Denver Broncos
Carolina Panthers
Levi's Stadium in the San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara, California
Denver Broncos
gold
gold
February 7, 2016
American Football Conference
gold
American Football Conference
February 7, 2016
Denver Broncos
Levi's Stadium
Levi's Stadium
Super Bowl L
2015
2016
Levi's Stadium
Levi's Stadium
the champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football
February 7, 2016
2015
Denver Broncos
Carolina Panthers
Denver Broncos
2015
Denver Broncos
Levi's Stadium
Super Bowl 50
Denver Broncos
Cam Newton
eight
1995
Arizona Cardinals
New England Patriots
Arizona Cardinals
New England Patriots
New England Patriots
four
Cam Newton
15–1 record
Cam Newton
12–4 record
four
New England Patriots
Cam Newton
Arizona Cardinals
eight
New England Patriots
Cam Newton
New England Patriots
Arizona Cardinals
Cam Newton
Arizona Cardinals
1995
Denver linebacker Von Miller
two forced fumbles
The Broncos
Miller
five
Newton
seven
Von Miller
three
two forced fumbles
Von Miller
Super Bowl MVP
five
two
Von Miller
five solo tackles
seven
three
Denver's defense
Denver linebacker Von Miller
Super Bowl MVP
seven
three
Von Miller
five solo tackles
CBS
$5 million
Coldplay
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
Super Bowl XLVIII
CBS
$5 million
Bruno Mars
Bruno Mars
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
CBS
$5 million
Beyoncé
the third-most watched U.S. broadcast ever
CBS
$5 million
Coldplay
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
CBS
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
Super Bowl XLVI
$5 million
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
Bruno Mars
Roger Goodell
50th
2012
Roger Goodell
2012
Roger Goodell
Roger Goodell
Roger Goodell
an important game for us as a league
spectacular
2012
Mercedes-Benz Superdome
Miami's Sun Life Stadium
San Francisco Bay Area's Stadium
Miami's Sun Life Stadium
Levi's Stadium
Levi's Stadium
Mercedes-Benz Superdome
Sun Life Stadium
New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium, and the San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium
three
New Orleans
Sun Life Stadium
Miami's Sun Life Stadium
Levi's Stadium
Miami's Sun Life Stadium
Mercedes-Benz Superdome
Levi's Stadium
October 16, 2012
10
Super Bowl XLIV in 2010
Super Bowl XLIV in 2010
1985
Sun Life Stadium
October 16, 2012
Stanford Stadium
May 3, 2013
1985
10
Super Bowl XIX
Sun Life Stadium and Levi's Stadium
Florida legislature
1985
New Orleans
October 16, 2012
10
San Francisco
1985
Florida legislature
May 21, 2013
NFL owners
2014
$1.2 billion
Super Bowl XXXVII took place in San Diego
Levi's Stadium
May 21, 2013
$1.2 billion
Super Bowl XXXVII
San Diego
Levi's Stadium
2014
$1.2 billion
Super Bowl XIX in 1985
Super Bowl XXXVII
Super Bowl XIX in 1985
2014
Super Bowl XXXVII
Levi's Stadium
May 21, 2013
2014
$1.2 billion
Super Bowl XXXVII
John Fox
Carolina Panthers
six
Carolina Panthers
Super Bowl 50
John Fox
eight
Carolina Panthers
Super Bowl XXXVIII
six
Super Bowls became one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss
one of four teams to have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl
Super Bowl 50
Super Bowl 50
six
one
four
John Fox
DeAngelo Williams
Kelvin Benjamin
seventh
1978
Carolina Panthers
Ten
eight
Carolina Panthers
1978
2009
2011
a torn ACL
Kelvin Benjamin
DeAngelo Williams
1978
Ten
Carolina Panthers
1978
Carolina Panthers
Ten
six Pro Bowl selections
45 total touchdowns
career-low 10
277
Greg Olsen
45
99.4.
career-high 77
key receivers
Jonathan Stewart
six
Cam Newton
3,837 yards
45 total touchdowns
six touchdowns
500
3,837 yards
seven touchdowns
99
39
308
136
118 forced two fumbles, and intercepted four passes of his own
four interceptions, two of which were returned for touchdowns
Kawann Short
24
Kawann Short
four
four
Josh Norman
24
Kony Ealy
Jared Allen
two
Gary Kubiak
Brock Osweiler
Indianapolis Colts
Peyton Manning
Wade Phillips
four
Gary Kubiak
Indianapolis Colts
39
plantar fasciitis
Gary Kubiak
Peyton Manning
plantar fasciitis
39
13–7
Gary Kubiak
Manning
Gary Kubiak
left foot
Wade Phillips
67.9
2,249 yards and nine touchdowns
Demaryius Thomas
C. J. Anderson
10 touchdowns
67.9
2,249
17
Manning
Veteran receiver
67.9
17
Demaryius Thomas
five touchdowns
67.9
17
Emmanuel Sanders
C. J. Anderson
4.7
4,5
51⁄2
Brandon Marshall
three
Linebacker
Linebacker
Defensive ends
fourth
DeMarcus Ware
Brandon Marshall
three interceptions
Miller
Brandon Marshall
Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson
Arizona Cardinals
Arizona Cardinals
487 yards
seven turnovers
forcing seven turnovers
Arizona Cardinals
49 yards
487 yards
The Panthers
The Panthers beat the Seattle Seahawks
seven turnovers
Seattle Seahawks
49
Arizona Cardinals
487 yards
Pittsburgh Steelers
11
New England Patriots
11 points
17 seconds
The Broncos
11 points
New England Patriots
17 seconds
Manning
Pittsburgh Steelers
11 points
Pittsburgh Steelers
Pittsburgh Steelers
New England Patriots
17
Thomas Davis
broken arm
three
11
ACL tears
arm
11
Super Bowl
three
broken arm
11-year
Thomas Davis
39
Peyton Manning
38
Executive President of Football Operations and General Manager
led the Broncos to victory
the Broncos
Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations
38
Peyton Manning
two
two
Peyton Manning
Peyton Manning
Super Bowl XXXIII
Peyton Manning
39
Peyton Manning
1998
Newton was first in 2011
26
39
Newton
Manning
Newton
26
quarterback
1998 NFL
Newton was picked first in 2011
Newton
Newton was first in 2011
26
39
Super Bowl XX
Chicago Bears
linebacker
Elway
Elway
linebacker
Kubiak replacing Elway
Kubiak
Super Bowl XX
Justin Tucker
hybrid Bermuda 419 turf
Ed Mangan
Baltimore Ravens
Baltimore Ravens kicker
Justin Tucker
slip and miss a field goal
hybrid Bermuda 419 turf
Justin Tucker
a new playing surface
NFL
their cleats
Justin Tucker
natural grass stadiums
the Broncos
Denver QB
The Broncos
white
Denver QB
Denver QB
Denver
The Broncos last wore matching white jerseys and pants
white
road white jerseys
Pittsburgh Steelers
Super Bowl XXXIII
Denver wore blue jerseys
orange jerseys
blue
Stanford
Stanford
Santa Clara
Santa Clara
San Jose Marriott
San Jose Marriott
San Jose State
Stanford University
San Jose State
San Jose Marriott
Stanford University
Santa Clara
San Jose State
Santa Clara Marriott
Stanford University
Santa Clara Marriott
June 4, 2014
Super Bowl V
Jaime Weston
Super Bowl XLV
Vince Lombardi Trophy
2014
Super Bowl LI
Super Bowl L
gold
June 4, 2014
Arabic numerals
Arabic numerals
underneath
Super Bowl LI
Super Bowl 50
Super Bowl L
gold
week 7
50-yard line
gold
Gold
Golden Super Bowl
Gold footballs
50-yard line
gold
Moscone Center
San Francisco
Ed Lee
Jane Kim
January 30
1 million
Ed Lee
Moscone Center
Super Bowl City
Moscone Center
Super Bowl City
Ed Lee
Super Bowl City
More than 1 million
Ed Lee
$5 million
NFL Experience
Santa Clara University
$2 million
week-long
$2 million
pep rally
the city council
Bellomy Field at Santa Clara University
professional fundraiser
the city council
$2 million
the city council
Monday
Tuesday
SAP Center
San Jose
Golden Gate Bridge
Tuesday
Tuesday
Super Bowl Opening Night
SAP Center
San Jose
Tuesday afternoon
Super Bowl Opening Night
SAP Center in San Jose
Golden Gate Bridge
Monday evening
Super Bowl Opening Night
SAP Center in San Jose
Golden Gate Bridge
February 1, 2016
Super Bowl program
$40 million
Dignity Health
Apple
Intel, Gap, Chevron, and Dignity Health
the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee
$40 million
host committee has already raised over $40 million through sponsors
Business Connect
Business Connect
over $40 million
25 percent
the 50 fund
25 percent
The committee created the 50 fund
giving Super Bowl ever
25 percent
providing grants
25 percent
the 50 fund
Lombardi Trophy
18-karat gold-plated "50"
18-karat gold-plated
Tiffany & Co
Tiffany & Co
Vince Lombardi Trophy
18-karat gold
Tiffany & Co
Lombardi Trophy
Tiffany & Co
CBS
Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn
Tracy Wolfson
36 cameras
5K
three
Evan Washburn
360-degree
5K resolution
on the sidelines
CBS
three
CBS
Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn
Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn
5K resolution
cameras were upgraded to 5K resolution
CBS
John Sutcliffe
John Sutcliffe
December 28, 2015
Spanish
NBC and Fox
ESPN Deportes
John Sutcliffe
ESPN Deportes
Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre
John Sutcliffe
NFL Mobile
WatchESPN
CBSSports.com
Windows 10, Xbox
10
CBSSports.com
CBS Sports
Verizon Wireless
Verizon Wireless
Verizon Communications
NFL Mobile
digital streams of the game via CBSSports.com
Verizon Wireless
WatchESPN
The Late Show
The Late Show
The Late Show
The Late Show
Late Show
James Corden
a break
$5,000,000
Anheuser-Busch InBev
Doritos
20th
$5,000,000
beer manufacturer
CBS
Nintendo
Nintendo and The Pokémon Company
Anheuser-Busch InBev
Doritos
Anheuser-Busch InBev
CBS
"Crash the Super Bowl"
Small Game
Death wish Coffee
30-second commercial
nine
QuickBooks
nine
QuickBooks
Death wish Coffee
QuickBooks sponsored a "Small Business Big Game
QuickBooks
QuickBooks
Jason Bourne
20th Century Fox
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
Independence Day: Resurgence
Gods of Egypt
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows
Jason Bourne
Captain America: Civil War
X-Men: Apocalypse
Universal Studios
Universal Studios
Westwood One
Kevin Harlan
Jim Gray
Boomer Esiason
James Lofton
Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts
Kevin Harlan
Westwood One
Kevin Harlan
Jim Gray
Kevin Harlan
Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts
Lofton and Mark Malone
pre-game and halftime coverage
North America
KRFX
Dave Logan
1110 AM
Chester
Dave Logan
Dave Logan
Ed McCaffrey
WBT
Mick Mixon
KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM)
WBT
BBC Radio 5 Live
Live
Darren Fletcher
BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra
Greg Brady
Bart Starr
Chuck Howley
Peyton Manning
2001
Peyton Manning
39
Peyton Manning
Harvey Martin
43
39
Bart Starr
Peyton Manning
Harvey Martin
Six
national anthem
Academy
American Sign Language (ASL)
American Sign Language (ASL)
Lady Gaga
Marlee Matlin
Grammy winner and Academy Award nominee Lady Gaga
Marlee Matlin
Grammy winner and Academy Award nominee Lady Gaga
Six
Marlee Matlin
December 3
British
XL VII
mn for the Weekend
Super Bowl XLVIII
Bruno Mars
Pepsi
mn for the Weekend
Bruno Mars
"Hymn for the Weekend"
mn for the Weekend
Mark Ronson
Denver
Caldwell
Ronnie Hillman
Thomas Davis
C. J. Anderson
20 yards
Shaq Thompson
Brandon McManus
deficit
Denver
Owen Daniels
J. Anderson
Thomas Davis
deficit
Mike Carey
Cam Newton
Von Miller
Malik Jackson
Super Bowl XXVIII
Cam Newton
referee Mike Carey
linebacker Von Miller
Malik Jackson
Super Bowl XXVIII at the end of the 1993 season.
Mike Carey
Von Miller
Malik Jackson
Super Bowl XXVIII at the end of the 1993 season
Jonathan Stewart
Newton
28
61
33
51
Jonathan Stewart
11:28
Norwood
33
Jonathan Stewart
10–7
Darian Stewart
linebacker
Kony Ealy
Newton
DeMarcus Ware
Mike Tolbert
Kony Ealy
19 yards
Darian Stewart
Mike Tolbert
Darian Stewart
Kony Ealy
left on the clock
DeMarcus Ware
Ted Ginn Jr.
Graham Gano
44
Manning
Ward
Ted Ginn Jr.
Graham Gano hit the uprights
safety T. J. Ward
Trevathan
Ted Ginn Jr.
26-yard line
Graham Gano
Emmanuel Sanders
Ealy
39
Devin Funchess
Stewart
41
Ealy
Carolina on the 50-yard line
punts
Ealy
Panthers 41
39
three drives
24-yard
Miller
Josh Norman
Miller
Manning completed a pass to Bennie Fowler
Miller
Ward
Newton
Josh Norman
3
4:51
Miller
Ward
three
Anderson
five solo
zero
all four
Thomas Davis
18 of 41
one
zero
Anderson
Sanders
Thomas Davis
Sanders
Anderson
11
18 of 41 passes for 265 yards
four
194 yards
11
Baltimore Ravens
Jordan Norwood
Manning
194
11
Kony Ealy
Gary Kubiak became the first head coach to win a Super Bowl
11 first downs
11
Denver
Kony Ealy
two
Nobel Prize
1745
Maria Skłodowska-Curie
Famous musicians
seven months old
100
Krasiński Palace Garden
The Saxon Garden
east end
Thetówki Park
15 kilometres (9 miles)
beaver and hundreds of bird species
13
several lakes
clean them of plants and sediments
foreign-born inhabitants
833,500
350,000 constituted about 30 percent
Jewish
internal migration and urbanisation.
Warsaw University of Technology
2,000
Medical University of Warsaw
1816
Warsaw School of Economics
1816
over two million
architects
Irena Bajerska
10,000 m2
infrastructure
Three-Year Plan to rebuild Poland
solid economic growth
improved markedly
Warsaw
Children's Memorial Health Institute (CMHI)
Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology
700
developed
musical venues
events and festivals
Palace of Culture and Science
Warsaw
Jazz Jamboree
Ogród Saski
Ogród Saski
1870 to 1939
Momus
Wojciech Bogusławski Theatre
Wianki (Polish for Wreaths)
thousands
Midsummer’s Night
when they would be married
fern flower
art posters
60
collections of paintings in the country
paintings
arms
Warsaw Uprising Museum
Katyń Museum
stereoscopic
The Museum of Independence
60
Royal Uecznatów Castle
500
Zaecznata National Gallery of Art
Polish and international artists
last weekend of September
Polonia Warsaw
1946
twice
Konwiki north from the Old Town
disastrous financial situation
syrenka
The mermaid (syrenka)
at least the mid-14th century
1390
a sword
best-known legend
depths of the oceans and seas
the coast of Denmark
Warszowa
captured the mermaid
Warsaw
1916
Art Deco style
Israeli poet
Warsaw has just now been destroyed
Economist Intelligence Unit
2012
FMCG manufacturing, metal processing, steel and electronic and food processing
Warsaw Stock Exchange
Frontex
1313
Kraków
1596
King Sigismund III Vasa
it has survived many wars, conflicts and invasions throughout its long history
Roman Catholic
Polish Academy of Sciences
UNESCO World Heritage Site
architectural
luxurious parks and royal gardens
Wrocław's name in the Polish language
belonging to Warsz
a 12th/13th-century nobleman
a village located at the modern-day site of Mariens
sto (The Capital City of Warsaw").
Jazdtów
The Prince of Płock
1300
1413
1526
General Sejm
1569
religious freedom in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
its central location between the Commonwealth
1596
1796
Prussia
Napoleon's
Warsaw became the capital of Vienna of 1815
1816
4 August 1915 until November 1918
areas controlled by Russia
Piłsudski
1920
the Red Army
1 September 1939
German colonial administration
several hundred, some 30%
19 April 1943
almost a month
Red Army
Stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent Poland
1 August 1944
63
150,000 and 200,000
"Bricks for Warsaw"
large prefabricated housing
an Eastern Bloc city
Palace of Culture and Science
UNESCO's World Heritage list
John Paul II
anti-communist fervor
less a year
Victory Square
the incentive for the democratic changes
300 km (190 mi)
5 km (325 mi)
Vistula River
115.7 metres (379.6 ft)
right bank of the Vistula
two
Vistula Valley
moraine plateau
Vistula River
Warsaw Escarpment
moraine
flooded terraces
valleys and ground depressions
peat swamps or small ponds cover the highest terrace
pine forest
turbulent history of the city and country
During the Second World War
liberation
Leopold Kronenberg Palace
typical of Eastern bloc countries
Gothic
14th century
Masovian gothic style
Renaissance
mannerist architecture
the 17th century
(1688–1692)
roco architecture
neoclassical architecture in Warsaw
1775–1795
bourgeois architecture
restored by the communist authorities after the war
socialist realism
Warsaw University of Technology building
the most distinctive buildings
a Mausoleum of Memory of Martyrdom
Pawiak
The Warsaw Citadel
the children who served as messengers and frontline troops in the Warsaw Uprising
Warsaw Uprising Monument by Wincenty Kućma
green spaces
New Orangery
Pole Mokotowskie
Park Uecznaowski
1927
the location of Warsaw within the border
the borders of Warsaw
Masovian Primeval Forest
Kabaty Forest
two
1,300,000
420,000
1951
Varsovians thought of themselves as better only because they lived in the capital.
residency registration
multi-cultural
711,988
56.2%
2.8%
aftermath of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944
commune (gmina)
counties orecznas
Kraków
Warsaw City Council
60
every four years.
committees
30
President
Jan Andrzej Menich (1695–1696)
1695–1696
the City council
Centrum
ródmie
304,016
emerging market
12%
191.776 billion
1817
the end of the post-war communist control
April 1991
374
Polish United Workers' Party
1951
FSO 125p
Daewoo
AvtoZAZ
Aveo
Wrocław [varˈava]
Warsaw
Vistula River
2.666 million
9th most-populous
Warsaw
Vistula River
260 kilometres (160 mi)
2.666 million
9th
France
10th and 11th centuries
Denmark, Iceland and Norway
Rollo
10th
William the Conqueror
Richard I
exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy
Normans/Normanz
9th century
911
Viking III of West Francia
Seine
Rollo
Norse
north
exporting fighting horsemen
999
Archangel Michael
Monte Gargano
Drogo
William Iron Arm
Robert Guiscard
1130
Squillace
"b Rudjdjar" ("The Book of Roger").
The Book of Roger
meritocratic
Byzantine Empire
1050s
the 1060s
Byzantine general Alexius Komnenos
Afranji
Oursel
Turkish forces
Italo-Norman
Robert Guiscard
February 1082
30,000 men
Deabolis
Bohemond
Deabolis
1185
Dyrrachium
the most important naval bases of the Adriatic
sister Richard II of Normandy, and King Ethelred II of England
Duke Richard II
Normandy
Sweyn Forkbeard
Harthacnut
1041
Robert of Jumièges
the Battle of Hastings
Duke William II of Normandy
1066
Anglo-Saxons
Modern English
1169
Irish
Irish culture
King Malcolm III
King Malcolm III
1072
Duncan
Sybilla of Normandy
Normans and Norman culture
Hereford
the Welsh
Edward the Confessor
Welsh
carve out a state
William of Montreuil
10
Tancred
Jerusalem
380 years
a storm
Berengaria
1191
Richard the Lion-hearted
his troops being led by Guy de Lusignan
silver
Guy de Lusignan
Richard the Lion-Heart
12 May 1191
double coronation
1489
Knights Templar
Africa
Bethencourt
Maciot de Bethencourt
Maciot de Bethencourt
Channel Islands
two customaries
Romanesque idiom
rounded arches
Early Gothic
Early Gothic
Kingdom of Sicily
early 11th century
the dukes
16th century
embroidery
Bayeux Tapestry
Bishop of Bayeux and first Earl of Kent
mosaics
11th
William of Volpiano and John of Ravenna
southern Italy
Sant'Eufemia
Robert Guiscard
singing
1856
Serbian American
1943
10 July 1856
1943
Serbian American
alternating current
1884
Thomas Edison
George Westinghouse
New York City
War of Currents
1884
Thomas Edison
New York City
George Westinghouse
AC induction motor and transformer
1893
high-voltage
mechanical discharge tubes, and early X-ray imaging
Colorado Springs
1893
Wardenclyffe Tower
Wardencly Tower
1943
SI unit of magnetic flux density
New York
mad scientist
patents earned him a considerable amount of money
1943
SI unit of magnetic flux density the tesla
the 1990s
showmanship
Croatia
Serbian Orthodox priest
Nikola's progenitors were from western Serbia, near Montenegro
his mother's
Serbian Orthodox priest
Milutin Tesla
Mandić
making home craft tools, mechanical appliances, and the ability to memorize Serbian epic
western Serbia, near Montenegro
three
German
1862
Dane
Milka, Angelina and Marica
killed in a horse-riding accident
Goseczna, Austrian Empire
pastor
Martin Sekulić
German
integral calculus
cheating
1873
1870
to attend school at the Higher Real Gymnasium
Martin Sekulić
German
1873
cholera
nine months
send him to the best engineering school
enter the priesthood
Smiljan
1873
cholera
nine months
enter the priesthood
send him to the best engineering school
Tomingaj
Mark Twain
mountains
1874
hunter's garb
being drafted into the Austro-Hungarian Army
1874
read many books
Mark Twain
1875
Austrian Polytechnic
1879
Professor Poeschl over the Gramme dynamo
never graduated from the university
Graz
1875
1879
addicted to gambling
overwork
left Graz
to hide the fact that he dropped out of school
draftsman
beg his son to return home
nervous breakdown
1878
dropped out of school
drowned in the Mur River
draftsman
Nikola suffered a nervous breakdown
not having a residence permit
24 March 1879
60
a stroke
Higher Real Gymnasium
not having a residence permit
24 March 1879
Higher Real Gymnasium
a stroke
Prague
too late
attend lectures
Charles-Ferdinand
Prague
1880
Charles-Ferdinand University
two of Tesla's uncles
Budapest
Budapest Telephone Exchange
chief electrician
telephone repeater or amplifier
draftsman
1881
Central Telegraph Office
Budapest Telephone Exchange
chief electrician
1882
France
New York City
Thomas Edison
Edison Machine Works
Continental Edison Company in France
France
June 1884
Thomas Edison
Manhattan's lower east side
fifty thousand dollars
a US$10 a week raise over Tesla's US$18 per week
1885
fifty thousand dollars
"Tesla, you don't understand our American humor
US$10 a week raise over Tesla's US$18 per week salary
Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail
Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing
electrical arc light based illumination systems
patents issued to Tesla in the US
electrical arc light based illumination systems
Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing
1886
Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing
electrical arc light based illumination systems
Tesla
leaving him penniless
penniless
a ditch digger
1886/87
assigned them to the company in lieu of stock
ditch digger
a ditch digger for $2 per day
a Western Union superintendent
April 1887
1⁄3 to Tesla, 1⁄3 to Peck and Brown
89 Liberty Street in Manhattan
1886
Western Union superintendent
Alfred S. Brown
89 Liberty Street in Manhattan
1⁄3 to Peck and 1⁄3 to fund development
an induction motor
May 1888
commutator
sparking
simple self-starting
May 1888
polyphase current
commutator
May 1888
the editor of Electrical World magazine
Electrical Engineers
1888
Tesla's patent would probably control the market
Thomas Commerford Martin
Thomas Commerford Martin
George Westinghouse
Westinghouse
rotating magnetic field-based induction motor
Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company
1888
$60,000
George Westinghouse
a consultant at the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh labs
$60,000 in cash
July 1888
$52,700
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
60-cycle
DC traction motor
to create an alternating current system to power the city's streetcars
DC traction motor
Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse
rival lighting systems with Edison
AC development
General Electric
"AC"
Edison
1888
buying up patents and hiring the engineers
Thomas Edison was no longer in control
George Westinghouse
Chicago
General Electric
Tesla Polyphase System
"Tesla Polyphase System"
George Westinghouse
Chicago
1893
AC power
Richard Dean Adams
Niagara Falls
Westinghouse Electric
Westinghouse Electric
a two-phased system
Richard Dean Adams
1893
a two-phased system
a two-phased system would be the most reliable
1896
$216,000
$2.50 per AC horsepower
$200,000
J. P. Morgan
$200,000
$216,000
35
South Fifth Avenue
electric lamps
Tesla coil
30 July 1891
Tesla coil
35
wireless power transmission
Institute of Electrical Engineers
Institute of Radio Engineers
1894
vice president
vice president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers
Institute of Radio Engineers
damaged film
5th Avenue laboratory fire
1895
the metal locking screw on the camera lens
1894
"Roentgen rays" or "X-Rays"
lost in the 5th Avenue laboratory fire
X-ray image
Mark Twain
X-ray and X-ray imaging
March 1896
radiography
X-rays
the Tesla Coil
March 1896
the output of the Tesla Coil
radiography
longitudinal waves, such as those produced in waves in plasmas
the ozone generated in contact with the skin, and to a lesser extent, by nitrous acid
damage to the skin was not caused by the Roentgen rays
his circuit and single-node X-producing devices
force-free magnetic fields
Roentgen rays
longitudinal waves
waves in plasmas
his many notes
Benjamin Lamme
1893
Westinghouse engineer Benjamin Lamme
Egg of Columbus
Tesla
11 July 1934
break off the cathode, pass out of the tube, and physically strike him
physically strike him
bits of metal projected by his "electric gun
National Electric Light Association
Tesla Coil
Franklin Institute
1898
teleautomaton
Madison Square Garden
an electrical exhibition
a trained monkey
1900
Guglielmo Marconi
1901
1943
Supreme Court
1899
Paris
15 June 1899
five inches
atmospheric electricity
stationary
a resonant frequency
lightning
135 feet
15 miles away
100 feet of the lab glowed even when turned off
electrified
power outage
repeated out
heavy sparks to jump through the windings
jump through the windings and destroy the insulation
communications from another planet
Mars
Collier's Weekly
signals from another experimenter in wireless transmission
July 1899
$100,000
fund his Colorado Springs experiments
Colorado Springs experiments
1899
7 January 1900
torn down
1904
sold
Wardenclyffe
trans-Atlantic wireless telecommunications
Shoreham, Long Island
Morgan
Morgan still owed Tesla money
shocked by the reminder of his part in the stock market crash
over 50 letters
complete the construction of Wardenclyffe
Marconi successfully transmitted the letter S from England to Newfoundland
187 feet (57 m)
200
100–5,000 hp
1906
16,000 rpm bladeless turbine
steam-powered
Houston Street lab
the machine oscillated at the resonance frequency of his own building
World Today
set the earth's crust into such a state of vibration that it would rise and fall hundreds of feet
electricity
saturating them unconsciously with electricity
superintendent of New York City schools, William H. Maxwell
superintendent of New York City schools
World War I
lost the funding he was receiving from his patents in European countries
sold Wardenclyffe for $20,000
$20,000
Edison Medal
Electrical Experimenter
fluorescent screen
fluorescent screen
Émile Girardeau
Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla
The Nobel Foundation
a person has not been given a Nobel Prize because he has made known his intention to refuse the reward
he is announced a winner
both rejected any possibility of sharing it
38
Edison
1937
1,655,114
biplane capable of taking off vertically (VTOL aircraft)
$1,000
turbine engines in rotor aircraft
$125 per month
by one biographer
$125 per month
bad publicity
mechanical energy
any terrestrial distance
minimal loss
mineral deposits
1935
to be taken to his hotel
a doctor
three of his ribs were broken
early 1938
In the fall of 1937
teleforce
Van de Graaff generator
ground-based infantry
anti-aircraft
death ray
1937
a luncheon
tungsten
high voltage
a little time
charged particle beam
Nikola Tesla Museum archive in Belgrade
Belgrade
millions of volts
all war
stolen
the teleforce
empty-handed
86
7 January 1943
maid Alice Monaghan
do not disturb" sign
coronary thrombosis
the FBI ordered the Alien Property Custodian to seize
John G. Trump
nothing
Office of Alien Property (OAP)
Fiorello La Guardia
Louis Adamic
12 January
two thousand
Cathedral of Saint John the Divine
Belgrade
Sava Kosić
Kosić's secretary Charlotte Muzar
Belgrade
The ashes are displayed in a gold-plated sphere on a marble pedestal
278
26
Canada
the patents are not accounted for
8:10 p.m
8:00 p.m.
