text
E & J Gallo Winery is a winery and distributor headquartered in Modesto, California. It was founded in 1933 by Ernest Gallo and Julio Gallo of the Gallo family, and is the largest exporter of California wines. It is the largest wine producer in the world, producing over 3% of the world's entire annual supply of 35 billion bottles with an annul revenue of $5.3 billion it is also the largest family-owned winery in the United States. ==History== During Prohibition in the United States, Ernest and Julio Gallo grew grapes and sold them to eastern states where home winemaking was allowed.Bob Jamieson, "Ernest Gallo, the Truth Behind the Myth", ABC News, 8 March 2007 On June 14, 1933, Ernest Gallo filed an application with the Prohibition administration to open a bonded wine storeroom in San Francisco. On June 20, his application was rejected. He was advised that in order to open a storeroom, he had to own a bonded winery. And in order to be bonded as a winery, he had to own vineyards. Ernest and Julio then took steps to bond a winery in the name of their newly formed partnership, E & J Gallo. They had stationery printed that included two designations next to their name: “winery” and “grape growers and shippers.” Their father's estate owned both the grape growing and shipping businesses as well as the vineyards required to establish a winery, at that juncture. Ernest applied on this letterhead to the Board of Alcohol for approval. He wrote that he and Julio were “grape growers with over 400 acres of grapes.” The two brothers started the winery in the fall of 1933, following the repeal of Prohibition. Ernest and Julio were competing against larger, more established, and better financed companies, including more than 800 wine companies established in California in the first few years after the repeal of Prohibition. Their starting capital was less than $6,000 (~$110,000 inflation-adjusted to 2017), with $5,000 of that borrowed by Ernest from his mother-in-law, Teresa Franzia.Forbes The brothers learned the craft of commercial winemaking by reading old, pre-Prohibition pamphlets published by the University of California which they retrieved from the basement of the Modesto Public Library. Julio was focused on the production of wine, and Ernest on its sale.Kim Kowsky, "Winemaker Julio Gallo Dies in Car Crash", Los Angeles Times, 3 May 1993 They had just one tractor, and would run it permanently on 12/12 hour shifts. On the first year of activity, the brothers had produced 177,000 gallons of wine. In 1957, E & J Gallo launched the fortified cheap white wine Thunderbird. In 1962, E & J Gallo launched the one gallon finger-ringed jug of cheap wine, Red Mountain, later Carlo Rossi Red Mountain, named after a winery above Oakdale that closed during Prohibition. Later, the US market began to move away from cheap wines. Ernest and Julio were the first to introduce brand management and modern merchandising to the wine industry, and led the way in bringing new products to store shelves. They were first in breakthrough quality initiatives such as long-term grower contracts for varietal grapes and grape research programs. They were also first to establish a truly significant foreign sales and marketing force to export California wines overseas. They pioneered wine advertising on television and launched many wine advertising campaigns. (One of these helped to popularize "Hymne", composed and performed by Vangelis, by featuring it as background music in some of its television commercials.) The company's 1960s ads were focused on associating their US-made wines with Europe's fine wine regions."Food: Transforming the American Table 1950–2000" , Americanhistory.si.edu In 1983, for the first time, the company put a vintage date on one of its wines, the 1978 Sonoma Cabernet Sauvignon."The Gallo Family", Wine Spectator During the 1980s and 1990s, E & J Gallo bought wine labels from Europe and Australia. By 1993, E & J Gallo was the country's largest winery, with a 25% share of the American wine market. Julio Gallo died in a car accident on 2 May 1993. Ernest died in 2007, and his son Joe Gallo took over the company as CEO. In 2002 E & J Gallo purchased the Louis M. Martini Winery, giving the company its first Napa Valley location. On September 14, 2007, Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia announced a partnership with E & J Gallo Winery to produce a brand of wine labelled "Martha Stewart Vintage". In 2011, E & J Gallo sold Hornsby's hard cider to the C&C; Group for an undisclosed amount"C&C; Buys Hornsby's Hard Cider From E. & J. Gallo Winery" (press release), PR Newswire, 8 November 2011 and partnered with Boisset Collection to purchase the Mondavi estate.Jennifer Huffman, "Boisset/Gallo buy Mondavi estate", Napa Valley Register, 14 December 2011 In 2017, E & J Gallo Winery bought the Napa Valley Stagecoach vineyard."Gallo buys Napa's Stagecoach Vineyard", Napa Valley Register, 23 March 2017 In April 2019, Constellation Brands Inc. announced a deal to sell wine brands, including Clos du Bois and Mark West, to E & J Gallo Winery for $1.7 billion. The deal was later amended, twice, to exclude sparkling wine brands Cook's California 'Champagne' and J. Roget American 'Champagne' (both retained by Constellation for four years post final agreement), Paul Masson Brandy which was divested to Sazerac Company Inc., Sheffield Cellars and Fairbanks divested to Precept Brands LLC, and its High Color Concentrates division was divested to Vie-Del Company."FTC Imposes Conditions on E. & J. Gallo Winery’s Acquisition of Assets from Constellation Brands, Inc.”, United States Federal Trade Commission, 23 December 2020 for an adjusted price agreement of $1.1B, of which $250 million is an earnout if brand performance provisions are met over a two-year period after closing."Constellation Brands and E. & J. Gallo Sign Agreement With Federal Trade Commission Staff Relating to Consent Order on Pending Transaction; Constellation Provides Business Update for Fiscal 2021" (press release). GlobeNewswire (9 November 2020).French, Phoebe. (13 December 2019). "Constellation Brands lowers Gallo deal by $600m". The Drinks Business. Agreement was finalized on January 6, 2021 for $810 million."Gallo finalizes $810 million purchase from Constellation, one of the biggest wine acquisitions in modern history", San Francisco Chronicle, 6 January 2021 In 2020, the University of California, Merced was planning on opening its first new school since it launched, the Ernest & Julio Gallo School of Management, a multi-disciplinary school encompassing many different disciplines.James Leonard, "Gallo Management School Proposal Moves Forward", Ucmerced.edu, 30 July 2020 ==Legal disputes== In 1970, David Gallo was considering suing country rock group Boones Farm over the use of the name, Boones Farm.Record World, September 9, 1972 - Page 14 _THE COAST_ By JOHN GIBSON In 1986, the Gallo brothers sued their younger brother Joseph for selling cheese branded with the Joseph Gallo Farms name. Joseph then counterclaimed, alleging that Ernest and Julio conspired to steal his share of the inheritance from their father. This claim included the winery, where the evidence submitted by Joseph's attorney suggested that it was actually started by their father. Joseph Gallo lost both suits and was forced to change the name of his business to Joseph Farms. In the 1990s, Gallo Winery made an agreement with Gallo Pasta (a Spanish company) that the latter would not sell their pasta in the United States. Gallo filed a cease-and-desist order in April 2009 against "The Spanish Table", a Seattle-based specialty food retailer, for carrying the pasta despite the previous agreement with the maker. In February 2010, twelve French winemakers and traders who had supplied wine to Gallo for its Red Bicyclette brand were found guilty in a French court of fraud, as they had claimed an inferior wine sold to Gallo was Pinot noir. In October 2019, a lawsuit filed in the Eastern District of California claimed Gallo used patented technology without a license to develop their irrigation system. ==Labor relations== The United Farm Workers (UFW) began boycotting Gallo in the summer of 1973 after Gallo did not renew their contract and signed with the International Brotherhood of Teamsters. Led by Cesar Chavez, the UFW alleged that Gallo had worked out a "sweetheart deal" with the teamsters that offered fewer protections and that workers did not agree to teamster representation. An estimated 10,000 workers and supporters of the UFW marched 100 miles over the course of a week to the Gallo winery in Modesto. Supporters of the boycott nationwide protested the buying and selling of Gallo wines, including student groups at Harvard University in Cambridge, MA who demanded a boycott of Gallo by the university and picketed local stores. The boycott against Gallo was called off by the UFW in 1978 after the union felt it had improved workers' rights of representation in labor disputes. In October 2009, the California Agricultural Labor Relations Board (CALRB) revoked a 2007 election to eject the United Farm Workers from Gallo Winery, citing interference from Gallo. This was the second time in a decade a vote to remove the union was overturned due to allegations of Gallo illegally trying to influence proceedings; the other was a 2003 ruling in which the CALRB threw out an election citing a foreman improperly requesting signatures for the petition for the vote. Gallo appealed that decision. ==Ecological impact== Gallo helped develop and implement the Code of Sustainable Wine Growing Practices, in collaboration with the Wine Institute and the California Association of Winegrape Growers. The Code promotes sustainable practices which are environmentally sound, economically feasible and socially equitable. It covers virtually every aspect of the wine business including viticulture and grape growing, wine making, purchasing and building and maintaining productive relationships with neighbors and the local communities. Gallo received ISO 14001 certification from the International Organization for Standardization. The certification was created to globally assist and guide companies to reduce their environmental impact. In April 2009, the California State Water Resources Control Board served Gallo Glass Co. (a Gallo Winery subsidiary) with a cease and desist order and $73,000 fine for allegedly channeling water from the Russian River into an unlicensed reservoir; however, there are provisions for licensing the reservoir under proper monitoring of flow and capacity. In March 2015, the California Department of Toxic Substances Control sued the E & J Gallo glass production plant in Modesto for improper storage and treatment of the glass bottles. E & J Gallo would use the dust collected by its air pollution control devices, and introduce it in the components of their glass bottles during production. E & J Gallo argued that this process was standard in the wine industry.Bob Moffitt, State Sues Gallo Over Hazardous Dust Used To Make Wine Bottles, Capradio.org, 2 March 2015 In February 2023, the Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board ordered E &J; Gallo to pay $378,668 in fines for discharging irrigation and waste water into the Merced River, posing a threat to the health of fish and other aquatic life. ==Wine brands== thumb|A bottle of André thumb|Gallo Family Ruby Cabernet In addition to the Gallo Family Vineyards brand, the company makes, markets, and distributes wine under more than 100 other labels. The company also makes the low-end fortified wines Thunderbird and Night Train Express. * André is one of the best-selling brands of sparkling wine in the United States. It is available in varietals including Brut, Extra Dry, Cold Duck, Blush, Spumante, strawberry, and peach-flavored California Champagne, among others. André's California Champagne is bulk-fermented.Howard G. Goldberg,,”The New York Times”, 2 April 1992 : While the United States agreed in 2006 to not approve any new wine labels for US-produced products that include the term "Champagne," André is legally allowed to use the term as a grandfathered label. André's Brut California Champagne has been described as the sparkling wine that many people have noted was their first experience with this variety of wine. One champagne expert said it is "like ginger ale – pale yellow in color, lemony and on the sweet side, with maybe an apple flavor as well and low bubbles". * Carlo Rossi is a brand of wine produced by the E & J Gallo Winery. The brand was named after Charles Rossi, at the time a salesman for Gallo and a relation of the Gallo family by marriage. Charlie Rossi starred in TV ads for the brand in the 1970s. Carlo Rossi wines were at one point the second best selling brand in the United States.The Wine Enigma: Wine In A Box from supermarketguru.com Carlo Rossi is reflected in popular culture in E-40's single, "Carlos Rossi." * Boone's Farm was formerly a brand of apple wine produced by the E & J Gallo Winery. Now, flavors are malt-based instead of wine-based due to changes in tax laws. The brand is popular on college campuses due to its low price. Boone's Farm Beverages, served in 750 ml bottles, are often located in the cold box area of convenience stores across the United States. In some U.S. states, such as Utah, some Boone's Farm products are labeled as malt beverages and not as flavored apple/citrus wine products, as state liquor laws prohibit the sale of wine in grocery and convenience stores. * Barefoot Wine, produced by Modesto-based Barefoot Cellars, was purchased by E & J Gallo Winery in 2005. The line offers 17 varietals and blends: Zinfandel, Shiraz, Merlot, Pinot noir, Cabernet Sauvignon, White Zinfandel, Moscato, Pinot grigio, Sauvignon blanc, Chardonnay, Riesling, Sweet Red, Brut Cuvee Chardonnay sparkling wine, Extra Dry sparkling wine, Pinot Grigio sparkling wine, Moscato Spumante, and Pink Cuvee sparkling wine. In January 2020, Barefoot Wine announced its launch of a line of wine-infused hard seltzer. ===Additional brands=== ====A–B==== ====C–E==== ====F–I==== ====J–L==== ====M==== ====N–R==== ====S–T==== ====U–Z==== E.&J.; Gallo Winery – Browse by Brand Name ==Vineyard trials== Viticulturists at Gallo use their vineyard resources to trial new grape variety plantings in California wine regions in an effort to see which varieties grow best in various climates and soil types. One of the varieties that Gallo has been trialling in the San Joaquin Valley is the French wine grape Ederena.J. Robinson, J. Harding and J. Vouillamoz Wine Grapes – A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavours p. 322, Allen Lane 2012 ==Advertising== Advertising Age noted that "the Gallo experience," during the 1950s, '60s, '70s and 1980s, wore down many an ad agency. Ernest Gallo was listed in the periodical's "The TOUGHEST Clients" series. ==Awards== E & J Gallo Winery was named the "Bon Appetit Winery of the Year" in the 1996, 1998, and 2001 San Francisco International Wine Competitions. Intangible Business, a brand valuation firm, rated Gallo as the world's "Most Powerful Wine Brand" in 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009. ==See also== * Gallo family * Napa County wine ==Further reading== * * *Ernest_Gallo California Wine Industry Oral History Series, University of California ==References== ==External links== * Category:Wineries in California Category:Companies based in Stanislaus County, California Category:1933 establishments in California Category:American companies established in 1933 Category:Food and drink companies established in 1933 Category:American brands Category:Wine brands Category:Gallo family Category:Family-owned companies of the United States
E is a text editor originally developed at the Stanford AI Lab in the 1970s for the WAITS operating system. E was one of the first WYSIWYG editors. Richard Stallman visited the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Lab in 1976 and was quite impressed by this technology. Carl Mikkelsen had previously implemented a similar hack to the TECO text editor, adding a combined display+editing mode called "Control-R". ==References== == External links == * « Essential E by Arthur Samuel », Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, March 1980. Category:Text editors Category:History of software
