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Y, or y, is the twenty-fifth and penultimate letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. According to some authorities, it is the sixth (or seventh if including W) vowel letter of the English alphabet. In the English writing system, it mostly represents a vowel and seldom a consonant, and in other orthographies it may represent a vowel or a consonant. Its name in English is wyeAlso spelled wy, plural wyes. (pronounced ), plural wyes."Y", Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "wy", op. cit. ==Name== In Latin, Y was named I graeca ("Greek I"), since the classical Greek sound , similar to modern German ü or French u, was not a native sound for Latin speakers, and the letter was initially only used to spell foreign words. This history has led to the standard modern names of the letter in Romance languages – i grego in Galician, i grega in Catalan, i grec in French and Romanian, i greca in Italian – all meaning "Greek I". The names igrek in Polish and in Vietnamese are both phonetic borrowings of the French name. In Dutch, the letter is either only found in loanwords, or is practically equivalent to the digraph IJ. Hence, both Griekse ij and i-grec are used, as well as ypsilon. In Spanish, Y is also called i griega; however, in the twentieth century, the shorter name ye was proposed and was officially recognized as its name in 2010 by the Real Academia Española, although its original name is still accepted. The original Greek name υ ψιλόν (upsilon) has also been adapted into several modern languages. For example, it is called Ypsilon in German, ypsilon in Dutch, i in Icelandic. Both names are used in Italian, ipsilon or i greca; likewise in Portuguese, ípsilon or i grego. In Faroese, the letter is simply called seinna i ("later i") because of its later place in the alphabet. Old English borrowed Latin Y to write the native Old English sound (previously written with the rune yr ). The name of the letter may be related to 'ui' (or 'vi') in various medieval languages; in Middle English it was 'wi' , which through the Great Vowel Shift became the Modern English 'wy' . ==History== Summary of the sources of Modern English "Y" Phoenician Greek Latin English (approximate times of changes) Old Middle Modern 75px 100px V → U → V/U/UU → V/U/W Y → Y (vowel ) → Y (vowel ) → Y (vowels) 75px 100px C → G → Ᵹ (consonantal , or ) → Ȝ (consonantal , or ) → Y Y (consonant) thumb|right|75px|The later, Phoenician version of waw The oldest direct ancestor of English letter Y was the Semitic letter waw (pronounced as ), from which also come F, U, V, and W. See F for details. The Greek and Latin alphabets developed from the Phoenician form of this early alphabet. Since Late Middle English, the letter Y came to be used in a number of words where earlier Middle English spelling contained the letter yogh (Ȝȝ), which developed from the letter G, ultimately from Semitic gimel – as described below (As a side note - Modern Greek lowercase gamma is somewhat similarly shaped to the lowercase letter ). ===Vowel=== The form of the modern letter Y is derived from the Greek letter upsilon. It dates back to the Latin of the first century BC, when upsilon was introduced a second time, this time with its "foot" to distinguish it. It was used to transcribe loanwords from the prestigious Attic dialect of Greek, which had the non-Latin vowel sound (as found in modern French cru (raw), or German grün (green)) in words that had been pronounced with in earlier Greek. Because was not a native sound of Latin, Latin speakers had trouble pronouncing it, and it was usually pronounced . Some Latin words of Italic origin also came to be spelled with 'y': Latin silva ('forest') was commonly spelled sylva, in analogy with the Greek cognate and synonym ὕλη.Oxford English Dictionary Second edition, 1989; online version June 2011, s.v. 'sylva' The letter Y was used to represent the sound in the writing systems of some other languages that adopted the Latin alphabet. In Old English and Old Norse, there was a native sound, and so Latin U, Y and I were all used to represent distinct vowel sounds. But, by the time of Middle English, had lost its roundedness and became identical to I ( and ). Therefore, many words that originally had I were spelled with Y, and vice versa. The distinction between and was also lost in later Icelandic and Faroese, making the distinction purely orthographic and historical, but not in the mainland Scandinavian languages, where the distinction is retained. It may be observed that a similar merger of into happened in Greek around the beginning of the 2nd millennium, making the distinction between iota (Ι, ι) and upsilon (Υ, υ) purely a matter of historical spelling there as well. In the West Slavic languages, Y was adapted as a sign for the close central unrounded vowel ; later, merged with in Czech and Slovak, whereas Polish retains it with the pronunciation . Similarly, in Middle Welsh, Y came to be used to designate the vowels and in a way predictable from the position of the vowel in the word. Since then, has merged with in Southern Welsh dialects, but is retained. In Modern English, Y can represent the same vowel sounds as the letter I. The use of the letter Y to represent a vowel is more restricted in Modern English than it was in Middle and early Modern English. It occurs mainly in the following three environments: for upsilon in Greek loan-words (system: Greek σύστημα), at the end of a word (rye, city; compare cities, where S is final), and in place of I before the ending -ing (dy-ing, justify- ing). ===Consonant=== As a consonant in English, Y normally represents a palatal approximant, (year, yore). In this usage, the letter Y has replaced the Middle English letter yogh (Ȝȝ), which could represent . (Yogh could also represent other sounds, such as , which came to be written gh in Middle English.) ===Confusion in writing with the letter thorn=== When printing was introduced to Great Britain, Caxton and other English printers used Y in place of Þ (thorn: Modern English th), which did not exist in continental typefaces. From this convention comes the spelling of the as ye in the mock archaism Ye Olde Shoppe. But, in spite of the spelling, pronunciation was the same as for modern the (stressed , unstressed ). Pronouncing the article ye as yee () is purely a modern spelling pronunciation. ==Pronunciation and use== Pronunciations of Yy Language Dialect(s) Pronunciation (IPA) Environment Notes Afrikaans Albanian Azerbaijani Cornish Usually Before multiple consonants Before vowels Czech Danish Before multiple consonants Usually Dutch Archaic spelling of English In a stressed open syllable; sometimes in an unstressed open syllable Before vowels Unstressed at the end after a consonant or "E" Unstressed; stressed before a consonant Faroese Before two consonants Usually Finnish German Alemannic Standard In some words Before two consonants Usually Guaraní Icelandic Khasi before vowels Lithuanian Malagasy Manx Norwegian Before multiple consonants Usually Polish Slovak Spanish As a standalone word, after vowels in diphthongs, in archaic spelling of proper names Before vowels, word-initially Before vowels Swedish Before multiple consonants Usually Turkish Turkmen Uzbek Vietnamese Welsh Northern , , Southern , , , ===English=== As : * at the beginning of a word as in yes * at the beginning of a syllable before a vowel as in beyond, lawyer, canyon As : * under stress in an open syllable as in my, type, rye, lying, pyre, tyre, typhoon * in a stressed open syllable as in hyphen, cycle, cylon * in a pretonic open syllable as in hypothesis, psychology * word-finally after a consonant, as in ally, unify As : * without stress at the end of multi-syllable word, as in happy, baby, lucky, accuracy * used as a diphthong in combination with e at the end of some words, as in money, key, valley As non-syllabic : * in diphthongs at the end of words, as in play, grey, boy As : * in a closed syllable without stress and with stress as in myth, system, gymnastics * in a closed syllable under stress as in typical, lyric * in an open syllable without stress as in physique, oxygen Other: * combining with as under stress (like in bird), as in myrtle, myrrh * as (schwa) in words like martyr In English morphology, -y is an adjectival suffix. Y is the ninth least frequently used letter in the English language (after P, B, V, K, J, X, Q, and Z), with a frequency of about 2% in words. ===Other languages=== thumb|Pronunciation of written in European languages (Actual pronunciation may vary) represents the sounds or (sometimes long) in the Scandinavian languages. It can never be a consonant (except for loanwords). In Dutch and German, appears only in loanwords and proper names. In Dutch, it usually represents . It may sometimes be left out of the Dutch alphabet and replaced with the digraph. In addition, and are occasionally used instead of Dutch and , albeit very rarely. In German orthography, the pronunciation has taken hold since the 19th century in classical loanwords – for instance in words like typisch 'typical', Hyäne, Hysterie, mysteriös, Syndrom, System, Typ. It is also used for the sound in loanwords, such as Yacht (variation spelling: Jacht), Yak, Yeti; however, e.g. yo-yo is spelled "Jo-Jo" in German, and yoghurt/yogurt/yoghourt "Jog(h)urt" [mostly spelled with h]). The letter is also used in many geographical names, e.g. Bayern Bavaria, Ägypten Egypt, Libyen Libya, Paraguay, Syrien Syria, Uruguay, Zypern Cyprus (but: Jemen Yemen, Jugoslawien Yugoslavia). Especially in German names, the pronunciations or occur as well – for instance in the name Meyer, where it serves as a variant of , cf. Meier, another common spelling of the name. In German the y is preserved in the plural form of some loanwords such as Babys babies and Partys parties, celebrations. A that derives from the ligature occurs in the Afrikaans language, a descendant of Dutch, and in Alemannic German names. In Afrikaans, it denotes the diphthong . In Alemannic German