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+J, or j, is the tenth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its usual name in English is jay (pronounced ), with a now-uncommon variant jy ."J", Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989)"J" and "jay", Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993) When used in the International Phonetic Alphabet for the voiced palatal approximant, it may be called yod or jod (pronounced or ). == History == thumb|right|Children's book from 1743, showing I and J considered as the same letter The letter J used to be used as the swash letter I, used for the letter I at the end of Roman numerals when following another I, as in XXIIJ or xxiij instead of XXIII or xxiii for the Roman numeral twenty-three. A distinctive usage emerged in Middle High German. Gian Giorgio Trissino (1478–1550) was the first to explicitly distinguish I and J as representing separate sounds, in his Ɛpistola del Trissino de le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua italiana ("Trissino's epistle about the letters recently added in the Italian language") of 1524.De le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua Italiana in Italian Wikisource. Originally, 'I' and 'J' were different shapes for the same letter, both equally representing , , and ; however, Romance languages developed new sounds (from former and ) that came to be represented as 'I' and 'J'; therefore, English J, acquired from the French J, has a sound value quite different from (which represents the initial sound in the English language word "yet"). == Pronunciation and use == List of pronunciations Most common pronunciation: Languages in italics do not use the Latin alphabet Language Dialect(s) Pronunciation (IPA) Environment Notes Afrikaans Albanian Arabic Standard; most dialects Latinization Gulf Latinization Sudanese, Omani, Yemeni Latinization Levantine, Maghrebi Latinization Azeri Basque Bizkaian Lapurdian also used in southwest Bizkaian Low Navarrese also used in south Lapurdian High Navarrese Gipuzkoan also used in east Bizkaian Zuberoan Catalan or Czech Danish Dutch English Esperanto or Estonian Filipino English loan words Spanish loan words Finnish French German Greenlandic Hindi Hokkien ~ ~ Hungarian Icelandic Igbo Indonesian Italian Japanese ~ and distinct in some dialects, see Yotsugana Khmer ALA-LC latinization Kiowa Konkani Korean North after vowels South after vowels Kurdish Luxembourgish Some loan words Latvian Lithuanian Malay Maltese Mandarin Standard Pinyin latinization Wade–Giles latinization Manx Norwegian Oromo Pashto Polish Portuguese Romanian Scots Serbo-Croatian Shona Slovak Slovenian Somali Spanish Standard Some dialects Swahili Swedish Tamil Tatar Telugu Turkish Turkmen Yoruba Zulu === English === In English, most commonly represents the affricate . In Old English, was represented orthographically with (an alternative representation of the Old English spelling is ; there is no meaningful difference as in Old English was simply the regular form of the letter G, called Insular G). In Middle English, scribes began to use (later ) to represent word-initial under the influence of Old French, which had a similar phoneme deriving from Latin (for example, iest and later jest), while the same sound in other positions could be spelled as (for example, hedge). The first English language books to make a clear distinction in writing between and were the King James Bible 1st Revision Cambridge 1629 and an English grammar book published in 1633.English Grammar, Charles Butler, 1633 Later, many other uses of (later ) were added in loanwords from French and other languages (e.g. adjoin, junta). In loanwords such as bijou or Dijon, may represent , as in modern French. In some loanwords, including raj, Azerbaijan, Taj Mahal, and Beijing, the regular pronunciation is actually closer to the native pronunciation, making the use of an instance of hyperforeignism, a type of hypercorrection. Occasionally, represents the original sound, as in Hallelujah and fjord (see Yodh for details). In words of Spanish origin, such as jalapeño, English speakers usually pronounce as the voiceless glottal fricative , an approximation of the Spanish pronunciation of (usually transcribed as a voiceless velar fricative , although some varieties of Spanish use glottal ). In English, is the fourth least frequently used letter in words, being more frequent only than , , and . It is, however, quite common in proper nouns, especially personal names. === Other languages === ==== Germanic and Eastern-European languages ==== The great majority of Germanic languages, such as German, Dutch, Icelandic, Swedish, Danish and Norwegian, use for the palatal approximant , which is usually represented by the letter in English. Notable exceptions are English, Scots and (to a lesser degree) Luxembourgish. also represents in Albanian, and those Uralic, Slavic and Baltic languages that use the Latin alphabet, such as Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian, Polish, Czech, Serbo-Croatian, Slovak, Slovenian, Latvian and Lithuanian. Some related languages, such as Serbo-Croatian and Macedonian, also adopted into the Cyrillic alphabet for the same purpose. Because of this standard, the lower case letter was chosen to be used in the IPA as the phonetic symbol for the sound. ==== Romance languages ==== In the Romance languages, has generally developed from its original palatal approximant value in Latin to some kind of fricative. In French, Portuguese, Catalan (except Valencian), and Romanian it has been fronted to the postalveolar fricative (like in English measure). In Valencian and Occitan it has the same sound as in English, . In Spanish, by contrast, it has been both devoiced and backed from an earlier to a present-day or , with the actual phonetic realization depending on the speaker's dialect. Generally, ⟨j⟩ is not commonly present in modern standard Italian spelling. Only proper nouns (such as Jesi and Letojanni), Latin words (Juventus), or those borrowed from foreign languages have . The proper nouns and Latin words are pronounced as the palatal approximant , while words borrowed from foreign languages tend to follow that language's pronunciation of . Until the 19th century, was used instead of in diphthongs, as a replacement for final -ii, and in vowel groups (as in Savoja); this rule was quite strict in official writing. is also used to render in dialectal spelling, e.g. Romanesco dialect (garlic; cf. Italian aglio ). The Italian novelist Luigi Pirandello used in vowel groups in his works written in Italian; he also wrote in his native Sicilian language, which still uses the letter to represent (and sometimes also [dʒ] or [gj], depending on its environment). ==== Other European Languages ==== The Maltese language is a Semitic language, not a Romance language; but has been deeply influenced by them (especially Sicilian) and it uses for the sound /j/ (cognate of the Semitic yod). In Basque, the diaphoneme represented by has a variety of realizations according to the regional dialect: (the last one is typical of Gipuzkoa). ==== Non-European languages ==== Among non-European languages that have adopted the Latin script, stands for in Turkish and Azerbaijani, for in Tatar. stands for in Indonesian, Somali, Malay, Igbo, Shona, Oromo, Turkmen, and Zulu. It represents a voiced palatal plosive in Konkani, Yoruba, and Swahili. In Kiowa, stands for a voiceless alveolar plosive, . stands for in the romanization systems of most of the languages of India such as Hindi and Telugu and stands for in the romanization of Japanese and Korean. For Chinese languages, stands for in Mandarin Chinese Pinyin system, the unaspirated equivalent of (). In Wade–Giles, stands for Mandarin Chinese . Pe̍h-ōe-jī of Hokkien and Tâi-lô for Taiwanese Hokkien, stands for and , or and , depending on accents. In Jyutping for Cantonese, stands for . The Royal Thai General System of Transcription does not use the letter , although it is used in some proper names and non-standard transcriptions to represent either or (the latter following Pali/Sanskrit root equivalents). In romanized Pashto, represents ځ, pronounced . In Greenlandic and in the Qaniujaaqpait spelling of the Inuktitut language, is used to transcribe . Following Spanish usage, represents or similar sounds in many Latin-alphabet-based writing systems for indigenous languages of the Americas, such as in Mayan languages (ALMG alphabet) and a glottal fricative [h] in some spelling systems used for Aymara. == Related characters == * 𐤉 : Semitic letter Yodh, from which the following symbols originally derive * I i : Latin letter I, from which J derives * ȷ : Dotless j * ᶡ : Modifier letter small dotless j with stroke * ᶨ : Modifier letter small j with crossed-tail * IPA-specific symbols related to J: * Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to J: ** ** ** * J with diacritics: Ĵ ĵ J̌ ǰ Ɉ ɉ J̃ j̇̃ == Computing codes == :1 Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings. Unicode also has a dotless variant, ȷ (U+0237). It is primarily used in Landsmålsalfabet and in mathematics. It is not intended to be used with diacritics since the normal j is softdotted in Unicode (that is, the dot is removed if a diacritic is to be placed above; Unicode further states that, for example i+ ¨ ≠ ı+¨ and the same holds true for j and ȷ).The Unicode Standard, Version 8.0, p. 293 (at the very bottom) In Unicode, a duplicate of 'J' for use as a special phonetic character in historical Greek linguistics is encoded in the Greek script block as ϳ (Unicode U+03F3). It is used to denote the palatal glide in the context of Greek script. It is called "Yot" in the Unicode standard, after the German name of the letter J.Nick Nicholas, "Yot" An uppercase version of this letter was added to the Unicode Standard at U+037F with the release of version 7.0 in June 2014. === Wingdings smiley issue === In the Wingdings font by Microsoft, the letter "J" is rendered as a smiley face (this is distinct from the Unicode code point U+263A, which renders as ☺︎). In Microsoft applications, ":)" is automatically replaced by a smiley rendered in a specific font face when composing rich text documents or HTML email. This autocorrection feature can be switched off or changed to a Unicode smiley. ==Other uses== * In international licence plate codes, J stands for Japan. * In mathematics, j is one of the three imaginary units of quaternions. * Also in mathematics, j is one of the three unit vectors. * In the Metric system, J is the symbol for the joule, the SI derived unit for energy. * In some areas of physics, electrical engineering and related fields, j is the symbol for the imaginary unit (the square root of −1) (in other fields the letter i is used, but this would be ambiguous as it is also the symbol for current). * A J can be a slang term for a joint (marijuana cigarette) == Other representations == == References == == External links == * * * Category:ISO basic Latin letters
+J & A Beare (John & Arthur Beare) is a violin dealership and repair shop in central London founded in 1892. While in earliest incarnations, it constructed new instruments, it came over time primarily to focus on older ones. Primarily a family business throughout its history, it included outside partners at its inception and in 1998 merged with another long established violin dealer, Morris & Smith, who now run the business following the resignation of Charles Beare in 2012. ==History== John Beare (1847-1928) founded his shop in 1865. According to an 1898 book, he had soon gained "practically a monopoly of the old violin business in the provinces", being both knowledgeable and a skilled performer. In 1892, he divided his business in two, forming Beare & Son and Beare, Goodwin & Co, taking on Edward Goodwin as a partner in the latter and leaving his son Walter to run the former. The company dates its formation to that division. Beare, Goodwin & Co at that time was primarily engaged in selling high end violins and violoncellos, many of which were imported. However, John Beare's son Arthur had an interest in working with older instruments, which influenced the development of the company. Beginning in 1912, the Royal Academy of Music each year awards a Beare's violin bow as a student prize. In 1954, Beare, Goodwin & Co. changed its name to J & A Beare. In 1998, the company merged with London-based violin dealers Morris and Smith. ==François Barzoni Violins== François Barzoni was the trade name for violins manufactured for Beare & Sons around the turn of the 20th century. They were made in workshops in France and Germany, and the quality and price varied from instrument to instrument. ==See also== *Bein & Fushi *Machold Rare Violins *Luigi Tarisio *List of Stradivarius instruments * List of companies based in London ==References== ==External links== *Official site *J. & A. Beare: expertise during changing times Category:Family-owned companies of the United Kingdom Category:Violin dealers Category:Retail companies established in 1892 Category:Companies based in the City of Westminster Category:1892 establishments in England
