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--- a/.gitattributes
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+steamrollers
+malefactor
+spiels
+japanned
+sherd
+blabbing
+oracular
+incapability
+pebbliest
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/App/assets/dicts/dec.yml b/App/assets/dicts/dec.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b9c55ed81058ea588a2277d1cd69e2fb096bade4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/assets/dicts/dec.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+barely: [dec]
+little: [dec]
diff --git a/App/assets/dicts/inc.yml b/App/assets/dicts/inc.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b8a550f412809bebc67d29aa86354028163de88c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/assets/dicts/inc.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+too: [inc]
+very: [inc]
+sorely: [inc]
+is: [inc]
diff --git a/App/assets/dicts/inv.yml b/App/assets/dicts/inv.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d0e81d362bebb272bb0f0dab76b324acd51a8520
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/assets/dicts/inv.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+increase: [inv]
+decrease: [inv]
+increases: [inv]
+decreases: [inv]
+increased: [inv]
+decreased: [inv]
diff --git a/App/assets/dicts/negative.yml b/App/assets/dicts/negative.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6b4629edcb9c7034cc40469e7ea43ad811eb0831
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/assets/dicts/negative.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+bad: [negative]
+uninspired: [negative]
+expensive: [negative]
+dissapointed: [negative]
+recommend others to avoid: [negative]
+do not: [negative]
+costly: [negative]
+drawbacks: [negative]
+drawbacks: [negative]
+problem: [negative]
+uneven: [negative]
+perturbation: [negative]
+may not: [negative]
+is not: [negative]
+are not: [negative]
+fragil: [negative]
+damage: [negative]
+prevent: [negative]
+can vary: [negative]
+can not: [negative]
+cannot: [negative]
+due to: [negative]
+thus no longer: [negative]
+no longer: [negative]
+annoying: [negative]
+annoy: [negative]
+annoys: [negative]
+annoyed: [negative]
+saturated: [negative]
+undesirable: [negative]
+pollute: [negative]
+pollutes: [negative]
+saturates: [negative]
+saturating: [negative]
+saturate: [negative]
+blocked: [negative]
+dirt: [negative]
+dirts: [negative]
+complexity: [negative]
+tiresome: [negative]
+does not: [negative]
+abnormally: [negative]
+abruptly: [negative]
+critically: [negative]
+dangerously: [negative]
+disadvantages: [negative]
+disadvantage: [negative]
+dramatically: [negative]
+erroneously: [negative]
+exceedingly: [negative]
+excessively: [negative]
+hardly: [negative]
+heavily: [negative]
+irreversibly: [negative]
+poorly: [negative]
+randomly: [negative]
+severely: [negative]
+unacceptably: [negative]
+unconditionally: [negative]
+unevenly: [negative]
+unexpectedly: [negative]
+unfortunately: [negative]
+unusually: [negative]
+uselessly: [negative]
+badly: [negative]
+impair: [negative]
+increasing: [negative]
+weight: [negative]
+costs: [negative]
+cost: [negative]
+is not: [negative]
+damage: [negative]
+complicate: [negative]
+destroy: [negative]
+was necessary: [negative]
+annoy: [negative]
+annoys: [negative]
+annoyed: [negative]
+annoying: [negative]
+noise: [negative]
+inevitably: [negative]
+be annoying: [negative]
+is annoying: [negative]
+difficulties: [negative]
+difficulty: [negative]
+difficult: [negative]
+fatty: [negative]
+prevent: [negative]
+leakage: [negative]
+corrosive: [negative]
+require: [negative]
+deformation: [negative]
+necessity: [negative]
+error: [negative]
+errors: [negative]
+occur: [negative]
+occurs: [negative]
+may nevertheless: [negative]
+may not: [negative]
+continue to increase: [negative]
+decrease: [negative]
+
diff --git a/App/assets/dicts/positive.yml b/App/assets/dicts/positive.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c6914df8591fcd9aa5ff2e76e97834a387726061
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/assets/dicts/positive.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+nice: [positive]
+awesome: [positive]
+cool: [positive]
+superb: [positive]
+comprises: [positive]
+is: [positive]
+advantageously: [positive]
+advantageous: [positive]
+preferably: [positive]
+advantage: [positive]
+advantages: [positive]
+avoid: [positive]
+useful: [positve]
+good: [positive]
+suitable: [positive]
+be: [positive]
+improve: [positive]
+improved: [positive]
+improves: [positive]
+does not have to: [positive]
+removed: [positive]
+acceptably: [positive]
+accurately: [positive]
+acutely: [positive]
+adequately: [positive]
+advantageously: [positive]
+appreciably: [positive]
+beneficially: [positive]
+brightly: [positive]
+cheaply: [positive]
+clearly: [positive]
+conveniently: [positive]
+correctly: [positive]
+cost-effectively: [positive]
+desirably: [positive]
+effectively: [positive]
+effectually: [positive]
+efficaciously: [positive]
+efficiently: [positive]
+elaborately: [positive]
+favourably: [positive]
+finely: [positive]
+greatly: [positive]
+inexpensively: [positive]
+interestingly: [positive]
+measurably: [positive]
+necessarily: [positive]
+determines: [positive]
+determine: [positive]
+optimally: [positive]
+potentially: [positive]
+precisely: [positive]
+properly: [positive]
+purposefully: [positive]
+qualitatively: [positive]
+quantitatively: [positive]
+quite: [positive]
+rapidly: [positive]
+safely: [positive]
+satisfactorily: [positive]
+securely: [positive]
+sharply: [positive]
+uniform: [positive]
+distribution: [positive]
+reduce: [positive]
+reduced: [positive]
+reduces: [positive]
+desire: [positive]
+desired: [positive]
+desires: [positive]
+have: [positive]
+has: [positive]
+be: [positive]
+about: [positive]
+drive: [positive]
+drives: [positive]
+generally: [positive]
+accomplish: [positive]
+accomplished: [positive]
+consists: [positive]
+consist: [positive]
+include: [positive]
+includes: [positive]
+remove: [positive]
+removes: [positive]
+present: [positive]
+presents: [positive]
+separates: [positive]
+connected: [positive]
+enclosed: [positive]
+with respect: [positive]
+disconnected: [positive]
+relevance: [positive]
+extend: [positive]
+enclose: [positive]
+create: [positive]
+creates: [positive]
+so that: [positive]
+well known: [positive]
+contain: [positive]
+contains: [positive]
+receive: [positive]
+receives: [positive]
+processes: [positive]
+processe: [positive]
+optimal: [positive]
+inexpensive: [positive]
+operates: [positive]
+operate: [positive]
+minimize: [positive]
+can not therefore invade: [positive]
+installed: [positive]
+install: [positive]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/App/assets/dropPart b/App/assets/dropPart
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..77b187b729809b9cf6f61b468840bd1a62f3b1cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/assets/dropPart
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
+BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
+BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
+BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
+FIELD OF INVENTION
+BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
+Brief Description of the Drawings
+Brief Description of the Prior Art
+DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
+Object of the Invention
+DETALIED DESCRIPTION
+Field of the Invention
+Background Art
+Background art
+Object of the Invention
+DESCRIPTION
+BACKGROUND
+DRAWINGS
+SUMMARY
+Brief Description of the Prior Art
+detailed description of the invention and preferred embodiments
+detailed description of the preferred embodiments
+detailed description of the preferred embodiment
+detailed description
+background of the invention
+Background of the Invention
+detailed description of the invention
+summary of the inventions
+summary of the invention
+background and summary of the invention
+field of the invention
+description of the related art
+related background art
+description of the prior art
+field of the invention
+brief description of the invention
+description of the invention
+description of the preferred embodiments.
+what is claimed is
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/App/assets/examplificationclues b/App/assets/examplificationclues
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0bae2af08abadc257e3132871e68b06f07d72134
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/assets/examplificationclues
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+moreover,\s
+in addition,\s
+in pratice,\s
+lastly,\s
+such a\s
+such\s
+typically,\s
+in this example,\s
diff --git a/App/assets/exclude_from_parameters b/App/assets/exclude_from_parameters
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..83b91964e98f897ea8197069addd658029cacbaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/assets/exclude_from_parameters
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
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+illustration
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+decrease
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+problem
+as
+parison
+regardless
+by
+through
+another
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/App/assets/exclusionList b/App/assets/exclusionList
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..211c91250ea1393ee3eca1c437da5ec873a7b14f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/assets/exclusionList
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+figure
+figures
+shows
+;
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+list of reference characters
+brief description of the drawings
+detailed description of preferred embodiments
+description of a preferred embodiment
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+will not be presented more in details
+discloses
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+table
+Table
+TABLE
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/App/assets/getFromClaims b/App/assets/getFromClaims
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..026eccdf72080f133ce4d1dff5d0684ce8b3ae20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/assets/getFromClaims
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+wherein
diff --git a/App/assets/includeLinks b/App/assets/includeLinks
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..645f5ab3cff9fffda32f976d8b303a683f7d6789
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/assets/includeLinks
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
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+If
+Because
+When\b
+Since
+since
diff --git a/App/assets/inclusionList b/App/assets/inclusionList
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f3d5b48693437d7f85786c38be230c9378d67dbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/assets/inclusionList
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
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+may cause
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+is
+when
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+in practice
+many
+Many
+problem
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/App/assets/parameter_core b/App/assets/parameter_core
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fb0b6b9be4249e0f22ab0c6bf2d15759bf5e51d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/assets/parameter_core
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
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+sphere
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+touchstone
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+voltage
+volume
+wave impedance
+weight
+weightiness
+weighting
+weights
+width
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/App/assets/problem_markers b/App/assets/problem_markers
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..21c6cf9be255fe430966a4b28f3943d5164b6d6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/assets/problem_markers
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
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+may
+cause without present invention or method etc
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+problem
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+aggravate
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+dissipation
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+
+
diff --git a/App/assets/referencing_indices b/App/assets/referencing_indices
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..984631e51e1238a27d3febdb4c7d91b3d0323c77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/assets/referencing_indices
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+explained before
+but as
+most of
+^if
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/App/assets/removeItems b/App/assets/removeItems
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b2178fb45cf8c10441d0ca5a54caf45fa4eca6e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/assets/removeItems
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
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+background of the invention
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+summary of the inventions
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+field of the invention
+description of the related art
+related background art
+description of the prior art
+field of the invention
+brief description of the invention
+description of the invention
+description of the preferred embodiments.
+summary
+mitsubishi heavy ind ltd [jp]
diff --git a/App/assets/stopword_common_English b/App/assets/stopword_common_English
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2022cd5cab73dbeab68703397c1a19c64574a7c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/assets/stopword_common_English
@@ -0,0 +1,500 @@
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+me
+mean
+means
+meantime
+meanwhile
+merely
+mg
+might
+million
+miss
+ml
+more
+moreover
+most
+mostly
+mr
+mrs
+much
+mug
+must
+my
+myself
+n
+na
+name
+namely
+nay
+nd
+near
+nearly
+necessarily
+necessary
+need
+needs
+neither
+never
+nevertheless
+new
+next
+nine
+ninety
+no
+nobody
+non
+none
+nonetheless
+noone
+nor
+normally
+nos
+not
+noted
+nothing
+now
+nowhere
+o
+obtain
+obtained
+obviously
+of
+off
+often
+oh
+ok
+okay
+old
+omitted
+on
+once
+one
+ones
+only
+onto
+or
+ord
+other
+others
+otherwise
+ought
+our
+ours
+ourselves
+out
+outside
+over
+overall
+owing
+own
+p
+page
+pages
+part
+particular
+particularly
+past
+per
+perhaps
+placed
+please
+plus
+poorly
+possible
+possibly
+potentially
+pp
+predominantly
+present
+previously
+primarily
+probably
+promptly
+proud
+provides
+put
+q
+que
+quickly
+quite
+qv
+r
+ran
+rather
+rd
+re
+readily
+really
+recent
+recently
+ref
+refs
+regarding
+regardless
+regards
+related
+relatively
+research
+respectively
+resulted
+resulting
+results
+right
+run
+s
+said
+same
+saw
+say
+saying
+says
+sec
+section
+see
+seeing
+seem
+seemed
+seeming
+seems
+seen
+self
+selves
+sent
+seven
+several
+shall
+she
+shed
+she'll
+shes
+should
+shouldn't
+show
+showed
+shown
+showns
+shows
+significant
+significantly
+similar
+similarly
+since
+six
+slightly
+so
+some
+somebody
+somehow
+someone
+somethan
+something
+sometime
+sometimes
+somewhat
+somewhere
+soon
+sorry
+specifically
+specified
+specify
+specifying
+still
+stop
+strongly
+sub
+substantially
+successfully
+such
+sufficiently
+suggest
+sup
+sure
+invention
+method
+
+
+
diff --git a/App/assets/stopword_patent_English b/App/assets/stopword_patent_English
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..688fb0af954c7a5bd7aa8bce2ce7cb81ad808094
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/assets/stopword_patent_English
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+scope
+about
+contiguous
+device for
+dispose
+include
+furtherheretofore
+indicium
+means
+member
+multitude
+pivotability
+whereby
+such that
+thereby
+wherein
+surrounding
+substantially
+so that
+thereof
+system
+process
+invention
+a kind of
+equipment
+belong to
+according to
+characterized in that
+provide
+get
+characterized in that
+handle
+achieve
+form
+used for
+utilize
+adopt
+get
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/App/assets/stopword_rake.txt b/App/assets/stopword_rake.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..45c6142c282716c643e81487bbfecdaadefbd926
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/assets/stopword_rake.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,590 @@
+#stop word list from SMART (Salton,1971).  Available at ftp://ftp.cs.cornell.edu/pub/smart/english.stop
+a
+a's
+able
+about
+above
+according
+accordingly
+across
+actually
+after
+afterwards
+again
+against
+ain't
+all
+allow
+allows
+almost
+alone
+along
+already
+also
+although
+always
+am
+among
+amongst
+an
+and
+another
+any
+anybody
+anyhow
+anyone
+anything
+anyway
+anyways
+anywhere
+apart
+appear
+appreciate
+appropriate
+are
+aren't
+around
+as
+aside
+ask
+asking
+associated
+at
+available
+away
+awfully
+b
+be
+became
+because
+become
+becomes
+becoming
+been
+before
+beforehand
+behind
+being
+believe
+below
+beside
+besides
+best
+better
+between
+beyond
+both
+brief
+but
+by
+c
+c'mon
+c's
+came
+can
+can't
+cannot
+cant
+cause
+causes
+certain
+certainly
+changes
+clearly
+co
+com
+come
+comes
+concerning
+consequently
+consider
+considering
+contain
+containing
+contains
+corresponding
+could
+couldn't
+course
+currently
+d
+definitely
+described
+despite
+did
+didn't
+different
+do
+does
+doesn't
+doing
+don't
+done
+down
+downwards
+during
+e
+each
+edu
+eg
+eight
+either
+else
+elsewhere
+enough
+entirely
+especially
+et
+etc
+even
+ever
+every
+everybody
+everyone
+everything
+everywhere
+ex
+exactly
+example
+except
+f
+far
+few
+fifth
+first
+five
+followed
+following
+follows
+for
+former
+formerly
+forth
+four
+from
+further
+furthermore
+g
+get
+gets
+getting
+given
+gives
+go
+goes
+going
+gone
+got
+gotten
+greetings
+h
+had
+hadn't
+happens
+hardly
+has
+hasn't
+have
+haven't
+having
+he
+he's
+hello
+help
+hence
+her
+here
+here's
+hereafter
+hereby
+herein
+hereupon
+hers
+herself
+hi
+him
+himself
+his
+hither
+hopefully
+how
+howbeit
+however
+i
+i'd
+i'll
+i'm
+i've
+ie
+if
+ignored
+immediate
+in
+inasmuch
+inc
+indeed
+indicate
+indicated
+indicates
+inner
+insofar
+instead
+into
+inward
+is
+isn't
+it
+it'd
+it'll
+it's
+its
+itself
+j
+just
+k
+keep
+keeps
+kept
+know
+knows
+known
+l
+last
+lately
+later
+latter
+latterly
+least
+less
+lest
+let
+let's
+like
+liked
+likely
+little
+look
+looking
+looks
+ltd
+m
+mainly
+many
+may
+maybe
+me
+mean
+meanwhile
+merely
+might
+more
+moreover
+most
+mostly
+much
+must
+my
+myself
+n
+name
+namely
+nd
+near
+nearly
+necessary
+need
+needs
+neither
+never
+nevertheless
+new
+next
+nine
+no
+nobody
+non
+none
+noone
+nor
+normally
+not
+nothing
+novel
+now
+nowhere
+o
+obviously
+of
+off
+often
+oh
+ok
+okay
+old
+on
+once
+one
+ones
+only
+onto
+or
+other
+others
+otherwise
+ought
+our
+ours
+ourselves
+out
+outside
+over
+overall
+own
+p
+particular
+particularly
+per
+perhaps
+placed
+please
+plus
+possible
+presumably
+probably
+provides
+q
+que
+quite
+qv
+r
+rather
+present
+rd
+wherein
+comprises
+device
+method
+disclosure
+comprising
+providing
+including
+re
+really
+reasonably
+regarding
+regardless
+regards
+relatively
+respectively
+right
+s
+said
+assembly
+same
+saw
+say
+saying
+says
+second
+secondly
+see
+seeing
+seem
+seemed
+seeming
+seems
+seen
+self
+selves
+element
+sensible
+sent
+serious
+seriously
+seven
+several
+shall
+she
+should
+shouldn't
+since
+six
+so
+some
+somebody
+somehow
+someone
+something
+sometime
+sometimes
+somewhat
+somewhere
+soon
+sorry
+specified
+specify
+specifying
+still
+sub
+such
+sup
+sure
+t
+t's
+take
+taken
+tell
+tends
+th
+than
+thank
+thanks
+thanx
+that
+that's
+thats
+the
+their
+theirs
+them
+themselves
+then
+thence
+there
+there's
+thereafter
+thereby
+therefore
+therein
+theres
+thereupon
+these
+they
+they'd
+they'll
+they're
+they've
+think
+third
+this
+thorough
+thoroughly
+those
+though
+three
+through
+throughout
+thru
+thus
+to
+together
+too
+took
+toward
+towards
+tried
+tries
+truly
+try
+trying
+twice
+two
+u
+un
+under
+unfortunately
+unless
+unlikely
+until
+unto
+up
+upon
+us
+use
+used
+useful
+uses
+using
+usually
+uucp
+v
+value
+various
+very
+via
+viz
+vs
+w
+want
+wants
+was
+wasn't
+way
+we
+we'd
+we'll
+we're
+we've
+welcome
+well
+went
+were
+weren't
+what
+what's
+whatever
+when
+whence
+whenever
+where
+where's
+whereafter
+whereas
+whereby
+wherein
+whereupon
+wherever
+whether
+which
+while
+whither
+who
+who's
+whoever
+whole
+whom
+whose
+why
+will
+willing
+wish
+unit
+with
+comprising
+including
+within
+without
+won't
+wonder
+section
+would
+would
+wouldn't
+system
+amount
+comprise
+x
+y
+yes
+yet
+you
+you'd
+you'll
+you're
+you've
+your
+yours
+yourself
+yourselves
+z
+zero
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/App/assets/stopwords b/App/assets/stopwords
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1a6ac6b22f0b230d40bbc17a14e1674322c01700
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/assets/stopwords
@@ -0,0 +1,567 @@
+'ll
+a
+a kind of
+able
+about
+above
+abst
+accordance
+according
+according to
+accordingly
+achieve
+across
+act
+actually
+added
+adj
+adopt
+affected
+affecting
+affects
+after
+afterwards
+again
+against
+ah
+all
+almost
+alone
+along
+already
+also
+although
+always
+am
+among
+amongst
+an
+and
+announce
+another
+any
+anybody
+anyhow
+anymore
+anyone
+anything
+anyway
+anyways
+anywhere
+apparently
+approximately
+are
+aren
+arent
+arise
+around
+as
+aside
+ask
+asking
+at
+auth
+available
+away
+awfully
+b
+back
+be
+became
+because
+become
+becomes
+becoming
+been
+before
+beforehand
+begin
+beginning
+beginnings
+begins
+behind
+being
+believe
+belong to
+below
+beside
+besides
+between
+beyond
+biol
+both
+brief
+briefly
+but
+by
+c
+ca
+came
+can
+can't
+cannot
+cause
+causes
+certain
+certainly
+characterized in that
+co
+com
+come
+comes
+contain
+containing
+contains
+contiguous
+could
+couldnt
+d
+comprises
+date
+device for
+did
+didn't
+different
+dispose
+do
+does
+doesn't
+doing
+don't
+done
+down
+downwards
+due
+during
+e
+each
+ed
+edu
+effect
+eg
+eight
+eighty
+either
+else
+elsewhere
+end
+ending
+enough
+equipment
+especially
+et
+et-al
+etc
+even
+ever
+every
+everybody
+everyone
+everything
+everywhere
+ex
+except
+f
+far
+few
+ff
+fifth
+first
+five
+fix
+followed
+following
+follows
+for
+form
+former
+formerly
+forth
+found
+four
+from
+further
+furtherheretofore
+furthermore
+g
+gave
+get
+gets
+getting
+give
+given
+gives
+giving
+go
+goes
+gone
+got
+gotten
+h
+had
+handle
+happens
+hardly
+has
+hasn't
+have
+haven't
+having
+he
+hed
+hence
+her
+here
+hereafter
+hereby
+herein
+heres
+hereupon
+hers
+herself
+hes
+hi
+hid
+him
+himself
+his
+hither
+home
+how
+howbeit
+however
+hundred
+i
+i'll
+i've
+id
+ie
+if
+im
+immediate
+immediately
+importance
+important
+in
+inc
+include
+indeed
+index
+indicium
+information
+instead
+into
+invention
+inward
+is
+isn't
+it
+it'll
+itd
+its
+itself
+j
+just
+k
+keep
+kept
+kg
+km
+know
+known
+knows
+l
+largely
+last
+lately
+later
+latter
+latterly
+least
+less
+lest
+let
+lets
+like
+liked
+likely
+line
+little
+look
+looking
+looks
+ltd
+m
+made
+mainly
+keeps
+make
+makes
+comprise
+comprises
+many
+may
+maybe
+me
+mean
+means
+meantime
+meanwhile
+member
+merely
+method
+mg
+might
+million
+miss
+ml
+more
+moreover
+most
+mostly
+mr
+mrs
+much
+mug
+multitude
+must
+my
+myself
+n
+na
+name
+namely
+nay
+nd
+near
+nearly
+necessarily
+necessary
+need
+needs
+neither
+never
+nevertheless
+new
+next
+nine
+ninety
+no
+nobody
+non
+none
+nonetheless
+noone
+nor
+normally
+nos
+not
+noted
+nothing
+now
+nowhere
+o
+obtain
+obtained
+obviously
+of
+off
+often
+oh
+ok
+okay
+old
+omitted
+on
+once
+one
+ones
+only
+onto
+or
+ord
+other
+others
+otherwise
+ought
+our
+ours
+ourselves
+out
+outside
+over
+overall
+owing
+own
+p
+page
+pages
+part
+particular
+particularly
+past
+per
+perhaps
+pivotability
+placed
+please
+plus
+poorly
+possible
+possibly
+potentially
+pp
+predominantly
+present
+previously
+primarily
+probably
+process
+promptly
+proud
+provide
+provides
+put
+q
+que
+quickly
+quite
+qv
+r
+ran
+rather
+rd
+re
+readily
+really
+recent
+recently
+ref
+refs
+regarding
+regardless
+regards
+related
+relatively
+research
+respectively
+resulted
+resulting
+results
+right
+run
+s
+said
+same
+saw
+say
+saying
+says
+scope
+sec
+section
+see
+seeing
+seem
+seemed
+seeming
+seems
+seen
+self
+selves
+sent
+seven
+several
+shall
+she
+she'll
+shed
+shes
+should
+shouldn't
+show
+showed
+shown
+showns
+shows
+significant
+significantly
+similar
+similarly
+since
+six
+slightly
+so
+so that
+some
+somebody
+somehow
+someone
+somethan
+something
+sometime
+sometimes
+somewhat
+somewhere
+soon
+sorry
+specifically
+specified
+specify
+specifying
+still
+stop
+strongly
+sub
+substantially
+successfully
+such
+such that
+sufficiently
+suggest
+sup
+sure
+surrounding
+system
+thereby
+thereof
+used for
+utilize
+whereby
+wherein
+u.s. pat
+pat
+patent
+present invention
+deg
+bottom thereof
+certain embodiments
+field
+a
+b
+c
+d
+e
+f
+g
+h
+i
+j
+k
+l
+m
+n
+o
+p
+q
+r
+s
+t
+u
+v
+w
+x
+y
+z
+]
+[
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/App/assets/trainingsNegative b/App/assets/trainingsNegative
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0c7b3e75ef6860498d8a65f170d8891a0f42ed97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/assets/trainingsNegative
@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+extremely low:problem
+creates undesirable:problem
+their lifetime is also limited to a few months:problem
+cooking creates undesirable by-products as smoke and odor that can pollute an inhabited airspace:problem
+it will be understood that some leakage may occur:problem
+becomes heavy:problem
+are not likely:problem
+is designed:problem
+could cause:problem
+may impair:problem
+do not:problem
+signs of wear:problem
+sign of wear:problem
+wear:problem
+blemish:problem
+break:problem
+bug:problem
+complicate:problem
+crack:problem
+damage:problem
+deflect:problem
+deform:problem
+usually face difficulties:problem
+degrade:problem
+the smoke particles are permanently trapped within the filter element because they are larger than the openings in the filter media:problem
+deprive:problem
+destroy:problem
+deteriorate:problem
+the disadvantage of a polarizing filter is that it withdraws observation the nondesired reflections but also of relevant information relating to the surface quality of the skin:problem
+disparate:problem
+fail:problem
+hamper:problem
+harm:problem
+hinder:problem
+impair:problem
+smash:problem
+spoil:problem
+stain:problem
+trouble:problem
+weaken:problem
+worsen:problem
+break:problem
+blemish:problem
+bug:problem
+cause:problem
+complication:problem
+crack:problem
+damage:problem
+defect:problem
+deficiency:problem
+deformity:problem
+degradation:problem
+deprivation:problem
+destruction:problem
+deterioration:problem
+detriment:problem
+difficulty:problem
+disadvantage:problem
+disadvantages:problem
+a consultation of important duration presents disadvantages for the patient like for the user:problem
+drawback:problem
+failure:problem
+flaw:problem
+hamper:problem
+harm:problem
+impairing:problem
+imperfection:problem
+instability:problem
+limitation:problem
+prejudice:problem
+problem:problem
+spoiling:problem
+stain:problem
+trouble:problem
+weakness:problem
+difficut:problem
+worse:problem
+abnormal:problem
+abolish:problem
+abominable:problem
+abominably:problem
+abominate:problem
+abomination:problem
+abort:problem
+aborted:problem
+aborts:problem
+abrade:problem
+abrasive:problem
+abrupt:problem
+abruptly:problem
+abscond:problem
+absence:problem
+absent-minded:problem
+absentee:problem
+absurd:problem
+absurdity:problem
+absurdly:problem
+absurdness:problem
+abuse:problem
+abused:problem
+abuses:problem
+abusive:problem
+abysmal:problem
+abysmally:problem
+abyss:problem
+accidental:problem
+accost:problem
+accursed:problem
+accusation:problem
+accusations:problem
+accuse:problem
+accuses:problem
+accusing:problem
+accusingly:problem
+acerbate:problem
+acerbic:problem
+acerbically:problem
+ache:problem
+ached:problem
+aches:problem
+achey:problem
+aching:problem
+acrid:problem
+acridly:problem
+acridness:problem
+acrimonious:problem
+acrimoniously:problem
+acrimony:problem
+adamant:problem
+adamantly:problem
+addict:problem
+addicted:problem
+addicting:problem
+addicts:problem
+admonish:problem
+admonisher:problem
+admonishingly:problem
+admonishment:problem
+admonition:problem
+adulterate:problem
+adulterated:problem
+adulteration:problem
+adulterier:problem
+adversarial:problem
+adversary:problem
+adverse:problem
+adversity:problem
+afflict:problem
+affliction:problem
+afflictive:problem
+affront:problem
+afraid:problem
+aggravate:problem
+aggravating:problem
+aggravation:problem
+aggression:problem
+aggressive:problem
+aggressiveness:problem
+aggressor:problem
+aggrieve:problem
+aggrieved:problem
+aggrivation:problem
+aghast:problem
+agonies:problem
+agonize:problem
+agonizing:problem
+agonizingly:problem
+agony:problem
+aground:problem
+ail:problem
+ailing:problem
+ailment:problem
+aimless:problem
+alarm:problem
+alarmed:problem
+alarming:problem
+alarmingly:problem
+alienate:problem
+alienated:problem
+alienation:problem
+allegation:problem
+allegations:problem
+allege:problem
+allergic:problem
+allergies:problem
+allergy:problem
+aloof:problem
+altercation:problem
+ambiguity:problem
+ambiguous:problem
+ambivalence:problem
+ambivalent:problem
+ambush:problem
+amiss:problem
+amputate:problem
+anarchism:problem
+anarchist:problem
+anarchistic:problem
+kokai publication no. 2000-331699 is not provided with a leaking liquid sensor:problem
+anarchy:problem
+anemic:problem
+are not compatible:problem
+an aqueous solution of methanol or water leaks from the dmfc unit:problem
+many commercially available flow-rate sensors are generally considered to be incompatible with existing liquid-cooling systems suitable for computer systems:problem
+leakage may occur during mating and demating:problem
+a maximum number of passengers is thus attained for such a configuration of 550 passengers (with five doors):problem
+it is however not ruled out to provide a stairway or an elevator in the aircraft:problem
+many of these requirements are imposed by law or regulation:problem
+such doors are known in the aircraft industry:problem
+that space is lost with the curved ramps proposed by ep2460727:problem
+the additional equipment required for multiple use needs to be stowed away in a space-saving way in the aircraft during the time it is not required:problem
+the first and second supply areas may coincide or may partly overlap:problem
+the ud-ccrc is one example of a crc:problem
+therefore a flexibility of the light projection is considerably increased:problem
+thus the possible scope of use of the module is significantly enhanced:problem
+some of the sealed perforations may pop so that a hole exists in the continuous sheet of polymer:Problem
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/App/assets/trainingsPositive b/App/assets/trainingsPositive
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..240043563add27d01fc0d6bdcdd6e642786e9c8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/assets/trainingsPositive
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+ameliorate:partialSolution
+detect:partialSolution
+enhance:partialSolution
+ameliorate:partialSolution
+detect:partialSolution
+enhance:partialSolution
+unit 102 comprises two beds and an upper stowage compartment:partialSolution
+provides:partialSolution
+are within the scope:partialSolution
+facilitate:partialSolution
+improve:partialSolution
+maintain:partialSolution
+measure:partialSolution
+preserve:partialSolution
+save:partialSolution
+stabilize:partialSolution
+including:partialSolution
+includes:partialSolution
+included:partialSolution
+better:partialSolution
+allow:partialSolution
+detect:partialSolution
+amelioration:partialSolution
+ensure:partialSolution
+ensures:partialSolution
+enhancement:partialSolution
+improvement:partialSolution
+detection:partialSolution
+improvement:partialSolution
+maintenance:partialSolution
+at least:partialSolution
+are:partialSolution
+solution:partialSolution
+include:partialSolution
+includes:partialSolution
+small construction:partialSolution
+low power consumption:partialSolution
+advantageously:partialSolution
+is adapted:partialSolution
+provided:partialSolution
+can be:partialSolution
+beneficiate:partialSolution
+abound:partialSolution
+abounds:partialSolution
+abundance:partialSolution
+abundant:partialSolution
+accessable:partialSolution
+accessible:partialSolution
+acclaim:partialSolution
+acclaimed:partialSolution
+acclamation:partialSolution
+accolade:partialSolution
+accolades:partialSolution
+accommodative:partialSolution
+accomodative:partialSolution
+accomplish:partialSolution
+accomplished:partialSolution
+accomplishment:partialSolution
+accomplishments:partialSolution
+accurate:partialSolution
+accurately:partialSolution
+achievable:partialSolution
+achievement:partialSolution
+achievements:partialSolution
+achievible:partialSolution
+acumen:partialSolution
+adaptable:partialSolution
+adaptive:partialSolution
+adequate:partialSolution
+adjustable:partialSolution
+admirable:partialSolution
+admirably:partialSolution
+admiration:partialSolution
+admire:partialSolution
+admirer:partialSolution
+admiring:partialSolution
+admiringly:partialSolution
+adorable:partialSolution
+adore:partialSolution
+adored:partialSolution
+adorer:partialSolution
+adoring:partialSolution
+adoringly:partialSolution
+adroit:partialSolution
+adroitly:partialSolution
+adulate:partialSolution
+adulation:partialSolution
+adulatory:partialSolution
+advanced:partialSolution
+advantage:partialSolution
+advantageous:partialSolution
+advantageously:partialSolution
+advantages:partialSolution
+adventuresome:partialSolution
+adventurous:partialSolution
+advocate:partialSolution
+advocated:partialSolution
+advocates:partialSolution
+affability:partialSolution
+affable:partialSolution
+affably:partialSolution
+affectation:partialSolution
+affection:partialSolution
+affectionate:partialSolution
+affinity:partialSolution
+affirm:partialSolution
+affirmation:partialSolution
+affirmative:partialSolution
+affluence:partialSolution
+affluent:partialSolution
+afford:partialSolution
+affordable:partialSolution
+affordably:partialSolution
+afordable:partialSolution
+agile:partialSolution
+agilely:partialSolution
+agility:partialSolution
+agreeable:partialSolution
+agreeableness:partialSolution
+agreeably:partialSolution
+all-around:partialSolution
+alluring:partialSolution
+alluringly:partialSolution
+altruistic:partialSolution
+altruistically:partialSolution
+amaze:partialSolution
+amazed:partialSolution
+amazement:partialSolution
+amazes:partialSolution
+amazing:partialSolution
+amazingly:partialSolution
+ambitious:partialSolution
+ambitiously:partialSolution
+ameliorate:partialSolution
+amenable:partialSolution
+amenity:partialSolution
+amiability:partialSolution
+amiabily:partialSolution
+amiable:partialSolution
+amicability:partialSolution
+amicable:partialSolution
+amicably:partialSolution
+amity:partialSolution
+ample:partialSolution
+amply:partialSolution
+amuse:partialSolution
+amusing:partialSolution
+amusingly:partialSolution
+angel:partialSolution
+angelic:partialSolution
+apotheosis:partialSolution
+appeal:partialSolution
+appealing:partialSolution
+applaud:partialSolution
+appreciable:partialSolution
+appreciate:partialSolution
+appreciated:partialSolution
+appreciates:partialSolution
+appreciative:partialSolution
+appreciatively:partialSolution
+appropriately:paritalSolution
+the accumulated grease and particulate matter within reservoir is then appropriately discarded:partialSolution
+such materials are inexpensive and readily processed:partialSolution
+more or fewer sensors per hose line or hose line segment may be deployed if desired:partialSolution
+cable is saved in the supply channel due to the use of the flexible supply module:	partialSolution
+these carts 10 are arranged in three superposed rows of four carts 10: 	partialSolution
+these supply modules are usually arranged above the group of seats beneath the overhead compartment:partialSolution
+the cabin lighting is seated on the light halo:partialSolution
+the continuous adaptable light projection is adapted as a projection of a holographic film:partialSolution
+a corresponding design of a fastening element may make it possible in a simple manner to provide a combined rotational and translational movement:partialSolution
+a crc that is also to be used by passengers should have a height clearance that makes it possible for people to comfortably stand up:partialSolution
+a further possible supply medium is medical oxygen:partialSolution
+a lager variety of surfaces and positions can be offered to the passenger and therefore the comfort and the flexibility of handling of functional units is increased by means of the operator surface:partialSolution
+a motorized mechanism not described in detail here allows movement of platform 30 :partialSolution
+a passenger service unit comprising a lighting device according to claim 1 :partialSolution
+a passenger service unit comprising a lighting device according to one of claims 1 to 8:partialSolution
+a small overall height may result in a weight of only a few kg:partialSolution
+all the seats are disposed in groups 42 of two columns of seats:partialSolution
+control surfaces may also be activated in a variable manner and made available to each individual passenger:partialSolution
+crcs are separate rooms that are only available for use by members of the crew:partialSolution
+each gasper 66 includes a vent opening through which air is controllably emitted:partialSolution
+each of the supply modules 710 is connected to a data bus 720 of the cms:partialSolution
+a supply unit comprises a lighting device:partialSolution
+the operator surface comprises a continuous adaptable illumination pattern:partialSolution
+the suitable body is formed by a passenger's hand:partialSolution
+it may also be used to receive additional seats:partialSolution
+massage is thus not only relaxing but also health promoting:partialSolution
+one or two rows of seats may be supplied:partialSolution
+seats may also be disposed at that location:partialSolution
+second compartment 24 thus is arranged above first compartment 22 but at a distance from the latter:partialSolution
+steps 901 and 904 are optional:partialSolution
+synonyms for certain terms are provided:partialSolution
+the above-mentioned electro-optical devices may be used for modulating the light:partialSolution
+the centre of the room comprises a universal gaming table 3702 :	 partialSolution
+the external system comprises a cms:partialSolution
+the light forming module 60 is adapted to the light source:partialSolution
+the light source of the illumination unit may be a single white led which generates a very intense light with a low power consumption:partialSolution
+the pisa has a small construction and a low power consumption:partialSolution
+the psu pod assembly 77 can also include a panel stiffener 96 :partialSolution
+the psu pods are positioned below the first height and the psu channel is positioned above the first height:partialSolution
+the psu pods are positioned below the system components:partialSolution
+the resulting connection is then rather of a visual nature:partialSolution
+the resulting laser beam is combined with a mems mirror/scanner 4 for a dynamic light modulation and a reflection sensor 23 :partialSolution
+the second zone of the first deck advantageously has a substantially planar floor:partialSolution
+the space adjacent the ramps is not lost space:partialSolution
+the stowage space 76 then advantageously continues over the trolleys or the toilets:partialSolution
+the unit further comprises the front panel 1202 :partialSolution
+these sites 62 may be equipped for securing in place a wheelchair:partialSolution
+unit 102 comprises two beds and an upper stowage compartment:partialSolution
+unit 104 comprises three beds :partialSolution
+whole-body or partial-body massage are offered:partialSolution
+the analysis element is powered by durable long duration battery:partialSolution
+to ml of 2.5 % w/v pva in water in a ml glass vial is added ml of the polymer solution dropwise with stirring:partialSolution
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/App/assets/wordAfterNumber b/App/assets/wordAfterNumber
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9b5a7eb68ae2ace933157bd80306bb3a9a7f6d61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/assets/wordAfterNumber
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+\b[ mm ]\b
+\bmm\b
+\bnm\b
+\bor\b
+\bcm\b
+\]
+\[
+<
+>
+%
+\'
+°
+\brpm\b
+\bdeg\b
+\bdegree\b
+\bdegrees\b
+\bx\b
+\bkPa\b
+\bm\b
+\bpounds\b
+\bseconds\b
+\bsecond\b
+\bcc\b
+\bcc/sec\b
+\bpsi\b
+\bmol/mol\b
+\bm2\b
+\bm/s2\b
+\bm/m\b
+\bhz\b
+\bm\b
+\bcm2\b
+\br/min\b
+\bm/m\b
+\bg/mol\b
+\bkg\b
+\bkg/s\b
+\bm2/s\b
+\bpa\b
+\bkg/m3\b
+\bpa/pa\b
+\bµm\b
+\bk\b
+\bcm\b
+\b°c\b
+\b°f\b
+\b°\b
+\bs\b
+\bm3\b
+\bm3/s\b
+\bg/g\b
+\bar\b
+\bc\b
+\bch2o\b
+\bch3oh\b
+\bch4\b
+\bc2h4o\b
+\bc2h5oh\b
+\bc2h6\b
+\bc3h7oh\b
+\bc3h8\b
+\bc4h10\b
+\bc5h12\b
+\bco\b
+\bco2\b
+\bh\b
+\bh2\b
+\bh2o\b
+\bh2so4\b
+\bhc\b
+\bhe\b
+\b85kr\b
+\bn2\b
+\bnh3\b
+\bnmhc\b
+\bnmhce\b
+\bno\b
+\bno2\b
+\bnox\b
+\bn2o\b
+\bnmog\b
+\bnonmhc\b
+\bnothc\b
+\bo2\b
+\bohc\b
+\bpm\b
+\bs\b
+\bsvoc\b
+\bthc\b
+\bthce\b
+\bzro2\b
+\bpercent\b
+\bpercents\b
+\.
+\bto\b
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/App/assets/wordBeforeNumber b/App/assets/wordBeforeNumber
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b3b435083619ee67fe5d4b066254b76eec691653
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/assets/wordBeforeNumber
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+\bclaim\b
+\bclaims\b
+\[
+\bmm\b
+\bnm\b
+\bto\b
+<
+>
+%
+°
+\ba\b
+\.
+\bkPa\b
+\bof\b
+us
+\bx\b
+\bapproximately\b
+\bthe\b
+\bbeetween\b
+\brpm\b
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/App/assets/wordtagVerb b/App/assets/wordtagVerb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..11c4d6c5fbcad36f339cadf24acf7301b81abd0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/assets/wordtagVerb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+VBZ
+VBG
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/App/bin/ClassifierWithIncr.py b/App/bin/ClassifierWithIncr.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e1a12014d50d420cd4530124e2c9c0bf31b4cc65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/bin/ClassifierWithIncr.py
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+basic_sentiment_analysis
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module contains the code and examples described in 
+http://fjavieralba.com/basic-sentiment-analysis-with-python.html
+
+"""
+
+from pprint import pprint
+import nltk
+import yaml
+import sys
+import os
+import re
+from App.bin.constants import ASSETS
+
+
+class Splitter(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.nltk_splitter = nltk.data.load('tokenizers/punkt/english.pickle')
+        self.nltk_tokenizer = nltk.tokenize.TreebankWordTokenizer()
+
+    def split(self, text):
+        """
+        input format: a paragraph of text
+        output format: a list of lists of words.
+            e.g.: [['this', 'is', 'a', 'sentence'], ['this', 'is', 'another', 'one']]
+        """
+        sentences = self.nltk_splitter.tokenize(text)
+        tokenized_sentences = [self.nltk_tokenizer.tokenize(sent) for sent in sentences]
+        return tokenized_sentences
+
+
+class POSTagger(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        pass
+
+    def pos_tag(self, sentences):
+        """
+        input format: list of lists of words
+            e.g.: [['this', 'is', 'a', 'sentence'], ['this', 'is', 'another', 'one']]
+        output format: list of lists of tagged tokens. Each tagged tokens has a
+        form, a lemma, and a list of tags
+            e.g: [[('this', 'this', ['DT']), ('is', 'be', ['VB']), ('a', 'a', ['DT']), ('sentence', 'sentence', ['NN'])],
+                    [('this', 'this', ['DT']), ('is', 'be', ['VB']), ('another', 'another', ['DT']), ('one', 'one', ['CARD'])]]
+        """
+
+        pos = [nltk.pos_tag(sentence) for sentence in sentences]
+        # adapt format
+        pos = [[(word, word, [postag]) for (word, postag) in sentence] for sentence in pos]
+        return pos
+
+
+class DictionaryTagger(object):
+    def __init__(self, dictionary_paths):
+        files = [open(path, 'r') for path in dictionary_paths]
+        dictionaries = [yaml.safe_load(dict_file) for dict_file in files]
+        map(lambda x: x.close(), files)
+        self.dictionary = {}
+        self.max_key_size = 0
+        for curr_dict in dictionaries:
+            for key in curr_dict:
+                if key in self.dictionary:
+                    self.dictionary[key].extend(curr_dict[key])
+                else:
+                    self.dictionary[key] = curr_dict[key]
+                    self.max_key_size = max(self.max_key_size, len(key))
+
+    def tag(self, postagged_sentences):
+        return [self.tag_sentence(sentence) for sentence in postagged_sentences]
+
+    def tag_sentence(self, sentence, tag_with_lemmas=False):
+        """
+        the result is only one tagging of all the possible ones.
+        The resulting tagging is determined by these two priority rules:
+            - longest matches have higher priority
+            - search is made from left to right
+        """
+        tag_sentence = []
+        N = len(sentence)
+        if self.max_key_size == 0:
+            self.max_key_size = N
+        i = 0
+        while (i < N):
+            j = min(i + self.max_key_size, N)  # avoid overflow
+            tagged = False
+            while (j > i):
+                expression_form = ' '.join([word[0] for word in sentence[i:j]]).lower()
+                expression_lemma = ' '.join([word[1] for word in sentence[i:j]]).lower()
+                if tag_with_lemmas:
+                    literal = expression_lemma
+                else:
+                    literal = expression_form
+                if literal in self.dictionary:
+                    # self.logger.debug("found: %s" % literal)
+                    is_single_token = j - i == 1
+                    original_position = i
+                    i = j
+                    taggings = [tag for tag in self.dictionary[literal]]
+                    tagged_expression = (expression_form, expression_lemma, taggings)
+                    if is_single_token:  # if the tagged literal is a single token, conserve its previous taggings:
+                        original_token_tagging = sentence[original_position][2]
+                        tagged_expression[2].extend(original_token_tagging)
+                    tag_sentence.append(tagged_expression)
+                    tagged = True
+                else:
+                    j = j - 1
+            if not tagged:
+                tag_sentence.append(sentence[i])
+                i += 1
+        return tag_sentence
+
+class ClassifyWithIncr_it(object):
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        print("printing")
+
+
+    def value_of(self,sentiment):
+        if sentiment == 'positive': return 1
+        if sentiment == 'negative': return -1
+        return 0
+
+
+    def sentence_score(self, sentence_tokens, previous_token, acum_score):
+        if not sentence_tokens:
+            return acum_score
+        else:
+            current_token = sentence_tokens[0]
+            tags = current_token[2]
+            token_score = sum([self.value_of(tag) for tag in tags])
+            if previous_token is not None:
+                previous_tags = previous_token[2]
+                if 'inc' in previous_tags:
+                    token_score *= 2.0
+                elif 'dec' in previous_tags:
+                    token_score /= 2.0
+                elif 'inv' in previous_tags:
+                    token_score *= -1.0
+            return self.sentence_score(sentence_tokens[1:], current_token, acum_score + token_score)
+
+
+    def sentiment_score(self,review):
+
+        return sum([self.sentence_score(sentence, None, 0.0) for sentence in review])
+
+
+    def main(self,sentence):
+
+
+        splitter = Splitter()
+        postagger = POSTagger()
+        pos=ASSETS+"dicts/positive.yml"
+        neg= ASSETS+"dicts/negative.yml"
+        inc=ASSETS+"dicts/inc.yml"
+        dec=ASSETS+"dicts/dec.yml"
+        inv=ASSETS+"dicts/inv.yml"
+        dicttagger = DictionaryTagger([pos, neg,
+                                       inc, dec, inv])
+
+        splitted_sentences = splitter.split(sentence)
+
+
+        pos_tagged_sentences = postagger.pos_tag(splitted_sentences)
+
+
+        dict_tagged_sentences = dicttagger.tag(pos_tagged_sentences)
+
+        print("Classification...")
+
+        result = self.sentiment_score(dict_tagged_sentences)
+        print (result)
+        if result < 0:
+            polarity = "problem"
+        elif result > 0:
+            polarity ="partialSolution"
+        else:
+            polarity = "neutre"
+        return polarity
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    text = """this/these can be annoying"""
+    test = ClassifyWithIncr_it()
+    print(test.main(text))
+
+
+
diff --git a/App/bin/ComplexParser.py b/App/bin/ComplexParser.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e5aaed5dc7e4f814f331d6723ee114f27627752c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/bin/ComplexParser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+Created on Mon Nov 28 16:02:26 2016
+
+@author: Achille Souili
+"""
+import re
+import nltk
+
+
+
+class ComplexParser(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, sentence):
+        self.sentence = sentence
+
+    def extract_parameters(self):
+        sentence = self.sentence
+        concept = []
+
+
+        words = nltk.word_tokenize(sentence)
+        sentence = nltk.pos_tag(words)
+        grammar = """CLAUSES: {<DT>?<JJ.*>?<DT><NN><.*>?<VB.*>?<.*>+}
+                              """
+        parameter_parser = nltk.RegexpParser(grammar)
+        tree = parameter_parser.parse(sentence)
+        for subtree in tree.subtrees():
+            if subtree.label() == 'CLAUSES':
+                #print(subtree)
+                parameter_candidate = " ".join(word for word, tag in subtree.leaves())
+                concept.append(parameter_candidate)
+        concept = "d".join(concept)
+        return concept
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+
+    Paragraph = "in which the surface of diffusion (24) is concave."
+    words = nltk.word_tokenize(Paragraph)
+    tagged = nltk.pos_tag(words)
+    print(tagged)
+    get_parameter = ComplexParser(Paragraph)
+    parameters_list = get_parameter.extract_parameters()
+
+    print (parameters_list)
diff --git a/App/bin/CorpusProcessor.py b/App/bin/CorpusProcessor.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5caa204b945c7ca5627d464a66a5f7a13815f34a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/bin/CorpusProcessor.py
@@ -0,0 +1,460 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+
+import json
+import os
+import re
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
+import Levenshtein
+from io import StringIO
+from App.bin import constants
+import hashlib
+from collections import OrderedDict
+from App.bin.InformationExtractor import InformationExtractor
+from App.bin.ParameterExtractor import ParameterExtractor
+from App.bin.TechnologyFinder import TechnologyFinder
+from App.bin.InformationExtractor_Claims import InformationExtractorClaims
+
+class CorpusProcessor(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, patents,input_folder, file_extension):
+        self.patents = patents
+        self.input_folder = input_folder
+        self.file_extension = file_extension
+        print("Processing started")
+
+
+    def make_graphic (self, sizes, text, colors, labels):
+
+        col = [[i / 255. for i in c] for c in colors]
+
+        fig, ax = plt.subplots()
+        ax.axis('equal')
+        width = 0.35
+        kwargs = dict(colors=col, startangle=180)
+        outside, _ = ax.pie(sizes, radius=1, pctdistance=1 - width / 2, labels=labels, **kwargs)
+        plt.setp(outside, width=width, edgecolor='white')
+
+        kwargs = dict(size=20, fontweight='bold', va='center')
+        ax.text(0, 0, text, ha='center', **kwargs)
+
+        plt.show()
+
+    def change_keys(self, dictionnary, number):
+        number = number+'-'
+        if type(dictionnary) is dict:
+            return dict([(number+str(k) , self.change_keys(v, number)) for k, v in dictionnary.items()])
+        else:
+            return dictionnary
+
+    def process_corpus(self):
+
+        count_abstract = 0
+        count_claims = 0
+        count_description = 0
+        count_patent = 0
+        total_sentences_number =0
+        count_concepts_solupart = 0
+        count_concepts_problem = 0
+        patents = self.patents
+        input_folder = self.input_folder
+        file_extension = self.file_extension
+        project_folder = os.path.basename(os.path.normpath(input_folder))
+        graph_folder = constants.GRAPH_FOLDER + project_folder+"/"
+        extracted_concepts = []
+        output_result = []
+        parameters_graph = []
+        reduced_content = []
+        patent_corpus = []
+        source_list = []
+        parameters_list =[]
+        technologies_graph =[]
+
+
+        for patent_file in patents:
+            output_json_claims ={}
+            total_sentences_number_claims =0
+
+            if type(patent_file) is dict:
+                patent_file = json.dumps(patent_file)
+
+            read_patent = StringIO(patent_file)
+            patent = json.load(read_patent)
+            nNumber = patent['number']
+            aAbstract = patent['abstract']
+            cClaims = patent['claims']
+            dDescription = patent['description']
+
+            root_img_url = 'https://worldwide.espacenet.com/espacenetImage.jpg?flavour=firstPageClipping&locale=en_EP&FT=D&'
+            root_pdf_url = 'https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?'
+
+            if nNumber is not None:
+                match = re.search('(^[a-zA-Z]+)(([0-9]+)\s?([a-zA-Z0-9_]+$))', nNumber)
+                # CC for country code
+                CC = match.group(1)
+                # NR for Number
+                NR = match.group(2)
+                NR = re.sub(r'\s', '', NR)
+                # KC for Kind code
+                KC = match.group(4)
+
+                urlImg = root_img_url + '&CC=' + CC + '&NR=' + NR + '&KC=' + KC
+                urlPDF = root_pdf_url + 'CC=' + CC + '&NR=' + NR + '&KC=' + KC + '&FT=D&ND=3&date=' + '&DB=&locale=en_EP#'
+
+
+
+            #Find a more elegant way to do it
+            patent_content = aAbstract + cClaims + dDescription
+            patent_content = patent_content.splitlines()
+            # for line in patent_content:
+            #     line = self.dataCleaner(line)
+            #     reduced_content.append(line)
+
+            for line in patent_content:
+                get_parameters = ParameterExtractor(line)
+                parameters = get_parameters.extract_parameters()
+                if parameters:
+                    parameters_list.extend( parameters)
+            for i in parameters_list:
+                for j in parameters_list:
+                    if i != j and len(i.split()) == 1:
+                        if j.find(i) > -1 and i in parameters_list:
+
+                            parameters_list.remove(i)
+
+            parameters_list=list(set(parameters_list))
+            if len(parameters_list) > 50:
+                for i in parameters_list:
+                    for j in parameters_list:
+                        if i!=j:
+                            comp = Levenshtein.ratio(i, j)
+                            if comp >=.4 and i in parameters_list and j in parameters_list:
+                                if len(i) > len(j):
+                                    # print('{} is near duplicate of {}'.format(i, j))
+                                    parameters_list.remove(i)
+
+                for el in parameters_list:
+                    if len(el.split()) == 1:
+                        parameters_list.remove(el)
+
+            parameters = dict(enumerate(parameters_list, 1))
+
+            parameters = self.change_keys(parameters, nNumber.lower())
+
+
+
+            source = input_folder+"/"+nNumber+file_extension.strip("*")
+
+            parameters_array = OrderedDict({
+                        "concept": {
+                            "source": source,
+                            "valeurs": parameters,
+                            "image": urlImg,
+                            "pdf": urlPDF
+                        }
+
+                    })
+            pParameters= json.dumps(parameters_array, sort_keys=OrderedDict, indent=4, separators=(',', ': '))
+
+            parameters_graph.append(pParameters)
+
+            if dDescription !="" or cClaims!="":
+                count_description +=1
+                extract_concepts = InformationExtractor(dDescription,input_folder, file_extension, nNumber )
+                output_json, total_sentences_number = extract_concepts.get_from_description()
+                extract_concepts_claims = InformationExtractorClaims(cClaims,input_folder, file_extension, nNumber )
+                output_json_claims_result= extract_concepts_claims.main()
+                if output_json_claims_result is not None:
+                    output_json_claims, total_sentences_number_claims = output_json_claims_result
+
+                count_claims += 1
+                if output_json is not None:
+                    if type(output_json) is dict:
+                        output_json = json.dumps(output_json)
+                    extracted_concepts.append(output_json)
+                    total_sentences_number += total_sentences_number
+                if output_json_claims is not None :
+                    if type(output_json_claims) is dict:
+                        output_json_claims = json.dumps(output_json_claims)
+                    extracted_concepts.append(output_json_claims)
+                    total_sentences_number += total_sentences_number_claims
+            elif cClaims !="":
+                count_claims +=1
+                print('Processing claims')
+            else:
+                count_abstract +=1
+                print("processing abstract")
+            count_patent +=1
+
+
+            #print(source)
+            source_list.append(source)
+            patent_corpus.append(reduced_content)
+        patent_corpus = dict(zip(source_list, patent_corpus))
+        '''
+        get_patent_technologies = TechnologyFinder(patent_corpus)
+        technologies = get_patent_technologies.get_technologies()
+
+
+        for source_file, technologies_list in technologies.items():
+
+            technologies_array = OrderedDict({
+                "concept": {
+                    "source": source_file,
+                    "values": technologies_list
+                }
+
+            })
+            tTechnologies = json.dumps(technologies_array, sort_keys=OrderedDict, indent=4, separators=(',', ': '))
+
+            technologies_graph.append(tTechnologies)
+'''
+        print(type(extracted_concepts))
+        header = '{'
+        graph = '"problem_graph": [%s],' % ','.join(extracted_concepts)
+        parameters_output = '"parameters": [%s]' % ','.join(parameters_graph)
+        #technologies_output = '"technologies": [%s]' % ','.join(technologies_graph)
+        footer = '}'
+        #output_result.extend((header, graph, parameters_output,technologies_output, footer ))
+        output_result.extend((header, graph, parameters_output,  footer))
+
+        output_result = "".join(output_result)
+        output_result = re.sub(r'\,{2,}', ',', output_result)
+        output_result = re.sub(r'\}\,\]', '}]', output_result)
+
+
+        # exit()
+        # print(output_result)
+        concepts_json = json.loads(output_result)
+
+        # concepts_json = json.loads(concepts_json)
+
+
+        count_concepts = len(concepts_json['problem_graph'])
+        for item, value in concepts_json.items():
+            #if cle == "type" and value =="partialSolution":
+             #   print ("yes")
+            for element in value:
+                for cle, valeur in element.items():
+                    for k,v in valeur.items():
+                        if k == "type" and v =="partialSolution":
+                            count_concepts_solupart += 1
+                        elif k == "type" and v =="problem":
+                            count_concepts_problem += 1
+        json_write_to_file = json.dumps(concepts_json, sort_keys=False, indent=4, separators=(',', ': '))
+        #print(concepts_json.keys())
+
+        # original code
+        with open(graph_folder+"graph.json", 'w') as json_graph:
+
+        # with open(graph_folder + 'graph.json', 'w') as json_graph:
+                json_graph.write(json_write_to_file)
+        number_neutre = count_concepts - count_concepts_problem - count_concepts_solupart
+        print("Le corpus contenait %s brevets dont %s abstract, %s revendications et %s descriptions" % (count_patent, count_abstract, count_claims, count_description))
+        print("%s phrases ont été analysée(s)" % (total_sentences_number))
+        print("%s concepts ont été trouvé(s) dont %s problèmes, %s solutions partielles et %s neutres" % (count_concepts, count_concepts_problem, count_concepts_solupart, number_neutre))
+
+        #Display graphics
+        first_color = (46, 204, 113)
+        second_color = (245, 176, 65)
+        #self.make_graphic([count_concepts_problem, count_concepts_solupart], "Ratio",[first_color,second_color],['Problems','Partial Solutions'])
+        return json_write_to_file
+
+    def process_corpus_json(self):
+
+        count_abstract = 0
+        count_claims = 0
+        count_description = 0
+        count_patent = 0
+        total_sentences_number = 0
+        count_concepts_solupart = 0
+        count_concepts_problem = 0
+        patents = self.patents
+        input_folder = self.input_folder
+        file_extension = self.file_extension
+        project_folder = os.path.basename(os.path.normpath(input_folder))
+        graph_folder = constants.GRAPH_FOLDER + project_folder + "/"
+        extracted_concepts = []
+        output_result = []
+        parameters_graph = []
+        reduced_content = []
+        patent_corpus = []
+        source_list = []
+        parameters_list = []
+        technologies_graph = []
+        for patent_file in patents:
+            # print(type(patent_file))
+
+            #if type(patent_file) is dict:
+            patent_file = json.dumps(patent_file)
+
+            read_patent = StringIO(patent_file)
+            patent = json.load(read_patent)
+            # print(type(patent))
+            filename = patent['filename']
+            nNumber = patent['number']
+            aAbstract = patent['abstract']
+            cClaims = patent['claims']
+            dDescription = patent['description']
+
+            # Find a more elegant way to do it
+            patent_content = aAbstract + cClaims + dDescription
+            patent_content = patent_content.splitlines()
+            # for line in patent_content:
+            #     line = self.dataCleaner(line)
+            #     reduced_content.append(line)
+
+            for line in patent_content:
+                get_parameters = ParameterExtractor(line)
+                parameters = get_parameters.extract_parameters()
+                if parameters:
+                    parameters_list.extend(parameters)
+            for i in parameters_list:
+                for j in parameters_list:
+                    if i != j and len(i.split()) == 1:
+                        if j.find(i) > -1 and i in parameters_list:
+
+                            parameters_list.remove(i)
+
+            parameters_list = list(set(parameters_list))
+
+            if len(parameters_list) > 50:
+                for i in parameters_list:
+                    for j in parameters_list:
+                        if i!=j:
+                            comp = Levenshtein.ratio(i, j)
+                            if comp >=.4 and i in parameters_list and j in parameters_list:
+                                if len(i) > len(j):
+                                    # print('{} is near duplicate of {}'.format(i, j))
+                                    parameters_list.remove(i)
+
+                for el in parameters_list:
+                    if len(el.split()) == 1:
+                        parameters_list.remove(el)
+
+
+
+
+
+            print('{} {}'.format('Taille: ', len(parameters_list)))
+
+
+            parameters = dict(enumerate(parameters_list, 1))
+
+            parameters = self.change_keys(parameters, nNumber.lower())
+
+            source = input_folder + "/" + nNumber + file_extension.strip("*")
+
+            parameters_array = OrderedDict({
+                "concept": {
+                    "source": source,
+                    "valeurs": parameters
+                }
+
+            })
+            pParameters = json.dumps(parameters_array, sort_keys=OrderedDict, indent=4, separators=(',', ': '))
+
+            parameters_graph.append(pParameters)
+
+            #if dDescription != "" and cClaims!="":
+            if dDescription != "":
+                count_description += 1
+                extract_concepts = InformationExtractor(dDescription, input_folder, file_extension, filename)
+                output_json, total_sentences_number_d = extract_concepts.get_from_description()
+                if output_json != "":
+                    extracted_concepts.append(output_json)
+                total_sentences_number += total_sentences_number_d
+                #count_claims += 1
+                #extract_concepts = InformationExtractor(cClaims, input_folder, file_extension, nNumber)
+                #output_json, total_sentences_number_c = extract_concepts.get_from_claims()
+                #if output_json != "":
+                    #extracted_concepts.append(output_json)
+                #total_sentences_number_c += total_sentences_number_c
+                #total_sentences_number = total_sentences_number_c+total_sentences_number_d
+
+            elif cClaims != "":
+                count_claims += 1
+                extract_concepts = InformationExtractor(cClaims, input_folder, file_extension, nNumber)
+                output_json, total_sentences_number = extract_concepts.get_from_claims()
+                if output_json != "":
+                    extracted_concepts.append(output_json)
+                total_sentences_number += total_sentences_number
+            elif dDescription != "":
+                count_description += 1
+                extract_concepts = InformationExtractor(dDescription, input_folder, file_extension, nNumber)
+                output_json, total_sentences_number = extract_concepts.get_from_description()
+                if output_json != "":
+                    extracted_concepts.append(output_json)
+                total_sentences_number += total_sentences_number
+                count_claims += 1
+
+            else:
+                count_abstract += 1
+                print("processing abstract")
+            count_patent += 1
+
+            # print(source)
+        #     source_list.append(source)
+        #     patent_corpus.append(reduced_content)
+        # patent_corpus = dict(zip(source_list, patent_corpus))
+        '''
+        get_patent_technologies = TechnologyFinder(patent_corpus)
+        technologies = get_patent_technologies.get_technologies()
+
+
+        for source_file, technologies_list in technologies.items():
+
+            technologies_array = OrderedDict({
+                "concept": {
+                    "source": source_file,
+                    "values": technologies_list
+                }
+
+            })
+            tTechnologies = json.dumps(technologies_array, sort_keys=OrderedDict, indent=4, separators=(',', ': '))
+
+            technologies_graph.append(tTechnologies)
+'''
+
+        header = '{'
+        graph = '"problem_graph": [%s],' % ','.join(extracted_concepts)
+        parameters_output = '"parameters": [%s]' % ','.join(parameters_graph)
+        # technologies_output = '"technologies": [%s]' % ','.join(technologies_graph)
+        footer = '}'
+        # output_result.extend((header, graph, parameters_output,technologies_output, footer ))
+        output_result.extend((header, graph, parameters_output, footer))
+
+        output_result = "".join(output_result)
+        output_result = re.sub(r'\,{2,}', ',', output_result)
+        output_result = re.sub(r'\}\,\]', '}]', output_result)
+        concepts_json = json.loads(output_result)
+
+        count_concepts = len(concepts_json['problem_graph'])
+        for item, value in concepts_json.items():
+            # if cle == "type" and value =="partialSolution":
+            #   print ("yes")
+            for element in value:
+                for cle, valeur in element.items():
+                    for k, v in valeur.items():
+                        if k == "type" and v == "partialSolution":
+                            count_concepts_solupart += 1
+                        elif k == "type" and v == "problem":
+                            count_concepts_problem += 1
+        json_write_to_file = json.dumps(concepts_json, sort_keys=False, indent=4, separators=(',', ': '))
+        # print(concepts_json.keys())
+        with open(graph_folder + "graph.json", 'w') as json_graph:
+            json_graph.write(json_write_to_file)
+
+        print("Le corpus contenait %s brevets dont %s abstract, %s revendications et %s descriptions" % (
+        count_patent, count_abstract, count_claims, count_description))
+        print("%s phrases ont été analysée(s)" % (total_sentences_number))
+        print("%s concepts ont été trouvé(s) dont %s problèmes et %s solutions partielles" % (
+        count_concepts, count_concepts_problem, count_concepts_solupart))
+
+        # Display graphics
+        first_color = (46, 204, 113)
+        second_color = (245, 176, 65)
+        # self.make_graphic([count_concepts_problem, count_concepts_solupart], "Ratio",[first_color,second_color],['Problems','Partial Solutions'])
+        return json_write_to_file
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/App/bin/FiguresCleaner.py b/App/bin/FiguresCleaner.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6c17d9007a748d4f16862eea91ea2265bf280c19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/bin/FiguresCleaner.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+import re
+import nltk
+import json
+
+from App.bin import constants
+
+
+class FiguresCleaner(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, sections):
+        self.sections = sections
+
+    def clean_figures(self):
+        sections = self.sections
+        clean_content = []
+        with open(constants.ASSETS + "wordAfterNumber", 'r') as l:
+            after_words = l.read().splitlines()
+            after_words_patterns = re.compile('|'.join(after_words))
+        with open(constants.ASSETS + "wordBeforeNumber", 'r') as l:
+            before_words = l.read().splitlines()
+            before_words_patterns = re.compile('|'.join(before_words))
+
+        #sections = sections.splitlines()
+        words = nltk.word_tokenize(sections)
+        tagged_words = nltk.pos_tag(words)
+        for i in range(len(tagged_words)):
+            if i < len(tagged_words) - 1:
+                next_word = tagged_words[i + 1][0]
+                current_word = tagged_words[i][0]
+                previous_word = tagged_words[i - 1][0]
+                currentWordTag = tagged_words[i][1]
+                if currentWordTag == 'CD' and not re.match(after_words_patterns,
+                                                           next_word) is not None and not re.match(
+                    before_words_patterns, previous_word) is not None:
+                    if re.search(r'\d', current_word) is not None:
+                        continue
+                else:
+                    clean_content.append(current_word + " ")
+            else:
+                clean_content.append("\n")
+
+        return clean_content
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/App/bin/FindTechnologies.py b/App/bin/FindTechnologies.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..90859a1bc4a119f6d901b7a2bb9c137a89ffd5ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/bin/FindTechnologies.py
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python3
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*
+import sys
+import os
+import math
+import xlsxwriter
+from textblob import TextBlob as tb
+
+class FindTechnologies(object):
+
+    def __init__(self):
+
+        print("Starting")
+
+    def tf(word, blob):
+        return (float)(blob.noun_phrases.count(word)) / (float)(len(blob.noun_phrases))
+
+
+    def n_containing(word, bloblist):
+        return sum(1 for blob in bloblist if word in blob.noun_phrases)
+
+
+    def idf(word, bloblist):
+        return math.log(len(bloblist) / (float)(1 + n_containing(word, bloblist)))
+
+
+    def tfidf(word, blob, bloblist):
+        return tf(word, blob) * idf(word, bloblist)
+
+
+    # Create an excel file for validation purpose
+
+    def get_technologies(self):
+        folder_path = "C:/Users/asouili01/Documents/PatSemBeta-v3/Data/input/Gaggenau/"
+        stopwords = open('C:/Users/asouili01/Documents/PIXSEB/Ressources/stopwords.txt', 'r').read().split('\r\n')
+        bloblist = []
+
+        filenamelist = []
+
+        for path, dirs, files in os.walk(folder_path):
+            for filename in files:
+                print(filename)
+                filenamelist.append(filename)
+                name, extension = filename.split('.')
+                filepath = folder_path + "/" + filename
+                filehandler = open(filepath, "r",encoding="utf-8")
+
+                content = filehandler.read()
+                filteredtext = [t for t in content if t.lower() not in stopwords]
+                filteredcontent = ''.join(filteredtext)
+                blob = 'blob_' + name.lower()
+                print (blob)
+                blob = tb(filteredcontent.lower())
+                bloblist.append(blob)
+
+                print(bloblist)
+
+        for i, blob in enumerate(bloblist):
+            print("Top words in document {}".format(i + 1))
+            scores = {word: tfidf(word, blob, bloblist) for word in blob.noun_phrases}
+            sorted_words = sorted(scores.items(), key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)
+            for word, score in sorted_words[:5]:
+                print("\tWord: {}, TF-IDF: {}".format(word, round(score, 10)))
+
diff --git a/App/bin/InformationExtractor.py b/App/bin/InformationExtractor.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..287dc7a434e53d5c21ada48c22e4282066ed2f56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/bin/InformationExtractor.py
@@ -0,0 +1,588 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+#java -mx4g -cp "*" edu.stanford.nlp.pipeline.StanfordCoreNLPServer --port 8080
+import nltk
+nltk.download('all')
+import os
+import re
+import json
+import hashlib
+import Levenshtein
+import uuid
+from App.bin import constants
+from collections import OrderedDict
+from nltk import word_tokenize
+
+from App.bin.SharpClassifier import SharpClassifier
+from App.bin.ClassifierWithIncr import ClassifyWithIncr_it
+from App.bin.SentenceClassifier import SentenceClassifier
+from App.bin.ParameterExtractor import ParameterExtractor
+
+class InformationExtractor(object):
+
+    patent_abbreviations = open(constants.ASSETS + "abbreviation_sentence_splitter").read().split()
+    sentence_finder = nltk.data.load('tokenizers/punkt/english.pickle')
+    sentence_finder._params.abbrev_types.update(patent_abbreviations)
+
+    def __init__(self, section, input_folder,file_extension, file_name):
+        self.section = section
+        self.input_folder = input_folder
+        self.file_extension = file_extension
+        self.file_name = file_name
+
+        print("Extracting problem graph")
+
+    #@staticmethod
+
+
+    def discardLines(self, line,lexic):
+        with open (constants.ASSETS+ lexic) as m:
+            exclusion_list = m.read().splitlines()
+            if any(word in line for word in exclusion_list):
+                pass
+            else:
+                return line
+
+
+    def selectLines(self, line, lexic):
+        with open(constants.ASSETS + lexic) as n:
+            inclusion_list = n.read().splitlines()
+            if any(word in line for word in inclusion_list):
+                return line
+
+    def last_cleansing(self, concept):
+        concept = str(concept)
+        concept = concept.lower()
+        if concept.endswith("."):
+            concept = concept.strip(".")
+        concept = re.sub(r'^consequently ','', concept)
+        concept = re.sub(r'^such ', '', concept)
+        concept = re.sub(r'^said ', '', concept)
+        concept = re.sub(r'^\s+', '', concept)
+        concept = re.sub(r'^it is worth noting that ', '', concept)
+        concept = re.sub(r'^example of ', '', concept)
+        concept = re.sub(r'^since ', '', concept)
+        concept = re.sub(r'^\( |\)$ ', '', concept)
+        return concept
+
+    # def get_from_claims(self):
+    #
+    #     section = self.section
+    #     content = []
+    #     sentence_finder = InformationExtractor.sentence_finder
+    #     sentences = sentence_finder.tokenize(section.strip())
+    #     with open(constants.ASSETS + "getFromClaims") as concept:
+    #         # next(concept)
+    #         included_words = concept.read().splitlines()
+    #         include_link_pattern = re.compile('|'.join(included_words))
+
+
+    def get_from_description(self):
+        previous_polarity = ''
+        noise_trash =[]
+
+        content = []
+        include_links = []
+        output_content = []
+        ex_output_content = []
+        output_result=[]
+        output_linked_content = []
+        output_inter_content = []
+        uniq_output_linked_content =[]
+        ex_output_content_linked =[]
+        section = self.section
+        input_folder = self.input_folder
+        file_name = self.file_name
+        file_extension = self.file_extension
+        projectFolder = os.path.basename(os.path.normpath(input_folder))
+        output_file_name = input_folder+"/"+file_name+file_extension.strip("*")
+
+        graphItemId = hashlib.md5(file_name.encode())
+        graphItemIdValue = graphItemId.hexdigest()
+        graphItemIdValue = str(uuid.uuid4())
+        t_sline = ""
+        t_sline_ex =[]
+        compt_Id = 30
+        compt_Id_ex = 40
+
+        root_img_url = 'https://worldwide.espacenet.com/espacenetImage.jpg?flavour=firstPageClipping&locale=en_EP&FT=D&'
+        root_pdf_url = 'https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?'
+
+        if file_name is not None:
+            match = re.search('(^[a-zA-Z]+)(([0-9]+)\s?([a-zA-Z0-9_]+$))', file_name)
+            # CC for country code
+            CC = match.group(1)
+            # NR for Number
+            NR = match.group(2)
+            NR = re.sub(r'\s', '', NR)
+            # KC for Kind code
+            KC = match.group(4)
+
+            urlImg = root_img_url + '&CC=' + CC + '&NR=' + NR + '&KC=' + KC
+            urlPDF = root_pdf_url + 'CC=' + CC + '&NR=' + NR + '&KC=' + KC + '&FT=D&ND=3&date=' + '&DB=&locale=en_EP#'
+
+        sentence_finder = InformationExtractor.sentence_finder
+
+        #section = self.dataCleaner(section)
+        #print(section)
+        sentences = sentence_finder.tokenize(section.strip())
+
+
+        with open(constants.ASSETS + "includeLinks") as concept:
+            # next(concept)
+            included_words = concept.read().splitlines()
+            include_link_pattern = re.compile('|'.join(included_words))
+        #open examplification wordfile
+        with open(constants.ASSETS + "examplificationclues") as examplif:
+            # next(concept)
+            exam_words = examplif.read().splitlines()
+            examplif_word_pattern = re.compile('|'.join(exam_words))
+
+        description_sentences_number = len(sentences)
+        number_of_words = 0
+        for sentence in sentences:
+
+            # with open(constants.DATA + 'sentences.txt', 'a', encoding='utf8') as file_handler:
+            #     for item in sentences:
+            #         file_handler.write("{}\n".format(item))
+            number_of_word = len(nltk.word_tokenize(sentence))
+            number_of_words += number_of_word
+
+
+            sentenced = self.discardLines(sentence, "exclusionList")
+
+
+            if sentenced is not None:
+
+
+                content.append(sentenced)
+                #print("origine=> "+sentence)
+        total_sentences_number = len(sentences)
+        # mean_sentence_length = int(round(number_of_words/total_sentences_number))
+        # print(mean_sentence_length)
+
+        for line in content:
+
+            line = self.selectLines(line, "inclusionList")
+
+
+
+            if line is not None:
+
+                if re.match(include_link_pattern, line):
+                    include_links.append(line)
+                    #print(line)
+                if line.count(',') == 0:
+                    output_content.append(line)
+                    # content.remove(line)
+                if line.count(',') > 0:
+                    output_inter_content.append(line)
+                    content.remove(line)
+        for s in content:
+            # print(s, file_name)
+            sentence = self.discardLines(s, "FilterS")
+            if sentence is not None:
+                if s.count(',') <= 2 and re.match(examplif_word_pattern, s.lower()):
+                    s = str(s)
+                    cs = s.lower()
+                    cs = re.sub(examplif_word_pattern, '', cs)
+                    cs = re.sub('which', 'this/these', cs)
+                    cs = re.sub(r'\.$', '', cs)
+                    #print(s)
+                    if cs.count(',') == 1 and cs.count('such as')==0:
+                        ex_output_content_linked.append(cs)
+                    else:
+                        ex_output_content.append(cs)
+                elif s.count(',') == 1:
+                    s = str(s)
+                    s = s.lower()
+                    s = self.selectLines(s, "OneCommaDiscriminator")
+                    if s is not None:
+                    #s = re.sub('which', 'this/these', s)
+                    #print(s)
+                        s = re.sub(r'^thus, ', '', s)
+                        s = re.sub(r'^preferably, ', '', s)
+                        s = re.sub(r'^conventional ', '', s)
+                        s = re.sub(r'^in particular, ', '', s)
+                        s = re.sub(r'^specifically, ', '', s)
+                        s = re.sub(r'^as necessary, ', '', s)
+                        s = re.sub(', which', ',this/these', s)
+                        s = re.sub(r'\.$', '', s)
+
+                        if s.count(',')==1:
+                            ex_output_content_linked.append(s)
+                        else:
+                            ex_output_content.append(s)
+                else:
+                   pass
+
+        print(len(ex_output_content_linked))
+        ex_output_content_linked = list(set(ex_output_content_linked))
+        for line in ex_output_content_linked:
+            line = line.lower()
+            if 'figure' not in line:
+            #if line.count(',') <= 1:
+                t_sline_ex = line.strip().split(',')
+            #print("outpib"+str(t_sline_ex))
+            for concept in t_sline_ex:
+                #print("outpib" + str(concept))
+                words = nltk.word_tokenize(concept)
+                tagged = nltk.pos_tag(words)
+                #print(tagged)
+                parameters_list = []
+                compteur = 0
+                compt_Id_ex += 1
+                tagged = nltk.pos_tag(word_tokenize(concept))
+                tags = [word for word, pos in tagged if pos == 'VBZ' or pos == 'VBP'  or pos ==  'VBG' or pos == 'MD' or pos == 'JJR']
+                if len(tags) < 1:
+                    continue
+                # classifyT = SentenceClassifier(concept)
+                # polarite = classifyT.classifySentence()
+                classifyT = ClassifyWithIncr_it()
+                polarite = classifyT.main(concept)
+                # if polarite == 'neutre':
+                #     classify = SentenceClassifier(concept)
+                #     polarite = classify.classifySentence()
+                    # print(concept)
+
+                get_parameters = ParameterExtractor(concept)
+                parameters = get_parameters.extract_parameters()
+
+                parameters_list.extend( parameters)
+                # parameters_list=", ".join(parameters_list)
+                # parameters_list = parameters_list
+                #print("Index is: ")
+                #print(t_sline_ex.index(concept))
+                #print(concept)
+
+                clean_concept = self.last_cleansing(concept)
+                # if polarite == 'neutre':
+                #     words = word_tokenize(clean_concept)
+                #     hit = ' '.join([word + '/' + pos for word, pos in nltk.pos_tag(words)])
+                #     noise_trash.append(hit)
+
+                validity = self.discardLines(concept, 'referencing_indices')
+                if t_sline_ex.index(concept) == 0 and validity is not None:
+                    previous_polarity = polarite
+                    values = OrderedDict({
+                        "concept": {
+                            "type": polarite,
+                            "enfants": graphItemIdValue + str(compt_Id_ex + 1),
+                            "id": graphItemIdValue + str(compt_Id_ex),
+                            "sentence": clean_concept,
+                            "source": output_file_name,
+                            "parameters":parameters_list,
+                            "image": urlImg,
+                            "pdf": urlPDF
+                        }
+
+                    })
+
+                else:
+                    print("Previous polarity is : " + str(previous_polarity))
+                    if previous_polarity =='partialSolution' or validity is None:
+                        continue
+                    else:
+                        compteur += 1
+                        values = OrderedDict({
+                            "concept": {
+                                "type": polarite,
+                                "parents": graphItemIdValue + str(compt_Id_ex - 1),
+                                "id": graphItemIdValue + str(compt_Id_ex),
+                                "sentence": clean_concept,
+                                "source": output_file_name,
+                                "parameters": parameters_list,
+                                "image": urlImg,
+                                "pdf": urlPDF
+
+                            }
+
+                        })
+
+                json_string_linkes = json.dumps(values, sort_keys=OrderedDict, indent=4, separators=(',', ': '))
+
+                output_result.append(json_string_linkes)
+
+
+
+        #for line in output_content:
+                #print ("include=> "+line)
+        #just examplification sentences
+        #make a function of that
+        ex_output_content = list(set(ex_output_content))
+        for concept in ex_output_content:
+            tagged = nltk.pos_tag(word_tokenize(concept))
+            tags = [word for word, pos in tagged if
+                    pos == 'VBZ' or pos == 'VBP' or pos == 'VBG' or pos == 'MD' or pos == 'JJR']
+            if len(tags) < 1:
+                continue
+            parameters_list = []
+            concept = concept.lower()
+            compt_Id_ex += 1
+            # classify = SentenceClassifier(sline)
+            # polarite = classify.classifySentence()
+            classifyT = ClassifyWithIncr_it()
+            polarite = classifyT.main(concept)
+
+            # if polarite =='neutre':
+            #     classify = SentenceClassifier(concept)
+            #     polarite = classify.classifySentence()
+                # print(sline)
+
+            #if polarite == 'partialSolution':
+                #print(sline)
+                #Insert a classifier here
+            get_parameters = ParameterExtractor(concept)
+            parameters = get_parameters.extract_parameters()
+
+            clean_concept = self.last_cleansing(concept)
+            parameters_list.extend(parameters)
+            # if polarite == 'neutre':
+            #     words = word_tokenize(clean_concept)
+            #     hit = ' '.join([word + '/' + pos for word, pos in nltk.pos_tag(words)])
+            #     noise_trash.append(hit)
+            # parameters_list = ", ".join(parameters_list)
+            validity = self.discardLines(concept, 'referencing_indices')
+            if polarite != 'partialSolution' and validity is not None:
+
+                values = OrderedDict({
+                    "concept": {
+                        "type": polarite,
+                        "id": graphItemIdValue + str(compt_Id_ex),
+                        "sentence": clean_concept,
+                        "source": output_file_name,
+                        "parameters": parameters_list,
+                        "image": urlImg,
+                        "pdf": urlPDF
+
+
+                    }
+
+                })
+                json_string = json.dumps(values, sort_keys=OrderedDict, indent=4, separators=(',', ': '))
+                output_result.append(json_string)
+
+
+
+        for line in include_links:
+            #print(line)
+            #Put in lower case to improve matching
+            line = line.lower()
+
+            if re.match(r'however', line) and line.count(',') <= 1:
+                line = str(line)
+                sline = re.sub(r'however|,', '', line)
+                if sline not in output_linked_content:
+                    output_linked_content.append(sline)
+            if re.match(r'however', line) and line.count(',') > 1:
+                sline = re.sub(r'^however,?(\s\w+)\s*, that ', '', line)
+                # sline = re.sub(r'however,.+, that ', '', sline)
+                sline = re.sub(r'^however,?(\s\w+)+\s(above), ', '', sline)
+                sline = re.sub(r'^however,?\s\w+ed(\s\w+)+,\s*', '', sline)
+                sline = re.sub(r'^however,?\sif\s(desired|said)\s*,\s', '', sline)
+                sline = re.sub(r'^however,?\s(it)\s(will be appreciated)\s*,\s(that)+\s*', '', sline)
+                sline = re.sub(r'^however,?\s(as|if|because|when|since)\s*(?!is)', '', sline)
+                sline = re.sub(r'^however,?\s*', '', sline)
+                if sline not in output_linked_content:
+                    output_linked_content.append(sline)
+            if re.match(r'if', line) and line.count(',') <= 1:
+                line = str(line)
+                sline = re.sub(r'^if\s?(and when|not|desired|necessary)\s?,?\s*', '', line)
+                sline = re.sub(r'^if,?\s*', '', sline)
+                sline = re.sub(r'^if ', '', sline)
+                if sline not in output_linked_content:
+                    output_linked_content.append(sline)
+                # print (sline)
+
+            if re.match(r'when', line):
+                line = str(line)
+                line = line.lower()
+                sline = re.sub(r'^when\s*', '', line)
+                sline = re.sub(r'^when,?\s*', '', sline)
+                sline = re.sub(r'^when ', '', sline)
+                if sline not in output_linked_content:
+                    output_linked_content.append(sline)
+            if re.match(r'(^since)|(^\w+\s?,\s?since\s?)', line):
+                sline = re.sub(r'^since', '', line)
+                sline = re.sub(r'^\w+\s?,\s?since\s?', '', sline)
+                if sline not in output_linked_content:
+                    output_linked_content.append(sline)
+
+        for line in output_content:
+            line = line.lower()
+            if re.match(r'if', line):
+                line = str(line)
+                sline = re.sub(r'^if ', '', line)
+                if sline not in output_linked_content:
+                    output_content.append(sline)
+                #output_content.remove(line)
+
+        uniq_output_linked_content = list(set(output_linked_content))
+        for line in uniq_output_linked_content:
+            #print("long sentences = > " + line)
+            # line = str(i)
+            #print(line)
+            line = line.lower()
+            if 'figure' in line:
+                uniq_output_linked_content.remove(line)
+            sline = re.sub(r'^\s+', '', line)
+            sline = re.sub(r'^\d+\.+$', '', sline)
+
+            if sline.count(',') <= 1:
+                t_sline = tuple(sline.strip().split(', '))
+                #print("outpib"+str(t_sline))
+        for concept in t_sline:
+            tagged = nltk.pos_tag(word_tokenize(concept))
+            tags = [word for word, pos in tagged if
+                    pos == 'VBZ' or pos == 'VBP' or pos == 'VBG' or pos == 'MD' or pos == 'JJR']
+            if len(tags) < 1:
+                continue
+            else:
+                parameters_list = []
+                compteur = 0
+                compt_Id += 1
+                # classifyT = SentenceClassifier(concept)
+                # polarite = classifyT.classifySentence()
+                tagged = nltk.pos_tag(word_tokenize(concept))
+                tags = [word for word, pos in tagged if pos.startswith('V') or pos == 'JJR']
+                if len(tags) < 1:
+                    continue
+                classifyT = ClassifyWithIncr_it()
+                polarite = classifyT.main(concept)
+
+
+                # if polarite == 'neutre':
+                #     classify = SentenceClassifier(concept)
+                #     polarite = classify.classifySentence()
+                    # print(concept)
+
+                get_parameters = ParameterExtractor(concept)
+                parameters = get_parameters.extract_parameters()
+
+                parameters_list.extend( parameters)
+                # parameters_list=", ".join(parameters_list)
+                # parameters_list = parameters_list
+
+                clean_concept = self.last_cleansing(concept)
+                validity = self.discardLines(concept, 'referencing_indices')
+                # if polarite == 'neutre':
+                #     words = word_tokenize(clean_concept)
+                #     hit = ' '.join([word + '/' + pos for word, pos in nltk.pos_tag(words)])
+                #     noise_trash.append(hit)
+
+
+                if t_sline.index(concept) == 0 and validity is not None:
+                    previous_polarity = polarite
+                    values = OrderedDict({
+                        "concept": {
+                            "type": polarite,
+                            "enfants": graphItemIdValue + str(compt_Id + 1),
+                            "id": graphItemIdValue + str(compt_Id),
+                            "sentence": clean_concept,
+                            "source": output_file_name,
+                            "parameters":parameters_list,
+                            "image": urlImg,
+                            "pdf": urlPDF
+                        }
+
+                    })
+
+                else:
+                    print("Previous polarity is : " + str(previous_polarity))
+                    if previous_polarity =='partialSolutiond' or validity is None:
+                        continue
+                    else:
+                        compteur += 1
+                        values = OrderedDict({
+                            "concept": {
+                                "type": polarite,
+                                "parents": graphItemIdValue + str(compt_Id - 1),
+                                "id": graphItemIdValue + str(compt_Id),
+                                "sentence": clean_concept,
+                                "source": output_file_name,
+                                "parameters": parameters_list,
+                                "image": urlImg,
+                                "pdf": urlPDF
+
+                            }
+
+                        })
+
+                json_string_linked = json.dumps(values, sort_keys=OrderedDict, indent=4, separators=(',', ': '))
+
+                output_result.append(json_string_linked)
+
+
+        uniq_output_content = list(set(output_content))
+        for s in uniq_output_content:
+            for y in uniq_output_content:
+                if s != y:
+                    result = Levenshtein.ratio(s, y)
+                    if result > .7:
+                        # print(s + " :IS SIMILAR TO: " + y)
+                        if len(s) > len(y):
+                            uniq_output_content.remove(y)
+                        elif len(y) < len(s):
+                            uniq_output_content.remove(s)
+
+
+        for concept in uniq_output_content:
+            tagged = nltk.pos_tag(word_tokenize(concept))
+            tags = [word for word, pos in tagged if
+                    pos == 'VBZ' or pos == 'VBP' or pos == 'VBG' or pos == 'MD' or pos == 'JJR']
+            if len(tags) < 1:
+                continue
+            parameters_list = []
+            concept = concept.lower()
+            compt_Id += 1
+            sline = re.sub(r'^if ', '', concept)
+            sline = re.sub(r'^(if|preferably) ', '', sline)
+            sline = re.sub(r'^\s+?said ', '', sline)
+            # classify = SentenceClassifier(sline)
+            # polarite = classify.classifySentence()
+            classifyT = ClassifyWithIncr_it()
+            polarite = classifyT.main(concept)
+            # if polarite =='neutre':
+            #     classify = SentenceClassifier(sline)
+            #     polarite = classify.classifySentence()
+                # print(sline)
+
+            #if polarite == 'partialSolution':
+                #print(sline)
+                #Insert a classifier here
+            get_parameters = ParameterExtractor(concept)
+            parameters = get_parameters.extract_parameters()
+
+            parameters_list.extend(parameters)
+            # parameters_list = ", ".join(parameters_list)
+            clean_concept = self.last_cleansing(sline)
+            # if polarite == 'neutre':
+            #     words = word_tokenize(clean_concept)
+            #     hit = ' '.join([word + '/' + pos for word, pos in nltk.pos_tag(words)])
+            #     noise_trash.append(hit)
+
+            validity = self.discardLines(concept, 'referencing_indices')
+            if polarite !='partialSolution' and validity is not None:
+
+                values = OrderedDict({
+                    "concept": {
+                        "type": polarite,
+                        "id": graphItemIdValue + str(compt_Id),
+                        "sentence": clean_concept,
+                        "source": output_file_name,
+                        "parameters": parameters_list,
+                        "image": urlImg,
+                        "pdf": urlPDF
+                    }
+
+                })
+                json_string = json.dumps(values, sort_keys=OrderedDict, indent=4, separators=(',', ': '))
+                output_result.append(json_string)
+                output_result = list(set(output_result))
+
+
+
+
+
+        output_json = ",".join(output_result)
+        return output_json, total_sentences_number
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/App/bin/InformationExtractor_Claims.py b/App/bin/InformationExtractor_Claims.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c16cf2f52e1a44d6ec72aa2abd86141550d27d45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/bin/InformationExtractor_Claims.py
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+from App.bin.FiguresCleaner import FiguresCleaner
+from App.bin.ParameterExtractor import ParameterExtractor
+from App.bin import constants
+import nltk
+import re
+import os
+
+import json
+import hashlib
+import Levenshtein
+import uuid
+from collections import OrderedDict
+from App.bin.SharpClassifier import SharpClassifier
+from App.bin.ClassifierWithIncr import ClassifyWithIncr_it
+
+
+class InformationExtractorClaims(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, section, input_folder, file_extension, file_name):
+        self.section = section
+        self.input_folder = input_folder
+        self.file_extension = file_extension
+        self.file_name = file_name
+
+        patent_abbreviations = open(constants.ASSETS + "abbreviation_sentence_splitter").read().split()
+        sentence_finder = nltk.data.load('tokenizers/punkt/english.pickle')
+        sentence_finder._params.abbrev_types.update(patent_abbreviations)
+        self.sentence_finder = sentence_finder
+
+    def clean_data (self, sentence):
+
+        sentence = str(sentence.lower())
+        sentence = re.sub(r'\(\s,?\s?\)', '', sentence)
+        sentence = re.sub(r'\s+,', ',', sentence)
+        sentence = re.sub(r'^\d+', '', sentence)
+        sentence = re.sub(r'\s+', ' ', sentence)
+        if sentence is not None:
+            return sentence
+
+    def truncate_data (self, sentence):
+
+        sentence = str(sentence.lower())
+        sentence = re.sub(r'wherein said\s*', '', sentence)
+        sentence = re.sub(r'characterized in that said\s*|characterised in that said?\s*', '', sentence)
+        sentence = re.sub(r'wherein\s*', '', sentence)
+        sentence = re.sub(r'characterized\s*|characterised\s*', '', sentence)
+        sentence = re.sub(r'characterized in that\s*', '', sentence)
+        sentence = re.sub(r'where\s*', '', sentence)
+        sentence = re.sub(r'where said\s*', '', sentence)
+        sentence = re.sub(r'further comprising', 'the system or method comprises', sentence)
+        sentence = re.sub(r'.*thereof\s*\,?', '', sentence)
+        sentence = re.sub(r'^\s+', '', sentence)
+        sentence = re.sub(r'\s+\.$', '', sentence)
+        if sentence is not None:
+            return sentence
+
+    def selectLines(self, line, lexic):
+        with open(constants.ASSETS + lexic) as n:
+            inclusion_list = n.read().splitlines()
+            claims_words = re.compile('|'.join(inclusion_list))
+            m = re.search(claims_words, line)
+            if m is not None:
+                return m.group(1)
+                # pass
+            # return line
+    def main(self):
+
+        output_result = []
+        compt_Id = 50
+        count_concept = 3
+
+        clean_content_list = []
+        concept_list = []
+
+        output_content = []
+
+        uniq_output_linked_content =[]
+        parameters_list = []
+        total_sentences_number =0
+        section = self.section
+        input_folder = self.input_folder
+        file_name = self.file_name
+        file_extension = self.file_extension
+        projectFolder = os.path.basename(os.path.normpath(input_folder))
+        output_file_name = input_folder+"/"+file_name+file_extension.strip("*")
+
+        root_img_url = 'https://worldwide.espacenet.com/espacenetImage.jpg?flavour=firstPageClipping&locale=en_EP&FT=D&'
+        root_pdf_url = 'https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?'
+
+
+
+        if file_name is not None:
+            match = re.search('(^[a-zA-Z]+)(([0-9]+)\s?([a-zA-Z0-9_]+$))', file_name)
+            # CC for country code
+            CC = match.group(1)
+            #NR for Number
+            NR = match.group(2)
+            NR = re.sub(r'\s', '', NR)
+            #KC for Kind code
+            KC = match.group(4)
+
+            urlImg = root_img_url+'&CC='+CC+'&NR='+NR+'&KC='+KC
+            urlPDF = root_pdf_url+'CC='+CC+'&NR='+NR+'&KC='+KC+'&FT=D&ND=3&date='+'&DB=&locale=en_EP#'
+
+        graphItemId = hashlib.md5(file_name.encode())
+        graphItemIdValue = graphItemId.hexdigest()
+        graphItemIdValue = str(uuid.uuid4())
+
+        sentence_finder = self.sentence_finder
+        sentences = sentence_finder.tokenize(section.strip())
+        for sentence in sentences:
+            # print(sentence)
+            sentence = self.clean_data(sentence)
+            if sentence !='':
+                clean_content_list.append(sentence)
+        for line in clean_content_list:
+            # print(len(line.split()))
+            if not re.match(r'^\s*$', line):
+
+                line = self.selectLines(line, 'claims_indices')
+
+                if line is not None and count_concept > 0:
+                    line = self.truncate_data(line)
+                    line = re.sub(r'in that', '', line)
+                    # print(line, len(line.split()))
+                    concept_list.append(line)
+                    count_concept -= 1
+
+        count_concept = 3
+        if len(concept_list) is not None:
+            total_sentences_number = len(concept_list)
+            for concept in concept_list :
+
+
+                if concept is not None and not re.match(r'^\s,', concept) and len(concept.split())<50:
+                    classifyT = ClassifyWithIncr_it()
+                    polarite = classifyT.main(concept)
+                    get_parameters = ParameterExtractor(concept)
+                    parameters = get_parameters.extract_parameters()
+
+                    parameters_list.extend(parameters)
+
+                    values = OrderedDict({
+                        "concept": {
+                            "type": polarite,
+                            "id": graphItemIdValue + str(compt_Id),
+                            "sentence": concept,
+                            "source": output_file_name,
+                            "parameters": parameters_list,
+                            "image": urlImg,
+                            "pdf": urlPDF
+
+                        }
+
+                    })
+                    json_string = json.dumps(values, sort_keys=OrderedDict, indent=4, separators=(',', ': '))
+                    output_result.append(json_string)
+                    output_result = list(set(output_result))
+
+                output_json = ",".join(output_result)
+
+                return output_json, total_sentences_number
+
+
+
diff --git a/App/bin/InputHandler.py b/App/bin/InputHandler.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..020e17ea4faaa889438ce8aa35e2067aca8aa837
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/bin/InputHandler.py
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+#java -mx4g -cp "*" edu.stanford.nlp.pipeline.StanfordCoreNLPServer --port 8080
+import glob
+import os
+
+
+class InputHandler(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, folder_path, extension):
+        self.folder_path = folder_path
+        self.extension = extension
+
+        print("Handling Corpus...")
