---
language:
- en
datasets:
- tiiuae/falcon-refinedweb
- HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
license: other
license_name: falcon-mamba-7b-license
license_link: https://falconllm.tii.ae/falcon-mamba-7b-terms-and-conditions.html
model-index:
- name: falcon-mamba-7b
results:
- task:
type: text-generation
name: Text Generation
dataset:
name: IFEval (0-Shot)
type: HuggingFaceH4/ifeval
args:
num_few_shot: 0
metrics:
- type: inst_level_strict_acc and prompt_level_strict_acc
value: 33.36
name: strict accuracy
source:
url: https://huggingface.co/spaces/open-llm-leaderboard/open_llm_leaderboard?query=tiiuae/falcon-mamba-7b
name: Open LLM Leaderboard
- task:
type: text-generation
name: Text Generation
dataset:
name: BBH (3-Shot)
type: BBH
args:
num_few_shot: 3
metrics:
- type: acc_norm
value: 19.88
name: normalized accuracy
source:
url: https://huggingface.co/spaces/open-llm-leaderboard/open_llm_leaderboard?query=tiiuae/falcon-mamba-7b
name: Open LLM Leaderboard
- task:
type: text-generation
name: Text Generation
dataset:
name: MATH Lvl 5 (4-Shot)
type: hendrycks/competition_math
args:
num_few_shot: 4
metrics:
- type: exact_match
value: 3.63
name: exact match
source:
url: https://huggingface.co/spaces/open-llm-leaderboard/open_llm_leaderboard?query=tiiuae/falcon-mamba-7b
name: Open LLM Leaderboard
- task:
type: text-generation
name: Text Generation
dataset:
name: GPQA (0-shot)
type: Idavidrein/gpqa
args:
num_few_shot: 0
metrics:
- type: acc_norm
value: 8.05
name: acc_norm
source:
url: https://huggingface.co/spaces/open-llm-leaderboard/open_llm_leaderboard?query=tiiuae/falcon-mamba-7b
name: Open LLM Leaderboard
- task:
type: text-generation
name: Text Generation
dataset:
name: MuSR (0-shot)
type: TAUR-Lab/MuSR
args:
num_few_shot: 0
metrics:
- type: acc_norm
value: 10.86
name: acc_norm
source:
url: https://huggingface.co/spaces/open-llm-leaderboard/open_llm_leaderboard?query=tiiuae/falcon-mamba-7b
name: Open LLM Leaderboard
- task:
type: text-generation
name: Text Generation
dataset:
name: MMLU-PRO (5-shot)
type: TIGER-Lab/MMLU-Pro
config: main
split: test
args:
num_few_shot: 5
metrics:
- type: acc
value: 14.47
name: accuracy
source:
url: https://huggingface.co/spaces/open-llm-leaderboard/open_llm_leaderboard?query=tiiuae/falcon-mamba-7b
name: Open LLM Leaderboard
---
# Table of Contents
0. [TL;DR](#TL;DR)
1. [Model Details](#model-details)
2. [Usage](#usage)
3. [Training Details](#training-details)
4. [Evaluation](#evaluation)
# TL;DR
# Model Details
## Model Description
- **Developed by:** [https://www.tii.ae](https://www.tii.ae)
- **Model type:** Causal decoder-only
- **Architecture:** Mamba
- **Language(s) (NLP):** Mainly English
- **License:** TII Falcon-Mamba License 2.0
# Usage
Find below some example scripts on how to use the model in `transformers` (Make sure to have the latest transformers, or the one built from source):
## Using the Pytorch model
### Running the model on a CPU
Click to expand
```python
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("tiiuae/falcon-mamba-7b")
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("tiiuae/falcon-mamba-7b")
input_text = "Question: How many hours in one day? Answer: "
input_ids = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt").input_ids
outputs = model.generate(input_ids)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0]))
```
### Running the model on a GPU
Click to expand
```python
# pip install accelerate
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("tiiuae/falcon-mamba-7b")
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("tiiuae/falcon-mamba-7b", device_map="auto")
input_text = "Question: How many hours in one day? Answer: "
input_ids = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt").input_ids.to("cuda")
outputs = model.generate(input_ids)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0]))
```
### Running the model on a GPU using `torch.compile`
Click to expand
```python
import torch
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("tiiuae/falcon-mamba-7b")
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("tiiuae/falcon-mamba-7b", torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16).to(0)
model = torch.compile(model)
input_text = "Question: How many hours in one day? Answer: "
input_ids = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt").input_ids.to("cuda")
outputs = model.generate(input_ids)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0]))
```
### Running the model on a GPU using different precisions
#### FP16
Click to expand
```python
# pip install accelerate
import torch
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("tiiuae/falcon-mamba-7b")
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("tiiuae/falcon-mamba-7b", device_map="auto", torch_dtype=torch.float16)
input_text = "Question: How many hours in one day? Answer: "
input_ids = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt").input_ids.to("cuda")
outputs = model.generate(input_ids)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0]))
```
#### 4-bit
Click to expand
```python
# pip install bitsandbytes accelerate
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM, BitsAndBytesConfig
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("tiiuae/falcon-mamba-7b")
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("tiiuae/falcon-mamba-7b", device_map="auto", quantization_config=BitsAndBytesConfig(load_in_4bit=True))
input_text = "Question: How many hours in one day? Answer: "
input_ids = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt").input_ids.to("cuda")
outputs = model.generate(input_ids)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0]))
```
# Training Details
## Training Data
Falcon-Mamba has been trained with ~ 5,500 GT mainly coming from [Refined-Web](https://huggingface.co/datasets/tiiuae/falcon-refinedweb), a large volume web-only dataset filtered and deduplicated.
