AD Alankerk 27 BC Gallaecia Conmbriga and Mirobriga ruins 16 km a few months 711 750 Abd-ar-Rahman I almost two centuries Emir of their provinces Christian kingdoms of the north Taifa of Badajoz of the Aftasid Dynasty 1086 Battle of Sagrajas Muwallad or Muladi noblemen from Oman Atlas mountains and Rif mountains of North Africa Algarve approximately 800 Len Ordoo Fruela 910 1230 1348 and 1349 Portugal England Portugal made an alliance with England, which is the longest-standing alliance in the world NATO Oporto Age of Discovery King Joo I Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde Cape of Good Hope Atlantic Ocean, discovering several Atlantic archipelagos like the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde increased Prime Minister British Sebastio de Melo University of Coimbra economic and financial to ensure the wine's quality high nobility Sebastio de Melo he ruled with a strong hand by imposing strict law upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class April 1974 bloodless left-wing military coup in Lisbon social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces Junta de Salvao Nacional Portuguese Socialist Party Mrio Soares 1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985 socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model 1976 to accommodate socialist and communist principles Mediterranean climate 16–19 °C (60.8–66.2 °F) in the south and on the Guadiana river basin 60.8–66.2 °F 900 metres subtropical rough topography Mediterranean deciduous and coniferous forests Tertiary period Pyrenean Boars 12 a unique type of subtropical rainforest fox, badger, iberian lynx, iberian wolf, wild goat birds more than 100 the Tagus International Natural Park habitat loss, pollution and drought plankton five Anbal Cavaco Silva 230 four-year term thirteen Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party national-, regional- and local-levels Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party between 5 and 15% President of the Republic five direct, universal suffrage the Assembly of the Republic (to call early elections; vetoing legislation (which may be overridden by the Assembly with a supermajority; and declaring a state of war or siege The Council of Ministers define the broad illustration of its policies in a programme an absolute majority of deputies those countries a civilian police force who work in urban areas a highly specialized criminal investigation police that is overseen by the Public Ministry Public Ministry 2001 possession is legal, trafficking and possession of more than "10 days worth of personal use" are still punishable by jail time and fines rehab facility 50 percent 308 3,092 18 districts three Navy, Army and Air Force to protect the territorial integrity of the country 7,500 $5.2 billion 21,000 Pandur II APC Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113 APC paratroopers, commandos and rangers 10,700 World War I and the Portuguese Colonial War 1961–1974 East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq (Nasiriyah) and Lebanon the interventions of the Portuguese Armed Forces in Angola in 1992 and in Guinea-Bissau Pedro Passos Coelho improve the State's financial situation improve the State's financial situation 20% 1974 through unclear Public–private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms Dirio de Notcias 2007–08 Banco Portugus de Negcios (BPN) and Banco Privado Portugus (BPP) bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud its size, market share, and the political implications - Portugal's then current President, Cavaco Silva, and some of his political allies fraud and other crimes the euro ( €), which replaced the Portuguese Escudo, and the country was one of the original member states of the eurozone Portuguese Escudo Banco de Portugal Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas the Europe's Leading Golf Destination 2012 and 2013 1974 PREC public consumption-based economic development model has been slowly changing to a system that is focused on exports, private investment and the development of the high-tech sector textiles, clothing, footwear and cork cork European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund 2011 €78 billion May 2014 15.3 percent small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units Grupo RAR's Vitacress, Sovena, Lactogal, Vale da Rosa, Companhia das Lezrias and Valouro tomatoes, citrus, green vegetables, rice, corn, barley, olives, oilseeds tomatoes, citrus, green vegetables, rice, corn, barley, olives, oilseeds Ramirez Ramirez fish copper tin, tungsten and uranium hydrocarbon exploration north low competitiveness Volkswagen Autoeuropa and Peugeot Citroen Alverca, Covilh, vora, and Ponte de Sor Palmela Alverca, Covilh, vora, and Ponte de Sor Alverca, Covilh, vora, and Ponte de Sor increase significantly Eastern European tourism continue to be extremely important health, nature and rural tourism The Economist 65% 10.2% negative 2011 the country would request financial assistance from the IMF and the European Financial Stability Facility, as Greece and the Republic of Ireland had done previously third Carnation's Revolution financial weakness 62.4 per thousand inhabitants 62.4 being slow and inefficient Italy 30 Passos Coelho a significant government plan for the public sector the number of weekly working hours will be increased from 35 to 40 hours European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund 65 to 66 the pensions, unemployment benefits, health, education and science expenses English obligatory classes social unrest third quarter of 2014 17.7% 7.3% December 2009 Lisbon, Algarve, Madeira, Porto and the city of Coimbra Ftima Blessed Virgin Mary to three shepherd children Douro Valley, the island of Porto Santo, and Alentejo Lisbon increasing consumption and purchase of new automobiles many new motorways 68,732 km 1944 89,015 km2 four Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja geographical position Tap Portugal Spain Comboios de Portugal 2,791 km (1,734 mi) 1,430 km (889 mi) 1,430 km (889 mi) are electrified and about 900 km (559 mi) Lisbon Metro and Metro Sul do Tejo more than 35 km (22 mi) of lines Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa over a century R&D units INETI Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES) Instituto Gulbenkian de Cincia and the Champalimaud Foundation neuroscience and oncology research centre one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world 1779 Lisbon Oceanarium a scientific and technological culture Cincia Viva the emergence and growth of several science parks the Taguspark (in Oeiras), the Coimbra iParque (in Coimbra) and Parkurbis (in Covilh) to take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support wind and river power Moura Norte region 66% Redes Energéticas Nacionais calculation energy from the various renewable-energy plants hydropower plants wind-driven turbines setting a premium price 10,562,178 52% 48% Catholicism Mouriscos Paleolithic 45,000 years ago Paleolithic colonial history Atlantic Ocean Angola and Mozambique Portuguese 10,617,575 81.0% Baha'i, Buddhist, Jewish and Spiritist communities 6.8% 8.3% Christian 13th and 14th centuries growth of liberal and nascent republican movements 1910–26 25 July 1139 victories for the coming battles to create an empire which would carry His name to unknown lands Portuguese a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia and Northern Portugal, originating from Galician-Portuguese, which was the common language of the Galician and Portuguese people until the independence of Portugal Galician-Portuguese Galician-Portuguese Latin Pre-Roman peoples 1415 and 1999 five Brazil 99 percent 100 percent Over 35% Over 35% 1290 Lisbon Coimbra Real Academia de Artilharia Escola Médico-Cirrgica of Goa 2006 public money 23 years old developing health policy Five implementing the national health policy objectives noncommunicable diseases ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease cerebrovascular disease 12% children self-reporting at the household level one third 1990s and 2000s 1956 Lisbon Belém Cultural Centre in Lisbon, Serralves Foundation and the Casa da Msica fifteen Portuguese late Gothic Portuguese late Gothic A 20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture Eduardo Souto de Moura stadium design late 19th century Arthur Duarte, Antnio Lopes Ribeiro, Antnio Reis, Pedro Costa, Manoel de Oliveira, Joo Botelho and Leonel Vieira Joo Botelho and Leonel Vieira late 19th century Arthur Duarte, Antnio Lopes Ribeiro, Antnio Reis, Pedro Costa, Manoel de Oliveira, Joo Botelho and Leonel Vieira Joo Botelho and Leonel Vieira Adventurer and poet Operations Lusadas Virgil's Aeneid neoclassic and contemporary Almeida Garrett, Camilo Castelo Branco, Ea de Queiroz, Fernando Pessoa, Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, Antnio Lobo Antunes and Miguel Torga bacalhau sardines and caldeirada a potato-based stew beef, pork, lamb, or chicken arroz de sarrabulho Francesinha (Frenchie) from Porto, and bifanas (grilled pork) or prego (grilled beef) sandwiches in the many medieval Catholic monasteries almonds, flour, eggs and some liquor ovos moles from Aveiro the Romans Bacchus Vinho Verde, Vinho Alvarinho, Vinho do Douro, Vinho do Douro, Vinho do Douro, Vinho do Douro, Vinho do Douro, Vinho do Do, Vi Vinho Verde, Vinho Alvarinho, Vinho do Alentejo, Vinho do Do, Vinho do Do, Vinho do Do, Vinho do Do, Vinho do Do, Festival Sudoeste in Zambujeira do Mar Festival Sudoeste in Zambujeira do Mar Idanha-a- Nova Municipality, Optimus Alive! European Festival Award 2010 – Green'n'Clean Festival of the Year and the Greener Festival Award Outstanding 2008 and 2010 2005 Artur Pizarro, Maria Joo Pires, Sequeira Costa Artur Pizarro, Maria Joo Pires, Sequeira Costa José Vianna da Motta, Carlos Seixas, Joo Domingos Bomtempo, Joo de Sousa Carvalho, Lus de Freitas Branco Nuno Malo and Miguel d'Oliveira 20th century the Delaunays Cano Popular a Russa e o Fgaro Vieira da Silva, Jlio Pomar, Helena Almeida, Joana Vasconcelos, Julio Sarmento and Paula Rego Football Eusébio Lus Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo FIFA Ballon d'Or José Mourinho, André Villas-Boas, Fernando Santos, Carlos Queiroz and Manuel José S Benfica, FC Porto, and Sporting CP S Benfica, FC Porto, and Sporting CP eight roller hockey, basketball, futsal, handball, and volleyball Portuguese Football Federation 1977 hip hop an American hip hop recording artist June 8, 1977 GOOD Music Jay-Z and Aliciakeys The College Dropout Jay-Z and Aliciakeys Chicago producer for Roc-A-Fella Records 2004 sixth 32 million 100 million Grammy-awarded Three Forbes more than 32 million 21 Three of his albums rank on Rolling Stone's 2012 "500 Greatest albums of All Time" list 2005 and 2015 English Department Atlanta Good Water Store Chicago State University Polaris High School Nanjing, China foreigner asked about his grades 10 Nanjing University poetry Green Eggs and Ham No I.D. rapping in the third grade and began making musical compositions in the seventh grade Green Eggs and Ham DJ No I.D. Chicago's American Academy of Art 20 American Academy of Art English 20 College Dropout burgeoning local artists classic soul records D-Dot mid-1990s mid-1990s Deric "D-Dot" Angelettie Go- Getters John "Monopoly" Johnson, Don Crowley, and Happy Lewis 1999 Chyna Doll Nas, Drag-On, and R&B singer Carl Thomas Harlem World Life After Death Roc-A-Fella Records The Blueprint 2000 The Blueprint a rapper Capitol Records rapper gangsta image prominent in mainstream hip hop Capitol Records Capitol Record's A&R, Joe Weinberger Roc-A-Fella Records a producer first and foremost Joe Weinberger Damon Dash Through The Wire The College Dropout The College Dropout October 23, 2002 Through The Wire Through The Wire The College Dropout was significantly remixed, remastered, and revised before being released three Los Angeles three August 2003 fifteen two major music publications "Jesus Walks" GOOD Music, a record label and management company that would go on to house affiliate artists and producers, such as No I.D. and John Legend February 2004 Slow Jamz West 10 GOOD Music a string orchestra Jon Brion Late Registration 2.3 million Portishead Late Registration 2.3 million Best New Artist Hurricane Katrina victims Rolling Stone American Music Awards Mike Myers Rolling Stone A Concert for Hurricane Relief U2 planned tetralogy of education-themed studio albums Bob Dylan U2 1980s The Rolling Stones Bob Dylan Graduation Stronger 957,000 Daft Punk Graduation rapper 50 Cent's Curtis Curtis Alexis Phifer Auto-Tune 2007 Alexis Phifer Glow Honolulu Love Lockdown "Hot shot Debut" "Hot shot Debut" Island Def Jam November 2008 "Hot shot Debut" Roland TR-808 drum machine Matthew Trammell Matthew Trammell 52nd Grammy Awards Taylor Swift Lady Gaga 2009 Beyoncé Lady Gaga 52nd Grammy Awards Hawaii fashion Hawaii My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy album of the Year at the 54th Grammy Awards My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy November 2010 All of the Light GOOD Fridays Cannes Film Festival Jay-Z Cannes Film Festival The Hollywood Reporter Watch the Throne Jay-Z 2012 Cannes Film Festival Paris hotel Yeezus Kendrick Lamar 2013 architecture Yeezus June 18, 2013 Kendrick Lamar North Adidas Paul McCartney Theophilus London, Allan Kingdom and Paul McCartney Kim Karashian North Florence Paul McCartney Yeezy Season 2 SWISH the School of the Art Institute of Chicago 135,000 So help Me God the School of the Art Institute of Chicago 135,000 January 26, 2016 The Life of Pablo Wiz Khalifa Chance the Rapper Tidal "facts" Waves Wiz Khalifa Yeezy Season 3 David Bowie RZA chipmunk soul David Bowie Puff Saddy " This Can't Be Life" Jon Brion string arrangements, piano chords, brass flecks, and horn riffs a string section Jon Brion Portishead Graduation Graduation melody and chord progression 2007 a stark electropop sound composed of virtual synthesis Gary Numan, TJ Swan and Boy George dense drums, lengthy strings, droning synthesizers, and somber piano Boy George post-punk 2012 My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy Simon Vozick-Levinson Jon Brion DJ Toomp 808s & Heartbreak My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy protest to music Le Corbusier 2013 Yeezus Pastelle Clothing line a Grammy under my belt and Late Registration spring 2006 2006 Nike Louis Vuitton PW Kanye West mixed-to-negative March 6, 2012 October 1, 2011 PW Kanye West October 1, 2011 PW Kanye West mixed-to-negative March 6, 2012 Yeezy Season Yeezy Season boutique stores and the Adidas UK stores 9000 Yeezy boosts 2015 The Life of Pablo KW Foods LLC 10 Fatburger restaurants bought the rights KW Foods LLC two September 2008 KW Foods LLC GOOD Music Pusha T 2004 John Legend Pusha T to make products and experiences that people want and can afford Donda West January 5, 2012 West Jay Z low payout of royalties Tidal lossless audio and high definition music videos Jay Z The service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos Kanye West Foundation battle dropout and illiteracy rates "Kanye West Foundation" 2007 Chicago battle dropout and illiteracy rates Strong American Schools August The Dr. Donda West Foundation 2011 2008 The Dr. Donda West Foundation 2011 many fundraisers, benefit concerts, and has done community work for Hurricane Katrina relief Hurricane Katrina relief George W. Bush George W. Bush September 2, 2005 cut off the microphone and then cut away to Chris Tucker, who was unaware of the cut for a few seconds "George Bush doesn't care about black people." "I don't hate Kanye West. I didn't have the grounds to call him a racist" Matt Lauer Kazakhstan US$3 million one of the poorest human rights records Nursultan Nazarbayev Arizona over human rights concerns Zane Lowe an apology shortly before taping Jimmy Kimmel Zane Lowe BBC Radio 1 President Obama Jewish people November 26, 2013 December 21, 2013 Bill Cosby Bill Cosby Gretchen Wilson "Touch the Sky" Gretchen Wilson Touch the Sky November 7, 2006 "Touch the Sky" failed to win Best Video at the MTV Europe Music Awards, West went onto the stage as the award was being presented to Justice and Simian for "We Are Your Friends" he would not come back to MTV ever again Stronger race had something to do Stronger Taylor Swift Barack Obama Barack Obama Swift "I'm sorry Taylor." September 2010 November 8, 2010 The Life of Pablo Beyoncé Beyoncé album of the Year and then walked off stage, making everyone think he was joking around February 26, 2015 Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award 2020 Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award Glastonbury Festival 2015 Glastonbury Festival 2015 Change.org Glastonbury Festival 2015 over 50,000 Amber Rose Amber Rose Fort di Belvedere two 2002 August 2006 Amber Rose April 2012 Armenian Apostolic Church at the Cathedral of St. James 58 Jan Adams November 10, 2007 heart disease Andre Aboolian Jan Adams Larry King Live "coronary artery disease and multiple post-operative factors due to or as a consequence of liposuction and mammoplasty" Ed McPherson violating patient consciousnessity following her death Larry King Live January 10, 2008 Oklahoma City "Hey Mama" Oklahoma City November 20, 2007 November 22 Glow in the Dark tour New Zealand New Zealand Arnold Schwarzenegger Arnold Schwarzenegger Donda West Law Robert "Evel" Knievel November 2007 Robert "Evel" Knievel Evel Kanyevel November 2007 felony vandalism $20,000 misdemeanor vandalism September 11, 2008 felony vandalism Don "Don C." Crowley $20,000 Tup Tup Palace nightclub in Newcastle upon Tyne November 14, 2008 Hilton hotel near Gateshead Hilton hotel near Gateshead Daniel Ramos misdemeanor battery conviction Medics two years anger management 250 I'm spiritual The College Dropout Christian Complex called him the 21st century's "most important artist of any art form, of any genre." David Bowie Jon Caramanic Ben Westhoff The Guardian homophobia in hip hop hip hop's mainstream middle-class 50 Cent's Curtis Rolling Stone an influence Elon Musk six 30 million all of which have gone platinum, have received numerous awards and critical acclaim No. 1 3,086,000 third 30 million 21 Bob Dylan twice 21 Kanye West No. 8 May 16, 2008 MTV Man of the Year Bob Dylan 500 Greatest albums of All Time three My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy eighth position The Pitchfork Yeezus "Runaway" George W. Bush Taylor Swift Nike, Louis Vuitton, and A.P.C. Nike, Louis Vuitton, and A.P.C. 2013 nontheistic teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha Indian subcontinent through the elimination of ignorance and craving elimination of ignorance and craving nontheistic Gautama Buddha the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent Indian subcontinent Gautama Buddha eastern part of the Indian subcontinent the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent, present-day Nepal sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE Gautama Buddha Four Indian Buddha Theravada ("The School of the Elders") and Mahayana ("The Great Vehicle") Vajrayana Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren Buddhism, Shingon, and Tiantai (Tendai) 488 million Mahayana Indian siddhas Vajrayana teachings of eighth century India Indian siddhas The School of the Elders attainment of the sublime state of Nirvana by practicing the Noble Eightfold Path a state wherein one remains in this cycle to help other beings reach awakening attainment of the sublime state of Nirvana by practicing the Noble Eightfold Path Theravada Buddhism Tibetan Buddhism the Middle Way bodhisattva path suffering and rebirth Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings), and the Sangha (the community) giving charity to reduce the greediness Ten Meritorious Deeds giving charity to reduce the greediness creator deity greediness Mahayana Buddhaghoa Buddhacarita, the Lokottaravdin Mahvastu, and the Sarvstivdin Lalitavistara Stra historical facts 5th century CE the Buddhacarita the Buddha the Buddha's life monastic order 5th century CE Michael Carrithers birth, maturity, renunciation, search, awakening and liberation, teaching, death Karen Armstrong Siddhatta Gotama "the illustration of the life must be true: birth, maturity, renunciation, search, awakening and liberation, teaching, death." Michael Carrithers Buddha Siddhatta Gotama in a community that was on the periphery a community that was on the periphery a community that was on the periphery a community that was on the periphery fifth century BCE a small republic the northeastern Indian subcontinent an oligarch Siddhrtha Gautama an oligarchy Asita Siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man to become a holy man, depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls astrologer Suddhodana a holy man, depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls Asita Asita great king prevented him from leaving the palace grounds 29 ventured beyond the palace several times learned of the suffering of ordinary people, encountering an old man, a sick man, a corpse and, finally, an ascetic holy man, apparently content and at peace with the world a king 29 an old man, a sick man, a corpse and, finally, an ascetic holy man, apparently content and at peace with the world abandon royal life a king 29 four corpse to study with famous religious teachers of the day madhyam-pratipad prolonged fasting, breath-holding, and exposure to pain mastered the meditative attainments an extreme asceticism milk and rice madhyam-pratipad they did not provide a permanent end to suffering milk and rice anapanasati Middle Way 35 Ficus religiosa teaching the path of awakening he had discovered 80 (483 BCE) Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi Bodhi Tree Bodhi Tree 35 Ficus religiosa Ficus religiosa Bodh Gaya Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi continual repetitive cycle of birth and death Samsara arises out of avidya (ignorance) and is characterized by dukkha (suffering, anxiety, dissatisfaction) suffering, anxiety, dissatisfaction by following the Buddhist path samsara six realms ignorance physical realm or a psychological state characterized by a particular type of suffering continual repetitive cycle of birth and death six realms psychological dukkha Buddhist path action, work action, work sla body, speech or mind that spring from mental intent (cetan), and bring about a consequence or phala "fruit" or vipka "result" action, work sla body, speech or mind that spring from mental intent (cetan), and bring about a consequence or phala "fruit" in the mind that come to fruition either in this life or in a subsequent rebirth for each being phala "fruit" or vipka "result" force that drives sasra sla result Theravada Buddhism the Lotus Sutra, the Agulimlya Stra and the Mahyna Mahparinirva Stra Vajrayana Amitbha Theravada Buddhism Amitbha Mahayana sutras previous negative karma Genshin Amitbha Rebirth anatt (Sanskrit antman) the laws of cause and effect (karma) conception to death prattyasamutpda Rebirth Sanskrit antman prattyasamutpda anatt skilled Buddhist practitioners those who can meditate on the arpajhnas 31 uddhvsa Worlds or Pure Abodes angmis Rebirths arpajhnas 31 uddhvsa Worlds or Pure Abodes arpajhnas rpyadhtu East Asian and Tibetan The orthodox Theravada Samyutta Nikaya of the Pali Canon bardo The orthodox Theravada position Samyutta Nikaya of the Pali Canon East Asian East Asian and Tibetan Buddhism orthodox Samyutta Nikaya Four Noble Truths the nature of dukkha Four Noble Truths anxiety, unsatisfactoriness Four Noble Truths dukkha the nature of dukkha commonly translated as "suffering", "anxiety", "unsatisfactoriness", "unease" the nature of dukkha "suffering", "anxiety" "unsatisfactoriness" "unease" "unsatisfactoriness" "unease" three "suffering", "anxiety" "unsatisfactoriness" "unease" Dukkha three Craving (Pali: tanha) conditioned by ignorance (Pali: avijja) conditioned by ignorance (Pali: avijja) conditioned by ignorance (Pali: avijja) conditioned by ignorance (Pali: avij craving (Pali: tanha) conditioned by ignorance (Pali: avijja) of the true nature of things the complete cessation of dukkha is possible craving (Pali: tanha) conditioned by ignorance (Pali: avijja) conditioned by ignorance (Pali: avijja) conditioned by ignorance (Pali: avijja) conditioned by ignorance (Pali: avij the origin of dukkha can be known craving (Pali: tanha) conditioned by ignorance (Pali: avijja) the root cause of dukkha is identified as ignorance (Pali: avijja) of the true nature of things the origin of dukkha can be known ignorance true nature of things dukkha The Noble Eightfold Path cessation of dukkha Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Understanding), Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration fourth eight cessation of dukkha Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Understanding), Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration the fourth of the Buddha's Noble Truths eight dukkha Ajahn Sucitto as stages, in which each stage is completed before moving on to the next a complete path, or way of living Ajahn Sucitto the Yoga practice of his teacher Kalama one without egotism brahmaviharas, divine abodes mett wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings Kalama egotism love, compassion, joy, and equanimity Pema Chdrn prayer that cultivates "wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings." prior to his enlightenment Middle Way enlightenment Abhidharma, Buddhist philosophy and Reality in Buddhism discourage Buddhist scholars doctrinal the concept of liberation (nirva) suffering (dukkha) the goal of the Buddhist path a fundamental misunderstanding or mis-perception of the nature of reality dispassion for the objects of clinging, and is liberated from suffering (dukkha) and the cycle of incessant rebirths (sasra) three all compounded or conditioned phenomena (all things and experiences) are inconstant, unsteady, and impermanent life embodies this flux in the aging process, the cycle of rebirth (sasra), and in any experience of loss because things are impermanent, attachment to them is futile everything constant flux, and so conditions and the thing itself are constantly changing spasra suffering suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness, sorrow, discomfort, anguish, stress, misery, and frustration disquietude realistic Buddhism disquietude disquietude dukkha Sanskrit suffering identical neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self Sanskrit Nikayas metaphysical spkandhas prattyasamutpda dependent origination Buddhist Twelve Nidnas the continuation of the cycle of suffering and rebirth Twelve Nidnas cause, foundation, source or origin Twelve Nidnas Twelve Nidnas by attaining Nirvana ignorance the absence of the others Sentient beings dukkha by attaining Nirvana ignorance nyat emptiness tman without any svabhava Sarvastivada teachings Vasubandhu and Asanga cittamatra Vasubandhu and Asanga inseparability of the clarity and emptiness of one's mind perfected spiritual insight the Sakya school the Jonang school Mahayana sutras Nirvana Enlightenment "Awakening" or "Enlightenment" Bodhi nirvana raga moha (delusion) delusion the bodhisattva a buddha nirvana parinirvana Buddha Samsara life 28 Buddhas Maitreya celestial reality human, animal, ghost, or other being Bodhi anagami Dharmakaya omnipresent Mahayana sutras existence monks nyat bodhisattvas Pure Land, which is characterized by utmost trust in the salvific "other-power" of Amitabha Buddha Pure Land Buddhism Amitabha Buddha Gautama Buddha A Buddha era Gautama Buddha The Gautama Buddha Mahayana Buddhists Theravada Pure Land Buddhism enlightenment being bodhicitta Mahyna Mahyna "Great Vehicle" Mahayana Mahayana Buddhism to take the bodhisattva vow dna, la, kanti, vrya, dhyna, and praj 14th Dalai Lama Buddhists bowing, offerings, pilgrimage, and chanting meditative absorption the Buddha Brahminic texts liberating the yogis mindfulness and clear awareness vision Buddha's meditative techniques transcendent wisdom The Buddhist texts The Buddhist texts Upanishads Buddhist early Brahminic texts contemplative Nasadiya Sukta taking refuge in the Three Jewels Majjhima Nikaya Tibetan essence Three Jewels Gautama Buddha The Dharma The Sangha speech, or mind pramit these precepts la keeping the precepts basic morality precepts asceticism training rules that laypeople undertake voluntarily to facilitate practice ethical rebirth in one of the lower heavens the third precept made more strict ten seventh precept ten Vinaya 227 vinayapitaka counts life the higher attainments islands unto themselves Mahayana Brahmajala Sutra meat Japan Chn jhnas right concentration samdhi defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous zhna, Sanskrit dhyna vipassan insight idea jhna mind disturbed to start with pna; Pli a pli pa understanding (praj or vipassana) craving defilements suffering and stress Nibbna Four bodhi Praj sermons at any point of practice each Buddhist can verify the truth of the Buddha's teaching at a practical level seon Zen Buddhism Zen direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth two Rinzai () and St Zen Formless Self Thinking and thought Mahayana Diamond Vehicle Tantric ritual, visualation, physical exercises, and prayer as a means of developing the mind the second half of the first millennium BCE shramanas Vedas and the Brahmans non-Vedic strand Greater Magadha Rajagrha 2nd or 3rd centuries BCE Upanishads Pakudha Kaccayana Ajnanas the Ajnanas Vedic animal sacrifice cosmic man animal sacrifices Vedas The reliability of these sources insight the Rupa Jhanas Majjhima Nikaya 36 rebirth karma that differed considerably from the commonly held views of his time dhyna meditative fourth jhana liberating insight linear Nirvna Nikayas Nibbna the middle way eightfold path prajna liberating insight person three five Pre-sectarian Buddhism Sectarian Buddhism Pre-sectarian Buddhism Vajrayana Buddhism Pre-sectarian Buddhism rebirth Noble Eightfold Path first Buddhist council nanda sptras, Pli suttas the abhidhamma Second Council the Second Council 100 BCE Mahsghikas Mahasanghika the vinaya The Sthaviras monasteries doctrinal disagreements Abhidharma systematic philosophical 3rd century BCE Mahasanghika school Prajpramit stras ndhra Prajpramit 1st century BCE the ndhra country the third century BCE South India Buddhism a separate Vinaya or ordination lineage from the early schools of Buddhism monasteries side by side Chinese Lokakema Prajpramit series 1st Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic Buddhist Logic the later Yogacara Ashoka stpas Buddhist religious memorials Buddhism missionaries Buddhism (Dharma), particularly in eastern provinces of the neighboring Seleucid Empire, and even farther to Hellenistic kingdoms of the Mediterranean Persian and Greek Menander 3rd 3rd century BCE 2nd century CE 2nd century CE Korea and Japan 8th century Buddhist the teachings of the Buddha the Buddhist community progressive traditional beliefs and practices the second half of the 20th Century neo-Buddhism Soka Gakkai "the most diverse" and "the largest lay Buddhist movement in the world" Soka Gakkai International Soka Gakkai International Buddhism China approximately 244 million or 18.2% 360 million 150 million Seven million 138 million 495 million 487 million lesser vehicle Hinayana concepts one Buddhist ecumenical organization Theravada Sthvirya Pali Canon west Theravadin Buddhists merit Nland University Mahayana Sutras Buddha himself Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra Eastern Buddhism Eastern Buddhism the Pure Land school of Mahayana Saivism Buddhists The Guhyasiddhi of Padmavajra Buddhist objects in themselves text that is universally referred to by all traditions gamas core The size and complexity of the Buddhist canons Dhammapada Buddhism Theravada sample The Buddha and His Dhamma Pli tipitaka Vinaya Pitaka The Vinaya Pitaka The Sutta Pitaka The Abhidhamma Pitaka Pli tipitaka five or seven Mahkyapa record the Buddha's teachings Upli nanda the dhamma Theravadin The Theravadins Mahayana Buddhist tradition Mahayana sutras Sarvastivada Abhidharma Mahayana sutras Mahyna Mahyna Mahayana sutras Mahayana sutras Mahayana six hundred East Asian Buddhism 5th century CE Hinayana Theravada school Sri Lanka Theravada Hinayna rvakayna Buddhism ethics moral and spiritual Christianity scientific thought Buddhism Buddhism Simon Fuller Fremantle Media North America 2002 Pop Idol Fox Fremantle Media North America Pop Idol Simon Fuller Simon Fuller June 11, 2002 Pop Idol Randy Jackson Brian Dunkleman Amy Lopez Ryan Dunkleman Brian Dunkleman Randy Jackson Amy Lopez Randy Jackson Paula Abdul Paula Abdul Keith Urban Harry Connick, Jr 345 Kelly Clarkson, Carrie Underwood, Chris Daughtry, Fantasia, Ruben Studdard, Amy Hudson, Clay Aiken, Adam Lambert and Jordin Sparks a rival TV executive Kelly Clarkson, Carrie Underwood, Chris Daughtry, Fantasia, Ruben Studdard, Amy Hudson, Clay Aiken, Adam Lambert and Jordin Sparks Kelly Clarkson, Carrie Underwood, Chris Daughtry, Fantasia, Ruben Studdard, Amy Hudson, Clay Aiken, Adam Lambert and Jordin Sparks Kelly Clarkson, Carrie Underwood, Chris Daughtry, Fantasia, Ruben Studdard, Amy Hudson, Clay Aiken, Adam Lambert and Jordin Sparks Kelly Clarkson, Carrie Underwood, Chris Daughtry, Fantasia, Ruben Studdard, Amy Hudson, Clay Aiken, Adam Lambert and Jordin Sparks 345 a rival TV executive 2015 2015 2003–04 eight May 11, 2015 Popstars Simon Fuller 2001 Simon Cowell Lythgoe the British show Pop Idol created by Simon Fuller Nigel Lythgoe real-life soap opera 2001 Lythgoe seven 2002 2001 Elisabeth Rupert Murdoch The search for a Superstar eight four Angie Martinez Stryker four judges following the Pop Idol format Angie Martinez Angie Martinez the Pop Idol format Kara DioGuardi Ellen DeGeneres two 2010 The X Factor Kara DioGuardi before season nine after failing to agree terms with the show producers January 11, 2010 Ellen DeGeneres season ten season two Adam Lambert season three eight season nine Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb season eight season three Ryan Dunkleman Dunkleman Randy Jackson Scott Borchetta song choice and performance Jimmy Iovine Randy Jackson Jimmy Iovine twenty-eight season ten semi-final stage Those selected by the judges are sent to Hollywood television a few other contestants a few hundred a few hundred producers in front of the judges season seven, the group round was eliminated and contestants may, after a first solo performance and on judges approval, skip a second solo round and move directly to the final Hollywood round two and three three twelve three group round two and three Las Vegas Sudden Death round thirteen 178 million season ten Telescope Inc the semi-finals onwards Over 110 million Over 110 million 12 finalists wildcard round individually in their respective night individually in their respective night In season one, only one wildcard