+J & A Brown was an privately owned Australian coal family firm founded by James Brown (1816-1894) and Alexander Brown (1827-1877). == Firm's Beginning at Four Mile Creek == In 1843 James Brown leased eighty acres at Four Mile Creek, near East Maitland, New South Wales and assisted by his brothers Alexander and John, began to mine outcrop coal for sale in Maitland. They mainly supplied the Hunter River Steam Navigation Company owned steamers at Morpeth. Due to the Browns being able to sell their coal cheaper than the Australian Agricultural Company (A.A. Co.), the A.A. Co. who had a government- granted monopoly on the mining of coal on most lands in New South Wales at the time took the Browns to court. The Browns fought the legal action and moved their operations closer to Morpeth on lands not covered by the A.A. Co's. monopoly. The court action progressed all the way to the Privy Council in England where the Browns lost the court case. However, in 1847 their actions forced a government inquiry into the A.A. Co's. monopoly which recommended that the A.A. Co. forego its monopoly. John Brown (1826-1847) died after becoming overcome by gas during the sinking of a mine shaft at Four Mile Creek in June 1847. A fourth Brown brother, William Brown (1820-1859) who was a doctor and who only had minimal interest in the family mining firm. ==Move of operations to Newcastle== In 1852, after ten years of small-scale mining in the East Maitland area and with the freeing up of mining areas after the A.A. Co. dropped their monopoly on coal mining, James and Alexander Brown moved to the Burwood estate south of Newcastle and built a new mine. This mine was so successful that in 1856 it merged with the neighboring mines on the estate to form the Newcastle Coal & Copper Co. By 1857 J & A Brown owned extensive property assets and businesses in Newcastle including a ship-chandlery and import-export business, and an least one ocean-going ship.J. W. Turner, 'Brown, James (1816–1894)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/brown-james-3078/text4547, accessed 9 July 2013. ==Move to Minmi== In October 1853 J & A Brown purchased two parcels of land adjacent at Minmi adjacent to John Eales' existing mine. The haulage rate that Eales asked J & A Brown to pay for moving their coal over his private railway from Minmi to Hexham was too much for the Browns, so they continued operations on the Burwood Estate. However, in 1857 J & A Brown commenced sinking shafts on the land they bought in 1853. By 1859 after the one of the shafts had struck poor quality coal, the Browns made John Eales an offer for his existing mines and railway at Minmi, as they had been closed for over a year due to industrial problems. On 3 March 1859 J & A Brown were successful in purchasing the Minmi coal mines and railway from John Eales for £41,000. In 1861 a third coal mine was completed by the Browns which was known as 'C' Pit. Browns also built workshops for the Minmi mines and railway at this mine. In late 1862 the Browns floated a company named The Melbourne and Newcastle Minmi Coal Company. The Browns retained a half share in this new operation and the Minmi operations were transferred to the new company in February 1863. However this new company was short lived as in June 1864 the mine workings at Minmi were flooded. It took until mid August to dewater the mine workings, by this stage the new company was in serious financial trouble. In December 1864 the new company was wound up and ownership of the Minmi workings was returned to the Browns once they paid the £17,500 in debts that the company owed. The Minmi mine remained in operation until 1869, when it closed. By then the Browns had transferred their operations to their New Lambton colliery. ==Move to New Lambton== In 1861 the Browns commenced development of a new colliery an land near present-day Adamstown which was named Hartley Vale Colliery. The colliery was ready for production but was not being worked as the railway line connecting the colliery to the Government Railways' Great Northern Railway was not complete due to the Browns being unable to gain permission to cross the Scottish Australian Mining Company's railway line to Lambton Colliery. Further collieries were developed by J & A Brown on adjoining lands and in December 1867 an act of parliament called the Hartley Vale Colliery Railway Act Hartley Vale Colliery Railway Act was passed which allowed the Browns to complete their railway which had been re-aligned to remove the need to cross the Lambton Colliery line. In 1873 to raise capital for a return to Minmi, James Brown sold his half share of the New Lambton operations to George Dibbs for £29,000, Alexander Brown kept his share of New Lambton. In 1876 a dispute broke out between Alexander Brown & George Dibbs over Alexander's intention to wind back operations at New Lambton and transfer the affected miners to the Browns' new mine at Minmi. This dispute continued until the death of Alexander Brown in May 1877. The Browns' interests at New Lambton were then managed by Alexander Brown Jnr (1851-1926) who was the son of William Brown. In 1884 after a failed attempt to prove that he was entitled to be a partner in the firm, Alexander Jnr brought out the Browns' remaining interests in New Lambton and sold the share of J & A Brown that had been left to him by his uncle Alexander Snr, to the remaining Brown family members for £25,000. He then continued the New Lambton operations separate to the J & A Brown firm & traded as Alexander Brown & Co. ==The return to Minmi== After selling his half share of New Lambton in 1873, James Brown and his son John Brown commenced development of a new colliery on land to the North of the original Minmi workings. This colliery was known as Duckenfield Colliery entered production in 1874. In 1876 development of a second new colliery to the East of the former workings was started. This colliery which was opened in January 1877 was formally known as Brown's Colliery, it was also locally known as Back Creek Colliery. ==Death of Alexander & James== Alexander Brown died suddenly at the age of 50 on 31 May 1877, as he no children he left his share of the company to be split equally amongst his nephews once they reached the age of 21. At the time only John (son of James) and Alexander (son of William) had reached 21. In 1884 after a dispute over his level of interest in the firm Alexander Jnr sold his share of the firm to the remaining family members and no longer took part in the activities of the firm. After Alexander's death James solely managed the firm until due to health reasons he retired from managing the firm in 1887. His eldest son John Brown then managed the firm. James died on 27 September 1894, he left his share of the firm to be equally divided amongst his four sons - John, Alexander, William & John. James' son Alexander Brown (1857-1897) died on 9 February 1897, leaving the firm in the hands of John, William & Stephen. John and William then traded as J & W Brown until 1913 when due to William wanting to take a more active part in controlling the firm took John Brown to court. William lost the case and the firm remained under the control of John until his death in 1930. After 1913 the firm traded as J & A Brown once more. William died on 2 February 1927 leaving the firm in the hands of John, Stephen and their sister Mary. From 1843 until 1886 James and Alexander Brown produced more than three million tons of coal and by 1914 the company's total output was more than sixteen million tons. This amounted to about 8 per cent of the total production of New South Wales in that period. ==Shiploader and Workshops at Hexham== A ship loading staith consisting of one embankment and two loading chutes was at Hexham when J & A Brown purchased the Minmi coal mines and the Hexham to Minmi railway form John Eales in 1859. A small workshops was also adjacent to this staith. A second staith was added in 1861. Ship loading continued at Hexham until 1 November 1967. The workshops were also gradually expanded and by 1900 had become the main workshops of J & A Brown. With the closure of Minmi workshops in 1924 the machinery at Minmi was transferred to Hexham. With the formation of JABAS in 1931 the workshops become the main engineering workshop for the company undertaking locomotive repairs, construction and repair of railway wagons and mining equipment for JABAS. In 1951 the workshops were restructured as Hexham Engineering Pty Ltd, this subsidiary company continued until it closed in November 1989, being the last operation that was part of the original J & A Brown firm in operation. ==The Richmond Vale Railway and Pelaw Main & Richmond Main Collieries== In May 1897 the firm purchased from the syndicated company headed by John Scholey (the original owner of the land) the partially developed Richmond Vale Colliery located in the Wallis Creek valley near what would be latter known as Kurri Kurri for £39,500. In August 1900, prior to the purchase of Pelaw Main Colliery, J & W Brown had applied for an act of parliament to allow the construction of a railway line connecting their existing Minmi to Hexham railway to Richmond Vale Colliery. In October 1900 the Richmond Vale Coal Mine Railway Act of 1900 Richmond Vale Coal Mine Railway Act was passed by the State Parliament allowing the construction of the railway which was known as the Richmond Vale Railway. In October 1900 J & W Brown brought the nearby Stanford Greta Colliery from the Stanford Greta Coal Company, this company had divided its holding into Stanford Greta and Stanford Merthyr Collieries. As Stanford Greta was on the outcrop of the coal seam it could be developed at a lower cost than Richmond Vale Colliery, so Browns concentrated their efforts on developing this mine which they renamed Pelaw Main Colliery in April 1901. The coal from Pelaw Main was initially sent away via the East Greta Coal Mining Company's Railway to East Greta Junction. Financed by the output of Pelaw Main Colliery, construction of the Richmond Vale Railway commenced in 1904 and was completed to Pelaw Main Colliery in June 1905. From August 1905 all coal from Pelaw Main was hauled by the Browns over this railway to Hexham, the railway line to Richmond Vale Colliery was also fully completed in August that year. In 1910 work commenced on developing Richmond Vale Colliery with the sinking of the main shaft and the ordering of plant & equipment from England. In 1911 the colliery's name was changed to Richmond Main Colliery. John Brown planned for the colliery to be the showpiece of the J & A Brown empire and so the buildings were constructed from either brick or reinforced concrete. The colliery was to be electrically powered and a large for its time power station was constructed to house the two generator sets along with the main shaft electric winding engine. To supply the bricks required for many of the buildings at Richmond Main, a brickworks was built on land near the colliery. The distinctive red bricks from these brickworks were also used at many other J & A Brown sites. The mine reached full production in 1918 when it was producing 700 tons of coal per day. By the early 1920s the colliery was producing 2,000 tons per day and on 8 August 1928 an Australian record of 3,171 tons produced in a single shift was made. A third shaft was sunk at the colliery in the mid-1920s along with extensions and improvements to the power station. Some of the planned improvements at the colliery were never fully completed due to the 1929-1930 miners' lockout strike and the death of John Brown. ==Stockrington Colliery and the end of Minmi== With the coal at seams at Duckenfield and Brown's Collieries nearing the end of being economically mined, development of a colliery in the nearby Stockington Valley was commenced in 1912. This colliery was named Duckenfield No.2 Colliery and was located adjacent the Richmond Vale Railway. However worked stopped on developing this mine in 1914 with only preliminary earthworks carried out. Duckenfield No.1 Colliery at Minmi closed in April 1916. In 1921 with the impending closure of Brown's Colliery at Minimi work recommenced on developing Duckenfield No.2 Colliery at Stockrington. Industrial problems plagued the development of this colliery and by the time the colliery was completed in 1929 the miners' lockout strike occurred and the colliery was never entered full production under the family firm of J & A