diff --git "a/ape/data/event_ie_train.json" "b/ape/data/event_ie_train.json"
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+++ "b/ape/data/event_ie_train.json"
@@ -0,0 +1,923 @@
+{"text": "溶血性贫血@停用致病药物（例如可疑药物）和支持性治疗是许多亚型的主要疗法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "停用致病药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支持性治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "临床上绝大多数脑白质损伤发生在早产儿，尤其是极不成熟的早产儿，因为早产儿支配脑白质的血管分支发育尚未完善，脑血流调节功能较薄弱，且脑白质区的少突胶质细胞发育尚不成熟，易遭受兴奋性毒性氨基酸以及过氧化损伤。 2.围产期缺氧缺血 包括母亲、胎儿、脐带胎盘等各方面原因，如妊娠高血压综合征、胎儿宫内窘迫、脐带绕颈、胎盘早剥、产时窒息，也可由生后严重心肺疾病所致，如肺透明膜病、呼吸暂停、先天性心脏病等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "脑白质损伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "围产期缺氧缺血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "帕金森病@其他检查和脑部 MRI 扫描结果正常。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MRI 扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "帕金森病@3\\. 至少符合以下支持性（前瞻性）标准中的三项： * 单侧起病 * 存在静止性震颤 * 疾病逐渐进展 * 症状持续的不对称，主要累及起病侧 * 对左旋多巴的治疗反应非常好 (70%-100%) * 严重的左旋多巴诱导的舞蹈症 * 左旋多巴的治疗效果持续 5 年或以上 * 临床病程 10 年或以上。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单侧起病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "存在静止性震颤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疾病逐渐进展"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "左旋多巴"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "（一）急性期 新发病，临床症状明显而多变，病程多不超过6个月。小婴儿则拒食、阵阵烦闹、软弱无力、手足凉、呼吸困难。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "拒食"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阵阵烦闹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "软弱无力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手足凉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病@颈静脉怒张、P2 亢进、下肢水肿和肝肿大是肺心病的体征。 慢性阻塞性肺疾病@持续氧疗是主要治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "肺心病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "持续氧疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺心病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颈静脉怒张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺心病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "P2 亢进"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺心病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "下肢水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺心病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "第二节 急进性肾小球肾炎 急进性肾小球肾炎（rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis，RPGN）简称急进性肾炎，系急进性肾炎综合征。此外，RPGN多在2～3个月内出现肾衰竭，因而从肾衰出现时间上也有时���称为“亚急性肾小球肾炎”。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "亚急性肾小球肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "RPGN"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急进性肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "急进性肾炎综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急进性肾小球肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "基底细胞癌@### 转移病灶 查看全部   首选 –   维莫德吉 #### 第一选择 [ 维莫德吉 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 请教专家以指导用量 对于已有转移的患者建议使用维莫德吉来降低肿瘤负荷。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "基底细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维莫德吉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "川崎病@ 【辅助检查】 轻度贫血，外周血白细胞数增加，以中性粒细胞增加为主，有核左移现象。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外周血白细胞数"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "铅中毒@### 异食癖 儿童出现喜欢吃非营养物质的疾病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "铅中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "异食癖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "第七节 室性心动过速 室性心动过速（简称室速）起源于希氏束分叉部位以下的一系列（3个或以上）宽大QRS波组成的心动过速。室性心动过速@室速应及时处理，因其可引起低血压或发展成室颤。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "室性心动过速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "室性心动过速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "室颤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "室性心动过速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "室速"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "室速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "室速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "室颤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "胃炎@一项系统评价和 meta 分析表明，根除 _幽门螺杆菌_ 感染与胃癌发病率降低有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "胃癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "根除 _幽门螺杆菌_ 感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "脑炎@### 在丛林狩猎/徒步 与莱姆病和狂犬病有关（接触患有狂犬病的动物）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "在丛林狩猎/徒步"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "莱姆病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "在丛林狩猎/徒步"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "在丛林狩猎/徒步"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@## 病史和查体 ### 关键诊断因素 ### 常见 查看全部   ### 发病的危险因素 主要危险因素包括吸烟，高血压，高血脂，孤立的低水平高密度脂蛋白胆固醇，糖尿病，缺乏运动，肥胖，家族性高胆固醇血症性黄瘤病冠心病，男性和使用违禁药品。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸烟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高血脂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖尿病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "缺乏运动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肥胖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "使用违禁药品"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "破伤风@局部肿胀、压痛或渗出可能明显。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "局部肿胀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "压痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "渗出"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "肛门癌@常见的典型症状是出血和肛门疼痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肛门疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "（二）症状 1.低体温 体温常在35℃以下，重症＜30℃，仅26℃左右。 表5-14 新生儿硬肿症诊断分度评分标准 注： （1）体温、硬肿范围和器官功能改变分别评分，总分为0分属轻度，1～3分为中度，4分及以上为重度 （2）硬肿范围计算：头颈部20%，双上肢18%，前胸及腹部14%，背部及腰骶部14%，臀部8%，双下肢26% （3）器官功能低下，包括不吃、不哭、反应低下、心率慢或心电图、血生化异常；器官功能衰竭指休克、心力衰竭、DIC、肺出血、肾衰竭等 （4）体温＜35℃时，腋-肛温差负值提示机体产热衰竭，0或正值为未衰竭 4.感染并存者常并发肺炎、败血症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿硬肿症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低体温"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿硬肿症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低体温"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "新生儿硬肿症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "新生儿硬肿症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "败血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "口咽癌@[ 口疮 ](/topics/zh-cn/564) ### 口腔梅毒 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 孤立的边缘不规则的深基底溃疡，伴有颈部淋巴结肿大；口交史。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口疮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "妊娠期高血压@一篇综述发现，补充锌可以相对减少14%的早产，但低出生体重儿数目无伴随减少。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "补充锌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
+{"text": "睾丸癌@这种反应可能是急性的，也可能会延迟，在化疗后几天出现。 睾丸癌@[ 恶心和呕吐的评估 ](/topics/zh-cn/631) ### 不育 | 短期 | 中 在治疗中出现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "睾丸癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不育"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "【诊断】 支气管肺炎的诊断比较简单,一般有发热、咳嗽、呼吸急促的症状，肺部听诊闻及中、细湿啰音和 (或)胸部影像学有肺炎的改变均可诊断为支气管肺炎。 2.针对某些常见细菌和病毒病原，疫苗预防接种可有效降低儿童肺炎患病率。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疫苗预防接种"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸急促"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺部听诊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "第三节 肢带型肌营养不良 最初的肢带型肌营养不良（limb-girdle muscular dystrophy，LGMD）的分型由Walton及Nattrass于1954年确定。随着分子生物学的进展，LGMD有了新的分类，主要分为两类：LGMD1为常染色体显性遗传，LGMD2为常染色体隐性遗传（表16-16）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肢带型肌营养不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "LGMD1"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肢带型肌营养不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "LGMD2"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肢带型肌营养不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "limb-girdle muscular dystrophy"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肢带型肌营养不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "LGMD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "从而引起巨幼红细胞性贫血。这是由于维生素B12缺乏可引起神经系统有鞘神经纤维脂质代谢障碍。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病机制", "subject": "巨幼红细胞性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维生素B12缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "（三）病理反射 1.巴彬斯基（Babinski）征（简称巴氏征） 检查方法同跖反射。若表现为趾背曲，其他四趾呈扇形分开，称为巴氏征阳性，或伸直性跖反射。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "巴彬斯基（Babinski）征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "趾背曲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "巴彬斯基（Babinski）征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "其他四趾呈扇形分开"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "巴彬斯基（Babinski）征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伸直性跖反射"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "巴彬斯基（Babinski）征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "巴氏征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "急性链球菌感染后肾炎的发病机制见图12-1。电镜检查可见内皮细胞胞质肿胀,呈连拱状改变,使内皮孔消失。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "急性链球菌感染后肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "电镜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "唇腭裂@ * 如果有严重的畸形或鼻孔狭窄伴鼻腔完全阻塞，鼻部整形术可立刻在选定的唇裂病例中进行最终唇裂修复术后和鼻中隔成形术前任何时间进行。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "唇腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻中隔成形术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "口咽癌@ 放疗将会成为HPV阳性扁桃体癌的治疗首选。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "HPV阳性扁桃体癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@### 血便 直肠指检可发血性液体。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "直肠指检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "血吸虫病@虫卵在肠壁沉积所致的炎症也会导致慢性腹泻。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "体格检查仅见前囟张力增高，而少有其他脑膜刺激征。有些病儿直到尸检时才发现其为化脑。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体格检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "前囟张力增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "少有其他脑膜刺激征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "缺血性卒中@一次或多次短暂性脑缺血发作 (TIA) 可能是陈旧性的，有时可能在卒中前发作，属于警示症状或体征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "缺血性卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "短暂性脑缺血发作"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "宫颈癌@## 流行病学 在世界范围内，宫颈癌是女性中第四大常见的恶性肿瘤，估计每年新增病例 52.8 万例，死亡 26.6 万例。宫颈癌@ 在欧洲，估计每年新发宫颈癌 5.84 万例。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "宫颈癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "5.84 万例"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "宫颈癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "52.8 万例"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "死亡率", "subject": "宫颈癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "26.6 万例"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "凡符合HLH的临床诊断标准，或髙度怀疑HLH而未完全达到诊断标准且病情进展迅速者，应立即开始治疗。要加强对症支持治疗，及时合理地处理感染、出血和多脏器功能衰竭等并发症，以期提高本病的救治成功率。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "HLH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "HLH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "HLH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多脏器功能衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "在成人血尿患者中，TBMN占31%。在小儿中，TBMN的发生率更高，它分别占小儿肾活体组织检查患者和小儿血尿患者的9%和50%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "TBMN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "31%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "TBMN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "9%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "TBMN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "50%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "（二）皮内毛细血管瘤 有3种临床变异型，出生后即有。 2.葡萄酒色斑 呈暗紫色，出生时即有，很少扩展，面部葡萄酒色斑可能伴有颅内血管瘤，即Sturge-Weber综合征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "皮内毛细血管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "葡萄酒色斑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "葡萄酒色斑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呈暗紫色"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "葡萄酒色斑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出生时即有"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "葡萄酒色斑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "很少扩展"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "失眠症@## 病史和查体 ### 关键诊断因素 ### 常见 查看全部   ### 危险因素的存在 主要危险因素包括：女性、年龄增长、慢性身体或心理疾病以及使用酒精、药物或兴奋剂。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "女性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "年龄增长"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性身体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心理疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "使用酒精"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "兴奋剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "川崎病@ 【鉴别诊断】 （一）猩红热 皮疹发生早（1～2天），粟粒样均匀丘疹，疹间皮肤潮红，发病年龄普遍＞3岁，青霉素治疗有效。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "猩红热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "（二）慢性再障治疗 慢性再障的发病机制以造血微循环的缺陷为主，其中一部分发展成重型再障（SAA-Ⅱ型），则与免疫紊乱抑制造血功能有关。急性再障预后甚差，如未能得到有效治疗者，绝大多数一年内死亡，有的甚至2～3月内夭亡。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "慢性再障治疗", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甚差"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "慢性再障治疗", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "重型再障"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "慢性再障治疗", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "造血微循环"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "急性再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甚差"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
+{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@存在鳞状细胞癌的患者经常伴发大量日光性角化。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "日光性角化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "妊娠期高血压@患者如出现症状，或患者收缩压≥160mmHg或舒张压≥110mmHg，分娩前通常使用静脉类药物（如肼屈嗪或拉贝洛尔）进行治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肼屈嗪"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "拉贝洛尔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "早产@孕22周后，也可以通过宫颈阴道分泌物中的胎儿纤连蛋白预测。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胎儿纤连蛋白预测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "麻疹感染@麻疹并发症更常见于免疫功能受损和营养不良者，包括肺炎、喉气管炎、中耳炎和脑炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "麻疹感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "麻疹感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喉气管炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "麻疹感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中耳炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "麻疹感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "垂体功能减退@突发剧烈头痛的患者，需考虑垂体卒中的可能性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "垂体卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "突发剧烈头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "儿童偏头痛@### 年龄＞2 岁 由于偏头痛的定义主要基于症状，2岁以内儿童很少诊断偏头痛，但此后诊断随年龄增长稳步增加。 儿童偏头痛@男孩和女孩的平均发病年龄分别为 7.2 岁和 10.9 岁，20% 的儿童在 5 岁以前初次发病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "10.9 岁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "年龄＞2 岁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "2岁以内儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "7.2 岁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "10.9 岁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "20% 的儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "百日咳@研究表明即便接受常规的百白破疫苗，具有易患耳炎倾向的小于24个月的婴幼儿体内疫苗抗体浓度仍较低，不能起到预防作用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "百日咳", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "百白破疫苗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
+{"text": "帕金森病@结果 基底节（壳核）突触前多巴胺摄取减少 ### 嗅觉测试 检查 结果 检查 帕金森病在临床上作出诊断，对于无非典型特征的病例，不需要进行其他诊断试验。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嗅觉测试"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "第四节 哮喘持续状态第八篇 呼吸系统疾病 第十一章 支气管哮喘【诱发因素】 【临床表现】 【治疗】 1.吸氧 2.保持呼吸道湿润 3.支气管扩张药 4.应用糖皮质激素 5.控制感染 6.观察和监护 7.机械通气哮喘持续状态是指对常规哮喘治疗反应差，呈急性进行性加重的严重发作，如不及时处理会发展成呼吸衰竭。 除了喷射雾化吸入β2受体兴奋剂外，还可同时吸入抗胆碱能药物；它能够减轻气道炎症引起的局部迷走神经反射，与β2受体兴奋剂合用有互补作用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "支气管哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "β2受体兴奋剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "支气管哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗胆碱能药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "支气管哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸氧"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "支气管哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "控制感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "支气管哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支气管扩张药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "支气管哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "观察和监护"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "呼吸衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "机械通气哮喘持续状态"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "支气管哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖皮质激素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "【隐睾并发症】 隐睾可发生于单侧或双侧，以单侧较为多见。 3.睾丸损伤 由于睾丸处在腹股沟管内或耻骨结节附近，比较表浅，容易受到外力的直接损伤。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "隐睾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睾丸损伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "睾丸损伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "隐睾"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "隐睾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单侧"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "隐睾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双侧"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "小儿哮喘@结果 正常或显示过度通气 ### 需要考虑的检查 ### 查看全部   ### 最大呼气峰流速（PEFR） 检查 结果 检查 PEFR值低于标准年龄身高预测值正常范围，这与气道阻塞结果一致。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "正常或显示过度通气"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "最大呼气峰流速", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "PEFR"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "最大呼气峰流速"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "类癌综合征@结果 升高 ### 尿 5-羟基吲哚乙酸 检查 结果 检查 收集 24 小时尿液获得 为得到精确的结果在收集前的 48 小时，收集过程中的 24 小时，需要限制饮食。类癌综合征@在中肠类癌的患者中，敏感性大约为 60%-70%，虽然也有报道过更高的敏感性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "中肠类癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿 5-羟基吲哚乙酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿 5-羟基吲哚乙酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "肝癌@ 另外，一级亲属的肝癌家族史似乎是发生肝癌的一个明显危险因素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "遗传因素", "subject": "肝癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "一级亲属的肝癌家族史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "登革热@应密切监视患者，包括生命体征、末梢灌注、体液平衡、血细胞比容、血小板计数、尿量、温度、血糖、肝功、肾功能和凝血功能。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血细胞比容"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血小板计数"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血糖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾功能"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝功"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "一、膀胱外翻 膀胱外翻是1597年由Von Grafenberg首先描述，1780年Chaussier始用膀胱外翻（bladder exstrophy）一词。 【临床表现】 膀胱外翻涉及整个下腹部及盆腔脏器的发育异常，包括腹壁肌肉、骨盆骨骼、泌尿生殖系统及直肠肛门。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "膀胱外翻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹壁肌肉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "膀胱外翻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "泌尿生殖系统"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "膀胱外翻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "直肠肛门"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "儿童偏头痛@检查 脑部 CT：在无局灶性神经系统缺陷时，高血压、心动过缓或意识水平改变时，CT 可能正常。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑部 CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "局灶性神经系统缺陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心动过缓"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "意识水平改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "急性髓性白血病@坏疽性脓皮病的特点是存在腿部溃疡或不太常见的手部溃疡。急性髓性白血病@其出现是免疫功能障碍所导致的结果之一，并且可能与 AML 有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "免疫功能障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "坏疽性脓皮病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "坏疽性脓皮病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腿部溃疡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "坏疽性脓皮病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手部溃疡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "AML", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫功能障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "免疫功能障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "AML"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "阿尔茨海默病@### 人格改变 人格会发生轻微改变，对日常活动的兴趣减退可能较明显。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "人格改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "3. CNSL及其他髓外白血病 预防采用头颅放疗预防CNSL者越来越少。推荐用大剂量甲氨蝶呤（HDMTX）和鞘内化疗进行CNSL预防。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "CNSL及其他髓外白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大剂量甲氨蝶呤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "CNSL及其他髓外白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鞘内化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "前列腺癌@高风险疾病的定义为，至少满足以下条件之一：T3-4 期，PSA＞20 μg/L (＞20 ng/mL)，或者 Gleason 8-10 分。 前列腺癌@疾病持续状态 ### 转移病变 查看全部   首选 –   雄激素剥夺治疗±多西他赛 #### 第一选择 [ 多西紫杉醇 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 参照当地专家医师剂量方案指南。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多西他赛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "三、化脓性胸膜炎 化脓性胸膜炎（purulent pleurisy）又称脓胸（empyema），是指胸膜腔内有脓液积聚。近年来由于抗生素的广泛应用，本病发生率已明显降低。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "化脓性胸膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发生率已明显降低"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "化脓性胸膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "purulent pleurisy"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "化脓性胸膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脓胸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "脓胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "empyema"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病机制", "subject": "化脓性胸膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "指胸膜腔内有脓液积聚"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "癫痫持续状态@第二 –   苯妥英或磷苯妥英 + 支持疗法 #### 第一选择 [ 磷苯妥英 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 作为负荷剂量静脉给予 20 mg PE/kg，需要时给予第二剂 5-10 mg PE/kg 或 [ 苯妥英 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 作为负荷剂量以不超过 50 mg/min 的速率静脉给予 20 mg/kg，需要时给予第二剂 5-10 mg/kg 苯妥英和磷苯妥英有效性相同。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "苯妥英"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "磷苯妥英"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支持疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@[ 心包炎 ](/topics/zh-cn/243) ### 肺栓塞 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 呼吸困难是急性肺栓塞的最常见的症状。稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@呼吸急促和心动过速是最常见的症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺栓塞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸急促"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺栓塞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心动过速"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性肺栓塞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "本病是最常见的小儿肾脏疾病，据1982年全国105所医院儿科住院病人统计，APSGN占同期住院泌尿系统疾病病人的53%。预后良好，绝大多数完全恢复，少数（1%～2%）可迁延不愈而转为慢性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "APSGN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "良好"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "APSGN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "完全恢复"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "APSGN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "迁延不愈而转为慢性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "就诊科室", "subject": "小儿肾脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿科"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
+{"text": "头围过大见于脑积水、巨脑症以及某些脑脂质沉积症等，也可能有家族特征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头围过大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "巨脑症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头围过大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑脂质沉积症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头围过大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "痛风@ 大约三分之一接受 BCX4208 的患者达到血清尿酸＜360 μmol/L (＜6 mg/dL)，与剂量无关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "BCX4208"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "胃炎@上消化道造影和/或CT有可能获得化脓性胃炎的影像学确诊证据。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "化脓性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上消化道造影"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "化脓性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "铅中毒@但是，如果妊娠患者出现脑病，则必须仔细评估螯合治疗的风险与脑病本身对母体和胎儿的危险，这种情况下，螯合治疗可能合适。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "铅中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "【X线检查】 腹部X线平片检查对诊断NEC有非常大的价值，但早产儿NEC表现不典型，要多次随访检查，观察动态变化。 （二）进展期变化 包括：①肠腔胀气加重，液平增多，呈阶梯状，提示病变累及肌层；②肠壁黏膜下层出现积气，表现为密集的小泡沫样透亮区，称肠壁囊样积气（pneumatosis intestinalis），浆膜下积气呈细条状、半弧形或环状透亮影；③肠壁积气时间较长，气体可从肠壁上升至门静脉，导致门静脉积气，在肝的门脉处呈现树枝样向上的透亮影，可在4小时内被吸收消失；④肠管固定；⑤腹腔积液，急性肠穿孔时出现气腹，如穿孔处被肠系膜覆盖封闭，逸出的气体被吸收后，X片上不易显示。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠管固定"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹部X线平片检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "产后抑郁症@ 怀孕期间的婚姻问题、缺乏伴侣支持与产后抑郁症风险增加中度相关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "产后抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "怀孕期间的婚姻问题"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "产后抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "缺乏伴侣支持"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "产后抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "怀孕期间的婚姻问题"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "第三节 右室双出口 右室双出口（double outlets of right ventricle）是指当两根大血管完全或接近完全起自右心室，占出生婴儿的0. 032‰。但由于在病理解剖研究中比较容易准确判断骑跨的大动脉瓣与下方室间隔的相互连接关系，因此其诊断标准为当两根大动脉根部一半以上的周边均连接至同一心室时即诊断为右室���出口。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大动脉瓣"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "下方室"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "double outlets of right ventricle"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大血管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "右心室"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@早期慢性胰腺炎患者出现糖耐量异常是由于胰岛素抵抗造成的，而重度慢性胰腺炎患者出现糖耐量异常的原因则是胰岛素分泌不足（由胰岛细胞损伤、萎缩和损失造成）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖耐量异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "重度慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胰岛素分泌不足"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "重度慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖耐量异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "一般将儿童语言问题分为三种类型： （1）语言表达障碍： 小儿语言的理解正常，但表达特别困难，无生理性缺陷所致的发音困难。 （3）语言信息处理问题： 小儿说话流利，但内容非常肤浅，而且在语言交流中，难以保持话题，小儿只关注自己所选择的话题上。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "儿童语言问题", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "语言信息处理问题"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "儿童语言问题", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "语言表达障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "【临床表现】 输尿管膨出可无任何症状，尤其是单纯型的，多在超声检查时被偶然发现。 【诊断】 静脉尿路造影（IVU）和排尿性膀胱尿道造影（VCUG）是主要的诊断方法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "输尿管膨出", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "静脉尿路造影"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "输尿管膨出", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "IVU"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "输尿管膨出", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "排尿性膀胱尿道造影"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "输尿管膨出", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "VCUG"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "输尿管膨出", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "【病因】 疱疹性口炎又称疱疹性齿龈口炎，由疱疹病毒感染而引起，通过飞沫和接触传染。疱底细胞、病毒分离和血清学实验可帮助诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "疱疹性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疱底细胞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "疱疹性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病毒分离"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "疱疹性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清学实验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "疱疹性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疱疹性齿龈口炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "疱疹性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疱疹病毒感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "传播途径", "subject": "疱疹性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "飞沫和接触"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@可疑的实质病变和纵隔淋巴结也可以活检。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "第五章 青紫型先天性心脏病 第一节 法洛四联症 法洛四联症（tetralogy of Fallot，TOF）是最常见的青紫型先天性心脏病，约占青紫型先天性心脏病的70%左右，约占所有先天性心脏病的10%。 （四）阵发性缺氧 发作多见于婴儿，发生的诱因为吃奶、哭闹、情绪激动、贫血、感染等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "法洛四联症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阵发性缺氧"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "法洛四联症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "婴儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "法洛四联症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "tetralogy of Fallot"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "tetralogy of Fallot", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "法洛四联症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "TOF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "法洛四联症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "法洛四联症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性心脏病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "法洛四联症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青紫型先天性心脏病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "肛门癌@### 男男性行为者 男男性行为者罹患肛门癌的风险较高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男男性行为者"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "IRS Ⅲ的结果显示，膀胱和前列腺部横纹肌肉瘤患者在接受加强化疗和早期放疗后，其成活率仅次于头颈部横纹肌肉瘤患者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膀胱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "早期放疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "加强化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "登革热@[ 西尼罗河病毒 ](/topics/zh-cn/602) ### 疟疾 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 流行地区旅游史 典型表现：发作性寒战后高热、出汗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疟疾"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发作性寒战后高热、出汗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "转移性乳腺癌@### 定义 当乳腺癌病变范围超出乳腺及同侧（腋窝、内乳、锁骨下、锁骨上）淋巴结时，考虑为转移性乳腺癌 (metastatic breast cancer, MBC)。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "转移性乳腺癌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "（四）凝血功能障碍 AHF几乎都伴有凝血功能障碍，新鲜冷冻血浆仅用于出血、手术或侵入性检查的患儿，预防性使用并不能改善预后。血小板计数低于50×109/L可考虑输注血小板。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "AHF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "输注血小板"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "多发性硬化症@#### 第三选择 [ 巴氯芬鞘内给药 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 咨询专科医生指导剂量。 多发性硬化症@伴步态障碍 – 联合 –   物理疗法和/或渐进式阻力训练 (PRT) 针对经选择患者组全部患者的治疗推荐 已经证明，各种物理治疗方案均能够改善 MS 患者的步态和平衡，特别是那些残疾水平为轻度至中度的患者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "物理疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "渐进式阻力训练"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PRT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "妊娠胆汁淤积@如尚未进行丙型肝炎评估，则应对所有患者进行该评估。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "丙型肝炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "脑炎@全身性症状和体征，如发热或上呼吸道或胃肠道症状，可能先于或与其他临床表现同时发生。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上呼吸道或胃肠道症状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃肠道症状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "第二节 大动脉转位 大动脉转位（transposition of the great arteries）是指右心房与右心室相连接，后者发出主动脉，而左心室房与左心房相连并发出肺动脉干。相反，肺动脉瓣与二尖瓣毗邻，两者之间出现纤维连续。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "大动脉转位", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺动脉瓣"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "大动脉转位", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "二尖瓣"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "大动脉转位", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "transposition of the great arteries"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "（二）α储存池病 α储存池（α-SPD）又名灰色血小板综合征，这是因为瑞氏染色涂片上的血小板呈灰色的缘故。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "α储存池（α-SPD）", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "灰色血小板综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "口腔黏膜炎@大多数接受5000 cGy放疗剂量的患者会出现溃疡性黏膜炎，与接受传统放疗的患者相比，接受分割放疗的患者更易出现溃疡性黏膜炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "溃疡性黏膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "分割放疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "原发性高血压@检查 高钙血症，血清PTH升高或不正常。 原发性高血压@[ 甲状旁腺功能亢进 ](/topics/zh-cn/133) ### 库欣综合征 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 典型症状和体征包括体重增加，满月脸，水牛背，腹部紫纹和易淤血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "原发性高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "库欣综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "多发性硬化症@[ 颈椎病引起的脊髓病变 ](/topics/zh-cn/577) ### 纤维肌痛 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 症状不明确，常见全身乏力及非特异性疲劳。 多发性硬化症@检查 脑 MRI 可能显示非特异性白质变化，但不是特征性 MS 影像学表现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "纤维肌痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑 MRI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "纤维肌痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "特征性 MS 影像学"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "纤维肌痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非特异性白质变化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "纤维肌痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身乏力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "纤维肌痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非特异性疲劳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "第十节 冠状动脉异常 冠状动脉畸形种类很多，包括起源、通路和走向的异常，重者可影响心肌的供血，轻者在心脏手术时可因误伤而使手术失败。 （一）左冠状动脉异常 畸形左冠状动脉起源于肺动脉，右冠状动脉起源正常。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "冠状动脉异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "左冠状动脉异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "冠状动脉异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "影响心肌的供血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "冠状动脉异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "冠状动脉畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "左冠状动脉异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺动脉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "芬兰型CNS患儿还有早产、窒息史和大胎盘(胎盘重量>胎儿体重的25% )。 生长发育落后 由于蛋白质营养不良，患儿常有生长发育落后,也有伴发胃食管反流和幽门狭窄的报道。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "芬兰型CNS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "幽门狭窄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "芬兰型CNS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "窒息史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "芬兰型CNS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大胎盘"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "芬兰型CNS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "早产"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "细菌性脑膜炎@ _不动杆菌属_ （疗程21天） * 庆大霉素和美罗培南。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "庆大霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "美罗培南"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "甲状腺癌@甲状腺半切除术（腺叶及峡部切除，术后TSH抑制）适用于单侧的分化性癌、结节＜1cm、没有不良预后因素的患者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "单侧的分化性癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲状腺半切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@原发性胰管假说认为胰腺炎损伤首先发生在胰管，属于一种原发性自身免疫性反应或炎性反应，然而前哨急性胰腺炎假说 认为损伤首先发生在腺泡细胞，触发炎症细胞的扣留和细胞因子的分泌。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "胰腺炎损伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胰管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "急性阑尾炎@肠鸣音可能减弱，跟左腹相比，右腹会尤其明显。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠鸣音可能减弱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "胆管癌@## 并发症 ### 查看全部   并发症 table 并发症 | 时间表 | 可能性 ---|---|--- ### 胆管炎 | 短期 | 低 多见于有仪器检测史或阻塞的胆管系统中;应用抗生素和胆汁引流治疗。胆管癌@ ### 胆道梗阻 | 存在差异 | 中 肿瘤过度生长是胆道梗阻，需多次手术切除，外科分流或支架置入胆道（经皮）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆道梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆管炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "胆管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "仪器检测史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "胆管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆汁引流治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "胆管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "胆道梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手术切除"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "胆道梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外科分流"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "胆道梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支架置入胆道（经皮）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "白喉@急性 ### 呼吸道白喉 查看全部   首选 –   住院+监控+隔离+��喉抗毒素 #### 第一选择 [ 白喉抗毒素（马源） ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 按病情进展，80,000- 120,000 单位静脉输液；更多剂量时请咨询专家。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸道白喉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "呼吸道白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白喉抗毒素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "呼吸道白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白喉抗毒素（马源）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "呼吸道白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "监控"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "呼吸道白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "隔离"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "呼吸道白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "住院"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "（二）鉴别诊断 1.儿童2型糖尿病 胰岛素抵抗为主伴胰岛素相对分泌不足，或胰岛素分泌不足伴或不伴胰岛素抵抗，属多基因遗传，近年来发病率有增高趋势。 4.假性高血糖 短期大量食入或者输入葡萄糖液，可使尿糖暂时阳性，血糖升高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "儿童2型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "假性高血糖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "念珠菌病@ （2）制霉菌素： 可局部使用，也可口服，或两者联合应用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "念珠菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "制霉菌素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "感染性心内膜炎@ _金黄色葡萄球菌_ 是静脉使用毒品者自体瓣膜感染心内膜炎的最常见原因。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "自体瓣膜感染心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "金黄色葡萄球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "根据其肢体瘫痪不对称,脑脊液中可有白细胞增多，周围神经传导功能正常，以及急性期粪便病毒分离阳性，容易与吉兰-巴雷综合征鉴别。 康复治疗 瘫痪期康复即应该介人,应尽可能将肢体摆在功能位,或者使用辅助器具,避免出现继发的肢体功能障碍,例如足下垂、跟腱挛缩等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "吉兰-巴雷综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "康复治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "肥厚型心肌病@整个青春期应每隔12-24个月进行病史询问、体格检查、和心脏超声。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肥厚型心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体格检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肥厚型心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心脏超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "第四节 毛细支气管炎第八篇 呼吸系统疾病 第七章 气管、支气管疾病毛细支气管炎（ bronchiolitis ）是婴儿期常见的下呼吸道炎症性疾病。好发于2岁以内，尤以6个月以内婴儿最多见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "毛细支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "6个月以内婴儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "毛细支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "bronchiolitis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "毛细支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "婴儿期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "第六章 上呼吸道疾病第八篇 呼吸系统疾病第一节 先天性喉喘鸣先天性喉喘鸣（ congenital laryngeal stridor ） ，常发生于出生后不久，主要症状为吸气时发生喘鸣。半数以上患儿伴有杓状软骨软化，亦可由于会厌软骨软化或杓状会厌襞过短所致。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "先天性喉喘鸣", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "杓状软骨软化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性喉喘鸣", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸气时发生喘鸣"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性喉喘鸣", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "congenital laryngeal stridor"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "睾丸癌@## 检查 ### 首要检查 ### 查看全部   ### 睾丸超声（彩色多普勒） 检查 结果 检查 首要检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "睾丸癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睾丸超声（彩色多普勒）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "肺结核@结果 异常 ### Xpert MTB/RIF 检查 结果 检查 针对结核分枝杆菌和利福平耐药的自动化核酸扩增试验 (NAAT)，可在 2 小时内回送结果。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Xpert MTB/RIF"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "【治疗】 急性白血病的治疗主要是以化疗为主的综合疗法,其原则是早期诊断、早期治疗;应严格区分白血病的类型，按照类型选用不同的化疗方案和相应的药物剂量;采用早期连续适度化疗和分阶段长期规范治疗的方针。 成分输血明显贫血者可输红细胞；因血小板减少而致出血者,可输浓缩血小板。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红细胞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "急性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "HSP肾炎呈急性发病过程，临床表现轻重不一，病程较短，其肾损伤的程度取决于肾小球新月体的多少。 【治疗】 （一）一般治疗 急性期应卧床休息，如有明确过敏原，应脱敏治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "HSP肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脱敏治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理生理", "subject": "HSP肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾损伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理生理", "subject": "HSP肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾小球新月体的多少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "唇腭裂@8至11岁 – 联合 –   牙槽突裂骨移植及术前正畸 针对经选择患者组全部患者的治疗推荐 关键永久齿列爆发时，预备矫正上颌扩张后，用髂嵴骨进行牙槽裂骨移植。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "唇腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "牙槽突裂骨移植"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "唇腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "术前正畸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "虽然过去多数放射学者认为，胃紧张度的障碍、蠕动的改变及空腹胃内的胃液，可作为诊断胃炎的依据，但近年胃镜检查发现，这种现象系胃动力异常而并非胃炎所致。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃镜检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "人粒细胞无形体病@尿常规可出现蛋白尿、血尿、管型尿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "人粒细胞无形体病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "蛋白尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "人粒细胞无形体病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "人粒细胞无形体病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "管型尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "人粒细胞无形体病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿常规"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "广泛性焦虑障碍@### 过度的惊吓反应 可能在检查过程中见到惊跳反应。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "过度的惊吓反应"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "类癌综合征@治疗包括药物治疗（生长抑素类似物，放射性核素治疗）和手术治疗（原发和继发肿瘤的切除）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生长抑素类似物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放射性核素治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "原发和继发肿瘤的切除"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "急性膀胱炎@肋脊角压痛提示肾盂肾炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肾盂肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肋脊角压痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@若硝酸甘油无效或禁忌使用，则若无禁忌证时，可将吗啡作为代替药物使用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吗啡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "食物中毒@在年幼儿童和老年人中，由沙门氏菌或大肠杆菌感染所致的疾病有时是极度危险的，但可通过遵循食品安全原则来预防。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "遵循食品安全原则"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
