0,1,2,3,4,5,correct,choiceA_probs,choiceB_probs,choiceC_probs,choiceD_probs
What is the term for a sub-optimal but acceptable outcome of negotiations between parties?,Bargaining,Satisficing,Accepting,Compromising,B,True,0.1807831972837448,0.20485419034957886,0.10965055227279663,0.12425035238265991
What is the term for the 'rule of thumb' type of bias in decision making?,Framing bias,Hindsight bias,Over-confidence bias,Heuristics,D,True,0.08249849081039429,0.038969527930021286,0.13601702451705933,0.41896191239356995
What is a normative perspective?,The way things are.,The way things are going to be.,The way things should be.,The way things were.,C,True,0.0834488570690155,0.00879544485360384,0.698708713054657,0.034786656498909
"In the 'five forces model', what is the type of competitive activity that exists between organisations?",The potential for entry into the industry,The threat of substitute products,The power of customers,The level of rivalry,D,True,0.037281282246112823,0.025623025372624397,0.025623025372624397,0.6608265042304993
Which one of the following political leaders could not be termed a 'transformational' leader?,Margaret Thatcher,Mikhail Gorbachov,Nelson Mandela,Bill Clinton,D,False,0.1851641833782196,0.12726137042045593,0.14420601725578308,0.1851641833782196
What is a Gantt chart a type of?,Work flow design,Work schedule design,Work rate design,Work output design,B,False,0.38999825716018677,0.143472358584404,0.059808168560266495,0.07679520547389984
Which one of the following is a feature of McGregor's Theory X?,Workers enjoy responsibility.,Workers view physical and mental effort as a natural part of work.,Workers like to show initiative.,Workers like to be directed.,D,True,0.14324884116649628,0.18393515050411224,0.059714995324611664,0.34363609552383423
What is the term for power derived from status or position in an organisation?,Referent,Expert,Reward,Legitimate,D,False,0.317928284406662,0.037971120327711105,0.07093939185142517,0.24760280549526215
Which writer is most associated with bureaucratic structures?,Henry Fayol,Max Weber,Adam Smith,Mary Parker Follett,B,False,0.4235856831073761,0.22672909498214722,0.05059009790420532,0.05059009790420532
Who of the following is the industrial philanthropist?,Frederick Taylor,Seebohm Rowntree,Henry Ford,Max Weber,B,False,0.18336234986782074,0.16181671619415283,0.14280274510383606,0.2077767699956894
Individualism as a guiding moral philosophy was advocated by which economist?,John Kenneth Galbraith,John Maynard Keynes,Milton Friedman,Alfred Marshall,C,True,0.1601875275373459,0.08574219793081284,0.33911699056625366,0.12475418299436569
The Hawthorn Studies are most associated with which writer?,Mary Parker Follett,Elton Mayo,Lillian Gilbreth,Frederick Taylor,B,False,0.45825591683387756,0.19102947413921356,0.0547308623790741,0.07027582079172134
How can you describe the thinking and outlook of transformational leaders?,Strategic,Operational,Functional,Developmental,A,False,0.10226690769195557,0.012214039452373981,0.09025021642446518,0.4583284556865692
What are the key characteristics of transactional leaders?,"Guiding, mentoring and motivating","Guiding, commanding and motivating","Guiding, demonstrating and motivating","Guiding, mentoring and demonstrating",A,True,0.42401519417762756,0.04469086974859238,0.07368278503417969,0.12148238718509674
What is not an assumption underpinning the rational decision making model?,Incomplete information,An agreed goal,A structured problem,High level of certainty regarding the environment,A,True,0.2840960919857025,0.07183074206113815,0.17231300473213196,0.13419750332832336
Which one of the following is not one of Drucker's five guiding principles of management?,Making people's strengths effective and their weaknesses irrelevant.,Enhancing the ability of people to contribute.,To operate the organisation's status system.,"Integrating people in a common venture by thinking through, setting and exemplifying the organisational objectives, values and goals.",C,False,0.08087042719125748,0.043286822736263275,0.1939980834722519,0.3198487460613251
What is a paradigm?,A theoretical assumption,An illustration,A theoretical model,An example serving as a model,D,False,0.3104262053966522,0.019844884052872658,0.24176017940044403,0.08893860131502151