6 p.m
the headwaiter
8 to 10 miles
8 to 10 miles per day
squished his toes one hundred times
brain cells
telepathy
newspaper editor
one
feed the pigeons
$2,000
injured white pigeon
the park
his hotel room to nurse back to health.
142 pounds
6 feet 2 inches
1888 to about 1926
New York City
eight
blinding flashes of light would appear before his eyes
picture thinking
blinding flashes of light would appear before his eyes
photographic memory
more than 48 hours
84 hours
Graz
Swezey
journalist
helpful
Muske and soft-spoken
the end of his life
Dorothy Skerrit
Robert Underwood Johnson
seclude himself
asocial
a scientist
Sylvester
in his lab and elsewhere
late 1920s
overweight
a secretary
her weight
change her dress
an electron
electrons
transmitted electrical energy
19th
Einstein
antagonistic
relativity
dynamic theory of gravity
1892
curved space
81
selective breeding version of eugenics
ruthless workings of nature,
pity
1937
"Queen Bees."
1926
"Queen Bees."
post-World War I
Science and Discovery
20 December 1914
the League of Nations
Orthodox Christian
religious fanaticism
Buddhism and Christianity
A Machine to End War
uncertain
War
My Inventions: The Autobiography
Ben Johnston
Ben Johnston
The Century Magazine
1900
Inventions, Researches and Writings
science fiction
science fiction
several
Time magazine
Tesla's 75th birthday in 1931
electrical power generation
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein
Computational complexity theory
their inherent difficulty
computational problem
significant resources
introducing mathematical models of computation
time and storage
number of gates in a circuit
to determine the practical limits on what computers can and cannot do
analysis of algorithms and computability theory
computability theory
computability theory
analysis of algorithms
a problem instance
problem
concrete
solution
solution
2000 kilometres
asking for a round trip through all sites in Milan
computational problems
the binary alphabet
the binary alphabet
bitstrings
binary notation
encoding their adjacency lists in binary
Decision problems
yes or alternately either 1 or 0
1 or 0
yes, and the non-members are those instances whose output is no
yes
arbitrary
formal language
graphs are encoded as binary strings
computational problem
a single output
A function
the integer factorization problem
complex
function problems can be recast as decision problems
the set of triples
size
the instance
as a function of the size
bits
input size
Cobham
the time taken
T(n)
T(n)
polynomial time algorithm
Turing machine
an algorithm
Turing machine
symbols
deterministic
A deterministic Turing machine
non-determinism
non-determinism
randomized algorithms
complexity classes
resources (such as time or may not be
deterministic Turing machines
random access machines
additional computational power
time and memory
deterministically
non-deterministic
non-deterministic time
abstract captures many of the mathematical models
non-deterministic time
"yes" or "no"
difficulty
DTIME(f(n)
DTIME(f(n)
complexity
computational
Blum complexity axioms
complexity
complexity
best, worst and average
The best, worst and average
The best, worst and average case
The best, worst and average
sorting algorithm quicksort
sorting algorithm quicksort
sorted
the most efficient algorithm
analysis of algorithms
proving lower bounds
upper bound
all possible algorithms
big Otation
constant factors and smaller terms
T(n) = O(n2)
the specific details of the computational model
complexity classes
complexity classes
complicated definitions
machine model
quadratic
single-tape
Cobham-Edmonds
FP
time or space
bounding the time or space
complexity classes
AC and NC
Boolean circuits
quantum Turing machines
#P
Interactive
computation time
DTIME(n2)
hierarchy theorems
proper hierarchy
quantitative statements
time and space hierarchy theorems
time hierarchy theorem tells us that P is strictly contained in EXPTIME
PSPACE
a reduction
another problem
reduces to Y
Cook reductions, Karp reductions
log-space reductions
polynomial-time reduction
multiplying two integers
polynomial time
squaring
multiplication
type of reduction being used
every problem in C can be reduced to X
solve any problem in C
NP-hard problems
NP-complete problems
NP-complete problems
P = NP is not solved
NP = NP
class P
Cobham–Edmonds thesis
NP
Boolean satisfiability problem
deterministic Turing machines
more efficient solutions
protein structure prediction
US$1,000,000
graph isomorphism problem, the discrete NP
NP-intermediate problems
the discrete logarm problem
The graph isomorphism problem
NP-complete
polynomial
second level
Laszlo Babai and Eugene Luks
integer factorization problem
k
RSA algorithm
Shor's algorithm
any of these classes are unequal
NP
PSPACE
any of these classes are unequal
co-NP
yes/no answers reversed
NP is not equal to co-NP
P is not equal to NP
L
unkown
distinct or equal classes
NL and NC
distinct or equal classes
intractable problems
polynomial time algorithm
NP-complete problems
Presburger
algorithms have been written that solve the problem in reasonable times in most
NP-complete knapsack
less than quadratic time
NP-complete Boolean satisfiability
research explicitly devoted to the complexity of algorithmic problems
Alan Turing
Turing machines
1936
robust and flexible simplification of a computer
"On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms"
Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns
1965
time and space
1965
John Myhill
1961
Hisao Yamada
input encoding
encoding
Manuel Blum
speed-up theorem
"Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems"
21
the curriculum
pedagogy
university or college
a lesson plan
school or other place of formal education
religion, civics, community roles, or life skills
numeracy
craftsmanship
literacy
a teacher
home schooling
formal education
family member
knowledge or skills
gurus
religious texts
Torah
Religious and spiritual teachers
homeschooling
paid professionals
Chartered
homeschooling
paid professionals
school functions
extracurricular
extracurricular activities
teachers
teacher's colleges
to serve and protect the public interest
certifying, governing and enforcing the standards of practice
preserve and update the knowledge
standards of practice
complaints involving members
complaints involving members
the college
Teaching Unions
Teaching Unions
a school or academy
tutor
acade
teachers facilitate student learning
informal
pedagogy
pedagogy
the rise of the internet
internet
lesson plan
relevant
learning
infants to adults
standardized
particular skills
self-study
detect and correct individual flaws
deflate
a coach using the whole gamut of psychology
teachers and children
in primary schools each class has a who stays with them for most of the week and will teach them the whole teacher
different subject specialists
primary
form tutor, specialist and surrogate parent
alternative approaches
"platoon"
staying with the same group of peers for all classes.
teacher who teaches many subjects
a teacher who teaches many subjects.
Co-teaching
two or more
learning by providing a social networking support that allows them to reach their full cognitive potential.
create a climate of learning
social networking
corporal punishment
a substitute parent
parental discipline
a child was in school
a substitute parent
one of the most common forms of school discipline
in the United States
banned it
US Supreme Court
physical pain
30
in the South
(mostly in the South)
wooden paddle
privately in the principal's office
caning
Asian, African and Caribbean
School corporal punishment
detention
detention
school at a given time in the school day
quietly
lines or a punishment essay
assertive
immediate and fair punishment
appropriate and inappropriate behavior
inappropriate behavior
respect
teachers and parents
East Asia
weakness in school discipline
assertive and confrontational
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
40 to 50 students
instruction
motivated students
attention-seeking and disruptive students
motivated students, facing university entrance examinations
popularly based
governments
persuasion and negotiation
dictatorial authority
good, clear laws
positive learning experience
their passion
teach by rote
higher than teachers who didn't show much enthusiasm for the course materials
nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm
read lecture material
varied, and emotional facial expressions
experimental
intrinsic
self-determined
enthusiasm
emotional contagion
enthusiasm
student-teacher relationships
beneficial relations
personal success
aligning his personal goals with his academic goals
student motivation and attitudes towards school
friendly and supportive
friendly and supportive
interacting and working directly with students
friendly
enthusiasm about the students
enthusiastic
excitement in the student
influential
teaching
sexual misconduct
9.6%
9.6% of students in the United States claim to have received unwanted sexual attention
during their educational career
American Association of University Women
England
a group that included priests, religious leaders, and case workers as well as teachers.
2,869
AAUW
the United States
increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct.
Fears of being labelled a pedophile or hebephile
Chris Keates
child protection and parental rights groups
a shortage
sex with pupils over the age of consent
occupational stress
expectations to substitute
occupational burnout
Stress
occupational stress
42%
UK teachers experienced occupational stress
twice the figure
2012
average workers
Organizational interventions
mentoring
Individual-level interventions
occupational stress
Organizational
university or college
certification by a recognized body
elementary school education certificate
background check and psychiatric evaluation
US
individual states and territories
three
secondary schools/high schools
TAFE colleges
primary education (primary schools)
Bachelor's Degree
second Bachelor's Degree
funded by the private sector, businesses and sponsors
Lehramtstudien (Teaching Education Studies)
Lehramtstudien (Teaching Education Studies)
rundschule
Bundesbesoldungsordnung
schule
Gaeltacht area
€27,814 p.a
€53,423
€90,000
the Teaching Council
Section 30
Section 30
Oireachtas funds
2006
appointed or engaged by the school
phased basis
appointed or engaged
£41,004
experience and extra responsibilities
£20,980 annually
bachelor's degree
September 2007
alternative licensing programs
hard-to-fill
vary by geographic area and subject taught
Excellent job opportunities
secondary school teachers
Teaching Council for Scotland
Teaching in Scotland
seven Scottish Universities
Scottish Universities
"Standard for Full Registration"
April 2008
£20
£32,583
earn up to £39,942
trade unions
Education in Wales
Welsh
until the age of 16
sole or main medium of instruction.
available to all age groups through nurseries, schools, colleges and universities
trade unions
falling with teachers being younger than in previous years.
between 2005 and 2010
trade unions
cause of concern
each state
ten years
bachelor's degree
charter schools
No Child Left Behind
relatively low salaries
average teacher salaries
state, relative cost of living, and grade taught
elementary school teachers
TeachersTeachers.com
many
Protestant
not always a bishop
(Roman) Catholic, (Eastern) Orthodox Catholic, and Protestant/Non-Denominational
LDS Church
a trusted friend
spiritual
husband and father
the father of the house
guru
high
their disciples
West
Lama
reborn
Tulku
phowa and siddhi
phowa and siddhi
ulemas
ulemas
Sufism
actions-oriented
Qutb
German
18 February 1546
Medieval Catholic Church
freedom from God's punishment for sin
reject several teachings and practices
redeemer from sin
salvation
Pope
the Bible
a holy priesthood
the Bible
a standard version
Tyndale Bible
singing in churches
Protestant clergy to marry
10 November 1483
Hans Luder (or Ludher, later Luther)
Holy Roman Empire
Catholic
lawyer
University of Erfurt
beerhouse and whorehouse
four
a day of rote
1505
theology
uncertainty
theology and philosophy
by experience
men and institutions, but not God
death
2 July 1505
Erfurt
the deaths of two friends
Luther's education
the Augustinian order
deep spiritual despair
the jailer and hangman of my poor soul
Johann von Staupitz
a change of heart
1507
von Staupitz
1508
9 March 1508
Sentences by Peter Lombard
19 October 1512
21 October 1512
Doctor in Bible
University of Wittenberg
Doctor of Theology
1516
to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome
Roman Catholic
active in charity and good works
active in charity and good works
31 October 1517
Albert of Mainz
The Ninety-Five Theses
Hans Hillerbrand
Thesis 86
Johann Tetzel
into heaven
Luther
Luther
God's alone to grant
forgiveness
indulgences
forgiveness
Christ
Tetzel
a reflection of his capacity to exaggerate
indulgences for the living
indulgences for the living
the posting on the door
the posting on the door
Philipp Melanchthon
Wittenberg
little foundation in truth
January 1518
printing press
friends of Luther
two weeks
two months
1519
Students
early part
1520
Freedom of a Christian
lectured on the Psalms
penance andeousness
corrupt in its ways
central truths of Christianity
the understanding of all godliness
Luther
1525
a gift from God
the Smalcald Articles
faith
Christ and His salvation
Luther's rediscovery of "Christ and His salvation"
the Reformation
two
Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz and Magdeburg
Rome
a papal dispensation
one half
December 1517
Pope Leo X
papal theologians
October 1518
Antichrist
harden the reformer's anti-papal theology
January 1519
remain silent
Johann Eck
Matthew 16:18
Jan Hus
15 June 1520
recanted 41 sentences drawn
60 days
Karl von Miltitz
3 January 1521
secular
18 April 1521
the estates of the Holy Roman Empire
Emperor Charles V
Prince Frederick III, Elector of Saxony
Johann Eck
Archbishop of Trier
their contents
the next day
prayed, consulted friends, and gave his response
raised his arm
traditional salute of a knight
Mullett
classic of epoch-making oratory
recant his writings
Luther
unreliable
dramatic
private conferences
25 May 1521
The Emperor
requiring his arrest
kill Luther
Luther's disappearance
Wartburg Castle at Eisenach
my Patmos
New Testament
he shamed into halting the sale of indulgences in his episcopates
a sin
alone can make them just
1 August 1521
trust in Christ
justice
1521
idolatry
idolatry
private confession and absolution
break their vows without sin
he broadened the foundations of the Reformation placing them on prophetic faith
1521
Daniel 8:9–12, 23–25
the Little Horn
antichrist of 2 Thessalonians 2
-Augustinian Gabriel Zwilling
June 1521
disturbances
the Augustinian friars
the town council
6 March
God's word
preached eight sermons
Invocavit Sermons
reminded the citizens to trust God's word rather than violence
immediate
Jerrf
the sixth sermon
Dr. Martin's return
misguided
public order
conservative
Zwickau prophets
social unrest and violence
reformers
Zwickau prophet
the German Peasants' War
1524–25
an attack on the upper classes in general
the upper classes in general
the temporal authorities
Thuringia
mad dogs
the widespread burning of convents, monasteries, bishops, and libraries
the nobles
three
ignoring Christ's counsel
God
Divine Right of Kings
death in body and soul, if only as highwaymen and murderers
their weapons
the Swabian League
15 May 1525
Müntzer's execution
the wing of the secular powers
Katharina von Bora
he arranged for them to be smuggled out in herring barrels
26
41
April 1523
13 June 1525
27 June
wedding banquet
27 June
Bugenhagen
clerical marriage
clerical
Biblical grounds
insensible to my flesh or sex
reckless
1525–32
a former monastery
six children
poverty for the riches of Croesus
farming the land
Biblical ideal of congregations' choosing their own ministers
supervisory church body
a supervisory church body
two catechisms
revolutionary
confusing or upsetting the people
Electorate of Saxony
adviser to churches in new territories
John the Steadfast
the temporal sovereign
1526
simple people
Luther
congregational singing of hymns and psalms in German
freedom
1527
the Electorate of Saxony
pastoral care
Christian doctrine
teaching
catechism
1529
pastors and teachers
the people themselves
questions and answers
catechism
collect my writings in volumes
the Catechism
Small Catechism
Small Catechism
Small Catechism
Larger Catechism
Small Catechism
as persons to be known
the Father
1522
1534
German translation of the New Testament
"alone"
faith alone
Saxon chancellery
northern and southern Germans
everyday Germans
we are removing impediments and difficulties
impediments and difficulties
German-language publications
Bible translation
evolution of the German language
Lucas Cranach
William Tyndale
hymn-writer
high art and folk music
German hymns
lute
the waldzither
the execution of Johann Esch and Heinrich Voes
Lutheran views
"Ein Lied wir heben an" ("A new song we raise").
John C. Messenger
"A new song we raise"
1524
vernacular Lutheran liturgies
Small Catechism
German creedal hymn
perceived difficulty of its tune
1538
Small Catechism
catechism
multiple revisions
Luther's tune
1523
evangelical colleagues to write psalm-hymns for use in German worship
write psalm-hymns for use in German worship
the Achtliederbuch
essential Reformation doctrine
"Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland"
Veni redemptor gentium
the main hymn (Hauptlied)
two
the German Te Deum
baptism in the Small Catechism
Johann Walter
grace
J. S. Bach
Halle
Lutheran hymnals
four
18
24 of the 32 songs
First Lutheran hymnal
Johann Sebastian Bach
cantatas
1707
BWV 4
1725
penitential suffering
parable of the rich man and Lazarus
penitential suffering
Christian souls undergoing penitential suffering after death
in their graves and in heaven
Franz Pieper
Franz Pieper
Johann Gerhard
1755
Commentary on Genesis
Francis Blackburne
1765
Gottfried Fritschel
dreams
October 1529
Landgrave of Hesse
doctrinal unity
fourteen
the sacrament of the Lord's Supper
"This is my body which is for you"
Real Presence of the body and blood of Christ
the sacramental union
spiritually or symbolically present
confrontational
1530
Marburg Colloquy
Schmalkaldic League
Swiss
Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
antithetical
reason
no way contributes to faith
reason
separate spheres of knowledge
Jesus Christ was born a Jew
Jews
the Jews
Zwinglianism, and the papacy
1543
a scourge sent to punish Christians by God
punish Christians by God
punish Christians
the papacy
non-religious
Latin translation of the Qur'an
"Mohammedanism" or "the Turk"
Muslim faith as a tool of the devil
Luther saw the Muslim faith as a tool of the devil
exposed to scrutiny
God's wrath to Christians
Agricola
the law is no longer to be taught to Christians but belonged only to city hall
six theses
On the Councils and the Church
the law as the Holy Spirit's tool to work sorrow over sin in man's heart
work sorrow over sin in man's heart
the Holy Spirit's tool to work sorrow over sin
eliminate the accusing law
essentially holy people
live in his or her vocations
natural law
"third use of the law."
illustration of the Ten Commandments
illustration of the Ten Commandments
baptism
The Ten Commandments
the sacrament of baptism
marry one of his wife's ladies-in-waiting
Landgrave of Hesse
Margarethe von der Saale
Luther
lasting damage
expelled
Luther
the murder of Christ
divinity of Jesus
convert them to Christianity
Von den Juden und Ihren Lügen (On the Jews and Their Lies)
1543
1543, three years before his death
"the devil's people"
"the devil's people"
the Jews, Brandenburg, and Silesia
that priest whose name was Martin Luther
whoever would help the Jews
Luther's anti-Jewish works
1580s
Luther
anti-Jewish rhetoric
1930s and 1940s
Luther
the most radically anti-Semitic tract ever published
17 December 1941
Luther
Diarmaid MacCulloch
Bishop Martin Sasse
a "blueprint."
opportunistic
ch fathers
hatred of the Jews
18th and 19th centuries
entirely religious and in no respect racial."
Judaism
Ronald Berger
demonizing mentality
Christopher J. Probst
Luther's hostile publications towards the Jews
they were at least partly the product of a declining state of mind
declining state of mind
antisemitic
Catholics
Luther's Last Battles: Politics and Polemics 1531–46
the 1980s
least prejudiced toward Jews
Strommen et al.
1928-1933
ill health
Philip of Hesse incident
kidney and bladder stones
ki and bladder stones, and arthritis
December 1544, he began to feel the effects of angina.
poor physical health
physical health
harsher
Katharina
three
Eisleben
15 February 1546
practice Christian love toward them and pray that they convert
1546
practice Christian love
Mansfeld
Hans Luther's copper mining trade
1545
1546
his siblings' families
17 February 1546
chest pains
O Lord, faithful God
the common prayer of the dying
1 a.m.
An apoplectic stroke
2:45 a.m.
18 February 1546
Castle Church in Wittenberg
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
A piece of paper
Latin
beggars
printed
a stout man with a "double chin, strong mouth, piercing deep-set eyes, fleshy face, and squat neck."
a stout man with a "double chin, strong mouth,
frail Catholic saints
the 1530s and 1540s
18 February
the Lutheran Calendar of Saints
31 October
Lutheran Calendar of Saints
31 October
SoCal
eight counties
economic center
demographics and economic ties
demographics and economic ties
Southern California Megaregion
11 megaregions
Las Vegas, Nevada
Mexican border
Las Vegas, Nevada, and south across the Mexican border into Tijuana
Ventura
seven
over four million inhabitants
Riverside-San Bernardino
17.5 million
Colorado Desert
Colorado Desert
Mojave Desert
Mexico–United States border
southern California
3,792,621
Los Angeles
San Diego
southern
Los Angeles, Orange, San Bernardino
the top 15 most populous counties in the United States
the top 15 most populous counties in the United States
top 15
smallest geographical region
Hollywood
Los Angeles
Walt Disney Company
music
Sony
skateboard
Shaun White
Shaun White
Oahu
Transpacific Yacht Race
Palm Springs
Palm Springs
desert
desert city
37° 9' 58.23"
11 miles
ten
the northern boundary
northern
Mexico ruled California
Alta California
Monterey
the Compromise
free
inequitable taxes
"Cow Counties"
three times
75%
Milton Latham
Los Angeles Times
1900
In 1999, the Times added a newer county—Imperial
Imperial
seven
regional tourism groups
California State Automobile Association
three-region point of view
South of the Tehachapis
southern California
third most populated
vast areas
suburban communities
highways
San Diego–Tijuana
Camp Pendleton
Inland Empire
Census Bureau
Orange
1990s
Mediterranean
infrequent rain
winters are 90-50's
snow is very rare
warm or mild and wet
Ocean
geologic, topographic, and natural ecosystem
topographic
Peninsular Ranges
deserts
10,000
10,000
6.7
property damage
$20 billion
San Andreas Fault
6.7+
Puente Hills Fault
USGS
Earthquake occurrence
economically
global
economic
2010
high growth rates
10.0%
tech-oriented
Greater Sacramento
Metropolitan Statistical Areas
two
five million
Southern Border Region
17,786,419
Los Angeles
over 100,000
twelve
100,000
Riverside
abundance of petroleum
Hollywood
housing bubble
dominated and heavily dependent upon abundance of petroleum
heavily impacted
1920s
richest
citrus
cattle
aerospace
major business districts
Central business districts
Downtown Los Angeles
business district
Los Angeles Area
San Fernando Valley
Century City
Riverside
Hospitality Business/Financial Centre
Hospitality Business/Financial Centre
Orange County
University of California, Irvine
Irvine
South Coast Metro
Downtown Santa Ana
Downtown San Diego
Downtown San Diego
North County
Downtown San Diego
Los Angeles International Airport
Busiest airports by international passenger volume
Busiest airports in the United States by international passenger traffic
San Diego International Airport
Van Nuys Airport
Metrolink
Six
Six
Orange
Port of Los Angeles
Long Beach
Southern Beach
The Tech Coast
prestigious and world-renowned research
private
5
12 California State University campuses (Bakersfield, Channel Islands,
NFL
NBA
Dodgers
Los Angeles Kings
LA Galaxy
Chivas
two Major League Soccer teams
2014
StubHub Center
2018
College sports
UCLA
Trojans
Pac-12
Division I
Rugby
high school
an official school sport
BSkyB
BSkyB
2014
British Broadcasting Group plc
British Sky Broadcasting Limited
2006, the Irish broadcaster Setanta Sports was awarded two of the six Premier League packages
two of the six Premier League packages
Sky picked up the remaining four for £1.3bn
£4.2bn
the ONdigital consortium
BSkyB
three
Sky Three
'Pick TV' in 2011
using a Sky+ PVR
September 2007
Customers that do not subscribe to BSkyB's
January 2010
BSkyB
VideoGuard pay-TV
NDS, a Cisco Systems company
Cisco Systems
BSkyB
Sky+)
basic channels
2007
removing the basic channels from the network on 1 March 2007
Video On Demand content
HD channels
In July 2013
2013
cloud service
OneDrive for Business
cloud
Sam Chisholm and Rupert Murdoch
Astra's
27 September 2001
the Sky Digital platform
3.5 million
British Broadcasting or BSkyB
British Broadcasting or BSkyB
11 million
Freeview
Sky Q Hub
the Sky Q Silver set top boxes
share recordings and other.
