LXMERT
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Overview
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The LXMERT model was proposed in `LXMERT: Learning Cross-Modality Encoder Representations from Transformers
<https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.07490>`__ by Hao Tan & Mohit Bansal. It is a series of bidirectional transformer encoders
(one for the vision modality, one for the language modality, and then one to fuse both modalities) pretrained using a
combination of masked language modeling, visual-language text alignment, ROI-feature regression, masked
visual-attribute modeling, masked visual-object modeling, and visual-question answering objectives.
The pretraining consists of multiple multi-modal datasets: MSCOCO, Visual-Genome + Visual-Genome Question Answering,
VQA 2.0, and GQA.

The abstract from the paper is the following:

*Vision-and-language reasoning requires an understanding of visual concepts, language semantics, and, most importantly,
the alignment and relationships between these two modalities. We thus propose the LXMERT (Learning Cross-Modality
Encoder Representations from Transformers) framework to learn these vision-and-language connections. In LXMERT, we
build a large-scale Transformer model that consists of three encoders: an object relationship encoder, a language
encoder, and a cross-modality encoder. Next, to endow our model with the capability of connecting vision and language
semantics, we pre-train the model with large amounts of image-and-sentence pairs, via five diverse representative
pre-training tasks: masked language modeling, masked object prediction (feature regression and label classification),
cross-modality matching, and image question answering. These tasks help in learning both intra-modality and
cross-modality relationships. After fine-tuning from our pretrained parameters, our model achieves the state-of-the-art
results on two visual question answering datasets (i.e., VQA and GQA). We also show the generalizability of our
pretrained cross-modality model by adapting it to a challenging visual-reasoning task, NLVR, and improve the previous
best result by 22% absolute (54% to 76%). Lastly, we demonstrate detailed ablation studies to prove that both our novel
model components and pretraining strategies significantly contribute to our strong results; and also present several
attention visualizations for the different encoders*

Tips:

- Bounding boxes are not necessary to be used in the visual feature embeddings, any kind of visual-spacial features
  will work.
- Both the language hidden states and the visual hidden states that LXMERT outputs are passed through the
  cross-modality layer, so they contain information from both modalities. To access a modality that only attends to
  itself, select the vision/language hidden states from the first input in the tuple.
- The bidirectional cross-modality encoder attention only returns attention values when the language modality is used
  as the input and the vision modality is used as the context vector. Further, while the cross-modality encoder
  contains self-attention for each respective modality and cross-attention, only the cross attention is returned and
  both self attention outputs are disregarded.

The original code can be found `here <https://github.com/airsplay/lxmert>`__.


LxmertConfig
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.. autoclass:: transformers.LxmertConfig
    :members:


LxmertTokenizer
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.. autoclass:: transformers.LxmertTokenizer
    :members:


LxmertTokenizerFast
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.. autoclass:: transformers.LxmertTokenizerFast
    :members:


Lxmert specific outputs
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.. autoclass:: transformers.modeling_lxmert.LxmertModelOutput
    :members:

.. autoclass:: transformers.modeling_lxmert.LxmertForPreTrainingOutput
    :members:

.. autoclass:: transformers.modeling_lxmert.LxmertForQuestionAnsweringOutput
    :members:

.. autoclass:: transformers.modeling_tf_lxmert.TFLxmertModelOutput
    :members:

.. autoclass:: transformers.modeling_tf_lxmert.TFLxmertForPreTrainingOutput
    :members:


LxmertModel
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.. autoclass:: transformers.LxmertModel
    :members: forward

LxmertForPreTraining
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.. autoclass:: transformers.LxmertForPreTraining
    :members: forward

LxmertForQuestionAnswering
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.. autoclass:: transformers.LxmertForQuestionAnswering
    :members: forward


TFLxmertModel
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.. autoclass:: transformers.TFLxmertModel
    :members: call

TFLxmertForPreTraining
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.. autoclass:: transformers.TFLxmertForPreTraining
    :members: call