What one of the following is not a key management skill in planning?,Conceptual skills,Analytical skills,IT and computing skills,Communication skills,C,False,0.07528316229581833,0.03556124493479729,0.18059490621089935,0.23188844323158264
According to Belbin (1981) an extroverted and enthusiastic person fits with what role?,Co-ordinator,Shaper,Resource investigator,Implementer,C,False,0.20648197829723358,0.1822197139263153,0.08607449382543564,0.1105218455195427
Which is not a recognised form of business continuity planning?,Contingency planning,Scenario planning,Financial planning,Building planning,D,True,0.16060110926628113,0.05213954299688339,0.1250762790441513,0.20621590316295624
What is the term for an organisation that adapts to changes in the environment by quickly responding to shifts in supply and demand conditions?,Opportunistic organisation,Enterprising organisation,International organisation,Agile organisation,D,True,0.10872454941272736,0.007875978946685791,0.024259723722934723,0.29554393887519836
Which of these is not part of the recognised challenges for modern managers?,Micro-managing the workforce,Managing communications,Managing change,Managing the learning organisation,A,False,0.17394272983074188,0.05647093057632446,0.19710293412208557,0.2867830693721771
To what does emotional intelligence refer?,How people view and understand the world.,How people view and understand themselves.,How people view and understand others.,How people view and understand themselves and others.,D,True,0.13710683584213257,0.030592668801546097,0.1760486662387848,0.3289022147655487
Of what is individual freedom to schedule work an example?,Job design,Job enrichment,Job rate,Job planning,B,False,0.38627973198890686,0.08619065582752228,0.08619065582752228,0.1254066675901413
What are workers primarily motivated by according to the instrumental approach?,Peer recognition,Promotion,Greater freedom,Economic reward,D,True,0.0547996424138546,0.013855519704520702,0.1023792028427124,0.5891516804695129
Which is not a characteristic of corporate social responsibility?,Product safety,Consumer rights,Environmental policies,Price-fixing,D,True,0.12209020555019379,0.05089477077126503,0.1383463442325592,0.37606433033943176
Who was a major protagonist of utilitarianism?,John Stuart Mill,Thomas Hobbes,Karl Marx,Adam Smith,A,True,0.5971115231513977,0.04325461760163307,0.055540021508932114,0.1037624180316925
As what is ensuring that one individual does not carry the burden of a whole work task referred to?,Work specialisation,Work design,Work schedule,Work shift,A,True,0.28379613161087036,0.1183038204908371,0.04931636527180672,0.04352154582738876
How do you describe a work group that comprises workers with demarcated tasks and distant line managers?,Dependent,Independent,Interdependent,Collaborative,B,False,0.09278655797243118,0.05627789348363876,0.3669779598712921,0.11914029717445374
Specialisation is a feature of which organisational structure?,Matrix,Divisional,Multi-divisional,Functional,D,False,0.212136372923851,0.11354842782020569,0.1652119755744934,0.1652119755744934
Which one is not an element in the primary activities of a value chain?,Procurement,Inbound logistics,Outbound logistics,Service,A,False,0.1188274696469307,0.06360376626253128,0.1959133744239807,0.28505226969718933
What is the term for the act of getting individuals to behave in ways that are acceptable to a group?,Indoctrination,Brainwashing,Propaganda,Socialisation,D,True,0.028365934267640114,0.01043524406850338,0.20959749817848206,0.4437178671360016
When does an acquisition take place?,Two equal partners decide to work together.,Two equal partners share resources.,Two unequal partners join together.,Two unequal partners become one after a buyout.,D,True,0.06455904245376587,0.039157040417194366,0.15486909449100494,0.4770303964614868
Who of these is the entrepreneur?,Barack Obama,James Dyson,Damien Hirst,Mo Farah,B,False,0.22416937351226807,0.1978287696838379,0.13596560060977936,0.10589011758565903
Which of these is not an advantage of a virtual team?,Team members can be recruited for their specific skills or experience.,No overhead costs associated with physical buildings.,Conflict can be resolved easily using face-to-face meetings.,Low transport or commuting costs.,C,True,0.12048544734716415,0.05691329389810562,0.2890295684337616,0.2890295684337616
What is the richest form of information?,Telephone,Face-to-face,E-mail,Video conference,B,False,0.18970449268817902,0.08961005508899689,0.1674136221408844,0.18970449268817902