+{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@心绞痛典型表现为深层、难定位的胸痛或手臂痛，有紧缩感、沉重感、酸痛、烧灼痛、压迫感和压榨痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心绞痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心绞痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手臂痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心绞痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "紧缩感"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心绞痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "酸痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心绞痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "烧灼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心绞痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "压迫感"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心绞痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "压榨痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "肝硬化@## 病因学 肝硬化源于各种肝病，西方国家最常见的病因是慢性丙型肝炎和酒精性肝病，其次是非酒精性肝脏脂肪浸润和慢性乙型肝炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性丙型肝炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "酒精性肝病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非酒精性肝脏脂肪浸润"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性乙型肝炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "水温过低引起体温下降，低体温则可引起游泳动作失常、肌肉痉挛强直、感觉麻木以及屏气能力下降。当中枢温度＜32℃时，可导致心律失常、低血压甚至心跳停止。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低体温", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心律失常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低体温", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低体温", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心跳停止"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低体温", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "游泳动作失常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低体温", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌肉痉挛强直"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低体温", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感觉麻木"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低体温", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "屏气能力下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@必要时紧急结肠切除治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结肠切除"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "AVP基因结构异常、下丘脑及神经垂体发育缺陷，或下丘脑-神经束-神经垂体区域受到炎症、肿瘤、外伤、手术、自身免疫损伤等均能产生中枢性尿崩症。 【临床表现】 本病可发生于任何年龄，以烦渴、多饮、多尿为主要症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "烦渴"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多饮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "AVP基因结构异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "第二节 支气管炎 一、急性支气管炎 急性支气管炎（acute bronchitis）多继发于上呼吸道感染，并经常同时累及气管。胸部听诊可闻不固定干啰音及大、中水泡音，咳嗽或体位变化后可减少或消失。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "急性支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部听诊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "上呼吸道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性支气管炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "（三）进一步检查 对呕吐原发病的位置和性质有初步判断后，应及时做进一步的检查，以明确诊断。 4.内分泌及遗传代谢病检查 如已排除消化道、中枢神经等疾病，而患儿仍然频繁呕吐，应进一步做内分泌、代谢病方面检查，如血氨、血糖等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "内分泌、代谢病方面检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血氨"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血糖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "大动脉炎@ （四）生物制剂 目前有学者利用抗肿瘤坏死因子制剂（Anti-TNF）联合糖皮质激素治疗难治性TA，获得良好效果，但还需进一步证实。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "大动脉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生物制剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@多系统化疗药物被用于治疗转移性皮肤鳞状细胞癌。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "转移性皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多系统化疗药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "（一）急性血吸虫病 多见于夏秋季，以小儿及青壮年为多。 2.切断传染环节 粪便管理和消灭钉螺。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "急性血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "粪便管理和消灭钉螺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "急性血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小儿及青壮年"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "儿童偏头痛@迄今发表的试验（虽然是在较小的患者群体）似乎支持鼻用舒马曲坦的使用，并且在英国已批准 12 岁及以上儿童使用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻用舒马曲坦"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "多发性硬化症@普萘洛尔可产生低血压和抑郁副作用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "普萘洛尔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "除穿孔素基因（PRF1)缺陷可导致这一病理生理过程外, 其他 HLH 相关蛋白/基因，如 Muncl3-4/UNC13D、Munc18-2/STXBP2 和 Syntaxin11/STX11 等基因缺陷，在诱发因素作用下，���可发生HLH。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "HLH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Muncl3-4/UNC13D、Munc18-2/STXBP2 和 Syntaxin11/STX11 等基因缺陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "【临床表现】 （一）少尿型急性肾功能不全 可分为少尿期、利尿期及恢复期，小儿各期间分界往往不明显。⑥内分泌及代谢改变：PTH升高，降钙素（CT）下降；T3、T4下降，TSH正常；促红细胞生成素降低；ADH及肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮活性均升高；生长激素也升高；糖耐量降低及胰岛素抵抗，胰岛素及胰高血糖素水平升高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "少尿型急性肾功能不全", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "内分泌及代谢改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "少尿型急性肾功能不全", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "少尿期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "少尿型急性肾功能不全", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "利尿期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "少尿型急性肾功能不全", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恢复期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "内分泌及代谢改变", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PTH升高，降钙素（CT）下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "内分泌及代谢改变", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "T3、T4下降，TSH正常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "内分泌及代谢改变", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "促红细胞生成素降低"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "内分泌及代谢改变", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生长激素也升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "酮康唑（ketoconazole)合成的口服咪唑类抗真菌药,系咪唑类衍生物。抗菌谱广，口服体内吸收良好，毒性反应低，对假丝酵母菌病疗效均显著。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "假丝酵母菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "酮康唑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "假丝酵母菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ketoconazole"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "酮康唑", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "ketoconazole"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@ ### 东部肿瘤合作组(ECOG)功能状态评分 医生和研究人员使用这些尺度和标准来评估患者的疾病进展和疾病如何影响患者的日常生活能力，并确定适当的治疗和预后: * 0级：活动能力完全正常，无任何限制参与所有病前活动。非小细胞肺癌@ * 2级：能自由走动及自我照顾，但不能执行任何工作活动；日间不少于一半时间可以起床活动。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "2级"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "0级"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
+{"text": "新生儿一过性高氨血症多在生后24小时出现，临床上往往不被认识，无明确的家族遗传史。典型病例可发生在早产儿，也可发生于足月儿，伴有或不伴有呼吸系统症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "新生儿一过性高氨血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "早产儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "新生儿一过性高氨血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "足月儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿一过性高氨血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸系统症状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@主动脉夹层通常发生于有胶原血管病（即马凡综合征）的患者。 非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@根据病变部位，经食管超声心动图可能显示夹层。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "主动脉夹层", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "经食管超声心动图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "主动脉夹层", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胶原血管病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "主动脉夹层", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "马凡综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "持续性抑郁症@### 危险因素 ### 弱 查看全部   ### 阳性家族史 一项研究显示慢性抑郁在心境恶劣患者的一级亲属人群的发病率更高， 但另一项双生子研究显示，单卵双生子的心境恶劣发病率并不比双卵双生子高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "持续性抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阳性家族史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@以下每1项表现记为1分： * 年龄＞65 岁 * 有≥3 个冠状动脉疾病危险因素 * 既往冠状动脉狭窄>50% * 心电图ST段偏移 * 血清心脏生物标志物升高 * 在过去24 h，至少发作2次心绞痛 * 在过去7 d使用了阿司匹林。非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@14 天的全因死亡率、心肌梗死率和紧急血运重建率随 TIMI 评分中的危险因素数量增加而按比例增加。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "在过去7 d使用了阿司匹林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "年龄＞65 岁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "HELLP 综合征@### 出血 出血表现（例如血尿）极少见到。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "2.疫苗接种 风疹疫苗接种是目前预防、控制风疹流行和先天性风疹综合征发生的最有效措施，英、美、法等发达国家已常规对易感者接种疫苗，且提倡女性青春期前接种，这些措施使CRS的发生率明显下降。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "风疹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疫苗接种"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "先天性风疹综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疫苗接种"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
+{"text": "（一）典型流感 起病急，呼吸道卡他症状轻，而全身中毒症状明显，不同年龄儿童的临床表现各有差异。 2.幼儿流感 可发生上呼吸道感染、喉炎、气管炎、支气管炎、毛细支气管炎和肺炎等症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "典型流感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "幼儿流感"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "幼儿流感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上呼吸道感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "幼儿流感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喉炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "幼儿流感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气管炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "幼儿流感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支气管炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "幼儿流感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "毛细支气管炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "幼儿流感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "胆囊炎@## 并发症 ### 查看全部   并发症 table 并发症 | 时间表 | 可能性 ---|---|--- ### 穿孔 | 短期 | 中 在 10% 的病例中出现，通常是对保守疗法无反应的患者或是延迟就医的患者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "穿孔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "猫叫综合征@小耳，稍低位，有时耳道窄。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "猫叫综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小耳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "猫叫综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "稍低位"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "猫叫综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "耳道窄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "【临床表现】 临床表现典型者常有前驱症状，以胃肠道表现为主，多有腹痛、腹泻和呕吐，可有发热、嗜睡、乏力、食欲缺乏等非特异性表现。 由于HUS存在广泛的微血管血栓形成，可导致多系统损害，除胃肠道和肾脏外，尤以中枢神经系统受累多见，是最常见的死因。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HUS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HUS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HUS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HUS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嗜睡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HUS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乏力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HUS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食欲缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "口腔黏膜炎@口腔黏膜炎的患者，可同时伴发念珠菌感染，表现为急性假膜型念珠菌病(鹅口疮)或红斑型(萎缩性)念珠菌病，也可伴发单纯疱疹病毒感染，表现为疱疹性溃疡。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "口腔黏膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "念珠菌感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "口腔黏膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红斑型(萎缩性)念珠菌病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "口腔黏膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单纯疱疹病毒感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "单纯疱疹病毒感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疱疹性溃疡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "DiGeorge综合征是以先天性甲状旁腺功能减退和胸腺发育不良所致的细胞免疫缺陷为特征的一类染色体微缺失综合征。其他常见的症状包括:低钙血症、严重的喂养及吞咽困难、肾脏畸形、听觉丧失、喉气管食 管畸形、生长激素低下、自身免疫性疾病、惊厥、中枢神经系统畸形、骨骼畸形、眼部畸形、牙轴质发育不良等,少数可并发恶性肿瘤。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "DiGeorge综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低钙血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "DiGeorge综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "严重的喂养及吞咽困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "DiGeorge综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾脏畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "DiGeorge综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "听觉丧失"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "DiGeorge综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喉气管食 管畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "DiGeorge综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生长激素低下"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "DiGeorge综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "自身免疫性疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "DiGeorge综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "惊厥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "DiGeorge综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中枢神经系统畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "DiGeorge综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨骼畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "DiGeorge综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼部畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "DiGeorge综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "牙轴质发育不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "DiGeorge综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶性肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "DiGeorge综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸腺发育不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "DiGeorge综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细胞免疫缺陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "第三节 血友病 血友病（hemophilia）是一组遗传性凝血功能障碍的出血性疾病，包括血友病甲，即因子Ⅷ（又称抗血友病球蛋白，AHG）缺乏症；血友病乙，即因子Ⅸ（又称血浆凝血活酶成分，PTC）缺乏症；血友病丙，即因子Ⅺ（又称血浆凝血活酶前质，PTA）缺乏症。 血友病丙纯合子患儿有出血倾向，出血较轻，多发生在手术后或外伤后，自发性出血少见；偶有皮肤黏膜出血，青春期女性可有月经过多，出血程度与因子Ⅺ浓度无明显关系，患儿常合并因子Ⅴ、因子Ⅶ等凝血因子缺乏。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "血友病丙", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血倾向"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "血友病丙", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血较轻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "血友病丙", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤黏膜出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "血友病丙", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "月经过多"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "血友病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "hemophilia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "遗传因素", "subject": "血友病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "遗传性凝血功能障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "出血性疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血友病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "血友病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血友病乙"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "血友病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血友病丙"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "血友病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血友病甲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "抗血友病球蛋白", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "AHG"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "血浆凝血活酶成分", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PTC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "血浆凝血活酶前质", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PTA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "血友病乙", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "因子Ⅸ"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "因子Ⅸ", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血浆凝血活酶成分"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "PTC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血浆凝血活酶成分"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "图14-5 糖原分解、合成的代谢途径 （1）淀粉-（1，4→1，6）转葡萄糖苷酶 （2）糖原合成酶 （3）尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶 （4）磷酸葡萄糖变位酶 （5）磷酸己糖异构酶 （6）己糖激酶 （7）葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶 （8）淀粉-1，6-葡萄糖苷酶（脱支酶）（9）磷酸化酶 （10）磷酸葡萄糖变位酶；糖（11）磷酸己糖异构酶 （12）磷酸果糖激酶 GSD目前分为11型。 GSDⅧ型 酶缺陷不明，肝脏磷酸酶为无活性形式。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "GSD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "GSDⅧ型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "但表现为肾衰竭的患儿则不宜大量饮水，以免增加容量负荷。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "肾衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不宜大量饮水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "类癌综合征@ * 支气管类癌：相当一部分病例具有局限的肿瘤，因此原发肿瘤的根治性切除术是一个选择。类癌综合征@对于边界清楚的病灶，应采用楔形切除术；其他病例可采用肺叶切除术，少数需行肺切除术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "支气管类癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "楔形切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "支气管类癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺叶切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "支气管类癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "支气管类癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "根治性切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "HELLP 综合征@## 诊断标准 ### HELLP 综合征的实验室标准 如要诊断 HELLP 综合征，应当满足下列实验室标准： * 溶血，表现为外周血涂片上存在裂红细胞、钝锯齿状红细胞和多染色性。HELLP 综合征@然而，在临床实践中，外周血涂片检查不是常规，可以通过下列方式获得足够的溶血证据： * LDH 升高：＞600IU/L * 胆红素升高：＞1.2mg/dL (5.1μmol/L) * 结合珠蛋白低（实践中极少检查） * 肝酶升高：AST和／或ALT＞70IU/L * 血小板减少症：血小板＜100,000/μL(＜100×10^9/L)。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外周血涂片检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血小板减少症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溶血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "LDH 升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溶血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆红素升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溶血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结合珠蛋白低"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝酶升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "溶血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "血吸虫病@由于肠血吸虫病引起的进展性门静脉高压可表现为腹腔积液和由于食管静脉曲张所致的严重的上消化道出血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "肠血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "进展性门静脉高压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上消化道出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "甲状腺癌@甲状腺癌最常表现为无症状的甲状腺结节，由触诊或超声检查发现。甲状腺癌@ 通常发生在30岁到40岁之间的女性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "甲状腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "甲状腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "触诊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "甲状腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无症状的甲状腺结节"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "幼年型皮肌炎@皮疹消退后可留有色素沉着。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "幼年型皮肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "色素沉着"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "多发性骨髓瘤@最常见的特征为骨痛和贫血；此疾病亦可通过对疲劳、感染、高钙血症或肾功能损害的检查发现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疲劳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高钙血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾功能损害"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "尘肺@应告知被诊断为矽肺病或慢性铍肺的人其患肺癌的风险增加，尤其是吸烟者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "矽肺病或慢性铍肺的人"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "【临床表现】 脑瘫临床表现多种多样，主要为运动功能障碍，均表现为①运动发育落后：包括粗大运动或精细运动迟缓，主动运动减少。②肌张力异常：表现为肌张力亢进、肌强直、肌张力低下及肌张力不协调。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑瘫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌张力异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑瘫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌张力亢进"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑瘫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌强直"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑瘫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌张力低下"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑瘫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌张力不协调"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑瘫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "运动发育落后"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑瘫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "主动运动减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "慢性心房颤动@P波消失，取而代之的是与其大小、形态和时限不同的快速颤动波，当房室传导正常时可导致心室率不规则。 慢性心房颤动@当诊断不确定时，可能需要应用24小时（或7天）动态心电监测或事件记录仪（如Cardiomemo）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "慢性心房颤动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "24小时（或7天）动态心电监测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "慢性心房颤动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "事件记录仪"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "急性阑尾炎@ ### 弥漫性腹膜炎 | 短期 | 低 急性炎症期阑尾的大穿孔会导致弥漫性腹膜炎。 急性阑尾炎@患者有急腹症症状（高热、弥漫性腹痛、广泛性压痛、肠鸣音减弱）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "弥漫性腹膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急腹症症状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "弥漫性腹膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "弥漫性腹膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "弥漫性腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "弥漫性腹膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "广泛性压痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "弥漫性腹膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠鸣音减弱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "弥漫性腹膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "弥漫性腹膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性阑尾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "白内障@### 干眼 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 可以是一种外观异常的泪膜。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "白内障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "干眼"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "干眼", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外观异常的泪膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "自身免疫性肝炎@### 肝组织学 除非忌用，否则应在治疗前进行肝活组织检查，以确定诊断，并评估肝脏状况，原因在于治疗会改变组织学检查结果。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝活组织检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "【诊断】 肾母细胞瘤大多是由于腹部肿块而作出诊断。 （一）腹部平片 在大多数病例可见患侧肋腹膨胀，充气的肠管绕着肿瘤的软组织密度阴影，并被肿块推移向腹中部。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肾母细胞瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹部平片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "急性髓性白血病@拓扑异构酶 II 抑制剂（例如，依托泊苷、替尼泊苷和蒽环类药物，例如多柔比星）的既往治疗也可能会诱发 AML。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "AML", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "拓扑异构酶 II 抑制剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "AML", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "依托泊苷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "AML", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "替尼泊苷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "AML", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多柔比星"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "AML", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "蒽环类药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "类癌综合征@ 干扰素α的作用是通过 1 型干扰素受体介导的。类癌综合征@ 最常用的干扰素是干扰素α-2a 或干扰素α-2b。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "干扰素α-2a"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "干扰素α-2b"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "干扰素α"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "对于部分无家族病史但是患病风险增加的产妇，常规超声发现的先天性心脏病、腭裂以及腭唇裂等尤其是心脏圆锥动脉干畸形可能提示诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "先天性心脏病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "腭唇裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "心脏圆锥动脉干畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "第二节 急进性肾小球肾炎 急进性肾小球肾炎（rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis，RPGN）简称急进性肾炎，系急进性肾炎综合征。 电镜下可见新月体内除上皮细胞外，尚有纤维素及红细胞，肾小球基底膜断裂及纤维素样沉积，内皮下及系膜区甚至上皮下可见电子致密物。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "电镜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "RPGN"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急进性肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "急进性肾炎综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急进性肾小球肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "6.纠正水 、电解质紊乱 呕吐导致水、电解质紊乱，应及时纠正。 （二）病因治疗 1.手术 对外科疾病需手术治疗，手术时机根据病情而定。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "慢性肾病@随着肾衰竭进展到较晚期的尿毒症时期，患者常常自述食欲下降（尤其是对于肉类和高蛋白类食物的食欲下降）、恶心、呕吐、瘙痒以及周身不适。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "尿毒症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食欲下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "尿毒症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "尿毒症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "尿毒症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瘙痒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "尿毒症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "周身不适"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "（二）肿瘤和自身免疫性疾病 免疫缺陷病，尤其是PID病人易患自身免疫性疾病和肿瘤，淋巴系肿瘤的发生率较正常人群高几十倍乃至上百倍。临床发现伴发淋巴瘤的PID常为SCID、嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶（PNP）缺乏、XLA、X连锁淋巴组织增生症、高IgM血症（HM）、IgA缺乏症、IgG亚类缺陷、常见变异型免疫缺陷病（CVID）、湿疹血小板减少伴免疫缺陷（WAS）、毛细血管扩张共济失调综合征（AT）以及胸腺发育不全等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "免疫缺陷病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶（PNP）缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "免疫缺陷病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "XLA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "免疫缺陷病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "X连锁淋巴组织增生症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "免疫缺陷病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高IgM血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "免疫缺陷病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HM"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "免疫缺陷病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "IgA缺乏症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "免疫缺陷病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "IgG亚类缺陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "免疫缺陷病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "常见变异型免疫缺陷病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "免疫缺陷病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸腺发育不全"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "免疫缺陷病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "淋巴系肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "PID", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "自身免疫性疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "PID", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "PID", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "SCID"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "常见变异型免疫缺陷病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CVID"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "胃炎@### 危重患者 危重患者有发生应激性消化道出血的风险。胃炎@ 临床发生严重出���的主要危险因素包括机械通气时间＞48 小时和存在凝血功能障碍。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "应激性消化道出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "存在凝血功能障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "危重患者"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "产毒性细菌引起的肠炎：多发生在夏季。重症腹泻频繁，量多，呈水样或蛋花样混有黏液，镜检无白细胞。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "产毒性细菌引起的肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "产毒性细菌引起的肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "镜检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发季节", "subject": "产毒性细菌引起的肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "夏季"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "二、肺炎衣原体肺炎 肺炎衣原体（chlamydia pneumoniae）能引起多种呼吸系统疾病，但以肺炎为主。已公认肺炎衣原体是5岁以上儿童肺炎的重要病原。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "肺炎衣原体", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "5岁以上"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "肺炎衣原体", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肺炎衣原体", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "chlamydia pneumoniae"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "肺炎衣原体", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸系统疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "肺炎衣原体", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@ 外科手术的方式主要包括Roux-en-Y胆总管空肠吻合术和胆总管十二指肠吻合术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆总管十二指肠吻合术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "疟疾感染@ 大多数死亡发生在非洲地区 (92%)，其次是东南亚地区 (6%) 和东地中海地区 (2%)。疟疾感染@全球死亡率在 2000-2015 年间下降了 62%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "死亡率", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "下降了 62%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "死亡率", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "92%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "死亡率", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "6%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "死亡率", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "2%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "【临床表现】 弓形虫可侵犯全身各器官，但以中枢神经系统、眼、淋巴结、心肺、肝脾和骨骼肌为主，新生儿的显性感染多为先天性获得。出生时有显性感染的常见有脑和眼受损表现，脑部症状有小头畸形、脑积水、脑钙化、脑膜脑炎、精神障碍、惊厥、肢体强直、脑神经麻痹等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "弓形虫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小头畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "弓形虫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑积水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "弓形虫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑钙化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "弓形虫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑膜脑炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "弓形虫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "精神障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "弓形虫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中枢神经系统"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "弓形虫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "弓形虫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "淋巴结"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "弓形虫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "弓形虫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝脾"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "弓形虫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨骼肌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "麻风病@如果患者出现免疫反应，且正在接受泼尼松龙或沙利度胺治疗，需要每月密切随访。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "泼尼松龙"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "沙利度胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "【临床表现】 典型结核性脑膜炎起病多较缓慢。出现明显脑膜刺激征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "典型结核性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出现明显脑膜刺激征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "典型结核性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑膜刺激征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄（congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis)是由于幽门环肌增生肥厚,使幽门管腔狭窄而引起的上消化道不完全梗阻性疾病。 呕吐 为本病的主要症状，一般在出生后2~4周，少数于生后1周发病，也有迟至生后2 ~3 个月发病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "幽门环肌增生肥厚"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "全身各系统中毒症状 其严重程度与血中尿素氮及肌酐增高的浓度相一致。 心血管系统：主要因水钠潴留所致，表现为高血压和心力衰竭，还可发生心律失常、心包炎等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "水钠潴留", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身各系统中毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "水钠潴留", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "水钠潴留", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心力衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "水钠潴留", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心律失常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "水钠潴留", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心包炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "一、二尖瓣狭窄 【病理生理】 功能性二尖瓣狭窄将影响左房的肺静脉进入左心室，导致左心房、肺静脉及肺毛细血管压升高，继而导致充血的支气管静脉将压迫小支气管致气道阻力上升，由此导致呼吸困难、低氧血症及高碳酸血症。 彩色多普勒超声心动图可提供二尖瓣舒张期正向湍流的彩色直观显示，并可对狭窄或反流的位置进行定位。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "二尖瓣狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "彩色多普勒超声心动图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "B族链球菌感染@青霉素或氨苄西林联用庆大霉素是推荐的一线疗法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氨苄西林联用庆大霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "（2）罗马Ⅱ标准（1999年制定）： 小儿CVS诊断标准：①3个或3个周期以上剧烈的恶心、顽固性呕吐，持续数小时到数日，间隙期持续数日到数月；②排除代谢性、胃肠道及中枢神经系统器质性疾病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "CVS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "CVS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "顽固性呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "垂体功能减退@需要连续监测前列腺特异性抗原、红细胞压积、肝功和血脂水平。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "前列腺特异性抗原"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红细胞压积"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血脂水平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "肾小球肾炎@### 呼吸系统感染 与 IgA 肾病相关，可能触发肉眼血尿反复发作，从感染后 1 至 3 天开始。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸系统感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "IgA 肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肉眼血尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "五、免疫性溶血性贫血第十篇 血液系统疾病 第三章 贫血 第六节 溶血性贫血【分类】 【发病机制】 【临床表现】 1.急性暂时型 2.慢性迁延型 3.抗人球蛋白试验（Coombs）阴性型 【实验室检查】 1.外周血象 2.红细胞渗透脆性试验 3. Coombs试验 4.胆红素和珠蛋白测定 【诊断与鉴别诊断】 【治疗】 1.一般治疗 2.药物治疗 （1）激素： （2）丙种球蛋白静滴： （3）免疫抑制剂： 3.脾切除 4.输血及血浆置换 【预后】由于免疫因素如抗体、补体等导致红细胞损伤而过早地破坏，产生溶血和贫血症状者称为免疫性溶血性贫血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "免疫性溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆红素和珠蛋白测定"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "免疫性溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脾切除"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@### 其他诊断因素 ### 常见 查看全部   ### 强体力活动 体力活动伴随的血液动力学压力急性改变，可诱发不稳定斑块破裂。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "强体力活动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "（二）抗感染 根据细菌学检查结果选用抗生素，在未报告前可经验性使用抗生素，静脉滴注。 （三）纠正水电解质紊乱 NEC患儿常发生水电解质平衡紊乱，需及时补液、纠正酸中毒和电解质紊乱。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "及时补液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "生长缓慢出现在神经系统症状体征出现前，尤其多见于颅咽管瘤。颅咽管瘤的儿童常见有视野缺损、视神经萎缩、视乳头水肿及中枢神经瘫痪。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "颅咽管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "视野缺损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "颅咽管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "视乳头水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "成人哮喘@## 病史和查体 ### 关键诊断因素 ### 常见 查看全部   ### 存在的危险因素 主要危险因素包括哮喘家族史、过敏原接触（如尘螨、宠物、烟草烟雾），或过敏性疾病史（如湿疹、过敏性鼻炎）。 成人哮喘@### 近期有上呼吸道感染 哮喘症状通常因近期发生的鼻窦炎或普通感冒而加重。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "成人哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "哮喘家族史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "成人哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "过敏原接触"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "成人哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "过敏性疾病史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "成人哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "烟草烟雾"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "成人哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "过敏性鼻炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "脑积水 乙酰唑胺（acetazolamide)可减少脑脊液的产生，每日10~30mg/( kg • d),分2 ~ 3次 口服，疗程不超过2周。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乙酰唑胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "乙酰唑胺", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "acetazolamide"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "磨牙可发生于所有是睡眠时期，但最常见于NREM第二期，有些病人可主要见于REM睡眠期。 如果要以PSG证实磨牙症或排除癫痫，则必须进行连续两夜的记录。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "磨牙症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "磨牙"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "磨牙症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "癫痫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@检查 核成像V/Q扫描或胸部增强CT是肺栓塞的最常用诊断检查。 非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@胸部CT扫描可能显示血管管腔内的中央充盈缺损、充盈缺损周围有对比剂和（或）完全闭塞。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肺栓塞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部CT扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肺栓塞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "核成像V/Q扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肺栓塞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部增强CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "产后抑郁症@ * 在典型的轻度、中度或重度抑郁发作中，患者存在抑郁心境、精力不足和活动减少。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "产后抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抑郁心境"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "产后抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "精力不足"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "产后抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "活动减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "B族链球菌感染@### 体格检查 早发型新生儿感染 * 感染的临床表现可以是非特异性的，包括呼噜音、面色苍白或肌张力减退。B族链球菌感染@呼吸窘迫、嗜睡、易受激惹和食欲不振/饮食不佳也是感染的非特异性指标。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸窘迫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嗜睡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "易受激惹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食欲不振/饮食不佳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼噜音"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "面色苍白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌张力减退"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "（二）不伴有局部症状的发热 病史和体格检查不能提示��断，但实验室检查可明确病原。3岁以下婴幼儿多见，70%的感染可以确定病原。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "不伴有局部症状的发热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "3岁以下婴幼儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "不伴有局部症状的发热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "实验室检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "肥厚型心肌病@### 危险因素 ### 强 查看全部   ### HCM或心脏性猝死的家族史 受累家庭成员可能会出现猝死，因此无法明确诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "肥厚型心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "猝死的家族史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "结节性硬化症@ 2.智力低下 约占60%，程度轻重不等，且常与癫痫发作同时存在。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "结节性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "智力低下"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "粟粒性肺结核可有气促和发绀，从而与肺炎极其相似,但肺部啰音不明显。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "粟粒性肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "粟粒性肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气促"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "粟粒性肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发绀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "阿尔茨海默病@另一种常用工具则是 MoCA（蒙特利尔认知评估），它也对轻度阶段的认知减退更敏感，并且可能有助于识别患者是否有认知减退的风险。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MoCA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "MoCA", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "蒙特利尔认知评估"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "垂体功能减退@ * 产后不能分泌乳汁提示为催乳素不足以及席汉 (Sheehan) 综合征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "席汉 (Sheehan) 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "产后不能分泌乳汁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "胆管癌@早期肿瘤患者在没有胆管梗阻时会表现出腹部隐痛和肝功能异常。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹部隐痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝功能异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "小细胞肺癌@[ 肺炎/支气管炎 ](/topics/zh-cn/17) ### 类癌瘤 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 通常体格检查正常且无症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "类癌瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "肝硬化@主诉腹围增加但没有黄疸。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹围增加但没有黄疸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "脓气胸（pyopneumothorax)肺脏边缘的脓肿破裂并与肺泡或小支气管相通,即造成脓气胸。立位X线检查可见液气面。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "脓气胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "立位X线检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "脓气胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "pyopneumothorax"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "自由基以及抗氧化剂缺乏在慢性胰腺炎的形成和发展中都起了很重要的作用。在钙化性胰腺炎，随着胰腺的钙化，疼痛减轻，但随之出现内、外分泌功能不足。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "钙化性胰腺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "经典的病理分类将NB分成3型，即神经母细胞瘤、神经节母细胞瘤、神经节细胞瘤，这三个类型反映了NB的分化、成熟过程。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "NB", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经母细胞瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "NB", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经节母细胞瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "NB", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经节细胞瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "胆管癌@### 高热，黄疸和右上腹痛 急性胆道炎的表现，10%的病例中会出现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胆道炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胆道炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黄疸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胆道炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "右上腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "脑炎@局灶性神经系统症状很常见，包括偏瘫、共济失调、锥体束征（腱反射减弱，巴彬斯基征阳性）、颅神经功能障碍、不自主运动（肌阵挛和震颤）和癫痫发作。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "偏瘫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "共济失调"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "锥体束征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腱反射减弱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "巴彬斯基征阳性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅神经功能障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不自主运动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌阵挛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "震颤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "癫痫发作"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "原发性高血压@应记录完整的用药史，包括筛查口服避孕药、非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID)、拟交感神经药或草药使用情况。原发性高血压@大多数患者是无症状的，但应寻找并发现甲状腺功能亢进，甲状腺功能低下或儿茶酚胺过量（如心动过速，消瘦，多汗，或心悸），或终末器官损害（如呼吸急促，胸部疼痛或感觉/运动障碍）的临床症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "原发性高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲状腺功能亢进"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "原发性高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲状腺功能低下"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "原发性高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心动过速"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "原发性高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消瘦"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "原发性高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多汗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "原发性高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心悸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "原发性高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "原发性高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸急促"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "继发于感染等疾病的播散性血管内凝血（DIC）是由于凝血因子、血小板的大量消耗或纤溶亢进，导致严重的出血；使用抗凝药物引起出血者偶或见之。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "播散性血管内凝血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "纤溶亢进"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "播散性血管内凝血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "使用抗凝药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@### 出血 鳞状细胞癌易破溃出血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "易破溃出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "胃炎@血清维生素 B12 低的患者应该肌肉注射氰钴胺（维生素 B12）进行补充，然后每月注射一次。胃炎@ 口服结晶氰钴胺对这些患者的维生素 B12 维持治疗可能有一定作用，但需要进一步研究。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "血清维生素 B12 低", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结晶氰钴胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "现分述病毒性心肌炎各期主要症状、体征。 【实验室检查】 （一）心电图 急性期多有窦性心动过速。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "病毒性心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "【临床表现】 目前仍公认下列分类：SMA-Ⅰ型、SMA-Ⅱ型以及SMA-Ⅲ型。大多数患者为SMA-Ⅰ型，其次为Ⅱ型，Ⅲ型发病率最低。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "SMA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "SMA-Ⅰ型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "SMA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "SMA-Ⅱ型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "SMA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "SMA-Ⅲ型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "6.肾小球性血尿特点 肾小球性血尿为全程血尿，无血凝块；可有肾区钝痛；常合并蛋白尿及管型，特别是有红细胞管型更说明血尿来自肾实质；尿沉渣红细胞形态及容积分布曲线检查符合肾小球血尿。 （六）尿细菌检查 尿沉渣涂片找细菌、尿细菌计数及尿培养以确定泌尿系感染引起血尿的病因，反复发作者要除外伴有膀胱输尿管反流。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "血尿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿细菌检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "【手术治疗】 手术行尿道成形是尿道下裂唯一的治疗方法。相对来说比较常用的手术方法有尿道口前移龟头成形术（meatal advancement and glanuloplasty incorporated procedure，MAGPI），Mathieu或Filp-Flap尿道成形术，加盖岛状皮瓣尿道成形术（onlay island flap尿道成形术），包皮内板横行岛状皮瓣尿道成形术（Duckett术）等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "尿道下裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿道口前移龟头成形术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "尿道下裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Mathieu或Filp-Flap尿道成形术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "尿道下裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手术行尿道成形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "meatal advancement and glanuloplasty incorporated procedure", "subject_type": "手术治疗", "object": {"@value": "MAGPI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "持续性抑郁症@### 罕见 查看全部   ### 体重改变 包括食欲不振或饮食过度。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "持续性抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "持续性抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食欲不振"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "持续性抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "饮食过度"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "骨性关节炎@如果患者被诊断骨性关节炎，那么���生推荐功能锻炼、理疗、健康生活方式以及药物治疗的联合应用以治疗。骨性关节炎@如果患者仍存在明显疼痛或活动受限，则应与医生讨论是否进行关节置换或其他外科治疗的选择，并要求患者转诊至风湿病学和/或骨科专家。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "活动受限"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节置换"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "功能锻炼"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "健康生活方式"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "药物治疗的联合应用"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "二、部分性肺静脉异位连接 部分性肺静脉异位连接是指一条或数条（但非全部）肺静脉的引流异常，目前其发生率还很难确定。 伴有房间隔缺损者，体检以房缺体征为主。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "部分性肺静脉异位连接", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "房缺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "前列腺癌@对于没有转移性前列腺癌的患者，在使用 LHRH 激动剂之前是否需要使用非甾体类抗雄激素尚未被正式研究，临床实践模式也存在差异。 前列腺癌@在一项为期 10 年使用主动监测、根治性前列腺切除术或外照射疗法治疗临床局限性前列腺癌的临床试验（＞1600 名患者；通过 PSA 筛查识别前列腺癌）中，所有治疗组的前列腺癌特异性死亡率都较低。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "根治性前列腺切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "1.脱水 由于腹泻与呕吐丢失大量的水和电解质，使体内保留水分的能力减低；严重呕吐、禁食、食欲减低或拒食，使食物和液体摄入量均减少；患儿发热、呼吸加快、酸中毒者呼吸加深，使不显性失水增加。 表13-5 脱水及液体丢失量的估计 2.代谢性酸中毒 脱水大多有不同程度的代谢性酸中毒，产生原因为：大量的碱性物质随粪便丢失；脱水时肾血流量不足，尿量减少，体内酸性代谢产物不能及时排出；肠道消化和吸收功能不良、摄入热量不足，脂肪氧化增加，代谢不全，致酮体堆积且不能及时被肾脏排出；严重脱水者组织灌容不足，组织缺氧，乳酸堆积。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "代谢性酸中毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脱水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脱水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脱水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸加快、"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脱水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "酸中毒者呼吸加深"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "1.非血管源性消化道出血（溃疡性出血） （1）抑制胃酸分泌： 患儿仅有出血而无血流动力学的改变，且出血能自行停止者，只需给予抑酸药。局部喷洒去甲肾上腺素，机制是使局部管壁痉挛，出血面周围血管收缩，以及促进血液凝固；注射治疗是通过血管旁注入肾上腺素或硬化剂，使组织发生水肿、压迫出血血管而止血；热凝止血治疗的原理是利用产生的热量使组织蛋白凝固而止血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "非血管源性消化道出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "局部喷洒去甲肾上腺素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "非血管源性消化道出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "溃疡性出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "非血管源性消化道出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抑制胃酸分泌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "5.贫血 维生素A缺乏时会出现贮存铁增加、外周血血清铁降低、类似于缺铁性贫血的小细胞低色素贫血。 【诊断】 1.临床诊断 长期动物性食物摄入不足，有各种消化道疾病或慢性消耗性疾病史,急性传染病史等情况下应高度警惕维生素A缺乏症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "维生素A缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "维生素A缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "贮存铁增加"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "维生素A缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外周血血清铁降低"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "维生素A缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性传染病史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "新生儿黄疸@### 头颅血肿 体内少量出血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头颅血肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "感染性心内膜炎@ 结果 瓣膜、可活动的赘生物 ### 需要考虑的检查 ### 查看全部   ### 类风湿因子 检查 结果 检查 类风湿因子阳性是感染性心内膜炎的Duke诊断标准的次要标准之一。 