Brown. In January 1924 Brown's Colliery No.4 Tunnel, the remaining operating colliery at Minmi was closed due to high operating costs. Duckenfield No.2 Colliery was eventually opened in 1936, by which time it had been renamed Stockrington Colliery. ==Death of John Brown and formation of a public company== On 5 March 1930, John Brown, aged 78, who was the main family member running the firm died. Before his death he had already given a large number of his shares in the firm to his good friend Sir Colin Stephen who was the chairman of Abermain Seaham Collieries Ltd. In his will he left his share of the company to Thomas Armstrong (later Sir Thomas Armstrong) who was the firm's general manager and to Sir Adrian Knox who was a Chief Justice of the Australian High Court and a close friend of John Brown from John's horse racing. In his will John Brown wrote regarding the future of the firm after his death. This section of the will read: I expressly desire that the business of the present firm or partnership of J & A Brown shall be continued on and continued and carried out on in the same firm name during the life of my brother Stephen Brown. From inheritances from other family members Stephen Brown had a five ninths share in the family firm. However, when offered an amalgamation with Abermain Seaham Collieries Ltd, Stephen took up their offer and arranged the merger of the J & A Brown firm with the publicly listed Abermain Seaham Collieries Limited. With the new publicly listed company being known as J & A Brown & Abermain Seaham Collieries Limited (commonly abbreviated to JABAS). This new company was formally incorporated on 19 January 1931 with a nominal capital of £4 million, and became the largest coal producer in New South Wales. From that time the surviving member of the Brown family Stephen Brown served as a director in the new public company.J. W. Turner, 'Brown, John (1850–1930)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/brown-john-5388/text9121, accessed 9 July 2013. In 1960, JABAS merged with Caledonian Collieries Limited to form Coal & Allied Industries Limited. After this merger, JABAS become the subsidiary company that carried out the mining operations of Coal & Allied until being renamed Coal & Allied Operations Pty Ltd in 1980. From 2013 to 2017, Coal & Allied Operations Pty Ltd is a subsidiary of Rio Tinto Coal Australia. In 2017 it was purchased by Yancoal Australia Limited, a subsidiary of Yanzhou Coal Mining Company. ==References== Category:Mining companies of Australia Category:Coal companies of Australia Category:Companies based in New South Wales Category:Defunct mining companies of Australia Category:History of mining in Australia
+J & B Caldwell Ltd v Logan House Retirement Home Ltd [1999] 2 NZLR 99; (1998) 9 TCLR 112 is a cited case in New Zealand regarding the quantification of damages for breach of contract. ==References== Category:New Zealand contract case law
+J & E Hall is an English manufacturer of refrigeration equipment (today part of the Daikin group). It was originally established as an iron works in Dartford, Kent in 1785, with products including papermaking machines, steam engines and gun carriages, before it started producing refrigeration machinery in the 1880s. During the early 20th century, the company diversified to produce commercial vehicles (branded as Hallford, 1906–1926), lifts and escalators, before refocusing on its core refrigeration and air conditioning products in the late 1960s. The company retains a head office and some R&D; facilities in Dartford. ==History== The company was originally established in 1785 in Lowfield Street, Dartford by smith and millwright John Hall (1764–1836). Originally from Alton, Hampshire, the second son of a millwright who had previously worked in Dartford, Hall moved to Dartford in 1784, and was employed to repair a mill on the River Darent in Hawley, after which he set up his own business, repairing and maintaining machinery used in corn, paper, oil and powder mills in and around Dartford. Bryan Donkin was one of the firm's earliest apprentices. Around 1800, the firm moved to larger premises in Waterside (now Hythe Street) on land which had once formed part of Dartford Priory, where its association with Donkin, now involved in the area's papermaking industry, helped it expand in partnership with the Fourdrinier brothers and John Gamble, to make paper machines. Donkin, Hall and Gamble also collaborated on canning food in metal containers. Hall acquired Peter Durand's patent in 1812 and after various experiments, Donkin, Hall and Gamble set up a canning factory in Blue Anchor Lane in Bermondsey, the first cannery to use tinned iron containers. By late spring 1813 they were appointing agents on the south coast to sell the preserved food to outbound ships, and the British Admiralty placed large orders with the firm of Donkin, Hall and Gamble for tinned meat. The firm later merged into Crosse & Blackwells. As an iron foundry business, Hall's company subsequently built steam engines and gun carriages, and in 1881 developed horizontal dry air refrigeration machinery suitable for use on ships. Refrigeration ultimately became the company's core business. ===Commercial vehicles, lifts and escalators=== However, it also produced, from 1906 until 1926, parts for and then complete petrol-driven commercial vehicles. Initially, it manufactured chassis for heavy motor vehicles, including London buses, later also producing engines, with the vehicles branded as Hallfords (after its telegraphic address, a conflation of 'Hall' and 'Dartford'). Brewers and haulage contractors equipped their fleets with Hallfords, and the British Army deployed Hallford lorries during World War I. They continued to be sold until 1926. In the 1920s Halls started to manufacture passenger and goods lifts, taking over the Medway Safety Lift Company, and during World War II installing lifts in Royal Navy ships. Halls' lifts were also installed in buildings. During the 1930s Halls started to produced escalators under licence from a German company, with its products installed in Harrods and Selfridges, among other locations. In 1951, Halls were responsible for the modernisation of the Babbacombe Cliff Lift. They continued to make lifts and escalators until 1968 when that part of the business was sold to Otis. ===Refrigeration=== In 1886, J & E Hall's first cold air machines were used to freeze 30,000 mutton carcasses being shipped from the Falkland Islands to the UK. Three years later, installed a two-stage carbon dioxide compressor for a frozen meat store at London's Smithfield Market. In 1910, it supplied refrigeration equipment to the National Skating Palace. Its machinery was used extensively on land: in London hospitals and hotels, by brewers, and in shops. In 1910, ammonia refrigeration was added to the Hall company refrigeration range. By the early 1920s J & E Hall had installed more than half of the world's marine cargo refrigeration, while on land it was regarded as a world leader, expanding into , methyl chloride and the use of fluorocarbons. In 1931 it provided compressors for the Grimsby Ice Factory, once the largest factory of its kind, supplying ice to fishing fleets in the world's largest fishing port. ===Merger and acquisition=== A June 1959 merger of Hall with Thermotank and Vent-Axia to form Hall-Thermotank proved a disaster. Profits fell, subsidiaries were sold, and the foundry closed. In 1968 the company decided to focus on the production of concentrate refrigeration units and air conditioners, producing small automatic compressors using methyl chloride as the refrigerant. The company's financial situation began to improve after a major reorganization in the 1970s. In 1976 Hall-Thermotank was acquired by the APV group and renamed APV Hall. In 1984 it was awarded a Queen's Award for Industry for the development of the Hallscrew single refrigeration compressor. In 1992 Vent-Axia, excepting its industrial division at Milton Keynes, was sold by APV to Smiths Industries. In 1994 APV Hall was acquired by McQuay International, then part of the Malaysian OYL group, and the J & E Hall name was reinstated. OYL became part of Japanese Daikin Industries Ltd in 2006. J & E Hall no longer has a factory in Dartford (the Hythe Street site is now a retail park), but retains a head office (in Hawley Road) and some R&D; facilities in the town. ==Association with Richard Trevithick== J & E Hall is strongly associated with the late career of steam engine pioneer Richard Trevithick. In 1832, he was invited by John Hall to work on a steam engine at the Dartford works, and lodged nearby at The Bull (today The Royal Victoria and Bull Hotel) in High Street. In early 1833, Trevithick was taken ill with pneumonia and died at the Bull on the morning of 22 April 1833. Colleagues at Hall's works made a collection for his funeral expenses, acted as bearers, and paid a night watchman to guard his grave at night to deter grave robbers. Trevithick was buried in an unmarked grave in St Edmund's Burial Ground, East Hill, Dartford. The burial ground closed in 1857, with the gravestones being removed in the 1960s. A plaque marks the approximate spot believed to be the site of the grave. The plaque lies on the side of the park, near the East Hill gate, and an unlinked path. ==Other notable engineers connected with J & E Hall== *Bryan Donkin *Thomas Pullinger *Walter Gordon Wilson ==References== ==External links== * J & E Hall International Category:1785 establishments in England Category:Commercial vehicles Category:Companies based in Kent Category:Dartford Category:Elevator manufacturers Category:Food preservation Category:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning companies Category:Daikin Category:Escalator manufacturers
+J & E Wood was a company that manufactured stationary steam engines. It was based in the Bolton in Greater Manchester, England. The company produced large steam-driven engines for textile mills in Lancashire and elsewhere. ==History== The firm started as Knight and Wood, having premises at the Victoria Foundry in Garside Street, Bolton. The name changed around 1860 to James and Edward Wood. J & E Wood engines were characterised by having a neat appearance, the valve gear was beneath the cylinders. From 1875 on, they only used Corliss valves. == The Mutual Mill Engine == On 7 September 1893, one of J & E Woods 1892 engines in Mutual Mills, Rochdale was extensively tested by Mr J L F Crosland and the results published. The engines were triple expansion with four cylinders arranged in a horizontal double tandem formation. The high pressure (HP) cylinder had a bore of , the intermediate pressure (IP) cylinder had a bore of and the two low pressure (LP) cylinders . The stroke was and the engine operated at 53 rpm. The engines were fitted with Corliss valves operated by a simple proprietary trip motion. The piston rods for the HP and IP are and . During the test, the two by Lancashire boilers with 3 ft 2 in diameter flues produced steam at 156 psi. There were Galloway tubes in the flues and behind the boilers was an economiser with 288 pipes. Water was delivered to the boilers at . The boilers were fed by mechanical stokers using coal known as Shaw slack with a calorific value of 12,963 Btu/lb. During two days of testing the engine developed power of 1089.7 and 1049.4. The power developed on the two sides of the engine was balanced being 542.2 IHP and 547.5 IHP. On the two days 1.37 lb/IHP hr and 1.38 lb/IHP hr. Taking into account that coal could be bought at 6s/ton- this means that 1d would buy 23.1 IHP hrs or 5544 IHP hrs per pound sterling. For a thermal efficiency point of view, of the 14935 Btu of heat supplied, 2545 Btus were converted into mechanical work. This is an efficiency of 0.172 while a perfect engine gives 0.279, Theoretical Carnot Cycle Efficiency, so the engine has a relative efficiency of 0.616. This is taken as the reference standard for an engine of this configuration. == Mills driven by J and E Wood engines == *Trencherfield Mill, Wigan- this engine is still in steam operating every Sunday as a visitor attraction. *Woodland Mills, Milnbridge, Huddersfield. 500 hp tandem compound due to be restored at Internal Fire Museum of Power in Wales. *Coppull Mill, Coppull *Mavis Mill, Coppull *Pilot Mill, Bury *Royd Mill, Oldham *Mutual Mills *Brooklands Mill, Pennington, Leigh *Bursledon Brickworks, Hampshire – this engine is in steam once a month March–November as a visitor attraction ==See also== *Hick, Hargreaves & Co. Ltd. ==References== ===Notes=== ===Bibliography=== * * * * ==External links== * http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/J._and_E._Wood Category:Industrial Revolution Category:Steam engine manufacturers Category:Companies based in Bolton Category:Engineering companies of the United Kingdom