What is the purpose of a 'quality circle'?,Bring together managers and workers to find improvements.,Bring together managers and workers to discuss output.,Bring together managers and workers to review quality of work.,Bring together managers and workers to review targets.,A,True,0.6968784332275391,0.023845868185162544,0.030618702992796898,0.006029179785400629
What is the guiding principle behind New Public Management?,Profit maximisation,Introducing private sector business principles into the public sector,Replacing public management with private sector management,Restructuring public organisations,B,True,0.08269666880369186,0.6110503077507019,0.0111917769536376,0.020908990874886513
Profitability stemming from how well a firm positions itself in the market is a key feature of which writer's view on strategy?,Peter Drucker,Jay Barney,Michael Porter,Henry Mintzberg,C,False,0.3098427355289459,0.11398478597402573,0.24130576848983765,0.028819862753152847
Functional structures help to create…...,teamwork,specialisation,project work groups,multi-skilled employees,B,False,0.2999345660209656,0.16054341197013855,0.12503132224082947,0.06692444533109665
What is a succession plan?,Dismissing an employee for a more favourable employee,A formal process of planning to fill a role that will become vacant,A vote of no confidence in a board member,The formal process of acquiring a new staff member,B,False,0.46052613854408264,0.2793232202529907,0.005115983542054892,0.005115983542054892
What is the definition of a scenario in scenario planning?,An imagined sequence of future events,An unpredictable event,A planned for event,An unplanned for event,A,True,0.7204362154006958,0.008003324270248413,0.009068953804671764,0.016943035647273064
What assumption is the garbage can model of decision making based on?,Limited knowledge and great insight,Limited knowledge but high level of experience,Limited knowledge and uncertainty,Limited knowledge and high risk,C,True,0.0717436820268631,0.02329176478087902,0.6806851625442505,0.06331358104944229
By which principle is utilitarianism defined?,Equality for everyone,Maximisation of outcomes for individuals,The best outcome for the majority of people,The least worst outcome for everybody,C,False,0.1599794328212738,0.49277132749557495,0.04044913500547409,0.05193771421909332
What is the term for the set of behaviours and tasks that a member of the group is expected to perform because he or she is a member of the group?,Group roles,Virtual teamwork,Synergy,Role making,A,True,0.45755448937416077,0.010760650038719177,0.010760650038719177,0.00155021867249161
"What is the term for a process that enables an organisation to assess and demonstrate its social, economic, and environmental benefits and limitation?",Social plan,Social strategy,Social audit,Social account,C,True,0.0752575471997261,0.03554914891719818,0.2976493835449219,0.09663260728120804
What type of organisational culture is most likely to deliver stability and efficiency?,Task culture,Role culture,Power culture,People culture,B,False,0.0974717065691948,0.016938043758273125,0.16070367395877838,0.38550809025764465
Who of the following is a leading writer on contingency theory of leadership?,Rosabeth Kanter,Joan Woodward,Rensis Likert,Fred Fiedler,D,False,0.21417050063610077,0.16679614782333374,0.24268697202205658,0.16679614782333374
What are characteristics of a programmed decision?,Complex and risky,Uncertain and non-routine,Low risk and certain,Routine and non-complex,D,False,0.41755029559135437,0.10557324439287186,0.11963016539812088,0.10557324439287186
What is not an advantage of a hierarchical structure?,Clear chain of command,Quick response to change,Discipline and stability,Small span of control,B,False,0.11246064305305481,0.07729298621416092,0.18541623651981354,0.21010412275791168
What is a strategic alliance?,Any form of partnership between one firm and another,Formal agreement committing two or more firms to exchange resources to produce products or services,Formal agreement to share profits from a shared investment,Formal agreement to share knowledge,B,True,0.19839145243167877,0.4199947118759155,0.03906559199094772,0.03906559199094772