contestant was chosen by the judges, giving a total of ten finalists only one wildcard contestant was chosen by the judges, giving a total of ten finalists 12 finalists twenty-four gender in order to ensure an equal gender division in the top twelve four to seven and nine four to seven and nine twenty-four four three twenty thirty eight three three three CBS Television City Jimmy Iovine thirteen eight CBS Television City in Los Angeles Jimmy Iovine one each week season eight once safety six fourteenth viewers are given a five-minute window to vote for the contestants in danger of elimination "Fan Save" given a five-minute window fourteenth season theMotorola Theatre three through six, and fourteen finale Dolby Theatre 3,400 over 6,000 the Gibson Amphitheatre, which holds an audience of over 7,000 19 Management Big Machine Records three months after the season's finale a record deal with a major label American Idol-affiliated 19 Management Big Machine Records golden Tickets a golden Tickets the viewing public, and the outcome of the public votes is then revealed in the results show typically on the following night the Hollywood rounds Rickey Minor season ten Rickey Minor Rickey Minor Ray Chew seven Fox 2002 Brian Dunkleman June 2002 Fox Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman 121 around 10,000 Jim Verraros Tamyra Gray in the hospital 121 30 Delano Cagnolatti at the top four Christina Christian 2002 Justin Guarini September 4, 2002 Justin Guarini Justin Guarini September 4, 2002 "A moment Like This", went on to break a 38-year-old record held by The Beatles for the biggest leap to number one on the Billboard Hot 100" "A moment Like This" more than 23 million coronation coronation "A moment Like This" The Beatles "A moment Like This", went on to break a 38-year-old record held by The Beatles for the biggest leap to number one on the Billboard Hot 100" more than 23 million 2003 Kristin Adams January 2003 Kristin Adams Paula Abdul Frenchie Davis Corey Clark Jaered Andrews Corey Clark Frenchie Davis Jaered Andrews Ruben Studdard 24 million Nigel Lythgoe 24 million Nigel Lythgoe Nigel Lythgoe Nigel Lythgoe 134,000 24 million Aiken "Flying Without Wings" Josh Gracin "Flying Without Wings" Flying Without Wings " This Is the Night" Aiken out-performed Studdard's coronation song "Flying Without Wings" Josh Gracin 2004 William Hung William Hung January 19, 2004 William Hung William Hung Three Divas Hudson Elton John John Stevens Three Divas Hudson Elton John John Stevens Simon Cowell I Believe DeGarmo released "Dreams" I Believe Simon Cowell Fantasia and Diana DeGarmo Fantasia I Believe Nikko Smith Nikko Smith Freemantle Media Freemantle Media the top 11 week until the following night 2005 65 million "Inside Your Heaven" alumnus May 2005 Carrie Underwood "Inside Your Heaven" 65 million season five began Brittenum twins season five began on January 17, 2006 January 17, 2006 Brittenum twins Chris Daughtry the top four Live Chris Daughtry lead singer Live's version of "I Walk the Line" Live's version of "I Walk the Line" not crediting the arrangement to Live Taylor Hicks Do I make You Proud Do I make You Proud May 30, 2006 Katharine McPhee Do I make You Proud My Destiny Hicks, McPhee, Bucky Covington, Mandisa, Kellie Pickler, and Elliott Yamin Daughtry Chris Daughtry Daughtry 2007 37.3 million January 16, 2007 37.3 million Sanjaya Malakar Howard Stern Vote for the Worst and satellite radio personality Howard Stern April 18 Sanjaya Malakar Sanjaya Malakar managing to survive elimination for many weeks Vote for the Worst and satellite radio personality Howard Stern Howard Stern April 18 Idol gives Back telethon-inspired event $76 million Melinda Doolittle Idol gives Back telethon-inspired event Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson Melinda Doolittle Jordin Sparks Jordin Sparks May 23 May 23 season Jordin Sparks Jordin Sparks 2005 over 100,000 The number of those attending the auditions by now had increased to over 100,000 from the 10,000 of the first season season four 2005 January 18, 2005 high definition The number of those attending the auditions by now had increased to over 100,000 from the 10,000 of the first season 28 2007 " This Is My now" performed by both finalists during the finale and released by Sparks American Idol Songwriters "coronation song" 20 This Is My now May 24, 2007 2008 David Hernandez David Hernandez January 15, 2008 David Hernandez due to his past employment as a stripper David Hernandez "Billie Jean" David Cook Chris Cornell March 11, 2008 March 11, 2008 Chris Cornell arrangement David Cook John Lennon season ten "Hallelujah" Jeff Buckley iTunes John Lennon's "Imagine" John Lennon Kevin Castro Jeff Buckley iTunes David Cook David Cook May 21, 2008 David Cook The Time of My Life The Time of My Life 2008 The Time of My Life May 22, 2008 2009 Mike Darnell president of alternative programming January 13, 2009 January 13, 2009 Mike Darnell Danny Gokey Kara DioGuardi two weeks So You Think You Can Dance Kodak Theatre due to the global recession at the time fourth Kara DioGuardi So You Think You Can Dance Kodak Theatre Idol gives Back 13 Matt Giraud 13 finalists 13 Lil rounds and Anoop Desai 13 13 finalists Matt Giraud Kris Allen and Adam Lambert Allen Arkansas 38 million Allen two 38 million AT&T employees "No boundaries" which was co-written by DioGuardi DioGuardi "No boundaries" which was co-written by DioGuardi DioGuardi gold album none 2010 Ellen DeGeneres January 12, 2010 January 12, 2010 Paula Abdul Ellen DeGeneres January 12, 2010 Crystal Bowersox Ken Warwick fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis Crystal Bowersox the top 20 week Ken Warwick Ken Warwick producer, wanted to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show Michael Lynche April 21, 2010 Adam Lambert $45 million Michael Lynche Adam Lambert Simon Cowell made an appearance Simon Cowell Paula Abdul Patty Griffin "Beautiful Day" May 26 finale Patty Griffin U2's "Beautiful Day" Patty Griffin's "Up to the Mountain" 2011 season of The X Factor Jimmy Iovine The X Factor Nigel Lythgoe January 19, 2011 Nigel Lythgoe Amy Lopez and Steven Todd Jimmy Iovine season ten Myspace reached the final rounds online Myspace Chris Medina Top 40 round 10 Abrams Chris Medina the Top 40 round Casey Abrams the Top 13 result show Naima Adedapo and Thia Megia Tom Hanks Tom Hanks Pia Toscano Tom Hanks "Like My Mother does" Lauren Alaina and Scotty McCreery I Love You This Big "Like My Mother does" Soulful 2011 American Idol 2003 2012 one more finalist would join the Top 24 making it the Top 25 Jermaine Jones January 18, 2012 Jermaine Jones March 14, concealing arrests and outstanding warrants Phillip Phillips blockage caused by kidney stones eight Phillip Phillips Phillip Phillips kidney Colton Dixon Colton Dixon Colton Dixon the fewest number of votes during the Top 7 week, and the judges decided to use their " save" option on her, making her the first female recipient of the save top 7 week Colton Dixon Colton Dixon Diana DeGarmo season five season five finalist Ace Young marriage to season three runner-up Diana DeGarmo stage "Home" Change Nothing Home Change Nothing "Home" 2013 Keith Urban and Nicki Minaj TSZ January 16, 2013 four five Lazaro Arbos five males and five females first five weeks Lazaro Arbos the top four contestants were therefore given an extra week to perform again with their votes carried over with no elimination in the first week Kree Harrison Kree Harrison Jordin Sparks All Cried Out Candice Glover Kree Harrison I Am Beautiful "All Cried Out" signed by a music label Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj Both judges Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj also decided to leave after one season to focus on their music careers Randy Jackson Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj 2014 Ryan Seacrest in-mentor Ryan Seacrest January 15, 2014 Harry Connick, Jr. Harry Connick, Jr. Harry Connick, Jr. Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick Sam Woolf the Top 3 performance night songs they wrote themselves Sam Woolf the Top 8 the Top 3 performance night Caleb Johnson Caleb Johnson "As Long as You Love Me" We Are One Caleb Johnson Jena Irene "As Long as You Love Me" We Are One 2015 Ryan Seacrest Adam Lambert Justin Lopez Randy Jackson January 7, 2015 Adam Lambert one Coca Cola Ford Motor Company Big Machine Records one Coca Cola Ford Motor Company Big Machine Records Nick Fradiani Jax, the third place finalist, also released a single called "Forcefield" Jax "Beautiful Life" "Forcefield" Nick Fradiani Clark Beckham "Beautiful Life" "Champion" Jax 2015 fifteenth fifth Harry Connick Jr Ryan Seacrest May 11, 2015 Ryan Seacrest 131 2002 Southern North Carolina North Carolina ten Chris Daughtry 47 million 16 percent 47 million 85 percent Taylor Hicks Alabama in church that many people get their start in public singing the Bible Belt the state of Alabama White guy with guitar Phillip Phillips The Untold Story five the guitar White guy with guitar Richard Rushfield Phillip Phillips 19 Entertainment Ruben Studdard Ruben Studdard 2013 100 million season eight, when the massive increase in text votes (100 million more text votes than season 7) fueled the texting controversy season eight Concerns about power voting 2010 2013 Idol gives Back $185 million Gives Back season six 2002 more than 40 million more than 40 million 2002 June 2002 more than 40 million 23 million By season four, American Idol had become the most watched series amongst all viewers on American TV for the first time 21.7 million Ruben Studdard 18–49 season four 26.5 million 21.7 million season four Season six 16% "the Death Star" NBC American Idol "the Death Star" a drop in ratings of 16% average results show rated higher than the competition stages 2007– 2008 due in part to the 2007– 2008 Writers Guild of America strike 2002 Kristy Lee Cook improved over season six the most watched TV network in the country Writers Guild of America strike NBC CBS 2010 Winter Olympics NBC's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics 30.1 million the sixth year running 32.1 47.2 47.2 32.1 eight years NBC Sunday Night Football 18-49 demographic victory 13.3 million 2013–14 2003 7.2 million 13.3 million Coca-Cola 8.03 million fifteenth May 11, 2015 8.03 million 1990s and 2000s 18–49 New Girl Glee and New Girl Simon Fuller Dancing with the Stars and So You Think You Can Dance Rock Star Daughtry and Carrie Underwood Kelly Clarkson Kelly Clarkson 345 Rich Meyer Rich Meyer 345 Fred Bronson four over four million 59 million 120 million over 59 million 120 million Debra Byrd vocal coach Broadway Debra Byrd Dreamgirls Debra Byrd Entertainment Weekly national anthem Ken Tucker Entertainment Weekly Karla Peterson Lincoln Memorial Entertainment Weekly Simon Cowell John Mayer Newsweek commercialism Ann Powers Ramin Setoodeh of Newsweek John Mayer Elton John 2006 LeAnn Rimes Usher Carrie Underwood Best Female Artist in Country Music Awards over Faith Hill LeAnn Rimes Elton John alumni country music format nine years Bruce Gower nine years Idol gives Back edition nine years Governor's Award $900 million $6.4 billion The American Idol experience $900 million Disney 2014 $1.3 million $300,000 $300,000 2014 more than its nearest competitor first first AT&T Wireless mid-2010s 2010s $10 million $35 million AT&T Wireless text-messages 4,349 PepsiCo The X Factor PepsiCo The X Factor third place the season twelve tour a semi-finalist who won a sing-off was also added to the tour M&M's Pretzel Candy Candies a semi-finalist who won a sing-off Kellogg's Pop-Tarts M&M's Pretzel Candy Candies The season five tour In season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season the first five seasons iTunes winner's coronation single as a compilation album at the end of the season American Idol the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program iTunes Bertelsmann Music Group UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M Records UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M Records 19 Entertainment 19 Entertainment Bertelsmann Music Group Sony Music Entertainment UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M Records Walt Disney Company 2009 2009 Disney's Hollywood Studios August 30, 2014 Walt Disney World Resort "Dream Tickets" August 30, 2014 over 100 CTV and/or CTV Two 2014 CTV over 100 CTV and/or CTV Two Yes TV La3 one day after the U.S. broadcast on digital channel ITV2 STAR World every Thursday and Friday nine or ten hours after its United States telecast STAR World La3 double standard seven eight Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris domestic dog millennia sensory capabilities 2010s 40,000 years ago Eurasia starch-rich diet an extinct wolf-like canid in Eurasia 40,000 years ago man's best friend man's best friend meat *dukkn Proto-Indo-European Middle English dogge Proto-Indo-European hound dog 16th century hound 16th century hunting *kwon- "dog" offspring the sire poupée hwelp bitch bitch pups or puppies the sire the dam a dog Canis 1982 Linnaeus Dog-wolf Mammal Species of the World Canis Dog-family" or the family dog Canis lupus Canis familiaris 1982 2003 Mammal Species of the World Canis familiaris Mammal Species of the World Canis familiaris ICZN the ICZN allowed users a choice as to which name they could use genetic studies extinct ancient wolf fossils Taimyr wolf of North Asia human hunter-gatherers gray wolf Taimyr Modern dog breeds catching and tearing scavengers wrist bones endurance catching and tearing scavengers height and weight English Mastiff English Mastiff double soft down hair double topcoat countershading on its upper surfaces countershading dark general visibility sickle emotional state sickle genetic ailments parasites unspayed unspayed females of all types and ages parasites sugar solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol, as well as various sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning macadamia theobromine poisoning toxic nicotine dark 1.2 years shorter 2013 1.2 years age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive Dogue de Bordeaux 5.2 years 6 to 7 years Dogue de Bordeaux 5.2 years 14 to 15 years Bluey Bluey 1939 Bluey 1939 Pusuke at the peak of the cycle pregnancy up to two years old subsequent estrous cycles biannually 58 to 68 days 63 days six one to four puppies 58 to 68 days six one to four American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals testicles ovaries and uterus testicles ovaries and uterus dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered Neutering urinary incontinence Spayed risk of urinary incontinence risk of urinary incontinence Chaser Chaser gesturing and pointing Australian dingos to solve their problems for them knowledge for applying to solve problems over 200 different items advanced memory skills over 1,000 9,000–30,000 years BCE humans social-cognitive skills of human children our behaviors humans internal have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans social-cognitive skills of human children socents, pheromones and taste hand signals movements of bodies and limbs hand signals domestic dogs atrophy of the jaw muscles starch Gel electrophoresis of red blood cell acid phosphatase twice yearly behaviors 11 morphology and behavior aggression fear and aggression production-related traits for their behaviors 11 aggression 525 million 525 million regional human population densities apex fearlessness of humans and buildings dogs apex sheep Wolves Leopards striped hyenas alligators and pythons Coyotes Coyotes alligators and pythons striped hyenas omnivores vegetables and grains obligate Carnivora protein starch-rich diet hundred years old, having been artificially selected for particular morphologies and behaviors by people for specific functional roles behavioral and morphological variation morphologies and behaviors by people for specific functional roles Irish Wolfhound a few hundred years old hundreds blue selective breeding Dog breeds are groups of animals that possess a set of inherited characteristics modern kennel clubs function, genetics, or characteristics inherited characteristics non-scientific classifications unsystematic four major types Malamute and Shar Pei herding four major types of dogs that can be said to be statistically distinct old world dogs "modern"- or "hunting"-type) a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful species on the planet today sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication one of the most successful species on the planet today bit inhibition hunter-gatherers aiding handicapped individuals man's best friend a source of meat food scraps three dog night provide an early warning cleaning up food scraps three dog night cooperative 2004 robust sense of smell domestication of the wolf sled dogs Bering land bridge about 9,400 years ago about 9,400 years ago Athabascan Apache and Navajo tribes horse a four-to-five-month-old puppy humans and dogs 1950s and 1960s 1980s outside more often than they tend to be today elites outside more often than they tend to be today 1980s human expectations of personality and behaviour dogs-as-dogs two "commodification' of the dog, shaping it to conform to human expectations of personality and behaviour everyday routines and practices commodity forms 18th urine marking 18th century through scent digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking their pet as part of the family Dog Whisperer pet Dog Whisperer the newspaper the plates dog Yoga set tasks or routines newspaper 77.5 million 77.5 million magnetic resonance imaging voices the brain friendly social pets magnetic resonance imaging emotional man's best friend herding livestock, hunting nets Laika husky-terrier man's best friend pointers and hounds nets Laika 1957 utility dogs, assistance dogs, hearing dogs, and psychological therapy dogs medical care breed shows individual purebred dogs individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type the externally observable qualities of the dog conformation shows individual purebred dogs externally observable qualities of the dog ability or health Western, South Asian, African, and Middle Eastern taboo dog fat no difference western hypocrisy medicinal properties gaejang-guk bosintang to ensure good health by balancing one's gi, or vital energy of the body scallions and chili powder gaejang-guk beef, chicken, and pork 4.5 million 17 26. 