OpenAI GPT¶

Overview¶

OpenAI GPT model was proposed in Improving Language Understanding by Generative Pre-Training by Alec Radford, Karthik Narasimhan, Tim Salimans and Ilya Sutskever. It’s a causal (unidirectional) transformer pre-trained using language modeling on a large corpus will long range dependencies, the Toronto Book Corpus.

The abstract from the paper is the following:

Natural language understanding comprises a wide range of diverse tasks such as textual entailment, question answering, semantic similarity assessment, and document classification. Although large unlabeled text corpora are abundant, labeled data for learning these specific tasks is scarce, making it challenging for discriminatively trained models to perform adequately. We demonstrate that large gains on these tasks can be realized by generative pre-training of a language model on a diverse corpus of unlabeled text, followed by discriminative fine-tuning on each specific task. In contrast to previous approaches, we make use of task-aware input transformations during fine-tuning to achieve effective transfer while requiring minimal changes to the model architecture. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on a wide range of benchmarks for natural language understanding. Our general task-agnostic model outperforms discriminatively trained models that use architectures specifically crafted for each task, significantly improving upon the state of the art in 9 out of the 12 tasks studied.

Tips:

GPT is a model with absolute position embeddings so it’s usually advised to pad the inputs on the right rather than the left.
GPT was trained with a causal language modeling (CLM) objective and is therefore powerful at predicting the next token in a sequence. Leveraging this feature allows GPT-2 to generate syntactically coherent text as it can be observed in the run_generation.py example script.

Write With Transformer is a webapp created and hosted by Hugging Face showcasing the generative capabilities of several models. GPT is one of them.

The original code can be found here.

Note:

If you want to reproduce the original tokenization process of the OpenAI GPT paper, you will need to install ftfy and SpaCy:

pip install spacy ftfy==4.4.3
python -m spacy download en

If you don’t install ftfy and SpaCy, the transformers.OpenAIGPTTokenizer will default to tokenize using BERT’s BasicTokenizer followed by Byte-Pair Encoding (which should be fine for most usage, don’t worry).

OpenAIGPTConfig¶

class transformers.OpenAIGPTConfig(vocab_size=40478, n_positions=512, n_ctx=512, n_embd=768, n_layer=12, n_head=12, afn='gelu', resid_pdrop=0.1, embd_pdrop=0.1, attn_pdrop=0.1, layer_norm_epsilon=1e-05, initializer_range=0.02, predict_special_tokens=True, summary_type='cls_index', summary_use_proj=True, summary_activation=None, summary_proj_to_labels=True, summary_first_dropout=0.1, **kwargs)[source]¶

This is the configuration class to store the configuration of a OpenAIGPTModel. It is used to instantiate an GPT model according to the specified arguments, defining the model architecture. Instantiating a configuration with the defaults will yield a similar configuration to that of the GPT architecture from OpenAI.

Configuration objects inherit from PretrainedConfig and can be used to control the model outputs. Read the documentation from PretrainedConfig for more information.

Parameters

vocab_size (int, optional, defaults to 40478) – Vocabulary size of the GPT model. Defines the different tokens that can be represented by the inputs_ids passed to the forward method of CTRLModel.
n_positions (int, optional, defaults to 512) – The maximum sequence length that this model might ever be used with. Typically set this to something large just in case (e.g., 512 or 1024 or 2048).
n_ctx (int, optional, defaults to 512) – Dimensionality of the causal mask (usually same as n_positions).
n_embd (int, optional, defaults to 768) – Dimensionality of the embeddings and hidden states.
n_layer (int, optional, defaults to 12) – Number of hidden layers in the Transformer encoder.
n_head (int, optional, defaults to 12) – Number of attention heads for each attention layer in the Transformer encoder.
afn (str or function, optional, defaults to “gelu”) – The non-linear activation function (function or string) in the encoder and pooler. If string, “gelu”, “relu”, “swish” and “gelu_new” are supported.
resid_pdrop (float, optional, defaults to 0.1) – The dropout probability for all fully connected layers in the embeddings, encoder, and pooler.
embd_pdrop (int, optional, defaults to 0.1) – The dropout ratio for the embeddings.
attn_pdrop (float, optional, defaults to 0.1) – The dropout ratio for the attention.
layer_norm_epsilon (float, optional, defaults to 1e-5) – The epsilon to use in the layer normalization layers
initializer_range (float, optional, defaults to 0.02) – The standard deviation of the truncated_normal_initializer for initializing all weight matrices.
predict_special_tokens (boolean, optional, defaults to True) – Whether special tokens should be predicted when the model is has a language modeling head.
summary_type (string, optional, defaults to “cls_index”) –
Argument used when doing sequence summary. Used in for the multiple choice head in OpenAIGPTDoubleHeadsModel. Is one of the following options:
- ’last’ => take the last token hidden state (like XLNet)
- ’first’ => take the first token hidden state (like Bert)
- ’mean’ => take the mean of all tokens hidden states
- ’cls_index’ => supply a Tensor of classification token position (GPT/GPT-2)
- ’attn’ => Not implemented now, use multi-head attention
summary_use_proj (boolean, optional, defaults to True) – Argument used when doing sequence summary. Used in for the multiple choice head in OpenAIGPTDoubleHeadsModel. Add a projection after the vector extraction
summary_activation (string or None, optional, defaults to None) – Argument used when doing sequence summary. Used in for the multiple choice head in OpenAIGPTDoubleHeadsModel. ‘tanh’ => add a tanh activation to the output, Other => no activation.
summary_proj_to_labels (boolean, optional, defaults to True) – Argument used when doing sequence summary. Used in for the multiple choice head in OpenAIGPTDoubleHeadsModel. If True, the projection outputs to config.num_labels classes (otherwise to hidden_size). Default: False.
summary_first_dropout (float, optional, defaults to 0.1) – Argument used when doing sequence summary. Used in for the multiple choice head in OpenAIGPTDoubleHeadsModel. Add a dropout before the projection and activation