+
+
+    def _get_dirs(self, base):
+        return [x for x in glob.iglob(os.path.join(base, '*')) if os.path.isdir(x)]
+
+    def get_base_file(self, base, pattern):
+        lList = []
+        lList.extend(glob.glob(os.path.join(base, pattern)))
+        dirs = self._get_dirs(base)
+        if len(dirs):
+            for d in dirs:
+                lList.extend(self.get_base_file(os.path.join(base, d), pattern))
+        return lList
+
+    def get_input(self):
+        folder_path = self.folder_path
+        extension = self.extension
+        patent_files = self.get_base_file(folder_path, extension)
+        return patent_files
+
+
diff --git a/App/bin/MagicParser.py b/App/bin/MagicParser.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6e01ec91bef86bdaeca4b53f64f5c01547e60013
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/bin/MagicParser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import json
+from App.bin import constants
+
+
+class MagicParser(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, jsonFile):
+
+        self.jsonFile = jsonFile
+
+
+    def get_graph(self):
+
+        jsonFile = self.jsonFile
+        with open(jsonFile) as data_file:
+            data = json.load(data_file)
+        return data
+
+    def magic_parse(self):
+
+        count_problem = 0
+        count_partial_solution = 0
+        count_concepts = 0
+        count_parameters = 0
+        parameters = []
+        graph = self.get_graph(self.json_file)
+
+        for item in graph['problem_graph']:
+            count_concepts +=1
+            for sub_item, value in item.items():
+                if value['type'] =='partialSolution':
+                    count_partial_solution +=1
+                else:
+                    count_problem +=1
+
+        for item in graph['parameters']:
+            for sub_item, value in item.items():
+                for id, parameter in value['valeurs'].items():
+                    parameters.append(parameter)
+                    count_parameters += 1
+
+        uniq_parameters_number = len(list(set(parameters)))
+
+        return  {"concepts_number":count_concepts, "problems_number": count_problem, "partialSol_numbers":count_partial_solution, "parameters_number": count_parameters, "uniq_param_number": uniq_parameters_number}
+
diff --git a/App/bin/PGProcessor.py b/App/bin/PGProcessor.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..10bac3cdbc581e45ca8637fe9b0ee679720c1942
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/bin/PGProcessor.py
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+import json
+import os
+import re
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
+from io import StringIO
+from App4api.bin import constants
+from collections import OrderedDict
+from App4api.bin.InformationExtractor import InformationExtractor
+from App4api.bin.ParameterExtractor import ParameterExtractor
+from App4api.bin.TechnologyFinder import TechnologyFinder
+
+class PGProcessor(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, patents,input_folder, file_extension):
+        self.patents = patents
+        self.input_folder = input_folder
+        self.file_extension = file_extension
+        print("Processing started")
+
+    def process_corpus(self):
+
+        count_abstract = 0
+        count_claims = 0
+        count_description = 0
+        count_patent = 0
+        total_sentences_number =0
+        count_concepts_solupart = 0
+        count_concepts_problem = 0
+        patents = self.patents
+        input_folder = self.input_folder
+        file_extension = self.file_extension
+        project_folder = os.path.basename(os.path.normpath(input_folder))
+        graph_folder = constants.GRAPH_FOLDER + project_folder+"/"
+        extracted_concepts = []
+        output_result = []
+        parameters_graph = []
+        reduced_content = []
+        patent_corpus = []
+        source_list = []
+        parameters_list =[]
+        technologies_graph =[]
+
+
+        for patent_file in patents:
+
+            read_patent = StringIO(patent_file)
+            patent = json.load(read_patent)
+            nNumber = patent['number']
+            aAbstract = patent['abstract']
+            cClaims = patent['claims']
+            dDescription = patent['description']
+            source = patent['source']
+
+            if dDescription !="":
+                count_description +=1
+                extract_concepts = InformationExtractor(dDescription,input_folder, file_extension, nNumber, source )
+                output_json, total_sentences_number = extract_concepts.get_from_description()
+                if output_json !="":
+                    extracted_concepts.append(output_json)
+                total_sentences_number += total_sentences_number
+            elif cClaims !="":
+                count_claims +=1
+                print('Processing claims')
+            else:
+                count_abstract +=1
+                print("processing abstract")
+            count_patent +=1
+
+
+            #print(source)
+            source_list.append(source)
+
+
+        header = '{'
+        graph = '"problem_graph": [%s]' % ','.join(extracted_concepts)
+        footer = '}'
+        output_result.extend((header, graph, footer))
+        output_result = "".join(output_result)
+        concepts_json = json.loads(output_result)
+        count_concepts = len(concepts_json['problem_graph'])
+        for item, value in concepts_json.items():
+            #if cle == "type" and value =="partialSolution":
+             #   print ("yes")
+            for element in value:
+                for cle, valeur in element.items():
+                    for k,v in valeur.items():
+                        if k == "type" and v =="partialSolution":
+                            count_concepts_solupart += 1
+                        elif k == "type" and v =="problem":
+                            count_concepts_problem += 1
+        json_write_to_file = json.dumps(concepts_json, sort_keys=False, indent=4, separators=(',', ': '))
+        #print(concepts_json.keys())
+        with open(graph_folder+"graph.json", 'w') as json_graph:
+            json_graph.write(json_write_to_file)
+
+        print("Le corpus contenait %s brevets dont %s abstract, %s revendications et %s descriptions" % (count_patent, count_abstract, count_claims, count_description))
+        print("%s phrases ont été analysée(s)" % (total_sentences_number))
+        print("%s concepts ont été trouvé(s) dont %s problèmes et %s solutions partielles" % (count_concepts, count_concepts_problem, count_concepts_solupart))
+
+        #Display graphics
+        first_color = (46, 204, 113)
+        second_color = (245, 176, 65)
+        #self.make_graphic([count_concepts_problem, count_concepts_solupart], "Ratio",[first_color,second_color],['Problems','Partial Solutions'])
+        return concepts_json
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/App/bin/ParamProcessor.py b/App/bin/ParamProcessor.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3b674d07e3b15a7b6582f6a22ae28b2853de607b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/bin/ParamProcessor.py
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+import json
+import os
+import re
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
+from io import StringIO
+from App4api.bin import constants
+from collections import OrderedDict
+from App4api.bin.InformationExtractor import InformationExtractor
+from App4api.bin.ParameterExtractor import ParameterExtractor
+from App4api.bin.TechnologyFinder import TechnologyFinder
+
+class ParamProcessor(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, patents,input_folder, file_extension):
+        self.patents = patents
+        self.input_folder = input_folder
+        self.file_extension = file_extension
+        print("Processing started")
+
+    def change_keys(self, dictionnary, number):
+        number = number+'-'
+        if type(dictionnary) is dict:
+            return dict([(number+str(k) , self.change_keys(v, number)) for k, v in dictionnary.items()])
+        else:
+            return dictionnary
+
+    def process_corpus(self):
+
+        count_patent = 0
+        patents = self.patents
+        input_folder = self.input_folder
+        project_folder = os.path.basename(os.path.normpath(input_folder))
+        graph_folder = constants.GRAPH_FOLDER + project_folder+"/"
+        output_result = []
+        parameters_graph = []
+        reduced_content = []
+        patent_corpus = []
+        source_list = []
+        parameters_list =[]
+
+
+        for patent_file in patents:
+
+            read_patent = StringIO(patent_file)
+            patent = json.load(read_patent)
+            nNumber = patent['number']
+            aAbstract = patent['abstract']
+            cClaims = patent['claims']
+            dDescription = patent['description']
+            source = patent['source']
+
+            patent_content = aAbstract + cClaims + dDescription
+            patent_content = patent_content.splitlines()
+
+            for line in patent_content:
+                get_parameters = ParameterExtractor(line)
+                parameters = get_parameters.extract_parameters()
+                if parameters:
+                    parameters_list.extend( parameters)
+
+
+            parameters_list=list(set(parameters_list))
+
+            parameters = dict(enumerate(parameters_list, 1))
+
+            parameters = self.change_keys(parameters, nNumber.lower())
+
+            parameters_array = OrderedDict({
+                        "concept": {
+                            "source": source,
+                            "valeurs": parameters,
+
+                        }
+
+                    })
+            pParameters= json.dumps(parameters_array, sort_keys=OrderedDict, indent=4, separators=(',', ': '))
+            parameters_graph.append(pParameters)
+            count_patent +=1
+            source_list.append(source)
+            patent_corpus.append(reduced_content)
+
+        header = '{'
+        parameters_output = '"parameters": [%s]' % ','.join(parameters_graph)
+        footer = '}'
+        output_result.extend((header, parameters_output,  footer))
+
+        output_result = "".join(output_result)
+        concepts_json = json.loads(output_result)
+
+
+        json_write_to_file = json.dumps(concepts_json, sort_keys=False, indent=4, separators=(',', ': '))
+
+        with open(graph_folder+"parameters-graph.json", 'w') as json_graph:
+            json_graph.write(json_write_to_file)
+
+        return concepts_json
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/App/bin/ParameterExtractor.py b/App/bin/ParameterExtractor.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..70946dd5f8e4d4df02b8f284b7690a63d0a9c1d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/bin/ParameterExtractor.py
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+import re
+import nltk
+import Levenshtein
+from App.bin import constants
+
+class ParameterExtractor(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, sentence):
+        self.sentence = sentence
+
+    def clean_parameter(self, parameter):
+        line = re.sub(r'\s[a-zA-Z]$', r'', parameter)
+        line = line.strip()
+        return line
+
+    def extract_parameters(self):
+        sentence = self.sentence
+        parameters_list = []
+        with open(constants.ASSETS + "parameter_core", 'r') as l:
+            words_list = l.read().splitlines()
+            match_word = re.compile(r'(\b(?:%s)\b)' % '|'.join(words_list))
+
+        with open(constants.ASSETS + "exclude_from_parameters", 'r') as m:
+            not_included_words_list = m.read().splitlines()
+            match_not_included_word = re.compile(r'(\b(?:%s)\b)' % '|'.join(not_included_words_list))
+
+        parameter_indice = re.search(match_word, sentence)
+        if parameter_indice:
+            words = nltk.word_tokenize(sentence)
+            sentence = nltk.pos_tag(words)
+            grammar = """PARAMETER:{<NN>+<IN><DT>?<NN.*>+}
+                                {<NN*>+}
+                        """
+            parameter_parser = nltk.RegexpParser(grammar)
+            tree = parameter_parser.parse(sentence)
+            for subtree in tree.subtrees():
+                if subtree.label() == 'PARAMETER':
+                    parameter_candidate = " ".join(word for word, tag in subtree.leaves())
+                    parameter_candidate_indice = re.search(match_word, parameter_candidate)
+                    not_parameter = re.search(match_not_included_word, parameter_candidate)
+                    if parameter_candidate_indice and not not_parameter :
+                        #parameter_candidate=self.clean_parameter(parameter_candidate)
+                        parameters_list.append(parameter_candidate)
+        parameters_list = list(set(parameters_list))
+
+
+
+        return list(parameters_list)
+
diff --git a/App/bin/PatentHandler.py b/App/bin/PatentHandler.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bd38f70ce45bfa2543bf1151af9edaf38df484cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/bin/PatentHandler.py
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+#java -mx4g -cp "*" edu.stanford.nlp.pipeline.StanfordCoreNLPServer --port 8080
+import glob
+import nltk
+import os
+import re
+import codecs
+import chardet
+import shutil
+import json
+from io import StringIO
+from App.bin import constants
+from App.bin.FiguresCleaner import FiguresCleaner
+
+
+from collections import OrderedDict
+
+class PatentHandler(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, patents):
+        self.patents = patents
+
+    def custom_cleaner(self, line):
+        line = str(line)
+        #line = line.lower()
+        line = re.sub(r'PatentInspiration Url', '', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'(http|ftp|https)://([\w_-]+(?:(?:\.[\w_-]+)+))([\w.,@?^=%&:/~+#-]*[\w@?^=%&/~+#-])?', '', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'{', '(', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'&quot;', '\'', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'}', ')', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'\t.*patentinspiration.*\n', '', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'^|\n{2,}\bAbstract\b\n?', '', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'^|\n{2,}\bClaims\b\n?', '', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'^|\n{2,}\bDescription\b\n?', '', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'fig\.', 'figure', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'Fig\.', 'Figure', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'FIG\.', 'Figure', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'figs\.', 'figures', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'FIGS\.', 'Figures', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'(\w+\.)', r'\1 ', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'&#39;', '\'', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'&gt;', '>', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'&lt;', '<', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'&#176;', ' deg.', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'  ', ' ', line)
+        line = line.strip()
+        return line
+
+    def dataCleaner(self,line):
+        with open(constants.ASSETS + "dropPart") as l:
+            # next(l)
+            drop_part = l.read().splitlines()
+            drop_part_pattern = re.compile('|'.join(drop_part))
+
+        line = str(line)
+        #line = line.lower()
+        line = re.sub(r'^([A-Z-/]+\s)+([A-Z])', r'\n\2', line)
+        line = re.sub(drop_part_pattern, r'\n', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'\s+\.\s?\d+\s+', ' ', line)
+        line = line.strip()
+        return line
+
+    def smooth_data_cleaner(self,line):
+        line = str(line)
+        # line = line.lower()
+        line = re.sub(r'\s+,', ',', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'\d\w-\d\w (and? \d\w-\d\w)?', '', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'\d\w-\d\w', '', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'\(\s?(,\s?|;\s?)+\s?\)', '', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'\s+\.\s\.', '.\n', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'\s+\.\s+([a-z]+)', r' \1', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'\s+(\.)\s+\[\s?\d+\s?]\s+', r'.\n', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'\s?\[\s?\d+\s?]\s+', r'\n', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'\s+(\.)\s+([A-Z]+)', r'.\n\2', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'\s+;\s+', '; ', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'\(\s+\'\s+\)', '', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'\(\s+\)', '', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'\(\s?\.\s?\)', '', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'\(\s/\s?\)', '', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'\s{2,}', ' ', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'(\d+)\s+(\.)\s+(\d+)', r'\1.\3', line)
+        line = line.strip()
+        return line
+
+
+    def get_project_folder(self):
+        patents = self.patents
+        if patents:
+            file = patents[0]
+            project_folder = os.path.basename(os.path.dirname(file))
+            return project_folder
+
+    def convert_to_uf8(self, input_file_name,output_file_name, file_encoding):
+
+        BLOCKSIZE = 1048576
+        with codecs.open(input_file_name, "r", file_encoding) as input_file:
+            with codecs.open(output_file_name, "w", "utf-8") as output_file:
+                while True:
+                    file_contents = input_file.read(BLOCKSIZE)
+                    if not file_contents:
+                        break
+                    output_file.write(file_contents)
+
+    def sectionFinder(self, file_name, start_delimiter, end_delimiter):
+
+        patent_file = open(file_name, encoding='utf-8')
+        section = ""
+        found = False
+
+        for line in patent_file:
+            if found :
+                section += line
+                if line.strip() == end_delimiter:
+                    break
+            else:
+                if line.strip() == start_delimiter:
+                    found = True
+                    # abstract = "Abstract\n"
+        return section
+
+    def pretreat_data(self):
+        clean_patent_data= []
+        patents = self.patents
+
+        project_folder = self.get_project_folder()
+
+        # original code
+        # corpus_folder = constants.CORPUS + project_folder + "/"
+
+        corpus_folder = str(constants.CORPUS)+str(project_folder)+"/"
+        temp_folder = str(constants.TEMP)+str(project_folder)+"/"
+        graph_folder = str(constants.GRAPH_FOLDER)+str(project_folder)+"/"
+
+        folders = [corpus_folder, temp_folder, graph_folder]
+        for folder in folders:
+            if not os.path.exists(folder):
+                os.makedirs(folder)
+            else:
+                shutil.rmtree(folder)
+                os.makedirs(folder)
+
+        for patent in patents:
+
+            patent_name_with_extension = os.path.basename(patent)
+            patent_name, extension= patent_name_with_extension.split('.')
+            corpus_patent_path = corpus_folder + patent_name_with_extension
+            #temp_patent_path = temp_folder + patent_name+'.json'
+
+            patent_binary = open(patent, 'rb').read()
+
+            file_encoding = chardet.detect(patent_binary)
+            file_encoding = file_encoding['encoding']
+            self.convert_to_uf8(patent,corpus_patent_path, file_encoding)
+
+            temp_file = StringIO()
+            #print(temp_patent_path)
+            a_abstract = self.sectionFinder(corpus_patent_path,"Abstract", "Claims")
+            a_abstract= self.custom_cleaner(a_abstract)
+            abstract_cleaner = FiguresCleaner(a_abstract)
+            a_abstract = ''.join(abstract_cleaner.clean_figures())
+            a_abstract = self.smooth_data_cleaner(a_abstract)
+            a_abstract = self.dataCleaner(a_abstract)
+
+            c_claims = self.sectionFinder(corpus_patent_path, "Claims", "")
+            c_claims = self.custom_cleaner(c_claims)
+            claims_cleaner = FiguresCleaner(c_claims)
+            c_claims = ''.join(claims_cleaner.clean_figures())
+            c_claims = self.smooth_data_cleaner(c_claims)
+            c_claims = self.smooth_data_cleaner(c_claims)
+
+            d_description = self.sectionFinder(corpus_patent_path,"Description", "Claims")
+            d_description = self.custom_cleaner(d_description)
+            description_cleaner = FiguresCleaner(d_description)
+            d_description = ''.join(description_cleaner.clean_figures())
+            d_description = self.smooth_data_cleaner(d_description)
+            d_description = self.dataCleaner(d_description)
+
+    #TODO Manipulate data on system memory.
+
+            data = {
+
+                'number': patent_name,
+                'abstract': a_abstract,
+                'claims': c_claims,
+                'description': d_description
+            }
+
+            json.dump(data, temp_file)
+            clean_patent_data.append(temp_file.getvalue())
+        return clean_patent_data
+
+
+    def pretreat_json(self):
+        clean_patent_data= []
+        patents = self.patents
+        temp_file = StringIO()
+
+        for patent in patents:
+            patent = json.dumps(patent)
+
+            read_patent_t = StringIO(patent)
+            patent_section = json.load(read_patent_t)
+            filename = patent_section['filename']
+            number = patent_section['number']
+
+            a_abstract = patent_section['abstract']
+            a_abstract= self.custom_cleaner(a_abstract)
+            abstract_cleaner = FiguresCleaner(a_abstract)
+            a_abstract = ''.join(abstract_cleaner.clean_figures())
+            a_abstract = self.smooth_data_cleaner(a_abstract)
+            a_abstract = self.dataCleaner(a_abstract)
+
+            c_claims = patent_section['claims']
+            c_claims = self.custom_cleaner(c_claims)
+            claims_cleaner = FiguresCleaner(c_claims)
+            c_claims = ''.join(claims_cleaner.clean_figures())
+            c_claims = self.smooth_data_cleaner(c_claims)
+            c_claims = self.smooth_data_cleaner(c_claims)
+
+            d_description = patent_section['description']
+            d_description = self.custom_cleaner(d_description)
+            description_cleaner = FiguresCleaner(d_description)
+            d_description = ''.join(description_cleaner.clean_figures())
+            d_description = self.smooth_data_cleaner(d_description)
+            d_description = self.dataCleaner(d_description)
+
+    #TODO Manipulate data on system memory.
+
+            data = {
+                'filename': filename,
+                'number': number,
+                'abstract': a_abstract,
+                'claims': c_claims,
+                'description': d_description
+            }
+
+
+            clean_patent_data.append(data)
+            #json.dumps(clean_patent_data, temp_file)
+
+        #print(json.dumps(clean_patent_data))
+        return clean_patent_data
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/App/bin/SentenceClassifier.py b/App/bin/SentenceClassifier.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..52c5cc44f63e722d5a45161a4005d7da750dbb8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/bin/SentenceClassifier.py
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+
+import nltk
+from App.bin import constants
+
+class SentenceClassifier(object):
+    def __init__(self, sentence):
+        self.sentence = sentence
+        print("Classification....")
+
+
+    def classifySentence(self):
+
+        sentence = self.sentence
+
+        def bagOfWords(labelled):
+            wordsList = []
+            for (words, sentiment) in labelled:
+                wordsList.extend(words)
+            return wordsList
+
+        def wordFeatures(wordList):
+            wordList = nltk.FreqDist(wordList)
+            wordFeatures = wordList.keys()
+            return wordFeatures
+
+        def extract_Features(doc):
+            docWords = set(doc)
+            feat = {}
+            for word in wordFeatures:
+                feat['contains(%s)' % word] = (word in docWords)
+            return feat
+
+
+        with open(constants.ASSETS+"trainingsNegative") as l:
+            problems = [tuple(map(str, i.strip().split(':'))) for i in l]
+        with open(constants.ASSETS+"trainingsPositive") as f:
+            solutions = [tuple(map(str, i.strip().split(':'))) for i in f]
+
+        labelled = []
+        for (words, polarity) in solutions + problems:
+            words_filtered = [e.lower() for e in nltk.word_tokenize(words) if len(e) >= 3]
+            labelled.append((words_filtered, polarity))
+
+
+
+        wordFeatures = wordFeatures(bagOfWords(labelled))
+
+        training_set = nltk.classify.apply_features(extract_Features, labelled)
+
+        classifier = nltk.NaiveBayesClassifier.train(training_set)
+
+        #print(classifier.show_most_informative_features(32))
+
+
+        #print (sentence)
+        #print("{0} \n Polarity: {1} \n".format(sentence, classifier.classify(extract_Features(sentence.split()))))
+        classes = classifier.classify(extract_Features(sentence.split()))
+        return classes
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/App/bin/SharpClassifier.py b/App/bin/SharpClassifier.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..31ea5d3a530b3e1d26e5691fbb01d8ac1fcc1980
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/bin/SharpClassifier.py
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+from nltk.classify import NaiveBayesClassifier
+from nltk.corpus import subjectivity
+from nltk.sentiment import SentimentAnalyzer
+from nltk.sentiment.util import *
+from nltk.sentiment.vader import SentimentIntensityAnalyzer
+
+class SharpClassifier(object):
+    def __init__(self, sentence):
+        self.sentence = sentence
+        print("Classification....")
+
+    def classify(self):
+        sentence = self.sentence
+        n_instances = 100
+        subj_docs = [(sent, 'subj') for sent in subjectivity.sents(categories='subj')[:n_instances]]
+        obj_docs = [(sent, 'obj') for sent in subjectivity.sents(categories='obj')[:n_instances]]
+        len(subj_docs), len(obj_docs)
+
+        train_subj_docs = subj_docs[:80]
+        test_subj_docs = subj_docs[80:100]
+        train_obj_docs = obj_docs[:80]
+        test_obj_docs = obj_docs[80:100]
+        training_docs = train_subj_docs + train_obj_docs
+        testing_docs = test_subj_docs + test_obj_docs
+
+        sentim_analyzer = SentimentAnalyzer()
+        all_words_neg = sentim_analyzer.all_words([mark_negation(doc) for doc in training_docs])
+
+        unigram_feats = sentim_analyzer.unigram_word_feats(all_words_neg, min_freq=4)
+
+        sentim_analyzer.add_feat_extractor(extract_unigram_feats, unigrams=unigram_feats)
+        training_set = sentim_analyzer.apply_features(training_docs)
+        test_set = sentim_analyzer.apply_features(testing_docs)
+
+        trainer = NaiveBayesClassifier.train
+        classifier = sentim_analyzer.train(trainer, training_set)
+        # for key,value in sorted(sentim_analyzer.evaluate(test_set).items()):
+        #     print('{0}: {1}'.format(key, value))
+
+        sid = SentimentIntensityAnalyzer()
+        ss = sid.polarity_scores(sentence)
+        polarity = ''
+        if ss['neg'] < ss['pos']:
+            polarity = 'partialSolution'
+        elif ss['neg'] > ss['pos']:
+            polarity = 'problem'
+        else:
+            polarity ='neutre'
+        # for k in sorted(ss):
+        #     print('{0}: {1}, '.format(k, ss[k]), end='')
+        return polarity
+
+
+
diff --git a/App/bin/TechnologyFinder.py b/App/bin/TechnologyFinder.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..088696f487da0802897dc116760f434217147812
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/bin/TechnologyFinder.py
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python3
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*
+import sys
+import os
+import math
+import re
+
+from App.bin import constants
+
+from textblob import TextBlob as tb
+
+class TechnologyFinder(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, corpus):
+        self.corpus = corpus
+
+        print("Extracting technologies")
+
+    def last_cleansing(self, tech):
+        tech = str(tech)
+        tech = re.sub(r'\s?\bcomprises\b', '', tech)
+        return tech
+
+    def get_technologies(self):
+
+        corpus = self.corpus
+
+        technologies = []
+        def tf(word, blob):
+            return (float)(blob.noun_phrases.count(word)) / (float)(len(blob.noun_phrases))
+
+        def n_containing(word, bloblist):
+            return sum(1 for blob in bloblist if word in blob.noun_phrases)
+
+        def idf(word, bloblist):
+            return math.log(len(bloblist) / (float)(1 + n_containing(word, bloblist)))
+
+        def tfidf(word, blob, bloblist):
+            return tf(word, blob) * idf(word, bloblist)
+
+        stopwords = open(constants.ASSETS+'stopwords', 'r').read().split('\r\n')
+        bloblist = []
+        filenamelist = []
+
+        for filepath,patent in corpus.items():
+
+            filename = os.path.basename(os.path.normpath(filepath))
+            #name, extension = filename.split('.')
+            filenamelist.append(filepath)
+
+            filteredtext = [t for t in patent if t.lower() not in stopwords]
+            filteredcontent = ''.join(filteredtext)
+            blob = tb(filteredcontent.lower())
+            bloblist.append(blob)
+
+        for i, blob in enumerate(bloblist):
+            filename = []
+            technologies.append(filename)
+            scores = {word: tfidf(word, blob, bloblist) for word in blob.noun_phrases}
+            sorted_words = sorted(scores.items(), key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)
+            for word, score in sorted_words[:6]:
+                word = self.last_cleansing(word)
+                print("techologies found")
+                filename.append(word)
+
+        technologies_list = dict(zip(filenamelist, technologies))
+        return technologies_list
+
diff --git a/App/bin/TextSummarizer.py b/App/bin/TextSummarizer.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f76166e6088ff46870e8ee0188bb650387071c9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/bin/TextSummarizer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+from textblob import TextBlob
+
+sentiment = TextBlob("Therefore, leakage of the fluid from the connection part of the outer cylinders (or connection parts of the inner cylinders) is unlikely to occur in this connector, and especially in the case in which a cryogenic fluid such as liquefied hydrogen or the like is being handled, the reliability of such a connector is high in the case of use in applications in which heat shrinkage may occur in the outer cylinders or inner cylinders").sentiment
+
+print(sentiment)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/App/bin/ZipParser.py b/App/bin/ZipParser.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7ba6c8de31889d1c4c490ffdbfbcd9bc4fea34b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/bin/ZipParser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+import os
+import re
+import json
+import zipfile
+from lxml import etree
+from App.bin.InputHandler import InputHandler
+from App.bin.constants import DATA_INPUT
+from App.bin.FiguresCleaner import FiguresCleaner
+from App.bin import constants
+
+
+class ZipParser(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, folder, extension):
+        self.folder = folder
+        self.extension = extension
+    def custom_cleaner(self, line):
+        line = str(line)
+        #line = line.lower()
+        line = re.sub(r'PatentInspiration Url', '', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'(http|ftp|https)://([\w_-]+(?:(?:\.[\w_-]+)+))([\w.,@?^=%&:/~+#-]*[\w@?^=%&/~+#-])?', '', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'{', '(', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'&quot;', '\'', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'}', ')', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'\t.*patentinspiration.*\n', '', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'^|\n{2,}\bAbstract\b\n?', '', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'^|\n{2,}\bClaims\b\n?', '', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'^|\n{2,}\bDescription\b\n?', '', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'fig\.', 'figure', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'Fig\.', 'Figure', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'FIG\.', 'Figure', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'figs\.', 'figures', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'FIGS\.', 'Figures', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'(\w+\.)', r'\1 ', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'&#39;', '\'', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'&gt;', '>', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'&lt;', '<', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'&#176;', ' deg.', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'  ', ' ', line)
+        line = line.strip()
+        return line
+
+    def dataCleaner(self,line):
+        with open(constants.ASSETS + "dropPart") as l:
+            # next(l)
+            drop_part = l.read().splitlines()
+            drop_part_pattern = re.compile('|'.join(drop_part))
+
+        line = str(line)
+        #line = line.lower()
+        line = re.sub(r'^([A-Z-/]+\s)+([A-Z])', r'\n\2', line)
+        line = re.sub(drop_part_pattern, r'\n', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'\s+\.\s?\d+\s+', ' ', line)
+        line = line.strip()
+        return line
+
+    def smooth_data_cleaner(self,line):
+        line = str(line)
+        # line = line.lower()
+        line = re.sub(r'\s+,', ',', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'\d\w-\d\w (and? \d\w-\d\w)?', '', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'\d\w-\d\w', '', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'\(\s?(,\s?|;\s?)+\s?\)', '', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'\s+\.\s\.', '.\n', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'\s+\.\s+([a-z]+)', r' \1', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'\s+(\.)\s+\[\s?\d+\s?]\s+', r'.\n', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'\s?\[\s?\d+\s?]\s+', r'\n', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'\s+(\.)\s+([A-Z]+)', r'.\n\2', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'\s+;\s+', '; ', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'\(\s+\'\s+\)', '', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'\(\s+\)', '', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'\(\s?\.\s?\)', '', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'\(\s/\s?\)', '', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'\s{2,}', ' ', line)
+        line = re.sub(r'(\d+)\s+(\.)\s+(\d+)', r'\1.\3', line)
+        line = line.strip()
+        return line
+
+    def OpenFiles(self, files):
+        contentList = []
+        filename =""
+        for fichier in files:
+            filename = os.path.basename(fichier)
+
+            if fichier.endswith("xml"):
+                doc = etree.parse(fichier)
+                contentList.append(doc)
+        return filename, contentList
+
+    def openZips(self, files):
+        zipLists = []
+        folderpath = os.path.dirname(files[0])
+        folder = os.path.basename(folderpath)
+        d_folder = folderpath+"/unzipped/"
+        for zips in files:
+            if zipfile.is_zipfile(zips):
+                zip_ref = zipfile.ZipFile(zips, 'r')
+                zip_ref.extractall(d_folder)
+                zip_ref.close()
+                getFiles = InputHandler(d_folder,'*.xml')
+                files = getFiles.get_input()
+        return files
+
+    def GetFiles(self):
+        folder = self.folder
+        getFiles = InputHandler(folder, '*.*')
+        files = getFiles.get_input()
+
+        filename, file_content = self.OpenFiles(self.openZips(files))
+        filename = os.path.splitext(filename)[0]
+        print(filename)
+        count = 0
+        corpus = []
+        for content in file_content:
+            description_list = []
+            abstract_list = []
+            claim_list = []
+            docList = content.xpath("/QOitem/QOanswer/QOaVisu/QOdoclist")
+            for doc in docList:
+                doc = doc.find("./QOdocument")
+                count +=1
+                title_blocks = doc.xpath("./QOfield[@name='ETI']/QOpar[@num='1' and @xml:lang='EN']")
+                for head in title_blocks:
+
+                    title = head.xpath('./QOsen/descendant-or-self::*/text()')
+                    pNumber = head.xpath('./@PUB')
+                    Number = ' '.join(pNumber)
+                    title = ' '.join(title)
+                abstract_block = content.xpath("/QOitem/QOanswer/QOaVisu//QOfield[@name='EAB']/QOpar[@num='1' and @xml:lang='EN']")
+                for abstract in abstract_block:
+                    abstract_content = abstract.xpath('./QOsen/descendant-or-self::*/text()')
+                    abstract_list.append(' '.join(abstract_content))
+                    Abstracts = ' '.join(abstract_list)
+                    a_abstract = self.custom_cleaner(Abstracts)
+                    abstract_cleaner = FiguresCleaner(a_abstract)
+                    Abstract = ' '.join(abstract_cleaner.clean_figures())
+
+
+
+                claims_block = content.xpath("/QOitem/QOanswer/QOaVisu//QOfield[@name='CLMS']/QOpar")
+                for claim in claims_block:
+                    claim_content = claim.xpath('./QOsen/descendant-or-self::*/text()')
+                    claim_list.append(' '.join(claim_content))
+                    Claims = ' '.join(claim_list)
+
+
+                description_block = content.xpath("/QOitem/QOanswer/QOaVisu//QOfield[@name='DESC']/QOpar")
+                for description in description_block:
+                    description_content = description.xpath('./QOsen/descendant-or-self::*/text()')
+                    description_list.append(' '.join(description_content))
+                    Description = ' '.join(description_list)
+
+
+
+            values = {'filename':filename, 'title':title,'number':Number, 'abstract': Abstract, 'claims':Claims, 'description':Description}
+            corpus.append(values)
+
+        #with open(folder+"/demo.json", 'w') as json_data:
+         #   json.dump(corpus, json_data)
+            #print (values)
+        
+        return corpus
+
diff --git a/App/bin/__init__.py b/App/bin/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/App/bin/__pycache__/ClassifierWithIncr.cpython-38.pyc b/App/bin/__pycache__/ClassifierWithIncr.cpython-38.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..43048eda81843136ce91dbdb5aac4ef121c88e44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/bin/__pycache__/ClassifierWithIncr.cpython-38.pyc
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:a630cd6a980eb205cd247e68ade8d8c2d1f04c8501c7de5296bf0c74c388653b
+size 7629
diff --git a/App/bin/__pycache__/CorpusProcessor.cpython-38.pyc b/App/bin/__pycache__/CorpusProcessor.cpython-38.pyc
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/bin/__pycache__/CorpusProcessor.cpython-38.pyc
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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+oid sha256:aa2b58c83fe0181d84814ec75759e54dabb5cf758c38ddee87b2c3d05c3696f1
+size 8898
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new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/bin/__pycache__/FiguresCleaner.cpython-38.pyc
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
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+size 10167
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--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/App/bin/__pycache__/SentenceClassifier.cpython-38.pyc b/App/bin/__pycache__/SentenceClassifier.cpython-38.pyc
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diff --git a/App/bin/constants.py b/App/bin/constants.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7d785f268975732515b0960e779cc6cf3694c052
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/bin/constants.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+import os
+import root_folder
+
+ROOT = root_folder.ROOT+"/"
+APP_FOLDER = ROOT+"/App/"
+ASSETS = APP_FOLDER+"assets/"
+DATA = ROOT+"Data/"
+DATA_INPUT = DATA+"input/"
+TEMP = DATA+"temp/"
+CORPUS = DATA+"corpus/"
+PRE = DATA+"pretreated/"
+DATA_OUTPUT = DATA+"output/"
+GRAPH_FOLDER = DATA+"graphs/"
+POLARITY_DATA = ASSETS+"polaritySets/"
diff --git a/App/exit.txt b/App/exit.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e84d1494a367a7bb1683c08def14a6005b7743c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/exit.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+waveguides/NNS are/VBP well/RB known/VBN in/IN the/DT art/NN of/IN optics/NNS
+
+the/DT detector/NN detects/VBZ a/DT portion/NN of/IN the/DT radiation/NN that/WDT enters/VBZ the/DT waveguide/NN through/IN the/DT surface/NN and/CC exits/VBZ the/DT waveguide/NN through/IN the/DT sidewall/NN 5c/CD
+
+device/NN suppresses/VBZ the/DT detection/NN of/IN specular/JJ reflections/NNS at/IN both/DT detectors/NNS and/CC 11a/CD
+
+device/NN contains/VBZ a/DT spectral/JJ filter/NN between/IN polarizer/NN and/CC detector/NN 10/CD
+
+substantially/RB more/JJR light/JJ reenters/NNS the/DT waveguide/NN and/CC passes/NNS through/IN surface/NN 5c/CD
+
+a/DT portion/NN of/IN the/DT radiation/NN illuminating/VBG the/DT skin/NN penetrates/VBZ the/DT skin/NN and/CC passes/NNS through/IN the/DT epidermis/NN to/TO reach/VB the/DT dermis/NN via/IN passage/NN through/IN the/DT dermis/epidermis/JJ junction/NN (/( de/IN junction/NN )/)
+
+a/DT processor/NN determines/VBZ one/CD or/CC more/JJR characteristics/NNS of/IN the/DT skin/NN based/VBN on/IN the/DT output/NN signals/NNS generated/VBN by/IN the/DT detector/NN
+
+a/DT processor/NN in/IN communication/NN with/IN the/DT detector/NN processes/VBZ the/DT signals/NNS and/CC calculates/VBZ a/DT physical/JJ characteristic/NN of/IN the/DT tissue/NN region/NN
+
+the/DT light/JJ sources/NNS and/CC are/VBP optically/RB coupled/VBN to/TO a/DT waveguide/NN via/IN a/DT top/JJ surface/NN a/DT thereof/NN such/JJ that/IN at/IN least/JJS a/DT portion/NN of/IN the/DT light/NN generated/VBN by/IN each/DT source/NN enters/VBZ the/DT waveguide/NN for/IN transmission/NN to/TO a/DT subject/NN 's/POS skin/NN
+
+waveguides/NNS are/VBP well/RB known/VBN in/IN the/DT art/NN of/IN optics/NNS
+
+where/WRB sources/NNS are/VBP of/IN a/DT type/NN which/WDT emit/NN light/VBD only/RB in/IN the/DT direction/NN of/IN the/DT subject/NN
+
+this/these/JJ selectively/RB connect/VBP the/DT power/NN supply/NN to/TO the/DT sources/NNS in/IN the/DT selected/JJ pattern/NN or/CC sequence/NN
+
+device/NN suppresses/VBZ the/DT detection/NN of/IN specular/JJ reflections/NNS at/IN both/DT detectors/NNS and/CC 11a/CD
+
+it/PRP can/MD allow/VB fabricating/VBG more/JJR compact/JJ applicators/NNS
+
+the/DT detector/NN detects/VBZ a/DT portion/NN of/IN the/DT radiation/NN that/WDT enters/VBZ the/DT waveguide/NN through/IN the/DT surface/NN and/CC exits/VBZ the/DT waveguide/NN through/IN the/DT sidewall/NN 5c/CD
+
+device/NN contains/VBZ a/DT spectral/JJ filter/NN between/IN polarizer/NN and/CC detector/NN 10/CD
+
+substantially/RB more/JJR light/JJ reenters/NNS the/DT waveguide/NN and/CC passes/NNS through/IN surface/NN 5c/CD
+
+a/DT processor/NN determines/VBZ one/CD or/CC more/JJR characteristics/NNS of/IN the/DT skin/NN based/VBN on/IN the/DT output/NN signals/NNS generated/VBN by/IN the/DT detector/NN
+
+light/JJ sources/NNS are/VBP typically/RB substantially/RB monochromatic/JJ so/IN that/IN filtering/NN of/IN the/DT output/NN from/IN the/DT sources/NNS is/VBZ not/RB required/VBN
+
+the/DT control/NN signals/NNS can/MD cause/VB actuation/NN of/IN at/IN least/JJS selected/JJ ones/NNS of/IN the/DT radiation/NN sources/NNS in/IN a/DT selected/VBN sequence/NN
+
+the/DT light/JJ sources/NNS and/CC are/VBP optically/RB coupled/VBN to/TO a/DT waveguide/NN via/IN a/DT top/JJ surface/NN a/DT thereof/NN such/JJ that/IN at/IN least/JJS a/DT portion/NN of/IN the/DT light/NN generated/VBN by/IN each/DT source/NN enters/VBZ the/DT waveguide/NN for/IN transmission/NN to/TO a/DT subject/NN 's/POS skin/NN
+
+a/DT portion/NN of/IN the/DT radiation/NN illuminating/VBG the/DT skin/NN penetrates/VBZ the/DT skin/NN and/CC passes/NNS through/IN the/DT epidermis/NN to/TO reach/VB the/DT dermis/NN via/IN passage/NN through/IN the/DT dermis/epidermis/JJ junction/NN (/( de/IN junction/NN )/)
+
+a/DT processor/NN in/IN communication/NN with/IN the/DT detector/NN processes/VBZ the/DT signals/NNS and/CC calculates/VBZ a/DT physical/JJ characteristic/NN of/IN the/DT tissue/NN region/NN
+
+a/DT computer/NN in/IN communication/NN with/IN the/DT applicator/NN can/MD receive/VB data/NNS from/IN the/DT sensors/NNS and/CC transmit/NN control/NN signals/NNS to/TO the/DT control/NN circuitry/NN based/VBN on/IN analysis/NN of/IN the/DT data/NNS
+
+examples/NNS of/IN wavelength/NN ranges/VBZ useful/JJ for/IN the/DT treatment/NN of/IN specific/JJ diseases/NNS and/CC cosmetic/JJ conditions/NNS
+
+a/DT dermatologist/NN can/MD thus/RB establish/VB a/DT diagnosis/NN with/IN a/DT single/JJ observation/NN
+
+this/these/JJ limits/VBZ the/DT duration/NN of/IN a/DT consultation/NN
+
+an/DT operation/NN forces/VBZ the/DT user/NN to/TO entirely/RB seize/VB the/DT hat/NN of/IN interface/NN with/IN its/PRP$ hand/NN
+
+the/DT diodes/NNS of/IN the/DT module/NN of/IN lighting/VBG light/JJ opening/NN of/IN the/DT hat/NN of/IN interface/NN which/WDT isolates/VBZ the/DT target/NN zone/NN from/IN the/DT external/JJ light/NN
+
+because/IN of/IN presence/NN of/IN a/DT hat/NN which/WDT isolates/VBZ target/NN zone/NN z/NN from/IN the/DT external/JJ light/NN
+
+each/DT target/NN of/IN localization/NN [/NNP c/VBZ ]/NN
+
+because/IN of/IN axial/JJ co-operation/NN of/IN the/DT unit/NN magnets/VBZ 50.60/CD
+
+following/VBG the/DT repetition/NN of/IN operations/NNS of/IN assembly/disassembling/VBG
+
+device/NN of/IN visual/JJ observation/NN with/IN several/JJ polarizing/VBG filters/NNS requires/VBZ to/TO envisage/VB a/DT mechanism/NN to/TO activate/VB in/IN a/DT selective/JJ way/NN each/DT polarizing/NN filter/NN
+
+[/NN fout/NN ]/NNP lighting/NN of/IN the/DT opening/NN of/IN observation/NN by/IN the/DT module/NN of/IN lighting/VBG involves/VBZ a/DT lighting/NN of/IN opening/NN of/IN hat/NN in/IN contact/NN with/IN the/DT target/NN zone/NN
+
+the/DT module/NN of/IN visualization/NN can/MD observe/VB the/DT light/NN turned/VBD over/RP by/IN the/DT target/NN zone/NN of/IN the/DT patient/NN without/IN luminous/JJ deterioration/NN resulting/VBG from/IN the/DT module/NN of/IN lighting/VBG
+
+an/DT introduction/NN is/VBZ fast/JJ and/CC limiting/VBG any/DT risk/NN of/IN damage/NN
+
+any/DT lighting/NN of/IN the/DT opening/NN of/IN observation/NN by/IN the/DT module/NN of/IN lighting/VBG involves/VBZ a/DT lighting/NN of/IN opening/NN of/IN the/DT hat/NN of/IN interface/NN in/IN contact/NN with/IN the/DT target/NN zone/NN
+
+a/DT user/NN can/MD make/VB use/NN of/IN the/DT traditional/JJ calculator/NN of/IN manner/NN by/IN using/VBG a/DT first/JJ hand/NN to/TO seize/VB data/NNS by/IN means/NNS of/IN a/DT keyboard/NN and/CC a/DT second/JJ hand/NN to/TO move/VB a/DT cursor/NN by/IN means/NNS of/IN the/DT module/NN of/IN pointing/VBG whole/JJ while/IN allowing/VBG an/DT orientation/NN and/CC a/DT positioning/NN of/IN the/DT device/NN of/IN visual/JJ observation/NN on/IN a/DT target/NN zone/NN of/IN the/DT patient/NN
+
+hat/RB forms/VBZ an/DT interface/NN between/IN the/DT opening/NN of/IN observation/NN and/CC the/DT target/NN zone/NN of/IN the/DT patient/NN in/IN order/NN to/TO guarantee/VB optimum/JJ conditions/NNS for/IN hygiene/NN
+
+the/DT unit/NN magnets/NNS are/VBP at/IN equal/JJ distance/NN from/to/RB each/DT other/JJ in/IN order/NN to/TO authorize/VB several/JJ angular/JJ positions/NNS of/IN the/DT accessory/NN compared/VBN to/TO the/DT head/NN of/IN the/DT device/NN of/IN observation/NN
+
+the/DT means/NNS of/IN magnetization/NN are/VBP appeared/VBN as/IN a/DT plurality/NN of/IN unit/NN magnets/NNS laid/VBD out/RP with/IN equal/JJ distance/NN from/to/RB each/DT other/JJ
+
+the/DT conditions/NNS of/IN observation/NN and/CC hygiene/NN are/VBP thus/RB optimal/JJ for/IN the/DT user/NN
+
+the/DT dermatologist/NN can/MD then/RB diagnose/VB the/DT state/NN of/IN the/DT dermatological/JJ anomaly/NN starting/VBG from/IN his/PRP$ visual/JJ observation/NN of/IN the/DT gauged/JJ image/NN 82/CD
+
+it/PRP is/VBZ not/RB advantageously/RB necessary/JJ any/DT more/RBR individually/RB to/TO locate/VB each/DT colorimetric/NN zone/NN in/IN the/DT image/NN as/IN in/IN former/JJ art/NN
+
+the/DT colors/NNS of/IN an/DT image/NN can/MD vary/VB because/IN of/IN the/DT variations/NNS of/IN the/DT conditions/NNS of/IN lighting/VBG and/or/JJ adjustment/NN of/IN the/DT camera/NN of/IN acquisition/NN of/IN which/WDT the/DT image/NN is/VBZ resulting/VBG
+
+each/DT rough/JJ image/NN has/VBZ a/DT colorimetric/JJ configuration/NN [/NNP cc/NN ]/NNP which/WDT is/VBZ not/RB gauged/VBN
+
diff --git a/App/run.py b/App/run.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3807a0dc7f0751b22a99fa70ffbf65e1ed493f21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/run.py
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+
+from App.bin import constants
+from App.bin.InputHandler import InputHandler
+from App.bin.PatentHandler import PatentHandler
+from App.bin.CorpusProcessor import CorpusProcessor
+import time
+
+start_time = time.time()
+
+def main():
+    #renseigner nom du dossier de corpus et extension de fichier
+
+    print("Starting process!")
+    while True:
+        try:
+            input_folder = input("Please Enter your input folder name and press 'ENTER': ")
+            # comment next line for production mode
+            #input_folder= "Staubli"
+            if not input_folder:
+                raise ValueError("We didn't understand you.")
+
+            files_extension = input("Please Enter your files extensions(txt,xml or * for all): ")
+            #comment next line for production mode
+
+
+            # original code
+            # files_extension = "txt"
+
+
+            # files_extension = "xml"
+            if not files_extension:
+                raise ValueError("We didn't understand you.")
+        except ValueError as e:
+            print(e)
+            continue
+        else:
+            break
+
+    input_folder = constants.DATA_INPUT + input_folder
+    files_extension = "*." + files_extension
+
+    iInput = InputHandler(input_folder, files_extension)
+    input_data = iInput.get_input()
+
+    pretreat_data = PatentHandler(input_data)
+    clean_patent_data = pretreat_data.pretreat_data()
+
+
+    process_data = CorpusProcessor(clean_patent_data,input_folder, files_extension)
+    processed_data = process_data.process_corpus()
+
+    print("Process is finished within %s seconds" % round(time.time() - start_time,2))
+
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
+
diff --git a/App/run_normal_folder.py b/App/run_normal_folder.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f9ae95de7e4190baf0a99ec55c81e31d7d301cb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/App/run_normal_folder.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# @File  : run_normal_folder.py
+# @Author: nixin
+# @Date  : 2021/11/11
+from App.bin import constants
+from App.bin.InputHandler import InputHandler
+from App.bin.PatentHandler import PatentHandler
+from App.bin.CorpusProcessor import CorpusProcessor
+import time
+
+start_time = time.time()
+
+input_folder = constants.DATA_INPUT + 'US_patents'
+files_extension = "*." + 'txt'
+
+iInput = InputHandler(input_folder, files_extension)
+input_data = iInput.get_input()
+
+pretreat_data = PatentHandler(input_data)
+clean_patent_data = pretreat_data.pretreat_data()
+
+
+process_data = CorpusProcessor(clean_patent_data,input_folder, files_extension)
+processed_data = process_data.process_corpus()
+
+print("Process is finished within %s seconds" % round(time.time() - start_time,2))
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Data/corpus/US_patents/US9533004.txt b/Data/corpus/US_patents/US9533004.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2d07034fd841b0794503c810e644175093a8357e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Data/corpus/US_patents/US9533004.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
+Patent title
+Treatment of dystrophin family related diseases by inhibition of natural antisense transcript to DMD family
+
+Patent number
+US9533004
+
+Domain
+A
+
+Publication date
+20170103
+
+Abstract
+
+The present invention relates to antisense oligonucleotides that modulate the expression of and/or function of Dystrophin family, in particular, by targeting natural antisense polynucleotides of Dystrophin family. The invention also relates to the identification of these antisense oligonucleotides and their use in treating diseases and disorders associated with the expression of DMD family.
+
+
+Claims
+1. A method of upregulating a function of and/or the expression of a Dystrophin family DMD polynucleotide selected from SEQ ID NO: 1 in patient cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro comprising:
+contacting said cells or tissues with at least one antisense oligonucleotide of 15 to 30 nucleotides in length that targets and specifically hybridizes with a 15 to 30 nucleotide complementary region of a natural antisense oligonucleotide of the DMD Dystrophin family polynucleotide selected from SEQ ID NOS: 3-6;
+thereby upregulating a function of and/or the expression of the Dystrophin family polynucleotide in patient cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro.
+
+contacting said cells or tissues with at least one antisense oligonucleotide of 15 to 30 nucleotides in length that targets and specifically hybridizes with a 15 to 30 nucleotide complementary region of a natural antisense oligonucleotide of the DMD Dystrophin family polynucleotide selected from SEQ ID NOS: 3-6;
+thereby upregulating a function of and/or the expression of the Dystrophin family polynucleotide in patient cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro.
+2. The method of claim 1, wherein a function of and/or the expression of the DMD Dystrophin family is increased in vivo or in vitro with respect to a control.
+3. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one antisense oligonucleotide targets a natural antisense sequence of a DMD Dystrophin family polynucleotide selected from SEQ ID NO: 4.
+4. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one antisense oligonucleotide targets a natural antisense transcript antisense to coding and/or non-coding nucleic acid sequences of a DMD Dystrophin family polynucleotide.
+5. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one antisense oligonucleotide targets a natural antisense transcript having overlapping and/or non-overlapping sequences of a DMD Dystrophin family polynucleotide.
+6. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one antisense oligonucleotide comprises one or more modifications selected from: at least one modified sugar moiety, at least one modified intemucleoside linkage, at least one modified nucleotide, and combinations thereof.
+7. The method of claim 6, wherein the one or more modifications comprise at least one modified sugar moiety selected from: a 2′-O-methoxyethyl modified sugar moiety, a 2′-methoxy modified sugar moiety, a 2′ -O-alkyl modified sugar moiety, a bicyclic sugar moiety, and combinations thereof.
+8. The method of claim 6, wherein the one or more modifications comprise at least one modified intemucleoside linkage selected from: a phosphorothioate, alkylphosphonate, phosphorodithioate, alkylphosphonothioate, phosphoramidate, carbamate, carbonate, phosphate triester, acetamidate, carboxymethyl ester, and combinations thereof.
+9. The method of claim 6, wherein the one or more modifications comprise at least one modified nucleotide selected from: a peptide nucleic acid (PNA), a locked nucleic acid (LNA), an arabino-nucleic acid (FANA), an analogue, a derivative, and combinations thereof.
+10. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one oligonucleotide comprises at least one oligonucleotide sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOS: 8 to 17.
+
+Description
+
+
+
+This application is a Divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 13/318,734 filed Nov. 3, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,012,139, which is a National Phase Entry Of PCT/US2010/034026 filed May 7, 2010, which claims priority to US. Provisional Application Nos. 61/176,594 filed on May 8, 2009 and 61/317,350 filed on Mar, 25, 2010, which are all incorporated, herein by reference in their entireties.
+
+
+FIELD OF THE INVENTION
+Embodiments of the invention comprise oligonucleotides modulating expression and/or function of DMD family and associated molecules.
+BACKGROUND
+DNA-RNA and RNA-RNA hybridization are important to many aspects of nucleic acid function including DNA replication, transcription, and translation. Hybridization is also central to a variety of technologies that either detect a particular nucleic acid or alter its expression. Antisense nucleotides, for example, disrupt gene expression by hybridizing to target RNA, thereby interfering with RNA splicing, transcription, translation, and replication. Antisense DNA has the added feature that DNA-RNA hybrids serve as a substrate for digestion by ribonuclease H, an activity that is present in most cell types. Antisense molecules can be delivered into cells, as is the case for oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), or they can be expressed from endogenous genes as RNA molecules. The FDA recently approved an antisense drug, VITRAVENE™ (for treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis), reflecting that antisense has therapeutic utility.
+SUMMARY
+This Summary is provided to present a summary of the invention to briefly indicate the nature and substance of the invention. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims.
+In one embodiment, the invention provides methods for inhibiting the action of a natural antisense transcript by using antisense oligonucleotide(s) targeted to any region of the natural antisense transcript resulting in up-regulation of the corresponding sense gene. It is also contemplated herein that inhibition of the natural antisense transcript can be achieved by siRNA, ribozymes and small molecules, which are considered to be within the scope of the present invention.
+One embodiment provides a method of modulating function and/or expression of an DMD family polynucleotide in patient cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro comprising contacting said cells or tissues with an antisense oligonucleotide 5 to 30 nucleotides in length wherein said oligonucleotide has at least 50% sequence identity to a reverse complement of a polynucleotide comprising 5 to 30 consecutive nucleotides within nucleotides 1 to 378 of SEQ ID NO: 3, 1 to 294 of SEQ ID NO: 4, 1 to 686 of SEQ ID NO: 5, 1 to 480 of SEQ ID NO: 6 and 1 to 501 of SEQ ID NO: 7 (FIG. 3) thereby modulating function and/or expression of the DMD family polynucleotide in patient cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro.
+In another preferred embodiment, an oligonucleotide targets a natural antisense sequence of DMD family polynucleotides, for example, nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 to 7, and any variants, alleles, homologs, mutants, derivatives, fragments and complementary sequences thereto. Examples of antisense oligonucleotides are set forth as SEQ ID NO: 8 to 22 (FIG. 4 and 5).
+Another embodiment provides a method of modulating function and/or expression of an DMD family polynucleotide in patient cells or tissue in vivo or in vitro comprising contacting said cells or tissues with an antisense oligonucleotide 5 to 30 nucleotides in length wherein said oligonucleotide has at least 50% sequence identify to a reverse complement of the an antisense of the DMD family polynucleotide; thereby modulating function and/or expression of the DMD family polynucleotide in patient cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro.
+Another embodiment provides a method of modulating function and/or expression of an DMD family polynucleotide in patient cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro comprising contacting said cells or tissues with an antisense oligonucleotide 5 to 30 nucleotides in length wherein said oligonucleotide has at least 50% sequence identity to an antisense oligonucleotide to an DMD family antisense polynucleotide; thereby modulating function and/or expression of the DMD family polynucleotide in patient cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro.
+In a preferred embodiment, a composition comprises one or more antisense oligonucleotides which bind to sense and/or antisense DMD family polynucleotides.
+In another preferred embodiment, the oligonucleotides comprise one or more modified or substituted nucleotides.
+In another preferred embodiment, the oligonucleotides comprise one or more modified bonds.
+In yet another embodiment, the modified nucleotides comprise modified bases comprising phosphorothioate, methylphosphonate, peptide nucleic acids, 2′-O-methyl, fluoro- or carbon, methylene or other locked nucleic acid (LNA) molecules. Preferably, the modified nucleotides are locked nucleic acid molecules, including α-L-LNA.
+In another preferred embodiment, the oligonucleotides are administered to a patient subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intravenously or intraperitoneally.
+In another preferred embodiment, the oligonucleotides are administered in a pharmaceutical composition. A treatment regimen comprises administering the antisense compounds at least once to patient; however, this treatment can be modified to include multiple doses over a period of time. The treatment can be combined with one or more other types of therapies.
+In another preferred embodiment, the oligonucleotides are encapsulated in a liposome or attached to a carrier molecule (e.g. cholesterol, TAT peptide).
+Other aspects are described infra.
+
+
+
+BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
+FIG. 1:
+FIG. 1A is a graph of real time PCR results showing the fold change+standard deviation in DMD family mRNA after treatment of 518A2 cells with phosphorothioate oligonucleotides introduced using Lipofectamine 2000, as compared to control. Real time PCR results show that the levels of DMD family mRNA in 518A2 cells are significantly increased 48 h after treatment with two of the siRNAs designed to DMD family antisense BG208074. Bars denoted as CUR-0636 to CUR-0654, correspond to samples treated with SEQ ID NOS: 8 to 17 respectively.
+FIG. 1B is a graph of real time PCR results showing the fold change+standard deviation in DMD family mRNA after treatment of 518A2 cells with phosphorothioate oligonucleotides introduced using Lipofectamine 2000, as compared to control. Treatment with siRNAs to other antisense molecules, BF838561, BF768753 and BF950643, did not elevate DMD family mRNA levels. Bars denoted as CUR-0638, CUR0648, CUR0646 and CUR-0652 correspond to samples treated with SEQ ID NO: 9, 14, 13 and 16 respectively.
+FIG. 1C is a graph of real time PCR results showing the fold change+standard deviation in UTRN mRNA after treatment of MCF-7 cells with phosphorothioate oligonucleotides introduced using Lipofectamine 2000, as compared to control. Bars denoted as CUR-1443 to CUR-1447 correspond to sample treated with SEQ ID NOS: 18 to 22 respectively.
+FIG. 2 shows
+SEQ ID NO: 1: Homo sapiens Dystrophin family, transcript variant Dp427m, mRNA (NCBI Accession No.: NM_004006).
+SEQ ID NO: 2: Homo sapiens Utrophin (UTRN), mRNA, (NCBI Accession No.: NM_007124)
+FIG. 3 shows
+SEQ ID NO: 3: Natural DMD family antisense sequence (BF838561)
+SEQ ID NO: 4: Natural DMD family antisense sequence (BG208074)
+SEQ ID NO: 5: Natural DMD family-antisense sequence (BF950643)
+SEQ ID NO: 6: Natural DMD family antisense sequence (BF768753)
+SEQ ID NO: 7: Natural UTRN antisense sequence (ENST00000431309),
+FIG. 4 shows DMD disease oligonucleotides, SEQ ID NOs: 8 to 17, “r” indicates RNA.
+FIG. 5 shows the UTRN antisense oligonucleotides, SEQ ID NOs: 18 to 22. * indicates phosphothioate bond.
+FIG. 6 shows the DMD sense oligonucleotides, SEQ ID NOs: 23 to 32. The sense oligonucleotides SEQ ID NO: 23 to 32 are the reverse complements of the antisense oligonucleotides SEQ ID NO: 8 to 17 respectively. “r” indicates RNA.
+
+
+
+DETAILED DESCRIPTION
+Several aspects of the invention are described below with reference to example applications for illustration. It should be understood that numerous specific details, relationships, and methods are set forth to provide a full understanding of the invention. One having ordinary skill in the relevant art, however, will readily recognize that the invention can be practiced without one or more of the specific details or with other methods. The present invention is not limited by the ordering of acts or events, as some acts may occur in different orders and/or concurrently with other acts or events. Furthermore, not all illustrated acts or events are required to implement a methodology in accordance with the present invention.
+All genes, gene names, and gene products disclosed herein are intended to correspond to homologs from any species for which the compositions and methods disclosed herein are applicable. Thus, the terms include, but are not limited to genes and gene products from humans and mice. It is understood that when a gene or gene product from a particular species is disclosed, this disclosure is intended to be exemplary only, and is not to be interpreted as a limitation unless the context in which it appears steady indicates. Thus, for example, for the genes disclosed herein, which in some embodiments relate to mammalian nucleic acid and amino acid sequences are intended to encompass homologous and/or orthologous genes and gene product from other animals including, but not limited to other mammals, fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds. In preferred embodiments, the genes or nucleic acid sequences are human.
+Definitions
+The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is sot intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “including”, “includes”, “having”, “has”, “with”, or variants thereof are used in either the detailed description and/or the claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising.”
+The term “about” or “approximately” means within an acceptable error range for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which will depend in part on how the value is measured or determined, i.e., the limitations of the measurement system. For example, “about” can mean within 1 or more than 1 standard deviation, per the practice in the art. Alternatively, “about” can mean a range of up to 20%, preferably up to 10%, more preferably up to 5%, and more preferably still up to 1% of a given value. Alternatively, particularly with respect to biological systems or processes, the term can mean within an order of magnitude, preferably within 5-fold, and more preferably within 2-fold, of a value. Where particular values are described in the application and claims, unless otherwise stated the terms “about” meaning within an acceptable error range for the particular value should be assumed.
+As used herein, the term “mRNA” means the presently known mRNA transcript(s) of a targeted gene, and my further transcripts which may be elucidated.
+By “antisense oligonucleotides” or “antisense compound” is meant an RNA or DNA molecule that binds to another RNA or DMA (target RNA, DNA). For example, if it is RNA oligonucleotide it binds to another RNA target by means of RNA-RNA interactions and alters the activity of the target RNA (Eguchi et al., (1991) Ann Rev. Biochem. 60, 631-652). An antisense oligonucleotide can upregulate or downregulate expression and/or function of a particular polynucleotide. The definition is meant to include any foreign RNA or DNA molecule which is useful from a therapeutic, diagnostic, or other viewpoint. Such molecules include, for example, antisense RNA or DNA molecules, interference RNA (RNAi), micro RNA, decoy RNA molecules, siRNA, enzymatic RNA, therapeutic editing RNA and agonist and antagonist RNA, antisense oligomeric compounds, antisense oligonucleotides, external guide sequence (EGS) oligonucleotides, alternate splicers, primers, probes, and other oligomeric compounds that hybridize to at least a portion of the target nucleic acid. As such, these compounds maybe introduced in the form of single-stranded, double-stranded, partially single-stranded, or circular oligomeric compounds.
+In the context of this invention, the term “oligonucleotide” refers to an oligomer or polymer of ribonucleic acid (RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or mimetics thereof. The term “oligonucleotide”, also includes linear or circular oligomers of natural and/or modified monomers or linkages, including deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleosides, substituted and alpha-anomeric forms thereof, peptide nucleic acids (PNA), locked nucleic acids (LNA), phosphorothioate, methylphosphonate, and the like. Oligonucleotides are capable of specifically binding to a target polynucleotide by way of a regular pattern of monomer-to-monomer interactions, such as Watson-Crick type of base pairing, Hoögsteen or reverse Hoögsteen types of base pairing, or the like.
+The oligonucleotide may be “chimeric”, that is, composed of different regions. In the context of this invention “chimeric” compounds are oligonucleotides, which contain two or more chemical regions, for example, DNA region(s). RNA region(s), PNA region(s) etc. Each chemical region is made up of at least one monomer unit, i.e., a nucleotide in the case of an oligonucleotides compound. These oligonucleotides typically comprise at least one region wherein the oligonucleotide is modified in order to exhibit one or more desired properties. The desired properties of the oligonucleotide include, but are not limited, for example, to increased resistance to nuclease degradation, increased cellular uptake, and/or increased binding affinity for the target nucleic acid. Different regions of the oligonucleotide may therefore have different properties. The chimeric oligonucleotides of the present invention can be formed as mixed structures of two or more oligonucleotides, modified oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides and/or oligonucleotide analogs as described above.
+The oligonucleotide can be composed of regions that can be linked in “register”, that is, when the monomers are linked consecutively, as in native DNA, or linked via spacers. The spacers are intended to constitute a covalent “bridge” between the regions and have in preferred cases a length not exceeding about 100 carbon atoms. The spacers may carry different functionalities, for example, having positive or negative charge, carry special nucleic acid binding properties (intercalators, groove binders, toxins, fluorophors etc.), being lipophilic inducing special secondary structures like, for example, alanine containing peptides that induce alpha-helices.
+As used herein “DMD family”, “Dystrophin family” and “dystrophin-related protein family”, “dystrophin gene Family” are inclusive of all family members, mutants, alleles, fragments, species, coding and noncoding sequences, sense and antisense polynucleotide strands, etc.
+As used herein, the words Dystrophin, DMD, BMD, CMD3B, DXSI42, DXS164, DXS206, DXS230, DXS239, DXS268, DXS269, DXS270 and DXS272 are used interchangeably in the present application.
+As used herein, the words Utrophin, UTRN, DMDL, DRP, DRPI, Dystrophin-related protein 1, FLJ23678, are used interchangeably in the present application.
+As used herein, the words “dystrophin related protein 2”, “dystrophin-related protein 2” and DRP2 are used interchangeably in the present application.
+As used herein, the term Dystrobrevin α-dystrobrevin, β-dystrobrevin, DINA and DTNB are used interchangeably in the present application.
+As used herein, the term “oligonucleotide specific for” or “oligonucleotide which targets” refers to an oligonucleotide having a sequence (i) capable of forming a stable complex with a portion of the targeted gene, or (II) capable of forming a stable duplex with a portion of a mRNA transcript of the targeted gene. Stability of the complexes and duplexes can be determined by theoretical calculations and/or in vitro assays. Exemplary assays for determining stability of hybridization complexes and duplexes are described in the Examples below.
+As used herein, the term “target nucleic acid” encompasses DNA, RNA (comprising premRNA and mRNA) transcribed from such DNA, and also cDNA derived from such RNA, coding, noncoding sequences, sense or antisense polynucleotides. The specific hybridization of an oligomeric compound with its target nucleic acid interferes with the normal function of the nucleic acid. This modulation of function of a target nucleic acid by compounds, which specifically hybridize to it, is generally referred to as “antisense”. The function of DNA to be interfered include, for example, replication and transcription. The functions of RNA to be interfered, include all vital functions such as, for example, translocation of the RNA to the site of protein translation, translation of protein from the RNA, splicing of the RNA to yield one or more mRNA species, and catalytic activity which may be engaged in or facilitated by the RNA. The overall effect of such interference with target nucleic acid function is modulation of the expression of an encoded product or oligonucleotides.
+RNA interference “RNAi” is mediated by double stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules that have sequence-specific homology to their “target” nucleic acid sequences (Caplan, N. J., et al. (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:9742-9747). In certain embodiments of the present invention, the mediators are 5-25 nucleotide “small interfering” RNA duplexes (siRNAs). The siRNAs are derived from the processing of dsRNA by an RNase enzyme known as Dicer (Bernstein, E., et al. (2001) Nature 409:363-366). siRNA duplex products are recruited into a multi-protein siRNA complex termed RISC (RNA Induced Silencing Complex). Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, a RISC is then believed to be guided to a target nucleic acid (suitably mRNA), where the siRNA duplex interacts in a sequence-specific way to mediate cleavage in a catalytic fashion (Bernstein, E., et al. (2001) Nature 409:363-366; Boutla, A., et al. (2001) Curr. Biol. 11:1776-1780). Small interfering RNAs that can be used in accordance with the present invention can be synthesized and used according to procedures that are will known in the art and that will be familiar to the ordinarily skilled artisan. Small interfering RNAs for use in the methods of the present invention suitably comprise between about 1 to about 50 nucleotides (nt). In examples of non limiting embodiments siRNAs can comprise about 5 to about 40 nt, about 5 to about 30nt, about 10 to about 30 nt, about 15 to about 25 nt, or about 20-25 nucleotides.
+Selection of appropriate oligonucleotides is facilitated by using computer programs that automatically align nucleic acid sequences and indicate regions of identity or homology. Such programs are used to compare nucleic acid sequences obtained, for example, by searching databases such as GenBank or by sentencing PCR products. Comparison of nucleic acid sequences from a range of species allows the selection of nucleic acid sequences that display an appropriate degree of identity between species. In the case of genes that have not been sequenced, Southern blots are performed to allow a determination of the degree of identity between genes in target species and other species. By performing Southern blots at varying degrees of stringency, as is well known in the art, it is possible to obtain an approximate measure of identity. These procedures allow the selection of oligonucleotides that exhibit a high degree of complementarity to target nucleic acid sequences in a subject to be controlled and a lower degree of complementarity to corresponding nucleic acid sequences in other species. One skilled in the art will realize that there is considerable latitude in selecting appropriate regions of genes for use in the present invention.
+By “enzymatic RNA” is meant an RNA molecule with enzymatic activity (Cech, (1988) J. American. Med. Assoc. 260,3030-3035). Enzymatic nucleic acids (ribozymes) act by first binding to a target RNA. Such binding occurs through the target binding portion of an enzymatic nucleic acid which is held in close proximity to an enzymatic potion of the molecule that acts to cleave the target RNA. Thus, the enzymatic nucleic acid first recognizes and then binds a target RNA through base pairing, and once bound to the correct site, acts enzymatically to cut the target RNA.
+By “decoy RNA” is meant an RNA molecule that mimics the natural binding domain for a ligand. The decoy RNA therefore competes with natural binding target for the binding of a specific ligand. For example, it has been shown that over-expression of HIV trans-activation response (TAR) RNA can act as a “decoy” and efficiently binds HIV tat protein, thereby preventing it from binding to TAR sequences encoded in the HIV RNA (Sullenger et al. (1990) Cell, 63, 601-608). This is meant to be a specific example. Those in the art will recognize that this is but one example, and other embodiments can be readily generated using techniques generally known in the art.
+As used herein, the term “monomers” typically indicates monomers linked by phosphodiester bonds or analogs thereof to form oligonucleotides ranging in size from a few monomeric units, e.g., from about 3-4, to about several hundreds of monomeric units. Analogs of phosphodiester linkages include: phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, methylphosphornates, phosphoroselenoate, phosphoramidate, and the like, as more fully described below.
+The term “nucleotide” covers naturally occurring nucleotides as well as nonnaturally occurring nucleotides. It should be clear to the person skilled in the art that various nucleotides which previously have been considered “non-naturally occurring” have subsequently been found in nature. Thus, “nucleotides” includes not only the known purine and pyrimidine heterocycles-containing molecules, but also heterocyclic analogues and tautomers thereof. Illustrative examples of other types of nucleotides are molecules containing adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, uracil, purine, xanthine, diaminopurine, 8-oxo- N6-methyladenine, 7-deazaxanthine, 7-deazaguanine, N4,N4-ethanocytosin, N6,N6-ethano2,6-diaminopurine, 5-methylcytosine, 5-(C3-C6)-alkynylcytosine, 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, pseudoisocytosine, 2-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-triazolopyridin, isocytosine, isoguanin, inosine and the “non-naturally occurring” nucleotides described in Benner et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,432,272. The term “nucleotide” is intended to cover every and all of these examples as well as analogues and tautomers thereof. Especially interesting nucleotides are those containing adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, and uracil, which are considered as the naturally occurring nucleotides in relation to therapeutic and diagnostic application in humans. Nucleotides include the natural 2′-deoxy and 2′-hydroxyl sugars, e.g., as described in Kornberg and Baker, DNA Replication, 2nd Ed. (Freeman, San Francisco, 1992) as well as their analogs.
+“Analogs” in reference to nucleotides includes synthetic nucleotides having modified base moieties and/or modified sugar moieties (see e.g., described generally by Scheit, Nucleotide Analogs, John Wiley, New York, 1980: Freier & Altmann, (1997) Nucl. Acid Res., 25(22), 4429-4443, Toulmé, J. J., (2001) Nature Biotechnology 19:17-18; Manoharan M., (1999) Biochemica et Biophysica Acta 1489:117-139; Freier S. M., (1997) Nucleic Acid Research, 25:4429-4443, Uhlman, E., (2000) Drug Discovery & Development. 3:203-213, Herdewin P., (2000) Antisense & Nucleic Acid Drug Dev., 10:297-310): 2′-O,3′-C-linked [3.2.0] bicycloarabinonucleosides (see e.g. N. K. Christiensen., et al. (1998) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 120:5458-5463; Prakash T P, Bhat B. (2007) Curr Top Med Chem. 7(7):641-9; Cho E J, et al. (2009) Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry, 2, 241-264). Such analogs include synthetic nucleotides designed to enhance binding properties, e.g., duplex or triplex stability, specificity, or the like.
+As used herein, “hybridization” means the pairing of substantially complementary strands of oligomeric compounds. One mechanism of pairing involves hydrogen bonding, which may be Watson-Crick, Hoögsteen or reversed Hoögsteen hydrogen bonding, between complementary nucleoside or nucleotide bases (nucleotides) of the strands of oligomeric compounds. For example, adenine and thymine are complementary nucleotides which pair through the formation of hydrogen bonds. Hybridization can occur under varying circumstances.
+An antisense compound is “specifically hybridizable” when binding, of the compound to the target nucleic acid interferes in with the normal function of the target nucleic acid to cause a modulation of function and/or activity, and there is a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid non-specific binding of the antisense compound to non-target nucleic acid sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired, i.e., under physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment, and under conditions in which assays are performed in the case of in vitro assays.
+As used herein, the phrase “stringent hybridization conditions” or “stringent conditions” refers to conditions under which a compound of the invention will hybridize to its target sequence, but to a minimal number of other sequence. Stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and will be different in different circumstances and in the context of this invention, “stringent conditions” under which oligomeric compounds hybridize to a target sequence are determined by the nature and composition of the oligomeric compounds and the assays in which they are being investigated. In general, stringent hybridization conditions comprise low concentrations (<0.15M) of salts with inorganic cations such as Na++ or K++ (i.e., low ionic strength), temperature higher than 20° C.-25° C. below the Tm of the oligomeric compound:target sequence complex, and the presence of denaturants such as formamide, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, or the detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). For example, the hybridization rate decreases 1.1% for each 1% formamide. An example of a high stringency hybridization conditions of 0.1X sodium chloride-sodium citrate buffer (SSC)/0.1% (w/v) SDS at 60° C. for 30 minutes.
+“Complementary,” as used herein, refers to the capacity for precise pairing between two nucleotides on one or two oligomeric strands. For example, if a nucleobase at a certain position of an antisense compound is capable of hydrogen bonding with a nucleobase at a certain position of a target nucleic acid, said target nucleic acid being a DNA, RNA, or oligonucleotide molecule, then the position of hydrogen bonding between the oligonucleotide and the target nucleic acid is considered to be a complementary position. The oligomeric compound and the further DNA, RNA, or oligonucleotide molecule are complementary to each other when a sufficient number of complementary positions in each molecule are occupied by nucleotides which can hydrogen bond with each other. Thus, “specifically hybridizable” and “complementary” are terms which are used to indicate a sufficient degree of precise pairing or complementarity over a sufficient number of nucleotides such that stable and specific binding occurs between the oligomeric compound and a target nucleic acid.
+It is understood in the art that the sequence of an oligomeric compound need not be 100% complementary to that of its target nucleic acid to be specifically hybridizable. Moreover, an oligonucleotide may hybridize over one or more segments such that intervening or adjacent segments are not involved in the hybridization event (e.g., a loop structure, mismatch or hairpin structure). The oligomeric compounds of the present invention comprise at least about 70%, or at least about 75%, or at least about 80%, or at least about 85%, or at least about 90%, or at least about 95%, or at least about 99% sequence complementarity to a target region within the target nucleic acid sequence to which they are targeted. For example, an antisense compound in which 18 to 20 nucleotides of the antisense compound are complementary to a target region, and would therefore specifically hybridize, would represent 90 percent complementarity. In this example, the remaining noncomplementary nucleotides may be clustered or interspersed with complementary nucleotides and need not be contiguous to each other or to complementary nucleotides. As such, an antisense compound which is 18 nucleotides as length having 4 (four) noncomplementary nucleotides which are flanked by two regions of complete complementarity with the target nucleic acid would have 77.8% overall complementarity with the target nucleic acid and would thus fall within the scope of the present invention. Percent complementarity of an antisense compound with a region of a target nucleic acid can be determined routinely using BLAST programs (basic local alignment search tools) and PowerBLAST programs known in the art (Altschul et al., (1990) J. Mol. Biol., 215, 403-410; Zhang and Madden, (1997) Genome Res., 7,649-656). Percent homology, sequence identity or complementarity, can be determined by, for example, the Gap program (Wisconsin Sequence Analysis Package, Version 8 for Unix, Genetics Computer Group, University Research Park, Madison Wis.), using default settings, which uses the algorithm of Smith and Waterman (Adv. Appl. Math., (1981) 2, 482-489).
+As used herein, the term “Thermal Melting Point (Tm)” refer to the temperature, under defined ionic strength, pH, and nucleic acid concentration, at which 50% of the oligonucleotides complementary to the target sequence hybridize to the target sequence at equilibrium. Typically, stringent conditions will be those in which the salt concentration is at least about 0.01 to 1.0 M Na ion concentration (or other salts) at pH 7.0 to 8.3 and the temperature is at least shout 30° C. for short oligonucleotides (e.g., 10 to 50 nucleotide). Stringent conditions may also be achieved with the addition of destabilizing agents such as formamide.
+As used herein, “modulation” means either an increase (stimulation) or a decrease (inhibition) in the expression of a gene.
+The term “variant,” when used in the context of a polynucleotide sequence, may encompass a polynucleotide sequence related to a wild type gene. This definition may also include, for example, “allelic,” “splice,” “species,” or “polymorphic” variants. A splice variant may have significant identity to a reference molecule, but will generally have a greater or lesser number of polynucleotides due to alternate splicing of exons during mRNA processing. The corresponding polypeptide may possess additional functional domains or an absence of domains. Species variants are polynucleotide sequences that vary from one species to another. Of particular utility in the invention are variants of wild type gene products. Variants may result from at least one mutation in the nucleic acid sequence and may result in altered mRNAs or in polypeptides whose structure or function may or may not be altered. Any given natural or recombinant gene may have none, one, or many allelic forms. Common mutational changes that give rise to variants are generally ascribed to natural deletions, additions, or substitutions of nucleotides. Each of these types of changes may occur alone, or in combination with the others, one or more times in a given sequence.
+The resulting polypeptides generally will have significant amino acid identity relative to each other. A polymorphic variant is a variation in the polynucleotide sequence of a particular gene between individuals of a given species. Polymorphic variants also may encompass “single nucleotide polymorphisms” (SNPs,) or single base mutations in which the polynucleotide sequence varies by one base. The presence of SNPs may be indicative of, for example, a certain population with a propensity for a disease state, that is susceptibility versus resistance.
+Derivative polynucleotides include nucleic acids subjected to chemical modification, for example, replacement of hydrogen by an alkyl, acyl, or amino group. Derivatives, e.g., derivative oligonucleotides, may comprise non-naturally-occurring portions, such as altered sugar moieties or inter-sugar linkages. Exemplary among these are phosphorothioate and other sulfur containing species which are known in the art. Derivative nucleic acids may also contain labels, including radionucleotides, enzymes, fluorescent agents, chemiluminescent agents, chromogenic agents, substrates, cofactors, inhibitors, magnetic particles, and the like.
+A “derivative” polypeptide or peptide is one that is modified, for example, by glycosylation, pegylation, phosphorylation, sulfation, reduction/alkylation, acylation, chemical coupling, or mild formalin treatment. A derivative may also by modified to contain a detectable label, either directly or indirectly, including, but not limited to, a radioisotope, fluorescent, and enzyme label.
+As used herein, the term “animal” or “patient” is meant to include, for example, humans, sheep, elks, deer, mule deer, minks, mammals, monkeys, horses, cattle, pigs, goats, dogs, cats, rats, mice, birds, chicken, reptiles, fish, insects and arachnids.
+“Mammal” covers warm blooded mammals that are typically under medical care (e.g., human and domesticated animals). Examples include feline, canine, equine, bovine, and human, as well as just human.
+“Treating” or “treatment” covers the treatment of a disease-state in a mammal, and includes: (a) preventing the disease-state from occurring in a mammal, in particular, when such mammal is predisposed to the disease-state but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (b) inhibiting the disease-state, e.g., arresting it development; and/or (c) relieving the disease-state, e.g., causing regression of the disease state until a desired endpoint is reached. Treating also includes the amelioration of a symptom of a disease (e.g., lessen the pain or discomfort), wherein such amelioration may or may not be directly affecting the disease (e.g., cause, transmission, expression, etc.).
+As used herein, “cancer” refers to all types of cancer or neoplasm or malignant tumors found in mammals, including, but not limited to: leukemias, lymphomas, melanomas, carcinomas, and sarcomas. The cancer manifests itself as a “tumor” or tissue comprising malignant cells of the cancer. Examples of tumors include sarcomas and carcinomas such as, but not limited to: fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma, Ewing's tumor, leiomyosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, squamous cell careinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papilary adenocarcinoma, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, bile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, Wilms' tumor, cervial cancer, testicular tumor, lung carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, epithelial carcinoma, glioma, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, pinealoma, hemangioblastoma, acoustic neuroma, oligodendroglioma, meningioma, melanoma, neuroblastoma, and retinoblastoma. Additional cancers which can be treated by the disclosed composition according to the invention include but not limited to, for example, Hodgkin's Disease. Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, multiple myeloma, neuroblastoma, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, rhabdomyosarcoma, primary thrombocytosis, primary macroglobulinemia, small-cell lung tumors, primary brain tumors, stomach cancer, colon cancer, malignant pancreatic insulanoma, malignant carcinoid, urinary bladder cancer, premalignant skin lesions, testicular cancer, lymphomas, thyroid cancer, neuroblastoma, esophageal cancer, genitourinary tract cancer, malignant hypercalcemia, cervical, cancer, endometrial cancer, adrenal cortical cancer, and prostate cancer.
+As used herein, a “muscle disease or disorder” includes but is not limited to muscular dystrophy (MD), a muscle-wasting disease, inflammatory myopathy or myositis (including, for example, dermatomyositis, polymyositis, inclusion body myotosis), myotubular myopathy, nemaline myopathy, a desmin related myopathy, Marfan myopathy, a mitochondrial myopathy etc. As used herein, muscular dystrophy refers to a group of genetic, hereditary muscle diseases that cause progressive muscle weakness and which may be characterized by progressive skeletal muscle weakness, defects in muscle proteins, and the death of muscle cells and tissue. Muscular dystrophy includes, but is not limited to Duchenne (DMD family), Becker (BMD), Spinal Muscular Atrophy, Spinal bulbar muscular atrophy, dystrophinopathy, sarcoglycanopathy, limb girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD), congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD), facioseapulohumeral (FSHD), myotonic, oculopharyngeal, distal, and Emery-Dreifuss.
+“Neurological disease or disorder” refers to any disease or disorder of the nervous system and/or visual system. “Neurological disease or disorder” include disease or disorders that involve the central nervous system (brain, brainstem and cerebellum), the peripheral nervous system (including cranial nerves), and the autonomic nervous system (parts of which are located in both central and peripheral nervous system). Examples of neurological disorders include but are not limited to, headache, stupor and coma, dementia, seizure, sleep disorders, trauma, infections, neoplasms, neuroopthalmology, movement disorders, demyclinating diseases, spinal cord disorders, and disorders of peripheral nerves, muscle and neuromuscular junctions. Addiction and mental illness, include, but are not limited to, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, are also included in the definition, of neurological disorder. The following is a list of several neurological disorders, symptoms, signs and syndromes that can be treated using compositions and methods according to the present invention: acquired epileptiform aphasia; acute disseminated encephalomyelitis; adrenoleukodystrophy; age-related macular degeneration; agenesis of the corpus callosum; agnosia; Aicardi syndrome; Alexander disease; Alpers' disease; alternating hemiplegia; Vascular dementia; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; anencephaly; Angelman syndrome; angiomatosis; anoxia; aphasia; apraxia; arachnoid cysts; arachnoiditis; Anronl-Chiari malformation; arteriovenous malformation; Asperger syndrome; ataxia telegiectasia; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; autism; autonomic dysfuntion; back pain; Batten disease; Behcet's disease; Bell's palsy; benign essential blepharospasm; benign focal; amyotrophy; benign intracranial hypertension; Binswanger's disease; blepharospasm; Bloch Sulzberger syndrome; brachial plexus injury; brain abscess; brain injury; brain tumors (including glioblastoma multiforme); spinal tumor; Brown-Sequard syndrome; Canavan disease; carpal tunnel syndrome; causalgia; central pain syndrome; central pontine myelinolysis; cephalic disorder; cerebral aneurysm; cerebral anteriosclerosis; cerebral atrophy; cerebral gigantism; cerebral palsy; Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease; chemotherapy-induced neuropathy and neuropathic pain; Chiari malformation; chorea; chronic inflammatory demyclinating polyneuropathy; chronic pain; chronic regional pain syndrome; Coffin Lowry syndrome; coma, including persistant vegetative state; congenital facial diplegia; corticobasal degeneration; cranial arteritis craniosynostosis; Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; cumulative trauma disorders; Cushing's syndrome; cytomegalic inclusion body disease; cytomegalovirus infection; dancing eyes-dancing feet syndrome; Dandy Walker syndrome; Dawson disease; De Morsier's syndrome; Dejerine-Klumke palsy; dementia; dermatomyositis; diabetic neuropathy; diffuse sclerosis; dysautonomia; dysgraphia; dyslexia; dystonias; early infantile epileptic encephalopathy; empty sella syndrome; encephalitis; encephaloceles; encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis; epilepsy; Erb's palsy; essential tremor; Fabry's disease; Fahr's syndrome; fainting; familial spastic paralysis; febrile seizures; Fisher syndrome; Friedreich's ataxia; fronto-temporal dementia and other “tauopathies”, Gaucher's disease; Gerstmann's syndrome; giant cell arteritis; giant cell inclusion disease; globoid cell leukodystrophy; Guillain-Barre syndrome; HTLV-1-associated myelopathy; Hallervorden-Spatz disease; head injury; headache; hemifacial spasm; hereditary spastic paraplegia; heredopathia atactic a polyneuritiformis; herpes zoster oticus; herpes zoster; Hirayama syndrome; HIV associated dementia and neuropathy (also neurological manifestations of AIDS); holoprosencephaly; Huntington's disease and other polyglutamine repeat disease; hydrancncephaly; hydrocephalus; hypercortisolism; hypoxia; immune-mediated encephalomyclitis; inclusion body myositis; incontinentia pigmenti; infantile phytanic acid storage disease; infantile refsum disease; infantile spasms; inflammatory myopathy; intracranial cyst; intracranial hypertension; Jonbert syndrome; Keams-Sayre syndrome; Kennedy disease Kinsbourne syndrome; Klippel Feil syndrome; Krabbe disease; Kugelberg-Welander disease; Lafora disease; Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome; Landau-Kleffner syndrome; lateral medullary (Wallenberg) syndrome; learning disabilities; Leigh's disease; Lennox-Gustaut syndrome; Lesch-Nyhan syndrome; leukodystrophy; Lewy body dementia; Lissencephaly; locked-in syndrome; Lou Gehrig's disease (i.e., motor neuron disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis); lumbar disc disease; Lyme disease-neurological sequelae; Machado-Joseph disease; macrencephaly, megalencephaly, Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome; Menieres disease; meningitis; Menkes disease; metachromatic leukodystrophy; microcephaly; migraine; Miller Fisher syndrome; mini-strokes; mitochondrial myopathies; Mobius syndrome; monomelic amyotrophy; motor neuron disease; Moyamoya disease; macopolysaccharidoses; milti-infarct dementia; multifocal motor neuropathy; multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating disorders; multiple system atrophy with postural hypotension; p muscular dystrophy; myasthenia gravis; myelinoelastic diffuse sclerosis; myoclonic encephalopathy of infants; myoclonus; myopathy; myotonia congenital; narcolepsy; neurofibromatosis; neuroleptic malignant syndrome; neurological manifestations of AIDS; neurological sequelae oflupus; neuromyotonia; neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis; neuronal migration disorders; Niemann-Pick disease; O'Sullivan-MeLeod syndrome; occipital neuralgia; occult spinal dysraphism sequence; Ohtahara syndrome; olivopontocerebellar atrophy; opsoelonus myoclonus; optic neuritis; orthostatic hypotension; overuse syndrome; paresthesia; Neurodegenerative disease or disorder (Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), dementia, multiple sclerosis and other diseases and disorders associated with neuronal cell death); paramyotonia, congenital; paraneoplastic diseases; paroxysmal attacks; Parry Romberg syndrome; Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease; periodic paralyses; peripheral neuropathy; painful neuropathy and neuropathie pain; persistent vegetative state; pervasive developmental disorder; photic sneeze reflex; phytanic acid storage disease; Pick's disease; pinched nerve; pituitary tumors; polymyositis; porencephaly; post-polio syndrome; postherpetic neuralgia; postinfectious encephalomyelitis; postural hypotension; Prader-Willi syndrome; primary lateral sclerosis; prion diseases; progressive hemifacial atrophy; progressive multifocaleukoencephalopathy; progressive sclerosing poliodystrophy; progressive supranuclear palsy, pseudotumor cerebri; Ramsay-Hunt syndrome (types I and II); Rasmussen's encephalitis; reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome; Refsum disease; repetitive motion disorders; repetitive stress injuries; restless legs syndrome; retrovirus-associated myelopathy; Rett syndrome; Reye's syndrome; Saint Vitus dance; Sandhoff disease; Schilder's disease; schizencephaly; septo-optic dysplasia; shaken baby syndrome; shingles; Shy-Drager syndrome; Sjogren's syndrome; sleep apnea; Soto's syndrome; spasticity; spina bifida; spinal cord injury; spinal cord tumors; spinal muscular atrophy; Stiff-Person syndrome; stroke; Sturge-Weber syndrome; subacute sclerosing panencephalitis; subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy; Sydenham chorea; syncope; syringomyelia; tardive dyskinesia; Tay-Sachs disease; temporal arteritis; tethered spinal cord syndrome; Thomsen disease; thoracic outlet, syndrome; Tie Douloureux; Todd's paralysis; Tourette syndrome; transient ischemic attack; transmissible spongiform encephalopathies; transverse myelitis; traumatic brain injury; tremor; trigeminal neuralgia; tropical spastic paraparesis; tuberous sclerosis; vascular dementia (multi-infarct dementia); vasculitis including temporal arteritis; Von Hippel-Lindau disease; Wallenberg's syndrome; Werdnig-Hoffman disease; West syndrome; whiplash; Williams syndrome; Wildon's disease; and Zellweger syndrome. As used herein, a “neuromuscular disease or disorder” refers to any disease adversely affecting both nervous elements (brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerve) and muscle (striated or smooth muscle), including but not limited to involuntary movement disorders, dystonias, spinal cord injury or disease, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease. Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LES), Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes (CMS), Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease (CMT), Dejerine-Sottas Disease (DS), Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Friedreich's Ataxia, muscular dystrophy, spasticity from cerebral palsy and stroke.
+A cardiovascular disease or disorder includes those disorders that can either cause ischemia or are caused by reperfusion of the heart. Examples include, bat are not limited to, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, granulomatous myocarditis, chronic myocarditis (non-granulomatous) primary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, peripheral artery disease (PAD), stroke, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular tissue damage caused by cardiac arrest, cardiovascular tissue damage caused by cardiac bypass, cardiogenic shock, and related conditions that would be known by those of ordinary skill in the art or which involve dysfunction of or tissue damage to the heart or vasculature, especially, but not limited to, tissue damage related to DMD family activation. CVS diseases include, but are not limited to, atherosclerosis, granulomatous myocarditis, myocardial infarction, myocardial fibrosis secondary to valvular heart disease, myocardial fibrosis without infarction, primary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and chronic myocarditis (non-granulomatous).
+As used herein, “cardiomyopathy” refers to any disease or dysfunction of the myocardium (heart muscle) in which the heart is abnormally enlarged, thickened and/or stiffened. As a result, the heart muscle's ability to pump blood is usually weakened. The disease or disorder can be, for example, inflammatory, metabolic, toxic, infiltrative, fibroplastic, hematological, genetic, or unknown in origin. Such cardiomyopathics may result from a lack of oxygen. Other diseases include those that result from myocardial injury which involves damage to the muscle or the myocardium in the wall of the heart as a result of disease or trauma. Myocardial injury can be attributed to many things such as, but not limited to, cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, or congenital heart disease. Specific cardiac disorders to be treated also include congestive heart failure, ventricular or atrial septal defect, congenital heart defect or ventricular aneurysm. The cardiac disorder may be pediatric in origin. Cardiomyopathy includes but is not limited to, cardiomyopathy (dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, arrhythmogenic and unclassified cardiomyopathy), sporadic dilated cardiomyopathy, X-linked Dilated Cardiomyopathy (XLDC), acute and chronic heart failure, right heart failure, left heart failure, biventricular heart failure, congenital heart defects, mitral valve stenosis, mitral valve insufficiency, aortic valve stenosis, aortic valve insufficiency, tricuspidal valve stenosis, tricuspidal valve sufficiency, pulmonal valve stenosis, pulmonal valve insufficiency, combined valve defects, myocarditis, acute myocarditis, chronic myocarditis, viral myocarditis, diastolic heart failure, systolic heart failure, diabetic heart failure and accumulation diseases.
+Polynucleotides Oligonucleotide Compositions and Molecules
+Targets: In one embodiment, the targets comprise nucleic acid sequences of Dystrophin family, including without limitation sense and/or antisense noncoding and/or coding sequences associated with DMD family.
+Dystrophin has been known since 1987, (Hoffman et al. (1987), Cell. 51:509-517) to be the protein that is deficient in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). This is an elongated protein present at the cytoplasmic surface of the vertebrate muscle cell membrane (Hoffman et al. (1987), Cell 51:509-517). Three other dystrophin-related proteins, i.e., DRP1 (dystrophin-related protein Type 1, or utrophin), DRP2 (dystrophin-related protein Type 2), and dystrobrevins, have also been identified as products of different genes (Wang et al. (1998) Hum Mol Genet. 7:581-588). Dystrophins and utrophin have been detected in muscle of other mammalian species (Pons et al. (1994) Circulation. 90:369-374; Wang et al. (1998) Hum Mol Genet. 7:581-588; Rafael et al. (2000) Hum Mol Genet 9:1357-1367) and also in other tissues, such as the electric organ, that are derived from skeletal muscle (Chang et al. (1989) J Biol Chem. 264:20831-20834), and is nerves (Rivier et al. (1999a) Histochem J. 31:425-432, Rivier et al. (1999b) J Muscle Res Cell Motil. 20:305-314) of T. marmorata. Dystrophin in mammal skeletal muscle interacts with an associated protein complex (DAPC) to form a link between the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix (Tbraghimov-Beskrovnaya et al. (1992) Nature. 355:696-702). This complex consists of two dystroglycans (α- and β-) (Deys et al. (1995) J Biol Chem. 270:25956-25959), carcoglycans (α-, β-, γ-, δ-, and ε) that are complexed with sarcospan (Nigro et al. (1996) Hum Mol Genet. 5:1179-1186; Crosbie et al. (1997)J Biol Chem. 272:31221-31224; McNally et al. (1998) FEBS Lett. 422:27-32), and three syntrophins (α-, β1-, β2-) in muscle tissues (Ahn et al. (1996) J Biol Chem 271:2724-2730). However, new isoforms of syntrophins (γ1- and γ2-) have also been reported and were found expressed as brain-specific protein (Piluso et al. (2000) J Biol Chem. 275:15851-15860). Deficiency or variations in some associated proteins generate a different muscle pathology, but the pathogenesis of all of these related muscular dystrophies is still unclear. This may be due to the heterogeneity of the data recorded, e.g., due to the existence of four dystrophin-related proteins that all share homology with dystrophin's cysteine-rich and C-terminal domains and also because of the muscle type analyzed.
+Dystrophin is a rod-shaped cytoplasmic protein, and a vital part of a protein complex that connects the cytoskeleton of a muscle fiber to the surrounding extracellular matrix through the cell membrane. This complex is variously known as the costamere or the dystrophin-associated protein complex. Many muscle proteins, such as a-dystrobrevin, syncoilin, synemin, sareoglycan, dystroglycan, and sarcospan, colocalize with dystrophin at the costamere.
+Its deficiency is one of the root causes of muscular dystrophy. Normal tissue contains small amounts of dystrophin (about 0.002% of total muscle protein), but its absence leads to both DMD family and fibrosis, a condition of muscle hardening. A different mutation of the same gene causes defective dystrophin, leading to Becker's muscular dystrophy (BMD). Thus, it would be of great therapeutic value to modulate the expression and/or function of dystrophin in cells, tissues or organs of patients in need of such treatment.
+Dystrophin family, the largest known human gene, encodes a protein called dystrophin. There are many different versions of dystrophin, some of which are specific to certain cell types. Dystrophin is located chiefly in muscles used for movement (skeletal muscles) and the muscles of the heart (cardiac muscles). Small amounts of the protein are present in nerve cells in the brain.
+In skeletal and cardiac muscles, dystrophin is part of a protein complex that strengthens muscle fibers and protects them from injury as muscles contract and relax. The dystrophin complex acts as an anchor, connecting each muscle cell's structural framework (cytoskeleton) with the lattice of proteins and other molecules outside the cell. The dystrophin complex may also playa role in cell signaling by interacting with proteins that send and receive chemical signals.
+Little is known about the function of dystrophin in nerve cells and without wishing to be bound by theory, dystrophin could be important for the normal structure and function of synapses.
+Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy are caused by mutations in the DMD family gene.
+Muscular dystrophy (MD) refers to a group of genetic disorders whose major symptom is muscle wasting. There are two major forms of MD, differing in severity and age of onset. In Duchenne muscular dystrophy, symptoms are noticeable in early childhood and quickly become debilitating. Becker muscular dystrophy, on the other hand, is of later onset and less severe. Both forms of MD are caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, a large (2.6 Mb) gene comprised of 97 exons. The dystrophin protein plays an important structural role as part of a large complex in muscle fiber membranes. When dystrophin is missing or non-functional, the entire complex is compromised, leading to degeneration of muscle tissue. When the ability to regenerate the muscle is exhausted, muscle wasting occurs.
+Mutations in the DMD family gene also cause a form of heart disease called X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy. This condition enlarges and weakens the cardiac muscle, preventing it from pumping blood efficiently. Although dilated cardiomyopathy is a sign of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy; the isolated X-linked form of this heart condition is not associated with weakness and wasting of skeletal muscles.
+Utrophin is a 395 kDa protein encoded by multiexonic 1 Mb UTRN gene located on chromosome 6q24 (Pearce, et al. (1993) Hum Mol Gene. 2:1765 1772). The structure of the gene bears large similarities to that of the dystrophin gene. In contrast to dystrophin, the utrophin gene has a long 5′ untranslated region, split over two exons, and it is preceeded by an HTF-island. In mouse, the gene maps to chromosome 10. Utrophin is distributed throughout the sarcolemma in fetal and regenerating muscle, but is down-regulated in normal adult muscle and is restricted to the myotendinous and neuromuscular junctions (Blake et al., 1996). In the dystrophin deficient mdx mouse, utrophin levels in muscle remain elevated soon after birth compared with normal mice; once the utrophin levels have decreased to the adult levels (about 1 week after birth) the first signs of muscle fibre necrosis are detected. However, there is evidence to suggest that in the small calibre muscles, continual increased levels of utrophin can interact with the DGC complex (or an antigenically related complex) at the sarcolemma thus preventing loss of the complex, with the result that these muscles appear normal. There is also a substantial body of evidence demonstrating that utrophin is capable of localising to the sarcolemma in normal muscle. During fetal muscle development there is increased utrophin expression, localised to the sarcolemma, up until 18 weeks in the human and 20 days gestation in the mouse. After this time the utrophin sarcolemmal staining steadily decreases to the significantly lower adult levels shortly before birth where utrophin is localised almost exclusively to the NMJ. The decrease in utrophin expression coincides with increased expression of dystrophin. See reviews (Ibraghimov Beskrovnaya, et al. (1992) Nature 355, 696 702, Blake, et al. (1994) Trends in Cell Biol, 4: 19 23, Tinsley, et al. (1993) Curr Opin Genet Dev. 3: 484 90).
+DRP2 is predicted to resemble certain short C-terminal isoforms of dystrophin and dystrophin-related protein 1 (DRP1 or utrophin). DRP2 is a relatively small protein, encoded in man by a 45 kb gene localized to Xq22. It is expressed principally in the brain and spinal cord, and is similar in overall structure to the Dp116 dystrophin isoform.
+Dystrobrevin, a member of the dystrophin family of proteins, was originally identified from the Torpedo californica electric organ as an 87-kDa phosphoprotein associated with the cytoplasmic face of the postsynaptic membrane (Wagner K R. et al. (1993) Neuron. 10:511-522; Carr C. et al. (1989) J Cell Biol. 109:1753-1764). It has been postulated that the 87-kDa protein plays a role in synapse formation or stability because it copurifies with acetylcholine receptors from the electric organ membranes. In mammalian skeletal muscle, dystrophin is found in association with several integral and peripheral membrane proteins, forming a complex known as the dystrophin glycoprotein complex (DGC) (Ervasti J M. et al. (1991) Cell 66:1121-1131; Ibraghimov-Beskrovnaya O. et al. (1992) Nature (London).; Yoshida M. et al. (1990) J Biochem (Tokyo). 108:748-752).
+In preferred embodiments, antisense oligonucleotides are used to prevent or treat diseases or disorders associated with DMD family members. Exemplary Dystrophin family mediated diseases and disorders which can be treated with cell/tissues regenerated from stem cells obtained using the antisense compounds comprise, a muscle disease or disorder (e.g., Muscular dystrophy including Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, Becker's muscular dystrophy, Spinal bulbar muscular atrophy, dystrophinopathy, sarcoglycanopathy, limb girdle muscular dystrophy, congenital muscular dystrophy, congenital myopathy, distal myopathy. Symptomatic form of muscular dystrophy of Duchenne and Becker in female carriers myotonic syndrome etc.; a muscle-wasting disease), a neurological disease or disorder (including a neuromuscular disease or disorder e.g., dystonia, myoclonus-dystonia syndrome, etc.) a disease or disorder associated with altered level of dystrophin or dystrophin DAPC-complex. Left ventricular noncompaction, cancer, a cardiovascular disease or disorder, cardiomyopathy (e.g., sporadic dilated cardiomy-opathy, X-linked Dilated Cardiomyopathy (XLDC) etc.), atherosclerosis a cytoskeletal disorder, congenital stationary night blindness and loss of hearing.
+In a preferred embodiment, the oligonucleotides are specific for polynucleotides of DMD family, which includes, without limitation noncoding regions. The DMD family targets comprise variants of DMD family; mutants of DMD family, including SNPs; noncoding sequences of DMD family: alleles, fragments and the like. Preferably the oligonucleotide is an antisense RNA molecule.
+In accordance with embodiments of the invention, the target nucleic acid molecule is not limited to DMD family polynucleotides alone but extends to any of the isoforms, receptor, homologs, non-coding regions and the like of DMD family.
+In another preferred embodiment, an oligonucleotide targets a natural antisense sequence (natural antisense to the coding and non-coding regions) of DMD family targets, including, without limitation, variants, alleles, homologs, mutants, derivatives, fragments and complementary sequences thereto. Preferably the oligonucleotide is an antisense RNA or DNA molecule.
+In another preferred embodiment, the oligomeric compounds of the present invention also include variants in which a different base is present at one or more of the nucleotide positions in the compound. For example, if the first nucleotide is an adenine, variants may be produced which contain thymidine, guanosine, cytidine or other natural or unnatural nucleotides at this position. This may be done at any of the positions of the antisense compound. These compounds are then tested using the methods described herein to determine their ability to inhibit expression of a target nucleic acid.
+In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, between the antisense compound and targes is from about 50% to about 60%. In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, is from about 60% to about 70%. In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, is from about 70% to about 80%. In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, is from about 80% to about 90%. In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, is about 90%, about 92%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99% or about 100%.
+An antisense compound is specifically hybridizable when binding of the compound to the target nucleic acid interferes with the normal function of the target nucleic acid to cause a loss of activity, and there is a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid non-specific binding of the antisense compound to non-target nucleic acid sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired. Such conditions include, i.e., physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment, and conditions in which assays are performed in the case of in vitro assays.
+An antisense compound, whether DNA, RNA, chimeric, substituted etc. is specifically hyhridazable when binding of the compound to the target DNA or RNA molecule interferes with the normal function of the target DNA or RNA to cause a loss of utility, and there is a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid non-specific binding of the antisense compound to non-target sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired, i.e., under physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment, and in the case of in vitro assays, under conditions in which the assays are performed.
+In another preferred embodiment, targeting of DMD family including without limitation, antisense sequences which are identified and expanded, using for example, PCR, hybridization etc., one or more of the sequences set forth as SEQ ID NO: 3 to 7, and the like, modulate the expression or function of DMD family. In one embodiment, expression or function is up-regulated as compared to a control. In another preferred embodiment, expression or function is down-regulated as compared to a control.
+In another preferred embodiment, oligonucleotides comprise nucleic acid sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOS: 8 to 22 including antisense sequences which are identified and expanded, using for example, PCR, hybridization etc. These oligonucleotides can comprise one or more modified nucleotides, shorter or longer fragments, modified bonds and the like. Examples of modified bonds or internucleotide linkages comprise phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate or the like. In another preferred embodiment, the nucleotides comprise a phosphorus derivative. The phosphorus derivative (or modified phosphate group) which may be attached to the sugar or sugar analog moiety in the modified oligonucleotides of the preset invention may be a monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, alkylphosphate, alkanephosphate, phosphorothioate and the like. The preparation of the above-noted phosphate analogs, and their incorporation into nucleotides, modified nucleotides and oligonucleotides, per se, is also known and need not be described here.
+The specificity and sensitivity of antisense is also harnessed by those of skill in the art for therapeutic uses. Antisence oligonucleotides have been employed as therapeutic moieties in the treatment of disease states in animals, and man. Antisense oligonucleotides have been safely and effectively administered to humans and numerous clinical trials are presently underway. It is thus established that oligonucleotides can be useful therapeutic modalities that can be configured to be useful in treatment regimes for treatment of cells, tissues and animals, especially humans.
+In embodiments of the present invention oligomeric antisense conpounds, particularly oligonucleotides, bind to target nucleic acid molecules and modulate the expression and/or function of molecules encoded by a target gene. The functions of DNA to be interfered comprise, for example, replication and transcription. The functions of RNA to be interfered comprise all vital functions such as, for example, translocation of the RNA to the site of protein translation, translation of protein from the RNA, splicing of the RNA to yield one or more mRNA species, and catalytic activity which may be engaged in or facilitated by the RNA. The functions may be up-regulated or inhibited depending on the functions desired.
+The antisense compounds, include, antisense oligomeric compounds, antisense oligonucleotides, external guide sequence (EGS) oligonucleotides, alternate splicers, primers, probes, and other oligomeric compounds that hybridize to at least a portion of the target nucleic acid. As such, these compounds may be introduced in the form of single-stranded, double-stranded, partially single-stranded, or circular oligomeric compounds.
+Targeting an antisense compound to a particular nucleic acid molecule, in the context of this invention, can be a multistep process. The process usually begins with the identification of a target nucleic acid whose function is to be modulated. This target nucleic acid may be, for example, a cellular gene (or mRNA transcribed from the gene) whose expression is associated with a particular disorder or disease state, or a nucleic acid molecule from an infectious agent. In the present invention, the target nucleic acid encodes Dystrophin family.
+The targeting process usually also includes determination of at least one target region, segment, or site within the target nucleic acid for the antisense interaction to occur such that the desired effect, e.g., modulation of expression, will result. Within the contest of the present invention, the term “region” is defined as a portion of the target nucleic acid having at least one identifiable structure, function, or characteristic. Within regions of target nucleic acids are segments. “Segments” are defined as smaller or sub-portions of regions within a target nucleic acid. “Sites,” as used in the present invention, are defined as positions within a target nucleic acid.
+In a preferred embodiment, the antisense oligonucleotides bind to the natural antisense sequences of Dystrophin family and modulate the expression and/or function of Dystrophin family (SEQ ID NO: 1 and 2). Examples of antisense sequences include SEQ ID NOS: 3 to 22.
+In another preferred embodiment, the antisense oligonucleotides bind to one or more segments of Dystrophin family polynucleotides and modulate the expression and/or function of Dystrophin family. The segments comprise at least five consecutive nucleotides of the Dystrophin family sense or antisense polynucleotides.
+In another preferred embodiment, the antisense oligonucleotides are specific for natural antisense sequences of Dystrophin family wherein binding of the oligonucleotides to the natural antisense sequences of Dystrophin family modulate expression and/or function of Dystrophin family.
+In another preferred embodiment, oligonucleotide compounds comprise sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOS: 8 to 22, antisense sequences which are identified and expanded, using for example, PCR, hybridization etc. These oligonucleotides can comprise one or more modified nucleotides, shorter or longer fragments, modified bonds and the like. Examples of modified bonds or internucleotide linkages comprise phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate or the like. In another preferred embodiment, the nucleotides comprise a phosphorus derivative. The phosphorus derivative (or modified phosphate group) which may be attached to the sugar or sugar analog moiety in the modified oligonucleotides of the present invention may be a monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, alkylphosphate, alkanephosphate, phosphorothioate and the like. The preparation of the above-noted phosphate analogs, and their incorporation into nucleotides, modified nucleotides and oligonucleotides, per se, is also knows and need not be described here.