77% 4.5 million 2000s less severe 12.9 60.7 in the face or neck serious infections Colorado 60.7 per 10,000 serious infections dogs two- wheeled vehicles two- wheeled vehicles dog roundworm almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected about 10,000 retinal damage Toxocara canis 14% about 10,000 24% cause retinal damage and decreased vision 2005 sickness 2005 physical exercise physical exercise immune-stimulating microorganisms social interactions 2015 exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms isters mental institutions social behaviors antisocial and violent behavior late 18th century mental institutions increased attendance animal-assisted therapy Medical detection dogs 40 times trillion 40 times 551 Cerberus the gates of Hades Garmr guards Helheim Kimat thunder Persian mythology Cerberus Garmr Kimat Kimat the gates of Naraka Yama bronze dog figurines Yama the gates of Naraka mount bronze dog figurines as unclean because they are viewed as scavengers they are viewed as scavengers Hasan Kk of The Hague leather dog booties they are viewed as scavengers 2015 Lérida, Spain their luggage faithfulness themselves, and make arrangements for feeding them before obtaining them before obtaining them before obtaining them before obtaining them before obtaining them before obtaining them before obtaining them before obtaining them before obtaining them before obtaining them before obtaining them before obtaining them before obtaining them feed dogs faithfulness kind protectors Chinese mythology kind protectors caves Hunting scenes caves Hunting extend back thousands of years to when dogs were portrayed on the walls of caves humans French Bulldogs run away run away (52%) or respond with aggression pet dogs living in human homes significant benefits domestication of dogs poorly controlled the doctor 1936 Summer Olympics 137,000 km (85,000 mi) one world, one dream Journey of Harmony "one world, one dream" Beijing, China Journey of Harmony 85,000 mi March 24 Olympia March 31 six Silk Road Olympia March 24 Panathinaiko Stadium March 31 Panathinaiko Stadium hundreds none protested by advocates of Tibetan independence, animal rights, and legal online gambling, and people protesting against China's human rights record Chinese security officials Chinese government the number of supporters the counter-protesters overseas Chinese and foreign-based Chinese nationals A couple of skirmishes Latin America, Africa, and Western Asia Jacques Rogge Tibetan scrap global relays Jacques Rogge expelled Jacques Rogge chaotic Paralympic Games the Paralympic Games had been cancelled "Lucky cloud" aluminum 985 grams An ignition key "Lucky cloud" aluminum 65 kilometre per hour 2 inches cans of propane March 2008 red March 2008 130 chartered Air China Airbus A330 red and yellow Air China Airbus A330 130 137,000 km (85,000 mi) six Taipei Hong Kong and Macau continents Beijing and Taipei Hong Kong and Macau 24 March 24, 2008 Olympia, Greece Maria Nafpliotou Maria Nafpliotou March 30, 2008 Olympia, Greece Maria Nafpliotou silver medalist Maria Nafpliotou Nepal French hypermart Carrefour the LVMH Group French flags Kunming the LVMH Group censorship Carrefour the People's Daily "express [their] patriotic enthusiastm legal Nursultan Nazarbaev Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbaev President of Kazakhstan Astana Square Uighur Olympic torch Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbaev 20 km Uighur April 3 Sultanahmet Square Sultanahmet Square Uyghurs Istanbul Sultanahmet Square Istanbul Uyghurs promptly arrested April 5 the Victory Square the Palace Square Champion Fedor Emelianenko the Palace Square the Palace Square the Palace Square Champion Fedor Emelianenko London April 6 £750,000 London O2 Arena O2 Arena 30 manhandling 80 Sir Steve Redgrave Richard Vaughan Prime Minister Gordon Brown Sir Steve Redgrave 2,000 Francesca Martinez and Richard Vaughan 10 Downing Street Ladroke Grove a demonstrator attempted to snatch the torch from Konnie Huq in a momentary struggle April 7 Stade Charléty bus the police authorities in Paris April 7 Stade Charléty Stade Charléty 3,000 five Green Party officials Jin Jing Angel in Wheelchair torch relay ceremony Jin Jing Jin Jing Green Party officials Reporters Without Borders Eiffel Tower Notre Dame protest banner Reporters Without Borders Notre Dame cathedral the Trocadéro Jane Birkin Thupten Gyatso the Trocadéro peaceful protest Jane Birkin freedom of speech National Assembly's session "Respect for Human Rights in China" Freedom for Tibet Parliament National Assembly's session "Respect for Human Rights in China" Freedom for Tibet confiscating Tibetan flags Libération Trocadéro Michle Alliot-Marie confiscating Tibetan flags Trocadéro Minister of the Interior Michle Alliot-Marie a police officer McCovey Cove April 9 Norman Bellingham of the U.S. Olympic Committee Buenos Aires Peter Ueberroth San Francisco, California April 9 Norman Bellingham McCovey Cove, where the torch was to leave for Buenos Aires San Francisco Board of supervisors human rights abuses April 8 April 1, 2008 San Francisco Board of supervisors United Nations Plaza Richard Gere suspension cables of the Golden Gate Bridge KPIX-CBS5 China Golden Gate Bridge Laurel Sutherlin five three a Warehouse on a waterfront pier where it stayed for a half-an-hour Andrew Michael Andrew Michael San Francisco International Airport San Francisco International Airport a waterfront pier April 11 Buenos Aires Riding Club Mauricio Macri Buenos Aires the Lola Mora amphitheatre in Costanera Sur Buenos Aires Mauricio Macri Carlos Espnola the parade route with confetti as banks, government offices and businesses took an impromptu half-dayholidays for the only Latin American stop on the flame was to take Jorge Carcavallo "Human Rights Torch." Free Tibet Jorge Carcavallo the Obelisk to the city hall "Human Rights Torch." Free Tibet "Human Rights Torch." Susan Prager Friends of Falun Gong Diego Maradona 1200 water balloons "Friends of Falun Gong" Diego Maradona 1200 Olympic controversy peaceful Dar es Salaam April 13 TazARA Railway Dar es Salaam TazARA Railway TazARA Railway Temeke Dar es Salaam Muscat April 14 Sulaf Fawakherji Muscat 20 km Sulaf Fawakherji April 16 Jinnah Stadium Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani Islamabad Jinnah Stadium April 17 70 Baichung Bhutia five Indian national football captain 1.5 miles five five Baichung Bhutia Republic Day celebrations the Indian ambassador to Beijing, Nirupama Sen Kamal Nath Kamal Nath 2 am local time Republic Day celebrations terrorist 150,000 the torch route be clear of India's 150,000-strong Tibetan exile community India 150,000 protests Tibetan government "rapid deterioration" Tibetan government Kiran Bedi Indian Police Service Soha Ali Khan April 16 Kiran Bedi Soha Ali Khan Delhi the police caged woman April 18 M.R. Narisa Chakrabongse Chinese Embassy April 18 10 Thai authorities Mom Rajawongse Narissara Chakrabongse 1964 Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur 1964 Tokyo edition Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur 1964 Tokyo 1000 Falun Gong Falun Gong Malaysian citizenship "Taiwan and Tibet belong to China." placards April 22 Chinese embassy journalists Islamabad 20 due to security concerns and at the request of the Chinese embassy round the city main's stadium Protests took place outside the stadium April 24 local Aboriginal elder Agnes Shea a message stick Australian and Chinese officials Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 16 Reconciliation Place to Commonwealth Park Australian Federal Police Agnes Shea People's Liberation Army personnel sacred torch Tony Goh Stephen Smith People's Liberation Army personnel Australian police Tony Goh Zhang Rongan Stephen Smith Lin Hatfield Dodds Stephen Smith Lin Hatfield Dodds Stephen Smith Ted Quinlan 600 Australia Ian Thorpe 600 between 2,000 and 10,000 Ted Quinlan Chinese embassy Nagano April 26 Nagano 1998 Winter Olympics Zenk-ji Nagano two Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics Seoul Chinese students Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics April 28 Kim Yong Nam Pak Du Ik Pyongyang Pyongyang April 28 thousands waving pink paper flowers and small flags with the Beijing Olympics logo Pak Du Ik propaganda stunt human rights UNICEF The United Nations Organization and its children's agency UNICEF raising awareness of conditions for children North Korea April 29 Ho Chi Minh City 60 Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Spratly and Paracel Islands Sansha Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City Nguyn Tn Dng seven iu Cày L Minh Phiu seven Nguyn Vn Hi tax evasion L Minh Phiu the disputed islands and dotted lines marking China's maritime claims in the South China Sea May 2 Lee Lai Shan Hong Kong Cultural Centre in Tsim Sha Tsui Golden Bauhinia Square in Wan Chai 120 May 2 Chief Executive Donald Tsang Sha Tin 120 pro-Beijing camp politicians novelty inflatable plastic Olympic flames Tiananmen Square protests Christina Chan authorities via a police vehicle "for their own protection." claiming her human rights were breached democracy Leung Kwok-hung Tibetan snow lion flag Color Orange democracy group "Pillar of Shame" immigration reasons Mia Farrow Hong Kong's one country, two systems policy Color Orange democracy group "Pillar of Shame" immigration reasons Mia Farrow May 3 Macau Fisherman's Wharf 120 Leong Hong Man and Leong Heng Teng non-athletes May 3 120 Leong Hong Man Stanley Ho. Leong Hong Man and Leong Heng Teng Macao Daily News cyberctm.com Internet forums A Macau resident cyberctm.com The head of the Bureau of Telecommunications Regulation the first time since April Jackie Chan May 4 April International Olympic Committee (IOS) officials and Chinese big names like Jackie Chan Jackie Chan biased biased Libération The coverage of the events by the media Chinese media coverage Reporters Without Borders Libération saboteurs disruptive protesters "the people of the world who cordially love the Olympic spirit" Marie-José Pérec radicals Marie-José Pérec The Beijing Organising Committee for the Games spirit of Olympics sports and politics to run for spirit of Olympics sports and politics Daily Telegraph Libération "demonising" China during their coverage of the torch relays Fu Ying Daily Telegraph Libération the Lhasa riots the Lhasa riots and the Olympic torch relay by the U.S.-based Cable News Network (CNN) Chinese government "The challenges of reporting in China" Paul Danahar 1,300 Paul Danahar Tibet People's Daily People's Daily an anti-CNN website a Beijing citizen a Beijing citizen Chinese government spokesman 30 August 2007 matching blue tracksuits Second Right Brother 30 August 2007 matching blue tracksuits Second Right Brother Carrefour LVMH Group Dalai Lama French flags the LVMH Group conspiracy and anti-Chinese racism anti-Japanese protests People's Daily Sohu.com May 1 anti-Japanese protests People's Daily Chinese authorities May 1 Shoichi Washizawa great nuisance an un-identified person Shoichi Washizawa great nuisance Olympic torch relay Olympic Flame protests Hong Kong legislator Jin Jing Western media Two 40 the possibility of achieveing its own stated goals encapsulate mathematics Kurt Gdel that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics 1931 encapsulate mathematics Whitehead metaphysics The Aims of Education and Other Essays disconnected scraps of information disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture between 1912 and 1927 between 1912 and 1927 1929 numerous essay and addresses by Whitehead ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge transdisciplinary laden a relatively few important concepts many different areas of knowledge multidisciplinary beyond his undergraduate education foremost metaphysicians one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians Bertrand Russell a philosopher explanatory or merely descriptive rank amateur one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians "Every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics." that people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress that people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress, even if that progress remain unexamined and unquestioned essential to both good science and good philosophy make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works all the time they remain unexamined and unquestioned basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress metaphysical investigations metaphysical system metaphysical very broadly exclusively material or else exclusively mental philosophy of organism Cartesian an event-based or "process" ontology rejected in favor of an event-based or "process" ontology experiential process philosophy mistaken the abstract for the concrete "classical" concepts These "classical" concepts fail to adequately account for change, and over look the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world. a continuum of overlapping events a "society" of events problematic change "classical" concepts a "society" of events a continuum of overlapping events discrete "occasions of experience" that overlap one another in time and space, and jointly make up the enduring person or thing defining essence" or a "core identity" fundamentally the same through time, with any changes being qualitative and secondary to their core identity qualitative and secondary to their core identity discrete "occasions of experience" that overlap one another in time and space, and jointly make up the enduring person or thing Whitehead's cosmology all things flow people define identities it may be difficult to ever wholly move past such ideas in everyday speech it may be difficult to ever wholly move past such ideas in everyday speech it may be difficult to ever wholly move past such ideas in everyday speech not philosophically or ontologically sound easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things limitations of language philosophically or ontologically sound obscures the importance of relations The idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything obscures obscures the importance of relations obscures the importance of relations materialism distinct and discrete from all other objects simply an inert clump of matter nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it really exist nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities really exist they are what the thing is synthesis of and reaction to the world around it in some way conform to it Europe and China Archbishop of Canterbury, William Temple Gifford Lectures of 1932-1934 ecology, physics, biology, education, economics, and psychology ecology, physics, biology, education, economics, and psychology University of Chicago's Divinity School Henry Nelson Wieman John B. Cobb, Jr. Wieman, Charles Hartshorne, Bernard Loomer, Bernard Meland, and Daniel Day Williams China modernization and industrialization Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism John Cobb and David Ray Griffin the mutual interdependence of humanity and nature abstraction due to his metaphysical ideas seeming somewhat counter-intuitive passé impossible to say exactly why Whitehead's influence has not been more widespread, but it may be partly due to his metaphysical ideas seeming somewhat counter-intuitive American pragmatism William James and John Dewey Nicholas Rescher Charles Sanders Peirce Richard Rorty a view that might perhaps be regarded as dual to Einstein's general relativity Henry Stapp and David Bohm They are phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that Whitehead assumes phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that Whitehead assumes a local approximation Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order Theology of Ecology For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future Sustaining the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future to challenge "economists' zealous faith in the great god of growth." Xie Bangxiu five things in curriculum and education to "help a person become whole." Chinese government organizations and the Institute for the Postmodern Development of China Mark Dibben applied process thought philosophy of management and business ethics philosophy of business administration and organizational theory "a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experienceing, as opposed to occasional – and thoroughly passive – happening." 