2016
2016
DVB-compliant MPEG-2
Dolby Digital
MPEG-4
OpenTV system
DVB-S2
1998
Astra 2A satellite
Astra 2A satellite
hundreds
28.5°E
22 May 2006
40,000
Thomson
17,000
4,222,000
8 February 2007
March
digital terrestrial
Virgin Media
English Premier League Football), films, entertainment and news
free-to-air and unencrypted
a VideoGuard UK equipped receiver
VideoGuard UK equipped receiver
LNB (9.75/10.600 GHz)
the Sky service
In the autumn of 1991
ITV were the current rights holders
£34m per year
The BBC
BSkyB paying £304m for the Premier League rights, would give them a monopoly of all live matches,
Ofcom
£15–100,000
no veto over the presence of channels on their EPG
BSkyB does not carry any control over the channel's content
BSkyB does not carry any control over the channel's content or carriage issues
1 October 1998
Sky Digital
Open
BSkyB's
over 100,000
2007
Virgin Media
Video On Demand service
BBC HD
Channel 4 HD
10 million
25m
August 2004
36%
flattened
"Welfare Cash Card"
"essentials"
damaging
Sky TV bills
subscription to sports channels would betray a man's presence in the household
£30m
no indication as to whether the new deal includes the additional Video On Demand
Virgin Media
BSkyB
the carriage of their respective basic channels
diversified
second
fourth
Melbourne
Melbourne Cricket Ground
Bendigo
New South Wales
Buckland Valley
over 1,000
cramped and unsanitary
multi-member proportional representation system
eight electorates
five representatives
four years
November every four years
Labor
Australian Labor Party
The Nationals
The Greens
Labor
61.1%
61.1%
Buddhism
168,637
168,637
south-east
most densely populated state
second-most populous state
Melbourne
second-largest
Koori
1788
Sullivan Bay
Sullivan Bay
1803
26,000 square kilometres
50%
6,000 square kilometres (2,300 sq mi)
90%
270,000 tonnes
1975
Victoria Constitution Act 1855
Parliament of Victoria
"entrenched" provisions that require either an absolute majority in both houses, a three-fifths majority in both houses
the Victoria Constitution Act 1855
hot winds blowing from nearby semi-deserts
32 °C (90 °F)
48.8 °C (119.8 °F)
48.8 °C
7 February 2009
state or government schools
Victoria Department of Education
tuition fees
Roman Catholic Church
curriculum standards
a base for the global car industry
October
October
October 2016
Fortd's Victorian plants
2,000 m (6,600 ft)
Mount Bogong
1,986 m (6,516 ft)
Murray River system
helmeted honeyeater
The Victorian Alps in the northeast
Great Dividing Range
east-west through the centre of Victoria
0 °C (32 °F)
−11.7 °C (10.9 °F)
the Victorian Government
V/Line
the Victorian Government
CFCL Australia
electrified, passenger system throughout Melbourne and suburbs
37
12
Legislative Assembly
Legislative Council
Linda Dessau
1 July 1851
1851
one gold rushes the world has ever seen
sevenfold
20 million ounces
1,548
489
540,800
63,519
90 per cent
Victoria
3 million
60%
two-thirds
Asia
1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in)
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
760 mm (2 ft 6 in) narrow gauge
mountainous areas
five formerly government-owned lines
1788
New South Wales
New Holland
Sydney
1854
British troops
ureka Stockade
hated mining licence fees
Colony of Victoria Act 1855
political party or coalition
The Premier
The Premier of Victoria is the leader of the political party or coalition
Daniels
representatives elected to either house of parliament
17% to $8.7 billion
24%
32,463
more than 60% of the state's total land surface
60%
tourism
sports tourism
Melbourne
regional cities
SurfClassic
southern and central parts of France
one-eighth
1562 to 1598
the Edict of Nantes
granting of Nantes
unclear origins
Geneva
Besançon Hugues
Huguenot
1560
availability of the Bible in vernacular languages
1294
Guy de Moulin
1487
Paris
villes de sûreté
Montpellier
the Edict of 1598
1622
the Edict of 1598
Cape of Good Hope
Cape Town
Maria de la Queillerie
Dutch East India Company
1700
1624
Jessé de Forest
L' Église française à la Nouvelle-Amsterdam
L' Église française à la Nouvelle-Amsterdam
Bushwick
Charleston
Landgrave Edmund Bellinger
Pons
1697
Charleston
Stadtholder William III of Orange
King of England
League of Augsburg
Calvinist Dutch Republic
1672
Edict of Fontainebleau
Fontaineau (1685)
Edict of Fontaineau
500,000
The Catholic Church in France
Stholomew's Day massacre
5,000 to 30,000
their own militia
5,000 to 30,000 were killed
1621 and 1629
southwestern France
Louis XIII
Louis XIII
Huguenot rebellions
Approximately one million
2%
Alsace
the Cévennes mountain region
Australia
New York
New Rochelle
Huguenot Street Historic District
Huguenot Street Historic District
New York
Dutch Republic
75,000 to 100,000
ca. 2 million
Amsterdam and the area of West Frisia
the revocation of the Edict of Nantes
Huguon
Huguon
ghost of le roi Huguet
prétendus réformés
night
Kent
The Weavers
weavers
Sandwich, Faversham and Maidstone
The Weavers
Cork City
Dublin, Cork, Youghal and Waterford
Dublin
a High Sheriff
1696
brain drain
the North American front of the Seven Years' War
non-Catholics
the North American front of the Seven Years' War
1759-60
Navarre
1598
granted the Protestant churches in Catholic-controlled regions
the founding of new Protestant churches in Catholic-controlled regions
Protestantism
education of children as Catholics
prohibited emigration
Four thousand
"new converts"
New York and Virginia
Switzerland and the Netherlands
1555
Fort Coligny
1560
the Guanabara Confession of Faith
Afrikaans
wine
Western Cape province
Afrikaans-speaking
Paul Revere
Henry Laurens
Charleston
Manakin Episcopal Church
Texas
lace industry
'Bucks Point'
twenty-five widows who settled in Dover
first half of the eighteenth century
Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt
one-fifth
protest against the occupation of Prussia by Napoleon
1806-07
Fredericia (Denmark), Berlin, Stockholm, Hamburg, Frankfurt, Helsinki, and Emden
the Netherlands
the south
the Camisards
the Catholic Church
1702 and 1709
Jacksonville
Jean Ribault
Fort Caroline
French naval attack against the new Spanish colony at St. Augustine
September 1565
Charlesfort
Fort Caroline
Menéndez de Avilés
1564
The Wars of Religion
Lower Norfolk County
Lower Norfolk County
Manakintown
390
12 May 1705
1568–1609
The Dutch Republic
"Apologie" of William the Silent
William the Silent
Calvinist
the Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act
1708
50,000
Andrew Lortie
transubstantiation
William of Orange
William of Orange
Dublin, Cork, Portarlington, Lisburn, Waterford and Youghal
flax
linen
Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrücken
Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrücken
glass-making works
the 1890s
1604
the Dutch Republic, the Electorate of the Palatinate
they were accepted and allowed to worship freely.
Quebec
the Dutch Cape Colony
Huguenot émigrés
Hugues Capet
Hugues Capet, king of France
Janet Gray
little Hugos,
Gallicans and Protestants
Jacques Lefevre
University of Paris
1530
William Farel
Jean Cauvin (John Calvin)
24 August – 3 October 1572
Catholics
thousands
1573
25,000
Louis XIV
he imposed penalties, closed Huguenot schools and excluded them from favored professions
he sent missionaries, backed by a fund to financially reward converts to Catholicism
closed Huguenot schools
dragonnades
Westchester
New Rochelle
John Pell, Lord of Pelham Manor
La Rochelle
St. Paul's Episcopal Church
adapted quickly and often married outside their immediate French communities
married outside their immediate French communities
E.I. du Pont
nineteenth century
Eleutherian gunpowder mills
Pierre Bayle
Rotterdam
Historical and Critical Dictionary
US Library of Congress
Saint Nicolas
The French Protestant Church of London
1550
Soho Square
Shoreditch
17
Lutheran and Reformed states
Church of St. Peter and St. Paul, Angermünde
Edict of Potsdam
Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia
furnished two new regiments
Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg
Theodor Fontane
Luftwaffe General and fighter ace Adolf Galland
Lothar de Maizière
Federal Minister of the Interior
solar power
Rankine
steam within a boiler
high
external combustion engines
atmospheric engine
Thomas Newcomen
1712
atmospheric engine
Papin
the United Kingdom
21 February 1804
Abercynon in south Wales
south Wales
south
water pump
multi-stage centrifugal pumps
1850s
steam locomotives
lower-pressure boiler feed water
three or four
triple and quadruple expansion engines
19th
marine expansion engines
Olympic class
cams profiled
Joy
lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve
Lead fusible plugs
present in the crown of the boiler's firebox
manually suppress the fire
manually suppress the fire
dampening the fire
James Watt
rotary
ten
1883
Industrial Revolution
first century AD
Hero of Alexandria
Greek
Giovanni Branca
1606
compound engines
expansions
shipping
internal combustion engines
coal
steam turbines
late part
several hundred horsepower
90%
electric power
burning combustible materials
combustion chamber
solar energy
electric heating element
steam engine indicator
1851
Charles Richard
Charles Richard
London Exhibition
90°
180°
90°
(counterflow
two piston strokes
one rotation
four events
expansion
Quasiturbine
counterflow
an additional port uncovered by the piston
oscillating cylinder steam engine
true mounting (trunnion)
on ships
ships
recycled continuously
"open loop"
Mercury
recycled continuously
working fluid
565 °C
stainless steel
63%
30 °C
Steam engines
steamboats
Stanley Steamer
powering stations
an increase in the land available for cultivation
Catch Me Who Can
Matthew Murray
twin-cylinder
Middleton Railway
Stockton and Darlington Railway
Arthur Woolf
British
torque variability
bore
90%
reciprocating steam engines
gas turbines
reciprocating Diesel engines
reduction gearing
Rankine cycle
heat being removed in a condenser
1990s
biomass
Scottish
duty
17
about 7 million
94 pounds
Watt
reciprocating (piston) steam engines
Reciprocating piston type steam engines
turbine type steam engines
internal combustion engines
Thomas Savery
a water pump
1698
Bento de Moura Portugal
John Smeaton
Richard Trevithick
Richard Trevithick
182
transport
transport
energi AB in Sweden
Sweden
5-cylinder engine
4 kgwatt hour
26-30%
surface condensers
automobile radiator
water is costly
dry type cooling tower
3600
centrifugal governor
Boulton
Boulton & Watt
cotton spinning
handle smaller variations such as those caused by fluctuating heat load to the boiler
1880
railway locomotives
complicated
1930
road engines
shortening the cutoff
kick back
evacuate the cylinder, choking it and giving excessive compression ("kick back")
fixed length
imo de Ayanz y Beaumont
Spanish
1606
1698
1712
rotating discs
drive shaft
static discs
turbine casing
3600 revolutions per minute (RPM)
power-to-weight ratio
electric motors
steam turbine plant
Advanced Steam movement
pollution
Wankel engine
the cylinders and valve gear
thermal
1775
a separate condenser
half as John Smeaton's improved version
Newcomen's
partial vacuum generated by condensing steam
two independent mechanisms
a plug valve
adjustable spring-loaded
a seal illegally
more power from the engine
Corliss steam engine
1849
30% less steam
four-valve
Rumford medal
thermodynamic theory
Watt
the separate condenser
Joseph Black
latent heat
little work is required to drive the pump
in its liquid phase
1% to 3%
1500 °C
injector
recover the latent heat of vaporisation
superheaters
bunker
screw stoker
feed water
British
dreadnought battleships
dreadnought battleships, and ocean liners
1905
heating water
turbine connected to an electrical generator
electrical generator
turbo-electric transmission
U.S.A.
Carnot cycle
in the condenser
stant pressure
isothermal
as a liquid not as a gas
8
helium
two atoms
half
Diatomic oxygen gas
20.8%
Oxygen
8
downward trend
hydrogen and helium
8
chalcogen group
oxides
third-most abundant
dioxygen
photosynthesis
sunlight
high-altitude ozone layer
oxygen
water
photosynthesis
water
allotrope
Robert Boyle
John Mayow
nitroaereus
1679
Robert Boyle
Spiritus nitroaereus
17th
respiration
John Mayow
Priestley
clergyman
logisticated air
mercuric oxide (HgO)
mercuric oxide
dephlogisticated air
1775
given priority in the discovery
more active
Leonardo da Vinci
Philo of Byzantium
2nd century BCE
Philo of Byzantium
Philo of Byzantium
fire
Pneumatica
Leonardo da Vinci
air
ignition event
the source of most of the chemical energy
Combustion hazards
Oxygen
ignition
oxidant
rapid combustion
most of the chemical energy
dichromates
pure O 2
Steel pipes and storage vessels
at slightly more than atmospheric pressure
Concentrated O 2
combustion
ignition sources are minimized
special training
Apollo 1 crew
silicates
carbon dioxide
mantle, of much larger mass than the crust
carbon dioxide
crustal rock
mantle
mantle
silicates of magnesium and iron
monatomic
simplest atomic ratios
HO, giving the atomic mass of oxygen as 8 times that of hydrogen
hydrogen
Amedeo Avogadro
phlogiston
non-combustible substances that corrode, such as iron
metals, too, gain weight in rusting
metals
lighter
covalent double bond
filling of molecular orbitals
filling of molecular orbitals
chemically bonded to each other
filling of molecular orbitals
1773 or earlier
1774
his work was published first
Antoine Lavoisier
combustion and corrosion
degenerate
triplet oxygen
unpaired electrons
spontaneous
antibonding
trapped air
the same as the weight of the air that rushed back in
air rushed in when he opened the container
1777
azote
Trioxygen
Trioxygen
lung tissue
protective radiation shield
UV
dioxygen, O 2
dioxygen, O 2
dioxygen, O 2
energy content
cellular respiration
James Dewar
1891
1895
oxyacetylene
Oxygen
temperature-dependent
6.04 milliliters (mL)
20 °C
twice as much
most abundant chemical element
third most abundant chemical element
0.9%
world's oceans
ultraviolet radiation
19th
compressing and cooling
Louis Paul Cailletet
a few drops
March 29, 1883
the Sun
oxygen-16
Genesis
unknown process depleted oxygen-16 from the Sun's disk of protoplanetary material
Earth
Singlet oxygen
common molecules
photosynthesis
photolysis of ozone by light of short wavelength
tissues
Paleoclimatologists
oxygen-18 and oxygen-16
12% heavier
oxygen-18
lower global temperatures
687 and 760 nm
carbon cycle
satellite platform
global
remote sensing
paramagnetic
liquid oxygen
unpaired electrons
magnetic
laboratory
superoxide ion (O− 2)
destroy invading microbes
pathogen attack
anaerobic
2.5 billion years ago
90.20 K (−182.95 °C, −297.31 °F)
light sky-blue color
fractional distillation of liquefied air
liquid nitrogen
combustible
solution in the world's water bodies
lower temperatures
higher oxygen content
algae
biochemical oxygen demand
3.5 billion years ago
Paleoic eon
banded iron formations
1.7 billion years ago
1.7 billion years ago
the oxygen cycle
biogeochemical
three main reservoirs on Earth
photosynthesis
oxygen
pressure swing adsorption
93%
nitrogen
non-cryogenic
90% to 93%
Oxygen
molecular oxygen and hydrogen
DC electricity
oxides and hydrogen
chemical oxygen generators
recreational use
doubtful
enriched O 2 mixtures
placebo effect
aerobic exercise
decompression sickness (the 'bends')
carbon monoxide from the heme group of hemoglobin
anaerobic bacteria
Decompression sickness
Oxygen therapy
heart
Oxygen therapy
respiration
gaseous oxygen
electronegativity
chemical bonds
FeO
chemical bonds
corrosion
cabin depressurization
gas is then produced by the exothermic reaction.
exothermic
oxygen gas
high pressure
oxy-fuel
more cylinders containing the compressed gas
stored and shipped in smaller cylinders containing the compressed gas
hospitals
organic solvents
ROH
feeder materials
Epoxides
important organic compounds
organic compounds with biological relevance
a few common biomolecules
carbohydrates
proteins
bones
pulmonary fibrosis
pulmonary fibrosis
Exposure to a O 2 partial pressures
oxygen toxicity
seizures
breathing pure O 2 in space applications, such as in some modern space suits
30 kPa
1.4 times
no damage
marginally more than normal sea-level O 2 partial pressure
elevated partial pressures
50 kilopascals
50% oxygen composition at standard pressure
gas (O 2)
30%–50%
October 1973
US$3 per barrel
1979
second oil shock
the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC
to avoid being targeted by the boycott
multilateral negotiations
January 18, 1974
March
August 15, 1971
rise and fall according to market demand
oil was priced in dollars
September 1971
priced in dollars, oil producers' real income decreased
less than two percent per year
1971
1974
the oil shock
October 6, 1973
Iran
ten times more
Iran
[the price of oil] is going to rise
American aid to Israel
October 16, 1973
the embargo, a cut in production by five percent from September's output
$2.2 billion
a "principal hostile country"
over 100 billion dollars
violent Sunni extremist groups
the Middle East
shrinking Western demand
Wahhabism
excessive inflation
the USSR
1973
Kissinger
embargo
automobiles
Macroeconomic
Arctic
five to ten years
Netherlands
America
UK
Israelis
Ted Heath
Germany, Italy, Switzerland and Norway
a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers
1973–74
Germany, Italy, Switzerland and Norway
Sweden
Price controls
investment
greater scarcity
rationing
William E. Simon
1973
coordinate the response to the embargo
20%
Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act
Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act
Bill Clinton
November 28, 1995
1977
The energy crisis
market and technology realities
congresses and presidents
U.S.
British
10 years
the American occupation would need to last 10 years as the West developed alternative energy
Japan
71%
change its noninvolvement policy
November 22,
December 25
Afghanistan
Saudi Arabia and Iran
Saudi Arabia
January 1979
November 1979
Toyota Corolla
Japanese
V8 and six cylinder engines
Japanese
1973 oil crisis
Toyota Corona Mark II
passenger space
cura
Toyota Hilux and the Datsun Truck
Dodge D-50
Ford, Chrysler, and GM
import policy
An increase in imported cars into North America
at least four
1985
Cadillac DeVille
GM Bel Air, and Ford Galaxie 500
1979
1981
1974 Mustang I
1981
1973
recover market share
$40 per barrel
Project Mercury
Apollo
1968
John F. Kennedy
two-man Project Gemini (1962–66)
1961 to 1972
Gemini missions
the Soviet Union
Skylab
1967
manned lunar landing
Budget cuts
Five
prevented by an oxygen tank explosion in transit to the Moon
Apollo 8
Apollo 17
842 pounds
technology incidental to rocketry and manned spaceflight
three
three
NASA manager Abe Silverstein
manned lunar landings
1960
1960
Maxime Faget
three
Hugh L. Dryden
John F. Kennedy
Soviet Union
massive financial commitment required by a manned Moon landing
James E. Webb
missle gap
Yuri Gagarin
Soviet
one day
circumspect
April 20
Lyndon B. Johnson
one week
we are neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary
Robert R. Gilruth
Langley Research Center
Houston, Texas
Rice University
Florida
Merritt Island
Kurt H. Debus
Director
Kennedy
at least three
Apollo spacecraft
250,000 feet
130 million cubic foot (3.7 million cubic meter)
George E. Mueller
July 23, 1963
Brainerd Holmes
Mueller
Air Force missile projects
Air Force
Bernard A. Schriever
January 1964, until it achieved the first manned landing in July 1969
Apollo Program Director
a rendezvous
1961
Robert Seamans
Nicholas E. Golovin
July 1961
Manned Spacecraft Center
Joseph Shea
Manned Spacecraft Center
Jersner
Golovin
NASA
July 11, 1962
Wiesner
"No, that's no good"
Lunar Excursion Module
Grumman
a "lifeboat"
spacecraft to be used as a "lifeboat"
propulsion, electrical power and life support
1964
cone-shaped
Command/Service Module
two men
three astronauts
ocean
ablative heat shield
Parachutes
5,560
A cylindrical Service Module (SM)
high-gain S-band
The Service Module was discarded
51,300
an orbital scientific instrument package
North American Aviation
about twice the thrust
1964
Saturn V
two
aerodynamic considerations
15,100 kg
3 days
Wernher von Braun
the Army
June 11, 1962
dummy upper stages filled with water
1964 and 1965
Pegasus satellites
frency and severity of micrometeorite impacts
Saturn IB
2 stage replaced the S-IV with the S-IVB
third stage
40,000 pounds (18,100 kg)
Saturn V
33 feet
3
burned liquid hydrogen
Mercury and Gemini veterans
two
Harrison Schmitt
Apollo 17
Schmitt participated in the lunar geology training
32
Distinguished Service Medal
1969
Walter M. Schirra, Donn Eisele, and Walter Cunningham
Apollo 8
1966
265.7 nautical miles
(1,142.9
Service Module engine and the Command Module heat shield
unmanned LM
Apollo spacesuit
visor helmet
water-cooled
Lunar Module Pilot
Deke Slayton
Gemini and Apollo programs
1966
Deke Slayton
Chaffee
the validation of the CSM would be accomplished on the 14-day first flight
August 1967
Saturn IB
Apollo 1 backup crew
Samuel Phillips
tiger team
1967
Manned Space Administrator George Mueller
the altitude chamber
Grissom, White, and Chaffee
launch countdown
altitude chamber
a strange odor
January 27, 1967
sealing of the hatch
a strange odor
oxygen
NASA Administrator Webb
Harrison Storms
Webb
NASA immediately
nitrogen/oxygen
flammable cabin and space suit materials
Block I plug-type hatch cover
NASA discontinued the manned Block I spacecraft only for unmanned Saturn V flights
fire-resistant Block II
lunar orbital survey missions
successfully accomplished
letters
Apollo 4 (AS-501)
Block I CSM
April 4, 1968
a third unmanned test
Apollo 5
pad 37
Grumman
successfully test-fired and restarted
fire-in-the-hole
Saturn V
Zond 5
Christmas Eve
orbit the Moon
human cosmonauts
Gemini
July 1969
black-and-white television
Armstrong, Michael Aldrin
July 24
Apollo 12
Surveyor 3
removed some parts
accidentally pointed into the Sun
Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV)
Block II spacesuit
eight
over three days
Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV)
a liquid oxygen tank exploded
Commander
grounded
oxygen tank
April 1970
Apollo 20
shrink
museum exhibits
1971
extremely old
3.2 billion years
KREEP
Genesis Rock
thick atmosphere
impact process effects
materials melted near an impact crater
$170 billion
15
$20.4 billion
Apollo Extension Series
Apollo Applications Program
Venus
1973
on the ground
February 8, 1974
an Apollo Telescope Mount, the solar telescope
NASA's robotic Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
Apollo 11
unknown
Apollo 8
Genesis
one-quarter
inspiring end
Apollo TV
incompatible
a magnetic tape shortage
newer satellite data
Stan Lebar
Nafzger
processed to remove random noise and camera shake without destroying historical legitimacy
kiscope recordings
Lowry Digital
conservative digital enhancements
primary law, secondary law and supplementary law
a body of treaties and legislation, such as Regulations and Directives
Treaties establishing the European Union
regulations and directives
European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
a body of treaties and legislation, such as Regulations and Directives
indirect effect
primary law, secondary law and supplementary law
European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
primary law, secondary law and supplementary law
Treaties establishing the European Union
European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
three
the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union
the courts of member states
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
The European Court of Justice
case law by the Court of Justice
member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
The European Court of Justice
case law by the Court of Justice
the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union
the courts of member states
The European Court of Justice
case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles
Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
The European Commission
citizens
The European Court of Justice
European Court of Justice
TEU
Faroe Islands
interpret the Treaties, but it cannot rule on their validity, which is subject to international law
if the Treaty provisions have a direct effect and they are sufficiently clear, precise and unconditional.
as soon as they enter into force
Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
Gibraltar and the Åland islands
as soon as they enter into force
The Court of Justice of the European Union
common rules for coal and then atomic energy
Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992
1985
Norway did not end up joining
Greenland
common rules for coal and steel
1992
1986
1972
1985
Following the Nice Treaty
France and the referendum in the Netherlands
formally an amending treaty
an amending treaty
alter treaties
constitutional law of the European Union
to reform the constitutional law of the European Union
the 2004 Treaty
the Lisbon Treaty
The European Commission
The European Commission
The Commission's President
one
Federica Mogherini
Article 17(2)
The Commission's President (currently an ex-Luxembourg Prime Minister, Jean-Claude Juncker)
by a simple majority vote
Ireland
Commissioners
Santer Commission
not break any law
a Committee of Independent Experts
the European Council
not have voting rights
1999
Commission v Edith Cresson
a Committee of Independent Experts
European Anti-fraud Office
2012
European Parliament and the Parliament of the European Union
initiate legislation against the Commission's wishes
every five years
"qualified majorities" or consensus of the Council are required to legislate.