感染性心内膜炎@结果 下降 ### 计算机断层扫描 检查 结果 检查 已经发现计算机断层扫描较经胸超声心动图在检测感染性心内膜炎的患者瓣膜异常中有优势，但它可能发现不了小病灶，例如小的瓣叶穿孔（直径≤2毫米）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸超声心动图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "计算机断层扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "为 了避免发生脑细胞酸中毒和高钠血症,对酮症酸中毒不宜常规使用碳酸氢钠溶液，仅在血pH<7. 1, HCO3ˉ<12mmol/L时,始可按2mmol/kg给予1. 4%碳酸氢钠溶液静滴，先用半量，当血pH≥7. 2时即 416 停用，避免酸中毒纠正过快加重脑水肿。 胰岛素治疗:糖尿病酮症酸中毒时多采用小剂量胰岛素静脉滴注治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "酮症酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胰岛素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "酮症酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "碳酸氢钠溶液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "第八节 流行性腮腺炎 流行性腮腺炎（mumps，epidemic parotitis）是由腮腺炎病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病。 【鉴别诊断】 （一）急性淋巴结炎 耳前、颈浅上和下颌角淋巴结发炎肿大伴有周围组织水肿时，易与腮腺炎混淆。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性淋巴结炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "mumps"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "epidemic parotitis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸道"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腮腺炎病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "急性淋巴结炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "耳前"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "普通感冒@## 监测 多数患者不需要监护。普通感冒@如既往曾出现中耳炎或鼻窦炎等并发症，需特别加以注意。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中耳炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻窦炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "溶血性贫血@## 分类 ### 获得性溶血性贫血：免疫性或非免疫性 免疫性（直接抗球蛋白试验常呈阳性）： * 温抗体型自身免疫性溶血性贫血：在体温条件下，抗体（通常为 IgG）结合最为活跃。溶血性贫血@ * 同种免疫性溶血性贫血：新生儿溶血性疾病或输血反应性溶血性疾病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "获得性溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "同种免疫性溶血性贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "获得性溶血性贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "（4）红霉素： 虽为抗生素，也是胃动素激动剂，可增加胃近端和远端收缩活力，促进胃推进性蠕动，加速空腹和餐后胃排空，可用于FD小儿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "FD小儿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@有人认为出生体重低于平均体重，并且母亲患有UC的儿童有更大的风险患有IBD。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "遗传因素", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "母亲患有UC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "白内障@在严重白内障的情况下，可能会观察到晶状体混浊。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "白内障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "晶状体混浊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "白内障@如果存在以下情况，则指示治疗： * 白内障引起其他眼病 * 尽管进行了最佳视力矫正，但是混浊仍足够浓密，以致引起患者视力功能缺损 * 在活动性眼后段疾病或计划性眼后段手术的情况下，混浊足够浓密以致不能看到眼底。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "白内障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "其他眼病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "白内障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "混浊仍足够浓密"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "白内障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "患者视力功能缺损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "白内障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "计划性眼后段手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "白内障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "最佳视力矫正"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "细菌性脑膜炎@## 鉴别诊断 ### 查看全部  ### 脑炎 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 脑功能异常，例如行为和语言变化或者运动障碍，特别是当伴有发热时，应考虑脑炎诊断。 细菌性脑膜炎@检查 颅脑CT或者MRI扫描 [ 脑炎 ](/topics/zh-cn/436) ### 病毒性脑膜炎 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 相关的暴露病史 无需要鉴别的症状或体征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅脑CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MRI扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "行为和语言变化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "运动障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "腹主动脉瘤@[ 阑尾炎 ](/topics/zh-cn/290) ### 卵巢扭转 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 女性突然感到下腹部持续性非特异性疼痛；常伴恶心和呕吐。腹主动脉瘤@临床检查可能发现患者发热，可能触及附件肿块。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "卵巢扭转", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "附件肿块"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "卵巢扭转", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "女性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "卵巢扭转", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "持续性非特异性疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "卵巢扭转", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "成人AS病人长期发作后可能发生主动脉炎或主动脉扩张，JAS主动脉病变发生率低于成年人，偶尔有报告JAS出现主动脉瓣关闭不全。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "JAS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "主动脉瓣关闭不全"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "肿瘤相关性 HLH (malignancy-associated hemophagocytic syndrome, MAHS )儿童 常继发于恶性淋巴瘤、白血病（多见于T细胞型）以及朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症等。造血干细胞移植后亦可并发HLH。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "肿瘤相关性 HLH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "造血干细胞移植"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "恶性淋巴瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肿瘤相关性 HLH"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肿瘤相关性 HLH"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肿瘤相关性 HLH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "malignancy-associated hemophagocytic syndrome"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肿瘤相关性 HLH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MAHS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "malignancy-associated hemophagocytic syndrome", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MAHS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "白内障@### 红光反射缺失 在直接眼底镜检查中可能可见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "白内障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红光反射缺失"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "白内障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼底镜检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "胆管癌@年龄大于55岁的患者出现无痛性黄疸，体重减轻和腹部疼痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无痛性黄疸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重减轻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹部疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "早发GBS感染通常指生后7天以内的感染，美国、英国等发达国家的研究表明，活产儿早发感染的发病率为1. 1‰～3. 7‰；但印度、马来西亚等发展中国家的报道其发病率为0. 08‰～0. 4‰。极低出生体重儿GBS感染的发病率为8‰。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "早发GBS感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "8‰"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "早发GBS感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1. 1‰～3. 7‰"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "早发GBS感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "0. 08‰～0. 4‰"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "接触化学因素如苯、油漆、汽油、农药等也与再障发生有关。 4.遗传因素 如Fanconi贫血，纯红再障等，再障亦可见于双胎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "遗传因素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "接触化学因素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "苯"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "油漆"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "汽油"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "农药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "食管癌@ 酗酒一般使食管癌发病风险增加3-5倍。 食管癌@### GORD和巴雷特食管（腺癌） 巴雷特食管患者患食管腺癌的风险是一般人群的30-60倍。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "食管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "巴雷特食管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "一、脑室周围-脑室内出血 脑室周围-脑室内出血（intraventricular hemorrhage，IVH）是早产儿最常见的颅内出血类型。断续进展型其次，症状在数小时至数天内断续进展，神志异常或呆滞或激惹，肌张力低下，动作减少，呼吸不规则。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑室周围-脑室内出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神志异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑室周围-脑室内出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呆滞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑室周围-脑室内出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "激惹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑室周围-脑室内出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌张力低下"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑室周围-脑室内出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "动作减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑室周围-脑室内出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸不规则"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "脑室周围-脑室内出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "intraventricular hemorrhage"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "脑室周围-脑室内出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "IVH"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "第七章 心肌病 心肌病（cardiomyopathy）为发生于心肌的疾病。心肌病@②肥厚性心肌病：先前称之为特发性肥厚性心肌病，以左心室肥厚为特征，可不对称。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肥厚性心肌病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "cardiomyopathy"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肥厚性心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "特发性肥厚性心肌病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肥厚性心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "左心室肥厚"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "1994年美国疾病控制中心根据临床表现和免疫状态将HIV感染进行分类,根据临床表现分为:无临床表现 (N)，轻度临床表现(A)，中度临床表现(B)和严重临床表现（C)。 平滑肌肉瘤伴有EB病毒感染。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "HIV感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "平滑肌肉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "产后抑郁症@一项复习了在8个非洲国家的产后心理健康相关研究的系统综述 报道加权平均发病率为18.3%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "产后抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "18.3%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "急性咽喉炎@ 特征性斑丘疹或结膜炎也可见于麻疹。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "丘疹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "麻疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "结膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "麻疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "（一）左冠状动脉异常 畸形左冠状动脉起源于肺动脉，右冠状动脉起源正常。胸片可显示心脏扩大、慢性肺静脉充血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "左冠状动脉异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心脏扩大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "左冠状动脉异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性肺静脉充血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "左冠状动脉异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "左冠状动脉异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺动脉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "【临床表现】 GH缺乏症的部分患儿出生时有难产史、窒息史或者胎位不正，以臀位和足位产多见。 伴有垂体其他促激素不足者，多为促性腺激素缺乏，表现为青春发育延缓，男孩小阴茎、小睾丸，女孩乳房不发育，原发闭经；若伴有ACTH缺乏，则常有皮肤色素沉着和严重的低血糖表现；伴有促甲状腺激素不足，则表现为甲状腺功能低下。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "GH缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ACTH缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "遗传因素", "subject": "GH缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "窒息史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "促性腺激素缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小阴茎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "促性腺激素缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乳房不发育"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "ACTH缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤色素沉着"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "促甲状腺激素不足", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲状腺功能低下"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "胆囊炎@评估急性胆道疾病时，腹部 CT 扫描不及超声，但在肥胖患者或气体较多限制超声检查时有用。胆囊炎@在评估疑似并发症（如脓肿）和并发的腹内其他疾病时同样需要进行腹部 CT 扫描。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹部 CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "失眠症@### 非药物疗法 对可能导致持续性睡眠障碍的任何基础疾病（如慢性疼痛、潮热）或精神疾病（如抑郁）的识别和优化治疗是非常重要的。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非药物疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "精神疾病（如抑郁）", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "持续性睡眠障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "妊娠期高血压@## 监测 每次产检期间常规测量血压并进行尿液分析。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿液分析"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "痛风@### 嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶抑制剂 (BCX4208) 在一项双盲安慰剂对照研究中，BCX4208 在 3 周内显著降低血清尿酸（40 mg/d、80 mg/d 和 120 mg/d 剂量组的降幅分别为 -2.7 mg/dL、-3.3 mg/dL 和 -3.4 mg/dL，使用安慰剂的降幅为 -0.4 mg/dL）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "BCX4208"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "安慰剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "成人哮喘@ 轻度持续 * 白天症状>2 次/周，但<1 次/天 * 发作可能影响活动 * 夜间症状>2 次/月 * FEV1≥80% 预计值 * PEFR 变异率 20%~30%。成人哮喘@ 中度持续 * 每天都有症状 * 每天都需要使用 SABA * 发作时活动受限 * 急性加重≥2 次/周且可持续数天 * 夜间症状>1 次/周 * FEV1>60% 预计值且<80% 预计值 * PEFR 变异率>30%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "成人哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中度持续"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "成人哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "轻度持续"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
+{"text": "第三节 血友病 血友病（hemophilia）是一组遗传性凝血功能障碍的出血性疾病，包括血友病甲，即因子Ⅷ（又称抗血友病球蛋白，AHG）缺乏症；血友病乙，即因子Ⅸ（又称血浆凝血活酶成分，PTC）缺乏症；血友病丙，即因子Ⅺ（又称血浆凝血活酶前质，PTA）缺乏症。 5.重组抗血友病因子 基因工程制备的重组因子Ⅷ效果好，反应少，不传播病毒性疾病，适用于血友病甲。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "血友病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "重组抗血友病因子"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "血友病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "hemophilia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "遗传因素", "subject": "血友病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "遗传性凝血功能障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "出血性疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血友病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "血友病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血友病乙"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "血友病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血友病丙"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "血友病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血友病甲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "抗血友病球蛋白", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "AHG"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "血浆凝血活酶成分", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PTC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "血浆凝血活酶前质", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PTA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "血友病乙", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "因子Ⅸ"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "因子Ⅸ", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血浆凝血活酶成分"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "PTC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血浆凝血活酶成分"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "脑炎@针对难治性癫痫/癫痫持续状态，应进行气管插管，静脉注射大剂量镇静剂（咪达唑仑、丙泊酚或戊巴比妥），直至脑电图显示出现抑制状态，同时静脉注射抗惊厥药（苯妥英、丙戊酸盐和/或较新的抗惊厥药物，如左乙拉西坦和拉克酰胺）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "难治性癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "镇静剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "难治性癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咪达唑仑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "难治性癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "丙泊酚"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "难治性癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "戊巴比妥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "难治性癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗惊厥药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "难治性癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "苯妥英"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "难治性癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "丙戊酸盐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "难治性癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗惊厥药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "难治性癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "左乙拉西坦"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "难治性癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "拉克酰胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "难治性癫痫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "癫痫持续状态"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咪达唑仑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "戊巴比妥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "苯妥英"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "丙戊酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "左乙拉西坦"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "惊厥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "虽然川崎病在全世界均有发病，但最多见于日本及具有日本血统的儿童。在美国，非亚裔小于5岁的儿童年发病率接近10/10万，亚裔儿童则约为44/10万。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "10/10万"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "44/10万"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "日本"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "具有日本血统的儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "90%以上的系统性硬化症患儿发生雷诺现象。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "系统性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "雷诺现象"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "B族链球菌感染@因此，患者还可能出现以下体征（具体取决于感染的病灶部位）：关节发热、肿胀和压痛伴关节积液（化脓性关节炎）；呼吸窘迫、发绀、鼻翼煽动、肋间或肋下凹陷、呼吸音减弱、听诊有湿啰音或胸膜摩擦音（肺炎）；鼻黏膜红肿（鼻窦炎）；鼓膜膨胀或鼓膜炎（中耳炎）；或者腹部压痛僵硬、防卫征、反跳痛或肠鸣音减弱或消失（腹腔内感染）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节发热、肿胀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸窘迫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发绀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻翼煽动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肋间或肋下凹陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸音减弱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "听诊有湿啰音"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸膜摩擦音（肺炎）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻黏膜红肿（鼻窦炎）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼓膜膨胀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼓膜炎（中耳炎）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "肝硬化@### 肝肺综合征 该并发症源于门脉高压，5%-10%等候肝移植的患者会出现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝肺综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "肝肺综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "5%-10%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "第二节 急进性肾小球肾炎 急进性肾小球肾炎（rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis，RPGN）简称急进性肾炎，系急进性肾炎综合征。尿毒症前期可用生大黄0. 3～0. 5mg/（kg•d）口服或保留灌汤治疗，还可试用尿毒清5g/次，一天3次。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生大黄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "灌汤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿毒清"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "RPGN"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急进性肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "急进性肾炎综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急进性肾小球肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "食物中毒@### 进食未煮熟的肉 易感沙门氏菌、弯曲菌、产志贺样毒素大肠杆菌、产气荚膜梭菌和戊型肝炎病毒。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "进食未煮熟的肉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "高血压急症@ ### 药物及给药途径 应根据损害的终末器官、患者并发症及总体临床情况，选择特定注射药物治疗高血压急症。高血压急症@ 如没有颅内压升高迹象，二线治疗药物为硝普钠。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "高血压急症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硝普钠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "原发性高血压@[ 外周血管病 ](/topics/zh-cn/431) ### 慢性肾脏疾病 | 长期 | 中 高血压与肾脏疾病和晚期肾病（ESRD）密切相关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "原发性高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性肾脏疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@## 病因学 炎症性肠病（IBD）和溃疡性结肠炎的病因机制不明确。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "炎症性肠病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "IBD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病@除非用于需住院或需广谱覆盖的高危患者的重症感染，否则氟喹诺酮类药物是二线治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氟喹诺酮类"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "【临床表现及诊断】 鹅口疮的特点是口腔黏膜上出现白色乳凝块样物，分布于颊黏膜、舌、齿龈和上腭表面。细菌涂片和培养可帮助诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "鹅口疮", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细菌涂片和培养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "【治疗】 凡诊断为GER的患儿，特别是有合并症或影响生长发育者必须及时进行治疗。 饮食疗法 以稠厚饮食为主,少量多餐，婴儿增加喂奶次数，人工喂养儿可在奶中加入淀粉类食物或进食谷类食品。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "GER", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "饮食疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "GER", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "增加喂奶次数"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "痛风@该研究的设计并未遵循典型的临床实践，一个治疗组的别嘌呤醇起始剂量为 300mg/d，而不是 100 mg/d，且未采用抑制疗法（例如秋水仙碱）���比较组中只有一个治疗组使用了抑制疗法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "别嘌呤醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "秋水仙碱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抑制疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "垂体功能减退@多数患者无垂体激素功能障碍；但垂体功能减退可能由腺瘤的占位效应、手术、放射或肿瘤梗死引发。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放射"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腺瘤的占位效应"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肿瘤梗死"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "慢性心房颤动@也可能因服用抗心律失常药物导致（例如氟卡尼或胺碘酮）。 慢性心房颤动@[ 心动过缓 ](/topics/zh-cn/832) ### 卒中 | 存在差异 | 中 对于非瓣膜性心房颤动患者，根据患者的合并症与CHADS评分情况，每年的校正卒中发生率为1.9%至18.2%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "慢性心房颤动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "卒中"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "幼年型皮肌炎@ （六）其他 生物制剂如TNF-α抑制剂以及CD20单抗的应用，为顽固难治的JDM提供了新的治疗手段。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "幼年型皮肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "TNF-α抑制剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "幼年型皮肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CD20单抗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@钙化偶可见于其他疾病（例如神经内分泌瘤、导管内乳头状黏液瘤），然而其对慢性胰腺炎诊断的总体特异性仍较高，且特异性与胰腺内钙化的分布有关：胰腺实质（67%）、胰管内（88%）、胰腺实质弥漫性分布（91%）、胰管内和胰腺实质同时存在（100%）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "神经内分泌瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "钙化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "导管内乳头状黏液瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "钙化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "流行性腮腺炎（mumps，epidemic parotitis)是由腮腺炎病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病,最常影响 5~ 15岁的儿童。 卵巢炎 约5%~7%的青春期女性患者可并发卵巢炎，症状多较轻，可出现下腹疼痛及压痛、 月经不调等,一般不影响受孕。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "卵巢炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "mumps"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "epidemic parotitis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腮腺炎病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "5~ 15岁的儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "卵巢炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "下腹疼痛及压痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "卵巢炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "月经不调"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "病毒性脑炎（viral encephalitis)是指由多种病毒引起的颅内脑实质炎症。由于解剖上两者相邻近，若脑膜和脑实质同时受累，此时称为病毒性脑膜脑炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "病毒性脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病毒性脑膜脑炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "病毒性脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "viral encephalitis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "病毒性脑膜脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "病毒性脑膜脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑实"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "心力衰竭@ （二）新生儿心力衰竭 足月新生儿充血性心力衰竭多因心肌功能障碍所致，常见于围生期窒息所致的一过性心肌缺血，表现为血清心肌酶增高、乳头肌功能障碍伴房室瓣严重反流。心力衰竭@心律失常同样可导致心力衰竭。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿心力衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心律失常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "心力衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新生儿心力衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿心力衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肌功能障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿心力衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清心肌酶增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "帕金森病@### 前屈姿势 与强直相关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "前屈姿势"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "强直"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "疟疾感染@[ 急性呼吸窘迫综合征 ](/topics/zh-cn/374) 。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性呼吸窘迫综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@心肌梗死48 h内急诊血运重建与单独药物治疗比较能降低12个月时的病死率。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血运重建"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@结果 正常，贫血或血小板减少 ### 尿素和血清肌酐 检查 结果 检查 非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者应当评估肌酐清除率，并且应适当调整经肾清除药物的剂量。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清肌酐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌酐清除率"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "【流行病学】 FD发病十分普遍，美国东北部郊区507名社区青少年调查发现，5%～10%的受调查者具有典型的消化不良症状。一项在儿科消化专科门诊进行的研究表明，4～9岁功能性胃肠病患儿中，13. 5%被诊断为消化不良，10～18岁中有10. 2%有消化不良。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "FD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "10. 2%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "FD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "13. 5%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "FD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "5%～10%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "骨性关节炎@另一项研究显示，减荷鞋对内侧膝骨关节炎也没有效。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "减荷鞋"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "转移性乳腺癌@一线选择包括非甾体类芳香化酶抑制剂单药治疗，或与 CDK4/6 抑制剂（帕布昔利布或瑞博西尼）联合使用。 转移性乳腺癌@选择性雌激素受体下调剂氟维司群是一��替代性方案（曾用过芳香化酶抑制剂时应当考虑）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氟维司群"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "帕布昔利布"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瑞博西尼"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "【临床表现】 肠套叠可致腹部绞痛，表现为原先安静的患儿突然出现明显烦躁不适，可有全身强直，双腿向腹部屈曲，表情痛苦，症状突发突止；无法表达的小婴儿则出现阵发性哭吵，发作间隙表现正常或安静入睡。 梗阻时间过长的患儿可能出现脱水及菌血症，导致心动过速和发热，偶见低血容量性或感染性休克。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肠套叠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脱水及菌血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠套叠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心动过速"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠套叠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠套叠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹部绞痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠套叠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "明显烦躁不适"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠套叠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身强直"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠套叠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双腿向腹部屈曲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠套叠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "表情痛苦"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠套叠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "突发突止"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠套叠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阵发性哭吵"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "室上性心动过速@年长儿还可教予提高迷走张力的方法来终止发作，如Valsalva法、屏气、饮冰水、采取特殊的体位等。室上性心动过速@在危重情况下，如已发生严重心力衰竭，首先推荐直流同步电复律。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "室上性心动过速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "直流同步电复律"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "室上性心动过速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "提高迷走张力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "心力衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "直流同步电复律"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "细菌性脑膜炎@婴儿会表现出非特异性体征和症状，可能包括发热、低体温、烦躁不安、嗜睡、喂哺情况差、癫痫发作、呼吸暂停或囟门膨胀。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "烦躁不安"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嗜睡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喂哺情况差"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "癫痫发作"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸暂停"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "囟门膨胀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低体温"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "其他 血培养:对所有疑似化脓性脑膜炎的病例均应做血培养’以帮助寻找致病菌。 (5)神经影像学:头颅MRI较CT更能清晰地反映脑实质病变,在病程中重复检査能发现并发症并指导干预措施的实施。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头颅MRI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血培养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "多发性骨髓瘤@此疾病通过血清和尿蛋白电泳、骨髓检查以及骨骼检查确诊。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清和尿蛋白电泳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨髓检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨骼检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "共患病对于患儿生活质量的影响有时候甚至超过癫痫本身，比如伴中央颞区棘波的儿童良性癫痫（BECT)共患注意缺陷多动障碍（attention deficit hyperactivity disorder，ADHD)的比例高达30%左右，而BECT大多数比较容易控制，因此在共患ADHD的BECT患者，及早发现、治疗ADHD，能够显著改善患儿的学习，提高生活质量和远期预后。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "儿童良性癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "BECT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "缺陷多动障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "attention deficit hyperactivity disorder"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "缺陷多动障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ADHD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "乙型肝炎@ * 治疗期间应每 12 周检查肝功能，每 12 至 24 周检测 HBV DNA 水平，如果最初 HBeAg 阳性，每 24 周评估 HBeAg/抗 HBe。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝功能"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HBV DNA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HBeAg"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "唇腭裂@一项研究发现，右侧唇裂男孩的 MRI 上的脑结构异常多于左侧唇裂或健康对照，提示性别和唇裂的位置（左右侧）可能为单侧唇裂儿童共存的神经发育差异提供一些洞察力。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "唇腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑结构异常多"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "唇腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经发育差异"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
+{"text": "细菌性脑膜炎@### 神志改变 69%细菌性脑膜炎成年患者出现神志改变。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神志改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神志改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@结合核成像显示心肌灌注缺损或超声心动图显示室壁运动异常，可以提高负荷试验的敏感性和特异性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结合核成像"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声心动图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "溶血性贫血@## 治疗步骤 一旦确诊为溶血性贫血，有必要在血液科就诊。溶血性贫血@支持性治疗包括输血和补充叶酸。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "输血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "补充叶酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "就诊科室", "subject": "溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血液科"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
+{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@戒烟是预防冠状动脉疾病的最重要的干预措施。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "冠状动脉疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "戒烟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
+{"text": "（七）影像学检查 1. B超检查 可探查泌尿系的结构和膀胱排泄功能有无异常，有无结石、梗阻及残余尿等引起感染诱因。对＜5岁的第一次尿感应做排泄性膀胱尿道造影，以发现膀胱输尿管反流及后尿道瓣膜等尿感诱因。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "尿感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "B超检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "尿感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "排泄性膀胱尿道造影"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "房室传导阻滞是指由于房室传导系统某部位的不应期异常延长，激动心房向心室传播，过程中传导延缓或部分甚至全部不能下传的现象，临床上将房室传导阻滞分为三度。 三度房室传导阻滞,又称完全性房室传导阻滞，小儿较少见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "房室传导阻滞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "三度房室传导阻滞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "三度房室传导阻滞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "完全性房室传导阻滞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "胆囊炎@超声检查时也可引起。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "大约40%～50%儿童NHL都起自T细胞系；同等比例的病例则来自表达表面免疫球蛋白的B细胞肿瘤。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "儿童NHL", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "T细胞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "B细胞肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "表达表面免疫球蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@基础代谢指标应当检查，血糖和血脂也应该检测。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "基础代谢指标"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "第十章 休克 【概述】 休克是各种强烈致病因素作用于机体引起的急性循环障碍，以组织的有效血液灌流量急剧降低为特征，导致组织细胞缺血、缺氧、代谢紊乱和脏器功能损害的急性临床综合征。 【流行病学】 在美国，每年休克病例数约占所有儿童和成人住院患者数的2%，死亡率20%～50%不等，死亡率随累及的器官功能衰竭数的增加而上升。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "2%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "死亡率", "subject": "休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "20%～50%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "targetUrl=http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.1401/full) ## 证据评分 疼痛缓解：有中等质量的证据表明，与吗啡相比，曲马多可以更好地改善慢性胰腺炎患者的疼痛症状（用药第4天评估），并且其胃肠道不良反应更少。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "曲马多"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "脉络丛乳头状癌（papilloma choroideum）占该肿瘤的10%～20%，呈浸润性生长，组织学上可看到瘤细胞异形性及核分裂象。90%以上的病人可因肿瘤分泌过量的脑脊液而致脑积水、颅高压；另外不同部位肿瘤可有不同表现，四脑室肿瘤多数表现为共济失调症，侧脑室肿瘤多数有癫痫、偏瘫、偏盲等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脉络丛乳头状癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑积水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脉络丛乳头状癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅高压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "四脑室肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "共济失调症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "侧脑室肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "癫痫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "侧脑室肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "偏瘫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "侧脑室肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "偏盲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "脉络丛乳头状癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "papilloma choroideum"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "B族链球菌感染@神经源性膀胱已被确定为社区获得性疾病的一个危险因素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "社区获得性疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经源性膀胱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "骨性关节炎@[ 假性痛风 ](/topics/zh-cn/370) ### 类风湿性关节炎 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 通常可由受累及关节的数量和分布来明确区分类风湿性关节炎与骨性关节炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "类风湿性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "支持治疗、治疗休克、纠正通气不良、控制颅内高压对于改善GBS感染的预后尤为重要。辅助应用静脉注射免疫球蛋白（IVIG）可增加吞噬细胞的杀菌力，应用500～800mg/kg的剂量，对于新生儿败血症是安全的。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "GBS感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫球蛋白（IVIG）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "GBS感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支持治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "GBS感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "治疗休克"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "GBS感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "纠正通气不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "GBS感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "控制颅内高压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "儿童组织细胞增生症是一组临床表现差异极大、发病率又较低的疾病。 皮疹印片或活检、骨病变处的病理检查见到典型的郎罕细胞是诊断的依据。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "儿童组织细胞增生症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮疹印片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "儿童组织细胞增生症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "儿童组织细胞增生症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨病变处的病理检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "儿童组织细胞增生症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发病率又较低"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "血吸虫病@### 内脏利什曼病 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 缺少血吸虫病流行地区的暴露史。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "内脏利什曼病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "胆管癌@肝外肿瘤 – 附加 –   化疗±放疗 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 如果肿瘤能被成功切除且无阳性淋巴结，患者可以选择进行放化疗或者不做进一步处理。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝外"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "尘肺@急性铍中毒患者胸部检查时还可能出现泛发的喘鸣。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性铍中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "泛发的喘鸣"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "细菌性脑膜炎@疗程：5~7天 青霉素敏感株 – 联合 –   支持性疗法 针对经选择患者组全部患者的治疗推荐 患者有代偿性休克症状（神经功能状态通常保持正常，但脉搏率可能持续升高、皮肤斑驳、由于体循环血管阻力升高导致的四肢冰凉、毛细血管再充盈延长、尿量减少）或呼吸窘迫时应该补充供氧。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支持性疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "多发性硬化症@### 诱发电位 检查 结果 检查 视觉诱发电位是最常见的异常，身体感觉和听觉诱发电位异常则没那么常见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "诱发电位"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@用吗啡适当镇痛可以减轻进行性胸痛以及与交感神经活动相关症状，因为这些症状可以增加心肌需氧量。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吗啡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "胸痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吗啡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "脑炎@结果 脑炎患者在病程早期通常表现正常，但也可能出现许多明显的改变 ### 脑部 MRI 扫描 检查 结果 检查 怀疑脑炎时强烈推荐（最好是在开始时）此项检查，它具有十分重要的诊断意义。 脑炎@单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎：T1 加权像显示脑回水肿，T2、 FLAIR 和 DWI（表观扩散系数 [ADC] 图显示弥散性增加）显示颞叶和扣带回高信号。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑部 MRI 扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑部 MRI 扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@发病两年内需要每4-6个月采集一次病史和体格检查，之后一年一次。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体格检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "成人哮喘@[ α-1 抗胰蛋白酶缺乏 ](/topics/zh-cn/1075) ### COPD 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 吸烟史。 成人哮喘@呼吸困难，伴或不伴有喘息和咳嗽。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "COPD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "类癌综合征@### 肝功能检测 检查 结果 检查 结果 依据肿瘤的位置，包括转氨酶升高在内的指标是有变化的 ### 血细胞计数 检查 结果 检查 结果 通常正常。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝功能检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "转氨酶升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血细胞计数"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "（五）神经源性休克 积极去除病因、止痛；立即皮下或肌肉注射肾上腺素0. 01～0. 03mg/kg，必要时10～15分钟后重复使用；余参见感染性休克。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "神经源性休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "止痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "神经源性休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "注射肾上腺素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "登革热@在高度流行地区，如泰国，登革出血热（DHF）主要发生于15岁以下的儿���。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "泰国"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "登革出血热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "15岁以下的儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "登革出血热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "DHF"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "慢性肾病@尿沉渣检查可确定是否存在变形红细胞及红细胞管型，这两者均可提示肾小球肾炎的诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "慢性肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿沉渣检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "【流行病学】 PKU的发病率有种族和地区的差异。美国约为1∶14 000，北爱尔兰约为1∶4400，德国约为1∶7000，日本约为1∶78 400。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1∶14 000"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1∶4400"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1∶7000"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1∶78 400"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "心肌炎@ ### 多系统器官衰竭 | 存在差异 | 低 罕有发生，是暴发性心力衰竭的急性表现或继发于慢性扩张型心肌病的末期心力衰竭导致的。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多系统器官衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "慢性扩张型心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心力衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "心力衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多系统器官衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "暴发性心力衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多系统器官衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "成人哮喘@与加用 LABA 相比，在 ICS 基础上加用茶碱在改善控制不佳的中度持续性哮喘患者的 FEV1 方面同样有效。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "成人哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "茶碱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "3.血红蛋白H病 是α-珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血的中间型，由一条16号染色体上的一对α基因和另一条16号染色体上的一个α基因缺陷。新生儿期血中Hb Bart 20%～30%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "血红蛋白H病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血中Hb Bart 20%～30%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "但抗原检测可以有假阳性，因此抗原检测的阳性结果只能提示可能有GBS感染，同时应结合感染的临床表现来综合判断。对青霉素耐药，可选择氨苄西林、氨基糖苷类或头孢类抗生素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "GBS感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氨苄西林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "GBS感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氨基糖苷类"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "GBS感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头孢类抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "妊娠胆汁淤积@凝血功能异常提示疾病更为严重，且应给予维生素K补充，同时进行每周检测评估治疗效果。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "凝血功能异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维生素K"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "对表现为大量蛋白尿的HBV-GN，有人试用泼尼松短程疗法以减轻蛋白尿，但近年来研究认为HBV-GN对皮质激素多无任何效应，而且远期临床观察表明肾上腺皮质激素有弊无利，因此，应禁止单用肾上腺皮质激素治疗。 （三）抗病毒治疗 主要有α-干扰素（α-interferon）、阿糖腺苷（Ara-A）和拉米呋定（lamivudine）等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "HBV-GN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "α-干扰素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "HBV-GN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿糖腺苷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "HBV-GN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "拉米呋定"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "α-干扰素", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "α-interferon"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "阿糖腺苷", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "Ara-A"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "拉米呋定", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "lamivudine"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "重症渗出性多形红斑@ 【临床表现】 本病多见于儿童和青少年，男性多于女性，急性起病，发病前有头痛、低热、乏力、关节肌肉疼痛、食欲缺乏等前驱症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "重症渗出性多形红斑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "重症渗出性多形红斑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青少年"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "重症渗出性多形红斑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "重症渗出性多形红斑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "重症渗出性多形红斑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "重症渗出性多形红斑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乏力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "重症渗出性多形红斑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节肌肉疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "重症渗出性多形红斑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食欲缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "妊娠胆汁淤积@## 诊断步骤 可根据病史和体格检查中的阴性体征进行初步诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体格检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "1989年，美国芝加哥FD专题会议将功能性消化不良分为5个亚型：反流样消化不良（reflux like dyspepsia）、运动障碍样消化不良（dysmotility like dyspepsia）、溃疡样消化不良（ulcer like dyspepsia）、吞气症（aerophagia）及特发性消化不良（idiopathic dyspepsia）。目前采用较多的是4型分类：①运动障碍样型；②反流样型；③溃疡样型；④非特异型。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "功能性消化不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "运动障碍样型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "功能性消化不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "反流样型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "功能性消化不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "溃疡样型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "功能性消化不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非特异型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "功能性消化不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "反流样消化不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "功能性消化不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "运动障碍样消化不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "功能性消化不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "溃疡样消化不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "功能性消化不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吞气症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "功能性消化不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "特发性消化不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "反流样消化不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "reflux like dyspepsia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "运动障碍样消化不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "dysmotility like dyspepsia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "溃疡样消化不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ulcer like dyspepsia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "吞气症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "aerophagia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "特发性消化不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "idiopathic dyspepsia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "胆管癌@结果 肝内胆管扩张时诊断应谨慎；肝内胆管癌可能为肿块病灶。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝内胆管扩张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@如果心率低于50 次/min且患者有症状，给予静脉阿托品治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿托品治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "麻风病@结果 抗酸杆菌染色阳性（AFB、Fite 或 Wade 染色） ### 皮肤和/或神经活检和组织病理学检查 检查 结果 检查 可能情况下，组织病理学检查可为鉴别诊断和疾病准确分型提供有价值的帮助。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "组织病理学检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "五、幕上高度恶性胶质瘤 幕上高度恶性胶质瘤相当于Kernohan分类中的Ⅲ、Ⅳ级，属于恶性程度很高的一类肿瘤。肿瘤呈浸润性生长，约25%～50%的肿瘤可向肺、淋巴结、肝及骨等远处转移。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理生理", "subject": "幕上高度恶性胶质瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肿瘤呈浸润性生长"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "幕上高度恶性胶质瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "幕上高度恶性胶质瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "淋巴结"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "幕上高度恶性胶质瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "幕上高度恶性胶质瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "胆囊炎@通常存在功能型胆囊管梗阻，并与脱水或胆汁瘀滞（由于外伤或系统性疾病）引起的胆泥或胆汁浓缩有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "功能型胆囊管梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "（二）红细胞外因素 1.