1910s philosophy of science processes reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another Process and Reality metaphysics metaphysics metaphysics metaphysical system processes rather than material objects Ramsgate, Kent, England 1861 Thomas Whitehead minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy Maria Sarah Whitehead Ramsgate, Kent, England 1861 minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy Maria Sarah Whitehead Evelyn University of London system Dean of the Faculty of Science Dean of the Faculty of Science 1924 bachelor of Science degree 1918 Dean of the Faculty of Science University of London system 1924 Victor Lowe many details of Whitehead's life remain obscure fanatical belief "No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him." two Victor Lowe all of his papers be destroyed very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life A Treatise on Universal Algebra Bertrand Russell professional mathematicians A Treatise on Universal Algebra one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century mathematics three major books on the subject: A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898), Principia Mathematica (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913) Bertrand Russell Principia Mathematica 1898 expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods, nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them, but rather the comparative study of their several structures." possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes their several structures ten years a year to add insult to injury, today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica. Cambridge University Press likely no major academic library in the world a year a year 600 pounds more than 2,000 pages Cambridge University Press The philosophical work is generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon Gifford Process and Reality professional philosophers Process and Reality 1927–28 philosophical work frustration with Whitehead's books did not negatively affect his interest numerous Henry Nelson Wieman he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years, and for at least thirty years afterward Chicago's Divinity School was closely associated with Whitehead's thought Mathews Chicago's Divinity School 1927 Henry Nelson Wieman at least thirty years afterward Chicago's Divinity School was closely associated with Whitehead's thought "arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century," "that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus." questioned western philosophy's most dearly held assumptions about how the universe works Process and Reality Isabelle Stengers western philosophy's most dearly held assumptions about how the universe works scientific and philosophical problems a number of 21st century absolute principle of existence reaction to them consciousness the fundamental creativity/freedom of all entities means that there will always remain phenomena that are unpredictable creativity a assessment of them and reaction to them creativity is the absolute principle of existence Latin prehensio rejection prehension Latin seize people as well as electrons two to seize the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself efficacy (or "physical prehension") and presentational immediacy the sense of causal relations between entities, a feeling of being influenced and affected by the surrounding environment, unmediated by the senses pure appearance, which may or may not be delusive (e.g. mistaking an image in a mirror for "the real thing" causal efficacy presentational immediacy pure appearance the experience dominating the primitive living organisms "pure sense perception" the sense perceptions which indicate a higher grade mentality spymbolic reference causal relationships causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it a higher grade mentality fusion of pure sense perceptions so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it might not have jumped to the notion of a chair would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair "life is comparatively deficient in survival value." they are actively engaged in modifying their environment increasing its own satisfaction increasing its own satisfaction survival value modifying their environment three increasing its own satisfaction the rise of life as totally unintelligible one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place "the brief Galilean vision of humility" "the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar." divine king who imposes his will on the world not necessarily tied the primordial nature of God conception of God primordial nature springing primarily from religious faith God's reception of the world's activity "[God] saves the world as it passes into the immediacy of his own life." "[God] saves the world as it passes into the immediacy of his own life." to change the way God interacts with the world "[God] saves the world as it passes into the immediacy of his own life." in actuality and change fulfilling one another fulfilling one another fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can provide by taking them into God's self fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can provide by taking them into God's self individual "religion is what the individual does with his own solitariness... a system of general truths that transformed a person's character a religion might encourage the violent extermination of a rival religion's adherents solitariness "the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals." the universe is a community which makes itself whole through the relatedness of each individual entity to all the others can find no such value till it has merged its individual claim with that of the objective universe mutually dependent Claremont Bruno Latour little-studied outside of Claremont Willard Van Orman Quine he stands provisionally as the last great Anglo-American philosopher before Wittgenstein's disciples spread their misty confusion, sufficiency, and terror." American progressive theology Charles Hartshorne full-blown process theology John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller relational nature "the fellow sufferer who understands" would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers God is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world process naturalism biology and economics poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory geneticist Alexander Bard and Jan Sderqvist so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests "an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone." bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people organizational theory and organizational behavior sharing an ontology that "understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference." Integrative Process: Follettian Thinking from Ontology maintain their assets under management a conflict of interest between professional investment managers and their institutional clients Professional investment managers to maximize their compensation maintain their assets under management Countrywide Financial July 11, 2008 Southern California–based IndyMac IndyMac Bank IndyMac Bancorp April 2008 9.27% total risk-based $160 million Moody's and Standard & poor 8–10% risk-based capital ratio Charles Schumer Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation more than 37 percent a simple averaging would have put the threat of brokered deposits loss to IndyMac at $500 million a month $500 million 7.5% 7.5% $10.7 billion Charles Schumer the unsafe and unsound manner IndyMac Federal Bank US$100,000 roughly 10,000 July 11, 2008 July 14, 2008 Over 100 Bear Stearns September and October 2008 Oct. 6, 2008 Lehman Brothers money market funds commercial paper September 2008 $144.5 billion 4.65% the shadow banking system shadow banking system invest-backed commercial paper, investment banks and other entities Secretary nearly one-third collapse of the shadow banking system Brookings Institution having been an artifact of excessively loose credit conditions the capital an estimated average of more than a quarter of their collective net worth 45% 20% $13 trillion $13 trillion serious loss of close to $6 trillion in housing wealth Tens of millions their future profits much worse global economic collapse UBS three quarters Iceland capital injection more than a third 14.4% 21.5% the rest of the world the increased savings rate of U.S. consumers a fall from more than 10% in 2007 to close to zero in 2009 $251 billion 300,000 provide a sound economic policymaking and good governance falls in trade, commodity prices, investment and remittances sent from migrant workers Arab World Foreign Direct Investment global downturn lower oil prices lower oil prices 10.1% 33 6% 1983 patent applications faulty risk-weightings financial engineering Basel III regulations Johan Norberg capital ratios June 2009 June 2009 2008 "More quickly than It Began, The Banking Crisis Is Over." January 27, 2010 Advanced economies 69% Advanced economies 69% Advanced economies Krugman December 2010 2006 substantial deterioration commercial real estate collateralized debt obligation $70 trillion doubled the loans-backed security and the collateralized debt obligation that were assigned safe ratings by the credit rating agencies U.S. Treasury bonds collateralized debt obligation obtain invest funds to finance subprime and other lending investment-grade single pool Securities with lower priority over 20% mid-2006 1.3 million 81% 9.2% from 6.5% to 1.0% to soften the effects of the collapse of the dot-com bubble housing bubble excessive credit growth Lower interest rates $650 billion $650 billion Asia and oil-exporting nations capital account (investment) surplus of the same amount large and growing amounts of foreign funds between July 2004 and July 2006 adjustment in 1-year and 5-year adjustment loans deflating of the housing bubble A RM interest rate resets more expensive declined in value Business Chief Underwriters for Correspondent Lending in the Consumer Lending Group for Citigroup over 220 professional underwriters 60% 1,600 increased... to over 80% of production" Clayton Holdings over 900,000 23 28% over 900,000 Predatory lending Countrywide Financial an adjustment rate loans negative amortization bait-and-switch California Attorney General Jerry Brown adjustment rate loans disappeared Office of Thrift Supervision weak Paul Krugman Timothy Geithner OECD regulatory framework Basel became highly leveraged, increasing their appetite for risky investments and reducing their resilience in case of losses complex financial instruments government bankruptcy off-balance sheet securitization and derivatives five financial shock capital requirements over $4.1 trillion Lehman Brothers saving more during adverse economic conditions paradox of thrift paradox of thrift Hyman Minsky Economist Hyman Minsky Janet Yellen demand and employment fell The recession cancelling planned investments A process of balance sheet deleveraging financial innovation the adjustment-rate loans CDS adjustment-rate loans expanded dramatically 2007 $20 billion $180 billion 5% $20 billion innovative financial products more complexity indirect information spreading risk this provided the ground for fraudulent acts, misjudgments and finally market collapse 2005 interest rates or fees price of risk a lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures in a straightforward, readily understandable format a straightforward, readily understandable format risk inherent with financial innovation overall stability of the financial system approximately 32 cents on the dollar approximately 32 cents $450bn AIG basic CDS transaction involved AIG receiving a premium in exchange for a promise to pay money to party A in the event party B defaulted September 2008 over $180 billion a premium George Soros became more and more complex the originators of synthetic products The super-boom George Soros World Scientific 2006 Merrill Lynch some of the copula limitations 2006 Timothy Geithner 2009 "parallel" banking system the shadow banking system maturity mismatch spring of 2007 fall of 2008 More than a third Brookings Institution a number Mark Zandi securitization markets $2 trillion $150 billion TALF Rapid increases nearly tripled from $50 to $147 plunging speculative flow of money from housing and other investments into commodities gasoline Michael Greenberger Atlanta-based IntercontinentalExchange Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and BP European and U.S. authorities London and New York Ailsa McKay mainstream economics and within the economics profession new advances reshaping Raghuram Rajan 2005 at a celebration honouring Alan Greenspan, who was about to retire as chairman of the US Federal Reserve "Has Financial Development Made the World riskier?" tail risks Raghuram Rajan Great Moderation Dirk Bezemer a vindication and classic example of a predictable credit-fueled bubble that could not forestall the disregarded but inevitable effect of an artificial, manufactured laxity in monetary supply Alan Greenspan BusinessWeek magazine Great Depression Wharton School Nouriel Roubini Dr. Doom Nassim Nicholas Taleb David Brooks breakdown of the banking system banking stocks Phil Dow more than 50% 54.7% Floyd Norris Northern Rock Bank of England mid- September 2007 February 2008 Northern Rock borrower’s income or assets Appraisals poor loans without verification of the borrower’s income or assets The thrift remained profitable only as long as it was able to sell those loans in the secondary loans market half 63 percent 77 percent 77 percent Federal Reserve surveyed 4,000 households European Commission at Brussels 0.1% 0.1% IMF 3% expand money supplies borrowing and spending lender-of-last-resort fulfill its traditional lender-of-last-resort role during the crisis while mitigating stigma self-reinforcing credit freeze US$2.5 trillion $1.5 trillion Joseph Stiglitz spending the money in more profitable areas by investing internationally in emerging markets a series of regulatory proposals executive pay, bank financial cushions or capital requirements proprietary trading Paul Volcker Paul Volcker May 2010 May 2010 Volcker Rule Volcker Rule the bailout of banks trillions of U.S. dollars August 9, 2007 2012 BNP Paribas 2004 2009 escalate a complex interplay of policies that encouraged home ownership capital Levin–Coburn Report Glass-Steagall Act The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission the Glass-Steagall Act regulatory loan-backed securities collateralized debt obligations major global financial institutions institutions and investors loan payments and housing prices estimated in the trillions of U.S. dollars globally to enter foreclosure 2006 loan types foreclosure epidemic investment banks and hedge funds investment banks and hedge funds financialization deregulation to encourage business, which resulted in less oversight of activities and less disclosure of information about new activities undertaken by banks and other evolving financial institutions U.S. Government policy large loan defaults or MBS losses slowing economic activity central banks Governments losses January 2011 "the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: widespread failures in financial regulation Federal Reserve key policy makers corporate governance supply of creditworth borrowers 2003 2004–2007 2004–2007 conservative government-sponsored enterprises six Paul Krugman government affordable housing policy GSE 3 13 million over $2 trillion Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac HUD 6 Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight Bush administration September 10, 2003 a hearing at the urging of the administration to assess safety and soundness issues and to review a recent report by the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight House Financial Services Committee $468 billion $468 billion Community Reinvestment Act 25% 25% 1995 $4.5 trillion high-interest-rate loans (3 percentage points over average) equal “subprime” loans. "prime” is based on the faulty and self-serving assumption that high-interest-rate loans (3 percentage points over average) equal “subprime” loans September 11, 2001 financial innovation investment banks and hedge funds portfolio Magazine credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs U.S. residential housing bubble low or no it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans 1997–2007 period every bubble—even a large bubble—has the potential to cause a financial crisis when it deflates 160 St-Barthélemy Channel little Turtle rocks Renaissance Islands le Chevreau French citizens French 500–700 French geographically, and not racially Saint Martin every five years March 2012 15 July 2007 nineteen September 2014 European Union One 2008 six Agricultural production Sweet potato dry and rocky terrain fishing Gustavia the rich and famous 200,000 €61,200,000 International investment airplane 25 58 Portugal 12 400 naturalized varieties of flora eastern several hundred Sea grapes Pacific islands aloe or aloe vera cereus South America 1773 barbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbarbar December till May December till May Turtles hawksbill turtles midst tall sea grasses pearly-pink aquafauna the blue chromis, brown chromis, surgeon fish ghost garbage and sewerage 1.200 ha sea turtles Anchoring Reserve Naturelle mooring buoys the Swedes Gustav Adolph 1787 houses the local gendarmerie La Pointe over 70 hotels "les petits creux" French cuisine, West Indian cuisine, Creole cuisine, Italian cuisine and Asian cuisine are common in St. Barthélemy gastronomic every alternate year Concarneau in Brittany, France boats of 10 m length with a single hull and with essential safety equipment 10 m length with a single hull 10 m length with a single hull Sint Maarten charters Gustaf III Airport Sint Maarten Gustaf III Airport France Collectivité territoriale de Saint-Barthélemy French Ouanalao west in the Greater Antilles volcanic 9,035 Gustavia Swedish winterholidays season Guadeloupe 2003 2007 Hotel de la Collectivité A senator St. Jean Bay small vessels a visible coral reef shallow a marine reserve 22 15 leeward side leeward side windsurfing arid 25 square kilometres (2,500 ha) 1000 mm May to November 13 °C 1744 1785 Carénage Carénage Caribbean war Musée Territorial de St.