E () is a 2006 Indian Tamil-language medical thriller film directed by S. P. Jananathan. The film stars Jiiva and Nayanthara, while Ashish Vidyarthi, Pasupathy and Karunas played supporting roles. The film's music is composed by director Srikanth Deva. The film was appreciated for its fresh storyline connecting to real-life medical crimes. The movie was a commercial failure, garnering mixed critical response. == Plot == The movie revolves around Easwaran alias E, an orphan brought up in the musty, teeming slums of Chennai by an old woman. For him, money is God. He comes across Jothy, a bar dancer who settles down in the same locality. After a few encounters, they get acquainted with each other. E's simple ways attract Jothy. Coming to know of E's past, Jothy tries desperately to correct his ways and set him on the right path. Meanwhile, Dr. Ramakrishnan takes up the task of testing a medicine devised by a foreign company, which may come handy in killing people in thousands, especially during times of war. Ramakrishnan chooses Jothy's sister and E's grandmother as specimens for the test. He cashes in on the ignorance to slum dwellers. Things take a turn when E rescues Ramakrishnan from a murder bid by Nellai Mani. A sequence of events brings Nellai Mani and E together. Without knowing Nellai Mani's motive, E hides him in a secret place and decides to hand him over to Ramakrishnan for a huge sum. Slowly, E gets attracted by Nellai Mani's good ways. Through him, E discovers Ramakrishnan's ulterior motives. Nellai Mani, a revolutionary fighting for a cause, tries to bring about a change in E's heart. Succeeding in his attempt, Nellai Mani lays down his life, leaving E to complete his task. The rest is all about how E puts an end to Ramakrishnan and his evil ways. == Cast == * Jiiva as Easwaran (E) * Nayanthara as Jothy * Ashish Vidyarthi as Dr. Ramakrishnan * Pasupathy as Nellai Mani * Karunas as Tony * Chaams as Ganeshan * Rajesh * Ajay Rathnam as Police Officer * Cheranraj as Police Officer * Suruli Manohar as Police Inspector * Sabitha Anand * Aryan * Scissor Manohar * Dinesh as Parthiban * Vichu * Laksha as Nurse Lilly * Sana Khan as an item number == Soundtrack == The music was composed by Srikanth Deva and released by Star Music. Rediff called it "poor music". == Reception == Behindwoods wrote "The plot seems to be out of the world for an Indian movie, but Jananadhan manages his best to do justice to the movie. Power packed with some amazing performances by Jeeva, Pasupathy, Ashish Vidhyarthi, and Nayantara, E is definitely worth the money that is spent on the tickets". Sify wrote "On the downside the film lacks entertainment and the second half drags". == References == == External links == * Category:2006 films Category:2000s Tamil-language films Category:Films scored by Srikanth Deva Category:Medical-themed films Category:2000s science fiction thriller films Category:Indian science fiction thriller films Category:Films directed by S. P. Jananathan
E is an Indian Malayalam language Supernatural horror film directed by Kukku Surendran starring Gautami Tadimalla in lead role. Produced by Sangeeth Sivan and Amin Surani, the story is written by Rohan Bajaj and Amin Surani. The screenplay has been penned down by Rohan Bajaj and Hari Kumar K. The film's title was announced in January 2016 and principal photography began on 26 March 2017 in Haripad, Kerala. Manoj Pillai handles the cinematography while Rahul Raj composes the original songs and background score. The film released theatrically in 18 August 2017. == Plot== Karthik (Ashiq Ameer), Aru (Meera Nair), Jenny (Kalyani Vidya) and Hari (Balaji Jayarajan) are four friends. Karthik plans on making a documentary on Alzheimer's and visits Alex (Dain Davis) for the same. All five of them go to Karthik's old teacher's tharavadu for the shooting. Karthik's teacher Malathi teacher (Gautami) and her daughter Athira (Nitya Naresh) live a traditional life with temple, music and yoga. Also Athira was Karthik's childhood sweetheart. Malathi teacher has Alzheimer's and is supported by Athira. But after some days of their arrival, they start facing paranormal activities and understand that Malathi teacher is possessed by a spirit named Bhargavan. Jenny receives a book from a box in which a symbol is present. Athira realizes that the symbol is present on the back of her neck and shows it to Karthik proving that she was the third girl who was to be sacrificed by Bhargavan for the process of immortality since the symbol will only be present on the third girl to be sacrificed meaning the first two girls were killed. Then they understand that Bhargavan was killed by Malathi teacher for hypnotizing Athira and trying to sacrifice her in her childhood. To remove Bhargavan's spirit from Malathi they had to find Bhargavan's bones and had to destroy it in fire before Pournami night which was the very same day. They find the bones with the help of Anna's (Elsamma's daughter) paintings. But Bhargavan(Malathi) hypnotizes Anna and brings her for the sacrifice. Before Anna gets killed Karthik burns his bones thus destroying Bhargavan's spirit. The film ends by showing Karthik, Aru, Jenny, Hari and Alex leaving when Malathi teacher asks about when they are going to come again to the tharavadu for the completing the shooting to which Aru replies that they will surely return looking at Karthik and Athira meaning that they have fallen in love. == Cast == * Gautami as Malathi Menon * Ashiq Ameer as Karthik * Balaji Jayaraman as Hari * Dain Davis as Alex * Kalyani Vidya as Jenny * Meera Nair P.S as Aru * Nithya Naresh as Athira * Anjali Nair as Elsamma * Sathyajith * Kalesh * Hari Kumar K as Mr. Menon == Production == Sangeeth Sivan announced the film in early 2017, as a story was developed from a pitch given by his Bollywood writing collaborator Rohan Bajaj. He roped in his former assistant Kukku Surendran as the director, Hari Kumar K as screenwriter, Gautami as the lead actress and Rahul Raj as the composer. Subsequently, Manoj Pillai and Ayoob Khan were signed as the cinematographer and editor respectively. The filming commenced in March 2017. The film will see several young actors making their debut in Malayalam cinema. == Soundtrack == The film's original background score and songs are composed, arranged and produced by Rahul Raj. The soundtrack release featured four original songs from the movie. Tracklist #"Pranavaakaaram" - Saritha Ram #"Arupathu Maram" - Sunil Mathayi, Vaishakh Ch, Vipin Xavier and Aparna Rajeev #"Divaayaanam" - Rahul Raj #"Ellake Ellake" - ==References== Category:Films shot in Alappuzha Category:2017 films Category:Indian horror thriller films Category:2017 horror thriller films Category:Films scored by Rahul Raj Category:2010s Malayalam- language films Category:2017 horror films
e is the sixteenth album by Adrian Belew, released in 2009 (though not billed as such, it is also his first studio recording with the Adrian Belew Power Trio). The album consists of a single extended instrumental piece, presented as a suite in five parts. Belew performed the entire piece with an orchestra in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, on 28 February 2011. ==Track listing== All songs written by Adrian Belew # "a" – 0:30 # "a2" – 3:38 # "a3" – 3:07 # "b" – 6:13 # "b2" – 3:36 # "b3" – 1:22 # "c" – 6:19 # "d" – 6:01 # "d2" – 2:51 # "e" – 0:56 # "e2" – 7:58 ==Personnel== ===Musicians=== * Adrian Belew – guitars * Julie Slick – bass * Eric Slick – drums ===Technical=== * Adrian Belew – producer * Saul Zonana – engineer * Gary Platt – mixing engineer * Anders Peterson – assistant engineer * Mark Colman – artwork and photography Category:Adrian Belew albums Category:Albums produced by Adrian Belew Category:2009 albums
Э э (Э э; italics: Э э; also known as backwards ye, from Russian , ye oborótnoye, ) is a letter found in three Slavic languages: Russian, Belarusian, and West Polesian. It represents the vowels and , as the e in the word "editor". In other Slavic languages that use the Cyrillic script, the sounds are represented by Ye (Е е), which represents in Russian and Belarusian in initial and postvocalic position or and palatalizes the preceding consonant. This letter closely resembles and should not be confused with the older Cyrillic letter Ukrainian Ye (Є є), of which Э is a reversed version. In Cyrillic Moldovan, which was used in the Moldovan SSR during the Soviet Union and is still used in Transnistria, the letter corresponds to ă in the Latin Romanian alphabet, and the phoneme [ə]. It is also used in the Cyrillic alphabets used by Mongolian and many Uralic, Caucasian and Turkic languages of the former Soviet Union. ==Origin== The letter originated in the thirteenth century as a variant of , at first, according to ĐorđićПетар Ђорђић, Историја српске ћирилице, Београд, 2-a изд., 1987, p.87 in superscripted line-final position, but by the end of the century elsewhere as well.Cf Банишко евангелие: среднобългарски паметник от XIII век, подгот. за печат с увод и коментар Е. Дограмаджиева и Б. Райков, София, 1981, pp.13, 341 In the following centuries it continued to appear sporadically as an uncommon variant of , but not later than in the fifteenth century amongst the Eastern Slavs it began to be used to indicate initial (uniotated) . According to Yefim Karskiy, "Western Russian ustav knows , e.g. in Miscellany of the 15th c. from the Public Library (manuscr. #391) ( etc.), chronicles of 15th-16th cc., Miscellany of Poznań (16th c.),Published in the vol. 17 of the Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles. Statut of 1588... It is difficult to say whether it has been developed here independently or it came from South Slavic manuscripts, where occurs as early as in 13-14th cc.""Западнорусский устав знает э, напр. в Сб. XV в. Публ. б. № 391 ( и др.), летописях XV—XVI вв., Позн. Сб. XVI в., Статуте 1588... Трудно сказать, развилось ли оно здесь самостоятельно или же зашло из югославянских рукописей, где э встречается уже в XIII—XIV вв." (Е. Ф. Карский, Белорусы: Язык белорусского народа, вып. 1, М., 1955, р. 69). See also pp. 165-166 for more details and examples. Although the revision of Meletius Smotrytsky’s grammar published in Moscow in 1648 does not include in its alphabet, it does consistently write (Etymologia), in contrast to in the first edition of 1619. It was by no means confined to this function in the period, however, as the prevalent spellings (beside ) for modern Russian , demonstrate. == In modern Russian== In the specimens of the civil script presented to Peter I in 1708, forms of were included among forms of , but the latter was deleted by Peter. The former was used in some early 18th-century Russian texts, but some authorities of the period considered it superfluous, like Mikhail Lomonosov, on the grounds that "the letter Е, having several different pronunciations, could serve in the pronoun and the interjection "Россійская Грамматика Михайла Ломоносова, печатана в Санктпетербургѣ, при Императорской Академїи Наук, 1755 года, p.43 and that it was inappropriate to introduce letters solely for use in loanwords. However, the inclusion of in its modern function, in the Russian Academy's Dictionary of 1789–94, marks the point from which it can be considered as an established part of the Russian orthographical standard. There were still some objections to the letter even as late as 1817, when M. T. Kačenovskij was questioning whether "yet another hard э" was necessary when the language already had "a soft ѣ and a hard е".[М. Т.] Каченовский, “Исторический взгляд на Грамматику Славянских наречий”, Труды О-ва любителей Российской словесности при имп. Московском университете, ч.IX (1817), pp.17-46. He was referring specifically to the spelling in the 1648 grammar mentioned above: so how far his remarks extend to the Russian of his own day is debatable. The reference to "a soft ѣ and a hard е" was referring to the pronunciation of Church Slavonic current in his day (which is still maintained by the Old Believers). That may have still been regarded as the literary ideal: see Б. А. Успенский, Архаическая система церковнославянского произношения, Москва, 1968, especially pp.29-35. In contemporary Russian, is used to represent , in initial position ( 'electricity') and postvocalic position ( 'duel'). Among such words are only a few native Russian roots: (это 'this is', этот/эта/это 'this (m./f./n.)', эти 'these', поэтому 'thus' etc.), (экий 'what a'), / (эдак/этак 'that way', эдакий/этакий 'sort of') and a few interjections like 'hey', 'uh, oh', 'uh'. Even though Russian contains a significant number of loanwords in which occurs after a hard (unpalatalised) consonant, it is still the practice to use the letter for , : (tennis, sepsis). There are few traditional exceptions to that practice among common noun loanwords: * the original list (the first half of the 20th century) contained just three words: ** 'mayor', from French ** 'peer (a noble)', from French ** 'sir', from English or from Old French * two later additions (1950s-1960s): ** 'master, skilled artist', from French ** , from French * new additions (1980s and later) are more numerous: ** 'racket, racketeering', from English ** 'rap (music)', from English ** 'fantasy (literature)', from English ** and several others; spelling of new words sometimes varies and dictionaries often give variants or contradict one another (like 'hatchback (car)' in spelling dictionary vs / in explanatory dictionary). In proper nouns, however, may occur after consonants: 'Ulan-Ude' and 'Blair'. However, many such loanwords are spelled with : 'Blériot' (a French aviator). That is the case especially for names that entered the language centuries ago like: , 'Berlin'. The use of is much more frequent for names from non-European languages: 'Mao Zedong'. The letter is also used in Russian to render initial œ in foreign words: thus (the river in France) is written . After consonants this is transcribed as . In the 19th century, some writers used for that sound in both positions,Я. К. Грот, Русское правописание, 19-ое изд., Санктпетербург, 1910, p.78 but that was never accepted as standard orthography. (The letter was re-invented in the 20th century for Kildin Sami.) It is also used to represent a stressed in languages such as English, which can cause a problem of conflating with English (for example, "Addison" and "Edison" would be spelled the same). However, in other positions, Russian also uses for and for . == In modern Belarusian== Unlike Russian, Belarusian has many native words in which it occurs after a hard consonant. Moreover, its orthography was standardized later than that of Russian (which reached its present form at the beginning of the 20th century), on the basis of the spoken language rather than historical tradition. Consequently, and are written in accordance with pronunciation: for initial and after hard consonants, for initial and postvocalic and after soft consonants. That also means that is much more frequent in Belarusian than in Russian. ==In other languages== In Tuvan the Cyrillic letter can be written as a double vowel. In the Tajik language, the letters е and э have the same function, except that э is used at the beginning of a word (ex. Эрон, "Iran"). In Mongolian, э is the standard letter to represent the /ɛ/ phoneme. It is often written doubled to represent the /eː/ phoneme. Е, however, is only used in the few Mongolian words containing it, Russian loanwords and Russian-style transcriptions of foreign names. ==Related letters and other similar characters== * Е е : Cyrillic letter Ye * Є є : Cyrillic letter Ukrainian Ye * Ε ε : Greek letter Epsilon * E e : Latin letter E * É é : Latin letter E with acute * Ė ė : Latin letter E with overdot - a Lithuanian letter * ℈ : Scruple (Apothecaries' system) *€ : Euro Sign ==Computing codes== ==References== ==External links== * * Category:Vowel letters