+Since, as is known in the art, the translation initiation codon is typically 5′-AUG (in transcribed mRNA, molecules; 5′-ATG in the corresponding DNA molecule), the translation initiation codon is also referred to as the “AUG codon,” the “start codon” or the “AUG start codon”. A minority of genes has a translation initiation codon having the RNA sequence 5′-GUG, 5′-UUG or 5′-CUG; and 5′-AUA, 5′-ACG and 5′-CUG have been shown to function in vivo. Thus, the terms “translation initiation codon” and “start codon” can encompass many codon sequences, even though the initiator amino acid in each instance is typically methionine (in eukaryotes) or formylmethionine (in prokaryotes), Eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes may have two or more alternative start codons, any one of which may be preferentially utilized for translation initiation in a particular cell type or tissue, or under a particular set of conditions. In the context of the invention, “start codon” and “translation initiation codon” refer to the codon or codons that are used in vivo to initiate translation of an mRNA transcribed from a gene encoding Dystrophin family, regardless of the sequence(s) of such codons. A translation termination codon (or “stop codon”) of a gene may have one of three sequences, i.e., 5′-UAA, 5′-UAG and 5′-UGA (the corresponding DNA sequences are 5′-TAA, 5′-TAG and 5′-TGA, respectively).
+The terms “start codon region” and “translation initiation codon region” refer to a portion of such an mRNA or gene that encompasses from about 25 to about 50 contiguous nucleotides in either direction (i.e., 5′ or 3′) from a translation initiation codon. Similarly, the terms “stop codon region” and “translation termination codon region” refer to a portion of such an mRNA or gene that encompasses from about 25 to about 50 contiguious nucleotides in either direction (i.e., 5′ or 3′) from a translation termination codon. Consequently, the “start codon region” (or “translation initiation codon region”) and the “stop codon region” (or “translation termination codon region”) are all regions that may be targeted effectively with the antisense compounds of the present invention.
+The open reading frame (ORF) or “coding region”, which is known in the art to refer to the region between the translation initiation codon and the translation termination codon, is also a region which may be targeted effectively. Within the context of the present invention, a targeted region is the intragenic region encompassing the translation initiation or termination codon of the open reading frame (ORF) of a gene.
+Another target region includes the 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR), known in the art to refer to the portion of an mRNA in the 5′ direction from the translation initiation codon, and thus including nucleotides between the 5′ cap site and the translation initiation codon of an mRNA (or corresponding nucleotides on the gene). Still another target region includes the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR), known in the art to refer to the portion of an mRNA in the 3′ direction from the translation termination codon, and thus including nucleotides between the translation termination codon and 3′ end of an mRNA (or corresponding nucleotides on the gene). The 5′ cap site of an mRNA comprises an N7-methylated guanosine residue joined to the 5′-most residue of the mRNA via a 5′-5 ′triphosphate linkage. The 5′ cap region of an mRNA is considered to include the 5′ cap structure itself as well as the first 50 nucleotides adjacent to the cap site. Another target region for this invention is the 5′ cap region.
+Although some eukaryotic mRNA transcripts are directly translated, many contain one or more regions, known as “introns,” which are excised from a transcript before it is translated. The remaining (and therefore translated) regions are known as “exons” and are spliced together to form a continuous mRNA sequence. In one embodiment, targeting splice sites, i.e., intron-exon junctions or exon-intron junctions, is particularly useful in situations where aberrant splicing is implicated in disease, or where an overproduction of a particular splice product is implicated in disease. An aberrant fusion junction due to rearrangement or deletion is another embodiment of a target site. mRNA transcripts produced via the process of splicing of two (or more) mRNAs from different gene sources are known as “fusion transcripts”. Introns can be effectively targeted using antisense compounds targeted to, for example, DNA or pre-mRNA.
+In another preferred embodiment, the antisense oligonucleotides bind to coding and/or non-coding regions of a target polynucleotide and modulate the expression and/or function of the target molecule.
+In another preferred embodiment, the antisense oligonucleotides bind to natural antisense polynucleotides and modulate the expression and/or function of the target molecule.
+In another preferred embodiment, the antisense oligonucleotides bind to sense polynucleotides and modulate the expression and/or function of the target molecule.
+Alternative RNA transcripts can be produced from the same genomic region of DNA. These alternative transcripts are generally known as “variants”. More specifically, “pre-mRNA variants” are transcripts produced from the same genomic DNA that differ from other transcripts produced from the same genomic DNA in either their start or stop position and contain both intronic and exonic sequence.
+Upon excision of one or more exon or intron regions, or portions thereof during splicing, pre-mRNA variants produce smaller “mRNA variants”. Consequently, mRNA variants are processed pre-mRNA variants and each unique pre-mRNA variant must always produce a unique mRNA variant as a result of splicing. These mRNA variants are also known as “alternative splice variants”. If no splicing of the pre-mRNA variant occurs then the pre-mRNA variant is identical to the mRNA variant.
+Variants can be produced through the use of alternative signals to start or stop transcription. Pre-mRNAs and mRNAs can possess more than one start codon or stop codon. Variants that originate from a pre-mRNA or mRNA that use alternative start codons are known as “alternative start variants” of that pre-mRNA or mRNA. Those transcripts that use an alternative stop codon are known as “alternative stop variants” of that pre-mRNA or mRNA. One specific type of alternative stop variant is the “polyA variant” in which the multiple transcripts produced result from the alternative selection of one of the “polyA stop signals” by the transcription machinery, thereby producing transcripts that terminate at unique polyA sites. Within the context of the invention, the types of variants described herein are also embodiments of target nucleic acids.
+The locations on the target nucleic acid to which the antisense compounds hybridize are defined as at least a 5-nucleotide long portion of a target region to which an active antisense compound is targeted.
+While the specific sequences of certain exemplary target segments are set forth herein, one of skill in the art will recognize that these serve to illustrate and describe particular embodiments within the scope of the present invention. Additional target segments are readily identifiable by one having ordinary skill in the art in view of this disclosure.
+Target segments 5-100 nucleotides in length comprising a stretch of at least five (5) consecutive nucleotides selected from within the illustrative preferred target segments are considered to be suitable for targeting as well.
+Target segments can include DNA or RNA sequences that comprise at least the 5 consecutive nucleotides from the 5′-terminus of one of the illustrative preferred target segments (the remaining nucleotides being a consecutive stretch of the same DNA or RNA beginning immediately upstream of the 5′-terminus of the target segment and continuing until the DNA or RNA contains about 5 to about 100 nucleotides). Similarly preferred target segments are represented by DNA or RNA sequences that comprise at least the 5 consecutive nucleotides from the 3′-terminus of one of the illustrative preferred target segments (the remaining nucleotides being a consecutive stretch of the same DNA or RNA beginning immediately downstream of the 3′-terminus of the target segment and continuing until the DNA or RNA contains about 5 to about 100 nucleotides). One having skill in the art armed with the target segments illustrated herein will be able, without undue experimentation, to identify further preferred target segments.
+Once one or more target regions, segments or sites have been identified, antisense compounds are chosen which are sufficiently complementary to the target, i.e., hybridize sufficiently well and with sufficient specificity, to give the desired effect.
+In embodiments of the invention the oligonucleotides bind to an antisense strand of a particular target. The oligonucleotides are at least 5 nucleotides in length and can be synthesized so each oligonucleotide targets overlapping sequence such that oligonucleotides are synthesized to cover the entire length of the target polynucleotide. The targets also include coding as well as non coding regions.
+In one embodiment, it is preferred to target specific nucleic acids by antisense oligonucleotides. Targeting an antisense compound to a particular nucleic acid, is a multistep process. The process usually begins with the identification of a nucleic acid sequence whose function is to be modulated. This may be, for example, a cellular gene (or mRNA transcribed from the gene) whose expression is associated with a particular disorder or disease state, or a non coding polynucleotide such as for example, non coding RNA (ncRNA).
+RNAs can be classified into (1) messenger RNAs (mRNAs), which are translated into proteins, and (2) non-protein-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). ncRNAs comprise microRNAs, antisense transcripts and other Transcriptional Units (TU) containing a high density of stop codons and lacking any extensive “Open Reading Frame”. Many ncRNAs appear to start from initiation sites in 3′ untranslated regions (3′UTRs) of protein-coding loci. ncRNAs are often rare and at least half of the ncRNAs that have been sequenced by the FANTOM consortium seem not to be polyadenylated. Most researchers have for obvious reasons focused on polyadenylated mRNAs that are processed and exported to the Cytoplasm. Recently, it was shown that the set of non-polyadenylated nuclear RNAs may be very large, and that many such transcripts arise from so-called intergenic regions (Cheng. J. et al. (2005) Science 308 (5725), 1149-1154; Kapranov, P. et al. (2005). Genome Res 15 (7), 987-991). The mechanism by which ncRNAs may regulate gene expression is by base pairing with target transcripts. The RNAs that function by base pairing can be grouped into (1) cis encoded RNAs that are encoded at the same genetic location, but on the opposite strand to the RNAs they act upon and therefore display perfect complementarity to their target, and (2) trans-encoded RNAs that are encoded at a chromosomal location distinct from the RNAs they act upon and generally do not exhibit perfect base-pairing potential with their target.
+Without wishing to be bound by theory, perturbation of an antisense polynucleotide by the antisense oligonucleotides described herein can alter the expression of the corresponding sense messenger RNAs. However, this regulation can either be discordant (antisense knockdown results in messenger RNA elevation) or concordant (antisense knockdown results in concomitant messenger RNA reduction). In these cases, antisense oligonucleotides can be targeted to overlapping or non-overlapping parts of the antisense transcript resulting in its knockdown or sequestration. Coding as well as non-coding antisense can be targeted in an identical manner and that either category is capable of regulating the corresponding sense transcripts—either in a concordant or disconcordant manner. The strategies that are employed in identifying new oligonucleotides for use against a target can be based on the knockdown of antisense RNA transcripts by antisense oligonucleotides or any other means of modulating the desired target.
+Strategy 1: In the case of discordant regulation, knocking down the antisense transcript elevates the expression of the conventional (sense) gene. Should that latter gene encode for a known or putative drug target, then knockdown of its antisense counterpart could conceivably mimic the action of a receptor agonist or an enzyme stimulant.
+Strategy 2: In the case of concordant regulation, one could concomitantly knock down both antisense and sense transcripts and thereby achieve synergistic reduction of the conventional (sense) gene expression. If, for example, an antisense oligonucleotide is used to achieve knockdown, then this strategy can be used to apply one antisense oligonucleotide targeted to the sense transcript and another antisense oligonucleotide to the corresponding antisense transcript, or a single energetically symmetric antisense oligonucleotide that simultaneously targets overlapping sense and antisense transcripts.
+According to the present invention, antisense compounds include antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes, external guide sequence (EGS) oligonucleotides, siRNA compounds, single- or double-stranded RNA interference (RNAi) compounds such as siRNA compounds, and other oligomeric compounds which hybridize to at least a portion of the target nucleic acid and modulate its function. As such, they may be DNA, RNA, DNA-like, RNA-like, or mixtures thereof, or may be mimetics of one or more of these. These compounds may be single-stranded, doublestranded, circular or hairpin oligomeric compounds and may contain structural elements such as internal or terminal bulges, mismatches or loops. Antisense compounds are routinely prepared linearly but can be joined or otherwise prepared to be circular and/or branched. Antisense compounds can include constructs such as, for example, two strands hybridized to form a wholly or partially double-stranded compound or a single strand with sufficient self-complementarity to allow for hybridization and formation of a fully or partially double-stranded compound. The two strands can be linked internally leaving free 3′ or 5′ termini or can be linked to form a continuous hairpin structure or loop. The hairpin structure may contain an overhang on either the 5′ or 3′ terminus producing an extension of single stranded character. The double stranded compounds optionally can include overhangs on the ends. Further modifications can include conjugate groups attached to one of the termini, selected nucleotide positions, sugar positions or to one of the internucleoside linkages. Alternatively, the two strands can be linked via a non-nucleic acid moiety or linker group. When formed from only one strand, dsRNA can take the form of a self-complementary hairpin-type molecule that doubles back on itself to form a duplex. Thus, the dsRNAs can be fully or partially double stranded. Specific modulation of gene expression can be achieved by stable expression of dsRNA hairpins in transgenic cell lines, however, in some embodiments, the gene expression or function is up regulated. When formed from two strands, or a single strand that takes the form of a self-complementary hairpin-type molecule doubled back on itself to form a duplex, the two strands (or duplex-forming regions of a single strand) are complementary RNA strands that base pair in Watson-Crick fashion.
+Once introduced to a system, the compounds of the invention may elicit the action of one or more enzymes or structural proteins to effect cleavage or other modification of the target nucleic acid or may work via occupancy-based mechanisms. In general, nucleic acids (including oligonucleotides) may be described as “DNA-like” (i.e., generally having one or more 2′-deoxy sugars and, generally, T rather than U bases) or “RNA-like” (i.e., generally having one or more 2′-hydroxyl or 2′-modified sugars and, generally U rather than T bases). Nucleic acid helices can adopt more than one type of structure, most commonly the A- and B-forms. It is believed that, in general, oligonucleotides which have B-form-like structure are “DNA-like” and those which have A-formlike structure are “RNA-like.” In some (chimeric) Embodiments, an antisense compound may contain both A- and B-form regions.
+In another preferred embodiment the desired oligonucleotides or antisense compounds, comprise at least one of: antisense RNA, antisense DNA, chimeric antisense oligonucleotides, antisense oligonucleotides comprising modified linkages, interference RNA (RNAi), short interfering RNA (siRNA); a micro, interfering RNA (mRNA); a small, temporal RNA (siRNA); or a short, hairpin RNA (shRNA); small RNA-induced gene activation (RNAa); small activating RNAs (saRNAs), or combinations thereof.
+dsRNA can also activate gene expression, a mechanism that has been termed “small RNA-induced gene activation” or RNAa. dsRNAs targeting gene promoters induce potent transcriptional activation of associated genes. RNAa was demonstrated in human cells using synthetic dsRNAs, termed “small activating RNAs” (saRNAs). It is currently not known whether RNAa is conserved in other organisms.
+Small double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), such as small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA), have been found to be the trigger of an evolutionary conserved mechanism known as RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi invariably leads to gene silencing via remodeling chromatin to thereby suppress transcription, degrading complementary mRNA, or blocking protein translation. However, in instances described in detail in the examples section which follows, oligonucleotides are shown to increase the expression and/or function of the Dystrophin family polynucleotides and encoded products thereof. dsRNAs may also act as small activating RNAs (saRNA). Without wishing to be bound by theory, by targeting sequences its gene promoters, saRNAs would induce target gene expression in a phenomenon referred to as dsRNA-induced transcriptional activation (RNAa).
+In a further embodiment, the “preferred target segments” identified herein may be employed in a screen for additional compounds that modulate the expression of Dystrophin family polynucleotides. “Modulators” are those compounds that decrease or increase the expression of a nucleic acid molecule encoding Dystrophin family and which comprise at least a 5-nucleotide portion that is complementary to a preferred target segment. The screening method comprises the steps of contacting a preferred target segment of a nucleic acid molecule encoding sense or natural antisense polynucleotides of Dystrophin family with one or more candidate modulators, and selecting for one or more candidate modulators which decrease or increase the expression of a nucleic acid molecule encoding Dystrophin family polynucleotides, e.g., SEQ ID NOS: 8 to 22. Once it is shown that the candidate modulator or modulators are capable of modulating (e.g. either decreasing or increasing) the expression of a nucleic acid molecule encoding Dystrophin family polynucleotides, the modulator may then be employed in further investigative studies of the function of Dystrophin family polynucleotides, or for use as a research, diagnostic, or therapeutic agent in accordance with the present invention.
+Targeting the natural antisense sequence preferably modulates the function of the target gene. For example, the DMD family gene (e.g. accession number NM_004006 and NM_007124, FIG. 2). In a preferred embodiment, the target is an antisense polynucleotide of the DMD family gene. In a preferred embodiment, an antisense oligonucleotide targets sense and/or natural antisense sequences of Dystrophin family polynucleotides (e.g. accession number NM_004006 and NM_007124, FIG. 2), variants, alleles, isoforms, homologs, mutants, derivatives, fragments and complementary sequences thereto. Preferably the oligonucleotide is an antisense molecule and the targets include coding and noncoding regions of antisense and/or sense DMD family polynucleotides.
+The preferred target segments of the present invention may be also be combined with their respective complementary antisense compounds of the present invention to form stabilized double-stranded (duplexed) oligonucleotides.
+Such double stranded oligonucleotide moieties have been shown in the art to modulate target expression and regulate translation as well as RNA processing via an antisense mechanism. Moreover, the double-stranded moieties may be subject to chemical modifications (Fire et al., (1998) Nature, 391, 806-811; Timmons and Fire, (1998) Nature, 395, 854; Timmons et al., (2001) Gene. 263, 103-112; Tabara et al., (1998) Science, 282, 430-431; Montgomery et al., (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 15502-15507; Tuschi et al., (1999) Genes Dev., 13,3191-3197; Elbashir et al., (2001) Nature, 411, 494-498; Elbashir et al., (2001) Genes Dev. 15, 188-200). For example, such double-stranded moieties have been shown to inhibit the target by the classical hybridization of antisense strand of the duplex to the target, thereby triggering enzymatic degradation of the target (Tijsterman et al., (2002) Science, 295, 694-697).
+In a preferred embodiment, an antisense oligonucleotide targets Dystrophin family polynucleotides (e.g. accession number NM_004006 and NM_007124), variants, alleles, isoforms, homologs, mutants, derivatives, fragments and complementary sequences thereto. Preferably the oligonucleotide is an antisense molecule.
+In accordance with embodiments of the invention, the target nucleic acid molecule is not limited to Dystrophin family alone but extends to any of the isoforms, receptors, homologs and the like of Dystrophin family Molecules.
+In another preferred embodiment, an oligonucleotide targets a natural antisense sequence of DMD family polynucleotides, for example, polynucleotides set forth as SEQ ID NO: 3 to 7, and any variants, alleles, homologs, mutants, derivatives, fragments and complementary sequences thereto. Examples of antisense oligonucleotides are set forth as SEQ ID NOS: 8 to 22.
+In one embodiment, the oligonucleotides are complementary to or bind to nucleic acid sequences of Dystrophin family antisense, including without limitation noncoding sense and/or antisense sequences associated with Dystrophin family polynucleotides and modulate expression and/or function of Dystrophin family molecules.
+In another preferred embodiment, the oligonucleotides are complementary to or bind to nucleic acid sequences of DMD family natural antisense, set forth as SEQ ID NO: 3 to 7 and modulate expression and/or function of DMD family molecules.
+In a preferred embodiment, oligonucleotides comprise sequences of at least 5 consecutive nucleotides of SEQ ID NOS: 8 to 22 and modulate expression and/or function of Dystrophin family molecules.
+The polynucleotide targets comprise DMD family, including family members thereof, variants of DMD family; mutants of DMD family, including SNPs; noncoding sequences of DMD family: alleles of DMD family; species variants, fragments and the like. Preferably the oligonucleotide is an antisense molecule.
+In another preferred embodiment, the oligonucleotide targeting Dystrophin family polynucleotides, comprise: antisense RNA, interference RNA (RNAi), short interfering RNA (siRNA); micro interfering RNA (miRNA); a small, temporal RNA (siRNA); or a short, hairpin RNA (shRNA); small RNA-induced gene activation (RNAs); or, small activating RNA (saRNA).
+In another preferred embodiment, targeting of Dystrophin family polynucleotides, e.g. SEQ ID NO: 3 to 7, modulates the expression or function of these targets. In one embodiment, expression or function is up-regulated as compared to a control. In another preferred embodiment, expression or function is down-regulated as compared to a control.
+In another preferred embodiment, antisense compounds comprise sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOS: 8 to 22. These oligonucleotides can comprise one or more modified nucleotides, shorter or longer fragments, modified bonds and the like.
+In another preferred embodiment, SEQ ID NOS: 8 to 22 comprise one or more LNA nucleotides.
+The modulation of a desired target nucleic acid can be carried out in several ways known in the art. For example, antisense oligonucleotides, siRNA etc. Enzymatic nucleic acid molecules (e.g., ribozymes) are nucleic acid molecules capable of catalyzing one or more of a variety of reactions, including the ability to repeatedly cleave other separate nucleic acid molecules in a nucleotide base sequence-specific manner. Such enzymatic nucleic acid molecules can be used, for example, to target virtually any RNA transcript (Zang et al., 324, Nature 429 1986; Cech, 260 JAMA 3030, 1988; and Jefferies et al., 17 Nucleic Acids Research 1371, 1989).
+Because of their sequence-specificity, trans-cleaving enzymatic nucleic acid molecules show promise as therapeutic agents for human disease (Usman & McSwiggen. (1995) Ann. Rep. Med. Chem. 30, 285-294; Christoffersen and Marr, (1995) J. Med Chem. 38, 2023-2037). Enzymatic nucleic acid molecules can be designed to cleave specific RNA targets within the background of cellular RNA. Such a cleavage event renders the mRNA non-functional and abrogates protein expression from that RNA. In this manner, synthesis of a protein associated with a disease state can be selectively inhibited.
+In general, enzymatic nucleic acids with RNA cleaving activity act by first binding to a target RNA. Such binding occurs through the target binding portion of a enzymatic nucleic acid which is held in close proximity to an enzymatic portion of the molecule that acts to cleave the target RNA. Thus, the enzymatic nucleic acid first recognizes and then binds a target RNA through complementary base pairing, and once bound to the correct site, acts enzymatically to cut the target RNA. Strategic cleavage of such a target RNA will destroy its ability to direct synthesis of an encoded protein. After an enzymatic nucleic acid has bound and cleaved its RNA target, it is released from that RNA to search for another target and can repeatedly bind and cleave new targets.
+Several approaches such as in vitro selection (evolution) strategies (Orgel, (1979) Proc. R. Soc. London, B 205, 435) have been used to evolve new nucleic acid catalysts capable of catalyzing a variety of reactions, such as cleavage and ligation of phosphodiester linkages and amide linkages, (Joyce, (1989) Gene, 82, 83-87; Beaudry et al., (1992) Science 257, 635-641; Joyce, (1992) Scientific American 2671, 90-97; Breaker et al., (1994) TIBTECH 12, 268; Bartel et al., (1993) Science 261:1411-1418; Szostak, (1993) TIBS 17, 89-93; Kumar et al., (1995) FASEB J., 9, 1183; Breaker, (1996) Curr. Op. Biotech., 7, 442).
+The development of ribozymes that are optional for catalytic activity would contribute significantly to any strategy that employs RNA-cleaving ribozymes for the purpose of regulating gene expression. The hammerhead ribozyme, for example, functions with a catalytic rate (kcat) of about 1 min-1 in the presence of saturating (10 mM) concentrations of Mg2+ cofactor. An artificial “RNA ligase” ribozyme has been shown to catalyze the corresponding self-modification reaction with a rate of about 100 min-1. In addition, it is known that certain modified hammerhead ribozymes that have substrate binding arms made of DNA catalyze RNA cleavage with multiple turn-over rates that approach 100 mm-1. Finally, replacement of a specific residue within the catalytic core of the hammerhead with certain nucleotide analogues gives modified ribozymes to show as much as a 10-fold improvement in catalytic rate. These findings demonstrate that ribozymes can promote chemical transformations with catalytic rates that are significantly greater than those displayed in vitro by most natural self-cleaving ribozymes. It is then possible that the structures of certain selfcleaving ribozymes may be optimized to give maximal catalytic activity, or that entirely new RNA motifs can be made that display significantly faster rates for RNA phosphodiester cleavage.
+Intermolecular cleavage of an RNA substrate by an RNA catalyst that fits the “hammerhead” model was first shown in 1987 (Uhlenbeck, O. C. (1987) Nature, 328: 596-600). The RNA catalyst was recovered and reacted with multiple RNA molecules, demonstrating that it was truly catalytic.
+Catalytic RNAs designed based on the “hammerhead” motif have been used to cleave specific target sequences by making appropriate base changes in the catalytic RNA to maintain necessary base pairing with the target sequences (Haseloff and Gerlach, (1988) Nature, 334, 585; Walbot and Bruening, (1988) Nature, 334, 196; Uhlenbeck, O. C. (1987) Nature, 328: 596-600; Koizumi, M., et al, (1988) FEBS Lett., 228: 228-230). This has allowed use of the catalytic RNA to cleave specific target sequences and indicates that catalytic RNAs designed according to the “hammerhead” model may possibly cleave specific substrate RNAs in vivo, (see Haseloff and Gerlach, (1988) Nature, 334, 585; Walbot and Bruening, (1988) Nature, 334, 196; Uhlenbeck, O. C. (1987) Nature, 328:596-600).
+RNA interference (RNAi) has become a powerful tool for modulating gene expression in mammals and mammalian cells. This approach requires the delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) either as RNA itself or as DNA, using an expression plasmid or virus and the coding sequence for small hairpin RNAs that are processed to siRNAs. This system enables efficient transport of the pre-siRNAs to the cytoplasm where they are active and permit the use of regulated and tissue specific promoters for gene expression.
+In a preferred embodiment, an oligonucleotide or antisense compound comprises an oligomer or polymer of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and/or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), or a mimetic, chimera, analog homolog thereof. This term includes oligonucleotides composed of naturally occurring nucleotides, sugars and covalent internucleoside (backbone) linkages as well as oligonucleotides having non-naturally occurring portions which function similarly. Such modified or substituted oligonucleotides are often desired over native forms because of desirable properties such as, for example, enhanced cellular uptake, enhanced affinity for a target nucleic acid and increased stability in the presence of nucleases.
+According to the present invention, the oligonucleotides or “antisense compounds” include antisense oligonucleotides (e.g. RNA, DNA, mimetic, chimera, analog or homolog thereof), ribozymes, external guide sequence (EGS) oligonucleotides, siRNA compounds, single- or double-stranded RNA interference (RNAi) compounds such as siRNA compounds, saRNA, aRNA, and other oligomeric compounds which hybridize to at least a portion of the target nucleic acid and modulate its function. As such, they may be DNA, RNA, DNA-like, RNA-like, or mixtures thereof, or may be mimetics of one or more of these. These compounds may be single-stranded, double-stranded, circular or hairpin oligomeric compounds and may contain structural elements such as internal or terminal bulges, mismatches or loops. Antisense compounds are routinely prepared linearly but can be joined or otherwise prepared to be circular and/or branched. Antisense compounds can include constructs such as, for example, two strands hybridized to form a wholly or partially double-stranded compound or a single strand with sufficient self-complementarity to allow for hybridization and formation of a fully or partially double-stranded compound. The two strands can be linked internally leaving free 3′ or 5′ termini or can be linked to form a continuous hairpin structure or loop. The hairpin structure may contain an overhang on either the 5′ or 3′ terminus producing an extension of single stranded character. The double stranded compounds optionally can include overhangs on the ends. Further modifications can include conjugate groups attached to one of the termini, selected nucleotide positions, sugar positions or to one of the internucleoside linkages. Alternatively, the two strands can be linked via a non-nucleic acid moiety or linker group. When formed from only one Strand, dsRNA can take the form of a self-complementary hairpin-type molecule that doubles back on itself to form a duplex. Thus, the dsRNAs can be fully or partially double stranded. Specific modulation of gene expression can be achieved by stable expression of dsRNA hairpins in transgenic cell lines (Hammond et al, (1991) Nat. Rev. Genet., 2, 110-119; Matzke et al., (2001) Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 11, 221-227; Sharp, (2001) Genes Dev., 15, 485-490). When formed from two strands, or a single strand that takes the form of a self-complementary hairpin-type molecule doubled back on itself to form a duplex, the two strands (or duplex-forming regions of a single strand) are complementary RNA strands that base pair in Watson-Crick fashion.
+Once introduced to a system, the compounds of the invention may elicit the action of one or more enzymes or structural proteins to effect cleavage or other modification of the target nucleic acid or may work via occupancy-based mechanisms. In general, nucleic acids (including oligonucleotides) may be described as “DNA-like” (i.e., generally having one or more 2′-deoxy sugars and, generally, T rather than U bases) or “RNA-like” (i.e., generally having one or more 2′-hydroxyl or 2′-modified sugars and, generally U rather than T bases). Nucleic acid helices can adopt more than one type of structure, most commonly the A- and B-forms. It is believed that, in general, oligonucleotides which have B-form-like structure are “DNA-like” and those which have A-formlike structure are “RNA-like.” In some (chimeric) embodiments, an antisense compound may contain both A- and B-form regions.
+The antisense compounds in accordance with this invention can comprise an antisense portion from about 5 to about 80 nucleotides (i.e. from about 5 to about 80 linked nucleosides) in length. This refers to the length of the antisense strand or portion of the antisense compound. In other words, a single-stranded antisense compound of the invention comprises from 5 to about 80 nucleotides, and a double-stranded antisense compound of the invention (such as a dsRNA, for example) comprises a sense and an antisense strand or portion of 5 to about 80 nucleotides in length. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this comprehends antisense portions of 5, 6, 7,8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 32, 34, 35, 36, 27, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, or 80 nucleotides in length, or any range therewithin.
+In one embodiment, the antisense compounds of the invention have antisense portions of 10 to 50 nucleotides in length. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies oligonucleotides having antisense portions of 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 or 50 nucleotides, in length, or any range therewithin. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotides are 15 nucleotides to length.
+In one embodiment, the antisense or oligonucleotide compounds of the invention have antisense portions of 12 or 13 to 30 nucleotides in length. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies antisense compounds having antisense portions of 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 or 30 nucleotides in length, or any range therewithin.
+In another preferred embodiment, the oligomeric compounds of the present invention also include variants in which a different base is present at one or more of the nucleotide positions in the compound. For example, if the first nucleotide is an adenosine, variants may be produced which contain thymidine, guanosine or cytidine at this position. This may be done at any of the positions of the antisense or dsRNA compounds. These compounds are then tested using the methods described herein to determine their ability to inhibit expression of a target nucleic acid.
+In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, between the antisense compound and target is from about 40% to about 60%. In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, is from about 60% to about 70%. In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, is from about 70% to about 80%. In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, is from about 80% to about 90%. In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, is about 90%, about 92%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99% or about 100%.
+In another preferred embodiment, the antisense oligonucleotides, such as for example, nucleic acid molecules set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 3 to 22 comprise one or more substitutions or modifications. In one embodiment, the nucleotides are substituted with locked nucleic acids (LNA).
+In another preferred embodiment, the oligonucleotides target one or more regions of the nucleic acid molecules sense and/or antisense of coding and/or non-coding sequences associated with DMD family and the sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOS: 1, 2 and 3 to 7. The oligonucleotides are also targeted to overlapping regions of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 2 and 3 to 7.
+Certain preferred oligonucleotides of this invention are chimeric oligonucleotides. “Chimeric Oligonucleotides” or “chimeras,” in the context of this invention, are oligonucleotides which contain two or more chemically distinct regions, each made up of at least one nucleotide. These oligonucleotides typically contain at least one region of modified nucleotides that confers one or more beneficial properties (such as, for example, increased nuclease resistance, increased uptake into cells, increased binding affinity for the target) and a region that is a substrate for enzymes capable of cleaving RNA:DNA or RNA:RNA hybrids. By way of example, RNase H is a cellular endonuclease which cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA duplex. Activation of RNase H, therefore, results in cleavage of the RNA target, thereby greatly enhancing the efficiency of antisense modulation of gene expression. Consequently, comparable results can often be obtained with shorter oligonucleotides when chimeric oligonucleotides are used, compared to phosphorothioate deoxyoligonucleotides hybridizing to the same target region. Cleavage of the RNA target can be routinely detected by gel electrophoresis and, if necessary, associated nucleic acid hybridization techniques known in the art. In one preferred embodiment, a chimeric oligonucleotide comprises at least one region modified to increase target binding affinity, and, usually, a region that acts as a substrate for RNAse H. Affinity of an oligonucleotide for its target (in this case, a nucleic acid encoding ras) is routinely determined by measuring the Tm of an oligonucleotide/target pair, which is the temperature at which the oligonucleotide and target dissociate; dissociation is detected spectrophotometrically. The higher the Tm, the greater is the affinity of the oligonucleotide for the target.
+Chimeric antisense compounds of the invention may be formed as composite structures of two or more oligonucleotides, modified oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides and/or oligonucleotides mimetics as described above. Such; compounds have also been referred to in the art as hybrids or gapmers. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such hybrid structures comprise, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,013,830; 5,149,797; 5, 220,007; 5,256,775; 5,366,878; 5,403,711; 5,491,133; 5,565,350; 5,623,065; 5,652,355; 5,652,356; and 5,700,922, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.
+In another preferred embodiment, the region of the oligonucleotide which is modified comprises at least one nucleotide modified at the 2′ position of the sugar, most preferably a 2′-O-alkyl, 2′-O-alkyl-O-alkyl or 2′-fluoro-modified nucleotide. In other preferred embodiments, RNA modifications include 2′-fluoro, 2′-amino and 2′-O-methyl modifications on the ribose of pyrimidines, abasic residues or an inverted base at the 3′ end of the RNA. Such modifications are routinely incorporated into oligonucleotides and these oligonucleotides have been shown to have a higher Tm (i.e., higher target binding affinity) than; 3′-deoxyoligonucleotides against a given target. The effect of such increased affinity is to greatly enhance RNAi oligonucleotide inhibition of gene expression. RNAse H is a cellular endonuclease that cleaves the RNA strand of RNA:DNA duplexes; activation of this enzyme therefore results in cleavage of the RNA target, and thus can greatly enhance the efficiency of RNAi inhibition. Cleavage of the RNA target can be routinely demonstrated by gel electrophoresis. In another preferred embodiment, the chimeric oligonucleotide is also modified to enhance nuclease resistance. Cells contain a variety of exo- and endo-nucleases which can degrade nucleic acids. A number of nucleotide and nucleoside modifications have been shown to make the oligonucleotide into which they are incorporated more resistant to nuclease digestion than the native oligodeoxynucleotide. Nuclease resistance is routinely measured by incubating oligonucleotides with cellular extracts or isolated nuclease solutions and measuring the extent of intact oligonucleotide remaining over time, usually by gel electrophoresis. Oligonucleotides which have been modified to enhance their nuclease resistance survive intact for a longer time than unmodified oligonucleotides. A variety of oligonucleotide modifications have been demonstrated to enhance or confer nuclease resistance. Oligonucleotides which contain at least one phosphorothioate modification are presently more preferred. In some cases, oligonucleotide modifications which enhance target binding affinity are also, independently, able to enhance nuclease resistance. Some desirable modifications can be found in De Mesmaeker et al. (1995) Acc. Chem. Res., 28:366-374.
+Specific examples of some preferred oligonucleotides envisioned for this invention include those comprising modified backbones, for example, phosphorothioates, phosphotriesters, methyl phosphonates, short chain alkyl or cycloalkyl intersugar linkages or short chain heteroatomic or heterocyclic intersugar linkages. Most preferred are oligonucleotides with phosphorothioate backbones and those with heteroatom backbones, particularly CH2—NH—O—CH2, CH,—N(CH3)—O—CH2 [known as a methylene(methylimino) or MMI backbone]. CH2—O—N (CH3)—CH2, CH2—N (CH3)—N (CH3)—CH2 and O—N (CH3)—CH2 —CH2 backbones, wherein the native phosphodiester backbone is represented as O—P—O—CH,). The amide backbones disclosed by De Mesmaeker et al. (1995) Acc. Chem. Res. 28:366-374 are also preferred. Also preferred are oligonucleotides having morpholino backbone structures (Summerton and Weller, U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,506). In other preferred embodiments, such as the peptide nucleic acid (PNA) backbone, the phosphodiester backbone of the oligonucleotide is replaced with a polyamide backbone, the nucleotides being bound directly or indirectly to the aza nitrogen atoms of the polyamide backbone (Nielsen et al. (1991) Science 254, 1497). Oligonucleotides may also comprise one or more substituted sugar moieties. Preferred oligonucleotides comprise one of the following at the 2′ position: OH, SH, SCH3, F, OCN, OCH3 OCH3, OCH3 O(CH2)n CH3, O(CH2)n NH2 or O(CH2)n CH3 where n is from 1 to about 10; C1 to C10 lower alkyl, alkoxyalkoxy. substituted lower alkyl, alkaryl or aralkyl; Cl; Br; CN; CF3; OCF3; O-, S-, or N-alkyl; O-, S-, or N-alkenyl; SOCH3; SO2 CH3; ONO2; NO2; N3; NH2; heterocycloalkyl; heterocycloalkaryl; aminoalkylamino; polyalkylamino; substituted silyl, an RNA cleaving group; a reporter group, an intercalator; a group for improving the pharmacokinetic properties of am oligonucleotide; or a group for improving the pharmacodynamic properties of an oligonucleotide and other substituents having similar properties. A preferred modification includes 2′-methoxyethoxy [2′—O—CH2 CH2OCH3, also known as 2′—O—(2methoxyethyl)] (Martin et al., (1995) Heiv. Chim. Acta, 78, 486). Other preferred modifications include 2′-methoxy (2′—O—CH3), 2′-propoxy (2′-OCH2 CH2CH3) and 2′-fluoro (2′-F). Similar modifications may also be made at other positions on the oligonucleotide, particularly the 3′ position of the sugar on the 3′ terminal nucleotide and the 5′ position of 5′ terminal nucleotide. Oligonucleotides may also have sugar mimetics such as cyclobutyls in place of the pentofluranosyl group.
+Oligonucleotides may also include, additionally or alternatively, nucleobase (often referred to in the art simply as “base”) modifications or substitutions. As used herein, “unmodified” or “natural” nucleotides include adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U). Modified nucleotides include nucleotides found only infrequently or transiently in natural nucleic acids, e.g., hypozanthine, 6-methyladenine, 5-Me pyrimidines, particularly 5-methylcytosine (also referred to as 5-methyl-2′ deoxycytosine and often referred to in the art as 5-Me-C). 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (HMC), glycosyl HMC and gentobiosyl HMC, as well as synthetic nucleotides, e.g., 2-aminoadenine, 2-(methylamino)adenine, 2-(imidazolylalkyl)adenine, 2-(aminoalkylamino)adenine or other heterosubstituted alkyladenines, 2-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine, 5-bromouracil, 5-hydroxymethyluracil, 8-azaguanine, 7-deazagnanine, N6 (6-aminohexyl)adenine and 2,6-diaminopurine. (Kornberg, A., DNA Replication, W. H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, 1980, pp75-77; Gebeychu, G., (1987) et al. Nucl. Acids Res. 15:4513). A “universal” base known in the art, e.g., inosine, may be included. 5-Me-C substitutions have been shown to increase nucleic acid duplex stability by 0.6-1.2° C. (Sanghvi, Y. S., in Crooke, S. T. and Lebleu, B., eds., Antisense Research and Applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1993, pp. 276-278) and are presently preferred base substitutions.
+Another modification of the oligonucleotides of the invention involves chemically linking to the oligonucleotide one or more moieties or conjugates which enhance the activity or cellular uptake of the oligonucleotide. Such moieties include but are not limited to lipid moieties such as a cholesterol moiety, a cholesteryl moiety (Letsinger et al., (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 6553), cholic acid (Manoharan et al. (1994) Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let. 4, 1053), a thioether, e.g., hexyl-S-tritylthiol (Manoharan et al. (1992) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 660, 306; Manoharan et al. (1993) Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let. 3, 2765), a thiocholesterol (Oberhauser et al., (1992) Nucl. Acids Res. 20, 533), an aliphatic chain, e.g., dodecandiol or undecyl residues (Saison-Behmoaras et al. EMBO J. 1991, 10, 111; Kabanov et al. (1990) FEBS Lett. 259, 327; Svinarchuk et al. (1993) Biochimie 75, 49), a phospholipid, e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac-glycerol or triethylammonium 1,2-di-O-hexadecyl- rac-glycero-3-H-phosphonate (Manoharan et al. (1995) Tetrahedron Lett. 36, 3651; Shea et al. (1990) Nucl. Acids Res. 18, 3777), a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain (Manoharan et al. (1995) Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 14, 969), or adamantane acetic acid (Manoharan et al. (1995) Tetrahedron Lett.36, 3651). Oligonucleotides comprising lipophilic moieties, and methods for preparing such oligonucleotides are known in the art, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,138,045, 5,218,105 and 5,459,255.
+It is not necessary for all positions in a gives oligonucleotide to be uniformly modified, and in fact more than one of the aforementioned modifications may be incorporated in a single oligonucleotide or even at within a single nucleoside within an oligonucleotide. The present invention also includes oligonucleotides which are chimeric oligonucleotides as hereinbefore defined.
+In another embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention is conjugated with another moiety including but not limited to abasic nucleotides, polyether, polyamine, polyamides, peptides, carbohydrates, lipid, or polyhydrocarbon compounds. Those skilled in the art will recognize that these molecules can be linked to one or more of any nucleotides comprising the nucleic acid molecule at several positions on the sugar, base or phosphate group.
+The oligonucleotides used to accordance with this invention may be conveniently and routinely made through the well-known technique of solid phase synthesis. Equipment for such synthesis is sold by several vendors including Applied Biosystems. Any other means for such synthesis may also be employed; the actual synthesis of the oligonucleotides is well within the talents of one of ordinary skill in the art. It is also well known to use similar techniques to prepare other oligonucleotides such as the phosphorothioates and alkylated derivatives. It is also well known to use similar techniques and commercially available modified amidities and controlled-pore glass (CPG) products such as biotin, fluorescein, acridine or psoralen-modified amidites and/or CPG (available from Glen Research, Sterling, Va.) to sythesize fluorescently labeled, biotinylated or other modified oligonucleotides such as cholesterol-modified Oligonucleotides.
+In accordance with the invention, use of modifications such as the use of LNA monomers to enhance the potency, specificity and duration of action and broaden the routes of administration of oligonucleotides comprised of current chemistries such as MOE, ANA, FANA, PS etc (Uhlman, et al. (2000) Current Opinions in Drug Discovery & Development Vol. 3 No 2). This can be achieved by substituting some of the monomers in the current oligonucleotides by LNA monomers. The LNA modified oligonucleotide may have a size similar to the parent compound or may be larger or preferably smaller. It is preferred that such LNA-modified oligonucleotides contain less than about 70%, more preferably less than about 60%, most preferably less than about 50% LNA monomers and that their sizes are between about 5 and 25 nucleotides, more preferably between about 12 and 20 nucleotides.
+Preferred modified oligonucleotide backbones comprise, but not limited to, phosphorothioates, chiral phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, phosphotriesters, aminoalkylphosphotriesters, methyl and other alkyl phosphonates comprising 3′alkylene phosphonates and chiral phosphonates, phosphinates, phosphoramidates comprising 3′-amino phosphoramidate and aminoalkylphosphoramidates, thionophosphoramidates, thionoalkylphosphonates, thionoalkylphosphotriesters, and boranophosphates having normal 3′-5′ linkages, 2′-5′ linked analogs of these, and those having inverted polarity wherein the adjacent pairs of nucleoside units are linked 3′-5′ to 5′-3′ or 2′-5′ to 5′-2′. Various salts, mixed salts and free acid forms are also included.
+Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of the above phosphorus containing linkages comprise, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,687,808; 4,469,863; 4,476,301; 5,023,243; 5,177,196; 5,188,897; 5,264,423; 5,276,019; 5,278,302; 5,286,717; 5,321,131; 5,399,676; 5,405,939; 5,453,496; 5,455,233; 5,466,677; 5,476,925; 5,519,126; 5,536,821; 5,541,306; 5,550,111; 5,563,253; 5,571,799, 5,587,361; and 5,625,950, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.
+Preferred modified oligonucleotide backbones that do not include a phosphorus atom therein have backbones that are formed by short chain alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, mixed heteroatom and alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, or one or more short chain heteroatomic or heterocyclic internucleoside linkages. These comprise those having morpholino linkages (formed in part from the sugar portion of a nucleoside); siloxane backbones; sulfide, sulfoxide and sulfone backbones; formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; methylene formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; alkene containing backbones; sulfamate backbones; methyleneimino and methylenehydrazino backbones; sulfonate and sulfonamide backbones; amide backbones; and others having mixed N, O, S and CH2 component parts.
+Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of the above oligonucleosides comprise, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,034,506; 5,166,315; 5,185,444; 5,214,134; 5,216,141; 5,235,033; 5,264,562; 5, 264,564; 5,405,938; 5,434,257; 5,466,677; 5,470,967; 5,489,677; 5,541,307; 5,561,225; 5,596,086; 5,602,240; 5,610,289; 5,602,240; 5,608,046; 5,610,289; 5,618,704; 5,623,070; 5,663,312; 5,633,360; 5,677,437; sad 5,677,439, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.
+In other preferred oligonucleotide mimetics, both the sugar and the internucleoside linkage, i.e., the backbone, of the nucleotide units are replaced with novel groups. The base units are maintained for hybridization with an appropriate nucleic acid target compound. One such oligomeric compound, an oligonucleotide mimetic that has been shown to have excellent hybridization properties, is referred to as a peptide nucleic acid (PNA). In PNA compounds, the sugar-backbone of an oligonucleotide is replaced with an amide containing backbone, in particular an aminoethylglycine backbone. The nucleobases are retained and are bound directly or indirectly to aza nitrogen atoms of the amide portion of the backbone. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of PNA compounds comprise, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,539,082; 5,714,331; and 5,719,262, each of which is herein incorporated by reference. Further teaching of PNA compounds can be found in Nielsen, et al. (1991) Science 254, 1497-1500.
+In another preferred embodiment of the invention the oligonucleotides with phosphorothioate backbones and oligonucleosides with heteroatom backbones, and in particular—CH2—NH—O—CH2—,—CH2—N (CH3)—O—CH2-known as a methylene (methylimino) or MMI backbone,—CH2—O—N (CH3)—CH2—,—CH2N(CH3)—N(CH3) CH2—and—O—N(CH3)—CH2—CH2— wherein the native phosphodiester backbone is represented as—O—P—O—CH2— of the above referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,489,677, and the amide backbones of the above referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,240. Also preferred are oligonucleotides having morpholino backbone structures of the above-referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,506.
+Modified oligonucleotides may also contain one or more substituted sugar moieties. Preferred oligonucleotides comprise one of the following at the 2′ position: OH; F; O-, S-, or N-alkyl; O-, S-, or N-alkenyl; O-, S- or N-alkynyl; or O alkyl-O-alkyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl may be substituted or unsubstituted C to CO alkyl or C2 to CO alkenyl and alkynyl. Particularly preferred are O (CH2)n OmCH3, O(CH2)n,OCH3, O(CH2)nNH2, O(CH2)nCH3, O(CH2)nONH2, and O(CH2nON(CH2)nCH3)2 where n and m can be from 1 to about 10. Other preferred oligonucleotides comprise one of the following at the 2′ position: C to CO, (lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, alkaryl, aralkyl O-alkaryl or O-aralkyl, SH, SCH3, OCN, Cl, Br, CN, CF3, OCF3, SOCH3, SO2CH3, ONO2, NO2, N3, NH2, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkaryl, aminoalkylamino, polyalkylamino, substituted silyl, an RNA cleaving group, a reporter group, an intercalator, a group for improving the pharmacokinetic properties of an oligonucleotide, or a group tor improving the pharmacodynamic properties of an oligonucleotide, and other substituents having similar properties. A preferred modification comprises 2′-methoxyethoxy (2′—O—CH2CH2OCH3, also known as 2′—O—(2-methoxyethyl) or 2′-MOE) (Martin et al., (1995) Helv. Chim. Acta, 78, 486-504) i.e., an alkoxyalkoxy group. A further preferred modification comprises 2′-dimethylaminooxyethoxy, i,e., a O(CH2)2ON(CH3)2 group, also known as 2′-DMAOE, as described in examples herein below, and 2′-dimethylaminoethoxyethoxy (also known in the art as 2′-O-dimethhylaminoethoxyethyl or 2′-DMAEOE), i.e., 2′—O—CH2—O—CH2—N (CH2)2.
+Other preferred modifications comprise 2′-methoxy (2′—O CH3), 2′-aminopropoxy (2′—O CH2CH2CH2NH2) and 2′-fluoro (2—-F). Similar modifications may also be made at other positions on the oligonucleotide, particularly the 3′ position of the sugar on the 3′ terminal nucleotide or in 2′-5′ linked oligonucleotides and the 5′ position of 5′ terminal nucleotide. Oligonucleotides may also have sugar mimetics such as cyclobutyl moieties in place of the pentofuranosyl sugar. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such modified sugar structures comprise, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,981,957; 5,118,800; 5,319,080; 5,359,044; 5,393,878; 5,446,137; 5,466,786; 5,514, 785; 5,519,134; 5,567,811; 5,576,427; 5,591,722; 5,597,909; 5,610,300; 5,627,053; 5,639,873; 5,646,265; 5,658,873; 5,670,633; and 5,700,920, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.
+Oligonucleotides may also comprise nucleobase (often referred to in the art simply as “base”) modifications or substitutions. As used herein, “unmodified” or “natural” nucleotides comprise the purine bases adenine (A) and guanine (G), and the pyrimidine bases thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U). Modified nucleotides comprise other synthetic and natural nucleotides such as 5-methylcytosine (5-me-C), 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6-methyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-propyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine and 2-thiocytosine, 5-halouracil and cytosine, 5-propynyl uracil and cytosine, 6-azo uracil, cytosine and thymine, 5-uracil (pseudo-uracil), 4-thiouracil, 8-halo, 8-amino, 8-thiol, 8-thioalkyl, 8-hydroxyl and other 8-substituted adenines and guanines, 5-halo particularly 5-bromo, 5-trifluoromethyl and other 5-substituted uracils and cytosines, 7-methylquanine and 7-methyladenine, 8-azaguanine and 8-azaadenine, 7-deazaguanine and 7-deazaadenine and 3-deazaguanine and 3-deazaadenine.
+Further, nucleotides comprise those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,808, those disclosed in “The Concise Encyclopedia of Polymer Science And Engineering”, pages 858-859, Kroschwitz, J. L. ed. John Wiley & Sons, 1990, those disclosed by English et al., ‘Angewandle Chemic, International Edition’, 1991, 30, page 613, and those disclosed by Sanghvi, Y. S., Chapter 15. ‘Antisense Research and Applications’, pages 289-302, Crooke, S. T. and Lebleu, B. ca., CRC Press, 1993. Certain of these nucleotides are particularly useful for increasing the binding affinity of the oligomeric compounds of the invention. These comprise 5-substituted pyrimidines, 6-azapyrimidines and N-2, N-6 and 0-6 substituted purines, comprising 2-aminopropyladenine, 5-propynyhuracil and 5-propynylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine substitutions have been shown to increase nucleic acid duplex stability by 0.6-1.2° C. (Sanghvi, Y. S., Crooke S. T. and Lebleu, B., eds ‘Antisense Research and Applications’, CRC Press. Boca Raton, 1993, pp. 276-278) and are presently preferred base substitutions, even more particularly when combined with 2′-Omethyoxyethyl sugar modifications.
+Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of the above noted modified nucleotides as well as other modified nucleotides comprise, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,687,808, as well as 4,845,205; 5,130,302; 5,134,066; 5,175,273; 5,367,066; 5,432,272; 5,457,187; 5,459,255; 5,484,908; 5,502,177; 5,523,711; 5,552,540; 5,587,469; 5,596,091; 5,614,617; 5,750,692; and 5,681,941, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.
+Another modification of the oligonucleotides of the invention involves chemically linking to the oligonucleotide one or more moieties or conjugates, which enhance the activity, cellular distribution, or cellular uptake of the oligonucleotide.
+Such moieties comprise but are not limited to, lipid moieties such as a cholesterol moiety (Letsinger et al., (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86, 6553-6556), cholic acid (Manoharan et al. (1994) Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let., 4, 1053-1060), a thioether. e.g., hexyl-S-trithylthiol (Manoharan et al., (1992) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 660, 306-309; Manoharan et al., (1993) Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let., 3, 2765-2770), a thiocholesterol (Oberhauser et al., (1992) Nucl. Acids. Res., 20, 533-538), an aliphatic chain, e.g., dodecandiol or undecyl residues (Kabanov et al., (1990) FEBS Lett. 259, 327-330; Svinarchuk et al., (1993) Biochimie 75, 49-54), a phospholipid, e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac-glycerol or triethylammonium 1,2-di-O-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-H-phosphonate (Manoharan et al., (1995) Tetrahedron Lett., 36, 3651-3654; Shea et al., (1990) Nucl. Acids Res., 18, 3777-3785), a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain (Manoharan et al., (1995) Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 14, 969-973), or adamantane acetic acid (Manoharan et al., (1995) Tetrahedron Lett., 36,3651-3654), a palmityl moiety (Mishra et al., (1995) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1264, 229-237), or an octadecylamine or hexylamino-carbonyl-t oxycholesterol moiety (Crooke et al., (1996) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 277,923-937).
+Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such oligonucleotides conjugates comprise, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,828,979; 4,948,882; 5,218,105; 5,525,465; 5,541,313; 5,545,730; 5,552,538; 5,578,717, 5,580,731; 5,580,731; 5,591,584; 5,109,124; 5,118,802; 5,138,045; 5,414,077; 5,486,603; 5,512,439; 5,578,718; 5,608,046; 4,587,044; 4,605,735; 4,667,025; 4,762,779; 4,789,737; 4,824,941; 4,835,263; 4,876,335; 4,904,582; 4,958,013; 5,082,830; 5,112,963; 5,214,136; 5,082,830; 5,112,963; 5,214,136; 5,245,022; 5,254,469; 5,258,506; 5,262,536; 5,272,250; 5,292,873; 5,317,098; 5,371,241; 5,391,723; 5,416,203, 5,451,463; 5,510,475; 5,512,667; 5,514,785; 5,565,552; 5,567,810; 5,574,142; 5,585,481; 5,587,371; 5,595,726; 5,597,696; 5,599,923; 5,599,928 and 5.688,941, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.
+Drug discovery: The compounds of the present iavemion can also be applied in the areas of drug discovery and target validation. The present invention comprehends the use of the compounds and preferred target segments identified herein in drug discovery efforts to elucidate relationships that exist between Dystrophin family polynucleotides and a disease state, phenotype, or condition. These methods include detecting or modulating Dystrophin family polynucleotides comprising contacting a sample, tissue, cell, or organism with the compounds of the present invention, measuring the nucleic acid or protein level of Dystrophin family polynucleotides and/or a related phenotypic or chemical endpoint at some time after treatment, and optionally comparing the measured value to a non-treated sample or sample treated with a further compound of the invention. These methods can also be performed in parallel or in combination with other experiments to determine the function of unknown genes for the process of target validation or to determine the validity of a particular gene product as a target for treatment or prevention of a particular disease, condition, or phenotype.
+Assessing Up-Regulation or Inhibition of Gene Expression:
+Transfer of an exogenous nucleic acid into a host cell or organism can be assessed by directly detecting the presence of the nucleic acid in the cell or organism. Such detection can be achieved by several methods well known in the art. For example, the presence of the exogenous nucleic acid can be detected by Southern blot or by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique using primers that specifically amplify nucleotide sequences associated with the nucleic acid. Expression of the exogenous nucleic acids can also be measured using conventional methods including gene expression analysis. For instance, mRNA produced from an exogenous nucleic acid can be detected and quantified using a Northern blot and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR).
+Expression of RNA from the exogenous nucleic acid can also be detected by measuring an enzymatic activity or a reporter protein activity. For example, antisense modulatory activity can be measured indirectly as a decrease or increase in target nucleic acid expression as an indication that the exogenous nucleic acid is producing the effector RNA. Based on sequence conservation, primers can be designed and used to amplify coding regions of the target genes. Initially, the most highly expressed coding region from each gene can be used to build a model control gene, although any coding or non coding region can be used. Each control gene is assembled by inserting each coding region between a reporter coding region and its poly(A) signal. These plasmids would produce an mRNA with a reporter gene in the upstream portion of the gene and a potential RNAi target in the 3′ non-coding region. The effectiveness of individual antisense oligonucleotides would be assayed by modulation of the reporter gene. Reporter genes useful in the methods of the present invention include acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS), alkaline phosphatase (AP), beta galactosidase (LacZ), beta glucoronidase (GUS), chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), green fluorescent protein (GFP), red fluorescent protein (RFP), yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), cyan fluorescent protein (CFP), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), luciferase (Luc), nopaline synthase (NOS), octopine synthase (OCS), and derivatives thereof. Multiple selectable markers are available that confer resistance to ampicillin, bleomycin, chloramphenicol, gentamycin, hygromycin, kanamycin, lincomycin, methotrexate, phosphinothricin, puromycin, and tetracycline. Methods to determine modulation of a reporter gene are well known in the art, and include, but are not limited to, fluorometric methods (e.g. fluorescenes spectroscopy, Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS), fluorescence microscopy), antibiotic resistance determination.
+DMD family protein and mRNA expression can be assayed using methods known to those of skill in the art and described elsewhere herein. For example, immunoassays such as the ELISA can be used to measure protein levels. DMD family anybodies for ELISAs are available commercially, e.g., from Abnova, (Walnut, Calif.), Abeam, Cambridge, Mass.
+In embodiments, DMD family expression (e.g., mRNA or protein) in a sample (e.g., cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro) treated using an antisense oligonucleotide of the invention is evaluated by comparison with DMD family expression in a control sample. For example, expression of the protein or nucleic acid can be compared using methods known to those of skill in the art with that in a mock-treated or untreated sample. Alternatively, comparison with a sample treated with a control antisense oligonucleotide (e.g., one having an altered or different sequence) can be made depending on the information desired. In another embodiment, a difference in the expression of the DMD family protein or nucleic acid in a treated vs. an untreated sample can be compared with the difference in expression of a different nucleic acid (including any standard deemed appropriate by the researcher, e.g., a housekeeping gene) in a treated sample vs. an untreated sample.
+Observed differences can be expressed as desired, e.g., in the form of a ratio or fraction, for use in a comparison with control. In embodiments, the level of DMD family mRNA or protein, in a sample treated with an antisense oligonucleotide of the present invention, is increased or decreased by about 1.25-fold to about 10-fold or more relative to an untreated sample or a sample treated with a control nucleic acid. In embodiments, the level of DMD family mRNA or protein is increased or decreased by at least about 1.25-fold, at least about 1.3-fold, at least about 1.4-fold, at least about 1.5-fold, at least about 1.6-fold at least about 1.7-fold, at least about 1.8-fold, as least about 2-fold, at least about 2.5-fold at least about 3-fold, at least about 3.5-fold, at least about 4-fold, at least about 4.5-fold, at least about 5-fold, at least about 5.5-fold, at least about 6-fold, at least about 6.5-fold, at least about 7-fold, at least about 7.5-fold, at least about 8-fold, at least about 8.5-fold, at least about 9-fold, at least about 9.5-fold, or at least about 10-fold or more.
+Kits, Research Reagents, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics
+The compounds of the present invention can be utilized for diagnostics, therapeutics, and prophylaxis, and as research reagents and components of kits. Furthermore, antisense oligonucleotides, which are able to inhibit gene expression with exquisite specificity, are often used by those of ordinary skill to elucidate the function of particular genes or to distinguish between functions of various members of a biological pathway.
+For use in kits and diagnostics and in various biological systems, the compounds of the present invention, either alone or in combination with other compounds or therapeutics, are useful as tools in differential and/or combinatorial analyses to elucidate expression patterns of a portion or the entire complement of genes expressed within cells and tissues.
+As used herein the term “biological system” or “system” is defined as any organism, cell, cell culture or tissue that expresses, or is made competent to express products of the Dystrophin family genes. These include, but are not limited to, humans, transgenic animals, cells, cell cultures, tissues, xenografts, transplants and combinations thereof.
+As one non limiting example, expression patterns within cells or tissues treated with one or more antisense conpounds are compared to control cells or tissues not treated with antisense compounds and the patterns produced are analyzed for differential levels of gene expression as they pertain, for example, to disease association, signaling pathway, cellular localization, expression level, size, structure or function of the genes examined. These analyses can be performed on stimulated or unstimulated cells and in the presence or absence of other compounds that affect expression patterns.
+Examples of methods of gene expression analysis known in the art include DNA arrays or microarrays (Brazma and Vilo, (2000) FEBS Lett., 480, 17-24; Celis, et al., (2000) FEBS Lett., 480, 2-16), SAGE (serial analysis of gene expression) (Madden, et al., (2000) Drug Discov. Today, 5, 415-425), READS (restriction enzyme amplification of digested cDNAs) (Prashar and Weissman. (1999) Methods Enzymol., 303, 258-72), TOGA (total gene expression analysis) (Sutcliffe, et al., (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 97, 1976-81), protein arrays and protcomies (Celis, et al., (2000) FEBS Lett., 480, 2-16; Jungblut, et al., Electrophoresis, 1999, 20, 2100-10), expressed sequence tag (EST) sequencing (Celis, et al., FEBS Lett., 2000, 480, 2-16; Larson, et al., J. Biotechnol., 2000, 80, 143-57), subtractive RNA fingerprinting (SuRF) (Fuchs, et al., (2000) Anal. Biochem. 286, 91-98: Larson. et al., (2000) Cytometry 41, 203-208), subtractive cloning, differential display (DD) (Jurecic and Belmont, (2000) Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 3, 316-21), comparative genomic hybridization (Carulli, et al., (1998) J. Cell Biochem. Suppl. 31, 286-96), FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization) techniques (Going and Gusterson, (1999) Eur. J. Cancer, 35, 1895-904) and mass spectrometry methods (To, Comb. (2000) Chem. High Throughput Screen, 3, 235-41).
+The compounds of the invention are useful for research and diagnostics, because these compounds hybridize to nucleic acids encoding Dystrophin family. For example, oligonucleotides that hybridize with such efficiency and under such conditions as disclosed herein as to be effective Dystrophin family modulators are effective primers or probes under conditions favoring gene amplification or detection, respectively. These primers and probes are useful in methods requiring the specific detection of nucleic acid molecules encoding Dystrophin family and in the amplification of said nucleic acid molecules for detection or for use in further studies of Dystrophin family. Hybridization of the antisense oligonucleotides, particularly the primers and probes, of the invention with a nucleic acid encoding Dystrophin family can be detected by means known in art. Such means may include conjugation of an enzyme to the oligonucleotide, radiolabeling of the oligonucleotide, or any other suitable detection means. Kits using such detection means for detecting the level of Dystrophin family in a sample may also be prepared.
+The specificity and sensitivity of antisense are also harnessed by those of skill in the art for therapeutic uses. Antisense compounds have been employed as therapeutic moieties in the treatment of disease states in animals, including humans. Antisense oligonucleotide drugs have been safely and effectively administered to humans and numerous clinical trials are presently underway. It is thus established that antisense compounds can be useful therapeutic modalities that can be configured to be useful in treatment regimes for the treatment of cells, tissues and animals, especially humans.
+For therapeutics, an animal, preferably a human, suspected of having a disease or disorder which can be treated by modulating the expression of Dystrophin family polynucleotides is treated by administering antisense compounds in accordance with this invention. For example, in one non-limiting embodiment, the methods comprise the step of administering to the animal in need of treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of Dystrophin family modulator. The Dystrophin family modulators of the present invention effectively modulate the activity of the Dystrophin family or modulate the expression of the Dystrophin family protein. In one embodiment, the activity or expression of Dystrophin family in an animal is inhibited by about 10% as compared to a control. Preferably, the activity or expression of Dystrophin family in an animal is inhibited by about 30%. More preferably, the activity or expression of Dystrophin family in an animal is inhibited by 50% or more. Thus, the oligomeric compounds modulate expression of Dystrophin family mRNA by at least 10%, by at least 50%, by at least 25%, by at least 30%, by at least 40%, by at least 50%, by at least 60% by at least 70%, by at least 75%, by at least 80%, by at least 85%, by at least 90%, by at least 95%, by at least 98%, by at least 99%, or by 100% as compared to a control.
+In one embodiment, the activity or expression of Dystrophin family and/or in an animal is increased by about 10% as compared to a control. Preferably, the activity or expression of Dystrophin family in an animal is increased by about 30%. More preferably, the activity or expression of Dystrophin family in an animal is increased by 50% or more. Thus, the oligomeric compounds modulate expression of Dystrophin family mRNA by at least 10%, by at least 50%, by at least 25%, by at least 30%, by at least 40%, by at least 50%, by at least 60%, by at least 70%, by at least 75%, by at least 80%, by at least 85%, by at least 90%, by at least 95%, by at least 98%, by at least 99%, or by 100% as compared to a control.
+For example, the reduction, of the expression of Dystrophin family may be measured in serum, blood, adipose tissue, liver or any other body fluid, tissue or organ of the animal. Preferably, the cells contained within said fluids, tissues or organs being analyzed contain a nucleic acid molecule encoding Dystrophin family peptides and/or the Dystrophin family protein itself.
+The compounds of the invention can be utilized in pharmaceutical compositions by adding an effective amount of a compound to a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. Use of the compounds and methods of the invention may also be useful prophylactically.
+Confugates
+Another modification of the oligonucleotides of the invention involves chemically linking to the oligonucleotide one or more moieties or conjugates that enhance the activity, cellular distribution or cellular uptake of the oligonucleotide. These moieties or conjugates can include conjugate groups covalently bound to functional groups such as primary or secondary hydroxyl groups. Conjugate groups of the invention include intercalators, reporter molecules, polyamines, polyamides, polyethylene glycols, polyethers, groups that enhance the pharmacodynamic properties of oligomers, and groups that enhance the pharmacokinetic properties of oligomers. Typicalconjugate groups include cholesterols, lipids, phospholipids, biotin, phenazine, folate, phenanthridine, anthraquinone, acridine, fluoresceins, rhodamines, coumarins, and dyes. Groups that enhance the pharmacodynamic properties, in the context of this invention, include groups that improve uptake, enhance resistance to degradation, and/or strengthen sequence-specific hybridization with the target nucleic acid. Groups that enhance the pharmacokinetic properties, in the context of this invention, include groups that improve uptake, distribution, metabolism or excretion of the compounds of the present invention. Representative conjugate groups are disclosed in international Patent Application No. PCT/US92/09196, filed Oct. 23, 1992, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which are incorporated herein by reference. Conjugate moieties include, but are not limited to, lipid moieties such as a cholesterol moiety, cholic acid, a thioether, e.g., hexyl-5-tritylthiol, a thiocholesterol, an aliphatic chain, e.g., dodecandiol or undecyl residues, a phospholipid, e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac-glycerol or triethlyammonium 1,2-di-O-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-Hphosphonate, a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain, or adamantane acetic acid, a palmityl moiety, or an octadecylamine or hexylamino-carbonyl-oxycholesterol moiety. Oligonucleotides of the invention may also be conjugated to active drag substances, for example, aspirin, warfarin, phenylbutazone, ibuprofen, suprofen, fenbufen, ketoprofen, (S)-(+)-pranoprofen, carprofen, dansylsarcosine, 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, flufenamic acid, folinic acid, a benzothiadiazide, chlorothiazide, a diazepine, indomethicin, a barbiturate, a cephalosporin, a sulfa drug, an antidiabetic, an antibacterial or an antibiotic.
+Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such oligonucleotides conjugates include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,828,979; 4,948,882; 5,218,105; 5,525,465; 5,541,313; 5,545,730; 5,552,538; 5,578,717, 5,580,731; 5,580,731; 5,591,584; 5,109,124; 5,118,802; 5,138,045; 5,414,077; 5,486,603; 5,512,439; 5,578,718; 5,608,046; 4,587,044; 4,605,735; 4,667,025; 4,762,779; 4,789,737; 4,824,941; 4,835,263; 4,876,335; 4,904,582; 4,958,013; 5,082,830; 5,112,963; 5,214,136; 5,082,830; 5,112,963; 5,214,136; 5,245,022; 5,254,469; 5,258,506; 5,262,536; 5,272,250; 5,292,873; 5,317,098; 5,373,241; 5,391,723; 5,416,203, 5,451,463; 5,510,475; 5,512,667; 5,514,785; 5,565,552; 5,567,810; 5,574,142; 5,585,481; 5,587,371; 5,595,726; 5,597,696; 5,599,923; 5,599,928 and 5,688,941.
+Formulations
+The compounds of the invention may also be admixed, encapsulated, conjugated or otherwise associated with other molecules, molecule structures or mixtures of compounds, as forexample, liposomes, receptor-targeted molecules, oral, rectal, topical, or other formulations, for assisting in uptake, distribution and/or absorption. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such uptake, distribution and/or absorption-assisting formulations include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,108,921; 5,354,844; 5,416,016; 5,459,127; 5,521,291; 5,543,165; 5,547,932; 5,583,020; 5,591,721; 4,426,330; 4,534,899; 5,013,556; 5,108,921; 5,213,804; 5,227,170; 5,264,221; 5,356,633; 5,395,619; 5,416,016; 5,417,978; 5,462,854; 5,469,854; 5,512,295; 5,527,528; 5,534,259; 5,543,152; 5,556,948; 5,580,575; sad 5,595,756, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.
+Although, the antisense oligonucleotides do not need to be administered in the context of a vector in order to modulate a target expression and/or function, embodiments of the invention relays to expression vector constructs for the expression of antisense oligonucleotides, comprising promoters, hybrid promoter gene sequences and possess a strong constitutive promoter activity, or a promoter activity which can be induced in the desired case.
+In an embodiment, invention practice involves administering at least one of the foregoing antisense oligonucleotides with a suitable nucleic acid delivery system. In one embodiment, that system includes a non-viral vector operably linked to the polynucleotide. Examples of such nonviral vectors include the oligonucleotide alone (e.g. any one or more of SEQ ID NOS: 8 to 22) or in combination with a suitable protein, polysaccharide or lipid formulation.
+Additionally suitable nucleic acid delivery systems include viral vector, typically sequence from at least one of an adenovirus, adenovirus-associated virus (AAV), helper-dependent adenovirus, retrovirus, or hemagglutinatin virus of Japan-liposome (HVJ) complex. Preferably, the vital vector comprises a strong eukaryotic promoter operably linked to the polynucleotide e.g., a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter.
+Additionally preferred vectors include viral vectors, fusion proteins and chemical conjugates. Retroviral vectors include Moloney murine leukemia viruses and HIV-based viruses. One preferred HIV-based viral vector comprises at least two vectors wherein the gag and pol genes are from an HIV genome and the env gene is from another virus. DNA viral vectors are preferred. These vectors include pox vectors such as orthopox or avipox vectors, herpesvirus vectors such as a herpes simplex I virus (HSV) vector [Geller, A. I. et al. (1995) J. Neurochem, 64:487; Lim, F., et al., in DNA Cloning: Mammalian Systems, D. Glover, Ed. (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford England) (1995); Geller, A. I. et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.: U.S.A.:90 7603; Geller, A. I., et al. (1990) Proc Natl. Acad. Sci USA: 87:1149], Adenovirus Vectors (LeGal LaSalle et al., Science, 259;988 (1993); Davidson, et al., (1993) Nat. Genet. 3: 219; Yang, et al., (1995) J. Virol. 69: 2004) and Adeno-associated Virus Vectors (Kaplitt, M. G., et al., (.1994) Nat. Genet. 8:148).
+The antisense compounds of the invention encompass any pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, or salts of such esters, or any other compound which, upon administration to an animal, including a human, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) the biologically active metabolite or residue thereof.
+The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to physiologically and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention: i.e., salts that retain the desired biological activity of the parent compound and do not impart undesired toxicological effects thereto. For oligonucleotides, preferred examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts and their uses are further described m U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which is incorporated herein by reference.
+The present invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions and formulations that include the antisense compounds of the invention. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be administered in a number of ways depending upon whether local or systemic treatment is desired and upon the area to be treated. Administration may be topical (including ophthalmic and to mucous membranes including vaginal and rectal delivery), pulmonary, e.g., by inhalation or insufflation of powders or aerosols, including by nebulizer; intratracheal, intranasal, epidermal and transdermal), oral or parenteral. Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection or infusion; or intracranial, e.g., intrathecal of intraventricular, administration.
+For treating tissues in the central nervous system, administration can be made by, e.g., injection or infusion into the cerebrospinal fluid. Administration of antisense RNA into cerebrospinal fluid is described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2007/0117772, “Methods for slowing familial ALS disease progression,” incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
+When it is intended that the antisense oligonucleotide of the present invention be administered to cells in the central nervous system, administration can be with one or more agents capable of promoting penetration of the subject antisense oligonucleotide across the blood-brain barrier. Injection can be made, e.g., in the entorhinal cortex or hippocampus. Delivery of neurotrophic factors by administration of an adenovirus vector to motor neurons in muscle tissue is described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,632,427, “Adenoviral-vector-mediated gene transfer into medullary motor neurons,” incorporated herein by reference. Delivery of vectors directly to the brain, e.g., the striatum, the thalamus, the hippocampus, or the substantia nigra, is known in the art and described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 6,756,523, “Adenovirus vectors for the transfer of foreign genes into cells of the central nervous system particularly in brain,” incorporated herein by reference. Administration can be rapid as by injection or made over a period of time as by slow infusion or administration of slow release formulations.
+The subject antisense oligonucleotides can also be linked or conjugated with agents that provide desirable pharmaceutical or pharmacodynamic properties. For example, the antisense oligonucleotide can be coupled to any substance, known in the art to promote penetration or transport across the blood-brain barrier, such as an antibody to the transferrin receptor, and administered by intravenous injection. The antisense compound can be linked with a viral vector, for example, that makes the antisense compound more effective and/or increases the transport of the antisense compound across the blood-brain barrier. Osmotic blood brain barrier disruption can also be accomplished by, e.g., infusion of sugars including, but not limited to, meso erythritol, xylitol, D(+) galactose, D(+) lactose, D(+) xylose, dulcitol, myo-inositol, L(−) fructose, D(−) mannitol, D(+) glucose, D(−) arabinose, D(−) arabinose, cellobiose, D(+) maltose, D(+) raffinose, L(+) rharunose, D(+) melibiose, D(−) ribose, adonitol, D(+) arabitol, L(−) arabitol, D(+) fucose, L(−) fucose, D(−) lyxose, L(+) lyxose, and L(−) lyxose, or amino acids including, but not limited to, glutamine, lysine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tyrosine, valine, and taurine. Methods and materials for enhancing blood brain barrier penetration are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,866,042, “Method for the delivery of genetic material across the blood brain barrier,” U.S. Pat. No. 6,294,520, “Material for passage through the blood-brain barrier,” and U.S. Pat. No. 6,936,589, “Parenteral delivery systems,” all incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
+The subject astisense compounds may be admixed, encapsulated, conjugated or otherwise associated with other molecules, molecule structures or mixtures of compounds, for example, liposomes, receptor-targeted molecules, oral, rectal, topical or other formulations, for assisting in uptake, distribution and/or absorption. For example, cationic lipids may be included in the formulation to facilitate oligonucleotide uptake. One such composition shown to facilitate uptake is LIPOFECTIN (available from GIBCO-BRL., Bethesda, Md.).
+Oligonucleotides with at least one 2′-O-methoxyethyl modification are believed to be particularly useful for oral administration. Pharmaceutical compositions and formulations for topical administration may include transdermal patches, ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders. Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable. Coated condoms, gloves and the like may also be useful.
+The pharmaceutical formulations of the present invention, which may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form, may be prepared according to conventional techniques well known in the pharmaceutical industry. Such techniques include the step of bringing into association the active ingredients with the pharmaceutical carrier(s) or excipient(s). In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredients with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, sloping the product.
+The compositions of the present invention may be formulated into any of many possible dosage forms such as, but not limited to, tablets, capsules, gel capsules, liquid syrups, soft gels, suppositories, and enemas. The compositions of the present invention may also be formulated as suspensions in aqueous, non-aqueous or mixed media. Aqueous suspensions may further contain substances that increase the viscosity of the suspension including, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sorbitol and/or dextran. The suspension may also contain stabilizers.
+Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to, solutions, emulsions, foams and liposome-containing formulations. The pharmaceutical compositions and formulations of the present invention may comprise one or more penetration enhancers, carriers, excipients or other active or inactive ingredients.
+Emulsions are typically heterogeneous systems of one liquid dispersed in another in the form of droplets usually exceeding 0.1 μm in diameter. Emulsions may contain additional components in addition to the dispersed phases, and the active drug that may be present as a solution, in either the aqueous phase, oily phase or itself as a separate phase. Microemulsions are included as an embodiment of the present invention. Emulsions and their uses are well known in the art and are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860.
+Formulations of the present invention include liposomal formulations. As used in the present invention, the term “liposome” means a vesicle composed of amphiphilic lipids arranged in a spherical bilayer or bilayers. Liposomes are unilamellar or multilamellar vesicles which have a membrane formed from a lipophilic material and an aqueous interior that contains the composition to be delivered. Cationic liposomes are positively charged liposomes that are believed to interact with negatively charged DNA molecules to form a stable complex. Liposomes that are pH-sensitive or negatively-charged are believed to entrap DNA rather than complex with it. Both cationic and noncationic liposomes have been used to deliver DNA to cells.
+Liposomes also include “sterically stabilized” liposomes, a term which, as used herein, refers to liposomes comprising one or more specialized lipids. When incorporated into liposomes, these specialized lipids result in liposomes with enhanced circulation lifetimes relative to liposomeslacking such specialized lipids. Examples of sterically stabilized liposomes are those in which part of the vesicle-forming lipid portion of the liposome comprises one or more glycolipids or is derivatized with one or more hydrophilic polymers, such as a polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety. Liposomes and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860.
+the pharmaceutical formulations and compositions of the present invention may also include surfactants. the use of surfactants in drug products, formulations and in emulsions is well known in the art. Surfactants and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which is incorporated herein by reference.
+In one embodiment, the present invention employs various penetration enhancers to effect the efficient delivery of nucleic acids, particularly oligonucleotides. In addition to aiding the diffusion of non-lipophilic drugs across cell membranes, penetration enhancers also enhance the permeability of lipophilic drugs. Penetration enhancers may be classified as belonging to one of five broad categories, i.e., surfactants, fatty acids, bile salts, chelating agents, and non-chelating nonsurfactants. Penetration enhancers and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which is incorporated herein by reference.
+One of skill in the art will recognize that formulations are routinely designed according to their intended use, i.e. route of administration.
+Preferred formulations for topical administration include those in which the oligonucleotides of the invention are in admixture with a topical delivery agent such as lipids, liposomes, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, steroids, chelating agents and surfactants. Preferred lipids and liposomes include neutral (e.g. dioleoyl-phosphatidyl dope DOPE ethanolamine, dimyristoylphosphatidyl choline DMPC, distearolyphosphatidyl choline) negative (e.g. dimyristoylphosphatidyl glycerol DMPG) and cationic (e.g. dioleoyltetramethylaminopropyl DOTAP and dioleoyl-phosphatidyl ethanolamine DOTMA).
+For topical or other administration, oligonucleotides of the invention may be encapsulated within liposomes or may form complexes thereto, in particular to cationic liposomes. Alternatively, oligonucleotides may be complexed to lipids, in particular to cationic lipids. Preferred fatty acids and esters, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860.
+Compositions and formulations for oral administration include powders or granules, microparticulates, nanoparticulates, suspensions or solutions in water or non-aqueous media, capsules, gel capsules, sachets, tablets or minitablets. Thickeners, flavoring agents, diluents, emulsifiers, dispersing aids or binders may be desirable. Preferred oral formulations are those in which oligonucleotides of the invention are administered in conjunction with one or more penetration enhancers surfactants and chelators. Preferred surfactants include fatty acids and/or esters or salts thereof, bile acids and/or salts thereof. Preferred bile acids/salts and fatty acids and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which is incorporated herein by reference. Also preferred, are combinations of penetration enhancers, for example, fatty acids/salts in combination with bile acids/salts. A particularly preferred combination is the sodium salt of lauric acid, capric acid and UDCA. Further penetration enhancers include polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene-20-cetyl ether. Oligonucleotides of the invention may be delivered orally, in granular form including sprayed dried particles, or complexed to form micro or nanoparticles. Oligonucleotide complexing agents and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which is incorporated herein by reference.
+Compositions and formulations for parenteral, intrathecal or intraventricular administration may include sterile aqueous solutions that may also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives such as, but not limited to, penetration enhancers, carrier compounds and other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients.
+Certain embodiments of the invention provide pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more oligomeric compounds and one or more other chemotherapeutic agents that function by a non-antisense mechanism. Examples of such chemotherapeutic agents include but are not limited to cancer chemotherapeutic drugs such as daunorubicin, daunomycin, dactinomycin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, esorubicin, bleomycin, mafosfamide, ifosfamide, cytosine arabinoside, bischloroethyl-nitrosurea, busulfan, mitomycin C, actinomycin D, mithramycin, prednisone, hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone, tamoxifen, dacarbazine, procarbazine, hexamethylmelamine, pentamethylmelamine, mitoxantrone, amsacrine, chlorambucil, methylcyclohexylnitrosurea, nitrogen mustards, melphalan, cyclophosohamide, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguarine, cytarabine, 5-azacytidine, hydrozyurea, deoxycoformycin, 4-hydroxyperoxycyclo-phosphoramide, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (5-FUdR), methotrexate (MTX), colchicine, taxol. vineristine, vinblastine, etoposide, (VP-16), trimetrexate, irinotecan, topotecan, gemcitabine, teniposide, cisplatin and diethylstilbestrol (DES). When used with the compounds of the invention, such chemotherapeutic agents may be used individually (e.g., 5-FU and oligonucleotide), sequentially (e.g., 5-FU and oligonucleotide for a period of time followed by MTX and oligonucleotide), or in combination with one or more other such chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., 5-FU, MTX and oligonucleotide, or 5-FU, radiotherapy and oligonucleotide). Anti-inflammatory drugs, including but not limited to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids, and antiviral drugs, including but not limited to ribivirin, vidarabine, acyclovir and ganciclovir, may also be combined in compositions of the invention. Combinations of antisense compounds and other non-antisense drugs are also within the scope of this invention. Two or more combined compounds may be used together or sequentially.
+In another related embodiment, compositions of the invention may contain one or more antisense compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, targeted to a first nucleic acid and one or more additional antisense compounds targeted to a second nucleic acid target. For example, the first target may be a particular antisense sequence of Dystrophin family, and the second target may be a region from another nucleotide sequence. Alternatively, compositions of the invention may contain two or more antisense compounds targeted to different regions of the same Dystrophin family nucleic acid target. Numerous examples of antisense compounds are illustrated herein and others may be selected from among suitable compounds known in the art. Two or more combined compounds may be used together or sequentially.
+Dosing:
+The formulation of therapeutic compositions and their subsequent administration (dosing) is believed to be within the skill of those in the art. Dosing is dependent on severity and responsiveness of the disease state to be treated, with the course of treatment lasting from several days to several months, or until a cure is effected or a diminution of the disease state is achieved. Optimal dosing schedules can be calculated from measurements of drug accumulation in the body of the patient. Persons of ordinary skill can easily determine optimum dosages, dosing methodologies and repetition rates. Optimum dosages may vary depending on the relative potency of individual oligonucleotides, and can generally be estimated based on EC50s found to be effective in in vitro and in vivo animal models. In general, dosage is from 0.01 μg to 100 g per kg of body weight, and may be given once or more daily, weekly, monthly or yearly, or even once every 2 to 20 years. Persons of ordinary skill in the art can easily estimate repetition rates for dosing based on measured residence times and concentrations of the drug in bodily fluids or tissues. Following successful treatment, it may be desirable to have the patient undergo maintenance therapy to prevent the recurrence of the disease state, wherein the oligonucleotide is administered in maintenance doses, ranging from 0.01 μg to 100 g per kg of body weight, once or more daily, to once every 20 years.
+In embodiments, a patient is treated with a dosage of drug that is at least about 1, at least about 2, at least about 3, at least about 4, at least about 5, at least about 6, at least about 7, at least about 8, at least about 9, at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 35, at least about 40, at least about 45, at least about 50, at least about 60, at least about 70, at least about 80, at least about 90, or at least about 100 mg/kg body weight. Certain injected dosages of antisense oligonucleotides are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat No. 7,563,884, “Antisense modulation of PTPIB expression,” incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
+While various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Numerous changes to the disclosed embodiments can be made in accordance with the disclosure herein without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above described embodiments.
+All documents mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference. All publications and patent documents cited in this application are incorporated by reference for all purposes to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent document were so individually denoted. By their citation of various references in this document, Applicants do not admit any particular reference is “prior art” to their invention. Embodiments of inventive compositions and methods are illustrated in the following examples.
+EXAMPLES
+The following non-limiting Examples serve to illustrate selected embodiments of the invention. It will be appreciated that variations in proportions and alternatives in elements of the components shown will be apparent to those skilled in the art and are within the scope of embodiments of the present invention.
+Example 1
+Design of Antisense Oligonucleotides Specific for a Nucleic Acid Molecule Antisense to a Dystrophin Family and/or a Sense Strand of Dystrophin Family Polynucleotide
+As indicated above the term “oligonucleotide specific for” or “oligonucleotide targets” refers to an oligonucleotide having a sequence (i) capable of forming a stable complex with a portion of the targeted gene, or (ii) capable of forming a stable duplex with a portion of an mRNA transcript of the targeted gene.
+Selection of appropriate oligonucleotides is facilitated by using computer programs that automatically align nucleic acid sequences and indicate regions of identity or homology. Such programs are used to compare nucleic acid sequences obtained, for example, by searching databases such as GenBank or by sequencing PCR products. Comparison of nucleic acid sequences from a range of species allows the selection of nucleic acid sequences that display an appropriate degree of identity between species. In the case of genes that have not been sequenced. Southern blots are performed to allow a determination of the degree of identity between genes in target species and other species. By performing Southern blots at varying degrees of stringency, as is well known in the art, it is possible to obtain an approximate measure of identity. These procedures allow the selection of oligonucleotides that exhibit a high degree of complementarity to target nucleic acid sequences in a subject to be controlled and a lower degree of complementarity to corresponding nucleic acid sequences in other species. One skilled in the art will realize that there is considerable latitude in selecting appropriate regions of genes for use in the present invention.
+An antisense compound is “specifically hybridizable” when binding of the compound to the target nucleic acid interferes with the normal function of the target nucleic acid to cause a modulation of function and/or activity, and there is a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid non-specific binding of the antisense compound to non-target nucleic acid sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired, i.e., under physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment, and under conditions in which assays are performed in the case of in vitro assays
+The hybridization properties of the oligonucleotides described herein can be determined by one or more in vitro assays as known in the art. For example, the properties of the oligonucleotides described herein can be obtained by determination of binding strength between the target natural antisense and a potential drug molecules using melting curve assay.
+The binding strength between the target natural antisense and a potential drug molecule (Molecule) can be estimated using any of the established methods of measuring the strength of intermolecular interactions, for example, a melting curve assay.
+Melting curve assay determines the temperature at which a rapid transition from double-stranded to single-stranded conformation occurs for the natural antisense/Molecule complex. This temperature is widely accepted as a reliable measure of the interaction strength between the two molecules.
+A melting curve assay can be performed using a cDNA copy of the actual natural antisense RNA molecule or a synthetic DNA or RNA nucleotide corresponding to the binding site of the Molecule. Multiple kits containing all necessary reagents to perform this assay are available (e.g. Applied Biosystems Inc. MeltDoctor kit). These kits include a suitable buffer solution containing one of the double strand DNA (dsDNA) binding dyes (such as ABI HRM dyes, SYBR Green, SYTO, etc). The properties of the dsDNA dyes are such that they emit almost no fluorescence in free form, but are highly fluorescent when bound to dsDNA.
+To perform the assay the cDNA or a corresponding oligonucleotide are mixed with Molecule in concentrations defined by the particular manufacturer's protocols. The mixture is heated to 95° C. to dissociate all pre-formed dsDNA complexes, then slowly cooled to room temperature or other lower temperature defined by the kit manufacturer to allow the DNA molecules to anneal. The newly formed complexes are then slowly heated to 95° C. with simultaneous continuous collection of data on the amount of fluorescence that is produced by the reaction. The fluorescence intensity is inversely proportional to the amounts of dsDNA present in the reaction. The data can be collected using a real time PCR instrument compatible with the kit (e.g. ABI's StepOne Plus Real Time PCR System or LightTyper instrument, Roche Diagnostics, Lewes, UK).
+Melting peaks arc constructed by plotting the negative derivative of fluorescence with respect to temperature (-d(Fluorescence)/dT) on the y-axis) against temperature (x-axis) using appropriate software (for example LightTyper (Roche) or SDS Dissociation Curve, ABI). The data is analyzed to identify the temperature of the rapid transition from dsDNA complex to single strand molecules. This temperature is called Tm and is directly proportional to the strength of interaction between the two molecules. Typically, Tm will exceed 40° C.
+Example 2
+Modulation of DMD Family Polynucleotides Treatment of 518A2 Cells with Antisense Oligonucleotides
+518A2 cells obtained from Albert Einstein-Montefiore Cancer Center, NY were grown in growth media (MEM/EBSS (Hyclone cat #SH30024, or Mediatech cat # MT-10-010CV)+10% FBS (Mediatech cat# MT35-011-CV)+ penicillin/streptomycin (Mediatech cat# MT30-002-CI)) at 37° C. and 5% CO2. One day before the experiment the cells were replated at the density of 1.5×105/ml into 6 well plates and incubated at 37° C. and 5% CO2. On the day of the experiment the media in the 6 well plates was changed to fresh growth media. All antisense oligonucleotides were diluted to the concentration of 20 μM. Two μl of this solution was incubated with 400 μl of Opti-MEM media (Gibco cat#31985-070) and 4 μl of lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen cat# 11668019) at room temperature for 20 min and applied to each well of the 6 well plates with 518A2 cells. A Similar mixture including 2 μl of water instead of the oligonucleotide solution was used for the mock-transfected controls. After 3-18 h of incubation at 37° C. and 5% CO2the media was changed to fresh growth media. 48 h alter addition of antisense oligonucleotides the media was removed and RNA was extracted from the cells using SV Total RNA Isolation System from Promega (cat # Z3105) or RNeasy Total RNA Isolation kit from Qiagen (cat# 74181) following the manufacturers' instructions 600 ng of RNA was added to the reverse transcription reaction performed using Verso cDNA kit from Thermo Scientific (cat#AB1453B) or High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit(cat# 4368813 as described in the manufacturer's protocol. The cDNA from this reverse transcription reaction was used to monitor gene expression by real time PCR using ABI Taqman Gene Expression Mix (cat#4369510) and primers/probes designed by ABI (Applied Biosystems Taqman Gene Expression Assay. Hs00187805_m1 by Applied Biosystems Inc., Foster City Calif.). The following PCR cycle was used: 50° C. for 2 min, 95° C. for 10 min, 40 cycles of (95° C. for 15 seconds, 60° C. for 1 min) using StepOne Plus Real Time PCR Machine (Applied Biosystems).
+Fold change in gene expression after treatment with antisense oligonucleotides was calculated based on the difference in 18S-normalized dCt values between treated and mock-transfected samples.
+Results: Real time PCR results show that the levels of DMD family mRNA in 518A2 cells are significantly increased 48 h after treatment with two of the siRNAs designed to DMD family antisense BG208074. Treatment with siRNAs to other antisense molecules, BF838561, BF768753 and BF950643, did not elevate DMD family mRNA levels (FIG. 1A and B).
+Treatment of MCF-7 Cells with Antisense Oligonucleotides
+MCF-7 cells from ATCC (cat# HTB-22) were grown in growth media (MEM/EBSS (Hyclone cat #SH30024, or Mediatech cat # MT-10-010-CV)+10% FBS (Mediatech cat# MT35-011-CV)+penicillin/streptomycin (Mediatech cat# MT30-002-CI) at 37° C. and 5% CO2. One day before the experiment the cells were replated at the density of 1.5×105/ml into 6 well plates and incubated at 37° C. and 5% CO2. On the day of the experiment the media in the 6 well plates was changed to fresh growth media. All antisense oligonucleotides were diluted to the concentration of 20 μM. Two μl of this solution was incubated with 400 μl of Opti-MEM media (Gibco cat#31985-070) and 4 μl of Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen cat# 11668019) at room temperature for 20 min and applied to each well of the 6 well plates with MCF-7 cells. A Similar mixture including 2 μl of water instead of the oligonucleotide solution was used for the mock/transfected controls. After 3-18 h of incubation at 37° C. and 5% Co2 the media was changed to fresh growth media. 48 h after addition of antisense oligonucleotides the media was removed and RNA was extracted from the cells using SV Total RNA Isolation System from Promega (cat # Z3105) or RNeasy Total RNA Isolation kit from Qiagen (cat# 74181) following the manufacturers' instructions, 600 ng of RNA was added to the reverse transcription reaction performed using Verso cDNA kit from Thermo Scientific (cat#AB1453B) or High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (cat# 4368813) as described in the manufacturer's protocol. The cDNA from this reverse transcription reaction was used to monitor gene expression by real time PCR using ABI Taqman Gene Expression Mix (cat#4369510) and primers/probes designed by ABI (Applied Biosystems Taqman Gene Expression Assay: Hs01126016_m1 by Applied Biosystems Inc., Foster City Calif.). The following PCR cycle was used: 50° C. for 2 min, 95° C. for 10 min, 40 cycles of (95° C. for 15 seconds, 60° C. for 1 min) using Mx4000 thermal cycler (Stratagene) or StepOne Plus Real Time PCR Machine (Applied Biosystems.
+Fold change in gene expression after treatment with antisense oligonucleotides was calculated based on the difference in 18S-normalized dCt values between treated and mock-transfected samples.
+Results: Real time PCR results show that the levels of UTRN mRNA in MCF-7 cells are significantly increased 48 h after treatment with siRNAs designed to UTRN family antisense ENST00000431309.
+Although the invention has been illustrated and described with respect to one or more implementations, equivalent alterations and modifications will occur to others skilled in the art upon the reading and understanding of this specification and the annexed drawings. In addition, while a particular feature of the invention may have been disclosed with respect to only one of several implementations, such feature may be combined with one or more other features of the other implementations as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular application.
+The Abstract of the disclosure will allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the following claims.
+
+
diff --git a/Data/corpus/US_patents/US9533026.txt b/Data/corpus/US_patents/US9533026.txt
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+Patent title
+Polypeptide compounds for inhibiting angiogenesis and tumor growth
+
+Patent number
+US9533026
+
+Domain
+A
+
+Publication date
+20170103
+
+Abstract
+
+In certain embodiments, this present invention provides polypeptide compositions, including compositions containing a modified polypeptide, and methods for inhibiting Ephrin B2 or EphB4 activity. In other embodiments, the present invention provides methods and compositions for treating cancer or for treating angiogenesis-associated diseases.
+
+
+Claims
+1. An isolated fusion polypeptide consisting of a sequence selected from the group consisting of: residues 16-197, 16-321, 16-326, 16-427, 16-429, and 16-526 of SEQ ID NO: 10; and (b) an albumin protein or fragment thereof, wherein the fusion polypeptide is a monomer, binds specifically to an Ephrin B2 polypeptide, and inhibits signaling that results from interaction between EphB4 and Ephrin B2.
+2. The isolated fusion polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the fusion polypeptide has one or more activities selected from:
+(a) inhibition of Ephrin B2 activity;
+(b) inhibition of Ephrin B2 kinase activity;
+(c) inhibition of the interaction between EphB4 and Ephrin B2;
+(d) inhibition of EphB4 kinase activity;
+(e) inhibition of clustering of Ephrin B2; and
+(f) inhibition of clustering of EphB4.
+
+(a) inhibition of Ephrin B2 activity;
+(b) inhibition of Ephrin B2 kinase activity;
+(c) inhibition of the interaction between EphB4 and Ephrin B2;
+(d) inhibition of EphB4 kinase activity;
+(e) inhibition of clustering of Ephrin B2; and
+(f) inhibition of clustering of EphB4.
+3. The isolated fusion polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the fusion polypeptide has enhanced in vivo stability relative to said extracellular domain of an EphB4 protein.
+4. The isolated fusion polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the albumin protein or fragment thereof is mature human serum albumin (HSA).
+5. The isolated fusion polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the EphB4 extracellular domain consists of residues 16-326 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
+6. The isolated fusion polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the fusion polypeptide sequence consists of residues 16-326 of SEQ ID NO: 10 fused to residues 525-1109 of SEQ ID NO: 19.
+7. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an isolated fusion polypeptide of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
+
+Description
+
+
+
+RELATED APPLICATIONS
+This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/420,776 filed Mar. 15, 2012, now abandoned, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/584,993 filed Sep. 14, 2009, now abandoned, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/234,482 filed Sep. 23, 2005, now abandoned, which claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/612,488 filed Sep. 23, 2004, the specifications of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.
+
+
+BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
+Angiogenesis, the development of new blood vessels from the endothelium of a preexisting vasculature, is a critical process in the growth, progression, and metastasis of solid tumors within the host. During physiologically normal angiogenesis, the autocrine, paracrine, and amphicrine interactions of the vascular endothelium with its surrounding stromal components are tightly regulated both spatially and temporally. Additionally, the levels and activities of proangiogenic and angiostatic cytokines and growth factors are maintained in balance. In contrast, the pathological angiogenesis necessary for active tumor growth is sustained and persistent, representing a dysregulation of the normal angiogenic system. Solid and hematopoietic tumor types are particularly associated with a high level of abnormal angiogenesis.
+It is generally thought that the development of tumor consists of sequential, and interrelated steps that lead to the generation of an autonomous clone with aggressive growth potential. These steps include sustained growth and unlimited self-renewal. Cell populations in a tumor are generally characterized by growth signal self-sufficiency, decreased sensitivity to growth suppressive signals, and resistance to apoptosis. Genetic or cytogenetic events that initiate aberrant growth sustain cells in a prolonged “ready” state by preventing apoptosis.
+It is a goal of the present disclosure to provide agents and therapeutic treatments for inhibiting angiogenesis and tumor growth.
+SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
+In certain aspects, the disclosure provides polypeptide agents that inhibit EphB4 or EphrinB2 mediated functions, including monomeric ligand binding portions of the EphB4 and EphrinB2 proteins. As demonstrated herein, EphB4 and EphrinB2 participate in various disease states, including cancers and diseases related to unwanted or excessive angiogenesis. Accordingly, certain polypeptide agents disclosed herein may be used to treat such diseases. In further aspects, the disclosure relates to the discovery that EphB4 and/or EphrinB2 are expressed, often at high levels, in a variety of tumors. Therefore, polypeptide agents that down-regulate EphB4 or EphrinB2 function may affect tumors by a direct effect on the tumor cells as well as an indirect effect on the angiogenic processes recruited by the tumor. In certain embodiments, the disclosure provides the identity of tumor types particularly suited to treatment with an agent that downregulates EphB4 or EphrinB2 function. In preferred embodiments, polypeptides disclosed herein are modified so as to have increased serum half-life in vivo.
+In certain aspects, the disclosure provides soluble EphB4 polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an EphB4 protein. The soluble EphB4 polypeptides bind specifically to an EphrinB2 polypeptide. The term “soluble” is used merely to indicate that these polypeptides do not contain a transmembrane domain or a portion of a transmembrane domain sufficient to compromise the solubility of the polypeptide in a physiological salt solution. Soluble polypeptides are preferably prepared as monomers that compete with EphB4 for binding to ligand such as EphrinB2 and inhibit the signaling that results from EphB4 activation. Optionally, a soluble polypeptide may be prepared in a multimeric form, by, for example, expressing as an Fc fusion protein or fusion with another multimerization domain. Such multimeric forms may have complex activities, having agonistic or antagonistic effects depending on the context. In certain embodiments the soluble EphB4 polypeptide comprises a globular domain of an EphB4 protein. A soluble EphB4 polypeptide may comprise a sequence at least 90% identical to residues 1-522 of the amino acid sequence defined by FIG. 65 (SEQ ID NO:10). A soluble EphB4 polypeptide may comprise a sequence at least 90% identical to residues 1-412 of the amino acid sequence defined by FIG. 65 (SEQ ID NO:10). A soluble EphB4 polypeptide may comprise a sequence at least 90% identical to residues 1-312 of the amino acid sequence defined by FIG. 65 (SEQ ID NO:10). A soluble EphB4 polypeptide may comprise a sequence encompassing the globular (G) domain (amino acids 29-197 of FIG. 65, SEQ ID NO:10), and optionally additional domains, such as the cysteine-rich domain (amino acids 239-321 of FIG. 65, SEQ ID NO:10), the first fibronectin type 3 domain (amino acids 324-429 of FIG. 65, SEQ ID NO:10) and the second fibronectin type 3 domain (amino acids 434-526 of FIG. 65, SEQ ID NO:10). Preferred polypeptides described herein and demonstrated as having ligand binding activity include polypeptides corresponding to 1-537, 1-427 and 1-326, respectively, of the amino acid sequence shown in FIG. 65 (SEQ ID NO:10). A soluble EphB4 polypeptide may comprise a sequence as set forth in FIG. 1 or 2 (SEQ ID Nos. 1 or 2). As is well known in the art, expression of such EphB4 polypeptides in a suitable cell, such as HEK293T cell line, will result in cleavage of a leader peptide. Although such cleavage is not always complete or perfectly consistent at a single site, it is known that EphB4 tends to be cleaved so as to remove the first 15 amino acids of the sequence shown in FIG. 65 (SEQ ID NO:10). Accordingly, as specific examples, the disclosure provides unprocessed soluble EphB4 polypeptides that bind to EphrinB2 and comprise an amino acid sequence selected from the following group (numbering is with respect to the sequence of FIG. 65, SEQ ID NO:10): 1-197, 29-197, 1-312, 29-132, 1-321, 29-321, 1-326, 29-326, 1-412, 29-412, 1-427, 29-427, 1-429, 29-429, 1-526, 29-526, 1-537 and 29-537. Additionally, heterologous leader peptides may be substituted for the endogeneous leader sequences. Polypeptides may be used in a processed form, such forms having a predicted amino acid sequence selected from the following group (numbering is with respect to the sequence of FIG. 65, SEQ ID NO:10): 16-197, 16-312, 16-321, 16-326, 16-412, 16-427, 16-429, 16-526 and 16-537. Additionally, a soluble EphB4 polypeptide may be one that comprises an amino acid sequence at least 90%, and optionally 95% or 99% identical to any of the preceding amino acid sequences while retaining EphrinB2 binding activity. Preferably, any variations in the amino acid sequence from the sequence shown in FIG. 65 (SEQ ID NO:10) are conservative changes or deletions of no more than 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 amino acids, particularly in a surface loop region. In certain embodiments, the soluble EphB4 polypeptide may inhibit the interaction between Ephrin B2 and EphB4. The soluble EphB4 polypeptide may inhibit clustering of or phosphorylation of Ephrin B2 or EphB4. Phosphorylation of EphrinB2 or EphB4 is generally considered to be one of the initial events in triggering intracellular signaling pathways regulated by these proteins. As noted above, the soluble EphB4 polypeptide may be prepared as a monomeric or multimeric fusion protein. The soluble polypeptide may include one or more modified amino acids. Such amino acids may contribute to desirable properties, such as increased resistance to protease digestion.
+The present disclosure provides soluble EphB4 polypeptides having an additional component that confers increased serum half-life while still retaining EphrinB2 binding activity. In certain embodiments soluble EphB4 polypeptides are monomeric and are covalently linked to one or more polyoxyaklylene groups (e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene), and preferably polyethylene glycol (PEG) groups. Accordingly, one aspect of the invention provides modified EphB4 polypeptides, wherein the modification comprises a single polyethylene glycol group covalently bonded to the polypeptide. Other aspects provide modified EphB4 polypeptides covalently bonded to one, two, three, or more polyethylene glycol groups.