-Barthélemy Musée Territorial de St.-Barthélemy Gustavia British ancestral costumes, antique tools, models of Creole houses and ancient fishing boats modern molecular biology and genetics DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses) DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses) Hans Winkler 1920 University of Hamburg, Germany biome, rhizome half the number the segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis mitochondria and chloroplasts genomics the properties of single genes or groups of genes the genome of a particular individual or organism C-value paradox protozoan around 60,000 three times Walter Fiers RNA-genome Walter Fiers The Institute for Genomic Research 1996 US National Institutes of Health Neanderthal puffer December 2013 130,000 massive parallel sequencing Manteia Predictive Medicine James D. Watson co-discoverers of the structure of DNA the order of every DNA base The Human Genome Project Jean Weissenbach Genoscope in Paris Genome composition evolutionary history prokaryotes and eukaryotes exon-intron prokaryotes and eukaryotes sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe in their chromosomes plants, protozoa and animals plastome the "mitochondrial genome" Genome size morphological complexity mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above developmental biology single cell organisms Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes increasing genome size Higher eukaryotes Higher eukaryotes no more than 20% tandem repeats and interspersed repeats The proportion of repetitive DNA gene conversion satellite DNA and microsatellites interspersed repeats transposable elements (TEs) TEs are an important driving force on genome evolution of higher eukaryotes (retrotransposons) and Class 2 (DNA transposons) Class 1 (retrotransposons) and Class 2 (DNA transposons) Long terminal repeats cut and paste RNA karyotype chromosome number Duplications creation of genetic novelty Horizontal gene transfer microbes chloroplast and mitochondrial comprehensive school selective school system England and Wales 90% Gesamtschule design and technology and vocational learning smaller comprehensive schools, because of the number of courses needed to cover a broader curriculum with comparatively fewer students City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools 164 1965 neighbourhood Free Schools and University Technical Colleges 1970s 7 to 16 comprehensive They offer college preparatory classes for the students who are doing well, general education classes for average students, and remedial courses for those who aren't doing that well general education classes for average students, and remedial courses for those who aren't doing that well 50% 50% Stadtteilschule Stadtteilschule 2010/ 2011 regular classes and remedial classes the Hauptschule Hauptschule grade inflation Barbara Sommer (Christian Democratic Union), Education Minister of North Rhine-Westphalia Sigrid Beer Social Democratic Party of Germany Gymnasiums working class students their middle class peers Hauptschule Helmut Fend tripartite system 1972 sixth form complete their A-levels 1966 Patrick Hillery vocational school system community school concept 1970s the school property, which is vested in the trustees in perpetuity denominational basis of the schools community school vested in the Minister for Education 1946 London County Council Holyhead County School 1949 Woodlands Boys School Anthony Crosland Secretary of State for Education Secondary technical schools Margaret Thatcher local authorities Conservative government 1975 large neighbourhood comprehensives comprehensive status Sandwell and Dudley Labour prime minister James Callaghan Comprehensive school remains the most common type of state secondary school in England Labour prime minister 1988 Education Reform Act 1988 specialisation league tables of school performance comprehensive The Scottish Government has rejected plans for specialist schools as of 2005 2005 Scotland England and Wales République du Congo Central African Republic Gabon Cameroon Central Bantu 1960 President Denis Sassou Nguesso President Denis Sassou fourth largest oil revenues the Pygmy people 1500 BC Angola, Gabon, and Democratic Republic of the Congo Diogo Co Portuguese various commodities late 19th century Bantu societies 1880 Pierre de Brazza Middle Congo French Equatorial Africa at least 14,000 Brazzaville Brazzaville Conference of 1944 after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the Fourth Republic Fourth Republic 1958 the Aef Republic of the Congo 1959 August 15, 1960 Fulbert Youlou Alphonse Massamba-Débat Alphonse Massamba-Débat Alphonse Massamba-Débat Massamba-Débat "scientific socialism" China, North Korea and North Vietnam September 1968 Denis Sassou Nguesso Congolese Labour Party Congolese Labour Party 1972 March 16, 1977 Eastern Bloc Soviet Union dictatorship political repression Pascal Lissouba Pascal Lissouba civil war structural adjustment facility Lissouba and Sassou camps the Angolan socialist régime Angolan June 5 Andre Milongo seven years January 2002 April 2003 Sassou Congolese Observatory of Human Rights low multi-party Congolese Labour Party Parti Congolais du Travail corruption revelations France March 27, 2015 2002 constitution the government, but many more privately run forms of media were being created one 10 The Congolese Human Rights Observatory slavery December 30, 2010 4°N and 5°S 11° and 19°E Atlantic Ocean Democratic Republic of Congo Angola Brazzaville Congo River Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo coastal plain Kouilou-Nari River coastal plain Forests Equator 24 °C (75 °F) a humid 24 °C (75 °F) and 21 °C (70 °F) June to August Wildlife Conservation Society Ouesso district of the Sangha Region inhospitable swamps petroleum, support services, and a government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing budget problems and overstaffing supplanted forestry 65% 92% large-scale development projects 5% 50% 46% civil war erupted slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict December 1998 stimulating recovery and reducing poverty Natural gas and diamonds 2004 gold, iron and phosphate deposits the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa 200,000 hectares land, air and water 1930s Paris Atlantic Ocean southwestern 534-kilometre (332 mi) railway 62 Laari in Brazzaville and Pool regions and Vili around Pointe-Noire 2% 12% 9,000 French Around 300 Catholics 22.3% 19.9% 1.6% Awakening Lutherans 8.9% 2.8% $30 20 560 Female genital mutilation 59.34 16-year-olds 44% a bachelor's degree French executive branch parliamentary or semi-presidential system civil service the Westminster system official representative (i.e. the monarch, president, or governor-general) usually holds a largely ceremonial position, although often with reserve powers member of parliament royal prerogative parliament First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service Minister of Defence 1625 Cardinal Richelieu France Louis XIV 18th century Sir Robert Walpole Thomas Cromwell Charles II and Godolphin Clarendon monarch monarch Motorcycle and St John Clarendon Glorious Revolution of 1688 Glorious Revolution of 1688 House of Commons Anne 1714 Hanover twenty-one years Whig cabinet solidarity defend it in public, or resign Lord Melbourne William Pitt the Younger George II and George III Benjamin Disraeli 1783–1801 the president Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah 1970 Bahrain parliamentary republics parliamentary republics the Premier of the State Council the Premier of the State Council the legislature the legislature is controlled by a party different from that of the president resignation of the government Bangladesh's constitution his/her appointment and dismissal National People's Congress Zngl Constitution Act 1982 federal and provincial process of his/her appointment and dismissal first decade of the twentieth century Balfour 1905 Margaret Thatcher 1979 1979 House of Commons The position of prime minister is normally chosen from the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament after every general election lower house of parliament upper houses a motion of no confidence passed against them prime minister and his or her government refuse a parliamentary dissolution, requiring the resignation of the prime minister and his or her government prime minister 1918 1918 Executive Council the Irish cabinet spill motion the Taoiseach Rosh HaMemshalah the President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno) Taoiseach Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri minister of state prime minister Germany and Austria Minister of State Secretary of State president non-Commonwealth the style of Excellency like a president Prime Minister of Canada Prime Minister of Canada devolved government First Minister "Pradhan Mantri" "Wazir-e-Azam" Grand Vizier the Office of the Prime Minister Cabinet Office IT 19th century French cole Polytechnique Greek (pol or pol) polytechnic Berg-Schola World War II Collegium Carolinum 1794 higher education 1992 University of Westminster Regent Street polytechnic University of Technology College of Advanced Education system Melbourne Polytechnic Melbourne Polytechnic 2009 seven Fachhochschule master's degrees Hogeschool academization four three Cambodia affiliate Schools Quebec public funding Polytechnics Canada institute-industry projects 1895 Imperial Tientsin University about half 1997 Geophysics Institute The Quito Astronomical Observatory National Polytechnic School 1873 one their knowledge and skills 50 Instituts de technologie 180 180 Finland ammattikorkeakoulus "yrkeshgskola" technology universitaire de technologie undergraduate technology curricula Fachhochschule Polytechnicum 18th century Escola Politécnica 1970s social science, medicine, business and design business TU research University Hospital Dresden, Rechts der Isar Hospital nine 17 290,000 Saxony Niederschsische Technische Hochschule Higher Technological Educational Institutes The Hong Kong Technical College (Government Trade School before 1947) The Hong Kong Technical College (Government Trade School before 1947) 1984 The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology 1994 copper Berg-Schola (Bergschule) the Court Chamber of Vienna 16 30 AICTE Diploma in Engineering four three Regional Technical College (RTCs) system Dublin Institute of Technology Politecnico two Genoa Imperial College of Engineering the sciences Malaysia UNESCO Ipoh 32 60,840 87,440 University of Technology technology New Zealand Universal College of learning 1989 Wellington Polytechnic 1990s The Central Institute of Technology North Island Auckland University of Technology 10th grade standardized exams various trades three years BE F.Sc technical university bacharelatos Bologna Process Millennia Institute 5 5 Maria Theresa 1735 silver and gold mining and metallurgy 1764 teaching Universities and Technikons 1993 2004 university level institutions bachelor's degrees Institute of Technology North Thailand University of Technology University of Technology and Vocational Education Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology Suranaree University of Technology 1989 Mahanakorn University of Technology Bursa Technical University 2 Kocaeli and Izmir 1970 UK Council for National Academic Awards CNAA Central Institutions the Polytechnic of Central London two Loughborough University of Technology 1956 Further and Higher Education Act 1992 the oversight of the national CNAA organization university colleges early 20th century high school 1824 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI, 1824), New York University Tandon School of Engineering (1854) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT, 1861) sound middle class 1950s Caracas Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio Internet Archive the Internet Archive San Francisco, California, United States Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat a digital archive of the World Wide Web Linux nodes Since 1996, they have been archiving cached pages of web sites onto their large cluster of Linux nodes capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show Mr. Peabody and Sherman WABAC machine 2005 publisher or stored in databases that are not accessible inconsistencies Archive-It.org digital tape researchers and scientists fifth anniversary University of California, Berkeley The frequency of splications is variable twenty-four months variable August 2008 Jeff Kaplan November 2010 three petabytes 12 terabytes/month PetaBox rack systems Capricorn Technologies 2009 Sun Open Storage Sun Microsystems' California campus 2011 March 2011 2008 2010 Save a Page October 2013 Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. robots Internet Archive Chordiant Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd Northern District of California Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd TVP Polonia and EchoStar TVP Polonia district Court Judge Ronald Guzman district Court Judge Ronald Guzman when a given Web page was accessible to the public providing an authoritative statement of the archivist technical limitations web pages archives non-RESTful e-commerce databases copyright laws remove pages from its system upon request of the creator the Forum section Scientology the Church of Scientology Church of Scientology Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey the Archive's Wayback Machine the Internet Archive the organization of copyright infringement as well as violations of the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act voluntary a voluntary protocol the Internet Archive Healthcare Advocates The Internet Archive activist Suzanne Shell Internet Archive Northern District Court District of Colorado April 25, 2007 Ms. Shell Ms. Shell sending multiple DMCA requests to the Archive Federal Court of Canada Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden), Republic of the Seven United Provinces (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden), Republic of the Seven United Provinces (Republiek der Zeven Ver 1581 the Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg duchies, counties, and Prince-bishoprics House of Burgundy Holy Roman Emperor Charles V 1568 high taxes 1579 the northern provinces of the Low Countries Act of Abjuration 1581 to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army 1582 1582 10 July 1584 Francis, Duke of Anjou 1588 republican revolutions France the Batavian Republic 1813 United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands" Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Lige (the "Southern provinces") the 17th century The County of Holland 1602 Rotterdam six Amsterdam Between 1590–1712 Africa and the Pacific breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean seven the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government representatives of each of the seven provinces County of Drenthe poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes raadspensionaris stadtholder stadtholder and subordinate to the states of each province the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau Zeeland and usually Utrecht Orangists the Republicans the Peace of Westphalia the Peace of Westphalia Generality Lands The States General of the United Provinces Holland and/or Zeeland The framers of the US Constitution Madison Act of Abjuration Union of Utrecht personal religion William of Orange Catholic services Reformed Church time period and regional or city leaders fined 200 guilders personal freedom of religion existed predestination the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism Synod of Dort 18th century private churches Greek living together of unlike organisms German mycologist 130 years of debate, current biology and ecology textbooks now use the latter "de Bary" definition or an even broader definition obligate obligate symbiotic relationships mistletoe disjunctive symbiosis mistletoe 10%–15% Frankia single-celled algae lice, commensal ectosymbionts exosymbiosis exosymbiosis interspecies reciprocal altruism lifelong interactions cellulose-digesting protozoans mutualisms fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground mycorrhyzal fungi ocellaris clownfish territorial fish mutual symbiosis gobies (Elacatinus spp.) the goby fish touches the shrimp with its tail non-obligate late 1980s hydrogen sulfide or methane Galapagos Islands nutrients endosymbiont's growth processes within itself by producing some specialized cells onspring via vertical transmission (heredity) drastic