Example:

>>> from transformers import OpenAIGPTConfig, OpenAIGPTModel

>>> # Initializing a GPT configuration
>>> configuration = OpenAIGPTConfig()

>>> # Initializing a model from the configuration
>>> model = OpenAIGPTModel(configuration)

>>> # Accessing the model configuration
>>> configuration = model.config

OpenAIGPTTokenizer¶

class transformers.OpenAIGPTTokenizer(vocab_file, merges_file, unk_token='<unk>', **kwargs)[source]¶

BPE tokenizer. Peculiarities:

lower case all inputs
uses SpaCy tokenizer and ftfy for pre-BPE tokenization if they are installed, fallback to BERT’s BasicTokenizer if not.

This tokenizer inherits from PreTrainedTokenizer which contains most of the methods. Users should refer to the superclass for more information regarding methods.

Parameters

vocab_file (str) – Path to the vocabulary file.
merges_file (str) – Path to the merges file.
unk_token (string, optional, defaults to “<unk>”) – The unknown token. A token that is not in the vocabulary cannot be converted to an ID and is set to be this token instead.

save_vocabulary(save_directory)[source]¶

Save the vocabulary and special tokens file to a directory.

Parameters: save_directory (str) – The directory in which to save the vocabulary.
Returns: Paths to the files saved.
Return type: Tuple(str)

OpenAIGPTTokenizerFast¶

class transformers.OpenAIGPTTokenizerFast(vocab_file, merges_file, unk_token='<unk>', **kwargs)[source]¶

Construct a “Fast” BPE tokenizer for OpenAI GPT (backed by HuggingFace’s tokenizers library).

Peculiarities:

lower case all inputs
uses SpaCy tokenizer and ftfy for pre-BPE tokenization if they are installed, fallback to BERT’s BasicTokenizer if not.

This tokenizer inherits from PreTrainedTokenizer which contains most of the methods. Users should refer to the superclass for more information regarding methods.

Parameters

vocab_file (str) – Path to the vocabulary file.
merges_file (str) – Path to the merges file.
unk_token (string, optional, defaults to “<unk>”) – The unknown token. A token that is not in the vocabulary cannot be converted to an ID and is set to be this token instead.

OpenAI specific outputs¶

class transformers.modeling_openai.OpenAIGPTDoubleHeadsModelOutput(loss: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, mc_loss: Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None, logits: torch.FloatTensor = None, mc_logits: torch.FloatTensor = None, hidden_states: Optional[Tuple[torch.FloatTensor]] = None, attentions: Optional[Tuple[torch.FloatTensor]] = None)[source]¶

Base class for outputs of models predicting if two sentences are consecutive or not.

Parameters

loss (torch.FloatTensor of shape (1,), optional, returned when labels is provided) – Language modeling loss.
mc_loss (torch.FloatTensor of shape (1,), optional, returned when mc_labels is provided) – Multiple choice classification loss.
logits (torch.FloatTensor of shape (batch_size, num_choices, sequence_length, config.vocab_size)) – Prediction scores of the language modeling head (scores for each vocabulary token before SoftMax).
mc_logits (torch.FloatTensor of shape (batch_size, num_choices)) – Prediction scores of the multiple choice classification head (scores for each choice before SoftMax).
hidden_states (tuple(torch.FloatTensor), optional, returned when output_hidden_states=True is passed or when config.output_hidden_states=True) –
Tuple of torch.FloatTensor (one for the output of the embeddings + one for the output of each layer) of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size).

Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the initial embedding outputs.
attentions (tuple(torch.FloatTensor), optional, returned when output_attentions=True is passed or when config.output_attentions=True) –
Tuple of torch.FloatTensor (one for each layer) of shape (batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length).

Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.

class transformers.modeling_tf_openai.TFOpenAIGPTDoubleHeadsModelOutput(logits: tensorflow.python.framework.ops.Tensor = None, mc_logits: tensorflow.python.framework.ops.Tensor = None, hidden_states: Optional[Tuple[tensorflow.python.framework.ops.Tensor]] = None, attentions: Optional[Tuple[tensorflow.python.framework.ops.Tensor]] = None)[source]¶

Base class for outputs of models predicting if two sentences are consecutive or not.

Parameters

logits (tf.Tensor of shape (batch_size, num_choices, sequence_length, config.vocab_size)) – Prediction scores of the language modeling head (scores for each vocabulary token before SoftMax).
mc_logits (tf.Tensor of shape (batch_size, num_choices)) – Prediction scores of the multiple choice classification head (scores for each choice before SoftMax).
hidden_states (tuple(tf.Tensor), optional, returned when output_hidden_states=True is passed or when config.output_hidden_states=True) –
Tuple of tf.Tensor (one for the output of the embeddings + one for the output of each layer) of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size).

Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the initial embedding outputs.
attentions (tuple(tf.Tensor), optional, returned when output_attentions=True is passed or when config.output_attentions=True) –
Tuple of tf.Tensor (one for each layer) of shape (batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length).

Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.

OpenAIGPTModel¶

class transformers.OpenAIGPTModel(config)[source]¶

The bare OpenAI GPT transformer model outputting raw hidden-states without any specific head on top.

This model is a PyTorch torch.nn.Module sub-class. Use it as a regular PyTorch Module and refer to the PyTorch documentation for all matter related to general usage and behavior.

Parameters: config (OpenAIGPTConfig) – Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model. Initializing with a config file does not load the weights associated with the model, only the configuration. Check out the from_pretrained() method to load the model weights.

forward(input_ids=None, attention_mask=None, token_type_ids=None, position_ids=None, head_mask=None, inputs_embeds=None, output_attentions=None, output_hidden_states=None, return_dict=None)[source]¶

The OpenAIGPTModel forward method, overrides the __call__() special method.

Note

Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the pre and post processing steps while the latter silently ignores them.

Parameters

input_ids (torch.LongTensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length)) –
Indices of input sequence tokens in the vocabulary.

Indices can be obtained using transformers.OpenAIGPTTokenizer. See transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer.encode() and transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer.__call__() for details.

What are input IDs?
attention_mask (torch.FloatTensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length), optional, defaults to None) –
Mask to avoid performing attention on padding token indices. Mask values selected in [0, 1]: 1 for tokens that are NOT MASKED, 0 for MASKED tokens.

What are attention masks?
token_type_ids (torch.LongTensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length), optional, defaults to None) –
Segment token indices to indicate first and second portions of the inputs. Indices are selected in [0, 1]: 0 corresponds to a sentence A token, 1 corresponds to a sentence B token

What are token type IDs?
position_ids (torch.LongTensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length), optional, defaults to None) –
Indices of positions of each input sequence tokens in the position embeddings. Selected in the range [0, config.max_position_embeddings - 1].

What are position IDs?
head_mask (torch.FloatTensor of shape (num_heads,) or (num_layers, num_heads), optional, defaults to None) – Mask to nullify selected heads of the self-attention modules. Mask values selected in [0, 1]: 1 indicates the head is not masked, 0 indicates the head is masked.
inputs_embeds (torch.FloatTensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size), optional, defaults to None) – Optionally, instead of passing input_ids you can choose to directly pass an embedded representation. This is useful if you want more control over how to convert input_ids indices into associated vectors than the model’s internal embedding lookup matrix.
output_attentions (bool, optional, defaults to None) – If set to True, the attentions tensors of all attention layers are returned. See attentions under returned tensors for more detail.
output_hidden_states (bool, optional, defaults to None) – If set to True, the hidden states of all layers are returned. See hidden_states under returned tensors for more detail.
return_dict (bool, optional, defaults to None) – If set to True, the model will return a ModelOutput instead of a plain tuple.

Returns

A BaseModelOutput (if return_dict=True is passed or when config.return_dict=True) or a tuple of torch.FloatTensor comprising various elements depending on the configuration (OpenAIGPTConfig) and inputs.

last_hidden_state (torch.FloatTensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)) – Sequence of hidden-states at the output of the last layer of the model.
hidden_states (tuple(torch.FloatTensor), optional, returned when output_hidden_states=True is passed or when config.output_hidden_states=True) – Tuple of torch.FloatTensor (one for the output of the embeddings + one for the output of each layer) of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size).

Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the initial embedding outputs.
attentions (tuple(torch.FloatTensor), optional, returned when output_attentions=True is passed or when config.output_attentions=True) – Tuple of torch.FloatTensor (one for each layer) of shape (batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length).

Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.

Return type

BaseModelOutput or tuple(torch.FloatTensor)

Example:

>>> from transformers import OpenAIGPTTokenizer, OpenAIGPTModel
>>> import torch

>>> tokenizer = OpenAIGPTTokenizer.from_pretrained('openai-gpt')
>>> model = OpenAIGPTModel.from_pretrained('openai-gpt', return_dict=True)

>>> inputs = tokenizer("Hello, my dog is cute", return_tensors="pt")
>>> outputs = model(**inputs)

>>> last_hidden_states = outputs.last_hidden_state

get_input_embeddings()[source]¶

Returns the model’s input embeddings.

Returns: A torch module mapping vocabulary to hidden states.
Return type: nn.Module

set_input_embeddings(new_embeddings)[source]¶

Set model’s input embeddings

Parameters: value (nn.Module) – A module mapping vocabulary to hidden states.

OpenAIGPTLMHeadModel¶

class transformers.OpenAIGPTLMHeadModel(config)[source]¶

OpenAI GPT Model transformer with a language modeling head on top (linear layer with weights tied to the input embeddings).

This model is a PyTorch torch.nn.Module sub-class. Use it as a regular PyTorch Module and refer to the PyTorch documentation for all matter related to general usage and behavior.

Parameters: config (OpenAIGPTConfig) – Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model. Initializing with a config file does not load the weights associated with the model, only the configuration. Check out the from_pretrained() method to load the model weights.

forward(input_ids=None, attention_mask=None, token_type_ids=None, position_ids=None, head_mask=None, inputs_embeds=None, labels=None, output_attentions=None, output_hidden_states=None, return_dict=None)[source]¶

The OpenAIGPTLMHeadModel forward method, overrides the __call__() special method.

Note

Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the pre and post processing steps while the latter silently ignores them.

Parameters

input_ids (torch.LongTensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length)) –
Indices of input sequence tokens in the vocabulary.

Indices can be obtained using transformers.OpenAIGPTTokenizer. See transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer.encode() and transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer.__call__() for details.