+The one or more PEG may have a molecular weight ranging from about 1 kDa to about 100 kDa, and will preferably have a molecular weight ranging from about 10 to about 60 kDa or about 10 to about 40 kDa. The PEG group may be a linear PEG or a branched PEG. In a preferred embodiment, the soluble, monomeric EphB4 conjugate comprises an EphB4 polypeptide covalently linked to one PEG group of from about 10 to about 40 kDa (monoPEGylated EphB4), or from about 15 to 30 kDa, preferably via an s-amino group of EphB4 lysine or the N-terminal amino group. Most preferably, EphB4 is randomly PEGylated at one amino group out of the group consisting of the s-amino groups of EphB4 lysine and the N-terminal amino group.
+In one embodiment, the pegylated polypeptides provided by the invention have a serum half-life in vivo at least 50%, 75%, 100%, 150% or 200% greater than that of an unmodified EphB4 polypeptide. In another embodiment, the pegylated EphB4 polypeptides provided by the invention inhibit EphrinB2 activity. In a specific embodiment, they inhibit EphrinB2 receptor clustering, EphrinB2 phosphorylation, and/or EphrinB2 kinase activity.
+Surprisingly, it has been found that monoPEGylated EphB4 according to the invention has superior properties in regard to the therapeutic applicability of unmodified soluble EphB4 polypeptides and poly-PEGylated EphB4. Nonetheless, the disclosure also provides poly-PEGylated EphB4 having PEG at more than one position. Such polyPEGylated forms provide improved serum-half life relative to the unmodified form.
+In certain embodiments, a soluble EphB4 polypeptide is stably associated with a second stabilizing polypeptide that confers improved half-life without substantially diminishing EphrinB2 binding. A stabilizing polypeptide will preferably be immunocompatible with human patients (or animal patients, where veterinary uses are contemplated) and have little or no significant biological activity.
+In a preferred embodiment, the stabilizing polypeptide is a human serum albumin, or a portion thereof. A human serum albumin may be stably associated with the EphB4 polypeptide covalently or non-covalently. Covalent attachment may be achieved by expression of the EphB4 polypeptide as a co-translational fusion with human serum albumin. The albumin sequence may be fused at the N-terminus, the C-terminus or at a non-disruptive internal position in the soluble EphB4 polypeptide. Exposed loops of the EphB4 would be appropriate positions for insertion of an albumin sequence. Albumin may also be post-translationally attached to the EphB4 polypeptide by, for example, chemical cross-linking. An EphB4 polypeptide may also be stably associated with more than one albumin polypeptide. In some embodiments, the albumin is selected from the group consisting of a human serum albumin (HSA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). In other embodiments, the albumin is a naturally occurring variant. In one preferred embodiment, the EphB4-HSA fusion inhibits the interaction between Ephrin B2 and EphB4, the clustering of Ephrin B2 or EphB4, the phosphorylation of Ephrin B2 or EphB4, or combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the EphB4-HSA fusion has enhanced in vivo stability relative to the unmodified wildtype polypeptide.
+In certain aspects, the disclosure provides soluble EphrinB2 polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an EphrinB2 protein. The soluble EphrinB2 polypeptides bind specifically to an EphB4 polypeptide. The term “soluble” is used merely to indicate that these polypeptides do not contain a transmembrane domain or a portion of a transmembrane domain sufficient to compromise the solubility of the polypeptide in a physiological salt solution. Soluble polypeptides are preferably prepared as monomers that compete with EphrinB2 for binding to ligand such as EphB4 and inhibit the signaling that results from EphrinB2 activation. Optionally, a soluble polypeptide may be prepared in a multimeric form, by, for example, expressing as an Fc fusion protein or fusion with another multimerization domain. Such multimeric forms may have complex activities, having agonistic or antagonistic effects depending on the context. A soluble EphrinB2 polypeptide may comprise residues 1-225 of the amino acid sequence defined by FIG. 66 (SEQ ID NO:11). A soluble EphrinB2 polypeptide may comprise a sequence defined by FIG. 3. As is well known in the art, expression of such EphrinB2 polypeptides in a suitable cell, such as HEK293T cell line, will result in cleavage of a leader peptide. Although such cleavage is not always complete or perfectly consistent at a single site, it is known that EphrinB2 tends to be cleaved so as to remove the first 26 amino acids of the sequence shown in FIG. 66 (SEQ ID NO:11). Accordingly, as specific examples, the disclosure provides unprocessed soluble EphrinB2 polypeptides that bind to EphB4 and comprise an amino acid sequence corresponding to amino acids 1-225 of FIG. 66 (SEQ ID NO:11). Such polypeptides may be used in a processed form, such forms having a predicted amino acid sequence selected from the following group (numbering is with respect to the sequence of FIG. 66, SEQ ID NO:11): 26-225. In certain embodiments, the soluble EphrinB2 polypeptide may inhibit the interaction between Ephrin B2 and EphB4. The soluble EphrinB2 polypeptide may inhibit clustering of or phosphorylation of EphrinB2 or EphB4. As noted above, the soluble EphrinB2 polypeptide may be prepared as a monomeric or multimeric fusion protein. The soluble polypeptide may include one or more modified amino acids. Such amino acids may contribute to desirable properties, such as increased resistance to protease digestion.
+In certain aspects, the disclosure provides pharmaceutical formulations comprising a polypeptide reagent and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The polypeptide reagent may be any disclosed herein, including, for example, soluble EphB4 or EphrinB2 polypeptides. Additional formulations include cosmetic compositions and diagnostic kits.
+In certain aspects the disclosure provides methods of inhibiting signaling through Ephrin B2/EphB4 pathway in a cell. A method may comprise contacting the cell with an effective amount of a polypeptide agent, such as (a) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an EphB4 protein, wherein the EphB4 polypeptide is a monomer and binds specifically to an Ephrin B2 polypeptide; (b) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an Ephrin B2 protein, wherein the soluble Ephrin B2 polypeptide is a monomer and binds with high affinity to an EphB4 polypeptide.
+In certain aspects the disclosure provides methods for reducing the growth rate of a tumor, comprising administering an amount of a polypeptide agent sufficient to reduce the growth rate of the tumor. The polypeptide agent may be selected from the group consisting of: (a) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an EphB4 protein, wherein the EphB4 polypeptide is a monomer and binds specifically to an Ephrin B2 polypeptide, and optionally comprises an additional modification to increase serum half-life, such as a PEGylation or serum albumin or both; (b) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an Ephrin B2 protein, wherein the soluble Ephrin B2 polypeptide is a monomer and binds with high affinity to an EphB4 polypeptide Optionally, the tumor comprises cells expressing a higher level of EphB4 and/or EphrinB2 than noncancerous cells of a comparable tissue.
+In certain aspects, the disclosure provides methods for treating a patient suffering from a cancer. A method may comprise administering to the patient a polypeptide agent. The polypeptide agent may be selected from the group consisting of: (a) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an EphB4 protein, wherein the EphB4 polypeptide is a monomer and binds specifically to an Ephrin B2 polypeptide, and optionally comprises an additional modification to increase serum half-life, such as a PEGylation or serum albumin or both; (b) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an Ephrin B2 protein, wherein the soluble Ephrin B2 polypeptide is a monomer and binds with high affinity to an EphB4 polypeptide. Optionally, the cancer comprises cancer cells expressing EphrinB2 and/or EphB4 at a higher level than noncancerous cells of a comparable tissue. The cancer may be a metastatic cancer. The cancer may be selected from the group consisting of colon carcinoma, breast tumor, mesothelioma, prostate tumor, squamous cell carcinoma, Kaposi sarcoma, and leukemia. Optionally, the cancer is an angiogenesis-dependent cancer or an angiogenesis independent cancer. The polypeptide agent employed may inhibit clustering or phosphorylation of Ephrin B2 or EphB4. A polypeptide agent may be co-administered with one or more additional anti-cancer chemotherapeutic agents that inhibit cancer cells in an additive or synergistic manner with the polypeptide agent.
+In certain aspects, the disclosure provides methods of inhibiting angiogenesis. A method may comprise contacting a cell with an amount of a polypeptide agent sufficient to inhibit angiogenesis. The polypeptide agent may be selected from the group consisting of: (a) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an EphB4 protein, wherein the EphB4 polypeptide is a monomer and binds specifically to an Ephrin B2 polypeptide, and optionally comprises an additional modification to increase serum half-life, such as a PEGylation or serum albumin or both; (b) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an Ephrin B2 protein, wherein the soluble Ephrin B2 polypeptide is a monomer and binds with high affinity to an EphB4 polypeptide.
+In certain aspects, the disclosure provides methods for treating a patient suffering from an angiogenesis-associated disease, comprising administering to the patient a polypeptide agent. The polypeptide agent may be selected from the group consisting of: (a) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an EphB4 protein, wherein the EphB4 polypeptide is a monomer and binds specifically to an Ephrin B2 polypeptide, and optionally comprises an additional modification to increase serum half-life, such as a PEGylation or serum albumin or both; (b) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an Ephrin B2 protein, wherein the soluble Ephrin B2 polypeptide is a monomer and binds with high affinity to an EphB4 polypeptide. The soluble polypeptide may be formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. An angiogenesis related disease or unwanted angiogenesis related process may be selected from the group consisting of angiogenesis-dependent cancer, benign tumors, inflammatory disorders, chronic articular rheumatism and psoriasis, ocular angiogenic diseases, Osler-Webber Syndrome, myocardial angiogenesis, plaque neovascularization, telangiectasia, hemophiliac joints, angiofibroma, telangiectasia psoriasis scleroderma, pyogenic granuloma, rubeosis, arthritis, diabetic neovascularization, vasculogenesis. A polypeptide agent may be co-administered with at least one additional anti-angiogenesis agent that inhibits angiogenesis in an additive or synergistic manner with the soluble polypeptide.
+In certain aspects, the disclosure provides for the use of a polypeptide agent in the manufacture of medicament for the treatment of cancer or an angiogenesis related disorder. The polypeptide agent may be selected from the group consisting of: (a) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an EphB4 protein, wherein the EphB4 polypeptide is a monomer and binds specifically to an Ephrin B2 polypeptide, and optionally comprises an additional modification to increase serum half-life, such as a PEGylation or serum albumin or both; (b) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an Ephrin B2 protein, wherein the soluble Ephrin B2 polypeptide is a monomer and binds with high affinity to an EphB4 polypeptide.
+In certain aspects, the disclosure provides methods for treating a patient suffering from a cancer, comprising: (a) identifying in the patient a tumor having a plurality of cancer cells that express EphB4 and/or EphrinB2; and (b) administering to the patient a polypeptide agent. The polypeptide agent may be selected from the group consisting of: (i) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an EphB4 protein, wherein the EphB4 polypeptide is a monomer and binds specifically to an Ephrin B2 polypeptide, and optionally comprises an additional modification to increase serum half-life, such as a PEGylation or serum albumin or both; (ii) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an Ephrin B2 protein, wherein the soluble Ephrin B2 polypeptide is a monomer and binds with high affinity to an EphB4 polypeptide.
+In certain aspects, the disclosure provides methods for identifying a tumor that is suitable for treatment with an EphrinB2 or EphB4 antagonist. A method may comprise detecting in the tumor cell one or more of the following characteristics: (a) expression of EphB4 protein and/or mRNA; (b) expression of EphrinB2 protein and/or mRNA; (c) gene amplification (e.g., increased gene copy number) of the EphB4 gene; or (d) gene amplification of the EphrinB2 gene. A tumor cell having one or more of characteristics (a)-(d) may be suitable for treatment with an EphrinB2 or EphB4 antagonist, such as a polypeptide agent described herein.
+Surprisingly, applicants have found that an EphB4 polypeptide lacking the globular domain can in fact inhibit tumor growth in a xenograft model, inhibit angiogenic tube formation of vascular endothelial cells and inhibit EphrinB2-activated autokinase activity of EphB4. While not wishing to be bound to any mechanism of action, it is expected that the polypeptide either prevents EphB4 aggregation or stimulates the elimination (e.g. by endocytosis) of EphB4 from the plasma membrane. Accordingly, the disclosure provides isolated soluble polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence of a fibronectin type 3 domain of an EphB4 protein. Such polypeptides will preferably have a biological effect, such as inhibiting an activity (e.g. aggregation or kinase activity) of an EphB4 or EphrinB2 protein, and particularly the inhibition of tumor growth in a human or in a mouse xenograft model of cancer. Such polypeptides may also inhibit angiogenesis in vivo or in an cell-based assay system. Such polypeptides may not bind to EphrinB2 and may specifically exclude all of or the functional (e.g., EphrinB2 binding-) portions of the globular domain of an EphB4 protein. Such a polypeptide will preferably comprise amino acids corresponding to amino acids 324-429 and/or 434-526 of the sequence of FIG. 65 (SEQ ID NO:10), or sequences at least 90%, 95%, 98%, 99% identical thereto. An example of such a polypeptide is shown in SEQ ID NO: 15. Such a polypeptide may be modified in any of the ways described herein, and may be produced as a monomer or as a dimer or multimer comprising two or more such polypeptides, such as an Fc fusion construct. Dimers or multimers may be desirable to enhance the effectiveness of such polypeptides. All of the methods for producing and using such polypeptides are similar to those described herein with respect to other EphB4 polypeptides.
+
+
+
+BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
+FIG. 1 shows amino acid sequence of the B4ECv3 protein (predicted sequence of the precursor including uncleaved Eph B4 leader peptide is shown; SEQ ID NO:1).
+FIG. 2 shows amino acid sequence of the B4ECv3NT protein (predicted sequence of the precursor including uncleaved Eph B4 leader peptide is shown; SEQ ID NO:2).
+FIG. 3 shows amino acid sequence of the B2EC protein (predicted sequence of the precursor including uncleaved Ephrin B2 leader peptide is shown; SEQ ID NO:3).
+FIG. 4 shows amino acid sequence of the B4ECv3-FC protein (predicted sequence of the precursor including uncleaved Eph B4 leader peptide is shown; SEQ ID NO:4).
+FIG. 5 shows amino acid sequence of the B2EC-FC protein (predicted sequence of the precursor including uncleaved Ephrin B2 leader peptide is shown; SEQ ID NO:5).
+FIG. 6 shows B4EC-FC binding assay (Protein A-agarose based).
+FIG. 7 shows B4EC-FC inhibition assay (Inhibition in solution).
+FIG. 8 shows B2EC-FC binding assay (Protein-A-agarose based assay).
+FIG. 9 shows chemotaxis of HUAEC in response to B4Ecv3.
+FIG. 10 shows chemotaxis of HHEC in response to B2EC-FC.
+FIG. 11 shows chemotaxis of HHAEC in response to B2EC.
+FIG. 12 shows effect of B4Ecv3 on HUAEC tubule formation.
+FIG. 13 shows effect of B2EC-FC on HUAEC tubule formation.
+FIG. 14 is a schematic representation of human Ephrin B2 constructs.
+FIG. 15 is a schematic representation of human EphB4 constructs.
+FIG. 16 shows the domain structure of the recombinant soluble EphB4EC proteins. Designation of the domains are as follows: L-leader peptide, G-globular (ligand-binding domain), C-Cys-rich domain, F1, F2-fibronectin type III repeats, H-6×His-tag.
+FIG. 17 shows purification and ligand binding properties of the EphB4EC proteins. A. SDS-PAAG gel electrophoresis of purified EphB4-derived recombinant soluble proteins (Coomassie-stained). B. Binding of Ephrin B2-AP fusion to EphB4-derived recombinant proteins immobilized on Ni-NTA-agarose beads. Results of three independent experiments are shown for each protein. Vertical axis—optical density at 420 nm.
+FIG. 18 shows that EphB4v3 inhibits chemotaxis.
+FIG. 19 shows that EphB4v3 inhibits tubule formation on Matrigel. A displays the strong inhibition of tubule formation by B4v3 in a representative experiment. B shows a quantitation of the reduction of tube-length obtained with B4v3 at increasing concentrations as well as a reduction in the number of junctions, in comparison to cells with no protein. Results are displayed as mean values±S.D. obtained from three independent experiments performed with duplicate wells.
+FIG. 20 shows that soluble EphB4 has no detectable cytotoxic effect as assessed by MTS assay.
+FIG. 21 shows that B4v3 inhibits invasion and tubule formation by endothelial cells in the Matrigel assay. (A) to detect total invading cells, photographed at 20× magnification or with Masson's Trichrome Top left of A B displays section of a Matrigel plug with no GF, top right of A displays section with B4IgG containing GF and lower left section contains GF, and lower right shows GF in the presence of B4v3. Significant invasion of endothelial cells is only seen in GF containing Matrigel. Top right displays an area with a high number of invaded cells induced by B4IgG, which signifies the dimeric form of B4v3. The left upper parts of the pictures correspond to the cell layers formed around the Matrigel plug from which cells invade toward the center of the plug located in the direction of the right lower corner. Total cells in sections of the Matrigel plugs were quantitated with Scion Image software. Results obtained from two experiments with duplicate plugs are displayed as mean values±S.D.
+FIG. 22 shows tyrosine phosphorylation of EphB4 receptor in PC3 cells in response to stimulation with EphrinB2-Fc fusion in presence or absence of EphB4-derived recombinant soluble proteins.
+FIG. 23 shows effects of soluble EphB4ECD on viability and cell cycle. A) 3-day cell viability assay of two HNSCC cell lines. B) FACS analysis of cell cycle in HNSCC-15 cells treated as in A. Treatment of these cells resulted in accumulation in subG0/G1 and S/G2 phases as indicated by the arrows.
+FIG. 24 shows that B4v3 inhibits endovascular response in a murine corneal hydron micropocket assay.
+FIG. 25 shows that that SCC15, B16, and MCF-7 co-injected with sB4v3 in the presence of matrigel and growth factors, inhibits the in vivo tumor growth of these cells.
+FIG. 26 shows that soluble EphB4 causes apoptosis, necrosis and decreased angiogenesis in three tumor types, B16 (melanoma), SCC15 (head and neck carcinoma), and MCF-7 (breast carcinoma). Tumors were injected premixed with Matrigel plus growth factors and soluble EphB4 subcutaneously. After 10 to 14 days, the mice were injected intravenously with FITC-lectin (green) to assess blood vessel perfusion. Tumors treated with control PBS displayed abundant tumor density and a robust angiogenic response. Tumors treated with sEphB4 displayed a decrease in tumor cell density and a marked inhibition of tumor angiogenesis in regions with viable tumor cells, as well as tumor necrosis and apoptosis.
+FIG. 27 shows expression of EphB4 in prostate cell lines. A) Western blot of total cell lysates of various prostate cancer cell lines, normal prostate gland derived cell line (MLC) and acute myeloblastic lymphoma cells (AML) probed with EphB4 monoclonal antibody. B) Phosphorylation of EphB4 in PC-3 cells determined by Western blot.
+FIG. 28 shows expression of EphB4 in prostate cancer tissue. Representative prostate cancer frozen section stained with EphB4 monoclonal antibody (top left) or isotype specific control (bottom left). Adjacent BPH tissue stained with EphB4 monoclonal antibody (top right). Positive signal is brown color in the tumor cells. Stroma and the normal epithelia are negative. Note membrane localization of stain in the tumor tissue, consistent with transmembrane localization of EphB4. Representative QRT-PCR of RNA extracted from cancer specimens and adjacent BPH tissues (lower right).
+FIG. 29 shows downregulation of EphB4 in prostate cancer cells by tumor suppressors and RXR expression. A) PC3 cells were co-transfected with truncated CD4 and p53 or PTEN or vector only. 24 h later CD4-sorted cells were collected, lysed and analyzed sequentially by Western blot for the expression of EphB4 and β-actin, as a normalizer protein. B) Western blot as in (A) of various stable cell lines. LNCaP-FGF is a stable transfection clone of FGF-8, while CWR22R-RXR stably expresses the RXR receptor. BPH-1 was established from benign hypertrophic prostatic epithelium.
+FIG. 30 shows regulation of EphB4 in prostate cancer cells by EGFR and IGFR-1. A) Western blot of PC3 cells treated with or without EGFR specific inhibitor AG1478 (1 nM) for 36 hours. Decreased EphB4 signal is observed after AG 1478 treatment. The membrane was stripped and reprobed with β-actin, which was unaffected. B) Western Blot of triplicate samples of PC3 cells treated with or without IGFR-1 specific neutralizing antibody MAB391 (2 μg/ml; overnight). The membrane was sequentially probed with EphB4, IGFR-1 and β-actin antibodies. IGFR-1 signal shows the expected repression of signal with MAB391 treatment.
+FIG. 31 shows effect of specific EphB4 AS-ODNs and siRNA on expression and prostate cell functions. A) 293 cells stably expressing full-length construct of EphB4 was used to evaluate the ability of siRNA 472 to inhibit EphB4 expression. Cells were transfected with 50 nM RNAi using Lipofectamine 2000. Western blot of cell lysates 40 h post transfection with control siRNA (green fluorescence protein; GFP siRNA) or EphB4 siRNA 472, probed with EphB4 monoclonal antibody, stripped and reprobed with β-actin monoclonal antibody. B) Effect of EphB4 AS-10 on expression in 293 transiently expressing full-length EphB4. Cells were exposed to AS-10 or sense ODN for 6 hours and analyzed by Western blot as in (A). C) 48 h viability assay of PC3 cells treated with siRNA as described in the Methods section. Shown is mean±s.e.m. of triplicate samples. D) 5-day viability assay of PC3 cells treated with ODNs as described in the Methods. Shown is mean±s.e.m. of triplicate samples. E) Scrape assay of migration of PC3 cells in the presence of 50 nM siRNAs transfected as in (A). Shown are photomicrographs of representative 20× fields taken immediately after the scrape was made in the monolayer (0 h) and after 20 h continued culture. A large number of cells have filled in the scrape after 20 h with control siRNA, but not with EphB4 siRNA 472. F) Shown is a similar assay for cells treated with AS-10 or sense ODN (both 10 μM). G) Matrigel invasion assay of PC3 cells transfected with siRNA or control siRNA as described in the methods. Cells migrating to the underside of the Matrigel coated insert in response to 5 mg/ml fibronectin in the lower chamber were fixed and stained with Giemsa. Shown are representative photomicrographs of control siRNA and siRNA 472 treated cells. Cell numbers were counted in 5 individual high-powered fields and the average±s.e.m. is shown in the graph (bottom right).
+FIG. 32 shows effect of EphB4 siRNA 472 on cell cycle and apoptosis. A) PC3 cells transfected with siRNAs as indicated were analyzed 24 h post transfection for cell cycle status by flow cytometry as described in the Methods. Shown are the plots of cell number vs. propidium iodide fluorescence intensity. 7.9% of the cell population is apoptotic (in the Sub G0 peak) when treated with siRNA 472 compared to 1% with control siRNA. B) Apoptosis of PC3 cells detected by Cell Death Detection ELISAplus kit as described in the Methods. Absorbance at 405 nm increases in proportion to the amount of histone and DNA-POD in the nuclei-free cell fraction. Shown is the mean±s.e.m. of triplicate samples at the indicated concentrations of siRNA 472 and GFP siRNA (control).
+FIG. 33 shows that EphB4 and EphrinB2 are expressed in mesothelioma cell lines as shown by RT-PCR (A) and Western Blot (B).
+FIG. 34 shows expression of ephrin B2 and EphB4 by in situ hybridization in mesothelioma cells. NCI H28 mesothelioma cell lines cultured in chamber slides hybridized with antisense probe to ephrin B2 or EphB4 (top row). Control for each hybridization was sense (bottom row). Positive reaction is dark blue cytoplasmic stain.
+FIG. 35 shows cellular expression of EphB4 and ephrin B2 in mesothelioma cultures. Immunofluorescence staining of primary cell isolate derived from pleural effusion of a patient with malignant mesothelioma and cell lines NCI H28, NCI H2373, and NCI H2052 for ephrin B2 and EphB4. Green color is positive signal for FITC labeled secondary antibody. Specificity of immunofluorescence staining was demonstrated by lack of signal with no primary antibody (first row). Cell nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue color) to reveal location of all cells. Shown are merged images of DAPI and FITC fluorescence. Original magnification 200×.
+FIG. 36 shows expression of ephrin B2 and EphB4 in mesothelioma tumor. Immunohistochemistry of malignant mesothelioma biopsy. H&E stained section reveals tumor architecture; bottom left panel is background control with no primary antibody. EphB4 and ephrin B2 specific staining is brown color. Original magnification 200×.
+FIG. 37 shows effects of EPHB4 antisense probes (A) and EPHB4 siRNAs (B) on the growth of H28 cells.
+FIG. 38 shows effects of EPHB4 antisense probes (A) and EPHB4 siRNAs (B) on cell migration.
+FIG. 39 shows that EphB4 is expressed in HNSCC primary tissues and metastases. A) Top: Immunohistochemistry of a representative archival section stained with EphB4 monoclonal antibody as described in the methods and visualized with DAB (brown color) localized to tumor cells. Bottom: Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stain of an adjacent section. Dense purple staining indicates the presence of tumor cells. The right hand column are frozen sections of lymph node metastasis stained with EphB4 polyclonal antibody (top right) and visualized with DAB. Control (middle) was incubation with goat serum and H&E (bottom) reveals the location of the metastatic foci surrounded by stroma which does not stain. B) In situ hybridization of serial frozen sections of a HNSCC case probed with EphB4 (left column) and ephrin B2 (right column) DIG labeled antisense or sense probes generated by run-off transcription. Hybridization signal (dark blue) was detected using alkaline-phosphatase-conjugated anti-DIG antibodies and sections were counterstained with Nuclear Fast Red. A serial section stained with H&E is shown (bottom left) to illustrate tumor architecture. C) Western blot of protein extract of patient samples consisting of tumor (T), uninvolved normal tissue (N) and lymph node biopsies (LN). Samples were fractionated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 4-20% Tris-glycine gels and subsequently electroblotted onto nylon membranes. Membranes were sequentially probed with EphB4 monoclonal antibody and β-actin MoAb. Chemiluminescent signal was detected on autoradiography film. Shown is the EphB4 specific band which migrated at 120 kD and β-actin which migrated at 40 kD. The β-actin signal was used to control for loading and transfer of each sample.
+FIG. 40 shows that EphB4 is expressed in HNSCC cell lines and is regulated by EGF: A) Survey of EphB4 expression in SCC cell lines. Western blot of total cell lysates sequentially probed with EphB4 monoclonal antibody, stripped and reprobed with β-actin monoclonal antibody as described for FIG. 39C. B) Effect of the specific EGFR inhibitor AG1478 on EphB4 expression: Western blot of crude cell lysates of SCC15 treated with 0-1000 nM AG 1478 for 24 h in media supplemented with 10% FCS (left) or with 1 mM AG 1478 for 4, 8, 12 or 24 h (right). Shown are membranes sequentially probed for EphB4 and β-actin. C) Effect of inhibition of EGFR signaling on EphB4 expression in SCC cell lines: Cells maintained in growth media containing 10% FCS were treated for 24 hr with 1 μM AG 1478, after which crude cell lysates were analyzed by Western blots of cell lysates sequentially probed with for EGFR, EphB4, ephrin B2 and β-actin antibodies. Specific signal for EGFR was detected at 170 kD and ephrin B2 at 37 kD in addition to EphB4 and β-actin as described in FIG. 1C. β-actin serves as loading and transfer control.
+FIG. 41 shows mechanism of regulation of EphB4 by EGF: A) Schematic of the EGFR signaling pathways, showing in red the sites of action and names of specific kinase inhibitors used. B) SCC15 cells were serum-starved for 24 h prior to an additional 24 incubation as indicated with or without EGF (10 ng/ml), 3 μM U73122, or 5 μM SH-5, 5 μM SP600125, 25 nM LY294002, - - μM PD098095 or 5 μM SB203580. N/A indicates cultures that received equal volume of diluent (DMSO) only. Cell lysates were subjected to Western Blot with EphB4 monoclonal antibody. β-actin signal serves as control of protein loading and transfer.
+FIG. 42 shows that specific EphB4 siRNAs inhibit EphB4 expression, cell viability and cause cell cycle arrest. A) 293 cells stably expressing full length EphB4 were transfected with 50 nM RNAi using Lipofectamine™2000. 40 h post-transfection cells were harvested, lysed and processed for Western blot. Membranes were probed with EphB4 monoclonal antibody, stripped and reprobed with β-actin monoclonal antibody as control for protein loading and transfer. Negative reagent control was RNAi to scrambled green fluorescence protein (GFP) sequence and control is transfection with Lipofectamine™2000 alone. B) MTT cell viability assays of SCC cell lines treated with siRNAs for 48 h as described in the Methods section. Shown is mean+s.e.m. of triplicate samples. C) SCC15 cells transfected with siRNAs as indicated were analyzed 24 h post transfection for cell cycle status by flow cytometry as described in the Methods. Shown are the plots of cell number vs. propidium iodide fluorescence intensity. Top and middle row show plots for cells 16 h after siRNA transfection, bottom row shows plots for cells 36 h post transfection. Specific siRNA and concentration are indicated for each plot. Lipo=Lipofectamine™200 mock transfection.
+FIG. 43 shows in vitro effects of specific EphB4 AS-ODNs on SCC cells. A) 293 cells transiently transfected with EphB4 full-length expression plasmid were treated 6 h post transfection with antisense ODNs as indicated. Cell lysates were collected 24 h after AS-ODN treatment and subjected to Western Blot. B) SCC25 cells were seeded on 48 well plates at equal densities and treated with EphB4 AS-ODNs at 1, 5, and 10 μM on days 2 and 4. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay on day 5. Shown is the mean+s.e.m. of triplicate samples. Note that AS-ODNs that were active in inhibiting EphB4 protein levels were also effective inhibitors of SCC15 cell viability. C) Cell cycle analysis of SCC15 cells treated for 36 h with AS-10 (bottom) compared to cells that were not treated (top). D) Confluent cultures of SCC15 cells scraped with a plastic Pasteur pipette to produce 3 mm wide breaks in the monolayer. The ability of the cells to migrate and close the wound in the presence of inhibiting EphB4 AS-ODN (AS-10) and non-inhibiting AS-ODN (AS-1) was assessed after 48 h. Scrambled ODN is included as a negative control ODN. Culture labeled no treatment was not exposed to ODN. At initiation of the experiment, all cultures showed scrapes of equal width and similar to that seen in 1 μM EphB4 AS-10 after 48 h. The red brackets indicate the width of the original scrape. E) Migration of SCC15 cells in response to 20 mg/ml EGF in two-chamber assay as described in the Methods. Shown are representative photomicrographs of non-treated (NT), AS-6 and AS-10 treated cells and 10 ng/ml Taxol as positive control of migration inhibition. F) Cell numbers were counted in 5 individual high-powered fields and the average+s.e.m. is shown in the graph.
+FIG. 44 shows that EphB4 AS-ODN inhibits tumor growth in vivo. Growth curves for SCC15 subcutaneous tumor xenografts in Balb/C nude mice treated with EphB4 AS-10 or scrambled ODN at 20 mg/kg/day starting the day following implantation of 5×106 cells. Control mice received and equal volume of diluent (PBS). Shown are the mean+s.e.m. of 6 mice/group. * P=0.0001 by Student's t-test compared to scrambled ODN treated group.
+FIG. 45 shows that Ephrin B2, but not EphB4 is expressed in KS biopsy tissue. (A) In situ hybridization with antisense probes for ephrin B2 and EphB4 with corresponding H&E stained section to show tumor architecture. Dark blue color in the ISH indicates positive reaction for ephrin B2. No signal for EphB4 was detected in the Kaposi's sarcoma biopsy. For contrast, ISH signal for EphB4 is strong in squamous cell carcinoma tumor cells. Ephrin B2 was also detected in KS using EphB4-AP fusion protein (bottom left). (B) Detection of ephrin B2 with EphB4/Fc fusion protein. Adjacent sections were stained with H&E (left) to show tumor architecture, black rectangle indicates the area shown in the EphB4/Fc treated section (middle) detected with FITC-labeled anti-human Fc antibody as described in the methods section. As a control an adjacent section was treated with human Fc fragment (right). Specific signal arising from EphB4/Fc binding to the section is seen only in areas of tumor cells. (C) Co-expression of ephrin B2 and the HHV8 latency protein LANA1. Double-label confocal immunofluorescence microscopy with antibodies to ephrin B2 (red) LANA1 (green), or EphB4 (red) of frozen KS biopsy material directly demonstrates co-expression of LANA1 and ephrin B2 in KS biopsy. Coexpression is seen as yellow color. Double label confocal image of biopsy with antibodies to PECAM-1 (green) in cells with nuclear propidium iodide stain (red), demonstrating the vascular nature of the tumor.
+FIG. 46 shows that HHV-8 induces arterial marker expression in venous endothelial cells. (A) Immunofluorescence of cultures of HUVEC and HUVEC/BC-1 for artery/vein markers and viral proteins. Cultures were grown on chamber slides and processed for immunofluorescence detection of ephrin B2 (a, e, i), EphB4 (m, q, u), CD148 (j, v), and the HHV-8 proteins LANA1 (b, f, m) or ORF59 (r) as described in the Materials and Methods. Yellow color in the merged images of the same field demonstrate co-expression of ephrin B2 and LANA or ephrin B2 and CD148. The positions of viable cells were revealed by nuclear staining with DAPI (blue) in the third column (c, g, k, o, s, w). Photomicrographs are of representative fields. (B) RT-PCR of HUVEC and two HHV-8 infected cultures (HUVEC/BC-1 and HUVEC/BC-3) for ephrin B2 and EphB4. Ephrin B2 product (200 bp) is seen in HUVEC/BC-1, HUVEC/BC-3 and EphB4 product (400 bp) is seen in HUVEC. Shown also is β-actin RT-PCR as a control for amount and integrity of input RNA.
+FIG. 47 shows that HHV-8 induces arterial marker expression in Kaposi's sarcoma cells. (A) Western blot for ephrin B2 on various cell lysates. SLK-vGPCR is a stable clone of SLK expressing the HHV-8 vGPCR, and SLK-pCEFL is control stable clone transfected with empty expression vector. SLK cells transfected with LANA or LANAΔ440 are SLK-LANA and SLK-Δ440 respectively. Quantity of protein loading and transfer was determined by reprobing the membranes with β-actin monoclonal antibody. (B) Transient transfection of KS-SLK cells with expression vector pvGPCR-CEFL resulted in the expression of ephrin B2 as shown by immunofluorescence staining with FITC (green), whereas the control vector pCEFL had no effect. KS-SLK cells (0.8×105/well) were transfected with 0.8 μg DNA using Lipofectamine 2000. 24 hr later cells were fixed and stained with ephrin B2 polyclonal antibody and FITC conjugated secondary antibody as described in the methods. (C) Transient transfection of HUVEC with vGPCR induces transcription from ephrin B2 luciferase constructs. 8×103 HUVEC in 24 well plates were transfected using Superfect with 0.8 μg/well ephrin B2 promoter constructs containing sequences from −2941 to −11 with respect to the translation start site, or two 5′-deletions as indicated, together with 80 ng/well pCEFL or pvGPCR-CEFL. Luciferase was determined 48 h post transfection and induction ratios are shown to the right of the graph. pGL3Basic is promoterless luciferase control vector. Luciferase was normalized to protein since GPCR induced expression of the cotransfected β-galactosidase. Graphed is mean+SEM of 6 replicates. Shown is one of three similar experiments.
+FIG. 48 shows that VEGF and VEGF-C regulate ephrin B2 expression. A) Inhibition of ephrin B2 by neutralizing antibodies. Cells were cultured in full growth medium and exposed to antibody (100 ng/ml) for 36 hr before collection and lysis for Western blot. B) For induction of ephrin B2 expression cells were cultured in EBM growth medium containing 5% serum lacking growth factors. Individual growth factors were added as indicated and the cells harvested after 36 h. Quantity of protein loading and transfer was determined by reprobing the membranes β-actin monoclonal antibody.
+FIG. 49 shows that Ephrin B2 knock-down with specific siRNA inhibits viability in KS cells and HUVEC grown in the presence of VEGF but not IGF, EGF or bFGF. A) KS-SLK cells were transfected with various siRNA to ephrin B2 and controls. After 48 hr the cells were harvested and crude cell lysates fractionated on 4-20% SDS-PAGE. Western blot was performed with monoclonal antibody to ephrin B2 generated in-house. The membrane was stripped and reprobed with β-actin monoclonal antibody (Sigma) to illustrate equivalent loading and transfer. B) 3 day cell viability assay of KS-SLK cultures in the presence of ephrin B2 and EphB4 siRNAs. 1×105 cells/well in 24-well plates were treated with 0, 10 and 100 ng/ml siRNAs as indicated on the graph. Viability of cultures was determined by MTT assay as described in the methods section. Shown are the mean+standard deviation of duplicate samples. C) HUVE cells were seeded on eight wells chamber slides coated with fibronectin. The HUVE cells were grown overnight in EGM-2 media, which contains all growth supplements. On the following day, the media was replaced with media containing VEGF (10 ng/ml) or EGF, FGF and IGF as indicated. After 2 hrs of incubation at 37° C., the cells were transfected using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) in Opti-MEM medium containing 10 nM of siRNA to ephrin B2, Eph B4 or green fluorescence protein (GFP) as control. The cells were incubated for 2 hr and then the fresh media containing growth factors or VEGF alone was added to their respective wells. After 48 hrs, the cells were stained with crystal violet and the pictures were taken immediately by digital camera at 10× magnification.
+FIG. 50 shows that soluble EphB4 inhibits KS and EC cord formation and in vivo angiogenesis. Cord formation assay of HUVEC in Matrigel™ (upper row). Cells in exponential growth phase were treated overnight with the indicated concentrations of EphB4 extracellular domain (ECD) prior to plating on Matrigel™. Cells were trypsinized and plated (1×105 cells/well) in a 24-well plate containing 0.5 ml Matrigel™. Shown are representative 20× phase contrast fields of cord formation after 8 hr plating on Matrigel™ in the continued presence of the test compounds as shown. Original magnification 200×. KS-SLK cells treated in a similar manner (middle row) in a cord formation assay on Matrigel™. Bottom row shows in vivo Matrigel™ assay: Matrigel™ plugs containing growth factors and EphB4 ECD or PBS were implanted subcutaneously in the mid-ventral region of mice. After 7 days the plugs were removed, sectioned and stained with H&E to visualize cells migrating into the matrix. Intact vessels with large lumens are observed in the control, whereas EphB4 ECD almost completely inhibited migration of cells into the Matrigel.
+FIG. 51 shows expression of EPHB4 in bladder cancer cell lines (A), and regulation of EPHB4 expression by EGFR signaling pathway (B).
+FIG. 52 shows that transfection of p53 inhibit the expression of EPHB4 in 5637 cell.
+FIG. 53 shows growth inhibition of bladder cancer cell line (5637) upon treatment with EPHB4 siRNA 472.
+FIG. 54 shows results on apoptosis study of 5637 cells transfected with EPHB4 siRNA 472.
+FIG. 55 shows effects of EPHB4 antisense probes on cell migration. 5637 cells were treated with EPHB4AS10 (10 μM) (bottom panels). Upper panels show control cells.
+FIG. 56 shows effects of EPHB4 siRNA on cell invasion. 5637 cells were transfected with siRNA 472 or control siRNA.
+FIG. 57 shows comparison of EphB4 monoclonal antibodies by G250 and in pull-down assay.
+FIG. 58 shows that EphB4 antibodies inhibit the growth of SCC15 xenograft tumors.
+FIG. 59 shows that EphB4 antibodies cause apoptosis, necrosis and decreased angiogenesis in SCC15, head and neck carcinoma tumor type.
+FIG. 60 shows that systemic administration of EphB4 antibodies leads to tumor regression.
+FIGS. 61A-J show a genomic nucleotide sequence of human EphB4 (SEQ ID NO:6).
+FIGS. 62A-B show a cDNA nucleotide sequence of human EphB4 (SEQ ID NO:7).
+FIGS. 63A-Q show a genomic nucleotide sequence of human Ephrin B2 (SEQ ID NO:8).
+FIGS. 64A-B show a cDNA nucleotide sequence of human Ephrin B2 (SEQ ID NO:9).
+FIG. 65 shows an amino acid sequence of human EphB4 (SEQ ID NO:10).
+FIG. 66 shows an amino acid sequence of human Ephrin B2 (SEQ ID NO:11).
+FIG. 67 shows a comparison of the EphrinB2 binding properties of the HSA-EphB4 fusion protein and other EphB4 polypeptides.
+FIG. 68 shows a comparison between the in vivo stability of an EphB4-HSA fusion protein and an EphB4 polypeptide in mice.
+FIG. 69 shows the EphrinB2 binding activity of soluble EphB4 polypeptides pegylated under specific pH conditions.
+FIG. 70 shows the chromatographic separation of PEG derivatives of EphB4 protein on SP-Sepharose columns. Purity of the PEG-modified EphB4 protein was analyzed by PAGE. The EphrinB2 binding of the pegylation reaction products is also shown.
+FIG. 71 shows the purity, as determined by SDS-PAGE, of chromatography-separated unpegylated, monopegylated and poly-pegylated EphB4 fractions.
+FIG. 72 shows the EphrinB2-binding activity of the chromatography fractions from the EphB4 pegylation reaction.
+FIG. 73 shows the retention of EphrinB2-binding activity of the chromatography fractions from the EphB4 pegylation reaction after incubation in mouse serum at 37° C. for three days.
+FIG. 74 shows the in vivo stability of unpegylated, monopegylated and polypegylated EphB4 in mice over time.
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+DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
+I. Overview
+The current invention is based in part on the discovery that signaling through the ephrin/ephrin receptor (ephrin/eph) pathway contributes to tumorigenesis. Applicants detected expression of ephrin B2 and EphB4 in tumor tissues and developed anti-tumor therapeutic agents for blocking signaling through the ephrin/eph. In addition, the disclosure provides polypeptide therapeutic agents and methods for polypeptide-based inhibition of the function of EphB4 and/or Ephrin B2. Accordingly, in certain aspects, the disclosure provides numerous polypeptide compounds (agents) that may be used to treat cancer as well as angiogenesis related disorders and unwanted angiogenesis related processes. Applicants have generated modified forms of EphrinB2 and EphB4 polypeptides and have demonstrated that such modified forms have markedly improved pharmacokinetic properties. Accordingly, in certain aspects, the disclosure provides numerous polypeptide compounds (agents) that may be used to treat cancer as well as angiogenesis related disorders and unwanted angiogenesis related processes.
+As used herein, the terms Ephrin and Eph are used to refer, respectively, to ligands and receptors. They can be from any of a variety of animals (e.g., mammals/non-mammals, vertebrates/non-vertebrates, including humans). The nomenclature in this area has changed rapidly and the terminology used herein is that proposed as a result of work by the Eph Nomenclature Committee, which can be accessed, along with previously-used names at web site http://www.eph-nomenclature.com.
+The work described herein, particularly in the examples, refers to Ephrin B2 and EphB4. However, the present invention contemplates any ephrin ligand and/or Eph receptor within their respective family, which is expressed in a tumor. The ephrins (ligands) are of two structural types, which can be further subdivided on the basis of sequence relationships and, functionally, on the basis of the preferential binding they exhibit for two corresponding receptor subgroups. Structurally, there are two types of ephrins: those which are membrane-anchored by a glycerophosphatidylinositol (GPI) linkage and those anchored through a transmembrane domain. Conventionally, the ligands are divided into the Ephrin-A subclass, which are GPI-linked proteins which bind preferentially to EphA receptors, and the Ephrin-B subclass, which are transmembrane proteins which generally bind preferentially to EphB receptors.
+The Eph family receptors are a family of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases which are related to Eph, a receptor named for its expression in an erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. They are divided into two subgroups on the basis of the relatedness of their extracellular domain sequences and their ability to bind preferentially to Ephrin-A proteins or Ephrin-B proteins. Receptors which interact preferentially with Ephrin-A proteins are EphA receptors and those which interact preferentially with Ephrin-B proteins are EphB receptors.
+Eph receptors have an extracellular domain composed of the ligand-binding globular domain, a cysteine rich region followed by a pair of fibronectin type III repeats (e.g., see FIG. 16). The cytoplasmic domain consists of a juxtamembrane region containing two conserved tyrosine residues; a protein tyrosine kinase domain; a sterile α-motif (SAM) and a PDZ-domain binding motif. EphB4 is specific for the membrane-bound ligand Ephrin B2 (Sakano, S. et al 1996; Brambilla R. et al 1995). Ephrin B2 belongs to the class of Eph ligands that have a transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic region with five conserved tyrosine residues and PDZ domain. Eph receptors are activated by binding of clustered, membrane attached ephrins (Davis S et al, 1994), indicating that contact between cells expressing the receptors and cells expressing the ligands is required for Eph activation.
+Upon ligand binding, an Eph receptor dimerizes and autophosphorylate the juxtamembrane tyrosine residues to acquire full activation (Kalo M S et al, 1999, Binns K S, 2000). In addition to forward signaling through the Eph receptor, reverse signaling can occur through the ephrin Bs. Eph engagement of ephrins results in rapid phosphorylation of the conserved intracellular tyrosines (Bruckner K, 1997) and somewhat slower recruitment of PDZ binding proteins (Palmer A 2002). Recently, several studies have shown that high expression of Eph/ephrins may be associated with increased potentials for tumor growth, tumorigenicity, and metastasis (Easty D J, 1999; Kiyokawa E, 1994; Tang X X, 1999; Vogt T, 1998; Liu W, 2002; Stephenson S A, 2001; Steube K G 1999; Berclaz G, 1996).
+In certain embodiments, the present invention provides polypeptide therapeutic agents that inhibit activity of Ephrin B2, EphB4, or both. As used herein, the term “polypeptide therapeutic agent” or “polypeptide agent” is a generic term which includes any polypeptide that blocks signaling through the Ephrin B2/EphB4 pathway. A preferred polypeptide therapeutic agent of the invention is a soluble polypeptide of Ephrin B2 or EphB4. Another preferred polypeptide therapeutic agent of the invention is an antagonist antibody that binds to Ephrin B2 or EphB4. For example, such polypeptide therapeutic agent can inhibit function of Ephrin B2 or EphB4, inhibit the interaction between Ephrin B2 and EphB4, inhibit the phosphorylation of Ephrin B2 or EphB4, or inhibit any of the downstream signaling events upon binding of Ephrin B2 to EphB4. Such polypeptides may include EphB4 or EphrinB2 that are modified so as to improve serum half-life, such as by PEGylation or stable association with a serum albumin protein.
+II. Soluble Polypeptides
+In certain aspects, the invention relates to a soluble polypeptide comprising an extracellular domain of an Ephrin B2 protein (referred to herein as an Ephrin B2 soluble polypeptide) or comprising an extracellular domain of an EphB4 protein (referred to herein as an EphB4 soluble polypeptide). Preferably, the subject soluble polypeptide is a monomer and is capable of binding with high affinity to Ephrin B2 or EphB4. In a specific embodiment, the EphB4 soluble polypeptide of the invention comprises a globular domain of an EphB4 protein. Specific examples EphB4 soluble polypeptides are provided in FIGS. 1, 2, and 15. Specific examples of Ephrin B2 soluble polypeptides are provided in FIGS. 3 and 14.
+As used herein, the subject soluble polypeptides include fragments, functional variants, and modified forms of EphB4 soluble polypeptide or an Ephrin B2 soluble polypeptide. These fragments, functional variants, and modified forms of the subject soluble polypeptides antagonize function of EphB4, Ephrin B2 or both.
+In certain embodiments, isolated fragments of the subject soluble polypeptides can be obtained by screening polypeptides recombinantly produced from the corresponding fragment of the nucleic acid encoding an EphB4 or Ephrin B2 soluble polypeptides. In addition, fragments can be chemically synthesized using techniques known in the art such as conventional Merrifield solid phase f-Moc or t-Boc chemistry. The fragments can be produced (recombinantly or by chemical synthesis) and tested to identify those peptidyl fragments that can function to inhibit function of EphB4 or Ephrin B2, for example, by testing the ability of the fragments to inhibit angiogenesis or tumor growth.
+In certain embodiments, a functional variant of an EphB4 soluble polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 99% or 100% identical to residues 1-197, 29-197, 1-312, 29-132, 1-321, 29-321, 1-326, 29-326, 1-412, 29-412, 1-427, 29-427, 1-429, 29-429, 1-526, 29-526, 1-537 and 29-537 of the amino acid sequence defined by FIG. 65 (SEQ ID NO: 10). Such polypeptides may be used in a processed form, and accordingly, in certain embodiments, an EphB4 soluble polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 99% or 100% identical to residues 16-197, 16-312, 16-321, 16-326, 16-412, 16-427, 16-429, 16-526 and 16-537 of the amino acid sequence defined by FIG. 65 (SEQ ID NO:10).
+In other embodiments, a functional variant of an Ephrin B2 soluble polypeptide comprises a sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 99% or 100% identical to residues 1-225 of the amino acid sequence defined by FIG. 66 (SEQ ID NO: 11) or a processed form, such as one comprising a sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 99% or 100% identical to residues 26-225 of the amino acid sequence defined by FIG. 66 (SEQ ID NO: 11).
+In certain embodiments, the present invention contemplates making functional variants by modifying the structure of the subject soluble polypeptide for such purposes as enhancing therapeutic or prophylactic efficacy, or stability (e.g., ex vivo shelf life and resistance to proteolytic degradation in vivo). Such modified soluble polypeptide are considered functional equivalents of the naturally-occurring EphB4 or Ephrin B2 soluble polypeptide. Modified soluble polypeptides can be produced, for instance, by amino acid substitution, deletion, or addition. For instance, it is reasonable to expect, for example, that an isolated replacement of a leucine with an isoleucine or valine, an aspartate with a glutamate, a threonine with a serine, or a similar replacement of an amino acid with a structurally related amino acid (e.g., conservative mutations) will not have a major effect on the biological activity of the resulting molecule. Conservative replacements are those that take place within a family of amino acids that are related in their side chains.
+This invention further contemplates a method of generating sets of combinatorial mutants of the EphB4 or Ephrin B2 soluble polypeptides, as well as truncation mutants, and is especially useful for identifying functional variant sequences. The purpose of screening such combinatorial libraries may be to generate, for example, soluble polypeptide variants which can act as antagonists of EphB4, EphB2, or both. Combinatorially-derived variants can be generated which have a selective potency relative to a naturally occurring soluble polypeptide. Such variant proteins, when expressed from recombinant DNA constructs, can be used in gene therapy protocols. Likewise, mutagenesis can give rise to variants which have intracellular half-lives dramatically different than the corresponding wild-type soluble polypeptide. For example, the altered protein can be rendered either more stable or less stable to proteolytic degradation or other cellular process which result in destruction of, or otherwise inactivation of the protein of interest (e.g., a soluble polypeptide). Such variants, and the genes which encode them, can be utilized to alter the subject soluble polypeptide levels by modulating their half-life. For instance, a short half-life can give rise to more transient biological effects and, when part of an inducible expression system, can allow tighter control of recombinant soluble polypeptide levels within the cell. As above, such proteins, and particularly their recombinant nucleic acid constructs, can be used in gene therapy protocols.
+There are many ways by which the library of potential homologs can be generated from a degenerate oligonucleotide sequence. Chemical synthesis of a degenerate gene sequence can be carried out in an automatic DNA synthesizer, and the synthetic genes then be ligated into an appropriate gene for expression. The purpose of a degenerate set of genes is to provide, in one mixture, all of the sequences encoding the desired set of potential soluble polypeptide sequences. The synthesis of degenerate oligonucleotides is well known in the art (see for example, Narang, S A (1983) Tetrahedron 39:3; Itakura et al., (1981) Recombinant DNA, Proc. 3rd Cleveland Sympos. Macromolecules, ed. A G Walton, Amsterdam: Elsevier pp 273-289; Itakura et al., (1984) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 53:323; Itakura et al., (1984) Science 198:1056; Ike et al., (1983) Nucleic Acid Res. 11:477). Such techniques have been employed in the directed evolution of other proteins (see, for example, Scott et al., (1990) Science 249:386-390; Roberts et al., (1992) PNAS USA 89:2429-2433; Devlin et al., (1990) Science 249: 404-406; Cwirla et al., (1990) PNAS USA 87: 6378-6382; as well as U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,223,409, 5,198,346, and 5,096,815).
+Alternatively, other forms of mutagenesis can be utilized to generate a combinatorial library. For example, soluble polypeptide variants (e.g., the antagonist forms) can be generated and isolated from a library by screening using, for example, alanine scanning mutagenesis and the like (Ruf et al., (1994) Biochemistry 33:1565-1572; Wang et al., (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269:3095-3099; Balint et al., (1993) Gene 137:109-118; Grodberg et al., (1993) Eur. J. Biochem. 218:597-601; Nagashima et al., (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268:2888-2892; Lowman et al., (1991) Biochemistry 30:10832-10838; and Cunningham et al., (1989) Science 244:1081-1085), by linker scanning mutagenesis (Gustin et al., (1993) Virology 193:653-660; Brown et al., (1992) Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:2644-2652; McKnight et al., (1982) Science 232:316); by saturation mutagenesis (Meyers et al., (1986) Science 232:613); by PCR mutagenesis (Leung et al., (1989) Method Cell Mol Biol 1:11-19); or by random mutagenesis, including chemical mutagenesis, etc. (Miller et al., (1992) A Short Course in Bacterial Genetics, CSHL Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; and Greener et al., (1994) Strategies in Mol Biol 7:32-34). Linker scanning mutagenesis, particularly in a combinatorial setting, is an attractive method for identifying truncated (bioactive) forms of the subject soluble polypeptide.
+A wide range of techniques are known in the art for screening gene products of combinatorial libraries made by point mutations and truncations, and, for that matter, for screening cDNA libraries for gene products having a certain property. Such techniques will be generally adaptable for rapid screening of the gene libraries generated by the combinatorial mutagenesis of the subject soluble polypeptides. The most widely used techniques for screening large gene libraries typically comprises cloning the gene library into replicable expression vectors, transforming appropriate cells with the resulting library of vectors, and expressing the combinatorial genes under conditions in which detection of a desired activity facilitates relatively easy isolation of the vector encoding the gene whose product was detected. Each of the illustrative assays described below are amenable to high through-put analysis as necessary to screen large numbers of degenerate sequences created by combinatorial mutagenesis techniques.
+In certain embodiments, the subject soluble polypeptides of the invention include a small molecule such as a peptide and a peptidomimetic. As used herein, the term “peptidomimetic” includes chemically modified peptides and peptide-like molecules that contain non-naturally occurring amino acids, peptoids, and the like. Peptidomimetics provide various advantages over a peptide, including enhanced stability when administered to a subject. Methods for identifying a peptidomimetic are well known in the art and include the screening of databases that contain libraries of potential peptidomimetics. For example, the Cambridge Structural Database contains a collection of greater than 300,000 compounds that have known crystal structures (Allen et al., Acta Crystallogr. Section B, 35:2331 (1979)). Where no crystal structure of a target molecule is available, a structure can be generated using, for example, the program CONCORD (Rusinko et al., J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 29:251 (1989)). Another database, the Available Chemicals Directory (Molecular Design Limited, Informations Systems; San Leandro Calif.), contains about 100,000 compounds that are commercially available and also can be searched to identify potential peptidomimetics of the EphB4 or Ephrin B2 soluble polypeptides.
+In certain embodiments, the soluble polypeptides of the invention may further comprise post-translational modifications. Exemplary post-translational protein modification include phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, ADP-ribosylation, ubiquitination, glycosylation, carbonylation, sumoylation, biotinylation or addition of a polypeptide side chain or of a hydrophobic group. As a result, the modified soluble polypeptides may contain non-amino acid elements, such as lipids, poly- or mono-saccharide, and phosphates. Effects of such non-amino acid elements on the functionality of a soluble polypeptide may be tested for its antagonizing role in EphB4 or Ephrin B2 function, e.g, it inhibitory effect on angiogenesis or on tumor growth.
+In one specific embodiment of the present invention, modified forms of the subject soluble polypeptides comprise linking the subject soluble polypeptides to nonproteinaceous polymers. In one specific embodiment, the polymer is polyethylene glycol (“PEG”), polypropylene glycol, or polyoxyalkylenes, in the manner as set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 4,640,835; 4,496,689; 4,301,144; 4,670,417; 4,791,192 or 4,179,337. Examples of the modified polypeptide of the invention include PEGylated soluble Ephrin B2 and PEGylated soluble EphB4.
+PEG is a well-known, water soluble polymer that is commercially available or can be prepared by ring-opening polymerization of ethylene glycol according to methods well known in the art (Sandler and Karo, Polymer Synthesis, Academic Press, New York, Vol. 3, pages 138-161). The term “PEG” is used broadly to encompass any polyethylene glycol molecule, without regard to size or to modification at an end of the PEG, and can be represented by the formula:
+X—O(CH2CH2O)n-1CH2CH2OH (1), where n is 20 to 2300 and X is H or a terminal modification, e.g., a C1-4 alkyl. In one embodiment, the PEG of the invention terminates on one end with hydroxy or methoxy, i.e., X is H or CH3 (“methoxy PEG”). A PEG can contain further chemical groups which are necessary for binding reactions; which results from the chemical synthesis of the molecule; or which is a spacer for optimal distance of parts of the molecule. In addition, such a PEG can consist of one or more PEG side-chains which are linked together. PEGs with more than one PEG chain are called multiarmed or branched PEGs. Branched PEGs can be prepared, for example, by the addition of polyethylene oxide to various polyols, including glycerol, pentaerythriol, and sorbitol. For example, a four-armed branched PEG can be prepared from pentaerythriol and ethylene oxide. Branched PEG are described in, for example, EP-A 0 473 084 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,462. One form of PEGs includes two PEG side-chains (PEG2) linked via the primary amino groups of a lysine (Monfardini, C., et al., Bioconjugate Chem. 6 (1995) 62-69).
+PEG conjugation to peptides or proteins generally involves the activation of PEG and coupling of the activated PEG-intermediates directly to target proteins/peptides or to a linker, which is subsequently activated and coupled to target proteins/peptides (see Abuchowski, A. et al, J. Biol. Chem., 252, 3571 (1977) and J. Biol. Chem., 252, 3582 (1977), Zalipsky, et al., and Harris et. al., in: Poly(ethylene glycol) Chemistry: Biotechnical and Biomedical Applications; (J. M. Harris ed.) Plenum Press: New York, 1992; Chap. 21 and 22). It is noted that an EphB4 containing a PEG molecule is also known as a conjugated protein, whereas the protein lacking an attached PEG molecule can be referred to as unconjugated.
+Any molecular mass for a PEG can be used as practically desired, e.g., from about 1,000 Daltons (Da) to 100,000 Da (n is 20 to 2300), for conjugating to Eph4 or EphrinB2 soluble peptides. The number of repeating units “n” in the PEG is approximated for the molecular mass described in Daltons. It is preferred that the combined molecular mass of PEG on an activated linker is suitable for pharmaceutical use. Thus, in one embodiment, the molecular mass of the PEG molecules does not exceed 100,000 Da. For example, if three PEG molecules are attached to a linker, where each PEG molecule has the same molecular mass of 12,000 Da (each n is about 270), then the total molecular mass of PEG on the linker is about 36,000 Da (total n is about 820). The molecular masses of the PEG attached to the linker can also be different, e.g., of three molecules on a linker two PEG molecules can be 5,000 Da each (each n is about 110) and one PEG molecule can be 12,000 Da (n is about 270).
+In a specific embodiment of the invention, an EphB4 polypeptide is covalently linked to one poly(ethylene glycol) group of the formula: —CO—(CH2)x—(OCH2CH2)m—OR, with the —CO (i.e. carbonyl) of the poly(ethylene glycol) group forming an amide bond with one of the amino groups of EphB4; R being lower alkyl; x being 2 or 3; m being from about 450 to about 950; and n and m being chosen so that the molecular weight of the conjugate minus the EphB4 protein is from about 10 to 40 kDa. In one embodiment, an EphB4 ε-amino group of a lysine is the available (free) amino group.
+The above conjugates may be more specifically presented by formula (II): P—NHCO—(CH2)x—(OCH2CH2)m—OR (II), wherein P is the group of an EphB4 protein as described herein, (i.e. without the amino group or amino groups which form an amide linkage with the carbonyl shown in formula (II); and wherein R is lower alkyl; x is 2 or 3; m is from about 450 to about 950 and is chosen so that the molecular weight of the conjugate minus the EphB4 protein is from about 10 to about 40 kDa. As used herein, the given ranges of “m” have an orientational meaning. The ranges of “m” are determined in any case, and exactly, by the molecular weight of the PEG group.
+One skilled in the art can select a suitable molecular mass for PEG, e.g., based on how the pegylated EphB4 will be used therapeutically, the desired dosage, circulation time, resistance to proteolysis, immunogenicity, and other considerations. For a discussion of PEG and its use to enhance the properties of proteins, see N. V. Katre, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 10: 91-114 (1993).
+In one embodiment of the invention, PEG molecules may be activated to react with amino groups on EphB4, such as with lysines (Bencham C. O. et al., Anal. Biochem., 131, 25 (1983); Veronese, F. M. et al., Appl. Biochem., 11, 141 (1985).; Zalipsky, S. et al., Polymeric Drugs and Drug Delivery Systems, adrs 9-110 ACS Symposium Series 469 (1999); Zalipsky, S. et al., Europ. Polym. J., 19, 1177-1183 (1983); Delgado, C. et al., Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, 12, 119-128 (1990)).
+In one specific embodiment, carbonate esters of PEG are used to form the PEG-EphB4 conjugates. N,N′-disuccinimidylcarbonate (DSC) may be used in the reaction with PEG to form active mixed PEG-succinimidyl carbonate that may be subsequently reacted with a nucleophilic group of a linker or an amino group of EphB4 (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,281,698 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,462). In a similar type of reaction, 1,1′-(dibenzotriazolyl)carbonate and di-(2-pyridyl)carbonate may be reacted with PEG to form PEG-benzotriazolyl and PEG-pyridyl mixed carbonate (U.S. Pat. No. 5,382,657), respectively.
+In one embodiment, additional sites for PEGylation are introduced by site-directed mutagenesis by introducing one or more lysine residues. For instance, one or more arginine residues may be mutated to a lysine residue. In another embodiment, additional PEGylation sites are chemically introduced by modifying amino acids on EphB4. In one specific embodiment, carboxyl groups in EphB4 are conjugated with diaminobutane, resulting in carboxyl amidation (see Li et al., Anal Biochem. 2004; 330(2):264-71). This reaction may be catalyzed by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide, a water-soluble carbodiimide. The resulting amides can then conjugated to PEG.
+PEGylation of EphB4 can be performed according to the methods of the state of the art, for example by reaction of EphB4 with electrophilically active PEGs (supplier: Shearwater Corp., USA, www.shearwatercorp.com). Preferred PEG reagents of the present invention are, e.g., N-hydroxysuccinimidyl propionates (PEG-SPA), butanoates (PEG-SBA), PEG-succinimidyl propionate or branched N-hydroxysuccinimides such as mPEG2-NHS (Monfardini, C., et al., Bioconjugate Chem. 6 (1995) 62-69). Such methods may used to PEGylated at an ε-amino group of an EphB4 lysine or the N-terminal amino group of EphB4.
+In another embodiment, PEG molecules may be coupled to sulfhydryl groups on EphB4 (Sartore, L., et al., Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 27, 45 (1991); Morpurgo et al., Biocon. Chem., 7, 363-368 (1996); Goodson et al., Bio/Technology (1990) 8, 343; U.S. Pat. No. 5,766,897). U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,610,281 and 5,766,897 describes exemplary reactive PEG species that may be coupled to sulfhydryl groups.
+In some embodiments where PEG molecules are conjugated to cysteine residues on EphB4, the cysteine residues are native to Eph4, whereas in other embodiments, one or more cysteine residues are engineered into EphB4. Mutations may be introduced into an EphB4 coding sequence to generate cysteine residues. This might be achieved, for example, by mutating one or more amino acid residues to cysteine. Preferred amino acids for mutating to a cysteine residue include serine, threonine, alanine and other hydrophilic residues. Preferably, the residue to be mutated to cysteine is a surface-exposed residue. Algorithms are well-known in the art for predicting surface accessibility of residues based on primary sequence or a protein. Alternatively, surface residues may be predicted by comparing the amino acid sequences of EphB4 an EphB2, given that the crystal structure of EphB2 has been solved (see Himanen et al., Nature. (2001) 20-27; 414(6866):933-8) and thus the surface-exposed residues identified. In one embodiment, cysteine residues are introduced into EphB4 at or near the N- and/or C-terminus, or within loop regions. Loop regions may be identified by comparing the EphB4 sequence to that of EphB2.
+In some embodiments, the pegylated EphB4 comprises a PEG molecule covalently attached to the alpha amino group of the N-terminal amino acid. Site specific N-terminal reductive amination is described in Pepinsky et al., (2001) JPET, 297, 1059, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,824,784. The use of a PEG-aldehyde for the reductive amination of a protein utilizing other available nucleophilic amino groups is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,002,531, in Wieder et al., (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 12579, and in Chamow et al., (1994) Bioconjugate Chem. 5, 133.
+In another embodiment, pegylated EphB4 comprises one or more PEG molecules covalently attached to a linker, which in turn is attached to the alpha amino group of the amino acid residue at the N-terminus of EphB4. Such an approach is disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2002/0044921 and in WO94/01451.
+In one embodiment, EphB4 is pegylated at the C-terminus. In a specific embodiment, a protein is pegylated at the C-terminus by the introduction of C-terminal azido-methionine and the subsequent conjugation of a methyl-PEG-triarylphosphine compound via the Staudinger reaction. This C-terminal conjugation method is described in Cazalis et al., C-Terminal Site-Specific PEGylation of a Truncated Thrombomodulin Mutant with Retention of Full Bioactivity, Bioconjug Chem. 2004; 15(5):1005-1009.
+Monopegylation of EphB4 can also be produced according to the general methods described in WO 94/01451. WO 94/01451 describes a method for preparing a recombinant polypeptide with a modified terminal amino acid alpha-carbon reactive group. The steps of the method involve forming the recombinant polypeptide and protecting it with one or more biologically added protecting groups at the N-terminal alpha-amine and C-terminal alpha-carboxyl. The polypeptide can then be reacted with chemical protecting agents to selectively protect reactive side chain groups and thereby prevent side chain groups from being modified. The polypeptide is then cleaved with a cleavage reagent specific for the biological protecting group to form an unprotected terminal amino acid alpha-carbon reactive group. The unprotected terminal amino acid alpha-carbon reactive group is modified with a chemical modifying agent. The side chain protected terminally modified single copy polypeptide is then deprotected at the side chain groups to form a terminally modified recombinant single copy polypeptide. The number and sequence of steps in the method can be varied to achieve selective modification at the N- and/or C-terminal amino acid of the polypeptide.
+The ratio of EphB4 (or EphrinB2) to activated PEG in the conjugation reaction can be from about 1:0.5 to 1:50, between from about 1:1 to 1:30, or from about 1:5 to 1:15. Various aqueous buffers can be used in the present method to catalyze the covalent addition of PEG to EphB4. In one embodiment, the pH of a buffer used is from about 7.0 to 9.0. In another embodiment, the pH is in a slightly basic range, e.g., from about 7.5 to 8.5. Buffers having a pKa close to neutral pH range may be used, e.g., phosphate buffer.
+In one embodiment, the temperature range for preparing a mono-PEG-EphB4 is from about 4° C. to 40° C., or from about 18° C. to 25° C. In another embodiment, the temperature is room temperature.
+The pegylation reaction can proceed from 3 to 48 hours, or from 10 to 24 hours. The reaction can be monitored using SE-HPLC to distinguish EphB4, mono-PEG-EphB4 and poly-PEG-EphB4. It is noted that mono-PEG-EphB4 forms before di-PEG-EphB4. When the mono-PEG-EphB4 concentration reaches a plateau, the reaction can be terminated by adding a quenching agent to react with unreacted PEG. In some embodiments, the quenching agent is a free amino acid, such as glycine, cysteine or lysine.
+Conventional separation and purification techniques known in the art can be used to purify pegylated EphB4 or EphrinB2 products, such as size exclusion (e.g. gel filtration) and ion exchange chromatography. Products may also be separated using SDS-PAGE. Products that may be separated include mono-, di-, tri-poly- and un-pegylated EphB4, as well as free PEG. The percentage of mono-PEG conjugates can be controlled by pooling broader fractions around the elution peak to increase the percentage of mono-PEG in the composition. About ninety percent mono-PEG conjugates represents a good balance of yield and activity. Compositions in which, for example, at least ninety-two percent or at least ninety-six percent of the conjugates are mono-PEG species may be desired. In an embodiment of this invention the percentage of mono-PEG conjugates is from ninety percent to ninety-six percent.
+In one embodiment, pegylated EphB4 proteins of the invention contain one, two or more PEG moieties. In one embodiment, the PEG moiety(ies) are bound to an amino acid residue which is on the surface of the protein and/or away from the surface that contacts EphrinB2. In one embodiment, the combined or total molecular mass of PEG in PEG-EphB4 is from about 3,000 Da to 60,000 Da, optionally from about 10,000 Da to 36,000 Da. In a one embodiment, the PEG in pegylated EphB4 is a substantially linear, straight-chain PEG.
+In one embodiment of the invention, the PEG in pegylated EphB4 or EphrinB2 is not hydrolyzed from the pegylated amino acid residue using a hydroxylamine assay, e.g., 450 mM hydroxylamine (pH 6.5) over 8 to 16 hours at room temperature, and is thus stable. In one embodiment, greater than 80% of the composition is stable mono-PEG-EphB4, more preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 95%.
+In another embodiment, the pegylated EphB4 proteins of the invention will preferably retain at least 25%, 50%, 60%, 70% least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% of the biological activity associated with the unmodified protein. In one embodiment, biological activity refers to its ability to bind to EphrinB2. In one specific embodiment, the pegylated EphB4 protein shows an increase in binding to EphrinB2 relative to unpegylated EphB4.
+In a preferred embodiment, the PEG-EphB4 has a half-life (t1/2) which is enhanced relative to the half-life of the unmodified protein. Preferably, the half-life of PEG-EphB4 is enhanced by at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 250%, 300%, 400% or 500%, or even by 1000% relative to the half-life of the unmodified EphB4 protein. In some embodiments, the protein half-life is determined in vitro, such as in a buffered saline solution or in serum. In other embodiments, the protein half-life is an in vivo half life, such as the half-life of the protein in the serum or other bodily fluid of an animal.
+In certain aspects, functional variants or modified forms of the subject soluble polypeptides include fusion proteins having at least a portion of the soluble polypeptide and one or more fusion domains. Well known examples of such fusion domains include, but are not limited to, polyhistidine, Glu-Glu, glutathione S transferase (GST), thioredoxin, protein A, protein G, and an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region (Fc), maltose binding protein (MBP), which are particularly useful for isolation of the fusion proteins by affinity chromatography. For the purpose of affinity purification, relevant matrices for affinity chromatography, such as glutathione-, amylase-, and nickel- or cobalt-conjugated resins are used. Another fusion domain well known in the art is green fluorescent protein (GFP). Fusion domains also include “epitope tags,” which are usually short peptide sequences for which a specific antibody is available. Well known epitope tags for which specific monoclonal antibodies are readily available include FLAG, influenza virus haemagglutinin (HA), and c-myc tags. In some cases, the fusion domains have a protease cleavage site, such as for Factor Xa or Thrombin, which allows the relevant protease to partially digest the fusion proteins and thereby liberate the recombinant proteins therefrom. The liberated proteins can then be isolated from the fusion domain by subsequent chromatographic separation.
+In certain embodiments, the soluble polypeptides of the present invention contain one or more modifications that are capable of stabilizing the soluble polypeptides. For example, such modifications enhance the in vitro half life of the soluble polypeptides, enhance circulatory half life of the soluble polypeptides or reducing proteolytic degradation of the soluble polypeptides.
+In a further embodiment, a soluble polypeptide of the present invention is fused to a cytotoxic agent. In this method, the fusion acts to target the cytotoxic agent to a specific tissue or cell (e.g., a tumor tissue or cell), resulting in a reduction in the number of afflicted cells. Such an approach can thereby reduce symptoms associated with cancer and angiogenesis-associated disorders. Cytotoxic agents include, but are not limited to, diphtheria A chain, exotoxin A chain, ricin A chain, abrin A chain, curcin, crotin, phenomycin, enomycin and the like, as well as radiochemicals.
+In certain embodiments, the soluble polypeptides of the present invention may be fused to other therapeutic proteins or to other proteins such as Fc or serum albumin for pharmacokinetic purposes. See for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,766,883 and 5,876,969, both of which are incorporated by reference. In some embodiments, soluble peptides of the present invention are fused to Fc variants. In a specific embodiment, the soluble polypeptide is fused to an Fc variant which does not homodimerize, such as one lacking the cysteine residues which form cysteine bonds with other Fc chains.
+In some embodiments, the modified proteins of the invention comprise fusion proteins with an Fc region of an immunoglobulin. As is known, each immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region comprises four or five domains. The domains are named sequentially as follows: CH1-hinge-CH2-CH3(-CH4). The DNA sequences of the heavy chain domains have cross-homology among the immunoglobulin classes, e.g., the CH2 domain of IgG is homologous to the CH2 domain of IgA and IgD, and to the CH3 domain of IgM and IgE. As used herein, the term, “immunoglobulin Fc region” is understood to mean the carboxyl-terminal portion of an immunoglobulin chain constant region, preferably an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region, or a portion thereof. For example, an immunoglobulin Fc region may comprise 1) a CH1 domain, a CH2 domain, and a CH3 domain, 2) a CH1 domain and a CH2 domain, 3) a CH1 domain and a CH3 domain, 4) a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain, or 5) a combination of two or more domains and an immunoglobulin hinge region. In a preferred embodiment the immunoglobulin Fc region comprises at least an immunoglobulin hinge region a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain, and preferably lacks the CH1 domain.
+In one embodiment, the class of immunoglobulin from which the heavy chain constant region is derived is IgG (Igγ) (γ subclasses 1, 2, 3, or 4). The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of human Fc .gamma.-1 are set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 5 and 6. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of murine Fcγ-2a are set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 7 and 8. Other classes of immunoglobulin, IgA (Igα), IgD (Igδ), IgE (Igε) and IgM (Igμ), may be used. The choice of appropriate immunoglobulin heavy chain constant regions is discussed in detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,541,087, and 5,726,044. The choice of particular immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region sequences from certain immunoglobulin classes and subclasses to achieve a particular result is considered to be within the level of skill in the art. The portion of the DNA construct encoding the immunoglobulin Fc region preferably comprises at least a portion of a hinge domain, and preferably at least a portion of a CH3 domain of Fc γ or the homologous domains in any of IgA, IgD, IgE, or IgM.
+Furthermore, it is contemplated that substitution or deletion of amino acids within the immunoglobulin heavy chain constant regions may be useful in the practice of the invention. One example would be to introduce amino acid substitutions in the upper CH2 region to create a Fc variant with reduced affinity for Fc receptors (Cole et al. (1997) J. IMMUNOL. 159:3613). One of ordinary skill in the art can prepare such constructs using well known molecular biology techniques.
+In a specific embodiment of the present invention, the modified forms of the subject soluble polypeptides are fusion proteins having at least a portion of the soluble polypeptide (e.g., an ectodomain of Ephrin B2 or EphB4) and a stabilizing domain such as albumin. As used herein, “albumin” refers collectively to albumin protein or amino acid sequence, or an albumin fragment or variant, having one or more functional activities (e.g., biological activities) of albumin. In particular, “albumin” refers to human albumin or fragments thereof (see EP 201 239, EP 322 094 WO 97/24445, WO95/23857) especially the mature form of human albumin, or albumin from other vertebrates or fragments thereof, or analogs or variants of these molecules or fragments thereof.
+The present invention describes that such fusion proteins are more stable relative to the corresponding wildtype soluble protein. For example, the subject soluble polypeptide (e.g., an ectodomain of Ephrin B2 or EphB4) can be fused with human serum albumin (HSA), bovine serum albumin (BSA), or any fragment of an albumin protein which has stabilization activity. Such stabilizing domains include human serum albumin (HSA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA).
+In particular, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention may include naturally occurring polymorphic variants of human albumin and fragments of human albumin (See WO95/23857), for example those fragments disclosed in EP 322 094 (namely HA (Pn), where n is 369 to 419). The albumin may be derived from any vertebrate, especially any mammal, for example human, cow, sheep, or pig. Non-mammalian albumins include, but are not limited to, hen and salmon. The albumin portion of the albumin fusion protein may be from a different animal than the EphB4.
+In some embodiments, the albumin protein portion of an albumin fusion protein corresponds to a fragment of serum albumin. Fragments of serum albumin polypeptides include polypeptides having one or more residues deleted from the amino terminus or from the C-terminus. Generally speaking, an HA fragment or variant will be at least 100 amino acids long, preferably at least 150 amino acids long. The HA variant may consist of or alternatively comprise at least one whole domain of HA. Domains, with reference to SEQ ID NO:18 in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004/0171123, are as follows: domains 1 (amino acids 1-194), 2 (amino acids 195-387), 3 (amino acids 388-585), 1+2 (1-387), 2+3 (195-585) or 1+3 (amino acids 1-194+ amino acids 388-585). Each domain is itself made up of two homologous subdomains namely 1-105, 120-194, 195-291, 316-387, 388-491 and 512-585, with flexible inter-subdomain linker regions comprising residues Lys 106 to Glu119, Glu292 to Val315 and Glu492 to Ala511.
+In one embodiment, the EphB4-HSA fusion has one EphB4 soluble polypeptide linked to one HSA molecule, but other conformations are within the invention. For example, EphB4-HSA fusion proteins can have any of the following formula: R1-L-R2; R2-L-R1; R1-L-R2-L-R1; or R2-L-R1-L-R2; R1-R2; R2-R1; R1-R2-R1; or R2-R1-R2; wherein R1 is a soluble EphB4 sequence, R2 is HSA, and L is a peptide linker sequence.
+In a specific embodiment, the EphB4 and HSA domains are linked to each other, preferably via a linker sequence, which separates the EphB4 and HSA domains by a distance sufficient to ensure that each domain properly folds into its secondary and tertiary structures. Preferred linker sequences (1) should adopt a flexible extended conformation, (2) should not exhibit a propensity for developing an ordered secondary structure which could interact with the functional EphB4 and HSA domains, and (3) should have minimal hydrophobic or charged character, which could promote interaction with the functional protein domains. Typical surface amino acids in flexible protein regions include Gly, Asn and Ser. Permutations of amino acid sequences containing Gly, Asn and Ser would be expected to satisfy the above criteria for a linker sequence. Other near neutral amino acids, such as Thr and Ala, can also be used in the linker sequence.
+In a specific embodiment, a linker sequence length of about 20 amino acids can be used to provide a suitable separation of functional protein domains, although longer or shorter linker sequences may also be used. The length of the linker sequence separating EphB4 and HSA can be from 5 to 500 amino acids in length, or more preferably from 5 to 100 amino acids in length. Preferably, the linker sequence is from about 5-30 amino acids in length. In preferred embodiments, the linker sequence is from about 5 to about 20 amino acids, and is advantageously from about 10 to about 20 amino acids. Amino acid sequences useful as linkers of EphB4 and HSA include, but are not limited to, (SerGly4)y wherein y is greater than or equal to 8, or Gly4SerGly5Ser. A preferred linker sequence has the formula (SerGly4)4. Another preferred linker has the sequence ((Ser-Ser-Ser-Ser-Gly)-3-Ser-Pro).
+In one embodiment, the polypeptides of the present invention and HSA proteins are directly fused without a linker sequence. In preferred embodiments, the C-terminus of a soluble EphB4 polypeptide can be directly fused to the N-terminus of HSA or the C-terminus of HSA can be directly fused to the N-terminus of soluble EphB4.
+In some embodiments, the immunogenicity of the fusion junction between HSA and EphB4 may be reduced the by identifying a candidate T-cell epitope within a junction region spanning a fusion protein and changing an amino acid within the junction region as described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0166877.
+In certain embodiments, soluble polypeptides (unmodified or modified) of the invention can be produced by a variety of art-known techniques. For example, such soluble polypeptides can be synthesized using standard protein chemistry techniques such as those described in Bodansky, M. Principles of Peptide Synthesis, Springer Verlag, Berlin (1993) and Grant G. A. (ed.), Synthetic Peptides: A User's Guide, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York (1992). In addition, automated peptide synthesizers are commercially available (e.g., Advanced ChemTech Model 396; Milligen/Biosearch 9600). Alternatively, the soluble polypeptides, fragments or variants thereof may be recombinantly produced using various expression systems as is well known in the art (also see below).
+III. Nucleic Acids Encoding Soluble Polypeptides
+In certain aspects, the invention relates to isolated and/or recombinant nucleic acids encoding an EphB4 or Ephrin B2 soluble polypeptide. The subject nucleic acids may be single-stranded or double-stranded, DNA or RNA molecules. These nucleic acids are useful as therapeutic agents. For example, these nucleic acids are useful in making recombinant soluble polypeptides which are administered to a cell or an individual as therapeutics. Alternative, these nucleic acids can be directly administered to a cell or an individual as therapeutics such as in gene therapy.
+In certain embodiments, the invention provides isolated or recombinant nucleic acid sequences that are at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to a region of the nucleotide sequence depicted in SEQ ID Nos. 6-9. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that nucleic acid sequences complementary to the subject nucleic acids, and variants of the subject nucleic acids are also within the scope of this invention. In further embodiments, the nucleic acid sequences of the invention can be isolated, recombinant, and/or fused with a heterologous nucleotide sequence, or in a DNA library.
+In other embodiments, nucleic acids of the invention also include nucleotide sequences that hybridize under highly stringent conditions to the nucleotide sequence depicted in SEQ ID Nos. 6-9, or complement sequences thereof. As discussed above, one of ordinary skill in the art will understand readily that appropriate stringency conditions which promote DNA hybridization can be varied. One of ordinary skill in the art will understand readily that appropriate stringency conditions which promote DNA hybridization can be varied. For example, one could perform the hybridization at 6.0× sodium chloride/sodium citrate (SSC) at about 45° C., followed by a wash of 2.0×SSC at 50° C. For example, the salt concentration in the wash step can be selected from a low stringency of about 2.0×SSC at 50° C. to a high stringency of about 0.2×SSC at 50° C. In addition, the temperature in the wash step can be increased from low stringency conditions at room temperature, about 22° C., to high stringency conditions at about 65° C. Both temperature and salt may be varied, or temperature or salt concentration may be held constant while the other variable is changed. In one embodiment, the invention provides nucleic acids which hybridize under low stringency conditions of 6×SSC at room temperature followed by a wash at 2×SSC at room temperature.
+Isolated nucleic acids which differ from the subject nucleic acids due to degeneracy in the genetic code are also within the scope of the invention. For example, a number of amino acids are designated by more than one triplet. Codons that specify the same amino acid, or synonyms (for example, CAU and CAC are synonyms for histidine) may result in “silent” mutations which do not affect the amino acid sequence of the protein. However, it is expected that DNA sequence polymorphisms that do lead to changes in the amino acid sequences of the subject proteins will exist among mammalian cells. One skilled in the art will appreciate that these variations in one or more nucleotides (up to about 3-5% of the nucleotides) of the nucleic acids encoding a particular protein may exist among individuals of a given species due to natural allelic variation. Any and all such nucleotide variations and resulting amino acid polymorphisms are within the scope of this invention.
+In certain embodiments, the recombinant nucleic acids of the invention may be operably linked to one or more regulatory nucleotide sequences in an expression construct. Regulatory nucleotide sequences will generally be appropriate for a host cell used for expression. Numerous types of appropriate expression vectors and suitable regulatory sequences are known in the art for a variety of host cells. Typically, said one or more regulatory nucleotide sequences may include, but are not limited to, promoter sequences, leader or signal sequences, ribosomal binding sites, transcriptional start and termination sequences, translational start and termination sequences, and enhancer or activator sequences. Constitutive or inducible promoters as known in the art are contemplated by the invention. The promoters may be either naturally occurring promoters, or hybrid promoters that combine elements of more than one promoter. An expression construct may be present in a cell on an episome, such as a plasmid, or the expression construct may be inserted in a chromosome. In a preferred embodiment, the expression vector contains a selectable marker gene to allow the selection of transformed host cells. Selectable marker genes are well known in the art and will vary with the host cell used.
+In certain aspect of the invention, the subject nucleic acid is provided in an expression vector comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an EphB4 or Ephrin B2 soluble polypeptide and operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence. Regulatory sequences are art-recognized and are selected to direct expression of the soluble polypeptide. Accordingly, the term regulatory sequence includes promoters, enhancers, and other expression control elements. Exemplary regulatory sequences are described in Goeddel; Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990). For instance, any of a wide variety of expression control sequences that control the expression of a DNA sequence when operatively linked to it may be used in these vectors to express DNA sequences encoding a soluble polypeptide. Such useful expression control sequences, include, for example, the early and late promoters of SV40, tet promoter, adenovirus or cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter, the lac system, the trp system, the TAC or TRC system, T7 promoter whose expression is directed by T7 RNA polymerase, the major operator and promoter regions of phage lambda, the control regions for fd coat protein, the promoter for 3-phosphoglycerate kinase or other glycolytic enzymes, the promoters of acid phosphatase, e.g., Pho5, the promoters of the yeast α-mating factors, the polyhedron promoter of the baculovirus system and other sequences known to control the expression of genes of prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells or their viruses, and various combinations thereof. It should be understood that the design of the expression vector may depend on such factors as the choice of the host cell to be transformed and/or the type of protein desired to be expressed. Moreover, the vector's copy number, the ability to control that copy number and the expression of any other protein encoded by the vector, such as antibiotic markers, should also be considered.
+This invention also pertains to a host cell transfected with a recombinant gene including a coding sequence for one or more of the subject soluble polypeptide. The host cell may be any prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell. For example, a soluble polypeptide of the invention may be expressed in bacterial cells such as E. coli, insect cells (e.g., using a baculovirus expression system), yeast, or mammalian cells. Other suitable host cells are known to those skilled in the art.
+Accordingly, the present invention further pertains to methods of producing the subject soluble polypeptides. For example, a host cell transfected with an expression vector encoding an EphB4 soluble polypeptide can be cultured under appropriate conditions to allow expression of the EphB4 soluble polypeptide to occur. The EphB4 soluble polypeptide may be secreted and isolated from a mixture of cells and medium containing the soluble polypeptides. Alternatively, the soluble polypeptides may be retained cytoplasmically or in a membrane fraction and the cells harvested, lysed and the protein isolated. A cell culture includes host cells, media and other byproducts. Suitable media for cell culture are well known in the art. The soluble polypeptides can be isolated from cell culture medium, host cells, or both using techniques known in the art for purifying proteins, including ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, ultrafiltration, electrophoresis, and immunoaffinity purification with antibodies specific for particular epitopes of the soluble polypeptides. In a preferred embodiment, the soluble polypeptide is a fusion protein containing a domain which facilitates its purification.
+A recombinant nucleic acid of the invention can be produced by ligating the cloned gene, or a portion thereof, into a vector suitable for expression in either prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells (yeast, avian, insect or mammalian), or both. Expression vehicles for production of a recombinant soluble polypeptide include plasmids and other vectors. For instance, suitable vectors include plasmids of the types: pBR322-derived plasmids, pEMBL-derived plasmids, pEX-derived plasmids, pBTac-derived plasmids and pUC-derived plasmids for expression in prokaryotic cells, such as E. coli. 
+The preferred mammalian expression vectors contain both prokaryotic sequences to facilitate the propagation of the vector in bacteria, and one or more eukaryotic transcription units that are expressed in eukaryotic cells. The pcDNAI/amp, pcDNAI/neo, pRc/CMV, pSV2gpt, pSV2neo, pSV2-dhfr, pTk2, pRSVneo, pMSG, pSVT7, pko-neo and pHyg derived vectors are examples of mammalian expression vectors suitable for transfection of eukaryotic cells. Some of these vectors are modified with sequences from bacterial plasmids, such as pBR322, to facilitate replication and drug resistance selection in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Alternatively, derivatives of viruses such as the bovine papilloma virus (BPV-1), or Epstein-Barr virus (pHEBo, pREP-derived and p205) can be used for transient expression of proteins in eukaryotic cells. Examples of other viral (including retroviral) expression systems can be found below in the description of gene therapy delivery systems. The various methods employed in the preparation of the plasmids and transformation of host organisms are well known in the art. For other suitable expression systems for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, as well as general recombinant procedures, see Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., ed. by Sambrook, Fritsch and Maniatis (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989) Chapters 16 and 17. In some instances, it may be desirable to express the recombinant SLC5A8 polypeptide by the use of a baculovirus expression system. Examples of such baculovirus expression systems include pVL-derived vectors (such as pVL1392, pVL1393 and pVL941), pAcUW-derived vectors (such as pAcUW1), and pBlueBac-derived vectors (such as the β-gal containing pBlueBac III).
+Techniques for making fusion genes are well known. Essentially, the joining of various DNA fragments coding for different polypeptide sequences is performed in accordance with conventional techniques, employing blunt-ended or stagger-ended termini for ligation, restriction enzyme digestion to provide for appropriate termini, filling-in of cohesive ends as appropriate, alkaline phosphatase treatment to avoid undesirable joining, and enzymatic ligation. In another embodiment, the fusion gene can be synthesized by conventional techniques including automated DNA synthesizers. Alternatively, PCR amplification of gene fragments can be carried out using anchor primers which give rise to complementary overhangs between two consecutive gene fragments which can subsequently be annealed to generate a chimeric gene sequence (see, for example, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, eds. Ausubel et al., John Wiley & Sons: 1992).
+IV. Drug Screening Assays
+There are numerous approaches to screening for polypeptide therapeutic agents as antagonists of EphB4, Ephrin B2 or both. For example, high-throughput screening of compounds or molecules can be carried out to identify agents or drugs which inhibit angiogenesis or inhibit tumor growth. Test agents can be any chemical (element, molecule, compound, drug), made synthetically, made by recombinant techniques or isolated from a natural source. For example, test agents can be peptides, polypeptides, peptoids, sugars, hormones, or nucleic acid molecules. In addition, test agents can be small molecules or molecules of greater complexity made by combinatorial chemistry, for example, and compiled into libraries. These libraries can comprise, for example, alcohols, alkyl halides, amines, amides, esters, aldehydes, ethers and other classes of organic compounds. Test agents can also be natural or genetically engineered products isolated from lysates or growth media of cells—bacterial, animal or plant—or can be the cell lysates or growth media themselves. Presentation of test compounds to the test system can be in either an isolated form or as mixtures of compounds, especially in initial screening steps.
+For example, an assay can be carried out to screen for compounds that specifically inhibit binding of Ephrin B2 (ligand) to EphB4 (receptor), or vice-versa, e.g., by inhibition of binding of labeled ligand- or receptor-Fc fusion proteins to immortalized cells. Compounds identified through this screening can then be tested in animals to assess their anti-angiogenesis or anti-tumor activity in vivo.
+In one embodiment of an assay to identify a substance that interferes with interaction of two cell surface molecules (e.g., Ephrin B2 and EphB4), samples of cells expressing one type of cell surface molecule (e.g., EphB4) are contacted with either labeled ligand (e.g., Ephrin B2, or a soluble portion thereof, or a fusion protein such as a fusion of the extracellular domain and the Fc domain of IgG) or labeled ligand plus a test compound (or group of test compounds). The amount of labeled ligand which has bound to the cells is determined. A lesser amount of label (where the label can be, for example, a radioactive isotope, a fluorescent or colorimetric label) in the sample contacted with the test compound(s) is an indication that the test compound(s) interferes with binding. The reciprocal assay using cells expressing a ligand (e.g., an Ephrin B2 ligand or a soluble form thereof) can be used to test for a substance that interferes with the binding of an Eph receptor or soluble portion thereof.
+An assay to identify a substance which interferes with interaction between an Eph receptor and an ephrin can be performed with the component (e.g., cells, purified protein, including fusion proteins and portions having binding activity) which is not to be in competition with a test compound, linked to a solid support. The solid support can be any suitable solid phase or matrix, such as a bead, the wall of a plate or other suitable surface (e.g., a well of a microtiter plate), column pore glass (CPG) or a pin that can be submerged into a solution, such as in a well. Linkage of cells or purified protein to the solid support can be either direct or through one or more linker molecules.
+In one embodiment, an isolated or purified protein (e.g., an Eph receptor or an ephrin) can be immobilized on a suitable affinity matrix by standard techniques, such as chemical cross-linking, or via an antibody raised against the isolated or purified protein, and bound to a solid support. The matrix can be packed in a column or other suitable container and is contacted with one or more compounds (e.g., a mixture) to be tested under conditions suitable for binding of the compound to the protein. For example, a solution containing compounds can be made to flow through the matrix. The matrix can be washed with a suitable wash buffer to remove unbound compounds and non-specifically bound compounds. Compounds which remain bound can be released by a suitable elution buffer. For example, a change in the ionic strength or pH of the elution buffer can lead to a release of compounds. Alternatively, the elution buffer can comprise a release component or components designed to disrupt binding of compounds (e.g., one or more ligands or receptors, as appropriate, or analogs thereof which can disrupt binding or competitively inhibit binding of test compound to the protein).
+Fusion proteins comprising all, or a portion of, a protein (e.g., an Eph receptor or an ephrin) linked to a second moiety not occurring in that protein as found in nature can be prepared for use in another embodiment of the method. Suitable fusion proteins for this purpose include those in which the second moiety comprises an affinity ligand (e.g., an enzyme, antigen, epitope). The fusion proteins can be produced by inserting the protein (e.g., an Eph receptor or an ephrin) or a portion thereof into a suitable expression vector which encodes an affinity ligand. The expression vector can be introduced into a suitable host cell for expression. Host cells are disrupted and the cell material, containing fusion protein, can be bound to a suitable affinity matrix by contacting the cell material with an affinity matrix under conditions sufficient for binding of the affinity ligand portion of the fusion protein to the affinity matrix.
+In one aspect of this embodiment, a fusion protein can be immobilized on a suitable affinity matrix under conditions sufficient to bind the affinity ligand portion of the fusion protein to the matrix, and is contacted with one or more compounds (e.g., a mixture) to be tested, under conditions suitable for binding of compounds to the receptor or ligand protein portion of the bound fusion protein. Next, the affinity matrix with bound fusion protein can be washed with a suitable wash buffer to remove unbound compounds and non-specifically bound compounds without significantly disrupting binding of specifically bound compounds. Compounds which remain bound can be released by contacting the affinity matrix having fusion protein bound thereto with a suitable elution buffer (a compound elution buffer). In this aspect, compound elution buffer can be formulated to permit retention of the fusion protein by the affinity matrix, but can be formulated to interfere with binding of the compound(s) tested to the receptor or ligand protein portion of the fusion protein. For example, a change in the ionic strength or pH of the elution buffer can lead to release of compounds, or the elution buffer can comprise a release component or components designed to disrupt binding of compounds to the receptor or ligand protein portion of the fusion protein (e.g., one or more ligands or receptors or analogs thereof which can disrupt binding of compounds to the receptor or ligand protein portion of the fusion protein). Immobilization can be performed prior to, simultaneous with, or after contacting the fusion protein with compound, as appropriate. Various permutations of the method are possible, depending upon factors such as the compounds tested, the affinity matrix selected, and elution buffer formulation. For example, after the wash step, fusion protein with compound bound thereto can be eluted from the affinity matrix with a suitable elution buffer (a matrix elution buffer). Where the fusion protein comprises a cleavable linker, such as a thrombin cleavage site, cleavage from the affinity ligand can release a portion of the fusion with compound bound thereto. Bound compound can then be released from the fusion protein or its cleavage product by an appropriate method, such as extraction.
+V. Methods of Treatment
+In certain embodiments, the present invention provides methods of inhibiting angiogenesis and methods of treating angiogenesis-associated diseases. In other embodiments, the present invention provides methods of inhibiting or reducing tumor growth and methods of treating an individual suffering from cancer. These methods involve administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of one or more polypeptide therapeutic agents as described above. These methods are particularly aimed at therapeutic and prophylactic treatments of animals, and more particularly, humans.
+As described herein, angiogenesis-associated diseases include, but are not limited to, angiogenesis-dependent cancer, including, for example, solid tumors, blood born tumors such as leukemias, and tumor metastases; benign tumors, for example hemangiomas, acoustic neuromas, neurofibromas, trachomas, and pyogenic granulomas; inflammatory disorders such as immune and non-immune inflammation; chronic articular rheumatism and psoriasis; ocular angiogenic diseases, for example, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, macular degeneration, corneal graft rejection, neovascular glaucoma, retrolental fibroplasia, rubeosis; Osler-Webber Syndrome; myocardial angiogenesis; plaque neovascularization; telangiectasia; hemophiliac joints; angiofibroma; telangiectasia psoriasis scleroderma, pyogenic granuloma, rubeosis, arthritis, diabetic neovascularization, vasculogenesis, hematopoiesis.
+It is understood that methods and compositions of the invention are also useful for treating any angiogenesis-independent cancers (tumors). As used herein, the term “angiogenesis-independent cancer” refers to a cancer (tumor) where there is no or little neovascularization in the tumor tissue.
+In particular, polypeptide therapeutic agents of the present invention are useful for treating or preventing a cancer (tumor), including, but not limited to, colon carcinoma, breast cancer, mesothelioma, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC), Kaposi sarcoma, and leukemia.
+In certain embodiments of such methods, one or more polypeptide therapeutic agents can be administered, together (simultaneously) or at different times (sequentially). In addition, polypeptide therapeutic agents can be administered with another type of compounds for treating cancer or for inhibiting angiogenesis.
+In certain embodiments, the subject methods of the invention can be used alone. Alternatively, the subject methods may be used in combination with other conventional anti-cancer therapeutic approaches directed to treatment or prevention of proliferative disorders (e.g., tumor). For example, such methods can be used in prophylactic cancer prevention, prevention of cancer recurrence and metastases after surgery, and as an adjuvant of other conventional cancer therapy. The present invention recognizes that the effectiveness of conventional cancer therapies (e.g., chemotherapy, radiation therapy, phototherapy, immunotherapy, and surgery) can be enhanced through the use of a subject polypeptide therapeutic agent.
+A wide array of conventional compounds have been shown to have anti-neoplastic activities. These compounds have been used as pharmaceutical agents in chemotherapy to shrink solid tumors, prevent metastases and further growth, or decrease the number of malignant cells in leukemic or bone marrow malignancies. Although chemotherapy has been effective in treating various types of malignancies, many anti-neoplastic compounds induce undesirable side effects. It has been shown that when two or more different treatments are combined, the treatments may work synergistically and allow reduction of dosage of each of the treatments, thereby reducing the detrimental side effects exerted by each compound at higher dosages. In other instances, malignancies that are refractory to a treatment may respond to a combination therapy of two or more different treatments.
+When a polypeptide therapeutic agent of the present invention is administered in combination with another conventional anti-neoplastic agent, either concomitantly or sequentially, such therapeutic agent is shown to enhance the therapeutic effect of the anti-neoplastic agent or overcome cellular resistance to such anti-neoplastic agent. This allows decrease of dosage of an anti-neoplastic agent, thereby reducing the undesirable side effects, or restores the effectiveness of an anti-neoplastic agent in resistant cells.
+Pharmaceutical compounds that may be used for combinatory anti-tumor therapy include, merely to illustrate: aminoglutethimide, amsacrine, anastrozole, asparaginase, bcg, bicalutamide, bleomycin, buserelin, busulfan, campothecin, capecitabine, carboplatin, carmustine, chlorambucil, cisplatin, cladribine, clodronate, colchicine, cyclophosphamide, cyproterone, cytarabine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, dienestrol, diethylstilbestrol, docetaxel, doxorubicin, epirubicin, estradiol, estramustine, etoposide, exemestane, filgrastim, fludarabine, fludrocortisone, fluorouracil, fluoxymesterone, flutamide, gemcitabine, genistein, goserelin, hydroxyurea, idarubicin, ifosfamide, imatinib, interferon, irinotecan, ironotecan, letrozole, leucovorin, leuprolide, levamisole, lomustine, mechlorethamine, medroxyprogesterone, megestrol, melphalan, mercaptopurine, mesna, methotrexate, mitomycin, mitotane, mitoxantrone, nilutamide, nocodazole, octreotide, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, pamidronate, pentostatin, plicamycin, porfimer, procarbazine, raltitrexed, rituximab, streptozocin, suramin, tamoxifen, temozolomide, teniposide, testosterone, thioguanine, thiotepa, titanocene dichloride, topotecan, trastuzumab, tretinoin, vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, and vinorelbine.
+These chemotherapeutic anti-tumor compounds may be categorized by their mechanism of action into, for example, following groups: anti-metabolites/anti-cancer agents, such as pyrimidine analogs (5-fluorouracil, floxuridine, capecitabine, gemcitabine and cytarabine) and purine analogs, folate antagonists and related inhibitors (mercaptopurine, thioguanine, pentostatin and 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (cladribine)); antiproliferative/antimitotic agents including natural products such as vinca alkaloids (vinblastine, vincristine, and vinorelbine), microtubule disruptors such as taxane (paclitaxel, docetaxel), vincristin, vinblastin, nocodazole, epothilones and navelbine, epidipodophyllotoxins (etoposide, teniposide), DNA damaging agents (actinomycin, amsacrine, anthracyclines, bleomycin, busulfan, camptothecin, carboplatin, chlorambucil, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, cytoxan, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, hexamethylmelamineoxaliplatin, iphosphamide, melphalan, merchlorehtamine, mitomycin, mitoxantrone, nitrosourea, plicamycin, procarbazine, taxol, taxotere, teniposide, triethylenethiophosphoramide and etoposide (VP16)); antibiotics such as dactinomycin (actinomycin D), daunorubicin, doxorubicin (adriamycin), idarubicin, anthracyclines, mitoxantrone, bleomycins, plicamycin (mithramycin) and mitomycin; enzymes (L-asparaginase which systemically metabolizes L-asparagine and deprives cells which do not have the capacity to synthesize their own asparagine); antiplatelet agents; antiproliferative/antimitotic alkylating agents such as nitrogen mustards (mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide and analogs, melphalan, chlorambucil), ethylenimines and methylmelamines (hexamethylmelamine and thiotepa), alkyl sulfonates-busulfan, nitrosoureas (carmustine (BCNU) and analogs, streptozocin), trazenes-dacarbazinine (DTIC); antiproliferative/antimitotic antimetabolites such as folic acid analogs (methotrexate); platinum coordination complexes (cisplatin, carboplatin), procarbazine, hydroxyurea, mitotane, aminoglutethimide; hormones, hormone analogs (estrogen, tamoxifen, goserelin, bicalutamide, nilutamide) and aromatase inhibitors (letrozole, anastrozole); anticoagulants (heparin, synthetic heparin salts and other inhibitors of thrombin); fibrinolytic agents (such as tissue plasminogen activator, streptokinase and urokinase), aspirin, dipyridamole, ticlopidine, clopidogrel, abciximab; antimigratory agents; antisecretory agents (breveldin); immunosuppressives (cyclosporine, tacrolimus (FK-506), sirolimus (rapamycin), azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil); anti-angiogenic compounds (TNP-470, genistein) and growth factor inhibitors (vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) inhibitors); angiotensin receptor blocker; nitric oxide donors; anti-sense oligonucleotides; antibodies (trastuzumab); cell cycle inhibitors and differentiation inducers (tretinoin); mTOR inhibitors, topoisomerase inhibitors (doxorubicin (adriamycin), amsacrine, camptothecin, daunorubicin, dactinomycin, eniposide, epirubicin, etoposide, idarubicin and mitoxantrone, topotecan, irinotecan), corticosteroids (cortisone, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, methylpednisolone, prednisone, and prenisolone); growth factor signal transduction kinase inhibitors; mitochondrial dysfunction inducers and caspase activators; and chromatin disruptors.