reduction in its genome size Muller's ratchet phenomenon lack of selection mechanisms prevailing in the rich environment of the host Latin Commensalism transportation (phoresy) or for housing (inquilinism) spiders Commensal relationships parasites that live within the host's body to ectoparasites that live on its surface necrotrophic necrotrophic almost all free-living animals are host to one or more parasite taxa parasitism Antibiosis competition and antibiosis stronger organisms deprives a smaller or weaker one from a resource Juglans nigra Spanish ibex and weevils of the genus Timarcha shrub negligible detrimental effects Synnecrosis death uncommon prey inflict pain evolution of all eukaryotes plants, animals, fungi, and protists competition, to be incomplete and claims that evolution is strongly based on co-operation, interaction, and mutual dependence among organisms Darwin co-evolution nectar and large sticky pollen taxa Forces armées canadiennes National Defence Act Canadian Armed Forces Canadian Forces four National Defence Act Queen Elizabeth II Governor General of Canada the Chief of the Defence Staff the Armed Forces Council Cold War to the security of Europe in the face of the Soviet military threat Cold War 1950s 1950s North Atlantic Treaty Organization international security operations Afghanistan 2002 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has moved much of its defence focus "out of area" Canada First Defence Strategy 2008 six North America conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés American Air Forces deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés 1867 French and British forces American Revolutionary War and War of 1812 American Revolutionary War invasion British Crown-in-Council Halifax 1906 Department of Militia and Defence November 1940 Second Boer War British command when the United Kingdom entered into conflict with Germany in the First World War Second World War Second World War more than 200 72 international operations Cold War, First Gulf War, Kosovo War, and in United Nations Peacekeeping operations United Nations Peacekeeping operations aircraft carrier Battle of Vimy Ridge Battle of Vimy Ridge Battle of Vimy Ridge Croatia fourth-largest air force Soviet Union Canada 1 February 1968 an air force, that, because of the constitutional arrangements at the time, remained effectively under the control of the British government until Canada gained legislative independence from the United Kingdom in the First World War. British government 1931 First World War Canadian Armed Forces 2013 2013 Canadian Armed Forces Land Forces 2011 NATO-led United Nations International Security Assistance Force Government of Afghanistan deployed in support of peacekeeping operations within United Nations sanctioned conflicts $20.1 billion 74th 119,000 2020 119,000 Canada First Defence Strategy through the purchase of new equipment, improved training and readiness, as well as the establishment of the Canadian Special Operations Regiment rate of loss of existing members main battle tanks, artillery, unmanned air vehicles and other systems C-130 Hercules CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters 2006 medicine, communication, logistics, and administration 1950s medicine, communication, logistics, and administration in replenishment ships Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms infantry, armoured corps, field artillery, air-defence artillery, signals, field engineers, and naval operations 5 February 1987 Minister of National Defence Combat-related Employment of Women 1989 submarine service 100 percent Jean Chretien mixed-gender force mixed-gender force purchase of brassiere undergarments The following The Canadian constitution the country's sovereign Orders in Council either the monarch or governor general his or her ministers in Cabinet 115,349 Chief of the Defence Staff The governor general O Canada, Ontario heads of Canadian Joint Operations Command and Canadian Special Operations Forces Command 27 Canadian Forces Leadership and recruit School in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Canadian Forces Leadership and recruit School in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu 33 Her Majesty's Canadian Dockyard Naval Reserve Headquarters NATO Commander of the Canadian Army four divisions 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division 5th Canadian Division 5th Canadian Division three field-ready brigade groups one regiment each of artillery, armour, and combat engineers A tactical helicopter squadron helicopter squadron Cfb Gagetown, Cfb Montreal and Cfb Wainwright Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force Winnipeg eleven single tactical commander British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador Winnipeg and North Bay Geilenkirchen near Geilenkirchen, Germany NATO Airborne Early warning Force NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen near Geilenkirchen, Germany Joint Task Force TheRCAF and Joint Task Force fighter operations CF-18 Arctic sovereignty October 2012 Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command cost-cutting measures Canadian Special Operations Forces Command generating special operations forces CJOS Cfb Trenton 427 conduct of electronic warfare and the protection of the Armed Forces' communications and computer networks CFS Leitrim design and build cyber warfare capabilities for the Canadian Armed Forces June 2011 Brigadier General, the Director General Cyber (DG Cyber) Canadian Armed Forces Canadian Joint Operations Command health services to the Canadian Armed Forces in times of national emergency or threat Canadian Armed Forces Reserve Force Chief of Reserves and Cadets each operationally and administratively responsible to its corresponding environmental command officers and non-commissioned members 12 to 18 years Cadet Instructors Cadre Cadet Instructors Cadre sovereignty Canada's arctic and other remote areas Canadian Rangers provide surveillance and patrol services in Canada's arctic and other remote areas service dress naval "high-collar" white uniform, kilted Highland, Scottish, and Irish regiments, and the scarlet uniforms of the Royal Military Colleges operational dress Approved parkas navy beret, wedge cap, ballcap, Yukon cap, and tuque (toque) The beret is probably the most widely worn headgear and is worn with almost all orders of dress ( with the exception of the more formal orders of Navy and Air Force dress), and the colour of which is determined by the wearer's environment, Beret CG634 helmet The Constitution of Canada 2005 the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees a church in Rome cardinal ninth century the title, which is held by the two senior members of the College of Minor Canons of St Paul's Cathedral principal College of Minor Canons of St Paul's Cathedral deacons of the seven regions of the city 8th century 769 Nicholas II Papal Bull In nomine Domini 1244 Pope Innocent IV cardinal 747 1567 Pope Zacharias 747 Pope Zacharias 1567 1563 Pope Pius IV 1563 Pope Pius IV the French kings secular affairs Cardinal Richelieu Cardinal Richelieu Henry, King of Portugal 70 six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons Pope John XXIII 70 eighty years 120 the number of cardinals generally a titular church, either a church in the city of Rome or one of the suburbicarian sees The Dean of the College of Cardinals titular bishopric of Ostia 1630 Pope Urban VIII secular Prince Pope Urban VIII "Cardinal [First name] [Surname]" "Cardinal [First name] [Surname]" placing the title "Cardinal" Cardinals customarily use "Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis" they do not belong to the Roman clergy the [First name] Cardinal [Surname] order a cardinal 1378 1378 no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate cardinalate Cardinal bishops titular bishops of one of the "suburbicarian" sees titular bishops papal election To preserve apostolic succession the rite of consecrating him a bishop had to be performed the Dean of the College of Cardinals he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals seven 1150 until 1914 Pope Pius X Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina, Frascati and Velletri 1962 Ostia Cardinal Vicar 1962 Ostia Cardinal Vicar College of Cardinals the pope a gold ring Pope Benedict XVI galero 1969 galero Eastern Catholic a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith rochet scarlet color of cardinals' vesture 1460s the cardinalate expires Pope Martin V marry 1917 promulgated perform and use the episcopal vestments and other pontificalia 1962 1917 1962 sede vacante College of Cardinals the College of Cardinals Pope John Paul I mitra simplex 30 10 years about half 1939 about half Papal Household deacons Paulo Evaristo Arns Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil the Pope a suburbicarian Cardinal priests Cardinal priests Cardinal priests certain key priests of important churches of the Diocese of Rome a titular church in Rome 1587 70 Pope Sixtus V Indo-Iranian languages Indo-Iranian languages the Indo-European language family 400 BCE Middle Persian 86 Persian and Sanskrit origin word Arya Persian and Sanskrit 1836 Robert Needham Cust Robert Needham Cust 1878 Central Asia Central Asia Andronovo ca. 2000 BC Indo-European southeastern Europe great linguistic diversity two circa 520 BC 520 BC 4th century BC Zoroastrianism Zoroastrianism Old Persian Old Persian the hypothetical predecessor to Kurdish Scythian western" and "eastern" branches Old Avestan Old Avestan first-series palatal consonants, * and *d palatal consonants Nuristani *w and *dw consonant clusters other distinct dialect groups Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian other distinct dialect groups 9th century Western and Eastern Khwarezmian Avestan Achaemenid Imperial Aramaic script an adapted Greek script Pahlavi 10th century Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian Syriac script Islamic Conquest of Persia Dari Saffarid dynasty 875 CE eastern province of Khorasan Arabic script the 8th century Tajik 1930s the Soviet government Khuzestan Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia 6th century AD Eastern Europe proper and large parts of the North Caucasus Saka Daylighting positive by capturing daylight artificial light sources Light or illumination Daylighting artificial light sources positive capturing daylight Light or illumination light fixtures Indoor lighting Light light fixtures Light 1939 World's Fair Recessed lighting 400,000 BCE birds and fish campfires or torches 15,000 years ago incandescent light bulb early 1800s urban crime Light fixtures visual glare lumen per watt 6400 An incandescent bulb yellow and red Lower color temperature lamps the distribution of the light produced by the fixture Lightolier A master transformer cable lighting 12 or 24 volts A torchiere portable or table lamp task lighting a dark nightclub The illuminated ceiling general a row of small lights LED based versions translucent Street Light LED and photovoltaic luminaires floodlights security lighting Entry lights red white late 1950s White Flashing turn signals on the front, side, and rear lamps electrical energy 60 W incandescent light bulb produces about the same amount of light 800 lumens architectural lighting design Light of structures radiance which can allow an Architect to quickly undertake complex calculations to review the benefit of a particular design tabular Daylight factor calculation dark dark Photometric studies A set of lighting cues stage lighting candela (cd) candela per square metre stilb lumen luminosity function the luminous power per area The Unified Glare Rating correlated color temperature color rendering index color rendering index correlated color temperature gamut area index GAI greater a Dosimeter personal circadian light meter called the Daysimeter circadian light meter up to 30 short-wavelength light Specification of illumination requirements Light control systems wireless mesh open standards wireless mesh open standards provides benefits including easier installation Occupancy sensors changes in heat Ultrasonic open areas Daylighting patients in hospitals as well as work and school performance light emitting diodes using the principles of nonimaging optics stress relieve symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease a 24-hour light-dark pattern disrupt the natural circadian cycle Robert Ulrich patients assigned to rooms with windows allowing lots of natural light had shorter postoperative hospital stays took fewer potent analegesics than 23 matched patients University of Toronto Scarborough Northwestern University Dr. Abraham Gesner 1849 Earlier coal-gas Compact fluorescent lamps Care should be taken when selecting CFL's because not all of them are suitable for dimming 10% up to 50,000 hours up to 50,000 hours 10% Light pollution glare infrared cameras and image intensifiers light night vision Flares laser-guided and GPS weapons International Commission on Illumination Illuminating Engineering Society of North America ANSI the distribution of light released by a specific luminaire International Association of Light Designers The Professional Light Designers Association The Professional Light Designers Association The National Council on Qualifications for the Light Professions The National Council on Qualifications for the Light Professions LC CLEP and CLMC The Professional Light And Sound Association The Professional Light And Sound Association 500+ Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive Separation of powers three the writing of the United States Constitution a system of checks and balances separation of powers Montesquieu Montesquieu John Locke the framers of the United States Constitution Montesquieu Montesquieu John Locke The United Kingdom parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government separate and distinct U.S. Constitution a member of the Court of Appeals Congress Clinton v. City of New York 1998 Congress Congress Clinton v. City of New York 1998 Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825) 1825 John Marshall 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 John Marshall 1930s National Recovery Administration 1930s 1930s 295 U.S. 495 Chief of the Army and Navy the Constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress and approved by the President Federal Trade Commission Army and Navy Militia of several states The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress and approved by the President Congressional performance of their duties Supreme Court 1983 23 majority Supreme Court the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office the Senate constitutional courts constitutional courts the president Senate legislative courts the judicial power of the United States two houses of Congress the president The Vice President The president The president The president Congress the Senate The Supreme Court Marbury v. Madison Supreme Court Congress the Supreme Court The Chief Justice James Madison 51 President two bills two bills twelve bills Andrew Jackson fifteen Tenure of Office Act Grover Cleveland Johnson Administration Roosevelt Congress to safeguard the security of the nation " checks and balances" apply to the Judicial branch as well as to the other branches Congress and in the states the legislatures Florida Supreme Court Florida Supreme Court architectura architectura architectura Architectural works architectural achievements Latin architectura the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures art cultural symbols De architectura Roman architect Vitruvius early 1st century AD firmitas, utilitas, venustas De architectura Vitruvius Roman architect firmitas, utilitas, venustas firmness, commodity and delight 16th century Vasari Italian, French, Spanish and English architect Leon Battista Alberti an inherent part of an object human figure 16th Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin 1836 Contrasts 1836 neo-medieval world Gothic architecture John Ruskin John Ruskin English art critic 1849 mental health, power, and pleasure unless it is in some way "adorned" a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned" adorned string courses or antiqueation 20th Le Corbusier architect 20th-century heart the renowned 20th-century architect "function" aesthetic, psychological and cultural Vitruvius aesthetic, psychological and cultural structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology philosophies modern architects empiricism late 20th century sustainable architecture production of its materials heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting Shelter, security, worship, etc. building became a craft, and "architecture" a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft architecture attendant skills vernacular buildings a surplus in production trial and error vernacular architecture rural a surplus in production very rapidly Egypt and Mesopotamia Egypt and Mesopotamia monumentality the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself Kao Gong Ji of China China 7th–5th centuries BCE Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra Kao Gong Ji of China pantheistic Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh 3rd century BCE macrocosm and the microcosm the Shastras Buddhist architecture pantheistic the Medieval period 7th century CE Byzantium religious and social the Medieval period abbeys and cathedrals abbeys and cathedrals