What are group norms?,Modes of behaviour that are acceptable to and shared by group members,Modes of behaviour that are shared by some members of the group,Modes of behaviour that challenge group values and beliefs,Modes of behaviour that are different of those of the other group members,A,True,0.8540160655975342,0.0016486388631165028,0.0012839612318202853,0.0011330918641760945
Which of the following is not a recognised type of plan?,Business,Succession,Ad hoc,Financial,C,False,0.10482066869735718,0.04951377958059311,0.15251317620277405,0.1958307921886444
What is the term for the extent to which competition in one country is influenced by competition in other countries?,International trade,Global economics,Global competition,Globalisation,D,False,0.04118727892637253,0.0466713011264801,0.5017638206481934,0.07694797217845917
As what are key factors that reflect the situation of an organisation referred to?,Administrations,Processes,Activities,Contingencies,D,False,0.2918924391269684,0.06513001024723053,0.12167886644601822,0.07380196452140808
Which of these does not form part of the key streams identified by March (1988) in decision making in highly ambiguous environments?,Expectations,Choice opportunities,Problems,Solutions,A,False,0.10754095762968063,0.03956210985779762,0.2009129524230957,0.22766420245170593
What does PEST stand for?,"Political, environmental, strategic, testing","Political, environmental, strategic, technological","Political, economic, strategic, technological","Political, economic, social, technological",D,False,0.06191740185022354,0.06191740185022354,0.45751115679740906,0.16830897331237793
What does the acronym SMART stand for?,"Suitable, measurable, actionable, rewarded and timely","Specific, measurable, actionable, resourced and timely","Standardised, measurable, achievable, rewarded, and timely","Specific, measurable, achievable, rewarded and timely",D,True,0.09326125681400299,0.014302077703177929,0.04405350238084793,0.5366815328598022
Which writer was concerned with the reaction of workers to key characteristics of bureaucracies?,Merton,Weber,Gouldner,Mayo,C,False,0.24196523427963257,0.27418252825737,0.07855461537837982,0.11429627984762192
What is the optimal span of control?,2,5,7,None of the above,D,True,0.13953851163387299,0.09590331465005875,0.2606922388076782,0.29540303349494934
What one of these is not a recognised type of authority?,Executive,Functional,Line management,Supplier,D,False,0.048506446182727814,0.022912822663784027,0.19184672832489014,0.19184672832489014
Which one of the following is not a characteristic of a team?,Minimal and formal knowledge sharing,Collective output,Individual and collective responsibility,Fluid dimension to roles and tasks,A,False,0.12222101539373398,0.03967934846878052,0.22833889722824097,0.3322311341762543
Which of these factors is not one of the competing responsibilities that influence corporate social responsibility?,Ethical,Economic,Discretionary,Technical,D,True,0.14233757555484772,0.052363064140081406,0.14233757555484772,0.18276505172252655
What is the term used in Ansoff's matrix for increasing market share with existing products in existing markets?,Product development,Market penetration,Diversification,Market development,B,False,0.28329184651374817,0.25000420212745667,0.08116447925567627,0.10421726107597351
What is characteristic for the location of a virtual team?,In the same building,In the same industry,In the same country,remotely,D,True,0.007106907665729523,0.0026144850999116898,0.019318576902151108,0.7249242663383484
"According to the Five Factor model, 'extraversion' as a personality type is characterised by what type of people?",Good natured,Calm and self-confident,Sensitive and curious,Assertive and sociable,D,True,0.06780918687582016,0.03629564121365547,0.05280984565615654,0.5677593946456909
What is the overriding philosophy underpinning the strategic direction of an organisation?,Vision statement,Mission statement,Strategy statement,Business statement,B,False,0.3245795667171478,0.11940616369247437,0.13530489802360535,0.10537555813789368
What is the term for the action in which managers at an organisation analyse the current situation of their organisation and then develop plans to accomplish its mission and achieve its goals?,Synergy planning,Strategy formulation,Functional planning,SWOT analysis,B,False,0.29228678345680237,0.12184327840805054,0.021173182874917984,0.008826295845210552