E is the fourteenth studio album by Norwegian extreme metal band Enslaved. It was released on October 13, 2017 by Nuclear Blast. This is the first album recorded without the longtime keyboardist / vocalist Herbrand Larsen since 2004, who left the band in late 2016 and was replaced by Håkon Vinje in 2017. This would also be the last album with Cato Bekkevold on drums before he quit in 2018. It was given Norway's 2017 Spellemann Award for best metal album of the year. == Artwork == The title of the album represents the initial letter of the band name but written with the runic character ehwaz (similar to 'M') on a minimalist and dark wooden cover art, created by designer and painter Truls Espedal. The concept of the symbol (which means 'horse'), is treated in a certain way in "Sacred Horse". Enslaved songwriter and guitarist Ivar Bjørnson said: > [...] They (the Vikings) used an alphabet, the runes, twenty-four different > symbols that were used both for writing, normal stuff like'this guy owns > this few cows' and stuff, and then it was also used for esoteric works, or > magic, as it were, in popular history. I guess behind each of those runes > there was a meaning, and this particular one means ‘horse’, in mythology the > most famous horse is Sleipnir, Odin’s own horse, the one with the eight > legs. So, of course, it has a deeper meaning, like person and horse, it > symbolises the whole concept of relationships and positive dependency. [...] > Ivar Bjørnson of Enslaved: Ehwaz and Paradoxes == Musical style and writing == The album maintains a musical style quite similar to its predecessor In Times (2015), although perhaps a little more melodic and atmospheric, following the base of progressive metal traditional. The lyrical themes revolve around Norse mythology, vikings, and especially, around nature and ancient Nordic spirituality. Bjørnson explains: > Everything we do and create are imitations of nature; as we evolved from > nature, that is how it must be — yet modern man thinks he and she is > independent of nature, that we somehow are so superior that we do not have > to take nature into consideration other than as a backdrop for shitty > movies. Or festivals. Losing touch with nature is basically to lose touch > with being human.Watch ENSLAVED's Video For New Song 'Storm Son' == Recording and production == E was composed and written from April 2016 to March 2017. Subsequently, Iver Sandøy was hired again as the record producer. It was recorded at Duper & Solslottet Studios, Conclave & Earshot, Peersonal Sound in Bergen between April - May 2017 and was mixed and mastered by Jens Bogren at Fascination Street Studios in Örebro, Sweden in June 2017. As usual in all Enslaved albums, E was once again written by the duo composer of guitarist Ivar Bjørnson (credited with his real name Ivar Peersen) and singer and bassist Grutle Kjellson, and also marks the introduction of their new keyboard master and clean vocalist Håkon Vinje of Seven Impale, a close collaborator of Bjørnson and Einar Selvik in their parallel musical project, called Skuggsjá. The special edition of the album includes two bonus tracks (something unusual in Enslaved studio albums) recorded simultaneously but with no relation to the style of the rest: a black-doom song composed in Norwegian titled "Djupet" and a cover of the 2005 Röyksopp hit "What Else Is There?", performed mostly by Vinje. Enslaved made music videos for the singles "Storm Son" and "The River's Mouth", both directed by Josh Graham, who previously worked with Soundgarden and Neurosis among others. ==Track listing== ==Personnel== ;Enslaved * Grutle Kjellson – vocals, basses, double bass, bass pedals, FX * Ivar Bjørnson – guitars, backing vocals, synthesizer, FX, piano * Cato Bekkevold – drums * Håkon Vinje – vocals, organ, keyboards * Ice Dale – guitars, backing vocals ;Extra personnel *Daniel Måge – flute (track 5) *Kjetil Møster – saxophone (track 6) *Einar Kvitrafn Selvik – vocals (track 6) *Iver Sandøy – effects, drums (track 7) ==Chart performance== Charts (2017) Peak position ==References== Category:2017 albums Category:Enslaved (band) albums Category:Nuclear Blast albums
{{Album ratings | rev1 =IZM | rev1Score = }} [e] is the sixth official album released in September 2009 and the third major album release of that year by Korean hip-hop group Epik High. The two other albums released in 2009 are Map the Soul and Remixing the Human Soul, an electronica-inspired remix compilation album with labelmates Planet Shiver. Like Map the Soul before it, [e] includes a complimentary mini-book along with the actual audio CDs. The 74 page mini-book contains song lyrics, interviews, photographs, and various production notes from the artists themselves. [e] contains two discs of Hip hop musical experimentation in various genres. Genres experimented include electro-hop, dance-pop, classical music, acoustic rock, and traditional Korean trot music. The album's themes are divided separately into two discs. Disc 1, entitled [e]motion, contains tracks dealing with personal themes and is relatively less mainstream friendly compared to the second disc. Disc 2, conversely entitled [e]nergy, contains radio-friendly tracks, such as the lead single "따라해(Wannabe)(ft. Mellow)." Notable guest artists on this release include frequent collaborator and Map the Soul labelmate MYK, Korean American emcee Kero One, battle rapper Dumbfoundead, Rakka (from Dilated Peoples), underground rap prodigy Dok2, and electronica group Planet Shiver. ==Track listing== ===DISC 1 : [e]motion === ===DISC 2 : [e]nergy=== ==References== ==External links== * Epik High's Official Site Category:2009 albums Category:Epik High albums Category:Korean-language albums
E is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, E is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter 13px|ng after having gone through the Gupta letter 13px. As an Indic vowel, E comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel. ==Āryabhaṭa numeration== Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The े sign was used to modify a consonant's value , but the vowel letter ए did not have an inherent value by itself. ==Historic E== There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. E as found in standard Brahmi, 13px|E was a simple geometric shape, and remained basically unchanged all the way through the generally more flowing Gupta as 13px|E. Like all Brahmic scripts, Tocharian E 18px|E has an accompanying vowel mark for modifying a base consonant. In Kharoṣṭhī, the only independent vowel letter is for the inherent A. All other independent vowels, including E are indicated with vowel marks added to the letter A. ===Brahmi E=== The Brahmi letter E 13px|E, is probably derived from the Aramaic Ayin 13px, and is thus related to the modern Latin O and Greek Omicron. Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi E can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with some vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back- formed to match the geometric writing style. Brahmi E historic forms Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE) Girnar (~150 BCE) Kushana (~150-250 CE) Gujarat (~250 CE) Gupta (~350 CE) 37px 37px 37px 37px 37px ===Tocharian E=== The Tocharian letter 25px|E is derived from the Brahmi 13px|E. Unlike some of the consonants, Tocharian vowels do not have a Fremdzeichen form. Tocharian consonants with E vowel marks Ke Khe Ge Ghe Ce Che Je Jhe Nye Ṭe Ṭhe Ḍe Ḍhe Ṇe 37px 37px 37px 37px 37px 37px 37px 37px 37px 37px Te The De Dhe Ne Pe Phe Be Bhe Me Ye Re Le Ve 37px 37px 37px 37px 37px 37px 37px 37px 37px 37px 37px 37px 37px Śe Ṣe Se He 37px 37px 37px 37px ===Kharoṣṭhī E=== The Kharoṣṭhī letter E is indicated with the vowel mark 15px|E. As an independent vowel, E is indicated by adding the vowel mark to the independent vowel letter A 15px|A. ==Devanagari E== Ē (ए) is a vowel of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter 13px|Ē, after having gone through the Gupta letter 13px|Ē. Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter એ, and the Modi letter 𑘊. ===Devanagari Using Languages=== The Devanagari script is used to write the Hindi language, Sanskrit and the majority of Indo-Aryan languages. In most of these languages, ए is pronounced as . Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel. ==Bengali E== Ē (এ) is a vowel of the Bengali abugida. It is derived from the Siddhaṃ letter 13px|Ē, and is marked by the lack of horizontal head line and less geometric shape than its Devanagari counterpart, ए. ===Bengali Script Using Languages=== The Bengali script is used to write several languages of eastern India, notably the Bengali language and Assamese. In most languages, এ is pronounced as . Like all Indic scripts, Bengali vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ɔ/ vowel. ==Gujarati Ē== Ē (એ) is a vowel of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ē 13px|e, and ultimately the Brahmi letter 13px|e. === Gujarati-using Languages === The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, એ is pronounced as . Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel. ===Gujarati Candra E=== Candra E (ઍ short E) is a vowel of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Candra E, and ultimately the Brahmi letter 13px|e. ====Gujarati-using Languages==== The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ઍ is pronounced as . Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel. ==Javanese E== ==Telugu E== E (ఎ) is a vowel of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter 13px|E. It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಎ. Like in other Indic scripts, Telugu vowels have two forms: and independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of Telugu consonant letters. Vowel signs in Telugu can interact with a base consonant in one of three ways: 1) the vowel sign touches or sits adjacent to the base consonant without modifying the shape of either 2) the vowel sign sits directly above the consonant, replacing its v-shaped headline, 3) the vowel sign and consonant interact, forming a ligature. thumb|center|550px|Telugu E vowel sign on క, ఖ, గ, ఘ & ఙ: Ke, Khe, Ge, Ghe and Nge. Note that how the vowel sign interacts with the base consonant is dependent on the location of the headline, the absence of a headline, and the presence of a tail to attach to. ===Telugu Ē=== In addition, Telugu also contains a second E vowel, Ē (ఏ). It is also derived from the Brahmi letter 13px|. It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಏ. The long Ē vowel sign interacts with base consonants the same as the short E. thumb|center|550px|Telugu vowel sign on క, ఖ, గ, ఘ & ఙ: Kē, Khē, Gē, Ghē and Ngē. Note that how the vowel sign interacts with the base consonant is dependent on the location of the headline, the absence of a headline, and the presence of a tail to attach to. ==Malayalam E== E (എ) is a vowel of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter 13px|E, via the Grantha letter x15px|E e. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Malayalam usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. ===Malayalam Ē=== Ē (ഏ, Long E) is a vowel of the Malayalam abugida. It is ultimately a derivation of a predecessor to Malayalam short "E" that arose after Grantha. Like other Malayalam vowels, Ē has two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Malayalam usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. ==Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Vowels== ᐁ, ᐃ, ᐅ and ᐊ are the bare vowel characters in the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics. ᐞ is derived from the vowel series, and has the value of a glottal stop. Unlike the bare-consonant forms of most Canadian syllabic letters that are a small version of the A-series letter, ᐞ is a small version of the I-series ᐃ. The base character ᐁ is derived from a handwritten form of the Devanagari letter ए.Andrew Dalby (2004:139) Dictionary of LanguagesSome General Aspects of the Syllabics Orthography, Chris Harvey 2003 Unlike most writing systems without legacy computer encodings, complex Canadian syllabic letters are represented in Unicode with pre-composed characters, rather than with base characters and diacritical marks. Variant E-series E-series I-series I-series I-series O-series O-series O-series A-series A-series A-series Other Bare vowels - Bare vowels E E I I I O O O A A A - Small - - - - - - - - Small - - ʔ Eastern W Western W - - - - - - Ai Long vowels - - Long vowels - - Ī Ī Ī Ō Cree Ō Cree Ō Ā Ā Ā W- vowels - W- vowels We Cree We Wi Wi Cree Wi Wo Cree Wo Cree Wo Wa Cree Wa Cree Wa - W- long vowels - - - W- long vowels - - Wī Wī Cree Wī Wō Cree Wō Naskapi Wō Wā Cree Wā Naskapi Wā - Carrier vowels - - - - - - - Carrier vowels Ē Ē I I I - - - - - - - Vowels with ring diacritic - - - Vowels with ring diacritic - - Āi Āi Āi Oy Oy Oy Ay Āy Way - ==Odia E== thumb|Odia independent vowel and vowel sign E E (ଏ) is a vowel of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter 13px|E, via the Siddhaṃ letter x15px|E e. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Odia usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. No base consonants are altered in form when adding a vowel sign, and there are no consonant+vowel ligatures in Odia. ==Kaithi E== E (𑂉) is a vowel of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter 13px|E, via the Siddhaṃ letter x15px|E E. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Kaithi usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. No base consonants are altered in form when adding a vowel sign, and there are no consonant+vowel ligatures in Kaithi. ==Comparison of E== The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including E, are related as well. ==Character encodings of E== Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter E in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. E from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII. ==References== Category:Indic letters
E refers to two streetcar routes in Los Angeles, California which were operated by the Los Angeles Railway. The first incarnation was in service from 1920 to 1932 when it was redesignated as route 5. The second existed between 1920 and 1946, though it was initially assigned the route number 33. This article mostly deals with the latter. ==Eagle Rock and Hawthorne== In the 1921 lettering scheme, E was assigned to a route running from Eagle Rock to Hawthorne. This service was re-designated as route 5 after 1932, and is further discussed in greater detail in its own article. ==Evergreen Avenue Line== Line 33 started as a new service in 1920, formed from tracks on Euclid, 4th, and Evergreen. The line served as a branch of the F. By 1924, the route was extended north to terminate at Ramona Boulevard and Miller Avenue. This line designation was changed to the letter E for service starting May 19, 1939. After June 30, 1946, the route was changed to bus operations. ==Sources== ==External links== * Category:Los Angeles Railway routes Category:Railway services introduced in 1920 Category:1920 establishments in California Category:Railway services discontinued in 1946 Category:1946 disestablishments in California
E is a letter of related and vertically oriented alphabets used to write Mongolic and Tungusic languages. == Mongolian language == Letter Transliteration — Alone upright=0.12 Initial Medial Connected final — Separated final Ligatures , Transliteration Alone Initial Medial Final Separated suffixes Transliteration Initial Whole * Transcribes Chakhar ; Khalkha , , , and . Transliterated into Cyrillic with the letter . * Medial and final forms may be distinguished from those of other tooth-shaped letters through: vowel harmony () and its effect on the shape of a word's consonants ( and ), or position in syllable sequence (, , ). * The final tail extends to the left after bow-shaped consonants (such as , , , and ), and to the right in all other cases. * = a traditional initial form. * Derived from Old Uyghur aleph (). * Produced with using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout. * In the Mongolian Unicode block, comes after and before . === Ee === Letter () Transliteration Alone Initial Medial Final Example ligatures Transliteration Alone Initial Medial Final * Stands in for in loanwords, such as in ( ). Transliterated into Cyrillic with the letter . * Indistinguishable from , except when inferred by its placement: typically between consonants. * Ultimately derived from Old Uyghur bet (). * Produced with using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout. * In the Mongolian Unicode block, comes after and before . == Notes == == References == Category:Articles containing Mongolian script text Category:Mongolic letters Category:Mongolic languages Category:Tungusic languages