+In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compounds that may be used for combinatory anti-angiogenesis therapy include: (1) inhibitors of release of “angiogenic molecules,” such as bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor); (2) neutralizers of angiogenic molecules, such as an anti-βbFGF antibodies; and (3) inhibitors of endothelial cell response to angiogenic stimuli, including collagenase inhibitor, basement membrane turnover inhibitors, angiostatic steroids, fungal-derived angiogenesis inhibitors, platelet factor 4, thrombospondin, arthritis drugs such as D-penicillamine and gold thiomalate, vitamin D3 analogs, alpha-interferon, and the like. For additional proposed inhibitors of angiogenesis, see Blood et al., Bioch. Biophys. Acta., 1032:89-118 (1990), Moses et al., Science, 248:1408-1410 (1990), Ingber et al., Lab. Invest., 59:44-51 (1988), and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,092,885, 5,112,946, 5,192,744, 5,202,352, and 6,573,256. In addition, there are a wide variety of compounds that can be used to inhibit angiogenesis, for example, peptides or agents that block the VEGF-mediated angiogenesis pathway, endostatin protein or derivatives, lysine binding fragments of angiostatin, melanin or melanin-promoting compounds, plasminogen fragments (e.g., Kringles 1-3 of plasminogen), tropoin subunits, antagonists of vitronectin αvβ3, peptides derived from Saposin B, antibiotics or analogs (e.g., tetracycline, or neomycin), dienogest-containing compositions, compounds comprising a MetAP-2 inhibitory core coupled to a peptide, the compound EM-138, chalcone and its analogs, and naaladase inhibitors. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,395,718, 6,462,075, 6,465,431, 6,475,784, 6,482,802, 6,482,810, 6,500,431, 6,500,924, 6,518,298, 6,521,439, 6,525,019, 6,538,103, 6,544,758, 6,544,947, 6,548,477, 6,559,126, and 6,569,845.
+Depending on the nature of the combinatory therapy, administration of the polypeptide therapeutic agents of the invention may be continued while the other therapy is being administered and/or thereafter. Administration of the polypeptide therapeutic agents may be made in a single dose, or in multiple doses. In some instances, administration of the polypeptide therapeutic agents is commenced at least several days prior to the conventional therapy, while in other instances, administration is begun either immediately before or at the time of the administration of the conventional therapy.
+VI. Methods of Administration and Pharmaceutical Compositions
+In certain embodiments, the subject polypeptide therapeutic agents (e.g., soluble polypeptides or antibodies) of the present invention are formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Such therapeutic agents can be administered alone or as a component of a pharmaceutical formulation (composition). The compounds may be formulated for administration in any convenient way for use in human or veterinary medicine. Wetting agents, emulsifiers and lubricants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the compositions.
+Formulations of the subject polypeptide therapeutic agents include those suitable for oral/nasal, topical, parenteral, rectal, and/or intravaginal administration. The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy. The amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host being treated, the particular mode of administration. The amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will generally be that amount of the compound which produces a therapeutic effect.
+In certain embodiments, methods of preparing these formulations or compositions include combining another type of anti-tumor or anti-angiogenesis therapeutic agent and a carrier and, optionally, one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the formulations can be prepared with a liquid carrier, or a finely divided solid carrier, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.
+Formulations for oral administration may be in the form of capsules, cachets, pills, tablets, lozenges (using a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth), powders, granules, or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid, or as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil liquid emulsion, or as an elixir or syrup, or as pastilles (using an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia) and/or as mouth washes and the like, each containing a predetermined amount of a subject polypeptide therapeutic agent as an active ingredient.
+In solid dosage forms for oral administration (capsules, tablets, pills, dragees, powders, granules, and the like), one or more polypeptide therapeutic agents of the present invention may be mixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any of the following: (1) fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; (2) binders, such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose, and/or acacia; (3) humectants, such as glycerol; (4) disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate; (5) solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; (6) absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds; (7) wetting agents, such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate; (8) absorbents, such as kaolin and bentonite clay; (9) lubricants, such a talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof; and (10) coloring agents. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the pharmaceutical compositions may also comprise buffering agents. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugars, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
+Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirs. In addition to the active ingredient, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming, and preservative agents.
+Suspensions, in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents such as ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol, and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.
+In particular, methods of the invention can be administered topically, either to skin or to mucosal membranes such as those on the cervix and vagina. This offers the greatest opportunity for direct delivery to tumor with the lowest chance of inducing side effects. The topical formulations may further include one or more of the wide variety of agents known to be effective as skin or stratum corneum penetration enhancers. Examples of these are 2-pyrrolidone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, propylene glycol, methyl or isopropyl alcohol, dimethyl sulfoxide, and azone. Additional agents may further be included to make the formulation cosmetically acceptable. Examples of these are fats, waxes, oils, dyes, fragrances, preservatives, stabilizers, and surface active agents. Keratolytic agents such as those known in the art may also be included. Examples are salicylic acid and sulfur.
+Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches, and inhalants. The subject polypeptide therapeutic agents may be mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives, buffers, or propellants which may be required. The ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to a subject polypeptide agent, excipients, such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.
+Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to a subject polypeptide therapeutic agent, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates, and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances. Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants, such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons, such as butane and propane.
+Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for parenteral administration may comprise one or more polypeptide therapeutic agents in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable sterile isotonic aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, or sterile powders which may be reconstituted into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient or suspending or thickening agents. Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers which may be employed in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.
+These compositions may also contain adjuvants, such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms may be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like into the compositions. In addition, prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay absorption, such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
+Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of one or more polypeptide therapeutic agents in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending on the ratio of drug to polymer, and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions which are compatible with body tissue.
+Formulations for intravaginal or rectally administration may be presented as a suppository, which may be prepared by mixing one or more compounds of the invention with one or more suitable nonirritating excipients or carriers comprising, for example, cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, a suppository wax or a salicylate, and which is solid at room temperature, but liquid at body temperature and, therefore, will melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.
+In other embodiments, the polypeptide therapeutic agents of the instant invention can be expressed within cells from eukaryotic promoters. For example, a soluble polypeptide of EphB4 or Ephrin B2 can be expressed in eukaryotic cells from an appropriate vector. The vectors are preferably DNA plasmids or viral vectors. Viral vectors can be constructed based on, but not limited to, adeno-associated virus, retrovirus, adenovirus, or alphavirus. Preferably, the vectors stably introduced in and persist in target cells. Alternatively, viral vectors can be used that provide for transient expression. Such vectors can be repeatedly administered as necessary. Delivery of vectors encoding the subject polypeptide therapeutic agent can be systemic, such as by intravenous or intramuscular administration, by administration to target cells ex-planted from the patient followed by reintroduction into the patient, or by any other means that would allow for introduction into the desired target cell (for a review see Couture et al., 1996, TIG., 12, 510).
+EXEMPLIFICATION
+The invention now being generally described, it will be more readily understood by reference to the following examples, which are included merely for purposes of illustration of certain aspects and embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the invention.
+Example 1
+Soluble Derivatives of the Extracellular Domains of Human Ephrin B2 and EphB4 Proteins
+Soluble derivatives of the extracellular domains of human Ephrin B2 and EphB4 proteins represent either truncated full-length predicted extracellular domains of Ephrin B2 (B4ECv3, B2EC) or translational fusions of the domains with constant region of human immunoglobulins (IgG1 Fc fragment), such as B2EC-FC, B4ECv2-FC and B4ECv3-FC. Representative human Ephrin B2 constructs and human EphB4 constructs are shown FIGS. 14 and 15.
+The cDNA fragments encoding these recombinant proteins were subcloned into mammalian expression vectors, expressed in transiently or stably transfected mammalian cell lines and purified to homogeneity as described in detail in Materials and Methods section (see below). Predicted amino acid sequences of the proteins are shown in FIGS. 1-5. High purity of the isolated proteins and their recognition by the corresponding anti-Ephrin B2 and anti-EphB4 monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies were confirmed. The recombinant proteins exhibit the expected high-affinity binding, binding competition and specificity properties with their corresponding binding partners as corroborated by the biochemical assays (see e.g., FIGS. 6-8).
+Such soluble derivative proteins human Ephrin B2 and EphB4 exhibit potent biological activity in several cell-based assays and in vivo assays which measure angiogenesis or anti-cancer activities, and are therefore perspective drug candidates for anti-angiogenic and anti-cancer therapy. B4ECv3 as well as B2EC and B2EC-FC proteins blocked chemotaxis of human endothelial cells (as tested with umbilical cord and hepatic AECs or VECs), with a decrease in degradation of the extracellular matrix, Matrigel, and a decrease in migration in response to growth factor stimuli (FIGS. 9-11). B4ECv3 and B2EC-FC proteins have potent anti-angiogenic effect as demonstrated by their inhibition of endothelial cell tube formation (FIGS. 12-13).
+A detailed description of the materials and methods for this example may be found in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050084873.
+The sequence of the Globular domain+Cys-rich domain (B4EC-GC), precursor protein is (SEQ ID NO:12):
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+MELRVLLCWASLAAALEETLLNTKLETADLKWVTFPQVDGQWEELSG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+LDEEQHSVRTYEVCEVQRAPGQAHWLRTGWVPRRGAVHVYATLRFTM
+
+
+ 
+
+
+LECLSLPRAGRSCKETFTVFYYESDADTATALTPAWMENPYIKVDTV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AAEHLTRKRPGAEATGKVNVKTLRLGPLSKAGFYLAFQDQGACMALL
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SLHLFYKKCAQLTVNLTRFPETVPRELVVPVAGSCVVDAVPAPGPSP
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SLYCREDGQWAEQPVTGCSCAPGFEAAEGNTKCRACAQGTFKPLSGE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GSCQPCPANSHSNTIGSAVCQCRVGYFRARTDPRGAPCTTPPSAHHH
+
+
+ 
+
+
+HHH
+
+
+
+
+
+
+For many uses, including therapeutic use, the leader sequence (first 15 amino acids, so that the processed form begins Leu-Glu-Glu . . . ) and the c-terminal hexahistidine tag may be removed or omitted.
+Sequence of the GCF precursor protein (SEQ ID NO:13):
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+MELRVLLCWASLAAALEETLLNTKLETADLKWVTFPQVDGQWEELSG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+LDEEQHSVRTYEVCEVQRAPGQAHWLRTGWVPRRGAVHVYATLRFTM
+
+
+ 
+
+
+LECLSLPRAGRSCKETFTVFYYESDADTATALTPAWMENPYIKVDTV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AAEHLTRKRPGAEATGKVNVKTLRLGPLSKAGFYLAFQDQGACMALL
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SLHLFYKKCAQLTVNLTRFPETVPRELVVPVAGSCVVDAVPAPGPSP
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SLYCREDGQWAEQPVTGCSCAPGFAEGNTKCRACAQGTFKPLSGEGS
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CQPCPANSHSNTIGSAVCQCRVGYFRARTDPRGAPCTTPPSAPRSVV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SRLNGSSLHLEWSAPLESGGREDLTYALRCRECRPGGSCAPCGGDLT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+FDPGPRDLVEPWVVVRGLRPDFTYTFEVTALNGVSSLATGPVPFEPV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+NVHHHHHH
+
+
+
+
+
+
+For many uses, including therapeutic use, the leader sequence (first 15 amino acids, so that the processed form begins Leu-Glu-Glu . . . ) and the c-terminal hexahistidine tag may be removed or omitted.
+Amino acid sequence of encoded FL-hB4EC precursor (His-tagged) (SEQ ID NO:14):
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+MELRVLLCWASLAAALEETLLNTKLETADLKWVTFPQVDGQWEELSG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+LDEEQHSVRTYEVCEVQRAPGQAHWLRTGWVPRRGAVHVYATLRFTM
+
+
+ 
+
+
+LECLSLPRAGRSCKETFTVFYYESDADTATALTPAWMENPYIKVDTV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AAEHLTRKRPGAEATGKVNVKTLRLGPLSKAGFYLAFQDQGACMALL
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SLHLFYKKCAQLTVNLTRFPETVPRELVVPVAGSCVVDAVPAPGPSP
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SLYCREDGQWAEQPVTGCSCAPGFEAAEGNTKCRACAQGTFKPLSGE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GSCQPCPANSHSNTIGSAVCQCRVGYFRARTDPRGAPCTTPPSAPRS
+
+
+ 
+
+
+VVSRLNGSSLHLEWSAPLESGGREDLTYALRCRECRPGGSCAPCGGD
+
+
+ 
+
+
+LTFDPGPRDLVEPWVVVRGLRPDFTYTFEVTALNGVSSLATGPVPFE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+PVNVTTDREVPPAVSDIRVTRSSPSSLSLAWAVPRAPSGAWLDYEVK
+
+
+ 
+
+
+YHEKGAEGPSSVRFLKTSENRAELRGLKRGASYLVQVRARSEAGYGP
+
+
+ 
+
+
+FGQEHHSQTQLDESEGWREQGSKRAILQIEGKPIPNPLLGLDSTRTG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+HHHHHH
+
+
+
+
+
+
+For many uses, including therapeutic use, the leader sequence (first 15 amino acids, so that the processed form begins Leu-Glu-Glu . . . ) and the c-terminal hexahistidine tag may be removed or omitted.
+EphB4 CF2 protein, precursor (SEQ ID NO:15):
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+MELRVLLCWASLAAALEETLLNTKLETQLTVNLTRFPETVPRELVVPV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AGSCVVDAVPAPGPSPSLYCREDGQWAEQPVTGCSCAPGFEAAEGNTK
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CRACAQGTFKPLSGEGSCQPCPANSHSNTIGSAVCQCRVGYFRARTDP
+
+
+ 
+
+
+RGAPCTTPPSAPRSVVSRLNGSSLHLEWSAPLESGGREDLTYALRCRE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CRPGGSCAPCGGDLTFDPGPRDLVEPWVVVRGLRPDFTYTFEVTALNG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+VSSLATGPVPFEPVNVTTDREVPPAVSDIRVTRSSPSSLSLAWAVPRA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+PSGAWLDYEVKYHEKGAEGPSSVRFLKTSENRAELRGLKRGASYLVQV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+RARSEAGYGPFGQEHHSQTQLDESEGWREQGGRSSLEGPRFEGKPIPN
+
+
+ 
+
+
+PLLGLDSTRTGHHHHHH
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The precursor sequence of the preferred GCF2 protein (also referred to herein as GCF2F) is (SEQ ID NO:16):
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+MELRVLLCWASLAAALEETLLNTKLETADLKWVTFPQVDGQWEELSGL
+
+
+ 
+
+
+DEEQHSVRTYEVCEVQRAPGQAHWLRTGWVPRRGAVHVYATLRFTMLE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CLSLPRAGRSCKETFTVFYYESDADTATALTPAWMENPYIKVDTVAAE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+HLTRKRPGAEATGKVNVKTLRLGPLSKAGFYLAFQDQGACMALLSLHL
+
+
+ 
+
+
+FYKKCAQLTVNLTRFPETVPRELVVPVAGSCVVDAVPAPGPSPSLYCR
+
+
+ 
+
+
+EDGQWAEQPVTGCSCAPGFEAAEGNTKCRACAQGTFKPLSGEGSCQPC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+PANSHSNTIGSAVCQCRVGYFRARTDPRGAPCTTPPSAPRSVVSRLNG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SSLHLEWSAPLESGGREDLTYALRCRECRPGGSCAPCGGDLTFDPGPR
+
+
+ 
+
+
+DLVEPWVVVRGLRPDFTYTFEVTALNGVSSLATGPVPFEPVNVTTDRE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+VPPAVSDIRVTRSSPSSLSLAWAVPRAPSGAWLDYEVKYHEKGAEGPS
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SVRFLKTSENRAELRGLKRGASYLVQVRARSEAGYGPFGQEHHSQTQL
+
+
+ 
+
+
+DESEGWREQ
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The processed sequence is (SEQ ID NO:17):
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+LEETLLNTKLETADLKWVTFPQVDGQWEELSGLDEEQHSVRTYEVCE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+VQRAPGQAHWLRTGWVPRRGAVHVYATLRFTMLECLSLPRAGRSCKE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TFTVFYYESDADTATALTPAWMENPYIKVDTVAAEHLTRKRPGAEAT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GKVNVKTLRLGPLSKAGFYLAFQDQGACMALLSLHLFYKKCAQLTVN
+
+
+ 
+
+
+LTRFPETVPRELVVPVAGSCVVDAVPAPGPSPSLYCREDGQWAEQPV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TGCSCAPGFEAAEGNTKCRACAQGTFKPLSGEGSCQPCPANSHSNTI
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GSAVCQCRVGYFRARTDPRGAPCTTPPSAPRSVVSRLNGSSLHLEWS
+
+
+ 
+
+
+APLESGGREDLTYALRCRECRPGGSCAPCGGDLTFDPGPRDLVEPWV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+VVRGLRPDFTYTFEVTALNGVSSLATGPVPFEPVNVTTDREVPPAVS
+
+
+ 
+
+
+DIRVTRSSPSSLSLAWAVPRAPSGAWLDYEVKYHEKGAEGPSSVRFL
+
+
+ 
+
+
+KTSENRAELRGLKRGASYLVQVRARSEAGYGPFGQEHHSQTQLDESE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GWREQ
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Biochemical Assays
+
+A. Binding Assay
+10 μl of Ni-NTA-Agarose were incubated in microcentrifuge tubes with 50 μl of indicated amount of B4ECv3 diluted in binding buffer BB (20 mM Tris-HCl, 0.15 M NaCl, 0.1% bovine serum albumin pH 8) After incubation for 30 min on shaking platform, Ni-NTA beads were washed twice with 1.4 ml of BB, followed by application of 50 μl of B2-AP in the final concentration of 50 nM. Binding was performed for 30 min on shaking platform, and then tubes were centrifuged and washed one time with 1.4 ml of BB. Amount of precipitated AP was measured colorimetrically after application of PNPP.
+B. Inhibition Assay
+Inhibition in Solution.
+Different amounts of B4ECv3 diluted in 50 μl of BB were pre-incubated with 50 μl of 5 nM B2EC-AP reagent (protein fusion of Ephrin B2 ectodomain with placental alkaline phosphatase). After incubation for 1 h, unbound B2EC-AP was precipitated with 5,000 HEK293 cells expressing membrane-associated full-length EphB4 for 20 min. Binding reaction was stopped by dilution with 1.2 ml of BB, followed by centrifugation for 10 min. Supernatants were discarded and alkaline phosphatase activities associated with collected cells were measured by adding para-nitrophenyl phosphate (PNPP) substrate.
+Cell Based Inhibition.
+B4ECv3 was serially diluted in 20 mM Tris-HCl, 0.15 M NaCl, 0.1% BSA, pH 8 and mixed with 5,000 HEK293 cells expressing membrane-associated full-length Ephrin B2. After incubation for 1 h, 50 μl of 5 nM B4EC-AP reagent (protein fusion of EphB4 ectodomain with placental alkaline phosphatase were added into each tube for 30 min to detect unoccupied Ephrin B2 binding sites. Binding reactions were stopped by dilution with 1.2 ml of BB and centrifugation. Colorimetric reaction of cell-precipitated AP was developed with PNPP substrate.
+C. B4EC-FC Binding Assay
+Protein A-Agarose Based Assay.
+10 μl of Protein A-agarose were incubated in Eppendorf tubes with 50 μl of indicated amount of B4EC-FC diluted in binding buffer BB (20 mM Tris-HCl, 0.15 M NaCl, 0.1% BSA pH 8). After incubation for 30 min on shaking platform, Protein AAagarose beads were washed twice with 1.4 ml of BB, followed by application of 50 μl of B2ECAP reagent at the final concentration of 50 nM. Binding was performed for 30 min on shaking platform, and then tubes were centrifuged and washed once with 1.4 ml of BB. Colorimetric reaction of precipitated AP was measured after application of PNPP (FIG. 6).
+Nitrocellulose Based Assay.
+B4EC-FC was serially diluted in 20 mM Tris-HCl, 0.15 M NaCl, 50 μg/ml BSA, pH 8. 2 μl of each fraction were applied onto nitrocellulose strip and spots were dried out for 3 min. Nitrocellulose strip was blocked with 5% non-fat milk for 30 min, followed by incubation with 5 nM B2EC-AP reagent. After 45 min incubation for binding, nitrocellulose was washed twice with 20 mM Tris-HCl, 0.15 M NaCl, 50 μg/ml BSA, pH 8 and color was developed by application of alkaline phosphatase substrate Sigma Fast (Sigma).
+D. B4EC-FC Inhibition Assay
+Inhibition in Solution.
+See above, for B4ECv3. The results were shown in FIG. 7.
+Cell Based Inhibition.
+See above, for B4ECv3.
+E. B2EC-FC Binding Assay
+Protein-A-Agarose Based Assay.
+See above, for B4EC-FC. The results were shown in FIG. 8.
+Nitrocellulose Based Assay.
+See above, for B4EC-FC.
+6) Cell-Based Assays
+A. Growth Inhibition Assay
+Human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) (1.5×103) are plated in a 96-well plate in 100 μl of EBM-2 (Clonetic # CC3162). After 24 hours (day 0), the test recombinant protein (100 μl) is added to each well at 2× the desired concentration (5-7 concentration levels) in EBM-2 medium. On day 0, one plate is stained with 0.5% crystal violet in 20% methanol for 10 minutes, rinsed with water, and air-dried. The remaining plates are incubated for 72 h at 37° C. After 72 h, plates are stained with 0.5% crystal violet in 20% methanol, rinsed with water and airdried. The stain is eluted with 1:1 solution of ethanol: 0.1 M sodium citrate (including day 0 plate), and absorbance is measured at 540 nm with an ELISA reader (Dynatech Laboratories). Day 0 absorbance is subtracted from the 72 h plates and data is plotted as percentage of control proliferation (vehicle treated cells). IC50 (drug concentration causing 50% inhibition) is calculated from the plotted data.
+B. Cord Formation Assay (Endothelial Cell Tube Formation Assay)
+Matrigel (60 μl of 10 mg/ml; Collaborative Lab #35423) is placed in each well of an ice-cold 96-well plate. The plate is allowed to sit at room temperature for 15 minutes then incubated at 37° C. for 30 minutes to permit the matrigel to polymerize. In the mean time, HUVECs are prepared in EGM-2 (Clonetic #CC3162) at a concentration of 2×105 cells/ml. The test compound is prepared at 2× the desired concentration (5 concentration levels) in the same medium. Cells (500 μl) and 2× drug (500 μl) is mixed and 200 μl of this suspension are placed in duplicate on the polymerized matrigel. After 24 h incubation, triplicate pictures are taken for each concentration using a Bioquant Image Analysis system. Drug effect (IC50) is assessed compared to untreated controls by measuring the length of cords formed and number of junctions.
+C. Cell Migration Assay
+Migration is assessed using the 48-well Boyden chamber and 8 μm pore size collagen-coated (10 μg/ml rat tail collagen; Collaborative Laboratories) polycarbonate filters (Osmonics, Inc.). The bottom chamber wells receive 27-29 μl of DMEM medium alone (baseline) or medium containing chemo-attractant (bFGF, VEGF or Swiss 3T3 cell conditioned medium). The top chambers receive 45 μl of HUVEC cell suspension (1×106 cells/ml) prepared in DMEM+1% BSA with or without test compound. After 5 h incubation at 37° C., the membrane is rinsed in PBS, fixed and stained in Diff-Quick solutions. The filter is placed on a glass slide with the migrated cells facing down and cells on top are removed using a Kimwipe. The testing is performed in 4-6 replicates and five fields are counted from each well. Negative unstimulated control values are subtracted from stimulated control and drug treated values and data is plotted as mean migrated cell±S.D. IC50 is calculated from the plotted data.
+Example 2
+Extracellular Domain Fragments of EphB4 Receptor Inhibit Angiogenesis and Tumor Growth
+A. Globular Domain of EphB4 is Required for EphrinB2 Binding and for the Activity of EphB4-Derived Soluble Proteins in Endothelial Tube Formation Assay.
+To identify subdomain(s) of the ectopic part of EphB4 necessary and sufficient for the anti-angiogenic activity of the soluble recombinant derivatives of the receptor, four recombinant deletion variants of EphB4EC were produced and tested (FIG. 16). Extracellular part of EphB4, similarly to the other members of EphB and EphA receptor family, contains N-terminal ligand-binding globular domain followed by cysteine-rich domain and two fibronectin type III repeats (FNIII). In addition to the recombinant B4-GCF2 protein containing the complete ectopic part of EphB4, we constructed three deletion variants of EphB4EC containing globular domain and Cys-rich domain (B4-GC); globular, Cys-rich and the first FNIII domain (GCF1) as well as the ECD version with deleted globular domain (CF2). Our attempts to produce several versions of truncated EphB4EC protein containing the globular domain alone were not successful due to the lack of secretion of proteins expressed from all these constructs and absence of ligand binding by the intracellularly expressed recombinant proteins. In addition, a non-tagged version of B4-GCF2, called GCF2-F, containing complete extracellular domain of EphB4 with no additional fused amino acids was expressed, purified and used in some of the experiments described here.
+All four C-terminally 6×His tagged recombinant proteins were preparatively expressed in transiently transfected cultured mammalian cells and affinity purified to homogeneity from the conditioned growth media using chromatography on Ni2+-chelate resin (FIG. 17). Apparently due to their glycosylation, the proteins migrate on SDS-PAAG somewhat higher than suggested by their predicted molecular weights of 34.7 kDa (GC), 41.5 (CF2), 45.6 kDa (GCF1) and 57.8 kDa (GCF2). Sequence of the extracellular domain of human EphB4 contains three predicted N-glycosylation sites (NXS/T) which are located in the Cys-rich domain, within the first fibronectin type III repeat and between the first and the second fibronectin repeats.
+To confirm ability of the purified recombinant proteins to bind Ephrin B2, they were tested in an in vitro binding assay. As expected, GC, GCF1 and GCF2, but not CF2 are binding the cognate ligand Ephrin B2 as confirmed by interaction between Ephrin B2-alkaline phosphatase (Ephrin B2-AP) fusion protein with the B4 proteins immobilized on Ni2+-resin or on nitrocellulose membrane (FIG. 17).
+All four proteins were also tested for their ability to block ligand-dependent dimerization and activation of Eph B4 receptor kinase in PC3 cells. The PC3 human prostate cancer cell line is known to express elevated levels of human Eph B4. Stimulation of PC3 cells with Ephrin B2 IgG Fc fusion protein leads to a rapid induction of tyrosine phosphorylation of the receptor. However, preincubation of the ligand with GCF2, GCF1 or GC, but not CF2 proteins suppresses subsequent EphB4 autophosphorylation. Addition of the proteins alone to the PC3 cells or preincubation of the cells with the proteins followed by changing media and adding the ligand does not affect EphB4 phosphorylation status.
+Further, we found that globular domain of EphB4 is required for the activity of EphB4-derived soluble proteins in endothelial tube formation assay.
+B. Effects of Soluble EphB4 on HUV/AEC In Vitro.
+Initial experiments were performed to determine whether soluble EphB4 affected the three main stages in the angiogenesis pathway. These were carried out by establishing the effects of soluble EphB4 on migration/invasion, proliferation and tubule formation by HUV/AEC in vitro. Exposure to soluble EphB4 significantly inhibited both bFGF and VEGF-induced migration in the Boyden chamber assay in a dose-dependent manner, achieving significance at nM (FIG. 18). Tubule formation by HUV/AECS on wells coated with Matrigel was significantly inhibited by soluble EphB4 in a dose-dependent manner in both the absence and presence of bFGF and VEGF (FIG. 19). We also assessed in vitro, whether nM of soluble EphB4 was cytotoxic for HUVECS. Soluble EphB4 was found to have no detectable cytotoxic effect at these doses, as assessed by MTS assay (FIG. 20).
+C. Soluble EphB4 Receptor Inhibits Vascularization of Matrigel Plugs, In Vivo
+To demonstrate that soluble EphB4 can directly inhibit angiogenesis in vivo, we performed a murine matrigel plug experiment. Matrigel supplemented with bFGF and VEGF with and without soluble EphB4 was injected s.c. into Balb/C nu/nu mice, forming semi-solid plugs, for six days. Plugs without growth factors had virtually no vascularization or vessel structures after 6 days (FIG. 21). In contrast, plugs supplemented with bFGF and VEGF had extensive vascularization and vessels throughout the plug. Plugs taken from mice treated with μg of soluble EphB4 had markedly reduced vascularization of plugs, comparable to plugs without growth factor (FIG. 21). Furthermore, histological examination of plugs showed decreased vessel staining (FIG. 21). Treatment at 0 μg/dose significantly inhibited the amount of infiltration in Matrigel plugs compared to control (FIG. 21).
+We examined EphB4 receptor phosphorylation in HUVECs by performing Western blot analyses with lysates from soluble EphB4-treated cells and antibodies against phosphor-tyrosine. We found that soluble EphB4 treatment of serum-starved HUVECs stimulated a rapid and transient decrease in the level of phosphorylated EphB4, in the presence of EphrinB2Fc, EphB4 ligand dimer. Ephrin B2Fc without the soluble EphB4 protein induced phosphorylation of EphB4 receptor (FIG. 22).
+D. Effects of Soluble EphB4 on Tumor Growth, In Vitro.
+We found that soluble EphB4 inhibits the growth of SCC15 tumors grown in Balb/C Nu/Nu mice (FIG. 23).
+E. Soluble EphB4 Inhibited Corneal Neovascularization
+To further investigate the antiangiogenic activity of soluble EphB4 in vivo, we studied the inhibitory effect of administration of soluble EphB4 on neovascularization in the mouse cornea induced by bFGF. Hydron Pellets implanted into corneal micropocket could induce angiogenesis, in the presence of growth factors, in a typically avascular area. The angiogenesis response in mice cornea was moderate, the appearance of vascular buds was delayed and the new capillaries were sparse and grew slowly. Compared with the control group, on day 7 of implantation, the neovascularization induced by bFGF in mice cornea was markedly inhibited in soluble EphB4-treated group (FIG. 24).
+F. Effects of Soluble EphB4 on Tumor Growth, In Vivo.
+The same model was used to determine the effects of soluble EphB4 in vivo. SCC15 tumors implanted subcutaneously, pre-incubated with matrigel and with or w/o growth factors, as well as implanted sc alone, and mice treated sc or ip daily with 1-5 μg of soluble EphB4 were carried out.
+Tumors in the control group continued to grow steadily over the treatment period, reaching a final tumor volume of mm3. However, animals injected with soluble EphB4 exhibited a significantly (p<0.0/) reduced growth rate, reaching a final tumor volume of only mm3 (FIG. 25). Similar results were obtained in two further cohorts of such tumor-bearing mice. Soluble EphB4 administration appeared to be well tolerated in vivo, with no significant effect on body weight or the general well-being of the animals (as determined by the absence of lethargy, intermittent hunching, tremors or disturbed breathing patterns).
+G. Effects of Soluble EphB4 on Tumor Histology.
+Histological analysis revealed the presence of a central area of necrosis in all SCC15 tumors, which was usually surrounded by a viable rim of tumor cells um in width. The central necrotic areas were frequently large and confluent and showed loss of cellular detail. Necrosis, assessed as a percentage of tumor section area, was significantly (p<0.02) more extensive in the soluble EphB4-treated group (% necrosis in treated vs. control). To determine whether the reduced volume of soluble EphB4 treated tumors was due to an effect of this protein on the tumor vascular supply, endothelial cells in blood vessels were identified in tumor sections using immunostaining with an anti-platelet cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1; CD31) antibody (FIG. 26) and the density of microvessels was assessed. Microvessel density was similar in the outer viable rim of tumor cells (the uniform layer of cells adjacent to the tumor periphery with well defined nuclei) in control and soluble EphB4-treated tumors. Microvessel density was significantly in the inner, less viable region of tumor cells abutting the necrotic central areas in soluble EphB4-treated than control tumors. Fibrin deposition, as identified by Masson's Trichrome staining, was increased in and around blood vessels in the inner viable rim and the central necrotic core of soluble EphB4 treated than control tumors. In the outer viable rim of soluble EphB4 treated tumors, although the vessel lumen remained patent and contained red blood cells, fibrin deposition was evident around many vessels. Soluble EphB4 was found to have no such effects on the endothelium in the normal tissues examined (lungs, liver and kidneys).
+H. Materials and Methods
+A detailed description of the materials and methods for this example may be found in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050084873.
+Cell-Based EphB4 Tyrosine Kinase Assay
+The human prostate carcinoma cell line PC3 cells were maintained in RPMI medium with 10% dialyzed fetal calf serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin/neomycin antibiotics mix. Cells were maintained at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2/95% air. Typically, cells were grown in 60 mm dishes until confluency and were either treated with mouse Ephrin B2-Fc fusion at 1 μg/ml in RPMI for 10 min to activate EphB4 receptor or plain medium as a control. To study the effect of different derivatives of soluble EphB4 ECD proteins on EphB4 receptor activation, three sets of cells were used. In the first set, cells were treated with various proteins (5 proteins; GC, GCF1, GCF2, GCF2-F, CF2) at 5 μg/ml for 20 min. In the second set of cells, prior to application, proteins were premixed with ephrinB2-Fc at 1:5 (EphB4 protein:B2-Fc) molar ratio, incubated for 20 min and applied on cells for 10 min. In the third set of cells, cells were first treated with the proteins for 20 min at 5 μg/ml, media was replaced with fresh media containing 1 μg/ml of EphrinB2-Fc and incubated for another 10 min.
+After the stimulation, cells were immediately harvested with protein extraction buffer containing 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 1% (v/v) Triton X100, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM PMSF, 1 mM Sodium vanadate. Protein extracts were clarified by centrifugation at 14,000 rpm for 20 min at 4° C. Clarified protein samples were incubated overnight with protein A/G coupled agarose beads pre-coated with anti-EphB4 monoclonal antibodies. The IP complexes were washed twice with the same extraction buffer containing 0.1% Triton X100. The immunoprecipitated proteins were solubilized in 1×SDS-PAGE sample loading buffer and separated on 10% SDS-PAGE. For EphB4 receptor activation studies, electroblotted membrane was probed with anti-pTyr specific antibody 4G10 at 1:1000 dilution followed by Protein G-HRP conjugate at 1:5000 dilutions.
+Endothelial Cell Tube Formation Assay
+Matrigel (60 μl of 10 mg/ml; Collaborative Lab, Cat. No. 35423) was placed in each well of an ice-cold 96-well plate. The plate was allowed to sit at room temperature for 15 minutes then incubated at 37° C. for 30 minutes to permit Matrigel to polymerize. In the mean time, human umbilical vein endothelial cells were prepared in EGM-2 (Clonetic, Cat. No. CC3162) at a concentration of 2×105 cells/ml. The test protein was prepared at 2× the desired concentration (5 concentration levels) in the same medium. Cells (500 μl) and 2× protein (500 μl) were mixed and 200 μl of this suspension were placed in duplicate on the polymerized Matrigel. After 24 h incubation, triplicate pictures were taken for each concentration using a Bioquant Image Analysis system. Protein addition effect (IC50) was assessed compared to untreated controls by measuring the length of cords formed and number of junctions.
+Cell Migration Assay
+Chemotaxis of HUVECs to VEGF was assessed using a modified Boyden chamber, transwell membrane filter inserts in 24 well plates, 6.5 mm diam, 8 μm pore size, 10 μm thick matrigel coated, polycarbonate membranes (BD Biosciences). The cell suspensions of HUVECs (2×105 cells/ml) in 200 μl of EBM were seeded in the upper chamber and the soluble EphB4 protein were added simultaneously with stimulant (VEGF or bFGF) to the lower compartment of the chamber and their migration across a polycarbonate filter in response to 10-20 ng/ml of VEGF with or without 100 nM-1 μM test compound was investigated. After incubation for 4-24 h at 37° C., the upper surface of the filter was scraped with swab and filters were fixed and stained with Diff Quick. Ten random fields at 200× mag were counted and the results expressed as mean # per field. Negative unstimulated control values were subtracted from stimulated control and protein treated sample values and the data was plotted as mean migrated cell±S.D. IC50 was calculated from the plotted data.
+Growth Inhibition Assay
+HUVEC (1.5×103 cells) were plated in a 96-well plate in 100 μl of EBM-2 (Clonetic, Cat. No. CC3162). After 24 hours (day 0), the test recombinant protein (100 μl) is added to each well at 2× the desired concentration (5-7 concentration levels) in EBM-2 medium. On day 0, one plate was stained with 0.5% crystal violet in 20% methanol for 10 minutes, rinsed with water, and air-dried. The remaining plates were incubated for 72 h at 37° C. After 72 h, plates were stained with 0.5% crystal violet in 20% methanol, rinsed with water and air-dried. The stain was eluted with 1:1 solution of ethanol: 0.1M sodium citrate (including day 0 plate), and absorbance measured at 540 nm with an ELISA reader (Dynatech Laboratories). Day 0 absorbance was subtracted from the 72 h plates and data is plotted as percentage of control proliferation (vehicle treated cells). IC50 value was calculated from the plotted data.
+Murine Matrigel Plug Angiogenesis Assay
+In vivo angiogenesis was assayed in mice as growth of blood vessels from subcutaneous tissue into a Matrigel plug containing the test sample. Matrigel rapidly forms a solid gel at body temperature, trapping the factors to allow slow release and prolonged exposure to surrounding tissues. Matrigel (8.13 mg/ml, 0.5 ml) in liquid form at 4° C. was mixed with Endothelial Cell Growth Supplement (ECGS), test proteins plus ECGS or Matrigel plus vehicle alone (PBS containing 0.25% BSA). Matrigel (0.5 ml) was injected into the abdominal subcutaneous tissue of female nu/nu mice (6 wks old) along the peritoneal mid line. There were 3 mice in each group. The animals were cared for in accordance with institutional and NIH guidelines. At day 6, mice were sacrificed and plugs were recovered and processed for histology. Typically the overlying skin was removed, and gels were cut out by retaining the peritoneal lining for support, fixed in 10% buffered formalin in PBS and embedded in paraffin. Sections of 3 μm were cut and stained with H&E or Masson's trichrome stain and examined under light microscope
+Mouse Corneal Micropocket Assay
+Mouse corneal micropocket assay was performed according to that detailed by Kenyon et al., 1996. Briefly, hydron pellets (polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate [polyHEMA], Interferon Sciences, New Brunswick, N.J., U.S.A.) containing either 90 ng of bFGF (R&D) or 180 ng of VEGF (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, Minn., U.S.A.) and 40 μg of sucrose aluminium sulfate (Sigma) were prepared. Using an operating microscope, a stromal linear keratotomy was made with a surgical blade (Bard-Parker no. 15) parallel to the insertion of the lateral rectus muscle in an anesthetized animal. An intrastromal micropocket was dissected using a modified von Graefe knife (2••30 mm). A single pellet was implanted and advanced toward the temporal corneal limbus (within 0±7±1±0 mm for bFGF pellets and 0±5 mm for VEGF pellets). The difference in pellet location for each growth factor was determined to be necessary given the relatively weaker angiogenic stimulation of VEGF in this model. Antibiotic ointment (erythromycin.) was then applied to the operated eye to prevent infection and to decrease surface irregularities. The subsequent vascular response was measured extending from the limbal vasculature toward the pellet and the contiguous circumferential zone of neovascularization Data and clinical photos presented here were obtained on day 6 after pellet implantation, which was found to be the day of maximal angiogenic response.
+In Vitro Invasion Assay
+“Matrigel” matrix-coated 9-mm cell culture inserts (pore size, 8 μm; Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, N.J.) were set in a 24-well plate. The HUVEC cells were seeded at a density of 5×103 cells per well into the upper layer of the culture insert and cultured with serum-free EBM in the presence of EphB4 ECD for 24 h. The control group was cultured in the same media without EphB4. Then 0.5 ml of the human SCC15 cell line, conditioned medium was filled into the lower layer of the culture insert as a chemo-attractant. The cells were incubated for 24 h, then the remaining cells in the upper layer were swabbed with cotton and penetrating cells in the lower layer were fixed with 5% glutaraldehyde and stained with Diff Quick. The total number of cells passing through the Matrigel matrix and each 8 μm pore of the culture insert was counted using optical microscopy and designated as an invasion index (cell number/area).
+SCC15 Tumor Growth in Mice
+Subcutaneously inject logarithmically growing SCC15, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell line, at 5×106 cell density; with or without EphB4 ECD in the presence or absence of human bFGF, into athymic Balb/c nude mice, along with Matrigel (BD Bioscience) synthetic basement membrane (1:1 v/v), and examine tumors within 2 weeks. Tumor volumes in the EphB4 ECD group, in the presence and absence of growth factor after implantation were three-fold smaller than those in the vehicle groups. There was no difference in body weight between the groups. Immunohistochemical examination of cross-sections of resected tumors and TUNEL-positive apoptosis or necrosis, CD34 immunostaining, and BrdU proliferation rate will be performed, after deparaffinized, rehydrated, and quenched for endogenous peroxidase activity, and after 10 min permeabilization with proteinase K. Quantitative assessment of vascular densities will also be performed. Local intratumoral delivery or IV delivery of EphB4 ECD will also be performed twice a week.
+30 athymic nude mice, BALB/c (nu/nu), were each injected with 1×106 B16 melanoma cells with 0.1 ml PBS mixed with 0.1 ml matrigel or 1.5×106 SCC15 cells resuspended in 200 μl of DMEM serum-free medium and injected subcutaneously on day 0 on the right shoulder region of mice. Proteins were injected intravenously or subcutaneously, around the tumor beginning on day 1 at a loading dose of 4 μg/mg, with weekly injections of 2 ug/mg. (10 μg/g, 50 μg/kg/day), and at 2 weeks post-inoculation. Mice are sacrificed on Day 14. Control mice received PBS 50 μl each day.
+Tumor Formation in Nude Mice
+All animals were treated under protocols approved by the institutional animal care committees. Cancer cells (5×106) were subcutaneously inoculated into the dorsal skin of nude mice. When the tumor had grown to a size of about 100 mm3 (usually it took 1□2 days), sEphB4 was either intraperitoneally or subcutaneously injected once/day, and tumorigenesis was monitored for 2 weeks. Tumor volume was calculated according to the formula a2xb, where a and b are the smallest and largest diameters, respectively. A Student's t test was used to compare tumor volumes, with P<0.05 being considered significant.
+Quantification of Microvessel Density
+Tumors were fixed in 4% formaldehyde, embedded in paraffin, sectioned by 5 μm, and stained with hematoxylin□eosin. Vessel density was semi-quantitated using a computer-based image analyzer (five fields per section from three mice in each group).
+Example 3
+EphB4 is Upregulated and Imparts Growth Advantage in Prostate Cancer
+A. Expression of EphB4 in Prostate Cancer Cell Lines
+We first examined the expression of EphB4 protein in a variety of prostate cancer cell lines by Western blot. We found that prostate cancer cell lines show marked variation in the abundance of the 120 kD EphB4. The levels were relatively high in PC3 and even higher in PC3M, a metastatic clone of PC3, while normal prostate gland derived cell lines (MLC) showed low or no expression of EphB4 (FIG. 27A). We next checked the activation status of EphB4 in PC3 cells by phosphorylation study. We found that even under normal culture conditions, EphB4 is phosphorylated though it can be further induced by its ligand, ephrin B2 (FIG. 27B).
+B. Expression of EphB4 in Clinical Prostate Cancer Samples
+To determine whether EphB4 is expressed in clinical prostate samples, tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissue from prostate cancer surgical specimens were examined. The histological distribution of EphB4 in the prostate specimens was determined by immunohistochemistry. Clearly, EphB4 expression is confined to the neoplastic epithelium (FIG. 28, top left), and is absent in stromal and normal prostate epithelium (FIG. 28, top right). In prostate tissue array, 24 of the 32 prostate cancers examined were positive. We found EphB4 mRNA is expressed both in the normal and tumor tissues of clinical samples by quantitative RT-PCR. However, tumor EphB4 mRNA levels were at least 3 times higher than in the normal in this case (FIG. 28, lower right).
+C. P53 and PTEN Inhibited the Expression of EphB4 in PC3 Cells
+PC3 cells are known to lack PTEN expression (Davis, et al., 1994, Science. 266:816-819) and wild-type p53 function (Gale, et al., 1997, Cell Tissue Res. 290:227-241). We investigated whether the relatively high expression of EphB4 is related to p53 and/or PTEN by re-introducing wild-type p53 and/or PTEN into PC3 cells. To compensate for the transfection efficiency and the dilution effect, transfected cells were sorted for the cotransfected truncated CD4 marker. We found that the expression of EphB4 in PC3 cells was reduced by the re-introduction of either wild-type p53 or PTEN. The co-transfection of p53 and PTEN did not further inhibit the expression of EphB4 (FIG. 29A).
+D. Retinoid X Receptor (RXR α) Regulates the Expression of EphB4
+We previously found that RXRα was down-regulated in prostate cancer cell lines (Zhong, et al., 2003, Cancer Biol Ther. 2:179-184) and here we found EphB4 expression has the reverse expression pattern when we looked at “normal” prostate (MLC), prostate cancer (PC3), and metastatic prostate cancer (PC3M) (FIG. 27A), we considered whether RXRα regulates the expression of EphB4. To confirm the relationship, the expression of EphB4 was compared between CWR22R and CWR22R-RXRα, which constitutively expresses RXRα. We found a modest decrease in EphB4 expression in the RXRα overexpressing cell line, while FGF8 has no effect on EphB4 expression. Consistent with initial results, EphB4 was not found in “normal” benign prostate hypertrophic cell line BPH-1 (FIG. 29B).
+E. Growth Factor Signaling Pathway of EGFR and IGF-1R Regulates EphB4 Expression
+EGFR and IGF-1R have both been shown to have autocrine and paracrine action on PC3 cell growth. Because we found that EphB4 expression is higher in the more aggressive cell lines, we postulated that EphB4 expression might correlate with these pro-survival growth factors. We tested the relationship by independently blocking EGFR and IGF-1R signaling. EphB4 was down-regulated after blocking the EGFR signaling using EGFR kinase inhibitor AG 1478 (FIG. 30A) or upon blockade of the IGF-1R signaling pathway using IGF-1R neutralizing antibody (FIG. 30B).
+F. EphB4 siRNA and Antisense ODNs Inhibit PC3 Cell Viability
+To define the significance of this EphB4 overexpression in our prostate cancer model, we concentrated our study on PC3 cells, which have a relatively high expression of EphB4. The two approaches to decreasing EphB4 expression were siRNA and AS-ODNs. A number of different phosphorothioate-modified AS-ODNs complementary to different segments of the EphB4 coding region were tested for specificity and efficacy of EphB4 inhibition. Using 293 cells transiently transfected with full-length EphB4 expression vector AS-10 was found to be the most effective (FIG. 31B). A Similar approach was applied to the selection of specific siRNA. EphB4 siRNA 472 effectively knocks down EphB4 protein expression (FIG. 31A). Both siRNA 472 and antisense AS-10 ODN reduced the viability of PC3 cells in a dose dependent manner (FIGS. 31C, D). Unrelated siRNA or sense oligonucleotide had no effect on viability.
+G. EphB4 siRNA and Antisense ODNs Inhibit the Mobility of PC3 Cells
+PC3 cells can grow aggressively locally and can form lymph node metastases when injected orthotopically into mice. In an effort to study the role of EphB4 on migration of PC3 cells in vitro, we performed a wound-healing assay. When a wound was introduced into a monolayer of PC3 cells, over the course of the next 20 hours cells progressively migrated into the cleared area. However, when cells were transfected with siRNA 472 and the wound was introduced, this migration was significantly inhibited (FIG. 31E). Pretreatment of PC3 cells with 10 μM EphB4 AS-10 for 12 hours generated the same effect (FIG. 31F). In addition, knock-down of EphB4 expression in PC3 cells with siRNA 472 severely reduced the ability of these cells to invade Matrigel as assessed by a double-chamber invasion assay (FIG. 31G), compared to the control siRNA.
+H. EphB4 siRNA Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in PC3 Cells
+Since knock-down of EphB4 resulted in decreased cell viability (FIG. 31C) we sought to determine whether this was due to effects on the cell cycle. In comparison to control siRNA transfected cells, siRNA 472 resulted in an accumulation of cells in the sub G0 and S phase fractions compared to cells treated with control siRNA. The sub G0 fraction increased from 1% to 7.9%, and the S phase fraction from 14.9% to 20.8% in siRNA 472 treated cells compared to control siRNA treated cells (FIG. 32A). Cell cycle arrest at sub G0 and G2 is indicative of apoptosis. Apoptosis as a result of EphB4 knock-down was confirmed by ELISA assay. A dose-dependent increase in apoptosis was observed when PC3 cells were transfected with siRNA 472, but not with control siRNA (FIG. 32B). At 100 nM there was 15 times more apoptosis in siRNA 472 transfected than control siRNA transfected PC3 cells.
+I. Materials and Methods
+A detailed description of the materials and methods for this example may be found in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050084873.
+Example 4
+Expression of EPHB4 in Mesothelioma: a Candidate Target for Therapy
+Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a rare neoplasm that most often arises from the pleural and peritoneal cavity serous surface. The pleural cavity is by far the most frequent site affected (>90%), followed by the peritoneum (6-10%) (Carbone et al., 2002, Semin Oncol. 29:2-17). There is a strong association with asbestos exposure, about 80% of malignant mesothelioma cases occur in individuals who have ingested or inhaled asbestos. This tumor is particularly resistant to the current therapies and, up to now, the prognosis of these patients is dramatically poor (Lee et al., 2000, Curr Opin Pulm Med. 6:267-74).
+Several clinical problems regarding the diagnosis and treatment of malignant mesothelioma remain unsolved. Making a diagnosis of mesothelioma from pleural or abdominal fluid is notoriously difficult and often requires a thoracoscopic or laproscopic or open biopsy and Immunohistochemical staining for certain markers such as meosthelin expressed preferentially in this tumor. Until now, no intervention has proven to be curative, despite aggressive chemotherapeutic regimens and prolonged radiotherapy. The median survival in most cases is only 12-18 months after diagnosis.
+In order to identify new diagnostic markers and targets to be used for novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, we assessed the expression of EPHB4 and its ligand EphrinB2 in mesothelioma cell lines and clinical samples.
+A. EPHB4 and EphrinB2 is Expressed in Mesothelioma Cell Lines
+The expression of Ephrin B2 and EphB4 in malignant mesothelioma cell lines was determined at the RNA and protein level by a variety of methods. RT-PCR showed that all of the four cell lines express EphrinB2 and EPHB4 (FIG. 33A). Protein expression was determined by Western blot in these cell lines. Specific bands for EphB4 were seen at 120 kD. In addition, Ephrin B2 was detected in all cell lines tested as a 37 kD band on Western blot (FIG. 33B). No specific band for Ephrin B2 was observed in 293 human embryonic kidney cells, which were included as a negative control.
+To confirm the presence of EphB4 transcription in mesothelioma cells, in situ hybridization was carried out on NCI H28 cell lines cultured on chamber slides. Specific signal for EphB4 was detected using antisense probe Ephrin B2 transcripts were also detected in the same cell line. Sense probes for both EphB4 and Ephrin B2 served as negative controls and did not hybridize to the cells (FIG. 34). Expression of EphB4 and Ephrin B2 proteins was confirmed in the cell lines by immunofluorescence analysis (FIG. 35). Three cell lines showed strong expression of EphB4, whereas expression of Ephrin B2 was present in H28 and H2052, and weakly detectable in H2373.
+B. Evidence of Expression of EPHB4 and EphrinB2 in Clinical Samples
+Tumor cells cultured from the pleural effusion of a patient diagnosed with pleural malignant mesothelioma were isolated and showed positive staining for both EphB4 and Ephrin B2 at passage 1 (FIG. 35, bottom row). These results confirm co-expression of EphB4 and Ephrin B2 in mesothelioma cell lines. To determine whether these results seen in tumor cell lines were a real reflection of expression in the disease state, tumor biopsy samples were subjected to immunohistochemical staining for EphB4 and Ephrin B2. Antibodies to both proteins revealed positive stain in the tumor cells. Representative data is shown in FIG. 36.
+C. EPHB4 is Involved in the Cell Growth and Migration of Mesothelioma
+The role of EphB4 in cell proliferation was tested using EPHB4 specific antisepses oligonucleotides and siRNA. The treatment of cultured H28 with EPHB4 antisense reduced cell viability. One of the most active inhibitor of EphB4 expression is EPHB4AS-10 (FIG. 37A). Transfection of EPHB4 siRNA 472 generated the same effect (FIG. 37B).
+MM is a locally advancing disease with frequent extension and growth into adjacent vital structures such as the chest wall, heart, and esophagus. In an effort to study this process in vitro, we perform wound healing assay using previously described techniques (3:36). When a wound was introduced into sub confluent H28 cells, over the course of the next 28 hours cells would progressively migrate into the area of the wound. However, when cells were pretreated with EPHB4AS-10 for 24 hours, and the wound was introduced, this migration was virtually completely prevented (FIG. 38A). The migration study with Boyden Chamber assay with EPHB4 siRNA showed that cell migration was greatly inhibited with the inhibition of EPHB4 expression (FIG. 38B).
+D. Materials and Methods
+A detailed description of the materials and methods for this example may be found in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050084873.
+Example 5
+EphB4 is Expressed in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck: Regulation by Epidermal Growth Factor Signaling Pathway and Growth Advantage
+Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) is the sixth most frequent cancer worldwide, with estimated 900,000 cases diagnosed each year. It comprises almost 50% of all malignancies in some developing nations. In the United States, 50,000 new cases and 8,000 deaths are reported each year. Tobacco carcinogens are believed to be the primary etiologic agents of the disease, with alcohol consumption, age, gender, and ethnic background as contributing factors.
+The differences between normal epithelium of the upper aerodigestive tract and cancer cells arising from that tissue are the result of mutations in specific genes and alteration of their expression. These genes control DNA repair, proliferation, immortalization, apoptosis, invasion, and angiogenesis. For head and neck cancer, alterations of three signaling pathways occur with sufficient frequency and produce such dramatic phenotypic changes as to be considered the critical transforming events of the disease. These changes include mutation of the p53 tumor suppressor, overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and inactivation of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p16. Other changes such as Rb mutation, ras activation, cyclin D amplification, and myc overexpression are less frequent in HNSCC.
+Although high expression of EphB4 has been reported in hematologic malignancies, breast carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma, and colon carcinoma, there is limited data on the protein levels of EphB4, and complete lack of data on the biological significance of this protein in tumor biology such as HNSCC.
+A. HNSCC Tumors Express EphB4
+We studied the expression of EphB4 in human tumor tissues by immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and Western blot. Twenty prospectively collected tumor tissues following IRB approval have been evaluated with specific EphB4 monoclonal antibody that does not react with other members of the EphB and EphA family. EphB4 expression is observed in all cases, with varying intensity of staining. FIG. 39A (top left) illustrates a representative case, showing that EphB4 is expressed in the tumor regions only, as revealed by the H&E tumor architecture (FIG. 39A bottom left). Note the absence of staining for EphB4 in the stroma. Secondly, a metastatic tumor site in the lymph node shows positive staining while the remainder of the lymph node is negative (FIG. 39A, top right).
+In situ hybridization was carried out to determine the presence and location of EphB4 transcripts in the tumor tissue. Strong signal for EphB4 specific antisense probe was detected indicating the presence of transcripts (FIG. 39 B, top left). Comparison with the H&E stain (FIG. 39B, bottom left) to illustrate tumor architecture reveals that the signal was localized to the tumor cells, and was absent from the stromal areas. Ephrin B2 transcripts were also detected in tumor sample, and as with EphB4, the signal was localized to the tumor cells (FIG. 39B, top right). Neither EphB4 nor ephrin B2 sense probes hybridized to the sections, proving specificity of the signals.
+B. High Expression of EphB4 in Primary and Metastatic Sites of HNSCC
+Western blots of tissue from primary tumor, lymph node metastases and uninvolved tissue were carried out to determine the relative levels of EphB4 expression in these sites. Tumor and normal adjacent tissues were collected on 20 cases, while lymph nodes positive for tumor were harvested in 9 of these 20 cases. Representative cases are shown in FIG. 39C. EphB4 expression is observed in each of the tumor samples. Similarly, all tumor positive lymph nodes show EphB4 expression that was equal to or greater than the primary tumor. No or minimal expression is observed in the normal adjacent tissue.
+C. EphB4 Expression and Regulation by EGFR Activity in HNSCC Cell Lines
+Having demonstrated the expression of EphB4 limited to tumor cells, we next sought to determine whether there was an in vitro model of EphB4 expression in HNSCC. Six HN SCC cell lines were surveyed for EphB4 protein expression by Western Blot (FIG. 40A). A majority of these showed strong EphB4 expression and thus established the basis for subsequent studies. Since EGFR is strongly implicated in HNSCC we asked whether EphB4 expression is associated with the activation of EGFR. Pilot experiments in SCC-15, which is an EGFR positive cell line, established an optimal time of 24 h and concentration of 1 mM of the specific EGFR kinase inhibitor AG 1478 (FIG. 40B) to inhibit expression of EphB4. When all the cell lines were studied, we noted robust EGFR expression in all but SCC-4, where it is detectable but not strong (FIG. 40C, top row). In response to EGFR inhibitor AG1478 marked loss in the total amount of EphB4 was observed in certain cell lines (SCC-15, and SCC-25) while no effect was observed in others (SCC-9, -12, -13 and -71). Thus SCC-15 and -25 serve as models for EphB4 being regulated by EGFR activity, while SCC-9, -12, -13 and -71 are models for regulation of EphB4 in HNSCC independent of EGFR activity, where there may be input from other factors such as p53, PTEN, IL-6 etc. We also noted expression of the ligand of EphB4, namely ephrin B2, in all of the cell lines tested. As with EphB4 in some lines ephrin B2 expression appears regulated by EGFR activity, while it is independent in other cell lines.
+Clearly, inhibition of constitutive EGFR signaling repressed EphB4 levels in SCC15 cells. We next studied whether EGF could induce EphB4. We found that EphB4 levels were induced in SCC15 cells that had been serum starved for 24 h prior to 24 h treatment with 10 ng/ml EGF as shown in FIG. 41B (lanes 1 and 2). The downstream signaling pathways known for EGFR activation shown in FIG. 41A, (for review see Yarden & Slikowski 2001) were then investigated for their input into EGF mediated induction of EphB4. Blocking PLCg, AKT and JNK phosphorylation with the specific kinase inhibitors U73122, SH-5 and SP600125 respectively reduced basal levels and blocked EGF stimulated induction of EphB4 (FIG. 41B, lanes 3-8). In contrast, inhibition of ERK½ with PD098095 and PI3-K with LY294002 or Wortmannin had no discernible effect on EGF induction of EphB4 levels. However, basal levels of EphB4 were reduced when ERK½ phosphorylation was inhibited. Interestingly, inhibition of p38 MAPK activation with SB203580 increased basal, but not EGF induced EphB4 levels. Similar results were seen in the SCC25 cell line (data not shown).
+D. Inhibition of EphB4 in High Expressing Cell Lines Results in Reduced Viability and Causes Cell-Cycle Arrest
+We next turned to the role of EphB4 expression in HNSCC by investigating the effect of ablating expression using siRNA or AS-ODN methods. Several siRNAs to EphB4 sequence were developed (Table 1) which knocked-down EphB4 expression to varying degrees as seen in FIG. 42A. Viability was reduced in SCC-15, -25 and -71 cell lines transfected with siRNAs 50 and 472, which were most effective in blocking EphB4 expression (FIG. 42B). Little effect on viability was seen with EphB4 siRNA 1562 and 2302 or ephrin B2 siRNA 254. Note that in SCC-4, which does not express EphB4 (see FIG. 40A) there was no reduction in cell viability. The decreased cell viability seen with siRNA 50 and 472 treatment was attributable to accumulation of cells in sub G0, indicative of apoptosis. This effect was both time and dose-dependant (FIG. 42C and Table 2). In contrast, siRNA2302 that was not effective in reducing EphB4 levels and had only minor effects on viability did not produce any changes in the cell cycle when compared with the mock Lipofectamine™2000 transfection.
+A detailed description of the siRNA constructs for this example may be found in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050084873.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Effect of different EphB4 siRNA on Cell Cycle
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Treatment
+Sub G0
+G1
+S
+G2
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+36 hr
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Lipo alone
+1.9
+39.7
+21.3
+31.8
+
+
+
+100 nM 2302
+2.0
+39.3
+21.2
+31.2
+
+
+
+100 nM 50
+18.1
+31.7
+19.7
+24.4
+
+
+
+100 nM 472
+80.2
+10.9
+5.2
+2.1
+
+
+
+16 hr
+
+
+
+Lipo alone
+7.8
+55.7
+15.2
+18.5
+
+
+
+100 nM 2302
+8.4
+57.3
+14.3
+17.3
+
+
+
+ 10 nM 50
+10.4
+53.2
+15.7
+17.7
+
+
+
+100 nM 50
+27.7
+31.3
+18.1
+19.6
+
+
+
+ 10 nM 472
+13.3
+50.2
+15.8
+17.5
+
+
+
+100 nM 472
+30.7
+31.9
+16.4
+18.0
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In addition, over 50 phosphorothioate AS-ODNs complementary to the human EphB4 coding sequences were synthesized and tested for their ability to inhibit EphB4 expression in 293 cells transiently transfected with full length EphB4 expression plasmid. FIG. 43A shows a representative sample of the effect of some of these AS-ODNs on EphB4 expression. Note that expression is totally abrogated with AS-10, while AS-11 has only a minor effect. The effect on cell viability in SCC15 cells was most marked with AS-ODNs that are most effective in inhibiting EphB4 expression as shown in FIG. 43B. The IC50 for AS-10 was approximately 1 μM, while even 10 μM AS-11 was not sufficient to attain 50% reduction of viability. When the effect that AS-10 had on the cell cycle was investigated, it was found that the sub G0 fraction increased from 1.9% to 10.5% compared to non-treated cells, indicative of apoptosis (FIG. 43C).
+E. EphB4 Regulates Cell Migration
+We next wished to determine if EphB4 participates in the migration of HNSCC. Involvement in migration may have implications for growth and metastasis. Migration was assessed using the wound-healing/scrape assay. Confluent SCC15 and SCC25 cultures were wounded by a single scrape with a sterile plastic Pasteur pipette, which left a 3 mm band with clearly defined borders. Migration of cells into the cleared area in the presence of test compounds was evaluated and quantitated after 24, 48 and 72 hr. Cell migration was markedly diminished in response to AS-10 that block EphB4 expression while the inactive compounds, AS-1 and scrambled ODN had little to no effect as shown in FIG. 43D. Inhibition of migration with AS-10 was also shown using the Boyden double chamber assay (FIG. 43E).
+F. EphB4 AS-10 In Vivo Anti-Tumor Activity
+The effect of EphB4 AS-10, which reduces cell viability and motility, was determined in SCC15 tumor xenografts in Balb/C nude mice. Daily treatment of mice with 20 mg/kg AS-10, sense ODN or equal volume of PBS by I.P. injection was started the day following tumor cell implantation. Growth of tumors in mice receiving AS-10 was significantly retarded compared to mice receiving either sense ODN or PBS diluent alone (FIG. 44). Non-specific effects attributable to ODN were not observed, as there was no difference between the sense ODN treated and PBS treated groups.
+G. Materials and Methods
+A detailed description of the materials and methods for this example may be found in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050084873.
+Example 6
+Ephrin B2 Expression in Kaposi's Sarcoma is Induced by Human Herpesvirus Type 8: Phenotype Switch from Venous to Arterial Endothelium
+Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS) manifests as a multifocal angioproliferative disease, most commonly of the skin and mucus membranes, with subsequent spread to visceral organs (1) Hallmarks of the disease are angiogenesis, edema, infiltration of lymphomononuclear cells and growth of spindle-shaped tumor cells. Pathologically, established lesions exhibit an extensive vascular network of slit-like spaces. The KS vascular network is distinct from normal vessels in the lack of basement membranes and the abnormal spindle shaped endothelial cell (tumor cell) lining these vessels. Defective vasculature results in an accumulation of the blood components including albumin, red and mononuclear cells in the lesions (1). The KS tumor is endothelial in origin; the tumor cells express many endothelial markers, including lectin binding sites for Ulex europeaus agglutinin-1 (UEA-1), CD34, EN-4, PAL-E (2) and the endothelial cell specific tyrosine kinase receptors, VEGFR-1 (Flt-1), VEGFR-2 (Flk-1/KDR), VEGFR-3 (Flt-4), Tie-1 and Tie-2 (3, RM & PSG unpublished data). KS cells co-express lymphatic endothelial cell related proteins including LYVE and podoplanin (4).
+The herpesvirus HHV-8 is considered the etiologic agent for the disease. In 1994 sequences of this new herpes virus were identified in KS tumor tissue (5), and subsequent molecular-epidemiology studies have shown that nearly all KS tumors contain viral genome. Sero-epidemiology studies show that HIV infected patients with KS have the highest prevalence of HHV-8 and secondly that those with HIV infection but no KS have increased risk of development of KS over the ensuing years if they are also seropositive for HHV-8 (6). Direct evidence for the role of HHV-8 in KS is the transformation of bone marrow endothelial cells after infection with HHV-8 (7). A number of HHV-8 encoded genes could contribute to cellular transformation (reviewed in 8). However, the most evidence has accumulated for the G-protein coupled receptor (vGPCR) in this role (9).
+We investigated whether KS tumor cells are derived from arterial or venous endothelium. In addition, we investigated whether HHV-8 has an effect on expression of arterial or venous markers in a model of KS. KS tumor cells were found to express the ephrin B2 arterial marker. Further, ephrin B2 expression was induced by HHV-8 vGPCR in KS and endothelial cell lines. Ephrin B2 is a potential target for treatment of KS because inhibition of ephrin B2 expression or signaling was detrimental to KS cell viability and function.
+A. KS Tumors Express Ephrin B2, but not EphB4
+The highly vascular nature of KS lesions and the probable endothelial cell origin of the tumor cells prompted investigation of expression of EphB4 and ephrin B2 which are markers for venous and arterial endothelial cells, respectively. Ephrin B2, but not EphB4 transcripts were detected in tumor cells of KS biopsies by in situ hybridization (FIG. 45A). Comparison of the positive signal with ephrin B2 antisense probe and tumor cells as shown by H&E staining shows that ephrin B2 expression is limited to the areas of the biopsy that contain tumor cells. The lack of signal in KS with EphB4 antisense probe is not due to a defect in the probe, as it detected transcripts in squamous cell carcinoma, which we have shown expresses this protein (18). Additional evidence for the expression of ephrin B2 in KS tumor tissue is afforded by the localization of EphB4/Fc signal to tumor cells, detected by FITC conjugated anti human Fc antibody. Because ephrin B2 is the only ligand for EphB4 this reagent is specific for the expression of ephrin B2 (FIG. 45B, left). An adjacent section treated only with the secondary reagent shows no specific signal. Two-color confocal microscopy demonstrated the presence of the HHV-8 latency protein, LANA1 in the ephrin B2 positive cells (FIG. 45C, left), indicating that it is the tumor cells, not tumor vessels, which are expressing this arterial marker. Staining of tumor biopsy with PECAM-1 antibody revealed the highly vascular nature of this tumor (FIG. 45C, right). A pilot study of the prevalence of this pattern of ephrin B2 and EphB4 expression on KS biopsies was conducted by RT-PCR analysis. All six samples were positive for ephrin B2, while only 2 were weakly positive for EphB4 (data not shown).
+B. Infection of Venous Endothelial Cells with HHV-8 Causes a Phenotype Switch to Arterial Markers
+We next asked whether HHV-8, the presumed etiologic agent for KS, could itself induce expression of ephrin B2 and repress EphB4 expression in endothelial cells. Co-culture of HUVEC and BC-1 lymphoma cells, which are productively infected with HHV-8, results in effective infection of the endothelial cells (16). The attached monolayers of endothelial cells remaining after extensive washing were examined for ephrin B2 and EphB4 by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. HUVEC express EphB4 venous marker strongly at the RNA level, but not ephrin B2 (FIG. 46B). In contrast, HHV-8 infected cultures (HUVEC/BC-1 and HUVEC/BC-3) express ephrin B2, while EphB4 transcripts are almost absent.
+Immunofluorescence analysis of cultures of HUVEC and HUVEC/HHV-8 for artery/vein markers and viral proteins was undertaken to determine whether changes in protein expression mirrored that seen in the RNA. In addition, cellular localization of the proteins could be determined. Consistent with the RT-PCR data HUVEC are ephrin B2 negative and EphB4 positive (FIG. 46A(a & m)). As expected they do not express any HHV-8 latency associated nuclear antigen (LANA1) (FIG. 46A(b, n)). Co-culture of BC-1 cells, which are productively infected with HHV-8, resulted in infection of HUVEC as shown by presence of viral proteins LANA1 and ORF59 (FIG. 46A(f, r)). HHV-8 infected HUVEC now express ephrin B2 but not EphB4 (FIG. 46A(e, q, u), respectively). Expression of ephrin B2 and LANA1 co-cluster as shown by yellow signal in the merged image (FIG. 46A(h)). HHV-8 infected HUVEC positive for ephrin B2 and negative for Eph B4 also express the arterial marker CD148 (19) (FIG. 46A (j, v)). Expression of ephrin B2 and CD148 co-cluster as shown by yellow signal in the merged image (FIG. 46A(l)). Uninfected HUVEC expressing Eph B4 were negative for CD148 (not shown).
+C. HHV-8 vGPCR Induces Ephrin B2 Expression
+To test whether individual viral proteins could induce the expression of ephrin B2 seen with the whole virus KS-SLK cells were stably transfected with HHV-8 LANA, or LANAΔ440 or vGPCR. Western Blot of stable clones revealed a five-fold induction of ephrin B2 in KS-SLK transfected with vGPCR compared to SLK-LANA or SLK-LANAΔ440 (FIG. 47A). SLK transfected with vector alone (pCEFL) was used as a control. SLK-vGPCR and SLK-pCEFL cells were also examined for ephrin B2 and Eph B4 expression by immunofluorescence in transiently transfected KS-SLK cells. FIG. 47B shows higher expression of ephrin B2 in the SLK-vGPCR cells compared to SLK-pCEFL. No changes in Eph B4 were observed in SLK-vGPCR compared to SLK-pCEFL. This clearly demonstrates that SLK-vGPCR cells expressed high levels of ephrin B2 compared to SLK-pCEFL cells. This suggests that vGPCR of HHV-8 is directly involved in the induction of Ephrin B2 and the arterial phenotype switch in KS. Since we had shown that HHV-8 induced expression of ephrin B2 in HUVEC, we next asked if this could be mediated by a transcriptional effect. Ephrin B2 5′-flanking DNA-luciferase reporter plasmids were constructed as described in the Materials and Methods and transiently transfected into HUVECs. Ephrin B2 5′-flanking DNA sequences -2491/-11 have minimal activity in HUVEC cells (FIG. 47C). This is consistent with ephrin B2 being an arterial, not venous marker. However, we have noted that HUVEC in culture do express some ephrin B2 at the RNA level. Cotransfection of HHV-8 vGPCR induces ephrin B2 transcription approximately 10-fold compared to the control expression vector pCEFL. Roughly equal induction was seen with ephrin B2 sequences-2491/-11, -1242/-11, or -577/-11, which indicates that elements between -577 and -11 are sufficient to mediate the response to vGPCR, although maximal activity is seen with the -1242/-11 luciferase construct.
+D. Expression of Ephrin B2 is Regulated by VEGF and VEGF-C
+We next asked whether known KS growth factors could be involved in the vGPCR-mediated induction of ephrin B2 expression. SLK-vGPCR cells were treated with neutralizing antibodies to oncostatin-M, IL-6, IL-8, VEGF or VEGF-C for 36 hr. FIG. 48A shows that neutralization of VEGF completely blocked expression of ephrin B2 in SLK-vGPCR cells. A lesser, but significant decrease in ephrin B2 was seen neutralization of VEGF-C and IL-8. No appreciable effect was seen with neutralization of oncostatin-M or IL-6. To verify that VEGF and VEGF-C are integral to the induction of ephrin B2 expression we treated HUVEC with VEGF, VEGF-C or EGF. HUVECs were grown in EBM-2 media containing 5% FBS with two different concentration of individual growth factor (10 ng, 100 ng/ml) for 48 h. Only VEGF-A or VEGF-C induced ephrin B2 expression in a dose dependent manner (FIG. 48B). In contrast, EGF had no effect on expression of ephrin B2.
+E. Ephrin B2 siRNA Inhibits the Expression of Ephrin B2 in KS
+Three ephrin B2 siRNA were synthesized as described in the methods section. KS-SLK cells were transfected with siRNA and 48 h later ephrin B2 expression was determined by Western Blot. Ephrin B2 siRNAs 137 or 254 inhibited about 70% of ephrin B2 expression compared to control siRNA such as siRNA Eph B4 50 or siRNA GFP. Ephrin B2 63 siRNA was less effective than the above two siRNA Ephrin B2 (FIG. 49A).
+F. Ephrin B2 is Necessary for Full KS and EC Viability, Cord Formation and In Vivo Angiogenesis Activities
+The most effective ephrin B2 siRNA (254) was then used to determine whether inhibiting expression of ephrin B2 has any effect on the growth of KS-SLK or HUVEC cells. The viability of KS-SLK cells was decreased by the same siRNAs that inhibited ephrin B2 protein levels (FIG. 49B). KS-SLK express high levels of ephrin B2 and this result shows maintenance of ephrin B2 expression is integral to cell viability in this setting. HUVECs do not express ephrin B2, except when stimulated by VEGF as shown in FIG. 48B. Ephrin B2 siRNA 264 dramatically reduced growth of HUVECs cultured with VEGF as the sole growth factor. In contrast, no significant effect was seen when HUVECs were cultured with IGF, EGF and bFGF. As a control, EphB4 siRNA 50 had no detrimental effect on HUVECs in either culture condition (FIG. 49C). In addition to inhibition of viability of KS and primary endothelial cells, EphB4-ECD inhibits cord formation in HUVEC and KS-SLK and in vivo angiogenesis in the Matrigel™ plug assay (FIG. 50).
+G. Methods and Materials
+A detailed description of the materials and methods for this example may be found in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050084873.
+Example 7
+Expression of EphB4 in Bladder Cancer: a Candidate Target for Therapy
+FIG. 51 shows expression of EPHB4 in bladder cancer cell lines (A), and regulation of EPHB4 expression by EGFR signaling pathway (B).
+FIG. 52 shows that transfection of p53 inhibit the expression of EPHB4 in 5637 cell.
+FIG. 53 shows growth inhibition of bladder cancer cell line (5637) upon treatment with EPHB4 siRNA 472.
+FIG. 54 shows results on apoptosis study of 5637 cells transfected with EPHB4 siRNA 472.
+FIG. 55 shows effects of EPHB4 antisense probes on cell migration. 5637 cells were treated with EPHB4AS10 (10 μM).
+FIG. 56 shows effects of EPHB4 siRNA on cell invasion. 5637 cells were transfected with siRNA 472 or control siRNA.
+Example 8
+Inhibition of EphB4 Gene Expression by EphB4 Antisense Probes and RNAi Probes
+Cell lines expressing EphB4 were treated with the synthetic phosphorothioate modified oligonucleotides and harvested after 24 hr. Cell lysates were prepared and probed by western blot analysis for relative amounts of EphB4 compared to untreated control cells.
+Studies on inhibition of cell proliferation were done in HNSCC cell lines characterized to express EphB4. Loss of cell viability was shown upon knock-down of EphB4 expression. Cells were treated in vitro and cultured in 48-well plates, seeded with 10 thousand cells per well. Test compounds were added and the cell viability was tested on day 3. The results on EphB4 antisense probes were summarized below in Table 6. The results on EphB4 RNAi probes were summarized below in Table 7.
+A detailed description of the antisense and siRNA constructs for this example may be found in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050084873.
+Example 9
+Inhibition of Ephrin B2 Gene Expression by Ephrin B2 Antisense Probes and RNAi Probes
+KS SLK, a cell line expressing endogenous high level of ephrin B2. Cell viability was tested using fixed dose of each oligonuceotide (5 uM). Gene expression downregulation was done using cell line 293 engineered to stably express full-length ephrin B2. KS SLK expressing EphrinB2 were also used to test the viability in response to RNAi probes tested at the fixed dose of 50 nM. Protein expression levels were measured using 293 cells stably expressing full-length EphrinB2, in cell lysates after 24 hr treatment with fixed 50 nM of RNAi probes.
+The results on Ephrin B2 antisense probes were summarized below in Table 8. The results on Ephrin B2 RNAi probes were summarized below in Table 9.
+A detailed description of the antisense and siRNA constructs for this example may be found in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050084873.
+Example 10
+EphB4 Antibodies Inhibit Tumor Growth
+FIG. 57 shows results on comparison of EphB4 monoclonal antibodies by G250 and in Pull-down assay.
+FIG. 58 shows that EphB4 antibodies, in the presence of matrigel and growth factors, inhibit the in vivo tumor growth of SCC15 cells.
+BaIbC nude mice were injected subcutaneously with 2.5×106 viable tumor cells SCC15 is a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma line. Tumors were initiated in nu/nu mice by injecting 2.5−5×106 cells premixed with matrigel and Growth factors, and Ab's subcutaneously to initiate tumor xenografts. Mice were opened 14 days after injections. SCC15 is a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma line, B16 is a melanoma cell line, and MCF-7 is a breast carcinoma line. The responses of tumors to these treatments were compared to control treated mice, which receive PBS injections. Animals were observed daily for tumor growth and subcutaneous tumors were measured using a caliper every 2 days. Antibodies #1 and #23 showed significant regression of SCC15 tumor size compared to control, especially with no additional growth factor added.
+FIG. 59 shows that EphB4 antibodies cause apoptosis, necrosis and decreased angiogenesis in SCC15, head and neck carcinoma tumor type.
+Angiogenesis was assessed by CD-31 immunohistochemistry. Tumor tissue sections from treated and untreated mice were stained for CD31. Apoptosis was assessed by immunohistochemical TUNNEL, and proliferation by BrdU assay. Following surgical removal, tumors were immediately sliced into 2 mm serial sections and embedded in paraffin using standard procedures. Paraffin embedded tissue were sectioned at 5 μm, the wax removed and the tissue rehydrated. The rehydrated tissues were microwave irradiated in antigen retreival solution. Slides were rinsed in PBS, and TUNNEL reaction mixture (Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and flourescein labeled nucleotide solution), and BrdU were added in a humidity chamber completely shielded from light. The TUNNEL and BrdU reaction mixture were then removed, slides were rinsed and anti-flourescein antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase was added. After incubation and rinsing, 3, 3′diaminobenzidine was added. Masson's Trichrome and Hematoxylin and Eosin were also used to stain the slides to visualize morphology. Masson's Trichrome allows to visualize necrosis and fibrosis. The tumor gets blood support from tumor/skin, muscle boundary. As tumor grows, inner regions get depleted of nutrients. This leads to necrosis (cell death), preferably at the tumor center. After cells die, (tumor) tissue gets replaced with fibroblastic tissue. Slides were visualized under 20-fold magnification with digital images acquired. A different morphology was obtained on SCC tumors with each antibody administered. Ab #1 showed an increase in necrosis and fibrosis but not apoptosis. Ab #23 showed an increase in apoptosis, necrosis and fibrosis and a decrease in vessel infiltration. Ab #35 showed an increase in necrosis and fibrosis, and a small increase in apoptosis and a decrease in vessel infiltration. Ab #79 showed a large increase in apoptosis, and necrossis and fibrosis. Ab #91 showed no change in apoptosis but an increase in proliferation. And Ab #138 showed an increase in apoptosis, necrosis, fibrosis and a decrease in proliferation and vessel infiltration. Tumors treated with control PBS displayed abundant tumor density and a robust angiogenic response. Tumors treated with EphB4 antibodies displayed a decrease in tumor cell density and a marked inhibition of tumor angiogenesis in regions with viable tumor cells, as well as tumor necrosis and apoptosis.
+FIG. 60 shows that systemic administration of antibodies on xenografts leads to tumor regression in SCC15 tumor xenografts.
+Alternate day treatment with EphB4 monoclonal antibody or an equal volume of PBS as control were initiated on day 4, after the tumors have established, and continued for 14 days. Systemic administration was administered either IP or SC with no significant difference. All the experiments were carried out in a double-blind manner to eliminate investigator bias. Mice were sacrificed at the conclusion of the two week treatment period. Tumors were harvested immediately postmortem and fixed and processed for immunohistochemistry. EphB4 antibodies 40 mg per kg body weight were administered. Treatment with EphB4 antibody significantly inhibited human SCC tumor growth compared with control-treated mice (p<0.05). Treatment with EphB4 antibody significantly inhibited tumor weight compared with control-treated mice (p<0.05).
+Example 11
+HSA-EphB4 Ectodomain Fusion and PEG-Modified EphB4 Ectodomain
+A. Generation of HSA-EphB4 Ectodomain Fusion
+Human serum albumin fragment in XbaI-NotI form was PCR-amplified out for creating a fusion with GCF2, and TA-cloned into pEF6. In the next step, the resulting vector was cut with Xba I (partial digestion) and the HSA fragment (1.8 kb) was cloned into Xba I site of pEF6-GCF2-Xba to create fusion expression vector. The resulting vector had a point mutation C to T leading to Thr to Ile substitution in position 4 of the mature protein. It was called pEF6-GCF2-HSAmut. In the next cloning step, the mutation was removed by substituting wild type KpnI fragment from pEF6-GCF2-IF (containing piece of the vector and N-terminal part of GCF2) for the mutated one, this final vector was called pEF6-GCF2. The DNA sequence of pEF6-GCF2 was confirmed.
+The predicted amino acid of the HSA-EphB4 precursor protein was as follows (SEQ ID NO:18):
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+MELRVLLCWASLAAALEETLLNTKLETADLKWVTFPQVDGQWEELSGL
+
+
+ 
+
+
+DEEQHSVRTYEVCDVQRAPGQAHWLRTGWVPRRGAVHVYATLRFTMLE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CLSLPRAGRSCKETFTVFYYESDADTATALTPAWMENPYIKVDTVAAE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+HLTRKRPGAEATGKVNVKTLRLGPLSKAGFYLAFQDQGACMALLSLHL
+
+
+ 
+
+
+FYKKCAQLTVNLTRFPETVPRELVVPVAGSCVVDAVPAPGPSPSLYCR
+
+
+ 
+
+
+EDGQWAEQPVTGCSCAPGFEAAEGNTKCRACAQGTFKPLSGEGSCQPC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+PANSHSNTIGSAVCQCRVGYFRARTDPRGAPCTTPPSAPRSVVSRLNG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SSLHLEWSAPLESGGREDLTYALRCRECRPGGSCAPCGGDLTFDPGPR
+
+
+ 
+
+
+DLVEPWVVVRGLRPDFTYTFEVTALNGVSSLATGPVPFEPVNVTTDRE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+VPPAVSDIRVTRSSPSSLSLAWAVPRAPSGAVLDYEVKYHEKGAEGPS
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SVRFLKTSENRAELRGLKRGASYLVQVRARSEAGYGPFGQEHHSQTQL
+
+
+ 
+
+
+DESEGWREQSRDAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQCPFE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+DHVKLVNEVTEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+EMADCCAKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEET
+
+
+ 
+
+
+FLKKYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPK
+
+
+ 
+
+
+LDELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAEFA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+EVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISSKLKE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNYAEAKDV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+FLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAADPHECYAKV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+FDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFKQLGEYKFQNALLVRYTKKVPQVSTP
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSVVLNQLCVLHEKTPV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKEFNAETFTFHADICTLS
+
+
+ 
+
+
+EKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAVMDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGL
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The predicted amino acid sequence of the mature form of the HSA-EphB4 protein was as follows (SEQ ID NO:19):
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+LEETLLNTKLETADLKWVTFPQVDGQWEELSGLDEEQHSVRTYEVCDV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+QRAPGQAHWLRTGWVPRRGAVHVYATLRFTMLECLSLPRAGRSCKETF
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TVFYYESDADTATALTPAWMENPYIKVDTVAAEHLTRKRPGAEATGKV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+NVKTLRLGPLSKAGFYLAFQDQGACMALLSLHLFYKKCAQLTVNLTRF
+
+
+ 
+
+
+PETVPRELVVPVAGSCVVDAVPAPGPSPSLYCREDGQWAEQPVTGCSC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+APGFEAAEGNTKCRACAQGTFKPLSGEGSCQPCPANSHSNTIGSAVCQ
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CRVGYFRARTDPRGAPCTTPPSAPRSVVSRLNGSSLHLEWSAPLESGG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+REDLTYALRCRECRPGGSCAPCGGDLTFDPGPRDLVEPWVVVRGLRPD
+
+
+ 
+
+
+FTYTFEVTALNGVSSLATGPVPFEPVNVTTDREVPPAVSDIRVTRSSP
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SSLSLAWAVPRAPSGAVLDYEVKYHEKGAEGPSSVRFLKTSENRAELR
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GLKRGASYLVQVRARSEAGYGPFGQEHHSQTQLDESEGWREQSRDAHK
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQCPFEDHVKLVNEVTEFAKT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCCAKQEPERNE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLKKYLYEIARRHPY
+
+
+ 
+
+
+FYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKLDELRDEGKASSAKQ
+
+
+ 
+
+
+RLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAEFAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISSKLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+VENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNYAEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPD
+
+
+ 
+
+
+YSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAADPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLI
+
+
+ 
+
+
+KQNCELFKQLGEYKFQNALLVRYTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSK
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSVVLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNR
+
+
+ 
+
+
+RPCFSALEVDETYVPKEFNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVEL
+
+
+ 
+
+
+VKHKPKATKEQLKAVMDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQ
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AALGL
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The nucleic acid sequence of the pEF6-GCF2 plasmid was as follows (SEQ ID NO:20):
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+aatattattgaagcatttatcagggttattgtctcatgagcggatacatatttgaatgtatttagaaaaataaacaaataggggttccgcgca
+
+
+
+ 
+
+
+catttccccgaaaagtgccacctgacgtcgacggatcgggagatctcccgatcccctatggtcgactctcagtacaatctgctctgatgc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+cgcatagttaagccagtatctgctccctgcttgtgtgttggaggtcgctgagtagtgcgcgagcaaaatttaagctacaacaaggcaag
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gcttgaccgacaattgcatgaagaatctgcttagggttaggcgttttgcgctgcttcgcgatgtacgggccagatatacgcgttgacattg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+attattgactaggcttttgcaaaaagctttgcaaagatggataaagttttaaacagagaggaatctttgcagctaatggaccttctaggtctt
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gaaaggagtgcctcgtgaggctccggtgcccgtcagtgggcagagcgcacatcgcccacagtccccgagaagttggggggaggg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gtcggcaattgaaccggtgcctagagaaggtggcgcggggtaaactgggaaagtgatgtcgtgtactggctccgcctttttcccgagg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gtgggggagaaccgtatataagtgcagtagtcgccgtgaacgttctttttcgcaacgggtttgccgccagaacacaggtaagtgccgt
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gtgtggttcccgcgggcctggcctctttacgggttatggcccttgcgtgccttgaattacttccacctggctgcagtacgtgattcttgatc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ccgagcttcgggttggaagtgggtgggagagttcgaggccttgcgcttaaggagccccttcgcctcgtgcttgagUgaggcctggcc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+tgggcgctggggccgccgcgtgcgaatctggtggcaccttcgcgcctgtctcgctgctttcgataagtctctagccatttaaaatttttga
+
+
+ 
+
+
+tgacctgctgcgacgctttttttctggcaagatagtcttgtaaatgcgggccaagatctgcacactggtatttcggtttttggggccgcggg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+cggcgacggggcccgtgcgtcccagcgcacatgttcggcgaggcggggcctgcgagcgcggccaccgagaatcggacgggggt
+
+
+ 
+
+
+agtctcaagctggccggcctgctctggtgcctggcctcgcgccgccgtgtatcgccccgccctgggcggcaaggctggcccggtcg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gcaccagttgcgtgagcggaaagatggccgcttcccggccctgctgcagggagctcaaaatggaggacgcggcgctcgggagag
+
+
+ 
+
+
+cgggcgggtgagtcacccacacaaaggaaaagggcctttccgtcctcagccgtcgcttcatgtgactccacggagtaccgggcgcc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gtccaggcacctcgattagttctcgagcttttggagtacgtcgtctttaggttggggggaggggttttatgcgatggagtttccccacact
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gagtgggtggagactgaagttaggccagcttggcacttgatgtaattctccttggaatttgcccttttttgagtttgatcttggttcattctca
+
+
+ 
+
+
+agcctcagacagtggttcaaagttttttcttccatttcaggtgtcgtgaggaattagcttggtactaatacgactcactatagggagaccc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+aagctggctaggtaagcttggtaccgagctcggatccactagtccagtgtggtggaattgcccttCAAGCTTGCCGCCAC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CATGGAGCTCCGGGTGCTGCTCTGCTGGGCTTCGTTGGCCGCAGCTTTGGAAGAG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ACCCTGCTGAACACAAAATTGGAAACTGCTGATCTGAAGTGGGTGACATTCCCTC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AGGTGGACGGGCAGTGGGAGGAACTGAGCGGCCTGGATGAGGAACAGCACAGC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GTGCGCACCTACGAAGTGTGTGACGTGCAGCGTGCCCCGGGCCAGGCCCACTGG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CTTCGCACAGGTTGGGTCCCACGGCGGGGCGCCGTCCACGTGTACGCCACGCTGC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GCTTCACCATGCTCGAGTGCCTGTCCCTGCCTCGGGCTGGGCGCTCCTGCAAGGA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GACCTTCACCGTCTTCTACTATGAGAGCGATGCGGACACGGCCACGGCCCTCACG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CCAGCCTGGATGGAGAACCCCTACATCAAGGTGGACACGGTGGCCGCGGAGCAT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CTCACCCGGAAGCGCCCTGGGGCCGAGGCCACCGGGAAGGTGAATGTCAAGACG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CTGCGCCTGGGACCGCTCAGCAAGGCTGGCTTCTACCTGGCCTTCCAGGACCAGG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GTGCCTGCATGGCCCTGCTATCCCTGCACCTCTTCTACAAAAAGTGCGCCCAGCT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GACTGTGAACCTGACTCGATTCCCGGAGACTGTGCCTCGGGAGCTGGTGTGCCC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GTGGCCGGTAGCTGCGTGGTGGATGCCGTCCCCGCCCCTGGCCCCAGCCCCAGCC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TCTACTGCCGTGAGGATGGCCAGTGGGCCGAACAGCCGGTCACGGGCTGCAGCT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GTGCTCCGGGCnTCGAGGCAGCTGAGGGGAACACCAAGTGCCGAGCCTGTGCCC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AGGGCACCTTCAAGCCCCTGTCAGGAGAAGGGTCCTGCCAGCCATGCCCAGCCA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ATAGCCACTCTAACACCATTGGATCAGCCGTCTGCCAGTGCCGCGTCGGGTACTT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CCGGGCACGCACAGACCCCCGGGGTGCACCCTGCACCACCCCTCCTTCGGCTCCG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CGGAGCGTGGTTTCCCGCCTGAACGGCTCCTCCCTGCACCTGGAATGGAGTGCCC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CCCTGGAGTCTGGTGGCCGAGAGGACCTCACCTACGCCCTCCGCTGCCGGGAGTG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TCGACCCGGAGGCTCCTGTGCGCCCTGCGGGGGAGACCTGACTTTTGACCCCGGC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CCCCGGGACCTGGTGGAGCCCTGGGTGGTGGTTCGAGGGCTACGTCCTGACTTCA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CCTATACCTTTGAGGTCACTGCATTGAACGGGGTATCCTCCTTAGCCACGGGGCC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CGTCCCATTTGAGCCTGTCAATGTCACCACTGACCGAGAGGTACCTCCTGCAGTG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TCTGACATCCGGGTGACGCGGTCCTCACCCAGCAGCTTGAGCCTGGCCTGGGCTG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TTCCCCGGGCACCCAGTGGGGCTGTGCTGGACTACGAGGTCAAATACCATGAGA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AGGGCGCCGAGGGTCCCAGCAGCGTGCGGTTCCTGAAGACGTCAGAAAACCGGG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CAGAGCTGCGGGGGCTGAAGCGGGGAGCCAGCTACCTGGTGCAGGTACGGGCGC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GCTCTGAGGCCGGCTACGGGCCCTTCGGCCAGGAACATCACAGCCAGACCCAAC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TGGATGAGAGCGAGGGCTGGCGGGAGCAGtctagaGATGCACACAAGAGTGAGGTT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GCTCATCGGTTTAAAGATTTGGGAGAAGAAAATTTCAAAGCCTTGGTGTTGATTG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CCTTTGCTCAGTATCTTCAGCAGTGTCCATTTGAAGATCATGTAAAATTAGTGAA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TGAAGTAACTGAATTTGCAAAAACATGTGTAGCTGATGAGTCAGCTGAAAATTGT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GACAAATCACTTCATACCCTTTTTGGAGACAAATTATGCACAGTTGCAACTCTTC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GTGAAACCTATGGTGAAATGGCTGACTGCTGTGCAAAACAAGAACCTGAGAGAA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ATGAATGCTTCTTGCAACACAAAGATGACAACCCAAACCTCCCCCGATTGGTGAG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ACCAGAGGTTGATGTGATGTGCACTGCTTTTCATGACAATGAAGAGACATTTTTG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AAAAAATACITATATGAAATTGCCAGAAGACATCCTTACTTTTATGCCCCGGAAC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TCCTTTTCTTTGCTAAAAGGTATAAAGCTGCTTTTACAGAATGTTGCCAAGCTGCT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GATAAAGCTGCCTGCCTGTTGCCAAAGCTCGATGAACTTCGGGATGAAGGGAAG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GCTTCGTCTGCCAAACAGAGACTCAAATGTGCCATCTCCAAAAATTTGGAGAA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AGAGCTTTCAAAGCATGGGCAGTGGCTCGCCTGAGCCAGAGATTTCCCAAAGCT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GAGTTTGCAGAAGTTTCCAAGTTAGTGACAGATCTTACCAAAGTCCACACGGAAT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GCTGCCATGGAGATCTGCTTGAATGTGCTGATGACAGGGCGGACCTTGCCAAGTA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TATCTGTGAAAATCAGGATTCGATCTCCAGTAAACTGAAGGAATGCTGTGAAAA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ACCTCTGTTGGAAAAATCCCACTGCATTGCCGAAGTGGAAAATGATGAGATGCCT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GCTGACTTGCCTTCATTAGCTGCTGATTTTGTTGAAAGTAAGGATGTTTGCAAAA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ACTATGCTGAGGCAAAGGATGTCTTCCTGGGCATGTTTTTGTATGAATATGCAAG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AAGGCATCCTGATTACTCTGTCGTGCTGCTGCTGAGACtTGCCAAGACATATGAA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ACCACTCTAGAGAAGTGCTGTGCCGCTGCAGATCCTCATGAATGCTATGCCAAAG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TGTTCGATGAATTTAAACCTCTTGTGGAAGAGCCTCAGAATITAATCAAACAAAA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CTGTGAGCTTTTTAAGCAGCTTGGAGAGTACAAATTCCAGAATGCGCTATTAGTT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CGTTACACCAAGAAAGTACCCCAAGTGTCAACTCCAACTCTTGTAGAGGTCTCAA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GAAACCTAGGAAAAGTGGGCAGCAAATGTTGTAAACATCCTGAAGCAAAAAGA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ATGCCCTGTGCAGAAGACTATCTATCCGTGGTCCTGAACCAGTTATGTGTGTTGC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ATGAGAAAACGCCAGTAAGTGACAGAGTCACAAAATGCTGCACAGAGTCCTTGG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TGAACAGGCGACCATGCTTTTCAGCTCTGGAAGTCGATGAAACATACGTTCCCAA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AGAGTTTAATGCTGAAACATTCACCTTCCATGCAGATATATGCACACTTTCTGAG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AAGGAGAGACAAATCAAGAAACAAACTGCACTTGTTGAGCTTGTGAAACACAAG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CCCAAGGCAACAAAAGAGCAACTrGAAAGCTGTTATGGATGATTTCCGAGCTTTT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GTAGAGAAGTGCTGCAAGGCTGACGATAAGGAGACCTGCTTTGCCGAGGAGGGT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AAAAAACTTGTTGCTGCAAGTCAAGCTGCCTTAGGCTTATAAtagcggccgcttaagggcaat
+
+
+ 
+
+
+tctgcagatatccagcacagtggcggccgctcgagtctagagggcccgcggttcgaaggtaagcctatccctaaccctctcctcggtc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+tcgattctacgcgtaccggtcatcatcaccatcaccattgagtttaaacccgctgatcagcctcgactgtgccttctagttgccagccatct
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gttgtttgcccctcccccgtgccttccttgaccctggaaggtgccactcccactgtcctttcctaataaaatgaggaaattgcatcgcattg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+tctgagtaggtgtcattctattctggggggtggggtggggcaggacagcaagggggaggattgggaagacaatagcaggcatgctg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gggatgcggtgggctctatggcttctgaggcggaaagaaccagctggggctctagggggtatccccacgcgccctgtagcggcgca
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ttaagcgcggcgggtgtggtggttacgcgcagcgtgaccgctacacttgccagcgccctagcgcccgctcctttcgctttcttcccttcc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+tttctcgccacgttcgccggctttccccgtcaagctctaaatcggggcatccctttagggttccgatttagtgctttacggcacctcgaccc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+caaaaaacttgattagggtgatggttcacgtagtgggccatcgccctgatagacggtttttcgccctttgacgttggagtccacgttcttta
+
+
+ 
+
+
+atagtggactcttgttccaaactggaacaacactcaaccctatctcggtctattcttttgatttataagggattttggggatttcggcctattg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gttaaaaaatgagctgatttaacaaaaatttaacgcgaattaattctgtggaatgtgtgtcagttagggtgtggaaagtccccaggctccc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+caggcaggcagaagtatgcaaagcatgcatctcaattagtcagcaaccaggtgtggaaagtccccaggctccccagcaggcagaag
+
+
+ 
+
+
+tatgcaaagcatgcatctcaattagtcagcaaccatagtcccgcccctaactccgcccatcccgcccctaactccgcccagttccgccc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+attctccgccccatggctgactaatttutttatttatgcagaggccgaggccgcctctgcctctgagctattccagaagtagtgaggagg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+cttttttggaggcctaggcttttgcaaaaagctcccgggagcttgtatatccattttcggatctgatcagcacgtgttgacaattaatcatcg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gcatagtatatcggcatagtataatacgacaaggtgaggaactaaaccatggccaagcctttgtctcaagaagaatccaccctcattga
+
+
+ 
+
+
+aagagcaacggctacaatcaacagcatccccatctctgaagactacagcgtcgccagcgcagctctctctagcgacggccgcatcttc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+actggtgtcaatgtatatcattttactgggggaccttgtgcagaactcgtggtgcttgggcactgctgctgctgcggcagctggcaacctg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+acttgtatcgtcgcgatcggaaatgagaacaggggcatcttgagcccctgcggacggtgtcgacaggtgcttctcgatctgcatcctgg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gatcaaagcgatagtgaaggacagtgatggacagccgacggcagttgggattcgtgaattgctgccctctggttatgtgtgggagggc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+taagcacttcgtggccgaggagcaggactgacacgtgctacgagatttcgattccaccgccgccttctatgaaaggttgggcttcgga
+
+
+ 
+
+
+atcgttttccgggacgccggctggatgatcctccagcgcggggatctcatgctggagttcttcgcccaccccaacttgtttattgcagctt
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ataatggttacaaataaagcaatagcatcacaaatttcacaaataaagcatttttttcactgcattctagttgtggtttgtccaaactcatcaat
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gtatcttatcatgtctgtataccgtcgacctctagctagagcttggcgtaatcatggtcatagctgtttcctgtgtgaaattgttatccgctca
+
+
+ 
+
+
+caattccacacaacatacgagccggaagcataaagtgtaaagcctggggtgcctaatgagtgagctaactcacattaattgcgttgcgc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+tcactgcccgctttccagtcgggaaacctgtcgttgccagctgcattaatgaatcggccaacgcgcggggagaggcggtttgcgtattg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ggcgctcttccgcttcctcgctcactgactcgctgcgctcggtcgttcggctgcggcgagcggtatcagctcactcaaaggcggtaata
+
+
+ 
+
+
+cggttatccacagaatcaggggataacgcaggaaagaacatgtgagcaaaaggccagcaaaaggccaggaaccgtaaaaaggcc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gcgttctggcgtttttccataggctccgcccccctgacgagcatcacaaaaatcgacgctcaagtcagaggtggcgaaacccgaca
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ggactataaagataccaggcgtttccccctggaagctccxtcgtgcgctctcctgttccgaccctgccgcttaccggatacctgtccgcc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+tttctcccttcgggaagcgtggcgctttctcaatgctcacgctgtaggtatctcagttcggtgtaggtcgttcgctccaagctgggctgtgt
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gcacgaaccccccgttcagcccgaccgctgcgccttatccggtaactatcgtcttgagtccaacccggtaagacacgacttatcgcca
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ctggcagcagccactggtaacaggattagcagagcgaggtatgtaggcggtgctacagagttcttgaagtggtggcctaactacggct
+
+
+ 
+
+
+acactagaaggacagtatttggtatctgcgctctgctgaagccagttaccttcggaaaaagagttggtagctcttgatccggcaaacaaa
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ccaccgctggtagcggtggtttttttgtttgcaagcagcagattacgcgcagaaaaaaaggatctcaagaagatcctttgatcttttctacg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gggtctgacgctcagtggaacgaaaactcacgttaagggattttggtcatgagattatcaaaaaggatcttcacctagatccttttaaatta
+
+
+ 
+
+
+aaaatgaagttttaaatcaatctaaagtatatatgagtaaacttggtctgacagttaccaatgcttaatcagtgaggcacctatctcagcgat
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ctgtctatttcgttcatccatagttgcctgactccccgtcgtgtagataactacgatacgggagggcttaccatctggccccagtgctgca
+
+
+ 
+
+
+atgataccgcgagacccacgctcaccggctccagatttatcagcaataaaccagccagccggaagggccgagcgcagaagtggtc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ctgcaactttatccgcctccatccagtctattaattgttgccgggaagctagagtaagtagttcgccagttaatagtttgcgcaacgttgttg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ccattgctacaggcatcgtggtgtcacgctcgtcgtttggtatggcttcattcagctccggttcccaacgatcaaggcgagttacatgatc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ccccatgttgtgcaaaaaagcggttagctccttcggtcctccgatcgttgtcagaagtaagttggccgcagtgttatcactcatggttatg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gcagcactgcataanctcttactgtcatgccatccgtaagatgcttttctgtgactggtgagtactcaaccaagtcattctgagaatagtgt
+
+
+ 
+
+
+atgcggcgaccgagttcgtcttgcccggcgtcaatacgggataataccgcgccacatagcagaactttaaaagtgctcatcattggaaa
+
+
+ 
+
+
+acgttcttcggggcgaaaactctcaaggatcttaccgctgttgagatccagttgatgtaacccactcgtgcacccaactgatcttcagc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+atcttttactttcaccagcgtttctgggtgagcaaaaacaggaaggcaaaatgccgcaaaaaagggaataagggcgacacggaaatgt
+
+
+ 
+
+
+tgaatactcatactcttcctttttc
+
+
+
+
+
+
+B. Cell Culture and Transfections:
+
+The human embryonic kidney cell line, 293T cells, was maintained in DMEM with 10% dialyzed fetal calf serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin/neomycin antibiotics. Cells were maintained at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2/95% air.