+thumb|James Cowlishaw, 1920 J & G Cowlishaw (1876—) was an architectural partnership in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. ==History== The partnership J & G Cowlishaw consisted of two architects and brothers James Cowlishaw and George Cowlishaw, sons of Sydney architect and contractor Thomas Cowlishaw. George Cowlishaw worked for his brother James from and was taken into partnership in 1876. James's other business interests reduced his involvement in architecture over time and appears to have terminated , although George continued the practice into the early 1890s. ==References== Category:Architects from Brisbane Category:1876 establishments in Australia
+J & H Ritchie Ltd v Lloyd Ltd [2007] UKHL 9 is a Scottish contract law case, concerning the measure of damages for breach. ==Facts== Mr Ritchie has a business (J&H; Ritchie Ltd) on North Arkleston Farm, Paisley. He bought an all in one seed drill and harrow from Lloyd Ltd, based at Hunters Hall, Kelso. It was advertised at a reduced price because it had been repossessed by the previous owner. It did not work. Lloyd Ltd agreed to take it back, investigate, and repair it. Lloyd Ltd returned it, but refused to say what the problem had been, and just said it had been repaired to "factory gate" standard. Mr Ritchie found out informally that two bearings for the rotors of the harrow had been missing. This was a serious defect. Mr Ritchie was concerned that when he had used it, further damage may have been caused, and he would not find out, because he would only start using it the next Spring. He was worried that by this time the manufacturer's guarantee would be affected.The manufacturer was "Amazone", based in Cornwall and Yorkshire. So Mr Ritchie rejected the machine. The question was whether rejecting the equipment was permissible under s 35(6)(a) of the Sale of Goods Act 1979. This provides, ==Judgment== The House of Lords all agreed that Mr Ritchie was entitled to reject the equipment, even though it had in fact been repaired. Furthermore, Lloyd Ltd was in breach of a separate "inspection and repair agreement" by refusing to say what had been wrong with it. This had arisen when the machinery was taken away. It had to have been an implied term of that agreement that, so long as Lloyd Ltd were performing its duties, Mr Ritchie would not rescind the contract. Mr Ritchie would lose his right to reject the goods. But he could only make that choice when he was fully informed. The law has shown that this is correct. Lord Hope's opinion went as follows, ==See also== *English contract law ==Notes== ==External links== *Full judgment from the House of Lords page Category:Scottish contract case law Category:House of Lords cases Category:2007 in United Kingdom case law
+J & J Ultralights was an American aircraft manufacturer that was based at Wings ’N Sunset Airport in Live Oak, Florida. The company specialized in the design and manufacture of ultralight trikes, including amphibious models. J & J Ultralights first produced aircraft in the 1980s, but was out of business before 2005. The company's designs were later produced by Leading Edge Air Foils and Kemmeries Aviation.Cliche, Andre: Ultralight Aircraft Shopper's Guide 8th Edition, page C-24. Cybair Limited Publishing, 2001. Downey, Julia: 2000 Trike and 'Chute Directory, Kitplanes, Volume 17, Number 2, February 2000, page 46. Kitplanes Acquisition Company. ISSN 0891-1851Downey, Julia: 2005 Trikes 'Chutes and Rotorcraft Directory, Kitplanes, Volume 22, Number 2, February 2005, page 48. Belvoir Publications. ISSN 0891-1851Bertrand, Noel; Rene Coulon; et al: World Directory of Leisure Aviation 2003-04, page 102. Pagefast Ltd, Lancaster OK, 2003. ISSN 1368-485XPurdy, Don: AeroCrafter - Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook, Fifth Edition, page 178. BAI Communications, 15 July 1998. The company was founded by Roger and Ronavin Johnston. Operations encompassed aircraft design and manufacture, sales, support and flight training. The company began producing the Tukan trike in the 1980s and in 1995 purchased the rights to the Seawing amphibious trike. By 2003 the company had 200 aircraft flying and another 150 kits under construction by customers. == Aircraft == Model name First flight Number built Type J & J Ultralights Tukan 1980s 30 (February 2000) ultralight trike J & J Ultralights Seawing 1995 2 (February 2005) amphibious ultralight trike ==References== ==External links== * Company website archives on Archive.org Category:Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States Category:Ultralight trikes Category:Homebuilt aircraft
+thumb|Signalling Equipment Limited logo from a 1550 major engine J & L Randall Ltd was a British toy manufacturer, based in Potters Bar, which was in Middlesex until 1965 and then in Hertfordshire. The company flourished in the 1950s and 1960s and placed regular advertisements in Meccano Magazine. It was one of the main competitors to Mamod for models of stationary steam engines. The company used two trading names: * Merit for general toys * SEL (Signalling Equipment Ltd) for technical toys, e.g. electric motors, steam engines and student microscopes. It is believed that the term "signalling equipment" originally related to items such as Morse keys and sounders. In 1978 the company was bought by Letraset for 12.5 million pounds. The company no longer exists but some of the products, especially the steam engines have become collectors' items. ==Products== The company made a wide range of toys under both brand names. The catalogueJ & L Randall Ltd. Combined Merit and SEL catalogue. Undated but probably c1960 contained hundreds of items at their peak. Nowadays, they are best known for the SEL range, especially the steam engines, dynamotor and student's microscopes. thumb|Signalling Equipment Limited 1550 major static engine begins to run ===Steam engines=== thumb|Examples of all 5 of Signalling Equipment Ltd steam engines. Back row L-R - 1520 Minor, 1530 Junior, 1540 Standard, 1550 Major. Front 1560 Boat engine The steam engine range consisted of four stationary engines, and a steam engine unit for model boats. The stationary engines were the Minor, Junior, Standard and Major.SEL Steam Engines at "Bucket of Steam" The major could also be bought complete with a set of miniature workshop tools. When the steam engine line was brought to an end in 1965, remaining stocks of the model boat engine were bought up by Mamod and used for their ME3 "marine engine". ===Dynamotor=== The SEL "Dynamotor" was a simple two-pole, permanent magnet, machine which could be run as a motor (using 4-6 volts from a dry battery) or used as a dynamo. There were also four low voltage motors described in the catalogue just as motors. Three of these were ac/dc so could not be used as dynamos but the fourth was a dc only permanent magnet type which could have been used as a dynamo. There was also a range of mains voltage ac/dc motors which could not, by any means, be considered toys. thumb|SEL Student's Microscope with wooden box containing a drawer for glass slides. Other accessories are missing. ===Student's microscopes=== There were several models of microscope, all similar in design but differing in size. They were simple but well made instruments with sturdy cast alloy frames. They were supplied in a wooden or cardboard box complete with several glass slides, tweezers and instruction leaflet. ===Chemistry sets=== "Merit" brand chemistry sets were produced through the 1970s and 1980s. ==References== Randall, J and L Category:Articles containing video clips Category:Toy steam engine manufacturers
+J & P Coats may refer to the former names of: * The Pawtucket Rangers * Coats PLC
+The J & S Building (also known as the Cola-Nip Building) is a historic site in Miami, Florida. It is located at 221-233 Northwest 9th Street. The building was constructed in 1925. On January 4, 1989, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. However, the building was later demolished. ==History== The building's owner was cited in 1976 for structural safety issues following the collapse of the Miami DEA building. ==References== ==External links== * Dade County listings at National Register of Historic Places * Florida's Office of Cultural and Historical Programs ** Dade County listings ** J & S Building Category:Buildings and structures in Miami Category:National Register of Historic Places in Miami Category:Demolished buildings and structures in Miami
+J & S Records was a New York record label started in 1956 and continued through to the early 1970s. The owner was Zelma "Zell" Sanders (1922–1976), one of the few woman label owners in the record business. In the early 1950s Sanders was managing a girl vocal group, The Hearts. She arranged a contract for them on New York's Baton Records and hired and fired members until she got the mix she wanted. In mid-1956 she decided to start her own label, J & S Records. The label's first big success came in 1957 with "Over the Mountain; Across the Sea" by Johnnie & Joe, a duo which included Sanders's daughter Johnnie Louise Richardson. The song was written by Rex Garvin, who also sang vocal harmonies. Garvin was the pianist and musical director with the Hearts. He wrote and produced songs and sang backup when needed. "Over the Mountain, Cross the Sea" was leased to Chess Records for national distribution.J. C. Marion, Zell Sanders and J & S Records The Hearts themselves moved over from Baton to J&S; in the middle of 1957. Baby Washington, one of the later members of The Hearts, also recorded under her own name for an independent New Jersey label Neptune Records (no relation to the 1969 label of Gamble & Huff); when her recording of "The Time" became popular in the Newark, New Jersey area, Neptune Records signed a distribution deal with J & S. Freddie Scott was another early act in 1956. Sanders leased to many companies who would spread her product better than she was able, including Gone Records and ABC-Paramount Records. Subsidiary labels included Zell's Records, Scatt Records, Sprout Records and Dice Records. By the early 1960s J & S was in financial trouble, although long-standing contacts with Chess managed to keep it afloat. A new label, Tuff Records, was created with Chess money, and Abner Spector was told to manage it. In 1963 Spector used the Hearts, renamed as The Jaynetts, and had a hit with "Sally Go 'Round the Roses." Sanders released music credited to the Hearts, The Jaynetts, The Clickettes, The Poppies, The Z-Debs, The Endeavours, and The Patty Cakes, all made by the same group of girls. Sanders' (and J & S's) last major production was a psychedelic rock release by Pugsley Munion, the single (JS 0002) and album (SLP-0001) "Just Like You" in 1970.Photo of Zell Sanders signing Pugsley Munion with description (Billboard, September 12, 1970, p. 6). Retrieved 2012-05-10.Advertisement in Billboard, September 19, 1970, p. 71. Retrieved 2012-05-10. Zell Sanders died in 1976, and her daughter Johnnie Louise Richardson died in 1988. ==See also== * List of record labels ==References== Category:Record labels established in 1956 Category:Defunct record labels of the United States Category:American record labels
+thumb|right|HMS Abyssinia thumb|right|Masted turret ship HMS Neptune J & W Dudgeon was a Victorian shipbuilding and engineering company based in Cubitt Town, London, founded by John and William Dudgeon. John and William Dudgeon had established the Sun Iron Works in Millwall in the 1850s, and had a reputation for advanced marine engines. In 1862 they set up as shipbuilders at a yard to the south of Cubitt Town Pier. They initially specialised in building blockade runners for the American Civil War, at times employing up to 1500 men. The yard, with of river frontage, stretched nearly inland to Manchester Road. The first ship built there was the 150-foot Flora, the first twin-screw steamer to cross the Atlantic Ocean. The firm survived the 1866 crash of Overend Gurney, with enough orders to take over the disused yard to the south in 1869. This gave a combined river frontage of . In 1874 the company was severely damaged by the bungled launching of the large warship Independencia for the Brazilian government, repairs and refitting eventually being done by Samuda Brothers, just down the river. The ship was eventually acquired by the Royal Navy, as HMS Neptune. William Dudgeon died in 1875 and the yard closed. John Dudgeon was subsequently judged to be 'of unsound mind' and was admitted to an asylum in Edinburgh. By 1882 the site had become an oil storage wharf, with tanks below ground level. By 1913 it had 27 oil storage tanks with a combined capacity of over 14,000 tons. It remained in this use until the 1960s, by which time it had nearly 100 tanks, some of 20,000 gallons. In 1969 an explosion in an oil storage tank being demolished at the site (then known as Dudgeon's wharf) killed five firemen. The site was later developed for housing and is known as Compass Point. ==Ships== Ship GRT Yard No Date of Launch 305 25 September 1862 Annie 370 1863 Coya 515 August 1863 Apelles 1030 6 May 1863 Dee 324 1863 Kate 477 1863 Vesta 370 1863 Ceres 374 1863 Don 390 23 May 1863 Hebe 449 9 1863 1259 31 October 1863 1863 537 1864 Atalanta 380 1864 614 26 March 1864 613 23 April 1864 481 1864 432 1864 614 1864 680 1865 902 1865 1504 March 1865 393 1865 680 1865 666 23 May 1864 138 1865 933 1866 16 June 1866 170 1866 103 1866 198 60 28 July 1866 143 1867 143 1867 1228 21 December 1867 143 18 April 1867 171 1869 181 1869 505 1869 181 1869 1698 June 1870 1698 August 1870 1698 30 December 1869 1870 1870 2900 19 February 1870 1698 75 4 April 1870 281 1871 670 13 October 1870 3480 30 September 1871 718 1871 498 July 1872 791 28 May 1872 105 1872 2570 20 April 1872 861 November 1872 498 September 1872 730 1873 245 March 1873 604 April 1873 278 1873 734 June 1873 2213 103 13 December 1872 276 November 1874 233 May 1874 309 1874 657 12 September 1874 545 121 31 January 1874 1874 368 131 15 May 1875 9310 10 September 1874 ==References== ==External links== * * List of Dudgeon ships Category:History of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets Category:Shipbuilding in London Category:Ships built in Cubitt Town Category:Shipyards on the River Thames Category:Port of London