E (Mrs) v Eve, [1986] 2 S.C.R. 388 is a judgment by the Supreme Court of Canada regarding a mother's request for the consent of the court to have her disabled daughter sterilized. This was a landmark case which is influential in Canadian legal decisions involving proxy-consented, non-therapeutic medical procedures performed on people of diminished mental capacity. ==Background== ===Case=== Eve was a 24-year-old woman suffering from "extreme expressive aphasia" and was at least "mildly to moderately developmentally delayed" with learning skills at a limited level.[E. (Mrs.) v. Eve, Eve v. Mrs. E. [1987], 3D.L.R. (4th) S.C.C. 388 (S.C.C.) She spent the week at a school for adults with mental disabilities, and went back to her mother's home on the weekends. Administrators at Eve's care facility noticed that she was developing a close relationship with a male resident, also disabled, and became concerned. Mrs. E, also, was concerned that Eve might innocently become pregnant. Her disability prevented her from understanding the concept of marriage or the "consequential relationship between intercourse, pregnancy and birth," and she would be unable to carry out the necessary duties of motherhood. In order to ensure she had the right, as Eve's substitute decision-maker, to consent to the sterilization procedure, Mrs. E requested that: *Eve be declared a mentally incompetent pursuant to the provisions of the Mental Health Act *She (Mrs. E.) be appointed the committee of the person of Eve *Mrs. E. be authorized to consent to a tubal ligation operation being performed on Eve. A major concern of the court was the fact that tubal ligation, in this instance, was non-therapeutic (i.e. not necessary for medical reasons) and that a hysterectomy, which was "authorized by the Appeal Division", was major surgery. One of the arguments made against Mrs. E. was that the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms was that a court-ordered sterilization of this person of diminished capacity was depriving that person of her right to procreate, infringing on Eve's right to liberty and security. ===Previous rulings=== In the Family Division of the Supreme Court of Prince Edward Island, Mrs. E.'s requests were denied. Although the judge had no issue with the first two petitions (i.e. the appointment of Mrs. E. as Eve's formal guardian), he rejected the third, on the basis that substitute decision makers cannot consent to non-therapeutic surgical procedures. On appeal, the original ruling was overturned. The majority of the three judge panel stated that there was sufficient evidence to warrant the sterilization of Eve, and that the parens patriae powers of the court allowed it to consent, on behalf of the incompetent individual, to therapeutic surgical procedures. That court stated that the parens patriae powers of the court were to be used for the benefit of the incompetent individual, and that sufficient evidence had been presented to convince them that sterilization was in Eve's best interest.Kluge EHW. After 'Eve': Whither proxy decision making? Can Med Assoc J 1987; 137(8):715b-720. ==Ruling== The Supreme Court of Canada, however, ruled in favour of Eve, and unanimously rejected Mrs. E.'s request for authorization to perform a sterilization procedure. The opinion of the Supreme Court of Canada was that "barring emergency situations, a surgical procedure without consent ordinarily constitutes battery, [and] it will be obvious that the onus of proving the need for the procedure is on those who seek to have it performed...In conducting these procedures, it is obvious that a court must proceed with extreme caution; otherwise...it would open the way for abuse of the mentally incompetent, ...[they] would allow the appeal and restore the decision" of the original court, which had rejected the petition. ==See also== * List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (Dickson Court) * Marion's case ==References== ==External links== * Category:Supreme Court of Canada cases Category:1986 in Canadian case law Category:Children's rights
The E Eighth Avenue Local is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or "bullet", is blue since it uses the IND Eighth Avenue Line in Manhattan. The E operates at all times between Jamaica Center–Parsons/Archer in Jamaica, Queens, and the World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan; additional service during weekday rush hours originates and terminates at Jamaica–179th Street instead of Jamaica Center–Parsons/Archer. Daytime service operates express in Queens and local in Manhattan; late night service makes local stops along its entire route. E service, which is one of the most heavily used services in the subway system, started in 1933 with the opening of the IND Queens Boulevard Line. In its early years, the E train ran along the Rutgers Street Tunnel and South Brooklyn Line to Brooklyn, though this service pattern stopped by 1940. Until 1976, the E train ran to Brooklyn and Queens via the IND Fulton Street Line and IND Rockaway Line during rush hours and to the World Trade Center at other times. The E's northern terminal was switched from 179th Street to Jamaica Center with the opening of the IND Archer Avenue Line in 1988. == History == === Creation and extensions === E service began with the opening of the IND Queens Boulevard Line from 50th Street to Roosevelt Avenue on August 19, 1933, running between Roosevelt Avenue and Hudson Terminal (current World Trade Center station) on the IND Eighth Avenue Line. Because the IND Crosstown Line did not yet fully open, and as the IND Queens Boulevard Line had not yet opened to Jamaica, service ran via the Queens Boulevard Line's local tracks. The E also ran local in Manhattan. Initially, weekday service ran every four minutes during rush hours, every five minutes middays, every six or eight minutes evenings, and every twelve minutes overnights. Service ran every four or five minutes during the Saturday morning rush hour, every five minutes during the morning and afternoon, and every six or eight minutes in the evening. On Sunday, E trains ran every six or seven minutes in the morning, every five minutes in the afternoon, and every six or eight minutes in the evening. Service was provided by three-car trains during rush hours and two- car trains at other times. By January 16, 1934, rush hour service was operating with three- or four-car trains. E trains were extended to East Broadway following the opening of the IND Sixth Avenue Line from West Fourth Street on January 1, 1936. E trains no longer served stations on the Eighth Avenue Line south of West Fourth Street. On April 9 of the same year, the Sixth Avenue Line was extended through the Rutgers Street Tunnel to Jay Street–Borough Hall, and E trains were extended via this line and the IND South Brooklyn Line to Church Avenue, replacing the train, which was rerouted via the new IND Fulton Street Line to Rockaway Avenue. The E service was again extended with the opening of the Queens Boulevard Line extension to Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike on December 31, 1936. Express service along Queens Boulevard began on April 24, 1937, coinciding with the extension of the line and E service to 169th Street. Express service was inaugurated during rush hours, with E trains making express stops from 71st–Continental Avenues to Queens Plaza. The express service operated between approximately 6:30 and 10:30 a.m. and from 3 p.m. to 7 p.m. Express service was also provided on Saturdays between 6:30 a.m. and 4 p.m. During rush hours, GG trains were extended to Continental Avenue from Queens Plaza, taking over the local service. During non-rush hours, when GG service terminated at Queens Plaza, local service was provided by EE trains, which operated between 169th Street and Church Avenue in Brooklyn. The initial headway for express service was between three and five minutes. With the completion of the Crosstown Line on July 1, 1937, non-rush hour GG service was extended to 71st Avenue, allowing E trains to run express along Queens Boulevard west of 71st Avenue at all times. EE service was discontinued at this time. In addition, three southbound E trains began service at 71st Avenue between 8:07 and 8:28 a.m. during the morning rush hour. The headway between trains during the peak of rush hour was reduced to three minutes at this time. On September 12, 1938, nine weekday rush hour trains began terminating at Jay Street between 7:45 and 8:30 a.m. Five of these trips originated at 169th Street, while the other four began service at Parsons Boulevard. Four northbound E trains entered service at Smith–Ninth Streets between 4:52 and 5:25 p.m. on weekdays. The additional service allowed for a peak two-minute headway for twelve minutes in the morning rush hour southbound. The 23rd Street–Ely Avenue station opened as an in-fill station on August 28, 1939, and was served by the E service during rush hours, and by the EE service during other times.* * Between April 1939 and October 1940, select evening E trains ran to and from the Horace Harding Boulevard terminal at the 1939 New York World's Fair, terminating at Hudson Terminal in Manhattan. These trains operated to and from Chambers Street and ran between 8:24 p.m. and 1:29 a.m., when the fair closed for the night. Service ended following the fair. thumb|Sixth Avenue Subway Will Be Opened to the Public at 12:01 A.M. Sunday, Dec. 15, 1940|alt= On December 15, 1940, service on the entire Sixth Avenue Line began, and service patterns across the IND were modified. E service was cut back to Broadway–Lafayette Street, and service south of that station to Church Avenue was replaced by the new train along Sixth Avenue. The new F service supplemented E express along Queens Boulevard, and allowed for the introduction of express service along Queens Boulevard between 71st Avenue and Parsons Boulevard. F trains terminated at Parsons Boulevard instead of 169th Street to reduce congestion at the two stations. Starting January 10, 1944, some E trains began terminating at 71st Avenue after the weekday and Saturday morning rush hour, and some originated there during the evening rush hour. In addition, the headway of late night service was increased from twelve minutes to fifteen minutes. In 1949, Saturday afternoon trains were cut back from eight cars to five cars. On October 24, 1949, the E was extended during weekday rush hours to Broadway–East New York, running local via the Fulton Street Line to allow A trains to run express. Several trains continued to terminate at 71st Avenue after the morning rush hour. At the same time, the headway between rush hour trains in the peak-direction was reduced from four minutes to three minutes. The Queens Boulevard Line's extension to 179th Street opened on December 11, 1950, and E trains were extended from 169th Street to terminate there. In 1952, trains were lengthened from five-car trains to six-car trains on Saturday mornings, afternoons, and evenings. On June 30, 1952, two morning rush hour trips on the E train were added, running between 71st Avenue and Jay Street. Midday service began operating on eight-minute headways instead of six-minute headways, evening service began operating on ten-minute headways instead of eight-minute headways, and late night service began operating on twenty-minute headways, instead of fifteen-minute headways. With the July 5, 1952 timetable, E trains began running every eight minutes during the morning and afternoon on Saturday, instead of every six minutes during the morning rush hour, and every seven minutes during the morning and afternoon. During late evenings, trains began running every twelve minutes instead of every eight minutes. In 1953, the platforms were lengthened at 75th Avenue, Sutphin Boulevard, Spring Street, Canal Street, Ralph Avenue, and Broadway–East New York to to allow E and F trains to run eleven-car trains. The E and F began running eleven-car trains during rush hours on September 8, 1953. The extra train car increased the total carrying capacity by 4,000 passengers. The lengthening project cost $400,000. On October 30, 1954, the E service was modified as part of a series of service changes made following the completion of the Culver Ramp, which made it possible for IND service on the Culver Line to run to Coney Island. Non-rush hour E service was rerouted from Broadway–Lafayette Street to Hudson Terminal, and E trains began running express in Manhattan during rush hours, when they headed to Brooklyn. In 1955, late night trains were cut back from five-car trains to three-car trains, and midday and evening trains were lengthened from six-car trains to eight-car trains. A year later, late night trains were lengthened to operate with four- car trains instead of three-car trains. thumb|Subway Goes To Rockaway|alt= === Changes in Brooklyn service === On June 28, 1956, the Long Island Rail Road's Rockaway Beach Branch reopened as the IND Rockaway Line after being converted for subway service, and E service was extended from East New York to Rockaway Park or Wavecrest (now Beach 25th Street) during weekday rush hours. During non-rush hours, service was provided by four-car shuttles between Euclid and Rockaway Park or Wavecrest. Three weekday E trains leaving 179th Street between 6:54 and 7:27 a.m. were cut at Euclid Avenue, with one half of the train running to Far Rockaway, and the other half going to Rockaway Park. After the end of the morning rush hour, several trains terminated at East New York, before going back into Manhattan-bound service before the afternoon rush hour. On September 17, 1956, rush hour E service was cut back to Euclid Avenue when Rockaway service was replaced by the A train. The A and E later switched southern terminals again, and on September 8, 1958, the E began running to Far Rockaway and Rockaway Park during rush hours, with some trips terminating at Euclid Avenue. During weekday off-peak hours, separate shuttles operated from Euclid Avenue to Far Rockaway and Rockaway Park. At the same time, round-robin service began during weekend and late night service, because of the low ridership at these times. These trains would run from Euclid Avenue to Rockaway Park, and then reverse and run to Far Rockaway, before returning to Euclid Avenue. The operation of eleven-car trains ended on August 18, 1958, because of operational difficulties. The signal blocks, especially in Manhattan, were too short to accommodate the longer trains, and the train operators had a very small margin of error to properly platform the train. It was found that operating ten-car trains allowed for two additional trains per hour to be scheduled. To make up for the loss of eleven-car trains, two short- run trains from 71st Avenue were added on the E and F during rush hours. On October 11, 1958, round-robin service ceased operating on weekends, being by replaced by shuttles running from Euclid Avenue to either terminal in the Rockaways. Round-robin service continued to operate late evenings, late nights, and early mornings. From October to June, round-robin service started at 6:40 p.m. leaving Euclid Avenue, and from June to October the service began at 9:44 p.m. from Euclid Avenue. thumb|Poster from 1960 announcing that some E trains would run to and from Lefferts Boulevard Since many Rockaway riders were dissatisfied with having rush hour service provided by local trains, starting on November 3, 1958, four morning rush hour E trains ran express via the Fulton Street Line from Euclid Avenue: two from Rockaway Park, and two from Far Rockaway. To make up for the loss of local service along the Fulton Street Line, four A trains leaving Euclid Avenue between 7:56 a.m. and 8:24 a.m. began making local stops. All E trains began running express and all A trains began running local to Euclid Avenue on September 8, 1959. On June 6, 1960, three E trains started originating at Lefferts Boulevard in the morning rush hour and three E trains began terminating there in the evening rush hour, after complaints from riders. Shuttles between Euclid Avenue and the Rockaways, which had not been assigned a route designation, but often were signed as E trains, were labeled HH trains on February 1, 1962. In 1964, E trains were cut back from five-car trains to four-car trains on Saturday late nights and to three-car trains on Sunday late nights. In addition, trains were lengthened from five cars to six cars on Sunday mornings, afternoons, and evenings. Two additional E trains began running from 169th Street during the morning rush hour on April 6, 1964; these trips began entering service at 179th Street on