Similar to the others [Falcon](https://huggingface.co/tiiuae/falcon-11B) suite models, Falcon-Mamba has been trained leveraging a multi-stage training strategy to increase the context-length from 2,048 to 8,192.
Moreover, inspired by the concept of Curriculum Learning, we carefully selected data mixtures throughout the training stages, considering both data diversity and complexity.
Note that at inference the context-length is not relevant as the Mamba architecture has no limit on long range dependency.
At the last training stage, small portion of high-quality curated data was used to further enhance performance.
Overall, the data sources included RefinedWeb-English, high quality technical data, code data and math data extracted from public sources.
In particular, we used samples coming from [Fineweb-edu](https://huggingface.co/datasets/HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu) during our last training stage.
The data was tokenized with the Falcon-[7B](https://huggingface.co/tiiuae/falcon-7B)/[11B](https://huggingface.co/tiiuae/falcon-11B) tokenizer.
## Training Procedure
Falcon-Mamba-7B was trained on 256 H100 80GB GPUs for the majority of the training, using a 3D parallelism strategy (TP=1, PP=1, DP=256) combined with ZeRO.
### Training Hyperparameters
| **Hyperparameter** | **Value** | **Comment** |
|--------------------|------------|-------------------------------------------|
| Precision | `bfloat16` | |
| Optimizer | AdamW | |
| Max learning rate | 6.4e-4 | Following a WSD (warmup-stable-decay) learning rate schedule |
| Weight decay | 1e-1 | |
| Batch size | 2048 | |
The model was trained AdamW optimizer, WSD (warmup-stable-decay) learning rate schedule, and a batch size rampup from \\(b_{\mathrm{min}}=128\\) to \\(b_{\mathrm{max}}=2048\\) during first 50 GT of training.
In the stable phase we used maximal learning rate \\(\eta_{\mathrm{max}}=6.4 \times 10^{-4}\\), and decayed it to the minimal value \\(\eta_{\mathrm{min}}=\frac{\eta_{\mathrm{max}}}{256}\\) with exponential schedule over 500 GT.
Also, we applied *BatchScaling* during the rampup — rescaling learning rate \\(\eta\\) so that the Adam noise temperature \\(T_{\mathrm{noise}}\equiv\frac{\eta}{\sqrt{b}}\\) is kept constant.
### Speeds, Sizes, Times
The model training took roughly two months.
# Evaluation
## Benchmarks
We evaluate our model on all benchmarks of the new leaderboard's version using the `lm-evaluation-harness` package, and then normalize the evaluation results with HuggingFace score normalization.
| `model name` |`IFEval`| `BBH` |`MATH LvL5`| `GPQA`| `MUSR`|`MMLU-PRO`|`Average`|
|:--------------------------|:------:|:-----:|:---------:|:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------:|
| ***Pure SSM models*** | | | | | | | |
| `FalconMamba-7B` | 33.36 | 19.88 | 3.63 |8.05 |10.86 | 14.47 |**15.04**|
| `TRI-ML/mamba-7b-rw`*| 22.46 | 6.71 | 0.45 | 1.12 | 5.51 | 1.69 | 6.25 |
|***Hybrid SSM-attention models*** | | | | | | |
|`recurrentgemma-9b` | 30.76 | 14.80 | 4.83 | 4.70 | 6.60 | 17.88 | 13.20 |
| `Zyphra/Zamba-7B-v1`* | 24.06 | 21.12 | 3.32 | 3.03 | 7.74 | 16.02 | 12.55 |
|***Transformer models*** | | | | | | | |
| `Falcon2-11B` | 32.61 | 21.94 | 2.34 | 2.80 | 7.53 | 15.44 | 13.78 |
| `Meta-Llama-3-8B` | 14.55 | 24.50 | 3.25 | 7.38 | 6.24 | 24.55 | 13.41 |
| `Meta-Llama-3.1-8B` | 12.70 | 25.29 | 4.61 | 6.15 | 8.98 | 24.95 | 13.78 |
| `Mistral-7B-v0.1` | 23.86 | 22.02 | 2.49 | 5.59 | 10.68 | 22.36 | 14.50 |
| `Mistral-Nemo-Base-2407 (12B)` | 16.83 | 29.37 | 4.98 | 5.82 | 6.52 | 27.46 | 15.08 |
| `gemma-7B` | 26.59 | 21.12 | 6.42 | 4.92 | 10.98 | 21.64 |**15.28**|
Also, we evaluate our model on the benchmarks of the first leaderboard using `lighteval`.