免疫性溶血性贫血 （1）错输血型不匹配血。 （2）新生儿溶血症（Rh、ABO不相合）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "免疫性溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新生儿溶血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "儿童偏头痛@有龋齿病史。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "龋齿病史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "病原学检査 细菌学检查 细菌培养和涂片:采集气管吸取物、肺泡灌洗液、胸腔积液、脓液和血标本做细菌培养和鉴定, 同时进行药物敏感试验对明确细菌性病原和指导治疗有意义。 【诊断】 支气管肺炎的诊断比较简单,一般有发热、咳嗽、呼吸急促的症状，肺部听诊闻及中、细湿啰音和 (或)胸部影像学有肺炎的改变均可诊断为支气管肺炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细菌培养和涂片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸急促"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺部听诊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "第三节 期前收缩 期前收缩由异位起搏点发出冲动所致。 期前收缩@ 室性期前收缩可起源于心室的任何部位，特征为提前出现的、增宽的、畸变的QRS波群，其前无P波。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "期前收缩", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "室性期前收缩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "期前收缩", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "异位起搏点发出冲动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "室性期前收缩", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心室的任何部位"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "【临床表现】 输尿管重复畸形常因上输尿管开口异位或膨出而产生症状。如有输尿管膨出，在男女性均可表现出排尿困难和尿路感染。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "输尿管重复畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "输尿管膨出"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "输尿管重复畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "排尿困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "输尿管重复畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿路感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@### 感染 高达50%的结肠炎复发与特定病原体引起的小肠炎有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小肠炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "疟疾感染@ 在存在风险的 34 亿人中，据估计，2015 年有 2.14 亿疟疾病例，死亡 429,000 人，其中 70%（303,000 人）为 5 岁以下的儿童。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "2.14 亿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "429,000"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "肥厚型心肌病@ * 室间隔酒精消融 (Alcohol septal ablation, ASA) * 可作为心肌切除术的替代。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "肥厚型心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "室间隔酒精消融"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "室间隔酒精消融", "subject_type": "手术治疗", "object": {"@value": "ASA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "新生儿破伤风(neonatal tetanus)是指破伤风杆菌侵入脐部生长繁殖,并产生痉挛毒素而引起以牙关紧闭和全身肌肉强直性痉挛为特征的急性感染性疾病。破伤风抗毒素（TAT) 1万~2万U静脉滴注，3000U脐周注射,用前须做皮肤过敏试验;或破伤风免疫球蛋白（TIG) 500U肌内注射，TIG血浓度高,半衰期长达30天,且不会发生过敏反应，但该药不易获得。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "新生儿破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "破伤风抗毒素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "新生儿破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "破伤风免疫球蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "新生儿破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "neonatal tetanus"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "破伤风抗毒素", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "TAT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "破伤风免疫球蛋白", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "TIG)"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "如在肺炎治疗过程中，中毒症状或呼吸困难突然加重，体温持续不退、或退而复升，均应考虑有并发症的可能，如脓胸、脓气胸、肺大疱等。但需与肺结核、支气管异物、哮喘伴感染相鉴别，同时应对其严重度、有无并发症和可能的病原菌做出评价。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺结核"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支气管异物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "哮喘伴感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸困难突然加重"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体温持续不退"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "或退而复升"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脓胸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脓气胸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺大疱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "国内最近北京市妇产医院调查了1037名孕妇，其GBS带菌率为11. 07%，新生儿的GBS带菌率为9. 95%，然而，新生儿GBS带菌者的肺炎发生率（20%）与非GBS带菌者的肺炎发生率（14. 92%）相比无统计学差异。另外，克雷伯杆菌、李斯特菌也可引起新生儿宫内、出生时感染性肺炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "20%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "14. 92%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "克雷伯杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "李斯特菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "麻疹感染@[ 风疹 ](/topics/zh-cn/1167) ### 细小病毒B19 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 通常较轻，相关的经典皮疹最初呈“拍红性面颊”，随后为花边状、网状皮损；可有相关关节炎和/或贫血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "麻疹感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "麻疹感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "麻疹感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@### 皮肤日光损伤的证据 在日光暴露部位最常见日光弹力蛋白变性和皮肤皱纹形成。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤日光损伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "日光暴露部位"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "日光弹力蛋白变性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤皱纹形成"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "转移性乳腺癌@芳香化酶抑药物用于未经内分泌治疗的绝经后转移性乳腺癌患者：有中等质量的证据表明，阿那曲唑作为绝经后激素受体阳性转移性乳腺癌女性一线治疗时，在出现进展的时间 (time to progression, TTP) 方面至少等同于他莫昔芬，且来曲唑相比他莫昔芬来说，显著延长出现进展的时间，但与他莫昔芬相比，在总生存方面无明显差异。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "芳香化酶抑药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿那曲唑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "他莫昔芬"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "来曲唑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "胃炎@ * 应采集任何既往胃部或腹部手术史；胃部手术或胆道手术（包括胆囊切除术）被认为是导致胆汁反流性胃炎的原因。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "胆汁反流性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃部手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "3.临床表现 急性胰腺炎的小儿有持续的中上腹和脐周剧烈腹痛、呕吐，且常有发热。急性水肿型胰腺炎通常呈自限性，预后一般较好。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "自限性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "一般较好"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中上腹和脐周"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "剧烈腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "宫颈癌@## 病史和查体 ### 关键诊断因素 ### 常见 查看全部   ### 存在的危险因素 关键的因素包括年龄45-49岁、HPV感染、多个性伴侣、过早性生活（小于18岁）和免疫抑制。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "宫颈癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "年龄45-49岁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "宫颈癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HPV感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "宫颈癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多个性伴侣"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "宫颈癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "过早性生活（小于18岁）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "宫颈癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫抑制"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "早产@### 体重指数 (BMI)＜19 kg/m^2 母体低体重增加早产风险。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重指数 (BMI)＜19 kg/m^2"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "转移性乳腺癌@### 姑息性或支持性治疗 姑息性放疗可用于治疗转移性乳腺癌患者的疼痛性骨转移、脊髓压迫所致（已经出现或即将出现的）神经系统压迫、脑转移症状、眼部转移所致视力异常、同时存在局部复发所致的疼痛或出血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "姑息性或支持性治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "姑息性放疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "视力异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼部转移"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "食物中毒@ * 乙状结肠镜检查/结肠镜检查和活检有助于鉴别出血性腹泻的病因。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乙状结肠镜检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结肠镜检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "流感嗜血杆菌脑膜炎的病死率约10% ～15%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "死亡率", "subject": "流感嗜血杆菌脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "10% ～15%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "肝硬化@ * 胆道梗阻：机械性梗阻、胆道闭锁、囊性纤维化。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆道梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "机械性梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆道闭锁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "囊性纤维化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "口咽癌@### 局部晚期：手术切除（III期及IVA期） 可切除的局部晚期口咽癌患者可以选择手术加术后放疗或无需手术的同步放化疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手术切除"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "慢性心房颤动@明显可触及且规律的脉搏并不能排除心房颤动。 慢性心房颤动@体检也可能发现与心房颤动潜在病因相关的表现，如心力衰竭的表现、卒中或内分泌疾病，如甲状腺功能亢进。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "慢性心房颤动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "肝硬化@结果 肝脏表面呈结节样、肝脏缩小、左叶/尾状叶可能肥大、腹水、侧支循环形成等 ### 上消化道内镜检查 检查 结果 检查 对于慢性肝病患者需确认是否存在继发于门脉高压的胃食管静脉曲张或门脉高压性胃病，以辅助肝硬化的诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝脏表面呈结节样"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝脏缩小"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "左叶/尾状叶可能肥大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "侧支循环形成"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上消化道内镜检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "溶血性贫血@## 检查 ### 首要检查 ### 查看全部   ### 全血细胞计数 (FBC) 检查 结果 检查 首先进行的试验。 溶血性贫血@结果 低 Hb ### MCHC 检查 结果 检查 可能提示存在球形红细胞和网织红细胞。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MCHC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全血细胞计数"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "全血细胞计数", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "FBC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "6.黏多糖病Ⅵ型（Maroteaux-Lamy综合征） 临床表现同黏多糖病I-H型相似，但无智能落后。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "黏多糖病Ⅵ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Maroteaux-Lamy综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "原发性高血压@然而，许多高血压患者会发展成轻度肾硬化，少数发展成ESRD。 原发性高血压@[ 慢性肾病 ](/topics/zh-cn/84) ### 主动脉壁夹层形成 | 长期 | 低 超过70％的主动脉壁夹层患者有高血压病史 尽管改进了诊断方法、并提高了认识，主动脉壁夹层形成，尤其是近端（A型）夹层形成，与高死亡率有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "原发性高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "主动脉壁夹层"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "肝硬化@一旦怀疑静脉曲张出血，就应该启用生长抑素或其类似物奥曲肽治疗，一旦确诊继续用药3-5天。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生长抑素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "第十章 生殖细胞性肿瘤第十一篇 儿童常见肿瘤【起源】 【病理】 （一）组织学分类 （二）病理学特征 【临床表现】 【实验室检查】 （一）血液生化检查 1.甲胎蛋白（α-FP） 2.β-人绒毛膜促性腺激素（β-HCG） 3.血清乳酸脱氢酶（LDH） （二）影像学检查特征 1. B型超声波 2. CT或MRI 【治疗】 （一）手术 （二）化疗 （三）放疗生殖细胞性肿瘤（ germ cell tumor ）是指由原始多潜能生殖细胞在分化、成熟和移行过程中形成的一组肿瘤，其原发部位及临床表现不一。睾丸肿块较易早期发现，睾丸不对称肿大、硬。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "生殖细胞性肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睾丸不对称肿大、硬"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "生殖细胞性肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "germ cell tumor"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "二、克-雅病（Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease，CJD） 主要见于50～60岁成人，儿童少见。发病数周至数月以内出现其他神经体征，如强直，动作缓慢，静止时面部表情丧失，静止性震颤等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克-雅病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "强直"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克-雅病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "动作缓慢"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克-雅病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "静止时面部表情丧失"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克-雅病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "静止性震颤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "克-雅病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "克-雅病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CJD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "克-雅病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "50～60岁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "妊娠胆汁淤积@结果 在重症时下可升高至300units/L的转氨酶；碱性磷酸酶较正常范围升高5-10倍；部分患者直接胆红素升高，通常不大于85.5µmol/L(>5mg/dL) ### 凝血谱 检查 结果 检查 对任何患有瘙痒的孕妇的医嘱。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "升高至300units/L的转氨酶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "凝血谱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "直接胆红素升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "糖尿病酮症酸中毒的治疗酮症酸中毒迄今仍然是儿童糖尿病急症死亡的主要原因。 快速补液:输液开始的第1小时，按20ml/kg(最大量1000ml)快速静滴生理盐水,以纠正血容量、改善血液循环和肾功能。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "糖尿病酮症酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "快速补液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "自身免疫性肝炎@在重叠综合征的患者中，熊去氧胆酸应始终联用免疫抑制疗法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "熊去氧胆酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫抑制疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "（四）水肿 肾病综合征时水肿机制尚未完全阐明，可能机制：①由于血浆白蛋白下降，血浆胶体渗透压降低，血浆中水分由血管内转入组织间隙直接形成水肿；②水分外渗致血容量下降，通过容量和压力感受器使体内神经体液因子发生变化（如抗利尿激素、醛固酮及利钠因子等），引起水钠潴留而导致全身水肿；③低血容量使交感神经兴奋性增高，近端小管重吸收钠增多，加重水钠潴留；④其他肾内原因导致肾近曲小管回吸收钠增多。 （二）常见并发症 1.感染 是最常见的并发症及引起死亡的主要原因。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肾病综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "2.良性新生儿惊厥 本病遗传不明显。90%病例在生后4～6天内发病，其中又以生后第5天发病最多，又称“五日风”。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "良性新生儿惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生后4～6天内"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "良性新生儿惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "第5天"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "（三）感染 口服抗生素（如新霉素等）后，可使患者细菌感染发生率降低，但要警惕新霉素有可能加速肾衰竭的发展。 （四）凝血功能障碍 AHF几乎都伴有凝血功能障碍，新鲜冷冻血浆仅用于出血、手术或侵入性检查的患儿，预防性使用并不能改善预后。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "AHF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口服抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "AHF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@心脏骤停后电活动不稳定 – 附加 –   硝酸甘油 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 #### 第一选择 [ 硝酸甘油 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 每5 min舌下含服0.3～1.0 mg，最多可使用3次；静脉注射起始剂量为5 µg/min，根据反应每3～5 min增加剂量5～20 µg/min，最大剂量为200 µg/min 如果患者没有低血压，应当立即使用，因为这可以减少心肌需氧量并减轻缺血，如果有冠脉痉挛，罕见情况下可以终止心肌梗死。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硝酸甘油"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "阿尔茨海默病@2 型糖尿病患者发生血管性痴呆的风险更高，增加至 2.2-3.4 倍，而 2 型糖尿病患者发生 AD 的可能性增加至 1.2-2.3 倍。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "AD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "2 型糖尿病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "右位 心@ 【伴发畸形】 （一）内脏正位 孤立性右位心绝大多数伴有心内结构畸形。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "孤立性右位心", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心内结构畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "急性感染性喉炎(acute infectious laryngitis)是指喉部黏膜的急性弥漫性炎症。冬春季节多发,且多见于婴幼儿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发季节", "subject": "急性感染性喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "冬春季节"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "急性感染性喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "婴幼儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急性感染性喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "acute infectious laryngitis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "急性感染性喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喉部黏膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "真菌性脑膜炎@在HIV感染患者中，在持续至少1年的伊曲康唑治疗后，若HIV病毒负载受抑制且CD4计数大于150个细胞/mL，且若脑成像、CSF异常及CSF/血清/尿液抗原（若原先呈阳性）异常均已解决，则可安全停用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "真菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伊曲康唑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "腹主动脉瘤@以前关于腔内修复术 (EVAR) 后的监测建议包括在术后 1、6、12 个月进行 CT 影像学检查，此后每年一次，以评估远期移植物并发症（即移位、闭塞、内漏）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腔内修复术 (EVAR)"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "移位"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "闭塞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "内漏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "在发热24～48小时后常出现双侧结膜充血。川崎病起病后1～2月，在指甲上可出现横沟（Beau线）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双侧结膜充血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "指甲上可出现横沟", "subject_type": "症状", "object": {"@value": "Beau线"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "指甲上可出现横沟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "膀胱癌@因其在原始配方中混入杂质，于 2002 年撤出市场。 膀胱癌@### 微波热疗 在随机临床试验中，丝裂霉素结合微波热疗优于单独使用丝裂霉素，而且 94% 的原位癌患者产生完全反应。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "膀胱癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "微波热疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "癫痫持续状态@需要紧急治疗以防止严重并发症和死亡。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "死亡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "（六）人工肝支持系统 包括非生物型、生物型和组合型三种。凝血因子水平既是AHF预后的指标，也是决定是否停止PE治疗的指标。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "AHF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "人工肝支持系统"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "阻断M1及M2受体，抑酸差，解痉镇痛好，限用于DU及少数有痉挛疼痛的GU患者，消化性溃疡有胃排空不良者不用。 （4）其他：尼扎替丁、罗沙替丁。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "消化性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尼扎替丁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "消化性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "罗沙替丁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "帕金森病@### 拖曳小碎步步态 与强直和运动迟缓相关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "拖曳小碎步步态"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "强直"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "运动迟缓"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "狂犬病@这些包括兽医和他们的员工、动物处理者、狂犬病实验室工作者、野外工作者、洞穴探索者、徒步旅行者和在狂犬病流行国家的非政府组织人员。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "兽医和他们的员工"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "野外工作者"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "洞穴探索者"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "徒步旅行者"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "动物处理者"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "狂犬病实验室工作者"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "第四节 永存动脉干 永存动脉干（truncus arteriosus）是指单一的动脉干起自心脏并发出主动脉、肺动脉和冠状动脉。65%～70%的共同干瓣膜为三瓣，四瓣畸形的发生率在9%～24%之间，6%～23%可为二瓣畸形，已有单瓣畸形的报道。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "永存动脉干", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "三瓣"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "永存动脉干", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "四瓣畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "永存动脉干", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "二瓣畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "永存动脉干", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单瓣畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "永存动脉干", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "truncus arteriosus"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@## 二级预防 患者最重要的预防措施包括饮食调整和生活方式改善（戒烟，增加体育活动；减体重；增加鱼、水果、蔬菜、纤维和坚果的摄入；减少盐摄入）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "饮食调整"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生活方式改善"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "戒烟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "增加体育活动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "减体重"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "减少盐摄入"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
+{"text": "【病理】 APSGN的早期肾活检主要为弥漫性毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎。 （六）肾活体组织检查 早期表现为毛细血管内渗出性、增生性炎症，内皮细胞及系膜细胞增生，上皮下大量沉积物并且呈驼峰样，后期以轻度系膜增生为主。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "APSGN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾活体组织"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "APSGN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "前置胎盘@### 有既往剖宫产史（或其他原因导致的子宫瘢痕形成）的患者 所有有剖宫产史的患者应在第18至20周时接受超声检查，查看胎盘位置。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "既往剖宫产史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "急性髓性白血病@外周血涂片上可见原始细胞不足以确诊 AML，需要进行骨髓活检。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾���", "object": {"@value": "外周血涂片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨髓活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "4.脾切除或脾栓塞术 可改善贫血症状和减少输血次数。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脾栓塞术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "急性咽喉炎@[ 会咽炎 ](/topics/zh-cn/452) ### 咽后、扁桃体周围和咽旁脓肿 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 咽痛、发热、颈部疼痛、声音低沉。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "急性咽喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "会咽炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "会咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咽痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "会咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "会咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "声音低沉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "铅中毒@### 脑病的处理 儿童和成人均可能出现急性脑病，儿童通常表现为感觉异常和惊厥，并且可能发展为昏迷和死亡。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感觉异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "惊厥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "昏迷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "死亡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@通常呈亚急性发病，主要表现为腹胀和/或轻度腹痛、恶心呕吐、体重下降。慢性胰腺炎@腹水主要成分为高浓度蛋白质和淀粉酶，通常＞16.7μkat/L（＞1000 IU/L）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "腹水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹胀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "腹水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "腹水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "轻度腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "腹水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@初次发病或急性复发时均应行腹部X线检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹部X线检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "食管癌@可是，实践中更倾向于应用术前联合放化疗。食管癌@这还导致在更多胃癌患者中使用新辅助治疗的转变，正如针对胃食管交界肿瘤的治疗所示，依据是在术前给予该治疗可使给予足剂量药物治疗的可能性显著提高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "食管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新辅助治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "【发病机制】 血友病甲、乙均为X连锁隐性遗传，女性传递，男性发病。 Ⅷ∶C 80%由肝窦内皮细胞合成，其余由脾、肺、肾、单核-巨噬细胞等合成；其活性极不稳定，在4℃贮存24小时后可丧失20%，Ⅷ∶C血浆含量50μg/L，活性50%～150%，半寿期8～12小时。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "血友病甲、乙", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝窦内皮细胞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "血友病甲、乙", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脾"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "血友病甲、乙", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "血友病甲、乙", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "血友病甲、乙", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单核-巨噬细胞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "遗传因素", "subject": "血友病甲、乙", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "X连锁隐性遗传"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "血友病甲、乙", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "女性传递"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "血友病甲、乙", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男性发病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "（三）混合性高胆红素血症 感染是引起混合性高胆红素血症的重要原因，细菌和病毒都可引起黄疸。如感染伴有溶血，则可出现贫血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "混合性高胆红素血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "混合性高胆红素血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "黄疸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细菌和病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "五、幕上高度恶性胶质瘤 幕上高度恶性胶质瘤相当于Kernohan分类中的Ⅲ、Ⅳ级，属于恶性程度很高的一类肿瘤。临床表现及辅助检查相似于低度胶质瘤。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "幕上高度恶性胶质瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低度胶质瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎和克罗恩病的不同临床特点:克罗恩病患儿因常累及回盲部,腹痛多在右下腹,多表现为绞痛或痉挛性锐痛,呈阵发性发作,绞痛多发生在餐后。大便以黏液便或为水样便，也可表现便秘与腹泻交替现象。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黏液便"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "水样便"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "便秘与腹泻交替现象"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "回盲部"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "绞痛或痉挛性锐痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "肛门癌@出现临床症状时，30%的患者中可见盆腔淋巴结转移，15%-35%的患者有腹股沟淋巴结转移。肛门癌@大部分腹股沟淋巴结转移为单侧。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹股沟淋巴结"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "盆腔淋巴结"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "第二节 气胸与脓气胸 气胸（pneumothorax）是指肺外、胸膜腔内有气体蓄积。脓气胸者可有明显的中毒症状，体格检查患侧叩诊呈鼓音或浊音，且随体位的变化而有变化。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "气胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脓气胸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "气胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "pneumothorax"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "脓气胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脓气胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "叩诊呈鼓音或浊音"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "痛风@在第 12 周时，利纳西普组痛风发作一次或多次的患者显著少于安慰剂组（分别为 15% 和 45%）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "利纳西普"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "安慰剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "【发病率】 原发性膀胱输尿管反流在正常婴儿和儿童的发生率很难知道，统计的发生率为1%～18. 5%，但70%发生在尿路感染的患儿中。一般认为男孩多见于婴儿期，女孩多见于儿童期。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "原发性膀胱输尿管反流", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "婴儿期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "原发性膀胱输尿管反流", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男孩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "原发性膀胱输尿管反流", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "原发性膀胱输尿管反流", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "女孩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "原发性膀胱输尿管反流", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1%～18. 5%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "原发性膀胱输尿管反流", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿路感染的患儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "失眠症@### 他司美琼 他司美琼是一种正在开发的褪黑激素受体激动剂，用于治疗睡眠障碍，包括失眠症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "他司美琼"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "睡眠障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "他司美琼"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "妊娠胆汁淤积@附加 –   口服地塞米松 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 #### 第一选择 [地塞米松]:关于剂量的指导，请咨询医生 地塞米松抑制雌二醇合成。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "地塞米松"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "肺结核@非典型表现包括肺中叶或下叶阴影，肺门或气管旁淋巴结病，和/或存在胸腔积液。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺门或气管旁淋巴结病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "宫颈癌@随后的可选方案包括单药化疗、参加临床试验或支持治疗。 宫颈癌@最有活性的单药为顺铂。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "宫颈癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "顺铂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "而社交性恐怖的儿童希望但又怕与之不熟悉的同伴交往。 （三）孤独症和广泛性发育障碍 均有社会交往问题，但常伴语言发育方面的问题，而且难以形成和维持与外界的联系。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "社交性恐怖", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "广泛性发育障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "社交性恐怖", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "孤独症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "急性胰腺炎@## 二级预防 最重要的预防措施是患者健康宣教。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "健康宣教"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "脑炎@ * 虫媒病毒检测：如果怀疑虫媒病毒感染，检测时应在具体指导下进行，比如疾病预防控制中心 (CDC) 提供的指南。脑炎@ [ CDC: Division of vector-borne diseases (DVBD) ](http://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/dvbd/about.html) * 脑活组织检查（虽然是最具特异性的诊断性检测，但由于是一种侵入性操作，且无法广泛应用，而且现在广泛使用 DNA 扩增技术，所以临床上不会常规进行脑活组织检查）；在诊断不确定或预后仍然不佳时，可能有必要进行脑活组织检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑活组织检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "虫媒病毒检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "广泛性焦虑障碍@或 [ 丁螺环酮 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 起始剂量为口服7.5mg，每日2次 。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "丁螺环酮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "肛门癌@不同于直肠癌，肛门癌中的腹股沟淋巴结被认为是淋巴结转移 (N+) 而非远处转移 (M1)，而且患者可接受治愈性治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹股沟淋巴结"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "【预后】 未经治疗的大动脉转位患儿临床多表现危重；新生儿早期患儿常见的致死因素包括组织缺氧和酸中毒；在婴儿期为充血性心力衰竭，幼儿期则是以血栓栓塞和渐进性肺血管疾病为主。术后最重要的并发症是晚期猝死，约占2%～8%，房性扑动可能是晚期死亡的高危因素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "大动脉转位", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "晚期猝死"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "大动脉转位", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "房性扑动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "大动脉转位", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "组织缺氧"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "大动脉转位", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "酸中毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "大动脉转位", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "充血性心力衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "大动脉转位", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血栓栓塞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "大动脉转位", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "渐进性肺血管疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "血友病丙，即因子Ⅺ （又称血浆凝血活酶前质， PTA ）缺乏症。血友病丙为常染色体显性或不完全性隐性遗传，男女均可发病或是传递者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "遗传因素", "subject": "血友病丙", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "常染色体显性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "遗传因素", "subject": "血友病丙", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不完全性隐性遗传"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "血友病丙", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "因子Ⅺ"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "血友病丙", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血浆凝血活酶前质"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "血友病丙", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PTA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "血浆凝血活酶前质", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PTA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "因子Ⅺ", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血浆凝血活酶前质"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "根据肿瘤细胞在骨组织中浸润和骨化的特性，成骨肉瘤可以分为成骨性骨肉瘤、成软骨性骨肉瘤和成纤维性骨肉瘤。 【诊断】 （一）X线摄片 典型的成骨肉瘤，X线表现为肿瘤性骨组织同时具有新骨生成和骨破坏的特点。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "成骨肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "X线摄片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "成骨肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "成骨性骨肉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "成骨肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "成软骨性骨肉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "成骨肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "成纤维性骨肉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "成骨肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨性骨肉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "妊娠期高血压@严重高血压（收缩压BP≥160和/或舒张压BP≥110mmHg） – 首选 –   抗高血压治疗+引产/分娩 #### 第一选择 [肼屈嗪]:每2-4小时静脉给药5-10mg 或 [拉贝洛尔]:起始剂量20mg，静脉推注，如初始剂量无效，接下来10分钟后再给40mg，之后可以考虑每10分钟重复给80mg，最大总剂量为220mg。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肼屈嗪"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "拉贝洛尔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "幕下肿瘤可有眼震颤、肢体共济运动差等小脑损害症状及低位脑神经（ Ⅵ 、 Ⅶ 、 Ⅷ 、 Ⅸ 、 Ⅹ ）损害症，呕吐也很常见，多与肿瘤刺激第四脑室底的延髓呕吐中枢有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "幕下肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼震颤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "幕下肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "肾小球肾炎@光镜和电镜能够明确细胞增殖情况和累及的肾小球数。肾小球肾炎@ 免疫荧光可见免疫复合物沉积的形式。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫荧光"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "光镜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "电镜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "三、囊状淋巴管瘤 囊状淋巴管瘤（cystic lymphangioma）又称囊状水瘤。该肿瘤好发于颈部，特别是颈后三角，其次可见于腋窝。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "囊状淋巴管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颈部"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "囊状淋巴管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颈后三角"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "囊状淋巴管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腋窝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "囊状淋巴管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "cystic lymphangioma"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "囊状淋巴管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "囊状水瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "多发性骨髓瘤@## 并发症 ### 查看全部   并发症 table 并发症 | 时间表 | 可能性 ---|---|--- ### 骨痛 | 存在差异 | 高 发生在 80% 的患者中。多发性骨髓瘤@建议避免使用非甾体抗炎药物。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "骨痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非甾体抗炎药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "三、临床特点 （一）原发部位 恶性肿瘤一般均有原发部位，但多种儿童恶性肿瘤如淋巴瘤、神经母细胞瘤、尤因肉瘤等在疾病早期就可转移。 2.影像学检查 影像学检查是肿瘤诊断的基础手段，主要包括X线平片、B型超声检查、CT、MRI、骨扫描。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "儿童恶性肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "X线平片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "儿童恶性肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "B型超声检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "儿童恶性肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "儿童恶性肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MRI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "儿童恶性肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "儿童恶性肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "淋巴瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "儿童恶性肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经母细胞瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "儿童恶性肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尤因肉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "普通感冒@### 实验室检测 确立诊断不需要进行实验室检测。普通感冒@对初级医疗机构中表现为急性呼吸道症状的患者使用床旁检测 C 反应蛋白 (CRP) 可减少抗生素的使用，但对患者报告的治疗结局没有作用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "床旁检测 C 反应蛋白 (CRP)"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "频繁发作的梦魇患者容易得精神病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "梦魇", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "精神病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@这一点在因痤疮或肿瘤而接受X线治疗的患者以及暴露在高水平辐射的工人（如铀矿工人）中有所体现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "铀矿工人"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "癫痫持续状态@第三 –   苯巴比妥 + 支持疗法 #### 第一选择 [ 苯巴比妥 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 作为负荷剂量以不超过 50-75 mg/min 的速率静脉给予 20 mg/kg，需要时给予第二剂 5-10 mg/kg 大多数病例中，如果使用苯二氮卓类药物和苯妥英后，SE 持续发作，则使用苯巴比妥。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "苯巴比妥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支持疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "苯妥英"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "感染性心内膜炎@ 欧洲指南指出，如果没有出血证据，则可以持续进行抗血小板治疗，如果发生缺血性脑卒中，口服抗凝血剂应换为普通肝素，如果发生颅内出血，应完全暂停抗凝治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "缺血性脑卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗凝血剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "缺血性脑卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "普通肝素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "儿童偏头痛@## 病史和查体 ### 关键诊断因素 ### 常见 查看全部   ### 存在危险因素 主要危险因素包括明确的偏头痛家族史；巧克力、乳酪、柑橘类水果；压力；月经；和使用口服避孕药。 儿童偏头痛@### 年龄＞2 岁 由于偏头痛的定义主要基于症状，2岁以内儿童很少诊断偏头痛，但此后诊断随年龄增长稳步增加。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "偏头痛家族史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "巧克力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乳酪"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "柑橘类水果"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "压力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "月经"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "使用口服避孕药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "年龄＞2 岁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "2岁以内儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "急性髓性白血病@维 A 酸（又名全反式维A酸；ATRA）治疗会导致视黄酸或 ATRA 综合征。急性髓性白血病@其特点为发热、体液潴留和 WBC 计数升高 (＞10,000/μL)。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "ATRA 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "ATRA 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体液潴留"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "ATRA 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "WBC 计数升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "神经皮肤综合征@部分累及脊髓和周围神经干。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "神经皮肤综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脊髓"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "神经皮肤综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "周围神经干"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@这些营养元素缺乏可能导致长期健康问题，包括视力缺陷、神经功能缺损以及骨健康状况不佳。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "营养元素缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "视力缺陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "营养元素缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经功能缺损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "胆管癌@评估梗阻性黄疸患者时，最先行的检查为腹部超声。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "梗阻性黄疸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹部超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "在亚洲地区寄生虫感染也是一种多见的原因，如蛔虫及肝吸虫引起的上行性感染、梗阻可导致急性胰腺炎的发生。细菌感染如沙门菌、痢疾杆菌、弯曲菌及钩端螺旋体感染可伴急性胰腺炎，但多是由于其毒素引起。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "沙门菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "痢疾杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "弯曲菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "钩端螺旋体感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "类风湿关节炎@### 巴瑞克替尼 巴瑞克替尼是一种阻滞 JAK-1 和 JAK-2 的 Janus 激酶 (Janus kinase, JAK) 抑制剂。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "巴瑞克替尼"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "磨牙症一般被认为是原发性睡眠障碍，因而是中枢性的。 【临床表现】 以睡眠时刻板地研磨牙齿和紧咬牙关为主要特征，牙齿的异常磨损是牙齿损伤的最常见表现，牙周组织的损伤可导致牙龈萎缩、炎症和牙槽的再吸收。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "磨牙症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睡眠时刻板地研磨牙齿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "磨牙症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "紧咬牙关"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "感染性心内膜炎@在人工瓣膜受累的患者中，对青霉素敏感的肠球菌应使用 6 周青霉素（氨苄西林或青霉素）+氨基糖苷类抗生素（庆大霉素；或庆大霉素耐药/链霉素敏感时使用链霉素）进行治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氨苄西林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "庆大霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "多发性骨髓瘤@作为移植前的预先诱导治疗，地塞米松联合靶向作用于微环境的药物，例如沙利度胺，或最近的来那度胺或硼替佐米， 可诱导超过 60% 的应答率而无重大毒性（30% 的完全应答率）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "地塞米松"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "沙利度胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "来那度胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硼替佐米"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "出生后感染性肺炎可出现发热或体温不升，反应差等全身症状。肺部体征早期常不明显,病程中可出现双肺细湿啰音。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "出生后感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双肺细湿啰音"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "出生后感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "出生后感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体温不升"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "出生后感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "反应差"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "治疗中，如果父母过多的责备儿童这一行为，则先要解除父母与孩子之间的紧张，当父母能改变指责的方法，缓和与孩子的关系时，则吸吮拇指的行为就会减少。如果发现该行为与应激或焦虑有关，则应先帮助儿童应付情绪问题。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "吸吮", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "帮助儿童应付情绪问题"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "1994年美国疾病控制中心根据临床表现和免疫状态将HIV感染进行分类,根据临床表现分为:无临床表现 (N)，轻度临床表现(A)，中度临床表现(B)和严重临床表现（C)。 弓形虫感染发生于出生1个月内。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "HIV感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "弓形虫感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "【临床表现】 起病多急骤，婴幼儿多突然高热(39 ~40t),呈稽留热或弛张热,部分病例体温可不太高,呈规则 或不规则发热，常持续数周或数月，多伴有寒战、盗汗、食欲缺乏、咳嗽、面色苍白、气促和发绀等。约50%以上的患儿在起病时就出现脑膜炎征象,部分患儿伴有 肝脾以及浅表淋巴结肿大等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "起病多急骤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "婴幼儿多突然高热(39 ~40t)"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呈稽留热或弛张热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "部分病例体温可不太高,"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "寒战"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "盗汗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食欲缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "面色苍白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气促"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发绀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "当低钠血症病人尿钠大于20mmol/L时，尤其同时有血清钾增高，应考虑有肾上腺皮质功能不全。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肾上腺皮质功能不全", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清钾增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "血吸虫病@### 实验室检查 _血吸虫_ 感染最特异性的检查为在尿液，粪便或其他组织活检中发现血吸虫卵。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "血吸虫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "组织活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病@结果 慢阻肺患者应该正常 ### 运动试验 检查 结果 检查 与肺量计相比，这种试验对于呼吸困难程度不成比例的患者有价值。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "慢阻肺", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "运动试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "急性胰腺炎@此外还可能出现轻度肌紧张，但无反跳痛。急性胰腺炎@低钙血症的临床体征较为罕见，但出现时非常具有特异性，例如轻击面部刺激神经时可见面部肌痉挛（沃斯特克征），以及应用血压袖带时可见腕足痉挛（特鲁索征）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "反跳痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "轻度肌紧张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低钙血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "沃斯特克征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "狂犬病@### 发音含糊、口齿不清 由于神经功能受损。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口齿不清"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发音含糊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "控制致命的脑水肿最为关键，可合用甘露醇、呋塞米及皮质激素。适量输入葡萄糖和胰岛素，补充肉碱及瓜氨酸有助于缓解肝病进展。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脑水肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "葡萄糖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脑水肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胰岛素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脑水肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肉碱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脑水肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瓜氨酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脑水肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甘露醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脑水肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呋塞米"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脑水肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮质激素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肝病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瓜氨酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肝病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肉碱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肝病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胰岛素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肝病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "葡萄糖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "【实验室检査】 实验室检查为确诊DIC的依据。 抗凝血酶Ⅲ(AT-Ⅲ)测定:AT-Ⅲ是重要的生理抗凝物质，它使凝血酶、激活的因子Ⅹ失去活性而起抗凝作用，在此过程中AT-Ⅲ被消耗，故DIC早期血浆中AT-Ⅲ明显减少。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "DIC", "subject_type": "疾���", "object": {"@value": "抗凝血酶Ⅲ(AT-Ⅲ)测定"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "急性淋巴细胞白血病@若鞘内注射不能实现，可考虑通过Ommaya储液囊进行脑室治疗。急性淋巴细胞白血病@化疗药物包括替尼泊苷、依托泊苷、安吖啶、米托蒽醌、伊达比星、HDAC（大剂量阿糖胞苷）或中大剂量甲氨蝶呤（HDM）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲氨蝶呤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "HELLP 综合征@结果 总胆红素和间接胆红素升高 ### 总血清 LDH 水平 检查 结果 检查 所有患者存在疑似HELLP 综合征的临床特征，都应当进行这些检查。 HELLP 综合征@结果 升高(＞600IU/L) ### 尿酸水平 检查 结果 检查 对存在晚期肾损害、胎盘早剥或疑有类似疾病表现的严重患者，应当实施这些检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿酸水平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "总血清 LDH 水平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "晚期肾损害", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿酸水平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "胎盘早剥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿酸水平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "心力衰竭@最常见原因为持续性室上性心动过速，可伴或不伴心脏结构异常。心力衰竭@此外，原发性心肌病如心内膜弹力纤维增生症、先天性心肌病和病毒性心肌炎所致者亦不常见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "心力衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心内膜弹力纤维增生症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "心力衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性心肌病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "心力衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病毒性心肌炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "心力衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "持续性室上性心动过速"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "持续性抑郁症@在这些病例中，患者以心境恶劣首发，但会出现重性抑郁发作（在疾病发生后的最初 2 年之内出现），在重性抑郁发作之间会出现心境恶劣模式。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "重性抑郁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心境恶劣"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "第十三章 硬皮病 【概述】 硬皮病（scleroderma）是儿童时期少见的慢性结缔组织病。 3.重叠型 局限或弥漫型伴有另一种结缔组织病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "硬皮病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "重叠型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "硬皮病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "scleroderma"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "（一）头颅改变 主要见于婴幼儿发病者，多为先天性脑积水。头部叩诊呈“破壶音”（Macewen征），重者叩诊时有颤动感。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "先天性脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头部叩诊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "破壶音"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Macewen征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颤动感"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头颅改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "新生儿黄疸@在美国，8%-9%出生后1周内的新生儿有重度高胆红素血症（总血清胆红素水平﹥第95百分位数）；大约4%发生在出生后72小时。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "高胆红素血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "8%-9%出生后1周内的新生儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "急性髓性白血病@### 黏膜出血 牙龈或鼻出血或者女性月经过多可能是由于相关的血小板减少所致。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黏膜出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "血小板减少", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "牙龈或鼻出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "血小板减少", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "女性月经过多"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "普通感冒@研究发现阿司匹林可有效缓解疼痛和发热，短期使用无明显的胃肠道副作用， 但有报道指出，此疗法会小幅度增加消化不良的风险。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿司匹林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "第十章 小儿腹泻病 在未明确病因前，大便性状改变与大便次数比平时增多，统称为腹泻病（diarrheal disease）。 （3）真菌和原虫： 真菌感染主要为白色念珠菌（Candidaalbicans），一些原虫的感染如蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫（Giardia lam-blia）、结肠小袋虫（Balantidium coli）、隐孢子虫（Cryptosporidi-um）及阿米巴原虫（Entamoeba histolytica）等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "小儿腹泻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "真菌和原虫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "腹泻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "diarrheal disease"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "需重视的是，新生儿窒息是新生儿期心源性休克的重要原因。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "心源性休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新生儿窒息"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "PKU是因苯丙氨酸羟化酶（phenylalanine hydroxylase，PAH）基因突变导致PAH活性降低或丧失，Phe在肝脏中代谢紊乱所致。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Phe在肝脏中代谢紊乱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "苯丙氨酸羟化酶", "subject_type": "其他", "object": {"@value": "phenylalanine hydroxylase"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "苯丙氨酸羟化酶", "subject_type": "其他", "object": {"@value": "PAH"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "基因突变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "活性降低"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "胆管癌@ * 肿瘤姑息可尝试使用光动力治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "光动力治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "GSD依其所缺陷的酶12型，多数属分解代谢上的缺陷，使糖原异常堆积。一些患者尽管血糖很低，但无明显的低血糖症状，往往因肝大就诊，经生化检查才发现低血糖。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "GSD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "GSD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低血糖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "GSD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖原异常堆积"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "肝大", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生化检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "一、急性鼻咽炎 急性鼻咽炎（acute nasopharyngitis）俗称伤风或感冒（common cold），病原体侵犯鼻及鼻咽部为主，主要病原为鼻病毒、副流感病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒和冠状病毒，其他病原少见。体格检查可见咽部充血，扁桃体肿大，颌下淋巴结肿大、触痛等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "急性鼻咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体格检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性鼻咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咽部充血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性鼻咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "扁桃体肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性鼻咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颌下淋巴结肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性鼻咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "触痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急性鼻咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "acute nasopharyngitis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急性鼻咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伤风"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急性鼻咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感冒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "common cold"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性鼻咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性鼻咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "副流感病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性鼻咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸道合胞病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性鼻咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "冠状病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "急性鼻咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "急性鼻咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻咽部"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "急性咽喉炎@咽炎出现在发疹期。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "急性咽喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咽炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "登革热@[ 风疹 ](/topics/zh-cn/1167) ### 传染性单核细胞增多症 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 长期发热（即，1-2周，很少超过5周）。 登革热@EB病毒-特异性抗体：阳性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "EB病毒-特异性抗体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "传染性单核细胞增多症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "长期发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@即使是轻度和被动吸烟，也与风险增加有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "轻度和被动吸烟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "【临床并发症】 （一）支气管肺发育不良 （bronchopulmonary dysplasia，BPD） 为继发性慢性肺部病变，早产儿特别是经较长时间氧疗和机械通气可诱发，表现为生后2～3周对机械通气和吸入氧的依赖，严重病例肺部有放射学上纤维化的表现。应用肺表面活性物质治疗RDS可以减少BPD的发生，主要在于肺表面活性物质可以显著减少患儿对机械通气和氧疗的依赖时间，并降低机械通气压力和吸入氧浓度。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "RDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支气管肺发育不良 （bronchopulmonary dysplasia，BPD）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "早产@降低围产儿并发症发病率和死亡率：有高质量的证据表明，在出生最初的48小时内，较之安慰剂或未干预组，如能在产前使用皮质类固醇，更能有效地减少新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征、脑室内出血、坏死性肠炎和新生儿感染的发生，但就降低慢性肺疾病的发生率而言未更有效。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮质类固醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "脑室内出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮质类固醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "坏死性肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮质类固醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "新生儿感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮质类固醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