December 21, 1964. On July 11, 1966, midday service began running every ten minutes, instead of every eight, and evening service began running every twelve minutes, instead of every ten. At the same time, midday and evening trains began running with ten-car trains instead of eight-car trains, and late night trains were extended from four-car trains to five-car trains. Midday and evening shuttles between the Rockaways and Euclid Avenue were replaced by the A service on July 10, 1967. In October 1969, the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) performed a test over the course of a month to evaluate the impact that increasing the scheduled frequency of the E and F services along the Queens Boulevard Line in the southbound direction in the morning would have on running times and the number of trains that actually ran in service. As part of the test, 35 trains were scheduled to leave 179th Street during the morning peak hour, 17 E trains and 18 F trains. However, only 32 trains actually left the terminal, 15 E trains and 17 F trains. The study found that the average number of trains actually in service was 28 at Queens Plaza, 14 Es and 14 Fs, and 31 at 71st Avenue, 15 Es and 16 Fs, and that running such a high frequency of service was not possible without increasing running times and causing congestion. thumb|75x75px|1967–1979 bullet Southbound E trains began stopping at the lower level of the 42nd Street station during rush hours on March 23, 1970, to reduce delays by relieving congestion on the station's platforms. The frequency of weekend service was decreased on July 3, when trains started running every ten minutes on Saturdays and every twelve minutes on Sundays. As part of systemwide changes in bus and subway service on January 2, 1973, the E became the local in Brooklyn again, running alternatively to Euclid Avenue and Rockaway Park–Beach 116th Street on weekdays from 6:15 a.m. to 9 a.m. and from 3:35 p.m. to 6:15 p.m.. The span of express service in Manhattan and through service to Brooklyn and the Rockaways during rush hours was doubled. The E would no longer also serve Far Rockaway during rush hours, with this service provided by the A. During other times, except when Round-Robin service operated, E shuttle service would run from Broad Channel to Rockaway Park. A trains would run express instead in Brooklyn during rush hours, though for a longer period of time, and would take over service to Far Rockaway. These changes were initially supposed to take effect on September 11, 1972. On January 19, 1976, rush hour service on the E was decreased. Northbound rush hour service began running every four or five minutes, instead of every four, and southbound evening rush hour service began running every four or six minutes, instead of every four. Finally, on August 30, 1976, E service in Brooklyn was eliminated with all trains terminating at World Trade Center. Brooklyn service was replaced by the CC local. On January 24, 1977, as part of a series of NYCTA service cuts to save $13 million, many subway lines began running shorter trains during middays. As part of the change, E trains began running with six cars between 9:50 a.m. and 1:30 p.m. On August 30, 1976, some E trains began terminating at 71st Avenue after the morning rush hour. Until 1986, two E trains and two F trains started at 71st Avenue in the morning rush hour with the intention to relieve congestion. These trains were eliminated because they resulted in a loading imbalance, as these lightly-loaded trains would be followed by extremely crowded trains from 179th Street, which followed an eight-minute gap of E and F service from 179th Street.Archer Avenue Corridor Transit Service Proposal. New York City Transit Authority, Operations Planning Department. August 1988 In 1986, the NYCTA studied which two services should serve the Queens Boulevard Line during late nights as ridership at this time did not justify three services. A public hearing was held in December 1986, and it was determined that having the E and R, which would replace the N, run during late nights provided the best service. On May 24, 1987, ten-minute frequencies on E during evenings were extended by an additional hour to 9 p.m.* === Archer Avenue changes === On December 11, 1988, the Archer Avenue Lines opened, and E trains were rerouted via this branch, running to Jamaica Center via the Queens Boulevard Line's express tracks. E trains began running express east of 71st Avenue, skipping 75th Avenue and Van Wyck Boulevard at all times, with local service to 179th Street replaced by the R, which was extended to 179th Street from 71st Avenue. The R extension allowed F trains to continue running express to 179th Street. It was decided to serve Archer Avenue with the E as opposed to the F to minimize disruption to passengers who continued to use Hillside Avenue, to maximize Jamaica Avenue ridership and the length of the peak ridership period, which is longer on the F. It was found that most riders using buses diverted to Archer Avenue used the E, while passengers on buses to 179th Street used the F. Having E trains run local between 71st Avenue and Van Wyck Boulevard was dismissed in order to provide 24 hour express service to the Archer Avenue Line. Two service plans were identified prior to a public hearing on February 25, 1988, concerning the service plan for the new extension. The first would have split rush-hour E service between the two branches, with late night service to 179th Street provided by the R, while the second would have had all E trains run via Archer Avenue, and would have extended R locals to 179th Street. A modified version of the second plan was decided upon. The change in the plan was the operation of alternate E trains from 179th Street as expresses during the morning rush hour between 7:07 and 8:19 a.m. to provide an appropriate level of E service to Archer during the morning rush, to maintain the same level of service to 179th Street while providing express service, and to provide greater choice for riders at the Parsons Boulevard and 179th Street stations on Hillside Avenue. It was decided not to divert some E trains to 179th Street during the afternoon rush hour so that Queens-bound riders would not be confused about where their E train was headed. The 1988 changes angered some riders because they resulted in the loss of direct Queens Boulevard Express service at local stations east of 71st Avenue (169th Street, Sutphin Boulevard, Van Wyck Boulevard and 75th Avenue stations). Local elected officials pressured the MTA to eliminate all-local service at these stations. As part of service cuts on September 30, 1990, the R was cut back to 71st Avenue outside of rush hours. Local service to 179th Street was replaced by F trains, which provided Queens Boulevard Express service during middays, evenings, and weekends, and local G service during late nights. In May 1989, Sunday headways were reduced from twelve minutes to ten minutes. As part of the changes, on October 1, 1990, morning rush hour service from 179th Street was discontinued, and all E trains began running to Jamaica Center. In addition, the frequency of E service was reduced from 15 trains per hour to 12 trains per hour to allow the frequency of F service to be increased from 15 trains per hour to 20 trains per hour. The frequency of F service was subsequently reduced to running every minutes on April 15, 1991, before being increased back to minutes, or about 18 trains per hour, on October 26, 1992. On April 1, 1991, E trains were shortened to run with six-car trains between 11 p.m. and 6 a.m. in order to increase passenger security during overnight hours. * * In 1992, the MTA considered three options to improve service at the local stops east of 71st Avenue, including leaving service as is, having E trains run local east of 71st Avenue along with R service, and having F trains run local east of 71st Avenue replacing R service, which would be cut back to 71st Avenue at all times. The third option was chosen to be tested for six months starting in October or November 1992. The test started on October 26, 1992, and was implemented on a permanent basis six months later, eliminating express service along Hillside Avenue. === 63rd Street changes === On March 23, 1997, the E service began stopping at 75th Avenue and Briarwood during evenings, nights and weekends. On August 30, 1997, E service began running local in Queens during late nights in order to ease connections, reduce the need for late night transfers, and provide even service intervals. On the same date, late night G service was permanently cut back from 179th Street to Court Square, replaced by F service running local east of Queens Plaza, doubling late night service frequency at Queens Boulevard local stations. On September 8, 1998, E trains began running at a frequency of eight trains per hour middays, an increase from six trains per hour. During the early part of 2000, because of the replacement of track switches at the World Trade Center station, the E was extended to Euclid Avenue at all times except late nights, when it operated to Canal Street. Service on the E was again affected by the September 11 attacks in 2001, as its terminal station, World Trade Center, was located at the northeastern corner of the World Trade Center site, so for a time, the E again operated to Euclid Avenue in Brooklyn as the local on the IND Fulton Street Line at all times except late nights, replacing the temporarily suspended service. On September 24, 2001, service was restored, and E service was cut back to Canal Street, since World Trade Center would be closed until January 28, 2002. On December 16, 2001, the connection from the IND 63rd Street Line to the Queens Boulevard Line opened, and trains were rerouted via this connector to travel between Manhattan and Queens.See: * * E rush hour service was increased from 12 trains per hour to 15 trains per hour, and F service decreased from 18 trains per hour to 15 trains per hour to accommodate these trains. These trains ran to 179th Street, running express along Hillside Avenue, due to a lack of capacity to handle additional trains at Jamaica Center. Four trains began at 179th Street in the morning rush hour, and three began there in the beginning of the evening rush hour, four rush hour E trains ran to 179th Street in the evening rush hour, and three morning rush hour reverse-peak trips terminated at Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike. In addition, the frequency of weekday evening service was increased, with trains running every ten minutes instead of every 12 minutes. In 2002, the frequency of weekend E service was increased. Trains began running every eight minutes on Saturday mornings, instead of every ten minutes, and every ten or twelve minutes on Saturday evenings, instead of every twelve minutes. Sunday service was increased to run every ten or twelve minutes during the morning and evening, instead of every twelve or fifteen minutes, and trains began running every 8 or 10 minutes during afternoons, instead of every twelve minutes. On April 27, 2003, evening service was increased, with trains running at six-, eight-, and ten-minute headways, instead of twelve-minute headways. Midday, afternoon, and early evening service was increased to run every eight minutes on February 22, 2004. On September 16, 2019, the three trips that terminated at Kew Gardens were extended to 179th Street, making express stops along Hillside Avenue. Between September 19 and November 2, 2020, E service was cut back to Jamaica–Van Wyck due to track replacement on the upper levels of the Jamaica Center and Sutphin Boulevard stations. During this time, a shuttle bus connected to Sutphin Boulevard and Jamaica Center. During the second phase, which started on November 2, 2020, a limited number of E trains ran to Jamaica Center, running express east of 71st Avenue during the day on weekdays and making local stops at other times. Service to 179th Street was expanded from weekday limited rush hour service to weekday daytime service; these trains made local stops east of 71st Avenue. This phase was completed in December 2020. On March 17, 2023, New York City Transit made adjustments to evening and late night E, and service to accommodate long-term CBTC installation on the Queens Boulevard Line between Union Turnpike and 179th Street. E service originating from the World Trade Center began operating local in Queens two hours earlier on weekdays and Saturdays, after 9:30 pm instead of 11:30 pm, and one hour earlier on Sundays, after 9:30 pm instead of 10:30 pm. === EE service=== thumb|75x75px|EE bullet The EE originally ran as an Eighth Avenue local between 71st Avenue and Chambers Street during off peak hours when the did not run. This service was discontinued on July 1, 1937. However, the EE reappeared on November 27, 1967, when it ran between 71st–Continental Avenues and Whitehall Street via the local tracks of the BMT Broadway Line, replacing the . This service was discontinued on August 30, 1976, and replaced by the . == Issues == === Overcrowding === The E and F, the two Queens Boulevard express services, have historically been some of the most overcrowded routes in the entire subway system, and have more ridership than can be accommodated by existing capacity. Multiple efforts have been made to deal with the problem. In 1968, as part of the Metropolitan Commuter Transportation Authority (MCTA)'s Program for Action plan to drastically expand the region's transportation network, the 63rd Street–Southeast Queens line was proposed to increase capacity between Queens and Manhattan and reduce overcrowding on Queens Boulevard express trains. This line would have served as a "super-express" bypass of the Queens Boulevard Line, paralleling the line by running along the Long Island Rail Road's Main Line, and making stops at Northern Boulevard, where a transfer would be available to Queens Plaza, and Woodside, before merging with the Queens Boulevard Line at 71st Avenue. The line would have provided additional express service to stations east of 71st Avenue, and was intended to divert passengers from the overcrowded E and F to the new line, which would have connected to the BMT Broadway Line and IND Sixth Avenue Lines in Manhattan via the new 63rd Street Lines. Since funding for the entire line dried up because of the 1975–1976 New York City fiscal crisis, the plan was scaled back to the construction of the 63rd Street Lines to a dead-end station at 21st Street–Queensbridge in Queens. In 1990, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) elected to connect the 63rd Street Lines to the Queens Boulevard Line at 36th Street, with connections to both the local and express Queens Boulevard tracks. In 2001, the 63rd Street Connection was completed, allowing for an increase of nine trains per hour on the line between Queens and Manhattan through the introduction of V service. Express F trains, which had run via 53rd Street, were rerouted via the new connection, and were replaced by new local V trains. To further increase capacity, as part of the MTA's 2010–2014 Capital Program the MTA is equipping the tracks from 50th Street/8th Avenue and 47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center to Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike with communications-based train control, which would allow for three more trains during peak hours on the Queens Boulevard express tracks (it currently runs 29 tph). This would also increase capacity on the local tracks of the IND Queens Boulevard Line. With the installation of CBTC on the Eighth Avenue Line as part of the 2015–2019 Capital Program, and on the Archer Avenue Line as part of the 2020–2024 Capital Program, the E will become fully automated. In October 2017, twenty five-car train sets assigned to the E service had seats at the end of the cars removed to provide extra capacity. The MTA expected that the removal of seats would allow each E train to carry up to 100 additional riders. Subsequent surveys found that the removal of seats improved passenger flow on trains, helping reduce dwell times in stations. === Homelessness === For several decades, the E has hosted a large population of homeless people and has been nicknamed the "Homeless Express", according to a conductor interviewed by WNBC. It is the subway route that most homeless people sleep on since the route runs fully