What are input IDs?
attention_mask (torch.FloatTensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length), optional, defaults to None) –
Mask to avoid performing attention on padding token indices. Mask values selected in [0, 1]: 1 for tokens that are NOT MASKED, 0 for MASKED tokens.

What are attention masks?
token_type_ids (torch.LongTensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length), optional, defaults to None) –
Segment token indices to indicate first and second portions of the inputs. Indices are selected in [0, 1]: 0 corresponds to a sentence A token, 1 corresponds to a sentence B token

What are token type IDs?
position_ids (torch.LongTensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length), optional, defaults to None) –
Indices of positions of each input sequence tokens in the position embeddings. Selected in the range [0, config.max_position_embeddings - 1].

What are position IDs?
head_mask (torch.FloatTensor of shape (num_heads,) or (num_layers, num_heads), optional, defaults to None) – Mask to nullify selected heads of the self-attention modules. Mask values selected in [0, 1]: 1 indicates the head is not masked, 0 indicates the head is masked.
inputs_embeds (torch.FloatTensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size), optional, defaults to None) – Optionally, instead of passing input_ids you can choose to directly pass an embedded representation. This is useful if you want more control over how to convert input_ids indices into associated vectors than the model’s internal embedding lookup matrix.
output_attentions (bool, optional, defaults to None) – If set to True, the attentions tensors of all attention layers are returned. See attentions under returned tensors for more detail.
output_hidden_states (bool, optional, defaults to None) – If set to True, the hidden states of all layers are returned. See hidden_states under returned tensors for more detail.
return_dict (bool, optional, defaults to None) – If set to True, the model will return a ModelOutput instead of a plain tuple.
labels (torch.LongTensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length), optional, defaults to None) – Labels for language modeling. Note that the labels are shifted inside the model, i.e. you can set labels = input_ids Indices are selected in [-100, 0, ..., config.vocab_size] All labels set to -100 are ignored (masked), the loss is only computed for labels in [0, ..., config.vocab_size]

Returns

A CausalLMOutput (if return_dict=True is passed or when config.return_dict=True) or a tuple of torch.FloatTensor comprising various elements depending on the configuration (OpenAIGPTConfig) and inputs.

loss (torch.FloatTensor of shape (1,), optional, returned when labels is provided) – Language modeling loss (for next-token prediction).
logits (torch.FloatTensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, config.vocab_size)) – Prediction scores of the language modeling head (scores for each vocabulary token before SoftMax).
hidden_states (tuple(torch.FloatTensor), optional, returned when output_hidden_states=True is passed or when config.output_hidden_states=True) – Tuple of torch.FloatTensor (one for the output of the embeddings + one for the output of each layer) of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size).

Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the initial embedding outputs.
attentions (tuple(torch.FloatTensor), optional, returned when output_attentions=True is passed or when config.output_attentions=True) – Tuple of torch.FloatTensor (one for each layer) of shape (batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length).

Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.

Return type

CausalLMOutput or tuple(torch.FloatTensor)

Example:

>>> import torch
>>> from transformers import OpenAIGPTTokenizer, OpenAIGPTLMHeadModel

>>> tokenizer = OpenAIGPTTokenizer.from_pretrained('openai-gpt')
>>> model = OpenAIGPTLMHeadModel.from_pretrained('openai-gpt', return_dict=True)

>>> inputs = tokenizer("Hello, my dog is cute", return_tensors="pt")
>>> outputs = model(**inputs, labels=inputs["input_ids"])
>>> loss = outputs.loss
>>> logits = outputs.logits

get_output_embeddings()[source]¶

Returns the model’s output embeddings.

Returns: A torch module mapping hidden states to vocabulary.
Return type: nn.Module

OpenAIGPTDoubleHeadsModel¶

class transformers.OpenAIGPTDoubleHeadsModel(config)[source]¶

OpenAI GPT Model transformer with a language modeling and a multiple-choice classification head on top e.g. for RocStories/SWAG tasks. The two heads are two linear layers. The language modeling head has its weights tied to the input embeddings, the classification head takes as input the input of a specified classification token index in the input sequence).

This model is a PyTorch torch.nn.Module sub-class. Use it as a regular PyTorch Module and refer to the PyTorch documentation for all matter related to general usage and behavior.

Parameters: config (OpenAIGPTConfig) – Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model. Initializing with a config file does not load the weights associated with the model, only the configuration. Check out the from_pretrained() method to load the model weights.

forward(input_ids=None, attention_mask=None, token_type_ids=None, position_ids=None, head_mask=None, inputs_embeds=None, mc_token_ids=None, labels=None, mc_labels=None, output_attentions=None, output_hidden_states=None, return_dict=None, **kwargs)[source]¶

The OpenAIGPTDoubleHeadsModel forward method, overrides the __call__() special method.

Note

Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the pre and post processing steps while the latter silently ignores them.

Parameters

input_ids (torch.LongTensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length)) –
Indices of input sequence tokens in the vocabulary.

Indices can be obtained using transformers.OpenAIGPTTokenizer. See transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer.encode() and transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer.__call__() for details.

What are input IDs?
attention_mask (torch.FloatTensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length), optional, defaults to None) –
Mask to avoid performing attention on padding token indices. Mask values selected in [0, 1]: 1 for tokens that are NOT MASKED, 0 for MASKED tokens.