names, it denotes long , for instance in Schnyder or Schwyz – the cognate non-Alemannic German names Schneider or Schweiz have the diphthong that developed from long . In Hungarian orthography, y is only used in the digraphs "gy," "ly," "ny," "ty," in some surnames (e. g. Bátory), and in foreign words. In Icelandic writing system, due to the loss of the Old Norse rounding of the vowel , the letters and are now pronounced identically to the letters and , namely as and respectively. The difference in spelling is thus purely etymological. In Faroese, too, the contrast has been lost, and is always pronounced , whereas the accented versions and designate the same diphthong (shortened to in some environments). In both languages, it can also form part of diphthongs such as (in both languages), pronounced , and , pronounced (Faroese only). In French orthography, is pronounced as when a vowel (as in the words cycle, y) and as as a consonant (as in yeux, voyez). It alternates orthographically with in the conjugations of some verbs, indicating a sound. In most cases when follows a vowel, it modifies the pronunciation of the vowel: , , . The letter has double function (modifying the vowel as well as being pronounced as or ) in the words payer, balayer, moyen, essuyer, pays, etc., but in some words it has only a single function: in bayer, mayonnaise, coyote; modifying the vowel at the end of proper names like Chardonnay and Fourcroy. In French can have a diaeresis (tréma) as in Moÿ-de-l'Aisne. In Spanish, was used as a word-initial form of that was more visible. (German has used in a similar way.) Hence, was a symbol sharing the initials of Isabella I of Castille () and Ferdinand II of Aragon. This spelling was reformed by the Royal Spanish Academy and currently is only found in proper names spelled archaically, such as Ybarra or CYII, the symbol of the . Appearing alone as a word, the letter is a grammatical conjunction with the meaning "and" in Spanish and is pronounced . As a consonant, represents in Spanish. The letter is called , literally meaning "Greek I", after the Greek letter ypsilon, or . In Portuguese, (called ípsilon in Brazil, and either ípsilon or i grego in Portugal) was, together with and , recently reintroduced as the 25th letter, and 19th consonant, of the Portuguese alphabet, in consequence of the Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990. It is mostly used in loanwords from English, Japanese and Spanish. Loanwords in general, primarily gallicisms in both varieties, are more common in Brazilian Portuguese than in European Portuguese. It was always common for Brazilians to stylize Tupi-influenced names of their children with the letter (which is present in most Romanizations of Old Tupi) e.g. Guaracy, Jandyra, Mayara – though placenames and loanwords derived from indigenous origins had the letter substituted for over time e.g. Nictheroy became Niterói. Usual pronunciations are , , and (the two latter ones are inexistent in European and Brazilian Portuguese varieties respectively, being both substituted by in other dialects). The letters and are regarded as phonemically not dissimilar, though the first corresponds to a vowel and the latter to a consonant, and both can correspond to a semivowel depending on its place in a word. Italian, too, has (ipsilon) in a small number of loanwords. The letter is also common in some surnames native to the German-speaking province of Bolzano, such as Mayer or Mayr. In Guaraní, it represents the vowel . In Polish, it represents the vowel (or, according to some descriptions, ), which is clearly different from , e.g. my (we) and mi (me). No native Polish word begins with ; very few foreign words keep at the beginning, e.g. yeti (pronounced ). In Czech and Slovak, the distinction between the vowels expressed by and , as well as by and has been lost (similarly to Icelandic and Faroese), but the consonants d, t, n (also l in Slovak) before orthographic (and historical) are not palatalized, whereas they are before . can never begin any word, while can never begin a native word. In Welsh, it is usually pronounced in non-final syllables and or (depending on the accent) in final syllables. In the Standard Written Form of the Cornish Language, it represents the and of Revived Middle Cornish and the and of Revived Late Cornish. It can also represent Tudor and Revived Late Cornish and and consequently be replaced in writing with . It is also used in forming a number of diphthongs. As a consonant it represents . In Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, Karelian and Albanian, is always pronounced . In Estonian, is used in foreign proper names and is pronounced as in the source language. It is also unofficially used as a substitute for and is pronounced the same as in Finnish. In Lithuanian, is the 15th letter (following and preceding in the alphabet) and is a vowel. It is called the long i and is pronounced , like in English see. When used as a vowel in Vietnamese, the letter represents the sound ; when it is a monophthong, it is functionally equivalent to the Vietnamese letter . There have been efforts to replace all such uses with altogether, but they have been largely unsuccessful. As a consonant, it represents the palatal approximant. The capital letter is also used in Vietnamese as a given name. In Aymara, Indonesian/Malaysian, Turkish, Quechua and the romanization of Japanese, ⟨y⟩ is always a palatal consonant, denoting , as in English. In Malagasy, the letter represents the final variation of . In Turkmen, represents . In Washo, lower-case represents a typical wye sound, while upper-case represents a voiceless wye sound, a bit like the consonant in English hue. ===Other systems=== In the International Phonetic Alphabet, corresponds to the close front rounded vowel, and the related character corresponds to the near-close near-front rounded vowel. The SI prefix for 1024 is yotta, abbreviated by the letter Y. ==Related characters== ===Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet=== *Y with diacritics: Ý ý Ỳ ỳ Ŷ ŷ Ÿ ÿ Ỹ ỹ Ẏ ẏ Ỵ ỵ ẙ Ỷ ỷ Ȳ ȳ Ɏ ɏ Ƴ ƴ * and are used in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) * IPA superscript letters: 𐞠 𐞲 𐞡 * 𝼆 : Small letter turned y with belt is an extension to IPA for disordered speech (extIPA) * is used in the Teuthonista phonetic transcription system *ʸ is used for phonetic transcription *Ỿ ỿ : Y with loop is used by some Welsh medievalists to indicate the schwa sound of ===Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets=== *𐤅: Semitic letter Waw, from which the following symbols originally derive **Υ υ : Greek letter Upsilon, from which Y derives *** : Coptic letter epsilon/he (not to be confused with the unrelated Greek letter Ε ε called epsilon) ***𐌖 : Old Italic U/V, which is the ancestor of modern Latin V and U *** : Gothic letter /, which is transliterated as w ***У у : Cyrillic letter U, which derives from Greek upsilon via the digraph omicron-upsilon used to represent the sound /u/ ***Ѵ ѵ : Cyrillic letter izhitsa, which derives from Greek upsilon and represents the sounds /i/ or /v/. This letter is archaic in the modern writing systems of the living Slavic languages, but it is still used in the writing system of the Slavic liturgical language Church Slavonic. ***Ү ү : Cyrillic letter Ue (or straight U) ***Ұ ұ : Kazakh Short U ===Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations=== * ¥ : Yen sign * ⓨ : In Japan, ⓨ is a symbol used for resale price maintenance. ==Computing codes== On the standard US/UK keyboard Y is the sixth letter of the top row; On the QWERTZ keyboard used in Central Europe it is replaced there by Z, and is itself positioned at the bottom left. ==Other representations== == Notes == ==References== ==External links== * * * Category:ISO basic Latin letters Category:Vowel letters
Y is a 2017 Indian Malayalam-language suspense-thriller film written and directed by Sunil Ibrahim. The film was released on 17 November 2017. ==Plot== Arun and Teena, a young couple, were walking down the street, laughing and clicking pictures when some auto-rickshaw drivers mocked them. A few minutes later, a few thugs take illicit photographs of Teena, which angers Arun, and he incites a fight. At Teena's request, Arun stops fighting and walks back while the thugs warn Arun that they will kidnap Teena in front of him. At the same time, a speeding van kidnaps Teena, taking her to a flat nearby where many prominent personalities live. A distraught Arun is unable to find her. With the help of a few auto-rickshaw drivers, they find the flat but cannot go inside as the watchman does not allow them to enter, fearing that it will create chaos for the residents. They decide to call the police. Meanwhile, in the flat, Mohan and his family, consisting of a wife and their daughter, are planning to move to Bangalore. Salim runs an illicit business and is desperate to make a thirty-crore rupee transaction with the help of a Goonda leader. While the Goonda cannot go down as a few other men are waiting for him down the road, he chit-chats with a woman working for Salim. Down the road, a police Sub-inspector questions Arun and others who witnessed Teena's kidnapping. The thugs are waiting for the Goonda leader, and two journalists are secretly watching the drama of the crime and reporting it. Arun does not disclose to the police the nature of his and Teena's relationship. Salim calls the woman working for him and instructs her to release the Goonda leader as he is of no use anymore and to leave him to the thugs waiting for him down the road. In turn, Salim asks another guy, a friend of the Goonda to conduct the transaction on his behalf. He reluctantly accepts. Mohan and his family are packing bags and about to leave. While Arun is helplessly sitting, unable to do anything. The CCTV cameras are turned off on the instructions by Salim, which makes Teena unlocatable. Later, Arun reveals that Teena is an online friend of Jeevan, an old police commissioner who has come to investigate the case. On his order, the police search