underground, sheltering people from the cold, and since the route has some of the system's newer rolling stock. In addition, the route passes through major transit hubs that shelter the homeless, like Pennsylvania Station and the Port Authority Bus Terminal. == Route == === Service pattern === E trains run between Jamaica Center–Parsons/Archer on the Archer Avenue Line and World Trade Center on the Eighth Avenue Line at all times, running via the Queens Boulevard Line in Queens. E trains run local along the Eighth Avenue Line at all times. All trains run express in Queens between 71st Avenue and Queens Plaza at all times except late nights, when they make local stops. On weekends, weekday evenings, and late nights, E trains stop at 75th Avenue and Briarwood; limited AM-rush trains also make these stops in both directions. During rush hours, limited service runs to and from 179th Street, typically making express stops east of 71st Avenue, although select PM-rush trains to this terminal make local stops. Four E trips originate from 179th Street during the a.m. rush hour, three E trips originate from 179th Street during the p.m. rush hour, three E trips terminate at 179th Street during the a.m. rush hour, and four trips terminate at 179th Street during the p.m. rush hour. E trains share tracks with F trains between the 75th Avenue and 36th Street interlockings during weekday rush hours and middays, and between the Van Wyck Boulevard and 36th Street interlockings on evenings, late nights and weekends. The shared segment with the F, during rush hours, receives the most scheduled service of any track segment in the system with 30 trains per hour, 15 on the E, and 15 on the F. The route shares tracks with M trains between Queens Plaza and Fifth Avenue–53rd Street, and with C or late-night A service from 42nd Street–Port Authority Bus Terminal to Canal Street. The following table shows the lines used by the E service, with shaded boxes indicating the route at the specified times: Line From To Tracks Times Times Times Times Line From To Tracks rush hours week­days evenings, week­ends late nights IND Archer Avenue Line (full line) Jamaica Center–Parsons/Archer Jamaica–Van Wyck all Most trains IND Queens Boulevard Line (full line) Jamaica–179th Street Sutphin Boulevard express Limited service rowspan=2 rowspan=2 rowspan=2 IND Queens Boulevard Line (full line) Jamaica–179th Street Sutphin Boulevard local Very limited service IND Queens Boulevard Line (full line) Briarwood 75th Avenue express Most trains IND Queens Boulevard Line (full line) Briarwood 75th Avenue local Limited service IND Queens Boulevard Line (full line) Forest Hills–71st Avenue Queens Plaza express IND Queens Boulevard Line (full line) Forest Hills–71st Avenue Queens Plaza local IND Queens Boulevard Line (full line) Court Square–23rd Street Seventh Avenue all IND Eighth Avenue Line 50th Street World Trade Center local === Stations === For a more detailed station listing, see the articles on the lines listed above. 20px|E service to Jamaica Center 20px|E service to Jamaica Center 20px|E service to Jamaica–179th Street Stations Subway transfers Connections/Other Notes Queens Queens Queens Queens Queens Queens Queens Hillside Avenue Branch (limited rush hour service only) Hillside Avenue Branch (limited rush hour service only) Hillside Avenue Branch (limited rush hour service only) Hillside Avenue Branch (limited rush hour service only) Hillside Avenue Branch (limited rush hour service only) Hillside Avenue Branch (limited rush hour service only) Hillside Avenue Branch (limited rush hour service only) align=center rowspan=4 colspan=2 Q3 bus to JFK Int'l Airport ↑ Q3 bus to JFK Int'l Airport Two p.m. rush-hour trains to Jamaica–179th Street stop here ↑ Q44 Select Bus Service Two p.m. rush-hour trains to Jamaica–179th Street stop here Archer Avenue Branch Archer Avenue Branch Archer Avenue Branch Archer Avenue Branch Archer Avenue Branch Archer Avenue Branch Archer Avenue Branch align=center rowspan=3 Q44 Select Bus Service LIRR City Terminal Zone at AirTrain JFK Q44 Select Bus Service Queens Boulevard Line (services from 179th Street and Jamaica Center merge) Queens Boulevard Line (services from 179th Street and Jamaica Center merge) Queens Boulevard Line (services from 179th Street and Jamaica Center merge) Queens Boulevard Line (services from 179th Street and Jamaica Center merge) Queens Boulevard Line (services from 179th Street and Jamaica Center merge) Queens Boulevard Line (services from 179th Street and Jamaica Center merge) Queens Boulevard Line (services from 179th Street and Jamaica Center merge) Queens Boulevard Line (services from 179th Street and Jamaica Center merge) ↑ 20px|alt=Elevator access to mezzanine only Q44 Select Bus Service Two p.m. rush-hour trains to Jamaica–179th Street stop here Q10 bus to JFK Int'l Airport ↑ Two p.m. rush-hour trains to Jamaica–179th Street stop here LIRR City Terminal Zone at | | Q72 bus to LaGuardia Airport | Q52/Q53 Select Bus Service | Q53 Select Bus Service | Q53 Select Bus Service (IRT Flushing Line) Q47 bus to LaGuardia Airport Marine Air Terminal Q53 Select Bus Service Q70 Select Bus Service to LaGuardia Airport | | | | | ↓ (IND Crosstown Line) (IRT Flushing Line) Station is ADA-accessible in the southbound direction only Manhattan Manhattan Manhattan Manhattan Manhattan Manhattan Manhattan (IRT Lexington Avenue Line at ) ↓ (IND Eighth Avenue Line) Station is ADA-accessible in the southbound direction only Eighth Avenue Line Eighth Avenue Line Eighth Avenue Line Eighth Avenue Line Eighth Avenue Line Eighth Avenue Line Eighth Avenue Line (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line) (IRT Flushing Line) (BMT Broadway Line) (42nd Street Shuttle) at Times Square–42nd Street (IND Sixth Avenue Line at , daytime only) Port Authority Bus Terminal M34A Select Bus Service M34/M34A Select Bus Service Amtrak, LIRR, NJ Transit at Pennsylvania Station M23 Select Bus Service (BMT Canarsie Line) M14A/D Select Bus Service (IND Sixth Avenue Line) PATH at (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line at ) (BMT Broadway Line at ) PATH at NY Waterway at Brookfield Place === Route bullet === The E is signed on trains, in stations, and on maps with a blue emblem, or "bullet" since it runs via the Eighth Avenue Line. The route was first color-coded in a light blue on November 26, 1967, when the NYCTA introduced its first set of colored service labels to coincide with the opening of the Chrystie Street Connection. In June 1979, the route was given a darker blue bullet as part of the introduction of a new color-coding scheme based on subway trunk lines in Manhattan, done in connection with a redesign of the subway map.Navigating New York. 9 Oct. 2018-9 Sep. 2019, New York Transit Museum, New York. == Rolling stock == The E train uses ten-car R160 trains to provide regular service, and uses 260 R160 cars, or 26 trains, to provide weekday service. E trains share their rolling stock with the , , and trains, and the route's rolling stock is stored and maintained at Jamaica Yard. ==Notes== ==References== == External links == * MTA NYC Transit – E Eighth Avenue Local * * # Category:New York City Subway services
E is the text editor which was made part of PC DOS with version 6.1 in June 1993, in February 1995 with version 7 and later with PC DOS 2000. In version 6.1, IBM dropped QBASIC, which, in its edit mode, was also the system text editor. It was necessary to provide some sort of editor, so IBM chose to adapt and substantially extend its OS/2 System Editor (1986), a minimally functional member of the E family of Editors. The DOS version is extended with a wide array of functions that are usually associated with more functional versions of the E editor family (see below). In version 7, IBM added the REXX language to DOS, restoring programmability to the basic box. IBM also provided E with OS/2. ==Features== The features include (for PC DOS 7): *online help *edit large text files *draw boxes around text *mouse and menu support *record and play keystroke macros *change case within a marked area *access multiple files in multiple panes *syntax-directed editing of C and REXX *add and multiply numbers in a marked area *locate and make a change globally within a file *select text and move, copy, overlay, or delete it *copy and move text from one file into another file E for PC DOS consists of five files: * `E.EXE` \-- the executable program itself, (v3.13 in PC DOS 7) * `E.EX` \-- pre-compiled profile for E's behavior * `E.INI` \-- text file allowing modification of a few `E.EX` defaults (Not in v 3.12 (dos 6)) * `EHELP.HLP` \-- text file used for E's F1 key help in Browse (read-only) mode * `BROWSE.COM` \-- loads a file into E in read-only mode. (Not in v 3.12 (dos 6)) Since no tool was provided for building other profiles besides the supplied `E.EX`, PC DOS users have limited access to the full extensibility offered by the version 3 of E (e3) available to IBM programmers themselves. Still, it is a powerful implementation, with many features supporting the needs of general programmers. For PC DOS owners who have moved on to other operating systems, E can be run with the use of a DOS emulator (e.g. DOSBox) or with DOS virtualization software (e.g. DOSEMU or NTVDM). E runs quite successfully under the Windows NT 32-bit DOS prompt, for example. To run the E Editor under OS/2, you must swap the first two directories in `PATH` statement of `AUTOEXEC.BAT`. Put the E files in `\OS2\MDOS` directory. E v3.12 was also supplied in OS/2 PPC edition. ==E family== The history of the PC DOS version of E begins with Personal Editor, a key configurable editor that enabled limited programming using a GML-like language. Personal Editor was initially released in 1982 and became an IBM product not long after. Limitations in Personal Editor led to the development and release in 1984 of the E editor, a much faster editor that supported very long files and included a substantially enhanced user interface. E2, released in 1985, provided enhanced programmability using a REXX-like language. Its UI programmability was designed so flexibly that it was used to develop user interface prototypes for other kinds of software, including Word Processors and Survey software. Subsequent versions, including E3, EOS2, and EPM, provided a wide range of other enhancements. The OS/2 System Editor was developed by the E programming team at the request of the OS/2 Development team. It was designed to be a fast and highly functional text editor with a minimal number of features and no configurability. EPM was later released as the OS/2 Enhanced Editor. The popular SlickEdit shares a common heritage, having been written by the original developer of E3. Other versions of E family editors have been released with IBM programming products. There are several acknowledged E editor family clones, including X2, which both reproduces the Rexx-like EI programming language used in E2 and later versions of E and acknowledges its debt in its documentation. ==See also== *MS-DOS Editor ==References== Category:DOS commands Category:OS/2 Category:Text editors Category:Rexx
E is a service on the S-train network in Copenhagen. It runs between Køge and Holte, serving the outer end of the Køge radial and the inner part of the Hillerød radial. The A service serves the complementary parts of each radial, and both lines serves all stations on the central part between Ny Ellebjerg and Hellerup. Trains run on weekdays only, every 20 minutes from about 5:00 to 6:00 and every 10 minutes about 6:00 to 20:00. ==History== Service E is the continuation of the "fast" steam trains that ran between Copenhagen and Hillerød since the late 19th century. They acquired a service letter when they were replaced by S-trains in 1986. Later the main characteristic of service E came to be serving the outer end of the Køge radial. Name Southern end Years Northern end E terminated at København H 1968–1972 Nordbanen: to Hillerød; non-stop Østerport-Holte E Vestbanen: to Taastrup Mo-Sa; non-stop until Valby 1972–1973 Nordbanen: to Hillerød; non-stop Østerport-Holte E as above, but only Mo-Fr daytime 1973–1979 Nordbanen: to Hillerød; non-stop Østerport-Holte E Køgebugtbanen: to Solrød Strand Mo-Fr daytime; non-stop until Hundige 1979–1983 Nordbanen: to Hillerød; non-stop Østerport-Holte E to Køge, non-stop København H-Sjælør- Hundige 1983–1989 Nordbanen: to Hillerød; non-stop Østerport-Holte E as above, plus stop at Ishøj 1989–1991 to Hellerup; Mo-Sa daytime extended to Hillerød, non-stop until Holte E as above, plus stop at Ishøj 1991–2002 as above, plus stop at Lyngby E as above, plus stop at Friheden 2002–2005 as above, plus stop at Lyngby E as above, plus stop at Friheden 2006 as above except to Lyngby when not going to Hillerød E as above, plus stop at Ny Ellebjerg 2007 as above except to Lyngby when not going to Hillerød E to Køge, non-stop Ny Ellebjerg - Ishøj Sep 2007-2011 as above; all trains continue to Hillerød E as above, plus stop at Friheden 2011-2014 as above; all trains continue to Hillerød E as above, plus stop at Friheden 2014- trains terminate at Holte An Ex service first ran from 1968, but was fused with service Cx in 1972. A new Ex line started in 1983 servicing the Køge radial. Name Southern end Years Northern end Ex terminated at København H 1968–1972 Nordbanen: to Hillerød, non-stop Østerport - Birkerød superseded by Cx superseded by Cx superseded by Cx superseded by Cx Ex Køgebugtbanen: to Køge, non-stop København H - Sjælør - Hundige 1983–1986 terminated at København H Ex as above, plus stop in Ishøj 1986–1989 terminated at København H Ex as above, plus all stops until Sjælør 1989–1995 terminated at Hellerup Ex to Solrød Strand, non-stop København H - Sydhavn - Friheden - Ishøj 1995–1998 non-stop Østerport - Hellerup Ex as above except no stop at Sydhavn 1998–2004 all stops to Hellerup Ex from Køge station, non-stop Ishøj - Sjælør - København H 2005–2006 terminates at Østerport Ex as above, plus stop at Ny Ellebjerg 2007 terminates at Østerport Discontinued from September 2007 Discontinued from September 2007 Discontinued from September 2007 Discontinued from September 2007 ==References== Category:S-train (Copenhagen)
E was a Czech experimental rock group from Brno active between 1984 and 1997. Their music fell into the wider scope of alternative, underground, and post- punk rock genres. ==Background== Josef Ostřanský and Vladimír Václavek were known from the band Dunaj and from their collaboration with singer Iva Bittová. The band's frontman was singer and lyricist Vladimír Kokolia, known primarily as a painter, graphic artist, and cartoonist; he went on to work as the head teacher of graphic studio 2 at the Academy of Fine Arts in Prague. The band's music was based upon mutually interlocking riffs of both instrumentalists, forming elaborate loops together with simple but sophisticated cross-rhythms. Kokolia's role consisted of very expressive declamations of imaginative and metaphorical existentialist lyrics, often with sarcastic humour. Onstage, both guitarists were also equipped with a simple drum kit (snare, kick drum, tom, and hi-hat) and played those instruments simultaneously while Kokolia sometimes operated the foot electronic percussion rug. Two recorded albums represent only a part of the band's repertoire. ==Former members== * Vladimír Kokolia - vocals, percussion * Josef Ostřanský - guitar, percussion * Vladimír Václavek - bass guitar, guitar, percussion ==Discography== * E (Live album - 1990) * I Adore Nothing (I Believe It Does Not Exist) (1994) ==References== ==External links== * E song lyrics Category:Czech post-punk music groups Category:Czech alternative rock groups Category:Czech experimental music groups Category:Czech underground music groups Category:Czech experimental rock groups Category:Musical groups established in 1984 Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1997 Category:1984 establishments in Czechoslovakia Category:1997 disestablishments in the Czech Republic
In computational complexity theory, the complexity class E is the set of decision problems that can be solved by a deterministic Turing machine in time 2O(n) and is therefore equal to the complexity class DTIME(2O(n)). E, unlike the similar class EXPTIME, is not closed under polynomial-time many-one reductions. ==Relationship to other classes== E is contained by NE. == References == *. *. *. *. *. == External links == * Category:Complexity classes