European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
the Commission
European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
1979
every five years
European People's Party
different ministers of the member states
former Poland Prime Minister Donald Tusk
weighted inversely to member state
352
260
the Council
six months
352
if not consensus
vote by a majority of all MEPs
qualified majority
harder
TEU articles 4 and 5
Court of Justice
article 294
a majority in Parliament, a minority in the Commission
4 and 5
a "Conciliation Committee"
judicial branch
the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)
28
member state courts
sure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed
assuming the task of interpreting the treaties
the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)
Civil Service Tribunal
three years
sure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed
EU law
the nationalisation law was from 1962, and the treaty was in force
1962, and the treaty was in force
European Court of Justice and the highest national courts
1964
Court of Justice
EU law
foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights
1972
the ultimate authority of member states, its factual commitment to human rights, and the democratic will of the people.
if the EU does not comply with its basic constitutional rights
administrative law
1986
general principles of law, or fundamental rights are engaged
constitutional law
Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen
article 30
a postal company
‘directly applicable in all Member States’
the Treaties and Regulations
at least 4 weeks
28
early 1990s
the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws
the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws
10 years, from age 18 to 28,
Pubblico Ministero v Ratti
28
Fourth, national courts
incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons.
set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages
6 million Lira
the European Court of Justice
fundamental rights (see human rights), proportionality, legal certainty, equality before the law and subsidiarity.
1950s
Article 5
least onerous
since the 1960s
European Union law
a proper legal basis
legal certainty and good faith
constitutional traditions common to the member states
fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states
None
member states
1950
the European Court of Human Rights
1999
12 December 2007
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
European Union law
European Court of Justice
Treaty of Amsterdam
1989
1989
30
40
11
The UK
Social Chapter
1992
the election of the UK Labour Party to government
1997
Works Council Directive
1996
workforce consultation in businesses
France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany
1951
cartels
article 66
1957
Article 101(1)
abuse of dominant position, such as price discrimination
Articles 106 and 107
Article 102
2007
since the Treaty of Rome 1957
consumer prices
free movement of goods
the Court of Justice
a customs union, and the principle of non-discrimination
parallel importers
private actors
Commission v France
any, in France French farmer vigilantes were continually sabotaging shipments of Spanish strawberries
25 per cent
France
2003
cocoa butter
cocoate
Keck and Mithouard
prevent cut throat competition, not to hinder trade
Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini
Commercial Practices
people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement.
the European Community
citizenship
Steymann v
to stay, so long as there was at least an "indirect quid pro quo"
articles 1 to 7
Jean-Marc Bosman
Gaelic
Angonese v Cassa di Risparmio di Bolzano
45
Citizenship of the EU
social services that people can access wherever they move
Commission v Austria
higher education
Functioning of the European Union
non-discriminatory
Reyners v Belgium
49
Commission v
2006
shipping toxic waste
October 2007
2005
people who give services "for remuneration"
Dutch law said only people established in the Netherlands could give legal advice
the Netherlands' regulation of cannabis consumption
treatment
Daily Mail
£1
£1
creditor
Overseering BV v Nordic Construction
Amazonia or the Amazon Jungle
5,500,000 square kilometres (2,100,000 sq mi)
nine
four
half
Amazoneregenwoud
Amazonia
Brazil
half
16,000 species
moist broadleaf
7,000,000 square kilometres
nine
Brazil
390 billion
tropical
Climate fluctuations
Oligocene
glacial maximum
the rainforest still managed to thrive
extinction of the dinosaurs
45°
Climate fluctuations
Oligocene
expanded again
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
Middle Miocene
Middle Miocene
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction
34 million years
along the middle of the continent by the Purus Arch
toward the Atlantic
Solimões Basin
5–10 million years
the easterly
mid-Eocene
Atlantic
the Pacific
Amazonas Basin
Solimões Basin
mid-Eocene
middle
the Atlantic
the Pacific
Solimões Basin
Last Glacial Maximum
rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present
rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refugia separated by open forest
difficult to resolve because the practical limitations of working in the rainforest
reasonably well supported by the available data
21,000
Last Glacial Maximum
sediment deposits
reduced tropical vegetation cover
21,000 years
sediment deposits
moist tropical vegetation
open forest
practicals of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin
NASA'sCALSO satellite
182 million
1,600
Amazon
132 million
NASA's CALIPSO satellite
182 million tons
27.7 million tons
132 million tons
43 million tons
NASA's CALIPSO satellite
NASA
182 million tons
1,600
27.7 million
Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise
0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre
agriculture
anthropological findings
5 million
poor soil
Betty Meggers
0.2
Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise
Betty Meggers
Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise
0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre
5 million
less than 200,000
Francisco de Orellana
the 1540s
the spread of diseases from Europe
between AD 0–1250
AD 0–1250
Francisco de Orellana
1542
AD 0–1250
Ondemar Dias
11,000
black earth
black earth
agriculture and silviculture
Xingu
Michael Heckenberger and colleagues of the University of Florida
Terra preta
agriculture and silviculture
Xingu
Michael Heckenberger
roads, bridges and large plazas
2.5 million
One in five
tens of plants
one in five
between 96,660 and 128,843
2.5 million
2,000
tens of thousands
378
One in five
a quarter square kilometer (62 acres)
1,100
90,790
356 ± 47 tonnes per hectare
438,000
highest
1,100
90,790
356 ± 47 tonnes
438,000 species
eels
black caiman
piranha
lipophilic alkaloid toxins
Vampire bats
slash and burn method
1960s
slash and burn
loss of soil fertility and weed invasion
cleared of forest are visible to the naked eye
587,000
587,000
livestock pasture
second-largest
91%
soy farmers
increased settlement and deforestation
7,343
declined significantly
18%
biodiversity
destruction of the forest
loss of biodiversity
1.1 × 1011 metric tonnes
0.62 ± 0.37
severed rainfall and increased temperatures
greenhouse gas
2100
the 21st century
climate change
indigenous
community-based
deforestation and ecocide
the Urarina
lowland
remote sensing
Tribe
southern Suriname
strengthen their territorial claims
protect their tribal lands from commercial interests
growth stages
carbon related emissions
Tatiana Kuplich
2006
Synthetic aperture radar
2005
Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research
deforestation
savanna or desert
Woods Hole Research Center
2010
1,160,000 square miles
three epicenters
2005
1.5 gigatons
comb jellies
marine
1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)
phylum of animals that live in marine
cilia
water flow through the body cavity
1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)
groups of cilia which they use for swimming
comb jellies
1.5 m (4 ft)
water flow through the body cavity
comb
marine
ten times their own weight
100–150
another 25
100–150
tentilla
ten times their own weight
tentacles and prey on other ctenophores
stiffened cilia
ten times their own weight
egg-shaped bodies
stiffened cilia
sticky cells
100–150
hermaphrodites
miniaturippids
juveniles are capable of reproduction before reaching the adult size and shape.
can fertilize its own egg, not needing a mate
produce both eggs and sperm at the same time
sequential hermaphrodites
platyctenids
hermaphroditism and early reproduction
a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm
produce both eggs and sperm at the same time
eggs and sperm mature at different times
platyctenids
, and the platyctenids
Black Sea
Mnemiopsis
long-term environmental changes
fish larvae
Mnemiopsis
fish larvae
bays
bays
marine food chains
Mnemiopsis
causing fish stocks to collapse
Beroe preys on other ctenophores
66 million years ago
monophyletic
515 million years ago
many more comb-rows than modern forms
515 million years ago
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction
monophyletic
tentacles
cnidarians
colloblasts, which are sticky and adhere to prey
bilaterians
Ctenophores
ctenophores
cnidarians
sensory
Ctenophores
ctenophores and cnidarians
bilaterians
mesoglea
triploblastic
ctenophores
sponges
cilia
locomotion
"ctenes,"
"comb-bearing"
Pleurobrachia
Pleurobrachia, Beropsis
withstand waves and swirling sediment particles
Pleurobrachia, Beropsis
epithelium, the gastrodermis
bioluminescence
pharynx
a mouth that can usually be closed by muscles
mouth and pharynx
swimming-plates
"ctenes" or "comb plates"
the extra compact filament is suspected to have a supporting function
the mouth is pointing
2 millimeters (0.079 in)
osmotic pressure
the mesoglea
increase its bulk and decrease its density, to avoid sinking
pump water out of the mesoglea
aboral organ
the opposite end from the mouth
transparent dome made of long, immobile cilia
statocyst
balancers
goberry
extends a pair of long, slender tentacles
spherical
sheath
the narrow end
tentilla
specialized mushroom-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis
striated muscle, a cell type otherwise unknown in the phylum Ctenophora
three
capturing prey
eight
near the body
even round the body
ciliary groove
lobes
muscular, cuplike extensions of the body that project beyond the mouth
four auricles
direct microscopic prey toward the mouth
suspended planktonic prey
clapping their lobes
the jet of expelled water drives backwards very quickly
nerves
nerves
Nuda
The Beroida, also known as Nuda
forming intercellular connections
tight closure streamlines the front of the animal
pharynx
Cestida
Cestum veneris
belt animals
undulating their bodies
Velamen parallelum
tentilla-bearing tentacles
a muscular "foot"
comb-rows
rocks, algae
pores in the epidermis
internal fertilization
Mnemiopsis
internal canal network under the comb rows
internal
tentacles and tentacle sheaths
among the plankton
In the genus Beroe
true larvae
Beroe
secretions (ink) that luminesce at much the same wavelengths as their bodies
the same wavelengths as their bodies
pinkesce at much the same wavelengths as their bodies
juveniles
no vegetarians and only one genus that is partly parasitic
jellyfish
incorporate their prey's nematocysts (stinging cells) into their own tentacles
salt and mollus and crustacean larvae
Lampea
low ratio of organic matter to salt and water
kellyfish
other ctenophores
Red Sea
ctenophores
eating both fish larvae and small crustaceans
ballast tanks
the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata
late 1980s
slowed the animal's metabolism
their soft, gelatinous bodies
comb jelly
mid-Cambrian
Three
tentacles
515 million years ago
Stromatoveris
Stromatoveris
Vendobionta
Ediacaran period
Bilateria
Porifera (sponges)
beroids
monophyletic
65.5 million years ago
Richard Harbison
Fresno
220 miles (350 km)
ash tree
an ash leaf
ash tree" in Spanish
1872
convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding
1885
47
Central Pacific Railroad
2.7%
Chinatown
Pinedale
North Fresno
assembly center
BankAmericard
BankAmericard
revolve a balance
1976
Visa Inc
Bill Aken
Bob Gallion
Madera
The Fresno Barn
Lupe Mayorga
three
Roeding Park
Kearney Park
Woodward Park
Kearney Park
1880s
Fresno County Courthouse (demolished)
San Joaquin Light & Power Building
Hughes Hotel
1964
Fulton Mall
Pierre-Auguste Renoir
near their current locations
wide sidewalks (up to 28' on the east side of the street)
Chestnut Avenue
Kings Canyon and Clovis Avenue
1950s through the 1970s
Sunnyside
William P. Bell
Tower Theatre
1939
water tower
Fresno Normal School
one-half mile
1970s
second and third run movies, along with classic films
1978
Fresno
Evita and The Wiz
live theater
a few hundred feet
Tower District
Tower District
Tower District
twentieth century
Storybook houses
contrasts with the newer areas of tract homes
decades
Huntington Boulevard
William Stranahan
1914
267
Fresno Traction Company
Southwest Fresno
southwest
African-American
Hmong or Laotian
Downtown Fresno
M. Theo Kearney
tall palm trees
Fresno Street and Thorne Ave
Brookhaven
"Dogg Pound"
between the 1960s and 1990s
Fresno
Foster Farms
West Side
very little
Ralph Woodward
300 acres (1.2 km2)
2,500
22 miles (35 km) between Highway 99 and Friant Dam
April through October
1946
Developer William Smilie
Sierra Sky Park
automobiles
numerous such communities across the United States and around the world.
hot and dry
July
11.5 inches (292.1 mm)
northwest
December, January and February
115 °F
January 6, 1913
1885
2.2 inches
3.55 inches (90.2 mm)
494,665
30.0%
8,525 (1.7%)
30.0%
4,404.5
158,349
7.4%
1,388
3.62
3.07
427,652
149,025
8.4%
a third
4,097.9 people per square mile
interference
KMJ-TV
June 1, 1953
NBC affiliate KSEE
KGPE
State Route 99
Sierra Freeway
State Route 41
west
Fresno
1950s
State Route 99
signage, lane width, median separation, vertical clearance
Amtrak San Joaquins
Downtown Fresno
Bakersfield-Stockton mainlines of the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad
San Joaquin Valley Railroad
Fresno
Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages
contradicted the theretofore established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidth
coining the modern name packet switching
Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
to provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages
Donald Davies
circuit switching
a fee per unit of connection time
pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth
circuit switching
dedicated network bandwidth
a fee per unit of connection
fee per unit of connection
with or without intermediate forwarding nodes
intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-out buffering
a multiple access scheme
with or without intermediate forwarding nodes
intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-out buffering
a multiple access scheme
distributed adaptive message block switching
distributed adaptive message block switching
use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points
store and forward switching
a general architecture for a large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network
forward switching
distributed adaptive message block switching
decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points
the same message routing methodology
packet switching
build a nationwide network in the UK
use in the ARPANET
Donald Davies
packet switching
use in the ARPANET
complete addressing information
The packets are routed individually
a destination address, source address, and port numbers
the original message/data is reassembled in the correct order, based on the packet sequence number
The packet header can be small,
Routing a packet requires the connection id in a table
a connection identifier
a setup phase in each involved node before any packet is transferred to establish the parameters of communication
a handshake between the communicating parties before any user packets are transmitted
Frame Relay is a modified version of ISDN's layer two
to provide a standardized interface into and out of packet networks
X.25 does it at the network layer of the OSI Model
ARPANET and SITA HLN became operational in 1969
division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core
UDP) is an example of a datagram model
protocol
a plug-n-play system
local area networks to be established ad hoc
addresses
plug-play system
HORES packet switching network was a French research network
to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data
to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data
ARPANET architecture
a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation
connect two PDP-11 minicomputers
a seven-layer OSI-compliant networking protocol
OSI-compliant networking protocol
a data network based on this voice-phone network
the world's first commercial online service
used a computer service bureaus, offering batch processing
a time-sharing system
Michigan Educational Research Information Triad to explore computer networking between three of Michigan's public universities
connections to the CDC mainframe at Michigan State University in East Lansing
Merit's role in the mid-1980s
FCC-licensed public data network
former ARPA IPTO director Larry Roberts
Telenet was the first FCC-licensed public data network
ARPANET
sold to GTE
an international data communications network headquartered in San Jose, CA
X.25/.75 gateways
dial-up connections or dedicated async connections
build their own dedicated networks
to reach locations not on the private network
two kinds
Bell Northern Research
interconnection of national X.25 networks
Australia's first public packet-switched data network
on-line betting, financial applications
linking a permanent X.25 node to the network
the public switched data network operated by the Dutch PTT Telecom
Datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via leased lines
the public PAD service Telepad
this use of the name was incorrect
The Computer Science Network (CSNET)
extend networking benefits
The Computer Science Network
a not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium
Level 3 Communications
Abilene
Level 3 Communications
Abilene
The National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) was a program of coordinated, evolving projects
advanced research and education networking
to link researchers to the nation's supercomputing centers
Very high-speed Backbone Network Service
high-speed Backbone Network Service
MCI Telecommunications
vBNS had grown to connect more than 100 universities
(2.5 Gbit/s) IP links in February 1999
the arid plains of Central Asia
30–60% of Europe's total
30–60%
17th century
19th century
plague disease, caused by Yersinia pestis
1338–39
China
1331
an estimated 25 million
Genoese traders
Jani Beg
infected corpses
Sicily and the south of Europe
several existing conditions such as war, famine, and weather
northwest
Italy
isolated alpine villages throughout the continent
Germany and Scandinavia
1349
serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures
autumn 1347
through the port's trade with Constantinople
the north
Gasquet
atra mors
Gasquet
1823
Scandinavia
bad air
the king of France
Miasma theory
Miasma theory
Yersinia pestis
Hong Kong
Alexandre Yersin
mechanism by which Y. pestis was usually transmitted
two populations of rodents
Francis Aidan Gasquet
the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague
1908
the 'Great Pestilence'
the Justinian plague
30–75%
high fevers
80 percent
90 to 95 percent
high fevers
October 2010
Yersinia pestis
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques
south of France and Germany
Yersinia pestis
ancestral to modern Y. pestis strains Y. p. orientalis
Y. p. orientalis
the plague may have entered Europe in two waves
November 1347
1349
been confirmed and amended
East Smithfield
ancestral
October 2011
zoologist Graham Twigg
rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague
contemporary accounts were exaggerations
zoologist
Samuel K. Cohn, Jr.
an epidemiological account
the lack of reliable statistics
over 100%
the clergy
1377
the DNA results may be flawed
marginal significance
too cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas
faster
5 to 15
cause was a form of anthrax
thought it may have been a combination of anthrax and other pandemics
typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections
a type of "blood poisoning"
25 bodies
as 50%
Half of Paris's population
pre-planning
as 50%
isolated areas
14th to 17th centuries
the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671
almost a million
propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million
end of 1350
as much as 10–15%
1665
40,000 people
Russia
Italian Plague of 1629–1631
1654
22
1.7 million
half of Naples' 300,000
1.25 million
Sweden v. Russia and allies
1720
1500 and 1850
30 to 50 thousand inhabitants
the second quarter of the 19th century
two-thirds
melt (magma and/or lava)
metamorphic
magma
sedimentary, and metamorphic
heat and pressure
seafloor
crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle
asthenosphere
the convection of the mantle
1960s
divergent boundaries
convergent boundaries
San Andreas fault system
Alfred Wegener
convecting
seismic waves
a crust and lithosphere
410 and 660 kilometers
wave speeds
a crust and inner core
compresses the most recent era
the Quaternary
Holocene
the Quaternary period
cross-cutting relationships
younger
the key bed
younger
xenoliths
magma or lava flows
clasts
inclusions (or clasts) are found in a formation
gravel
faunal succession
William Smith
complex
faunal succession
Charles Darwin
20th century
stratigraphic
absolute ages
one
fossil ages
Thermochemical techniques
closure temperature
isotope ratios
Dating of lava and volcanic ash layers
horizontal compression
shallow crust
antiforms
antiforms
anticlines
Extension
boudins
Maria Fold and Thrust Belt
metamorphosed
normal faults
Dikes
in large numbers in areas that are being actively deformed
topographic gradients
Continual motion along the fault
Deformattional
layered basaltic lava flows
metamorphosed
sedimentary rocks
Cambrian time
northwestern Canada
rocks
sedimentary layers
positions of rock units and their deformation
soils, rivers, landscapes, and glaciers
identifying rocks in the laboratory
interference properties
geochemical evolution of rock units
in the laboratory
electron microprobe
perform high temperature and pressure physical experiments
perform high temperature and pressure physical experiments
metamorphic processes
Structural
microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections
plot and combine measurements
analog and numerical
orogenic wedges
orogenic wedges
sand
orogenic wedge
numericals model
stratigraphers
geophysical
well logs
computer programs
water, coal, and hydrocarbon
provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition
biostratigraphers
Magnetic stratigraphers
Geochronologists
Persia
Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni
Shen Kuo
Ibn Sina
fossil animal shells
James Hutton
Theory of the Earth
1795
Theory of the Earth
William Maclure
1809
1807
Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map
American Philosophical Society
Principles of Geology
uniformitarianism
Darwin
catastrophism
Charles Lyell
103 miles
8.5 mi
Eurocities network
Northumberland
Geordie
Robert Curthose, William the Conqueror's eldest son
wool trade
coal mining area
16th century
the Great North Run
Pons Aelius
River Tyne
2,000
Hadrian's Wall
Pictish tribes
England
Elizabeth
25-foot (7.6 m)
William the Lion
Newcastle was successfully defended against the Scots three times
coal from Tyne
Hostmen
a pointless pursuit
an eccentric
ruin him
their families
export to London and elsewhere.