the flats but find nothing. After a few more hours, Mohan goes down the road and creates a scene that alarms the thugs, who promise him that they will find Teena, to locate the Goonda leader. Mohan, Arun, and the thugs forcefully enter the flat, pushing the watchman. The Sub-inspector witnesses the break-in but doesn't interfere, thinking it to be the only way to locate Teena. The leader of the thugs waiting down meets the woman with The Goonda leader and apologizes to her as they cannot track the leader, which reveals that the woman was the one who ordered The thugs to beat and Kill The Goonda leader. Arun finds Teena Unconscious in the basement. With the help of Mohan, Teena, and Arun, and gets into the car with SI and speeds toward Hospital. Then the story is revealed. Teena, Arun, and Mohan, with the help of the woman who is Arun's sister has made this kidnapping plan. It was done to extract money from Salim, who has harassed them all at some point in their life. They have robbed the money, which is ploy as to teach Salim a lesson. The woman has hidden Teena in a room, and when all the people enter the flat, Arun finds the guy who was assigned to carry out the transaction unconscious, and robbed the money. Mohan Kept the Money in the bag and took the car. The woman reveals the plan to the Goonda leader, who finds that the thugs waiting for him are part of the plan. They initially angered the SI but later learn that what they have done is right because they have just robbed the money, earned in illicit ways. The SI asks them to leave and happily calls his wife, walking down the road. ==Cast== * Alencier Ley Lopez as Sub-Inspector * Dheeraj Denny as Arun * Jins Baskar as Goonda leader in the flat * Yahiya as Mohan * Shini Ambalathodi as Mohan's wife * Sruthi Susan Sam as Teena * Reshma Shenoy as Arun's sister * Justin Varghese as one of the local thugs * Abhiram Suresh as Shaiju, an autorickshaw driver * Anoop Ramesh as Pop * Safeer Sait as the former Member of Parliament * Rajagopalan P as Salim * Khalfan as the Freak Boy * Anand Manmadhan as Subhair * Diljit Gore as Lawrence, the Facility Manager * Abhiram Suresh Unnithan as Shaiju * Gibin G Nair as Manu * Rahul Nair as Benoy * Asna as Mohan's daughter * Santhosh Varghese as the Special Investigation Officer * Don Mathew as male reporter * Lydia Sebastian as female Reporter * Ebrahim Maheen as the Security Guard == Production == The film is produced by Vibezon Movies and is scheduled for release in 17 November 2017. Shooting was in 2016 March at a single location, Keston road, Thiruvananthapuram. It was 25 days night schedule as story takes place during night time. ==Music== The songs composed by Pramod Bhaskar and background score of the film composed by Mejo Joseph respectively while the lyrics are penned by M R Vibin and promo song written by Lawrence Fernandez. The songs featured in the film are sung by Deepak, Prashanth Prabhakar, Sangeetha Anand and Varsha S Nair. The soundtrack was officially released on 13 August 2018. The music of the Promo song is given by Assan Nidheesh SD and sung by Sithara Krishnakumar and Abhilash Kallayam. ===Tracks=== * Ee Theruvil : Prasanth Prabhakar, Sangeetha Ananth * Hey Thandanane : Sithara Krishnakumar, Abhilash Kallayam == Release == The film is released on 17 November 2017 in 34 theaters across Kerala. == Reviews == The Times of India reviewed the film with 3.5/5, as a "convincing thriller with a line-up of mostly fresh faces." The Deccan Chronicle rated it 3.5/5 noting the film was "A freshly brewed formula". == References == Category:2017 films Category:2010s Malayalam-language films Category:Films directed by Sunil Ibrahim
Y is a 2022 Indian Marathi-language thriller film directed by Ajit Suryakant Wadikar and written by Swapneel Sojwal and Ajit Wadikar. The film starring Mukta Barve, Nandu Madhav, Prajakta Mali, Omkar Govardhan, Sandeep Pathak, Rohit Kokate, Suhas Sirsath. Y was screened at MAMI Festival in 2019. It was theatrically released on 24 June 2022. == Synopsis == Story of the film Dr. Aarti Deshmukh revolves around a medical officer. Aarti, a mother of a daughter, is tasked with investigating the medical systems involved in female foeticide. In front of the conscientious Aarti who does his job well, Dr. Purushottam stands as a challenge. Despite many attempts, Aarti does not find any evidence against Purushottam. Purushottam eventually uses his powers to transfer Aarti, but in the days remaining before the transfer, Aarti takes up the task of gathering evidence. == Cast == * Mukta Barve * Prajakta Mali * Omkar Govardhan * Sandeep Pathak * Nandu Madhav * Rohit Kokate * Rasika Chavan * Pradeep Bhosale * Suhas Sirsat * Nitin Bansode == Reception == === Critical reception === Y film received positive reviews from critics. Kalpeshraj Kubal of The Times of India gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and wrote " Y, which derives its name from the Y is a film that conveys an important message and should be watched for that". Keyur Seta of Cinestaan.com also gave it 3 stars out of 5 and similarly found that "But what really stops this good film from being superlative is the abrupt climax. In fact, when the end credits start rolling, it becomes difficult to believe that the film has ended". A reviewer from Maharashtra Times gave the film a rating of 3/5 and wrote "This movie will surely enlighten you. The movie is also satisfactory in technical terms. The background score is especially good". Vishal Ghatge of ABP Majha also gave it 3 stars out of 5 and wrote "It would have worked even if it had not been told from the very first frame that this movie is a commentary on a serious topic. Without simplifying everything, some things should have been left for the audience to understand". == References == == External links == * Category:2020s Marathi-language films
Y is the second EP by South Korean boy band MBLAQ, and was released through J.Tune Entertainment South Korea on May 17, 2010. The only single "Y" was released to Korean music portals on the same date as the EP release. The album is labeled as a "single-album" (single or maxi single) in Korea, however, the album falls into the category of an EP (extended play or mini album), and technically does not qualify as a single. ==Track listing== ==Music videos and singles== * "Y" was the only single to be released from the boys follow up EP. The teaser was officially released on 13 May 2010 in South Korea. The full music video was released at midnight on 19 May 2010. The boys received some back lash after Joon's character held a gun to his girlfriend and shot her in the music video. The boy's label responded with an apology, and a statement stating they would remove the scene. * "One Better Day" was also performed during promotions for "Y". The boys officially started promoting "One Better Day" on 20 May 2010, back to back with "Y". The song was never released as a single, nor was a music video produced. ==References== ==External links== * MBLAQ's Official Site Category:2010 EPs Category:MBLAQ EPs Category:Korean- language EPs
Y is the debut studio album of English post-punk band The Pop Group. The album was produced by dub musician Dennis "Blackbeard" Bovell at Ridge Farm Studios in Surrey, and was released on 20 April 1979 through Radar Records. It was reissued in 1996 by Radar, 2007 by Rhino/Radar (each with 1-2 bonus tracks from the "She Is Beyond Good and Evil" single), and in 2019 by Mute Records, including deluxe LP/12" and CD editions with bonus outtakes and live albums, to mark its 40th anniversary. Y initially received mixed critical reviews but has since received acclaim. Pitchfork ranked it at number 35 on its list of The Top 100 Albums of the 1970s. The Wire included it in its list of "The 100 Most Important Records Ever Made". ==Background and recording == Inspired by the energy of punk rock but disillusioned by its musical traditionalism, The Pop Group initially set out as funk band, drawing influence from black dance music and radical political traditions. Soon after forming, they began to gain notoriety for their live performances, landing them a contract with Radar Records and a cover of the NME. They issued their debut single, "She Is Beyond Good and Evil" in early 1979. To record their debut, the group teamed with British dub reggae producer Dennis Bovell. Critic Simon Reynolds wrote that "Bovell's mix of acid-rock wildness and dub wisdom made him [...] the ideal candidate for the not hugely enviable task of giving The Pop Group's unruly sound some semblance of cohesion," noting that he grounded the band's sound in its rhythm section while utilizing a variety of production effects. Writing for Fact, Mark Fisher characterized the album's sound as a "delirial montage of funk, free jazz, Jamaican audio-mancy and the avant-garde," describing it as "both carvernous and propulsive, ultra-abstract yet driven by dance music’s physical imperatives." He noted the "sonic alchemy" of Bovell's production work. PopMatters wrote that the group "sharpened the straightforward guitar lines of punk, the bounding throb of funk rhythms, and the sonic manipulation of dub and let them penetrate each other in ridiculously slapdash fashion." == Critical reception == Upon its release, Y received mixed reviews. In 1979, the NME described it as "a brave failure. Exciting but exasperating." In recent years, the album has risen in critical estimations. Simon Reynolds called it "a heroic mess, glorious in its overreach." In 2008, Mark Fisher wrote "Joy Division’s Closer is often considered the crown jewel of post-punk, but Y – inchoate with potential, the fire to Joy Division’s ice – has an equal claim." Stylus Magazine called the album "a landmark of lunatic post-punk," writing that "these are political punk tunes deconstructed so that only the skeleton remains, and weaving between those bare bones are some of the nastiest sounds ever made." In 2004, Pitchfork ranked Y at number 35 on its list of the greatest albums of the 1970s, saying that "unlike most of the late-70s' no- wave types (and perennial imitators), The Pop Group were less concerned with eschewing convention than with vehemently eviscerating it." PopMatters named it the 11th best post-punk album ever in 2017. The album has had a lasting impact, with artists such as the Minutemen, Primal Scream, Sonic Youth and Nick Cave citing the album as an influence on their work. Minutemen bassist Mike Watt commented that "The Pop Group said 'let’s take Funkadelic and put it with Beefheart. Why not?'" === Accolades === Publication Country Accolade Year Rank Rockerilla Italy Albums of the Year 1979 14 The Wire United Kingdom The 100 Most Important Records Ever Made 1992 * Spex Germany The 100 Albums of the Century 1999 51 Il Mucchio Selvaggio Italy 100 Best Albums by Decade (1971-1980) 2002 41 Rock de Lux Spain The 200 Best Albums of All Time 2002 145 Paul Morley United Kingdom Words and Music, 5 x 100 Greatest Albums of All Time 2003 * Pitchfork United States Top 100 Albums of the 1970s 2004 35 PopMatters United States The 50 Best Post-Punk Albums Ever 2017 11 Stylus United States Top 101-200 Albums of All Time 2004 168 Blow Up Italy 600 Essential Albums 2005 * Uncut United Kingdom The 100 Greatest Debut Albums 2006 82 The Guardian United Kingdom 1000 Albums to Hear Before You Die 2007 * (*) designates unordered lists. == Track listing == Original album 2007 Rhino/Radar Reissue CD 1 and 11 are the A and B sides of the "She is Beyond Good and Evil" single. The 1996 reissue CD and LP on Radar consists of tracks 1-10 above. 