What are attention masks?
token_type_ids (torch.LongTensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length), optional, defaults to None) –
Segment token indices to indicate first and second portions of the inputs. Indices are selected in [0, 1]: 0 corresponds to a sentence A token, 1 corresponds to a sentence B token

What are token type IDs?
position_ids (torch.LongTensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length), optional, defaults to None) –
Indices of positions of each input sequence tokens in the position embeddings. Selected in the range [0, config.max_position_embeddings - 1].

What are position IDs?
head_mask (torch.FloatTensor of shape (num_heads,) or (num_layers, num_heads), optional, defaults to None) – Mask to nullify selected heads of the self-attention modules. Mask values selected in [0, 1]: 1 indicates the head is not masked, 0 indicates the head is masked.
inputs_embeds (torch.FloatTensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size), optional, defaults to None) – Optionally, instead of passing input_ids you can choose to directly pass an embedded representation. This is useful if you want more control over how to convert input_ids indices into associated vectors than the model’s internal embedding lookup matrix.
output_attentions (bool, optional, defaults to None) – If set to True, the attentions tensors of all attention layers are returned. See attentions under returned tensors for more detail.
output_hidden_states (bool, optional, defaults to None) – If set to True, the hidden states of all layers are returned. See hidden_states under returned tensors for more detail.
return_dict (bool, optional, defaults to None) –
If set to True, the model will return a ModelOutput instead of a plain tuple.

mc_token_ids (torch.LongTensor of shape (batch_size, num_choices), optional, default to index of the last token of the input)
Index of the classification token in each input sequence. Selected in the range [0, input_ids.size(-1) - 1].

labels (torch.LongTensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length), optional, defaults to None)
Labels for language modeling. Note that the labels are shifted inside the model, i.e. you can set labels = input_ids Indices are selected in [-1, 0, ..., config.vocab_size] All labels set to -100 are ignored (masked), the loss is only computed for labels in [0, ..., config.vocab_size]

mc_labels (torch.LongTensor of shape (batch_size), optional, defaults to None)
Labels for computing the multiple choice classification loss. Indices should be in [0, ..., num_choices] where num_choices is the size of the second dimension of the input tensors. (see input_ids above)

kwargs (Dict[str, any], optional, defaults to {}):
Used to hide legacy arguments that have been deprecated.

Returns

A OpenAIGPTDoubleHeadsModelOutput (if return_dict=True is passed or when config.return_dict=True) or a tuple of torch.FloatTensor comprising various elements depending on the configuration (OpenAIGPTConfig) and inputs.

loss (torch.FloatTensor of shape (1,), optional, returned when labels is provided) – Language modeling loss.
mc_loss (torch.FloatTensor of shape (1,), optional, returned when mc_labels is provided) – Multiple choice classification loss.
logits (torch.FloatTensor of shape (batch_size, num_choices, sequence_length, config.vocab_size)) – Prediction scores of the language modeling head (scores for each vocabulary token before SoftMax).
mc_logits (torch.FloatTensor of shape (batch_size, num_choices)) – Prediction scores of the multiple choice classification head (scores for each choice before SoftMax).
hidden_states (tuple(torch.FloatTensor), optional, returned when output_hidden_states=True is passed or when config.output_hidden_states=True) – Tuple of torch.FloatTensor (one for the output of the embeddings + one for the output of each layer) of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size).

Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the initial embedding outputs.
attentions (tuple(torch.FloatTensor), optional, returned when output_attentions=True is passed or when config.output_attentions=True) – Tuple of torch.FloatTensor (one for each layer) of shape (batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length).

Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.

Examples:

from transformers import OpenAIGPTTokenizer, OpenAIGPTDoubleHeadsModel
import torch

tokenizer = OpenAIGPTTokenizer.from_pretrained('openai-gpt')
model = OpenAIGPTDoubleHeadsModel.from_pretrained('openai-gpt', return_dict=True)
tokenizer.add_special_tokens({'cls_token': '[CLS]'})  # Add a [CLS] to the vocabulary (we should train it also!)
model.resize_token_embeddings(len(tokenizer))

choices = ["Hello, my dog is cute [CLS]", "Hello, my cat is cute [CLS]"]
input_ids = torch.tensor([tokenizer.encode(s) for s in choices]).unsqueeze(0)  # Batch size 1, 2 choices
mc_token_ids = torch.tensor([input_ids.size(-1)-1, input_ids.size(-1)-1]).unsqueeze(0)  # Batch size 1

outputs = model(input_ids, mc_token_ids=mc_token_ids)
lm_logits = outputs.lm_logits
mc_logits = outputs.mc_logits

Return type

OpenAIGPTDoubleHeadsModelOutput or tuple(torch.FloatTensor)

get_output_embeddings()[source]¶

Returns the model’s output embeddings.

Returns: A torch module mapping hidden states to vocabulary.
Return type: nn.Module

TFOpenAIGPTModel¶

class transformers.TFOpenAIGPTModel(*args, **kwargs)[source]¶

The bare OpenAI GPT transformer model outputing raw hidden-states without any specific head on top.

Note

TF 2.0 models accepts two formats as inputs:

having all inputs as keyword arguments (like PyTorch models), or

having all inputs as a list, tuple or dict in the first positional arguments.

This second option is useful when using tf.keras.Model.fit() method which currently requires having all the tensors in the first argument of the model call function: model(inputs).