+Transfections of plasmids encoding EphB4 ectodomain, fragments thereof, and EphB4-HSA fusions were performed using Lipofectamine 2000 reagent (Invitrogen) according to suggested protocol. One day before transfections, 293T cells were seeded at a high density to reach 80% confluence at the time of transfection. Plasmid DNA and Lipofectamine reagent at 1:3 ratio were diluted in Opti-MEM I reduced serum medium (Invitrogen) for 5 min and mixed together to form DNA-Lipofectamine complex. For each 10 cm culture dish, 10 μg of plasmid DNA was used. After 20 min, the above complex was added directly to cells in culture medium. After 16 hours of transfection, medium was aspirated, washed once with serum free DMEM and replaced with serum free DMEM. Secreted proteins were harvested after 48 hours by collecting conditional medium. Conditional medium was clarified by centrifugation at 10,000 g for 20 min and filtered through 0.2μ filter and used for purification.
+C. Chromatographic Separation of EphB4 Ectodomain and EphB4 Ectodomain-HSA Fusion Protein
+The EphB4 ectodomain fused to HSA was purified as follows: 700 ml of media was harvested from transiently transfected 293 cells grown in serum free media and concentrated up to final volume of 120 ml. Membrane: (Omega, 76 mm), 50 kDa C/O. After concentration, pH of the sample was adjusted by adding 6 ml of 1M NaAc, pH 5.5. Then sample was dialyzed against starting buffer (SB): 20 mM NaAc, 20 mM NaCl, pH 5.5 for O/N. 5 ml of SP-Sepharose was equilibrated with SB and sample was loaded. Washing: 100 ml of SB. Elution by NaCl: 12 ml/fraction and increment of 20 mM. Most of the EphrinB2 binding activity eluted in the 100 mM and 120 mM fractions.
+Fractions, active in EphrinB2 binding assay (See SP chromatography, fractions #100-120 mM) were used in second step of purification on Q-column. Pulled fractions were dialyzed against starting buffer#2 (SB2): 20 mM Tris-HCl, 20 mM NaCl, pH 8 for O/N and loaded onto 2 ml of Q-Sepharose. After washing with 20 ml of SB2, absorbed protein was eluted by NaCl: 3 ml/fraction with a concentration increment of 25 mM. Obtained fractions were analyzed by PAGE and in Ephrin-B2 binding assay. The 200 mM and 225 mM fractions were found to contain the most protein and the most B2 binding activity.
+Soluble EphB4 ectodomain protein was purified as follows: 300 ml of conditional medium (see: Cell culture and transfections) were concentrated up to final volume of 100 ml, using ultrafiltration membrane with 30 kDa C/O. After concentration, pH of the sample was adjusted by adding 5 ml of 1 M Na-Acetate, pH 5.5. Then sample was dialyzed against starting buffer (StB): 20 mM Na-Acetate, 20 mM NaCl, pH 5.5 for O/N. 5 ml of SP-Sepharose was equilibrated with StB and sample was loaded. After washing the column with 20 ml of StB, absorbed proteins were eluted by linear gradient of concentration of NaCl (20-250 mM and total elution volume of 20 column's volumes). Purity of the proteins was analyzed by PAGE.
+D. Biotinylation of sB4 and sB4-HSA Fusion Protein.
+Both soluble EphB4 ectodomain protein (sB4) and EphB4 ectodomain fused to HSA (HSA-sB4) were biotin labeled through carbohydrate chains using sodium meta-periodate as an oxidant and EZ-Link Biotin Hydrazide (PIERCE, Cat. #21339) according to manufacture's protocol. The in vitro stability of the biotinylated sB4 protein was tested by incubating 2.0×10−9 with 40 μL of mouse serum at 37° C. for 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 days. Two μL of magnetic beads and B2-AP was added for an extra hour at room temperature. After washing twice with buffer, pnPP was added for 1 hour. Biotinylated sB4 protein was found to very stable over three days, with less than 10% of the B2 binding activity being lost over that time.
+E. Ephrin-B2 Binding Properties of B4-HSA
+To test whether the B4-HSA fusion property retained the ability of the EphB4 extracellular domain to bind to EphrinB2, the ability of the purified B4-HSA fusion was compared to that of GCF2F, GCF2, GC, CF and B4-Fc fusion, which comprises the extracellular domain of B4 fused to hIgG1 Fc as described in Example 1. Biotinylated or His-tag protein samples were inoculated with the corresponding affinity magnetic beads and B2-AP for an hour at room temperature, before addition of PnPP. Results of binding assays are shown on FIG. 67. B4-HSA was found to retain most of its binding activity towards EphrinB2. Surprisingly, the B4-HSA protein was superior to the B4-Fc fusion in binding to EphrinB2.
+An EphB4 ectodomain fusion to the C-terminus of HSA was also generated, and found to retain the ability to bind to EphrinB2 and was found to have enhanced stability in vivo over the EphB4 ectodomain.
+F. Stability of B4-HSA Vs. sb4 in Mice
+The stability of the purified biotinylated sB4 and sB4-HSA were assayed in vivo. Each of the proteins were intravenously injected into the tail of mice in the amount of 0.5 nmoles per mouse. Blood from the eye of each mouse was taken in time frames of 15 min (0 days), 1, 2, 3 and 6 days. 10 ml of obtained serum was used in binding assay with Ephrin-B2-Alkaline Phosphatase fusion protein and Streptavidin-coated magnetic beads as a solid phase. The stability of the two proteins is shown on FIG. 68. sB4-HSA was found to have superior stability relative to sB4. For example, one day after injection, the levels of sB4-HSA in the blood of the mice were 5-fold greater than those of sB4.
+G. PEGylation of Biotinylated sB4
+Prior to PEGylation, biotinylated sB4 protein generated as described above was concentrated up to final concentration of 2 mg/ml using a 30 kDa MWCO ultra membrane. Sample was dialyzed O/N against coupling buffer: 30 mM phosphate, 75 mM NaCl, pH 8.00. Coupling to PEG was performed at 4° C. for 18 hours in 10 fold molar excess of reactive linear PEG unless otherwise indicated. The reactive PEG used was PEG-succinimidyl propionate, having a molecular weight of about 20 kda. Coupling to PEG may be similarly performed using branches PEGs, such as of 10 kDa, 20 kDa or 40 kDa. Other linear PEG molecules of 10 or 40 kDa may also be used.
+After PEGylation, the protein sample containing EphB4 ectodomain was dialyzed against StB O/N. Three ml of SP-Sepharose was equilibrated with StB and sample was loaded. Washing and elution of absorbed proteins was performed as above (see: Purification of soluble EphB4 ectodomain and its fusion to HSA) with just one modification: total elution volume was 40 volumes of column. FIG. 69 shows chromatographic separation of PEG derivatives of EphB4 protein on SP-Sepharose columns. Purity of the PEG-modified EphB4 protein was analyzed by SDS-PAGE.
+Double modified (PEGylated Biotinylated) sB4 was used on ion-exchange chromatography to separate non-PEGylated, mono-PEGylated and poly-PEGylated proteins from each other. Pegylated sample was dialyzed O/N against 20 mM Na-acetate, 20 mM NaCl, pH 5.5 and loaded onto 2 ml of SP-Sepharose. After washing with 10 ml of buffer, absorbed proteins were separated by gradual elution of NaCl: 3 ml/fraction and increment of 25 mM NaCl. Obtained fractions were analyzed by PAGE and in Ephrin-B2 binding assay.
+H. Effect of PEGylation Conditions on sB4 Binding to EphrinB2
+The effects of pegylating biotinylated sB4 under different pH conditions was determined. sB4 was pegylated at pH 6, 7 or 8, and the pegylated products were tested for binding to EphrinB2 as shown in FIG. 69. Ephrin2B binding activity was retained when PEGylation was performed at pH 6 and pH 7, but was partially lost at pH 8.
+Additional combinations of parameters were tested, including temperature, pH and molar ratio of pegylation agent to sB4 protein, and the ability of the products of the pegylation reaction to bind to Ephrin-B2. The results of the optimization experiment are shown in FIG. 70. These results confirm the gradual decrease in B2 binding activity at basic pH.
+I. Purification of Pegylated sB4 Species
+Biotinylated sB4 protein was concentrated up to final concentration of 2 mg/ml using a 30 kDa MWCO ultra membrane. Sample was dialyzed O/N against coupling buffer: 30 mM phosphate, 75 mM NaCl, pH 8.00. Coupling to PEG was performed at 4° C. for 18 hours in 10 fold molar excess of reactive PEG. Double modified (PEGylated Biotinylated) sB4 was used on ion-exchange chromatography to separate non-PEGylated, mono-PEGylated and poly-PEGylated proteins from each other. Sample was dialyzed for O/N against 20 mM Na-Acetate, 20 mM NaCl, pH 5.5 and loaded onto 2 ml of SP-Sepharose. After washing with 10 ml of buffer, absorbed proteins were separated by gradual elution of NaCl: 3 ml/fraction and increment of 25 mM NaCl. Obtained fractions were analyzed by PAGE as shown in FIG. 71. Fractions 1, 2 and 3 were found to correspond to polypegylated, monopegylated and unpegylated biotinylated sB4.
+J. In Vitro Properties of PEGylated EphB4 Derivatives
+Fractions 1, 2 and 3 of biotinylated and PEGylated sB4 from the SP column purification, corresponding to polypegylated, monopegylated and unpegylated biotinylated sB4, were tested for their ability to bind EphrinB2 using the standard assay. Results of this experiment are shown on FIG. 72. The order of binding activity was found to be Unpegylated>monopegylated>polypegylated.
+The fractions were also tested for their stability in vitro. The fractions were tested for retention of EphrinB2 binding activity after incubation in mouse serum at 37° C. for three days. The results of this experiment are shown in FIG. 73. The order of in vitro stability was found to be monopegylated>unpegylated>polypegylated.
+K. In Vivo Stability Analysis of PEGylated Derivatives of EphB4 Ectodomain in Mice
+Fractions 1, 2 and 3 of biotinylated and PEGylated sB4 from the SP column purification, corresponding to polypegylated, monopegylated and unpegylated biotinylated sB4, were introduced by intravenous injection into mice in the amount of 0.5 nMoles/mouse. Blood from each mouse was taken in time frame of 10 min, 1, 2 and 3 days. 10 ml of obtained serum was used in binding assay with Ephrin-B2-Alkaline Phosphatase fusion protein and Streptavidin-coated magnetic beads as a solid phase. Signals, obtained at 10 min were taken as 100%. The two mice for each protein were of a different strain. Results are shown in FIG. 74. Pegylation was found to increase the stability of EphB4 in vivo relative to unpegylated EphB4.
+INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
+All publications and patents mentioned herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety as if each individual publication or patent was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
+While specific embodiments of the subject invention have been discussed, the above specification is illustrative and not restrictive. Many variations of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon review of this specification and the claims below. The full scope of the invention should be determined by reference to the claims, along with their full scope of equivalents, and the specification, along with such variations.
+
+
diff --git a/Data/corpus/US_patents/US9533047.txt b/Data/corpus/US_patents/US9533047.txt
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+Patent title
+Delivery and formulation of engineered nucleic acids
+
+Patent number
+US9533047
+
+Domain
+A
+
+Publication date
+20170103
+
+Abstract
+
+Provided are formulations, compositions and methods for delivering biological moieties such as modified nucleic acids into cells to modulate protein expression. Such compositions and methods include the delivery of biological moieties, and are useful for production of proteins.
+
+
+Claims
+1. A method of producing a polypeptide of interest in a cell in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising a modified messenger RNA (mmRNA), in a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulation, said lipid nanoparticle formulation comprising a lipid selected from the group consisting of DLin-DMA, DLin-K-DMA, DLin-KC2-DMA, DLin-MC3-DMA, 98N12-5, and C12-200; a cholesterol; and a PEG-lipid; such that the mmRNA is introduced into the cell, wherein the mmRNA comprises a translatable region encoding the polypeptide of interest and comprises the modified nucleoside 1-methyl-pseudouridine, and wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises an effective amount of the mmRNA providing for increased polypeptide production and substantially reduced innate immune response in the cell, as compared to a composition comprising a corresponding unmodified mRNA.
+2. The method of claim 1, wherein the mmRNA comprises the modified nucleoside 1-methyl-pseudouridine in combination with 5-methyl-cytidine.
+3. The method of claim 2, wherein the mmRNA comprises at least about 95% 1-methyl-pseudouridine in place of uracils and at least about 95% 5-methyl-cytidine in place of cytosines.
+4. The method of claim 2, wherein the mmRNA comprises about 100% 1-methyl-pseudouridine in place of uracils and about 100% 5-methyl-cytidine in place of cytosines.
+5. The method of claim 1, wherein the innate immune response is reduced from 80% to 99.9% as compared to the immune response induced by a corresponding unmodified mRNA.
+6. The method of claim 1, wherein the mmRNA reduces the expression or activity level of a Type 1 interferon compared to the corresponding unmodified mRNA.
+7. The method of claim 1, wherein the mmRNA and LNP are formulated at a total lipid to mmRNA weight ratio of between 10:1 and 30:1.
+8. The method of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered by an intravenous route.
+9. The method of claim P, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered by an intramuscular route.
+10. The method of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered by a subcutaneous route.
+11. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is a human.
+12. The method of claim 1, where the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a total dose of about 0.1 mg/kg to about 40 mg/kg.
+13. The method of claim 1, wherein administration occurs on a schedule selected from the group consisting of three times a day, twice a day, once a day, every other day, every third day, weekly, biweekly, every three weeks, every four weeks, and monthly.
+14. The method of claim 12, wherein the total dose is administered by multiple administrations.
+15. The method of claim 14, wherein the multiple administrations occur on a schedule selected from the group consisting of three times a day, twice a day, once a day, every other day, every third day, weekly, biweekly, every three weeks, every four weeks, and monthly.
+16. The method of claim 1, wherein the increased polypeptide production is observed in a tissue or bodily fluid within 8 hours.
+17. The method of claim 1, wherein the increased polypeptide production is observed in a tissue or bodily fluid within 2 hours.
+
+Description
+
+
+
+CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
+This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/897,362, filed May 18, 2013, entitled Modified Polynucleotides for the Production of Factor IX, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/437,034, filed Apr. 2, 2012, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 8,710,200, entitled Delivery and Formulation of Engineered Nucleic Acids which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/470,451, filed Mar. 31, 2011, entitled Delivery and Formulation of Engineered Nucleic Acids the contents, the contents of each is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
+
+
+REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING
+The present application is being filed along with a Sequence Listing in electronic format. The Sequence Listing is provided as a file entitled M003USSQLST.txt created on Aug. 15, 2014 which is 20,597 in size. The information in electronic format of the sequence listing is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
+FIELD OF THE INVENTION
+The invention relates to delivery methods. These methods are specifically useful in therapeutic delivery of modified nucleic acids such as modified mRNA (mmRNA).
+BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
+There are multiple problems with prior methodologies of delivering pharmaceutical compositions in order to achieve effective protein expression both for therapeutics and bioprocessing applications. For example, introduced DNA can integrate into host cell genomic DNA at some frequency, resulting in alterations and/or damage to the host cell genomic DNA. Alternatively, the heterologous deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) introduced into a cell can be inherited by daughter cells (whether or not the heterologous DNA has integrated into the chromosome) or by offspring.
+In addition, there are multiple steps which must occur after delivery but before the encoded protein is made which can effect protein expression. Once inside the cell, DNA must be transported into the nucleus where it is transcribed into RNA. The RNA transcribed from DNA must then enter the cytoplasm where it is translated into protein. Not only do the multiple processing steps from administered DNA to protein create lag times before the generation of the functional protein, each step represents an opportunity for error and damage to the cell. Further, it is known to be difficult to obtain DNA expression in cells as frequently DNA enters a cell but is not expressed or not expressed at reasonable rates or concentrations. This can be a particular problem when DNA is introduced into primary cells or modified cell lines.
+Assuming the proper management of the foregoing, effective delivery and achievement of therapeutically relevant levels of proteins for a time sufficient to product clinical outcomes remains a significant hurdle.
+Consequently, there is a need in the art for the delivery of biological modalities to address pitfalls surrounding the modulation of intracellular translation and processing of nucleic acids encoding polypeptides and therefore optimizing protein expression from the delivered modalities.
+The present invention addresses this need by delivering pharmaceutical compositions which can contain modified nucleic acids such as modified mRNA (mmRNA) and may further include formulations to avoid the problems in the art.
+SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
+Described herein are compositions and methods for delivery of biological moieties, such as modified nucleic acids, engineered messenger RNA and isolated polynucleotides into cells in order to modulate protein expression.
+An isolated polynucleotide may comprise a sequence such as, but not limited to, SEQ ID NO: 4, 7, 8 and 12. The polynucleotide may further comprise a 5′Cap1 structure and a polyA tail of approximately 160 nucleotides in length. Further, the isolated polynucleotide may be formulated in a pharmaceutical composition. A polypeptide of interest may be produced in a cell, tissue or bodily fluid in a subject in need thereof by administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising a polynucleotide. The polynucleotide may comprise a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 4, 7, 8 and 12. The polynucleotide may further comprise a 5′Cap1 structure and a poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides in length.
+The pharmaceutical composition may be formulated where the formulation may be selected from, but is not limited to, saline or a lipid formulation. The pharmaceutical composition may be administered by any route of administration such as, but not limited to, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and local administration. The lipid formulation may be selected from, but is not limited to, such as, but not limited to, liposomes, lipoplexes, copolymers such as PLGA and lipid nanoparticles
+The pharmaceutical composition may be administered at a total dose of about 0.1 mg/kg to about 40 mg/kg. The total dose may be administered by multiple administrations. The administration and/or the multiple administration may occur on a schedule such as, but not limited to, three time a day, twice a day, once a day, every other day, every third day, weekly, biweekly, every three weeks, every four weekly, and monthly.
+The modified polypeptide may include a polynucleotide modification such as, but not limited to, a nucleoside modification. The nucleoside modification may include, but is not limited to, pyridin-4-one ribonucleoside, 5-aza-uridine, 2-thio-5-aza-uridine, 2-thiouridine, 4-thio-pseudouridine, 2-thio-pseudouridine, 5-hydroxyuridine, 3-methyluridine, 5-carboxymethyl-uridine, 1-carboxymethyl-pseudouridine, 5-propynyl-uridine, 1-propynyl-pseudouridine, 5-taurinomethyluridine, 1-taurinomethyl-pseudouridine, 5-taurinomethyl-2-thio-uridine, 1-taurinomethyl-4-thio-uridine, 5-methyl-uridine, 1-methyl-pseudouridine, 4-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 2-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine, 2-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine, dihydrouridine, dihydropseudouridine, 2-thio-dihydrouridine, 2-thio-dihydropseudouridine, 2-methoxyuridine, 2-methoxy-4-thio-uridine, 4-methoxy-pseudouridine, 4-methoxy-2-thio-pseudouridine, 5-aza-cytidine, pseudoisocytidine, 3-methyl-cytidine, N4-acetylcytidine, 5-formylcytidine, N4-methylcytidine, 5-hydroxymethylcytidine, 1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine, pyrrolo-cytidine, pyrrolo-pseudoisocytidine, 2-thio-cytidine, 2-thio-5-methyl-cytidine, 4-thio-pseudoisocytidine, 4-thio-1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine, 4-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudoisocytidine, 1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudoisocytidine, zebularine, 5-aza-zebularine, 5-methyl-zebularine, 5-aza-2-thio-zebularine, 2-thio-zebularine, 2-methoxy-cytidine, 2-methoxy-5-methyl-cytidine, 4-methoxy-pseudoisocytidine, 4-methoxy-1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine, 2-aminopurine, 2,6-diaminopurine, 7-deaza-adenine, 7-deaza-8-aza-adenine, 7-deaza-2-aminopurine, 7-deaza-8-aza-2-aminopurine, 7-deaza-2,6-diaminopurine, 7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diaminopurine, 1-methyladenosine, N6-methyladenosine, N6-isopentenyladenosine, N6-(cis-hydroxyisopentenyl)adenosine, 2-methylthio-N6-(cis-hydroxyisopentenyl) adenosine, N6-glycinylcarbamoyladenosine, N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine, 2-methylthio-N6-threonyl carbamoyladenosine, N6,N6-dimethyladenosine, 7-methyladenine, 2-methylthio-adenine, and 2-methoxy-adenine, inosine, 1-methyl-inosine, wyosine, wybutosine, 7-deaza-guanosine, 7-deaza-8-aza-guanosine, 6-thio-guanosine, 6-thio-7-deaza-guanosine, 6-thio-7-deaza-8-aza-guanosine, 7-methyl-guanosine, 6-thio-7-methyl-guanosine, 7-methylinosine, 6-methoxy-guanosine, 1-methylguanosine, N2-methylguanosine, N2,N2-dimethylguanosine, 8-oxo-guanosine, 7-methyl-8-oxo-guanosine, 1-methyl-6-thio-guanosine, N2-methyl-6-thio-guanosine, and N2,N2-dimethyl-6-thio-guanosine, and combinations thereof.
+An increase in the level of a polypeptide of interest can be observed in tissue such as, but not limited to, the liver, spleen, kidney, lung, heart, peri-renal adipose tissue, thymus and muscle and/or in a bodily fluid such as, but not limited to, peripheral blood, serum, plasma, ascites, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), sputum, saliva, bone marrow, synovial fluid, aqueous humor, amniotic fluid, cerumen, breast milk, broncheoalveolar lavage fluid, semen, prostatic fluid, cowper's fluid or pre-ejaculatory fluid, sweat, fecal matter, hair, tears, cyst fluid, pleural and peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid, lymph, chyme, chyle, bile, interstitial fluid, menses, pus, sebum, vomit, vaginal secretions, mucosal secretion, stool water, pancreatic juice, lavage fluids from sinus cavities, bronchopulmonary aspirates, blastocyl cavity fluid, and umbilical cord blood. The increased level can be observed in the tissue and/or bodily fluid of the subject within 2, 8 and/or 24 hours after administration. Further, the increased level can be determined from the level of a modified polypeptide in an exosome.
+The details of various embodiments of the invention are set forth in the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and the drawings, and from the claims.
+
+
+
+BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
+FIG. 1 illustrates lipid structures in the prior art useful in the present invention. Shown are the structures for 98N12-5 (TETA5-LAP), DLin-DMA, DLin-K-DMA (2,2-Dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminomethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane), DLin-KC2-DMA, DLin-MC3-DMA and C12-200.
+FIG. 2 is a representative plasmid useful in the IVT reactions taught herein. The plasmid contains Insert 64818, designed by the instant inventors.
+FIGS. 3A-3B are histograms showing in vitro screening results for nanoparticle formulations of DLin-KC2-DMA and 98N12-15 (before and after purification) that contain mCherry mmRNA. FIG. 3A shows the screening results in HEK293 cells and FIG. 3B shows the screening results in HepG2 cells.
+FIGS. 4A-4B are histograms showing in vitro screening results for mean fluorescence intensity for nanoparticle formulations of DLin-KC2-DMA and 98N12-15 (before and after purification) that contain mCherry mmRNA. FIG. 4A shows the screening results in HEK293 cells and FIG. 4B shows the screening results in HepG2 cells.
+FIGS. 5A-5C are histograms showing in vitro screening results for nanoparticle formulations of DLin-KC2-DMA and 98N12-15 before and after purification. FIG. 5A shows the screening results of 98N15-2 in HEK293 cells, and FIG. 5B and FIG. 5C show the screening results of DLin-KC2-DMA in HEK293 cells.
+FIGS. 6A-6E are histograms showing in vitro screening results for nanoparticle formulations of DLin-DMA, DLin-K-DMA, DLin-KC2-DMA, 98N12-5, C12-200 and DLin-MC3-DMA that contain mCherry mmRNA. FIG. 6A shows the mean fluorescence intensity of mCherry in HEK293 cells containing 60 ng of modified mCherry mRNA per well. FIG. 6B and FIG. 6C show the mean fluorescence intensity of mCherry in HEK293 cells which contained nanoparticles formulations having a concentration of 62.5 ng/well of modified mCherry mRNA. FIG. 6D and FIG. 6E show the mean fluorescence intensity of mCherry in HepG2 cells which contained nanoparticle formulations having a concentration of 62.5 ng/well of modified mCherry mRNA.
+FIGS. 7A-7B are histograms showing in vivo screening results of human erythropoietin in serum after the administration of modified human erythropoietin mmRNA or luciferase mmRNA in mice. FIG. 7A shows the concentration in pg/ml of human erythropoietin after intramuscular administration. FIG. 7B shows the concentration in pg/ml of human erythropoietin after subcutaneous administration.
+FIGS. 8A-8D are histograms showing in vivo screening results from biophotoic imaging. FIG. 8A is a histogram of bioluminescence (photon/sec) from the intramuscular injection of 5 ug in the left hind leg. FIG. 8B is a histogram of bioluminescence from the intramuscular injection of 50 ug in the right hind leg. FIG. 8C is a histogram showing in vivo screening results from biophotoic imaging after a subcutaneous injection of 50 ug. FIG. 8D is a histogram showing in vivo screening results from biophotoic imaging after a administration of 50 ug intravenously.
+FIG. 9 is a histogram showing in vivo screening results for modified human G-CSF mmRNA administered intramuscularly, subcutaneously or intravenously in mice.
+FIG. 10 is a histogram showing in vivo screening results for modified G-CSF administered intramuscularly, subcutaneously or intravenously.
+FIGS. 11A-11B are histograms showing in vivo screening results of modified human G-CSF mmRNA administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously in mice. FIG. 11A shows the concentration in pg/ml of human G-CSF in serum after the administration of modified G-CSF intramuscularly. FIG. 11B shows the concentration in pg/ml of human G-CSF in serum after the administration of modified G-CSF subcutaneously.
+FIG. 12 is a histogram showing in vivo screening results of human erythropoietin in serum after the administration of modified human erythropoietin mmRNA or luciferase mmRNA administered intramuscularly in mice.
+
+
+
+Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as those commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains.
+DETAILED DESCRIPTION
+Described herein are compositions and methods for the delivery of modified mRNA molecules in order to modulate protein expression.
+As described herein and as in copending, co-owned applications International Application PCT/US2011/046861 filed Aug. 5, 2011 and PCT/US2011/054636 filed Oct. 3, 2011, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety, these modified nucleic acid molecules are capable of reducing the innate immune activity of a population of cells into which they are introduced, thus increasing the efficiency of protein production in that cell population.
+Modified mRNAs (mmRNAs)
+This invention provides nucleic acids, including RNAs, specifically mRNAs, that encode at least one polypeptide and contain one or more modified nucleosides (termed “modified nucleic acids” or “modified nucleic acid molecules” or “engineered nucleic acids”), which have useful properties including the lack of a substantial induction of the innate immune response of a cell into which the mRNA is introduced. Because these mmRNAs enhance the efficiency of protein production, intracellular retention of nucleic acids, and viability of contacted cells, as well as possess reduced immunogenicity, these nucleic acids having these properties are termed “enhanced” nucleic acids or modified RNAs herein.
+The term “nucleic acid,” in its broadest sense, includes any compound and/or substance that comprise a polymer of nucleotides linked via a phosphodiester bond. These polymers are often referred to as oligonucleotides.
+Exemplary nucleic acids include ribonucleic acids (RNAs), deoxyribonucleic acids (DNAs), threose nucleic acids (TNAs), glycol nucleic acids (GNAs), peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), locked nucleic acids (LNAs) or hybrids thereof. They may also include RNAi-inducing agents, RNAi agents, siRNAs, shRNAs, miRNAs, antisense RNAs, ribozymes, catalytic DNA, tRNA, RNAs that induce triple helix formation, aptamers, vectors, etc.
+In preferred embodiments, the nucleic acid is one or more modified messenger RNAs (mmRNAs). As described herein, in some embodiments the mmRNAs of the invention do not substantially induce an innate immune response of a cell into which the mRNA is introduced.
+The mmRNA of the present invention may encode one or more polypeptides. Generally the polypeptides of interest are those which are naturally occurring in the mammalian genome.
+According to the present invention, the shortest length of a modified mRNA, herein “mmRNA,” of the present disclosure can be the length of an mRNA sequence that may be sufficient to encode for a dipeptide. In another embodiment, the length of the mRNA sequence may be sufficient to encode for a tripeptide. In another embodiment, the length of an mRNA sequence may be sufficient to encode for a tetrapeptide. In another embodiment, the length of an mRNA sequence may be sufficient to encode for a pentapeptide. In another embodiment, the length of an mRNA sequence may be sufficient to encode for a hexapeptide. In another embodiment, the length of an mRNA sequence may be sufficient to encode for a heptapeptide. In another embodiment, the length of an mRNA sequence may be sufficient to encode for an octapeptide. In another embodiment, the length of an mRNA sequence may be sufficient to encode for a nonapeptide. In another embodiment, the length of an mRNA sequence may be sufficient to encode for a decapeptide.
+Generally, the length of a modified mRNA of the present invention is greater than about 30 nucleotides in length (e.g., at least or greater than about 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1,000, 1,100, 1,200, 1,300, 1,400, 1,500, 1,600, 1,700, 1,800, 1,900, 2,000, 2,500, and 3,000, 4,000, 5,000, 6,000, 7,000, 8,000, 9,000, 10,000, 20,000, 30,000, 40,000, 50,000, 60,000, 70,000, 80,000, 90,000 or up to and including 100,000 nucleotides).
+In some embodiments, the modified mRNA of the present invention includes from about 30 to about 100,000 nucleotides (e.g., from 30 to 50, from 30 to 100, from 30 to 250, from 30 to 500, from 30 to 1,000, from 30 to 1,500, from 30 to 3,000, from 30 to 5,000, from 30 to 7,000, from 30 to 10,000, from 30 to 25,000, from 30 to 50,000, from 30 to 70,000, from 100 to 250, from 100 to 500, from 100 to 1,000, from 100 to 1,500, from 100 to 3,000, from 100 to 5,000, from 100 to 7,000, from 100 to 10,000, from 100 to 25,000, from 100 to 50,000, from 100 to 70,000, from 100 to 100,000, from 500 to 1,000, from 500 to 1,500, from 500 to 2,000, from 500 to 3,000, from 500 to 5,000, from 500 to 7,000, from 500 to 10,000, from 500 to 25,000, from 500 to 50,000, from 500 to 70,000, from 500 to 100,000, from 1,000 to 1,500, from 1,000 to 2,000, from 1,000 to 3,000, from 1,000 to 5,000, from 1,000 to 7,000, from 1,000 to 10,000, from 1,000 to 25,000, from 1,000 to 50,000, from 1,000 to 70,000, from 1,000 to 100,000, from 1,500 to 3,000, from 1,500 to 5,000, from 1,500 to 7,000, from 1,500 to 10,000, from 1,500 to 25,000, from 1,500 to 50,000, from 1,500 to 70,000, from 1,500 to 100,000, from 2,000 to 3,000, from 2,000 to 5,000, from 2,000 to 7,000, from 2,000 to 10,000, from 2,000 to 25,000, from 2,000 to 50,000, from 2,000 to 70,000, and from 2,000 to 100,000).
+Polypeptide Variants
+The mmRNA of the present invention may encode variant polypeptides, which have a certain identity with a reference polypeptide sequence, for example a wild type mRNA. The term “identity” as known in the art, refers to a relationship between the sequences of two or more peptides, as determined by comparing the sequences. In the art, “identity” also means the degree of sequence relatedness between peptides, as determined by the number of matches between strings of two or more amino acid residues. “Identity” measures the percent of identical matches between the smaller of two or more sequences with gap alignments (if any) addressed by a particular mathematical model or computer program (i.e., “algorithms”). Identity of related peptides can be readily calculated by known methods. Such methods include, but are not limited to, those described in Computational Molecular Biology, Lesk, A. M., ed., Oxford University Press, New York, 1988; Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects, Smith, D. W., ed., Academic Press, New York, 1993; Computer Analysis of Sequence Data, Part 1, Griffin, A. M., and Griffin, H. G., eds., Humana Press, New Jersey, 1994; Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology, von Heinje, G., Academic Press, 1987; Sequence Analysis Primer, Gribskov, M. and Devereux, J., eds., M. Stockton Press, New York, 1991; and Carillo et al., SIAM J. Applied Math. 48, 1073 (1988).
+In some embodiments, the polypeptide variant has the same or a similar activity as the reference polypeptide. Alternatively, the variant has an altered activity (e.g., increased or decreased) relative to a reference polypeptide. Generally, variants of a particular polynucleotide or polypeptide of the invention will have at least about 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to that particular reference polynucleotide or polypeptide as determined by sequence alignment programs and parameters described herein and known to those skilled in the art.
+As recognized by those skilled in the art, protein fragments, functional protein domains, and homologous proteins are also considered to be within the scope of this invention. For example, provided herein is any protein fragment of a reference protein (meaning a polypeptide sequence at least one amino acid residue shorter than a reference polypeptide sequence but otherwise identical) 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 or greater than 100 amino acids in length In another example, any protein that includes a stretch of about 20, about 30, about 40, about 50, or about 100 amino acids which are about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 95%, or about 100% identical to any of the sequences described herein can be utilized in accordance with the invention. In certain embodiments, a protein sequence to be utilized in accordance with the invention includes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more mutations as shown in any of the sequences provided or referenced herein.
+Targeting Moieties
+In embodiments of the invention, mmRNAs are provided to express a protein-binding partner or a receptor on the surface of the cell, which functions to target the cell to a specific tissue space or to interact with a specific moiety, either in vivo or in vitro. Suitable protein-binding partners include antibodies and functional fragments thereof, scaffold proteins, or peptides.
+Cell Penetrating Peptides
+The mmRNAs disclosed herein may encode a cell-penetrating polypeptide. As used herein, “cell-penetrating polypeptide” refers to a polypeptide which may facilitate the cellular uptake of molecules. It is known in the art that “CPP” refers to cell-penetration polypeptides and cell-penetrating peptides. When used herein, it will be clarified as to which of either cell-penetrating polypeptides or cell-penetrating peptides the abbreviation CPP refers to.
+A cell-penetrating polypeptide of the present invention may contain one or more detectable labels. The polypeptides may be partially labeled or completely labeled throughout. The mmRNA may encode the detectable label completely, partially or not at all. The cell-penetrating peptide may also include a signal sequence. As used herein, a “signal sequence” refers to a sequence of amino acid residues bound at the amino terminus of a nascent protein during protein translation. The signal sequence may be used to signal the secretion of the cell-penetrating polypeptide.
+Fusion Proteins
+The modified nucleic acids and mmRNA may encode a fusion protein. The fusion protein may be created by operably linking a charged protein to a therapeutic protein. As used herein, “operably linked” refers to the therapeutic protein and the charged protein being connected in such a way to permit the expression of the complex when introduced into the cell. As used herein, “charged protein” refers to a protein that carries a positive, negative or overall neutral electrical charge. Preferably, the therapeutic protein may be covalently linked to the charged protein in the formation of the fusion protein. The ratio of surface charge to total or surface amino acids may be approximately 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 or 0.9.
+Synthesis of Modified mRNAs
+Nucleic acids for use in accordance with the invention may be prepared according to any available technique including, but not limited to chemical synthesis, enzymatic synthesis, which is generally termed in vitro transcription, enzymatic or chemical cleavage of a longer precursor, etc. Methods of synthesizing RNAs are known in the art (see, e.g., Gait, M. J. (ed.) Oligonucleotide synthesis: a practical approach, Oxford [Oxfordshire], Washington, D.C.: IRL Press, 1984; and Herdewijn, P. (ed.) Oligonucleotide synthesis: methods and applications, Methods in Molecular Biology, v. 288 (Clifton, N.J.) Totowa, N.J.: Humana Press, 2005; both of which are incorporated herein by reference).
+The modified nucleosides and nucleotides used in the synthesis of modified RNAs disclosed herein can be prepared from readily available starting materials using the following general methods and procedures. It is understood that where typical or preferred process conditions (i.e., reaction temperatures, times, mole ratios of reactants, solvents, pressures, etc.) are given; other process conditions can also be used unless otherwise stated. Optimum reaction conditions may vary with the particular reactants or solvent used, but such conditions can be determined by one skilled in the art by routine optimization procedures.
+The manufacturing process herein can be monitored according to any suitable method known in the art. For example, product formation can be monitored by spectroscopic means, such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (e.g., 1H or 13C) infrared spectroscopy, spectrophotometry (e.g., UV-visible), or mass spectrometry, or by chromatography such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or thin layer chromatography.
+Modification of mRNAs
+Provided are mmRNAs containing a translatable region and one, two, or more than two different modifications.
+In some embodiments, the chemical modifications can be located on the nucleobase of the nucleotide.
+In some embodiments, the chemical modifications can be located on the sugar moiety of the nucleotide.
+In some embodiments, the chemical modifications can be located on the phosphate backbone of the nucleotide.
+Preparation of modified nucleosides and nucleotides used in the manufacture or synthesis of modified RNAs of the present invention can involve the protection and deprotection of various chemical groups. The need for protection and deprotection, and the selection of appropriate protecting groups can be readily determined by one skilled in the art.
+The chemistry of protecting groups can be found, for example, in Greene, et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2d. Ed., Wiley & Sons, 1991, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
+Modified nucleosides and nucleotides can be prepared according to the synthetic methods described in Ogata et al. Journal of Organic Chemistry 74:2585-2588, 2009; Purmal et al. Nucleic Acids Research 22(1): 72-78, 1994; Fukuhara et al. Biochemistry 1(4): 563-568, 1962; and Xu et al. Tetrahedron 48(9): 1729-1740, 1992, each of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
+Modified mRNAs need not be uniformly modified along the entire length of the molecule. Different nucleotide modifications and/or backbone structures may exist at various positions in the nucleic acid. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the nucleotide analogs or other modification(s) may be located at any position(s) of a nucleic acid such that the function of the nucleic acid is not substantially decreased. A modification may also be a 5′ or 3′ terminal modification. The nucleic acids may contain at a minimum one and at maximum 100% modified nucleotides, or any intervening percentage, such as at least 50% modified nucleotides, at least 80% modified nucleotides, or at least 90% modified nucleotides.
+For example, the mmRNAs may contain a modified pyrimidine such as uracil or cytosine. In some embodiments, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 25%, at least 50%, at least 80%, at least 90% or 100% of the uracil in the nucleic acid may be replaced with a modified uracil. The modified uracil can be replaced by a compound having a single unique structure, or can be replaced by a plurality of compounds having different structures (e.g., 2, 3, 4 or more unique structures). In some embodiments, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 25%, at least 50%, at least 80%, at least 90% or 100% of the cytosine in the nucleic acid may be replaced with a modified cytosine. The modified cytosine can be replaced by a compound having a single unique structure, or can be replaced by a plurality of compounds having different structures (e.g., 2, 3, 4 or more unique structures).
+In some embodiments, modified nucleosides include pyridin-4-one ribonucleoside, 5-aza-uridine, 2-thio-5-aza-uridine, 2-thiouridine, 4-thio-pseudouridine, 2-thio-pseudouridine, 5-hydroxyuridine, 3-methyluridine, 5-carboxymethyl-uridine, 1-carboxymethyl-pseudouridine, 5-propynyl-uridine, 1-propynyl-pseudouridine, 5-taurinomethyluridine, 1-taurinomethyl-pseudouridine, 5-taurinomethyl-2-thio-uridine, 1-taurinomethyl-4-thio-uridine, 5-methyl-uridine, 1-methyl-pseudouridine, 4-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 2-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine, 2-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine, dihydrouridine, dihydropseudouridine, 2-thio-dihydrouridine, 2-thio-dihydropseudouridine, 2-methoxyuridine, 2-methoxy-4-thio-uridine, 4-methoxy-pseudouridine, and 4-methoxy-2-thio-pseudouridine. In some embodiments, modified nucleosides include 5-aza-cytidine, pseudoisocytidine, 3-methyl-cytidine, N4-acetylcytidine, 5-formylcytidine, N4-methylcytidine, 5-hydroxymethylcytidine, 1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine, pyrrolo-cytidine, pyrrolo-pseudoisocytidine, 2-thio-cytidine, 2-thio-5-methyl-cytidine, 4-thio-pseudoisocytidine, 4-thio-1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine, 4-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudoisocytidine, 1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudoisocytidine, zebularine, 5-aza-zebularine, 5-methyl-zebularine, 5-aza-2-thio-zebularine, 2-thio-zebularine, 2-methoxy-cytidine, 2-methoxy-5-methyl-cytidine, 4-methoxy-pseudoisocytidine, and 4-methoxy-1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine.
+In other embodiments, modified nucleosides include 2-aminopurine, 2,6-diaminopurine, 7-deaza-adenine, 7-deaza-8-aza-adenine, 7-deaza-2-aminopurine, 7-deaza-8-aza-2-aminopurine, 7-deaza-2,6-diaminopurine, 7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diaminopurine, 1-methyladenosine, N6-methyladenosine, N6-isopentenyladenosine, N6-(cis-hydroxyisopentenyl)adenosine, 2-methylthio-N6-(cis-hydroxyisopentenyl) adenosine, N6-glycinylcarbamoyladenosine, N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine, 2-methylthio-N6-threonyl carbamoyladenosine, N6,N6-dimethyladenosine, 7-methyladenine, 2-methylthio-adenine, and 2-methoxy-adenine.
+In other embodiments, modified nucleosides include inosine, 1-methyl-inosine, wyosine, wybutosine, 7-deaza-guanosine, 7-deaza-8-aza-guanosine, 6-thio-guanosine, 6-thio-7-deaza-guanosine, 6-thio-7-deaza-8-aza-guanosine, 7-methyl-guanosine, 6-thio-7-methyl-guanosine, 7-methylinosine, 6-methoxy-guanosine, 1-methylguanosine, N2-methylguanosine, N2,N2-dimethylguanosine, 8-oxo-guanosine, 7-methyl-8-oxo-guanosine, 1-methyl-6-thio-guanosine, N2-methyl-6-thio-guanosine, and N2,N2-dimethyl-6-thio-guanosine.
+In some embodiments, the nucleotide can be modified on the major groove face and can include replacing hydrogen on C-5 of uracil with a methyl group or a halo group.
+In specific embodiments, a modified nucleoside is 5′-O-(1-Thiophosphate)-Adenosine, 5′-O-(1-Thiophosphate)-Cytidine, 5′-O-(1-Thiophosphate)-Guanosine, 5′-O-(1-Thiophosphate)-Uridine or 5′-O-(1-Thiophosphate)-Pseudouridine.
+Further examples of modified nucleotides and modified nucleotide combinations are provided below in Table 1.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 1
+
+
+
+
+
+Modified Nucleotides
+Modified Nucleotide Combinations
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+6-aza-cytidine
+α-thio-cytidine/5-iodo-uridine
+
+
+2-thio-cytidine
+α-thio-cytidine/N1-methyl-pseudo-uridine
+
+
+α-thio-cytidine
+α-thio-cytidine/α-thio-uridine
+
+
+Pseudo-iso-cytidine
+α-thio-cytidine/5-methyl-uridine
+
+
+5-aminoallyl-uridine
+α-thio-cytidine/pseudo-uridine
+
+
+5-iodo-uridine
+Pseudo-iso-cytidine/5-iodo-uridine
+
+
+N1-methyl-pseudouridine
+Pseudo-iso-cytidine/N1-methyl-pseudo-uridine
+
+
+5,6-dihydrouridine
+Pseudo-iso-cytidine/α-thio-uridine
+
+
+α-thio-uridine
+Pseudo-iso-cytidine/5-methyl-uridine
+
+
+4-thio-uridine
+Pseudo-iso-cytidine/Pseudo-uridine
+
+
+6-aza-uridine
+Pyrrolo-cytidine
+
+
+5-hydroxy-uridine
+Pyrrolo-cytidine/5-iodo-uridine
+
+
+Deoxy-thymidine
+Pyrrolo-cytidine/N1-methyl-pseudo-uridine
+
+
+Pseudo-uridine
+Pyrrolo-cytidine/α-thio-uridine
+
+
+Inosine
+Pyrrolo-cytidine/5-methyl-uridine
+
+
+α-thio-guanosine
+Pyrrolo-cytidine/Pseudo-uridine
+
+
+8-oxo-guanosine
+5-methyl-cytidine/5-iodo-uridine
+
+
+O6-methyl-guanosine
+5-methyl-cytidine/N1-methyl-pseudo-uridine
+
+
+7-deaza-guanosine
+5-methyl-cytidine/α-thio-uridine
+
+
+No modification
+5-methyl-cytidine/5-methyl-uridine
+
+
+N1-methyl-adenosine
+5-methyl-cytidine/Pseudo-uridine
+
+
+2-amino-6-Chloro-purine
+5-methyl-cytidine
+
+
+N6-methyl-2-amino-
+25% Pseudo-iso-cytidine
+
+
+purine
+
+
+6-Chloro-purine
+25% N1-methyl-pseudo-uridine
+
+
+N6-methyl-adenosine
+25% N1-Methyl-pseudo-uridine/75%-pseudo-
+
+
+
+uridine
+
+
+α-thio-adenosine
+5-methyl-uridine
+
+
+8-azido-adenosine
+5-iodo-cytidine
+
+
+7-deaza-adenosine
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In some embodiments, at least 25% of the cytosines are replaced by a compound of Formula I-a (e.g., at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or about 100%).
+In some embodiments, at least 25% of the uracils are replaced by a compound of Formula I-a (e.g., at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or about 100%).
+In some embodiments, at least 25% of the cytosines and 25% of the uracils are replaced by a compound of Formula I-a (e.g., at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or about 100%).
+Other components of nucleic acid are optional, and are beneficial in some embodiments. For example, a 5′ untranslated region (UTR) and/or a 3′UTR are provided, wherein either or both may independently contain one or more different nucleoside modifications. In such embodiments, nucleoside modifications may also be present in the translatable region. Also provided are nucleic acids containing a Kozak sequence.
+Linkers and Payloads
+The nucleobase of the nucleotide, which may be incorporated into a mmRNA, can be covalently linked at any chemically appropriate position to a payload, e.g. detectable agent or therapeutic agent. For example, the nucleobase can be deaza-adenosine or deaza-guanosine and the linker can be attached at the C-7 or C-8 positions of the deaza-adenosine or deaza-guanosine. In other embodiments, the nucleobase can be cytosine or uracil and the linker can be attached to the N-3 or C-5 positions of cytosine or uracil.
+Linker
+The term “linker” as used herein refers to a group of atoms, e.g., 10-1,000 atoms, and can be comprised of the atoms or groups such as, but not limited to, carbon, amino, alkylamino, oxygen, sulfur, sulfoxide, sulfonyl, carbonyl, and imine. The linker can be attached to a modified nucleoside or nucleotide on the nucleobase or sugar moiety at a first end, and to a payload, e.g., detectable or therapeutic agent, at a second end. The linker may be of sufficient length as to not interfere with incorporation into a nucleic acid sequence.
+Examples of chemical groups that can be incorporated into the linker include, but are not limited to, an alkyl, an alkene, an alkyne, an amido, an ether, a thioether or an ester group. The linker chain can also comprise part of a saturated, unsaturated or aromatic ring, including polycyclic and heteroaromatic rings wherein the heteroaromatic ring may be an aryl group containing one to four heteroatoms, N, O or S. Specific examples of linkers include, but are not limited to, unsaturated alkanes, polyethylene glycols, and dextran polymers.
+For example, the linker can include, but is not limited to, ethylene or propylene glycol monomeric units, e.g., diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, or tetraethylene glycol. In some embodiments, the linker can include, but is not limited to, a divalent alkyl, alkenyl, and/or alkynyl moiety. The linker can include an ester, amide, or ether moiety.
+Other examples include, but are not limited to, cleavable moieties within the linker, such as, for example, a disulfide bond (—S—S—) or an azo bond (—N═N—), which can be cleaved using a reducing agent or photolysis. When a cleavable bond which has been incorporated into the linker and attached to a modified nucleotide, is cleaved, a short “scar” or chemical modification on the nucleotide may result. For example, after cleaving, the resulting scar on a nucleotide base, which formed part of the modified nucleotide, and is incorporated into a polynucleotide strand, is unreactive and does not need to be chemically neutralized. This increases the ease with which a subsequent nucleotide can be incorporated during sequencing of a nucleic acid polymer template. For example, conditions include the use of tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP), dithiothreitol (DTT) and/or other reducing agents for cleavage of a disulfide bond. A selectively severable bond that includes an amido bond can be cleaved for example by the use of TCEP or other reducing agents, and/or photolysis. A selectively severable bond that includes an ester bond can be cleaved for example by acidic or basic hydrolysis.
+Detectable Agents
+The mmRNAs of the present invention may also be linked or conjugated to one or more detectable agents. Examples of detectable substances include, but are not limited to, various organic small molecules, inorganic compounds, nanoparticles, enzymes or enzyme substrates, fluorescent materials, luminescent materials, bioluminescent materials, chemiluminescent materials, radioactive materials, and contrast agents.
+Labels, other than those described herein, are contemplated by the present disclosure, including, but not limited to, other optically-detectable labels. Labels can be attached to the modified nucleotide of the present disclosure at any position using standard chemistries such that the label can be removed from the incorporated base upon cleavage of the cleavable linker.
+Terminal Architecture Modifications: 5′-Capping
+Endogenous eukaryotic cellular messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules contain a 5′-cap structure on the 5′-end of a mature mRNA molecule. The 5′-cap contains a 5′-5′-triphosphate linkage between the 5′-most nucleotide and guanine nucleotide. The conjugated guanine nucleotide is methylated at the N7 position. Additional modifications include methylation of the ultimate and penultimate most 5′-nucleotides on the 2′-hydroxyl group. The 5′-cap structure is responsible for binding the mRNA Cap Binding Protein (CBP), which is responsibility for mRNA stability in the cell and translation competency.
+Multiple distinct 5′-cap structures can be used to generate the 5′-cap of a synthetic mRNA molecule. Many chemical cap analogs are used to co-transcriptionally cap a synthetic mRNA molecule. For example, the Anti-Reverse Cap Analog (ARCA) cap contains a 5′-5′-triphosphate guanine-guanine linkage where one guanine contains an N7 methyl group as well as a 3′-O-methyl group. While chemical cap analogs allow for the concomitant capping of an RNA molecule, up 20% of transcripts remain uncapped and the synthetic cap analog is not identical to an endogenous 5′-cap structure of an authentic cellular mRNA. This may lead to reduced translationally-competency and reduced cellular stability.
+Synthetic mRNA molecules may also be capped post-transcriptionally using enzymes responsible for generating a more authentic 5′-cap structure. As used herein the phrase “more authentic” refers to a feature that closely mirrors or mimics, either structurally or functionally an endogenous or wild type feature. More authentic 5′cap structures of the present invention are those which, among other things, have enhanced binding of cap binding proteins, increased half life, reduced susceptibility to 5′ endonucleases and/or reduced 5′decapping. For example, recombinant Vaccinia Virus Capping Enzyme and recombinant 2′-O-methyltransferase enzyme can create a canonical 5′-5′-triphosphate linkage between the 5′-most nucleotide of an mRNA and a guanine nucleotide where the guanine contains an N7 methylation and the ultimate 5′-nucleotide contains a 2′-O-methyl generating the Cap1 structure. This results in a cap with higher translational-competency and cellular stability and reduced activation of cellular pro-inflammatory cytokines Because the synthetic mRNA is capped post-transcriptionally, nearly 100% of the mRNA molecules are capped in contrast to ˜80% of synthetic mRNAs containing a chemical cap analog.
+Terminal Architecture Modifications: Poly-A Tails
+During RNA processing, a long chain of adenine nucleotides (poly-A tail) is normally added to a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules to increase the stability of the molecule. Immediately after transcription, the 3′ end of the transcript is cleaved to free a 3′ hydroxyl. Then poly-A polymerase adds a chain of adenine nucleotides to the RNA. The process, called polyadenylation, adds a poly-A tail that is between 100 and 250 residues long.
+It has been discovered that unique poly-A tail lengths provide certain advantages to the modified RNAs of the present invention.
+Generally, the length of a poly-A tail of the present invention is greater than 30 nucleotides in length. In another embodiment, the poly-A tail is greater than 35 nucleotides in length. In another embodiment, the length is at least 40 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 45 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 55 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 60 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 60 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 80 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 90 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 100 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 120 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 140 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 160 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 180 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 200 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 250 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 300 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 350 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 400 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 450 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 500 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 600 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 700 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 800 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 900 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 1000 nucleotides.
+In one embodiment, the poly-A tail is designed relative to the length of the overall modified RNA molecule. This design may be based on the length of the coding region of the modified RNA, the length of a particular feature or region of the modified RNA (such as the mRNA), or based on the length of the ultimate product expressed from the modified RNA. In this context the poly-A tail may be 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 100% greater in length than the modified RNA or feature thereof. The poly-A tail may also be designed as a fraction of the modified RNA to which it belongs. In this context, the poly-A tail may be 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90% or more of the total length of the construct or the total length of the construct minus the poly-A tail.
+Use of Modified mRNAs
+The mmRNAs of the present invention may find uses in many areas of research, discovery, therapeutics, diagnostics and in kits and devices.
+Therapeutics
+The mmRNAs (modified RNAs) and the proteins translated from the mmRNAs described herein can be used as therapeutic agents. For example, an mmRNA described herein can be administered to a subject, wherein the mmRNA is translated in vivo to produce a therapeutic polypeptide in the subject. Provided are compositions, methods, kits, and reagents for treatment or prevention of disease or conditions in humans and other mammals. The active therapeutic agents of the invention include mmRNAs, cells containing mmRNAs or polypeptides translated from the mmRNAs, polypeptides translated from mmRNAs.
+Provided herein are methods of inducing translation of a recombinant polypeptide in a cell population using the mmRNAs described herein. Such translation can be in vivo, ex vivo, in culture, or in vitro. The cell population is contacted with an effective amount of a composition containing a mmRNA that has at least one nucleoside modification, and a translatable region encoding the recombinant polypeptide. The population is contacted under conditions such that the mmRNA is localized into one or more cells of the cell population and the recombinant polypeptide is translated in the cell from the nucleic acid.
+An effective amount of the composition is provided based, at least in part, on the target tissue, target cell type, means of administration, physical characteristics of the nucleic acid (e.g., size, and extent of modified nucleosides), and other determinants. In general, an effective amount of the composition provides efficient protein production in the cell, preferably more efficient than a composition containing a corresponding unmodified nucleic acid. Increased efficiency may be demonstrated by increased cell transfection (i.e., the percentage of cells transfected with the nucleic acid), increased protein translation from the nucleic acid, decreased nucleic acid degradation (as demonstrated, e.g., by increased duration of protein translation from a mmRNA), or reduced innate immune response of the host cell.
+Aspects of the invention are directed to methods of inducing in vivo translation of a recombinant polypeptide in a mammalian subject in need thereof. Therein, an effective amount of a composition containing a mmRNA that has at least one nucleoside modification and a translatable region encoding the recombinant polypeptide is administered to the subject using the delivery methods and split dosing regimens described herein. The mmRNA is provided in an amount and under other conditions such that the nucleic acid is localized into a cell of the subject and the recombinant polypeptide is translated in the cell from the mmRNA. The cell in which the mmRNA is localized, or the tissue in which the cell is present, may be targeted with one or more than one rounds of mmRNA administration.
+The subject to whom the therapeutic agent is administered suffers from or is at risk of developing a disease, disorder, or deleterious condition. Provided are methods of identifying, diagnosing, and classifying subjects on these bases, which may include clinical diagnosis, biomarker levels, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and other methods known in the art.
+In certain embodiments, the administered mmRNA directs production of one or more recombinant polypeptides that provide a functional activity which is substantially absent in the cell in which the recombinant polypeptide is translated. For example, the missing functional activity may be enzymatic, structural, or gene regulatory in nature. In related embodiments, the administered mmRNA directs production of one or more recombinant polypeptides that increases (e.g., synergistically) a functional activity which is present but substantially deficient in the cell in which the recombinant polypeptide is translated.
+In other embodiments, the administered mmRNA directs production of one or more recombinant polypeptides that replace a polypeptide (or multiple polypeptides) that is substantially absent in the cell in which the recombinant polypeptide is translated. Such absence may be due to genetic mutation of the encoding gene or regulatory pathway thereof. In some embodiments, the recombinant polypeptide increases the level of an endogenous protein in the cell to a desirable level; such an increase may bring the level of the endogenous protein from a subnormal level to a normal level or from a normal level to a super-normal level.
+Alternatively, the recombinant polypeptide functions to antagonize the activity of an endogenous protein present in, on the surface of, or secreted from the cell. Usually, the activity of the endogenous protein is deleterious to the subject; for example, do to mutation of the endogenous protein resulting in altered activity or localization. Additionally, the recombinant polypeptide antagonizes, directly or indirectly, the activity of a biological moiety present in, on the surface of, or secreted from the cell. Examples of antagonized biological moieties include lipids (e.g., cholesterol), a lipoprotein (e.g., low density lipoprotein), a nucleic acid, a carbohydrate, a protein toxin such as shiga and tetanus toxins, or a small molecule toxin such as botulinum, cholera, and diphtheria toxins. Additionally, the antagonized biological molecule may be an endogenous protein that exhibits an undesirable activity, such as a cytotoxic or cytostatic activity.
+The polypeptides encoded by the mmRNA described herein are engineered for localization within the cell, potentially within a specific compartment such as the nucleus, or are engineered for secretion from the cell or translocation to the plasma membrane of the cell.
+In one embodiment of the invention are bifunctional mmRNA. As the name implies, bifunctional mmRNA are those having or capable of at least two functions.
+The multiple functionalities of bifunctional mmRNAs may be encoded by the mRNA (the function may not manifest until the encoded product is translated) or may be a property of the RNA itself. It may be structural or chemical. Bifunctional modified RNAs may comprise a function that is covalently associated with the RNA or electrostatically associated.
+In some embodiments, modified mRNAs and their encoded polypeptides in accordance with the present invention may be used for treatment of any of a variety of diseases, disorders, and/or conditions, including but not limited to one or more of the following: autoimmune disorders (e.g. diabetes, lupus, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis); inflammatory disorders (e.g. arthritis, pelvic inflammatory disease); infectious diseases (e.g. viral infections (e.g., HIV, HCV, RSV), bacterial infections, fungal infections, sepsis); neurological disorders (e g. Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease; autism; Duchenne muscular dystrophy); cardiovascular disorders (e.g. atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia, thrombosis, clotting disorders, angiogenic disorders such as macular degeneration); proliferative disorders (e.g. cancer, benign neoplasms); respiratory disorders (e.g. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease); digestive disorders (e.g. inflammatory bowel disease, ulcers); musculoskeletal disorders (e.g. fibromyalgia, arthritis); endocrine, metabolic, and nutritional disorders (e.g. diabetes, osteoporosis); urological disorders (e.g. renal disease); psychological disorders (e.g. depression, schizophrenia); skin disorders (e.g. wounds, eczema); blood and lymphatic disorders (e.g. anemia, hemophilia); etc.
+Avoidance of the Innate Immune Response
+The term “innate immune response” includes a cellular response to exogenous single stranded nucleic acids, generally of viral or bacterial origin, which involves the induction of cytokine expression and release, particularly the interferons, and cell death. Protein synthesis is also reduced during the innate cellular immune response. While it is advantageous to eliminate the innate immune response in a cell, the invention provides modified mRNAs that substantially reduce the immune response, including interferon signaling, without entirely eliminating such a response. In some embodiments, the immune response is reduced by 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, 99.9%, or greater than 99.9% as compared to the immune response induced by a corresponding unmodified nucleic acid. Such a reduction can be measured by expression or activity level of Type 1 interferons or the expression of interferon-regulated genes such as the toll-like receptors (e.g., TLR7 and TLR8). Reduction of innate immune response can also be measured by decreased cell death following one or more administrations of modified RNAs to a cell population; e.g., cell death is 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or over 95% less than the cell death frequency observed with a corresponding unmodified nucleic acid. Moreover, cell death may affect fewer than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.01% or fewer than 0.01% of cells contacted with the mmRNAs.
+The invention provides therapeutic methods for the repeated introduction (e.g., transfection) of mmRNAs into a target cell population, e.g., in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo. The step of contacting the cell population may be repeated one or more times (such as two, three, four, five or more than five times). In some embodiments, the step of contacting the cell population with the mmRNAs is repeated a number of times sufficient such that a predetermined efficiency of protein translation in the cell population is achieved. Given the reduced cytotoxicity of the target cell population provided by the nucleic acid modifications, such repeated transfections are achievable in a diverse array of cell types.
+Protein Production
+The methods provided herein are useful for enhancing protein product yield in a cell culture process. In a cell culture containing a plurality of host cells, introduction of the modified mRNAs described herein results in increased protein production efficiency relative to a corresponding unmodified nucleic acid. Such increased protein production efficiency can be demonstrated, e.g., by showing increased cell transfection, increased protein translation from the nucleic acid, decreased nucleic acid degradation, and/or reduced innate immune response of the host cell. Protein production can be measured by ELISA, and protein activity can be measured by various functional assays known in the art. The protein production may be generated in a continuous or a fed-batch mammalian process.
+Additionally, it is useful to optimize the expression of a specific polypeptide in a cell line or collection of cell lines of potential interest, particularly an engineered protein such as a protein variant of a reference protein having a known activity. In one embodiment, provided is a method of optimizing expression of an engineered protein in a target cell, by providing a plurality of target cell types, and independently contacting with each of the plurality of target cell types a modified mRNA encoding an engineered polypeptide. Additionally, culture conditions may be altered to increase protein production efficiency. Subsequently, the presence and/or level of the engineered polypeptide in the plurality of target cell types is detected and/or quantitated, allowing for the optimization of an engineered polypeptide's expression by selection of an efficient target cell and cell culture conditions relating thereto. Such methods are particularly useful when the engineered polypeptide contains one or more post-translational modifications or has substantial tertiary structure, situations which often complicate efficient protein production.
+Gene Silencing
+The modified mRNAs described herein are useful to silence (i.e., prevent or substantially reduce) expression of one or more target genes in a cell population. A modified mRNA encoding a polypeptide capable of directing sequence-specific histone H3 methylation is introduced into the cells in the population under conditions such that the polypeptide is translated and reduces gene transcription of a target gene via histone H3 methylation and subsequent heterochromatin formation. In some embodiments, the silencing mechanism is performed on a cell population present in a mammalian subject. By way of non-limiting example, a useful target gene is a mutated Janus Kinase-2 family member, wherein the mammalian subject expresses the mutant target gene suffers from a myeloproliferative disease resulting from aberrant kinase activity.
+Co-administration of modified mRNAs and siRNAs are also provided herein. As demonstrated in yeast, sequence-specific trans silencing is an effective mechanism for altering cell function. Fission yeast require two RNAi complexes for siRNA-mediated heterochromatin assembly: the RNA-induced transcriptional silencing (RITS) complex and the RNA-directed RNA polymerase complex (RDRC) (Motamedi et al. Cell 2004, 119, 789-802). In fission yeast, the RITS complex contains the siRNA binding Argonaute family protein Ago1, a chromodomain protein Chp1, and Tas3. The fission yeast RDRC complex is composed of an RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase Rdp1, a putative RNA helicase Hrr1, and a polyA polymerase family protein Cid12. These two complexes require the Dicer ribonuclease and Clr4 histone H3 methyltransferase for activity. Together, Ago1 binds siRNA molecules generated through Dicer-mediated cleavage of Rdp1 co-transcriptionally generated dsRNA transcripts and allows for the sequence-specific direct association of Chp1, Tas3, Hrr1, and Clr4 to regions of DNA destined for methylation and histone modification and subsequent compaction into transcriptionally silenced heterochromatin. While this mechanism functions in cis- with centromeric regions of DNA, sequence-specific trans silencing is possible through co-transfection with double-stranded siRNAs for specific regions of DNA and concomitant RNAi-directed silencing of the siRNA ribonuclease Eri1 (Buhler et al. Cell 2006, 125, 873-886).
+Modulation of Biological Pathways
+The rapid translation of modified mRNAs introduced into cells provides a desirable mechanism of modulating target biological pathways. Such modulation includes antagonism or agonism of a given pathway. In one embodiment, a method is provided for antagonizing a biological pathway in a cell by contacting the cell with an effective amount of a composition comprising a modified nucleic acid encoding a recombinant polypeptide, under conditions such that the nucleic acid is localized into the cell and the recombinant polypeptide is capable of being translated in the cell from the nucleic acid, wherein the recombinant polypeptide inhibits the activity of a polypeptide functional in the biological pathway. Exemplary biological pathways are those defective in an autoimmune or inflammatory disorder such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis colitis, or Crohn's disease; in particular, antagonism of the IL-12 and IL-23 signaling pathways are of particular utility. (See Kikly K, Liu L, Na S, Sedgwick J D (2006) Curr. Opin. Immunol. 18 (6): 670-5).
+Further, provided are modified nucleic acids encoding an antagonist for chemokine receptors; chemokine receptors CXCR-4 and CCR-5 are required for, e.g., HIV entry into host cells (et al, (1996) October 3; 383(6599):400).
+Alternatively, provided are methods of agonizing a biological pathway in a cell by contacting the cell with an effective amount of a modified nucleic acid encoding a recombinant polypeptide under conditions such that the nucleic acid is localized into the cell and the recombinant polypeptide is capable of being translated in the cell from the nucleic acid, and the recombinant polypeptide induces the activity of a polypeptide functional in the biological pathway. Exemplary agonized biological pathways include pathways that modulate cell fate determination. Such agonization is reversible or, alternatively, irreversible.
+Cellular Nucleic Acid Delivery
+Methods of the present invention enhance nucleic acid delivery into a cell population, in vivo, ex vivo, or in culture. For example, a cell culture containing a plurality of host cells (e.g., eukaryotic cells such as yeast or mammalian cells) is contacted with a composition that contains an enhanced nucleic acid having at least one nucleoside modification and, optionally, a translatable region. The composition also generally contains a transfection reagent or other compound that increases the efficiency of enhanced nucleic acid uptake into the host cells. The enhanced nucleic acid exhibits enhanced retention in the cell population, relative to a corresponding unmodified nucleic acid. The retention of the enhanced nucleic acid is greater than the retention of the unmodified nucleic acid. In some embodiments, it is at least about 50%, 75%, 90%, 95%, 100%, 150%, 200% or more than 200% greater than the retention of the unmodified nucleic acid. Such retention advantage may be achieved by one round of transfection with the enhanced nucleic acid, or may be obtained following repeated rounds of transfection.
+In some embodiments, the enhanced nucleic acid is delivered to a target cell population with one or more additional nucleic acids. Such delivery may be at the same time, or the enhanced nucleic acid is delivered prior to delivery of the one or more additional nucleic acids. The additional one or more nucleic acids may be modified nucleic acids or unmodified nucleic acids. It is understood that the initial presence of the enhanced nucleic acids does not substantially induce an innate immune response of the cell population and, moreover, that the innate immune response will not be activated by the later presence of the unmodified nucleic acids. In this regard, the enhanced nucleic acid may not itself contain a translatable region, if the protein desired to be present in the target cell population is translated from the unmodified nucleic acids.
+Expression of Ligand or Receptor on Cell Surface
+In some aspects and embodiments of the aspects described herein, the modified RNAs can be used to express a ligand or ligand receptor on the surface of a cell (e.g., a homing moiety). A ligand or ligand receptor moiety attached to a cell surface can permit the cell to have a desired biological interaction with a tissue or an agent in vivo. A ligand can be an antibody, an antibody fragment, an aptamer, a peptide, a vitamin, a carbohydrate, a protein or polypeptide, a receptor, e.g., cell-surface receptor, an adhesion molecule, a glycoprotein, a sugar residue, a therapeutic agent, a drug, a glycosaminoglycan, or any combination thereof. For example, a ligand can be an antibody that recognizes a cancer-cell specific antigen, rendering the cell capable of preferentially interacting with tumor cells to permit tumor-specific localization of a modified cell. A ligand can confer the ability of a cell composition to accumulate in a tissue to be treated, since a preferred ligand may be capable of interacting with a target molecule on the external face of a tissue to be treated. Ligands having limited cross-reactivity to other tissues are generally preferred.
+In some cases, a ligand can act as a homing moiety which permits the cell to target to a specific tissue or interact with a specific ligand. Such homing moieties can include, but are not limited to, any member of a specific binding pair, antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, or derivatives or analogs thereof, including without limitation: Fv fragments, single chain Fv (scFv) fragments, Fab′ fragments, F(ab′)2 fragments, single domain antibodies, camelized antibodies and antibody fragments, humanized antibodies and antibody fragments, and multivalent versions of the foregoing; multivalent binding reagents including without limitation: monospecific or bispecific antibodies, such as disulfide stabilized Fv fragments, scFv tandems ((SCFV)2 fragments), diabodies, tribodies or tetrabodies, which typically are covalently linked or otherwise stabilized (i.e., leucine zipper or helix stabilized) scFv fragments; and other homing moieties include for example, aptamers, receptors, and fusion proteins.
+In some embodiments, the homing moiety may be a surface-bound antibody, which can permit tuning of cell targeting specificity. This is especially useful since highly specific antibodies can be raised against an epitope of interest for the desired targeting site. In one embodiment, multiple antibodies are expressed on the surface of a cell, and each antibody can have a different specificity for a desired target. Such approaches can increase the avidity and specificity of homing interactions.
+A skilled artisan can select any homing moiety based on the desired localization or function of the cell, for example an estrogen receptor ligand, such as tamoxifen, can target cells to estrogen-dependent breast cancer cells that have an increased number of estrogen receptors on the cell surface. Other non-limiting examples of ligand/receptor interactions include CCRI (e.g., for treatment of inflamed joint tissues or brain in rheumatoid arthritis, and/or multiple sclerosis), CCR7, CCR8 (e.g., targeting to lymph node tissue), CCR6, CCR9, CCR10 (e.g., to target to intestinal tissue), CCR4, CCR10 (e.g., for targeting to skin), CXCR4 (e.g., for general enhanced transmigration), HCELL (e.g., for treatment of inflammation and inflammatory disorders, bone marrow), Alpha4beta7 (e.g., for intestinal mucosa targeting), VLA-4NCAM-1 (e.g., targeting to endothelium). In general, any receptor involved in targeting (e.g., cancer metastasis) can be harnessed for use in the methods and compositions described herein.
+Mediators of Cell Death
+In one embodiment, a modified nucleic acid molecule composition can be used to induce apoptosis in a cell (e.g., a cancer cell) by increasing the expression of a death receptor, a death receptor ligand or a combination thereof. This method can be used to induce cell death in any desired cell and has particular usefulness in the treatment of cancer where cells escape natural apoptotic signals.
+Apoptosis can be induced by multiple independent signaling pathways that converge upon a final effector mechanism consisting of multiple interactions between several “death receptors” and their ligands, which belong to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor/ligand superfamily. The best-characterized death receptors are CD95 (“Fas”), TNFRI (p55), death receptor 3 (DR3 or Apo3/TRAMO), DR4 and DR5 (apo2-TRAIL-R2). The final effector mechanism of apoptosis may be the activation of a series of proteinases designated as caspases. The activation of these caspases results in the cleavage of a series of vital cellular proteins and cell death. The molecular mechanism of death receptors/ligands-induced apoptosis is well known in the art. For example, Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis is induced by binding of three FasL molecules which induces trimerization of Fas receptor via C-terminus death domains (DDs), which in turn recruits an adapter protein FADD (Fas-associated protein with death domain) and Caspase-8. The oligomerization of this trimolecular complex, Fas/FAIDD/caspase-8, results in proteolytic cleavage of proenzyme caspase-8 into active caspase-8 that, in turn, initiates the apoptosis process by activating other downstream caspases through proteolysis, including caspase-3. Death ligands in general are apoptotic when formed into trimers or higher order of structures. As monomers, they may serve as antiapoptotic agents by competing with the trimers for binding to the death receptors.
+In one embodiment, the modified nucleic acid molecule composition encodes for a death receptor (e.g., Fas, TRAIL, TRAMO, TNFR, TLR etc). Cells made to express a death receptor by transfection of modified RNA become susceptible to death induced by the ligand that activates that receptor. Similarly, cells made to express a death ligand, e.g., on their surface, will induce death of cells with the receptor when the transfected cell contacts the target cell. In another embodiment, the modified RNA composition encodes for a death receptor ligand (e.g., FasL, TNF, etc). In another embodiment, the modified RNA composition encodes a caspase (e.g., caspase 3, caspase 8, caspase 9 etc). Where cancer cells often exhibit a failure to properly differentiate to a non-proliferative or controlled proliferative form, in another embodiment, the synthetic, modified RNA composition encodes for both a death receptor and its appropriate activating ligand. In another embodiment, the synthetic, modified RNA composition encodes for a differentiation factor that when expressed in the cancer cell, such as a cancer stem cell, will induce the cell to differentiate to a non-pathogenic or nonself-renewing phenotype (e.g., reduced cell growth rate, reduced cell division etc) or to induce the cell to enter a dormant cell phase (e.g., G0 resting phase).
+One of skill in the art will appreciate that the use of apoptosis-inducing techniques may require that the modified nucleic acid molecules are appropriately targeted to e.g., tumor cells to prevent unwanted wide-spread cell death. Thus, one can use a delivery mechanism (e.g., attached ligand or antibody, targeted liposome etc) that recognizes a cancer antigen such that the modified nucleic acid molecules are expressed only in cancer cells.
+Formulations of Modified mRNAs
+Provided herein are formulations containing an effective amount of an mmRNA.
+In certain embodiments, the formulations include one or more cell penetration agents, e.g., transfection agents. In one specific embodiment, an mmRNA is mixed or admixed with a transfection agent (or mixture thereof) and the resulting mixture is employed to transfect cells. Preferred transfection agents are cationic lipid compositions, particularly monovalent and polyvalent cationic lipid compositions, more particularly LIPOFECTIN®, LIPOFECTACE®, LIPOFECTAMINE™, CELLFECTIN®, DMRIE-C, DMRIE, DOTAP, DOSPA, and DOSPER, and dendrimer compositions, particularly G5-G10 dendrimers, including dense star dendrimers, PAMAM dendrimers, grafted dendrimers, and dendrimers known as dendrigrafts and SUPERFECT®.
+In a second specific transfection method, a ribonucleic acid is conjugated to a nucleic acid-binding group, for example a polyamine and more particularly a spermine, which is then introduced into the cell or admixed with a transfection agent (or mixture thereof) and the resulting mixture is employed to transfect cells. In a third specific embodiment, a mixture of one or more transfection-enhancing peptides, proteins, or protein fragments, including fusagenic peptides or proteins, transport or trafficking peptides or proteins, receptor-ligand peptides or proteins, or nuclear localization peptides or proteins and/or their modified analogs (e.g., spermine modified peptides or proteins) or combinations thereof are mixed with and complexed with a ribonucleic acid to be introduced into a cell, optionally being admixed with transfection agent and the resulting mixture is employed to transfect cells. Further, a component of a transfection agent (e.g., lipids, cationic lipids or dendrimers) is covalently conjugated to selected peptides, proteins, or protein fragments directly or via a linking or spacer group. Of particular interest in this embodiment are peptides or proteins that are fusagenic, membrane-permeabilizing, transport or trafficking, or which function for cell-targeting. The peptide- or protein-transfection agent complex is combined with a ribonucleic acid and employed for transfection.
+In certain embodiments, the formulations include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier that causes the effective amount of mmRNA to be substantially retained in a target tissue containing the cell.
+In certain embodiments, the formulation may include at least an mmRNA and a delivery agent. In some embodiments, the delivery agent may comprise lipidoid-based formulations allowed for localized and systemic delivery of mmRNA.
+Also provided are compositions for generation of an in vivo depot containing an engineered ribonucleotide. For example, the composition contains a bioerodible, biocompatible polymer, a solvent present in an amount effective to plasticize the polymer and form a gel therewith, and an engineered ribonucleic acid. In certain embodiments the composition also includes a cell penetration agent as described herein. In other embodiments, the composition also contains a thixotropic amount of a thixotropic agent mixable with the polymer so as to be effective to form a thixotropic composition. Further compositions include a stabilizing agent, a bulking agent, a chelating agent, or a buffering agent.
+In other embodiments, provided are sustained-release delivery depots, such as for administration of a mmRNA to an environment (meaning an organ or tissue site) in a patient. Such depots generally contain a mmRNA and a flexible chain polymer where both the mmRNA and the flexible chain polymer are entrapped within a porous matrix of a crosslinked matrix protein. Usually, the pore size is less than 1 mm, such as 900 nm, 800 nm, 700 nm, 600 nm, 500 nm, 400 nm, 300 nm, 200 nm, 100 nm, or less than 100 nm. Usually the flexible chain polymer is hydrophilic. Usually the flexible chain polymer has a molecular weight of at least 50 kDa, such as 75 kDa, 100 kDa, 150 kDa, 200 kDa, 250 kDa, 300 kDa, 400 kDa, 500 kDa, or greater than 500 kDa. Usually the flexible chain polymer has a persistence length of less than 10%, such as 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 or less than 1% of the persistence length of the matrix protein. Usually the flexible chain polymer has a charge similar to that of the matrix protein. In some embodiments, the flexible chain polymer alters the effective pore size of a matrix of crosslinked matrix protein to a size capable of sustaining the diffusion of the mmRNA from the matrix into a surrounding tissue comprising a cell into which the mmRNA is capable of entering.
+Formulation Using Lipidoids
+The pharmaceutical compositions described herein include lipidoid-based formulations allowing for localized and systemic delivery of mmRNA. The synthesis of lipidoids has been extensively described and formulations containing these compounds are particularly suited for delivery of polynucleotides (see Mahon et al., Bioconjug Chem. 2010 21:1448-1454; Schroeder et al., J Intern Med. 2010 267:9-21; Akinc et al., Nat Biotechnol. 2008 26:561-569; Love et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010 107:1864-1869; Siegwart et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011 108:12996-3001; all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties).
+According to the present invention, complexes, micelles, liposomes or particles can be prepared containing these lipidoids and therefore, result in an effective delivery of mmRNA, as judged by the production of an encoded protein, following the injection of an mmRNA-formulated lipidoids via localized and systemic routes of administration. Modified mRNA-lipidoid complexes can be administered by various means disclosed herein.
+The characteristics of optimized lipidoid formulations for intramuscular or subcutaneous routes may vary significantly depending on the target cell type and the ability of formulations to diffuse through the extracellular matrix into the blood stream. While a particle size of less than 150 nm may be desired for effective hepatocyte delivery due to the size of the endothelial fenestrae (see, Akinc et al., Mol Ther. 2009 17:872-879 herein incorporated by reference), use of lipidoid oligonucleotides to deliver the formulation to other cells types including, but not limited to, endothelial cells, myeloid cells, and muscle cells may not be similarly size-limited.
+In one aspect, effective delivery to myeloid cells, such as monocytes, lipidoid formulations may have a similar component molar ratio. Different ratios of lipidoids and other components including, but not limited to, disteroylphosphatidyl choline, cholesterol and PEG-DMG, may be used to optimize the formulation of the mmRNA molecule for delivery to different cell types including, but not limited to, hepatocytes, myeloid cells, muscle cells, etc. For example, the component molar ratio may include, but is not limited to, 50% lipid, 10% disteroylphosphatidyl choline, 38.5% cholesterol, and %1.5 PEG. The lipid may be selected from, but is not limited to, DLin-DMA, DLin-K-DMA, DLin-KC2-DMA, 98N12-5, C12-200 (including variants and derivatives), DLin-MC3-DMA and analogs thereof. The use of lipidoid formulations for the localized delivery of nucleic acids to cells (such as, but not limited to, adipose cells and muscle cells) via either subcutaneous or intramuscular delivery, may also not require all of the formulation components which may be required for systemic delivery, and as such may comprise the lipidoid and the mmRNA.
+In a further embodiment, combinations of different lipidoids may be used to improve the efficacy of mmRNA-directed protein.
+According to the present invention, modified mRNA may be formulated by mixing the mmRNA with the lipidoid at a set ratio prior to addition to cells. In vivo formulations may require the addition of extra ingredients to facilitate circulation throughout the body. To test the ability of these lipidoids to form particles suitable for in vivo work, a standard formulation process used for siRNA-lipidoid formulations may be used as a starting point. Initial mmRNA-lipidoid formulations consist of particles composed of 42% lipidoid, 48% cholesterol and 10% PEG, with further optimization of ratios possible. After formation of the particle, mmRNA is added and allowed to integrate with the complex. The encapsulation efficiency is determined using a standard dye exclusion assays.
+In vivo delivery of nucleic acids may be affected by many parameters, including, but not limited to, the formulation composition, nature of particle PEGylation, degree of loading, oligonucleotide to lipid ratio, and biophysical parameters such as particle size (Akinc et al., Mol Ther. 2009 17:872-879; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). As an example, small changes in the anchor chain length of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) lipids may result in significant effects on in vivo efficacy. Formulations with the different lipidoids, including, but not limited to penta[3-(1-laurylaminopropionyl)]-triethylenetetramine hydrochloride (TETA-5LAP; aka 98N12-5, see Murugaiah et al., Analytical Biochemistry, 401:61 (2010)), C12-200 (including derivatives and variants), MD1, DLin-DMA, DLin-K-DMA, DLin-KC2-DMA and DLin-MC3-DMA (see FIG. 1), can be tested for in vivo activity.
+The lipidoid referred to herein as “98N12-5” is disclosed by Akinc et al., Mol Ther. 2009 17:872-879 and is incorporated by reference in its entirety. (See FIG. 1)
+The lipidoid referred to herein as “C12-200” is disclosed by Love et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010 107:1864-1869 (see FIG. 1) and Liu and Huang, Molecular Therapy. 2010 669-670 (see FIG. 1); both of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. The lipidoid formulations can include particles comprising either 3 or 4 or more components in addition to polynucleotide, primary construct, or mmRNA. As an example, formulations with certain lipidoids, include, but are not limited to, 98N12-5 and may contain 42% lipidoid, 48% cholesterol and 10% PEG (C14 alkyl chain length). As another example, formulations with certain lipidoids, include, but are not limited to, C12-200 and may contain 50% lipidoid, 10% disteroylphosphatidyl choline, 38.5% cholesterol, and 1.5% PEG-DMG.
+The ratio of mmRNA to lipidoid used to test for in vitro transfection is tested empirically at different lipidoid:mmRNA ratios. Previous work using siRNA and lipidoids have utilized 2.5:1, 5:1, 10:1, and 15:1 lipidoid:siRNA wt:wt ratios. Given the longer length of mmRNA relative to siRNA, a lower wt:wt ratio of lipidoid to mmRNA is likely to be effective. In addition, for comparison mmRNA are also formulated using RNAiMax (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) or TRANSIT-mRNA (Minis Bio, Madison Wis.) cationic lipid delivery vehicles.
+The ability of lipidoid-formulated mmRNA to express the desired protein product can be confirmed by luminescence for luciferase expression, flow cytometry for expression, and by ELISA for secretion.
+The expression of mmRNA-encoded proteins can be assessed both within the muscle or subcutaneous tissue and systemically in blood and other organs and fluids such as the liver and spleen, urine, saliva, etc.
+For example, single dose studies allow an assessment of the magnitude, dose responsiveness, and longevity of expression of the desired product. After formulation of mmRNA with the lipidoid formulations, as described previously, animals are divided into groups receiving either a saline formulation, or a lipidoid-formulation containing one of several different mmRNA. Prior to injection, mmRNA-containing lipidoid formulations are diluted in PBS and animals administered a single intramuscular dose of formulated mmRNA ranging from 50 mg/kg to doses as low as 1 ng/kg with a preferred range to be 10 mg/kg to 100 ng/kg. If the animal tested is a mouse the maximum dose can be roughly 1 mg mmRNA or as low as 0.02 ng mmRNA if administered once into the hind limb. Likewise for subcutaneous administration, mmRNA-containing lipidoid formulations are diluted in PBS before the animals are administered a single subcutaneous dose of formulated mmRNA ranging from 400 mg/kg- to doses as low as 1 ng/kg. A preferred dosage range comprises 80 mg/kg to 100 ng/kg. If the animal tested is a mouse, the maximum dose administered can be roughly 8 mg mmRNA or as low as 0.02 ng mmRNA if the dose is administered once subcutaneously.
+It is preferred that the volume of a single intramuscular injection is maximally 0.025 ml and of a single subcutaneous injection is maximally 0.2 ml for a 20 gram mouse. The dose of the mmRNA administered to the animal is calculated depending on the body weight of the animal. At various points in time points following the administration of the mmRNA-lipidoid, serum, tissues, and tissue lysates can be obtained and the level of the mmRNA-encoded product determined. The ability of lipidoid-formulated mmRNA to express the desired protein product can be confirmed by luminescence for luciferase expression, flow cytometry, and by ELISA.
+Additional studies for a multi-dose regimen can also be performed to determine the maximal expression using mmRNA, to evaluate the saturability of the mmRNA-driven expression (achieved by giving a control and active mmRNA formulation in parallel or in sequence), and to determine the feasibility of repeat drug administration (by giving mmRNA in doses separated by weeks or months and then determining whether expression level is affected by factors such as immunogenicity).
+Administration
+The present invention provides methods comprising administering modified mRNAs and or complexes in accordance with the invention to a subject in need thereof. mmRNA or complexes, or pharmaceutical, imaging, diagnostic, or prophylactic compositions thereof, may be administered to a subject using any amount and any route of administration which may be effective for preventing, treating, diagnosing, or imaging a disease, disorder, and/or condition (e.g., a disease, disorder, and/or condition relating to working memory deficits). The exact amount required will vary from subject to subject, depending on factors such as, but not limited to, the species, age, and general condition of the subject, the severity of the disease, the particular composition, its mode of administration, its mode of activity, and the like.
+mmRNA to be delivered and/or pharmaceutical, prophylactic, diagnostic, or imaging compositions thereof may be administered to animals, such as mammals (e.g., humans, domesticated animals, cats, dogs, mice, rats, etc.). In some embodiments, pharmaceutical, prophylactic, diagnostic, or imaging compositions thereof are administered to humans.
+mmRNA may be administered by any route. In some embodiments, mmRNA are administered by one or more of a variety of routes, including, but not limited to, local, oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arterial, intramedullary, intrathecal, subcutaneous, intraventricular, transdermal, interdermal, rectal, intravaginal, intraperitoneal, topical (e.g. by powders, ointments, creams, gels, lotions, and/or drops), mucosal, nasal, buccal, enteral, vitreal, intratumoral, sublingual; by intratracheal instillation, bronchial instillation, and/or inhalation; as an oral spray, nasal spray, and/or aerosol, and/or through a portal vein catheter.
+In some embodiments, mmRNA are administered by systemic intravenous injection. In specific embodiments, mmRNA may be administered intravenously and/or orally. In specific embodiments, mmRNA may be administered in a way which allows the mmRNA to cross the blood-brain barrier, vascular barrier, or other epithelial barrier.
+Injectable preparations, for example, sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing agents, wetting agents, and/or suspending agents. Sterile injectable preparations may be sterile injectable solutions, suspensions, and/or emulsions in nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluents and/or solvents, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, U.S.P., and isotonic sodium chloride solution. Sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. Fatty acids such as oleic acid can be used in the preparation of injectables.
+Injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, and/or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.
+Dosage forms for local, topical and/or transdermal administration of a composition may include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants and/or patches. Additionally, the present invention contemplates the use of transdermal patches, which often have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound to the body. Such dosage forms may be prepared, for example, by dissolving and/or dispensing the compound in the proper medium. Alternatively or additionally, rate may be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane and/or by dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix and/or gel.
+Formulations suitable for topical administration include, but are not limited to, liquid and/or semi liquid preparations such as liniments, lotions, oil in water and/or water in oil emulsions such as creams, ointments and/or pastes, and/or solutions and/or suspensions. Topically-administrable formulations may, for example, comprise from about 1% to about 10% (w/w) active ingredient, although the concentration of active ingredient may be as high as the solubility limit of the active ingredient in the solvent. Formulations for topical administration may further comprise one or more of the additional ingredients described herein.
+A pharmaceutical composition may be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in a formulation suitable for ophthalmic administration. Such formulations may, for example, be in the form of eye drops including, for example, a 0.1/1.0% (w/w) solution and/or suspension of the active ingredient in an aqueous or oily liquid excipient. Such drops may further comprise buffering agents, salts, and/or one or more other of any additional ingredients described herein. Other opthalmically-administrable formulations which are useful include those which comprise the active ingredient in microcrystalline form and/or in a liposomal preparation. Ear drops and/or eye drops are contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.
+In general the most appropriate route of administration will depend upon a variety of factors including the nature of the mmRNA to be delivered (e.g., its stability in the environment of the gastrointestinal tract, bloodstream, etc.), the condition of the patient (e.g., whether the patient is able to tolerate particular routes of administration), etc. The invention encompasses the delivery of the mmRNA by any appropriate route taking into consideration likely advances in the sciences of drug delivery.
+In certain embodiments, compositions in accordance with the present invention may be administered at dosage levels sufficient to deliver from about 0.0001 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg, from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 40 mg/kg, from about 0.5 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg, from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, or from about 1 mg/kg to about 25 mg/kg, of subject body weight per day, one or more times a day, to obtain the desired therapeutic, diagnostic or prophylactic effect. The desired dosage may be delivered three times a day, two times a day, once a day, every other day, every third day, every week, every two weeks, every three weeks, or every four weeks. In certain embodiments, the desired dosage may be delivered using multiple administrations (e.g., two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, or more administrations). When multiple administration is employed, split dosing regimens such as those described herein may be used.
+According to the present invention, it has been discovered that administration of mmRNA in split-dose regimens produce higher levels of proteins in mammalian subjects. As used herein, a “split dose” is the division of single unit dose or total daily dose into two or more doses. As used herein, a “single unit dose” is a dose of any therapeutic administered in one dose/at one time/single route/single point of contact, i.e., single administration event. As used herein, a “total daily dose” is an amount given or prescribed in 24 hr period. It may be administered as a single unit dose. In one embodiment, the mmRNA of the present invention are administered to a subject in split doses. The mmRNA may be formulated in buffer only or in a formulation described herein.
+Modified nucleic acid molecules or complexes may be used or administered in combination with one or more other therapeutic, prophylactic, diagnostic, or imaging agents. By “in combination with,” it is not intended to imply that the agents must be administered at the same time and/or formulated for delivery together, although these methods of delivery are within the scope of the present disclosure. Compositions can be administered concurrently with, prior to, or subsequent to, one or more other desired therapeutics or medical procedures. In general, each agent will be administered at a dose and/or on a time schedule determined for that agent. In some embodiments, the present disclosure encompasses the delivery of pharmaceutical, prophylactic, diagnostic, or imaging compositions in combination with agents that may improve their bioavailability, reduce and/or modify their metabolism, inhibit their excretion, and/or modify their distribution within the body.
+It will further be appreciated that therapeutically, prophylactically, diagnostically, or imaging active agents utilized in combination may be administered together in a single composition or administered separately in different compositions. In general, it is expected that agents utilized in combination with be utilized at levels that do not exceed the levels at which they are utilized individually. In some embodiments, the levels utilized in combination will be lower than those utilized individually. In one embodiment, the combinations, each or together may be administered according to the split dosing regimens described herein.
+The particular combination of therapies (therapeutics or procedures) to employ in a combination regimen will take into account compatibility of the desired therapeutics and/or procedures and the desired therapeutic effect to be achieved. It will also be appreciated that the therapies employed may achieve a desired effect for the same disorder (for example, a composition useful for treating cancer in accordance with the invention may be administered concurrently with a chemotherapeutic agent), or they may achieve different effects (e.g., control of any adverse effects).
+Compositions containing mmRNAs are formulated for administration intramuscularly, transarterially, intraocularly, vaginally, rectally, intraperitoneally, intravenously, intranasally, subcutaneously, endoscopically, transdermally, intramuscularly, intraventricularly, intradermally, intrathecally, topically (e.g. by powders, ointments, creams, gels, lotions, and/or drops), mucosally, nasal, enterally, intratumorally, by intratracheal instillation, bronchial instillation, and/or inhalation; nasal spray and/or aerosol, and/or through a portal vein catheter.
+The compositions may also be formulated for direct delivery to an organ or tissue in any of several ways in the art including, but not limited to, direct soaking or bathing, via a catheter, by gels, powder, ointments, creams, gels, lotions, and/or drops, by using substrates such as fabric or biodegradable materials coated or impregnated with the compositions, and the like. In some embodiments, the composition is formulated for extended release. In specific embodiments, mmRNA molecules or complexes, and/or pharmaceutical, prophylactic, diagnostic, or imaging compositions thereof, may be administered in a way which allows the mmRNA molecules or complex to cross the blood-brain barrier, vascular barrier, or other epithelial barrier.
+In some aspects of the invention, the nucleic acids (particularly ribonucleic acids encoding polypeptides) are spatially retained within or proximal to a target tissue. Provided are method of providing a composition to a target tissue of a mammalian subject by contacting the target tissue (which contains one or more target cells) with the composition under conditions such that the composition, in particular the nucleic acid component(s) of the composition, is substantially retained in the target tissue, meaning that at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 99.9, 99.99 or greater than 99.99% of the composition is retained in the target tissue. Advantageously, retention is determined by measuring the amount of the nucleic acid present in the composition that enters one or more target cells. For example, at least 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 99.9, 99.99 or greater than 99.99% of the nucleic acids administered to the subject are present intracellularly at a period of time following administration. For example, intramuscular injection to a mammalian subject is performed using an aqueous composition containing a ribonucleic acid and a transfection reagent, and retention of the composition is determined by measuring the amount of the ribonucleic acid present in the muscle cells.
+Aspects of the invention are directed to methods of providing a composition to a target tissue of a mammalian subject, by contacting the target tissue (containing one or more target cells) with the composition under conditions such that the composition is substantially retained in the target tissue. The composition contains an effective amount of a ribonucleic acid engineered to avoid an innate immune response of a cell into which the ribonucleic acid enters, where the ribonucleic acid contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide of interest, under conditions such that the polypeptide of interest is produced in at least one target cell. The compositions generally contain a cell penetration agent, although “naked” nucleic acid (such as nucleic acids without a cell penetration agent or other agent) is also contemplated, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
+In some circumstances, the amount of a protein produced by cells in a tissue is desirably increased. Preferably, this increase in protein production is spatially restricted to cells within the target tissue. Thus, provided are methods of increasing production of a protein of interest in a tissue of a mammalian subject. A composition is provided that contains a ribonucleic acid that is engineered to avoid an innate immune response of a cell into which the ribonucleic acid enters and encodes the polypeptide of interest and the composition is characterized in that a unit quantity of composition has been determined to produce the polypeptide of interest in a substantial percentage of cells contained within a predetermined volume of the target tissue. In some embodiments, the composition includes a plurality of different ribonucleic acids, where one or more than one of the ribonucleic acids is engineered to avoid an innate immune response of a cell into which the ribonucleic acid enters, and where one or more than one of the ribonucleic acids encodes a polypeptide of interest. Optionally, the composition also contains a cell penetration agent to assist in the intracellular delivery of the ribonucleic acid. A determination is made of the dose of the composition required to produce the polypeptide of interest in a substantial percentage of cells contained within the predetermined volume of the target tissue (generally, without inducing significant production of the polypeptide of interest in tissue adjacent to the predetermined volume, or distally to the target tissue). Subsequent to this determination, the determined dose is introduced directly into the tissue of the mammalian subject.
+Formulations which may be administered intramuscularly and/or subcutaneously may include, but are not limited to, polymers, copolymers, and gels. The polymers, copolymers and/or gels may further be adjusted to modify release kinetics by adjusting factors such as, but not limited to, molecular weight, particle size, payload and/or ratio of the monomers. As a non-limiting example, formulations administered intramuscularly and/or subcutaneously may include a copolymer such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid).
+Localized delivery of the compositions described herein may be administered by methods such as, but not limited to, topical delivery, ocular delivery, transdermal delivery, and the like. The composition may also be administered locally to a part of the body not normally available for localized delivery such as, but not limited to, when a subject's body is open to the environment during treatment. The composition may further be delivered by bathing, soaking and/or surrounding the body part with the composition.
+However, the present disclosure encompasses the delivery of mmRNA molecules or complexes, and/or pharmaceutical, prophylactic, diagnostic, or imaging compositions thereof, by any appropriate route taking into consideration likely advances in the sciences of drug delivery.
+The level or concentration of a mmRNA may be characterized using exosomes. A level or concentration of the mmRNA in exosomes can represent an expression level, presence, absence, truncation or alteration of the mmRNA. The level or concentration may be determined by a method such as, but not limited to, an assay using construct specific probes, cytometry, qRT-PCR, realtime PCR, PCR, flow cytometry, electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, or combinations thereof. Further, the level or concentration may be associated with a clinical phenotype. For analysis, the exosome may be isolated by a method such as, but not limited to, immunohistochemcial methods such as enzyme linked immonsorbent assay (ELISA) methods, size exclusion chromatography, density gradient centrifugation, differential centrifugation, nanomembrane ultrafiltration, immunoabsorbent capture, affinity purification, microfluidic separation, or combinations thereof.
+Pharmaceutical Compositions
+When administered to a subject the pharmaceutical compositions described herein may provide proteins which have been generated from modified mRNAs. Pharmaceutical compositions may optionally comprise one or more additional therapeutically active substances. In accordance with some embodiments, a method of administering pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more proteins to be delivered to a subject in need thereof is provided. In some embodiments, compositions are administered to human subjects. In a further embodiment, the compositions are administered to a subject who is a patient.
+Pharmaceutical compositions may optionally comprise one or more additional therapeutically active substances.
+In some embodiments, compositions are administered to humans. For the purposes of the present disclosure, the phrase “active ingredient” generally refers to a mmRNA to be delivered as described herein.
+Although the descriptions of pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are principally directed to pharmaceutical compositions which are suitable for administration to humans, it will be understood by the skilled artisan that such compositions are generally suitable for administration to animals of all sorts. Modification of pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration to humans in order to render the compositions suitable for administration to various animals is well understood, and the ordinarily skilled veterinary pharmacologist can design and/or perform such modification with merely ordinary, if any, experimentation. Subjects to which administration of the pharmaceutical compositions is contemplated include, but are not limited to, humans and/or other primates; mammals, including commercially relevant mammals such as cattle, pigs, horses, sheep, cats, dogs, mice, and/or rats; and/or birds, including commercially relevant birds such as chickens, ducks, geese, and/or turkeys.
+Formulations of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be prepared by any method known or hereafter developed in the art of pharmacology. In general, such preparatory methods include the step of bringing the active ingredient into association with an excipient and/or one or more other accessory ingredients, and then, if necessary and/or desirable, shaping and/or packaging the product into a desired single- or multi-dose unit.
+A pharmaceutical composition in accordance with the invention may be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in bulk, as a single unit dose, and/or as a plurality of single unit doses. As used herein, a “unit dose” is discrete amount of the pharmaceutical composition comprising a predetermined amount of the active ingredient. The amount of the active ingredient is generally equal to the dosage of the active ingredient which would be administered to a subject and/or a convenient fraction of such a dosage such as, for example, one-half or one-third of such a dosage.
+Relative amounts of the active ingredient, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, and/or any additional ingredients in a pharmaceutical composition in accordance with the invention will vary, depending upon the identity, size, and/or condition of the subject treated and further depending upon the route by which the composition is to be administered. By way of example, the composition may comprise between 0.1% and 100% (w/w) active ingredient.
+Pharmaceutical formulations may additionally comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, which, as used herein, includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, diluents, or other liquid vehicles, dispersion or suspension aids, surface active agents, isotonic agents, thickening or emulsifying agents, preservatives, solid binders, lubricants and the like, as suited to the particular dosage form desired. Remington's The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st Edition, A. R. Gennaro (Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md., 2006; incorporated herein by reference) discloses various excipients used in formulating pharmaceutical compositions and known techniques for the preparation thereof. Except insofar as any conventional excipient medium is incompatible with a substance or its derivatives, such as by producing any undesirable biological effect or otherwise interacting in a deleterious manner with any other component(s) of the pharmaceutical composition, its use is contemplated to be within the scope of this invention.
+In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% pure. In some embodiments, an excipient is approved for use in humans and for veterinary use.
+In some embodiments, an excipient is approved by United States Food and Drug Administration. In some embodiments, an excipient is pharmaceutical grade. In some embodiments, an excipient meets the standards of the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP), the European Pharmacopoeia (EP), the British Pharmacopoeia, and/or the International Pharmacopoeia.
+Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions include, but are not limited to, inert diluents, dispersing and/or granulating agents, surface active agents and/or emulsifiers, disintegrating agents, binding agents, preservatives, buffering agents, lubricating agents, and/or oils. Such excipients may optionally be included in pharmaceutical formulations. Excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes, coloring agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring, and/or perfuming agents can be present in the composition, according to the judgment of the formulator.
+Exemplary diluents include, but are not limited to, calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, calcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, sodium phosphate lactose, sucrose, cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, kaolin, mannitol, sorbitol, inositol, sodium chloride, dry starch, cornstarch, powdered sugar, etc., and/or combinations thereof.
+Exemplary granulating and/or dispersing agents include, but are not limited to, potato starch, corn starch, tapioca starch, sodium starch glycolate, clays, alginic acid, guar gum, citrus pulp, agar, bentonite, cellulose and wood products, natural sponge, cation-exchange resins, calcium carbonate, silicates, sodium carbonate, cross-linked poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone) (crospovidone), sodium carboxymethyl starch (sodium starch glycolate), carboxymethyl cellulose, cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (croscarmellose), methylcellulose, pregelatinized starch (starch 1500), microcrystalline starch, water insoluble starch, calcium carboxymethyl cellulose, magnesium aluminum silicate (Veegum), sodium lauryl sulfate, quaternary ammonium compounds, etc., and/or combinations thereof.
+Exemplary surface active agents and/or emulsifiers include, but are not limited to, natural emulsifiers (e.g. acacia, agar, alginic acid, sodium alginate, tragacanth, chondrux, cholesterol, xanthan, pectin, gelatin, egg yolk, casein, wool fat, cholesterol, wax, and lecithin), colloidal clays (e.g. bentonite [aluminum silicate] and Veegum® [magnesium aluminum silicate]), long chain amino acid derivatives, high molecular weight alcohols (e.g. stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, triacetin monostearate, ethylene glycol distearate, glyceryl monostearate, and propylene glycol monostearate, polyvinyl alcohol), carbomers (e.g. carboxy polymethylene, polyacrylic acid, acrylic acid polymer, and carboxyvinyl polymer), carrageenan, cellulosic derivatives (e.g. carboxymethylcellulose sodium, powdered cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methylcellulose), sorbitan fatty acid esters (e.g. polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate [TWEEN®20], polyoxyethylene sorbitan [TWEEN®60], polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate [TWEEN®80], sorbitan monopalmitate [SPAN®40], sorbitan monostearate [SPAN®60], sorbitan tristearate [SPAN®65], glyceryl monooleate, sorbitan monooleate [SPAN®80]), polyoxyethylene esters (e.g. polyoxyethylene monostearate [MYRJ®45], polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil, polyethoxylated castor oil, polyoxymethylene stearate, and SOLUTOL®), sucrose fatty acid esters, polyethylene glycol fatty acid esters (e.g. CREMOPHOR®), polyoxyethylene ethers, (e.g. polyoxyethylene lauryl ether [BRIJ® 30]), poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone), diethylene glycol monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, sodium oleate, potassium oleate, ethyl oleate, oleic acid, ethyl laurate, sodium lauryl sulfate, PLURONIC®F 68, POLOXAMER 188, cetrimonium bromide, cetylpyridinium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, docusate sodium, etc. and/or combinations thereof.