What is Frank Gilbreth`s work most noted for?,Working conditions,Time and motion studies,Work psychology,Work as a social setting,B,False,0.3563041388988495,0.27748993039131165,0.025810586288571358,0.013815410435199738
What is another name for contingency planning?,Synergy planning,Ad hoc planning,Business level planning,Scenario planning,D,True,0.06091022863984108,0.03694392368197441,0.1289469599723816,0.2729807198047638
Which feature does not form one of Fayol's 14 principles of management?,Esprit de corps,Initiative,Order,Individualism,D,True,0.12019934505224228,0.05677814781665802,0.17488902807235718,0.19817522168159485
What one of the following is not a characteristic of the job characteristics model?,Task identity,Autonomy,Reward,Feedback,C,False,0.14755775034427643,0.03730843961238861,0.1302192509174347,0.21469524502754211
Workers' acceptance of change is characteristic of what type of culture?,Team culture,Collaborative culture,Group culture,Collective culture,B,False,0.3129183351993561,0.07911814004182816,0.11511623114347458,0.16749311983585358
What is a virtual organisation?,An organisation that uses information and communications technologies (ICT's) to coordinate activities without physical boundaries between different functions,An organisation that uses internet technologies to sell products to customers,An organisation that manages the supply chain using digital technologies,An organisation that coordinates the workforce via video conferencing,A,True,0.8141184449195862,0.0029361695051193237,0.0037701167166233063,0.0029361695051193237
From what does a chain of command extend?,Bottom to top,Top to bottom,Diagonally,Laterally,B,False,0.42859724164009094,0.09563297033309937,0.027399303391575813,0.0511886402964592
"What do you call a style of leadership that takes account of others' views, opinions and ideas?",Laissez-faire,People-oriented,Democratic,Autocratic,C,False,0.14482146501541138,0.2705621123313904,0.16410420835018158,0.00925812590867281
What is the guiding principle of scientific management?,Experimentation,Fluid working relationships,Freedom of association,One best way to do a job,D,True,0.029037361964583397,0.005045936908572912,0.02261432074010372,0.7488834261894226
What is the term Tuckman uses for reaching consensus as a group?,Storming,Performing,Forming,Norming,D,False,0.3057435154914856,0.08759698271751404,0.11247675865888596,0.21013423800468445
What theory is built around the principle that 'people make choices regarding how to behave based on values and beliefs'?,Expectancy,Instrumental,Classical,Contingency,A,False,0.054761532694101334,0.029311738908290863,0.19113655388355255,0.5195629596710205
What is the term for decisions limited by human capacity to absorb and analyse information?,Cognitive rationality,Conscious rationality,Bounded rationality,Restricted rationality,C,True,0.022212645038962364,0.11280511319637299,0.6491486430168152,0.011889573186635971
What is a definition of an objective?,A defined specified outcome to be achieved in the long-term,A clear set of goals to be attained given a set number of resources,A clearly defined and measurable outcome to be achieved over a specified timeframe,A set standard of performance agreed by workers and managers,C,True,0.2910565137863159,0.023891372606158257,0.47987106442451477,0.01860661990940571
What is not a purpose of an organisational structure?,To coordinate people and resources,To organise lines of communication,To formalise authority,To limit workers' rights,D,False,0.11811448633670807,0.06322212517261505,0.19473788142204285,0.09198765456676483
To what time-frame do strategic plans relate?,Long-term,Medium-term,Short-term,Unspecified time it takes to achieve an aim,A,True,0.601299524307251,0.05592956393957138,0.06337650120258331,0.049357667565345764
What is the term for organisational development through a formally designed organisational structure?,Organic,Mechanistic,Formal,Structured,B,False,0.10487286001443863,0.04953843355178833,0.41478022933006287,0.05613439902663231
'There is no discernible link between planning and performance'. Who is this position held by?,Michael Porter,Milton Friedman,Gary Hamel,Henry Mintzberg,D,False,0.2454562932252884,0.10232140123844147,0.1686994731426239,0.21661441028118134
What does situational theory of leadership emphasise?,Personality traits,Events,Environment,Political situation,B,False,0.04743535444140434,0.022406872361898422,0.6548248529434204,0.017450490966439247