If you choose this second option, there are three possibilities you can use to gather all the input Tensors in the first positional argument :

a single Tensor with input_ids only and nothing else: model(inputs_ids)
a list of varying length with one or several input Tensors IN THE ORDER given in the docstring: model([input_ids, attention_mask]) or model([input_ids, attention_mask, token_type_ids])
a dictionary with one or several input Tensors associated to the input names given in the docstring: model({'input_ids': input_ids, 'token_type_ids': token_type_ids})

Parameters: config (OpenAIGPTConfig) – Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model. Initializing with a config file does not load the weights associated with the model, only the configuration. Check out the from_pretrained() method to load the model weights.

call(inputs, **kwargs)[source]¶

The TFOpenAIGPTModel forward method, overrides the __call__() special method.

Note

Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the pre and post processing steps while the latter silently ignores them.

Parameters

input_ids (Numpy array or tf.Tensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length)) –
Indices of input sequence tokens in the vocabulary.

Indices can be obtained using transformers.GPT2Tokenizer. See transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer.encode() and transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer.__call__() for details.

What are input IDs?
attention_mask (tf.Tensor or Numpy array of shape (batch_size, sequence_length), optional, defaults to None) –
Mask to avoid performing attention on padding token indices. Mask values selected in [0, 1]: 1 for tokens that are NOT MASKED, 0 for MASKED tokens.

What are attention masks?
token_type_ids (tf.Tensor or Numpy array of shape (batch_size, sequence_length), optional, defaults to None) –
Segment token indices to indicate first and second portions of the inputs. Indices are selected in [0, 1]: 0 corresponds to a sentence A token, 1 corresponds to a sentence B token

What are token type IDs?
position_ids (tf.Tensor or Numpy array of shape (batch_size, sequence_length), optional, defaults to None) –
Indices of positions of each input sequence tokens in the position embeddings. Selected in the range [0, config.max_position_embeddings - 1].

What are position IDs?
head_mask (tf.Tensor or Numpy array of shape (num_heads,) or (num_layers, num_heads), optional, defaults to None) – Mask to nullify selected heads of the self-attention modules. Mask values selected in [0, 1]: 1 indicates the head is not masked, 0 indicates the head is masked.
inputs_embeds (tf.Tensor or Numpy array of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size), optional, defaults to None) – Optionally, instead of passing input_ids you can choose to directly pass an embedded representation. This is useful if you want more control over how to convert input_ids indices into associated vectors than the model’s internal embedding lookup matrix.
training (boolean, optional, defaults to False) – Whether to activate dropout modules (if set to True) during training or to de-activate them (if set to False) for evaluation.
output_attentions (bool, optional, defaults to None) – If set to True, the attentions tensors of all attention layers are returned. See attentions under returned tensors for more detail.
output_hidden_states (bool, optional, defaults to None) – If set to True, the hidden states of all layers are returned. See hidden_states under returned tensors for more detail.
return_dict (bool, optional, defaults to None) – If set to True, the model will return a ModelOutput instead of a plain tuple.

Returns

A TFBaseModelOutput (if return_dict=True is passed or when config.return_dict=True) or a tuple of tf.Tensor comprising various elements depending on the configuration (OpenAIGPTConfig) and inputs.

last_hidden_state (tf.Tensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)) – Sequence of hidden-states at the output of the last layer of the model.
hidden_states (tuple(tf.FloatTensor), optional, returned when output_hidden_states=True is passed or when config.output_hidden_states=True) – Tuple of tf.Tensor (one for the output of the embeddings + one for the output of each layer) of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size).

Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the initial embedding outputs.
attentions (tuple(tf.Tensor), optional, returned when output_attentions=True is passed or when config.output_attentions=True) – Tuple of tf.Tensor (one for each layer) of shape (batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length).

Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.

Return type

TFBaseModelOutput or tuple(tf.Tensor)

Example:

>>> from transformers import OpenAIGPTTokenizer, TFOpenAIGPTModel
>>> import tensorflow as tf

>>> tokenizer = OpenAIGPTTokenizer.from_pretrained('openai-gpt')
>>> model = TFOpenAIGPTModel.from_pretrained('openai-gpt')

>>> inputs = tokenizer("Hello, my dog is cute", return_tensors="tf")
>>> outputs = model(inputs)

>>> last_hidden_states = outputs[0]  # The last hidden-state is the first element of the output tuple

TFOpenAIGPTLMHeadModel¶

class transformers.TFOpenAIGPTLMHeadModel(*args, **kwargs)[source]¶

OpenAI GPT Model transformer with a language modeling head on top (linear layer with weights tied to the input embeddings).

Note

TF 2.0 models accepts two formats as inputs:

having all inputs as keyword arguments (like PyTorch models), or

having all inputs as a list, tuple or dict in the first positional arguments.

This second option is useful when using tf.keras.Model.fit() method which currently requires having all the tensors in the first argument of the model call function: model(inputs).

If you choose this second option, there are three possibilities you can use to gather all the input Tensors in the first positional argument :

a single Tensor with input_ids only and nothing else: model(inputs_ids)
a list of varying length with one or several input Tensors IN THE ORDER given in the docstring: model([input_ids, attention_mask]) or model([input_ids, attention_mask, token_type_ids])
a dictionary with one or several input Tensors associated to the input names given in the docstring: model({'input_ids': input_ids, 'token_type_ids': token_type_ids})

Parameters: config (OpenAIGPTConfig) – Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model. Initializing with a config file does not load the weights associated with the model, only the configuration. Check out the from_pretrained() method to load the model weights.

call(inputs, attention_mask=None, token_type_ids=None, position_ids=None, head_mask=None, inputs_embeds=None, output_attentions=None, output_hidden_states=None, return_dict=None, labels=None, training=False)[source]¶

The TFOpenAIGPTLMHeadModel forward method, overrides the __call__() special method.