2019 Mute 40th Anniversary Reissues The original album appears in all versions in its original track order, half-speed remastered at Abbey Road Studios. The CD includes "She is Beyond Good and Evil" and "3'38" as tracks 10 and 11, while the LP and the deluxe and regular vinyl box sets include them as an extra 45 RPM 12" single, which was also half-speed remastered. A limited edition cassette (its first legitimate release on that format) contains the album only, but the enclosed download code includes the single tracks. Also included in the deluxe vinyl and CD sets (and reissued as stand alone vinyl LPs in 2020) were two extra related albums, with studio outtakes and live performances of the album's songs. All the vinyl versions except the 2020 extras reissues include download cards for high-definition digital files of their respective audio contents. Alien Blood Y Live! == Personnel == Adapted from the Y liner notes. ;The Pop Group * Gareth Sager – guitar, saxophone, piano * Bruce Smith – drums, percussion * Mark Stewart – vocals * Simon Underwood – bass guitar * John Waddington – guitar ;Additional musicians * Disc O'Dell – musical direction ;Technical personnel * Dennis Bovell – production * Mike Dunne – engineering * Brian Gaylor – assistant engineering * Eddy Gorecki – mastering * The Pop Group – production ==Release history== Region Date Label Format Catalog United Kingdom 1979 Radar LP RAD 20 Japan Warner-Pioneer Corporation P-10705F United Kingdom 1996 Radar CD SCANCD14 Japan WPCR-722 United Kingdom 2007 Rhino, Radar 5101-19920-2 Japan 2013 Warner Music Group WPCR-15282 == References == == External links == * Category:1979 debut albums Category:The Pop Group albums Category:Radar Records albums
thumb|upright=1.3|A commercially-sold Y board, featuring three pentagonal points in the hex grid, forming a quarter of a geodesic sphere Y is an abstract strategy board game, first described by John Milnor in the early 1950s.John F. Nash. Some games and machines for playing them. RAND Corporation Report D-1164, February 2, 1952. https://www.rand.org/pubs/documents/D1164.htmlMartin Gardner. 2008. Hexaflexagons, Probability Paradoxes, and the Tower of Hanoi. Cambridge University Press. Page 87.Donald Knuth. 2011. The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 4A. Addison-Wesley. Page 547. The game was independently invented in 1953 by Craige Schensted and Charles Titus. It is a member of the connection game family inhabited by Hex, Havannah, TwixT, and others; it is also an early member in a long line of games Schensted has developed, each game more complex but also more generalized. ==Gameplay== Y is typically played on a triangular board with hexagonal spaces; the "official" Y board has three points with five-connectivity instead of six-connectivity, but it is just as playable on a regular triangle. Schensted and Titus' book Mudcrack Y & Poly-Y has a large number of boards for play of Y, all hand-drawn; most of them seem irregular but turn out to be topologically identical to a regular Y board. thumb|200px|right|A simple board, 8 spaces per side As in most games of this type, one player takes the part of Black and one takes the part of White; they place stones on the board one at a time, neither removing nor moving any previously placed stones. The pie rule can be used to mitigate any first-move advantage. ==Rules== The rules are as follows: * Players take turns placing one stone of their color on the board. * Once a player connects all three sides of the board, the game ends and that player wins. The corners count as belonging to both sides of the board to which they are adjacent. As in most connection games, the size of the board changes the nature of the game; small boards tend towards pure tactical play, whereas larger boards tend to make the game more strategic. ==Relation to other connection games== thumb|200px|left|Schensted and Titus argue that Y is a superior game to Hex because Hex can be seen as a subset of Y. Schensted and Titus argue that Y is a superior game to Hex because Hex can be seen as a subset of Y. Consider a board subdivided by a line of white and black pieces into three sections. The portion of the board at the bottom-right can then be considered a 5×5 Hex board, and played identically. However, this sort of artificial construction on a Y board is extremely uncommon, and the games have different enough tactics (outside of constructed situations) to be considered separate, though related. Mudcrack Y & Poly-Y also describes Poly-Y, the next game in the series of Y-related games; after that come Star and *Star. ==Criticism== Y, like Hex, yields a strong first-player advantage. The standard approach to solving this difficulty is the "pie" rule: one player chooses where the first move will go and the other player then chooses who will be the first player. Y's chief criticism is that on the standard hexagonal board a player controlling center can easily reach any edge no matter what the other player does. This is because the distance from the center to an edge is only approximately 1/3 the distance along the edge from corner to corner. As a result, defending an edge against a center attack is very difficult. Schensted and Titus attacked this problem with successive versions of the game board, culminating in the present "official" board with three pentagons inserted among the hexagons. They noted that were players to play on a hemisphere rather than a plane with hexagons, with the equator divided into three "sides" (each 1/3 the circumference of the hemisphere), the distance from the "north pole" of the hemisphere to the equator was 1/4 the circumference, and thus the distance ratio improved from 1/3 to 3/4. This made defending a side from a center attack much more plausible. Thus the present "official" board is essentially a geodesic dome hemisphere squashed flat into a triangle to provide this effect.Craige Schensted. "A Bit of History". In The Game of Y (Game Manual). Kadon Enterprises Inc. ==No draws== It has been formally shown that Y cannot end in a draw.Y Can't End in a Draw That is, once the board is complete there must be one and only one winner. ==The first player wins== In Y the strategy-stealing argument can be applied. It proves that the second player has no winning strategy. The argument is that if the second player had a winning strategy, then the first player could choose a random first move and then pretend that she is the second player and apply the strategy. An important point is that an extra stone on the board is never a disadvantage in Y. Y is a complete and perfect information game in which no draw can be conceived, so there is a winning strategy for one player. The second player has no winning strategy so the first player has one. It is nevertheless possible for the first player to lose by making a sufficiently bad move, since although that stone has value, it may have significantly less value than the second move—an important consideration for understanding the nature of the pie rule. If the "pie rule" is in force, however, the second player wins, because the second player can in principle evaluate whether or not the first move is a winning move and choose to invoke the pie rule if it is (thereby effectively becoming the first player). In practice, assuming the pie rule is in force and the official Schensted/Titus board is being used, Y is a very well balanced game giving essentially equal chances for any two players of equal strength. The balance is achieved because the first player will intentionally make a move that is sufficiently "bad" that it is not clear to the second player whether it is a winning move or a losing move. It is up to the judgement of the second player to make this difficult determination and invoke the pie rule accordingly. ==See also== *Hex *Connection games ==References== Bibliography * Browne, Cameron. Hex Strategy: Making the Right Connections. * Schensted, Craige and Titus, Charles. Mudcrack Y & Poly-Y. ==External links== * Y on HexWiki * Category:Board games introduced in 1953 Category:Abstract strategy games Category:Connection games