+Exemplary binding agents include, but are not limited to, starch (e.g. cornstarch and starch paste); gelatin; sugars (e.g. sucrose, glucose, dextrose, dextrin, molasses, lactose, lactitol, mannitol); natural and synthetic gums (e.g. acacia, sodium alginate, extract of Irish moss, panwar gum, ghatti gum, mucilage of isapol husks, carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose acetate, poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone), magnesium aluminum silicate (VEEGUM®), and larch arabogalactan); alginates; polyethylene oxide; polyethylene glycol; inorganic calcium salts; silicic acid; polymethacrylates; waxes; water; alcohol; etc.; and combinations thereof.
+Exemplary preservatives may include, but are not limited to, antioxidants, chelating agents, antimicrobial preservatives, antifungal preservatives, alcohol preservatives, acidic preservatives, and/or other preservatives. Exemplary antioxidants include, but are not limited to, alpha tocopherol, ascorbic acid, acorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, monothioglycerol, potassium metabisulfite, propionic acid, propyl gallate, sodium ascorbate, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, and/or sodium sulfite. Exemplary chelating agents include ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), citric acid monohydrate, disodium edetate, dipotassium edetate, edetic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, phosphoric acid, sodium edetate, tartaric acid, and/or trisodium edetate. Exemplary antimicrobial preservatives include, but are not limited to, benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, benzyl alcohol, bronopol, cetrimide, cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine, chlorobutanol, chlorocresol, chloroxylenol, cresol, ethyl alcohol, glycerin, hexetidine, imidurea, phenol, phenoxyethanol, phenylethyl alcohol, phenylmercuric nitrate, propylene glycol, and/or thimerosal. Exemplary antifungal preservatives include, but are not limited to, butyl paraben, methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, benzoic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, potassium benzoate, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium propionate, and/or sorbic acid. Exemplary alcohol preservatives include, but are not limited to, ethanol, polyethylene glycol, phenol, phenolic compounds, bisphenol, chlorobutanol, hydroxybenzoate, and/or phenylethyl alcohol. Exemplary acidic preservatives include, but are not limited to, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, citric acid, acetic acid, dehydroacetic acid, ascorbic acid, sorbic acid, and/or phytic acid. Other preservatives include, but are not limited to, tocopherol, tocopherol acetate, deteroxime mesylate, cetrimide, butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluened (BHT), ethylenediamine, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, potassium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, GLYDANT PLUS®, PHENONIP®, methylparaben, GERMALL® 115, GERMABEN® II, NEOLONE™, KATHON™, and/or EUXYL®.
+Exemplary buffering agents include, but are not limited to, citrate buffer solutions, acetate buffer solutions, phosphate buffer solutions, ammonium chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, calcium citrate, calcium glubionate, calcium gluceptate, calcium gluconate, D-gluconic acid, calcium glycerophosphate, calcium lactate, propanoic acid, calcium levulinate, pentanoic acid, dibasic calcium phosphate, phosphoric acid, tribasic calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide phosphate, potassium acetate, potassium chloride, potassium gluconate, potassium mixtures, dibasic potassium phosphate, monobasic potassium phosphate, potassium phosphate mixtures, sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, sodium lactate, dibasic sodium phosphate, monobasic sodium phosphate, sodium phosphate mixtures, tromethamine, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, alginic acid, pyrogen-free water, isotonic saline, Ringer's solution, ethyl alcohol, etc., and/or combinations thereof.
+Exemplary lubricating agents include, but are not limited to, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, silica, talc, malt, glyceryl behanate, hydrogenated vegetable oils, polyethylene glycol, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, leucine, magnesium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, etc., and combinations thereof.
+Exemplary oils include, but are not limited to, almond, apricot kernel, avocado, babassu, bergamot, black current seed, borage, cade, camomile, canola, caraway, carnauba, castor, cinnamon, cocoa butter, coconut, cod liver, coffee, corn, cotton seed, emu, eucalyptus, evening primrose, fish, flaxseed, geraniol, gourd, grape seed, hazel nut, hyssop, isopropyl myristate, jojoba, kukui nut, lavandin, lavender, lemon, litsea cubeba, macademia nut, mallow, mango seed, meadowfoam seed, mink, nutmeg, olive, orange, orange roughy, palm, palm kernel, peach kernel, peanut, poppy seed, pumpkin seed, rapeseed, rice bran, rosemary, safflower, sandalwood, sasquana, savoury, sea buckthorn, sesame, shea butter, silicone, soybean, sunflower, tea tree, thistle, tsubaki, vetiver, walnut, and wheat germ oils. Exemplary oils include, but are not limited to, butyl stearate, caprylic triglyceride, capric triglyceride, cyclomethicone, diethyl sebacate, dimethicone 360, isopropyl myristate, mineral oil, octyldodecanol, oleyl alcohol, silicone oil, and/or combinations thereof.
+Liquid dosage forms for oral and parenteral administration include, but are not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and/or elixirs. In addition to active ingredients, liquid dosage forms may comprise inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents, oral compositions can include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and/or perfuming agents. In certain embodiments for parenteral administration, compositions are mixed with solubilizing agents such as Cremophor®, alcohols, oils, modified oils, glycols, polysorbates, cyclodextrins, polymers, and/or combinations thereof.
+General considerations in the formulation and/or manufacture of pharmaceutical agents may be found, for example, in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy 21st ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005 (incorporated herein by reference).
+In order to prolong the effect of an active ingredient, it is often desirable to slow the absorption of the active ingredient from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle. Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the drug in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending upon the ratio of drug to polymer and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions which are compatible with body tissues.
+Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are typically suppositories which can be prepared by mixing compositions with suitable non-irritating excipients such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active ingredient. Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, an active ingredient is mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or fillers or extenders (e.g. starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid), binders (e.g. carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia), humectants (e.g. glycerol), disintegrating agents (e.g. agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate), solution retarding agents (e.g. paraffin), absorption accelerators (e.g. quaternary ammonium compounds), wetting agents (e.g. cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate), absorbents (e.g. kaolin and bentonite clay), and lubricants (e.g. talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate), and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage form may comprise buffering agents.
+Solid compositions of a similar type may be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like. Solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may optionally comprise opacifying agents and can be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. Solid compositions of a similar type may be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
+Dosage forms for topical and/or transdermal administration of a composition may include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants and/or patches. Generally, an active ingredient is admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and/or any needed preservatives and/or buffers as may be required. Topically-administrable formulations may, for example, comprise from about 1% to about 10% (w/w) active ingredient, although the concentration of active ingredient may be as high as the solubility limit of the active ingredient in the solvent. Formulations for topical administration may further comprise one or more of the additional ingredients described herein.
+A pharmaceutical composition may be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in a formulation suitable for pulmonary administration via the buccal cavity. Such a formulation may comprise dry particles which comprise the active ingredient and which have a diameter in the range from about 0.5 nm to about 7 nm or from about 1 nm to about 6 nm. Such compositions are suitably in the form of dry powders for administration using a device comprising a dry powder reservoir to which a stream of propellant may be directed to disperse the powder and/or using a self propelling solvent/powder dispensing container such as a device comprising the active ingredient dissolved and/or suspended in a low-boiling propellant in a sealed container. Such powders comprise particles wherein at least 98% of the particles by weight have a diameter greater than 0.5 nm and at least 95% of the particles by number have a diameter less than 7 nm. Alternatively, at least 95% of the particles by weight have a diameter greater than 1 nm and at least 90% of the particles by number have a diameter less than 6 nm. Dry powder compositions may include a solid fine powder diluent such as sugar and are conveniently provided in a unit dose form.
+Low boiling propellants generally include liquid propellants having a boiling point of below 65° F. at atmospheric pressure. Generally the propellant may constitute 50% to 99.9% (w/w) of the composition, and active ingredient may constitute 0.1% to 20% (w/w) of the composition. A propellant may further comprise additional ingredients such as a liquid non-ionic and/or solid anionic surfactant and/or a solid diluent (which may have a particle size of the same order as particles comprising the active ingredient).
+Pharmaceutical compositions formulated for pulmonary delivery may provide an active ingredient in the form of droplets of a solution and/or suspension. Such formulations may be prepared, packaged, and/or sold as aqueous and/or dilute alcoholic solutions and/or suspensions, optionally sterile, comprising active ingredient, and may conveniently be administered using any nebulization and/or atomization device. Such formulations may further comprise one or more additional ingredients including, but not limited to, a flavoring agent such as saccharin sodium, a volatile oil, a buffering agent, a surface active agent, and/or a preservative such as methylhydroxybenzoate. Droplets provided by this route of administration may have an average diameter in the range from about 0.1 nm to about 200 nm.
+Formulations described herein as being useful for pulmonary delivery are useful for intranasal delivery of a pharmaceutical composition. Another formulation suitable for intranasal administration is a coarse powder comprising the active ingredient and having an average particle from about 0.2 μm to 500 μm. Such a formulation is administered in the manner in which snuff is taken, i.e. by rapid inhalation through the nasal passage from a container of the powder held close to the nose.
+Formulations suitable for nasal administration may, for example, comprise from about as little as 0.1% (w/w) and as much as 100% (w/w) of active ingredient, and may comprise one or more of the additional ingredients described herein. A pharmaceutical composition may be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in a formulation suitable for buccal administration. Such formulations may, for example, be in the form of tablets and/or lozenges made using conventional methods, and may, for example, 0.1% to 20% (w/w) active ingredient, the balance comprising an orally dissolvable and/or degradable composition and, optionally, one or more of the additional ingredients described herein. Alternately, formulations suitable for buccal administration may comprise a powder and/or an aerosolized and/or atomized solution and/or suspension comprising active ingredient. Such powdered, aerosolized, and/or aerosolized formulations, when dispersed, may have an average particle and/or droplet size in the range from about 0.1 nm to about 200 nm, and may further comprise one or more of any additional ingredients described herein
+Properties of the Pharmaceutical Compositions
+The pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be characterized by one or more of the following properties:
+Bioavailability
+The mmRNA molecules, when formulated into a composition with a delivery agent as described herein, can exhibit an increase in bioavailability as compared to a composition lacking a delivery agent as described herein. As used herein, the term “bioavailability” refers to the systemic availability of a given amount of a mmRNA molecule administered to a mammal. Bioavailability can be assessed by measuring the area under the curve (AUC) or the maximum serum or plasma concentration (Cmax) of the unchanged form of a compound following administration of the compound to a mammal. AUC is a determination of the area under the curve plotting the serum or plasma concentration of a compound along the ordinate (Y-axis) against time along the abscissa (X-axis). Generally, the AUC for a particular compound can be calculated using methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art and as described in G. S. Banker, Modern Pharmaceutics, Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences, v. 72, Marcel Dekker, New York, Inc., 1996, herein incorporated by reference.
+The Cmax value is the maximum concentration of the compound achieved in the serum or plasma of a mammal following administration of the compound to the mammal. The Cmax value of a particular compound can be measured using methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The phrases “increasing bioavailability” or “improving the pharmacokinetics,” as used herein mean that the systemic availability of a first mmRNA molecule, measured as AUC, Cmax, or Cmin in a mammal is greater, when co-administered with a delivery agent as described herein, than when such co-administration does not take place. In some embodiments, the bioavailability of the mmRNA molecule can increase by at least about 2%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or about 100%.
+Therapeutic Window
+The mmRNA molecules, when formulated into a composition as described herein, can exhibit an increase in the therapeutic window of the administered mmRNA molecule composition as compared to the therapeutic window of the administered mmRNA molecule composition lacking a delivery agent as described herein. As used herein “therapeutic window” refers to the range of plasma concentrations, or the range of levels of therapeutically active substance at the site of action, with a high probability of eliciting a therapeutic effect. In some embodiments, the therapeutic window of the mmRNA molecule when co-administered with a delivery agent as described herein can increase by at least about 2%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or about 100%.
+Volume of Distribution
+The mmRNA molecules, when formulated into a composition as described herein, can exhibit an improved volume of distribution (Vdist). The volume of distribution (Vdist) relates the amount of the drug in the body to the concentration of the drug in the blood or plasma. As used herein, the term “volume of distribution” refers to the fluid volume that would be required to contain the total amount of the drug in the body at the same concentration as in the blood or plasma: Vdist equals the amount of drug in the body/concentration of drug in blood or plasma. For example, for a 10 mg dose and a plasma concentration of 10 mg/L, the volume of distribution would be 1 liter. The volume of distribution reflects the extent to which the drug is present in the extravascular tissue. A large volume of distribution reflects the tendency of a compound to bind to the tissue components compared with plasma protein binding. In a clinical setting, Vdist can be used to determine a loading dose to achieve a steady state concentration. In some embodiments, the volume of distribution of the mmRNA molecule when co-administered with a delivery agent as described herein can decrease at least about 2%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%.
+Devices and Methods for Multi-Administration
+Methods and devices for multi-administration may be employed to deliver the mmRNA of the present invention according to the split dosing regimens taught herein. Such methods and devices are described below.
+Method and devices known in the art for multi-administration to cells, organs and tissues are contemplated for use in conjunction with the methods and compositions disclosed herein as embodiments of the present invention. These include, for example, those methods and devices having multiple needles, hybrid devices employing for example lumens or catheters as well as devices utilizing heat, electric current or radiation driven mechanisms.
+According to the present invention, these multi-administration devices may be utilized to deliver the split doses contemplated herein.
+Suitable devices for use in delivering intradermal pharmaceutical compositions described herein include short needle devices such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,886,499; 5,190,521; 5,328,483; 5,527,288; 4,270,537; 5,015,235; 5,141,496; and 5,417,662. Intradermal compositions may be administered by devices which limit the effective penetration length of a needle into the skin, such as those described in PCT publication WO 99/34850 and functional equivalents thereof. Jet injection devices which deliver liquid compositions to the dermis via a liquid jet injector and/or via a needle which pierces the stratum corneum and produces a jet which reaches the dermis are suitable. Jet injection devices are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,480,381; 5,599,302; 5,334,144; 5,993,412; 5,649,912; 5,569,189; 5,704,911; 5,383,851; 5,893,397; 5,466,220; 5,339,163; 5,312,335; 5,503,627; 5,064,413; 5,520,639; 4,596,556; 4,790,824; 4,941,880; 4,940,460; and PCT publications WO 97/37705 and WO 97/13537. Ballistic powder/particle delivery devices which use compressed gas to accelerate vaccine in powder form through the outer layers of the skin to the dermis are suitable. Alternatively or additionally, conventional syringes may be used in the classical mantoux method of intradermal administration.
+A method for delivering therapeutic agents to a solid tissue has been described by Bahrami et al and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20110230839, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Bahrami, an array of needles is incorporated into a device which delivers a substantially equal amount of fluid at any location in said solid tissue along each needle's length.
+A device for delivery of biological material across the biological tissue has been described by Kodgule et al and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20110172610, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Kodgule, multiple hollow micro-needles made of one or more metals and having outer diameters from about 200 microns to about 350 microns and lengths of at least 100 microns are incorporated into the device which delivers peptides, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acid molecules, lipids and other pharmaceutically active ingredients or combinations thereof.
+A delivery probe for delivering a therapeutic agent to a tissue has been described by Gunday et al and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20110270184, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Gunday, multiple needles are incorporated into the device which moves the attached capsules between an activated position and an inactivated position to force the agent out of the capsules through the needles.
+A multiple-injection medical apparatus has been described by Assaf and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20110218497, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Assaf, multiple needles are incorporated into the device which has a chamber connected to one or more of said needles and a means for continuously refilling the chamber with the medical fluid after each injection.
+An at least partially implantable system for injecting a substance into a patient's body, in particular a penis erection stimulation system has been described by Forsell and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20110196198, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Forsell, multiple needles are incorporated into the device which is implanted along with one or more housings adjacent the patient's left and right corpora cavernosa. A reservoir and a pump are also implanted to supply drugs through the needles.
+A method for the transdermal delivery of a therapeutic effective amount of iron has been described by Berenson and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20100130910, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Berenson, multiple needles may be used to create multiple micro channels in stratum corneum to enhance transdermal delivery of the ionic iron on an iontophoretic patch.
+A method for delivery of biological material across the biological tissue has been described by Kodgule et al and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20110196308, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Kodgule, multiple biodegradable microneedles containing a therapeutic active ingredient are incorporated in a device which delivers proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acid molecules, lipids and other pharmaceutically active ingredients or combinations thereof.
+A transdermal patch comprising a botulinum toxin composition has been described by Donovan and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20080220020, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Donovan, multiple needles are incorporated into the patch which delivers botulinum toxin under stratum corneum through said needles which project through the stratum corneum of the skin without rupturing a blood vessel.
+A cryoprobe for administration of an active agent to a location of cryogenic treatment has been described by Toubia and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20080140061, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Toubia, multiple needles are incorporated into the probe which receives the active agent into a chamber and administers the agent to the tissue.
+A method for treating or preventing inflammation or promoting healthy joints has been described by Stock et al and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20090155186, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Stock, multiple needles are incorporated in a device which administers compositions containing signal transduction modulator compounds.
+A multi-site injection system has been described by Kimmell et al and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20100256594, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Kimmell, multiple needles are incorporated into a device which delivers a medication into a stratum corneum through the needles.
+A method for delivering interferons to the intradermal compartment has been described by Dekker et al and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20050181033, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Dekker, multiple needles having an outlet with an exposed height between 0 and 1 mm are incorporated into a device which improves pharmacokinetics and bioavailability by delivering the substance at a depth between 0.3 mm and 2 mm.
+A method for delivering genes, enzymes and biological agents to tissue cells has described by Desai and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20030073908, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Desai, multiple needles are incorporated into a device which is inserted into a body and delivers a medication fluid through said needles.
+A method for treating cardiac arrhythmias with fibroblast cells has been described by Lee et al and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20040005295, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Lee, multiple needles are incorporated into the device which delivers fibroblast cells into the local region of the tissue.
+A method using a magnetically controlled pump for treating a brain tumor has been described by Shachar et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,799,012 (method) and U.S. Pat. No. 7,799,016 (device), the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According Shachar, multiple needles were incorporated into the pump which pushes a medicating agent through the needles at a controlled rate.
+Methods of treating functional disorders of the bladder in mammalian females have been described by Versi et al and are taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 8,029,496, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Versi, an array of micro-needles is incorporated into a device which delivers a therapeutic agent through the needles directly into the trigone of the bladder.
+A micro-needle transdermal transport device has been described by Angel et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,364,568, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Angel, multiple needles are incorporated into the device which transports a substance into a body surface through the needles which are inserted into the surface from different directions.
+A device for subcutaneous infusion has been described by Dalton et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,150,726, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Dalton, multiple needles are incorporated into the device which delivers fluid through the needles into a subcutaneous tissue.
+A device and a method for intradermal delivery of vaccines and gene therapeutic agents through microcannula have been described by Mikszta et al and are taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,473,247, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Mitszta, at least one hollow micro-needle is incorporated into the device which delivers the vaccines to the subject's skin to a depth of between 0.025 mm and 2 mm.
+A method of delivering insulin has been described by Pettis et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,722,595, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Pettis, two needles are incorporated into a device wherein both needles insert essentially simultaneously into the skin with the first at a depth of less than 2.5 mm to deliver insulin to intradermal compartment and the second at a depth of greater than 2.5 mm and less than 5.0 mm to deliver insulin to subcutaneous compartment.
+Cutaneous injection delivery under suction has been described by Kochamba et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,896,666, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Kochamba, multiple needles in relative adjacency with each other are incorporated into a device which injects a fluid below the cutaneous layer.
+A device for withdrawing or delivering a substance through the skin has been described by Down et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,607,513, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Down, multiple skin penetrating members which are incorporated into the device have lengths of about 100 microns to about 2000 microns and are about 30 to 50 gauge.
+A device for delivering a substance to the skin has been described by Palmer et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,537,242, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Palmer, an array of micro-needles is incorporated into the device which uses a stretching assembly to enhance the contact of the needles with the skin and provides a more uniform delivery of the substance.
+A perfusion device for localized drug delivery has been described by Zamoyski and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,468,247, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Zamoyski, multiple hypodermic needles are incorporated into the device which injects the contents of the hypodermics into a tissue as said hypodermics are being retracted.
+A method for enhanced transport of drugs and biological molecules across tissue by improving the interaction between micro-needles and human skin has been described by Prausnitz et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,743,211, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Prausnitz, multiple micro-needles are incorporated into a device which is able to present a more rigid and less deformable surface to which the micro-needles are applied.
+A device for intraorgan administration of medicinal agents has been described by Ting et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,077,251, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Ting, multiple needles having side openings for enhanced administration are incorporated into a device which by extending and retracting said needles from and into the needle chamber forces a medicinal agent from a reservoir into said needles and injects said medicinal agent into a target organ.
+A multiple needle holder and a subcutaneous multiple channel infusion port has been described by Brown and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 4,695,273, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Brown, multiple needles on the needle holder are inserted through the septum of the infusion port and communicate with isolated chambers in said infusion port.
+A dual hypodermic syringe has been described by Horn and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 3,552,394, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Horn, two needles incorporated into the device are spaced apart less than 68 mm and may be of different styles and lengths, thus enabling injections to be made to different depths.
+A syringe with multiple needles and multiple fluid compartments has been described by Hershberg and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 3,572,336, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Hershberg, multiple needles are incorporated into the syringe which has multiple fluid compartments and is capable of simultaneously administering incompatible drugs which are not able to be mixed for one injection.
+A surgical instrument for intradermal injection of fluids has been described by Eliscu et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 2,588,623, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Eliscu, multiple needles are incorporated into the instrument which injects fluids intradermally with a wider disperse.
+An apparatus for simultaneous delivery of a substance to multiple breast milk ducts has been described by Hung and is taught for example in EP 1818017, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Hung, multiple lumens are incorporated into the device which inserts though the orifices of the ductal networks and delivers a fluid to the ductal networks.
+A catheter for introduction of medications to the tissue of a heart or other organs has been described by Tkebuchava and is taught for example in WO2006138109, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Tkebuchava, two curved needles are incorporated which enter the organ wall in a flattened trajectory.
+Devices for delivering medical agents have been described by Mckay et al and are taught for example in WO2006118804, the content of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Mckay, multiple needles with multiple orifices on each needle are incorporated into the devices to facilitate regional delivery to a tissue, such as the interior disc space of a spinal disc.
+A method for directly delivering an immunomodulatory substance into an intradermal space within a mammalian skin has been described by Pettis and is taught for example in WO2004020014, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Pettis, multiple needles are incorporated into a device which delivers the substance through the needles to a depth between 0.3 mm and 2 mm.
+Methods and devices for administration of substances into at least two compartments in skin for systemic absorption and improved pharmacokinetics have been described by Pettis et al and are taught for example in WO2003094995, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Pettis, multiple needles having lengths between about 300 um and about 5 mm are incorporated into a device which delivers to intradermal and subcutaneous tissue compartments simultaneously.
+A drug delivery device with needles and a roller has been described by Zimmerman et al and is taught for example in WO2012006259, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Zimmerman, multiple hollow needles positioned in a roller are incorporated into the device which delivers the content in a reservoir through the needles as the roller rotates.
+Methods and Devices Utilizing Catheters and/or Lumens
+Methods and devices using catheters and lumens may be employed to adminstered the mmRNA of the present invention on a split dosing schedule. Such methods and devices are described below.
+A catheter-based delivery of skeletal myoblasts to the myocardium of damaged hearts has been described by Jacoby et al and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20060263338, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Jacoby, multiple needles are incorporated into the device at least part of which is inserted into a blood vessel and delivers the cell composition through the needles into the localized region of the subject's heart.
+An apparatus for treating asthma using neurotoxin has been described by Deem et al and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20060225742, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Deem, multiple needles are incorporated into the device which delivers neurotoxin through the needles into the bronchial tissue.
+A method for administering multiple-component therapies has been described by Nayak and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,699,803, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Nayak, multiple injection cannulas may be incorporated into a device wherein depth slots may be included for controlling the depth at which the therapeutic substance is delivered within the tissue.
+A surgical device for ablating a channel and delivering at least one therapeutic agent into a desired region of the tissue has been described by McIntyre et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 8,012,096, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to McIntyre, multiple needles are incorporated into the device which dispenses a therapeutic agent into a region of tissue surrounding the channel and is particularly well suited for transmyocardial revascularization operations.
+Methods of treating functional disorders of the bladder in mammalian females have been described by Versi et al and are taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 8,029,496, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Versi, an array of micro-needles is incorporated into a device which delivers a therapeutic agent through the needles directly into the trigone of the bladder.
+A device and a method for delivering fluid into a flexible biological barrier have been described by Yeshurun et al and are taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,998,119 (device) and U.S. Pat. No. 8,007,466 (method), the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Yeshurun, the micro-needles on the device penetrate and extend into the flexible biological barrier and fluid is injected through the bore of the hollow micro-needles.
+A method for epicardially injecting a substance into an area of tissue of a heart having an epicardial surface and disposed within a torso has been described by Bonner et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,628,780, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Bonner, the devices have elongate shafts and distal injection heads for driving needles into tissue and injecting medical agents into the tissue through the needles.
+A device for sealing a puncture has been described by Nielsen et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,972,358, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Nielsen, multiple needles are incorporated into the device which delivers a closure agent into the tissue surrounding the puncture tract.
+A method for myogenesis and angiogenesis has been described by Chiu et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,551,338, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Chiu, 5 to 15 needles having a maximum diameter of at least 1.25 mm and a length effective to provide a puncture depth of 6 to 20 mm are incorporated into a device which inserts into proximity with a myocardium and supplies an exogeneous angiogenic or myogenic factor to said myocardium through the conduits which are in at least some of said needles.
+A method for the treatment of prostate tissue has been described by Bolmsj et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,524,270, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Bolmsj, a device comprising a catheter which is inserted through the urethra has at least one hollow tip extendible into the surrounding prostate tissue. An astringent and analgesic medicine is administered through said tip into said prostate tissue.
+A method for infusing fluids to an intraosseous site has been described by Findlay et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,761,726, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Findlay, multiple needles are incorporated into a device which is capable of penetrating a hard shell of material covered by a layer of soft material and delivers a fluid at a predetermined distance below said hard shell of material.
+A device for injecting medications into a vessel wall has been described by Vigil et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 5,713,863, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Vigil, multiple injectors are mounted on each of the flexible tubes in the device which introduces a medication fluid through a multi-lumen catheter, into said flexible tubes and out of said injectors for infusion into the vessel wall.
+A catheter for delivering therapeutic and/or diagnostic agents to the tissue surrounding a bodily passageway has been described by Faxon et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 5,464,395, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Faxon, at least one needle cannula is incorporated into the catheter which delivers the desired agents to the tissue through said needles which project outboard of the catheter.
+Balloon catheters for delivering therapeutic agents have been described by Orr and are taught for example in WO2010024871, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Orr, multiple needles are incorporated into the devices which deliver the therapeutic agents to different depths within the tissue.
+Methods and Devices Utilizing Electrical Current
+Methods and devices utilizing electric current may be employed to deliver the mmRNA of the present invention according to the split dosing regimens taught herein. Such methods and devices are described below.
+An electro collagen induction therapy device has been described by Marquez and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20090137945, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Marquez, multiple needles are incorporated into the device which repeatedly pierce the skin and draw in the skin a portion of the substance which is applied to the skin first.
+An electrokinetic system has been described by Etheredge et al and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20070185432, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Etheredge, micro-needles are incorporated into a device which drives by an electrical current the medication through the needles into the targeted treatment site.
+An iontophoresis device has been described by Matsumura et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,437,189, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Matsumura, multiple needles are incorporated into the device which is capable of delivering ionizable drug into a living body at higher speed or with higher efficiency.
+Intradermal delivery of biologically active agents by needle-free injection and electroporation has been described by Hoffmann et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,171,264, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Hoffmann, one or more needle-free injectors are incorporated into an electroporation device and the combination of needle-free injection and electroporation is sufficient to introduce the agent into cells in skin, muscle or mucosa.
+A method for electropermeabilization-mediated intracellular delivery has been described by Lundkvist et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,625,486, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Lundkvist, a pair of needle electrodes is incorporated into a catheter. Said catheter is positioned into a body lumen followed by extending said needle electrodes to penetrate into the tissue surrounding said lumen. Then the device introduces an agent through at least one of said needle electrodes and applies electric field by said pair of needle electrodes to allow said agent pass through the cell membranes into the cells at the treatment site.
+A delivery system for transdermal immunization has been described by Levin et al and is taught for example in WO2006003659, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Levin, multiple electrodes are incorporated into the device which applies electrical energy between the electrodes to generate micro channels in the skin to facilitate transdermal delivery.
+A method for delivering RF energy into skin has been described by Schomacker and is taught for example in WO2011163264, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Schomacker, multiple needles are incorporated into a device which applies vacuum to draw skin into contact with a plate so that needles insert into skin through the holes on the plate and deliver RF energy.
+Devices and Kits
+Devices may also be used in conjunction with the present invention. In one embodiment, a device is used to assess levels of a protein which has been administered in the form of a modified mRNA. The device may comprise a blood, urine or other biofluidic test. It may be as large as to include an automated central lab platform or a small decentralized bench top device. It may be point of care or a handheld device. The device may be useful in drug discovery efforts as a companion diagnostic.
+In some embodiments the device is self-contained, and is optionally capable of wireless remote access to obtain instructions for synthesis and/or analysis of the generated nucleic acid. The device is capable of mobile synthesis of at least one nucleic acid, and preferably an unlimited number of different nucleic acid sequences. In certain embodiments, the device is capable of being transported by one or a small number of individuals. In other embodiments, the device is scaled to fit on a benchtop or desk. In other embodiments, the device is scaled to fit into a suitcase, backpack or similarly sized object. In further embodiments, the device is scaled to fit into a vehicle, such as a car, truck or ambulance, or a military vehicle such as a tank or personnel carrier. The information necessary to generate a modified mRNA encoding protein of interest is present within a computer readable medium present in the device.
+In some embodiments, the device is capable of communication (e.g., wireless communication) with a database of nucleic acid and polypeptide sequences. The device contains at least one sample block for insertion of one or more sample vessels. Such sample vessels are capable of accepting in liquid or other form any number of materials such as template DNA, nucleotides, enzymes, buffers, and other reagents. The sample vessels are also capable of being heated and cooled by contact with the sample block. The sample block is generally in communication with a device base with one or more electronic control units for the at least one sample block. The sample block preferably contains a heating module, such heating molecule capable of heating and/or cooling the sample vessels and contents thereof to temperatures between about −20 C and above +100 C. The device base is in communication with a voltage supply such as a battery or external voltage supply. The device also contains means for storing and distributing the materials for RNA synthesis.
+Optionally, the sample block contains a module for separating the synthesized nucleic acids. Alternatively, the device contains a separation module operably linked to the sample block. Preferably the device contains a means for analysis of the synthesized nucleic acid. Such analysis includes sequence identity (demonstrated such as by hybridization), absence of non-desired sequences, measurement of integrity of synthesized mRNA (such has by microfluidic viscometry combined with spectrophotometry), and concentration and/or potency of modified RNA (such as by spectrophotometry).
+In certain embodiments, the device is combined with a means for detection of pathogens present in a biological material obtained from a subject, e.g., the IBIS PLEX-ID system (Abbott) for microbial identification.
+The present invention provides for devices which incorporate mmRNA that encode proteins of interest. These devices may be implantable in an animal subject or may supply mmRNA formulations via a catheter or lumen. The device may be connected to or incorporate a pump. Such devices include those which can deliver therapeutics to areas of the body not readily accessible such as the CNS or across the blood brain barrier. In this embodiment the split dosing regimen can be implemented using a regulated pump.
+Kits
+The invention provides a variety of kits for conveniently and/or effectively carrying out methods of the present invention. Typically kits will comprise sufficient amounts and/or numbers of components to allow a user to perform multiple treatments of a subject(s) and/or to perform multiple experiments.
+In one aspect, the present invention provides kits for protein production, comprising a first isolated nucleic acid comprising a translatable region and a nucleic acid modification, wherein the nucleic acid may be capable of evading an innate immune response of a cell into which the first isolated nucleic acid may be introduced, and packaging and instructions. The kit may further comprise a delivery agent to form a formulation composition. The delivery composition may comprise a lipidoid. The lipoid may be selected from, but is not limited to, C12-200, 98N12-5, MD1, DLin-DMA, DLin-K-DMA, DLin-KC2-DMA, DLin-MC3-DMA and analogs thereof.
+In one aspect, the present invention provides kits for protein production, comprising a first isolated nucleic acid comprising a translatable region and a nucleoside modification, wherein the nucleic acid exhibits reduced degradation by a cellular nuclease, and packaging and instructions.
+In one aspect, the present invention provides kits for protein production, comprising a first isolated nucleic acid comprising a translatable region and at least two different nucleoside modifications, wherein the nucleic acid exhibits reduced degradation by a cellular nuclease, and packaging and instructions.
+In some embodiments, kits would provide split doses or instructions for the administration of split dosages of the mmRNA of the kit.
+DEFINITIONS
+At various places in the present specification, substituents of compounds of the present disclosure are disclosed in groups or in ranges. It is specifically intended that the present disclosure include each and every individual subcombination of the members of such groups and ranges. For example, the term “C1-6 alkyl” is specifically intended to individually disclose methyl, ethyl, C3 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C5 alkyl, and C6 alkyl.
+Animal: As used herein, the term “animal” refers to any member of the animal kingdom. In some embodiments, “animal” refers to humans at any stage of development. In some embodiments, “animal” refers to non-human animals at any stage of development. In certain embodiments, the non-human animal is a mammal (e.g., a rodent, a mouse, a rat, a rabbit, a monkey, a dog, a cat, a sheep, cattle, a primate, or a pig). In some embodiments, animals include, but are not limited to, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and worms. In some embodiments, the animal is a transgenic animal, genetically-engineered animal, or a clone.
+Approximately: As used herein, the term “approximately” or “about,” as applied to one or more values of interest, refers to a value that is similar to a stated reference value. In certain embodiments, the term “approximately” or “about” refers to a range of values that fall within 25%, 20%, 19%, 18%, 17%, 16%, 15%, 14%, 13%, 12%, 11%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or less in either direction (greater than or less than) of the stated reference value unless otherwise stated or otherwise evident from the context (except where such number would exceed 100% of a possible value).
+Associated with: As used herein, the terms “associated with,” “conjugated,” “linked,” “attached,” and “tethered,” when used with respect to two or more moieties, means that the moieties are physically associated or connected with one another, either directly or via one or more additional moieties that serves as a linking agent, to form a structure that is sufficiently stable so that the moieties remain physically associated under the conditions in which the structure is used, e.g., physiological conditions. An “association” need not be strictly through direct covalent chemical bonding. It may also suggest ionic or hydrogen bonding or a hybridization based connectivity sufficiently stable such that the “associated” entities remain physically associated.
+Bifunctional: As used herein, the term “bifunctional” refers to any substance, molecule or moiety which is capable of or maintains at least two functions. The functions may effect the same outcome or a different outcome. The structure that produces the function may be the same or different. For example, bifunctional modified RNAs of the present invention may encode a cytotoxic peptide (a first function) while those nucleosides which comprise the encoding RNA are, in and of themselves, cytotoxic (second function). In this example, delivery of the bifunctional modified RNA to a cancer cell would produce not only a peptide or protein molecule which may ameliorate or treat the cancer but would also deliver a cytotoxic payload of nucleosides to the cell should degredation, instead of translation of the modified RNA, occur.
+Biologically active: As used herein, the phrase “biologically active” refers to a characteristic of any substance that has activity in a biological system and/or organism. For instance, a substance that, when administered to an organism, has a biological affect on that organism, is considered to be biologically active. In particular embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention may be considered biologically active if even a portion of the nucleic acid molecule is biologically active or mimics an activity considered biologically relevant.
+Chemical terms: As used herein, the term “alkyl” is meant to refer to a saturated hydrocarbon group which is straight-chained or branched. Example alkyl groups include methyl (Me), ethyl (Et), propyl (e.g., n-propyl and isopropyl), butyl (e.g., n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl), pentyl (e.g., n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl), and the like. An alkyl group can contain from 1 to about 20, from 2 to about 20, from 1 to about 12, from 1 to about 8, from 1 to about 6, from 1 to about 4, or from 1 to about 3 carbon atoms.
+As used herein, “alkenyl” refers to an alkyl group having one or more double carbon-carbon bonds. Example alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, and the like.
+As used herein, “alkoxy” refers to an —O-alkyl group. Example alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy (e.g., n-propoxy and isopropoxy), t-butoxy, and the like.
+As used herein, “alkenyl” refers to an alkyl, as defined above, containing at least one double bond between adjacent carbon atoms. Alkenyls include both cis and trans isomers. Representative straight chain and branched alkenyls include ethylenyl, propylenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, isobutylenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-methyl-1-butenyl, 2-methyl-2-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, and the like.
+As used herein, “alkynyl” refers to an alkyl group having one or more triple carbon-carbon bonds. Example alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propynyl, and the like.
+As used herein, “aryl” refers to monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., having 2, 3 or 4 fused rings) aromatic hydrocarbons such as, for example, phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, indanyl, indenyl, and the like. In some embodiments, aryl groups have from 6 to about 20 carbon atoms.
+As used herein, “halo” or “halogen” includes fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo.
+Compound: As used herein, the term “compound,” is meant to include all stereoisomers, geometric isomers, tautomers, and isotopes of the structures depicted.
+The compounds described herein can be asymmetric (e.g., having one or more stereocenters). All stereoisomers, such as enantiomers and diastereomers, are intended unless otherwise indicated. Compounds of the present disclosure that contain asymmetrically substituted carbon atoms can be isolated in optically active or racemic forms. Methods on how to prepare optically active forms from optically active starting materials are known in the art, such as by resolution of racemic mixtures or by stereoselective synthesis. Many geometric isomers of olefins, C═N double bonds, and the like can also be present in the compounds described herein, and all such stable isomers are contemplated in the present disclosure. Cis and trans geometric isomers of the compounds of the present disclosure are described and may be isolated as a mixture of isomers or as separated isomeric forms.
+Compounds of the present disclosure also include tautomeric forms. Tautomeric forms result from the swapping of a single bond with an adjacent double bond and the concomitant migration of a proton. Tautomeric forms include prototropic tautomers which are isomeric protonation states having the same empirical formula and total charge. Examples prototropic tautomers include ketone—enol pairs, amide—imidic acid pairs, lactam—lactim pairs, amide—imidic acid pairs, enamine—imine pairs, and annular forms where a proton can occupy two or more positions of a heterocyclic system, such as, 1H- and 3H-imidazole, 1H-, 2H- and 4H-1,2,4-triazole, 1H- and 2H-isoindole, and 1H- and 2H-pyrazole. Tautomeric forms can be in equilibrium or sterically locked into one form by appropriate substitution.
+Compounds of the present disclosure also include all of the isotopes of the atoms occurring in the intermediate or final compounds. “Isotopes” refers to atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers resulting from a different number of neutrons in the nuclei. For example, isotopes of hydrogen include tritium and deuterium.
+The compounds and salts of the present disclosure can be prepared in combination with solvent or water molecules to form solvates and hydrates by routine methods.
+Conserved: As used herein, the term “conserved” refers to nucleotides or amino acid residues of a polynucleotide sequence or polypeptide sequence, respectively, that are those that occur unaltered in the same position of two or more sequences being compared. Nucleotides or amino acids that are relatively conserved are those that are conserved amongst more related sequences than nucleotides or amino acids appearing elsewhere in the sequences.
+In some embodiments, two or more sequences are said to be “completely conserved” if they are 100% identical to one another. In some embodiments, two or more sequences are said to be “highly conserved” if they are at least 70% identical, at least 80% identical, at least 90% identical, or at least 95% identical to one another. In some embodiments, two or more sequences are said to be “highly conserved” if they are about 70% identical, about 80% identical, about 90% identical, about 95%, about 98%, or about 99% identical to one another. In some embodiments, two or more sequences are said to be “conserved” if they are at least 30% identical, at least 40% identical, at least 50% identical, at least 60% identical, at least 70% identical, at least 80% identical, at least 90% identical, or at least 95% identical to one another. In some embodiments, two or more sequences are said to be “conserved” if they are about 30% identical, about 40% identical, about 50% identical, about 60% identical, about 70% identical, about 80% identical, about 90% identical, about 95% identical, about 98% identical, or about 99% identical to one another. Conservation of sequence may apply to the entire length of an oligonucleotide or polypeptide or may apply to a portion, region or feature thereof.
+Delivery: As used herein, “delivery” refers to the act or manner of delivering a compound, substance, entity, moiety, cargo or payload.
+Delivery Agent: As used herein, “delivery agent” refers to any substance which facilitates, at least in part, the in vivo delivery of a nucleic acid molecule to targeted cells.
+Detectable label: As used herein, “detectable label” refers to one or more markers, signals, or moieties which are attached, incorporated or associated with another entity that is readily detected by methods known in the art including radiography, fluorescence, chemiluminescence, enzymatic activity, absorbance and the like. Detectable labels include radioisotopes, fluorophores, chromophores, enzymes, dyes, metal ions, ligands such as biotin, avidin, strepavidin and haptens, quantum dots, and the like. Detectable labels may be located at any position in the peptides or proteins disclosed herein. They may be within the amino acids, the peptides, or proteins, or located at the N- or C-termini.
+Distal: As used herein “distal” means farther from center mass or line of symmetry of subject or reference point. For limbs, it is farther from body.
+Dosing regimen: As used herein, a “dosing regimen” is a schedule of administration or physician determined regimen of treatment, prophylaxis, or palliative care.
+Dose splitting factor (DSF)-ratio of PUD of dose split treatment divided by PUD of total daily dose or single unit dose. The value is derived from comparison of dosing regimens groups.
+Expression: As used herein, “expression” of a nucleic acid sequence refers to one or more of the following events: (1) production of an RNA template from a DNA sequence (e.g., by transcription); (2) processing of an RNA transcript (e.g., by splicing, editing, 5′ cap formation, and/or 3′ end processing); (3) translation of an RNA into a polypeptide or protein; and (4) post-translational modification of a polypeptide or protein.
+Formulation: As used herein, a “formulation” includes at least a modified nucleic acid molecule and a delivery agent.
+Functional: As used herein, a “functional” biological molecule is a biological molecule in a form in which it exhibits a property and/or activity by which it is characterized.
+Homology: As used herein, the term “homology” refers to the overall relatedness between polymeric molecules, e.g. between nucleic acid molecules (e.g. DNA molecules and/or RNA molecules) and/or between polypeptide molecules. In some embodiments, polymeric molecules are considered to be “homologous” to one another if their sequences are at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% identical. In some embodiments, polymeric molecules are considered to be “homologous” to one another if their sequences are at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% similar. The term “homologous” necessarily refers to a comparison between at least two sequences (polynucleotide or polypeptide sequences).
+In accordance with the invention, two polynucleotide sequences are considered to be homologous if the polypeptides they encode are at least about 50% identical, at least about 60% identical, at least about 70% identical, at least about 80% identical, or at least about 90% identical for at least one stretch of at least about 20 amino acids.
+In some embodiments, homologous polynucleotide sequences are characterized by the ability to encode a stretch of at least 4-5 uniquely specified amino acids. For polynucleotide sequences less than 60 nucleotides in length, homology is determined by the ability to encode a stretch of at least 4-5 uniquely specified amino acids. In accordance with the invention, two protein sequences are considered to be homologous if the proteins are at least about 50% identical, at least about 60% identical, at least about 70% identical, at least about 80% identical, or at least about 90% identical for at least one stretch of at least about 20 amino acids.
+Identity: As used herein, the term “identity” refers to the overall relatedness between polymeric molecules, e.g., between oligonucleotide molecules (e.g. DNA molecules and/or RNA molecules) and/or between polypeptide molecules. Calculation of the percent identity of two polynucleotide sequences, for example, can be performed by aligning the two sequences for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in one or both of a first and a second nucleic acid sequences for optimal alignment and non-identical sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes). In certain embodiments, the length of a sequence aligned for comparison purposes is at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% of the length of the reference sequence. The nucleotides at corresponding nucleotide positions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same nucleotide as the corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position. The percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences, taking into account the number of gaps, and the length of each gap, which needs to be introduced for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The comparison of sequences and determination of percent identity between two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm. For example, the percent identity between two nucleotide sequences can be determined using methods such as those described in Computational Molecular Biology, Lesk, A. M., ed., Oxford University Press, New York, 1988; Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects, Smith, D. W., ed., Academic Press, New York, 1993; Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology, von Heinje, G., Academic Press, 1987; Computer Analysis of Sequence Data, Part I, Griffin, A. M., and Griffin, H. G., eds., Humana Press, New Jersey, 1994; and Sequence Analysis Primer, Gribskov, M. and Devereux, J., eds., M Stockton Press, New York, 1991; each of which is incorporated herein by reference. For example, the percent identity between two nucleotide sequences can be determined using the algorithm of Meyers and Miller (CABIOS, 1989, 4:11-17), which has been incorporated into the ALIGN program (version 2.0) using a PAM120 weight residue table, a gap length penalty of 12 and a gap penalty of 4. The percent identity between two nucleotide sequences can, alternatively, be determined using the GAP program in the GCG software package using an NWSgapdna.CMP matrix. Methods commonly employed to determine percent identity between sequences include, but are not limited to those disclosed in Carillo, H., and Lipman, D., SIAM J Applied Math., 48:1073 (1988); incorporated herein by reference. Techniques for determining identity are codified in publicly available computer programs. Exemplary computer software to determine homology between two sequences include, but are not limited to, GCG program package, Devereux, J., et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 12(1), 387 (1984)), BLASTP, BLASTN, and FASTA Atschul, S. F. et al., J. Molec. Biol., 215, 403 (1990)).
+Inhibit expression of a gene: As used herein, the phrase “inhibit expression of a gene” means to cause a reduction in the amount of an expression product of the gene. The expression product can be an RNA transcribed from the gene (e.g., an mRNA) or a polypeptide translated from an mRNA transcribed from the gene. Typically a reduction in the level of an mRNA results in a reduction in the level of a polypeptide translated therefrom. The level of expression may be determined using standard techniques for measuring mRNA or protein.
+In vitro: As used herein, the term “in vitro” refers to events that occur in an artificial environment, e.g., in a test tube or reaction vessel, in cell culture, in a Petri dish, etc., rather than within an organism (e.g., animal, plant, or microbe).
+In vivo: As used herein, the term “in vivo” refers to events that occur within an organism (e.g., animal, plant, or microbe or cell or tissue thereof).
+Isolated: As used herein, the term “isolated” refers to a substance or entity that has been separated from at least some of the components with which it was associated (whether in nature or in an experimental setting). Isolated substances may have varying levels of purity in reference to the substances from which they have been associated. Isolated substances and/or entities may be separated from at least about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or more of the other components with which they were initially associated. In some embodiments, isolated agents are more than about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or more than about 99% pure. As used herein, a substance is “pure” if it is substantially free of other components. Substantially isolated: By “substantially isolated” is meant that the compound is substantially separated from the environment in which it was formed or detected. Partial separation can include, for example, a composition enriched in the compound of the present disclosure. Substantial separation can include compositions containing at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 97%, or at least about 99% by weight of the compound of the present disclosure, or salt thereof. Methods for isolating compounds and their salts are routine in the art.
+Modified: As used herein “modified” refers to a changed state or structure of a molecule of the invention. Molecules may be modified in many ways including chemically, structurally, and functionally. In one embodiment, the mRNA molecules of the present invention are modified by the introduction of non-natural nucleosides and/or nucleotides. Modified, as it pertains to a modified mRNA may also mean any alteration which is different from the wild type.
+Naturally occurring: As used herein, “naturally occurring” means existing in nature without artificial aid.
+Patient: As used herein, “patient” refers to a subject who may seek or be in need of treatment, requires treatment, is receiving treatment, will receive treatment, or a subject who is under care by a trained professional for a particular disease or condition.
+Peptide: As used herein, “peptide” is less than or equal to 50 amino acids long, e.g., about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 amino acids long.
+Prodrug: The present disclosure also includes prodrugs of the compounds described herein. As used herein, “prodrugs” refer to any substance, molecule or entity which is in a form predicate for that substance, molecule or entity to act as a therapeutic upon chemical or physical alteration. Prodrugs may by covalently bonded or sequestested in some way and which release or are converted into the active drug moiety prior to, upon or after administered to a mammalian subject. Prodrugs can be prepared by modifying functional groups present in the compounds in such a way that the modifications are cleaved, either in routine manipulation or in vivo, to the parent compounds. Prodrugs include compounds wherein hydroxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, or carboxyl groups are bonded to any group that, when administered to a mammalian subject, cleaves to form a free hydroxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, or carboxyl group respectively. Preparation and use of prodrugs is discussed in T. Higuchi and V. Stella, “Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems,” Vol. 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series, and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, ed. Edward B. Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
+Proliferate: As used herein, the term “proliferate” means to grow, expand or increase or cause to grow, expand or increase rapidly. “Proliferative” means having the ability to proliferate. “Anti-proliferative” means having properties counter to or inapposite to proliferative properties.
+Pharmaceutically acceptable: The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
+Pharmaceutically acceptable salts: The present disclosure also includes pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds described herein. As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to derivatives of the disclosed compounds wherein the parent compound is modified by converting an existing acid or base moiety to its salt form. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines; alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids; and the like. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present disclosure include the conventional non-toxic salts of the parent compound formed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present disclosure can be synthesized from the parent compound which contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two; generally, nonaqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile are preferred. Lists of suitable salts are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1985, p. 1418 and Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 66, 2 (1977), each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
+Polypeptide: As used herein, “polypeptide” means a polymer of amino acid residues linked together by peptide bonds. The term, as used herein, refers to proteins, polypeptides, and peptides of any size, structure, or function. Typically, however, a polypeptide will be at least 50 amino acids long. In some instances the polypeptide encoded is smaller than about 50 amino acids and the polypeptide is termed a peptide. If the polypeptide is a peptide, it will be at least about 5 amino acid residues long. Thus, polypeptides include gene products, naturally occurring polypeptides, synthetic polypeptides, homologs, orthologs, paralogs, fragments and other equivalents, variants, and analogs of the foregoing. A polypeptide may be a single molecule or may be a multi-molecular complex such as a dimer, trimer or tetramer. The term polypeptide may also apply to amino acid polymers in which one or more amino acid residues are an artificial chemical analogue of a corresponding naturally occurring amino acid.
+Polypeptide per unit drug (PUD): As used herein, a PUD or product per unit drug, is defined as a subdivided portion of total daily dose, usually 1 mg, pg, kg, etc., of a product (such as a polypeptide) as measured in body fluid or tissue, usually defined in concentration such as pmol/mL, mmol/mL, etc divided by the measure in the body fluid.
+Proximal: As used herein, “proximal” means closer to center mass or line of symmetry of subject or reference point. For limbs, it is closer to body.
+Sample: As used herein, the term “sample” refers to a subset of its tissues, cells or component parts (e.g. body fluids, including but not limited to peripheral blood, serum, plasma, ascites, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), sputum, saliva, bone marrow, synovial fluid, aqueous humor, amniotic fluid, cerumen, breast milk, broncheoalveolar lavage fluid, semen, prostatic fluid, cowper's fluid or pre-ejaculatory fluid, sweat, fecal matter, hair, tears, cyst fluid, pleural and peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid, lymph, chyme, chyle, bile, interstitial fluid, menses, pus, sebum, vomit, vaginal secretions, mucosal secretion, stool water, pancreatic juice, lavage fluids from sinus cavities, bronchopulmonary aspirates, blastocyl cavity fluid, and umbilical cord blood). A sample further may include a homogenate, lysate or extract prepared from a whole organism or a subset of its tissues, cells or component parts, or a fraction or portion thereof, including but not limited to, for example, plasma, serum, spinal fluid, lymph fluid, the external sections of the skin, respiratory, intestinal, and genitourinary tracts, tears, saliva, milk, blood cells, tumors, organs. A sample further refers to a medium, such as a nutrient broth or gel, which may contain cellular components, such as proteins or nucleic acid molecule.
+Similarity: As used herein, the term “similarity” refers to the overall relatedness between polymeric molecules, e.g. between polynucleotide molecules (e.g. DNA molecules and/or RNA molecules) and/or between polypeptide molecules. Calculation of percent similarity of polymeric molecules to one another can be performed in the same manner as a calculation of percent identity, except that calculation of percent similarity takes into account conservative substitutions as is understood in the art.
+Stable: As used herein “stable” refers to a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture, and preferably capable of formulation into an efficacious therapeutic agent.
+Subject: As used herein, the term “subject” or “patient” refers to any organism to which a composition in accordance with the invention may be administered, e.g., for experimental, diagnostic, prophylactic, and/or therapeutic purposes. Typical subjects include animals (e.g., mammals such as mice, rats, rabbits, non-human primates, and humans) and/or plants.
+Substantially: As used herein, the term “substantially” refers to the qualitative condition of exhibiting total or near-total extent or degree of a characteristic or property of interest. One of ordinary skill in the biological arts will understand that biological and chemical phenomena rarely, if ever, go to completion and/or proceed to completeness or achieve or avoid an absolute result. The term “substantially” is therefore used herein to capture the potential lack of completeness inherent in many biological and chemical phenomena.
+Substantially equal: As used herein as it relates to time differences between doses, the term means plus/minus 2%.
+Substantially simultaneously: As used herein and as it relates to plurality of doses, the term means within 2 seconds.
+Simultaneously: As used herein, “simultaneously” means within scientific reproducibility, at same time.
+Suffering from: An individual who is “suffering from” a disease, disorder, and/or condition has been diagnosed with or displays one or more symptoms of a disease, disorder, and/or condition.
+Susceptible to: An individual who is “susceptible to” a disease, disorder, and/or condition has not been diagnosed with and/or may not exhibit symptoms of the disease, disorder, and/or condition but harbors a propensity to develop a disease or its symptoms. In some embodiments, an individual who is susceptible to a disease, disorder, and/or condition (for example, cancer) may be characterized by one or more of the following: (1) a genetic mutation associated with development of the disease, disorder, and/or condition; (2) a genetic polymorphism associated with development of the disease, disorder, and/or condition; (3) increased and/or decreased expression and/or activity of a protein and/or nucleic acid associated with the disease, disorder, and/or condition; (4) habits and/or lifestyles associated with development of the disease, disorder, and/or condition; (5) a family history of the disease, disorder, and/or condition; and (6) exposure to and/or infection with a microbe associated with development of the disease, disorder, and/or condition. In some embodiments, an individual who is susceptible to a disease, disorder, and/or condition will develop the disease, disorder, and/or condition. In some embodiments, an individual who is susceptible to a disease, disorder, and/or condition will not develop the disease, disorder, and/or condition.
+Synthetic: The term “synthetic” means produced, prepared, and/or manufactured by the hand of man. Synthesis of polynucleotides or polypeptides or other molecules of the present invention may be chemical or enzymatic.
+Single unit dose: As used herein, a “single unit dose” is a dose of any therapeutic administered in one dose/at one time/single route/single point of contact, i.e., single administration event.
+Total daily dose: As used herein, a “total daily dose” is an amount given or prescribed in 24 hr period. It may be administered as a single unit dose.
+Split dose: As used herein, a “split dose” is the division of single unit dose or total daily dose into two or more doses.
+Targeted Cells: As used herein, “targeted cells” refers to any one or more cells of interest. The cells may be found in vitro, in vivo, in situ or in the tissue or organ of an organism. The organism may be an animal, preferably a mammal, more preferably a human and most preferably a patient.
+Therapeutic Agent: The term “therapeutic agent” refers to any agent that, when administered to a subject, has a therapeutic, diagnostic, and/or prophylactic effect and/or elicits a desired biological and/or pharmacological effect.
+Therapeutically effective amount: As used herein, the term “therapeutically effective amount” means an amount of an agent to be delivered (e.g., nucleic acid, drug, therapeutic agent, diagnostic agent, prophylactic agent, etc.) that is sufficient, when administered to a subject suffering from or susceptible to a disease, disorder, and/or condition, to treat, improve symptoms of, diagnose, prevent, and/or delay the onset of the disease, disorder, and/or condition.
+Transcription factor: As used herein, the term “transcription factor” refers to a DNA-binding protein that regulates transcription of DNA into RNA, for example, by activation or repression of transcription. Some transcription factors effect regulation of transcription alone, while others act in concert with other proteins. Some transcription factor can both activate and repress transcription under certain conditions. In general, transcription factors bind a specific target sequence or sequences highly similar to a specific consensus sequence in a regulatory region of a target gene. Transcription factors may regulate transcription of a target gene alone or in a complex with other molecules.
+Treating: As used herein, the term “treating” refers to partially or completely alleviating, ameliorating, improving, relieving, delaying onset of, inhibiting progression of, reducing severity of, and/or reducing incidence of one or more symptoms or features of a particular disease, disorder, and/or condition. For example, “treating” cancer may refer to inhibiting survival, growth, and/or spread of a tumor. Treatment may be administered to a subject who does not exhibit signs of a disease, disorder, and/or condition and/or to a subject who exhibits only early signs of a disease, disorder, and/or condition for the purpose of decreasing the risk of developing pathology associated with the disease, disorder, and/or condition.
+Unmodified: As used herein, “unmodified” refers to any substance, compound or molecule prior to being changed in any way. Unmodified may, but does not always, refer to the wild type or native form of a biomolecule. Molecules may undergo a series of modifications whereby each modified molecule may serve as the “unmodified” starting molecule for a subsequent modification.
+EQUIVALENTS AND SCOPE
+Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments in accordance with the invention described herein. The scope of the present invention is not intended to be limited to the above Description, but rather is as set forth in the appended claims.
+In the claims, articles such as “a,” “an,” and “the” may mean one or more than one unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context. Claims or descriptions that include “or” between one or more members of a group are considered satisfied if one, more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context. The invention includes embodiments in which exactly one member of the group is present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process. The invention includes embodiments in which more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process.
+It is also noted that the term “comprising” is intended to be open and permits the inclusion of additional elements or steps.
+Where ranges are given, endpoints are included. Furthermore, it is to be understood that unless otherwise indicated or otherwise evident from the context and understanding of one of ordinary skill in the art, values that are expressed as ranges can assume any specific value or subrange within the stated ranges in different embodiments of the invention, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit of the range, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
+In addition, it is to be understood that any particular embodiment of the present invention that falls within the prior art may be explicitly excluded from any one or more of the claims. Since such embodiments are deemed to be known to one of ordinary skill in the art, they may be excluded even if the exclusion is not set forth explicitly herein. Any particular embodiment of the compositions of the invention (e.g., any nucleic acid or protein encoded thereby; any method of production; any method of use; etc.) can be excluded from any one or more claims, for any reason, whether or not related to the existence of prior art.
+As used herein and in the claims, the singular forms include the plural reference and vice versa unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Other than in the operating examples, or where otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients or reaction conditions used herein should be understood as modified in all instances by the term “about.”
+All patents, oligonucleotide sequences identified by gene identification numbers, and other publications identified herein are expressly incorporated by reference for the purpose of describing and disclosing, for example, the methodologies described in such publications that might be used in connection with the present invention. These publications are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing in this regard should be construed as an admission that the inventors are not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention or for any other reason. All statements as to the date or representation as to the contents of these documents is based on the information available to the applicants and does not constitute any admission as to the correctness of the dates or contents of these documents.
+All cited sources, for example, references, publications, databases, database entries, and art cited herein, are incorporated into this application by reference, even if not expressly stated in the citation. In case of conflicting statements of a cited source and the instant application, the statement in the instant application shall control.
+EXAMPLES
+Example 1
+Modified mRNA Production
+Modified mRNAs (mmRNA) according to the invention may be made using standard laboratory methods and materials. The open reading frame (ORF) of the gene of interest may be flanked by a 5′ untranslated region (UTR) which may contain a strong Kozak translational initiation signal and/or an alpha-globin 3′ UTR which may include an oligo(dT) sequence for templated addition of a poly-A tail. The modified mRNAs may be modified to reduce the cellular innate immune response. The modifications to reduce the cellular response may include pseudouridine (ψ) and 5-methyl-cytidine (5meC or m5C). (see, Kariko K et al. Immunity 23:165-75 (2005), Kariko K et al. Mol Ther 16:1833-40 (2008), Anderson B R et al. NAR (2010); herein incorporated by reference).
+The ORF may also include various upstream or downstream additions (such as, but not limited to, β-globin, tags, etc.) may be ordered from an optimization service such as, but limited to, DNA2.0 (Menlo Park, Calif.) and may contain multiple cloning sites which may have XbaI recognition. Upon receipt of the construct, it may be reconstituted and transformed into chemically competent E. coli. 
+For the present invention, NEB DH5-alpha Competent E. coli are used. Transformations are performed according to NEB instructions using 100 ng of plasmid. The protocol is as follows:
+
+
+
+1. Thaw a tube of NEB 5-alpha Competent E. coli cells on ice for 10 minutes.
+2. Add 1-5 μl containing 1 pg-100 ng of plasmid DNA to the cell mixture. Carefully flick the tube 4-5 times to mix cells and DNA. Do not vortex.
+3. Place the mixture on ice for 30 minutes. Do not mix.
+4. Heat shock at 42° C. for exactly 30 seconds. Do not mix.
+5. Place on ice for 5 minutes. Do not mix.
+6. Pipette 950 μl of room temperature SOC into the mixture.
+7. Place at 37° C. for 60 minutes. Shake vigorously (250 rpm) or rotate.
+8. Warm selection plates to 37° C.
+9. Mix the cells thoroughly by flicking the tube and inverting.
+10. Spread 50-100 μl of each dilution onto a selection plate and incubate overnight at 37° C.
+
+
+
+
+Alternatively, incubate at 30° C. for 24-36 hours or 25° C. for 48 hours.
+A single colony is then used to inoculate 5 ml of LB growth media using the appropriate antibiotic and then allowed to grow (250 RPM, 37° C.) for 5 hours. This is then used to inoculate a 200 ml culture medium and allowed to grow overnight under the same conditions.
+To isolate the plasmid (up to 850 μg), a maxi prep is performed using the Invitrogen PURELINK™ HiPure Maxiprep Kit (Carlsbad, Calif.), following the manufacturer's instructions.
+In order to generate cDNA for In Vitro Transcription (IVT), the plasmid (an Example of which is shown in FIG. 2) is first linearized using a restriction enzyme such as XbaI. A typical restriction digest with XbaI will comprise the following: Plasmid 1.0 μg; 10× Buffer 1.0 μl; XbaI 1.5 μl; dH2O up to 10 μl; incubated at 37° C. for 1 hr. If performing at lab scale (<5 μg), the reaction is cleaned up using Invitrogen's PURELINK™ PCR Micro Kit (Carlsbad, Calif.) per manufacturer's instructions. Larger scale purifications may need to be done with a product that has a larger load capacity such as Invitrogen's standard PURELINK™ PCR Kit (Carlsbad, Calif.). Following the cleanup, the linearized vector is quantified using the NanoDrop and analyzed to confirm linearization using agarose gel electrophoresis.
+As a non-limiting example, G-CSF may represent the polypeptide of interest. Sequences used in the steps outlined in Examples 1-5 are shown in Table 2. It should be noted that the start codon (ATG) has been underlined in each sequence of Table 2.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 2
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+G-CSF Sequences
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+SEQ
+
+
+
+ID
+
+
+
+NO
+Description
+
+
+
+
+
+1
+cDNAsequence:
+
+
+
+ATGGCTGGACCTGCCACCCAGAGCCCCATGAAGCTGATGGCCCTGCA
+
+
+
+GCTGCTGCTGTGGCACAGTGCACTCTGGACAGTGCAGGAAGCCACCC
+
+
+
+CCCTGGGCCCTGCCAGCTCCCTGCCCCAGAGCTTCCTGCTCAAGTGC
+
+
+
+TTAGAGCAAGTGAGGAAGATCCAGGGCGATGGCGCAGCGCTCCAGGA
+
+
+
+GAAGCTGGTGAGTGAGTGTGCCACCTACAAGCTGTGCCACCCCGAGG
+
+
+
+AGCTGGTGCTGCTCGGACACTCTCTGGGCATCCCCTGGGCTCCCCTG
+
+
+
+AGCAGCTGCCCCAGCCAGGCCCTGCAGCTGGCAGGCTGCTTGAGCCA
+
+
+
+ACTCCATAGCGGCCTTTTCCTCTACCAGGGGCTCCTGCAGGCCCTGG
+
+
+
+AAGGGATCTCCCCCGAGTTGGGTCCCACCTTGGACACACTGCAGCTG
+
+
+
+GACGTCGCCGACTTTGCCACCACCATCTGGCAGCAGATGGAAGAACT
+
+
+
+GGGAATGGCCCCTGCCCTGCAGCCCACCCAGGGTGCCATGCCGGCCT
+
+
+
+TCGCCTCTGCTTTCCAGCGCCGGGCAGGAGGGGTCCTGGTTGCCTCC
+
+
+
+CATCTGCAGAGCTTCCTGGAGGTGTCGTACCGCGTTCTACGCCACCT
+
+
+
+TGCCCAGCCCTGA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+2
+cDNA having T7 polymerase site and Xba restriction site:
+
+
+
+TTGGACCCTCGTACAGAAGCTAATACGACTCACTATA
+
+
+
+GGGAAATAAGAGAGAAAAGAAGAGTAAGAAGAAATATAAGAGCCACC
+
+
+
+ATGGCTGGACCTGCCACCCAGAGCCCCATGAAGCTGATGGCCCTGCA
+
+
+
+GCTGCTGCTGTGGCACAGTGCACTCTGGACAGTGCAGGAAGCCACCC
+
+
+
+CCCTGGGCCCTGCCAGCTCCCTGCCCCAGAGCTTCCTGCTCAAGTGC
+
+
+
+TTAGAGCAAGTGAGGAAGATCCAGGGCGATGGCGCAGCGCTCCAGGA
+
+
+
+GAAGCTGGTGAGTGAGTGTGCCACCTACAAGCTGTGCCACCCCGAGG
+
+
+
+AGCTGGTGCTGCTCGGACACTCTCTGGGCATCCCCTGGGCTCCCCTG
+
+
+
+AGCAGCTGCCCCAGCCAGGCCCTGCAGCTGGCAGGCTGCTTGAGCCA
+
+
+
+ACTCCATAGCGGCCTTTTCCTCTACCAGGGGCTCCTGCAGGCCCTGG
+
+
+
+AAGGGATCTCCCCCGAGTTGGGTCCCACCTTGGACACACTGCAGCTG
+
+
+
+GACGTCGCCGACTTTGCCACCACCATCTGGCAGCAGATGGAAGAACT
+
+
+
+GGGAATGGCCCCTGCCCTGCAGCCCACCCAGGGTGCCATGCCGGCCT
+
+
+
+TCGCCTCTGCTTTCCAGCGCCGGGCAGGAGGGGTCCTGGTTGCCTCC
+
+
+
+CATCTGCAGAGCTTCCTGGAGGTGTCGTACCGCGTTCTACGCCACCT
+
+
+
+TGCCCAGCCCTGAAGCGCTGCCTTCTGCGGGGCTTGCCTTCTGGCCA
+
+
+
+TGCCCTTCTTCTCTCCCTTGCACCTGTACCTCTTGGTCTTTGAATAA
+
+
+
+AGCCTGAGTAGGAAGGCGGCCGCTCGAGCATGCATCTAGA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+3
+Optimized sequence; containing T7 polymerase
+
+
+
+site and Xba restriction site
+
+
+
+TTGGACCCTCGTACAGAAGCTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAAATAAG
+
+
+
+AGAGAAAAGAAGAGTAAGAAGAAATATAAGAGCCACC
+
+
+
+ATGGCCCTGCAGTTGCTGCTTTGGCACTCGGCCCTCTGGACAGTCCA
+
+
+
+AGAAGCGACTCCTCTCGGACCTGCCTCATCGTTGCCGCAGTCATTCC
+
+
+
+TTTTGAAGTGTCTGGAGCAGGTGCGAAAGATTCAGGGCGATGGAGCC
+
+
+
+GCACTCCAAGAGAAGCTCTGCGCGACATACAAACTTTGCCATCCCGA
+
+
+
+GGAGCTCGTACTGCTCGGGCACAGCTTGGGGATTCCCTGGGCTCCTC
+
+
+
+TCTCGTCCTGTCCGTCGCAGGCTTTGCAGTTGGCAGGGTGCCTTTCC
+
+
+
+CAGCTCCACTCCGGTTTGTTCTTGTATCAGGGACTGCTGCAAGCCCT
+
+
+
+TGAGGGAATCTCGCCAGAATTGGGCCCGACGCTGGACACGTTGCAGC
+
+
+
+TCGACGTGGCGGATTTCGCAACAACCATCTGGCAGCAGATGGAGGAA
+
+
+
+CTGGGGATGGCACCCGCGCTGCAGCCCACGCAGGGGGCAATGCCGGC
+
+
+
+CTTTGCGTCCGCGTTTCAGCGCAGGGCGGGTGGAGTCCTCGTAGCGA
+
+
+
+GCCACCTTCAATCATTTTTGGAAGTCTCGTACCGGGTGCTGAGACAT
+
+
+
+CTTGCGCAGCCGTGAGCCTTCTGCGGGGCTTGCCTTCTGGCCATGCC
+
+
+
+CTTCTTCTCTCCCTTGCACCTGTACCTCTTGGTCTTTGAATAAAGCC
+
+
+
+TGAGTAGGAAGGCGGCCGCTCGAGCATGCA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+4
+mRNA sequence (transcribed)
+
+
+
+CUCACUAUAGGGAAAUAAGAGAGAAAAGAAGAGUAAGAAGAAAUAUA
+
+
+
+AGAGCCACCA
+
+
+
+AUGGCCCUGCAGUUGCUGCUUUGGCACUCGGCCCUCUGGACAGUCCA
+
+
+
+AGAAGCGACUCCUCUCGGACCUGCCUCAUCGUUGCCGCAGUCAUUCC
+
+
+
+UUUUGAAGUGUCUGGAGCAGGUGCGAAAGAUUCAGGGCGAUGGAGCC
+
+
+
+GCACUCCAAGAGAAGCUCUGCGCGACAUACAAACUUUGCCAUCCCGA
+
+
+
+GGAGCUCGUACUGCUCGGGCACAGCUUGGGGAUUCCCUGGGCUCCUC
+
+
+
+UCUCGUCCUGUCCGUCGCAGGCUUUGCAGUUGGCAGGGUGCCUUUCC
+
+
+
+CAGCUCCACUCCGGUUUGUUCUUGUAUCAGGGACUGCUGCAAGCCCU
+
+
+
+UGAGGGAAUCUCGCCAGAAUUGGGCCCGACGCUGGACACGUUGCAGC
+
+
+
+UCGACGUGGCGGAUUUCGCAACAACCAUCUGGCAGCAGAUGGAGGAA
+
+
+
+CUGGGGAUGGCACCCGCGCUGCAGCCCACGCAGGGGGCAAUGCCGGC
+
+
+
+CUUUGCGUCCGCGUUUCAGCGCAGGGCGGGUGGAGUCCUCGUAGCGA
+
+
+
+GCCACCUUCAAUCAUUUUUGGAAGUCUCGUACCGGGUGCUGAGACAU
+
+
+
+CUUGCGCAGCCGUGAGCCUUCUGCGGGGCUUGCCUUCUGGCCAUGCC
+
+
+
+CUUCUUCUCUCCCUUGCACCUGUACCUCUUGGUCUUUGAAUAAAGCC
+
+
+
+UGAGUAGGAAGGCGGCCGCUCGAGCAUGCAU
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 2
+PCR for cDNA Production
+PCR procedures for the preparation of cDNA are performed using 2×KAPA HIFI™ HotStart ReadyMix by Kapa Biosystems (Woburn, Mass.). This system includes 2×KAPA ReadyMix12.5 μl; Forward Primer (10 uM) 0.75 μl; Reverse Primer (10 uM) 0.75 μl; Template cDNA 100 ng; and dH2O diluted to 25.0 μl. The reaction conditions are at 95° C. for 5 min. and 25 cycles of 98° C. for 20 sec, then 58° C. for 15 sec, then 72° C. for 45 sec, then 72° C. for 5 min. then 4° C. to termination.
+The reverse primer of the instant invention incorporates a poly-T120 for a poly-A120 in the mRNA. Other reverse primers with longer or shorter poly(T) tracts can be used to adjust the length of the poly(A) tail in the mRNA.
+The reaction is cleaned up using Invitrogen's PURELINK™ PCR Micro Kit (Carlsbad, Calif.) per manufacturer's instructions (up to 5 μg). Larger reactions will require a cleanup using a product with a larger capacity. Following the cleanup, the cDNA is quantified using the NanoDrop and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm the cDNA is the expected size. The cDNA is then submitted for sequencing analysis before proceeding to the in vitro transcription reaction.
+Example 3
+In Vitro Transcription (IVT)
+The in vitro transcription reaction generates mRNA containing modified nucleotides or modified RNA. The input nucleotide triphosphate (NTP) mix is made in-house using natural and un-natural NTPs.
+A typical in vitro transcription reaction includes the following:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+1.
+Template cDNA
+1.0
+μg
+
+
+2.
+10x transcription buffer (400 mM Tris-
+2.0
+μl
+
+
+
+HCl pH 8.0, 190 mM MgCl2, 50 mM DTT,
+
+
+
+
+
+10 mM Spermidine)
+
+
+
+
+3.
+Custom NTPs (25 mM each)
+7.2
+μl
+
+
+4.
+RNase Inhibitor
+20
+U
+
+
+5.
+T7 RNA polymerase
+3000
+U
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+6.
+dH20
+Up to 20.0 μl. and
+
+
+7.
+Incubation at 37° C. for 3 hr-5 hrs.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The crude IVT mix may be stored at 4° C. overnight for cleanup the next day. 1 U of RNase-free DNase is then used to digest the original template. After 15 minutes of incubation at 37° C., the mRNA is purified using Ambion's MEGACLEAR™ Kit (Austin, Tex.) following the manufacturer's instructions. This kit can purify up to 500 μg of RNA. Following the cleanup, the RNA is quantified using the NanoDrop and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm the RNA is the proper size and that no degradation of the RNA has occurred.
+Example 4
+Enzymatic Capping of mRNA
+Capping of the mRNA is performed as follows where the mixture includes: IVT RNA 60 μg-180 μg and dH2O up to 72 μl. The mixture is incubated at 65° C. for 5 minutes to denature RNA, and then is transferred immediately to ice.
+The protocol then involves the mixing of 10× Capping Buffer (0.5 M Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 60 mM KCl, 12.5 mM MgCl2) (10.0 μl); 20 mM GTP (5.0 μl); 20 mM S-Adenosyl Methionine (2.5 μl); RNase Inhibitor (100 U); 2′-O-Methyltransferase (400 U); Vaccinia capping enzyme (Guanylyl transferase) (40 U); dH2O (Up to 28 μl); and incubation at 37° C. for 30 minutes for 60 μg RNA or up to 2 hours for 180 μg of RNA.
+The mRNA is then purified using Ambion's MEGACLEAR™ Kit (Austin, Tex.) following the manufacturer's instructions. Following the cleanup, the RNA is quantified using the NANODROP™ (ThermoFisher, Waltham, Mass.) and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm the RNA is the proper size and that no degradation of the RNA has occurred. The RNA product may also be sequenced by running a reverse-transcription-PCR to generate the cDNA for sequencing.
+Example 5
+PolyA Tailing Reaction
+Without a poly-T in the cDNA, a poly-A tailing reaction must be performed before cleaning the final product. This is done by mixing Capped IVT RNA (100 μl); RNase Inhibitor (20 U); 10× Tailing Buffer (0.5 M Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 2.5 M NaCl, 100 mM MgCl2)(12.0 μl); 20 mM ATP (6.0 μl); Poly-A Polymerase (20 U); dH2O up to 123.5 μl and incubation at 37° C. for 30 min. If the poly-A tail is already in the transcript, then the tailing reaction may be skipped and proceed directly to cleanup with Ambion's MEGACLEAR™ kit (Austin, Tex.) (up to 500 μg). Poly-A Polymerase is preferably a recombinant enzyme expressed in yeast.
+For studies performed and described herein, the poly-A tail is encoded in the IVT template to comprise 160 nucleotides in length. However, it should be understood that the processivity or integrity of the Poly-A tailing reaction may not always result in exactly 160 nucleotides. Hence Poly-A tails of approximately 160 nucleotides, e.g., about 150-165, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164 or 165 are within the scope of the invention.
+Example 6
+Formulation of Modified mRNA Using Lipidoids
+5′-capping of modified RNA may be completed concomitantly during the in vitro-transcription reaction using the following chemical RNA cap analogs to generate the 5′-guanosine cap structure according to manufacturer protocols: 3′-O-Me-m7G(5′)ppp(5′) G [the ARCA cap]; G(5)ppp(5′)A; G(5′)ppp(5′)G; m7G(5′)ppp(5′)A; m7G(5′)ppp(5′)G (New England BioLabs, Ipswich, Mass.). 5′-capping of modified RNA may be completed post-transcriptionally using a Vaccinia Virus Capping Enzyme to generate the “Cap 0” structure: m7G(5′)ppp(5′)G (New England BioLabs, Ipswich, Mass.). Cap 1 structure may be generated using both Vaccinia Virus Capping Enzyme and a 2′-O methyl-transferase to generate: m7G(5′)ppp(5′)G-2′-O-methyl. Cap 2 structure may be generated from the Cap 1 structure followed by the 2′-O-methylation of the 5′-antepenultimate nucleotide using a 2′-O methyl-transferase. Cap 3 structure may be generated from the Cap 2 structure followed by the 2′-O-methylation of the 5′-preantepenultimate nucleotide using a 2′-O methyl-transferase. Enzymes are preferably derived from a recombinant source.
+When transfected into mammalian cells, the modified mRNAs have a stability of between 12-18 hours or more than 18 hours, e.g., 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 or greater than 72 hours.
+Example 7
+Capping
+A. Protein Expression Assay
+Synthetic mRNAs encoding human G-CSF (cDNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 1) containing the ARCA (3′ 0-Me-m7G(5′)ppp(5′)G) cap analog or the Cap1 structure can be transfected into human primary keratinocytes at equal concentrations. 6, 12, 24 and 36 hours post-transfection the amount of G-CSF secreted into the culture medium can be assayed by ELISA. Synthetic mRNAs that secrete higher levels of G-CSF into the medium would correspond to a synthetic mRNA with a higher translationally-competent Cap structure.
+B. Purity Analysis Synthesis
+mRNAs encoding human G-CSF (cDNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 1) containing the ARCA cap analog or the Cap1 structure crude synthesis products can be compared for purity using denaturing Agarose-Urea gel electrophoresis or HPLC analysis. Synthetic mRNAs with a single, consolidated band by electrophoresis correspond to the higher purity product compared to a synthetic mRNA with multiple bands or streaking bands. Synthetic mRNAs with a single HPLC peak would also correspond to a higher purity product. The capping reaction with a higher efficiency would provide a more pure mRNA population.
+C. Cytokine Analysis
+Synthetic mRNAs encoding human G-CSF (cDNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 1) containing the ARCA cap analog or the Cap1 structure can be transfected into human primary keratinocytes at multiple concentrations. 6, 12, 24 and 36 hours post-transfection the amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IFN-beta secreted into the culture medium can be assayed by ELISA. Synthetic mRNAs that secrete higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines into the medium would correspond to a synthetic mRNA containing an immune-activating cap structure.
+D. Capping Reaction Efficiency
+Synthetic mRNAs encoding human G-CSF (cDNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 1) containing the ARCA cap analog or the Cap1 structure can be analyzed for capping reaction efficiency by LC-MS after capped mRNA nuclease treatment. Nuclease treatment of capped mRNAs would yield a mixture of free nucleotides and the capped 5′-5-triphosphate cap structure detectable by LC-MS. The amount of capped product on the LC-MS spectra can be expressed as a percent of total mRNA from the reaction and would correspond to capping reaction efficiency. The cap structure with a higher capping reaction efficiency would have a higher amount of capped product by LC-MS.
+Example 8
+Formulation of Modified mRNA Using Lipidoids
+Modified mRNAs (mmRNA) are formulated for in vitro experiments by mixing the mmRNA with the lipidoid at a set ratio prior to addition to cells. In vivo formulation may require the addition of extra ingredients to facilitate circulation throughout the body. To test the ability of these lipidoids to form particles suitable for in vivo work, a standard formulation process used for siRNA-lipidoid formulations was used as a starting point. Initial mmRNA-lipidoid formulations may consist of particles composed of 42% lipidoid, 48% cholesterol and 10% PEG, with further optimization of ratios possible. After formation of the particle, mmRNA is added and allowed to integrate with the complex. The encapsulation efficiency is determined using a standard dye exclusion assays.
+Materials and Methods for Examples 9-13
+A. Lipid Synthesis
+Six lipids, DLin-DMA, DLin-K-DMA, DLin-KC2-DMA, 98N12-5, C12-200 and DLin-MC3-DMA, were synthesized by methods outlined in the art in order to be formulated with modified RNA. DLin-DMA and precursors were synthesized as described in Heyes et. al, J. Control Release, 2005, 107, 276-287. DLin-K-DMA and DLin-KC2-DMA and precursors were synthesized as described in Semple et. al, Nature Biotechnology, 2010, 28, 172-176. 98N12-5 and precursor were synthesized as described in Akinc et. al, Nature Biotechnology, 2008, 26, 561-569.
+C12-200 and precursors were synthesized according to the method outlined in Love et. al, PNAS, 2010, 107, 1864-1869. 2-epoxydodecane (5.10 g, 27.7 mmol, 8.2 eq) was added to a vial containing Amine 200 (0.723 g, 3.36 mmol, 1 eq) and a stirring bar. The vial was sealed and warmed to 80° C. The reaction was stirred for 4 days at 80° C. Then the mixture was purified by silica gel chromatography using a gradient from pure dichloromethane (DCM) to DCM:MeOH 98:2. The target compound was further purified by RP-HPLC to afford the desired compound.
+DLin-MC3-DMA and precursors were synthesized according to procedures described in WO 2010054401 herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. A mixture of dilinoleyl methanol (1.5 g, 2.8 mmol, 1 eq), N,N-dimethylaminobutyric acid (1.5 g, 2.8 mmol, 1 eq), DIPEA (0.73 mL, 4.2 mmol, 1.5 eq) and TBTU (1.35 g, 4.2 mmol, 1.5 eq) in 10 mL of DMF was stirred for 10 h at room temperature. Then the reaction mixture was diluted in ether and washed with water. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtrated and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography using a gradient DCM to DCM:MeOH 98:2. Subsequently the target compound was subjected to an additional RP-HPLC purification which was done using a YMC—Pack C4 column to afford the target compound.
+B. Formulation of Modified RNA Nanoparticles
+Solutions of synthesized lipid, 1,2-distearoyl-3-phosphatidylcholine (DSPC) (Avanti Polar Lipids, Alabaster, Ala.), cholesterol (Sigma-Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany), and α-[3′-(1,2-dimyristoyl-3-propanoxy)-carboxamide-propyl]-ω-methoxy-polyoxyethylene (PEG-c-DOMG) (NOF, Bouwelven, Belgium) were prepared at concentrations of 50 mM in ethanol and stored at −20° C. The lipids were combined to yield molar ratio of 50:10:38.5:1.5 (Lipid: DSPC: Cholesterol: PEG-c-DOMG) and diluted with ethanol to a final lipid concentration of 25 mM. Solutions of modified mRNA at a concentration of 1-2 mg/mL in water were diluted in 50 mM sodium citrate buffer at a pH of 3 to form a stock modified mRNA solution. Formulations of the lipid and modified mRNA were prepared by combining the synthesized lipid solution with the modified mRNA solution at total lipid to modified mRNA weight ratio of 10:1, 15:1, 20:1 and 30:1. The lipid ethanolic solution was rapidly injected into aqueous modified mRNA solution to afford a suspension containing 33% ethanol. The solutions were injected either manually (MI) or by the aid of a syringe pump (SP) (Harvard Pump 33 Dual Syringe Pump Harvard Apparatus Holliston, Mass.).
+To remove the ethanol and to achieve the buffer exchange, the formulations were dialyzed twice against phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4 at volumes 200-times of the primary product using a Slide-A-Lyzer cassettes (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. Rockford, Ill.) with a molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) of 10 kD. The first dialysis was carried at room temperature for 3 hours and then the formulations were dialyzed overnight at 4° C. The resulting nanoparticle suspension was filtered through 0.2 μm sterile filter (Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany) into glass vials and sealed with a crimp closure.
+C. Characterization of Formulations
+A Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments Ltd, Malvern, Worcestershire, UK) was used to determine the particle size, the polydispersity index (PDI) and the zeta potential of the modified mRNA nanoparticles in 1×PBS in determining particle size and 15 mM PBS in determining zeta potential.
+Ultraviolet—visible spectroscopy was used to determine the concentration of modified mRNA nanoparticle formulation. 100 μL of the diluted formulation in 1×PBS was added to 900 μL of a 4:1 (v/v) mixture of methanol and chloroform. After mixing, the absorbance spectrum of the solution was recorded between 230 nm and 330 nm on a DU 800 spectrophotometer (Beckman Coulter, Beckman Coulter, Inc., Brea, Calif.). The modified RNA concentration in the nanoparicle formulation was calculated based on the extinction coefficient of the modified RNA used in the formulation and on the difference between the absorbance at a wavelength of 260 nm and the baseline value at a wavelength of 330 nm.
+QUANT-IT™ RIBOGREEN® RNA assay (Invitrogen Corporation Carlsbad, Calif.) was used to evaluate the encapsulation of modified RNA by the nanoparticle. The samples were diluted to a concentration of approximately 5 μg/mL in TE buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5). 50 μL of the diluted samples were transferred to a polystyrene 96 well plate, then either 50 μL of TE buffer or 50 μL of a 2% Triton X-100 solution was added. The plate was incubated at a temperature of 37° C. for 15 minutes. The RIBOGREEN® reagent was diluted 1:100 in TE buffer, 100 μL of this solution was added to each well. The fluorescence intensity was measured using a fluorescence plate reader (Wallac Victor 1420 Multilablel Counter; Perkin Elmer, Waltham, Mass.) at an excitation wavelength of ˜480 nm and an emission wavelength of ˜520 nm. The fluorescence values of the reagent blank were subtracted from that of each of the samples and the percentage of free modified RNA was determined by dividing the fluorescence intensity of the intact sample (without addition of Triton X-100) by the fluorescence value of the disrupted sample (caused by the addition of Triton X-100).
+D. In Vitro Incubation
+Human embryonic kidney epithelial (HEK293) and hepatocellular carcinoma epithelial (HepG2) cells (LGC standards GmbH, Wesel, Germany) were seeded on 96-well plates (Greiner Bio-one GmbH, Frickenhausen, Germany) and plates for HEK293 cells were precoated with collagen type1. HEK293 were seeded at a density of 30,000 and HepG2 were seeded at a density of 35,000 cells per well in 100 μl cell culture medium. For HEK293 the cell culture medium was DMEM, 10% FCS, adding 2 mM L-Glutamine, 1 mM Sodiumpyruvate and 1× non-essential amino acids (Biochrom AG, Berlin, Germany) and 1.2 mg/ml Sodiumbicarbonate (Sigma-Aldrich, Munich, Germany) and for HepG2 the culture medium was MEM (Gibco Life Technologies, Darmstadt, Germany), 10% FCS adding 2 mM L-Glutamine, 1 mM Sodiumpyruvate and 1× non-essential amino acids (Biochrom AG, Berlin, Germany. Formulations containing mCherry mRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) were added in quadruplicates directly after seeding the cells and incubated. The mCherry cDNA with the T7 promoter, 5′untranslated region (UTR) and 3′ UTR used in in vitro transcription (IVT) is given in SEQ ID NO: 6.
+Cells were harvested by transferring the culture media supernatants to a 96-well Pro-Bind U-bottom plate (Beckton Dickinson GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany). Cells were trypsinized with ½ volume Trypsin/EDTA (Biochrom AG, Berlin, Germany), pooled with respective supernatants and fixed by adding one volume PBS/2% FCS (both Biochrom AG, Berlin, Germany)/0.5% formaldehyde (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Samples then were submitted to a flow cytometer measurement with a 532 nm excitation laser and the 610/20 filter for PE-Texas Red in a LSRII cytometer (Beckton Dickinson GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany). The mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of all events and the standard deviation of four independent wells are presented in for samples analyzed.
+Example 9
+Purification on Nanoparticle Formulations
+Nanoparticle formulations of DLin-KC2-DMA and 98N12-5 in HEK293and HepG2 were tested to determine if the mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) was dependent on the lipid to modified RNA ratio and/or purification. Three formulations of DLin-KC2-DMA and two formulations of 98N12-5 were produced using a syringe pump to the specifications described in Table 3. Purified samples were purified by SEPHADEX™ G-25 DNA grade (GE Healthcare, Sweden). Each formulation before and after purification (aP) were tested at concentration of 250 ng modified RNA per well in a 24 well plate. The percentage of cells that are positive for the marker for FL4 channel (% FL4-positive) when analyzed by the flow cytometer for each formulation and the background sample are shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, and the MFI of the marker for the FL4 channel for each formulation and the background sample are shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B. The formulations which had been purified had a slightly higher MFI than those formulations tested before purification.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 3
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Formulations
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Formulation #
+Lipid
+Lipid/RNA wt/wt
+Mean size (nm)
+
+
+
+
+
+NPA-001-1
+DLin-KC2-DMA
+10
+155 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.08
+
+
+NPA-001-1 aP
+DLin-KC2-DMA
+10
+141 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.14
+
+
+NPA-002-1
+DLin-KC2-DMA
+15
+140 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.11
+
+
+NPA-002-1 aP
+DLin-KC2-DMA
+15
+125 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.12
+
+
+NPA-003-1
+DLin-KC2-DMA
+20
+114 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.08
+
+
+NPA-003-1 aP
+DLin-KC2-DMA
+20
+104 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.06
+
+
+NPA-005-1
+98N12-5
+15
+127 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.12
+
+
+NPA-005-1 aP
+98N12-5
+15
+134 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.17
+
+
+NPA-006-1
+98N12
+20
+126 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.08
+
+
+NPA-006-1 aP
+98N12
+20
+118 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.13
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 10
+Concentration Response Curve
+Nanoparticle formulations of 98N12-5 (NPA-005) and DLin-KC2-DMA (NPA-003) were tested at varying concentrations to determine the MFI of FL4 or mCherry (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) over a range of doses. The formulations tested are outlined in Table 4. To determine the optimal concentration of nanoparticle formulations of 98N12-5, varying concentrations of formulated modified RNA (100 ng, 10 ng, 1.0 ng, 0.1 ng and 0.01 ng per well) were tested in a 24-well plate of HEK293, and the results of the FL4 MFI of each dose are shown in FIG. 5A. Likewise, to determine the optimal concentration of nanoparticle formulations of DLin-KC2-DMA, varying concentrations of formulated modified RNA (250 ng 100 ng, 10 ng, 1.0 ng, 0.1 ng and 0.01 ng per well) were tested in a 24-well plate of HEK293, and the results of the FL4 MFI of each dose are shown in FIG. 5B. Nanoparticle formulations of DLin-KC2-DMA were also tested at varying concentrations of formulated modified RNA (250 ng, 100 ng and 30 ng per well) in a 24 well plate of HEK293, and the results of the FL4 MFI of each dose are shown in FIG. 5C. A dose of 1 ng/well for 98N12-5 and a dose of 10 ng/well for DLin-K2-DMA were found to resemble the FL4 MFI of the background.
+To determine how close the concentrations resembled the background, we utilized a flow cytometer with optimized filter sets for detection of mCherry expression, and were able to obtain results with increased sensitivity relative to background levels. Doses of 25 ng/well, 0.25 ng/well, 0.025 ng/well and 0.0025 ng/well were analyzed for 98N12-5 (NPA-005) and DLin-K2-DMA (NPA-003) to determine the MFI of mCherry. As shown in Table 5, the concentration of 0.025 ng/well and lesser concentrations are similar to the background MFI level of mCherry which is about 386.175
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 4
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Formulations
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Formulation #
+NPA-003
+NPA-005
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Lipid
+DLin-KC2-DMA
+98N12-5
+
+
+
+Lipid/RNA
+20
+15
+
+
+
+wt/wt
+
+
+
+
+
+Mean size
+114 nm
+106 nm
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.08
+PDI: 0.12
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 5
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Concentration and MFI
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+MFI mCherry
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Formulation
+NPA-003
+NPA-005
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+25
+ng/well
+11963.25
+12256.75
+
+
+0.25
+ng/well
+1349.75
+2572.75
+
+
+0.025
+ng/well
+459.50
+534.75
+
+
+0.0025
+ng/well
+310.75
+471.75
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 11
+Manual Injection and Syringe Pump Formulations
+Two formulations of DLin-KC2-DMA and 98N12-5 were prepared by manual injection (MI) and syringe pump injection (SP) and analyzed along with a background sample to compare the MFI of mCherry (mRNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 5; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) of the different formulations. Table 5 shows that the syringe pump formulations had a higher MFI as compared to the manual injection formulations of the same lipid and lipid/RNA ratio.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 5
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Formulations and MFI
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Method
+
+
+
+Formulation
+
+Lipid/RNA
+Mean size
+of formu-
+
+
+
+#
+Lipid
+wt/wt
+(nm)
+lation
+MFI
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Untreated
+N/A
+N/A
+N/A
+N/A
+674.67
+
+
+Control
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NPA-002
+DLin-KC2-
+15
+140 nm
+MI
+10318.25
+
+
+
+DMA
+
+PDI: 0.11
+
+
+
+
+NPA-002-2
+DLin-KC2-
+15
+105 nm
+SP
+37054.75
+
+
+
+DMA
+
+PDI: 0.04
+
+
+
+
+NPA-003
+DLin-KC2-
+20
+114 nm
+MI
+22037.5
+
+
+
+DMA
+
+PDI: 0.08
+
+
+
+
+NPA-003-2
+DLin-KC2-
+20
+95 nm
+SP
+37868.75
+
+
+
+DMA
+
+PDI: 0.02
+
+
+
+
+NPA-005
+98N12-5
+15
+127 nm
+MI
+11504.75
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.12
+
+
+
+
+NPA-005-2
+98N12-5
+15
+106 nm
+SP
+9343.75
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.07
+
+
+
+
+NPA-006
+98N12-5
+20
+126 nm
+MI
+11182.25
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.08
+
+
+
+
+NPA-006-2
+98N12-5
+20
+93 nm
+SP
+5167
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.08
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 12
+mCherry Fluorescence of Formulations
+Formulations of DLin-DMA, DLin-K-DMA, DLin-KC2-DMA, 98N12-5, C12-200 and DLin-MC3-DMA were incubated at a concentration of 60 ng/well or 62.5 ng/well in a plate of HEK293 and 62.5 ng/well in a plate of HepG2 cells for 24 hours to determine the MFI of mCherry (mRNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 5; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) for each formulation. The formulations tested are outlined in Table 6 below. As shown in FIG. 6A for the 60 ng/well and FIGS. 6B, 6C, 6D, and 6E for the 62.5 ng/well, the formulation of NPA-003 and NPA-018 have the highest mCherry MFI and the formulations of NPA-008, NPA-010 and NPA-013 are most the similar to the background sample mCherry MFI value.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 6
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Formulations
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Formulation #
+Lipid
+Lipid/RNA wt/wt
+Mean size (nm)
+
+
+
+
+
+NPA-001
+DLin-KC2-DMA
+10
+155 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.08
+
+
+NPA-002
+DLin-KC2-DMA
+15
+140 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.11
+
+
+NPA-002-2
+DLin-KC2-DMA
+15
+105 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.04
+
+
+NPA-003
+DLin-KC2-DMA
+20
+114 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.08
+
+
+NPA-003-2
+DLin-KC2-DMA
+20
+95 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.02
+
+
+NPA-005
+98N12-5
+15
+127 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.12
+
+
+NPA-006
+98N12-5
+20
+126 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.08
+
+
+NPA-007
+DLin-DMA
+15
+148 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.09
+
+
+NPA-008
+DLin-K-DMA
+15
+121 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.08
+
+
+NPA-009
+C12-200
+15
+138 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.15
+
+
+NPA-010
+DLin-MC3-DMA
+15
+126 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.09
+
+
+NPA-012
+DLin-DMA
+20
+86 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.08
+
+
+NPA-013
+DLin-K-DMA
+20
+104 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.03
+
+
+NPA-014
+C12-200
+20
+101 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.06
+
+
+NPA-015
+DLin-MC3-DMA
+20
+109 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.07
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 13
+In Vivo Formulation Studies
+Mice (n=5) are administered intravenously a single dose of a formulation containing a modified mRNA and a lipid. The modified mRNA administered to the mice is selected from G-CSF (mRNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1), erythropoietin (EPO) (mRNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 7; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1), Factor IX (mRNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 8; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) or mCherry (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1). The erythropoietin cDNA with the T7 promoter, 5′untranslated region (UTR) and 3′ UTR used in in vitro transcription (IVT) is given in SEQ ID NO: 9.
+Each formulation also contains a lipid which is selected from one of DLin-DMA, DLin-K-DMA, DLin-KC2-DMA, 98N12-5, C12-200 or DLin-MC3-DMA. The mice are injected with 100 ug, 10 ug or 1 ug of the formulated modified mRNA and are sacrificed 8 hours after they are administered the formulation. Serum from the mice administered formulations containing human G-CSF modified mRNA are measured by specific G-CSF ELISA and serum from mice administered human Factor IX modified RNA is analyzed by specific Factor IX ELISA or chromogenic assay. The liver and spleen from the mice administered with mCherry modified mRNA are analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) or fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). As a control, a group of mice are not injected with any formulation and their serum and tissue are collected analyzed by ELISA, FACS and/or IHC.
+Example 14
+In Vitro and In Vivo Expression
+A. A. In Vitro Expression in Human Cells Using Lipidoid Formulations
+The ratio of mmRNA to lipidoid used to test for in vitro transfection is tested empirically at different lipidoid:mmRNA ratios. Previous work using siRNA and lipidoids have utilized 2.5:1, 5:1, 10:1, and 15:1 lipidoid:siRNA wt:wt ratios. Given the longer length of mmRNA relative to siRNA, a lower wt:wt ratio of lipidoid to mmRNA may be effective. In addition, for comparison mmRNA were also formulated using RNAIMAX™ (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) or TRANSIT-mRNA (Minis Bio, Madison, Wis.) cationic lipid delivery vehicles. The ability of lipidoid-formulated Luciferase (IVT cDNA sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 10), green fluorescent protein (GFP) (IVT cDNA sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 11), G-CSF (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1), and EPO mmRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) to express the desired protein product can be confirmed by luminescence for luciferase expression, flow cytometry for GFP expression, and by ELISA for G-CSF and Erythropoietin (EPO) secretion.
+B. In Vivo Expression Following Intravenous Injection
+Systemic intravenous administration of the formulations are created using various different lipidoids including, but not limited to, 98N12-5, C12-200, and MD1.
+Lipidoid formulations containing mmRNA are injected intravenously into animals. The expression of the modified mRNA (mmRNA)-encoded proteins are assessed in blood and/or other organs samples such as, but not limited to, the liver and spleen collected from the animal. Conducting single dose intravenous studies will also allow an assessment of the magnitude, dose responsiveness, and longevity of expression of the desired product.
+In one embodiment, lipidoid based formulations of 98N12-5, C12-200, MD1 and other lipidoids, are used to deliver luciferase, green fluorescent protein (GFP), mCherry fluorescent protein, secreted alkaline phosphatase (sAP), human G-CSF, human Factor IX, or human Erythropoietin (EPO) mmRNA into the animal. After formulating mmRNA with a lipid, as described previously, animals are divided into groups to receive either a saline formulation, or a lipidoid-formulation which contains one of a different mmRNA selected from luciferase, GFP, mCherry, sAP, human G-CSF, human Factor IX, and human EPO. Prior to injection into the animal, mmRNA-containing lipidoid formulations are diluted in PBS. Animals are then administered a single dose of formulated mmRNA ranging from a dose of 10 mg/kg to doses as low as 1 ng/kg, with a preferred range to be 10 mg/kg to 100 ng/kg, where the dose of mmRNA depends on the animal body weight such as a 20 gram mouse receiving a maximum formulation of 0.2 ml (dosing is based no mmRNA per kg body weight). After the administration of the mmRNA-lipidoid formulation, serum, tissues, and/or tissue lysates are obtained and the level of the mmRNA-encoded product is determined at a single and/or a range of time intervals. The ability of lipidoid-formulated Luciferase, GFP, mCherry, sAP, G-CSF, Factor IX, and EPO mmRNA to express the desired protein product is confirmed by luminescence for the expression of Luciferase, flow cytometry for the expression of GFP and mCherry expression, by enzymatic activity for sAP, or by ELISA for the section of G-CSF, Factor IX and/or EPO.
+Further studies for a multi-dose regimen are also performed to determine the maximal expression of mmRNA, to evaluate the saturability of the mmRNA-driven expression (by giving a control and active mmRNA formulation in parallel or in sequence), and to determine the feasibility of repeat drug administration (by giving mmRNA in doses separated by weeks or months and then determining whether expression level is affected by factors such as immunogenicity). An assessment of the physiological function of proteins such as G-CSF and EPO are also determined through analyzing samples from the animal tested and detecting increases in granulocyte and red blood cell counts, respectively. Activity of an expressed protein product such as Factor IX, in animals can also be assessed through analysis of Factor IX enzymatic activity (such as an activated partial thromboplastin time assay) and effect of clotting times.
+C. In Vitro Expression Following Intramuscular and/or Subcutaneous Injection
+The use of lipidoid formulations to deliver oligonucleotides, including mRNA, via an intramuscular route or a subcutaneous route of injection needs to be evaluated as it has not been previously reported. Intramuscular and/or subcutaneous injection of mmRNA are evaluated to determine if mmRNA-containing lipidoid formulations are capable to produce both localized and systemic expression of a desired proteins.
+Lipidoid formulations of 98N12-5, C12-200, and MD1 containing mmRNA selected from luciferase, green fluorescent protein (GFP), mCherry fluorescent protein, secreted alkaline phosphatase (sAP), human G-CSF, human factor IX, or human Erythropoietin (EPO) mmRNA are injected intramuscularly and/or subcutaneously into animals. The expression of mmRNA-encoded proteins are assessed both within the muscle or subcutaneous tissue and systemically in blood and other organs such as the liver and spleen. Single dose studies allow an assessment of the magnitude, dose responsiveness, and longevity of expression of the desired product.
+Animals are divided into groups to receive either a saline formulation or a formulation containing modified mRNA. Prior to injection mmRNA-containing lipidoid formulations are diluted in PBS. Animals are administered a single intramuscular dose of formulated mmRNA ranging from 50 mg/kg to doses as low as 1 ng/kg with a preferred range to be 10 mg/kg to 100 ng/kg. A maximum dose for intramuscular administration, for a mouse, is roughly 1 mg mmRNA or as low as 0.02 ng mmRNA for an intramuscular injection into the hind limb of the mouse. For subcutaneous administration, the animals are administered a single subcutaneous dose of formulated mmRNA ranging from 400 mg/kg to doses as low as 1 ng/kg with a preferred range to be 80 mg/kg to 100 ng/kg. A maximum dose for subcutaneous administration, for a mouse, is roughly 8 mg mmRNA or as low as 0.02 ng mmRNA.