one-third
one-third
devastating loss
the King
the Scots
drummes
riumphing by a brave defence
Charles I
urbanization of the city
Maling company
to be lit up by electric lighting
central to the city's prosperity
the steam turbine
medieval
Narrow alleys
Stairs
modern buildings as well as structures dating from the 15th–18th centuries
a restaurant situated at a Grade I-listed 16th century merchant's house at 28–30 Close
Tyneside Classical
England's best-looking city
Grey Street
the 1960s
Shopping Centre
Town Moor
graze cattle
Hoppings funfair
June
Honorary freemen
Large-scale regeneration
Gateshead Council
Norman Foster
to spearhead the regeneration of the North-East
ten days
Grainger Town area
between 1835 and 1842
vertical dormers
244
Butcher Market
1835
2000
a grand dinner attended by 2000 guests
English Heritage
oceanic (Köppen Cfb)
warming
rain shadow
August 1990
the remainder of the British Isles
2010
Eldon Square
Newcastle store Bainbridge's
department, giving birth to the name department store
March 2007
shopping destinations
suburban shopping areas
Tesco store
the MetroCentre
Gateshead
The Tyneside flat
terraces
the Ouseburn valley
Architects
high density
7.8%
the highest of the five colour-coded brackets at 5.9%
overinflated
overinflated markets
Tunbridge Wells
2001
metropolitan
student population
Northumbria Universities
student populations
37.8
Scottish or Irish ancestors
Border Reiver surnames
500 and 2,000
1%
Geordie
Geordie
many elements
the forerunner
"larn" (from the Anglo-Saxon "laeran", meaning "teach")
Scandinavia
Northern United Kingdom
Scots
"Canny"
Dutch gooien, via West Frisian
a report
noisiest
80.4
negative long-term impact on the health
motorway underpass without pedestrian access
Collingwood Street
a new indoor complex
12-screen
'The Pink Triangle'
bars, cafés and clubs
theatre
Stephen Kemble
celebrated seasons
21 January 1788
Grey Street
theatres
Theatre Royal
Royal Shakespeare Company
local talent
the arts capital of the UK
The Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne
8000
Benjamin Green
‘conversation club,’ its lecture theatre
Joseph Swan
Newcastle Beer Festival
May
March
NewcastleGateshead
2 weeks
Hoppings
June
Temperance Movement
cycling festival
Northern Pride Festival
Newcastle Mela
Sagehead Music and Arts Centre
Design Event
an East Asian cultural festival
NewcastleGateshead
folk-rock
1971
Venom
Skyclad
Duran
November 2006 and May 2008
Old Town Hall
three
Classic
Old Town Hall
Newcastle
Tyneside's shipbuilding heritage
shipbuilding
2009
Seven Stories
the Night of the Fire (1939)
Get Carter
gangster
Mike Figgis
Tommy Lee Jones, Melanie Griffith, Sting and Sean Bean
Gosforth Park
Newcastle Eagles
Newcastle Diamonds
Brough Park in Byker
Blaydon Race
6 miles (9.7 km)
the Metro Light Rail system
20 minutes
five million
over 90
Victorian architecture
six
Victoria
Robert Stephenson
Manors
three hours
three hours
Edinburgh
CrossCountry
Northern Rail
the Tyne and Wear Metro
five phases
deep-level tunnels
bridge
37 million
'Metro: All Change
smarting
tracks, signalling and overhead wires
procurement of an entirely new fleet of trains
trams as opposed to the current light rail trains
the A1 (Gateshead Newcastle Western Bypass)
the A69
"Great North Road"
the roads between this and the A1's former alignment through the Tyne Tunnel
the Tyne Tunnel
3
two major bus station and Eldon Square bus station
Stagecoach
the Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive
Go-Ahead
1998
highlighting the usage of cycling
healthy living
one way streets
national networks
DFDS Seaways
October 2006
high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services
2008
Thomson
eleven LEA-funded 11 to 18 schools
seven
Royal Grammar School
Newcastle College
state-Catholic
Newcastle University and Northumbria University
Newcastle University
Sunday Times University of the Year
polytechnics became new universities
Northumbria University
three
1474
Coptic Cathedral
Church of St Thomas the Martyr
parish churches
The Parish Church of St Andrew
1726
the main porch
the ancient churchyards
The church tower
City Road
The Watermark business park next to the MetroCentre in Gateshead
studio 5 at the City Road complex
the result of its colouring
BBC Radio Newcastle
NE1fm
Newcastle Student Radio
1951
Radio Lollipop
Newcastle University's union building
1770
Archbishop of Westminster
George Stephenson
the incandescent light bulb Sir Joseph Swan
Thailand
Rutherford Grammar School
entertainers Ant and international footballers
Nobel Prize
Northumbrian smallpipes
Newcastle
London
4.5 million
1852
Queen Victoria and Prince Albert
London
1852
Victoria and Prince Albert
Department for Culture, Media and Sport
2001
12.5 acres
145
5,000 years
Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa
post-classical sculpture
Great Exhibition of 1851
Henry Cole
Museum of Manufactures
Somerset House
Gottfried Semper
Queen Victoria
22 June 1857
George Wallis
late night openings
1949
September and November 1946
a million and a half
the Council of Industrial Design
Festival of Britain
1948
rock
Gryphon
Roy Strong
contemporary
Dundee
£76 million
the city's waterfront
fashion, architecture, product design, graphic arts and photography
within five years
Sheepshanks Gallery
Sheepshanks Gallery
Captain Francis Fowke
1862
the offices and board room
Owen Jones
Italian Renaissance
James Gamble & Reuben Townroe
James Gamble & Reuben Townroe
Italian Renaissance
Philip Webb and William Morris
Edward Burne-Jones
James Gamble
Alfred Stevens
Sir Poynter
Colonel (later Major General) Henry Young Darracott Scott
School for Naval Architects
Cadeby
prints and architectural drawings
2008
sgraffito
Starkie Gardner
southeast of the garden
the south side of the garden
Reuben Townroe
Aston Webb
red brick and Portland stone
720 feet (220 m)
an open work crown surmounted by a statue of fame
top row of windows
Alfred Drury
four levels
Webb
marble
Queen Victoria
the Art Library
the Henry Cole wing
entrance building
Christopher Hay and Douglas Coyne
entrance building
Silver Gallery
mosaic floors
"FuturePlan"
South Kensington tube station
Gareth Hoskins
Kim Wilkie
John Madejski Garden
elliptical
receptions, gatherings or exhibition purposes
Sweetgum
2004
Royal Institute of British Architects
600,000
RIBA Drawings and Archives Collection
700,000
Andrea Palladio
Antonio Visentini
330
Andrea Palladio
Sir Gate in New Delhi
Bishopsgate
the Great Fire of London
c1600
Montal
the Alhambra
19,000
2006
Ardabil Carpet
Spain
1909
60,000
about 10,000
6000
1991
Jawaharlal Nehru
70,000
China, Japan and Korea
The T. T. Tsui Gallery
1991
Ming and Qing
Toshiba
1986
13th
1550 to 1900
bronze incense burner
14th to the 19th
Thailand, Burma, Cambodia
Hindu and Buddhist sculptures
mother-pearl
ivory
Leonardo da Vinci
Forster I, Forster II, and Forster III
14,000
1869
1876
Charles Dickens
Charles Dickens
12th to 16th
the trial and rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, Rouen
Lucas Horenbout
Word and Image Department
MODES
Encoded Archival Description (EAD)
newly accessioned into the collection
"search the Collections,"
2007
Factory Project
Andy Warhol
15,000
to catalog everything
British patrons
Asia
Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Horace Walpole
porcelain, cloth and wallpaper
the increase in tea drinking
the Tudor period
John Ruskin
mass production
the Arts and Crafts movement
Trajan's Column
cut in half
David
sculptures, friezes and tombs
replica glass case
1731
Frederick II the Great
1762
1909
the finest collection of East Asian pottery and porcelain in the world
De Morgan and Bernard Leach
Britain and Holland
a series of elaborately ornamented ceramic stoves from the 16th and 17th centuries
the 16th and 17th centuries
Germany and Switzerland
4000 years
6000 items
Ancient Egypt
René Lalique
René Lalique
1994
Danny Lane
2004
Dale Chihuly
13th
10,000
2,000
Germain Renaissance artists
Thomas Rowlandson
Thomas Rowlandson, William Girtin,
1,442 costumes
Word and Image department
everyday eras has not generally survived
1913
Harrods
2002
Vivienne Westwood
178 Vivienne Westwood costumes
Vivienne Westwood
modern fashion
Italian and French Renaissance
1859 and 1865
French 18th-century art and furnishings
1882
£250,000
1580
Hans Vredeman de Vries
c1750
Germany
Le Corbusier, Marcel Breuer, Charles and Ray Eames, and Giò Ponti
6000
Egypt
1869
154
William and Judith Bollinger
Christian (Roman Catholic, Anglican and Greek Orthodox) and Jewish liturgical vessels
1496–97
nearly 8 tonnes
Sir Gilbert Scott
over 10,000
c1110
gilt bronze
St Thomas Becket
c1180
copper
5,100
Bryan Davies
Horniman Museum
35
2010
1130
650
6800
Her Majesty the Queen Elizabeth II
Andrés Marzal De Sax
1857
233
forming a National Gallery of British Art
The Hay Wain
British
continental art 1600–1800
Madame de Pompadour
Carlo Crivelli's Virgin and Child
Duc d'Alençon
Eadweard Muybridge
1887
781
different animals and humans performimg various actions
James Lafayette
400 AD to 1914
22,000
about 400 AD to 1914
tomb and memorial
National Galleries of Scotland
Sang (Neptune and Triton c. 1622–3)
Chancel Chapel from Santa Chiara
Giuliano
14–1500
20
the sculptor
1914
World War I
St John the Baptist
Nicholas Stone
Nicholas Stone
Nicholas Stone
British and Europeans
Dorothy and Michael Hintze
1950
tomb sculpture, portraiture, garden sculpture
Dorothy and Michael Hintze
Tate Britain
53,000
western European
from the 1st century AD to the present
western European
technique
Cloth of St Gereon
15th
the Netherlands
hunting of various animals
John Vanderbank
14th-century
William Morris
1887
Marion
Serge Chermayeff
Theatre Museum
2009
the UK's biggest national collection
Shakespeare
research, exhibitions and other shows
Conservation
temperature and light
"interventive"
Museum of Childhood
"preventive"
Disney–ABC Television Group
1957
Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan
Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street
Disney Media Networks
October 12, 1943
a radio network
1948
ESPN
Capital Cities Communications
232
Citadel Broadcasting
eight
Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
Citadel Broadcasting
Radio Corporation of America (RCA)
NBC Blue and NBC Red
major cities
drama series
NBC Blue Network
Mutual
1938
1940
NBC Red Network
NBC Blue
Mark Woods
NBC Blue Network
Dillon, Read & Co
David Sarnoff
$7.5 million
Life Savers candy
October 12, 1943
George B. Storer
president and CEO
June 30, 1951
Magnetophon
Paul Whiteman
ABC
Bing Crosby
public service
$155 million
ABC1
September 8, 2007
ABC International
United States
1959
The arrival of satellite television
Japan and Latin America
Japan and Latin America
the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II
Beirut
Mainichi Broadcasting System
technical problems
technical problems
Peanuts
Emmy Awards
1965
Academy Awards
A Charlie Brown Christmas
1974
Ryan Seacrest
1954 to 1956, 1997 to 2005
ABC
cable channel TLC
General Hospital
1975
Procter & Gamble
The View and The Chew
1963
X Games
2006
8:00 p.m. Eastern Time (9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. Pacific)
NBA
The Open Championship golf and The Wimbledon tennis
Frank Marx
low-band VHF frequencies
1947
VHF channel 7
108
108
DuMont Television Network
CBS and NBC
the U.S. Supreme Court
Paramount Theatres
nine full-time affiliates
CBS
Prud Insurance Company of America
Leonard Goldenson
William S. Paley
June 6, 1951
1952
February 9, 1953
American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres, Inc
Paramount Building at 1501 Broadway in Manhattan
August 10, 1948
1948
Mount Wilson
Prospect Studios
September 30, 1960
1960
William Hanna and Joseph Barbera
1960s
1959
NBC
1961
1985
its circle logo
Troika Design Group
black-yellow
"the dot"
Pittard Sullivan
2015
We Love TV
ABC on Demand
1993–94
1995–96 season
1983
Special Feeling
1977
black
glossy gold
Paul Rand
Bauhaus
Herbert Bayer
1962
ABC Radio
October 19, 2005
Entertainment Communications, Communications Resources, News Communications, Corporate Communications, and International Communications
2004
Dancing with the Stars
Anne Sweeney
NASCAR
2002
Michael Eisner
The Bachelor
The Bachelorette
Time Warner Cable
ABC
NBC
May 2
2000
The WB
CBS
August 1999
Regis Philbin
Buena Vista Television
Meredith Vieira
January 4, 1996
ABC Inc
Knight Ridder
Robert Iger
Sports Night
1965–66
third place
"Beating the Odds: The Untold Story Behind the Rise of ABC"
May 1, 1953
7 66th Street
Baltimore
Robert Kintner
DuMont Television Network
ABC-DuMont
$5 million
Paramount Pictures
The Lone Ranger
The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet
Cheyenne
Sugarfoot
Walt Disney
Warner Bros
Roy
$500,000
1954
Disneyland
Allen Shaw
Harold L. Neal
"LOVE Radio"
seven
1969
Duel
1971
$400,000–$450,000
1970s
ABC
behavioral and demographic
Monday Night Football
2006
NBC
15%–16%
1970
1972
Worldvision Enterprises
cigarette advertising
January 2, 1971
Plitt
Elton Rule
1966
Happy Days
developing youth-oriented programming
Paramount Pictures
Fred Pierce
Fred Silverman
S.W.A.T
November 3, 1975
president of NBC's entertainment division
Laverne & Shirley
"jiggle TV"
Alex Haley
Aaron Spelling
nine
1976–77
Soap
Roone Arledge
ABC Sports
"7 Lincoln Square"
June 1979
June 1978
Hugh Downs
Barbara Walters
MCA Inc.
ABC Cable News
ABC News Now
WJRT-TV and WTVG in Toledo, Ohio
WJRT-TV and WTVG
Writers Guild of America
Duel
Caris & Co
ABC Entertainment Group
ABC Entertainment Group
Citadel Media
iTunes
2004
2004
Fridays
Wednesdays
1970
Worldvision Enterprises
ABC Circle Films
Turner Broadcasting System
Disney–ABC Domestic Television
Buena Vista Television
Buena Vista International Television
Selznick library
WABC-TV and WPVI-TV
eight
235
96.26%
1946
seal of the Federal Communications Commission
1953
2011
Extreme Makeover: Home Edition
HD
Litton's Weekend Aventure
720p high definition
1080i HD
11
ABC's master feed
Body of Proof
Happy Endings
NBC
Body of Proof
All My Children and One Life to Live
Prospect Park
Hulu
The Revolution
18–49
2004
ABC
Agents of S.I.L.D. and Resurrection
The Neighbors
The Middle and Modern Family
Dragon's Den
Sundays
Tim Allen
Daniel Burke
Thomas Murphy
NYPD Blue
Steven Bochco
ten
1993
DIC Entertainment
Time Warner Cable
23.63%
WLS
May 9, 1960
John Bassett
CFTO-TV
Wide World of Sports
Edgar Scherick
Roone Arledge
Sports Programs, Inc
American Broadcasting Companies
The Dating Game
The Newlywed Game
1330 Avenue of the Americas in Manhattan
90%
Dynasty
Mork & Mindy
Alpha Repertory Television Service (ARTS)
Infinity Broadcasting Corporation
Getty Oil
The Entertainment Channel
Arts & Entertainment Television (A&E)
Thomas S. Murphy
chairman and CEO
$465 million
America's Funniest Home videos
Home Improvement
General Hospital
The View and The Chew
8:00 a.m. weekdays
Jimmy Kimmel Live!
New Jersey, Rhode Island and Delaware
WBMA-LD
WBND-LD
WLQP-LP
ABC Circle Films
ABC Studios
The Prospect Studios
ABC Television Center, East
Times Square Studios
Morning America and Nightline
Peter Jennings Way
World News Tonight
ABC on Demand
Hulu
July 6, 2009
27%
the day after their original broadcast
eight
fast forwarding of accessed content
January 7, 2014
LoyalKaspar
four variants
ABC Modern
ESPN on ABC
14
14
the All-Channel Receiver Act
UHF
Youngstown
five times
WTRF-TV
1960s
Walt Disney Presents
Desilu Productions
rejected the show because of its use of violence
April 1959
ABC Sunday Night Movie
$15.5 million
ABC
The Jetsons
April 1, 1963
ITT to ABC management
Donald F. Turner
Department of Justice
January 1, 1968
Capital Cities
$3.5 billion
Warren Buffett
E. W. Scripps Company
12 television stations
September 5, 1985
Capital Cities/ABC, Inc
president of ABC's broadcasting division
Michael P. Millardi
Roone Arledge
Laverne & Shirley
Happy Days and Three's Company
NBC
The Love Boat
The Cosby Show, Cheers and Miami Vice
"TGIF"
Thankness It's Funny
Miller-Boyett Productions
Warner Bros.
seven
Ralph Nelson-directed Charly
Ralph Nelson
1985
Redwood City, California
westerns and detective series
500%
18%
Ollie Treiz
Ollie Treiz
counterprogramming against its competitors
Zorro
Life
detective shows
WA
New York City O&O WABC-TV and Philadelphia O&O WPVI-TV
Hearst Television
WatchESPN
Sinclair Broadcast Group
WBMA-LD
E. W. Scripps Company
28 ABC affiliates
15
Start Here
Troika
entertainment
ABC News
WFTS-TV and WWSB
KMBC-TV and KQTV
WM and WOTV
WTSP
Mongol Empire
Mongol Empire
Khwarezmian and Xia controlled lands
Central Asia and China.
Western Xia and Jin
Genghis Khan
1227
Mongol Empire
Genghis Khan
Mongolia
Delüün Boldog
Yesügei
1162
his father
Temülen
Hasar, Hachiun, and Te Müge
Börte
Khongirad
Dai Setsen
Begter
Temujin's mother Hoelun
Khasar
at one hunting excursion
Tayichi'ud
with the help of a sympathetic guard
Chilaun
Bo'orchu
river crevice
temporary
Temüjin's mother Hoelun
Chinese dynasties
the need for alliances.
Onggirat
Merkits
Jamukha
Jochi
1185–1226
three
Genghis Khan
1241
Genghis Khan
at least six
worn brother or blood brother
Toghrul
Jadaran
20,000
Jamukha
Mongolian aristocracy
Kokochu
1186
Battle of Dalan Balz
Qara Khitai
the Yassa code
civilians and soldiers wealth from future possible war spoils
phans
orphans
Jochi
Jamukha
Jamukha
ite
his own men
1201
universal ruler
Subutai
1206
reunion
he did not want disloyal men in his army
noble death
noble
Jamukha
Jamukha
Khasar
siege warfare from the Chinese
Wang Khan
1206
Khuruldai
Khagan
Ögedei
Genghis Khan
the Jin dynasty
Ming-Tan
1215
Kaifeng
Ögedei Khan
Genghis Khan
Liao
two tumen (20,000 soldiers)
The Arrow
The Arrow
hunted down by Jebe's army
Kuchlug fled again, but was soon hunted down by Jebe's army
Lake Balkhash
Lake Balkhash
Muslim state
Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad
Genghis Khan
the Muslim
100,000
Silk Road
Tien Shan
three
southeast part of Khwarzemia
Tolui
Samarkand
unified defense
Subutai and Jebe
molten silver
fled
Subutai and Jebe
Samarkand
Bukhara
divert a river through the Khwarezmid emperor's birthplace
captured enemies
reneged on his surrender terms and executed every soldier that had taken arms against him
severed heads
opened the gates to the Mongols
Turkish defenders
artisans and craftsmen
flail of God, sent to punish them for their sins
young men who had not fought
1220
Subutai
Russia
Battle of Kalka River
Mstislav the Bold of Halych
Genghis Khan
Volga
Transoxiana and Persia
1225
Samarkand
1226
autumn
Genghis Khan
Yellow River
a line of five stars
Ning Hia
Ma Jianlong
arrows
Liupanshan (Qingshui County, Gansu Province)
executed
Jochi
Chagatai
the invasion of the Khwarezmid Empire
Ögedei
Chagatai and Jochi
Chagatai
Tolui
Ögedei
1226
Khorasan
Urgench
Genghis Khan
Jochi was secretly poisoned by an order from Genghis Khan
Yinchuan
hunting
an arrow wound
Mongol
Oirads
buried without markings
Khentii Aimag
Onon River
Genghis Khan Mausoleum
Lord's Enclosure
Dongshan Dafo Dian
Kumbum Monastery or Ta'er
1954
Red Guards
October 6, 2004
permafrost
Gilgamesh of Uruk and Atilla the Hun
horses
Genghis Khan
Yassa
meritocracy
Genghis Khan
Muhammad Khan
religious tolerance
Ong Khan
a personal concept
Shaman, Buddhist or Christian
Töregene Khatun
Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace)
lifting of discriminatory policies towards sedentary peoples such as the Chinese
create a civil state under the Great Yassa
Chu'Tsai
nomads
Jin
Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan
Karakorum
Hayali, a trusted lieutenant
Subutai and Jebe
unwavering loyalty
rivers
Muslim and Chinese
feigned retreat to lure small enemy groups away from the larger group
taking enemy prisoners and driving them in front of the army
Sea of Japan
Sea of Japan
Genghis's successor Ögedei Khan
1279
Silk Road
Turkey
tolerant of religions
expanding the horizons of all three cultural areas
1990s
one of the central figures of the national identity
father of the Mongols
his butchery
"Genghis Khan's children"
Mongolian tögrög
Genghis Khan
Chinggis Khaan International Airport
trivialization
Ulaanbaatar
Ikh Zasag
corruption and bribery
Elbegdorj
traditional Mongolian script
Inner Mongolia
5 million, almost twice the population
Kublai Khan
Yuan
great military leader and established the Yuan dynasty
Iran
three-fourths
10 to 15 million
Hulagu Khan
Ghazan Khan
Ghazan Khan
1237
Novgorod and Pskov
Mughal emperors
Timur
Nishapur
"oceanic"
Baikal
"just", or "true"
Zhèng
Chis
Chinggis Khaan
Turkin in variety of ways in different languages such as Mongolian Chinggis Khaan, English Chinghiz
Tiěn
Ching
Chéngjí Hán
root pharma
tobacco and patent medicines
sorcery or even poison
outdated or only approproriate
other herbs
healthcare
optimal health outcomes
optimisation of a drug
optimisation of a drug
specialised education and training
other senior pharmacy technicians
General Pharmaceutical Council
regulates the practice of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians
health care
manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in pharmacy practice
writing a five volume book
De Materia Medica (Concerning medical substances)
materia medica
Diocles of Carystus
Pedanius Dioscorides
highly respected
Taihō Code (701)
Meiji Restoration
Ranked positions
ranked above
Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi
Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi
Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
carbonate and potass
at least 1422
Church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence, Italy
a museum
prescription books and antique drugs
1221
pharmacy legislation
automation
automation
patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues
storage conditions, compulsory texts, equipment
in hospitals
various disciplines of pharmacy
patient compliance
clinical pharmacists
within the premises of the hospital
unit-dose, or a single dose of medicine
high risk preparations
high cost of medications
more specialized medications, than would be feasible in the community setting
direct patient care
inside hospitals and clinics
physicians and other healthcare professionals
patient care rounds drug product selection
hospitals and clinics
creating a comprehensive drug therapy plan
an evaluation of the appropriateness of the drug therapy
drug choice, dose, route, frequency, and duration
potential drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, and assess patient drug allergies
full independent prescribing
North Carolina and New Mexico
2011
Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist
the VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH
medication regimen review
nursing homes
Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica
many elderly people are now taking numerous medications
consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services
about the year 2000
brick-and-mortar
online
homebound
the method by which the medications are requested and received
to avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor
those feel that only doctors were unwilling to prescribe
potentially dangerous
sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription
sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription
obtain controlled substances
a licensed practitioner
obtain controlled substances
a licensed practitioner
ensure that the prescription is valid
individual state laws
Vicodin
reduce consumer costs
Canada
international drug suppliers
no known case
legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries
practice science and applied information science
information departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies
national and international patient information projects
practice area and specialist domain
to meet the needs of major national and international patient information projects
specialty drugs
28
cancer, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis
high cost injectable, oral, infused, or inhaled
lab monitoring, adherence counseling
separately from physicians
pharmacists
American Medical Association (AMA) Code of Ethics
7 to 10 percent
supply scheduled pharmaceuticals to the public
Austria
some rural areas in the United Kingdom
1.6 kilometres
1.6 kilometres
high risk of a conflict of interest
financial-interest
checks and balances system
in exaggerating their seriousness, because he or she can then sell more medications to the patient
obtaining cost-effective medication
more integral within the health care system
compensated for their patient care skills
clinical services
Medication Therapy Management (MTM)
increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system.
Alberta and British Columbia
Australian Government
medicine use reviews
pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy
Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm. D.)
mortar and pestle
show globe
the Netherlands
Germany and Austria
France, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and India
a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease
disease
innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system
neuroimmune system
a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease
disease
innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system
disease
pathogens
neuroimmune system
blood–brain barrier, blood–cebrain barrier
pathogens
innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system
adaptive immune
neuroimmune system
neutralization by the immune system
rudimentary
eukaryotes
an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen
bacteriophage
defensins
vaccination
adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently
autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer
immune system is less active than normal
recurring and life-threatening infections
severed immunodeficiency
Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis
Immunodeficiency
autoimmunity
Immunology
HIV/AIDS
plague of Athens
scorpion
Louis Pasteur
Walter Reed
Robert Koch
microorganisms
yellow fever
430 BC
adaptive immune system
innate immune system
adaptive immune system
Innate immune systems
adaptive immune system
an immune system
physical barriers
self and non-self molecules
self molecules
non-self molecules
antigens
specific immune receptors
pattern recognition receptors
innate immune system
microorganisms
pathogens
waxy cuticle of many leaves
waxy cuticle
coughing and sneezing
mucus
tears and urine
β-defensins
lysozyme and phospholipase A2
defensins and zinc
gastric acid and proteases
menarche
commensal flora
fungi
lactobacilli
pH or available iron
Inflammation
increased blood flow into tissue
eicosanoids and cytokines
prostaglandins
interleukins
phagocytes
cytokines
a phagosome
a phagolysosome
acquiring nutrients
Neutrophils and macrophages
Neutrophils
50% to 60%
chemotaxis
interleukin
leukocytes
leukocytes
adaptive
macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells
Dendritic cells
neuronal dendrites
Dendritic cells
T cells
missing self
Natural killer cells
MHC I
immunoglobulin receptors
vertebrates
antigen presentation
pathogens or pathogen-infected cells
killer T cell and the helper T cell
regulatory T cells
Class I MHC
Class II MHC
γ T cells
Killer T cells
CD8
T cell receptor (TCR)
granulysin
perforin
CD4
200–300
200–300
cytokines
CD40 ligand
cytotoxic T cells and NK cells
TCR
γ T cells
receptor diversity
Vγ9/Vδ2
B cell
proteolysis
lymphokines
long-lived memory cells
passive short-term memory or active long-term memory.
passive short-term memory or active long-term memory.
B cells and T cells
microbes
IgG
Breast milk or colostrum
passive immunity
immunomodulators
adaptive and innate immune responses
lupus erythematosus
immunosuppressive
NFIL3
heart disease, chronic pain, and asthma
sleep deprivation
progressive decline in hormone levels
vitamin D
thyroid hormone
cholecalciferol
killer T cells
MHC class I
viral antigens
antibodies
phacytic
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs
rapid apoptosis
acquired resistance
RNA silencing
autoimmune disorders
self and non-self
in the thymus and bone marrow
self" peptides
Immunodeficiencies
50 years of age
50 years
obesity, alcoholism, and drug use
malnutrition
vaccination
immunization
antigen from a pathogen
natural specificity
enzymes
type III secretion system
insert a hollow tube into the host
host immune responses
Frank Burnet
(nonself theory of immunity and the self/nonself vocabulary
histocompatibility
Niels Jerne
Glucocorticoids
cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs
methotrexate or azathioprine
cyclosporin
cytotoxic natural killer cells
cortisol and catecholamines
melatonin
free radical
vitamin D receptor
calcitriol
symbiotic
CYP27B1
keratinocytes and macrophages
Pattern recognition receptors
defensins
phagocytic
RNA interference
immunoglobulins and T cell receptors
lamprey and hagfish
Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs)
adaptive
lymphocytes
the restriction modification system
bacteriophages
CRISPR
"cellular" and "humoral"
Elie Metchnikoff
phagocytes
Robert Koch and Emil von Behring
soluble components (molecules)
cancers
MHC class I molecules
TGF-β
macrophages and lymphocytes
Hypersensitivity
four
Type I hypersensitivity
IgE
cytotoxic
intracellular pathogenesis
Salmonella
plasmodium falciparum
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
protein A
antigenic variation
HIV
Trypanosoma brucei
antigens
immune surveillance
oncogenic
tyrosinase
melanomas
melanocytes
>500 Da
hydrophilic
Immunomics
B cells
immunoinformatics
leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin
Th1, an increase in overall Th cell proliferation,
Th1/Th2
Th1
carbohydrates
disrupting their plasma membrane
sequential proteolytic activation
catalytic
Civil disobedience
the American Civil Rights Movement, in the Singing Revolution to bring independence to the Baltic countries from the Soviet Union
the Singing Revolution
Ukraine
Georgia
Egyptians
Egyptians
unfair laws
unfair laws
the American Civil Rights Movement
Antigone
Oedipus
Creon
Antigone
giving her brother Polynices a proper burial
Antigone
Oedipus
one of the daughters of former King of Thebes, Oedipus
giving her brother Polynices a proper burial
one of the daughters of former King of Thebes
Percy Shelley
nonviolent
Satyagraha
quote Shelley's Masque of Anarchy to vast audiences during the campaign for a free India.
Henry Thoreau
Percy Shelley
nonviolent protest
nonviolent protest
Civil Disobedience
Gandhi
muggers, arsonists, draft hecklers
Marshall Cohen
ambiguity
utterly debased
utterly debased
Marshall Cohen
utterly debased
Vice President Agnew
ambiguity
LeGrande
the formulation of a single all-encompassing definition
all-encompassing definition
semantical problems
more (or no less) meaning than the individual orator intends it to have
LeGrande
voluminous
semantical problems and grammatical niceties
nonviolent civil disobedience
violent civil disobedience
civil disobedience
private citizen
pertaining to a citizen's relation to the state and its laws
if the head of government of a country were to refuse to enforce a decision of that country's highest court
Civil disobedience
a citizen's relation to the state and its laws
head of government of a country were to refuse to enforce a decision
private citizen
citizen's relation to the state and its laws
private citizen
Thoreau
confused taxman
powerful
“Resign.”
elite politicians
Thoreau
Thoreau
Thoreau
“Resign.”
powerful
civil disobedience is only justified against governmental entities
trade unions, banks, and private universities
governmental entities
breaches of law in protest against international organizations and foreign governments.