thumb|First edition Y is the debut novel of American-Canadian writer Marjorie Celona. It was published in 2012 by Hamish Hamilton. ==Plot== Shortly after being born on Vancouver Island, Shannon is abandoned in front of a YMCA and discovered by Vaughn, an exercise fiend who has arrived at the YMCA before it's opened. Shannon is moved to a few foster homes before finally being adopted by a single mother named Miranda in order to be a sister to her only daughter, Lydia-Rose. Though Miranda tries to be a good parent to Shannon, Shannon feels like an outsider in her relationship with Miranda and Lydia- Rose. As she grows older amblyopia in one of her eyes causes her to go blind in one eye and her strange looks mean she is occasionally bullied. After she runs away to Vancouver and is brought back by the police, Shannon begins to search for her birth parents, encountering Vaughn along the way. With help from a social worker Shannon is able to contact a man she believes is her biological father, Harrison Church. After contacting him by letter, Shannon learns that she was born the day after her half-brother, Eugene, died after ingesting a mixture of cough-syrup and cocaine while Harrison and her mother, Yula, were off getting high in the woods. Yula abandoned her in front of the YMCA knowing that she would have to give up custody of her child anyway after her son's death and not wanting her daughter to know about the things her parents had done. ==Awards== Y won the Waterstones 11 literary prize and was a shortlisted nominee for the Center for Fiction's Flaherty-Dunnan First Novel Prize, the Amazon.ca First Novel Award"Kim Thuy, Marjorie Celona among finalists for Amazon.ca First Novel Award". National Post, February 27, 2013. and a longlisted nominee for the Scotiabank Giller Prize."Victoria author makes Giller Prize long list". Victoria Times-Colonist, September 4, 2012. ==References== Category:2012 Canadian novels Category:Novels set in British Columbia Category:2012 debut novels Category:Hamish Hamilton books
"Y Ahora Te Vas" () is a song written and produced by Mexican singer and songwriter, Marco Antonio Solís. It was performed by him as the lead singer of Los Bukis. It was released as the second single from his 11th Grammy nominated studio album Si Me Recuerdas (1988). This song became their first #1 single on the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks chart. "Y Ahora Te Vas" has also been included on several compilation albums released by Los Bukis including their two #1 albums 30 Inolvidables (2002) and Crónica de Dos Grandes (2004). This song also has been covered by a handful of performers including Conjunto Atardecer, Victor García, Grupo Santa Clara, Inicial de Durango, Los Komplices, Mar Azul, Tito Nieves, Banda R-15, Notable, La Nueva Luna, Estela Núñez, Orquesta Noche Sabrosa, Otro Sentido, Lefty Pérez, Raulin Rodríguez, Raulin Rosendo and Los 6 de Durango. "Y Ahora Te Vas" debuted on the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks chart at #45 on February 20,1988 and climbed to the Top 10 five weeks later. It reached the top position of the chart on April 23,1988, replacing "Debo Hacerlo" by Mexican singer-songwriter, Juan Gabriel, and being replaced one week later by Ana Gabriel's "Ay Amor". "Y Ahora Te Vas" ranked at #12 on the Hot Latin Tracks Year-End Chart of 1988 and became the third Top 10 single for the group on the chart after "Éste Adiós" (1986) and "Tú Carcel" (1987). Los Bukis won the Lo Nuestro Award in 1989 for Best Regional Mexican Song for this single, Best Regional Mexican Album (Si Me Recuerdas) and Best Regional Mexican Group. In 2013, Colombian singer, Jorge Celedón, and Solís recorded a new version of the song in vallenato for the former's album Celedon Sin Fronteras. This new version peaked at #6 on the Colombian National-Report charts. ==References== Category:1988 singles Category:1988 songs Category:2013 singles Category:Songs written by Marco Antonio Solís Category:Los Bukis songs Category:Spanish-language songs Category:Fonovisa Records singles Category:1980s ballads Category:Latin ballads Category:Pop ballads
Y B Normal? was a Canadian sketch comedy TV show."WIC has Atlantis’ NightMan/Kids these days…" by Meg Mathur at playbackonline.ca It originally aired on The Comedy Network between 1998 and 1999."Tarzan, Lord of Hollywood North/Five easy Faces" at playbackonline.ca"Hank & Mike: The final frontier" by Bruce DeMara at www.thestar.com Its sketches are all set in Aylmer, Quebec. ==Cast== *P-H Dallaire as various characters *Matthiew Klinck as various characters *Ron Langton as various characters *Paolo Mancini as Mike the easter bunny (season 2, one episode in season 1) and various other characters *Thomas Michael as Hank the easter bunny (season 2, one episode in season 1) and various other characters ===Guest cast=== *Adam F. da Silva *Steve Baskin *Leah Chisholm *Louis Durand == Season 1 == == Season 2 == ==Episodes== ==Airings== ==DVD release summary== Title Ep # Region 1 Season One 6 TBA Season Two 13 TBA ==Behind the scenes== ==References== ==External links== * *The Comedy Network Category:1990s Canadian sketch comedy television series Category:1998 Canadian television series debuts Category:1999 Canadian television series endings Category:CTV Comedy Channel original programming
Phạm Thị Xuân Ban (born 1 July 1961, writing as Y Ban) is a Vietnamese writer of short stories, poet and journalist. She published her poetry on her Facebook timeline. Her books I am Woman, 2006 (I am Đàn bà), Hey, have you really seen anything?, 2011 (Này hỏi thật đã thấy gì chưa đấy?) were put on censorship ban in Vietnam. ==Early life and education== Ban was born 1 July 1961 in Nam Định, Vietnam. She graduated from the Vietnam National University, Hanoi in 1982, and in 1992 graduated from the Nguyễn Du School of Creative Writing. ==Writing career== Ban works as a reporter for Giao Duc va Thoi Dai (Education in our era). Her first short story was published in the Armed Forces Literary Review in 1983. She has published five collections of short stories, the first of which Người đàn bà có ma lực : truyện ngá̆n (The Female Exorcist) won second prize in a national writing competition in 1993. She has also had 70 stories published in anthologies. She started to write in 1989 with two awards for her work "The Letter to Mother Au Co" ("Bức thư gửi Mẹ Âu Cơ") and "The Woman with Magic" ("Người đàn bà có ma lực") about Military Arts. She also worked at Department of Education and is a member of Writers Association. ==Censorship== Two of her books, I am Woman, 2006 (I am Đàn bà), Hey, have you really seen anything?, 2011 (Này hỏi thật đã thấy gì chưa đấy?), after publishing were put on censorship ban in Vietnam. Afterwards, Y Ban wrote a letter in 2013 denying the merit of the Vietnam Writers Association for the novel Game of destroying emotions (Trò chơi hủy diệt cảm xúc) and resigned from office of a Spokeswoman of Council of Vietnam Writers Association. ==Poetry== Y Ban says in her poetry, that she posted only on her Facebook page, about all the world, everyday matters, corruption, ecological crimes like Formosa plant's pollution of waters in Vietnam, or poverty, like in poem "Ritual before meals". After winning International Poetry slam reading in Hanoi, that was organized by French Embassy, she traveled in May 2017 in France to voice her woman's say, that sometimes restricted in Vietnam by a taboo. ==Selected publications== * * ==References== Category:1961 births Category:Living people Category:21st-century Vietnamese women writers Category:Vietnamese women short story writers
Y Bandana are a Welsh language alternative rock band that formed in Caernarfon in 2008. The band is composed of brothers Tomos Owens (keyboard) and Siôn Owens (bass guitar), their cousin Gwilym Bowen Rhys (lead vocals, guitar) and Robin Jones (percussion). They are known for combining humorous lyrics with catchy melodies. The band have achieved great success in the Welsh language rock scene and have been the recipients of numerous awards, including awards from the Welsh-language magazine "Y Selar" for best song three years running ("Cân y Tân" 2010, "Wyt ti'n nabod Mr Pei?" 2011, "Heno yn yr Anglesey" 2012) and best band three times in 2010, 2011 and 2012 as well as the award for best single 2012. They featured frequently at the Maes B festival during the annual National Eisteddfod, with their ninth consecutive - and final - appearance in August 2016 at Abergavenny. Shortly before the Eisteddfod, the band announced they will disband at the end of the year, with their last gig performed in their hometown in October 2016. The band was awarded in four categories in 'Gwobrau'r Selar 2016': Best Band; Best Song - Cyn i'r lle ma gau; Best Album - Fel Tôn Gron; Best Artwork - Fel Tôn Gron. Gwilym Bowen Rhys is also a member of the folk band Plu with his sisters Elan and Marged, and his first solo album came out in August 2016. Siôn Owens is also a member of the band uumar. ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== *Y Bandana (2011) *Bywyd Gwyn (2013) *Fel Tôn Gron (2016) ===Singles=== *"Dal dy Drwyn" / "Cân y Tân" (2010) *"Heno yn yr Anglesey" / "Geiban" (2012) *"Mari Sâl" (2014) ==References== ==External links== * Category:Welsh-language bands Category:Welsh alternative rock groups Category:Welsh rock music groups Category:Musical groups established in 2008
Y Bandana is the self-titled debut studio album of the Welsh language alternative rock band Y Bandana, released in the United Kingdom on 31 January 2011. ==Track listing== ==Dal dy Drwyn/Cân y Tân== "Dal dy Drwyn" and "Cân y Tân" were released on 2 August 2010 as a double A-side single before being included on the album Y Bandana. The songs have received generally favourable reviews from critics.http://themmp.tv/reviews/2011/02/y-bandana-y-bandana/ The song "Dal dy Drwyn" has been noted for its humorous lyrics and catchy melody as it "bemoans the smell of another with Arctic Monkeys precision", and the nature of the song is evident in its title, which translates into English as "hold your nose". The band achieved an award for the best single in Welsh language magazine Y Selar in 2010, while the song "Cân y Tân" won the award for best song in the same year. ===Track listing=== ==References== Category:2011 albums Category:Welsh-language albums