| `model name` |`ARC`|`HellaSwag` |`MMLU` |`Winogrande`|`TruthfulQA`|`GSM8K`|`Average` |
|:-----------------------------|:------:|:---------:|:-----:|:----------:|:----------:|:-----:|:----------------:|
| ***Pure SSM models*** | | | | | | | |
| `FalconMamba-7B`* | 62.03 | 80.82 | 62.11 | 73.64 | 53.42 | 52.54 | **64.09** |
| `TRI-ML/mamba-7b-rw`* | 51.25 | 80.85 | 33.41 | 71.11 | 32.08 | 4.70 | 45.52 |
|***Hybrid SSM-attention models***| | | | | | | |
| `recurrentgemma-9b`** |52.00 | 80.40 | 60.50 | 73.60 | 38.60 | 42.60 | 57.95 |
| `Zyphra/Zamba-7B-v1`* | 56.14 | 82.23 | 58.11 | 79.87 | 52.88 | 30.78 | 60.00 |
|***Transformer models*** | | | | | | | |
| `Falcon2-11B` | 59.73 | 82.91 | 58.37 | 78.30 | 52.56 | 53.83 | **64.28** |
| `Meta-Llama-3-8B` | 60.24 | 82.23 | 66.70 | 78.45 | 42.93 | 45.19 | 62.62 |
| `Meta-Llama-3.1-8B` | 58.53 | 82.13 | 66.43 | 74.35 | 44.29 | 47.92 | 62.28 |
| `Mistral-7B-v0.1` | 59.98 | 83.31 | 64.16 | 78.37 | 42.15 | 37.83 | 60.97 |
| `gemma-7B` | 61.09 | 82.20 | 64.56 | 79.01 | 44.79 | 50.87 | 63.75 |
Mostly, we took evaluation results from both leaderboards. For the models marked by *star* we evaluated the tasks internally, while for the models marked by two *stars* the results were taken from paper or model card.
## Throughput
This model can achieve comparable throughput and performance compared to other transformer based models that use optimized kernels such as Flash Attention 2. Make sure to install the optimized Mamba kernels with the following commands:
```bash
pip install "causal-conv1d>=1.4.0" mamba-ssm
```
Refer to our [FalconMamba blogpost](https://huggingface.co/blog/falconmamba) for more details about performance evaluation.
# Technical Specifications
## Model Architecture and Objective
Falcon-Mamba-7B is a causal decoder-only model trained on a causal language modeling task (i.e., predict the next token).
The model is based on the Mamba architecture ([Gu et al., 2023](https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.00752)).
| **Hyperparameter** | **Value** | **Comment** |
|--------------------|-----------|----------------------------------------|
| Layers | 64 | Number of layers |
| `d_model` | 4096 | Hidden dimension |
| `d_state` | 16 | The SSM state dimension |
| Vocabulary | 65024 | Vocabulary Size |
| Sequence length | 8192 | During the last training stages |
## Compute Infrastructure
### Hardware
Falcon-Mamba-7B was trained on AWS SageMaker, using on average 256 H100 80GB GPUs in 32 p5 instances.
### Software
Falcon-Mamba-7B was trained on an internal distributed training codebase, Gigatron. It uses a 3D parallelism approach combined with ZeRO, high-performance Triton kernels.
# Citation
*Paper coming soon* 😊.
# [Open LLM Leaderboard Evaluation Results](https://huggingface.co/spaces/open-llm-leaderboard/open_llm_leaderboard)
Detailed results can be found [here](https://huggingface.co/datasets/open-llm-leaderboard/tiiuae__falcon-mamba-7b-details)
| Metric |Value|
|-------------------|----:|
|Avg. |15.04|
|IFEval (0-Shot) |33.36|
|BBH (3-Shot) |19.88|
|MATH Lvl 5 (4-Shot)| 3.63|
|GPQA (0-shot) | 8.05|
|MuSR (0-shot) |10.86|
|MMLU-PRO (5-shot) |14.47|