Brownlee
a larger challenge to the legal system that permits those decisions to be taken
civil disobedience is only justified against governmental entities
private universities
civil disobedience
covert lawbreaking
disobedience
Exodus
Shiphrah and Puah
publicly announced
public civil disobedience
assisting in fabricating evidence or committing perjury
hiding a Jew in their house
Exodus
non-violent
Black's Law Dictionary
rebellion
rebellion
non-violent
non-violent
non-violent
constitutional defects
civil disobedience must necessarily be non-violent.
Revolutionary civil disobedience
Hungarians
Ferenc Deák
Gandhi
cultural traditions, social customs, religious beliefs
Non-revolutionary
to render certain laws ineffective, to cause their repeal
render one's political wishes
Non-revolutionary
Gandhi's acts
during the Roman Empire
prevent the installation of pagan images
not covered in any newspapers
higher political office
after the end of the Mexican War
during the Roman Empire
prevent the installation of pagan images
jail solidarity
solitary
after the end of the Mexican War
illegal acts
propaganda
Voice in the Wilderness
738 days
cut down
harassment
Voice in the Wilderness, which brought medicine to Iraq without the permission of the U.S. Government
symbolic illegal
social
Julia Butterfly Hill
allegedly sending an email to the Lebanon, New Hampshire city councilors
up or die
engaging in the forbidden speech
the 1978 Supreme Court v. Pacifica Foundation
1978
engaging in the forbidden speech
engaging in the forbidden speech
engaging in the forbidden speech
engaging in the forbidden speech
denial-of-service attacks
padlocking the gates and using sickles to deflate
sickles to deflate
limited coercion
coercive
illegal boycotts
illegal boycotts
coercive
employ limited coercion in order to get their issue onto the table.
criminal investigations
make an impression
harmful
a lack of understanding of the legal ramifications, or due to a fear of seeming rude
a lack of understanding of the legal ramifications
no need to accept punishment
a violation of criminal law that does not infringe the rights of others.
existence of government
anarchists
violation of criminal law that does not infringe the rights of others
whether or not to plead guilty
submit to the punishment prescribed by law
not guilty
illegally protesting nuclear
plead for the beauty that surrounds us
Camp Mercury nuclear test site
pre-arranged announced time, one at a time they stepped across the "line"
The arrested persons were found "guilty,"
no contendere" as an alternative to pleading either guilty or not-guilty
suspended sentences
reminding their countrymen of injustice
part of a rule connected with civil disobedience
remaining in jail
reminding their countrymen of injustice
plead guilty to one misdemeanor count and receive no jail time
civil disobedients
solidarity
plead guilty to one misdemeanor count and receive no jail time
Mohandas Gandhi
make a defiant speech, or a speech explaining their actions
explaining their actions
a lack of remorse, an attempt to avoid responsibility for her actions
the ones who are violating the greater law are the members of the Navy
desobedience
win an acquittal and avoid imprisonment
to win an acquittal and avoid imprisonment
use the proceedings as a forum to inform the jury and the public of the political circumstances
Vietnam War
judge need not allow defendants to openly seek jury nullification
attribution
conscientious nor of social benefit
conscientious nor of helpful
not being a civil disobedient
to create a test case as to the constitutionality of a law
civil disobedience
civil disobedience
Vietnam War
a shadow defense
admonitions
crime control via incapacitation and deterrence
crime control via incapacitation and deterrence
Leonard Hoffmann
utilitarian grounds
Construction
manufacturing
six to nine
planning,[citation needed] design, and financing
a known client
An architect
An architect
effective planning
megaprojects
Those involved with the design and execution of building materials
buildings, infrastructure and industrial
residential and non-residential (commercial/institutional)
heavy/highway
industrial
Industrial
trade magazine
INR
2014
transportation, sewer, hazardous waste and water
building, heavy engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors
construction service firms
Standard Industrial Classification
firms engaged in managing construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion
Building construction
small renovations
the owner of the property
structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation
make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight during the project
local building authority regulations and codes of practice
readily available in the area
waste
Cost of construction on a per square meter (or per square foot)
3D printing technology
20 hours
2014
2 metres (6 ft 7 in)
plan the physical proceedings, and to integrate those proceedings
designs into reality
the property owner
quantity surveyor
the most cost efficient bidder
separated specialties
separate companies
"one-stop shopping"
"design build"
design-build, partnering and construction management
architects, interior designers, engineers and constructors
establishing relationships with other necessary participants through the design-build process
preventable financial problems
builders ask for too little money to complete the project
present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labour
Fraud
Mortgage bankers, accountants, and cost engineers
mortgage banker
Accountants
change orders
Cost engineers and estimators
zoning and building code requirements
the owner
prohibitum
isolating businesses to a business district and residences to a residential district
An attorney
A construction project
contract
a delay costs money
that each side is capable of performing the obligations set out
poorly drafted contracts
relationship contracting
Public-Private Partnering
Public-Private Partnering
co-operation
architect or engineer
architect or engineer
the architect's client
the main contractor
building is ready to occupy
The owner
Several D&B contractors
The owner
a consortium of several contractors
design phase 2
contractors
damage to the existing electrical, water, sewa, phone, and cable facilities
electrical, water, sewa, phone, and cable facilities
municipal building inspector
occupancy permit
$960 billion
$680 billion
667,000
fewer than 10
828,000
£42,090
£26,719
US/Canada
Construction
Falls
electrocution, transportation accidents, and trench cave-ins
Proper safety equipment such as harnesses and guardrails
independent schools
academic scholarship
public (government) funding
select their students
$45,000
tuition-free
Australia
North America
lower sixth
pper sixth
"prep schools"
peer tuitions
High tuition
Roman Catholic
Orthodox Christians
academic subjects
expulsion
a compulsory blazer
more expensive
Presbyterian Church
Gregory Terrace
Southampton
girls
Paragraph 4
a second Gleichschaltung
11.1%
11.1%
11.1%
Sonderungsverbot
primary or secondary schools
very low
Ergänzungsschulen
vocational schools
charging their students tuition fees
religious groups
unaided
CBSE
Prominent Examination Boards that are present in multiple states
union government
societies
India
Annual Status of Education Report
evaluates learning levels in rural India
English
phríoideach
relatively low in Ireland compared to the rest of the world
€5,000
Society of Jesus
€25,000 per year
1957
English-medium
English-medium
the National School system
Over 60 schools
aided
fully funded by private parties
Kathmandu
Nepali
Nepali
88
28,000
3.7%
Catholic
uckland
Anglican
Wellington
Presbyterian
Christchurch
Society of St Pius X
7.5%
3
80%
August 1992
natural science
The Education Service Contracting scheme
Tuition Fee Supplement
Private Education Student Financial Assistance
"public" (state-controlled) and "independent"
1996
state-controlled
traditional private schools
nineteenth
formerly reserved for white children
better academic results than government schools formerly reserved for other race groups
higher school fees than other public schools
10%
10,000
700
The Knowledge School
school voucher model
13 years old
public schools
9 per cent
13 per cent
£3,000 to £21,000
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
gregation academies
U.S. South
African-American
African-American
endowments
Establishment Clause of the First Amendment
Blaine Amendments
charter status
Massachusetts
18
1972
268 U.S. 510
Runyon v. McCrary, 427 U.S. 160
$40,000
$50,000
Groton School
tuition did not cover operating expenses
John Harvard
1977
James Bryant Conant
the Association of American Universities
Charles W. Eliot
Harvard Library
79
over 18 million
eight
150
Harvard Yard in Cambridge
$37.6 billion
Charles River
eleven
Harvard Yard
1636
the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
1638
1639
1650
Puritan
classic curriculum on the English university model
affiliated with any particular denomination
1804
Samuel Webber
1805
Louis Agassiz
intuition
Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart
Charles W. Eliot
Transcendentalist Unitarian convictions
William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson
James Bryant Conant
devised programs to identify, recruit, and support talented
1945
about four men
1977
segregated
3 miles (5 km) west-northwest
twelve
south of Harvard Yard
half a mile northwest
Allston
John W. Weeks Bridge
Longwood Medical School
fifty percent
new and enlarged bridges, a shuttle service and/or a tram
shuttles open to the public, and park space
2,400
7,200
14,000
1875
1858
$32 billion
30%
Allston Science Complex
$4.0 million
$159 million
late 1980s
Kent-Brown
$230 million
5.3%
2007
disadtage low-income and under-represented minority applicants applying to selective universities
2016
seven
eight
its reliance on teaching fellows
semester calendar beginning in early September and ending in mid-May
four-course rate average
awarded degrees summa cum laude
60%
$38,000
$57,000
$60,000
$414 million
8
Widener Library
Cabot Science Library, Lamont Library, and Widener Library
Pusey Library
18 million
three
Western art from the Middle Ages
Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
2003
2011
Harvard is the second most commonly named "dream college"
42
Yale University
Harvard–Yale Regatta
1903
1903
1906
Yale
Malkin Athletic Center
Malkin Athletic Center
three weight rooms
23
Thames River
Cornell
2003
General Ban Ki-moon
Juan Manuel Santos
María
Benazir Bhutto
Conan O'Brien
Leonard Bernstein
Yo Ma
W. E. Du Bois
Shing-Tung Yau
Alan Deritz and Lawrence Lessig
Stephen Greenblatt
Jacksonville
1,345,596
12th
Duval County
1968
St. Johns River
340 miles (550 km)
Fort Caroline
Timucua
Andrew Jackson
the third largest
golf
two
"Jacksonians" or "Jaxsons" (also spelled "Jaxons").
thousands
Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve
Timucuan
historical era
Ossachite
Jean Ribault
France
Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
San Mateo
Fort Caroline
American Revolutionary War
prospered economically more than it had under the Spanish
cattle were brought across the river
Britain ceded control of the territory back to Spain
February 9, 1832
Confederate
the Battle of Olustee
Battle of Olustee
Warfare and the long occupation left the city disrupted after the war.
1864
Reconstruction and the Gilded Age
Grover Cleveland
yellow fever outbreaks
extension of the Florida East Coast Railway
railroad
Spanish moss
over 2,000 buildings
Governor Jennings declare martial law
"Great Fire of 1901"
New York–based filmmakers
silent film
Film Capital of the World
the emergence of Hollywood as a major film production center
construction of highways
55.1%
white flight
Mayor W. Haydon Burns
World War II
education, sanitation, and traffic control
unincorporated suburbs
annexing outlying communities
Voters outside the city limits
traditional boy network
11
Jacksonville Consolidation
Lower taxes
Consolidated City of Jacksonville
Hans Tanzler
Consolidated City of Jacksonville
The Better Jacksonville Plan
a blueprint for Jacksonville's future
86.66% (757.7 sq mi or 1,962 km2)
St. Johns River
The Trout River
13.34% (116.7 sq mi or 302 km2)
Baldwin
tallest building in Downtown Jacksonville's skyline
Barnett Center
617 ft
28
flared base
humid subtropical climate
May through September
mild and sunny
low latitude
104 °F
thunderstorms
extremely high humidity
July 11, 1879
Hurricane Dora
110 mph
Tropical Storm Beryl
Saffir-Simpson Scale
2008
Arab
821,784
25,033
Jacksonville
29.7%
10.5%
females
91.3
40%
3.5 billion
$759,900
using net wealth (adding up assets and subtracting debts)
the basis of the methodology used
40%
financial assets
$41 trillion
more than half
a greater tendency to take on debts
400
New Times
substantial head start
more wealth than half of all Americans combined
wealth
richest 1 percent
Inherited wealth
60 percent
Policy Studies
Neoclassical economics
highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions
differences in value added
inequality
inequality is a reflection of the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions.
differences in value added by labor, capital and land.
differences in value added by different classifications of workers
wages and profits
workers, capitalist/business owner, landlord
highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions
Marxian analysis
The substitution of capital equipment
unemployment (the "reserve army of labour").
relatively stagnant wages
labor inputs (workers)
reduce costs and maximize profits
capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment
productivity
stagnant
workers wages
law of supply and demand
chronic understaffed
offering a higher wage the best of their labor
unfair
the market
prices
wages
markets
high levels of inequality
Competition amongst employers
low demand
highly developed skills, rare abilities, or a high wage
collective bargaining, political influence, or corruption
Professional and labor organizations
low wage
competition between workers
expendable nature of the worker
high wages
employers for employees will drive up the wage
entrepreneurship rates
push" motivations
nullsity-based entrepreneurship
achievement-oriented
redistributive
higher economic inequality
necessity
Necessity-based
achievement-oriented motivations
redistributive
progressive tax
the level of the top tax rate
steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending
progressive tax rate
tax rate
the level of the top tax rate
steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending
Gini index
Education
aggregate savings and investment
lower incomes
the poor
optional education
variation in individuals' access to education
high wages
much lower wages
lower incomes
education raises incomes and promotes growth
increasing access to education
$105 billion
boom-and-bust cycles
economists
2014
the 2008-2009 recession
increasing access to education
$105 billion
boom-and-bust cycles
1910–1940
a decrease in the price of skilled labor
decrease in the price of skilled workers
compression
compression
1910–1940
a decrease in the price of skilled labor
stepping-stone to acquire college and advanced degrees
Education
gender inequality in education
intensive Anglo-American liberal policies
continental European
little support for the view that U.S.-style labor-market flexibility dramatically improves labor-market outcomes
Anglo-American liberal policies
economic inequality
social exclusion
economic liberalism
little
lower
Scandinavia
high inequality
organized labor
organized labor
Sociologist
University of Washington
organized labor
very low levels of inequality
weak labor movements
reduced wages
reduced wages
trade liberalisation
trade liberalisation
a global scale
low-skilled workers in the rich countries
trade liberalisation
technological innovation
machine labor in wealthier nations
53%
-40%
a difference in earnings between women and men
males in the labor
Gender pay gap
males in the labor market
women
Thomas Sowell
a difference in earnings
social welfare programs
lower levels of wealth
acquires more capital
various redistribution mechanisms such as social welfare programs
Economist
levels of economic inequality
it acquires more capital
wealth and income
lower levels of inequality
1910 to 1940
after the 1970s
the service sector
the service sector
Kuznets
the Kuznets curve
very weak
income inequality will eventually decrease
the move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector.
Wealth concentration
invest in new sources of creating wealth
wealth condensation
larger fortunes
already-wealthy individuals or entities
Thomas Piketty
wealth condensation
Thomas Piketty
higher returns
market forces
Economist
rare and desired skills
rent-seeking
rent-seeking
inequality researchers
human capital is neglected for high-end consumption
life expectancy
economic utility
-.907
2013
rising inequality
negative effect
social dislocation
economic growth
British
lower rates of social goods
lower rates of social goods
23
social goods
better health and longer lives.
poorer countries,
life expectancy
Americans
equally distributed
income inequality
Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
ni
countries with bigger income inequalities
greater equality but not per capita income
inequality
homicides
fifty
differences in the amount of inequality in each province or state.
about half
economic inequality
distributive efficiency
a great deal of utility to that person
the additional dollar
higher aggregate utility
income inequality
the run-up inequality has been considerably less dramatic than the rise in income inequality
2001
Thomas B. Edsall
journalist
Central Banking economist
Central Banking economist Raghuram Rajan
Financial crisis of 2007–08
easier credit to the lower and middle income earners
unsustainable monetary stimulation
inequality in wealth and income
the quality of a country's institutions and high levels of education
GDP growth actually declines over the medium term
higher GDP growth
The poor and the middle class
increasing inequality
economic growth
long-run economic growth
it generates redistributive pressures and subsequent distortions, drives people to poverty
inequality-associated effects
limiting aggregate demand
limiting aggregate demand
inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth
increasing importance of human capital in development
widespread education
1993
detrimental
inequality may affect economic growth
redistributive taxation
politically and socially unstable
reduce growth in relatively poor countries
encourage growth in relatively poor countries
growth and investment
Harvard
1960 and 2000
Kuznets curve hypothesis
increases, then decreases
Thomas Piketty
Economist
violent economic and political shocks
the 1970s
reduced consumer demand
risen with increased income inequality
several years
more equality in the income.
special efforts must be made to ensure poorer sections of society are able to participate in economic growth
level of inequality
nearly 60 years
economic growth is necessary, it is not sufficient for progress on reducing poverty
reducing poverty
land and housing
various associations
extra-legal
200
government land
affordable housing
quality rental units
the demand for higher quality housing increased
landlords found new residents willing to pay higher market rate for housing
ad valueem property tax policy
housing, pensions, education and health care
manage their finances
aspirational consumption
taking on debt
economic instability
environmental degradation
multiplier
environmental degradation
addressed/corrected
private ownership of production by a class of owners
capital equipment, financial assets and corporate stock.
wa or salary
socially owned
reflective of individual contributions
Robert Nozick
taxation
force
forceful taking of property
they improve society as a whole
“capability deprivation”
the end itself
“wid[en] people’s choices
“wid[en] people’s choices
pursue valued goals
deprived of earning as much income
earn as much as a healthy man
gender roles and customs
fear of their lives
a better relevant income
the BBC
1963
a Time Lord
blue police box
science-fiction
1963 to 1989
Russell T Davies
K-9 and Company (1981)
BBC Wales in Cardiff
Russell T Davies
Twelve actors
Peter Capaldi
"The Time of the Doctor"
the character of the Doctor takes on a new body and, to some extent, new personality
personality
Gallifrey
Mark I Type 40 TARDIS
Time and Relative Dimension in Space
chaon circuit
a blue Police box
rarely
regenerate when his body is mortally damaged
regenerate
humans
Time Lord
Saturday, 23 November 1963
aliens
not permitted to contain any "bug-eyed monsters"
C. E. Webber
25 minutes of transmission length
26 seasons
Jonathan Powell
Doctor Who: More Than 30 Years in the TARDIS
the series would return
BBC 1
relaunch the show
Philip Segal
Fox Network
9.1 million
United States
"Rose"
2005
2009
Chris Chibnall
Christmas Day
1963–1989
The 2005 version of Doctor Who
2005
Battlestar Galactica and Bionic Woman
Battlestar Galactica and Bionic Woman
30 November 1963
ten minutes
ten minutes
assassination of US President John F. Kennedy
a new series
"Hiding behind (or 'watching from behind'
Museum of the Moving Image in London
"Behind the Sofa"
a "scariest TV show of all time"
Digital Spy
Doctor Who
3%
Philip Howard
comparing Monopoly
The Times
the TARDIS
blue police box
a time
the Metropolitan Police Authority
2002
26 seasons
6 December 1989
12 episodes
The Trial of a Time Lord
Black Guardian Trilogy
2005
60 minutes
Christmas Day
"Journey's End"
2010
826
25-minute
eight Christmas specials
60 minutes' duration, one of 72 minutes
826
William Hartnell and Patrick Troughton
97
seasons 3, 4, & 5
1978
1964 and 1973
returned to the BBC from the archives
fans
"Mission to the Unknown"
8 mm cine film
home viewers
the BBC
animation studio Cosgrove Hall
1968
Theta-Sigma
November 2006
"renewal,"
the Doctor's third on-screen regeneration
William Hartnell's poor health
regeneration
"change of appearance"
12 times
13 incarnations
"The Time of the Doctor"
The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead
1996
John Hurt
The Day of the Doctor
Michael Jayston
The Trial of a Time Lord
McGann and Eccleston
War Doctor
The Three Doctors
Peter Davison
Day of the Daleks
"The Day of the Doctor"
Peter Davison, Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy
Zagreus
Paul McGann, Colin Baker, Sylvester McCoy
Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy
2003
"The Time of the Doctor,"
The Brain of Morbius
Mawdryn Undead
"The Time of the Doctor,"
1983
An Unearthly Child
Susan Foreman
2005
destroyed
"Smith and Jones"
human
The Deadly Assassin
Susan Foreman
audience surrogates
Romana
female
Rose Tyler (Billie Piper), Martha Jones (Freema Agyeman)
Eleventh Doctor
Pearl Mackie
Caroline Tate
Russell T Davies
series 1
Cybermen
series 3
Zygons
The Dalek race
Skaro
"exterminate" all non-Dalek beings
Davros
eyestalk
The Master
"Professor to the Doctor's Sherlock Holmes"
Eric Roberts
Doctor's archenemy
Peter Pratt and Geoffrey Beevers
Derek Jacobi
"Utopia"
2014
Time Lady
Michelle Gomez
Ron Grainer
BBC Radiophonic Workshop
musique concrète techniques
end of season 17 (1979–80
"Did I write that?"