ㅔ(e, ) is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅔ is U+3154. ==Stroke order== center|Stroke order in writing ㅔ Category:Hangul jamo Category:Vowel letters
In Japanese writing, the kana え (hiragana) and エ (katakana) (romanised e) occupy the fourth place, between う and お, in the modern Gojūon (五十音) system of collating kana. In the Iroha, they occupy the 34th, between こ and て. In the table at right (ordered by columns, from right to left), え lies in the first column (あ行, "column A") and the fourth row (え段, "row E"). Both represent . Form Rōmaji Hiragana Katakana Normal a/i/u/e/o (あ行 a-gyō) e え エ ei ee ē えい, えぃ ええ, えぇ えー エイ, エィ エエ, エェ エー ==Derivation== え and エ originate, via man'yōgana, from the kanji 衣 and 江, respectively. The archaic kana ゑ (we), as well as many non-initial occurrences of the character へ (he), have entered the modern Japanese language as え. The directional particle へ is today pronounced "e", though not written as え. Compare this to は (ha) and を (wo), which are pronounced "wa" and "o" when used as grammatical particles. For the kana romanized sometimes as "e", see we (kana). ==Variant forms== Scaled-down versions of the kana (ぇ, ェ) are used to express morae foreign to the Japanese language, such as ヴェ (ve). In several Okinawan writing systems, a small ぇ is also combined with the kana く(ku) and ふ (fu or hu) to form the digraphs くぇ kwe and ふぇ hwe. ==Transliteration== In the Hepburn, Kunrei-shiki and Nihon-shiki systems of romanization, both え and エ are transliterated as "e". In the Polivanov system of cyrillization, the kana are transliterated as "э". ==Stroke order== upright|alt=Stroke order in writing え|Stroke order in writing え upright|alt=Stroke order in writing エ|Stroke order in writing エ 200px|right|Stroke order in writing え The hiragana え is made with two strokes: #At the top, a short diagonal stroke proceeding downward and to the right. #At the bottom, a stroke composed of a horizontal line, a diagonal proceeding downward and to the left, and a rightward stroke resembling a tilde (~). 200px|right|Stroke order in writing エ The katakana エ is made with three strokes: # At the top, a horizontal stroke from left to right. # A downward vertical stroke starting in the center of the first stroke. # At the bottom, a horizontal stroke parallel to the first stroke, and touching the second. This stroke is usually slightly longer than the first. This is also the way to make the Latin letter "I" (although the correct upper case form does not look like the lower case Latin letter "l") ==Other communicative representations== * Full Braille representation え / エ in Japanese Braille え / エ in Japanese Braille え / エ e えい / エー ē/ei * Computer encodings :* Archaic and Hentaigana ==References== Category:Specific kana
E is the third note and the fifth semitone of the C major scale, and mi in fixed-do solfège. It has enharmonic equivalents of F♭ [(F-flat) which is by definition a diatonic semitone above E] and D (D-double sharp), amongst others. When calculated in equal temperament with a reference of A above middle C as 440 Hz, the frequency of Middle E (E4) is approximately 329.628 Hz. See pitch (music) for a discussion of historical variations in frequency. ==Designation by octave== Scientific designation Helmholtz designation Octave name Frequency (Hz) E−1 E͵͵͵ or ͵͵͵E or EEEE Subsubcontra E0 E͵͵ or ͵͵E or EEE Subcontra E1 E͵ or ͵E or EE Contra E2 E Great E3 e Small E4 e′ One-lined E5 e′′ Two-lined E6 e′′′ Three-lined E7 e′′′′ Four-lined E8 e′′′′′ Five-lined E9 e′′′′′′ Six-lined E10 e′′′′′′′ Seven-lined ==Scales== ===Common scales in the key of E.=== * E major: E F G A B C D E * E natural minor: E F G A B C D E * E harmonic minor: E F G A B C D E * E melodic minor ascending: E F G A B C D E * E melodic minor descending: E D C B A G F E ===E major modes (diatonic scales).=== * E Ionian: E F G A B C D E * E Dorian: E F G A B C D E * E Phrygian: E F G A B C D E * E Lydian: E F G A B C D E * E Mixolydian: E F G A B C D E * E Aeolian: E F G A B C D E * E Locrian: E F G A B C D E ===E melodic (Jazz) minor modes=== * E ascending melodic minor: E F G A B C D E * E Dorian ♭2: E F G A B C D E * E Lydian augmented: E F G A B C D E * E Lydian dominant: E F G A B C D E * E Mixolydian ♭6: E F G A B C D E * E Locrian ♮2: E F G A B C D E * E altered: E F G A B C D E ===E harmonic minor modes=== * E harmonic minor: E F G A B C D E * E Locrian 6: E F G A B C D E * E Ionian 5: E F G A B C D E * E Dorian 4: E F G A B C D E * E Phrygian 3: E F G A B C D E * E Lydian 2: E F G A B C D E * E Superlocrian bb7: E F G A B C D E ===E harmonic major modes=== * E Harmonic Major: E F G A B C D E * E Dorian 5: E F G A B C D E * E Phrygian 4: E F G A B C D E * E Lydian 3: E F G A B C D E * E Mixolydian 2: E F G A B C D E * E Lydian Augmented 2: E F G A B C D E * E Locrian 7: E F G A B C D E ==F-flat== F is a common enharmonic equivalent of E, but is not regarded as the same note. F is commonly found after E in the same measure in pieces where E is in the key signature, in order to represent a diatonic, rather than a chromatic semitone; writing an E with a following E is regarded as a chromatic alteration of one scale degree. ==See also== * Piano key frequencies * E major * E minor * Root (chord) Category:Musical notes
e (originally subtitled The Novel of Liars, Lunch and Lost Knickers) is a comic novel by Matt Beaumont first published in 2000. Written in the epistolary tradition, it consists entirely of e-mails written between the employees of an advertising agency and some of their business partners. Thus, the novel is a multiple-perspective narrative where events are seen through the eyes of various people working for the agency, from temp to CEO. e centres on corporate business structures, leadership, creativity, headhunting for and firing people to keep up appearances, work efficiency, business ethics, and all kinds of human weaknesses which stall progress by having employees waste their time and energy on unimportant things and which eventually prevent success. Beaumont worked as a copywriter himself before embarking on a literary career, and e is his debut novel. ==Plot summary== The setting of e is the very beginning of the new millennium inside the London office of Miller Shanks, a prominent (fictitious) international advertising agency. When the novel opens two major projects are under way: the shooting, on location in Mauritius, of a commercial for a porn channel; and preparations for a sales pitch, with Coca-Cola as the company's prospective client. While the Coca-Cola advertising campaign is supposed to be kept confidential, David Crutton, the chief executive officer, is astonishingly computer illiterate and inadvertently sends carbon copies of every single one of his e-mails to the Helsinki office of Miller Shanks. Simon Horne, the creative director, has stolen the "original" idea on which the Coca-Cola campaign is based from two recent college graduates who are looking for work and does not believe that the past will ever catch up with him. In the end it does, but although the campaign can be patched up in the last minute with the help of the Helsinki office, Coca-Cola finally decide not to award their advertising account to Miller Shanks after one of their female top level managers has watched a secretly filmed video on the Internet showing Horne in his office having sex with a ladyboy, uploaded thanks to the efforts of Liam O'Keefe, who filmed it all taking place, and his friend Brett Topowlski. The shooting in Mauritius goes terribly wrong already during the flight to the island when the breast implants of one of the four models hired to appear in the video explode. Shortly afterwards, yet another model drops out due to hyperthermia, facts which force the creative team to continually rewrite the script. Bad weather makes filming impossible for a couple of days, but the last straw is an alleged sexual attack by the company's male client ("a fat lech") on television presenter Gloria Hunniford, who happens to be staying at the same hotel together with a BBC crew to film a holiday show. Miller Shanks encounter further complications when loose talk at the hotel bar by Topowlski and Vince Douglas, the two art directors for the commercial, triggers a headline in The Sun about the "Hunniford Affair". Subplots revolve around the frantic attempts of Ken Perry, the Office Administrator, at upholding order in the building; the ongoing love affair between O'Keefe and Lorraine Pallister; a not even half-hearted suicide attempt by Susi Judge-Davis, devoted PA to Simon Horne and Simon Horne alone; and Nigel 'Nige' Godley's failed endeavours to be recognized as both a good chum and a loyal workaholic. ==Characters== *James F Weissmuller, President of Miller Shanks Worldwide (American)- an unfashionable, older gentleman nicknamed 'Tarzan' by the office staff for his build. He is a very traditional businessman, but enjoys maintaining good individual relationships with his employees. Throughout the book, thanks to Miller Shanks London's various blunders, Crutton becomes less and less popular with him. *Pertti van Helden, CEO of Miller Shanks Helsinki (Finnish)- a well- meaning and patriotic unintentional contact of Crutton's. van Helden (or Van Halen as he is later nicknamed) is inadvertently responsible for winning the Coca-Cola pitch after composing his own idea to rival Horne's, which Crutton relies upon after abandoning the stolen material despite his apparent hatred of all things Finnish. *David Crutton, CEO of Miller Shanks London (British)- a mildly racist and bad-tempered boss, described as a 'twatter' with 'an MBA from the Joseph Stalin School of Management' by Beaumont. He is somewhat of a victim of circumstance, but this is not helped by his poor treatment of his staff, particularly his PAs and anyone he sees as responsible for his ICT problems. He also fires Ken Perry for scheduling a fire drill during an important meeting, but the office rapidly dilapidates in his absence and he has to be re-hired. *Simon Horne, creative director of the London branch. Hated by everyone in the office apart from his over-devoted PA, Susi, Horne is thought of as incompetent by practically everybody. After being exposed as both a material thief and a customer of the local ladyboy, Horne vanishes from Mauritius. Simon is even worse than David when it comes to blaming others for his own faults, and does not shy at all away from trying to have Pinki fired to cover his tracks. *Daniel Westbrooke, Head of Client Services (London branch). Daniel means well, but at the end of the day is so-self absorbed he cannot do his job properly. He is obsessed with reminding everyone what his job is and its importance to the company, but Liam's guide to the office staff he sends to Lorraine says enough about what everyone else thinks of his position. *Harriet Greenbaum - replaces David as CEO after he is forced to move to Miller Shanks Bucharest. She is in charge of the marketing department prior to this, and is fond of Pinki. She is the most well-liked of the senior staff. *Melinda Sheridan - a very close friend of Harriet's, she produces the LOVE Channel trailer with the 'help' of Westbrooke, Douglas, Topowlski and Horne. She bears an uncanny resemblance to Gloria Hunniford, which causes the incident with the LOVE executive. She has a long line of successful advertisements under her belt, and her devotion to not blemish her perfect record is largely responsible for the success of the team in Mauritius. She is also a smoker, and tries to give up for the New Year- however, with everything from an exploding breast implant to a small hurricane going wrong, she gives in to the vice. *James Gregory - takes the blame for one of Simon's many mistakes about the Coca-Cola pitch, specifically his delay in having anything prepared. Also blamed for the loss of the Kimbelle Sanpro account. Son of Max Gregory. *Katie Philpott - Trainee account manager, described by Liam as a stalker, she is briefly indirectly responsible for their splitting up. However, it seems she only meant to be friendly. *Vince Douglas - an art director with little common sense and less spelling ability, he is popular with the other low-level staff. He is a technophobe and only sends one e-mail throughout the course of the novel, providing everyone with the link to the video of Simon and his ladyboy, despite his New Year's Resolution to become computer literate. He is fired after accidentally revealing a large amount of sensitive information to a Sun journalist. *Pinki Fallon - Liam's partner, Pinki is the most liberal and conscientious person in the book. She is the bane of Simon and Susi, despite being one of their best workers, because she firmly believes in honesty and integrity; qualities they respectively lack. She attempts to resign several times for various reasons, but is always swayed back in. She is responsible for Simon's fall when Brett and Vince reveal to her that the original pitch was stolen. *Liam O'Keefe - a troublemaker but a hard worker, Liam is a close friend of Brett and Vince. He frequently exchanges e-mails with them while they are in Mauritius while working on the Cola pitch with Pinki, and is the first to tell them that Crutton means to fire Vince, thereby inspiring them to go out with a bang. Lorraine catches his eye when she first joins as a temp, and later engages in a highly sexual relationship with him. Liam goes so far as to say to Brett that he loves her, and refers to her as "The future Mrs. O'Keefe" on the grounds that she has met his mother. *Brett Topowlski- long-time best friend of Vince, he is caught in the same predicament as him but is not actually fired because of his lesser role. However, he resigns because he does not want to abandon Vince. He despises Crutton, Horne and Westbrooke, but particularly Horne, and helps Vince to send his first and last e-mail. *Carla Browne - originally Zoë's best friend, Carla is offered the job of PA to Crutton but is soon fired after he is reminded that she nearly prematurely started The Second Gulf War. *Zoë Clarke - Crutton's lazy PA, given the job after it is denied to Carla. She becomes very close with Lorraine and is the bridge between the antics of the management department and the lower-level employees. *Susi Judge-Davis - Simon's PA, and very keen to make sure everyone knows it. She attempts to resign even more than Pinki, but her devotion to Simon keeps her tied down. Her rivalry with Lorraine is a subplot of the book. She backs out of a suicide attempt, causing widespread panic, when Simon disciplines her. *Lorraine Pallister - originally a temp, she is made a PA after Carla is fired and fills Zoë's place when she is promoted. She is very keen on her sexual relationship with Liam and is the owner of the subtitular lost knickers. She and Liam eventually have drunken sex in Westbrooke's office, only to be walked in on by Pertti van Helden. van Helden is said by Crutton to have found the sight 'touching', and the two are let off with a warning. *Rachel Stevenson - the human resources manager, she keeps out of all the trouble she can, but is constantly barraged with Susi's endless complaining and requests to resign. She is also not overly keen on Westbrooke. *Chandra Kapoor - originally head of IT, fired by Crutton when he cannot send emails without them reaching van Helden. *Peter Renquist - replaces Kapoor, but cannot stand Crutton's imbecilic, Draconian technophobia and resigns. He is the one who identifies Crutton's computer illiteracy is the reason for his e-mail trouble *Ravi Basnital - replaces Renquist. He is one of the few to be appraised by David throughout the book- he accordingly recommends framing the e-mail. *Nigel Godley - Beaumont calls him "the sad git in accounts." Godley is somewhat of a Calvinist, believing both in the Christian God and maintaining a top-of-the- line work ethic. He is the fire officer for the accountancy department and is greatly disheartened when Liam's team beat him in fire drill evacuation time. He enjoys teleshopping and often sends all-staff emails reselling things he has bought, much to the grief of the IT department and Rachel, who tries to stop him. Nigel is very easily offended, and like Susi and Pinki threatens his resignation several times. He looks after Vince's cat Bruno while he is away in Mauritius, but over-feeds it. *Letitia Hegg - the local headhunter, she is apparently an old friend of Simon Horne's. They type very similarly, including French phrases in their e-mails. She inadvertently ruins Simon's career and the original Coca-Cola pitch by sending Pinki a copy of the file that Simon stole the idea from. *Max Gregory - an acquaintance of Crutton's and the firm's lawyer, he advises him during the incident with Gloria Hunniford. Father of James Gregory, who is working at the firm thanks to Crutton. *Debbie Wright - an old friend of Lorraine's, she works at Littlewoods in Manchester. Like Lorraine's newfound friends, she enjoys using recreational drugs and spends a night out with them when she visits Lorraine. ==Reviews== * | (e discussed as an example of lad lit) | | | According to the author's web site, e "caused something of a stir on its publication, not least in London advertising circles where the debate centred around who the book's characters were based on. It went on to become a bestseller in several countries." For some time, Miller Shanks even had their own (fictitious) web site, www.millershanks.com (no longer active) for readers to browse through. Beaumont also wrote a short sequel to the novel, The e Before Christmas (2000), and a complete sequel entitled e Squared (2010) incorporating text messaging content alongside emails. ==See also== *Eleven, a 2006 novel by David Llewellyn also entirely composed of e-mails *William Bernbach Category:2000 British novels Category:Epistolary novels Category:British comedy novels Category:Novels about advertising Category:Novels by Matt Beaumont Category:Novels set in London Category:HarperCollins books Category:2000 debut novels Category:Novels with multiple narrators