+{"text": "膀胱癌@ 慢性炎症、血吸虫感染以及长期留置尿管增加膀胱鳞状细胞癌风险。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "膀胱鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性炎症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "膀胱鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血吸虫感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "膀胱鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "长期留置尿管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "（三）免疫分型 根据单克隆抗体（McAb）对白血病细胞表面分化抗原、胞质免疫球蛋白链的反应，可将ALL分为T、B二大系列。有骨浸润时骨扫描有异常浓集灶，骨X线平片可有虫蚀样病变或骨骺部白血病线。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "ALL", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "ALL", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨X线平片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "产后抑郁症@ 抗抑郁药常用于产后抑郁症治疗，其给药原则与其他类型的重性抑郁障碍相同。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "产后抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗抑郁药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "血吸虫病@血吸虫病发生于非洲、中东、远东、南美洲部分地区和加勒比地区。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "加勒比地区"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "南美洲部分地区"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "远东"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中东"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非洲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "成人慢性维生素A过多症首先出现的常是胃纳减退，体重下降，继而有皮肤干燥、脱屑、皲裂、毛发干枯、脱发、齿龈红肿、唇干裂和鼻出血等皮肤黏膜损伤现象,以及长骨肌肉连接处疼痛伴肿胀,体格检查可见贫血、肝脾大。X线检查长骨可见骨皮质增生，骨膜增厚。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "慢性维生素A过多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "X线检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性维生素A过多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "长骨可见骨皮质增生"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性维生素A过多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨膜增厚"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性维生素A过多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃纳减退"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性维生素A过多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性维生素A过多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤干燥、脱屑、皲裂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性维生素A过多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "毛发干枯、脱发"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性维生素A过多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "齿龈红肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性维生素A过多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "唇干裂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性维生素A过多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性维生素A过多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性维生素A过多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝脾大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "慢性维生素A过多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体格检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "肺结核@结核病患者合并 HIV 感染可以进行标准治疗，根据抗逆转录病毒治疗方案的不同，可以用利福布汀代替利福平。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "结核病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "利福布汀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "结核病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "利福平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "单纯IDA时，白细胞通常在正常范围或稍低。伴有钩虫病患儿可有嗜酸性粒细胞增多。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "IDA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嗜酸性粒细胞增多"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "造血干细胞移植 指征包括原发性HLH、NK细胞活性持续性降低、虽无明确阳性家族史或基因突变但诱导治疗8周仍未缓解、HLH停药后复发者。有条件者，一旦确诊HLH即应进行HLA配型，为将来可能进行的造血干细胞移植争取时间。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "HLH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "造血干细胞移植"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "肝硬化@ 社会史和危险因素 * 应该询问患者是否存在导致病毒性肝炎的风险行为，例如静脉吸毒、不使用避孕工具的性交、纹身等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "病毒性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "静脉吸毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "病毒性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不使用避孕工具的性交"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "病毒性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "纹身"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "前置胎盘@这些妊娠女性接受剖宫产子宫切除术的风险也增加了，但这个风险仍然较低(0.2%)。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "剖宫产子宫切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "狂犬病@鉴于狂犬病痉挛发作（恐水和恐风）可被诱发，可参照破伤风的标准疗法，如隔离、房间调暗、限制人员进入等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "隔离"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "房间调暗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恐水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恐风"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "痉挛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "4.脑室膜炎 因新生动物实验表明病菌从脉络丛进入侧脑室再扩散至蛛网膜下腔。较多的国内外报道显示脑室内给药可提高治愈率，减少后遗症，每次可用庆大霉素或阿米卡星1～5mg，氨苄西林10～50mg。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脑室膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "庆大霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脑室膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿米卡星"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脑室膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氨苄西林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@口服氨基水杨酸通常安全和耐受性良好。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氨基水杨酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "细菌性脑膜炎@ 若存在局灶性神经系统体征，应进行头颅磁共振扫描。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头颅磁共振扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "【病理解剖】 室间隔缺损种类很多,通常根据缺损在室间隔的部位及其与房室瓣、主动脉瓣的关系分类。 肌部型占10%~20% ,缺损边缘均为肌部,而膜部完整，可位于肌小梁部、流入道肌部或流 出道肌部。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "室间隔缺损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌部型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "肌部型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌小梁部"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "肌部型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "流入道肌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "肝硬化@治疗采用静脉输注头孢噻肟或喹诺酮类药物，以及输注白蛋白。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "输注白蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "【临床表现】 典型结核性脑膜炎起病多较缓慢。 1.早期（前驱期） 约1~2周，主要症状为小儿性格改变,如少言、懒动、易倦、烦躁、易怒等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "典型结核性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "早期（前驱期）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "典型结核性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "少言"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "典型结核性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "懒动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "典型结核性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "易倦"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "典型结核性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "烦躁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "典型结核性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "易怒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "狂犬病@未接种者：咬伤暴露、破损皮肤或黏膜被舔，或暴露于蝙蝠 – 首选 –   清洗伤口 如果是单处或多处透皮咬伤或抓伤、破损皮肤被舔、黏膜被动物的唾液污染，或暴露于蝙蝠，则存在高感染风险，需要进行暴露后预防治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "清洗伤口"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "破损皮肤被舔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黏膜被动物的唾液污染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "暴露于蝙蝠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "类风湿关节炎@ ### 冠状动脉疾病增加 | 长期 | 高 除了传统心血管危险因素外，RA本身就是一个危险因素。类风湿关节炎@ ### 死亡率增加 | 长期 | 高 未经治疗的RA平均可减少8-10年的寿命。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "RA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "七、百日咳肺炎 百日咳肺炎（pertussis pneumonia）由百日咳杆菌引起，多为间质性肺炎，亦可因继发细菌感染而引起支气管肺炎��患儿在百日咳病程中突然发热、气急，呼吸增快与体温不成比例，严重者可出现呼吸困难、发绀。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "百日咳肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "百日咳肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气急"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "百日咳肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "百日咳肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发绀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "百日咳肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "pertussis pneumonia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "百日咳肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "百日咳杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "百日咳肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支气管肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "机会感染（隐球菌病和曲菌病）和恶性肿瘤（Kaposi肉瘤）均可引起儿童和成人AIDS的心脏疾患。亦可出现肾炎和肾病表现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "AIDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "AIDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@依据该标准，慢性胰腺炎的诊断基于对胰腺形态和功能改变的评分，4分或以上者可诊断为慢性胰腺炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胰腺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "小儿哮喘@口服皮质类固醇使用的激增可以引起减少骨矿物质的累积，增加罹患骨质疏松的风险。小儿哮喘@ 与使用≤14 天的口服皮质类固醇相关的常见不良急性事件是呕吐、行为改变和睡眠障碍（发生率分别为 5.4%、4.7% 和 4.3%）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "行为改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睡眠障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨质疏松"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "根据临床表现，急性上感不难诊断，但需与流行性感冒鉴别。青霉素过敏，或青霉素治疗无效者可应用含β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的复合β-内酰胺类，或头孢霉素、大环内酯类抗生素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性上感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头孢霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性上感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大环内酯类抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "急性上感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "流行性感冒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "HIV 感染@### 其他表现 约一半的患者在感染 HIV 之后发生急性逆转录病毒综合征。HIV 感染@在后一种情况中，它可以表现为无菌性脑膜炎或脑膜脑炎、斑丘疹、肌痛、关节痛、发热、肝脾肿大、腹泻病（胃肠炎或结肠炎）以及其他神经系统发现（例如周围神经病变、Guillain- Barre 综合征或面瘫）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "急性逆转录病毒综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无菌性脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "急性逆转录病毒综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑膜脑炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "急性逆转录病毒综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃肠炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "急性逆转录病毒综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结肠炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "急性逆转录病毒综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "周围神经病变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "急性逆转录病毒综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "面瘫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性逆转录病毒综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "斑丘疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性逆转录病毒综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性逆转录病毒综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性逆转录病毒综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性逆转录病毒综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝脾肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "2.胃食管反流 （GER） 是新生儿呕吐的常见原因，尤其是早产儿。如生后数天排便很少，或胎粪排空时间延迟，患儿可出现呕吐，呕吐物为黄绿色，常伴有腹胀，腹壁可见肠型，用生理盐水灌肠排出胎粪后，呕吐即可缓解。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐物为黄绿色"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹壁可见肠型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃食管反流"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "胃食管反流", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "GER"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "（三）睾丸炎 、附睾炎 10岁后男性患者约有20%～35%发生，多为单侧。患者突起发热、寒战、头痛、恶心、呕吐和下腹痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "睾丸炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "突起发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "睾丸炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "寒战"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "睾丸炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "睾丸炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "睾丸炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "睾丸炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "下腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "附睾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "突起发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "附睾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "寒战"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "附睾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "附睾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "附睾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "附睾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "下腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "睾丸炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单侧"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "附睾炎", "subject_type": "疾��", "object": {"@value": "单侧"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "急性胰腺炎@在病情稳定的患者中，病史和体格检查结果模棱两可时，CT 血管造影术可能有助于进行快速诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体格检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT 血管造影术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@她曾因肾脏移植而服用4年环孢素因而处于免疫抑制状态。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫抑制状态"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "二、尿道上裂 尿道上裂多与膀胱外翻并存，单纯尿道上裂在膀胱外翻尿道上裂系列中约占30%左右。男性发病为女性的4～8倍。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "尿道上裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "α地中海贫血 静止型:患者无症状,也可呈现正常血红蛋白量;红细胞形态正常，甚至没有红细胞体积的变小，出生时脐带血中Hb Bart含量为0.01 -0. 02,但3个月后即消失，故容易漏诊。 轻型:患者无症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "α地中海贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "轻型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "α地中海贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "静止型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "细菌性肺炎常表现为两肺弥漫性模糊影,密度不均；金黄色葡萄球菌合并脓胸、气胸或肺大疱时可见相应的X线改变;病毒性肺炎以间质病变、两肺膨胀过度、肺气肿为主。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "病毒性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "间质病变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "病毒性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "两肺膨胀过度"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "病毒性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺气肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "细菌性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "两肺弥漫性模糊影"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "细菌性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "密度不均"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "【病因和发病机制】 （一）基因突变 以往认为80%～100%的TBMN患者有阳性血尿家族史，而且部分家系调查表明TBMN的遗传方式为常染色体显性遗传，但近期研究示TBMN中仅有43%的患者证实有阳性血尿家族史，提示除遗传因素外还有其他原因。 （二）获得性 GBM变薄 GBM主要由肾小球脏层上皮细胞合成，当脏层上皮细胞功能受损时可引起Ⅳ型胶原合成和分布异常而影响GBM厚度。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "TBMN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "获得性 GBM变薄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "TBMN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阳性血尿家族史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "TBMN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "基因突变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "乙型肝炎@肾前性氮质血症、急性肾功能不全、慢性肾功能不全或肝肾综合征可导致尿素升高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿素升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性肾功能不全", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿素升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性肾功能不全", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿素升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝肾综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿素升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "HIV 感染@ 美国疾病预防控制中心 (CDC) 的指南推荐，使用替诺福韦和恩曲他滨进行 PrEP，作为以下 HIV 获得感染风险极高人群的一种预防选择：性活跃的成年男男性行为者 (MSM)、性活跃的异性恋成年男性和女性以及成年毒品注射者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "成年毒品注射者"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "川崎病@ 1.阿司匹林 阿司匹林有消炎及抑制血栓形成的作用。川崎病@如果在起病后6～8周没有发现冠状动脉瘤，血小板计数及血沉正常，阿司匹林可停药。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "没有发现冠状动脉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血小板计数及血沉正常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿司匹林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@[ 消化性溃疡病 ](/topics/zh-cn/80) ### 胰腺炎，急性 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 胰腺炎的疼痛位于上腹部，常放射至后背中部。稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@诱因多为饮酒或胆结石病史。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "饮酒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆结石病史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胰腺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上腹部"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "后背中部"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@胰腺外分泌功能的最新定量检测方法尚处于研究阶段，这些方法包括内镜下胰腺功能检测、分泌素刺激MRCP（SS-MRCP）以及弥散加权MRCP（DW- MRCP）等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "分泌素刺激MRCP"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "弥散加权MRCP"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "2.病毒性脑炎 起病急，但其临床表现因脑实质部位的病理改变、范围和严重程度而有所不同。患儿可有嗜睡、昏睡、昏迷、深度昏迷，甚至去皮质状态等不同程度的意识改变。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "病毒性脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嗜睡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "病毒性脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "昏睡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "病毒性脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "昏迷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "病毒性脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "深度昏迷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "病毒性脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "去皮质状态"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "【临床表现】 各型急性白血病的临床表现基本相同,主要表现如下。 出血以皮肤和黏膜出血多见,表现为紫癜、癖斑、鼻出血、齿龈出血、消化道出血和血尿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "急性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "紫癜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "癖斑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "齿龈出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消化道出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "2/3患儿有轻微的神经系统体征，如肌张力增高、腱反射亢进及小头畸形等，严重者可有脑性瘫痪。PKU患者除了影响智能发育外，可出现一些行为、性格的异常，如忧郁、多动、自卑及孤僻等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌张力增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腱反射亢进"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小头畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑性瘫痪"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "忧郁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "自卑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "孤僻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "以上四种并发症多见于金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎、耐药肺炎链球菌肺炎和某些革兰氏阴性杆菌肺炎 (Gram-negative bacillary pneumonia，GNBP ) 0 支气管扩张（bronchiectasis)肺炎部位支气管阻塞，腔内淤滞的分泌物造成对支气管壁的压力，日久造成远端扩张。感染和支气管阻塞是支气管扩张的两个基本致病因素，而且呈恶性循环。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "支气管扩张", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "支气管扩张", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支气管阻塞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "支气管扩张", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "bronchiectasis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "革兰氏阴性杆菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Gram-negative bacillary pneumonia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "革兰氏阴性杆菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "GNBP"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "转移性乳腺癌@ ### 非激素敏感型（ER/PR阴性）、HER2-阴性转移性乳腺癌 一线选择 * 此患者群体的一线治疗是化疗。转移性乳腺癌@年龄较大的患者可以接受单药化疗，而较年轻的患者可以接受联合化疗，尤其是有内脏危象、快速病情进展或需要迅速控制症状和/或疾病时。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "联合化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "5.控制感染 尽早使用抗生素是全身性感染和感染性休克的重要治疗措施。 6.血液滤过（hemofiltration） 通过体外循环装置中的细菌筛和炭吸附作用，清除大量致炎介质和抗炎介质，以降低炎症反应强度，同时可促进肺部水分清除，清除心脏抑制因子，可有效稳定心血管系统和呼吸系统改善循环功能，大部分文献研究认为可降低病死率和改善预后。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "感染性休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血液滤过"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "全身性感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "感染性休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "1.原发性梗阻性巨输尿管 由于近膀胱3～4cm的远端输尿管的一段失去蠕动能力，导致尿液无法以正常速率排入膀胱所致。先天性输尿管远端狭窄以及输尿管瓣膜也是原发性梗阻性巨输尿管原因之一。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病机制", "subject": "原发性梗阻性巨输尿管", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性输尿管远端狭窄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病机制", "subject": "原发性梗阻性巨输尿管", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "输尿管瓣膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "真菌性脑膜炎@## 一级预防 总体而言，避免真菌性病原体暴露并不现实，但是避免可能产生长期严重暴露（如接触到鸽子排泄物[ _新型隐球菌_ ]或疾病高度流行地区的受污染土壤[ _粗隐球菌_ 、 _荚膜组织胞浆菌_ ]）的环境是合理的，对于免疫抑制患者而言这一情况尤其适用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "真菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "长期严重暴露"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "真菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "接触到鸽子排泄物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "真菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "接触到鸽子排泄物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "脑炎@超过半数的幸存者会出现重度残疾。脑炎@包括疲劳、认知障碍、注意力缺陷障碍、语言障碍、运动障碍、共济失调、癫痫发作和人格改变。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疲劳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "认知障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "注意力缺陷障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "语言障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "运动障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "共济失调"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "癫痫发作"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "人格改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "重度残疾"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "重度残疾"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "肝硬化@### 黄疸和瘙痒 失代偿期肝硬化患者肝脏排泄结合胆红素进入胆管系统的能力下降引起黄疸，瘙痒继发于胆汁分泌障碍。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黄疸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瘙痒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "高血压急症@### 子痫 一线治疗用药为肼苯哒嗪、 拉贝洛尔。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "高血压急症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肼苯哒嗪"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "高血压急症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "拉贝洛尔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "三度房室传导阻滞部分小儿并无主诉,重者因心排血量减少而自觉乏力、眩晕、活动时气短。x线检查发现的不伴有其他心脏疾患的三��房室传导阻滞中，60%亦有心脏增大。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "三度房室传导阻滞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "x线检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "三度房室传导阻滞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心脏增大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "三度房室传导阻滞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乏力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "三度房室传导阻滞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眩晕"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "三度房室传导阻滞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "活动时气短"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "肝硬化@结果 升高 ### 血清白蛋白 检查 结果 检查 血清白蛋白水平降低是肝脏合成功能受损的标志。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清白蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "【治疗】 目的是保证通换气功能正常,待自身PS产生增加,RDS得以恢复。 (―)一般治疗 ①保温:将婴儿置于暖箱或辐射式抢救台上,保持皮肤温度在36. 5℃ ;②监测:体温、呼吸、心率、血压和动脉血气;③保证液体和营养供应:第1天液体量为70 ~80ml/(kg • d)，以后逐渐增加，液体量不宜过多，否则易导致动脉导管开放，甚至发生肺水肿;④抗生素:RDS患儿在败血症被排除前，建议常规使用抗生素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "RDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "保证液体和营养供应"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "RDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "肾小球肾炎@### 腹痛 见于链球菌感染后肾小球肾炎和过敏性紫癜。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "心肌病@ 3.利尿剂 改善液体内环境平衡在扩张性心肌病的治疗中至关重要。心肌病@其他可应用的利尿剂包括依他尼酸、布美他尼。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "利尿剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "依他尼酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "布美他尼"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "失眠症@已经考虑将间歇性给药方案用于失眠症的长期治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "间歇性给药方案"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "早产@## 分类 ### 临床分类 根据早产开始时间做出的临床分类 * 早产：妊娠34至37周 * 极早产儿：妊娠28周至33周+6 * 极小早产儿：妊娠＜28周。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "早产"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "极早产儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "极小早产儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "阿尔茨海默病@ 有较轻微认知障碍和中度激越的患者更可能对西酞普兰有反应。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "西酞普兰"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "狂犬病@如果未接受免疫接种的患者被咬伤（由ACIP 标准定义）或 II、III 级暴露（由WHO 标准定义），则必须开展暴露后预防，主要包括以下步骤： * 应立即使用肥皂和水（或仅使用水）彻底清洗和冲洗开放伤口 15 分钟，并使用清洁剂、碘酒或乙醇进行消毒。狂犬病@ * 咬伤（ACIP标准）或III级（WHO标准）暴露者，一期缝合之前在伤口处注射人类狂犬病免疫球蛋白 (human rabies immunoglobulin, hRIG)。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "清洁剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乙醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "碘酒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "human rabies immunoglobulin", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "hRIG"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "癫痫持续状态@### 药物使用 包括滥用特定限制或非法药品，比如可卡因、麦角酸二乙基酰胺 (LSD) 和一些安非他命。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "药物使用"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "可卡因"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "麦角酸二乙基酰胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "因此，如维生素B6缺乏，抗体生成减少，容易发生感染。 2.血浆总维生素B6浓度测定（包括游离维生素B6及吡哆醇磷酸盐） 本方法较为简单，是了解体内维生素B6营养状况的敏感指标，但是测定值的波动较大，因此限制了它的使用价值。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "维生素B6缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血浆总维生素B6浓度测定"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "保持脑血流量和足够的平均动脉压；⑥治疗并发症。 化脑的疗程根据病原菌而异。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "治疗并发症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "第十二章 幼年型皮肌炎 【概述】 幼年型皮肌炎（juvenile dermatomyositis，JDM）是一种多系统疾病，特点是横纹肌和皮肤的急性或慢性的非化脓性炎症，早期存在不同程度的闭塞性血管病，晚期发生钙化。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "幼年型皮肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "juvenile dermatomyositis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "幼年型皮肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "JDM"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "血吸虫病@ * _曼氏血吸虫_ 感染发生在撒哈拉以南非洲，非洲北部部分地区，中东，南美洲国家如巴西，委内瑞拉，苏里南和几个加勒比地区国家。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "曼氏血吸虫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "加勒比地区国家"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "曼氏血吸虫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "苏里南"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "曼氏血吸虫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "委内瑞拉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "曼氏血吸虫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "巴西"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "曼氏血吸虫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "南美洲国家"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "曼氏血吸虫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中东"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "曼氏血吸虫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "撒哈拉以南非洲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "自身免疫性肝炎@### 关节痛 累及小关节的关节痛属于常见症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "累及小关节的关节痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "【临床表现】 典型结核性脑膜炎起病多较缓慢。常出现水、电解质代谢紊乱。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "典型结核性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "水、电解质代谢紊乱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "银屑病性关节炎(psoriatic arthritis) ：1个或更多的关节炎合并银屑病,或关节炎合并以下任何2项:①指（趾)炎;②指甲凹陷或指甲脱离;③家族史中一级亲属有银屑病。发病以女性占多数。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "银屑病性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "女性占多数"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "银屑病性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "psoriatic arthritis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "银屑病性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "指甲凹陷或指甲脱离"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "银屑病性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "指（趾)炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "指（趾)炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "指甲凹陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "指（趾)炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "指甲脱离"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "HIV 感染@## 二级预防 性接触 * 应问询患者的性接触者，以及可能已知的 HIV 状态。HIV 感染@ 后代 * 医生应该问询患者是否有子女以及子女年龄。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "后代"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "性接触"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
+{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@研究表明，在治疗中至重度活动性溃疡性结肠炎时，英夫利昔单抗在诱导缓解方面优于安慰剂。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "英夫利昔单抗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "安慰剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "白内障@散瞳检查发现，左眼晶状体前部发白，呈轮辐状改变。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "白内障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "散瞳检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "疟疾感染@### 基孔肯雅热病毒 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 居住在/来自基孔肯雅热疫区。 疟疾感染@关节症状明显（例如：多关节炎和腕管综合征很常见）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "基孔肯雅热病毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多关节炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "基孔肯雅热病毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腕管综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "基孔肯雅热病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "肝硬化@如果超声发现可疑病灶或者患者存在难以解释的腹痛，推荐进一步行CT或MRI检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MRI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "（一）左冠状动脉异常 畸形左冠状动脉起源于肺动脉，右冠状动脉起源正常。如这些方法行不通时，可结扎异常的左冠状动脉，这样不仅能消除分流，还可通过侧支血管更好地供应存活心肌。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "左冠状动脉异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结扎异常的左冠状动脉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "左冠状动脉异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺动脉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "急性胰腺炎@ ### Balthazar CT分级 根据胰腺炎症的严重程度，以及增强 CT 扫描是否存在表示坏死的积液或积气作出分级。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "增强 CT 扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "此外成人健康志愿者口服幽门螺杆菌证实可引发胃黏膜的慢性炎症，并出现上腹部痛、恶心及呕吐等症状；用幽门螺杆菌感染动物的动物模型也获得了成功，因此幽门螺杆菌是慢性胃炎的一个重要病因。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "胃黏膜的慢性炎症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "幽门螺杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胃黏膜的慢性炎症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上腹部痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胃黏膜的慢性炎症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胃黏膜的慢性炎症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "慢性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "幽门螺杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "TPO和TPO受体激动剂 目前主要用于治疗难治性ITP。血小板生成素拟肽（romiplostim),首次应用从1μg/kg，每周1次皮下注射开始，根据血小板计数每周增加1μg/kg，最大剂量10μg/kg。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "难治性ITP", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血小板生成素拟肽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "难治性ITP", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "TPO和TPO受体激动剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "血小板生成素拟肽", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "romiplostim"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "卵巢癌@ [ 子宫内膜异位症 ](/topics/zh-cn/355) ### 憩室病 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 可能没有症状，也可能在结肠镜检查或钡剂灌肠检查时被偶然发现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "憩室病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "没有症状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "憩室病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结肠镜检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "憩室病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "钡剂灌肠检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "妊娠胆汁淤积@[HELLP 综合征] ### 急性妊娠期脂肪肝 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 患者感觉不适，常见表现为全身乏力、恶心，很多具有先兆子痫、凝血功能异常和肾脏损伤的典型症状。妊娠胆汁淤积@CT或MRI可见肝脏脂肪浸润。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "急性妊娠期脂肪肝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "急性妊娠期脂肪肝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MRI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HELLP 综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性妊娠期脂肪肝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性妊娠期脂肪肝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身乏力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性妊娠期脂肪肝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "急性妊娠期脂肪肝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先兆子痫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "急性妊娠期脂肪肝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "凝血功能异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "急性妊娠期脂肪肝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾��损伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MRI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "广泛性焦虑障碍@## 并发症 ### 查看全部   并发症 table 并发症 | 时间表 | 可能性 ---|---|--- ### 共病抑郁 | 长期 | 高 至少有50%的患者合并抑郁，由于该类患者自杀风险较高，建议谨慎使用三环类及镇静类药物。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "抑郁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "三环类"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "抑郁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "镇静类药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "共病抑郁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "我国近年来已开展了儿童言语和语言障碍的临床诊治。 （二）嗓音问题 嗓音问题可以是功能性的，也可以是器质性的，表现为音调、响度、音质共鸣的异常。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "儿童言语和语言障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嗓音问题"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "如果怀疑葡萄球菌（如头颅穿透伤、脑室腹膜分流术以及瓣膜修复术并发心内膜炎引起的脑脓肿），主张选用万古霉素加第三代头孢菌素（也可用甲硝唑）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脑脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "万古霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脑脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "第三代头孢菌素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脑脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲硝唑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@一些随机对照试验表明常规应用防晒霜的人群鳞状细胞癌发病率呈持续下降。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "应用防晒霜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "十一、恶性间叶瘤 恶性间叶瘤（malignant mesenchymoma）是一种来自间叶成分软组织肉瘤，儿童少见。男性多于女性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "恶性间叶瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男性多于女性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "恶性间叶瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "malignant mesenchymoma"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "恶性间叶瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童少见"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "骨性关节炎@## 诊断标准 ### 美国风湿病学会标准对膝关节骨性关节炎的分类和报告 临床和实验室诊断标准 * 膝关节疼痛并符合以下9条标准中至少5项：年龄大于50岁；僵硬时间小于30分钟；捻发感；压痛；骨肿大；无明显的发热；血沉小于40mm/1h；类风湿因子小于1.40；骨关节炎滑液体征。骨性关节炎@ 临床和影像学诊断标准 * 膝关节痛伴有骨赘，在以下3项标准中至少1项呈阳性：年龄大于50岁；僵硬小于30分钟；捻发感。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "僵硬时间小于30分钟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "捻发感"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "压痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无明显的发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血沉小于40mm/1h"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "类风湿因子小于1.40"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病@骨髓穿刺和活组织检查通常不是诊断所必需的。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨髓穿刺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "活组织检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "白内障@在白内障手术中，驱逐性脉络膜出血是最可怕的术中并发症。白内障@脉络膜上腔内压力增加会抬高视网膜，并且由于血液继续泵送到脉络膜上腔中，所以可以导致玻璃体和视网膜经由白内障切口从眼内驱逐，从而导致失明。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "驱逐性脉络膜出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "失明"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "白内障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "驱逐性脉络膜出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "儿童偏头痛@## 二级预防 二级预防是治疗的一个重要部分。儿童偏头痛@许多形式的行为干预，例如放松疗法、生物反馈和避免触发因素等都认为有明显的效果。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放松疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生物反馈"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "避免触发因素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "二级预防"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "溶血急性溶血表现为发热、黄疸、苍白、乏力、腰背酸痛、血红蛋白尿等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溶血急性溶血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溶血急性溶血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黄疸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溶血急性溶血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "苍白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溶血急性溶血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乏力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溶血急性溶血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腰背酸痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溶血急性溶血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血红蛋白尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "CF患儿的治疗应着重于对呼吸道感染的防治。有黏液气道阻塞者可进行气管支气管吸引，或在纤维支气管镜下用生理盐水或黏液溶解剂进行灌洗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "CF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气管支气管吸引"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "类风湿关节炎@滑膜衬里细胞明显增生，伴随单个核细胞包括T细胞、B细胞、巨噬细胞以及浆细胞的浸润。类风湿关节炎@在RA中，滑膜组织中局部浸润的形成是特征性表现并导致侵蚀。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "特征性表现并导致侵蚀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细胞明显增生"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "T细胞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "B细胞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "巨噬细胞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "浆细胞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "（三）化疗 目前，对肾母细胞瘤疗效最佳，可显著控制局部复发和转移的药物为放线菌素D、长春新碱和阿霉素等。 1.放线菌素D（AMD）术后当日开始应用，每日静脉注射15μg/kg，连续5日，总剂量75μg/kg，为1疗程。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肾母细胞瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放线菌素D"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "八、松果体区肿瘤 松果体区肿瘤占儿童中枢神经系统肿瘤的0. 4%～2%，包括生殖细胞肿瘤（40%～65%）、松果体实质细胞瘤（17%）和星形细胞瘤（15%）；其中生殖细胞肿瘤又可分为生殖细胞瘤、畸胎瘤和混合型生殖细胞肿瘤。大的、高度恶性的或有下丘脑浸润或转移的肿瘤预后极差，生存期不到1年。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "松果体区肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不到1年"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "松果体区肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "极差"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "松果体区肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生殖细胞肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "松果体区肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "松果体实质细胞瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "松果体区肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "星形细胞瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "生殖细胞肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生殖细胞瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "生殖细胞肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "畸胎瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "生殖细胞肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "混合型生殖细胞肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "儿童中枢神经系统肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "松果体区肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "松果体区肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童中枢神经系统肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "HELLP 综合征@血清肌酐在 48 小时内翻倍，提示进展为双侧肾皮质坏死，需要透析。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "双侧肾皮质坏死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清肌酐在 48 小时内翻倍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@### 急性应激性心肌病 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 临床特征与非ST段抬高型心肌梗死相似，可能包括胸痛、呼吸急促和左心室壁运动异常。 