Peter Howell
John Debney
Seventh Doctor
Murray Gold
"The Christmas Invasion"
"Voya of the Damned"
Classic FM's Hall of Fame
"Voge of the Damned"
228
Gold
Jon Pertwee
Jon Pertwee
24
"Doctorin' the Tardis"
Who Is the Doctor
Dud Simpson
Planet of Giants
the first 15 years
Planet of Giants
The Talons of Weng-Chiang
BBC National Orchestra of Wales
David Tennant
27 July 2008
Music of the Spheres
Murray Gold and Ben Foster
Six
Series 5
The Next Doctor to End of Time
"A Christmas Carol"
8 November
The Day of the Doctor
Twelfth Doctor
Doctor Who logo
1973–80
Doctor Who logo is used for all merchandise relating to the current Doctor
the assassination of John F. Kennedy
the BBC's mainstream BBC One channel
1970s
(circa 1964–1965)
BBC Three
2005
late 1980s performance of three to five million viewers was seen as poor
Coronation Street
the most popular show
2005
PBS
New Zealand
Edmonton, Canada
15
23 November
ABC
partial funding
SyFy
screenings of all available classic episodes
ABC1
1976
The Three Doctors
Space
The Talons of Weng-Chiang
Judith Merril
Christopher Eccleston
Doctor Who Confidential documentary
"The Christmas Invasion"
9 October 2006
Thanksgiving
United Kingdom, Canada and the United States
Eight original series serials
The Infinite Quest
Spearhead from Space
2009 onwards
Trevor Martin
Jon Pertwee
Terry Nation
Doctor Who and the Daleks in the Seven Keys to Doomsday
Pertwee
Torchwood
22 October 2006
2008
Children of Earth
Torchwood: Miracle Day
Elisabeth Sladen
24 September 2007
2009
2010
the death of Elisabeth Sladen
Dimensions in Time
Dimensions in Time
EastEnders
darkened lens
Pulfrich
Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death
four segments
Richard E. Grant, Jim Broadbent, Hugh Grant and Joanna Lumley
Joanna Lumley
head writer and executive producer
The Next Generation ("The Neutral Zone")
"Blue Harvest" and "420"
Queer as Folk
Vince
Brisingr and High Wizardry
State of Decay
21-minute
The Chase
1981
Slipback
Fifth, Sixth Doctors
Destiny of the Doctor
Big Finish Productions
1999
2012
1991
1965 to 1991
since 1979
Panini
BBC Books
the early 1960s
BBC Television
producers
the BBC
2006
2005
Matt Smith became the first Doctor to be nominated for a BAFTA Television Award
Michelle Simpson became the first Doctor to be nominated for a BAFTA Television Award for Best Actor
Best Supporting Actress
Guinness World Records
Guinness World Records
electronic music
2013
Peabody
Season 11
Doctor Who was voted as the "Best Popular Drama"
third
SFX magazine
third
Best International Series
five
3rd greatest show of the 2000s
2009
Mind Mental Health Media Awards
six times
over 200
over a hundred of them
Matt Smith
The Waters of Mars
Spike Milligan
Jon Culshaw
soap sponge
Doctor Who fandom
BBC Ringers
private research university
1890
seven professional schools
four academic research divisions
15,000
various academic disciplines
Chicago's physics department
the university's Stagg Field
University of Chicago Press
2020
Baptist Education Society
American Baptist Education Society
William Rainey Harper
William Rainey Harper became the university's first president in 1891
1892
John D. Rockefeller
Silas Bbb
Cobb Lecture Hall
$100,000
Charles L. Hutchinson
the University of Chicago
1896
confer a degree on any graduating senior from an affiliated school
Several University of Chicago
1910
Robert Maynard Hutchins
Common Core
to emphasize academics over athletics
24-year
1929
1950s
increasing crime and poverty in the Hyde Park neighborhood
their second year
Hyde Park
very young students to attend college
1962
students occupied President George Beadle's office
1967
two-page
social and political action
the mid-2000s
Milton Friedman Institute
$200 million
the Chicago Theological Seminary
David G. Booth
the Main Quadrangles
six quadrangles
Cobb
Oxford's Magdalen Tower
Christ Church Hall
1940s
Saarinen
Social Service Administration
Harris School of Public Policy Studies by Edward Durrell Stone
2003
Singapore, London, and the downtown Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago
Seine
2010
Renmin University's campus in Haidian District
2015
a board of trustees
50 members including the university President
fourteen
Andrew Alper
Daniel Diermeier
The Higher Learning Commission
four divisions of graduate research
seven
50 academic majors
28
five divisions
the New Collegiate Division
Common Core
17
rigorous, intense
Uni in the USA
University of Chicago Laboratory Schools
Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School
four
four public charter schools on the South Side of Chicago
University of Chicago
9.8 million
9.8 million
Regenstein Library
2011
1.3 million
12 research institutes
113
Oriental Institute
Fermilab
Sunspot
shaping ideas about the free market
Chicago Pile-1
Miller–Urey experiment
1953
1933
2000
2000
2002
Several thousand
5,792
3,468
5,984
15,244
international students
University Athletic Association (UAA)
NCAA's Division III
Big Ten Conference
Jay Berwanger
University President Robert Maynard Hutchins de-emphasized varsity athletics
400
Recognized Student Organizations (RSOs)
University College Bowl Team
Doc Films
Off-Off Campus
an Executive Committee
an Executive Committee
two
greater than $2 million
fifteen
seven
Alpha Phi Omega
Four
ten
May
1987
Festival of the Arts
Kuviasungnerk/Kangeiko
Summer Breeze
Satya Nadella
Larry Ellison
Larry Ellison
Satya Nadella
James O. McKinsey
Saul Alinsky
Bill Clinton David Axelrod
Robert Bork
Masaaki Shirakawa
Eliot Ness
Allan Bloom
Kurt Vonnegut
Kurt Vonnegut
Studs Terkel
Philip Roth
Philip Glass
Alex Seropian
the Halo
Ed Asner
Mike Nichols
astronomers Carl Sagan
John M. Grunsfeld
David Suzuki
John B. Goodenough
Clair Cameron Patterson
Milton Friedman
Margaret Thatcher
Paul Samuelson
Eugene Fama
David Graeber and Donald Johanson
Samuel Reshevsky
White House Coordinator of Security Planning
Robert A. Millikan
Robert A. Millikan
Edward Teller
Edward Teller
Maria Goeppert-Mayer
James Henry Breasted
Alberto Calderón
Ted Fujita
Glenn T. Seaborg
Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet
Steven Levitt
Goldman Sachs
David Bevington
John Mearsheimer and Robert Pape
Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno
Great Yuan
Great Yuan
Kublai Khan
Kublai Khan
1271
Mongol Empire
Ming
Mandate of Heaven
Genghis Khan
1271
Kublai Khan
"Mongol dynasty" or "Mongol Dynasty of China"
"Great Yuan Great Mongol State"
Great Khan
Mongol and Turkic
1206
Ögedei Khan
1206
Kublai built schools for Confucian scholars
Khitan
Liu Heima
Liu Heima
10,000
3
Han Chinese
Jin
Interethnic marriage between Han and Jurchen
Shi Bingzhi
the Song dynasty
Möngke Khan
southern China
1259
Ariq Böke
Zhongtong
Ogedei's grandson Kaidu
the south
prince Wonjong
northeast
1262
preserving Mongol interests in China
Imperial Secretariat
Kublai
three, later four,
salt and iron
Karakorum in Mongolia
Khanbaliq
1264
Zhongdu
Confucian propriety and ancestor veneration
commercial, scientific, and cultural
Mongol peace
Daidu
Daidu
Marco Polo
the Song Emperor
1115
1234
Kong Duancao
30,000
northern China
1268 and 1273
Yangzi River basin
Hangzhou
Song emperor drowned
1279
inauspicious typhoon
Annam (Dai Viet)
Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)
1288
1253
Zhenjin
1307
Emperor Chengzong
1294 to 1307
Buyantu Khan
adopt mainstream Chinese culture
Li Meng
State Affairs
1313
Gegeen Khan
1321 to 1323
Baiju
the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan
five
Shangdu
War of the Two Capitals
four days
El Temür
Ragibagh
his cultural contribution
Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature
1329
Jingshi Dadian
Confucianism
1332
Emperor Ningzong
13year
nine
Liao, Jin, and Song dynasties
struggle, famine, and bitterness
Kublai Khan's successors lost all influence on other Mongol lands across Asia
both the army and the populace
Outlaws
administration
late 1340s
the Red Turban Rebellion
fear of betrayal
Toghtogha led a large army to crush the Red Turban rebels
1368–1644
political unity
communications between Yuan dynasty and its ally and subordinate in Persia, the Ilkhanate
Ilkhanate
carrots, turn, new varieties of lemons, eggplants, and melons
Western musical instruments
Nestorianism and Roman Catholicism
Taoism
Confucian
travel literature, cartography, geography
Marco Polo

Travels of Marco Polo
Travels of Marco Polo
contact with Persian traders
Guo Shoujing
365.24
granaries were ordered built throughout the empire
Beijing
sorghum
non-native Chinese people
Eternal Heaven
Song dynasty
Ming
a period of foreign domination
Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists
Tang, Song, as well as Khitan Liao and Jurchen Jin dynasties
Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu
traditional Chinese tripartite division of authority among civil, military, and censorial offices
Central Secretariat (Zhongshu Sheng) to manage civil affairs
Privy Council
the Sui and Tang dynasties
Mongols and Semuren
Privy Council
1269
Mongolian, Tibetan, and Chinese
generally converse well in the language
Tugh Temur
Emperor Wenzong
1290
Kublai in 1291
equipping and dispatching men for their tours of duty
painting, mathematics, calligraphy, poetry, and theater
painting, poetry, and calligraphy
Song dynasty
qu, which was used among other poetic forms
zaju
Yuan dynasty
Buddhism
Tibetan Buddhism
Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
Sakya
1249
1314
modern matrices
polynomial algebra
1303
applied mathematics
cubic interpolation formula
Shoushi Li
the Shoushi Li
1281
Healers
herbal remedies
herbal remedies
Imperial Academy of Medicine
ensured a high income
four
from the Jin dynasty
other parts of the empire
acupuncture, moxibustion, pulse diagnosis
1347
Muslim medicine
Nestorian physician Jesus the Interpreter
1263
humoral system
yin-yang and wuxing
Kingdom of Qocho and Tibetan intermediaries
Wang Zhen
the 12th century
Töregene Khatun
1273
chao
mulberry trees
1275
woodblocks
1294
feudalism
autocratic system
allied groups from Central Asia and the western end of the empire
transferring power to the ethnic Chinese
Southerners reaching the highest-post in the Ilkhanate
Central Asian Muslims
Khitans
Bukhara
artisans and farmers
Qara-Khitay (Khitan)
Halal slaughter
Kosher butchering
Zhu Yuanzhang
thanks
Muslims
Frederick W. Mote
social power and wealth
rich Mongol and Semu
less rich
Northern Chinese
southern China
southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving in
southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving in
southern Chinese manufacturers and merchants
Uighurs of the Kingdom of Qocho
Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler
the Korean King of Qocho
Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler
Central Region
Central Secretariat
Khanshu Sheng
Beijing
Zhongshu Sheng
Africa
the East African Community (EAC)
Kenya (/ˈkɛnjə; locally [ˈkɛʎa]
Tanzania
45 million
warm and humid tropical climate
cooler
Mount Kenya
arid and semi-arid
safaris, diverse climate and geography
Lower Paleolithic period
first millennium AD
Bantu and Nilotic
19th century
December 1963
Mount Kenya
Kirinyaga, Kirenyaa and Kiriyoa
God's resting place
Kenia
very precise notation of a correct African pronunciation /ˈkɛnjə/
Joseph Thompsons
Mt. Kenia, 1862
Big Five
lion, buffalo, rhinoceros, and elephant
the Masai Mara
between June and September
2,900 kilometres
20 million years
Pleistocene epoch
Kamoya Kimeu
1.6-million-year
Mary Leakey and Louis Leakey
Swahili
Mombasa
Duarte Barbosa
Kenyan Coast
City of Malindi
14th century
August 1914
British East Africa
Col Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck
guerrilla warfare campaign
Northern Rhodesia (today Zambia)
central highlands
itinerant farmers
the settlers banned the growing of coffee
80,000
15 January 1954
better understanding of the Mau command structure.
24 April 1954
4,686
Swynnerton Plan
1957
Jomo
12 December 1963
1963
"Republic of Kenya"
voters were supposed to line up behind their favoured candidates instead of a secret ballot
widespread agitation for constitutional reform
Daniel arap Moi
presidential representative democratic republic
head of state and head of government
the government
Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly
The Judiciary
low
the prevalence of public sector corruption
139th
Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index (CPI)
National Unity
Orange Democratic Movement (ODM)
complicity
Odinga
programmes to avoid similar disasters
Justice and Reconciliation Commission
Evangelical Lutheran Church
the Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation process
28 February 2008
Kenya's second Prime Minister
both PNU and ODM camps
cabinet ministers
until the end of the current Parliament
co-ordinate and supervise the functions of the Government
Annan and his UN-backed panel
Washington's Harambee House
29 February 2008
the two political parties would share power equally
eliminate the position of Prime Minister
4 August 2010
the new constitution delegates more power to local governments
27 August 2010
the Second Republic
December 2014
to guard against armed groups
Opposition politicians, human rights groups, and nine Western countries
it infringed on democratic freedoms
The governments of the United States, Britain, Germany and France
not to visit the country
Barack Obama
China
July 2015
peacekeeping
national elections
human rights violations
Kenya’s armed forces
the operations of the armed forces have been traditionally cloaked by the ubiquitous blanket of “state security
recruitment and procurement of Armoured Personnel Carriers
wisdom and prudence of certain decisions of procurement
Human Development Index
Kenya
$1.25
frontier market or occasionally an emerging market
rapid expansion in telecommunication
food security
Industry and manufacturing
75%
61%
tourism
steady growth
coastal beaches and the game reserves
Germany and the United Kingdom
24%
tea, horticultural produce, and coffee
Agriculture
weather-related fluctuations
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)
drought resistant
stimulating the growth of local seed production
20–25%
commercialisation of the pigeon pea
Africa
Tea, coffee, sisal, pyrethrum, corn, and wheat
semi-arid savanna
5
Kenya initiative
Kenya
14%
Kenya is the most industrially developed country in the African Great Lakes
small-scale manufacturing of household goods, motor-vehicle parts, and farm implements
Kenya's inclusion among the beneficiaries
AGOA took effect in 2000
hydroelectric stations along the upper Tana River
upper Tana River
1997
Turkana
10 billion barrels
Exploration
20% to 25%
$474 million
foreign direct investment
gain support from China
China
environmental and social problems
Asian Economic Tigers
an economic development programme it hopes will put the country in the same league as the Asian Economic Tigers
National Climate Change Action Plan
omitting climate as a key development issue
climate change is treated as an economy-wide issue
agriculture
30%
9–18
poverty, the lack of access to education and weak government institutions
Kenya's various ethnic groups typically speak their mother tongues within their own communities
English and Swahili
commerce, schooling and government
the country
Christian
Protestant
3 million
Nairobi
2.4%
Sixty percent
Christian
50%
Nurses
private clinics
65,000
7,000
Diseases of poverty
Half
child-killers
weak policies, corruption, inadequate health workers, weak management and poor leadership
15 million
British colonists
12 December 1963
Ominde Commission
identity and unity
7–2–3
setting up a second university in Kenya
an 8–4–4
an 8–4–4 system
1992
January 1985
vocational subjects
school drop-outs at all levels either to be self-employed
2003
about 70%
six years
basic formal education starts at age six years
join vocational youth/village polytechnic
join a polytechnic or other technical college
85%
three to five
admission to Standard One (First Grade).
secondary school or vocational training
Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE)
Kenya National Library Service
establish, equip, manage and maintain national and public libraries in the country
a peoples university
it is open to all irrespective of age, literacy level and has materials relevant to people of all walks of life
cricket, rallying, football, rugby union and boxing
its dominance in middle-distance and long-distance athletics
Kenyan athletes
Morocco and Ethiopia
six gold, four bronze
several medals
the women's 800m gold medalist
the defection of a number of Kenyan athletes to represent other countries, chiefly Bahrain and Qatar
economic or financial factors
volleyball
Cricket
2003
Rakep Patel
March 2007
Safari Rally
one of the toughest rallies in the world
Björn Waldegaard, Hannu Mikkola, Tommi Mehta
three meals
10 o'clock
tea or porridge with bread, chapati, mahamri, boiled sweet potatoes or yams
Ugali with vegetables, sour milk, meat, fish or any other stew
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
Resolution 43/53
Hoesung Lee
Korean
Hoesung Lee
Hoesung Lee
February 2015
representatives appointed by governments and organizations
322
seven-eighths of participants being from governmental organizations.
seven-eighths
1989
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization
UNEP
Financial Regulations and Rules of the WMO
UNEP
carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data
published sources
non-peer-reviewed sources
"grey literature"
two "coordinating leads" ten to fifteen
two "coordinating leads" ten to fifteen
two "coordinating lead authors" ten to fifteen
coordinating lead authors
Working Group chairs
substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations
warming of the Earth's surface
over half
business as usual
0.3 to 0.6 °C
2001
16
Science
at least 90%
1.4 and 5.8 °C above 1990 levels
Richard Lindzen
faithfully summarize the full WGI report
John Houghton
co-chair of TAR WGI
scientific evidence
approval process
2011
2011
Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
Data Distribution Centre and the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme
default emission factors
fuel consumption, industrial production
WMO Executive Council and UNEP Governing Council
the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures
the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures in this instance
the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures
WWF report "Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale".
chairman
climate change is more serious
climate expert who had been co-chair of the IPCC working group II
climate change
unfounded and also marginal to the assessment
1999
Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes
"hockey stick graph"
Jones et al. 1998, Pollack, Huang & Shen 1998, Crowley & Lowery 2000 and Briffa
between 1000 and 1900
Fred Singer
Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C.
18 July 2000
Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation hearing
Joe Barton
Ed Whitfield
23 June 2005
Sherwood Boehlert
Sherwood Boehlert
2007
2007
Ten
divergence
14 reconstructions
1 February 2007
IPCC 2001 projections on temperature and sea level change with observations
compared IPCC 2001 projections on temperature and sea level change with observations
the actual sea level change was above the top of the range of the IPCC projection
projected rises in sea
0.5–1.4 m [50–140 cm] above 1990 levels
0.5–1.4 m [50–140 cm] above 1990 levels
2001
lead author of the Fifth Assessment Report
Science Magazine
the IPCC consensus approach
Montreal Protocol
climate change
states and governments
Sheldon Ungar
regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions
regional burden sharing
UK government
scientific papers
submissions prior to the report's final release
IPCC
five climate scientists
Nature
tightening the selection of lead authors and contributors
employ a full-time staff and remove government oversight from its processes
conduct photosynthesis
energy-storage molecules
oxygen
Calvin cycle
1
pinch in two
light color and intensity
contain their own DNA
photosynthetic cyanobacterium
inherited by each daughter cell
plants and algae
Russian
chloroplasts
1905
Andreas Schimper
Cyanobacteria
gram-negative
two cell membranes
peptidoglycan
blue-green algae
eukaryotic
around a billion years ago
lipid-bilayer membranes
phagosomal membrane
the cyanobacterium
almost the same thing as chloroplast
three
glaucophyte chloroplast lineage
green chloroplast lineage
green chloroplast lineage
glaucophyte
glaucophyte
glaucophyte chloroplasts
carboxysome
icosahedral
chlorophyll a and phycobilins for photosynthetic pigments
phyll a and other pigments
phycoerytherin
catch more sunlight in deep water
starch
phyll b
accessory pigments that override the chlorophylls' green colors
matococcus pluvialis
the synthesis
chlorophyll b
double membrane
additional membranes outside of the original two
nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga
chloroplasts
chloroplast
flagellated protists
common flagellated
stacked in groups of three
Starch
endosymbiont
cryptomonads
red-algal derived chloroplasts
nucleomorph
in granules found in the periplastid space
stacks of two
helicosproidia
chromalveolates
malaria parasite
vestigial red algal derived chloroplast
amypectin starch granules
fatty acids
apicomplexan-related
isopentenyl pyrophosphate synthesis
photosynthetic pigments
four membranes
Peridinin
any other chloroplasts
triplet-stacked
red algal endosymbiont's original cell membrane
dinophyte
dinophyte
four membranes
six membraned chloroplast
a cryptophyte
obtain new chloroplasts to replace the old ones
kleptoplast
stripped of its nucleomorph and outermost two membranes
heterophyte
diatom (hetero phyte) derived chloroplast
up to five membranes
diatom endosymbiont
in granules in the dinophyte host's cytoplasm
dinophyte nucleus
Lepidodinium
peridinin chloroplast
green algal derived chloroplast
green algal derived chloroplast
Paulinella chromatophora
a photosynthetic cyanobacterial endosymbiont
about a million
850 protein encoding genes
three million
cpDNA
cpDNA
1962
1986
two Japanese research teams
inverted repeat regions
direct repeats
stabilize the rest of the chloroplast genome
electron microscopy
two main models
theta intermediary form
double displacement loop
rolling circle mechanism
A → G deamination gradients
replication forks form
linear and replicates through homologous recombination
replicates through homologous recombination
circular chromosomes
bacteriophage T4
linear
circular
a D loop mechanism
Endosymbiotic gene transfer
the lost chloroplast's existence
red algal derived chloroplast
red algal derived chloroplast
nonfunctional pseudogenes
half
participating in cell division, protein routing, and even disease resistance
cell membrane
a ribosome in the cytosol
on a ribosome in the cytosol
many proteins bind the polypeptide, keeping it from folding prematurely
Phosphorylation
lens-shaped
5–8 μm in diameter
1–3 μm
shaped like a net
ribbon-like spiral around the edges
chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane
the product of the host's cell membrane infolding to form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanobacterium
homologous
mitochondrial double membrane
regulates metabolite passage
generate ATP energy
thylakoid system
inner chloroplast membrane
chromoplasts
stroma-containing tubule
to increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport
1962
chloroplasts of C4 plants
some C3 angiosperms
chloroplast peripheral reticulum
increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport
thylakoids and intermembrane space
synthesize a small fraction of their proteins
two-thirds the size
17 nm vs 25 nm
Small subunit ribosomal RNAs
essential for translation initiation in most chloroplasts and prokaryotes
plastoglobulus
spherical bubbles
lipids and proteins
45–60 nanometers
lipid monolayer
a thylakoid
thylakoid network
attached directly to their parent thylakoid
stressed chloroplasts
higher plants
spherical
spherical and highly refractive bodies
starch
divide to form new pyrenoids
helical thylakoid model
flattened circular
two to a hundred
10–20
helicoid stromal thylakoids
light energy
light energy
energize electrons
pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space
a dam turbine
two
pancake-shaped circular disks
pancake-shaped circular disks about 300–600 nanometers in diameter
pancake-shaped circular disks
300–600 nanometers
thirty
transfer and dissipate excess energy
override the chlorophyll green
bright red-orange carotenoid
orange-red zeaxanthin
pigments found in cyanobacteria
red
red algae red
large protein complexes
40 nanometers
rubisco
accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors
oxygen starts accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors
Calvin cycle
ATP energy
the light reactions
rubisco
light reactions
four-carbon compound
the light reactions
parenchyma cells
chlorophyll
parenchyma cells
collenchyma tissue
A plant which contains chlorenchyma cell
in the stems
the leaves
8–15 per cell
half a million
mesophyll
In low-light conditions
seek shelter
photooxidative damage
reduces exposure and protects them from photooxidative damage
Mitochondria
two
infected cells seal off and undergo programmed resistance
infected cells release signals warning the rest of a pathogen's presence
purposely damaging their photosynthetic system
reactive oxygen species
salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, nitric oxide
After detecting stress in a cell
pass on their signal to an unknown second messenger
regulate gene expression in the nucleus
photosynthesis
photosynthesis
food
light and oxygen (O2)
Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
energy stored in an H+, or hydrogen ion gradient
the thylakoid space
more hydrogen ions (up to a thousand times as many)
adenosine triphosphate
adenosine triphosphate
NADP+
phosphorylation
C4 plants
more ATP than NADPH
Calvin cycle
unstable six-carbon molecules
3-phosphoglyceric acid, or 3-PGA
one out of every six produced
glucose monomers in the chloroplast
high atmospheric CO2 concentrations
grow very large
Waterlogged
photosynthesis-depressing factor
add O2 to RuBP
oxygen concentration is too high
consumes ATP and oxygen, releases CO2
up to half the carbon fixed by the Calvin cycle
chloroplast dimorphism
in their stroma
Chloroplasts
crossing membranes to get to where it is needed
whether the organelle carries out the last leg of the pathway
Chloroplasts
undifferentiated proplastids
plant's apical meristems
starch-storing amyplasts
proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts
a plastid that lacks chlorophyll
invaginations
yellow chlorophyll precursor stocked
Gymnosperms
proplastids
pigment-filled plastids
chloroplasts
chromoplasts
chloroplasts
filaments
filaments
a Z-ring within the chloroplast's stroma
within the chloroplast's stroma
The Min system
the two plastid-dividing rings
two plastid-dividing rings
5 nanometers
5 nanometers
chloroplasts have a third plastid-dividing ring located in the chloroplast's intermembrane space
exposure to bright white light
bright white light
large dumbbell-shaped chloroplasts
bright white light
chloroplasts are not inherited from the male parent
environmental risks
3 in 1,000,000
biologically contained
positive divisors
composite number
arithmetic
primes
because one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization
Primality
trial division
trial division
trial division
22,338,618
infinitely many
Euclid
statistical
prime number theorem
end of the 19th century
Goldbach's conjecture
the twin prime conjecture
algebraic
public-key cryptography
prime ideals
2
1, 3, 7, or 9
odd prime
9
even numbers ending in 0 or 5 are multiples of 5.
1
Christian Goldbach
Christian Goldbach
10,006,721
a prime
Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic
1 were considered a prime
divisors function
ient function
single number 1
Rhind papyrus
Ancient Greeks
Euclid's Elements
Euclid
compute primes
1640
Euler
22n + 1
2p − 1
with proof
trial division
a completes up to is known
1 and less than or equal to the square root of n
only three divisions
square root of n
two main classes
Monte Carlo
Monte Carlo
deterministic
1/(-p)n
if p is a prime number
Fermat's little theorem
composite numbers (the Carmichael numbers)
Baillie-PSW
Solovay-Strassen tests
2p + 1 with p
2p − 1
Lucas–Lehmer test
p − 1
p − 1
distributed computing
2009
US$100,000
Electronic Foundation
[256kn + 1, 256k(n + 1) − 1
floor function
Chebyshev
p <n − 3
p < 2n − 2
Wilson's theorem
Dirichlet's theorem
Dirichlet's theorem
1/6
infinitely many primes
infinitely many primes only when a and q are coprime
zeta function
finite value
infinitely many primes
exceeds
algebraic number
1859
−2, −4,...
random noise
asymptotic
asymptotic
Goldbach's
1912
2 · 1017
sufficiently large odd integer
Chen's theorem
conjectured that there are infinitely many twin primes
pairs of primes with difference 2
Polignac's conjecture
n2 + 1
Brocard's
number theory
G. H. Hardy
1970s
pseudorandom number generators
pseudorandom
a recurring decimal
p − 1 or a divisor of p − 1
+ 1
(n − 1
a divisor of p − 1
RSA
Diffie–Hellman
512-bit
modulentiation
512-bit
cicadas
grubs underground
17 years
intervals between emergences
2%
minimality or indecomposability
smallest subfield
uniquely expressed as a connected sum of prime knots
any object can be, essentially, decomposed into its prime components
two nontrivial knots
prime elements and irreducible elements
prime elements
irreducible
neither zero nor a unit (i.e. does not have a multiplicative inverse)
it is not a unit and cannot be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units
arithmetic
Gaussian integers Z[i]
a + bi where i denotes the imaginary unit
arbitrary integers
4k + 1
ring theory
Prime ideals
algebraic
arithmetic
Noetherian
Prime ideals
ramification
integers of quadratic number fields
solvability
smaller
completed (or local) fields
the p-adic norm
local-global principle
Messiaen
La Nativité du Seigneur
Quatre studies de rythme
third
movements of nature, movements of free and unequal durations
Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps
the North Sea in the Netherlands
Cologne, Germany
The Rhine
1,230 km
the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps
empties into the North Sea in the Netherlands
1,230 km
the Gaulish name Rēnos
French Rhin
*Rīnaz
1st century BC
Rēnos
French Rhin
Rhine
Rīnaz
Rhijn
-kilometers
1939
Old Rhine Bridge at Constance
Hoek van Holland
number of canalisation projects
-kilometers
1939
Old Rhine Bridge at Constance
number of canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century
Hoek van Holland
north
86 km
the Rhine Valley (German: Rheintal)
Sargans
Liechtenstein
Chur
86 km
396 m
the Rhine Valley (German: Rheintal)
Liechtenstein
Lake Constance
Rhein ("Old Rhine")
a modern canalized section
"Isel"
precipitating sediments
Lake Constance
a modern canalized section
the Alter Rhein ("Old Rhine")
small islands
Alemannic
Diepoldsau
counteract the constant flooding
strong sedimentation in the western Rhine Delta
into the lake
silt up the lake
the western Rhine
counteract the constant flooding and strong sedimentation
Diepoldsau
Dornbirner Ach
sediment
three bodies
Lower lake
the Seerhein
Swiss-Austrian
pper lake
three bodies
Austria near the Alps
the Alps
Lake Constance
Baden-Württemberg
greater density of cold water
Lake Überlingen
Upper Lake
this flow of the Rhine water is clearly visible along the entire length of the lake.