+J & W Van Duzen & Company, was a 19th-century, Philadelphia shipbuilding firm. It was formed in 1834 by brothers John, Mathew and Washington Van Duzen and their brother-in-law Captain Christian Gulager. The three sons of an earlier Philadelphia shipbuilder, Mathew Van Duzen who came from New York in 1795. The New York genealogical and biographical record, "New York Genealogical and Biographical Society; Greene, Richard Henry, 1839-1926, ed; Stiles, Henry Reed, 1832-1909, ed; Dwight, Melatiah Everett, ed; Morrison, George Austin, 1864-1916, ed; Mott, Hopper Striker, 1854-1924, ed; Totten, John Reynolds, 1856-1936, ed; Pitman, H. Minot (Harold Minot), 1888- ed; Ditmas, Charles Andrew, 1887-1938, ed; De Forest, Louis Effingham, 1891- ed; Mann, Conklin, ed; Maynard, Arthur S., ed Washington Van Duzen patented the first marine railway in Philadelphia, in 1834. It was subsequently built by J. & W. Van Dusen & Co., at Kensington, Philadelphia in 1834-35. Mathew Van Dusen was mentor to Domingo Marcucci who later became an important early shipbuilder in San Francisco. San Francisco Call, Volume 87, Number 99, 9 March 1902, p.6 FIRST BOATBUILDER ON THE PACIFIC COAST by J. M. Scanland ==References== Category:American companies established in 1834 Category:Defunct shipbuilding companies of the United States Category:History of Philadelphia Category:Kensington, Philadelphia Category:1834 establishments in Pennsylvania
+J was a streetcar line in Los Angeles, California. It was operated by the Los Angeles Railway from 1911 to 1945, by Los Angeles Transit Lines from 1945 to 1958, and by the Los Angeles Metropolitan Transit Authority from 1958 to 1963. ==History== ===Huntington Line (1895–1911)=== The Huntington Line was one of the original routes of the Los Angeles Railway. From Downtown, it branched off the Pico Line at 1st and Santa Fe. From there, it followed a route south on Santa Fe Avenue, a private right-of-way, Mateo Street, 9th Street, Santa Fe Avenue, Pacific Boulevard, Florence Avenue, and Seville Avenue to Walnut Park, with an additional branch down Santa Fe to Slauson Avenue. After 1911, a shuttle route continued to run on Mateo Street, but the remainder of the route now entered Downtown Los Angeles via 7th Street. ===Jefferson Line (1898–1911)=== The Jefferson Line was built by the Los Angeles Traction Company, and ran as a meager shuttle route on West Jefferson Boulevard between 4th Avenue and Wesley Avenue (present-day University Avenue) at the University of Southern California, where there were two transfer points for the Los Angeles Railway's University Line. The route was maintained by the Los Angeles Interurban Railway, then the Pacific Electric Railway, who operated the local route until the Great Merger of 1911. From that point on, the Jefferson Line was integrated into the Huntington Line and extended west to 9th Avenue. ===J Line (1911–1963)=== In 1921, the route became known as "J." The line ran from Jefferson and 9th in the Jefferson Park neighborhood of Los Angeles, to Seville and Santa Ana Streets in Walnut Park. Cars operated by way of West Jefferson Boulevard, South Grand Avenue, 7th Street, Mateo Street, East Olympic Boulevard, South Santa Fe Avenue, Pacific Boulevard, East Florence Avenue, and Seville Avenue. Early on, a short-lived branch line was run east on Jefferson to San Pedro. The line was extended at both ends to new balloon loops in 1939: one at 10th Street and the Palm Place loop. The service was transferred to the Los Angeles Metropolitan Transit Authority in 1958. In 1962, due to a paving project, rail service east of Seventh and San Pedro was rerouted with a deviation and aligned with the S line south on San Pedro and Avalon, thence left on Vernon through the Jazz District aligned with the V line to Santa Fe Avenue and Pacific Boulevard until service ceased on March 31, 1963. This line contributed to the success of Huntington Park's Pacific Boulevard business district for many years. ==Sources== ==External links== * J Line Archives — Pacific Electric Railway Historical Society * Category:Los Angeles Railway routes Category:Railway lines opened in 1920 Category:Railway lines closed in 1963 Category:1920 establishments in California Category:1963 disestablishments in California
+J (Sidi Rezegh) Battery Royal Horse Artillery are a Close Support Battery of 3rd Regiment Royal Horse Artillery. They were currently based in Caen Barracks in Hohne, Germany. ==History== ===Madras Horse Artillery=== J Battery was originally raised in India on 4 April 1805 as The Troop of Madras Horse Artillery, part of the Madras Army of the Honourable East India Company. With the formation of another unit on 6 January 1806 (the 2nd Half Squadron, Madras Horse Artillery), it was renamed as the 1st Half Squadron, Madras Horse Artillery and 1st Troop, Madras Horse Artillery with the formation of a third troop (later M Battery, Royal Horse Artillery) on 25 January 1809. By 5 August 1825, the Madras Horse Artillery had grown to 8 batteries and so was reorganized as two brigades; the battery was redesignated as A Troop, 1st Brigade, Madras Horse Artillery. The last redesignation under the Madras Army (as A Troop, Madras Horse Artillery) came on 4 January 1831 as the brigade system was discontinued and the Madras Horse Artillery shrank to 6 batteries in a single sequence (A to F Troops). As a result of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British Crown took direct control of India from the East India Company on 1 November 1858 under the provisions of the Government of India Act 1858. The Presidency armies transferred to the direct authority of the British Crown and its European units were transferred to the British Army. Henceforth artillery, the mutineers most effective arm, was to be the sole preserve of the British Army (with the exception of certain Mountain Artillery batteries). On 19 February 1862, the Madras Horse Artillery transferred to the Royal Artillery as its 3rd Horse Brigade and A Troop became A Battery, 3rd Horse Brigade, RA. The battery was in South Africa during the Second Boer War (1899-1902). Following the end of the war, 160 officers and men left Point Natal for India on the SS Ionian in October 1902, and after arrival in Bombay, was stationed in Meerut, Bengal Presidency. ===World War I=== thumb|right|J’ Battery Royal Horse Artillery in action near the Messines Ridge, October 1914. ===World War II=== The battery was given the Honour title "Sidi Rezegh" for its action against a German attack during Operation Crusader, during which A Troop commander George Ward Gunn earned the Victoria Cross, and the battery commander Major Bernard Pinney was recommended for the VC. ===Post war=== ==See also== *British Army *Royal Artillery *Royal Horse Artillery *List of Royal Artillery Batteries *Madras Horse Artillery Batteries ==Notes== ==References== ==Bibliography== * * * * ==External links== * * * Category:Royal Horse Artillery batteries Category:Royal Artillery batteries Category:1805 establishments in British India Category:Military units and formations established in 1805
+Chung Jae-young (; born May 2, 1977), better known by the stage names J and J.ae (), is a Korean-American singer based in South Korea. She debuted in 1998 with the album, J: Gold. ==Early life== J was born Chung Jae-young on May 2, 1977. Her father is Chung Hee-taek, the former vocalist of the rock band He Six, and her aunt is Chung Hoon-hee, a singer. When she was one year old, she immigrated to the United States with her family. She grew up in San Francisco, California, and later Springfield, Virginia, where she attended West Springfield High School. Her mother entered her into the 1995 regional Miss Korea pageant in Washington, D.C., where she finished as the first runner-up and was scouted by a music producer. She studied jazz at NOVA in Virginia, but took a leave of absence in 1997 and returned to South Korea in order to become a singer. ==Career== J’s debut album was prepared over the course of two years. During that period, J provided vocals for Yoo Seung-jun’s 1st and 2nd albums and contributed to the soundtrack of the movie Hallelujah. Her debut album was released in November 1998 with two versions — J-Gold and J-Blue. J-Gold was described as "pure and innocent", while J-Blue was described as "emphasizing a sensuous feel." The two versions shared 7 tracks in common, while the remaining 4 differed. In 2002, J was invited to contribute her talent to the FIFA World Cup's official album. Her song "Gotta Get Love" was featured on The Official Album of the 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea/Japan Edition. In 2007, she released a contemporary Christian album In My Lifetime. The album had a more R&B;/hip-hop feel than her previous releases.(Google translation) In 2012, J hosted Arirang TV's The Sensation, a music-focused series that introduced traditional Korean instruments, music, and dance through multiple venues including concerts, studio audience tapings, and award-winning documentaries geared towards a world-wide English-speaking audience. ==Personal life== On September 14, 2013, J married a U.S. soldier who was based in South Korea. Following their marriage, the couple moved to the United States. They have one daughter, born on June 28, 2016. ==Discography== Title Date released Language Label VOL. 1 - Blue/Gold (double album) November 27, 1998 Korean Seoul Records VOL. 2 - In L.O.V.E. April 21, 2000 Korean Seoul Records VOL. 2.5 - Chocolate November 2000 English Seoul Records VOL. 3 - Beautiful Ones June 21, 2001 Korean Pony Canyon Best & Live (Greatest Hits) December 19, 2001 Korean and English Seoul Records VOL. 4 - Dim The Lights April 12, 2002 Korean Seoul Records VOL. 5 - The Crush of Love September 23, 2004 Korean Plyzen In My Life March 19, 2007 Korean Seoul Records Through Tears (digital single) June 18, 2007 Korean SBSi ==Awards and nominations== Award Year Category Nominee Result Golden Disc Awards 2000 Popularity Award "Like Yesterday" (어제처럼) Mnet Asian Music Awards Best R&B; Performance 2001 Best Female Artist "The Saddest Words" (가장 슬픈 말) SBS Gayo Daejeon 2000 R&B; Award J Seoul Music Awards Best New Artist == References == == External links == * Category:1977 births Category:American musicians of Korean descent Category:Living people Category:South Korean women pop singers Category:South Korean rhythm and blues singers Category:South Korean female idols Category:21st-century South Korean singers Category:21st-century South Korean women singers