Romanesque and Gothic pan-European styles Romanesque Romanesque 900 CE 1400 1400 Renaissance Humanism Medieval period the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period artist, architect and engineer functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic form, space and ambience form, space and ambience Nunzia Rondanini aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development social development aesthetic dimension art perfection or originality perfection or originality civic religious or empirical ones religious or empirical ones Architectural "style" ancient time specific formal prescriptions or canons canons 1st-century BCE Roman Architect religious guilds ecclesiastical buildings organise their trades Magister lathomorum proportions and structure an artist scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering technical aspects of building design gentleman architect cole des Beaux-Arts offices of other architects mass production and consumption machine production expensive craftsmanship pattern books and architectural journals current architectural design 20th century Modern Architecture 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects Bauhaus school an avant-garde movement middle and working classes the middle and working classes removing historical references and ornament reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament Frank Lloyd Wright Architects to promote harmony between human habitation Industrial Revolution steel-frame International Style Modernism Minoru Yamasaki decorative richness Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen expressive sculptural facades Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen metaphoric architecture biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture nature expressionist architecture late 1950s and 1960s modernism human experience using historical buildings as models and precedents Robert Venturi ducks 1980s one person Modernism and Postmodernism Environmental sustainability changed architecture schools to focus more on the environment Frank Lloyd Wright Buckminster Fuller U.S. Green Building Council New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture modernist and globally uniform architecture architectural tradition and classical design New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture life expectancy, education, and income per capita higher the Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq United Nations Development Programme longer 2010 Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index the HDI can be viewed as an index of'potential' human development (or the maximum I HDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality) the HDI can be viewed as an index of'potential' human development (or the maximum I HDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality) 1990 Sen people-centered policies 1990 Life expectancy at birth MyS Life expectancy a person 25 years-of-age or older has spent in schools throughout his life Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita per capita per capita United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) December 14, 2015 2014 July 24, 2014 2013 Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (I HDI) is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account." New Zealand high lack of necessary data United Nations Member States March 14, 2013 2012 inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (I HDI) is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account." New Zealand New Zealand 2011 New Zealand New Zealand the unavailability of certain crucial data North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, South Sudan, Somalia and Tuvalu November 4, 2010 2010 Human Development Report income, life expectancy, and education New Zealand lack of an "internationally reported figure for Cuba’s Gross Nationalincomee adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity" United Nations Member States High Human Development October 5, 2009 the period up to 2007 Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development The report refers to these countries as developed countries being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication A new index Human Development Report the period up to 2006 November 27, 2007 "Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world." 2005 2005 Braslia, Brazil high income 0.5 Africa 119th and 121st 119th and 121st Gabon and South Africa 0.8 or more Arabian Peninsula Albania, Belarus, Brazil, Libya, Macedonia, Russia and Saudi Arabia red arrows green arrows Blue ashes Norway Iceland national performance and ranking Western models of development global national performance and ranking Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer 2010 The Economist 169 169 Mediterranean Europe Iberian peninsula Balkan southern political, economic, and cultural attributes political, economic, and cultural attributes Mediterranean climate Portugal, Spain, Southeast France, Italy, Croatia, Albania, Montenegro, Greece, the Western and Southern coastal regions dry hills, small plains, pine forests and olive trees mountain ranges of Spain and Italy Cooler climates Atlantic climate flora Armen Takhtajan classical antiquity classical antiquity Alexander the Great Rome Constantinople Germanic peoples AD 476 300 AD Byzantine Empire Germanic peoples kingdoms and empires of their own Crusades 1204 Genoa and Venice military expeditions Byzantine Empire Late Middle Ages Black Death Ottoman Empire 1453 14th century Florence traditional doctrines in science and theology classical Greek and Roman knowledge Portugal and Spain 1648 Spain and France Galileo Galilei Guglielmo Marconi The combination of resource inflows Industrial Revolution of Great Britain Columbian Exchange Industrial Revolution of Great Britain between 1815 and 1871 Ottoman Empire 1870 The Age of Empire 1914 1914 Paris Peace Conference Nazi regime Adolf Hitler Mussolini's Italy Mussolini Warsaw Pact European Union division of powers, with taxation, health and education 1989 1991 2013 Romance languages Romance languages, the heirs of Latin, which have spread from the Italian peninsula, and are emblematic of Southwestern Europe eastern Spain Galician 40 million Hellenic languages Cyprus Macedonian Bulgarian Slovenia English Malta Spanish Macedoonia Semitic northern Spain and southwestern France Christianity 380 AD Roman Catholic Greek Orthodox sub-regions does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories by the United Nations United Nations Tourism decision Metrics Tourism decision Metrics BBC Television British Broadcasting Corporation 2 November 1936 2 November 1936 United Kingdom more than 30% television production companies 30 September 1929 Long Acre, London 30 June 1932 30 March 1930 16 Portland Place, London telephone line electromechanical broadcasts obsolete 16 Portland Place, London 22 August 1932 VHF band VHF 240 405 1 October 1936 six months Farnsworth image dissector cameras Saturday 13 February 1937 40 kilometres 1938 RCA British television set Brookmans Park 2 August 1932 Opening of the BBC Television Service King George VI and Queen Elizabeth September 1939 VHF transmissions would act as a beacon to enemy aircraft homing in on London the radar programme the popular memory according to which broadcasting was suspended before the end of the comic 1 September 1939 18,999 Jasmine Bligh 7 June 1946 'Good afternoon everybody. Mickey Mouse Birmingham Sutton Coldfield 405-line interlaced image the Sutton Coldfield The BBC Television Service ITV Doctor Who Alexandra Palace BBC2 ITV massive power failure a fire at Battersea Power Station Denis Tuohy BBC Two 15 November 1969 soap opera or standard news programming Sir David Attenborough heavyweight documentaries and documentary series 1967 1967 2 CBBC BBC Natural History Unit 1950s Life on Earth, The Private Life of Plants, The Blue Planet, The Life of Mammals, Planet Earth and Frozen Planet fifteen The other nations of the United Kingdom (Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland) have been granted more autonomy from the English network BBC One and BBC Two schedules local news programming Patrick Kielty Almost Live Pobol y Cwm S4C Erpa and D a-nis Patrick Kielty Almost Live 25% The Simpsons Neighbours teletext 1974 interactive BBCi service March 2003 Astra 2D March 2003 £85 million Western Europe Hollywood studios and sporting organisations Sky Digital platform Scottish Premier League and Scottish Cup football 5 July 2004 a DVD BBC Television News Little Angels Jana Bennett a new, much larger group The new group was part of larger restructuring within the BBC 2008 November 2008 Keeping Up Appearances nearly 1000 times BBC Worldwide annually by advertisements and subscription 2013 Danny Cohen commissioning, producing, scheduling and broadcasting of all programming between December 2004 and April 2006 between December 2004 and April 2006 general entertainment channel July 30, 1947 the 38th Governor of California two terms 15 seven Conan the Barbarian 20 Austrian Oak 2011 governor Gray Davis January 5, 2007 Thal Arnold Alois Gustav Schwarzenegger Arnold Alois Meinhard a refrigerator soccer Steve Reeves, and Johnny Weissmuller police officer Reg Park, Steve Reeves, and Johnny Weissmuller 1971 Patrick stroke Barbara Baker Fortune Mr. Universe Junior Mr. Europe 1966 London Reg Park East End of London three Rolf Putziger 10 10 New York Ric Drasin LA Weekly Arnold: The Education of a Bodybuilder Santa Monica College Transcendental Meditation anxiety Arnold Classic monthly $250,000 executive editor Junior Mr. Europe seven half an hour Munich stone-lifting contest 1969 Sergio Oliva 1970 23 Franco Columbu 1975 Franco Columbu Pumping Iron three months Jeff Bridges Conan seven seventh 1977 Dr. Willi Heepe US$10,000 The Globe Hercules "Arnold Strong," Robert Altman New Male Star of the Year too weird 1991 1980 The Incredible Hulk The Villain Conan the Destroyer 1984 James Cameron Sylvester Stallon 1987 Twins $10 million Tales from the Crypt Tales from the Crypt Terminator 2: Judgment Day National Association of Theatre owners True Lies Golden Globe over $150 million 82 Forum Stadtpark The Kid & I Governator Stan Lee World War II Randall Wallace May 20, 2011 10 years escape Plan Conan the Barbarian in The Legend of Conan 2015 2004 Schwarzenegger 1988 George H.W. Bush Conan the Republican 1999 Hollywood Reporter August 6, 2003 several 55.4% Bustamante 1.3 million 31% John G. Downey Willie Brown Democratic State politicians November four Susan Kennedy Democrat Phil Angelides San Francisco United States Senate Wendy Leigh Sargent Shriver The Simpsons Movie 1983 Austrian/United States Rudy Giuliani and Senator John McCain Giuliani environment and economy Progressive ethics watchdog group Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics 89% 89% Gropegate six Los Angeles Times Bathing Oui marijuana Anna Richardson The 6th Day Schwarzenegger touched her breast during a press event for The 6th Day in London 1968 Peter Pilz September 27, 2006 refineries 2020 Northeast solar panels 2009 Northeast's Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative Detroit Article II, Section I, Clause V New York Post Columbia University the start of the year on index cards 30 Franco Columbu San Fernando earthquake $10,000 the Planet Hollywood chain of international theme restaurants early 2000 Hard Rock Cafe Dimensional Fund Advisors Columbus Oak Productions, Inc. and Fitness Publications Simon & Schuster Schatzi On Main Santa Monica little treasure 1998 2011 Gulfstream 2006 polite society Apollo Moon Sue Moray Robert F. Kennedy Tennis Tournament August 1978 niece Hyannis Port four physical therapist 25 years Los Angeles Times 20 years Joseph 2010 Bob Kaufman Schwarzenegger spousal support Brigitte Nielsen bicuspid 1997 Patrick right femur Sun Valley, Idaho Van Nuys Airport a tailor's tape measure Herb Wesson 5'10 Total Recall The Secret October 2012 1992 street-legal, civilian version dark brown 6,300 lb (2,900 kg) US$21,000 California Hydrogen Highway Network Department of Energy Inner City Games Foundation Shanghai over 400 USC Sol Price School of Public Policy 2012 chairman 60 190 they join Plymouth Sound to form the boundary with Cornwall Devon the west where they join Plymouth Sound to form the boundary with Cornwall Mount Batten Plymouth Colony 1620 between 1642 and 1646 Plymouth Colony Devonport 1928 Plymouth Blitz 1967 East Stonehouse 261,546 30th most populous built-up area three Santander Plymouth University Geographia Mount Batten mouth/estuaries of the Tamar 11th century south town 1211 King Henry VI mouth of the River Plym 1340 Breton raiders 1596 Plymouth 1512 Sir John Hawkins Sir Francis Drake 1588 1620 Plymouth Colony Parliamentarians almost four years Freedom Fields Park 1660 Royal Citadel early 18th century 17th century 1690 River Tamar 318 3,000 Stoke Damerel timber Devonport Stonehouse John Foulston Union Street William Cookworth 1768 Local chemist John Smeaton 2-mile-long (2 km) John Rennie 1812 1812 Devonport maize, wheat, barley, sugar cane, guano Devonport Scapa flow escort vessels and repairs Mount Batten Royal Australian Air Force Western Approaches Command 59 more than 1,000 3,700 Sir Patrick Abercrombie Between 1951 and 1957 over 1000 homes were completed every year mostly using innovative prefabricated systems of just three main types 20,000 1962 slab-and-tower set piece allowed to fall into disrepair by its owner Plymouth City Council Ark Royal 1971 the 42 Commando of the Royal Marines Domesday Book 1086 Sudtone, Saxon 1254 1254 Nancy Astor Plymouth Sutton 18 October 1928 1935 Plymstock war-torn constituency of Plymouth Devonport Labour MP 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act Labour party Plymouth Devonport 250,000 1971 Local Government White Paper a Tamarside county 1 April 1974 Banham Commission South West England Gary Streeter Conservative Moor View 17 57 a third Brest 2001 King George V six Lord Mayor King George V 3 Elliot Terrace Lady Astor Armada Way June 2007 £40m River Tamar River Plym Cornwall Plymouth Sound 1967 Cattewater 1814 Drake's Island 30.83 sq mi 79.84 square kilometres Site of Special Scientific Interest Lower Devonian slates Granite Upper Devonian slates geology West Hoe Dartmoor the Tamar Cattedown walls and pavements 27 April 1944 Sir Patrick Abercrombie Union Street David MacKay 28 temperate oceanic climate 11 °C (52 °F) February up to 8 inches (20 cm) July Atlantic depressions autumn 980 millimetres August south-west 1,600 South West England 26.6 °C June 1976 4.25 26.6 °C June 1976 25,795 22nd largest in the UK out of 165 3,000 3,000 1992 University of St Mark & St John teacher training Plymouth College of Art 26,000 153 years ago four two 71 13 three Plymouth College Devonport High School for Girls Royal Naval Engineering College 1880 Dockyard Technical College 1994 University of Southampton Plymouth Marine Laboratory National Marine Aquarium Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership National Marine Aquarium 256,384 256,384 15,664 2.3 persons 0.5% 25% 5,169 million GBP £19,943 £19,943 7.0% 26.2% 78.3 years 82.1 lowest over 12,000 7,500 1793 Royal Navy 1930s 10% Devonport Dockyard 270 500 Devonport Dockyard Pannier Market 1959 29th Pannier Market £3.4 million Vision for Plymouth David Mackay Plymouth City Council 300,000 33,000 2004 October 2006 Cattedown RIBA Stirling Prize for Architecture David Mackay Bretonside bus station a canal "boulevard" Millbay The Parkway 40 miles Tamar Bridge Milehouse, Coypool (Plympton) and George Junction (Plymouth City Airport) First South West Brittany Ferries between Stonehouse and the Cornish hamlet of Cremyll, which is believed to have operated continuously since 1204 MV Armorique Stonehouse 1204 Plymouth City Airport 6 2018 FlyPlymouth 1877 Great Western Railway Cornish Main Line Three Cross Country network February 2014 130 4 April 2014 February 2014 150 1858 St Andrew's St Andrew's over twenty Moses the Jew 1762 II Ashkenazi Synagogue 58.1% 0.8% doubled 58.1% -16% and -7% 1815 Charlie Chaplin 30 sailors from the Royal Navy British Firework Championships August 2006 Roy Lowry University of Plymouth 1992 1,315 200 free six galleries 1961 to 2009 ITV West Country ITV West Country 16 February 2009 ITV West BBC Radio Devon Football League Two fourth tier Football League Two The Pilgrims Vospers Oak Villa F.C Plymouth Albion Rugby Football Club Plymouth Raiders 1875 Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena 1983 1823 September 2011 nine 1973 Plymouth County Borough Corporation 24 April 1591 River Meavy 24 April 1591 Plymouth City Council Plymouth City Council Western Power Distribution 2009 Plymouth 1836 Charles Cross and Crownhill five Millbay Docks Devon and Cornwall Constabulary Derriford Hospital 6 Royal Eye Infirmary South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust Exeter 2007 Weston Mill Drake Memorial Park brass plaque 2007 1666 English Civil War 1759 23 Armada Memorial Sutton 1620 Mayflower Steps 400 100 Crownhill Fort northern Landmark Trust west over 70 Dartmoor Kingsand Dartmoor Henning Larsen 2008 University of Plymouth University of Plymouth the city's central quarter Plymothians Janners a person from Devon Cousin Jan Tavistock The Dragon 1596 dysentery Sir Joshua Reynolds Robert Lenkiewicz Plymouth College of Art Jazz Keith Rowe Trematon Castle footballer Canadian Lyndon B. Johnson The Right stuff journalist and newspaper editor