非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@检查 患者通常表现出心电图改变、心脏标志物升高和心脏影像显示左心室功能不全，与非ST段抬高型心肌梗死无法区分。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "急性应激性心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性应激性心肌病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性应激性心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性应激性心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸急促"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性应激性心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "左心室壁运动异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "2.葡萄酒色斑 呈暗紫色，出生时即有，很少扩展，面部葡萄酒色斑可能伴有颅内血管瘤，即Sturge-Weber综合征。近年来，国外多采用手术治疗，如面积大，可分期手术，���可植皮。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "葡萄酒色斑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手术治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "葡萄酒色斑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "植皮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "葡萄酒色斑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呈暗紫色"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "葡萄酒色斑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出生时即有"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "葡萄酒色斑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "很少扩展"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "凡符合HLH的临床诊断标准，或髙度怀疑HLH而未完全达到诊断标准且病情进展迅速者，应立即开始治疗。CsA: 口服,6mg/ ( kg • d)，分2 次,应定期监测CsA血药浓度(谷浓度应在200μg/L左右），根据血药浓度酌情调整剂量。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "HLH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CsA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "胆管癌@当经典症状（黄疸，体重减轻，食欲减低和右上腹痛）出现时，疾病已往往处于晚期。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重减轻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食欲减低"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "右上腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黄疸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "超声波检查可分辨腹腔内肝脓肿、膈下脓肿、盆腔脓肿和脾脏脓肿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "腹腔内肝脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声波检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "膈下脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声波检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "盆腔脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声波检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "脾脏脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声波检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "破伤风@ ### 横纹肌溶解（导致急性肾功能衰竭） | 短期 | 高 肌肉痉挛可导致横纹肌溶解，进而导致急性肾功能衰竭。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "横纹肌溶解"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "肌肉痉挛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "横纹肌溶解"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "横纹肌溶解", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性肾功能衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "（三）发病的高危因素 确定新生儿败血症发病的相对危险因素比较困难，因而资料不尽相同。报告比较一致的相对危险因素包括：新生儿产时有呼吸抑制而经过复苏干预，羊膜破水时间过长（＞24小时），母亲有产时感染或发热，男婴和低出身体重儿等相对容易获得感染。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿败血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "母亲有产时感染或发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "缺血性卒中@[ 成人抑郁 ](/topics/zh-cn/55) ### 吸入性肺炎 | 存在差异 | 低 与卒中相关的吞咽障碍可导致吸入性和继发性肺炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "缺血性卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸入性肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "吸入性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸入性和继发性肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "阿尔茨海默病@对于早发型痴呆，或者当存在强烈家族史时，可进行基因检测。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "基因检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "儿童偏头痛@伴随症状有头痛同侧的结膜充血、流泪、鼻塞、流涕、前额和面部出汗、瞳孔缩小、上睑下垂和眼睑水肿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "流泪"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻塞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "流涕"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "前额和面部出汗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛同侧的结膜充血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瞳孔缩小"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上睑下垂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼睑水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病@### 案例 #2 一名 60 岁男性出现颈部和腹股沟区淋巴结肿大 2 个月，并且大小逐渐增大。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "淋巴结肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "口咽癌@新的放射治疗技术，如调强放射治疗（IMRT），由于其对正常组织影响小，使患者的生活质量有潜在提高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "调强放射治疗（IMRT）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "B族链球菌感染@ 在美国进行的大多数研究表明，所有年龄组黑人的发病率均较高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黑人"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "HIV 感染@ ### 艾滋病 (AIDS) | 长期 | 高 艾滋病是由于 HIV 感染导致的，通常在感染大约 6 到 9 年之后发病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "艾滋病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "AIDS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "艾滋病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "艾滋病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "阿尔茨海默病@当子女表达关心时，她变得有些烦躁，并抵制他们的帮助。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "烦躁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "表13-14 儿童中高淀粉酶血症的非胰腺性原因 （2）血清脂肪酶测定：急性胰腺炎时血清脂肪酶也增高。 （2）B型超声： 检查超声检查由于其直观性及无创性，已成为儿科诊断胰腺炎的常用手段。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "B型超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清脂肪酶测定"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "婴儿胆汁淤积症(infantile cholestasis)是指1岁以内婴儿（包括新生儿）由各种原因引起的肝细胞和（或）毛细胆管分泌功能障碍，或胆管病变导致胆汁排泄减少或缺乏。②考来烯胺: 一种阴离子结合树脂，口服后在肠道中能与胆汁酸结合,增加胆汁酸的排泄，剂量为0. 25 -0. 50g/ (kg • d)，在早餐前后顿服或分次口服。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "婴儿胆汁淤积症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "考来烯胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "婴儿胆汁淤积症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "infantile cholestasis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "膀胱癌@ 虽然尚未证实该治疗有益于中等风险和高风险疾病患者，对于这些患者，除了延迟免疫治疗或膀胱灌注化疗以外，常常术后立即行膀胱灌注化疗。膀胱癌@ 高风险 * 定义为原位癌、高分级 Ta 期或 T1 期尿路上皮癌（Ta = 非浸润性乳头状癌；T1 = 肿瘤侵及皮下结缔组织，即黏膜固有层）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "膀胱癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膀胱灌注化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "膀胱癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "延迟免疫治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "此外，年长儿右下叶肺炎常由于刺激横膈引起腹痛，需与急性阑尾炎鉴别。对青霉素敏感株仍可选用青霉素G 10万U/（kg•d）治疗，但青霉素低度耐药株（MIC 2. 0～4. 0μg/ml）应加大青霉素剂量至10万～30 万U/（kg•d），以上治疗无效、病情危重或高度耐药者（MIC＞4. 0μg/ml）应选用第三代头孢霉素，如头孢噻肟、头孢曲松或万古霉素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "第三代头孢霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "【治疗】 凡诊断为GER的患儿，特别是有合并症或影响生长发育者必须及时进行治疗。如多巴胺受体拮抗剂:多潘立酮 (domperidone，吗叮啉），常用剂量为每次0. 2 ~0. 3mg/kg，每日3次，饭前半小时及睡前口服。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "GER", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多潘立酮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "多潘立酮", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "domperidone"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "多潘立酮", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "吗叮啉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "一、类脂性肺炎 类脂性肺炎（lipoid pneumonia）系鱼肝油、石蜡油、油性滴鼻剂等油脂性物质吸入造成的一种肺炎，病理特征为慢性间质性肺炎。 急性期应进行体位引流及气管吸引，排出油剂。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "类脂性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体位引流及气管吸引"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "类脂性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "lipoid pneumonia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "类脂性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性间质性肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "高血压急症@硝普钠在降低脑血流量的同时增加颅内压，对高血压性脑病或卒中后患者尤为不利。 高血压急症@三线治疗药物为非诺多泮， 为选择性外周多巴胺 -1- 受体激动剂，可扩张动脉。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "高血压急症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非诺多泮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@规律的体育锻炼能够有效提高心肺功能，降低心肌需氧量。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "规律的体育锻炼"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
+{"text": "中耳炎@对于较大的会说话幼童，关键因素还包括先前曾患病毒性呼吸道疾病，随后发生急性耳痛。中耳炎@对于说话前幼童，关键因素应包括提示耳痛的发热或全身症状，如易怒、哭闹、睡眠失调、呕吐或食欲不振。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "易怒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "哭闹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睡眠失调"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食欲不振"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "曾患病毒性呼吸道疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性耳痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "心肌炎@### 心包摩擦音 心肌炎常常扩大至心包（心肌心包炎），并可导致听诊心包摩擦音。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心包摩擦音"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心包"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "广泛性焦虑障碍@关于苯二氮䓬类药物在治疗GAD的长期疗效尚缺少足够信息。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "GAD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "苯二氮䓬类药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "食物中毒@### 肝胆疾病 吸虫病患者可出现胆绞痛、胆汁淤积、胆结石、肝脓肿或肝炎的特征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝胆疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆绞痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆汁淤积"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆结石"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝脓肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "宫颈癌@结果 异常 ### 钡剂灌肠 检查 结果 检查 检查有无包块压迫肠道；可以提示分期。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "宫颈癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "钡剂灌肠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "磨牙症@### 牙齿敏感 如果牙齿的磨损到达牙本质，牙髓可能会对冷空气或液体更敏感。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "磨牙症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "牙齿敏感"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "成人哮喘@糖皮质激素抵抗型哮喘患者应考虑是否是声带功能障碍，但也可能与哮喘共存。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖皮质激素抵抗型哮喘"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "但妊娠期高血压患者的滋养细胞浸润过浅，只有蜕膜层血管重铸，俗称“胎盘浅着床”。 （3）血管内皮细胞受损：血管内皮细胞损伤是子痫前期的基本病理变化，它使扩血管物质如一氧化氮（NO）、前列环素I2合成减少，而缩血管物质如内皮素（ET)、血栓素A2等合成增加，从而促进血管痉挛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血管内皮细胞受损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "血管内皮细胞损伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "子痫前期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "血管内皮细胞损伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血管痉挛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "【诊断】 真菌检査 因假丝酵母菌是常驻菌，从皮肤、黏膜、痰、粪等标本中査到孢子不能肯定其为致病菌，必须在显微镜下见到出芽的酵母菌与假菌丝，结合临床表现才能确定假丝酵母菌病的诊断： ①病灶组织或假膜、渗液等标本显微镜检查，可见厚膜孢子及假菌丝，多次显微镜检查阳性有诊断意义;②标本真菌培养1周内出现乳白色光滑菌落，菌落数大于50% ,有诊断意义。 眼底检査 假丝酵母菌菌血症患者视网膜和脉络膜上可见白色云雾状或棉球样病灶。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "假丝酵母菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼底检査"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "假丝酵母菌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼底检査"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "假丝酵母菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "真菌检査"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "假丝酵母菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "标本真菌培养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "假丝酵母菌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "真菌检査"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "假丝酵母菌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "显微镜检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "类癌综合征@## 治疗步骤 类癌综合征相关症状的控制是基于减少激素的分泌。类癌综合征@然而，当原发灶在肠道内，分泌的胺会被肝脏降解，症状一般不会出现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠道"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "急性阑尾炎@关于术后预防性静脉使用抗生素尚存争议；然而，对于无并发症的阑尾炎，推荐使用头孢西丁来降低切口感染的风险。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "无并发症的阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头孢西丁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "急性阑尾炎@恶心和呕吐也见于 75% 的患者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "喉癌@ * III期：5年生存率是60%。喉癌@ * IV期：5年生存率是25%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "III期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
+{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@[ 急性冠脉综合征概述 ](/topics/zh-cn/152) ### 急性脑卒中 | 存在差异 | 中 这些患者脑血管动脉粥样硬化及卒中风险增加。稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@积极的生活方式改变和药物治疗可降低这种风险。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "积极的生活方式改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
+{"text": "肛门癌@在一项研究中，41% 的肛管癌患者确诊之前至少有 5 年的良性肛门直肠疾病病史。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "肛管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "良性肛门直肠疾病病史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "口咽癌@CT扫描上的肿瘤特征为脂肪层消失的占位性生长，肌肉浸润，骨质破坏以及静脉增强时周围强化。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌肉浸润"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨质破坏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "在我国，经过长期、广泛和深入的防治工作，重症维生素D缺乏性佝偻病患儿的发病率已下降。1987年，全国9省、自治区调查，3岁以下小儿平均佝偻病患病率为27. 2%，又明显下降。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "维生素D缺乏性佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "27. 2%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "麻风病@ ### 肾损伤 | 存在差异 | 低 可能出现肾小球肾炎、间质性肾炎和肾盂肾炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾损伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾小球肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "间质性肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "麻��病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾盂肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "胃扭转 生后数周内出现呕吐，移动体位时呕吐加剧。X线钡餐检查可见:①食管与胃黏膜有交叉现象;②胃大弯位于小弯之上;③幽门窦的位置高于十二指肠球部;④双胃泡、双液平面;⑤食管腹段延长，且开口于胃下方。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "胃扭转", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "X线钡餐检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胃扭转", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "肾小球肾炎@### 高血压 GFR 下降和水钠潴留，引起全身性高血压。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身性高血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "胆囊炎@### 墨菲征阳性 右肋下区压痛阳性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "墨菲征阳性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "阿尔茨海默病@检查 散发型：弥散加权相和液体衰减反转恢复相 MRI 显示尾状核和壳核内高密度信号。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MRI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "（二）上消化道造影 当怀疑有肠旋转不良时，常规应行消化道造影检查，首选钡剂造影，也可选用水溶性造影剂。 （三）钡剂灌肠 尽管钡灌肠是诊断肠旋转不良的方法之一，但同上消化道造影相比，有较大局限性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肠旋转不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "钡剂灌肠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肠旋转不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上消化道造影"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "二、先天性肺囊肿 先天性肺囊肿（congenital pulmonary cysts）是常见的肺发育异常，系胚胎期肺芽发育障碍所致。囊肿大者可压迫气管或主支气管引起阵发性咳嗽、气促、喘息甚至发绀等症状，伴反复肺部感染。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性肺囊肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性肺囊肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气促"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性肺囊肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喘息"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性肺囊肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发绀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性肺囊肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "反复肺部感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性肺囊肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "congenital pulmonary cysts"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "1986年在美国，化脑的平均发病年龄为15个月。 【流行病学及病原学】 细菌性脑膜炎的重要危险因素：其一为年幼儿对感染的病原缺乏免疫力；其二为近期有致病细菌的携带。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细菌性脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "15个月"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "近期有致病细菌的携带"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "苯丙氨酸浓度测定 正常浓度<12μmol/L(2mg/dl),经典型PKU>1200μmol/L,中度PKU> 360μmol/L ~ <1200μmol/L,轻度 HPA>120μmol/L ~ ≤360μmol/L 尿蝶呤图谱分析 主要用于BH4缺乏症的鉴别诊断。 【诊断和鉴别诊断】 根据智力落后、头发由黑变黄,特殊体味和血苯丙氨酸升高,排除四氢生物蝶呤缺��症就可以 确诊。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "四氢生物蝶呤缺乏症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿蝶呤图谱分析"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "急性肾炎必须注意和以下疾病鉴别： 1.其他病原体感染后的肾小球肾炎多种病原体可引起急性肾炎,可从原发感染灶及各自临床 特点相区别。若患儿呈急性起病,有明确的链球菌感染的证据,血清C3降低，肾活体组织检查病理为毛细血管内增生性肾炎者有助于急性肾炎的诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "急性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾活体组织检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "食管癌@已经证实PET有助于分类化疗反应和预测肺癌、头颈癌患者的生存期。食管癌@ FDG- PET扫描一般在EUS前检查，以对避免转移患者行不必要的检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "食管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "EUS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "膀胱前列腺横纹肌肉瘤如果条件允许可以行部分膀胱切除，或先行病理活检，接受加强化疗和放疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "膀胱前列腺横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "部分膀胱切除"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "膀胱前列腺横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病理活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "膀胱前列腺横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "膀胱前列腺横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "加强化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "铅中毒@急性铅脑病是一种紧急情况，需要在重症监护条件下进行积极的螯合疗法。 铅中毒@急性症状可以随着治疗而缓解，但是神经损伤和心血管毒性不可逆。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "铅中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经损伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性铅脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "螯合疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "内脏型 消化道假丝酵母菌病（gastrointestinal candidiasis):最常见为假丝酵母菌肠炎（Candida enteritis) ，常伴低热,发生在腹泻基础上，大便为稀便、水样便或豆腐渣样便,多泡沫,有发酵气味，每日3次 至十余次不等。严重者形成肠黏膜溃疡而出现便血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "假丝酵母菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠黏膜溃疡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "内脏型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "便血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "假丝酵母菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠黏膜溃疡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "假丝酵母菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Candida enteritis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "消化道假丝酵母菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "假丝酵母菌肠炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "假丝酵母菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "假丝酵母菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "假丝酵母菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "稀便"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "假丝酵母菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "水样便"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "消化道假丝酵母菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "gastrointestinal candidiasis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "内脏型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "消化道假丝酵母菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "假丝酵母菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "泡沫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠黏膜溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "便血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "【临床表现】 肾母细胞瘤的临床表现并不复杂，而是相当一致的。 （一）腹部肿块 大多是在无意中发现患儿腹部有肿块而来就诊，一般系母亲替小儿洗澡或穿衣时，或医务人员因其他原因作全身检查而发现腹部有包块存在。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肾母细胞瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹部肿块"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "急性阑尾炎@[ 肠套叠 ](/topics/zh-cn/679) ### 克罗恩病 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 好发于青年，症状有发热、恶心、呕吐、腹泻、右下腹痛以及局限性压痛。 急性阑尾炎@小肠和结肠造影剂检查可能显示狭窄或黏膜有一系列溃疡和裂隙（鹅卵石样外观）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小肠和结肠造影剂检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠套叠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "克罗恩病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "右下腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "局限性压痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青年"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@### 直肠出血 出血的严重程度和频率与疾病的严重度和病变范围有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "直肠出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "在明确为其他疾病前，1岁以内患儿发生胆汁性呕吐应首先考虑肠旋转不良。中肠扭转影像学表现有：①胃出口梗阻，可见扩张的胃泡，远端气体减少；②典型的双泡征提示十二指肠梗阻。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠旋转不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃出口梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠旋转不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "扩张的胃泡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠旋转不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "远端气体减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠旋转不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆汁性呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "痛风@痛风通常会影响第一跖趾关节（身体较冷部位）和骨关节炎好发关节。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "第一跖趾关节"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "骨关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "（二）免疫抑制剂 1.糖皮质激素 是治疗SLE基本药物，主要作用于G0期淋巴细胞，有强烈抗炎作用。 5.环孢霉素A 选择性作用于辅助性T细胞，间接抑制B细胞产生抗体，但毒副作用大，尤其是肾脏的毒副作用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "SLE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "环孢霉素A"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "SLE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖皮质激素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "SIDS的发病与发病前2周所患的疾病、就诊次数增加、伴有消化道疾病以及精神不振有关。患儿常有反复喂养困难和睡眠时多汗，但这些症状较难用已知的疾病来解释。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "SIDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "反复喂养困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "SIDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睡眠时多汗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "帕金森病@### 便秘 自主功能障碍的反映。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "便秘"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "念珠菌病@ 10.先天性皮肤念珠菌 又称新生儿皮肤念珠菌病，罕见。念珠菌病@少数病例初发皮疹为大片红斑，继而出现小水疱、`脓疱，甚至大疱。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性皮肤念珠菌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "初发皮疹为大片红斑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性皮肤念珠菌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小水疱、`脓疱，甚至大疱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性皮肤念珠菌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新生儿皮肤念珠菌病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "急性咽喉炎@其他可引起咽炎的链球菌包括 B 型、C 型和 G 型链球菌。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "G 型链球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "急性肾小管坏死（acute tubular necrosis，ATN）可分为缺血性及中毒性两类。而缺血性ATN病变可涉及各段肾小管，呈弥漫性分布，坏死的小管基底膜断裂，上皮细胞再生较差。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "中毒性", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "各段肾小管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "急性肾小管坏死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "缺血性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "急性肾小管坏死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中毒性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "转移性乳腺癌@### 进一步评估 如果患者具有显著的特异性症状，则应针对有症状的部位进行影像学检查（例如 CT、MRI、PET/CT 或 PET/MRI）。转移性乳腺癌@该积液可能与癌症有关或无关，因为这类患者常伴有其他共病，包括充血性心力衰竭、肺炎、肺栓塞及营养不良，这些共病也可导致胸腔积液的发生。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PET/CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "充血性心力衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸腔积液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸腔积液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "肺栓塞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸腔积液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "营养不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸腔积液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "我国儿童急性肠套叠发生率较欧美为高 【病因和发病机制】 肠套叠分原发和继发两种。95%为原发性，多见于婴幼儿，婴儿回盲部系膜尚未完全固定、活动度较大是容易发生肠套叠的结构上因素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "原发", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "婴幼儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肠套叠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "原发"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肠套叠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "继发"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "胃炎@### 胆汁反流性胃炎 查看全部   首选 –   雷贝拉唑或硫糖铝 #### 第一选择 [ 雷贝拉唑 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 20mg口服，每日1次 或 [ 硫糖铝 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 1g口服，每日4次 对大部分患者，初始给予雷贝拉唑或硫糖铝进行对症治疗是合适的。 胃炎@第二 –   手术 对于既往接受胃部手术和症状持续存在患者，Roux-en-Y 转流术可能有益。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "胆汁反流性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Roux-en-Y 转流术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "胆汁反流性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "雷贝拉唑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "胆汁反流性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硫糖铝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "乙型肝炎@C 基因型是与肝硬化和肝癌最相关的乙型肝炎基因型。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "C 基因型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乙型肝炎基因型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "C 基因型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝硬化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "C 基因型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝癌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "慢性髓性白血病@### 骨髓活检 检查 结果 检查 所有患者在诊断时都需要做骨髓活检，以确定疾病的分期并进行核型分析。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "慢性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨髓活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "慢性肾病@腹膜透析可在家中进行，并可供所有患者使用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "慢性肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹膜透析"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "隐球菌病@ 3.氟康唑 有很好的血-脑屏障通透性，能达到极佳的脑脊液浓度。隐球菌病@病初阶段与两性霉素B联合应用能更快使脑脊液转阴，并减少两性霉素B的用量和毒副作用，是治疗中枢神经系统隐球菌病的首选药物之一。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "中枢神经系统隐球菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氟康唑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "睾丸癌@约55%的患者肿物出现在右侧。 睾丸癌@### 其他诊断因素 ### 罕见 查看全部   ### 睾丸外症状 当出现或不出现明显的原发睾丸肿瘤的表现， 5%-10%的患者出现睾丸外症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "睾丸癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睾丸外症状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "广泛性焦虑障碍@被诊断的患者中约2/3为女性，在临床中女性相对男性被诊断的比例要更大（55%-60%）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "女性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "登革热@[ 传染性单核细胞增多症 ](/topics/zh-cn/123) ### 脑膜炎 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 颈部痛和/或强直。 登革热@意识改变 癫痫发作 出血性皮疹。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "意识改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "癫痫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血性皮疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颈部痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "强直"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病@### 支气管扩张剂治疗选择 β 受体激动剂被广泛用于 COPD 的治疗中。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支气管扩张剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "【临床表现】 药物性肾损害可表现为各种临床综合征，与药物种类、损害机制、使用时间及机体状况有关。 （二）肾小管-间质疾病 青霉素可引起急性过敏性间质性肾炎而表现为血尿、白细胞尿和蛋白尿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "药物性肾损害", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾小管-间质疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性过敏性间质性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肾小管-间质疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性过敏性间质性肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "急性过敏性间质性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "蛋白尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "急性过敏性间质性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "急性过敏性间质性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白细胞尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "早产@患者在孕期反复发生泌尿道感染，有两次尿液培养阳性史。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "泌尿道感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿液培养阳性史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "三、蛛网膜下腔出血第五篇 新生儿和新生儿疾病 第四章 新生儿期疾病 第四节 新生儿颅内出血【临床表现】 【治疗】原发性蛛网膜下腔出血（ primary subarachnoid hemorrhage ）是新生儿常见的颅内出血类型，多见于早产儿，也可见于足月儿，前者主要与缺氧有关，后者则多由产伤所致。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "蛛网膜下腔出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "primary subarachnoid hemorrhage"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "破伤风@可能有明显的破伤风易感伤口；否则应询问患者近期是否受伤，是否接受了医疗（包括肌内注射、产科手术），有无耳部感染，以及是否接触过针刺（非法使用毒品、针灸或穿耳洞）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌内注射"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "产科手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "耳部感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "管儿童是幽门螺杆菌的易感人群，已有的资料也显示中国儿童人群中幽门螺杆菌感染率很高，感染后所造成的结局相差有悬殊；因根除治疗困难以及抗生素的长期应用会产生不良反应等因素的存在，所以对所有幽门螺杆菌感染者都给予根除治疗显然是不可能也不现实的。 （二）抗幽门螺杆菌的体外药敏试验 体外试验表明，幽门螺杆菌对青霉素类最为敏感；对氨基糖苷类、头孢菌素类（头孢氨苄及头孢磺吡苄除外）、氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、红霉素及利福平等高度敏感；对大环内酯类、硝基咪唑类、呋喃类、哌氟喹酸及诺氟沙星中度敏感；对磺胺类及万古霉素等不敏感。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氧氟沙星"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "环丙沙星"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "利福平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "万古霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中国"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "成人哮喘@为确定其最大益处，可能需进行为期 4~6 周的试验；一旦达到哮喘控制，就可以减少剂量。 成人哮喘@LTRA，如孟鲁司特和扎鲁司特，可使哮喘达到长期控制，预防哮喘症状发生，也是轻度持续性哮喘患者一种可供选择的治疗方法，但不是首选。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "孟鲁司特"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "成人哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "扎鲁司特"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "LTRA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "真菌性脑膜炎@# 证据 ## 证据评分 隐球菌性脑膜炎复发风险：一项随机对照试验（RCT）提供了低质量的证据，与伊曲康唑相比，氟康唑减少了成功治疗后隐球菌性脑膜炎的复发。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "隐球菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伊曲康唑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "隐球菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氟康唑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@是炎症性肠病的一种类型，累及直肠，并向近端扩展，特征是结肠黏膜的弥漫性炎症，病程呈反复发作和缓解。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "炎症性肠病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "溃疡性结肠炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "直肠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结肠黏膜的弥漫性炎症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "1.黏多糖病I-H型（Hurler综合征） 本型是最严重的一种类型，常在10岁左右死亡，病因为缺乏α-L-艾杜糖醛酸苷酶，导致硫酸皮肤素和硫酸肝素在体内积聚，全身脏器如角膜、软骨、骨骼、皮肤、心肌内膜及血管结缔组织等均受累。临床有智能低下，面容丑陋，肝脾肿大，骨骼病变，心血管病变，角膜混浊和耳聋。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "智能低下"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "面容丑陋"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝脾肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨骼病变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心血管病变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "角膜混浊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "耳聋"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Hurler综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "缺乏��-L-艾杜糖醛酸苷酶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "角膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "软骨"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肌内膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血管结缔组织"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "上呼吸道感染的并发症在婴幼儿较为多见。年长儿若患链球菌性上感，可由于变态反应引起急性肾炎、风湿热等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "上呼吸道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "上呼吸道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "风湿热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "上呼吸道感染的并发症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "婴幼儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "链球菌性上感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "链球菌性上感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "风湿热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@第二 –   放疗 放射线疗法是 Bowen 病的一种治疗选择，特别是对于被认为不可切除或者不能耐受手术的患者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放射线疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "急性髓性白血病@在皮肤内部，可能存在白血病皮肤浸润，并且皮肤溃疡的存在 [例如，急性发热性嗜中性白细胞增多性皮肤病（Sweet 综合征）或坏疽性脓皮病] 可能提示有潜在的恶性肿瘤。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "坏疽性脓皮病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶性肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "苯丙氨酸浓度测定 正常浓度<12μmol/L(2mg/dl),经典型PKU>1200μmol/L,中度PKU> 360μmol/L ~ <1200μmol/L,轻度 HPA>120μmol/L ~ ≤360μmol/L 尿蝶呤图谱分析 主要用于BH4缺乏症的鉴别诊断。 DHPR活性测定 二氢生物蝶啶还原酶缺乏症时该酶活性明显降低。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "DHPR活性测定"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿蝶呤图谱分析"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "高钠的原发因素如钠的入量过多，常为医源性或意外所致，如配方奶用盐水而不是用葡萄糖调制、静脉内不适当地输入高张盐水、盐水灌肠浓度不当或过量、误服食盐过量等。临床更常见的是单纯水的缺失，即失水大于失盐引起的高钠血症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "高钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "配方奶用盐水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "高钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "误服食盐过量"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "高钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "失水大于失盐引起"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "缺血性卒中@两项对急性缺血性卒中患者使用阿司匹林的随机试验表明，阿司匹林组的临床结局呈更好的趋势。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "缺血性卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿司匹林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "感染性心内膜炎@在无法耐受青霉素（I 型超敏反应）的患者中，建议使用万古霉素加庆大霉素（持续6 周）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "万古霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "庆大霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "垂体功能减退@### 夜尿和多尿 抗利尿激素缺乏导致尿崩症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗利尿激素缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "抗利尿激素缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿崩症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "夜尿和多尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "夜尿和多尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "【实验室检查】 JAS无特殊检查项目，活动期可有轻度贫血，血沉加快，RF和ANA均阴性。放射影像改变的特征是骶髂关节面硬化、糜烂或关节间隙增宽，继而发展到关节间隙变窄和僵直。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "JAS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节间隙变窄和僵直"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "JAS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "轻度贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "JAS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血沉加快"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "JAS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "RF和ANA均阴性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "脑炎@### 非病毒性病因 查看全部   首选 –   支持性治疗 + 潜在病因的治疗 常常不明病因，因此，大多数情况下无针对性措施。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "潜在病因的治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支持性治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "五、CVS的治疗 因CVS的病因和发病机制尚未完全明确，目前尚无特殊治疗方法证明对CVS绝对有效。阿米替林从0. 2～0. 4mg/（kg•d）开始，睡前服，剂量可每周逐渐增加10mg到最大剂量1. 5mg/（kg•d）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "CVS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿米替林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "某些病毒性脑膜炎患者脑电图也可正常。 神经影像学检査 MRI对显示病变比CT更有优势。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "病毒性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经影像学检査"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "病毒性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MRI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "（四）小儿一些常见药物中毒的主要处理原则 1.水杨酸盐 以5%碳酸氢钠或1∶5000高锰酸钾溶液洗胃；5%碳酸氢钠6ml/kg及维生素K110mg，每天1次静滴，补液利尿，碱化尿液。惊厥者给予地西泮、肾上腺皮质激素，并注意呼吸支持。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "地西泮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾上腺皮质激素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "碳酸氢钠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "白内障@有外伤性破裂 – 附加 –   残余屈光不正的矫正 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 如果术中未植入人工晶状体或存在残余屈光不正（例如，植入晶状体未能矫正的散光），那么患者可能需要配戴接触镜或眼镜，以获得良好术后视力。白内障@患者也可选择白内障后屈光手术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治��", "subject": "外伤性破裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白内障后屈光手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "外伤性破裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "残余屈光不正的矫正"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "川崎病（Kawasaki disease，KD)于1967年由日本川崎富作首先报告，又称为黏膜皮肤淋巴结综合征（mucocutaneous lymphnode syndrome，MCLS)，约15% ~20%未经治疗的患儿发生冠状动脉损害。 唇及口腔表现:唇充血皲裂，口腔黏膜弥漫充血，舌乳头突起、充血，呈草莓舌。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "唇充血皲裂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口腔黏膜弥漫充血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "舌乳头突起"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "草莓舌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "充血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Kawasaki disease"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "KD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黏膜皮肤淋巴结综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "黏膜皮肤淋巴结综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "mucocutaneous lymphnode syndrome"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "黏膜皮肤淋巴结综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MCLS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "先天性甲状腺功能减退症:该症除有生长发育落后、骨龄明显落后外,还有特殊面容、基础代谢率低、智能低下,故不难与生长激素缺乏症区别。 骨骼发育障碍:各种骨、软骨发育不全等,均有特殊的面容和体态，可选择进行骨骼X线片检査以鉴别。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "生长激素缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨骼发育障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "骨骼发育障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨、软骨发育不全"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "骨骼发育障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "特殊的面容和体态"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "骨骼发育障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨骼X线片检査"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "3.学龄前期 原发性溃疡逐渐增多，此期腹痛症状明显，多位于脐周，呈间歇性发作，与饮食关系不明确，恶心、呕吐与上消化道出血也较常见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "原发性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "原发性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "原发性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "原发性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上消化道出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "前列腺癌@血尿及排尿困难可能是晚期的症状。前列腺癌@少数情况下，患者会出现恶性肿瘤的全身症状，包括体重减轻/厌食、骨痛和嗜睡。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重减轻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "厌食"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嗜睡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "排尿困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "第八章 肺部感染性疾病 肺炎是儿科常见病、多发病，而且有资料表明，小儿肺炎是目前我国婴幼儿死亡的首位原因，迄今仍严重威胁着小儿的生命和健康。 肺炎可由各种微生物引起，其中以细菌和病毒最为多见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "由各种微生物引起"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小儿肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "小儿肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "婴幼儿死亡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
+{"text": "3.肾上腺皮质激素治疗 肾上腺皮质激素治疗GBS的疗效尚有争议。有学者认为大剂量肾上腺皮质激素冲击疗效好，能抑制B细胞产生抗体，同时减轻神经组织水肿，方法为甲泼尼龙，开始剂量为15mg/（kg•d），3～5天后改为口服泼尼松，4周后减量，总疗程为6～7周。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "GBS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲泼尼龙"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "GBS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "泼尼松"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "GBS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾上腺皮质激素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "（一）全身症状 NEC患儿常有反应差、神萎、拒食，严重病例面色苍白或青灰、四肢厥冷、休克、酸中毒、黄疸加重，早产儿易发生反复呼吸暂停、心率减慢。 （二）腹胀和肠鸣音减弱 患儿先有胃排空延迟、胃潴留，随后出现腹胀。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹胀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠鸣音减弱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "反应差"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神萎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "拒食"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "面色苍白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "四肢厥冷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "休克"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "酸中毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黄疸加重"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸暂停"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心率减慢"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "第四节 永存动脉干 永存动脉干（truncus arteriosus）是指单一的动脉干起自心脏并发出主动脉、肺动脉和冠状动脉。30%的患儿可有共同干瓣膜的狭窄，50%患儿可伴有共同干瓣膜的反流，两者将直接影响该病的预后。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "永存动脉干", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "共同干瓣膜的狭窄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "永存动脉干", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "共同干瓣膜的反流"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "永存动脉干", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "truncus arteriosus"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@然而，如果已进行了PET，没有必要进行骨扫描，因为PET检查敏感度更高。非小细胞肺癌@ * 对于早期非小细胞肺癌的患者，基于症状怀疑是否发生脑转移时，可以采取头部CT或MRI检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PET"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头部CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MRI检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "自身免疫性肝炎@胆汁淤积性疾病（罕见）和重叠综合征的水平更高。 自身免疫性肝炎@结果 轻度至中度升高 ### 血清球蛋白 检查 结果 检查 γ 球蛋白水平通常是正常值的 1.2-3.0 倍；1 型自身免疫性肝炎患者的升高幅度远高于 2 型自身免疫性肝炎患者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清球蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "狂犬病@ * 咬伤（ACIP标准）或III级（WHO标准）暴露者，一期缝合之前在伤口处注射人类狂犬病免疫球蛋白 (human rabies immunoglobulin, hRIG)。狂犬病@如果解剖结构允许，应在伤口和伤口周围注入尽可能多的抗体。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "人类狂犬病免疫球蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "human rabies immunoglobulin", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "hRIG"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "【病理变化】 NEC可累及整个小肠和结肠，但好发部位多在回肠远端和升结肠近端，轻症时坏死肠段只有数厘米，重症时可伸延至空肠和结肠部位，但一般不影响十二指肠。进展期病变范围扩大，累及肌层，严重者肠壁全层坏死，可并发肠穿孔和腹膜炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌层"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠穿孔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "回肠远端"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "升结肠近端"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "空肠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结肠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小肠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小肠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结肠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "空气灌肠 由肛门注人气体,在X线透视下可见杯口阴影，能清楚看见套叠头的块影，并可同时进行复位治疗。只用于慢性肠套叠疑难病例。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "肠套叠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "空气灌肠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "13-三体综合征@通常发现孕母妊娠年龄分布存在25岁和38岁两个高峰，似乎后一个高峰与孕母的高龄密切相关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "13-三体综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "孕母的高龄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "支气管扩张患儿的治疗应重视体位引流，以排除气道分泌物；雾化吸入疗法对稀化黏痰有良好效果。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "支气管扩张", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "雾化吸入疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "【诊断】 近年来，随着诊断技术的发展，骨骼肿瘤的诊断也有了很大的提高。 （二）CT和MRI检查 已经成为骨骼肿瘤诊断中的主要手段之一，它除了能够对肿瘤组织的部位、大小、形状以及是否有软组织转移具有特异性的影像学显示外，还能通过对肿瘤组织内部的影像学表现来判断肿瘤的性质。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "骨骼肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT和MRI检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "铅中毒@骨是铅的主要贮藏部位，包含了体内绝大多数的铅负荷（＞90%）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "铅中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "慢性髓性白血病@## 病因学 唯一已知的风险是电离辐射暴露。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "慢性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "电离辐射暴露"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "骨性关节炎@适当用健侧手支撑拐杖行走对于受累及的髋关节、膝关节可以减轻疼痛、提高功能。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "髋关节"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膝关节"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "乳腺原位癌@ 大多数组织机构发行的指南中推荐年龄≥40岁的女性每年进行一次双侧乳腺X线检查作为筛查。乳腺原位癌@ 通过乳腺X线检查，以及其他影像学检查，如超声、核磁共振，以及活检进行诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "乳腺原位癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双侧乳腺X线检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "食物中毒@ 弯曲菌、沙门氏菌病以及产 vero 细胞毒素大肠杆菌 (VETC) 的普遍感染时间与温带气候的季节性变化相关，均在夏季达到高峰。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "产 vero 细胞毒素大肠杆菌", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "VETC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "弯曲菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "沙门氏菌病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "产 vero 细胞毒素大肠杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "重症渗出性多形红斑@春秋季发病者较多。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发季节", "subject": "重症渗出性多形红斑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "春秋季"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "(三）PS替代疗法 可明显降低RDS病死率及气胸发生率，同时可改善肺顺应性和通换气功能，降低呼吸机参数。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "RDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PS替代疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "气胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PS替代疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "（四）小儿一些常见药物中毒的主要处理原则 1.水杨酸盐 以5%碳酸氢钠或1∶5000高锰酸钾溶液洗胃；5%碳酸氢钠6ml/kg及维生素K110mg，每天1次静滴，补液利尿，碱化尿液。 2.巴比妥类及苯二氮类 1∶5000高锰酸钾洗胃；安钠咖6～12mg/kg，肌内注射；或贝美格1mg/kg，静注；或纳洛酮0. 01mg/kg，肌内注射；4～6小时后可重复1次，直至神志转清。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1∶5000高锰酸钾洗胃"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "安钠咖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "贝美格"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "纳洛酮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "碳酸氢钠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "血吸虫病@### 罕见 查看全部   ### 呼吸困难 慢性血吸虫病患者中由于肺纤维化和肺动脉高压可出现进行性呼吸困难。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "进行性呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "15.青少年失神癫痫 青春期左右发病，7～17岁起病，发病年龄高峰在10～12岁，男女性别无差异，失神发作频率较少，不一定每天均有发作，多伴有全身强直-阵挛发作。