+, better known by his stage name J, is a Japanese musician, singer, songwriter and record producer. He is best known as bassist and co-founder of the rock band Luna Sea since 1986. After they disbanded in 2000 he focused on his solo career, for which he performs lead vocals and bass. He rejoined Luna Sea when they reunited in August 2010. Since 1997, J has had prominent names in the music industry playing either on his albums, as his backing band, or showing up as guests at some of his concerts including Raymond Watts (PIG), Ray McVeigh (Zilch), Takashi Fujita (Doom), Scott Garrett, Billy Duffy and Ian Astbury (all three from The Cult), Steve Jones (The Sex Pistols), Duff McKagan and Slash (both from Velvet Revolver), Franz Stahl (Scream, Foo Fighters) and Youjeen (Cherry Filter). ==Career== ===1986–2009: Luna Sea and solo debut=== During middle school through high school J became good friends with Inoran, and in 1986 they formed a band called Lunacy. In 1991, Lunacy changed their name to Luna Sea and released their first album. They went on to become very successful, having sold more than 10 million certified units in Japan, and are considered one of the most influential bands in the visual kei movement. As a teenager, J was a roadie for thrash metal band Aion for about two years. The members of Luna Sea later provided backing vocals on Aion's 1991 album Aionism. In 2008, J played bass on five songs for the self-titled debut album of Aion leader Izumi's death metal band, The Braincase. In 1993, J teamed up with Inoran and X Japan guitarist hide to form the group M*A*S*S. Their only material released was the song "Frozen Bug" on the sampler Dance 2 Noise 004 (the song would later be remixed by hide and put on his debut solo album Hide Your Face). J signed with Universal Music Group in 1997 and put out his first single called "Burn Out" on June 25, which contained a cover of the Blondie hit song "Call Me". His debut album Pyromania was released on July 24 and reached number 9 on the Oricon chart. In 1999, he remixed Zilch's song "Electric Cucumber" for their remix album, Bastard Eyes. J later performed and toured with Zilch in 2001. J did some arranging, writing and composing work on Youjeen's albums and singles released 2001–2002, together with Franz Stahl. In 2002, he played bass on the track "I Hate You" for Tomoyasu Hotei's album Scorpio Rising. Hotei later remixed J's song "Perfect World" for the "Go Crazy" single. J participated in the making of South Korean musician Seo Taiji's 2004 album 7th Issue, by playing bass. Since November 9, 2005, starting with the "Break" single, J has been signed to Blowgrow a division of Avex Group. J covered Buck-Tick's song "Iconoclasm" for their tribute album, Parade -Respective Tracks of Buck-Tick-, which was released on December 21, 2005. Later on September 8, 2007, he performed at "Buck-Tick Fest 2007 on Parade", the finale of the tour for the album. In 2006, he played bass in a collaboration with other musicians the song "Pursuit", under the name Aggressive Dogs Death Note Allstars "N-Crew", on the Death Note manga's tribute album, Death Note Tribute. On December 24, 2007, J reunited with Luna Sea for their concert God Bless You ~One Night Dejavu~ at the Tokyo Dome. The band would reunite and perform again at the hide memorial summit on May 4, 2008, along with X Japan, Oblivion Dust, Takanori Nishikawa, and many more. In April 2009, J made the announcement, in his fan club issued Pyro Magazine Vol.21, that he had gotten married. ===2010–present: Luna Sea reunion=== In August 2010, he appeared with the other members of Luna Sea at a press conference in Hong Kong, where they officially announced their reunion and their 20th Anniversary World Tour Reboot -to the New Moon-. thumb|upright|J (left) performing with Luna Sea in Singapore, 2013. To celebrate his 14-year anniversary as a solo artist, J released the self cover album Fourteen -The Best of Ignitions- in January 2011. March 8, was the debut of Pink Spider, a musical based on and featuring hide's music, which J performed a supporting role in. The production ran from March 8 to the 27 at the Tokyo Globe Theater and was then brought to Fukuoka, Kobe, Nagoya, Niigata, Sendai, and Sapporo in April. From May 5 to 9, J held five consecutive concerts at Shibuya-AX titled J 14th Anniversary Special Live Set Fire Get Higher -Fire Higher 2011-, each day with different bands such as Mass of the Fermenting Dregs, Nothing's Carved in Stone, Avengers in Sci-Fi, Pay Money to My Pain and The Hiatus. On August 10, 2013, J began a series of concerts titled Tokyo 10 Days!! - 5 Months a Blaze -, which had him performing two consecutive nights in five locations, in five months. This is in addition to his nationwide tour J Live Tour 2013 - Believe in Yourself - from August 24 to October 27, 2013, which included 11 shows in 10 different cities. The band also participated at the year's Rock in Japan Festival and Monster Bash. J released his ninth studio album, Freedom No.9. on October 23. His former support guitarist masasucks appears on the album, as does drummer Masuo Arimatsu from Back Drop Bomb. The album was released on vinyl on April 19, 2014 for Record Store Day. Takashi Fujita, J's backing guitarist since he launched his solo career in 1997, retired at the end of the year and masasucks officially returned in his place. In spring 2015, J held a short tour and announced a new album was nearly completed. Eternal Flames was released on September 2, 2015. J's eleventh studio album, Limitless, was released on July 24, 2019. He collaborated with Takanori Nishikawa on the songs "Real×Eyez", the theme song he composed for the Kamen Rider Zero-One TV series, and "Another Daybreak", the theme song he composed for the Kamen Rider Reiwa: The First Generation film. Both tracks were released as a single on January 22, 2020. The two musicians collaborated again on "A.I. ∴ All Imagination" for 2020's Kamen Rider Zero-One the Movie: Real×Time. ==Equipment== J was endorsed by ESP Guitars for 28 years until May 2019. His many signature model bass guitars with the brand, most of which had his trademark phrase "WAKE UP! MOTHER FUCKER" painted on them, have sold over 50,000 copies. Before the contract expired, the special event "J × ESP 28 Years Trajectory ~28 Toshi no Kiseki~" followed his spring tour displaying his signature models and other goods. At the end of May 2019, it was announced that he had signed an endorsement contract with Fender. They gave him a custom model based on the Fender Precision Bass. Based on that specific custom model that he had been using, J's signature model was released on August 12, 2020. Regardless of endorsements, J uses various different brands when recording. ==Support band== * – guitar 2009–present (Nunchaku, Superhype) * masasucks – guitar 2005–2008, 2015–present (The Hiatus, Fullscratch) * – drums 2016–present (Kemuri, Back Drop Bomb, Pontiacs) ;Former members * Franz Stahl – guitar 1997, 1999–2005 (Scream, Wool, Foo Fighters) * – guitar 1997–2014 (Doom) * Scott Garrett – drums 1997–2016 (The Cult, Dag Nasty, Wired All Wrong) ==Discography== ;Albums * Pyromania (July 24, 1997), Oricon Albums Chart Peak Position: #9 * Blood Muzik (December 27, 2001) #34 * Unstoppable Drive (November 27, 2002) #18 * Red Room (May 19, 2004) #24 * Glaring Sun (December 7, 2005) #39 * Urge (March 14, 2007) #39 * Ride (April 23, 2008) #36 * On Fire (March 21, 2012) #24 * Freedom No.9 (October 23, 2013) #31 * Eternal Flames (September 2, 2015) #15 * Limitless (July 24, 2019) #33 * Lightning (November 3, 2021) #17 ;EPs * Igniter #081 (July 18, 2002) * Crack Tracks (August 21, 2002) #28 * Go with the Devil -Crack Tracks II- (July 9, 2003) #26 * Stars From The Broken Night (August 5, 2009) #20 * Here Comes Nameless Sunrise (December 16, 2009) #36 ;Live albums * The Live -All of Urge- (December 19, 2007) #62 ;Compilation albums * Blast List -The Best of- (December 22, 2004) #43 * Fourteen -The Best of Ignitions- (January 26, 2011, self-cover) #28 * J 20th Anniversary Best Album ＜1997-2017＞ W.U.M.F. (March 22, 2017) #41 ;Singles * "Burn Out" (June 25, 1997), Oricon Singles Chart Peak Position: #6 * "But You Said I'm Useless" (October 22, 1997) #31 * "Perfect World" (July 25, 2001) #19 * "Go Crazy" (March 20, 2002) #23 * "Feel Your Blaze" (October 30, 2002) #17 * "Nowhere" (April 14, 2004) #18 * "Get Ready" (July 6, 2005) #32 * "Break" (November 9, 2005) #22 * "Fly Away/Squall" (July 12, 2006) #43 * "Twister" (February 7, 2007) #24 * "Walk Along ~Infinite Mix~" (August 22, 2007) #42 * "Reckless" (March 19, 2008) #31 * "Now and Forever" (June 30, 2018, limited single) * "Real×Eyez" (January 22, 2020, credited to J×Takanori Nishikawa) #8 * "My Heaven/A Thousand Dreams" (August 12, 2020) ;Home videos * Pyromania Tour'97 ~Crime Scene~ (VHS: October 22, 1997, DVD: December 18, 2002) * Film The Blood Muzik 80min. Riot (June 26, 2002), Oricon DVDs Chart Peak Position: #34 * The Judgment Day -2003.1.4. Live at Budokan- (March 26, 2003) #51 * Blast List -The Clips- (December 22, 2004) #158 * Crazy Crazy ~Live & Document~ (March 26, 2006) #59 * Crazy Crazy II ~Road on Flames~ (December 6, 2006) #48 * Live And Let Ride (April 2009) * Crazy Crazy III -With The Unfading Fire- (March 17, 2010) #49 * -Complete Clips- (November 13, 2012) #220, Oricon Blu-rays Chart Peak Position: #84 * Crazy Crazy IV -The Flaming Freedom- (March 26, 2014) #147, #121 * Crazy Crazy V -The Eternal Flames- (March 16, 2016) #99, #57 * J 20th Anniversary Live Film [W.U.M.F.] -Tour Final at EX Theater Roppongi 2017.6.25- (November 15, 2017) #45, #17 * J Live Streaming Akasaka Blitz 5 Days Final -Thank You to All Mother Fuckers- (February 10, 2021) #38, #16 ===With Luna Sea=== ===Other work=== * M*A*S*S; Dance 2 Noise (1993) - "Frozen Bug" * Nav Katze; Out (1994) - bass on * hide; Hide Your Face (1994) - composer (as part of M*A*S*S) on "Frozen Bug '93 (Diggers Version)" * Zilch; Bastard Eyes (1999) - remixed * Zilch; "Charlie's Children" (2001) - bass on track 3 * Zilch; Skyjin (2001) - bass on tracks 1–3, 5, 8, 11 & 13 * Youjeen; "Hey Jerks" (2001) - arrangement & bass on all tracks; lyricist on tracks #1 & 3; composer on track #2 * Youjeen; "Someday" (2001) - arrangement, bass, guitar, lyricist and composer on all tracks * Youjeen; The Doll (2001) - arrangement & bass on all tracks except #12; guitar on tracks #1, 4, 6, 8-11; lyricist on all tracks except #4, 10, & 12; composer on all tracks except #2, 3, 5, 7 & 12 * Youjeen; "Beautiful Days" (2001) - arrangement & bass on all tracks; lyricist on tracks #1 & 2; composer & guitar on tracks # 1 & 3 * Tomoyasu Hotei; Scorpio Rising (2002) - bass on "I Hate You" * Dice; One (2003) - producer * Seo Taiji; 7th Issue (2004) - bass * Various artists; Parade -Respective Tracks of Buck-Tick- (2005) - "Iconoclasm" * Various artists; Death Note Tribute (2006) - "Pursuit" * The Braincase; The Braincase (2008) - bass on tracks #3, 4, 7, 9 & 11 * Aggressive Dogs; (2009) - bass on "Seize the Day" * Various artists; (2009) - bass on * Various artists; Jack Rocks (2010) - "Miss Dizzy" * Tokyo Girls' Style; "Get The Star / Last Forever" (2013) - composer on tracks 1 & 2 * Various artists; hide Tribute VII -Rock Spirits- (2013) - "Flame" * minus(-); G (2015) - guest vocals on "Peepshow" * lynch.; Sinners (2017) - bass on "Trigger" ==References== ==External links== * Official website * Official YouTube * Signature ESP guitars Category:1970 births Category:Living people Category:Luna Sea members Category:Visual kei musicians Category:Japanese male singer-songwriters Category:Japanese singer-songwriters Category:Japanese male rock singers Category:Japanese alternative rock musicians Category:Japanese rock bass guitarists Category:Japanese punk rock musicians Category:People from Hadano, Kanagawa Category:Musicians from Kanagawa Prefecture Category:Avex Group artists Category:Male bass guitarists Category:21st-century bass guitarists
+J is a 2014 novel by Howard Jacobson. It was shortlisted for the 2014 Man Booker Prize. ==References== Category:2014 British novels Category:2014 science fiction novels Category:Jonathan Cape books