Lindau
Upper Lake
Rheinrinne ("Rhine Gutter")
Rheinrinne ("Rhine Gutter")
Rhine Gutter
the water level
west
river Aare
1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s)
Finsteraarhorn
Basel
westward
Aare
1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s)
Finsteraarhorn
Switzerland
Rhine kne
"Rhine kne"
Central Bridge
300 km
40 km
Rhine kne
"Rhine kne"
North
High Rhine
Central Bridge
19th Century
increased
fell significantly
Grand Canal d'Alsace
large compensation pools
Upper Rhine
19th Century
increased
the ground water plain level fell significantly
Grand Canal d'Alsace
the Main
300 m3/s (11,000 cu ft/s)
The Rhine
the Moselle
400 m (1,300 ft)
Germany
Germany
The Rhine
Northeastern France
2,290 m3/s (81,000 cu ft/s)
the Middle Rhine
Rhine
erosion
the Romantic Rhine
the Middle Rhine
Between Bingen and Bonn
castles and vineyards
the Romantic Rhine
70 m3/s (2,500 cu ft/s)
Duisburg
The Ruhr
drinking water
Lower Rhine
water pollution
Lower Rhine
Switzerland
Duisburg
Ruhr
tourism
Rüdesheim am Rhein
Lorelei
the Middle Rhine Valley
tourism
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Rüdesheim am Rhein
Lorelei
Near Sankt Goarshausen
Duisburg
-Datteln Canal
the Lippe
Emmerich Rhine Bridge
the longest suspension bridge in Germany
The Lower Rhine
Rhine-Ruhr region
Duisburg
Emmerich Rhine Bridge
400 m
the Meuse
Rijn
Two thirds
west
the Waal
the Meuse
Oude Maas
Pannerdens Kanaal
Nederrijn
Lek
Wijk bij Duurstede
Pannerdens Kanaal
IJssel
one ninth
Lek
Wijk bij Duurstede
Rhine
draining the surrounding land and polders
Kromme Rijn ("Bent Rhine")
Kromme Rijn ("Bent Rhine")
a sluice
Rhine-Meuse Delta
Millingen
Rhine-Meuse delta
Nederrijn at Angeren
three
Waal
Old Meuse
the Rip
St. Elizabeth's flood
1421
the North Sea
1421 to 1904
archipelago-like estuary
drainage channels
The construction of Delta Works
drainage channels
second half of the 20th Century
tidal delta
tidal currents
strong tidal currents could tear huge areas of land into the sea
Zaltbommel
Tethys
Jurassic Period
Mediterranean geography
Triassic Period
Iberia
a N–S rift system
the Upper Rhine Graben
the Miocene
Danube
stream capture
Pliocene period
down to the Vosges Mountains
Ice Ages
six
120 m (390 ft)
northwest
offshore of Brest, France
~74,000 (BP = Before Present), until the end of the Pleistocene (~11,600 BP)
the end of the Pleistocene (~11,600 BP)
west
120 m (390 ft)
English Channel
a glacier
A tundra
22,000–14,000
ice-sheets
loess
22,000 years ago
thaw and fall-winter snow covers melted in spring
the Rhine
about 13,000 BP
9000 BP
7500
coastal processes together
7000 years
tectonic subsidence
1–3 cm
~11,700 years ago
~8,000 years ago
Late-Glacial valley
the Netherlands
~3000 year BP
flooding
sediment load
11–13th century AD
80
North Sea
North Sea
the north and enters the IJssel
freshwater lake
three branches
the 1st century BC
Germania
the 6th century BC
Herodotus
AD 70
upper Danube
the empire fell
eastwards
between the modern Baden and Württemberg
eight
Germania Inferior
two legions at oppidum Ubiorum
whether a state or threat of war
town of the Ubii
the Migration period
kingdoms of Francia on the Lower Rhine
dragon rock
Siegfried
Hagen
the 6th century
the 10th century
Lower Lorraine
Archduke Sigismund of Austria
1469
the Peace of Westphalia
Establishing "natural borders"
Napoleon
1806
1840
end of World War I
1930
the German army
helping Adolf Hitler's rise to power
1936
Arnhem
a formidable natural obstacle to the invasion of Germany
September 1944
Ludendorff Bridge
Seven Days to the River Rhine
1,230 kilometres
German Rijkswaterstaat
generally accepted lengths
1,320 kilometres (820 miles)
2010
1998
the Scotland Act 1998
the areas in which it can make laws
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Westminster
the lack of a Parliament of Scotland
three hundred years
outbreak of the First World War
the late 1960s
a directly elected Scottish Assembly
North Sea
"It's Scotland's oil"
1974
benefitting Scotland as much as they should
1978
Edinburgh
40%
51.6%
Scottish devolution referendum to established Scottish Assembly failed
32.9%
Scottish Parliament
the Conservative Party
1989
Scottish Constitutional Convention
the Holyrood area of Edinburgh
Enric Miralles
Spanish
leaf-shaped
Queen Elizabeth II
the meeting of the Church's General Assembly
General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland
the courtyard
University of Aberdeen
Strathclyde Regional Council
Edinburgh Council
Lothian Regional Council on George IV Bridge
demolished
Parliament Square, High Street and George IV Bridge
main hall
Scottish Parliament
Tricia Marwick
a secret ballot of the 129 MSPs
129
Presiding Officer
Presiding Officer
Convening the Parliamentary Bureau
five or more seats
The Presiding Officer
hemicycle
to encourage consensus amongst elected members
131
not elected members
attend and speak in the plenary meetings
Scottish rivers
silver and inlaid with gold
the Queen
Wisdom, Compassion, Justice and Integrity
glass case suspended from the lid
April
debating chamber
the public
free
the Official Report
Wednesdays
up to four minutes
Presiding Officer
religious beliefs according to the Scottish census
make direct representations
The Presiding Officer (or Deputy Presiding Officer)
what speaks in chamber debates
different viewpoints and political parties
ministers or party leaders
Gaelic
5 pm
Decision Time
return and vote
by means of electronic consoles on their desks
in seconds
outcome of most votes
political parties
Parties entrust some MSPs, known as whips
moral
MSPs do vote against such instructions
after Decision Time
Members Business
45 minutes
relevant minister
the debate and motion relate to "winds up" the debate
committees
stronger
no revising chamber
conduct inquiries
other locations throughout Scotland
a small number of MSPs
the balance of parties across Parliament
their functions
Mandatory Committees
fourth
at the beginning of each parliamentary session
one (or more)
Subject Committees
Economy, Energy and Tourism; Education and Culture; Health and Sport;
A further type of committee
large-scale development projects
Scottish Government
Private Bill Committees
The Scotland Act 1998
Queen Elizabeth II
devolved competencies
Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster
the Parliament
Scottish Parliament
Scottish Parliament
Scottish Parliament has the ability to alter income tax in Scotland
3 pence in the pound
The 2012 Act
reserved matters
Scottish Parliament
Westminster
Scottish Parliament
Bills
Scottish Government
a private member
an outside
in a number of stages
introductory stage
Explanatory Notes
whether the bill is within the legislative competence of the Parliament
in the relevant committee or committees
Stage 2
Stage 3
amendments to the bill as a general debate, and a final vote
a final vote
"wrecking amendments"
Decision Time
Monarch
Royal assent
4-week period has elapsed
the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
a conventional enacting formula
The party, or parties, that hold the majority of seats in the Parliament
Any member can put their name forward to be First Minister
First Minister
the Lord Advocate and the Solicitor General
Sovereign
Thursday
May
the Presiding Officer
supplant it
28
Several procedures
First Minister or members of the cabinet
a statement to the chamber setting out the Government's legislative programme
the substance of the statement
Parliamentary time
11:40 a.m
any member of the Scottish Government
issues under their jurisdiction
four
129
2005
one
their dispersed population
55,000
proportionally to the number of votes received in the second vote of the ballot using the d'Hondt method
dt
quotient
constituency seats
iteratively
a number of qualifications
1981
over the age of 18
the police and the armed forces
the Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003
Scottish Parliament
Labour
151 votes
eight
Scottish independence
the Conservatives
Edinburgh Pentlands
five seats
Annabel Goldie
Cameron
vote on domestic legislation
Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish
West Lothian question
Conservative
England
Islam
implement Islamic values in all spheres
reordering
two poles
revolution or invasion
democratic
Palestine
abolish the state of Israel
democracy
a religious basis
vanguard of change and Islamic reform
sunni pan-Islamism
sharia rather than the building of Islamic institutions
democracy
to maintain their legitimacy
political role
Islam
Scholars and observers
illiberal Islamic regimes
religion from politics
Islamism
Americans to explain the Iranian Islamic Revolution
quietist/non-political Islam
1945 and 1970
quietist/non-political Islam
dangerous enemies
1970s and sometimes later
ideology, and weapons
mujahideen Muslim Afghanistan enemies
pro-Western governments
ideology, and weapons
Anwar Sadat
peace
peace with Israel
1975
assassinated
Wahhabism
"hate them for their religion... for Allah's sake
wars
the "gold standard"
Saudi-interpretation
Islamist
incompetent, inefficient, or neglectful
housing
rhetoric
prohibitive dowry demands
law and philosophy
All India Muslim League
Indian National Congress
1908
The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
secularism and secular nationalism
crowd out
nationalist differences
1930
the Pakistan movement
Sayy Abul Ala Maududi
journalism
1941
his writing
in a modern context
Sayy Abul Ala Maududi
journalism
his writing
in a modern context
Sharia
an Islamic state
of God
Islamic revolution
an educational process or da'wah
1928
Ismail al Banna
Hassan al Banna
the Qur'an
imperialist
violence
1949
Mahmud Fami Naqrashi
1948
Gamal Abdul Nasser
one of the most influential movements
75%
Semi-legal
field candidates
Mohamed Morsi
secular Arab nationalism of the ruling regimes
pivotal event
economic
steep and steady decline
different democratic and anti-democratic Islamist movements
ideological
Ali Shariati
between beliefs of Sunni Islamic thinkers
Ali
conspiracy against Islam
Islamic Republic
Shia terrorist groups
economic
2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Soviet Union
Islamic rebellion
send aid and sometimes to go to fight for their faith
marginal
16,000 to 35,000
radicalize the Islamist movement
Saddam Hussein's
Islamist groups
Saudi
a puppet of the west.
conservative Muslims
domestic Islamists
the kingdom
Algeria
Osama bin Laden
Qutb
1966
the Brotherhood
Fringe or splinter
the 1970s
Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization
1981
"apostate" leaders of Muslim states
introduced or promoted Western/foreign ideas and practices into Islamic societies
Muhammad al-Salaam Farag
Islamic Group
al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya
2003
unsuccessful
political figures
"quiescent"
HAMAS ("zeal")
destruction of Israel
alcohol
Palestine
Hamas
542
majority of the seats
2007
driving Israel out of the Gaza Strip
Islamist
Hassan al-Turabi
His National Islamic Front
money from foreign Islamist banking systems
military academy
1985
overthrow the elected post-al-Nimeiry government with the help of the military
sharia law
Osama bin Laden
the American attack on Iraq in the 1991 Gulf War
gender segregation
1989
Algeria
Front Islamique de Salut
a military coup d'état
justice and prosperity
a vicious and destructive civil war
1992
the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan ruled by communist forces collapsed
80%
Taliban
neighboring Pakistan
Islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist
Sharia
Wahhabism
July 1977
alcohol and nightclubs
Islamism
seizing power
1988
Wahhabi/Salafi jihadist extremist militant group
Sunni Arabs
ten million
a self-described state
caliphate
2004
March 2003
complained of its failure to consult and "notorious intransigence"
March 2011
terrorist organisation
Muhammad Qutb
the 7th century
1924
Islamic
disbelieving (Kafir) colonial powers
armed
take power through "ideological struggle" to change Muslim public opinion
elites
Egypt
terrorist groups
900,000
Islamist
2007
Londonistan
incitement to terrorism
since 2001
the State Department
Christian Whiton
Defense Secretary
undermining the communist ideology
Latin
extending a country's power and influence through colonization
Japanese
technologies and ideas
influence through diplomacy or military.
full-fledged
diplomacy
direct
informal
full-fledged
aggressiveness
technological superiority
informal
distinction of an empire
how developed and developing nation are portrayed through the world systems theory
Lenin
empires
seaborne empires
colonialism
political focus
ideological as for settlement or commercial intentions
Ottoman
one's superiority, domination and influence upon a person or group of people
Imperialism and colonialism
exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered
conquering the other state's lands
exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered
Colonialism
defense and justification of empire-building based on seemingly rational grounds
imperialism
the earth should be peopled, governed, and developed
Social Darwinism
whiteness
Germany
Britain
Political
necessary for a state’s survival
to fund travelers who would come back with tales of their discoveries.
environmental determinism
temperate
Edward Said’s Orientalism
uncivilized people
the superior and the norm
Terra nullius
eighteenth century
British
Aboriginal
empty land
imaginative geography
inferior
a negative vision of itself, as its inferior
Orientalism
inferior
nineteenth-century maps
information to fill in blank spaces on contemporary maps
denote unknown or unexplored territory
nineteenth-century maps
French
pre-Columbian
Genghis Khan
dozens
British Empire
Africa
Cultural
"foreign" music, television or film
Dallas
Roman
with bans on foreign popular culture
1700
colonizing, influencing, and annexing other parts of the world
thousands of years
(generally European) industrializing nations
Open Door Policy
1919
1999
historians
the world's economy
the many imperial powers
economic growth
mid-18th century
military and political means
British exploited the political weakness of the Mughal state
advancements in communication
deadly explosives
the machine gun
arrows, swords, and leather shields
Southern Africa
British
in the late 1870s
philanthropy
need for capitalist economies
aristocracy
1950s
World War I
disease
domestic social reforms could cure the international disease of imperialism by removing its economic foundation
environmental determinism
the environment in which they lived
"less civilized"
Africa
orientalism and tropicality
geographic scholars
Northern Europe and the Mid-Atlantic
guidance and intervention
orientalism
colonizing empires
1599
15
Queen Elizabeth
bankruptcy
Portuguese
1830
1850
Catholicism
North and West Africa
first hostile to empire
civilize the inferior
assimilation
Contrasting from Britain, France sent small numbers of settlers to its colonies
Christianity and French culture
Algeria
overseas colonies
anti-colonial movements
Vietnam
Vietnam in the 1950s
1960
Scandinavia and northern Europe
Muslim Iberia
the middle period of classical antiquity
800 CE
central Europe
19th century
1862
after the Franco-German War
Napoleonssia
Europe
South Pacific
German colonial empire
1884
German New Guinea
Hamburg merchants and traders
Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia
1894
Thailand
Manchuria
the People’s Republic of China
1932
Lenin
1919–20 in the old Tsarist Empire
Bolshevik leaders
the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of a world revolution.
Lenin
Mao Zedong
Nikita Khrushchev
'socialism in one country'
mercantilism
1776
free trade
1820
1815
British
pseudo-sciences
writer
Middle East
Monroe Doctrine
Theodore Roosevelt’s interventionism in Central America
a war erupted in the Philippines causing business, labor and government leaders
Philippines
"racket"
Bowman
1917
President Wilson and the American delegation from the Paris Peace Conference
U.S authorship of a 'new world'
Wilson's geographer
internal strife
internal colonialism
12 to 15 million
the contemporary Orient
1299 to 1923
Suleiman the Magnificent
32 provinces
the Horn of Africa
16th and 17th centuries
Istanbul
Germany
modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states
Turkey
The United Methodist Church
mainline Protestant Methodist denomination
1968
the union of the Methodist Church (USA)
Wesleyan
The United Methodist Church
80 million
mainline Protestant denomination
3.6%
mid-18th century
the mid-18th century within the Church of England
methodical and exceptionally detailed in their Bible
1735
the American Indians in the colony of Georgia
American Indians
salvation by God's grace
the American Revolution
1784
Thomas Coke
Lovely Lane Methodist Church
Lovely Lane Methodist Church
St. George's United Methodist Church
St. George's United Methodist Church
1767
sail loft on Dock Street
1784
Richard Allen and Absalom Jones
St. George's Church
1784
1830
laity having a voice and vote in the administration
1844
tensions over slavery and the power of bishops in the denomination
April 23, 1968
The United Methodist Church
Bishop Christ Wicke
the holy catholic (or universal) church
Discipline
all believers in every age belong to the Nicene Creed
the American Revolution
Dr. Thomas Coke
Thomas Vasey and Richard Whatcoat
1968
John Wesley and Charles Wesley
Albert C. Outler
Albert C. Outler
Prevenient grace
Prevenient grace
the grace that "goes before"
sin
Justifying Grace
justifying grace
conversion
"accepting Jesus as your personal Lord and Savior,"
New Birth
grace of God
Sanctifying Grace
a genuine love of God with heart, soul, mind, and a genuine love of our neighbors
Sanctifying Grace
Wesleyan theology
The United Methodist Church
UMC
The Book of Discipline
2008
pro-choice
Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice
The General Board of Church and Society, and the United Methodist
all women
the mother
Taskforce of United Methodists on Abortion and Sexuality
2012
Rev. Paul T. Stallsworth
temperance
2011 and 2012
The Use of Money
unfermented grape juice
capital punishment
John 8:7
5:38-39
General Conference
same-sex
1999
2016
Connectional Table
LGBT
same-gender marriages
1987
2005
Baltimore-Washington Conference of the UMC
conscription
inaction
all war, or any particular war
Christ's message and teachings
national foreign policy
disarmament
The Sexual Ethics Task Force
violence, degradation, exploitation, and coercion
girls and women
IVF
stem cells
research
the Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America
Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America
The Book of Common Prayer
Africa
Book of Common Prayer
anointing with oil
Methodist institutions
William Booth
Wesley
The United Methodist Church
The United Methodist Church
The Book of Discipline
General Conference
four years
five
seven
elect and appoint bishops, the chief administrators
bishops
Episcopal Areas
Mission Council
church bishops
36 acres
Bush Presidential Library
Southern Methodist University
nine
The Judicial Council
an eight-year term
twice
various locations throughout the world
The Annual Conference
geographical area it covers as well as the frequency of meeting
their Annual Conference
The Book of Discipline
nine
nine
church conference
pensation packages for tax purposes
one hundred
three hundred sixty
International Association of Methodist
John Wesley
pastors
Annual Conference Order of Elders
Annual Conference Order of Deacons
Annual Conference Cabinet
one year
the bishop has read the appointments at the session of the Annual Conference
Elders
a bishop
2–3
District Superintendents
2–3
Deacons
Deacons
sacramental authority
1996
provisional elder/deacon
General Conference
License Local Pastor
licensed local pastor
five-year
Associate Membership
Baptized Members
confirmation and sometimes the profession of faith
transfer from another Christian denomination
Baptism
confirmation and the Methodist-Christian theological tradition
The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church
Church and the Methodist-Christian theological tradition
lay servant
recommended by their pastor and Church Council or Charge Conference
annually
at least one advanced course every three years
The United Methodist Church
observer status
the "blurring of theological and confessional differences in the interests of unity."
2000
May 2012
1985
11 million
42,000
about 8 million
about 8 million members in over 34,000
Texas
11.4 million
11.4 million
3.5 million
Wesleyan Holiness Consortium
World Methodist Council
July 18, 2006
1754–1763
the colonies of British America and New France
60,000 European settlers
2 million
primarily along the frontiers between New France and the British colonies
Forks of the Ohio,
Jumonville Glen in May 1754
1755
Braddock was a disaster
poor management, internal divisions, and effective Canadian scouts, French regular forces, and Indian warrior allies
Fort Beauséjour
four-way attack
William Pitt
British military resources
the European theatre
Sainte Foy in Quebec
Britain of Florida (Spain had ceded this to Britain
Florida (Spain had ceded this to Britain in exchange for the return of Havana, Cuba).
The outcome was one of the most significant developments in a century of Anglo-French conflict.
the 1740s
obscures the fact that Indians fought on both sides
a larger conflict between France and Great Britain
Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War
the official declaration of war in 1756 to the peace treaty in 1763
six years
1760
Battle of Jumonville Glen
about 75,000
St. Lawrence River valley
St. Lawrence and Mississippi watersheds
20 to 1
Nova Scotia and Newfoundland
along the coast
native tribes
Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki
Upstate New York and the Ohio Country
Iroquois rule
Catawba, Muskogee-speaking Creek and Choctaw
western portions of the Great Lakes region
the Iroquois Six Nations, and also by the Cherokee
French regular army troops were stationed in North America
few British troops
ill trained
3,000 miles
the French claims on the territory
crossed the French claims on the territory and told them to leave
Céloron that they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British regardless of the French.
Pickawillany
"Old Briton" ignored the warning
"Old Briton" ignored the warning
devoted to the English
a brisk trade in European colonial captives
British colonists would not be safe as long as the French were present.
1749
the Ohio Company of Virginia
Christopher Gist
Treaty of Logstown
at the mouth of the Monongahela River
The War of the Austrian Succession (whose North American theater is known as King George's War
1748
conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies
it reached no decision
Marquis de la Jonquière
300 men, including French-Canadians and warriors of the Ottawa
to punish the Miami people of la Marine
Pickawillany
Paul Marin de la Malgue
Fort Presque Isle (near present-day Erie, Pennsylvania)
Fort Le Bœuf
to protect the King's land in the Ohio Valley from the British
Tanaghrisson
Superintendent for Indian Affairs in the New York
Warraghiggey
Warraghiggey
Mohawk Chief Hendrick
Ohio Company
Major George Washington
Jacob Van Braam
December 12
Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre
Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal
the letter from Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal
France's claim to the region was superior to that of the British
Duquesne sent additional French forces under Claude-Pierre Pecaudy de Contrecœur
1754
Fort Duquesne
surprised the Canadians
their commanding officer, Joseph Coulonville
to gain the support of the British and regain authority over his own people
dislodge the French
Braddock's departure for North America.
King Louis XV dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau
blockade French ports
Albany Congress
formalize a unified front in trade
ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown
to formalize a unified front in trade
Braddock
a disaster
1,000 British soldiers were killed or injured
Washington and Thomas Gage
Shirley and Johnson
logistical
Fort Niagara
Fort Bull
Marquis de Vaudreuil
Vaudreuil sent Dieskau to Fort St. Frédéric
Fort Edward and Fort William Henry
Fort William Henry
Ticonderoga Point
Colonel Monckton
Nova Scotia's Governor Charles Lawrence ordered the deportation of the French-speaking Acadian population
Petitcodiac
William Shirley
Albany
Fortenac
the wilderness of the Maine district and down the Chaudière River
James Abercrombie
Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm
May 18, 1756
Oneida Carry
an attack against the forts Shirley had erected at the Oneida Carry
45,000 pounds
hopes for campaigns on Lake Ontario
Abercrombie
Ticonderoga
Abercrombie pinned down at Albany
disposition of prisoners' personal effects
an attack on New France's capital, Quebec
distract Montcalm
William Pitt
outnumbering the British
French irregular forces
Lake George
attacked the British column
a poor harvest
allegedly corrupt machinations
St. Lawrence
Duke of Cumberland
Abercrombie
three major offensive actions
Two
3,600
Ticonderoga
Abercrombie was recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst
recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst
draw British resources away from North America and the European mainland
generally poor
Lagos and Quiberon Bay
James Wolfe
successfully cut off the French frontier forts further to the west and south
Battle of Sainte-Foy
British were able to prevent the arrival
Governor Vaudreuil
medical treatment for the sick and wounded French soldiers
Governor Vaudreuil
15 February 1763
15 February 1763
The British offered France the choice of surrendering either its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique
North American possessions east of the Mississippi
80,000
1755
its North American provinces
New Orleans
King George III
division and administration of the newly conquered territory
west of the Appalachian Mountains
Cuba
legal settlement due to the construction of military roads
1769
Spanish Catholic population
a strong ally and counterweight to British expansion
force
fundamental error
Sir Isaac Newton
nearly three hundred years
Einstein
particle physics
gauge bosons
electromagnetic
electromagnetic
electroweak interaction
Aristotle
Aristotlean cosmology
four
ground
unnatural
the 17th century
Galileo Galilei
an innate force of impetus
Galileo
friction
Newton
constant velocity was associated with a lack of net force
Newton
Newton's First Law
the same inertial frame of reference, that is, in all frames related by a Galilean transformation
laws of physics
curving parabolic path
outside world
Inertia
inertia
rotational inertia
Albert Einstein
weightlessness
principle of equivalence
Newton's Second Law
kimatic measurements
General relativity
General relativity offers an equivalence between space-time
units of force and mass are fixed.
Newton's Third Law
Newton's Third Law
unidirectional
equal in magnitude and opposite in direction
the center of mass
closed system
acceleration proportional to the magnitude
intuitive understanding
a standard measurement scale
Newtonian mechanics
fully consistent with the conceptual definition of force
"vector quantities"
scalar quantities
associating forces with vectractors
ambiguous
impossible to determine what the acceleration of the rope
staticum
magnitude and direction
net force
lines of application
parallelogram
independent components
two
unique determined by the scalar addition of the individual vectors
orthogonal components
three-dimensional
static friction
static friction
applied force
increases or decreases
weighing scales
spring reaction force
weight
gravity
Isaac Newton
Galileo
motion in a constant velocity was completely equivalent to rest
Aristotle
behind the foot of the mast of a moving ship
behind the foot of the mast of a moving ship
dynamic equilibrium
kitic friction
kitic friction
Aristotle
Schrödinger equation
Schrödinger equation
classical position variables
"quantized"
"force"
spin
Pauli principle
spin
parallel spins the position variables must be symmetric
parallel spins
a mathematical by-product of exchange of momentum-carrying gauge bosons
force
conservation of momentum
Feynman diagrams
straight line (see world line)
four fundamental interactions
strong and weak forces
electromagnetic
masses
Pauli exclusion principle
Isaac Newton
20th century
unification models
particle physics
Isaac Newton
Newton
9.81 meters per second squared
sea level
gravity
Newton came to realize that the effects of gravity might be observed in larger distances
ascribed to the same force of gravity
the mass of the attracting body
radius
Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant
Henry Cavendish
1798
Newton
Mercury
ulcan
general relativity
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein
general relativity
the straight line path
gravitational force
a global sense
electric current
electromagnetic force
Lorentz's Law
to the electric field
James Clerk Maxwell
1864
20 scalar equations
4
Maxwell
electromagnetic theory
quantum mechanics
quantum electrodynamics
photons
quantum electrodynamics
stiffness
Pauli exclusion principle
energy
a structural force
stiffness
Pauli exclusion principle
energy
a structural force
elementary particles
a residual of the force
gluns in atomic nuclei
gluons
color confinement
weak force
beta decay
neutrons in atomic nuclei
1013 times
1015 kelvins
normal force
Pauli repulsion
fermionic nature of electrons
normal force
ideal strings
ideal pulleys
action-reaction pairs
conservation of mechanical energy
tandem effects
point particles
three-dimensional objects
extended fluids
extended structure
extended structure
stresses
stress-tensor
pressure terms
formalism
rotation
acted upon by an unbalanced torque
Newton's Second Law of Motion
the center of the curving path
perpendicular
radial (centripetal)
centripetal
tanges
kitic
potential
mechanical energy
the difference in potential energy
an artifact
gradient of potentials
gradient of potentials
force model that is independent of any macroscale position vector
Nonconservative
statistical mechanics
nonconservative forces
nonconservative forces
the Second law of thermodynamics
nonconservative forces
pound-force
kilopond
pound-force
kilogrampond
pound-force