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "青少年失神癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "7～17岁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "青少年失神癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "10～12岁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "胆管癌@### 胆总管结石病 胆总管结石增加了患肝内胆管癌的风险，校正OR为4.0，95%CI为1.9-8.5。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "肝内胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆总管结石"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病@左氧氟沙星对于革兰阳性细菌的覆盖优于环丙沙星。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "左氧氟沙星"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "环丙沙星"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "（三）神经影像学检查 CT和MRI是诊断脑脓肿的首选检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "脑脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "脑脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MRI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "人粒细胞无形体病@严重者可出现感染中毒性休克、肝炎、心肌炎、机会性感染、急性肾衰竭、呼吸窘迫综合征、弥漫性血管内凝血（DIC）及多脏器功能衰竭等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "人粒细胞无形体病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感染中毒性休克"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "人粒细胞无形体病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "人粒细胞无形体病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肌炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "人粒细胞无形体病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "机会性感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "人粒细胞无形体病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性肾衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "人粒细胞无形体病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸窘迫综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "人粒细胞无形体病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "弥漫性血管内凝血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "人粒细胞无形体病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多脏器功能衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "弥漫性血管内凝血", "subject_type": "症状", "object": {"@value": "DIC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "类癌综合征@有阑尾肿瘤，除非发生远处转移否则不会出现类癌综合征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "阑尾肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "类癌综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "（三）急性运动 感觉性轴索型神经病（AMSAN）病理改变过程是补体激活，巨噬细胞与神经结接触，轴索周围间隙被打开，巨噬细胞游走其中；紧接着发生轴索皱缩，部分患者可发生轴索变性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "感觉性轴索型神经病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "AMSAN"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "胆囊炎@## 监测 进行胆囊切除术的患者应在出院后 2 周内返回医院复查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆囊切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@更多局部手术治疗，例如楔形切除术或肺段切除术（去除肺叶的一部分），通常适于年老、有并发症或肺功能障碍的患者，但复发率较高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "楔形切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺段切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@ 研究支持 和反对 奥曲肽缓解疼痛的建议。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "奥曲肽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "幼年型皮肌炎@ 2.环磷酰胺（CTX） 每次0. 5～0. 75g/m2，每月一次静滴。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "幼年型皮肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "环磷酰胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "环磷酰胺", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "CTX"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "病毒性脑膜炎@## 治疗流程 请注意，同一药物不同名称的剂型和剂量可能不同： [ 参见免责声明 ](https://bestpractice.bmj.com/info/disclaimer/) 初始 ### 可能的细菌性脑膜炎 查看全部   1 月龄以下的婴儿 首选 –   抗生素治疗 如果患者病情非常严重、免疫力受损或此前已接受抗生素治疗，可经验性抗生素治疗，因为延迟使用抗生素与不良结果相关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "经验性抗生素治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "克罗恩病可累及胃肠道各部位，呈慢性肉芽肿性炎症，以回肠末段及其邻近结肠最常受累。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃肠道各部位"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理生理", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呈慢性肉芽肿性炎症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "回肠末段及其邻近结肠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "溶血性贫血@### 疟疾 传染性病原体和红细胞的直接相互作用会导致溶血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疟疾"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "第五节 出血性疾病的诊断与鉴别诊断 一、概 述 皮肤、黏膜自发性出血或轻微损伤后出血不易自行停止者称为出血倾向，由于创伤、溃疡、肿瘤坏死等损伤中、小血管引起的出血不属于此范畴。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "出血性疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "出血性疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黏膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "小细胞肺癌@### 杵状指 在非小细胞肺癌中比在 SCLC 中更常见 (35% VS 4%）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "杵状指"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@ * 雷诺嗪是一种改善心室舒张张力和耗氧量的抗心绞痛药物。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "心绞痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "雷诺嗪"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "（一）肾小球性血尿 指血尿部位来源于肾小球。 1.原发性肾小球疾病 如急性、慢性肾小球肾炎，肾病综合征（肾病），急进性肾炎，IgA肾病，遗传性肾炎等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肾小球性血尿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "原发性肾小球疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "肾小球性血尿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾小球"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "原发性肾小球疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性、慢性肾小球肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "原发性肾小球疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾病综合征（肾病）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "原发性肾小球疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急进性肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "原发性肾小球疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "IgA肾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "原发性肾小球疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "遗传性肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@造影剂诱导的肾病是常见的潜在严重并发症，特别是在基线肾功能损害患者中。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "【病因】 根据不同病因，一般将休克分为分布性休克、低血容量性休克、心源性休克和梗阻性休克。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "分布性休克"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低血容量性休克"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心源性休克"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "梗阻性休克"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "抗感染治疗 利巴韦林为广谱的抗病毒药物，毛细支气管炎多为RSV感染所致，但并不推荐常规应用利巴韦林，包括雾化吸入途径给药，偶用于严重的RSV感染或有高危因素的RSV感染患儿。继发细菌感染者应用抗菌药物。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "毛细支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗菌药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "登革热@[ 麻疹感染 ](/topics/zh-cn/217) ### 风疹 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 斑丘疹，通常从头部蔓延到脚。 登革热@病毒培养和逆转录聚合酶链反应：可能阳性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "风疹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病毒培养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "风疹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "逆转录聚合酶链反应"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "风疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "风疹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "斑丘疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "斑丘疹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头部"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "斑丘疹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脚"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@对于明显降低生活质量并需要长期应用阿片类药物控制的疼痛，可能需要进行外科手术或内镜治疗等干预手段。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "内镜治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "第二节 急进性肾小球肾炎 急进性肾小球肾炎（rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis，RPGN）简称急进性肾炎，系急进性肾炎综合征。 （三）药物 青霉胺、肼屈嗪、别嘌呤醇（伴血管炎）及利福平等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青霉胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肼屈嗪"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "利福平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "RPGN"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急进性肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "急进性肾炎综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急进性肾小球肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "【实验室检査】 尿液分析 常规检查:尿蛋白定性多在+++，约15%有短暂显微镜下血尿,大多可见透明管型、颗粒管型和卵圆脂肪小体。 血清蛋白、胆固醇和肾功能测定 血清白蛋白浓度≤25g/L可诊断为肾病综合征的低白蛋白血症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "肾病综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿液分析"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肾病综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "低白蛋白血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "低白蛋白血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆固醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "低白蛋白血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾功能测定"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@远端疾病（直肠炎和左侧疾病、脾曲以下）通常可进行局部治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "直肠炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "HELLP 综合征@### 定义 是孕妇或产妇（通常在分娩后7天以内）中以溶血(H)、肝酶升高(EL)、低血小板(LP)为特征的先兆子痫的一种严重形式。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "溶血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝酶升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低血小板"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "先兆子痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HELLP 综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "短暂性抽动障碍又称为抽动症或习惯性痉挛，是抽动障碍中最多见的一种类型，大多数儿童表现为简单性运动抽动，少数表现为单纯发声抽动，病程持续时间不超过1年。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "短暂性抽动障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抽动症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "短暂性抽动障碍", "subject_type": "疾���", "object": {"@value": "习惯性痉挛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "短暂性抽动障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单纯发声抽动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "3.蛔虫性阑尾炎或腹膜炎 一旦诊断明确，应及早手术治疗。长期预防蛔虫病的最有效措施是对人粪必须进行无害化处理后再当肥料使用，以及提供对污水处理的卫生设施。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "蛔虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "蛔虫性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手术治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "腹膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手术治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "甲状腺癌@ 通常发生在30岁到40岁之间的女性。甲状腺癌@ 细针穿刺是最重要的诊断性试验。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "甲状腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "30岁到40岁之间"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "甲状腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "女性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "一年四季均有化脓性脑膜炎发生，但肺炎链球菌以冬、春季多见，而脑膜炎球菌和流感嗜血杆菌引起的化脓性脑膜炎分别以春、秋季发病多。脑膜炎球菌和流感嗜血杆菌引起的化脓性脑膜炎有时伴有关节痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发季节", "subject": "化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "冬"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发季节", "subject": "化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "春"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发季节", "subject": "化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "秋"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "咽结膜热(pharyngo-conjunctival fever):病原体为腺病毒3、7型。临床表现为高热、咽痛、眼部刺痛，有时伴消化道症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "咽结膜热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "咽结膜热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咽痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "咽结膜热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼部刺痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "咽结膜热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消化道症状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "咽结膜热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腺病毒3、7型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "卵巢癌@与HNPCC相关的最常见妇科恶性肿瘤是子宫内膜癌，但卵巢癌也与Lynch II综合征相关。 卵巢癌@### 弱 查看全部   ### 未生育女性 卵巢癌的发生率随着分娩次数的增加而降低。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "卵巢癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "未生育女性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "前列腺癌@≥20年预期生存期 – 首选 –   根治性前列腺切除术±淋巴结清扫术 对于极低风险前列腺癌，必须满足以下条件：T1c 期，PSA＜10 μg/L (＜10 ng/mL)，Gleason 评分≤6，少于 3 个活检穿刺点阳性，任一针穿刺活检的肿瘤所占比例≤50%，同时 PSA 密度＜0.15 ng/mL/g。 前列腺癌@当肿瘤局限于前列腺时，可选择根治性前列腺切除术（根据患者意愿及是否适合进行手术）；是否进行淋巴结清扫术依据列线图的预测结果。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "根治性前列腺切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "淋巴结清扫术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病@短效药物包括沙丁胺醇和异丙托溴铵。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "沙丁胺醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "异丙托溴铵"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "三、食物和呕吐物吸入 除食物本身的刺激外，反流的胃酸亦是肺损伤的重要决定因素。严重者气管内吸引和机械通气。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "食物和呕吐物吸入", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气管内吸引和机械通气"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "八、松果体区肿瘤第十一篇 儿童常见肿瘤 第六章 中枢神经系统肿瘤松果体区肿瘤占儿童中枢神经系统肿瘤的。由于肿瘤位于脑重要部位，手术死亡率高，因此除畸胎瘤要求完整切除外，其余肿瘤手术目的是部分切除肿瘤，解除脑积水并了解肿瘤性质，或仅做立体定向活检，以利放疗或化疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "死亡率", "subject": "松果体区肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手术死亡率高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "松果体区肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "定向活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "松果体区肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童中枢神经系统肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "狂犬病@ * 咬伤（ACIP标准）或II、III级暴露（WHO标准）者，需给予狂犬病疫苗。狂犬病@ * ACIP建议肌肉注射疫苗，且必须在正确的部位注射。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "狂犬病疫苗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
+{"text": "新生儿黄疸@## 鉴别诊断 ### 查看全部  ### 胡萝卜素血症 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 黄色主要见于手掌和足底，而巩膜和黏膜未见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "新生儿黄疸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胡萝卜素血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "胡萝卜素血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手掌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "胡萝卜素血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "足底"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@可进行二次刮除来去除焦痂。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "焦痂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "二次刮除"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "肝癌@ ### 下肢水肿 非特异性表现。肝癌@ ### 肝性脑病 在肝硬化失代偿的患者中常见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "下肢水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "患儿不恰当长期禁用食盐或长期食用不含钠的食盐代用品、过多使用利尿剂以及感染、呕吐、腹泻等因素均可致低钠血症。 其临床表现可有厌食、乏力、懒言、嗜睡、血压下降甚至出现休克、抽搐等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "厌食"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乏力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "懒言"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嗜睡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血压下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "休克"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抽搐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "低钠血症", "subject_type": "��病", "object": {"@value": "不恰当长期禁用食盐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "低钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "过多使用利尿剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "低钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "低钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "低钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "尘肺@### 表现特征 显著疾病患者会出现呼吸短促、咳嗽、胸闷和/或哮鸣的症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "尘肺", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸短促"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "尘肺", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "尘肺", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸闷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "尘肺", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "哮鸣"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "急性咽喉炎@其他在青少年咽炎患者中偶有发现的细菌包括 _支原体_ 和 _溶血隐秘杆菌_ 。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支原体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "溶血隐秘杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@大约30%的患者症状提示重症肌无力（例如，上睑下垂,复视）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "重症肌无力", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上睑下垂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "重症肌无力", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "复视"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "儿童腺样增殖体肥大可出现慢性的无鼻音的发声。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "儿童腺样增殖体肥大", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性的无鼻音的发声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "地中海贫血又称海洋性贫血（thalassemia)、珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血,是遗传性溶血性贫血的一组疾病。 α地中海贫血 人类α珠蛋白基因簇位于第16号染色体短臂末端（16p13. 3)。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "地中海贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "α地中海贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "地中海贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "海洋性贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "地中海贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "thalassemia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "地中海贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@在治疗期间应当常规监测血清钾水平，尤其是在开始治疗期间。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清钾水平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "膀胱癌@ 虽然尚未证实该治疗有益于中等风险和高风险疾病患者，对于这些患者，除了延迟免疫治疗或膀胱灌注化疗以外，常常术后立即行膀胱灌注化疗。膀胱癌@ * 肿瘤切除的完整性、3 个月时的复发率以及重复切除时残留病灶均对于预后具有重要意义。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "膀胱癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膀胱灌注化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "膀胱癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "延迟免疫治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "【诊断】 由于临床诊断膀胱输尿管反流时症状多不明显或仅有非特异性表现,故确诊需依赖影像学检查。 下列情况应考虑反流存在的可能性①反复��发和迁延的泌尿道感染;②长期尿频、尿淋漓 或遗尿;③年龄较小（<2岁）和（或）男孩泌尿道感染;④中段尿培养持续阳性;⑤泌尿道感染伴尿路畸形;⑥家族一级亲属有膀胱输尿管反流、反流性肾病患者;⑦胎儿或婴儿期有肾盂积水。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "膀胱输尿管反流", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "②长期尿频、尿淋漓 或遗尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "膀胱输尿管反流", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "④中段尿培养持续阳性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "膀胱输尿管反流", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "⑤泌尿道感染伴尿路畸形;"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "膀胱输尿管反流", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "反复复发和迁延"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "泌尿道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膀胱输尿管反流"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "膀胱输尿管反流", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "长期尿频"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "膀胱输尿管反流", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿淋漓"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "膀胱输尿管反流", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "遗尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "膀胱输尿管反流", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中段尿培养持续阳性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "膀胱输尿管反流", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "泌尿道感染伴尿路畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "膀胱输尿管反流", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾盂积水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "膀胱输尿管反流", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "影像学检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "脑炎@[ 癫痫发作概述 ](/topics/zh-cn/112) ### 脑出血 | 存在差异 | 低 取决于脑炎的广泛性和严重性，会使治疗效果恶化。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@肺癌也与氡气有关，氡气为铀的放射性衰变产物。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氡气"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "真菌性脑膜炎@ ### 脑梗死 | 存在差异 | 中 继发于球孢子菌感染炎症过程的血管炎可能导致梗死。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "真菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑梗死"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "1947年Jervis对病人进行苯丙氨酸负荷实验，揭示PKU发病的生化基础是肝脏苯丙氨酸代谢障碍。1953年，德国的Bickel首先报道用低苯丙氨酸奶方治疗PKU病人获得成功。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低苯丙氨酸奶方"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低苯丙氨酸奶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝脏苯丙氨酸代谢障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病机制", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝脏苯丙氨酸代谢障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "白喉@### 皮肤白喉 查看全部   首选 –   监控 ＋ 隔离 皮肤白喉患者通常轻微，可在门诊治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤白喉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "皮肤白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "监控"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "皮肤白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "隔离"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "类癌综合征@几乎所有类癌综合征患者有肝转移，许多患者病变无法切除。类癌综合征@手术，转移灶的栓塞，射频消融或放射性同位素标记的奥曲肽适用于某些患者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "转移灶的栓塞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "射频消融"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "类风湿关节炎@## 病史和查体 ### 关键诊断因素 ### 常见 查看全部   ### 持续＞6周的活动性对称性关节炎 有些线索如血液检查阳性或缺乏感染的证据预示着发展为RA的可能。类风湿关节炎@这些关节触痛明显、运动范围（ROM）受限。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "运动范围（ROM）受限"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节触痛明显"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "活动性对称性关节炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "失眠症@### 事故 由于越来越笨拙、注意力不集中以及瞌睡，睡眠不佳可能导致对患者自己或他人不断的较小至重大伤害。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "越来越笨拙"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "注意力不集中"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瞌睡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睡眠不佳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "事故"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病@附加 –   异基因造血干细胞移植 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 机能状态表现良好的患者同样应考虑进行异基因骨髓移植。慢性淋巴细胞白血病@ 虽然没有已完成的随机对照试验证明干细胞移植的临床疗效，但回顾性分析显示，异基因移植可提高选定患者群体的整体和无病生存率。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "异基因骨髓移植"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "【诊断】 EH主要依据短期内头围增大及特有的头颅CT 或MRI表现而予以诊断。 【预后】 良好，常于2～3岁时自愈，无后遗症发生。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "EH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无后遗症发生"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "EH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头围增大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "EH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头颅CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "EH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MRI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "急性髓性白血病@如果出现了任何感染或发热体征，患者应立即向他们的医生报告。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "麻风病@ ### 淋巴水肿 | 存在差异 | 低 小腿可能出现淋巴水肿，被忽视的情况下会导致象皮病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "淋巴水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "淋巴水肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小腿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "淋巴水肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "象皮病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "缺血性卒中@近端球囊引导导管或大口径远端导管联合支架取栓器（而不是单用颈部引导导管）在某些谨慎选择的患者中也可能有帮助。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "缺血性卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "近端球囊引导导管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "腹主动脉瘤@[ 肠易激综合征 (IBS) ](/topics/zh-cn/122) ### 炎性肠病 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 腹痛常为痉挛痛，位于左侧。腹主动脉瘤@患者一般出现腹泻（血样和非血样便）、排便急迫、里急后重。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "炎性肠病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "炎性肠病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "排便急迫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "炎性肠病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "里急后重"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@CPB技术性强，因此适用于阿片类似物耐药的难治性疼痛患者，以及小胰管病变引起的慢性胰腺炎不伴主胰管梗阻的患者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小胰管病变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "婴儿猝死综合征@结果 其他原因阴性 ### 尿液化学 检查 结果 检查 评估尿有机酸浓度。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "婴儿猝死综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿液化学"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "小儿GBS特点：①前驱症状除腹泻外以不明发热多见；②肢体瘫上下肢多不对称；③脑神经麻痹少见；④感觉障碍少见；⑤早期肌萎缩少于成人；⑥病情变化快，但预后较成人佳；⑦脑脊液蛋白-细胞分离较成人不典型。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小儿GBS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小儿GBS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不明发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小儿GBS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肢体瘫上下肢多不对称"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小儿GBS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑神经麻痹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "小儿GBS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感觉障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小儿GBS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌萎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小儿GBS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑脊液蛋白-细胞分离"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "第六节 维生素B6缺乏症 维生素B6有三种形式，即吡哆醇（pyridoxine，PN）、吡哆醛（pyridoxal，PA或PL）和吡哆胺（pyridoxamine，PM）。 【病因】 （一）膳食组成的影响 因为5-磷酸吡哆醛是氨基酸代谢中许多酶的辅酶，故蛋白质代谢需要维生素B6的参与，当膳食中蛋白质的摄入量高时，维生素B6的需要量也多，如以蛋白质摄入量为基础计算，摄取100g蛋白质，每天需摄入维生素B61. 5～2. 5mg。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "维生素B6缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膳食组成的影响"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "维生素B6缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膳食组成"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "急性胰腺炎@在无法经口进食的患者中，应放置营养管（经幽门空肠鼻饲管 -尽管许多患者可以耐受胃内喂养，但首选超过Vater壶腹）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放置营养管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "睾丸癌@患者的绝对中性粒计数＜500/μl或＜1000/μl并持续下降，此时需考虑是中性粒细胞减少症。 睾丸癌@[ 中性粒细胞减少的评估 ](/topics/zh-cn/893) ### 治疗相关肺毒性 | 短期 | 低 一般在博来霉素治疗6个月内出现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "睾丸癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "治疗相关肺毒性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "缺血性卒中@在涵盖全部或大部分大脑中动脉 (MCA) 区域的大脑中动脉梗死（也被称为恶性 MCA 缺血性梗死）且意识在卒中发生后 45 小时内下降的患者中，应考虑去骨瓣减压术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "大脑中动脉梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大脑中动脉 (MCA)"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "缺血性卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "去骨瓣减压术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "类癌综合征@### 需要考虑的检查 ### 查看全部   ### 胸部、腹部、骨盆和双相肝 CT 检查 结果 检查 每 4 至 6 个月应该进行常规分期。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部、腹部、骨盆和双相肝 CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "登革热@由于儿童进展为DHF和DSS的趋势正在增加，因此实验室检查如血细胞比容，血小板计数，和尿量应定时监测。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血细胞比容"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿量"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "儿童偏头痛@ 偏瘫型偏头痛 * 表现为偏头痛发作期间单侧运动或感觉体征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "偏瘫型偏头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "急性淋巴细胞白血病@ ### 急性淋巴细胞白血病分类（WHO） 前体淋巴细胞肿瘤 B淋巴细胞白血病/非特指的淋巴瘤 B淋巴细胞白血病/淋巴瘤伴重现性遗传学异常 * t（9；22）BCR/ABL:占成人B-ALL的25%，儿童B-ALL的5%以下 * t(v;11q23)11q23 MLL重排：尤其是小于1岁的婴儿，在儿童中少见，在成人中发病率增加。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "前体淋巴细胞肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "B淋巴细胞白血病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "消化性溃疡病@可有喉炎、咳嗽以及不典型胸痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "消化性溃疡病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喉炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "消化性溃疡病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "消化性溃疡病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不典型胸痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "持续性抑郁症@尽管它们不是诊断工具，且不是特定用于持续性抑郁症，但有助于心境障碍患者的筛查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "持续性抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "筛查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "缺血性卒中@结果 识别颈动脉闭塞或严重狭窄 ### 经颅多普勒超声 检查 结果 检查 可以用在有经验的医疗中心，以确定Willis环的主要动脉分支闭塞。 缺血性卒中@结果 可能显示颅内动脉闭塞或严重狭窄 ### 传统的（侵入性）血管造影 检查 结果 检查 通常不用于急性卒中，除非考虑同时进行血管内介入治疗，例如动脉内溶栓或取出血栓。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "缺血性卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "传统的（侵入性）血管造影"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "缺血性卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "经颅多普勒超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "宫颈癌@评估宫颈附近组织（宫旁和韧带）的理想方法。 宫颈癌@结果 异常 ### 全身PET检查 检查 结果 检查 用于治疗计划的制订，但根据FIGO标准不能改变分期。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "宫颈癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身PET检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "感染性心内膜炎（infective endocarditis，IE ) 80%以上由链球菌和葡萄球菌所致,其他尚有真菌、衣原体、立克次体及病毒等。 次要指标 易感染条件:基础心脏疾病、心脏手术、心导管术、经导管介入治疗、中心静脉内置管等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "基础心脏疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心脏手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心导管术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "经导管介入治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中心静脉内置管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "链球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "葡萄球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "真菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "衣原体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "立克次体及病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "infective endocarditis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "IE"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "急性胰腺炎@肝功能异常或怀疑患有胆管梗阻的患者通常需要进行磁共振胰胆管造影术 (MRCP)、内镜逆行胰胆管造影术 (ERCP)、经腹超声检查和内镜超声检查 (EUS)，以排除胆管狭窄、肿瘤或结石。 急性胰腺炎@如果怀疑病因在于胆道，则应考虑将超声作为首选初始检查手段。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "结石", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "磁共振胰胆管造影术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MRCP"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "内镜逆行胰胆管造影术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ERCP"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "内镜超声检查", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "EUS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "内镜超声检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "依据眼底检查情况将小儿高血压分为4度：Ⅰ度：正常眼底；Ⅱ度：有局灶性小动脉收缩；Ⅲ度：有渗出伴有或无出血；Ⅳ度：视神经乳头水肿。 （三）脑脊液检查 有助对中枢神经系统病变或铅中毒的诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "��验室检查", "subject": "小儿高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑脊液检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "白喉@为增加对百日咳的保护，Tdap 疫苗可以在基础免疫的三剂中替代任何一剂 Td。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Tdap 疫苗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Td"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
+{"text": "儿童偏头痛@每种预防性药物均应在初始预防性应用后大约 3 个月进行评估。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "预防性药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "第四章 脑积水 脑积水（hydrocephalus）系指脑脊液的分泌、循环或吸收过程发生障碍，导致颅内脑脊液增多，引起脑室和（或）蛛网膜下腔异常扩大的病理状态。于出生时就存在的脑积水称为先天性脑积水，在出生后有明确病因产生的脑积水称为后天性（获得性）脑积水。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性脑积水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "后天性（获得性）脑积水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "hydrocephalus"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "（一）胎母输血 胎母输血（fetal maternal transfusion）又称经胎盘失血，是指胎儿血通过胎盘进入母血循环，发生率占妊娠的10%，但多数失血量少，仅1%胎儿经胎盘失血量超过50ml。分娩时发生的急性经胎盘失血，出生时贫血不明显，但可引起低血容量性休克，随着细胞外液不断进入血液循环以代偿低血容量，24小时后患儿可出现贫血，但无肝、脾大。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "胎母输血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低血容量性休克"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "胎母输血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "fetal maternal transfusion"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "狂犬病@病情进展迅猛，伴随着言语不清、幻觉、躁狂，甚至需要气管插管、镇静。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "言语不清"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "幻觉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "躁狂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "结节型多动脉炎@ （二）皮肤 沿浅动脉走行或不规则聚集于血管近旁的皮下结节，呈红色，有触痛，多见于下肢，也可有瘀斑、网状青斑、水肿或溃疡。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "结节型多动脉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瘀斑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "结节型多动脉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "网状青斑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "结节型多动脉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "结节型多动脉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "溃疡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "胆囊炎@体检常见右上腹压痛、触及右上腹胀大的胆囊和墨菲征阳性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "右上腹压痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "触及右上腹胀大的胆囊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "墨菲征阳性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "狂犬病@ [ NaTHNaC/Travel Health Pro: rabies factsheet ](http://travelhealthpro.org.uk/rabies/) ### 近期与��蝠接触 在美国，超过95%的本土病例是由蝙蝠病毒引起的。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "近期与蝙蝠接触"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "口腔黏膜炎@放疗后的口腔黏膜炎仅限于放疗部位。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "口腔黏膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放疗部位"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "肺炎患儿的细菌学检查则较为困难。 （二）非特异性病原学检查 如外周血白细胞计数和分类计数、血白细胞碱性磷酸酶积分、四唑氮蓝试验等，对判断细菌或病毒可能有一定的参考价值。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外周血白细胞计数"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "分类计数"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "四唑氮蓝试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "病毒性脑膜炎@因为老年人免疫力底下，建议联合使用万古霉素、头孢曲松和氨苄西林。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "病毒性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "万古霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "病毒性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头孢曲松"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "病毒性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氨苄西林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "白内障@越来越多的证据表明，前房内抗生素注射可减少眼内炎的发生率。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "眼内炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "前房内抗生素注射"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "【诊断】 本病的诊断标准（试行，1994年10月，武汉）包括临床与实验室两个方面的依据： （一）临床诊断依据 能证实宿主体内有HCMV侵入，无论有无症状或病变均称为CMV感染。 2.根据临床征象分类 （1）症状性感染（symptomatic infection）： 出现HCMV感染相关的症状体征，损害宿主2个或2个以上器官或系统时称全身性感染（systemic infection），多见于先天性感染；主要集中于宿主的某一器官或系统如肝脏或肺部时，则称为CMV肝炎或CMV肺炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "CMV感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "症状性感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "症状性感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "symptomatic infection"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "疟疾感染@ 如果高度怀疑疟疾，应连续3天每天做血涂片检测。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血涂片检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "麻风病@## 并发症 ### 查看全部   并发症 table 并发症 | 时间表 | 可能性 ---|---|--- ### 瘫痪麻痹 | 存在差异 | 中 麻风病患者的常见瘫痪麻痹为爪形手、足下垂、睑裂闭合不全和腕下垂。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瘫痪麻痹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "爪形手"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "足下垂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睑裂闭合不全"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腕下垂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "爪形手"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "瘫痪麻痹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "爪形手"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "瘫痪麻痹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "足下垂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "瘫痪麻痹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睑裂闭合不全"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "瘫痪麻痹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腕下垂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "肾小球肾炎@美国现在最常见的肾小球肾炎是局灶节段性肾小球硬化，特别是在黑人中。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "局灶节段性肾小球硬化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "第九章 横纹肌肉瘤及其他软组织肉瘤 第一节 横纹肌肉瘤 横纹肌肉瘤（rhadomyosarcoma）是发生自胚胎间叶组织的恶性肿瘤。其发病率白人儿童为每年4. 3/百万，黑人为3. 3/百万。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "4. 3/百万"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "3. 3/百万"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "rhadomyosarcoma"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胚胎间叶组织"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "急性阑尾炎@### 病毒性胃肠炎 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 儿童常见，由病毒、细菌或毒素引起。 急性阑尾炎@如果是由伤寒引起的肠穿孔，可能导致局限性腹痛和/或弥漫性反跳痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "病毒性胃肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "局限性腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "病毒性胃肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "弥漫性反跳痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "病毒性胃肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "病毒性胃肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "病毒性胃肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "病毒性胃肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "毒素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "弥漫性反跳痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "第四脑室扩大明显时，可出现小脑或脑干受累的表现，也可出现两眼上视障碍及锥体束损害等症状。脑积水晚期或病情严重时，则出现生长发育障碍、智力减退、肢体痉挛性瘫痪及意识障碍等，最终往往是由于营养不良、全身衰竭及合并呼吸道感染等并发症而死亡。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "两眼上视障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "锥体束损害"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生长发育障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "智力减退"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肢体痉挛性瘫痪"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "意识障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "营养不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸道感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "目前多主张二联或三联用药，如选用干扰素、胸腺素、乙肝疫苗三联用药。 【预防】 1.乙肝疫苗 出生时、1个月末、6个月末各接种一次，剂量根据不同产品而定。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "乙肝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乙肝疫苗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
+{"text": "脑面血管瘤病@血管痣亦可见于口腔黏膜或颈部、躯干或四肢皮肤。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "脑面血管瘤病@血管痣", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口腔黏膜或颈部"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "脑面血管瘤病@血管痣", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "躯干"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "脑面血管瘤病@血管痣", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "四肢皮肤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@检查 活检提示黑素细胞肿瘤 [ 无色素黑色素瘤 ](/topics/zh-cn/268) 。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "黑素细胞肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "会阴和肛周横纹肌肉瘤少见，通常为腺泡型，对放疗和化疗反应极差，存活率大约为20%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后生存率", "subject": "会阴和肛周横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "20%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
+{"text": "骨性关节炎@脊柱骨性关节炎伴有神经功能障碍的患者应行磁共振成像检查，用以鉴定评价椎管狭窄或神经根受压迫的范围和严重程度。 骨性关节炎@结果 软骨丢失、骨髓损伤、半月板撕裂 。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "软骨丢失"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨髓损伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "半月板撕裂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "脊柱骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "磁共振成像检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "神经功能障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "磁共振成像检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "椎管狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "磁共振成像检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脊柱骨性关节炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "有癫痫发作者，给予抗癫痫药物治疗。 【预后】 脑积水的预后差别较大，主要取决于治疗的及时与否和引起脑积水的病因及病变程度。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗癫痫药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "第四章 高血压及高血压危象 【概述】 高血压（hypertension）是严重危害人类健康的常见病、多发病，是引起成人心脑血管疾病的主要危险因素之一。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "心脑血管疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "（三）四肢和躯干 肢体和躯干部肿瘤表现为肿块，一些患者则先出现淋巴结转移的症状（占12%）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肢体和躯干部肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肿块"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "肢体和躯干部肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "淋巴结转移"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "食管癌@此外，食管远端的小病变，可以用左侧经胸入路手术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "食管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "左侧经胸入路手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "尘肺@对于具有如下表现的所有患者，均应进行肺功能检查（肺量测定法、肺容量和肺弥散功能）： * 影像学改变 * 明显的二氧化硅、煤或铍暴露 * 呼吸短促症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "尘肺", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺量测定法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "尘肺", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺容量"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "尘肺", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺弥散功能"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "妊娠胆汁淤积@曾经使用冷水澡、风扇和冰袋缓解瘙痒症状。妊娠胆汁淤积@诸如芦荟和酸奶之类的冷却物质可短暂缓解瘙痒，皮肤保湿霜、加湿器及凉爽、宽松的衣着能使孕妇身体感觉更为舒适。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瘙痒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "芦荟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "酸奶之类的冷却物质"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "中耳炎@结果 因设备而异 ### 细菌培养 检查 结果 检查 进行鼓膜穿刺术或存在化脓性耳漏时，可能需要进行此程序。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细菌培养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@对于冠心病患者，HbA1c 可以维持在＜64 mmol/mol（＜8%）。ST段抬高型心肌梗死@ 应积极鼓励戒烟。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "戒烟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
+{"text": "HIV 感染@### 皮疹和炎症后瘢痕 在 HIV 感染的整个病程中都有可能出现皮疹，所以应该密切关注皮肤情况。HIV 感染@皮疹是 WHO 2 期疾病的最常见体征：包括带状疱疹、脂溢性皮炎、瘙痒性丘疹以及真菌性皮肤和指甲感染（体癣或灰指甲）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "带状疱疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脂溢性皮炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瘙痒性丘疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "真菌性皮肤和指甲感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "炎症后瘢痕"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "第四节 哮喘持续状态第八篇 呼吸系统疾病 第十一章 支气管哮喘【诱发因素】 【临床表现】 【治疗】 1.吸氧 2.保持呼吸道湿润 3.支气管扩张药 4.应用糖皮质激素 5.控制感染 6.观察和监护 7.机械通气哮喘持续状态是指对常规哮喘治疗反应差，呈急性进行性加重的严重发作，如不及时处理会发展成呼吸衰竭。疾病初期气道阻力非匀称增加， V/Q比例失调引起低氧血症，并代偿性出现PaCO2下降。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低氧血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "支气管哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸氧"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "支气管哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "控制感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "支气管哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支气管扩张药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "支气管哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "观察和监护"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "呼吸衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "机械通气哮喘持续状态"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "支气管哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖皮质激素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "宫颈癌@### 腺上皮增生 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 可能是没有症状患者巴氏涂片的一个发现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "宫颈癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腺上皮增生"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "肾小球肾炎@[ 高血压评估 ](/topics/zh-cn/1071) ### 心血管疾病 | 长期 | 高 更易出现，可能与高血压、高容量和高脂血症或潜在的疾病独立影响冠状动脉相关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心血管疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "急性胰腺炎@附加 –   钙替代疗法 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 #### 第一选择 [ 葡萄糖酸钙 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 每日 2-15 g，静脉注射或分次给药，或参考当地治疗方案进行给药指导；500-1000 mg，口服，每日 4 次 在重症胰腺炎病例中，应识别低钙血症，并进行相应治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "钙替代疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "葡萄糖酸钙"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "（三）提高体循环压力 PPHN的右向左分流程度取决于体循环与肺循环压力差，提高体循环压有利于减少右向左分流。必要时用肌松剂，如潘可龙（pancuronium）每次0. 1mg/kg，维持量为0. 04～0. 1mg/kg，每1～4小时一次。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "PPHN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "潘可龙"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "潘可龙", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "pancuronium"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "肝硬化@以超声为基础的弹性成像是一种有用的工具，无需肝活检就可以检查肝纤维化和肝硬化。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "弹性成像"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "第十三章 硬皮病 【概述】 硬皮病（scleroderma）是儿童时期少见的慢性结缔组织病。 （八）肾脏 约17%受累，蛋白尿、血尿，有时出现硬皮病危象（急进性高血压及进行性肾衰竭），是重要死因之一。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "硬皮病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "蛋白尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "硬皮病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "硬皮病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硬皮病危象"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "硬皮病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "scleroderma"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "病毒性脑膜炎@建议对所有脑膜炎病例进行 HIV 检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HIV 检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "病毒性心肌炎(viral myocarditis)是由病毒感染引起的心肌间质炎症细胞浸润和邻近的心肌细胞坏死、变性,有时病变也可累及心包或心内膜。 心电图 缺乏特异性,应强调动态观察的重要性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "病毒性心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "病毒性心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肌间质炎症细胞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "病毒性心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肌细胞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "病毒性心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "viral myocarditis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "病毒性心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病毒感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "病毒性心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心包"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "病毒性心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心内膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