What is intuitive decision making based on?,Guesswork,Gambling,Instinct,Rationality,C,True,0.04348231479525566,0.009702215902507305,0.4125487208366394,0.32129326462745667
Enhancement of job satisfaction and productivity are key characteristics of which theoretical perspective of work design?,Process improvement,Techno-structural change model,Job characteristics model,Socio-technical systems,D,False,0.032125066965818405,0.009203985333442688,0.7311630845069885,0.01339172013103962
Which 18th century writer produced a famous book called 'The Wealth of Nations'?,Frederick Taylor,Henry Mintzberg,Adam Smith,Dr Samuel Johnson,C,True,0.12256952375173569,0.016587981954216957,0.5493184924125671,0.004194098059087992
Which one of these characteristics is most commonly associated with the 'rational goal' model of management?,Worker welfare,Health and safety,Interpersonal relationships,Productivity,D,True,0.10564029216766357,0.014296859502792358,0.11970614641904831,0.5364857316017151
In what order do managers typically perform the managerial functions?,"organising, planning, controlling, leading","organising, leading, planning, controlling","planning, organising, leading, controlling","planning, organising, controlling, leading",C,False,0.47167128324508667,0.03871713951230049,0.04387226328253746,0.15312924981117249
How does lateral communication in an organisation occur?,Information passes upwards.,Information passes downwards.,Information is a two-way process.,Information passes between different departments and functions.,D,False,0.011321047320961952,0.0028624089900404215,0.5454786419868469,0.1562822461128235
Of what is advertising a form?,Focusing strategy,Differentiation,Cost leadership,Growth,B,False,0.3271152079105377,0.07298927009105682,0.12033897638320923,0.13636191189289093
What is not a component of an agile organisation?,Market focus and position,Human resources: multi-skilling,Organisational structure,Project-based culture,D,False,0.17335385084152222,0.0722646415233612,0.22259074449539185,0.1191442459821701
Of what is worker autonomy in decision making an example?,Worker freedom,Greater worker negotiation,Worker empowerment,Increased worker power,C,True,0.18995976448059082,0.06988229602575302,0.2439131736755371,0.16763891279697418
Vertical integration forwards is when a firm mergers or acquires another,Towards the source of supply,Towards the consumer,At the same stage of the supply chain,In another industry,B,False,0.271941602230072,0.04170359671115875,0.08828651160001755,0.23998761177062988
What is the term for an autonomous business entity within an overall corporate enterprise which is set apart from other areas of the business?,Subsidiary,Strategic partnership,Strategic alliance,Strategic business unit,D,False,0.3411639928817749,0.05231919512152672,0.12550723552703857,0.18261194229125977
What is not a characteristic of a corporate social responsibility framework?,Retaining the status quo,Understanding society,Harnessing diversity,Building capacity,A,True,0.29113438725471497,0.07361030578613281,0.1375221610069275,0.15583302080631256
What is a whistleblower?,Someone who reports illegal or unethical acts,Someone who commits illegal or unethical acts,Someone who benefits from illegal or unethical acts,Someone who devises illegal or unethical acts,A,True,0.8222180604934692,0.002965381368994713,0.005540061742067337,0.006277711596339941
What is T-group training?,A group whose aim is transformational change,A group brought together to deliver training programmes,Team training for the purposes of advancing technology,Team building activities involving learning,D,True,0.16667912900447845,0.054112788289785385,0.12980982661247253,0.39984244108200073
What is a social enterprise concerned with?,Profit maximisation,Maximising market share,Providing public service,Running a business to create social benefits,D,True,0.01402902603149414,0.004554557614028454,0.09148073941469193,0.5965293645858765
Which of the following is not part of Schein's model of the formation of culture?,Shared values,Pre-conceptions,Shared beliefs,Norms,B,False,0.20693884789943695,0.06718321144580841,0.14222685992717743,0.2344924509525299
What is not one of the layers of cultural influence?,Social,Business,Organisational,Company,D,False,0.20798702538013458,0.11132743954658508,0.12615051865577698,0.086701899766922