thumb|Title page of the 1588 Welsh Bible , by William Morgan, was the first complete translated version of the Bible to appear in Welsh in 1588. == Background == It took some years for the translation to be completed in printed form between the Act of Parliament of 1563 and its publication in 1588. Morgan was a Cambridge graduate and later became bishop of Llandaff and St Asaph. He based his translation on the Hebrew and Greek original Bibles, consulting also the English Bishops' and Geneva versions. included original translations as well as adaptations of Salesbury's New Testament. In addition to allowing the Welsh poplatulation to read the Bible in their own language, the translation established the literary form of the Welsh language and was highly influential on the development of Welsh literature. == 1630 version == The 1630 edition of was largely identical to previous printed editions, apart from its size. The 1630 version is known as the first family or everyday Bible in the Welsh language. Bishop Richard Parry of St Asaph was initially considered its main contributor, modifying William Morgan's 1588 translation of the Bible; he himself did not recognize any other contributing partners. However, evidence shows that his brother-in-law, scholar Dr John Davies, reformed and standardized most of Morgan's 1588 translation. == See also == * Bible translations into Welsh == References == == External links == * A digital facsimile of a 1588 copy Category:Welsh literature
Y Bergam was a fourteenth-century poet and prophet from Maelor, an area that was once part of north east Wales and now is in Wrexham County Borough, England. His prophesies are known to have inspired a number of vaticinatory poems (Cywyddau Brud), such as those found in Early Vaticination in Welsh (1937). == References == == Further reading == * Category:14th-century Welsh poets Category:Welsh male poets Category:Year of birth unknown Category:Year of death unknown
Y Bham Enuol (Y Bhăm Êñuôl; Y Bham for short; 1913-20 April 1975) was a Rhade civil servant and a prominent figure during the Vietnam War. Y Bham Enuol was born in Buôn Ma Thuột, Đắk Lắk Province in 1913. On May 1, 1958, he established BAJARAKA, an organization seeking autonomy for minorities in the Central Highlands. BAJARAKA was the predecessor of the United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races (FULRO), which played an important role during the Vietnam War. Y Bham was selected president of FULRO. On 20 September 1964, Y Bham was arrested and deported to Cambodia. Later, he lived in Phnom Penh. When the Communist Party of Kampuchea (Khmer Rouge) seized Phnom Penh on 17 April 1975, Y Bham and other FULRO leaders living in Phnom Penh sought refuge in the French Embassy. On 20 April they were all taken out and executed. However, members of FULRO did not know of his death until, after seventeen years American journalist Nate Thayer informed the group that Y Bham had been executed.Nate Thayer, "Forgotten Army: The Rebels Time Forgot," Far Eastern Economic Review, Sept 10, 1992, pp. 16–22. ==References== Category:1913 births Category:1975 deaths Category:People from Đắk Lắk Province Category:Rade people Category:People of the Vietnam War Category:People executed by the Khmer Rouge
Y Blew (The Hairs) was a Welsh rock band founded in 1967. Although short lived, having pressed and released just one single, the band are recognized as the first rock band to sing in Welsh. Formed in 1967 by five students from the University of Aberystwyth: Maldwyn Pate (vocals), Richard Lloyd (lead guitar), Dafydd Evans (bass guitar), Dave Williams (keyboards) and Geraint Evans (drums). The band took their name ("The Hairs" in English) from the long- haired fashion that was popular at the time. The band raised £2,000 to support their recording and touring, and played their first gig in the Memorial Hall at Talybont at Easter 1967. The band took their music on the road that year with three tours, including playing at the National Eisteddfod in Bala. In summer 1967 they released their one and only single, Maes B. The band ensured their gigs were well publicised, and as well as distinctive posters and flyers they used billboards to advertise themselves. Despite disbanding in the autumn of that year, their place in Welsh music history was secured and artefacts by the band are now in the possession of the National Library of Wales and Amgueddfa Cymru – Museum Wales. ==Formation== In the 1960s music in the Welsh language was still largely influenced by male voice choirs, chapel and traditional Noson Lawen singing. The pop music that did exist in Welsh was generally light acoustic folk music having little in common with the current fashions in Anglo-American pop and rock releases. As social attitudes changed during the 1950s and 1960s the outlook of many younger Welsh speakers also started to change. Following the outcry over the destruction of Welsh speaking villages to build projects such as dam supplying water for cities in England there was an upsurge of support for Welsh issues and the language. Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg (Welsh Language Society) a protest movement campaigning for legal recognition of Welsh was established. It was also widely realised that the Welsh language culture needed to renew itself in order to make it relevant to younger generations. > Mae eisiau i bobol sgrechian mewn Cymraeg sâl > We need to get people to scream in bad Welsh – Y Blew "Y Blew's aim was to reach the Welsh speakers and non Welsh speakers who weren't into politics and start a Welsh language scene", according to Dafydd Evans, one of the founders, in an interview in 1986. Maldwyn Pate had tried to start a Welsh language band 'Y Pedwar Cainc' in 1966 with fellow Aberystwyth students but their only performance in Aberafan had not gone down well with an audience surprised to hear amplified instruments. The following year, 1967, Y Blew were formed. Following a successful performance to Aberystwyth students they were invited to play in Talybont by Robat Gruffudd, founder of Y Lolfa publishing house. This too was a success and the band decided to spend the summer on tour. ==Tours== thumb|350px|left|Poster for Y Blew, at Talybont Memorial Hall, Friday, 7 July 1967. Five shillings entry price The band self- promoted three highly successful tours of south Wales, attempting to ensure the most professional organization they could. The first in June, the second in July and the third August–September. At the time it was not possible to hire PA systems or vans – the group having to obtain substantial loans to buy equipment and their own van. The band also paid 'bouncers' rather than the usual practice in Welsh language events of relying on friends or volunteers. Large advertising hoardings were booked and thousands of flyers with the slogan "Mae'r Blew yn dod" (Y Blew are coming) were distributed. The gigs where well attended, often all the young people of a small town or village coming to see the new phenomenon of a band singing in Welsh. Following one gig the band found that messages in lipstick had been written all over their van by enthusiastic female fans. Not having time to compose 25 or so new songs for the tours, the band translated current popular hits: > We did covers from Sergeant Pepper translated into Welsh, we even did 'San > Francisco' by Scott McKenzie in Welsh, and some by Cream, that sort of thing > and some of our own, particularly stuff that gave the guitarist Richard > Lloyd a chance. He was a quite a good player, the style at the time was to > stand right up to the amp to get feedback – Dafydd Evans ==Bala Eisteddfod, 1967== The band's only performance north of Corris was at the 1967 Eisteddfod festival in Bala. The festival site was divided into Maes A (A field), Maes B (B field), Maes C etc. with the young people camping on 'Maes B' where the band set up a performance, bringing the spirit of psychedelia to an otherwise traditional festival. ==Band split== The band performed up until Christmas 1967 before splitting up at the end of the year, the various members going their own ways. Singer Maldwyn Pate going to New York to be a choreographer, guitarist Rick Lloyd eventually became a member of the a cappella group The Flying Pickets who had a Christmas number one hit in 1983 in the UK Singles Chart with their cover of Yazoo's track 'Only You'. Following the end of the Y Blew, it took almost five years for the next Welsh language rock groups to be formed – with Brân and Edward H Dafis in 1972-3. > I think it took time for the penny to drop. The ethos of Welsh speakers was > based on 'Peralau Tâf', 'Y Peldyrau' (acoustic folk bands) ... that's the > sort of thing that went at that time. – Dafydd Evans interviewed in 1986. =="Maes B" single== thumb|175px|left Y Blew were invited to record a single with Cambrian Records whose usual output was male voice choirs, acoustic folk and traditional music. However, the band were of the opinion that the Cambrian's one-track recording studio would not be suitable. Instead they accepted an offer from Pontardawe based Qualiton as they were able to offer the use of the BBC studio in Swansea. The song on A side of the single "Maes B" takes its name from the field at the Eisteddfod where the band had played. The lyrics, however, make no direct mention of the event. The lyrics reflect the psychedelic influence of pop songs of the era with lines such as: pam 'na nei di ddod 'da fi i weld y tylwyth teg a chael clywed cloc y dref yn taro tair ar ddeg (why not come with me to see the fairies and hear the town clock strike thirteen) The song "Maes B" was written the evening prior to the recording by Dave Williams (keyboards) with suggestions from Maldwyn Pate (vocals). Dave Williams's main interest at the time being Tamla Motown is clearly heard in the drum intro. "Maes B" and the song on the other side of the record were both recorded in a matter of hours – the band desperate to get to Aberystwyth for two concerts that same evening. The drummer had not heard the song before going into the studio. On the record Maldwyn Pate can be heard to sing 'Snos' rather than 'Nos' (night) but there was no time to re-record a corrected version. The group where hoping for