E is an object-oriented programming language for secure distributed computing, created by Mark S. Miller, Dan Bornstein, Douglas Crockford, Chip Morningstar and others at Electric Communities in 1997. E is mainly descended from the concurrent language Joule and from Original-E, a set of extensions to Java for secure distributed programming. E combines message-based computation with Java-like syntax. A concurrency model based on event loops and promises ensures that deadlock can never occur. ==Philosophy== The E language is designed for computer security and secure computing. This is performed mainly by strict adherence to the object-oriented computing model, which in its pure form, has properties that support secure computing. The E language and its standard library employ a capability-based design philosophy throughout in order to help programmers build secure software and to enable software components to co-operate even if they don't fully trust each other. In E, object references serve as capabilities, hence capabilities add no computational or conceptual overhead costs. The language syntax is designed to be easy for people to audit for security flaws. For example, lexical scoping limits the amount of code that must be examined for its effects on a given variable. As another example, the language uses the `==` operator for comparison and the `:=` operator for assignment; to avoid the possibility of confusion, there is no `=` operator. ==Computational model== In E, all values are objects and computation is performed by sending messages to objects. Each object belongs to a vat (analogous to a process). Each vat has a single thread of execution, a stack frame, and an event queue. Distributed programming is just a matter of sending messages to remote objects (objects in other vats). All communication with remote parties is encrypted by the E runtime. Arriving messages are placed into the vat's event queue; the vat's event loop processes the incoming messages one by one in order of arrival. E has two ways to send messages: an immediate call and an eventual send. An immediate call is just like a typical function or method call in a non-concurrent language: a sender waits until a receiver finishes and returns a value. An eventual send sends a message while producing a placeholder for a result called a promise. A sender proceeds immediately with the promise. Later, when a receiver finishes and yields a result, the promise resolves to a result. Since only eventual sends are allowed when communicating with remote objects, deadlocks cannot happen. In distributed systems, the promise mechanism also minimizes delays caused by network latency. ==Syntax and examples== E's syntax is most similar to Java, though it also bears some resemblance to Python and Pascal. Variables are dynamically typed and lexically scoped. Unlike Java or Python, however, E is composed entirely of expressions. Here is an extremely simple E program: println("Hello, world!") Here is a recursive function for computing the factorial of a number, written in E. Functions are defined using the keyword. def factorial(n :int) :int { if (n == 1) { return 1 } else if (n > 0) { return n * factorial(n-1) } else { throw("invalid argument to factorial: "+n) } } In the first line, is a guard that constrains the argument and result of the function. A guard is not quite the same thing as a type declaration; guards are optional and can specify constraints. The first ensures that the body of the function will only have to handle an integer argument. Without the second above, the function would not be able to return a value. Being able to see up front that information escapes out of the function is helpful for security auditing. Since E is intended to support secure co-operation, the canonical example for E programs is the mint, a simple electronic money system in just a few lines of E. The following code defines a function that makes mints, where each mint has its own currency. Each mint can make purses that hold its currency, and any holder of two purses of the same currency can securely transfer money between the purses. By quick examination of the source code, an E programmer can easily verify that only mints may change the amount of money in circulation, that money can only be created and not destroyed, that mints can only create money of their own currency, and that only the holder of a purse can change its balance. def makeMint(name) :any { def [sealer, unsealer] := makeBrandPair(name) def mint { to makePurse(var balance :(int >= 0)) :any { def decr(amount :(0..balance)) :void { balance -= amount } def purse { to getBalance() :int { return balance } to sprout() :any { return mint.makePurse(0) } to getDecr() :any { return sealer.seal(decr) } to deposit(amount :int, src) :void { unsealer.unseal(src.getDecr())(amount) balance += amount } } return purse } } return mint } Objects in E are defined with the keyword, and within the object definition, the keyword begins each method. The guard expressions in this example illustrate how to specify a value constraint (as in or ). The mint example makes use of a built-in mechanism called a sealer. The function creates two associated objects, a sealer and an unsealer, such that the sealer can seal an object in a box and the unsealer is the only object that can retrieve the contents of the box. See the E website for a more detailed explanation of this money example. ==See also== * Object-capability model ==References== ==External links== * Category:Concurrent programming languages Category:Object-oriented programming languages Category:JVM programming languages Category:Secure programming languages Category:Dynamic programming languages Category:Dynamically typed programming languages Category:Capability systems Category:Programming languages Category:High-level programming languages Category:Programming languages created in 1997 Category:1997 software
E is the seventh single album by South Korean band Big Bang, and the fourth and last from their Made Series, before releasing the full album. ==Background== The first single announced on July 24 included the sub-unit GD & TOP, the teaser was released the next day. This was the first collaboration of the duo in four years. YG Entertainment confirmed there would be a second track by the entire band; "Let’s Not Fall In Love" was revealed on July 30. ==Commercial performance== In South Korea The album charted at number one on Gaon Album Chart, making it the third from MADE Series to chart first after M and D, in the end of August the album sold 84,002 copies in South Korea. In Japan the album charted at number 15 on the Oricon chart with 4,090 copies sold. After releasing the album, BigBang achieved a "triple kill" by topping the digital, streaming and album charts on Gaon Chart. The single charted first and second with "Let’s Not Fall In Love" and "Zutter" consecutively on Billboard World Digital Songs, in a tie with PSY for being the only K-pop act to hold the top two slots on World Digital Songs three times, after topping it with both M and A. The two singles sold 13,000 copies in less than two days. ==Reception== Billboard explained that "Let's Not Fall in Love showcases the boy band at their most sentimental", and is a classic BigBang song with a unique sound because of a "lack of a definitive chorus and T.O.P and G-Dragon showing off new vocal colors instead of their usual personality-driven raps", while Zutter is a "hip-hop cut peppered with trappy snares, knocking percussion and woozy synths to emphasize both dudes' distinctive spitting styles.". The Inquirer called it the most emotionally resounding work the band has showcased so far. Osen said that the two single have a "different moods and colors" and that something only BigBang can do and they have wide artistic spectrum. ==Promotion== It was announced that GD⊤ would have a live broadcast on Naver and allkpop's V app on August 4. The live countdown gathered over 620,000 views, and after five days the highlight video was watched over a million times on V app. The first television appearance was held on Inkigayo. == Accolades == Awards and nominations for E Year Ceremony Award Result Ref. 2016 Gaon Chart Music Awards Album of the Year (3rd Quarter) RTHK International Pop Poll Awards The Best Selling Album Soompi Awards Album of the Year == Track listing == ==Charts== ===Weekly charts=== Chart (2015) Peak position Japanese Albums (Oricon) 15 Japanese Western Albums (Oricon) 2 South Korean Albums (Gaon) 1 Taiwanese Albums (G-Music) 1 === Year-end charts === Chart (2015) Position South Korean Albums (Gaon) 19 Chart (2016) Position South Korean Albums (Gaon) 99 ===Sales=== Chart Sales South Korea (Gaon) 123,389 Japan (Oricon) 13,888 ==Release history== Region Date Format Label Worldwide August 5, 2015 Digital download YG South Korea South Korea August 12, 2015 CD Japan Digital download YGEX Taiwan August 19, 2015 CD Warner Music Taiwan ==References== ==External links== * * *Big Bang Official Website Category:BigBang (South Korean band) albums Category:2015 albums Category:YG Entertainment albums Category:Avex Group albums Category:Korean-language albums Category:Single albums Category:Albums produced by Teddy Park Category:Albums produced by G-Dragon
The State of E (IPA:/ɤ̂/), whose Middle and Old Chinese name has been reconstructed as Ngak (IPA:/ŋˤak/),Baxter-Sagart. was an ancient Chinese state in the area of present-day Henan and Hubei in China from around the 12th century BCE until its overthrow in 863 BCE. It was a vassal of the Shang state and its ruler was one of the Three Ducal Ministers appointed by Dixin of Shang, who is known pejoratively as King Zhou of Shang.Sima Qian Records of the Grand Historian • Yin (Shang) Annals (史记•殷本纪) p19. E was originally located in the southern part of the modern province of Henan but later moved to Hubei. Its name is now used as the provincial abbreviation for Hubei. ==History== There are a number of different theories about the origins of E, including that its original rulers were descended from the Baiyue or the Daxi culture. Another theory claims that during the Shang dynasty, descendants of the Yellow Emperor surnamed Jí () were granted land by Dixin around modern-day Xiangning County in Shanxi and that it became the original nucleus of E. In Chinese historical records, Dixin was said to have wanted to make the daughter of the Marquess of Jiu an imperial concubine but she was a dignified woman who regarded such a role as beneath her. In a fit of anger, Dixin murdered both the Marquess and his daughter and turned the marquess's body into mincemeat. The Marquess of E, protesting this injustice, renounced his vassalage but was also then murdered. Following the BCE establishment of the Western Zhou, the state of Jin moved into E's territory and forced its people to flee southward into the northern part of modern-day Nanyang, Henan. The relocation exposed them to the powerful southern state of Chu. By the middle of the Western Zhou, E had fled once again, settling east of present-day Ezhou in Hubei. E led a confederation of Southern Huaiyi tribes in a rebellion during the seventh year of the reign of King Yi of Zhou (863 BCE) and was destroyed by Zhou forces, permitting Chu to finally absorb the smaller state. Chu's ruler Xiong Qu conferred its former lands upon his son Xiong Zhi. The destruction of E was inscribed upon a bronze tripod cauldron, the Yu Ding. Xiong Zhi continued to live in E's capital after the death of his father, making it the de facto capital of Chu. Subsequent rulers remained there until Xiong E (r. 799-791 BCE) decided to reduce it to the status of an alternative capital. After Chu became an independent state in the Spring and Autumn period, King Gong of Chu (, r. 590–560 BCE) made his third son Lord of E. In the sixth year of the reign of King Huai of Chu (323 BCE), the king made his younger brother Xiong Qu the Lord of E. Following the destruction of Chu by Qin in 223, E became a county under the Qin and Han dynasties. Xi'e was a county in the Nanyang Commandery during the Qin and Han dynasties and the Three Kingdoms period which took its name from the State of E. ==See also== * History of China * Spring and Autumn period * Warring States period * E (surname) ==References== Category:Ancient Chinese states Category:Shang dynasty Category:Former monarchies
E is a high-performance theorem prover for full first-order logic with equality. It is based on the equational superposition calculus and uses a purely equational paradigm. It has been integrated into other theorem provers and it has been among the best-placed systems in several theorem proving competitions. E is developed by Stephan Schulz, originally in the Automated Reasoning Group at TU Munich, now at Baden-Württemberg Cooperative State University Stuttgart. ==System== The system is based on the equational superposition calculus. In contrast to most other current provers, the implementation actually uses a purely equational paradigm, and simulates non- equational inferences via appropriate equality inferences. Significant innovations include shared term rewriting (where many possible equational simplifications are carried out in a single operation), several efficient term indexing data structures for speeding up inferences, advanced inference literal selection strategies, and various uses of machine learning techniques to improve the search behaviour. Since version 2.0, E supports many-sorted logic. E is implemented in C and portable to most UNIX variants and the Cygwin environment. It is available under the GNU GPL. ==Competitions== The prover has consistently performed well in the CADE ATP System Competition, winning the CNF/MIX category in 2000 and finishing among the top systems ever since. In 2008 it came in second place.FOF division of CASC in 2008 In 2009 it won second place in the FOF (full first order logic) and UEQ (unit equational logic) categories and third place (after two versions of Vampire) in CNF (clausal logic). It repeated the performance in FOF and CNF in 2010, and won a special award as "overall best" system. In the 2011 CASC-23 E won the CNF division and achieved second places in UEQ and LTB. ==Applications== E has been integrated into several other theorem provers. It is, with Vampire, SPASS, CVC4, and Z3, at the core of Isabelle's Sledgehammer strategy. E also is the reasoning engine in SInE and LEO-II and used as the clausification system for iProver. Applications of E include reasoning on large ontologies, software verification, and software certification. ==References== ==External links== *E home page *E's developer Category:Free software programmed in C Category:Free theorem provers Category:Unix programming tools