+The J programming language, developed in the early 1990s by Kenneth E. Iverson and Roger Hui,A Personal View of APL, 1991 essay by K.E. Iverson (archived link)Overview of J history by Roger Hui (19 March 2002) is an array programming language based primarily on APL (also by Iverson). To avoid repeating the APL special-character problem, J uses only the basic ASCII character set, resorting to the use of the dot and colon as inflectionsJ NuVoc Words to form short words similar to digraphs. Most such primary (or primitive) J words serve as mathematical symbols, with the dot or colon extending the meaning of the basic characters available. Also, many characters which in other languages often must be paired (such as `[] {} "" ``` or `<>`) are treated by J as stand-alone words or, when inflected, as single-character roots of multi-character words. J is a very terse array programming language, and is most suited to mathematical and statistical programming, especially when performing operations on matrices. It has also been used in extreme programming and network performance analysis. Like John Backus's languages FP and FL, J supports function-level programming via its tacit programming features. Unlike most languages that support object-oriented programming, J's flexible hierarchical namespace scheme (where every name exists in a specific locale) can be effectively used as a framework for both class-based and prototype-based object-oriented programming. Since March 2011, J is free and open-source software under the GNU General Public License version 3 (GPLv3).Jsoftware's source download page One may also purchase source under a negotiated license.Jsoftware's sourcing policy ==Examples== J permits point- free style and function composition. Thus, its programs can be very terse and are considered difficult to read by some programmers. The "Hello, World!" program in J is: 'Hello, World!' This implementation of hello world reflects the traditional use of J – programs are entered into a J interpreter session, and the results of expressions are displayed. It's also possible to arrange for J scripts to be executed as standalone programs. Here's how this might look on a Unix system: #!/bin/jc echo 'Hello, world!' exit '' (Note that current j implementations install either `jconsole` or (because jconsole is used by java), `ijconsole` and likely install this to /usr/bin or some other directory (perhaps the Application directory on OSX). So, there's a system dependency here which the user would have to solve.) Historically, APL used `/` to indicate the fold, so `+/1 2 3` was equivalent to `1+2+3`. Meanwhile, division was represented with the mathematical division symbol (). Because ASCII does not include a division symbol per se, J uses % to represent division, as a visual approximation or reminder. (This illustrates something of the mnemonic character of J's tokens, and some of the quandaries imposed by the use of ASCII.) Defining a J function named `avg` to calculate the average of a list of numbers yields: * ` +/ `sums the items of the array. * ` # `counts the number of items in the array. * ` % `divides the sum by the number of items. This is a test execution of the function: 2.5 Above, avg is defined using a train of three verbs (`+/`, `%`, and `#`) termed a fork. Specifically, `(V0 V1 V2) Ny` is the same as `(V0(Ny)) V1 (V2(Ny))` which shows some of the power of J. (Here V0, V1, and V2 denote verbs and Ny denotes a noun.) Some examples of using `avg`: NB. a random vector 46 55 79 52 54 39 60 57 60 94 46 78 13 18 51 92 78 60 90 62 59.2 NB. moving average on periods of size 4 58 60 56 51.25 52.5 54 67.75 64.25 69.5 57.75 38.75 40 43.5 59.75 70.25 80 72.5 NB. a random matrix 46 5 29 2 4 39 10 7 10 44 46 28 13 18 1 42 28 10 40 12 NB. apply avg to each rank 1 subarray (each row) of m 17.2 22 21.2 26.4 Rank is a crucial concept in J. Its significance in J is similar to the significance of `select` in SQL and of `while` in C. Implementing quicksort, from the J Dictionary yields: sel=: adverb def 'u # [' quicksort=: verb define if. 1 >: #y do. y else. (quicksort y sel e=.y{~?#y end. ) The following is an implementation of quicksort demonstrating tacit programming. The latter involves composing functions together and not referring explicitly to any variables. J's support for forks and hooks dictates rules on how arguments applied to this function will be applied to its component functions. quicksort=: (($:@(<#[), (=#[), $:@(>#[)) ({~ ?@#)) ^: (1<#) Sorting in J is usually accomplished using the built-in (primitive) verbs `/:` (sort up) and `\:` (sort down). User-defined sorts such as quicksort, above, typically are for illustration only. The following example demonstrates the usage of the self-reference verb `$:` to recursively calculate fibonacci numbers: 1:`($:@-&2+$:@<:)@.(>&2) This recursion can also be accomplished by referring to the verb by name, although this is of course only possible if the verb is named: fibonacci=:1:`(fibonacci@-&2+fibonacci@<:)@.(>&2) The following expression exhibits pi with n digits and demonstrates the extended precision abilities of J: NB. set n as the number of digits required NB. extended precision 10 to the nth * pi 314159265358979323846264338327950288419716939937510 ==Verbs and Modifiers== A program or routine - something that takes data as input and produces data as output - is called a verb. J has a rich set of predefined verbs, all of which work on multiple data types automatically: for example, the verb searches within arrays of any size to find matches: 3 1 4 1 5 9 i. 3 1 NB. find the index of the first occurrence of 3, and of 1 0 1 3 1 4 1 5 9 i: 3 1 NB. find the index of the last occurrence of 3, and of 1 0 3 User programs can be named and used wherever primitives are allowed. The power of J comes largely from its modifiers: symbols that take nouns and verbs as operands and apply the operands in a specified way. For example, the modifier takes one operand, a verb to its left, and produces a verb that applies that verb between each item of its argument. That is, is a verb, defined as 'apply between the items of your argument' Thus, the sentence +/ 1 2 3 4 5 produces the effect of 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 +/ 1 2 3 4 5 15 J has roughly two dozen of these modifiers. All of them can apply to any verb, even a user-written verb, and users may write their own modifiers. While modifiers are powerful individually, allowing * repeated execution, i. e. do-while * conditional execution, i. e. if * execution of regular or irregular subsets of arguments some of the modifiers control the order in which components are executed, allowing modifiers to be combined in any order to produce the unlimited variety of operations needed for practical programming. ==Data types and structures== J supports three simple types: * Numeric * Literal (Character) * Boxed Of these, numeric has the most variants. One of J's numeric types is the bit. There are two bit values: 0, and 1. Also, bits can be formed into lists. For example, ` 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 ` is a list of eight bits. Syntactically, the J parser treats that as one word. (The space character is recognized as a word-forming character between what would otherwise be numeric words.) Lists of arbitrary length are supported. Further, J supports all the usual binary operations on these lists, such as and, or, exclusive or, rotate, shift, not, etc. For example, 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 +. 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 NB. or 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 3 |. 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 NB. rotate 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 J also supports higher order arrays of bits. They can be formed into two-dimensional, three-dimensional, etc. arrays. The above operations perform equally well on these arrays. Other numeric types include integer (e.g., 3, 42), floating point (3.14, 8.8e22), complex (0j1, 2.5j3e88), extended precision integer (12345678901234567890x), and (extended precision) rational fraction (1r2, 3r4). As with bits, these can be formed into lists or arbitrarily dimensioned arrays. As with bits, operations are performed on all numbers in an array. Lists of bits can be converted to integer using the `#.` verb. Integers can be converted to lists of bits using the `#:` verb. (When parsing J, `.` (period) and `:` (colon) are word-forming characters. They are never tokens alone, unless preceded by whitespace characters.) J also supports the literal (character) type. Literals are enclosed in quotes, for example, `'a'` or `'b'`. Lists of literals are also supported using the usual convention of putting multiple characters in quotes, such as `'abcdefg'`. Typically, individual literals are 8-bits wide (ASCII), but J also supports other literals (Unicode). Numeric and boolean operations are not supported on literals, but collection-oriented operations (such as rotate) are supported. Finally, there is a boxed data type. Typically, data is put in a box using the `<` operation (with no left argument; if there's a left argument, this would be the less than operation). This is analogous to C's `&` operation (with no left argument). However, where the result of C's `&` has reference semantics, the result of J's `<` has value semantics. In other words, `<` is a function and it produces a result. The result has 0 dimensions, regardless of the structure of the contained data. From the viewpoint of a J programmer, `<` puts the data into a box and allows working with an array of boxes (it can be assembled with other boxes, and/or more copies can be made of the box). <1 0 0 1 0 +---------+ |1 0 0 1 0| +---------+ The only collection type offered by J is the arbitrarily dimensioned array. Most algorithms can be expressed very concisely using operations on these arrays. J's arrays are homogeneously typed, for example the list ` 1 2 3 ` is a list of integers despite ` 1 ` being a bit. For the most part, these sorts of type issues are transparent to programmers. Only certain specialized operations reveal differences in type. For example, the list ` 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 ` would be treated exactly the same, by most operations, as the list ` 1 0 1 0 `. J also supports sparse numeric arrays where non-zero values are stored with their indices. This is an efficient mechanism where relatively few values are non-zero. J also supports objects and classes,Chapter 25: Object-Oriented Programming but these are an artifact of the way things are named, and are not data types. Instead, boxed literals are used to refer to objects (and classes). J data has value semantics, but objects and classes need reference semantics. Another pseudo- type—associated with name, rather than value—is the memory mapped file. ==Debugging== thumb|Dissecting the Collatz sequence starting from 6 J has the usual facilities for stopping on error or at specified places within verbs. It also has a unique visual debugger, called Dissect, that gives a 2-D interactive display of the execution of a single J sentence. Because a single sentence of J performs as much computation as an entire subroutine in lower- level languages, the visual display is quite helpful. ==Documentation== J's documentation includes a dictionary, with words in J identified as nouns, verbs, modifiers, and so on. Primary words are listed in the vocabulary, in which their respective parts of speech are indicated using markup. Note that verbs have two forms: monadic (arguments only on the right) and dyadic (arguments on the left and on the right). For example, in '`-1`' the hyphen is a monadic verb, and in '`3-2`' the hyphen is a dyadic verb. The monadic definition is mostly independent of the dyadic definition, regardless of whether the verb is a primitive verb or a derived verb. ==Control structures== J provides control structures (details here) similar to other procedural languages. Prominent control words in each category include: * `assert.` * `break.` * `continue.` * `for.` * `goto_label.` * `if. else. elseif.` * `return.` * `select. case.` * `throw.` * `try. catch.` * `while. whilst.` ==See also== * K (programming language) – another APL-influenced language * Q – The language of KDB+ and a new merged version of K and KSQL. ==References== ==External links== * – JSoftware, creators of J * – Repository of source * J Wiki * Learning J – An Introduction to the J Programming Language by Roger Stokes Category:APL programming language family Category:Array programming languages Category:Class-based programming languages Category:Dynamically typed programming languages Category:Function-level languages Category:Functional languages Category:Multi-paradigm programming languages Category:Numerical programming languages Category:Object-oriented programming languages
+J A Chowdary is the founding director of Software Technology Parks of India at Bangalore, Hyderabad and Chennai. He is the current chairman of the Indian BlockChain Standards Committee, the General Partner-Succeed Innovation Fund and a former IT advisor and special chief secretary to the Chief Minister, Government of Andhra Pradesh. \- \- J A Chowdary is leading the Fintech Forum in Hyderabad == Early life == Chowdary was born on 18 February 1955 in Bathalapalle, a village in the Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh. He started his career at the Indian Space Research Organisation as a scientist, where he was involved in designing telemetry subsystems for Bhaskara, Rohini and Aryabhata satellites. He worked at Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), where he contributed towards developing mechanisms that would facilitate online monitoring of pollution levels, and process control instruments for BHEL power stations. Chowdary has an M.Tech in solid state electronics from Indian Institute of Technology Madras and an M.Sc from SK University. == Roles in IT and business == In the 1990s. Chowdary was credited as "one of the key architects" of the HITEC City and Cyberabad in Hyderabad and in founding International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad at Hyderabad and IIDT at Tirupati. Chowdary is a co-founder of PortalPlayer which was acquired by Nvidia in 2007. He led the development of the chip that went into the first generation of iPod. He is also a co-founder and board member at Hyderabad Angels. Chowdary has been in the roles of chairman of the Industry Development Forum for Andhra Pradesh, co-chairman of the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry (Telangana and Andhra Pradesh), president of the Anantapur Development Initiative Foundation and president of the Food 360 Foundation. == Awards and honours == Chowdary has won the "Meritorious Invention Award" from NRDC, Government of India, HMA Award of excellence "for promoting the Indian IT Industry", HYSEA Award of excellence "for promoting the IT industry in Andhra Pradesh" and in 2020 HYSEA awarded him "Life Time Achievement Award" too Award of excellence from the Telugu Association of the state of Texas in the United States. \- == See also == *Fintech Valley Vizag ==References== == External links == *Official website Category:1955 births Category:Living people Category:IIT Madras alumni Category:Businesspeople in software Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople
+J A Pye (Oxford) Ltd and Others v Graham and another [2002] is an English land law judgment from the final court of appeal at the time, the House of Lords, on adverse possession. ==Facts== The company claimant acted at all times through its director, Mr Pye. Pye allowed his neighbours the Grahams to use he owned, valued at £10,000,000, under a grazing agreement. The document expressly stated that the agreement would end on the 31 December 1983 and that to continue the arrangement a new contract would need to be entered into. Pye did not enter into another agreement because he wanted to develop the land but the Grahams continued to occupy the land. After 12 years the Grahams sought to obtain it under the law of adverse possession. ==Judgment== ===High Court=== In the High Court Neuberger J ruled that under the Land Registration Act 1925 the Grahams were the lawful owners of the land as Pye had failed to take possession of this land. The case admitted in its final, unanimous, judgment that most similar instances of adverse possession in registered land will be averted on the commencement of the Land Registration Act 2002 (which took place on 13 October 2003). ===Court of Appeal=== The Court of Appeal overturned the ruling of the High Court and held that the Grahams were only using the land because of the grazing agreement, thus they hadn't been in possession of it. ===House of Lords=== The House of Lords unanimously rejected the Court of Appeal's decision and restored the decision of Neuberger J. This was one of the last cases to be decided before the Land Registration Act 2002 came into force, which required that any land acquired through adverse possession had to be registered using the Land Registry. As such a registration would result in the original owner being informed this would allow them to object to such possession. The effect is to make it far more difficult and unlikely to acquire registered land through squatting. ===European Court of Human Rights=== The case's application of the common law applying the LRA 1925 as it stood (before repealed with effect from 13 October 2003 by the LRA 2002) was litigated as J. A. Pye (Oxford) Ltd and Another v United Kingdom in the European Court of Human Rights. The ECtHR originally ruled that obtaining property via adverse possession was contrary to Article 1 of Protocol 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights (the right to the peaceful enjoyment of one's possessions). On appeal, the Grand Chamber subsequently held that although there was an interference with Convention rights, it was a proportionate and thus permissible interference; see J. A. Pye (Oxford) Ltd and Another v United Kingdom (2007) 46 EHRR 1083. English law on adverse possession was therefore human-rights compliant. ==References== ==External links== *J A Pye (Oxford) Ltd and Others v Graham and Another Category:House of Lords cases Category:2002 in United Kingdom case law Category:English property case law Category:English land case law
+J Album is the eleventh studio album released by Japanese duo KinKi Kids on December 9, 2009. The album was certified gold by the RIAJ for 100,000 copies shipped to stores in Japan. ==Commercial performance== J Album debuted at number-one with the sales of around 72,000 copies on the Japanese Oricon daily charts. It maintained its number-one spot with the sales of around 170,000 copies on the Japanese Oricon weekly charts. ==Track listing== ==Charts== ===Weekly charts=== Chart (2009) Peak position Japan Oricon Daily Album Chart 1 Japan Oricon Weekly Album Chart 1 Japan Oricon Yearly Album Chart 49 ===Sales and certifications=== Country Provider Sales Certification Japan RIAJ 170,183 Gold ==References== ==External links== * J Album Information at Oricon Style Category:2009 albums Category:KinKi Kids albums
+J Allard (born James Allard, on January 12, 1969 in Glens Falls, New York) is the chief executive officer of Project 529, a company that builds software for cyclists and law enforcement. Prior to starting Project 529, Allard was chief technology and experience officer for the Entertainment and Devices Division at Microsoft. He was instrumental in bringing Microsoft into the Internet age, leading the development of Internet technologies for Windows, and oversaw the company's first foray into the video game industry. Allard shipped over 30 products during his tenure at Microsoft and was a founding member of many Microsoft businesses, including Xbox, Xbox 360, Xbox Live, Windows NT and the TCP/IP product families. ==Education== Allard is a 1991 Boston University graduate with a bachelor's degree in computer science. In 2003, he received the Distinguished Alumni award and delivered the CS department commencement address. He later received an honorary degree (Doctor of Letters) from Boston University at the 2009 Boston University commencement ceremony alongside Larry Bird and Steven Spielberg. In 2019, Allard was awarded an Edmund Hillary Fellowship (EHF) to New Zealand, joining a community of entrepreneurs and investors to create global change. == Project 529 == Allard started the 529 Garage bicycle registration service in 2014 in Portland, Oregon. Today Project 529 is the world's largest bike registration network, approaching two million registered bikes. The service is used by bicycle owners, cities, law enforcement, universities and bike shops as a registration, reporting and recovery program. Since launching the first official test city of Vancouver, Canada in 2015, bike theft has dropped over 35% and thousands of stolen bicycles have been reunited with their owners. The program is now rapidly expanding throughout North America and has captured the attention of the World Bank. ==Microsoft== Allard joined Microsoft in 1991, recruited from Boston University as a Program Manager on the LAN Manager team overseeing the network protocol efforts and NDIS program. The former chief experience officer is best known for developing the Xbox product family, as well as his 1994 memo, "Windows: The Next Killer Application on the Internet", encouraging the Microsoft team to embrace the Internet. The memo, distributed to Microsoft leaders, captured the attention of Bill Gates and is cited for reshaping the company's direction, earning Allard the reputation as "Microsoft's Father of the Internet." According to an internal email, Allard was a network engineer responsible for convincing Microsoft to ship TCP/IP in Windows 95. Allard co- founded the Xbox project in 1999, primarily focused on the Xbox software platform, Xbox Live, and recruiting third-party developers and publishers to support the program. He was later promoted to the position of CTO and CXO of the Entertainment and Devices Division. This role had Allard building a unified design team, an incubation & prototyping team called Alchemie Ventures and new product development such as Zune, Kin and Courier. Throughout his career, Allard was an advocate for open standards serving on the Windows Sockets, IETF, IAB and W3C organizations. He often served as a media spokesperson for Microsoft as part of his product and standards work. === Products Shipped === * LAN Manager (2.0, 2.1, 2.2, TCP/IP Utilities for LAN Manager, Remote Access for LAN Manager, Macintosh Services for LAN Manager, Windows Sockets 1.0, 2.0) *Windows (Windows NT 3.1, 3.5, 3.51, 4.0, 5.0, TCP/IP for Windows for Workgroups, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows NT Option Kit) *Internet Information Server (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, Active Server Pages 1.0, 2.0, Active Data Objects 2.0, Microsoft Transaction Server, Microsoft XML) *Xbox (Xbox 1.0, Xbox Live, Xbox 360, Xbox peripherals, XNA, Xbox Music) * Entertainment & Devices (Zune 30, 4, 8, 80, HD, Zune Pass, Zune 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, Kin, Courier) ===Zune=== The Zune program started following the launch of the Xbox 360 in 2006. It was co-led by Allard (product) and Bryan Lee (business). When Lee stepped down in 2007 from his post as Zune Executive in charge of business development, Allard took over as the new executive. Allard oversaw development of the Microsoft Zune, a handheld portable media device, initially seen by some media as a potential iPod rival. The first generation Zune shipped in 2006 and sold more units than all non-iPod MP3 players sold in its first year. ===Kin=== The Microsoft Kin phone project, first known by the codename 'Project Pink', began under Allard in 2008. After an internal power struggle, control of the project was moved from Allard to Andy Lees, who headed the Windows Phone division. The project cost Microsoft US$1 billion and was discontinued on June 30, 2010 due to poor sales. ===Courier=== Allard headed up the team at Microsoft that created the two-screen tablet prototype and business plan called Courier. The Courier project did not receive funding by Steve Ballmer, who insisted that the product run Windows and Office. Shortly after Ballmer's decision to cancel development of the Courier, Allard left Microsoft, though said his decision to leave was unrelated to the Courier cancellation. ===Retirement from Microsoft=== On May 25, 2010, Allard left Microsoft. Upon announcing his retirement, Allard wrote an internal email named "Decide. Change. Reinvent." to Microsoft employees discussing his career history at Microsoft and attempting to instill inspiration to a group of employees at Microsoft he refers to as "The Tribe". According to Allard, "The Tribe" is "a group of people diverse in perspective, similar in skills and completely, totally galvanized around one central purpose. Change." Before leaving Microsoft, Allard became a director of The Clymb, a Flash sale site featuring outdoor products. In June 2011, The Clymb raised $2 million from a handful of angel investors, including Allard, and was sold to LeftLane Sports in 2016. Allard joined Intellivision Entertainment on May 14, 2020, as the global managing director to help oversee the release of the Intellivision Amico. As of January, 2021, all references to Intellivision Entertainment and J. Allard's time there have been removed from his LinkedIn page with no announcement or further information.https://www.linkedin.com/in/jallard529/ As of March 2021, all references related to Allard's involvement with Intellivision have now been removed from Intellivision's website and related Intellivision Amico webpages. In an interview posted on GeekWire, Allard says that he left the company last summer, shortly after joining, stating that there was "No drama, just not a good fit". This statement from Allard seems to directly contradict Intellivision Entertainment chief executive officer Tommy Tallarico, who said as recently as March 2021 that J. Allard is still an advisor. === GoFundMe === In July 2022, it was announced that Allard would be joining GoFundMe as Chief Product and Technology Officer to lead the organisation in technology infrastructure, product oversight, design and overseeing engineering teams. ==References== ==External links== *Inside an ex-Microsoft wunderkind's Canadian crusade to save your bike *Project 529 becomes model for the world *Interview about Project 529 *Why J Allard left Microsoft *Where is Xbox visionary J Allard? *The making of Xbox *Interview about Zune Category:1969 births Category:Living people Category:Boston University College of Arts and Sciences alumni Category:Microsoft employees Category:People from Glens Falls, New York Category:American chief technology officers Category:American technology chief executives Category:Video game businesspeople