a heavier, more contemporary sound, similar to Cream or "Hey Joe" by Jimi Hendrix a huge hit at the time. Unfortunately for the band limited technology and number of tracks at the BBC Swansea studio curtailed these ambitions. It is believed that approximately 2,000 singles were pressed. The song received little radio air play, the Welsh language seldom heard on the radio at that time with broadcasting services being almost completely based in London. The single was however played on a panel programme reviewing latest releases on newly launched BBC Radio 1 (Radio 1 started on air in October 1967 a month before 'Maes B' was released). Not surprisingly given the then low status of the Welsh language, the panel were of the opinion that the record was just a strange gimmick. According to Dafydd Evans They sold quite well in south Wales, but we didn't perform in the north so the sales there were less. ===Side 2 – "Beth Sy'n Dod Rhyngom Ni"=== The flip side of the record is "Beth Sy'n Dod Rhyngom Ni (what comes between us)", the Blew's version of Curtis Mayfield's "You Must Believe Me". Y Blew had heard the song on The Spencer Davis Group's The Second Album. Mayfield had originally recorded the song with his trio The Impressions, reaching No. 15 in the U.S. Billboard charts in 1964. The song also appeared on the Impression L.P. People Get Ready. The Trwynau Coch (Red Noses) recorded a cover version of "Beth Sy'n Dod Rhyngom Ni" on their 1980 L.P. Rhedeg Rhag y Torpidos (Run from the Torpedoes) (1980, SAIN-1186M). ==Tributes and references to "Maes B"== Y Blew received little attention in the years following 1967, the Welsh language music scene largely growing form bands such as Brân and Edward H Davis formed some five years later. In 1986, Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg published a fanzine 'Hanes y Blew' (history of Y Blew) including a transcription of an in-depth interview recorded with Dafydd Evans. The fanzine also included archive press cuttings and photos. It was not until 1987 that a TV documentary about the band appeared on S4C. The programme included clips of Y Blew's original TV performances and interviews with the members and fans. At the end of the programme the original line up re-record "Maes B" in a modern studio. Also in 1987 the annual National Eisteddfod festival returned to Bala with a number of radio and magazine articles referring to "Maes B" and Y Blew. It was decided to name the Eisteddfod's rock music stage and campsite 'Maes-B' in honour of the band. Named after Maes B * Maes B – The annual National Eisteddfod's rock music stage and nearby campsite is now named Maes-B in honour of the band. * Maes E – Song by Datblygu released in 1997. The 'E' in question is ecstasy that had been in at the height of its popularity in the 1990s. * Maes D – The Eisteddfod's pavilion for learners of the language has been named Maes D (the 'D' from Dysgwyr – Learners). * MaesE.com – a popular Welsh language on line web forum founded in 2002 by Nic Davis. * Maes T – An on line database of Welsh language technology terminology ==External links== thumb|right * Maes B – Y Blew on YouTube * Beth Sy'n Dod Rhyngom Ni on YouTube * Maes-E – Datblygu on YouTube * You Must Believe Me – The Impressions on YouTube * Second Album – Spencer Davies Group on YouTube * The song "Maes B" appears on the CD 'Degawdau Roc (1967–82) Recordiau Sain, 2004, SCD2376 Dafydd Evans' Book * Y Blew a Buddugoliaeth Gwynfor Cofant Dafydd Evan. (Y Blew and Gwynfor's Victory – Dafydd Evan's memoirs). Y Lolfa, * Items of Y Blew memorabilia at the National Library of Wales ==See also== * Maes (eisteddfod) ==Notes== ==Bibliography== * Category:Welsh rock music groups Category:Welsh- language bands Category:Musical groups established in 1967 Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1967
Y Borth may refer to: * Borth - a village in north Ceredigion. * Menai Bridge - a town on Anglesey whose Welsh name Porthaethwy is very commonly abbreviated to Y Borth as in Ffair Y Borth.
("The Little Cottage") is a royal wendy house standing close to Royal Lodge within Windsor Great Park in England since 1932. ==History== The two-thirds scale thatched cottage was a gift to Princess Elizabeth for her sixth birthday (later Queen Elizabeth II) from the people of Wales and placed in the grounds of Royal Lodge. Designed by architect Edmund Willmott as a Welsh-cottage style playhouse, it measures 24 feet long, eight feet deep and with a ceiling height of five feet. Built from materials left over from the redevelopment of Llandough Hospital, it has four rooms: kitchen; living room; and accessed via oak stairs a bedroom; and a bathroom. Services include full running hot and cold water, electricity and a heated towel rail in the bathroom. The kitchen has a working fridge, gas cooker and a miniature blue and white porcelain dining and tea set. In the living room is a working miniature radio, a little oak dresser, a bookcase filled with Beatrix Potter's books, and a picture of their mother the Duchess of York hangs over the oak mantlepiece. On 17 February 1932, an insurance policy for the house was taken out in the name of Princess Elizabeth of York. On being transported from its construction site in the Welsh Valleys to Drill Hall, Cardiff, the tarpaulin covering the house caught fire, damaging the cottage. Quickly repaired under the insurance policy, the house was presented to Duke of York and his wife on their visit to Greyfriars Hall, Cardiff, on 16 March 1932. The keys were presented to the royal couple by school girl Jean Blake, daughter of plumber and engineer William Blake who helped to construct the cottage, on behalf of the "Princess Elizabeth Model House Committee". Initially put on public display at the Daily Mail-sponsored Ideal Home Exhibition at the Olympia exhibition centre, London, it was then sent on a tour of the UK to raise funds for children's hospital charities. Fully repaired, it was sited on its final location close to Royal Lodge in Windsor Great Park, before the Princesses were allowed to play with it from December 1933. In 2012 as part of the Queen's Diamond Jubilee, it was restored under a plan initiated and managed by Princess Beatrice, paid for by her father Prince Andrew, Duke of York. Restored under a pale green and cream colour scheme, the works included new curtains and upholstery, the paintwork was refreshed, the roof was rethatched and the cottage rewired. ==Further reading== * * * * * * * * ==References== ==External links== * , at Royal Collection Trust * * Category:Buildings and structures in Windsor Great Park Category:Thatched buildings in England Category:1932 establishments in England Category:Royal residences in the United Kingdom Category:Elizabeth II
Y Byd (The World) was an attempt to launch the first Welsh language daily newspaper. It was scheduled to be published five days a week, from Monday to Friday, as of Monday 3 March 2008. However, on 15 February 2008, the proposed newspaper's owners, Dyddiol, abandoned the plans, citing 'insufficient' funding from the Welsh Assembly Government. Publication was initially held up by the need to find sufficient subscribers, causing several delays to proposed launch dates. Prior to the cessation of its plans, £300,000 worth of subscriptions had been placed and staff were being employed. The company was hoping to attract 5,000 subscribers ahead of the planned launch. The paper was due to employ 24 people from headquarters in Machynlleth and receive funding from Powys County Council. The editor for Y Byd was due to be Aled Price, a former BBC Cymru journalist, with Catrin Rogers, a local newspaper editor in London, deputising.Enwi golygydd Y Byd (Editors' names for Y Byd), BBC News Online, 28 November 2006 The paper would have cost 70p daily, with Friday's copy — which would have included a weekend supplement — retailing at £1.20. == Y Byd abandoned == On 5 February 2008, the Welsh Assembly minister for the Welsh language, heritage and culture Plaid Cymru's Rhodri Glyn Thomas, announced a subsidy grant of £200,000 to Welsh-language newspapers and magazines every year for the next three years.Extra cash for Welsh newspapers, BBC News Online, 5 February 2008 However, the grant was considerably short of £600,000 (for the first year) hoped by the owners of Y Byd. Prior to this announcement, a review into the Welsh-medium press by the Welsh Language Board concluded that there was not enough evidence for a viable daily newspaper in the Welsh language.'Quick' newspaper decision call, BBC News Online, 14 January 2008 On 15 February 2008, a statement by Dyddiol announced that plans for Y Byd had been abandoned.Daily Welsh newspaper abandoned, BBC News Online, 15 February 2008 In the statement, Ned Thomas, the chairman of Dyddiol criticised the Assembly government for not meeting a pledge to expand funding and support for Welsh-language press. The editor of Y Byd, Aled Price resigned following the funding announcement by Rhodri Glyn Thomas. The company is now said to be considering other options for Welsh-language press. == See also == * List of newspapers in Wales *List of Celtic-language media *Lá Nua - Irish language daily, based in Belfast (7,000 circulation) == References == == External links == * Y Byd website * Y Byd website * Welsh language paper is unveiled, BBC News Online, 20 June 2007 Category:Newspapers published in Wales Category:Welsh-language newspapers Category:2006 establishments in Wales