+{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎可按以下情况进行分型： 1.按临床表现程度 轻度、中度、重度和极重度。暴发型症状严重伴全身中毒性症状，可伴中毒性结肠扩张、肠穿孔及败血症等并发症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中毒性结肠扩张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠穿孔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "败血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "轻度"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中度"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "重度"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "极重度"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
+{"text": "帕金森病@ ### 症状波动 | 长期 | 高 疾病进展以及无法对外源性多巴胺进行缓冲可以解释这一并发症。帕金森病@长效卡比多巴/左旋多巴可以有效延长应答时间。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "症状波动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "长效卡比多巴/左旋多巴"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "症状波动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "肥厚型心肌病@或 [ 纳多洛尔 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 起始剂量40mg口服，每日1次，每3-7d根据反应增加40-80mg/d，最大剂量240mg/d。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肥厚型心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "纳多洛尔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "自1969年首次证实本病系麻疹病毒所致以来，经大量研究目前临床表现也已得到充分的认识，已经确定麻疹病毒是SSPE的病原，但麻疹病毒在脑内持续存在的原因尚不完全清楚。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "SSPE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "麻疹病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "以下是几种常用NSAIDs的临床循证医学证据评价： 1.布洛芬 92例JIA（所有类型）使用布洛芬30～40mg/ （kg•d）或阿司匹林60～80mg/（kg•d）12周，结果证明两组疗效相似，阿司匹林的副作用更大。一组2～16岁，225例少关节型和多关节型病例入选的多中心、随机、双盲，美洛昔康与萘普生对照临床研究结果为：分3个月和12个月两个观察时点；美洛昔康两种剂量：0. 125mg/（kg•d）和0. 25mg/（kg•d），每天1次。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "JIA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "美洛昔康"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "癫痫（epilepsy )是一种以具有持久性的产生癫痫发作的倾向为特征的慢性脑疾病，可由遗传、代谢、结构、免疫等不同病因所导致。常见全面性发作分述如下： 强直-阵挛发作:发作包括强直期、阵挛期及发作后状态。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "强直-阵挛发作"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "epilepsy"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "婴儿猝死综合征@## 监测 在家发现呼吸暂停或心动过缓事件有助于提前发现可能的明显威胁生命事件 (ALTE)，从而阻止其进展为心脏停搏。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿猝死综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸暂停"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿猝死综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心动过缓"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿猝死综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心脏停搏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@ * 一项系统评价发现，与无锻炼相比，冠心病患者的心脏康复可降低心血管死亡风险但不会降低总死亡率。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "冠心病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "锻炼"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "肛门癌@必须强调：即使采用适当剂量和技术对骨盆进行放疗，几乎所有接受肛门癌综合治疗 (CMT) 的患者都会出现 3 度以上的毒性反应，并且在其疗程的某些时刻需要间断治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "早产@[ 卵巢扭转 ](/topics/zh-cn/792) ### 阑尾炎 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 腹痛的位置可能更高，也更弥漫，同时伴有恶心、呕吐、食欲不振等症状。 早产@检查 腹部B超：可能发现阑尾区包块。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹部B超"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食欲不振"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@已经证明，在临床心力衰竭患者中，伊伐布雷定能够减少因心力衰竭加重而导致的住院治疗和心血管原因导致的死亡。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "心力衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伊伐布雷定"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "1994年美国疾病控制中心根据临床表现和免疫状态将HIV感染进行分类,根据临床表现分为:无临床表现 (N)，轻度临床表现(A)，中度临床表现(B)和严重临床表现（C)。 隐球菌感染伴持续腹泻1个月以上。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "HIV感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "隐球菌感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "登革热@联合 –   口服补液 针对经选择患者组全部患者的治疗推荐 应鼓励患者休息并进行口服补液（例如，成人补液约2500mL/24小时，儿童根据不同年龄给予维持剂量补液）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口服补液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "消化性溃疡病@少见，幽门梗阻的患者可有振水音（由胃流出道梗阻引起）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "胃流出道梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "幽门梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "急性膀胱炎@结果 存在红细胞、白细胞和细菌 ### 尿液培养及药敏 检查 结果 检查 利用清洁中段尿标本检测 尿细菌数大于 10^6 CFU/L (10^3 CFU/mL) 是诊断的金标准。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "急性膀胱炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿液培养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "急性膀胱炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "药敏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "AVP基因结构异常、下丘脑及神经垂体发育缺陷，或下丘脑-神经束-神经垂体区域受到���症、肿瘤、外伤、手术、自身免疫损伤等均能产生中枢性尿崩症。 其他:如Langerhans细胞组织细胞增生症或白血病细胞浸润等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "Langerhans细胞组织细胞增生症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中枢性尿崩症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白血病细胞浸润"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "AVP基因结构异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "（五）疾病 肝、肾疾病及胃肠道疾病影响维生素D、钙、磷的吸收和利用。小儿胆汁淤积、胆总管扩张、先天性胆道狭窄或闭锁、脂肪泻、胰腺炎、难治性腹泻等疾病均可影响维生素D、钙、磷的吸收而患佝偻病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆汁淤积"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆总管扩张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性胆道狭窄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "闭锁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脂肪泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胰腺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "难治性腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "新生儿黄疸@迟发型被认为是由于胆红素肝肠循环增加引起的。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "迟发型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆红素肝肠循环"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@附加 –   吸氧 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 仅当氧饱和度＜94% 时才需要补充氧气。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸氧"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "尘肺@### 咳嗽 非排痰性干咳；通常会随着疾病进展而加重。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "尘肺", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非排痰性干咳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "严重者可因高钙血症导致主动脉瓣钙化及狭窄、肾钙化及肾衰竭而致死。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "高钙血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "主动脉瓣钙化及狭窄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "高钙血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾钙化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "高钙血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "小儿哮喘@改善儿童和成人患者FEV1、症状和急性发作水平：有高质量的证据表明，二丙酸倍氯米松优于安慰剂。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "二丙酸倍氯米松"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "2.颅外疾病 （1）代谢异常： 如低血钙、低血糖、低血镁、低血钠、高血钠、维生素B1和维生素B6缺乏症，均是引起代谢紊乱的病因并有原发疾病表现。 （2）遗传代谢疾病： 如苯丙酮尿症、半乳糖血症、肝豆状核变性以及黏多糖病等，较为少见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "颅外疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "遗传代谢疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "代谢异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低血钙"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "代谢异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低血糖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "代谢异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低血镁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "代谢异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低血钠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "代谢异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高血钠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "代谢异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维生素B1和维生素B6缺乏症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "颅外疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "代谢异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "遗传代谢疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "苯丙酮尿症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "遗传代谢疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "半乳糖血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "遗传代谢疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝豆状核变性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "遗传代谢疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黏多糖病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "急性阑尾炎@对每个以腹痛到急诊室就诊、考虑是阑尾炎的患者，尤其是在美国，行腹部和盆腔 CT 扫描已经成为常规，除非患者是孕妇。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "就诊科室", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急诊室"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "第四章 遗传代谢病 第一节 遗传代谢病概述 【概述】 遗传代谢病（inborn error of metabolism）又称先天性代谢缺陷病，是遗传性生化代谢缺陷的总称。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "遗传代谢病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性代谢缺陷病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "遗传代谢病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "inborn error of metabolism"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "血吸虫病@检查 结肠镜检查是鉴别血吸虫病和克罗恩病恰当的检查方法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结肠镜检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "急性胰腺炎@### 胰腺癌 最常见的原发性胰腺恶性肿瘤是腺癌。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胰腺癌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "癫痫持续状态@同时，在个别案例中一些处方药（比如茶碱、丁胺苯丙酮、曲马多或异烟肼）也会导致 SE。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "处方药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "茶碱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "丁胺苯丙酮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "曲马多"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "异烟肼"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "可用西咪替丁,每日10~15mg/kg,分4次于饭前 10~30分钟口服,或每日分1~2次静脉滴注;雷尼替丁，每日3 ~ 5mg/kg，每12小时1次,或每晚1次口服，或每日分2 ~3次静脉滴注，疗程均为4 ~8周。 3.消化性溃疡一般不需手术治疗 但如有以下情况，应根据个体情况考虑手术治疗:①溃疡合并穿孔;②难以���制的出血，失血量大,48小时内失血量超过血容量的30% ;③瘢痕性幽门梗阻，经胃肠减压等保守治疗72小时仍无改善;④慢性难治性疼痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "消化性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "雷尼替丁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "消化性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "西咪替丁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "严重颅内出血死亡率高达27% ~50%。幸存者常留有不同程度的神经系统后遗症，如脑瘫、癫痫、感觉运动障碍以及行为、认知障碍等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "严重颅内出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑瘫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "严重颅内出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "癫痫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "严重颅内出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感觉运动障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "严重颅内出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "行为、认知障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "死亡率", "subject": "严重颅内出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "27% ~50%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "宫颈癌@在放疗期使用阴道扩张器保持阴道开放非常重要，不仅可以保留性功能而且还能保证随访盆腔检查。宫颈癌@药物治疗包括局部外用雌激素和经皮睾酮。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "宫颈癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "雌激素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "宫颈癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "经皮睾酮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "腺样体肥大（adenoidal hypertrophy）是指腺样体由于受鼻咽部炎症的反复刺激而发生的病理性增生。全身发育和营养状况较差，并有夜惊，遗尿、反应迟钝、注意力不集中等神经症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "腺样体肥大", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "夜惊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "腺样体肥大", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "遗尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "腺样体肥大", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "反应迟钝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "腺样体肥大", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "注意力不集中"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "肛门癌@全血细胞计数 (FBC) 正常。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全血细胞计数 (FBC)"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "第二节 急进性肾小球肾炎 急进性肾小球肾炎（rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis，RPGN）简称急进性肾炎，系急进性肾炎综合征。 （四）各种引起 RPGN的原发病表现 如由过敏性紫癜所致者，可出现双下肢伸侧对称性紫癜、腹痛、便血及关节痛等症状；由系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）所致者，可出现多种SLE的表现；由Goodpasture综合征所致者，可出现咯血等症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急进性肾小球肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "系统性红斑狼疮", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急进性肾小球肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "Goodpasture综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急进性肾小球肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "RPGN"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急进性肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "急进性肾炎综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急进性肾小球肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双下肢"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "对称性紫癜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "便血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "系统性红斑狼疮", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "SLE"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Goodpasture综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咯血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "GSDⅠa型（Von Gierke病）葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶缺陷。受累组织为肝、肾和小肠。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "GSDⅠa型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "GSDⅠa型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "GSDⅠa型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小肠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "GSDⅠa型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Von Gierke病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "【流行病学】 肺吸虫病分布甚广，亚洲、非洲，北美洲、拉丁美洲及欧洲均有发生。 2.吡喹酮（praziquantel） 总剂量210mg/kg，3天疗法，每天剂量分3次口服，每次服药间隔时间不超过4小时。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肺吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吡喹酮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "肺吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "分布甚广"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "肺吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "亚洲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "肺吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非洲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "肺吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "北美洲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "肺吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "拉丁美洲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "肺吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "欧洲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "吡喹酮", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "praziquantel"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "【临床表现】 原发感染灶 多数脓毒症患者都有轻重不等的原发感染灶。少数患者可有恶心、呕吐、腹痛、 腹泻等胃肠道症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脓毒症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脓毒症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脓毒症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脓毒症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脓毒症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "原发感染灶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "肛门癌@结果 可能提示肺部转移性病变 ### PET 扫描 检查 结果 检�� 在显现未切除的原发病灶和受累的腹股沟淋巴结方面，PET 比单独行 CT 更有效。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺部转移性病变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PET"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "1型糖尿病起病多数较急骤，几天内可突然表现明显多饮、多尿，每天饮水量和尿量可达3～5L，易饿多食，但体重下降，称为“三多一少”。 2.糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）是血中葡萄糖与血红蛋白非酶性结合而产生，其寿命周期与红细胞相同，反映过去3个月的血糖平均水平。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖化血红蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "起病多数较急骤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多饮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "易饿多食"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "糖化血红蛋白", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "HbA1c"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "心房扑动@ 当检查颈静脉搏动 (jugular venous pulsation, JVP)时，可及快速的心房扑动波。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "心房扑动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颈静脉搏动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@7%-8%的患者是由于遗传因素发生胰腺癌。 慢性胰腺炎@对于早期发现的患者，治疗方法为治愈性切除及辅助性放化疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "治愈性切除"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "辅助性放化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "遗传因素", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "遗传因素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "遗传因素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "室性心动过速（ventricular tachycardia)是指起源于希氏束分叉处以下的3 ~5个宽大畸形QRS波组成的心动过速。年长儿可主诉心悸、心前区疼痛，严重病例可有晕厥、休克、充血性心力衰竭等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "室性心动过速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心悸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "室性心动过速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心前区疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "室性心动过速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "晕厥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "室性心动过速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "休克"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "室性心动过速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "充血性心力衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "室性心动过速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ventricular tachycardia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "脑炎@丙球蛋白贫乏症患者和有败血症侯群的新生儿可使用免疫球蛋白进行治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "丙球蛋白贫乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫球蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "尘肺@戒烟对降低肺癌风险和减缓慢性阻塞性肺疾病发展非常重要。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "尘肺", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "戒烟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
+{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@### 已明确的冠状动脉疾病 18%发生冠状动脉事件的患者在前期有持续性心绞痛发作。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "已明确的冠状动脉疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "冠状动脉事件", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "持续性心绞痛发作"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "磨牙症@ 中度的白天嗜睡的相对危险度（OR 值）是 1.3。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "磨牙症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中度的白天嗜睡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "肥厚性心肌病@ 【实验室检查】 （一）胸部 X线检查 心影扩大，但如无合并心力衰竭则肺纹理都正常。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肥厚性心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部 X线检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肥厚性心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心影扩大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "（二）中型至大型缺损 患儿常在生后1～2个月肺循环阻力下降时出现临床表现。因左心室超容，心前区搏动明显，年长儿可看到明显心前区隆起和哈里森（Harrison）沟。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中型至大型缺损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心前区隆起和哈里森（Harrison）沟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中型至大型缺损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺循环阻力下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@急性冠状动脉综合征的诊断和管理需要对死亡或复发性心肌梗死进行持续风险分层。非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@初始风险评估包括病史、体格检查、心电图和心脏生物标志物，可使用 TIMI 风险评分、GRACE 风险模型或 Killip 分级来汇总所有这些因素以估计风险。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "急性冠状动脉综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "急性冠状动脉综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心脏生物标志物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "婴儿胆汁淤积症(infantile cholestasis)是指1岁以内婴儿（包括新生儿）由各种原因引起的肝细胞和（或）毛细胆管分泌功能障碍，或胆管病变导致胆汁排泄减少或缺乏。可以应用促进肝细胞增生的肝细胞生长因子、保肝解毒的葡醛内酯、促进肝脏解毒与合成功能的还原型谷胱甘肽、降酶作用显著的联苯双酯、甘草酸二铵及补充微生态制剂等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "婴儿胆汁淤积症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝细胞生长因子"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "婴儿胆汁淤积症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "葡醛内酯"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "婴儿胆汁淤积症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "还原型谷胱甘肽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "婴儿胆汁淤积症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "联苯双酯"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "婴儿胆汁淤积症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甘草酸二铵"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "婴儿胆汁淤积症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "补充微生态制剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "婴儿胆汁淤积症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "infantile cholestasis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "麻风病@有助于诊断瘤型麻风 (LL)，但对结核样麻风 (TT) 或界线类偏结��样麻风 (BT) 的敏感性略差，后两型麻风的诊断更困难。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瘤型麻风"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "界线类偏结核样麻风"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结核样麻风"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "人蛔虫病是世界上流行最广的人类蠕虫病,据世界卫生组织（WHO)估计全球有13亿患者，儿童，特别是学龄前儿童感染率高。若出现上述并发症时,需与其他外科急腹症鉴别。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "人蛔虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外科急腹症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "人蛔虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童，特别是学龄前儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "人蛔虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "人蛔虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "学龄前儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "表5-14 新生儿硬肿症诊断分度评分标准 注： （1）体温、硬肿范围和器官功能改变分别评分，总分为0分属轻度，1～3分为中度，4分及以上为重度 （2）硬肿范围计算：头颈部20%，双上肢18%，前胸及腹部14%，背部及腰骶部14%，臀部8%，双下肢26% （3）器官功能低下，包括不吃、不哭、反应低下、心率慢或心电图、血生化异常；器官功能衰竭指休克、心力衰竭、DIC、肺出血、肾衰竭等 （4）体温＜35℃时，腋-肛温差负值提示机体产热衰竭，0或正值为未衰竭 4.感染并存者常并发肺炎、败血症。新生女婴可有暂时性局部阴唇水肿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "新生儿硬肿症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "暂时性局部阴唇水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "新生儿硬肿症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "新生儿硬肿症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "败血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "病毒性脑膜炎@脑膜炎是腮腺炎的常见表现，发生于多达 10% 的病例。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腮腺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "五、幕上高度恶性胶质瘤 幕上高度恶性胶质瘤相当于Kernohan分类中的Ⅲ、Ⅳ级，属于恶性程度很高的一类肿瘤。术后辅以放疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "幕上高度恶性胶质瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "帕金森病@ ### 运动障碍协会 (Movement Disorder Society) 帕金森病临床诊断标准 2015 年运动障碍协会 (Movement Disorders Society, MDS) PD 诊断标准将“帕金森症”定义为存在运动徐缓并伴有静止性震颤和强直两者中至少一项。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "运动徐缓"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "静止性震颤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "强直"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "肾小球肾炎@### 影像学 超声可用来评价肾脏的大小，发现引起肾功能减退的其他因素，比如梗阻。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@结果 胆道扩张提示原发性硬化性胆管炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "原发性硬化性胆管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆道扩张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "白内障@有外伤性破裂 – 首选 –   皮质类固醇��眼液 #### 第一选择 [ 醋酸泼尼松龙眼药 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 每 2 小时滴 1 滴（1%）于受伤眼睛内 或 [ 二氟泼尼酯眼药 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 每 6 小时滴 1 滴 (0.05%) 于受伤眼睛内 在眼球钝挫伤或穿透伤之后，晶状体囊可能破裂，从而导致晶状体皮质暴露于房水。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "外伤性破裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮质类固醇滴眼液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "外伤性破裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "醋酸泼尼松龙眼药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "外伤性破裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "二氟泼尼酯眼药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "心肌炎@### 弱 查看全部   ### 药物及毒素 过敏性心肌炎与很多药物相关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "药物及毒素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "乙型肝炎@ * HBeAg 阴性慢性 HBV 感染：抗 HBe 阳性；ALT 水平正常；HBV DNA 低或检测不到；肝脏活检显示轻微坏死性炎症和低度纤维化；先前称为“非活动性携带者”阶段。乙型肝炎@ * HBeAg 阴性慢性乙型肝炎：可检测到抗 HBe；HBV DNA 中至高水平；ALT 升高（持续或间断性）；中至重度坏死性炎症和纤维化。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝脏活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "前列腺癌@ * 如果选择根治性前列腺切除术，可以根据列线表的评估结果决定是否进行盆腔淋巴结清扫术。前列腺癌@如果手术期间出现切缘为阳性（无阳性淋巴结），则治疗选择包括辅助放疗 或者期待治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "盆腔淋巴结清扫术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "3.心力衰竭的治疗 ①给氧。④利尿：常用呋塞米（速尿）每次1mg/kg。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "心力衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呋塞米"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "心力衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "给氧"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "消化性溃疡病@对于由 _幽门螺杆菌_ 感染引起的消化性溃疡患者，根治 _幽门螺杆菌_ 后的预后良好：低于 20% 的患者会复发，十二指肠溃疡的复发比例比胃溃疡低。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "消化性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "_幽门螺杆菌_ 感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "消化性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "良好"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
+{"text": "5.耶尔森菌小肠结肠炎 多发生于冬春季节，以婴幼儿多见。本病可并发肠系膜淋巴结炎、结节性红斑、反应性关节炎、败血症、心肌炎、急性肝炎、肝脓肿、结膜炎、脑膜炎、尿道炎或急性肾炎等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "耶尔森菌小肠结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠系膜淋巴结炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "耶尔森菌小肠结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结节性红斑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "耶尔森菌小肠结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "败血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "耶尔森菌小肠结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肌炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "耶尔森菌小肠结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性肝炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "耶尔森菌小肠结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝脓肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "耶尔森菌小肠结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "、脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "结膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "耶尔森菌小肠结肠炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "尿道炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "耶尔森菌小肠结肠炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发季节", "subject": "耶尔森菌小肠结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "冬春季节"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "耶尔森菌小肠结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "婴幼儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "【病理】 过敏性紫癜的病理变化为广泛的白细胞碎裂性小血管炎，以毛细血管炎为主，亦可波及小静脉和小动脉。起病前1〜3周常有上呼吸道感染史,可伴有低热、食欲缺乏、乏力等全身症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上呼吸道感染史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食欲缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乏力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "急性咽喉炎@## 案例 ### 案例 #1 一名7岁女孩表现为急性发热、恶心、呕吐和咽痛，否认咳嗽、鼻涕和鼻塞。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性咽喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性咽喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咽痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性咽喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性咽喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性咽喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "小儿多由于免疫系统尚未成熟，往往成为慢性乙肝和慢性HBV携带者。 （一）退黄治疗 退黄主要用茵栀黄。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "乙肝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "茵栀黄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "百日咳@[ 癫痫症的概述 ](/topics/zh-cn/112) ### 呼吸暂停/心动过缓 | 短期 | 低 但病情恶化时，需要机械通气。百日咳@ ### 肋骨骨折 | 短期 | 低 1岁以上患儿约有4%均发生过肋骨骨折 治疗包括休息、镇痛和深呼吸锻炼以预防并发肺炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "百日咳", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肋骨骨折"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "百日咳", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸暂停/心动过缓"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "毛细胞白血病@嘌呤类似物治疗是标准治疗，作为 HCL 患者的一线治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "HCL", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嘌呤类似物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "脑炎@结果 用于全身性细菌感染和大多数虫媒感染的检测和确诊 ### 咽拭子 检查 结果 检查 通过咽拭子标本培养（以及一些抗原检测）来检测肠病毒、脊髓灰质炎病毒、巨细胞病毒、腺病毒、腮腺炎、麻疹、流感和副流感病毒。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咽拭子"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "流感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咽拭子标本培养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咽拭子标本培养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@相反，在吸烟患者中，饮用咖啡可以降低酒精性慢性胰腺炎的风险。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "酒精性慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "饮用咖啡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
+{"text": "狂犬病@被患病动物咬伤后，预防性伤口清洗、免疫接种，及时注射狂犬病免疫球蛋白可有效地预防疾病发生。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "预防性伤口清洗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫接种"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "狂犬病免疫球蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "【诊断和鉴别诊断】 中枢性尿崩症需与其他原因引起的多饮、多尿相鉴别： 高渗性利尿 如糖尿病、肾小管酸中毒等,根据血糖、尿比重、尿渗透压及其他临床表现即可鉴别。 低钾血症 见于原发性醛固酮增多症、慢性腹泻、Bartter综合征等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低钾血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多饮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高渗性利尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肾小管酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高渗性利尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血糖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿比重"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿渗透压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖尿病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾小管酸中毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "原发性醛固酮增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低钾血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "慢性腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低钾血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "Bartter综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低钾血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "垂体功能减退@## 治疗流程 请注意，同一药物不同名称的剂型和剂量可能不同： [ 参见免责声明 ](https://bestpractice.bmj.com/info/disclaimer/) 初始 ### 垂体卒中 查看全部   首选 –   静脉注射氢化可的松 #### 第一选择 [ 氢化可的松 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 儿童：咨询专科医生以指导剂量；成人：100 mg，静脉使用，每 8 小时给药；或 300 mg 静脉输液24 小时。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "垂体卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氢化可的松"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "垂体卒中"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "【缺陷类型】 HS的主要分子缺陷是维持红细胞形态的细胞骨架蛋白-收缩蛋白（spectrin，SP）和锚蛋白（ankyrin）异常。虽然胆石症可发生于早至4～5岁的患儿，但大多见于年长儿童；如未行脾切除者，约有50%的病例将来可合并胆石症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "HS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆石症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@胸部CT扫描可能显示血管管腔内的中央充盈缺损、充盈缺损周围有对比剂和（或）完全闭塞���非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@平滑、与血管壁成钝角的充盈缺损可能表示慢性血栓或最近血管再通。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "慢性血栓", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部CT扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "骨性关节炎@尽管接受治疗，大部分患者仍然存在不同程度的疼痛与功能受限，影响他们的活动和生活质量。骨性关节炎@药物使用的并发症，特别是非甾体抗炎药，同样是一个问题。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非甾体抗炎药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "功能受限"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "缺血性卒中@ 足以影响或阻碍患者恢复工作能力的长期严重残疾率为 15% 到 30%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "缺血性卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "15% 到 30%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
+{"text": "阿尔茨海默病@ 推荐在病情检查期间进行一次结构性成像检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "一次结构性成像检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "急性胰腺炎@脱水会引起一定程度的肾前性氮质血症，表现为肌酐和尿素水平升高。急性胰腺炎@在未患胆总管结石的情况下，肝功能检查结果通常是正常的，但是也可见碱性磷酸酶和胆红素水平略升高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝功能检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "食管癌@放射治疗作为诱导治疗： * 单独放射治疗不用作诱导治疗，因为没有证据表明其在总生存期方面存在效益。食管癌@ 化疗作为诱导治疗： * 多项随机对照试验已显示出使用化疗作为诱导治疗的总生存期和无进展生存期的趋势。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "食管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "甲状腺癌@ ### TSH抑制相关的骨质流失 | 存在差异 | 低 绝经后没有补充雌激素的女性，TSH抑制治疗可能造成骨质流失的后遗症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "甲状腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "TSH抑制相关的骨质流失"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "小儿常见的烧烫伤病因有： （一）皮肤接触高温物体或高温液体 多见于3岁以下、具有行走等初步活动能力的幼儿，接触如尚未冷却饭菜、开水、烫锅、电热杯等所致。 （三）爆炸时烧伤 较少，多见于烟花爆竹意外。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "烧烫伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "爆炸时烧伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "癫痫持续状态@患者常表现为局灶性阵挛性活动；但是有时仅仅发生认知变化或隔离失语症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "认知变化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "隔离失语症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "急性胰腺炎@病情严重程度不等，从可完全康复的轻度胰腺水肿到重度全身性炎症反应伴胰腺/胰腺周围坏死、多器官衰竭以及死亡。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "轻度胰腺水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多器官衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "死亡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "【临床表现】 急性肾炎临床表现轻重悬殊,轻者全无临床症状,仅见镜下血尿，重者可呈急进性过程，短期内出现肾功能不全。当肾炎患儿出现呼吸急促和肺部有湿啰音时，应警惕循环充血的可能性，严重者可出现呼吸困难、端坐呼吸、颈静脉怒张、频咳、咳粉红色泡沫痰、两肺满布湿啰音、心脏扩大,甚至出现奔马律、肝大而硬、水肿加剧。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸急促"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺部有湿啰音"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝大而硬"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "水肿加剧"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "端坐呼吸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "频咳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颈静脉怒张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳粉红色泡沫痰"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "两肺满布湿啰音"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心脏扩大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝大而硬"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "急性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾功能不全"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无临床症状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "产后抑郁症@早发性抑郁（产后6~8周内）、重度抑郁、具有双相或精神病性症状的抑郁症提示存在特定的产后诱发因素，后续的产后发作风险在这些患者可能升高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "产后抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "早发性抑郁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "产后抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "重度抑郁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "痔@## 病因学 主要发病原因被认为是由于慢性便秘或腹泻所造成的过度用力排便。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性便秘"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "过度用力排便"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "铅中毒@这种联合用药已经证明可以有效地防止治疗期间症状恶化。铅中毒@琥巯酸的优点是可以口服给药。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "铅中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "琥巯酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "二、过敏性口炎 过敏性口炎亦称变态反应性口炎（allergic stomatitis），是由于个体差异，一些普通无害的东西如各种口腔药物漱口水、牙膏碘合剂或药物作为抗原刺激黏膜，使局部产生抗原抗体反应而引起的黏膜损害。对症治疗包括局部止痛和抗感染等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "过敏性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "局部止痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "过敏性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "过敏性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "变态反应性口炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "变态反应性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "allergic stomatitis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "慢性肾病@尿微量白蛋白检测有助于在大量白蛋白尿出现之前早期确诊糖尿病性肾病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "糖尿病性肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿微量白蛋白检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@动脉粥样硬化性疾病也可与冠状血管收缩有关，冠状动脉收缩会影响冠脉血流，在不存在严重固定狭窄的情况下出现心绞痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "动脉粥样硬化性疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "冠状血管收缩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "CVS的发病率为2%～3%；90年代Abu-Arateh等报道CVS在2165名5～15岁英国苏格兰儿童中发病率为1. 9%；本世纪初Ertekin等报道美国俄亥俄州儿童CVS发病率为0. 4%。男女均可发病，女稍多于男（55∶45）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "CVS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男女均可发病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "CVS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "女稍多于男（55∶45）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "破伤风@ ### 体格检查 如果出现牙关紧闭（可能导致出现医学上描述为“痉笑”或“狞笑”的古怪表情） 和以下一种或多种症状：肌强直、肌肉痉挛、呼吸困难、吞咽困难或自主神经功能障碍（体温过高、血压不稳、心律失常），应高度怀疑破伤风。破伤风@强直性肌肉痉挛也可导致角弓反张、 板状腹壁僵硬、吞咽困难和呼吸暂停，呼吸暂停的原因是胸肌和/或声门或咽部肌肉收缩。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "牙关紧闭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "角弓反张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体格检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吞咽困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌强直"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌肉痉挛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "自主神经功能障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体温过高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血压不稳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心律失常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "强直性肌肉痉挛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "板状腹壁僵硬"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "强直性肌肉痉挛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吞咽困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "强直性肌肉痉挛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸暂停"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "儿童偏头痛@检查 若头痛患儿出现高血压，应立即广泛寻找病因，通常为肾性、血管性、内分泌性或神经性高血压。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经性高血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "肝硬化@门脉高压的表现：腹水、脾功能亢进、侧支循环形成。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "门脉高压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "门脉高压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脾功能亢进"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "门脉高压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "侧支循环形成"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "第五章 青紫型先天性心脏病 第一节 法洛四联症 法洛四联症（tetralogy of Fallot，TOF）是最常见的青紫型先天性心脏病，约占青紫型先天性心脏病的70%左右，约占所有先天性心脏病的10%。年龄过小的婴幼儿可先行姑息分流手术，对重症的患儿也宜先行姑息手术，待年长后一般情况改善，肺血管发育好转后，再作根治术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "法洛四联症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "姑息分流手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "法洛四联症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "tetralogy of Fallot"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "tetralogy of Fallot", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "法洛四联症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "TOF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "法洛四联症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "法洛四联症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性心脏病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "法洛四联症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青紫型先天性心脏病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "（二）胆道蛔虫症 阵发性右上腹剧烈绞痛，常伴有呕吐，可吐出胆汁和蛔虫。患儿异常疲乏。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆道蛔虫症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "患儿异常疲乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "【病因】 （一）消化系统疾病 各种消化系统疾病都可引起呕吐，主要有消化道先天畸形、梗阻、炎症、感染、出血、功能失调等。 3.消化系统感染及炎症 如急性胃炎、急性肠炎、坏死性小肠结肠炎、腹膜炎等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消化系统感染及炎症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性胃炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性肠炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "坏死性小肠结肠炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消化系统疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消化道先天畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "炎症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "各种消化系统疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "小细胞肺癌@对于这些患者进行手术切除，通常是肺叶切除是合理的。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手术切除"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺叶切除"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
+{"text": "痛风@患者可能称这种疼痛是他们经历过的最严重的疼痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "新生儿室息（asphyxia of newborn)是指新生儿出生后不能建立正常的自主呼吸而导致低氧血症、高碳酸血症及全身多脏器损伤，是引起新生儿死亡和儿童伤残的重要原因之一。 胸外心脏按压：如有效正压通气30秒后心率持续<60次/分,应同时进行胸外心脏按压, 胸外按压和气管插管气囊正压通气45 -60秒后再进行评估。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "新生儿室息", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸外心脏按压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "新生儿室息", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "asphyxia of newborn"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "综上所述，目前对SSPE的诊断只要具备相应的临床表现（不一定十分典型）以及脑脊液麻疹抗体升高两项条件即可建立诊断，如果还具备一些支持条件如麻疹病史或接种史、典型分期、脑电图异常、脑脊液球蛋白升高及神经影像学的动态变化时，诊断将更为肯定。 1.异丙肌苷（isoprinosine） 可能增加病人存活时间，对改善某些症状有所益处。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "SSPE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "异丙肌苷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "异丙肌苷", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "isoprinosine"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "小儿哮喘@辅助治疗包括长效 β-2 受体激动剂（如沙美特罗）、白三烯受体拮抗剂（如孟鲁司特、 扎鲁司特） 或茶碱。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "长效 β-2 受体激动剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "沙美特罗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白三烯受体拮抗剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "孟鲁司特"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "扎鲁司特"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "茶碱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "在我国乙型脑炎主要发生于夏秋季节（7～9月份），与其主要传媒——库蚊的繁殖季节相关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发季节", "subject": "乙型脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "夏秋季节"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发季节", "subject": "乙型脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "7～9月份"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "传播途径", "subject": "乙型脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "库蚊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
+{"text": "HELLP 综合征@蛋白尿是由肾小管通透性增加所致，见于66%至100%的患者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "蛋白尿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾小管通透性增加"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "小细胞肺癌@结果 脑转移可能显示为增强薄壁组织肿块伴周围水肿 ### 骨扫描 检查 结果 检查 如果无法行 PET/CT，骨扫描能用于确定有无转移。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "帕金森病@## 预后 ### 这是一种神经退行性障碍，无法根治，也不��在疾病修饰药物。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无法根治"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
+{"text": "急性膀胱炎@### 尿道置管 导管相关泌尿系感染是最常见的院内感染，在置管 5 天及以上患者中占 50% 以上。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "急性膀胱炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿道置管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "临床对轻型DIC、疑似DIC而未肯定诊断者或高凝状态者,在控制原发病的基础上可单独应用此类药物治疗。常用药物有:①阿司匹林:剂量为每日10mg/kg,分2~3次口服,持续用至血小板数恢复正常后数日才停药;②双嘧达莫(潘生丁）：剂量为每日10mg/kg,分次口服。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "DIC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿司匹林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "DIC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双嘧达莫(潘生丁）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
+{"text": "婴儿猝死综合征@[ 百日咳 ](/topics/zh-cn/682) ### 先天性新陈代谢缺陷（特别是脂肪氧化功能障碍、线粒体异常和尿素循环缺陷） 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 发育迟滞/饮食不佳。 婴儿猝死综合征@精神状态改变：可为急性或亚急性发病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性新陈代谢缺陷", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "精神状态改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性新陈代谢缺陷", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发育迟滞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性新陈代谢缺陷", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "饮食不佳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "18-三体综合征@ （6）内分泌系统： 可有甲状腺发育不良，胸腺及肾上腺发育不良。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "18-三体综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲状腺发育不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "18-三体综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸腺及肾上腺发育不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
+{"text": "胰腺癌@结果 升高 ### 胰腺特定CT 检查 结果 检查 所有一开始即怀疑有胰腺癌的患者均应接受胰腺特异CT。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胰腺特定CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
+{"text": "（三）迟发型 多发生于出生后1个月。发病原因如下： 1.摄入不足 新生儿吃奶量少且母乳中维生素含量低，初乳中几乎不含维生素K，如长期单纯母乳喂养，未及时添加辅食，未添加含维生素K丰富的蔬菜、水果，均可引起维生素K缺乏。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "迟发型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "摄入不足"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
+{"text": "乙型肝炎@### 扑翼样震颤 慢性HBV感染相关性肝硬化患者，包括失代偿期肝硬化患者中常见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "扑翼样震颤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "对于有意识障碍的小儿要注意生命体征的改变。精神状态要注意有无烦躁不安、激惹、谵妄或迟钝、抑郁、幻觉及定向障碍等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "意识障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "烦躁不安"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "意识障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "激惹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "意识障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "谵妄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "意识障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "迟钝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "意识障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抑郁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "意识障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "幻觉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "意识障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "定向障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
+{"text": "肥厚型心肌病@猝死的危险因素如下。肥厚型心肌病@ * 运动时血压异常：定义是运动中收缩压上升＜20mmHg，血压不升高，或血压下降＞20mmHg。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "猝死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "运动时血压异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
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