Note

Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the pre and post processing steps while the latter silently ignores them.

Parameters

input_ids (Numpy array or tf.Tensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length)) –
Indices of input sequence tokens in the vocabulary.

Indices can be obtained using transformers.GPT2Tokenizer. See transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer.encode() and transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer.__call__() for details.

What are input IDs?
attention_mask (tf.Tensor or Numpy array of shape (batch_size, sequence_length), optional, defaults to None) –
Mask to avoid performing attention on padding token indices. Mask values selected in [0, 1]: 1 for tokens that are NOT MASKED, 0 for MASKED tokens.

What are attention masks?
token_type_ids (tf.Tensor or Numpy array of shape (batch_size, sequence_length), optional, defaults to None) –
Segment token indices to indicate first and second portions of the inputs. Indices are selected in [0, 1]: 0 corresponds to a sentence A token, 1 corresponds to a sentence B token

What are token type IDs?
position_ids (tf.Tensor or Numpy array of shape (batch_size, sequence_length), optional, defaults to None) –
Indices of positions of each input sequence tokens in the position embeddings. Selected in the range [0, config.max_position_embeddings - 1].

What are position IDs?
head_mask (tf.Tensor or Numpy array of shape (num_heads,) or (num_layers, num_heads), optional, defaults to None) – Mask to nullify selected heads of the self-attention modules. Mask values selected in [0, 1]: 1 indicates the head is not masked, 0 indicates the head is masked.
inputs_embeds (tf.Tensor or Numpy array of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size), optional, defaults to None) – Optionally, instead of passing input_ids you can choose to directly pass an embedded representation. This is useful if you want more control over how to convert input_ids indices into associated vectors than the model’s internal embedding lookup matrix.
training (boolean, optional, defaults to False) – Whether to activate dropout modules (if set to True) during training or to de-activate them (if set to False) for evaluation.
output_attentions (bool, optional, defaults to None) – If set to True, the attentions tensors of all attention layers are returned. See attentions under returned tensors for more detail.
output_hidden_states (bool, optional, defaults to None) – If set to True, the hidden states of all layers are returned. See hidden_states under returned tensors for more detail.
return_dict (bool, optional, defaults to None) – If set to True, the model will return a ModelOutput instead of a plain tuple.
labels (tf.Tensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length), optional, defaults to None) – Labels for computing the cross entropy classification loss. Indices should be in [0, ..., config.vocab_size - 1].

Returns

A TFCausalLMOutput (if return_dict=True is passed or when config.return_dict=True) or a tuple of tf.Tensor comprising various elements depending on the configuration (OpenAIGPTConfig) and inputs.

loss (tf.Tensor of shape (1,), optional, returned when labels is provided) – Language modeling loss (for next-token prediction).
logits (tf.Tensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, config.vocab_size)) – Prediction scores of the language modeling head (scores for each vocabulary token before SoftMax).
hidden_states (tuple(tf.Tensor), optional, returned when output_hidden_states=True is passed or when config.output_hidden_states=True) – Tuple of tf.Tensor (one for the output of the embeddings + one for the output of each layer) of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size).

Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the initial embedding outputs.
attentions (tuple(tf.Tensor), optional, returned when output_attentions=True is passed or when config.output_attentions=True) – Tuple of tf.Tensor (one for each layer) of shape (batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length).

Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.

Return type

TFCausalLMOutput or tuple(tf.Tensor)

Example:

>>> from transformers import OpenAIGPTTokenizer, TFOpenAIGPTLMHeadModel
>>> import tensorflow as tf

>>> tokenizer = OpenAIGPTTokenizer.from_pretrained('openai-gpt')
>>> model = TFOpenAIGPTLMHeadModel.from_pretrained('openai-gpt')

>>> inputs = tokenizer("Hello, my dog is cute", return_tensors="tf")
>>> outputs = model(inputs)
>>> logits = outputs[0]

get_output_embeddings()[source]¶

Returns the model’s output embeddings.

Returns: A torch module mapping hidden states to vocabulary.
Return type: tf.keras.layers.Layer

TFOpenAIGPTDoubleHeadsModel¶

class transformers.TFOpenAIGPTDoubleHeadsModel(*args, **kwargs)[source]¶

OpenAI GPT Model transformer with a language modeling and a multiple-choice classification head on top e.g. for RocStories/SWAG tasks. The two heads are two linear layers. The language modeling head has its weights tied to the input embeddings, the classification head takes as input the input of a specified classification token index in the input sequence).

Note

TF 2.0 models accepts two formats as inputs:

having all inputs as keyword arguments (like PyTorch models), or

having all inputs as a list, tuple or dict in the first positional arguments.

This second option is useful when using tf.keras.Model.fit() method which currently requires having all the tensors in the first argument of the model call function: model(inputs).

If you choose this second option, there are three possibilities you can use to gather all the input Tensors in the first positional argument :

a single Tensor with input_ids only and nothing else: model(inputs_ids)
a list of varying length with one or several input Tensors IN THE ORDER given in the docstring: model([input_ids, attention_mask]) or model([input_ids, attention_mask, token_type_ids])
a dictionary with one or several input Tensors associated to the input names given in the docstring: model({'input_ids': input_ids, 'token_type_ids': token_type_ids})

Parameters: config (OpenAIGPTConfig) – Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model. Initializing with a config file does not load the weights associated with the model, only the configuration. Check out the from_pretrained() method to load the model weights.

call(inputs, attention_mask=None, token_type_ids=None, position_ids=None, head_mask=None, inputs_embeds=None, mc_token_ids=None, output_attentions=None, output_hidden_states=None, return_dict=None, training=False)[source]¶

The TFOpenAIGPTDoubleHeadsModel forward method, overrides the __call__() special method.