(Welsh for The World on Four) is a Welsh-language current affairs television programme, which has broadcast on S4C since the channel was launched in November 1982. It is produced by ITV Cymru Wales. The programme's reporters have brought stories from the four corners of the world to Welsh screens. In the 1980s, long-serving reporter Tweli Griffiths secured the first interview with Libyan dictator Colonel Gaddaffi. Reports also covered the fall of the Berlin wall, the Chernobyl disaster and the Persian Gulf war. The programme is also famed for securing high-profile exclusive interviews in Wales, such as with Sion Aubrey Roberts, the only person to be jailed over the Meibion Glyndwr arson campaign and Ryan James, a vet from Ammanford who had been wrongly jailed after being accused of murdering his wife. More recently, a series of undercover investigations into west Wales puppy farms have led to several pressure groups to call for a change in legislation by the Welsh Government to protect animals. Senior producer Eifion Glyn travelled undercover to Zimbabwe in 2008 to show the horrors of life there under Robert Mugabe's rule and also journeyed to Afghanistan for the second time in 2013 to produce a series of programmes documenting the lives of Welsh troops fighting the Taliban. At home, a raw portrayal of the lives of two heroin addicts in Cardiff won the Best Current Affairs Award at the 2009 Celtic Media Festival. In 2013, another expose of the heroin scene, this time on the island of Anglesey, won the BAFTA Cymru award for current affairs. The team also secured a moving exclusive interview with the grandparents of April Jones after the young girl's disappearance in 2012. Success at the BAFTA Cymru awards followed in 2014 with a moving response to Typhoon Haiyan and in 2015 with an emotional portrayal of the lack of provision for young people battling mental health issues in Wales. == People == Editor Branwen Thomas === Notable former staff === *Lowri Gwilym *Betsan Powys *Menna Richards ==References== Category:S4C original programming Category:1982 British television series debuts Category:Current affairs shows
Y Byd yn ei Le (English: The World in its Place) is a Welsh television current affairs series broadcast on S4C since 2018. It was presented by the former BBC Chief Political Correspondent, Guto Harri, until 2022. ==Background== The first programme of Y Byd yn ei Le was broadcast on S4C on 12 June 2018 and included an interview by the programme's presenter Guto Harri, with UK Prime Minister Theresa May, during her visit to the Welsh Conservative Conference. As well as interviews with prominent Wales and UK politicians, the programme aimed to bridge the gap between politicians and people on the ground in their towns and communities. Each programme normally includes a street 'surgery' where a politician answers questions directly to members of the public in a Welsh town or city. The first programme had Wales Assembly member Eluned Morgan meeting people in Ammanford. In the Autumn of 2018 S4C commissioned two more series of the programme. Young journalist Elen Davies joined the programme as a co-presenter in February 2019. ==Notable events== In September 2018 Harri interviewed controversial personality Katie Hopkins about her anti- Welsh language views. This received some criticism for giving Hopkins a 'platform' for her views. Harri responded that "We challenge and expose flaws... Outrageous views need confronting." S4C released the interview online on 27 September and broadcast a shorter clip in the programme on Tuesday 3 October 2018. Two days before the 2019 general election, Harri interviewed UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson, for Y Byd yn ei Le. Johnson was questioned about Brexit and the recent resignation of the Conservative's Secretary of State for Wales, Alun Cairns. ==References== ==External links== * S4C – Y Byd yn ei Le Category:2018 British television series debuts Category:2010s Welsh television series Category:Current affairs shows Category:S4C original programming
Y C McNease (February 1, 1936 – March 7, 2023) was a former American college football coach. He was the head football coach at the University of Idaho for the 1968 and 1969 seasons. ==Playing career== Born in Raleigh, Mississippi, McNease graduated from Leland High School in Leland in 1956,directory.lhsreunion.org - 1956 - accessed 2012-05-04 and joined the U.S. Marines. After his three years of military service, he attended junior college and transferred to Florida State, where he was on the roster for the 1961 and 1962 seasons as an end and center,nolefan.org - Florida State football - Y C McNease - accessed 2012-04-05nolefan.org - Florida State football - year-by- year rosters - accessed 2012-04-05 and also played linebacker and fullback. Well into his twenties and losing his hair, McNease was nicknamed "Pappy" by his younger FSU teammates.nolefan.org - Florida State football - 1961 - year- in-review - accessed 2012-04-05 ==Coaching career== Following his playing career, McNease was an assistant coach for five seasons at four schools; Florida State, Wichita State, Texas-El Paso, and Michigan. He was named the head coach at the University of Idaho in January 1968 at age 31, at an annual salary of $16,800. McNease succeeded Steve Musseau and placed a new emphasis on the passing game; the Vandals were 5–5 and 3–1 in the Big Sky in his first season, but they struggled with injuries and slipped to 2–8 with only one win in conference in 1969. After just two seasons at Idaho, McNease was dismissed in May 1970 following spring practices. Though reasons were not fully disclosed by the university, it was attributed to his disciplinary tactics and player unrest. Additionally, an altercation reportedly occurred with a player in a Memorial Gym hallway and resulted in a ripped coat. Several months after his dismissal, McNease filed a $1 million breach of contract lawsuit in U.S. District Court against the university. An out-of-court settlement was reached in 1973 for just under $24,800. McNease coached as an assistant for the next three seasons at Kansas State (1970) and back at UTEP, until his resignation in late October 1972, which followed the resignation of head coach Bobby Dobbs. ==After coaching== McNease left coaching and worked in the insurance and financial services industry, with stops in Athens, Georgia, and back on the Palouse in the Moscow-Pullman area in the early 1980s. As of 2010, he was a resident of Coeur d'Alene, Idaho.doi.idaho.gov - insurance - accessed 2012-04-05 ==Name== His unique first name is simply "Y C" and is unpunctuated; his last name is pronounced in three syllables (Mac-Nee-See). ==Head coaching record== ==References== Category:1936 births Category:Living people Category:American football centers Category:American football ends Category:American football fullbacks Category:American football linebackers Category:Idaho Vandals football coaches Category:Michigan Wolverines football coaches Category:Kansas State Wildcats football coaches Category:UTEP Miners football coaches Category:Florida State Seminoles football coaches Category:United States Marines Category:People from Raleigh, Mississippi Category:Coaches of American football from Mississippi Category:Players of American football from Mississippi Category:Military personnel from Mississippi
Y Carinae (Y Car) is a Classical Cepheid variable, a type of variable star, in the constellation Carina. Its apparent magnitude varies from 7.53 to 8.48. The primary Cepheid pulsation period is 3.6 days, but it also pulsates with a secondary period of 2.56 days. It is known as a double-mode Cepheid, or a beat Cepheid since the two periods interfere to produce slow variations at a beat frequency. The variable primary star is in a triple system with a very close pair of hot main sequence stars. The period of the outer pair is 2.76 years. The inner pair are constrained to orbit in less than 31 days, but the exact nature of the orbit is unknown. The existence of the close binary pair throws into doubt previous calculations of the mass of the pulsating star. The existence of high numbers of triple systems and short period Cepheids suggests that some at least of the short period Cepheids may have formed by mergers. ==References== Category:Carina (constellation) Category:F-type giants Carinae, Y 091595 Category:Classical Cepheid variables 051653 Category:Durchmusterung objects J10331084-5829550 Category:Triple star systems
Y Centauri or Y Cen (HD 127233, HIP 70969) is a semiregular variable star in the constellation of Centaurus. The variability in the star was discovered by Williamina Fleming in 1895 and published in the Third Catalogue of Variable Stars. The photographic magnitude range was given as 7.7 - 8.8, but the variability was described as "somewhat doubtful". It was later given the designation HV 52 in the Harvard Catalogue of Variable Stars. The General Catalogue of Variable Stars lists it as a semiregular variable star with a period of 180 days and a visual magnitude range of 8.0 - 9.1. A study of Hipparcos satellite photometry found a small amplitude range of 0.2 magnitudes at a visual magnitude of 8.53. The distance of the star is poorly known. The revised Hipparcos annual parallax of 3.50 mas gives a distance of 900 light years. A study taking into account the variability of the star found a parallax of 5.57 mas, corresponding to a distance of 585 light years. Both estimates have a margin of error over 20%. The Gaia Data Release 2 parallax lies between these two values and appears more accurate with a margin of error around 5%, but with a large value for astrometric noise. Gaia EDR3 does not list a parallax for this star. Y Centauri is an asymptotic giant branch star 330 times as luminous as the sun. Its spectral type varies between M4 and M7 as it pulsates. The star has been observed to produce 22 GHz water maser emission, although later searches did not find any maser emission. ==References== == Notes == Category:Centaurus Category:Semiregular variable stars Centauri, Y Category:M-type giants Category:Asymptotic-giant-branch stars Category:Emission-line stars 070969 127233 Category:Durchmusterung objects
Y Chhean is a Cambodian politician. He belongs to the Cambodian People's Party and was elected to represent Pailin in the National Assembly of Cambodia in 2003."Election results". Cambodia National Election Committee. Accessed June 18, 2008. ==References== Category:Members of the National Assembly (Cambodia) Category:Living people Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Cambodian People's Party politicians Category:Place of birth missing (living people)