Note

Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the pre and post processing steps while the latter silently ignores them.

Parameters

input_ids (Numpy array or tf.Tensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length)) –
Indices of input sequence tokens in the vocabulary.

Indices can be obtained using transformers.GPT2Tokenizer. See transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer.encode() and transformers.PreTrainedTokenizer.__call__() for details.

What are input IDs?
attention_mask (tf.Tensor or Numpy array of shape (batch_size, sequence_length), optional, defaults to None) –
Mask to avoid performing attention on padding token indices. Mask values selected in [0, 1]: 1 for tokens that are NOT MASKED, 0 for MASKED tokens.

What are attention masks?
token_type_ids (tf.Tensor or Numpy array of shape (batch_size, sequence_length), optional, defaults to None) –
Segment token indices to indicate first and second portions of the inputs. Indices are selected in [0, 1]: 0 corresponds to a sentence A token, 1 corresponds to a sentence B token

What are token type IDs?
position_ids (tf.Tensor or Numpy array of shape (batch_size, sequence_length), optional, defaults to None) –
Indices of positions of each input sequence tokens in the position embeddings. Selected in the range [0, config.max_position_embeddings - 1].

What are position IDs?
head_mask (tf.Tensor or Numpy array of shape (num_heads,) or (num_layers, num_heads), optional, defaults to None) – Mask to nullify selected heads of the self-attention modules. Mask values selected in [0, 1]: 1 indicates the head is not masked, 0 indicates the head is masked.
inputs_embeds (tf.Tensor or Numpy array of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size), optional, defaults to None) – Optionally, instead of passing input_ids you can choose to directly pass an embedded representation. This is useful if you want more control over how to convert input_ids indices into associated vectors than the model’s internal embedding lookup matrix.
training (boolean, optional, defaults to False) – Whether to activate dropout modules (if set to True) during training or to de-activate them (if set to False) for evaluation.
output_attentions (bool, optional, defaults to None) – If set to True, the attentions tensors of all attention layers are returned. See attentions under returned tensors for more detail.
output_hidden_states (bool, optional, defaults to None) – If set to True, the hidden states of all layers are returned. See hidden_states under returned tensors for more detail.
return_dict (bool, optional, defaults to None) –
If set to True, the model will return a ModelOutput instead of a plain tuple.

mc_token_ids (tf.Tensor or Numpy array of shape (batch_size, num_choices), optional, default to index of the last token of the input)
Index of the classification token in each input sequence. Selected in the range [0, input_ids.size(-1) - 1].

Returns

A TFOpenAIGPTDoubleHeadsModelOutput (if return_dict=True is passed or when config.return_dict=True) or a tuple of tf.Tensor comprising various elements depending on the configuration (OpenAIGPTConfig) and inputs.

logits (tf.Tensor of shape (batch_size, num_choices, sequence_length, config.vocab_size)) – Prediction scores of the language modeling head (scores for each vocabulary token before SoftMax).
mc_logits (tf.Tensor of shape (batch_size, num_choices)) – Prediction scores of the multiple choice classification head (scores for each choice before SoftMax).
hidden_states (tuple(tf.Tensor), optional, returned when output_hidden_states=True is passed or when config.output_hidden_states=True) – Tuple of tf.Tensor (one for the output of the embeddings + one for the output of each layer) of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size).

Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the initial embedding outputs.
attentions (tuple(tf.Tensor), optional, returned when output_attentions=True is passed or when config.output_attentions=True) – Tuple of tf.Tensor (one for each layer) of shape (batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length).

Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.

Examples:

>>> import tensorflow as tf
>>> from transformers import OpenAIGPTTokenizer, TFOpenAIGPTDoubleHeadsModel

>>> tokenizer = OpenAIGPTTokenizer.from_pretrained('openai-gpt')
>>> model = TFOpenAIGPTDoubleHeadsModel.from_pretrained('openai-gpt')

>>> # Add a [CLS] to the vocabulary (we should train it also!)
>>> tokenizer.add_special_tokens({'cls_token': '[CLS]'})
>>> model.resize_token_embeddings(len(tokenizer))  # Update the model embeddings with the new vocabulary size
>>> print(tokenizer.cls_token_id, len(tokenizer))  # The newly token the last token of the vocabulary

>>> choices = ["Hello, my dog is cute [CLS]", "Hello, my cat is cute [CLS]"]
>>> encoding = tokenizer(choices, return_tensors="tf")
>>> inputs = {k: tf.expand_dims(v, 0) for k, v in encoding.items()}
>>> inputs["mc_token_ids"]= tf.constant([inputs["input_ids"].shape[-1] - 1, inputs["input_ids"].shape[-1] - 1])[None, :]  # Batch size 1
>>> outputs = model(inputs)
>>> lm_prediction_scores, mc_prediction_scores = outputs[:2]

Return type

TFOpenAIGPTDoubleHeadsModelOutput or tuple(tf.Tensor)

get_output_embeddings()[source]¶

Returns the model’s output embeddings.

Returns: A torch module mapping hidden states to vocabulary.
Return type: tf.keras.layers.Layer