+For a 20 gram mouse the volume of a single intramuscular injection is maximally 0.025 ml and a single subcutaneous injection is maximally 0.2 ml. The optimal dose of mmRNA administered is calculated from the body weight of the animal. At various points in time points following the administration of the mmRNA-lipidoid, serum, tissues, and tissue lysates is obtained and the level of the mmRNA-encoded product is determined. The ability of lipidoid-formulated luciferase, green fluorescent protein (GFP), mCherry fluorescent protein, secreted alkaline phosphatase (sAP), human G-CSF, human factor IX, or human Erythropoietin (EPO) mmRNA to express the desired protein product is confirmed by luminescence for luciferase expression, flow cytometry for GFP and mCherry expression, by enzymatic activity for sAP, and by ELISA for G-CSF, Factor IX and Erythropoietin (EPO) secretion.
+Additional studies for a multi-dose regimen are also performed to determine the maximal expression using mmRNA, to evaluate the saturability of the mmRNA-driven expression (achieved by giving a control and active mmRNA formulation in parallel or in sequence), and to determine the feasibility of repeat drug administration (by giving mmRNA in doses separated by weeks or months and then determining whether expression level is affected by factors such as immunogenicity). Studies utilizing multiple subcutaneous or intramuscular injection sites at one time point, are also utilized to further increase mmRNA drug exposure and improve protein production. An assessment of the physiological function of proteins, such as GFP, mCherry, sAP, human G-CSF, human factor IX, and human EPO, are determined through analyzing samples from the tested animals and detecting a change in granulocyte and/or red blood cell counts. Activity of an expressed protein product such as Factor IX, in animals can also be assessed through analysis of Factor IX enzymatic activity (such as an activated partial thromboplastin time assay) and effect of clotting times.
+Example 15
+Split Dose Studies
+Studies utilizing multiple subcutaneous or intramuscular injection sites at one time point were designed and performed to investigate ways to increase mmRNA drug exposure and improve protein production. In addition to detection of the expressed protein product, an assessment of the physiological function of proteins was also determined through analyzing samples from the animal tested.
+Surprisingly, it has been determined that split dosing of mmRNA produces greater protein production and phenotypic responses than those produced by single unit dosing or multi-dosing schemes.
+The design of a single unit dose, multi-dose and split dose experiment involved using human erythropoietin (EPO) mmRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) administered in buffer alone. The dosing vehicle (F. buffer) consisted of 150 mM NaCl, 2 mM CaCl2, 2 mM Na+-phosphate (1.4 mM monobasic sodium phosphate; 0.6 mM dibasic sodium phosphate), and 0.5 mM EDTA, pH 6.5. The pH was adjusted using sodium hydroxide and the final solution was filter sterilized. The mmRNA was modified with 5meC at each cytosine and pseudouridine replacement at each uridine site.
+Animals (n=5) were injected IM (intramuscular) for the single unit dose of 100 ug. For multi-dosing, two schedules were used, 3 doses of 100 ug and 6 doses of 100 ug. For the split dosing scheme, two schedules were used, 3 doses at 33.3 ug and 6 doses of 16.5 ug mmRNA. Control dosing involved use of buffer only at 6 doses. Control mmRNA involved the use of luciferase mmRNA (IVT cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) dosed 6 times at 100 ug. Blood and muscle tissue were evaluated 13 hrs post injection.
+Human EPO protein was measured in mouse serum 13 h post I.M. single, multi- or split dosing of the EPO mmRNA in buffer. Seven groups of mice (n=5 mice per group) were treated and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 7.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 7
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Split dose study
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Avg.
+Polypeptide
+Dose
+
+
+
+
+Dose of
+Total
+pmol/mL
+per unit drug
+Splitting
+
+
+Group
+Treatment
+mmRNA
+Dose
+human EPO
+(pmol/ug)
+Factor
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+1
+Human EPO mmRNA
+1 × 100
+ug
+100 ug
+14.3
+.14
+1
+
+
+2
+Human EPO mmRNA
+3 × 100
+ug
+300 ug
+82.5
+.28
+2
+
+
+3
+Human EPO mmRNA
+6 × 100
+ug
+600 ug
+273.0
+.46
+3.3
+
+
+4
+Human EPO mmRNA
+3 × 33.3
+ug
+100 ug
+104.7
+1.1
+7.9
+
+
+5
+Human EPO mmRNA
+6 × 16.5
+ug
+100 ug
+127.9
+1.3
+9.3
+
+
+6
+Luciferase mmRNA
+6 × 100
+ug
+600 ug
+0
+—
+—
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+7
+Buffer Alone
+—
+—
+0
+—
+—
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The splitting factor is defined as the product per unit drug divided by the single dose product per unit drug (PUD). For example for treatment group 2 the value 0.28 or product (EPO) per unit drug (mmRNA) is divided by the single dose product per unit drug of 0.14. The result is 2. Likewise, for treatment group 4, the value 1.1 or product (EPO) per unit drug (mmRNA) is divided by the single dose product per unit drug of 0.14. The result is 7.9. Consequently, the dose splitting factor (DSF) may be used as an indicator of the efficacy of a split dose regimen. For any single administration of a total daily dose, the DSF should be equal to 1. Therefore any DSF greater than this value in a split dose regimen is an indication of increased efficacy.
+To determine the dose response trends, impact of injection site and impact of injection timing, studies are performed. In these studies, varied doses of 1 ug, 5 ug, 10 ug, 25 ug, 50 ug, and values in between are used to determine dose response outcomes. Split dosing for a 100 ug total dose includes three or six doses of 1.6 ug, 4.2 ug, 8.3 ug, 16.6 ug, or values and total doses equal to administration of the total dose selected.
+Injection sites are chosen from the limbs or any body surface presenting enough area suitable for injection. This may also include a selection of injection depth to target the dermis (Intradermal), epidermis (Epidermal), subcutaneous tissue (SC) or muscle (IM). Injection angle will vary based on targeted delivery site with injections targeting the intradermal site to be 10-15 degree angles from the plane of the surface of the skin, between 20-45 degrees from the plane of the surface of the skin for subcutaneous injections and angles of between 60-90 degrees for injections substantially into the muscle.
+Example 16
+Dose Response and Injection Site Selection and Timing
+To determine the dose response trends, impact of injection site and impact of injection timing, studies are performed following the protocol outlined in Example 15. In these studies, varied doses of 1 ug, 5 ug, 10 ug, 25 ug, 50 ug, and values in between are used to determine dose response outcomes. Split dosing for a 100 ug total dose includes three or six doses of 1.6 ug, 4.2 ug, 8.3 ug, 16.6 ug, or values and total doses equal to administration of the total dose selected.
+Injection sites are chosen from the limbs or any body surface presenting enough area suitable for injection. This may also include a selection of injection depth to target the dermis (Intradermal), epidermis (Epidermal), subcutaneous tissue (SC) or muscle (IM). Injection angle will vary based on targeted delivery site with injections targeting the intradermal site to be 10-15 degree angles from the plane of the surface of the skin, between 20-45 degrees from the plane of the surface of the skin for subcutaneous injections and angles of between 60-90 degrees for injections substantially into the muscle. RNAIMAX™
+Example 17
+Routes of Administration
+Further studies were performed to investigate dosing using different routes of administration. Following the protocol outlined in Example 15, 4 mice per group were dosed intramuscularly (I.M.), intravenously (IV) or subcutaneously (S.C.) by the dosing chart outlined in Table 8. Serum was collected 13 hours post injection from all mice, tissue was collected from the site of injection from the intramuscular and subcutaneous group and the spleen, liver and kidneys were collected from the intravenous group. The results from the intramuscular group are show in FIG. 7A and the subcutaneous group results are shown in FIG. 7B.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 8
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Dosing Chart
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Total
+Dosing
+
+
+Group
+Treatment
+Route
+Dose of mmRNA
+Dose
+Vehicle
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+1
+Lipoplex-human EPO mmRNA
+I.M.
+4 × 100 ug + 30% Lipoplex
+4 × 70 ul
+Lipoplex
+
+
+2
+Lipoplex-human EPO mmRNA
+I.M.
+4 × 100 ug
+4 × 70 ul
+Buffer
+
+
+3
+Lipoplex-human EPO mmRNA
+S.C.
+4 × 100 ug + 30% Lipoplex
+4 × 70 ul
+Lipoplex
+
+
+4
+Lipoplex-human EPO mmRNA
+S.C.
+4 × 100 ug
+4 × 70 ul
+Buffer
+
+
+5
+Lipoplex-human EPO mmRNA
+I.V.
+200 ug + 30% Lipoplex
+  140 ul
+Lipoplex
+
+
+6
+Lipoplexed-Luciferase mmRNA
+I.M.
+100 ug + 30% Lipoplex
+4 × 70 ul
+Lipoplex
+
+
+7
+Lipoplexed-Luciferase mmRNA
+I.M.
+100 ug
+4 × 70 ul
+Buffer
+
+
+8
+Lipoplexed-Luciferase mmRNA
+S.C.
+100 ug + 30% Lipoplex
+4 × 70 ul
+Lipoplex
+
+
+9
+Lipoplexed-Luciferase mmRNA
+S.C.
+100 ug
+4 × 70 ul
+Buffer
+
+
+10
+Lipoplexed-human EPO mmRNA
+I.V.
+200 ug + 30% Lipoplex
+  140 ul
+Lipoplex
+
+
+11
+Formulation Buffer
+I.M.
+4× multi dosing
+4 × 70 ul
+Buffer
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 18
+In Vivo Delivery of Modified mRNA
+Modified RNA was delivered to C57/BL6 mice intramuscularly, subcutaneously, or intravenously to evaluate the bio-distribution of modified RNA using luciferase. A formulation buffer used with all delivery methods contained 150 mM sodium chloride, 2 mM calcium chloride, 2 mM Na+-phosphate which included 1.4 mM monobasic sodium phosphate and 0.6 mM of dibasic sodium phosphate, and 0.5 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was adjusted using sodium hydroxide to reach a final pH of 6.5 before being filtered and sterilized. A 1× concentration was used as the delivery buffer. To create the lipoplexed solution delivered to the mice, in one vial 50 μg of RNA was equilibrated for 10 minutes at room temperature in the delivery buffer and in a second vial 10 μl RNAiMAX™ was equilibrated for 10 minutes at room temperature in the delivery buffer. After equilibrium, the vials were combined and delivery buffer was added to reach a final volume of 100 which was then incubated for 20 minutes at room temperature. Luciferin was administered by intraperitoneal injection (IP) at 150 mg/kg to each mouse prior to imaging during the plateau phase of the luciferin exposure curve which was between 15 and 30 minutes. To create luciferin, 1 g of D-luciferin potassium or sodium salt was dissolved in 66.6 ml of distilled phosphate buffer solution (DPBS), not containing Mg2+ or Ca2+, to make a 15 mg/ml solution. The solution was gently mixed and passed through a 0.2 μm syringe filter, before being purged with nitrogen, aliquoted and frozen at −80° C. while being protected from light as much as possible. The solution was thawed using a waterbath if luciferin was not dissolved, gently mixed and kept on ice on the day of dosing.
+Whole body images were taken of each mouse 2, 8 and 24 hours after dosing. Tissue images and serum was collected from each mouse 24 hours after dosing. Mice administered doses intravenously had their liver, spleen, kidneys, lungs, heart, peri-renal adipose tissue and thymus imaged. Mice administered doses intramuscularly or subcutaneously had their liver, spleen, kidneys, lungs, peri-renal adipose tissue, and muscle at the injection site. From the whole body images the bioluminescence was measured in photon per second for each route of administration and dosing regimen.
+A. Intramuscular Administration
+Mice were intramuscularly (I.M.) administered either modified luciferase mRNA (IVT cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) (Naked-Luc), lipoplexed modified luciferase mRNA (Lipoplex-luc), lipoplexed modified granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) mRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) (Lipoplex-Cytokine) or the formation buffer at a single dose of 50 μg of modified RNA in an injection volume of 50 μl for each formulation in the right hind limb and a single dose of 5 μg of modified RNA in an injection volume of 50 μl in the left hind limb. The bioluminescence average for the luciferase expression signals for each group at 2, 8 and 24 hours after dosing are shown in FIG. 8A for the left hind limb and FIG. 8B for the right hind limb. The bioluminescence showed a positive signal at the injection site of the 5 μg and 50 μg modified RNA formulations containing and not containing lipoplex.
+B. Subcutaneous Administration
+Mice were subcutaneously (S.C.) administered either modified luciferase mRNA (Naked-Luc), lipoplexed modified luciferase mRNA (Lipoplex-luc), lipoplexed modified G-CSF mRNA (Lipoplex-G-CSF) or the formation buffer at a single dose of 50 μg of modified mRNA in an injection volume of 100 μl for each formulation. The bioluminescence average for the luciferase expression signals for each group at 2, 8 and 24 hours after dosing are shown in FIG. 8C. The bioluminescence showed a positive signal at the injection site of the 50 μg modified mRNA formulations containing and not containing lipoplex.
+C. Intravenous Administration
+Mice were intravenously (I.V.) administered either modified luciferase mRNA (Naked-Luc), lipoplexed modified luciferase mRNA (Lipoplex-luc), lipoplexed modified G-CSF mRNA (Lipoplex-G-CSF) or the formation buffer at a single dose of 50 μg of modified mRNA in an injection volume of 100 μl for each formulation. The bioluminescence average for the luciferase expression signal in the spleen from each group at 2 hours after dosing is shown in FIG. 8D. The bioluminescence showed a positive signal in the spleen of the 50 μg modified mRNA formulations containing lipoplex.
+Example 19
+In Vivo Delivery Using Lipoplexes
+A. Human EPO Modified RNA Lipoplex
+A formulation containing 100 μg of modified human erythropoietin mRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) (EPO; fully modified 5-methylcytosine; N1-methylpseudouridine) was lipoplexed with 30% by volume of RNAIMAX™ (Lipoplex-h-Epo-46; Generation 2 or Gen2) in 50-70 uL delivered intramuscularly to four C57/BL6 mice. Other groups consisted of mice receiving an injection of the lipoplexed modified luciferase mRNA (Lipoplex-luc) (IVT cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) which served as a control containing 100 μg of modified luciferase mRNA was lipoplexed with 30% by volume of RNAIMAX™ or mice receiving an injection of the formulation buffer as negative control at a dose volume of 65 ul. 13 hours after the intramuscular injection, serum was collected from each mouse to measure the amount of human EPO protein in the mouse serum by human EPO ELISA and the results are shown in FIG. 9.
+B. Human G-CSF Modified RNA Lipoplex
+A formulation containing 100 μg of one of the two types of modified human G-CSF mRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) (G-CSF fully modified with 5-methylcytosine and pseudouridine (G-CSF) or G-CSF fully modified with 5-methylcytosine and N1-methyl-pseudouridine (G-CSF-N1) lipoplexed with 30% by volume of RNAIMAX™ and delivered in 150 uL intramuscularly (I.M), in 150 uL subcutaneously (S.C) and in 225 uL intravenously (I.V) to C57/BL6 mice. Three control groups were administered either 100 μg of modified luciferase mRNA (IVT cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) intramuscularly (Luc-unsp I.M.) or 150 μg of modified luciferase mRNA intravenously (Luc-unsp I.V.) or 150 uL of the formulation buffer intramuscularly (Buffer I.M.). 6 hours after administration of a formulation, serum was collected from each mouse to measure the amount of human G-CSF protein in the mouse serum by human G-CSF ELISA and the results are shown in FIG. 10.
+C. Human G-CSF Modified RNA Lipoplex Comparison
+A formulation containing 100 μg of either modified human G-CSF mRNA lipoplexed with 30% by volume of RNAIMAX™ with a 5-methylcytosine (5mc) and a pseudouridine (y) modification (G-CSF-Gen1-Lipoplex), modified human G-CSF mRNA with a 5mc and ψ modification in saline (G-CSF-Gen1-Saline), modified human G-CSF mRNA with a N1-5-methylcytosine (N1-5mc) and a ψ modification lipoplexed with 30% by volume of RNAIMAX™ (G-CSF-Gen2-Lipoplex), modified human G-CSF mRNA with a N1-5mc and ψ modification in saline (G-CSF-Gen2-Saline), modified luciferase with a 5mc and ψ modification lipoplexed with 30% by volume of RNAIMAX™ (Luc-Lipoplex), or modified luciferase mRNA with a 5mc and ψ modification in saline (Luc-Saline) was delivered intramuscularly (I.M.) or subcutaneously (S.C.) and a control group for each method of administration was giving a dose of 80 uL of the formulation buffer (F. Buffer) to C57/BL6 mice. 13 hours post injection serum and tissue from the site of injection were collected from each mouse and analyzed by G-CSF ELISA to compare human G-CSF protein levels. The results of the human G-CSF protein in mouse serum from the intramuscular administration are shown in FIG. 11A, and the subcutaneous administration results are shown in FIG. 11B.
+D. mCherry Modified RNA Lipoplex Comparison
+Intramuscular and Subcutaneous Administration
+A formulation containing 100 μg of either modified mCherry mRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) lipoplexed with 30% by volume of RNAIMAX™ or modified mCherry mRNA in saline is delivered intramuscularly and subcutaneously to mice. A formulation buffer is also administered to a control group of mice either intramuscularly or subcutaneously. The site of injection on the mice may be collected 17 hours post injection for sectioning to determine the cell type(s) responsible for producing protein.
+Intravitreal Administration
+A formulation containing 10 μg of either modified mCherry mRNA lipoplexed with RNAIMAX™, modified mCherry mRNA in a formulation buffer, modified luciferase mRNA lipoplexed with RNAMAX™, modified luciferase mRNA in a formulation buffer can be administered by intravitreal injection (IVT) in rats in a dose volume of 5 μl/eye. A formulation buffer is also administered by IVT to a control group of rats in a dose volume of 5 μl/eye. Eyes from treated rats can be collected after 18 hours post injection for sectioning and lysating to determine whether mmRNA can be effectively delivered in vivo to the eye and result in protein production, and to also determine the cell type(s) responsible for producing protein in vivo.
+Intranasal Administration
+A formulation containing 100 μg of either modified mCherry mRNA lipoplexed with 30% by volume of RNAIMAX™, modified mCherry mRNA in saline, modified luciferase mRNA lipoplexed with 30% by volume of RNAIMAX™ or modified luciferase mRNA in saline is delivered intranasally. A formulation buffer is also administered to a control group intranasally. Lungs may be collected about 13 hours post instillation for sectioning (for those receiving mCherry mRNA) or homogenization (for those receiving luciferase mRNA). These samples will be used to determine whether mmRNA can be effectively delivered in vivo to the lungs and result in protein production, and to also determine the cell type(s) responsible for producing protein in vivo.
+Example 20
+In Vivo Delivery Using Varying Lipid Ratios
+Modified mRNA was delivered to C57/BL6 mice to evaluate varying lipid ratios and the resulting protein expression. Formulations of 100 μg modified human EPO mRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) lipoplexed with 10%, 30% or 50% RNAIMAX™, 100 μg modified luciferase mRNA (IVT cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) lipoplexed with 10%, 30% or 50% RNAIMAX™ or a formulation buffer were administered intramuscularly to mice in a single 70 μl dose. Serum was collected 13 hours post injection to undergo a human EPO ELISA to determine the human EPO protein level in each mouse. The results of the human EPO ELISA, shown in FIG. 12, show that modified human EPO expressed in the muscle is secreted into the serum for each of the different percentage of RNAIMAX™.
+Example 21
+Intramuscular and Subcutaneous In Vivo Delivery in Mammals
+Modified human EPO mRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) formulated in saline was delivered to either C57/BL6 mice or Sprague-Dawley rats to evaluate the dose dependency on human EPO production. Rats were intramuscularlly injected with 50 μl of the modified human EPO mRNA (h-EPO), modified luciferase mRNA (Luc) (IVT cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) or the formulation buffer (F. Buffer) as described in the dosing chart Table 9.
+Mice were intramuscularly or subcutaneously injected with 50 μl of the modified human EPO mRNA (h-EPO), modified luciferase mRNA (Luc) or the formulation buffer (F. Buffer) as described in the dosing chart Table 10. 13 hours post injection blood was collected and serum was analyzed to determine the amount human EPO for each mouse or rat. The average and geometric mean in pg/ml for the rat study are also shown in Table 9.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 9
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Rat Study
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Avg.
+Geometric-
+
+
+
+Group
+Dose
+R#1
+R#2
+R#3
+R#4
+R#5
+R#6
+pg/ml
+mean pg/ml
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+h-EPO
+G#1
+150 μg
+61.8
+86.3
+69.9
+55.2
+59
+74.2
+67.7
+67.1
+
+
+h-EPO
+G#2
+100 μg
+69.4
+77.8
+48.2
+17.6
+101.9
+161.5
+79.4
+66.9
+
+
+h-EPO
+G#3
+ 50 μg
+143.6
+60.9
+173.4
+145.9
+61.5
+23.9
+101.5
+85.4
+
+
+h-EPO
+G#4
+ 10 μg
+7.8
+11.8
+30.9
+36.2
+40.6
+150.3
+46.3
+31.2
+
+
+h-EPO
+G#5
+ 1 μg
+9.1
+35.8
+—
+46.2
+18.1
+34.1
+28.7
+25.4
+
+
+Luc
+G#6
+100 μg
+34.1
+36.5
+13.5
+13.7
+—
+—
+24.5
+22.4
+
+
+F. Buffer
+G#7
+—
+14.7
+18.5
+21.2
+20.3
+—
+—
+18.7
+18.5
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 10
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Mouse Study
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Average Level
+
+
+
+Route
+Treatment
+Group
+Dose
+in serum pg/ml
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+IM
+h-EPO
+1
+100 μg
+96.2
+
+
+
+IM
+h-EPO
+2
+ 50 μg
+63.5
+
+
+
+IM
+h-EPO
+3
+ 25 μg
+18.7
+
+
+
+IM
+h-EPO
+4
+ 10 μg
+25.9
+
+
+
+IM
+h-EPO
+5
+ 1 μg
+2.6
+
+
+
+IM
+Luc
+6
+100 μg
+0
+
+
+
+IM
+F. Buffer
+7
+—
+1.0
+
+
+
+SC
+h-EPO
+1
+100 μg
+72.0
+
+
+
+SC
+Luc
+2
+100 μg
+26.7
+
+
+
+SC
+F. Buffer
+3
+—
+17.4
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 22
+Duration of Activity after Intramuscular In Vivo Delivery in Rats
+Modified human EPO mRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) formulated in saline was delivered to Sprague-Dawley rats to determine the duration of the dose response. Rats were intramuscularly injected with 50 μl of the modified human EPO mRNA (h-EPO), modified luciferase mRNA (IVT cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) (Luc) or the formulation buffer (F. Buffer) as described in the dosing chart Table 11. The rats were bled 2, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after the intramuscular injection to determine the concentration of human EPO in serum at a given time. The average and geometric mean in pg/ml for this study are also shown in Table 11.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 11
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Dosing Chart
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Avg.
+Geometric-
+
+
+
+Group
+Dose
+R#1
+R#2
+R#3
+R#4
+R#5
+R#6
+R#7
+pg/ml
+mean pg/ml
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+h-EPO
+ 2 hour
+100 μg
+60.0
+62.4
+53.6
+33.2
+68.6
+66.4
+72.8
+59.6
+58.2
+
+
+h-EPO
+ 6 hour
+100 μg
+66.4
+102.5
+45.6
+78.1
+56.8
+122.5
+ 8.1
+68.6
+55.8
+
+
+h-EPO
+12 hour
+100 μg
+132.9
+55.1
+89.0
+80.1
+85.6
+105.6
+63.3
+87.4
+84.5
+
+
+h-EPO
+24 hour
+100 μg
+51.1
+76.3
+264.3
+142.4
+77.6
+73.5
+75.0
+108.6
+95.3
+
+
+h-EPO
+48 hour
+100 μg
+96.3
+59.0
+85.7
+82.6
+63.5
+80.3
+—
+77.9
+77.0
+
+
+h-EPO
+72 hour
+100 μg
+46.3
+66.9
+73.5
+57.3
+136.7
+110
+69.7
+80.1
+75.8
+
+
+Luc
+24, 48
+100 μg
+60.2
+38.5
+48.8
+46.1
+3.6
+26.1
+—
+37.2
+29.2
+
+
+
+and 72
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+hour
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+F. Buffer
+24, 48
+—
+50.0
+10.0
+80.9
+54.7
+—
+—
+—
+48.9
+10.4
+
+
+
+and 72
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+hour
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 23
+In Vitro Transfection of VEGF-A
+Human vascular endothelial growth factor-isoform A (VEGF-A) modified mRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 12; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) was transfected via reverse transfection in Human Keratinocyte cells in 24 multi-well plates. Human Keratinocytes cells were grown in EPILIFE® medium with Supplement S7 from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, Calif.) until they reached a confluence of 50-70%. The cells were transfected with 0, 46.875, 93.75, 187.5, 375, 750, and 1500 ng of modified mRNA (mmRNA) encoding VEGF-A which had been complexed with RNAIMAX™ from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, Calif.). The RNA:RNAIMAX™ complex was formed by first incubating the RNA with Supplement-free EPILIFE® media in a 5× volumetric dilution for 10 minutes at room temperature. In a second vial, RNAIMAX™ reagent was incubated with Supplement-free EPILIFE® Media in a 10× volumetric dilution for 10 minutes at room temperature. The RNA vial was then mixed with the RNAIMAX™ vial and incubated for 20-30 minutes at room temperature before being added to the cells in a drop-wise fashion.
+The fully optimized mRNA encoding VEGF-A transfected with the Human Keratinocyte cells included modifications during translation such as natural nucleoside triphosphates (NTP), pseudouridine at each uridine site and 5-methylcytosine at each cytosine site (pseudo-U/5mC), and N1-methyl-pseudouridine at each uridine site and 5-methylcytosine at each cytosine site (N1-methyl-Pseudo-U/5mC). Cells were transfected with the mmRNA encoding VEGF-A and secreted VEGF-A concentration (ρg/ml) in the culture medium was measured at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours post-transfection for each of the concentrations using an ELISA kit from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, Calif.) following the manufacturers recommended instructions. These data, shown in Table 12, show that modified mRNA encoding VEGF-A is capable of being translated in Human Keratinocyte cells and that VEGF-A is transported out of the cells and released into the extracellular environment.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 12
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+VEGF-A Dosing and Protein Secretion
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+6 hours
+12 hours
+24 hours
+48 hours
+
+
+Dose (ng)
+(pg/ml)
+(pg/ml)
+(pg/ml)
+(pg/ml)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+VEGF-A Dose Containing Natural NTPs
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+46.875
+10.37
+18.07
+33.90
+67.02
+
+
+93.75
+9.79
+20.54
+41.95
+65.75
+
+
+187.5
+14.07
+24.56
+45.25
+64.39
+
+
+375
+19.16
+37.53
+53.61
+88.28
+
+
+750
+21.51
+38.90
+51.44
+61.79
+
+
+1500
+36.11
+61.90
+76.70
+86.54
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+VEGF-A Dose Containing Pseudo-U/5mC
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+46.875
+10.13
+16.67
+33.99
+72.88
+
+
+93.75
+11.00
+20.00
+46.47
+145.61
+
+
+187.5
+16.04
+34.07
+83.00
+120.77
+
+
+375
+69.15
+188.10
+448.50
+392.44
+
+
+750
+133.95
+304.30
+524.02
+526.58
+
+
+1500
+198.96
+345.65
+426.97
+505.41
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+VEGF-A Dose Containing N1-methyl-Pseudo-U/5mC
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+46.875
+0.03
+6.02
+27.65
+100.42
+
+
+93.75
+12.37
+46.38
+121.23
+167.56
+
+
+187.5
+104.55
+365.71
+1025.41
+1056.91
+
+
+375
+605.89
+1201.23
+1653.63
+1889.23
+
+
+750
+445.41
+1036.45
+1522.86
+1954.81
+
+
+1500
+261.61
+714.68
+1053.12
+1513.39
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 24
+In Vivo Studies of Factor IX
+Human Factor IX mmRNA (mRNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 8; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) (Gen1; fully modified 5-methycytosine and pseudouridine) formulated in saline was delivered to mice via intramuscular injection. The results demonstrate that Factor IX protein was elevated in serum as measured 13 hours after administration.
+In this study, mice (N=5 for Factor IX, N=3 for Luciferase or Buffer controls) were intramuscularly injected with 50 μl of the Factor IX mmRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 8; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1), Luciferase (cDNA sequence for IVT shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) or the formulation buffer (F. Buffer) at 2× 100 ug/mouse. The mice were bled at 13 hours after the intramuscular injection to determine the concentration of human the polypeptide in serum in pg/mL. The results revealed that administration of Factor IX mmRNA resulted in levels of 1600 pg/mL at 13 hours as compared to less than 100 pg/mL of Factor IX for either Luciferase or buffer control administration.
+Example 25
+Multi-Site Administration: Intramuscular and Subcutaneous
+Human G-CSF mmRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) modified as either Gen1 or Gen2 (5-methylcytosine (5mc) and a pseudouridine (ψ) modification, G-CSF-Gen1; or N1-5-methylcytosine (N1-5mc) and a ψ modification, G-CSF-Gen2) and formulated in saline were delivered to mice via intramuscular (IM) or subcutaneous (SC) injection. Injection of four doses or 2× 50 ug (two sites) daily for three days (24 hrs interval) was performed. The fourth dose was administered 6 hrs before blood collection and CBC analysis. Controls included Luciferase (cDNA sequence for IVT shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) or the formulation buffer (F. Buffer). The mice were bled at 72 hours after the first mmRNA injection (6 hours after the last mmRNA dose) to determine the effect of mmRNA-encoded human G-CSF on the neutrophil count. The dosing regimen is shown in Table 13 as are the resulting neutrophil counts (thousands/uL). Asterisks indicate statistical significance at p<0.05.
+For intramuscular administration, the data reveal a four fold increase in neutrophil count above control at day 3 for the Gen1 G-CSF mmRNA and a two fold increase for the Gen2 G-CSF mmRNA. For subcutaneous administration, the data reveal a two fold increase in neutrophil count above control at day 3 for the Gen2 G-CSF mmRNA.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 13
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Dosing Regimen
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Dose
+Dose Vol.
+Dosing
+Neutrophil
+
+
+Gr.
+Treatment
+Route
+N=
+(μg/mouse)
+(μl/mouse)
+Vehicle
+Thous/uL
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+1
+G-CSF (Gen1)
+I.M
+5
+2 × 50 ug (four doses)
+50
+F. buffer
+ 840*
+
+
+2
+G-CSF (Gen1)
+S.C
+5
+2 × 50 ug (four doses)
+50
+F. buffer
+430
+
+
+3
+G-CSF (Gen2)
+I.M
+5
+2 × 50 ug (four doses)
+50
+F. buffer
+ 746*
+
+
+4
+G-CSF (Gen2)
+S.C
+5
+2 × 50 ug (four doses)
+50
+F. buffer
+683
+
+
+5
+Luc (Gen1)
+I.M.
+5
+2 × 50 ug (four doses)
+50
+F. buffer
+201
+
+
+6
+Luc (Gen1)
+S.C.
+5
+2 × 50 ug (four doses)
+50
+F. buffer
+307
+
+
+7
+Luc (Gen2)
+I.M
+5
+2 × 50 ug (four doses)
+50
+F. buffer
+336
+
+
+8
+Luc (Gen2)
+S.C
+5
+2 × 50 ug (four doses)
+50
+F. buffer
+357
+
+
+9
+F. Buffer
+I.M
+4
+0 (four doses)
+50
+F. buffer
+245
+
+
+10
+F. Buffer
+S.C.
+4
+0 (four doses)
+50
+F. buffer
+509
+
+
+11
+Untreated
+—
+4
+
+
+—
+312
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 26
+Intravenous Administration
+Human G-CSF mmRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) modified with 5-methylcytosine (5mc) and a pseudouridine (ψ) modification; or having no modifications and formulated in 10% lipoplex (RNAIMAX™) were delivered to mice at a dose of 50 ug RNA and in a volume of 100 ul via intravenous (IV) injection at days 0, 2 and 4. Neutrophils were measured at days 1, 5 and 8. Controls included non-specific mammalian RNA or the formulation buffer alone (F. Buffer). The mice were bled at days 1, 5 and 8 to determine the effect of mmRNA-encoded human G-CSF to increase neutrophil count. The dosing regimen is shown in Table 14 as are the resulting neutrophil counts (thousands/uL; K/uL).
+For intravenous administration, the data reveal a four to five fold increase in neutrophil count above control at day 5 with G-CSF mmRNA but not with unmodified G-CSF mRNA or non-specific controls. Blood count returned to baseline four days after the final injection. No other changes in leukocyte populations were observed.
+An asterisk indicates statistical significance at p<0.001 compared to buffer.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 14
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Dosing Regimen
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Dose
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Vol.
+Dosing
+Neutrophil
+
+
+Gr.
+Treatment
+N=
+(μl/mouse)
+Vehicle
+K/uL
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+1
+G-CSF (Gen1)
+5
+100
+10% lipoplex
+2.91
+
+
+
+Day 1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+2
+G-CSF (Gen1)
+5
+100
+10% lipoplex
+5.32*
+
+
+
+Day 5
+
+
+
+
+
+
+3
+G-CSF (Gen1)
+5
+100
+10% lipoplex
+2.06
+
+
+
+Day 8
+
+
+
+
+
+
+4
+G-CSF (no
+5
+100
+10% lipoplex
+1.88
+
+
+
+modification)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Day 1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+5
+G-CSF (no
+5
+100
+10% lipoplex
+1.95
+
+
+
+modification)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Day 5
+
+
+
+
+
+
+6
+G-CSF (no
+5
+100
+10% lipoplex
+2.09
+
+
+
+modification)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Day 8
+
+
+
+
+
+
+7
+RNA control
+5
+100
+10% lipoplex
+2.90
+
+
+
+Day 1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+8
+RNA control
+5
+100
+10% lipoplex
+1.68
+
+
+
+Day 5
+
+
+
+
+
+
+9
+RNA control
+4
+100
+10% lipoplex
+1.72
+
+
+
+Day 8
+
+
+
+
+
+
+10
+F. Buffer
+4
+100
+10% lipoplex
+2.51
+
+
+
+Day 1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+11
+F. Buffer
+4
+100
+10% lipoplex
+1.31
+
+
+
+Day 5
+
+
+
+
+
+
+12
+F. Buffer
+4
+100
+10% lipoplex
+1.92
+
+
+
+Day 8
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 27
+Saline Formulation: Intramuscular Administration
+Human G-CSF mmRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) and human EPO mmRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1); G-CSF mmRNA (modified with 5-methylcytosine (5mc) and pseudouridine (ψ) and EPO mmRNA (modified with N1-5-methylcytosine (N1-5mc) and ψ modification), were formulated in saline and delivered to mice via intramuscular (IM) injection at a dose of 100 ug.
+Controls included Luciferase (IVT cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) or the formulation buffer (F. Buffer). The mice were bled at 13 hours after the injection to determine the concentration of the human polypeptide in serum in pg/mL (G-CSF groups measured human G-CSF in mouse serum and EPO groups measured human EPO in mouse serum). The data are shown in Table 15.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 15
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Dosing Regimen
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Dose Vol.
+Dosing
+Average Protein
+
+
+Group
+Treatment
+N=
+(μl/mouse)
+Vehicle
+Product pg/mL, serum
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+G-CSF
+G-CSF
+5
+50
+Saline
+19.8
+
+
+G-CSF
+Luciferase
+5
+50
+Saline
+0.5
+
+
+G-CSF
+F. buffer
+5
+50
+F. buffer
+0.5
+
+
+EPO
+EPO
+5
+50
+Saline
+191.5
+
+
+EPO
+Luciferase
+5
+50
+Saline
+15.0
+
+
+EPO
+F. buffer
+
+
+F. buffer
+4.8
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 28
+EPO Multi-Dose/Multi-Administration
+Studies utilizing multiple intramuscular injection sites at one time point were designed and performed.
+The design of a single multi-dose experiment involved using human erythropoietin (EPO) mmRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) or G-CSF (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) administered in saline. The dosing vehicle (F. buffer) was used as a control. The EPO and G-CSF mmRNA were modified with 5-methylcytosine at each cytosine and pseudouridine replacement at each uridine site.
+Animals (n=5), Sprague-Dawley rats, were injected IM (intramuscular) for the single unit dose of 100 ug (delivered to one thigh). For multi-dosing 6 doses of 100 ug (delivered to two thighs) were used for both EPO and G-CSF mmRNA. Control dosing involved use of buffer at a single dose. Human EPO blood levels were evaluated 13 hours post injection.
+Human EPO protein was measured in rat serum 13 hours post I.M. Five groups of rats were treated and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 16.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 16
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Multi-dose study
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Avg. Pg/mL
+
+
+
+
+Dose of
+Total
+human EPO,
+
+
+Group
+Treatment
+mmRNA
+Dose
+serum
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+1
+Human EPO
+1 × 100 ug
+100 ug
+143
+
+
+
+mmRNA
+
+
+
+
+
+2
+Human EPO
+6 × 100 ug
+600 ug
+256
+
+
+
+mmRNA
+
+
+
+
+
+3
+G-CSF mmRNA
+1 × 100 ug
+100 ug
+43
+
+
+4
+G-CSF mmRNA
+6 × 100 ug
+600 ug
+58
+
+
+5
+Buffer Alone
+—
+—
+20
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 29
+Signal Sequence Exchange Study
+Several variants of mmRNAs encoding human Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) were synthesized using modified nucleotides pseudouridine and 5-methylcytosine (pseudo-U/5mC). These variants included the G-CSF constructs encoding either the wild-type N terminal secretory signal peptide sequence (MAGPATQSPMKLMALQLLLWHSALWTVQEA; SEQ ID NO: 13), no secretory signal peptide sequence, or secretory signal peptide sequences taken from other mRNAs. These included sequences where the wild type GCSF signal peptide sequence was replaced with the signal peptide sequence of either: human α-1-anti trypsin (MMPSSVSWGILLLAGLCCLVPVSLA; SEQ ID NO: 14), human Factor IX (MQRVNMIMAESPSLITICLLGYLLSAECTVFLDHENANKILNRPKR; SEQ ID NO: 15), human Prolactin (MKGSLLLLLVSNLLLCQSVAP; SEQ ID NO: 16), or human Albumin (MKWVTFISLLFLFSSAYSRGVFRR; SEQ ID NO: 17).
+250 ng of modified mRNA encoding each G-CSF variant was transfected into HEK293A (293A in the table), mouse myoblast (MM in the table) (C2C12, CRL-1772, ATCC) and rat myoblast (RM in the table) (L6 line, CRL-1458, ATCC) cell lines in a 24 well plate using 1 ul of Lipofectamine 2000 (Life Technologies), each well containing 300,000 cells. The supernatants were harvested after 24 hrs and the secreted G-CSF protein was analyzed by ELISA using the Human G-CSF ELISA kit (Life Technologies). The data shown in Table 17 reveal that cells transfected with G-CSF mmRNA encoding the Albumin signal peptide secrete at least 12 fold more G-CSF protein than its wild type counterpart.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 17
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Signal Peptide Exchange
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+293A
+MM
+RM
+
+
+
+Signal peptides
+(pg/ml)
+(pg/ml)
+(pg/ml)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+G-CSF Natural
+9650
+3450
+6050
+
+
+
+α-1-anti trypsin
+9950
+5000
+8475
+
+
+
+Factor IX
+11675
+6175
+11675
+
+
+
+Prolactin
+7875
+1525
+9800
+
+
+
+Albumin
+122050
+81050
+173300
+
+
+
+No Signal peptide
+0
+0
+0
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 30
+Cytokine Study: PBMC
+PBMC Isolation and Culture:
+50 mL of human blood from two donors was received from Research Blood Components (lots KP30928 and KP30931) in sodium heparin tubes. For each donor, the blood was pooled and diluted to 70 mL with DPBS (SAFC Bioscience 59331C, lot 071M8408) and split evenly between two 50 mL conical tubes. 10 mL of Ficoll Paque (GE Healthcare 17-5442-03, lot 10074400) was gently dispensed below the blood layer. The tubes were centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 30 minutes with low acceleration and braking. The tubes were removed and the buffy coat PMBC layers were gently transferred to a fresh 50 mL conical and washed with DPBS. The tubes were centrifuged at 1450 rpm for 10 minutes.
+The supernatant was aspirated and the PBMC pellets were resuspended and washed in 50 mL of DPBS. The tubes were centrifuged at 1250 rpm for 10 minutes. This wash step was repeated, and the PBMC pellets were resuspended in 19 mL of Optimem I (Gibco 11058, lot 1072088) and counted. The cell suspensions were adjusted to a concentration of 3.0×10^6 cells/mL live cells.
+These cells were then plated on five 96 well tissue culture treated round bottom plates (Costar 3799) per donor at 50 uL per well. Within 30 minutes, transfection mixtures were added to each well at a volume of 50 uL per well. After 4 hours post transfection, the media was supplemented with 10 uL of Fetal Bovine Serum (Gibco 10082, lot 1012368)
+Transfection Preparation:
+mmRNA encoding human G-CSF (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) (containing either (1) natural NTPs, (2) 100% substitution with 5-methyl cytidine and pseudouridine, or (3) 100% substitution with 5-methyl cytidine and N1-methyl pseudouridine; mmRNA encoding luciferase (IVT cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) (containing either (1) natural NTPs or (2) 100% substitution with 5-methyl cytidine and pseudouridine) and TLR agonist R848 (Invivogen tlrl-r848) were diluted to 38.4 ng/uL in a final volume of 2500 uL Optimem I.
+Separately, 432 uL of Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen 11668-027, lot 1070962) was diluted with 13.1 mL Optimem I. In a 96 well plate nine aliquots of 135 uL of each mmRNA, positive control (R-848) or negative control (Optimem I) was added to 135 uL of the diluted Lipofectamine 2000. The plate containing the material to be transfected was incubated for 20 minutes. The transfection mixtures were then transferred to each of the human PBMC plates at 50 uL per well. The plates were then incubated at 37 C. At 2, 4, 8, 20, and 44 hours each plate was removed from the incubator, and the supernatants were frozen.
+After the last plate was removed, the supernatants were assayed using a human G-CSF ELISA kit (Invitrogen KHC2032) and human IFN-alpha ELISA kit (Thermo Scientific 41105-2). Each condition was done in duplicate.
+Results:
+The ability of unmodified and modified mRNA (mmRNAs) to produce the encoded protein was assessed (G-CSF production) over time as was the ability of the mRNA to trigger innate immune recognition as measured by interferon-alpha production. Use of in vitro PBMC cultures is an accepted way to measure the immunostimulatory potential of oligonucleotides (Robbins et al., Oligonucleotides 2009 19:89-102).
+Results were interpolated against the standard curve of each ELISA plate using a four parameter logistic curve fit. Shown in Tables 18 and 19 are the average from 2 separate PBMC donors of the G-CSF and IFN-alpha production over time as measured by specific ELISA.
+In the G-CSF ELISA, background signal from the Lipofectamine 2000 untreated condition was subtracted at each timepoint. The data demonstrated specific production of human G-CSF protein by human peripheral blood mononuclear is seen with G-CSF mRNA containing natural NTPs, 100% substitution with 5-methyl cytidine and pseudouridine, or 100% substitution with 5-methyl cytidine and N1-methyl pseudouridine. Production of G-CSF was significantly increased through the use of modified mRNA relative to unmodified mRNA, with the 5-methyl cytidine and N1-methyl pseudouridine containing G-CSF mmRNA showing the highest level of G-CSF production. With regards to innate immune recognition, unmodified mRNA resulted in substantial IFN-alpha production, while the modified mRNA largely prevented interferon-alpha production.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 18
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+G-CSF Signal
+
+
+G-CSF signal - 2 Donor Average
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+pg/mL
+2 Hr
+4 Hr
+8 Hr
+20 Hr
+44 Hr
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+G-CSF (5mC/pseudouridine)
+120.3
+136.8
+421.0
+346.1
+431.8
+
+
+G-CSF (5mC/N1-methyl-
+256.3
+273.7
+919.3
+1603.3
+1843.3
+
+
+pseudouridine)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+G-CSF(Natural-no modification)
+63.5
+92.6
+129.6
+258.3
+242.4
+
+
+Luciferase (5mC/pseudouridine)
+4.5
+153.7
+33.0
+186.5
+58.0
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 19
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+IFN-alpha signal
+
+
+IFN-alpha signal - 2 donor average
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+pg/mL
+2 Hr
+4 Hr
+8 Hr
+20 Hr
+44 Hr
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+G-CSF (5mC/pseudouridine)
+21.1
+2.9
+3.7
+22.7
+4.3
+
+
+G-CSF (5mC/N1-methyl-
+0.5
+0.4
+3.0
+2.3
+2.1
+
+
+pseudouridine)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+G-CSF(Natural)
+0.0
+2.1
+23.3
+74.9
+119.7
+
+
+Luciferase (5mC/pseudouridine)
+0.4
+0.4
+4.7
+1.0
+2.4
+
+
+R-848
+39.1
+151.3
+278.4
+362.2
+208.1
+
+
+Lipofectamine 2000 control
+0.8
+17.2
+16.5
+0.7
+3.1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 31
+Quantification in Exosomes
+The quantity and localization of the mmRNA of the present invention can be determined by measuring the amounts (initial, timecourse, or residual basis) in isolated exosomes. In this study, since the mmRNA are typically codon-optimized and distinct in sequence from endogenous mRNA, the levels of mmRNA are quantitated as compared to endogenous levels of native or wild type mRNA by using the methods of Gibbings, PCT/IB2009/005878, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
+In these studies, the method is performed by first isolating exosomes or vesicles preferably from a bodily fluid of a patient previously treated with a polynucleotide, primary construct or mmRNA of the invention, then measuring, in said exosomes, the polynucleotide, primary construct or mmRNA levels by one of mRNA microarray, qRT-PCR, or other means for measuring RNA in the art including by suitable antibody or immunohistochemical methods.
+Example 32
+Bifunctional mmRNA
+Using the teachings and synthesis methods described herein, modified RNAs are designed and synthesized to be bifunctional, thereby encoding one or more cytotoxic protein molecules as well as be synthesized using cytotoxic nucleosides.
+Administration of the bifunctional modified mRNAs is effected using either saline or a lipid carrier. Once administered, the bifunctional modified mRNA is translated to produce the encoded cytotoxic peptide. Upon degradation of the delivered modified mRNA, the cytotoxic nucleosides are released which also effect therapeutic benefit to the subject.
+Example 33
+Synthesis of Modified mRNA
+Modified mRNA is generated from a cDNA template containing a T7 RNA-polymerase promoter sequence using a commercially available T7 RNA polymerase transcription kit (MEGASCRIPT® High Yield Transcription KIT, AMBION®, Austin, Tex.; MSCRIPT™ mRNA Production Kit, EPICENTRE® Biotechnologies, Madison, Wis.). An in vitro transcription reaction contains between 1-2 μg of template DNA in the form of a linearized plasmid, PCR product, or single-stranded oligonucleotide with a double-stranded polymerase promoter region. The template DNA encodes a strong translation initiation sequence such as a strong consensus Kozak sequence or an optimized, high-expression IRES including the EMCV IRES. Reaction volumes are between 20-40 μl and contain 3′-O-Me-m7-G(5′)ppp(5′)G ARCA cap analog (NEW ENGLAND BIOLABS®) in addition to an optimized ribonucleotide mixture of determined modified adenine, guanine, cytidine and uridine ribonucleotide analogs. Final reaction concentrations for nucleotide are 6 mM for the cap analog and 1.5-7.5 mM for each of the other nucleotides. The temperature and duration of the in vitro transcription reaction are optimized for efficiency, fidelity and yield. Reactions may be incubated from 3-6 hours and up to 16 hours at 37° C. Following the in vitro transcription reaction, the capped mRNA undergoes polyadenylation using a commercially available poly-A tailing kit (EPICENTRE® Biotechnologies, Madison, Wis.). The resulting capped and polyadenylated synthetic mRNA is then purified by denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm production of full-length product and to remove any degradation products followed by spin column filtration (RNeasy Kit, Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.; MEGACLEAR™ AMBION®, Austin, Tex.). Purified synthetic mRNAs are resuspended in RNase-free water containing an RNase inhibitor (RNASIN® Plus RNase Inhibitor, Promega, Madison, Wis.), quantified by NANODROP™ (Thermo Scientific, Logan, Utah) and stored at −20° C.
+Example 34
+Bulk Transfection of Modified mRNA into Cell Culture
+A. Cationic Lipid Delivery Vehicles
+RNA transfections are carried out using RNAIMax (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) or TRANSIT-mRNA (Mirus Bio, Madison, Wis.) cationic lipid delivery vehicles. RNA and reagent are first diluted in Opti-MEM basal media (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). 100 ng/uL RNA is diluted 5× and 5 μL, of RNAIMax per μg of RNA is diluted 10×. The diluted components are pooled and incubated 15 minutes at room temperature before they are dispensed to culture media. For TRANSIT-mRNA transfections, 100 ng/uL RNA is diluted 10× in Opti-MEM and BOOST reagent is added (at a concentration of 2 μL, per μg of RNA), TRANSIT-mRNA is added (at a concentration of 2 μL, per μg of RNA), and then the RNA-lipid complexes are delivered to the culture media after a 2-minute incubation at room temperature. RNA transfections are performed in Nutristem xenofree hES media (STEMGENT®, Cambridge, Mass.) for RiPS derivations, Dermal Cell Basal Medium plus Keratinocyte Growth Kit (ATCC) for keratinocyte experiments, and Opti-MEM plus 2% FBS for all other experiments. Successful introduction of a modified mRNA (mmRNA) into host cells can be monitored using various known methods, such as a fluorescent marker, such as Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). Successful transfection of a modified mRNA can also be determined by measuring the protein expression level of the target polypeptide by e.g., Western Blotting or immunocytochemistry. Similar methods may be followed for large volume scale-up to multi-liter (5-10,000 L) culture format following similar RNA-lipid complex ratios.
+B. Electroporation Delivery of Exogenous Synthetic mRNA Transcripts
+Electroporation parameters are optimized by transfecting MRC-5 fibroblasts with in vitro synthetic modified mRNA (mmRNA) transcripts and measuring transfection efficiency by quantitative RT-PCR with primers designed to specifically detect the exogenous transcripts. Discharging a 150 uF capacitor charged to F into 2.5×106 cells suspended in 50 μl of Opti-MEM (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) in a standard electroporation cuvette with a 2 mm gap is sufficient for repeated delivery in excess of 10,000 copies of modified mRNA transcripts per cell, as determined using the standard curve method, while maintaining high viability (>70%). Further experiments may reveal that the voltage required to efficiently transfect cells with mmRNA transcripts can depend on the cell density during electroporation. Cell density may vary from 1×106 cell/50 μl to a density of 2.5×106 cells/50 μl and require from 110V to 145V to transfect cells with similar efficiencies measured in transcript copies per cell. Large multi-liter (5-10,000 L) electroporation may be performed similar to large volume flow electroporation strategies similar to methods described with the above described constraints (Li et al., 2002; Geng et al., 2010).
+Example 35
+Overexpression of Ceramide Transfer Protein to Increase Therapeutic Antibody Protein Production in Established CHO Cell Lines
+A. Batch Culture
+An antibody producing CHO cell line (CHO DG44) secreting a humanized therapeutic IgG antibody is transfected a single time with lipid cationic delivery agent alone (control) or a synthetic mRNA transcript encoding wild type ceramide transfer protein (CERT) or a non-phosphorylation competent Ser132A CERT mutant. The sequences are taught in for example, U.S. Ser. No. 13/252,049, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. CERT is an essential cytosolic protein in mammalian cells that transfers the sphingolipid ceramide from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex where it is converted to sphingomyelin (Hanada et al., 2003). Overexpression of CERT significantly enhances the transport of secreted proteins to the plasma membrane and improves the production of proteins that are transported via the secretory pathway from eukaryotic cells thereby enhancing secretion of proteins in the culture medium. Synthetic mRNA transcripts are pre-mixed with a lipid cationic delivery agent at a 2-5:1 carrier:RNA ratio. The initial seeding density is about 2×105 viable cells/mL. The synthetic mRNA transcript is delivered after initial culture seeding during the exponential culture growth phase to achieve a final synthetic mRNA copy number between 10×102 and 10×103 per cell. The basal cell culture medium used for all phases of cell inoculum generation and for growth of cultures in bioreactors was modified CD-CHO medium containing glutamine, sodium bicarbonate, insulin and methotrexate. The pH of the medium was adjusted to 7.0 with 1 N HCl or 1N NaOH after addition of all components. Culture run times ended on days 7, 14, 21 or 28+. Production-level 50 L scale reactors (stainless steel reactor with two marine impellers) were used and are scalable to >10,000 L stainless steel reactors (described in commonly-assigned patent application U.S. Ser. No. 60/436,050, filed Dec. 23, 2002, and U.S. Ser. No. 10/740,645). A data acquisition system (Intellution Fix 32, OSlsoft, LLC, San Leandro, Calif.) recorded temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) throughout runs. Gas flows were controlled via rotameters. Air was sparged into the reactor via a submerged frit (5 μm pore size) and through the reactor head space for CO2 removal. Molecular oxygen was sparged through the same frit for DO control. CO2 was sparged through same frit as used for pH control. Samples of cells were removed from the reactor on a daily basis. A sample used for cell counting was stained with trypan blue (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.). Cell count and cell viability determination were performed via hemocytometry using a microscope. For analysis of metabolites, additional samples were centrifuged for 20 minutes at 2000 rpm (4° C.) for cell separation. Supernatant was analyzed for the following parameters: titer, sialic acid, glucose, lactate, glutamine, glutamate, pH, pO2, pCO2, ammonia, and, optionally, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Additional back-up samples were frozen at −20° C. To measure secreted humanized IgG antibody titers, supernatant is taken from seed-stock cultures of all stable cell pools, the IgG titer is determined by ELISA and divided by the mean number of cells to calculate the specific productivity. The highest values are the cell pools with the Ser132A CERT mutant, followed by wild type CERT. In both, IgG expression is markedly enhanced compared to carrier-alone or untransfected cells.
+Continuous or Batch-Fed Culture
+An antibody producing CHO cell line (CHO DG44) secreting humanized IgG antibody is transfected with lipid cationic delivery agent alone (control) or a synthetic mRNA transcript encoding wild type ceramide transfer protein or a non-phosphorylation competent Ser132A CERT mutant. Synthetic mRNA transcripts are pre-mixed with a lipid cationic delivery agent at a 2-5:1 carrier:RNA ratio. The initial seeding density was about 2×105 viable cells/mL. Synthetic mRNA transcript is delivered after initial culture seeding during the exponential culture growth phase to achieve a final synthetic mRNA copy number between 10×102 and 10×103 per cell. The basal cell culture medium used for all phases of cell inoculum generation and for growth of cultures in bioreactors was modified CD-CHO medium containing glutamine, sodium bicarbonate, insulin and methotrexate. The pH of the medium was adjusted to 7.0 with 1 N HCl or 1N NaOH after addition of all components. Bioreactors of 5 L scale (glass reactor with one marine impeller) were used to obtain maximum CERT protein production and secreted humanized IgG antibody curves. For continuous or fed-batch cultures, the culturing run time is increased by supplementing the culture medium one or more times daily (or continuously) with fresh medium during the run. In the a continuous and fed-batch feeding regimens, the cultures receive feeding medium as a continuously-supplied infusion, or other automated addition to the culture, in a timed, regulated, and/or programmed fashion so as to achieve and maintain the appropriate amount of synthetic mRNA:carrier in the culture. The preferred method is a feeding regimen of a once per day bolus feed with feeding medium containing synthetic mRNA:carrier on each day of the culture run, from the beginning of the culture run to the day of harvesting the cells. The daily feed amount was recorded on batch sheets. Production-level 50 L scale reactors (stainless steel reactor with two marine impellers) were used and are scalable to >10,000 L stainless steel reactors. A data acquisition system (Intellution Fix 32) recorded temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) throughout runs. Gas flows were controlled via rotameters. Air was sparged into the reactor via a submerged frit (5 μm pore size) and through the reactor head space for CO2 removal. Molecular oxygen was sparged through the same frit for DO control. CO2 was sparged through same frit as used for pH control. Samples of cells were removed from the reactor on a daily basis. A sample used for cell counting was stained with trypan blue (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.). Cell count and cell viability determination were performed via hemocytometry using a microscope. For analysis of metabolites, additional samples were centrifuged for 20 minutes at 2000 rpm (4° C.) for cell separation. Supernatant was analyzed for the following parameters: titer, sialic acid, glucose, lactate, glutamine, glutamate, pH, pO2, pCO2, ammonia, and, optionally, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Additional back-up samples were frozen at −20° C. To measure secreted humanized IgG antibody titers, supernatant is taken from seed-stock cultures of all stable cell pools, the IgG titer is determined by ELISA and divided by the mean number of cells to calculate the specific productivity. The highest values are the cell pools with the Ser132A CERT mutant, followed by wild type CERT. In both, IgG expression is markedly enhanced compared to carrier-alone or untransfected cells.
+Example 36
+De Novo Generation of a Mammalian Cell Line Expressing Human Erythropoietin as a Therapeutic Agent
+A. Batch Culture
+This Example describes the production of human erythropoietin protein (EPO) from cultured primary CHO cells. Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone that is required for red blood cell synthesis. EPO protein may be used as a therapeutic agent for anemia from cancer, heart failure, chronic kidney disease and myelodysplasia. Primary CHO cells are isolated and cultured as described (Tjio and Puck, 1958). Primary CHO cells were then expanded in modified CD-CHO medium containing glutamine, sodium bicarbonate, insulin, and methotrexate (see Example 35) using T-75 flasks (Corning, Corning, N.Y.) and 250 and 500 mL spinners (Bellco, Vineland, N.J.). T-flasks and spinners were incubated at 37° C. in 6% CO2. After sufficient inoculum was generated, the culture was transferred into a either a 5 L or a 50 L bioreactor as described above (see Example 35). Synthetic mRNA transcript encoding the human erythropoietin protein are pre-mixed with a lipid cationic delivery agent at a 2-5:1 carrier:RNA ratio in a minimum of 1% total culture volume. The initial seeding density is about 2×105 viable cells/mL. The synthetic mRNA transcript is delivered after initial culture seeding during the exponential culture growth phase to achieve a final synthetic mRNA copy number between 10×102 and 10×103 per cell. Culture growth and analysis were performed as described above (see Example 34).
+B. Continuous or Batch-Fed Culture
+A primary CHO cell line derived and expanded as described above (see Example 36a) is transfected with lipid cationic delivery agent alone (control) or a synthetic mRNA transcript encoding human erythropoietin protein. Synthetic mRNA transcripts are pre-mixed with a lipid cationic delivery agent at a 2-5:1 carrier:RNA ratio. The initial seeding density was about 2×105 viable cells/mL. Synthetic mRNA transcript is delivered after initial culture seeding during the exponential culture growth phase to achieve a final synthetic mRNA copy number between 10×102 and 10×103 per cell. Culture conditions were as described above (Example 35a). For continuous or fed-batch cultures, the culturing run time is increased by supplementing the culture medium one or more times daily (or continuously) with fresh medium during the run. In the a continuous and fed-batch feeding regimens, the cultures receive feeding medium as a continuously-supplied infusion, or other automated addition to the culture, in a timed, regulated, and/or programmed fashion so as to achieve and maintain the appropriate amount of synthetic mRNA:carrier in the culture. The preferred method is a feeding regimen of a once per day bolus feed with feeding medium containing synthetic mRNA:carrier on each day of the culture run, from the beginning of the culture run to the day of harvesting the cells. The daily feed amount was recorded on batch sheets. Production-level 50 L scale reactors (stainless steel reactor with two marine impellers) were used and are scalable to >10,000 L stainless steel reactors. Culture growth and analysis were performed as described herein (see Example 35).
+It is to be understood that the words which have been used are words of description rather than limitation, and that changes may be made within the purview of the appended claims without departing from the true scope and spirit of the invention in its broader aspects.
+While the present invention has been described at some length and with some particularity with respect to the several described embodiments, it is not intended that it should be limited to any such particulars or embodiments or any particular embodiment, but it is to be construed with references to the appended claims so as to provide the broadest possible interpretation of such claims in view of the prior art and, therefore, to effectively encompass the intended scope of the invention.
+All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, section headings, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.
+
+
diff --git a/Data/graphs/US_patents/graph.json b/Data/graphs/US_patents/graph.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1aa97eff0b038fce103274edfcd126000960b934
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Data/graphs/US_patents/graph.json
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+                    "us9533026-5": "cell with an amount",
+                    "us9533026-50": "globular domain",
+                    "us9533026-51": "substance into an area",
+                    "us9533026-52": "condition of the subject",
+                    "us9533026-53": "amount of the compound",
+                    "us9533026-54": "ability of the mRNA",
+                    "us9533026-55": "volume of diluent",
+                    "us9533026-56": "release component",
+                    "us9533026-57": "amount of infiltration",
+                    "us9533026-58": "form of PEGs",
+                    "us9533026-59": "ability of the fragments",
+                    "us9533026-6": "dosage form",
+                    "us9533026-60": "cell density",
+                    "us9533026-61": "room temperature for hours",
+                    "us9533026-62": "DNA at some frequency",
+                    "us9533026-63": "cytometer measurement",
+                    "us9533026-64": "domain of an Ephrin B2 protein",
+                    "us9533026-65": "level of skill",
+                    "us9533026-66": "cytotoxic effect at these doses",
+                    "us9533026-67": "Drug effect",
+                    "us9533026-68": "receptor on the surface",
+                    "us9533026-69": "region of a target gene",
+                    "us9533026-7": "ml/fraction with a concentration increment",
+                    "us9533026-70": "mass of PEG",
+                    "us9533026-71": "concentration of the drug",
+                    "us9533026-72": "copy number",
+                    "us9533026-73": "region of an immunoglobulin",
+                    "us9533026-74": "intensity of staining",
+                    "us9533026-75": "Tumor volume",
+                    "us9533026-76": "location of all cells",
+                    "us9533026-77": "region \u201d",
+                    "us9533026-78": "effect of EphB4 siRNA",
+                    "us9533026-79": "reduction in the number",
+                    "us9533026-8": "length of the linker sequence",
+                    "us9533026-80": "room temperature",
+                    "us9533026-81": "unit dosage form",
+                    "us9533026-82": "liquid at body temperature",
+                    "us9533026-83": "growth rate of the tumor",
+                    "us9533026-84": "weight cutoff",
+                    "us9533026-85": "protein with death domain",
+                    "us9533026-86": "peach kernel",
+                    "us9533026-87": "volume of PBS",
+                    "us9533026-88": "sample of the effect",
+                    "us9533026-89": "potency relative",
+                    "us9533026-9": "form of eye drops",
+                    "us9533026-90": "invasion index",
+                    "us9533026-91": "effect of administration",
+                    "us9533026-92": "domain of IgM",
+                    "us9533026-93": "effect of EphB4 AS-10",
+                    "us9533026-94": "vaccine in powder form",
+                    "us9533026-95": "domain of an EphB4 protein",
+                    "us9533026-96": "molar ratio",
+                    "us9533026-97": "full-length",
+                    "us9533026-98": "persistence length",
+                    "us9533026-99": "location"
+                }
+            }
+        },
+        {
+            "concept": {
+                "image": "https://worldwide.espacenet.com/espacenetImage.jpg?flavour=firstPageClipping&locale=en_EP&FT=D&&CC=US&NR=9533004&KC=4",
+                "pdf": "https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=US&NR=9533004&KC=4&FT=D&ND=3&date=&DB=&locale=en_EP#",
+                "source": "/Users/nixin/PycharmProjects/PatentSolver_demonstrator_git/Data/input/US_patents/US9533004.txt",
+                "valeurs": {
+                    "us9533004-1": "distribution and/or absorption",
+                    "us9533004-10": "effect of B4Ecv3",
+                    "us9533004-100": "form of heart disease",
+                    "us9533004-11": "level of DMD family mRNA",
+                    "us9533004-12": "amount of EphB4",
+                    "us9533004-13": "strength of interaction",
+                    "us9533004-14": "content in a reservoir",
+                    "us9533004-15": "surface of the protein",
+                    "us9533004-16": "tumor density",
+                    "us9533004-17": "release of compounds",
+                    "us9533004-18": "nomenclature in this area",
+                    "us9533004-19": "number of HHV-8",
+                    "us9533004-2": "vivo stability",
+                    "us9533004-20": "juxtamembrane region",
+                    "us9533004-21": "region of the oligonucleotide",
+                    "us9533004-22": "region of tumor cells",
+                    "us9533004-23": "change+standard deviation in UTRN mRNA",
+                    "us9533004-24": "variety of factors",
+                    "us9533004-25": "anchor chain length of poly",
+                    "us9533004-26": "energy into skin",
+                    "us9533004-27": "domain of an EphrinB2 protein",
+                    "us9533004-28": "linker sequence length",
+                    "us9533004-29": "form of a ratio",
+                    "us9533004-3": "binding domain for a ligand",
+                    "us9533004-30": "\u201d meaning",
+                    "us9533004-31": "form of this heart condition",
+                    "us9533004-32": "area of the wound",
+                    "us9533004-33": "bone marrow",
+                    "us9533004-34": "growth rate",
+                    "us9533004-35": "form at C.",
+                    "us9533004-36": "globular domain",
+                    "us9533004-37": "amount of the compound",
+                    "us9533004-38": "start codon region",
+                    "us9533004-39": "volume of diluent",
+                    "us9533004-4": "hybridization rate",
+                    "us9533004-40": "amount of a compound",
+                    "us9533004-41": "amount of infiltration",
+                    "us9533004-42": "ability of the fragments",
+                    "us9533004-43": "cell density",
+                    "us9533004-44": "room temperature for hours",
+                    "us9533004-45": "cytometer measurement",
+                    "us9533004-46": "chemical region",
+                    "us9533004-47": "level of skill",
+                    "us9533004-48": "cytotoxic effect at these doses",
+                    "us9533004-49": "receptor on the surface",
+                    "us9533004-5": "length wherein",
+                    "us9533004-50": "acid concentration",
+                    "us9533004-51": "mass of PEG",
+                    "us9533004-52": "measurement system",
+                    "us9533004-53": "copy number",
+                    "us9533004-54": "region of an immunoglobulin",
+                    "us9533004-55": "Tumor volume",
+                    "us9533004-56": "location of all cells",
+                    "us9533004-57": "region \u201d",
+                    "us9533004-58": "reduction in the number",
+                    "us9533004-59": "room temperature",
+                    "us9533004-6": "ml/fraction with a concentration increment",
+                    "us9533004-60": "duration of action",
+                    "us9533004-61": "stop codon region",
+                    "us9533004-62": "weight cutoff",
+                    "us9533004-63": "stability in the presence",
+                    "us9533004-64": "peach kernel",
+                    "us9533004-65": "effect cleavage",
+                    "us9533004-66": "sample of the effect",
+                    "us9533004-67": "invasion index",
+                    "us9533004-68": "target region",
+                    "us9533004-69": "measure of the interaction strength",
+                    "us9533004-7": "form of eye drops",
+                    "us9533004-70": "effect of EphB4 AS-10",
+                    "us9533004-71": "vaccine in powder form",
+                    "us9533004-72": "domain of an EphB4 protein",
+                    "us9533004-73": "number of nucleotides",
+                    "us9533004-74": "kg of body weight",
+                    "us9533004-75": "effect on the growth",
+                    "us9533004-76": "form of B4v3",
+                    "us9533004-77": "tumor weight",
+                    "us9533004-78": "loss of activity",
+                    "us9533004-79": "density of microvessels",
+                    "us9533004-8": "difference in body weight",
+                    "us9533004-80": "drug concentration",
+                    "us9533004-81": "color in the ISH",
+                    "us9533004-82": "volume of distribution",
+                    "us9533004-83": "length of the target polynucleotide",
+                    "us9533004-84": "well at a volume",
+                    "us9533004-85": "room temperature for minutes",
+                    "us9533004-86": "growth factor-isoform",
+                    "us9533004-87": "g. accession number",
+                    "us9533004-88": "dilution effect",
+                    "us9533004-89": "target region within the target",
+                    "us9533004-9": "treatment period",
+                    "us9533004-90": "gel at body temperature",
+                    "us9533004-91": "propidium iodide fluorescence intensity",
+                    "us9533004-92": "form of capsules",
+                    "us9533004-93": "portion of a CH3 domain",
+                    "us9533004-94": "amount of a polypeptide agent",
+                    "us9533004-95": "expression pattern",
+                    "us9533004-96": "drug form",
+                    "us9533004-97": "cell number",
+                    "us9533004-98": "length of cords",
+                    "us9533004-99": "region of the tissue"
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Data/input/US_patents/US9533004.txt b/Data/input/US_patents/US9533004.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2d07034fd841b0794503c810e644175093a8357e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Data/input/US_patents/US9533004.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
+Patent title
+Treatment of dystrophin family related diseases by inhibition of natural antisense transcript to DMD family
+
+Patent number
+US9533004
+
+Domain
+A
+
+Publication date
+20170103
+
+Abstract
+
+The present invention relates to antisense oligonucleotides that modulate the expression of and/or function of Dystrophin family, in particular, by targeting natural antisense polynucleotides of Dystrophin family. The invention also relates to the identification of these antisense oligonucleotides and their use in treating diseases and disorders associated with the expression of DMD family.
+
+
+Claims
+1. A method of upregulating a function of and/or the expression of a Dystrophin family DMD polynucleotide selected from SEQ ID NO: 1 in patient cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro comprising:
+contacting said cells or tissues with at least one antisense oligonucleotide of 15 to 30 nucleotides in length that targets and specifically hybridizes with a 15 to 30 nucleotide complementary region of a natural antisense oligonucleotide of the DMD Dystrophin family polynucleotide selected from SEQ ID NOS: 3-6;
+thereby upregulating a function of and/or the expression of the Dystrophin family polynucleotide in patient cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro.
+
+contacting said cells or tissues with at least one antisense oligonucleotide of 15 to 30 nucleotides in length that targets and specifically hybridizes with a 15 to 30 nucleotide complementary region of a natural antisense oligonucleotide of the DMD Dystrophin family polynucleotide selected from SEQ ID NOS: 3-6;
+thereby upregulating a function of and/or the expression of the Dystrophin family polynucleotide in patient cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro.
+2. The method of claim 1, wherein a function of and/or the expression of the DMD Dystrophin family is increased in vivo or in vitro with respect to a control.
+3. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one antisense oligonucleotide targets a natural antisense sequence of a DMD Dystrophin family polynucleotide selected from SEQ ID NO: 4.
+4. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one antisense oligonucleotide targets a natural antisense transcript antisense to coding and/or non-coding nucleic acid sequences of a DMD Dystrophin family polynucleotide.
+5. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one antisense oligonucleotide targets a natural antisense transcript having overlapping and/or non-overlapping sequences of a DMD Dystrophin family polynucleotide.
+6. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one antisense oligonucleotide comprises one or more modifications selected from: at least one modified sugar moiety, at least one modified intemucleoside linkage, at least one modified nucleotide, and combinations thereof.
+7. The method of claim 6, wherein the one or more modifications comprise at least one modified sugar moiety selected from: a 2′-O-methoxyethyl modified sugar moiety, a 2′-methoxy modified sugar moiety, a 2′ -O-alkyl modified sugar moiety, a bicyclic sugar moiety, and combinations thereof.
+8. The method of claim 6, wherein the one or more modifications comprise at least one modified intemucleoside linkage selected from: a phosphorothioate, alkylphosphonate, phosphorodithioate, alkylphosphonothioate, phosphoramidate, carbamate, carbonate, phosphate triester, acetamidate, carboxymethyl ester, and combinations thereof.
+9. The method of claim 6, wherein the one or more modifications comprise at least one modified nucleotide selected from: a peptide nucleic acid (PNA), a locked nucleic acid (LNA), an arabino-nucleic acid (FANA), an analogue, a derivative, and combinations thereof.
+10. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one oligonucleotide comprises at least one oligonucleotide sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOS: 8 to 17.
+
+Description
+
+
+
+This application is a Divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 13/318,734 filed Nov. 3, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,012,139, which is a National Phase Entry Of PCT/US2010/034026 filed May 7, 2010, which claims priority to US. Provisional Application Nos. 61/176,594 filed on May 8, 2009 and 61/317,350 filed on Mar, 25, 2010, which are all incorporated, herein by reference in their entireties.
+
+
+FIELD OF THE INVENTION
+Embodiments of the invention comprise oligonucleotides modulating expression and/or function of DMD family and associated molecules.
+BACKGROUND
+DNA-RNA and RNA-RNA hybridization are important to many aspects of nucleic acid function including DNA replication, transcription, and translation. Hybridization is also central to a variety of technologies that either detect a particular nucleic acid or alter its expression. Antisense nucleotides, for example, disrupt gene expression by hybridizing to target RNA, thereby interfering with RNA splicing, transcription, translation, and replication. Antisense DNA has the added feature that DNA-RNA hybrids serve as a substrate for digestion by ribonuclease H, an activity that is present in most cell types. Antisense molecules can be delivered into cells, as is the case for oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), or they can be expressed from endogenous genes as RNA molecules. The FDA recently approved an antisense drug, VITRAVENE™ (for treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis), reflecting that antisense has therapeutic utility.
+SUMMARY
+This Summary is provided to present a summary of the invention to briefly indicate the nature and substance of the invention. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims.
+In one embodiment, the invention provides methods for inhibiting the action of a natural antisense transcript by using antisense oligonucleotide(s) targeted to any region of the natural antisense transcript resulting in up-regulation of the corresponding sense gene. It is also contemplated herein that inhibition of the natural antisense transcript can be achieved by siRNA, ribozymes and small molecules, which are considered to be within the scope of the present invention.
+One embodiment provides a method of modulating function and/or expression of an DMD family polynucleotide in patient cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro comprising contacting said cells or tissues with an antisense oligonucleotide 5 to 30 nucleotides in length wherein said oligonucleotide has at least 50% sequence identity to a reverse complement of a polynucleotide comprising 5 to 30 consecutive nucleotides within nucleotides 1 to 378 of SEQ ID NO: 3, 1 to 294 of SEQ ID NO: 4, 1 to 686 of SEQ ID NO: 5, 1 to 480 of SEQ ID NO: 6 and 1 to 501 of SEQ ID NO: 7 (FIG. 3) thereby modulating function and/or expression of the DMD family polynucleotide in patient cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro.
+In another preferred embodiment, an oligonucleotide targets a natural antisense sequence of DMD family polynucleotides, for example, nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 to 7, and any variants, alleles, homologs, mutants, derivatives, fragments and complementary sequences thereto. Examples of antisense oligonucleotides are set forth as SEQ ID NO: 8 to 22 (FIG. 4 and 5).
+Another embodiment provides a method of modulating function and/or expression of an DMD family polynucleotide in patient cells or tissue in vivo or in vitro comprising contacting said cells or tissues with an antisense oligonucleotide 5 to 30 nucleotides in length wherein said oligonucleotide has at least 50% sequence identify to a reverse complement of the an antisense of the DMD family polynucleotide; thereby modulating function and/or expression of the DMD family polynucleotide in patient cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro.
+Another embodiment provides a method of modulating function and/or expression of an DMD family polynucleotide in patient cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro comprising contacting said cells or tissues with an antisense oligonucleotide 5 to 30 nucleotides in length wherein said oligonucleotide has at least 50% sequence identity to an antisense oligonucleotide to an DMD family antisense polynucleotide; thereby modulating function and/or expression of the DMD family polynucleotide in patient cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro.
+In a preferred embodiment, a composition comprises one or more antisense oligonucleotides which bind to sense and/or antisense DMD family polynucleotides.
+In another preferred embodiment, the oligonucleotides comprise one or more modified or substituted nucleotides.
+In another preferred embodiment, the oligonucleotides comprise one or more modified bonds.
+In yet another embodiment, the modified nucleotides comprise modified bases comprising phosphorothioate, methylphosphonate, peptide nucleic acids, 2′-O-methyl, fluoro- or carbon, methylene or other locked nucleic acid (LNA) molecules. Preferably, the modified nucleotides are locked nucleic acid molecules, including α-L-LNA.
+In another preferred embodiment, the oligonucleotides are administered to a patient subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intravenously or intraperitoneally.
+In another preferred embodiment, the oligonucleotides are administered in a pharmaceutical composition. A treatment regimen comprises administering the antisense compounds at least once to patient; however, this treatment can be modified to include multiple doses over a period of time. The treatment can be combined with one or more other types of therapies.
+In another preferred embodiment, the oligonucleotides are encapsulated in a liposome or attached to a carrier molecule (e.g. cholesterol, TAT peptide).
+Other aspects are described infra.
+
+
+
+BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
+FIG. 1:
+FIG. 1A is a graph of real time PCR results showing the fold change+standard deviation in DMD family mRNA after treatment of 518A2 cells with phosphorothioate oligonucleotides introduced using Lipofectamine 2000, as compared to control. Real time PCR results show that the levels of DMD family mRNA in 518A2 cells are significantly increased 48 h after treatment with two of the siRNAs designed to DMD family antisense BG208074. Bars denoted as CUR-0636 to CUR-0654, correspond to samples treated with SEQ ID NOS: 8 to 17 respectively.
+FIG. 1B is a graph of real time PCR results showing the fold change+standard deviation in DMD family mRNA after treatment of 518A2 cells with phosphorothioate oligonucleotides introduced using Lipofectamine 2000, as compared to control. Treatment with siRNAs to other antisense molecules, BF838561, BF768753 and BF950643, did not elevate DMD family mRNA levels. Bars denoted as CUR-0638, CUR0648, CUR0646 and CUR-0652 correspond to samples treated with SEQ ID NO: 9, 14, 13 and 16 respectively.
+FIG. 1C is a graph of real time PCR results showing the fold change+standard deviation in UTRN mRNA after treatment of MCF-7 cells with phosphorothioate oligonucleotides introduced using Lipofectamine 2000, as compared to control. Bars denoted as CUR-1443 to CUR-1447 correspond to sample treated with SEQ ID NOS: 18 to 22 respectively.
+FIG. 2 shows
+SEQ ID NO: 1: Homo sapiens Dystrophin family, transcript variant Dp427m, mRNA (NCBI Accession No.: NM_004006).
+SEQ ID NO: 2: Homo sapiens Utrophin (UTRN), mRNA, (NCBI Accession No.: NM_007124)
+FIG. 3 shows
+SEQ ID NO: 3: Natural DMD family antisense sequence (BF838561)
+SEQ ID NO: 4: Natural DMD family antisense sequence (BG208074)
+SEQ ID NO: 5: Natural DMD family-antisense sequence (BF950643)
+SEQ ID NO: 6: Natural DMD family antisense sequence (BF768753)
+SEQ ID NO: 7: Natural UTRN antisense sequence (ENST00000431309),
+FIG. 4 shows DMD disease oligonucleotides, SEQ ID NOs: 8 to 17, “r” indicates RNA.
+FIG. 5 shows the UTRN antisense oligonucleotides, SEQ ID NOs: 18 to 22. * indicates phosphothioate bond.
+FIG. 6 shows the DMD sense oligonucleotides, SEQ ID NOs: 23 to 32. The sense oligonucleotides SEQ ID NO: 23 to 32 are the reverse complements of the antisense oligonucleotides SEQ ID NO: 8 to 17 respectively. “r” indicates RNA.
+
+
+
+DETAILED DESCRIPTION
+Several aspects of the invention are described below with reference to example applications for illustration. It should be understood that numerous specific details, relationships, and methods are set forth to provide a full understanding of the invention. One having ordinary skill in the relevant art, however, will readily recognize that the invention can be practiced without one or more of the specific details or with other methods. The present invention is not limited by the ordering of acts or events, as some acts may occur in different orders and/or concurrently with other acts or events. Furthermore, not all illustrated acts or events are required to implement a methodology in accordance with the present invention.
+All genes, gene names, and gene products disclosed herein are intended to correspond to homologs from any species for which the compositions and methods disclosed herein are applicable. Thus, the terms include, but are not limited to genes and gene products from humans and mice. It is understood that when a gene or gene product from a particular species is disclosed, this disclosure is intended to be exemplary only, and is not to be interpreted as a limitation unless the context in which it appears steady indicates. Thus, for example, for the genes disclosed herein, which in some embodiments relate to mammalian nucleic acid and amino acid sequences are intended to encompass homologous and/or orthologous genes and gene product from other animals including, but not limited to other mammals, fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds. In preferred embodiments, the genes or nucleic acid sequences are human.
+Definitions
+The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is sot intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “including”, “includes”, “having”, “has”, “with”, or variants thereof are used in either the detailed description and/or the claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising.”
+The term “about” or “approximately” means within an acceptable error range for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which will depend in part on how the value is measured or determined, i.e., the limitations of the measurement system. For example, “about” can mean within 1 or more than 1 standard deviation, per the practice in the art. Alternatively, “about” can mean a range of up to 20%, preferably up to 10%, more preferably up to 5%, and more preferably still up to 1% of a given value. Alternatively, particularly with respect to biological systems or processes, the term can mean within an order of magnitude, preferably within 5-fold, and more preferably within 2-fold, of a value. Where particular values are described in the application and claims, unless otherwise stated the terms “about” meaning within an acceptable error range for the particular value should be assumed.
+As used herein, the term “mRNA” means the presently known mRNA transcript(s) of a targeted gene, and my further transcripts which may be elucidated.
+By “antisense oligonucleotides” or “antisense compound” is meant an RNA or DNA molecule that binds to another RNA or DMA (target RNA, DNA). For example, if it is RNA oligonucleotide it binds to another RNA target by means of RNA-RNA interactions and alters the activity of the target RNA (Eguchi et al., (1991) Ann Rev. Biochem. 60, 631-652). An antisense oligonucleotide can upregulate or downregulate expression and/or function of a particular polynucleotide. The definition is meant to include any foreign RNA or DNA molecule which is useful from a therapeutic, diagnostic, or other viewpoint. Such molecules include, for example, antisense RNA or DNA molecules, interference RNA (RNAi), micro RNA, decoy RNA molecules, siRNA, enzymatic RNA, therapeutic editing RNA and agonist and antagonist RNA, antisense oligomeric compounds, antisense oligonucleotides, external guide sequence (EGS) oligonucleotides, alternate splicers, primers, probes, and other oligomeric compounds that hybridize to at least a portion of the target nucleic acid. As such, these compounds maybe introduced in the form of single-stranded, double-stranded, partially single-stranded, or circular oligomeric compounds.
+In the context of this invention, the term “oligonucleotide” refers to an oligomer or polymer of ribonucleic acid (RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or mimetics thereof. The term “oligonucleotide”, also includes linear or circular oligomers of natural and/or modified monomers or linkages, including deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleosides, substituted and alpha-anomeric forms thereof, peptide nucleic acids (PNA), locked nucleic acids (LNA), phosphorothioate, methylphosphonate, and the like. Oligonucleotides are capable of specifically binding to a target polynucleotide by way of a regular pattern of monomer-to-monomer interactions, such as Watson-Crick type of base pairing, Hoögsteen or reverse Hoögsteen types of base pairing, or the like.
+The oligonucleotide may be “chimeric”, that is, composed of different regions. In the context of this invention “chimeric” compounds are oligonucleotides, which contain two or more chemical regions, for example, DNA region(s). RNA region(s), PNA region(s) etc. Each chemical region is made up of at least one monomer unit, i.e., a nucleotide in the case of an oligonucleotides compound. These oligonucleotides typically comprise at least one region wherein the oligonucleotide is modified in order to exhibit one or more desired properties. The desired properties of the oligonucleotide include, but are not limited, for example, to increased resistance to nuclease degradation, increased cellular uptake, and/or increased binding affinity for the target nucleic acid. Different regions of the oligonucleotide may therefore have different properties. The chimeric oligonucleotides of the present invention can be formed as mixed structures of two or more oligonucleotides, modified oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides and/or oligonucleotide analogs as described above.
+The oligonucleotide can be composed of regions that can be linked in “register”, that is, when the monomers are linked consecutively, as in native DNA, or linked via spacers. The spacers are intended to constitute a covalent “bridge” between the regions and have in preferred cases a length not exceeding about 100 carbon atoms. The spacers may carry different functionalities, for example, having positive or negative charge, carry special nucleic acid binding properties (intercalators, groove binders, toxins, fluorophors etc.), being lipophilic inducing special secondary structures like, for example, alanine containing peptides that induce alpha-helices.
+As used herein “DMD family”, “Dystrophin family” and “dystrophin-related protein family”, “dystrophin gene Family” are inclusive of all family members, mutants, alleles, fragments, species, coding and noncoding sequences, sense and antisense polynucleotide strands, etc.
+As used herein, the words Dystrophin, DMD, BMD, CMD3B, DXSI42, DXS164, DXS206, DXS230, DXS239, DXS268, DXS269, DXS270 and DXS272 are used interchangeably in the present application.
+As used herein, the words Utrophin, UTRN, DMDL, DRP, DRPI, Dystrophin-related protein 1, FLJ23678, are used interchangeably in the present application.
+As used herein, the words “dystrophin related protein 2”, “dystrophin-related protein 2” and DRP2 are used interchangeably in the present application.
+As used herein, the term Dystrobrevin α-dystrobrevin, β-dystrobrevin, DINA and DTNB are used interchangeably in the present application.
+As used herein, the term “oligonucleotide specific for” or “oligonucleotide which targets” refers to an oligonucleotide having a sequence (i) capable of forming a stable complex with a portion of the targeted gene, or (II) capable of forming a stable duplex with a portion of a mRNA transcript of the targeted gene. Stability of the complexes and duplexes can be determined by theoretical calculations and/or in vitro assays. Exemplary assays for determining stability of hybridization complexes and duplexes are described in the Examples below.
+As used herein, the term “target nucleic acid” encompasses DNA, RNA (comprising premRNA and mRNA) transcribed from such DNA, and also cDNA derived from such RNA, coding, noncoding sequences, sense or antisense polynucleotides. The specific hybridization of an oligomeric compound with its target nucleic acid interferes with the normal function of the nucleic acid. This modulation of function of a target nucleic acid by compounds, which specifically hybridize to it, is generally referred to as “antisense”. The function of DNA to be interfered include, for example, replication and transcription. The functions of RNA to be interfered, include all vital functions such as, for example, translocation of the RNA to the site of protein translation, translation of protein from the RNA, splicing of the RNA to yield one or more mRNA species, and catalytic activity which may be engaged in or facilitated by the RNA. The overall effect of such interference with target nucleic acid function is modulation of the expression of an encoded product or oligonucleotides.
+RNA interference “RNAi” is mediated by double stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules that have sequence-specific homology to their “target” nucleic acid sequences (Caplan, N. J., et al. (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:9742-9747). In certain embodiments of the present invention, the mediators are 5-25 nucleotide “small interfering” RNA duplexes (siRNAs). The siRNAs are derived from the processing of dsRNA by an RNase enzyme known as Dicer (Bernstein, E., et al. (2001) Nature 409:363-366). siRNA duplex products are recruited into a multi-protein siRNA complex termed RISC (RNA Induced Silencing Complex). Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, a RISC is then believed to be guided to a target nucleic acid (suitably mRNA), where the siRNA duplex interacts in a sequence-specific way to mediate cleavage in a catalytic fashion (Bernstein, E., et al. (2001) Nature 409:363-366; Boutla, A., et al. (2001) Curr. Biol. 11:1776-1780). Small interfering RNAs that can be used in accordance with the present invention can be synthesized and used according to procedures that are will known in the art and that will be familiar to the ordinarily skilled artisan. Small interfering RNAs for use in the methods of the present invention suitably comprise between about 1 to about 50 nucleotides (nt). In examples of non limiting embodiments siRNAs can comprise about 5 to about 40 nt, about 5 to about 30nt, about 10 to about 30 nt, about 15 to about 25 nt, or about 20-25 nucleotides.
+Selection of appropriate oligonucleotides is facilitated by using computer programs that automatically align nucleic acid sequences and indicate regions of identity or homology. Such programs are used to compare nucleic acid sequences obtained, for example, by searching databases such as GenBank or by sentencing PCR products. Comparison of nucleic acid sequences from a range of species allows the selection of nucleic acid sequences that display an appropriate degree of identity between species. In the case of genes that have not been sequenced, Southern blots are performed to allow a determination of the degree of identity between genes in target species and other species. By performing Southern blots at varying degrees of stringency, as is well known in the art, it is possible to obtain an approximate measure of identity. These procedures allow the selection of oligonucleotides that exhibit a high degree of complementarity to target nucleic acid sequences in a subject to be controlled and a lower degree of complementarity to corresponding nucleic acid sequences in other species. One skilled in the art will realize that there is considerable latitude in selecting appropriate regions of genes for use in the present invention.
+By “enzymatic RNA” is meant an RNA molecule with enzymatic activity (Cech, (1988) J. American. Med. Assoc. 260,3030-3035). Enzymatic nucleic acids (ribozymes) act by first binding to a target RNA. Such binding occurs through the target binding portion of an enzymatic nucleic acid which is held in close proximity to an enzymatic potion of the molecule that acts to cleave the target RNA. Thus, the enzymatic nucleic acid first recognizes and then binds a target RNA through base pairing, and once bound to the correct site, acts enzymatically to cut the target RNA.
+By “decoy RNA” is meant an RNA molecule that mimics the natural binding domain for a ligand. The decoy RNA therefore competes with natural binding target for the binding of a specific ligand. For example, it has been shown that over-expression of HIV trans-activation response (TAR) RNA can act as a “decoy” and efficiently binds HIV tat protein, thereby preventing it from binding to TAR sequences encoded in the HIV RNA (Sullenger et al. (1990) Cell, 63, 601-608). This is meant to be a specific example. Those in the art will recognize that this is but one example, and other embodiments can be readily generated using techniques generally known in the art.
+As used herein, the term “monomers” typically indicates monomers linked by phosphodiester bonds or analogs thereof to form oligonucleotides ranging in size from a few monomeric units, e.g., from about 3-4, to about several hundreds of monomeric units. Analogs of phosphodiester linkages include: phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, methylphosphornates, phosphoroselenoate, phosphoramidate, and the like, as more fully described below.
+The term “nucleotide” covers naturally occurring nucleotides as well as nonnaturally occurring nucleotides. It should be clear to the person skilled in the art that various nucleotides which previously have been considered “non-naturally occurring” have subsequently been found in nature. Thus, “nucleotides” includes not only the known purine and pyrimidine heterocycles-containing molecules, but also heterocyclic analogues and tautomers thereof. Illustrative examples of other types of nucleotides are molecules containing adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, uracil, purine, xanthine, diaminopurine, 8-oxo- N6-methyladenine, 7-deazaxanthine, 7-deazaguanine, N4,N4-ethanocytosin, N6,N6-ethano2,6-diaminopurine, 5-methylcytosine, 5-(C3-C6)-alkynylcytosine, 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, pseudoisocytosine, 2-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-triazolopyridin, isocytosine, isoguanin, inosine and the “non-naturally occurring” nucleotides described in Benner et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,432,272. The term “nucleotide” is intended to cover every and all of these examples as well as analogues and tautomers thereof. Especially interesting nucleotides are those containing adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, and uracil, which are considered as the naturally occurring nucleotides in relation to therapeutic and diagnostic application in humans. Nucleotides include the natural 2′-deoxy and 2′-hydroxyl sugars, e.g., as described in Kornberg and Baker, DNA Replication, 2nd Ed. (Freeman, San Francisco, 1992) as well as their analogs.
+“Analogs” in reference to nucleotides includes synthetic nucleotides having modified base moieties and/or modified sugar moieties (see e.g., described generally by Scheit, Nucleotide Analogs, John Wiley, New York, 1980: Freier & Altmann, (1997) Nucl. Acid Res., 25(22), 4429-4443, Toulmé, J. J., (2001) Nature Biotechnology 19:17-18; Manoharan M., (1999) Biochemica et Biophysica Acta 1489:117-139; Freier S. M., (1997) Nucleic Acid Research, 25:4429-4443, Uhlman, E., (2000) Drug Discovery & Development. 3:203-213, Herdewin P., (2000) Antisense & Nucleic Acid Drug Dev., 10:297-310): 2′-O,3′-C-linked [3.2.0] bicycloarabinonucleosides (see e.g. N. K. Christiensen., et al. (1998) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 120:5458-5463; Prakash T P, Bhat B. (2007) Curr Top Med Chem. 7(7):641-9; Cho E J, et al. (2009) Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry, 2, 241-264). Such analogs include synthetic nucleotides designed to enhance binding properties, e.g., duplex or triplex stability, specificity, or the like.
+As used herein, “hybridization” means the pairing of substantially complementary strands of oligomeric compounds. One mechanism of pairing involves hydrogen bonding, which may be Watson-Crick, Hoögsteen or reversed Hoögsteen hydrogen bonding, between complementary nucleoside or nucleotide bases (nucleotides) of the strands of oligomeric compounds. For example, adenine and thymine are complementary nucleotides which pair through the formation of hydrogen bonds. Hybridization can occur under varying circumstances.
+An antisense compound is “specifically hybridizable” when binding, of the compound to the target nucleic acid interferes in with the normal function of the target nucleic acid to cause a modulation of function and/or activity, and there is a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid non-specific binding of the antisense compound to non-target nucleic acid sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired, i.e., under physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment, and under conditions in which assays are performed in the case of in vitro assays.
+As used herein, the phrase “stringent hybridization conditions” or “stringent conditions” refers to conditions under which a compound of the invention will hybridize to its target sequence, but to a minimal number of other sequence. Stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and will be different in different circumstances and in the context of this invention, “stringent conditions” under which oligomeric compounds hybridize to a target sequence are determined by the nature and composition of the oligomeric compounds and the assays in which they are being investigated. In general, stringent hybridization conditions comprise low concentrations (<0.15M) of salts with inorganic cations such as Na++ or K++ (i.e., low ionic strength), temperature higher than 20° C.-25° C. below the Tm of the oligomeric compound:target sequence complex, and the presence of denaturants such as formamide, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, or the detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). For example, the hybridization rate decreases 1.1% for each 1% formamide. An example of a high stringency hybridization conditions of 0.1X sodium chloride-sodium citrate buffer (SSC)/0.1% (w/v) SDS at 60° C. for 30 minutes.
+“Complementary,” as used herein, refers to the capacity for precise pairing between two nucleotides on one or two oligomeric strands. For example, if a nucleobase at a certain position of an antisense compound is capable of hydrogen bonding with a nucleobase at a certain position of a target nucleic acid, said target nucleic acid being a DNA, RNA, or oligonucleotide molecule, then the position of hydrogen bonding between the oligonucleotide and the target nucleic acid is considered to be a complementary position. The oligomeric compound and the further DNA, RNA, or oligonucleotide molecule are complementary to each other when a sufficient number of complementary positions in each molecule are occupied by nucleotides which can hydrogen bond with each other. Thus, “specifically hybridizable” and “complementary” are terms which are used to indicate a sufficient degree of precise pairing or complementarity over a sufficient number of nucleotides such that stable and specific binding occurs between the oligomeric compound and a target nucleic acid.
+It is understood in the art that the sequence of an oligomeric compound need not be 100% complementary to that of its target nucleic acid to be specifically hybridizable. Moreover, an oligonucleotide may hybridize over one or more segments such that intervening or adjacent segments are not involved in the hybridization event (e.g., a loop structure, mismatch or hairpin structure). The oligomeric compounds of the present invention comprise at least about 70%, or at least about 75%, or at least about 80%, or at least about 85%, or at least about 90%, or at least about 95%, or at least about 99% sequence complementarity to a target region within the target nucleic acid sequence to which they are targeted. For example, an antisense compound in which 18 to 20 nucleotides of the antisense compound are complementary to a target region, and would therefore specifically hybridize, would represent 90 percent complementarity. In this example, the remaining noncomplementary nucleotides may be clustered or interspersed with complementary nucleotides and need not be contiguous to each other or to complementary nucleotides. As such, an antisense compound which is 18 nucleotides as length having 4 (four) noncomplementary nucleotides which are flanked by two regions of complete complementarity with the target nucleic acid would have 77.8% overall complementarity with the target nucleic acid and would thus fall within the scope of the present invention. Percent complementarity of an antisense compound with a region of a target nucleic acid can be determined routinely using BLAST programs (basic local alignment search tools) and PowerBLAST programs known in the art (Altschul et al., (1990) J. Mol. Biol., 215, 403-410; Zhang and Madden, (1997) Genome Res., 7,649-656). Percent homology, sequence identity or complementarity, can be determined by, for example, the Gap program (Wisconsin Sequence Analysis Package, Version 8 for Unix, Genetics Computer Group, University Research Park, Madison Wis.), using default settings, which uses the algorithm of Smith and Waterman (Adv. Appl. Math., (1981) 2, 482-489).
+As used herein, the term “Thermal Melting Point (Tm)” refer to the temperature, under defined ionic strength, pH, and nucleic acid concentration, at which 50% of the oligonucleotides complementary to the target sequence hybridize to the target sequence at equilibrium. Typically, stringent conditions will be those in which the salt concentration is at least about 0.01 to 1.0 M Na ion concentration (or other salts) at pH 7.0 to 8.3 and the temperature is at least shout 30° C. for short oligonucleotides (e.g., 10 to 50 nucleotide). Stringent conditions may also be achieved with the addition of destabilizing agents such as formamide.
+As used herein, “modulation” means either an increase (stimulation) or a decrease (inhibition) in the expression of a gene.
+The term “variant,” when used in the context of a polynucleotide sequence, may encompass a polynucleotide sequence related to a wild type gene. This definition may also include, for example, “allelic,” “splice,” “species,” or “polymorphic” variants. A splice variant may have significant identity to a reference molecule, but will generally have a greater or lesser number of polynucleotides due to alternate splicing of exons during mRNA processing. The corresponding polypeptide may possess additional functional domains or an absence of domains. Species variants are polynucleotide sequences that vary from one species to another. Of particular utility in the invention are variants of wild type gene products. Variants may result from at least one mutation in the nucleic acid sequence and may result in altered mRNAs or in polypeptides whose structure or function may or may not be altered. Any given natural or recombinant gene may have none, one, or many allelic forms. Common mutational changes that give rise to variants are generally ascribed to natural deletions, additions, or substitutions of nucleotides. Each of these types of changes may occur alone, or in combination with the others, one or more times in a given sequence.
+The resulting polypeptides generally will have significant amino acid identity relative to each other. A polymorphic variant is a variation in the polynucleotide sequence of a particular gene between individuals of a given species. Polymorphic variants also may encompass “single nucleotide polymorphisms” (SNPs,) or single base mutations in which the polynucleotide sequence varies by one base. The presence of SNPs may be indicative of, for example, a certain population with a propensity for a disease state, that is susceptibility versus resistance.
+Derivative polynucleotides include nucleic acids subjected to chemical modification, for example, replacement of hydrogen by an alkyl, acyl, or amino group. Derivatives, e.g., derivative oligonucleotides, may comprise non-naturally-occurring portions, such as altered sugar moieties or inter-sugar linkages. Exemplary among these are phosphorothioate and other sulfur containing species which are known in the art. Derivative nucleic acids may also contain labels, including radionucleotides, enzymes, fluorescent agents, chemiluminescent agents, chromogenic agents, substrates, cofactors, inhibitors, magnetic particles, and the like.
+A “derivative” polypeptide or peptide is one that is modified, for example, by glycosylation, pegylation, phosphorylation, sulfation, reduction/alkylation, acylation, chemical coupling, or mild formalin treatment. A derivative may also by modified to contain a detectable label, either directly or indirectly, including, but not limited to, a radioisotope, fluorescent, and enzyme label.
+As used herein, the term “animal” or “patient” is meant to include, for example, humans, sheep, elks, deer, mule deer, minks, mammals, monkeys, horses, cattle, pigs, goats, dogs, cats, rats, mice, birds, chicken, reptiles, fish, insects and arachnids.
+“Mammal” covers warm blooded mammals that are typically under medical care (e.g., human and domesticated animals). Examples include feline, canine, equine, bovine, and human, as well as just human.
+“Treating” or “treatment” covers the treatment of a disease-state in a mammal, and includes: (a) preventing the disease-state from occurring in a mammal, in particular, when such mammal is predisposed to the disease-state but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (b) inhibiting the disease-state, e.g., arresting it development; and/or (c) relieving the disease-state, e.g., causing regression of the disease state until a desired endpoint is reached. Treating also includes the amelioration of a symptom of a disease (e.g., lessen the pain or discomfort), wherein such amelioration may or may not be directly affecting the disease (e.g., cause, transmission, expression, etc.).
+As used herein, “cancer” refers to all types of cancer or neoplasm or malignant tumors found in mammals, including, but not limited to: leukemias, lymphomas, melanomas, carcinomas, and sarcomas. The cancer manifests itself as a “tumor” or tissue comprising malignant cells of the cancer. Examples of tumors include sarcomas and carcinomas such as, but not limited to: fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma, Ewing's tumor, leiomyosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, squamous cell careinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papilary adenocarcinoma, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, bile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, Wilms' tumor, cervial cancer, testicular tumor, lung carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, epithelial carcinoma, glioma, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, pinealoma, hemangioblastoma, acoustic neuroma, oligodendroglioma, meningioma, melanoma, neuroblastoma, and retinoblastoma. Additional cancers which can be treated by the disclosed composition according to the invention include but not limited to, for example, Hodgkin's Disease. Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, multiple myeloma, neuroblastoma, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, rhabdomyosarcoma, primary thrombocytosis, primary macroglobulinemia, small-cell lung tumors, primary brain tumors, stomach cancer, colon cancer, malignant pancreatic insulanoma, malignant carcinoid, urinary bladder cancer, premalignant skin lesions, testicular cancer, lymphomas, thyroid cancer, neuroblastoma, esophageal cancer, genitourinary tract cancer, malignant hypercalcemia, cervical, cancer, endometrial cancer, adrenal cortical cancer, and prostate cancer.
+As used herein, a “muscle disease or disorder” includes but is not limited to muscular dystrophy (MD), a muscle-wasting disease, inflammatory myopathy or myositis (including, for example, dermatomyositis, polymyositis, inclusion body myotosis), myotubular myopathy, nemaline myopathy, a desmin related myopathy, Marfan myopathy, a mitochondrial myopathy etc. As used herein, muscular dystrophy refers to a group of genetic, hereditary muscle diseases that cause progressive muscle weakness and which may be characterized by progressive skeletal muscle weakness, defects in muscle proteins, and the death of muscle cells and tissue. Muscular dystrophy includes, but is not limited to Duchenne (DMD family), Becker (BMD), Spinal Muscular Atrophy, Spinal bulbar muscular atrophy, dystrophinopathy, sarcoglycanopathy, limb girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD), congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD), facioseapulohumeral (FSHD), myotonic, oculopharyngeal, distal, and Emery-Dreifuss.
+“Neurological disease or disorder” refers to any disease or disorder of the nervous system and/or visual system. “Neurological disease or disorder” include disease or disorders that involve the central nervous system (brain, brainstem and cerebellum), the peripheral nervous system (including cranial nerves), and the autonomic nervous system (parts of which are located in both central and peripheral nervous system). Examples of neurological disorders include but are not limited to, headache, stupor and coma, dementia, seizure, sleep disorders, trauma, infections, neoplasms, neuroopthalmology, movement disorders, demyclinating diseases, spinal cord disorders, and disorders of peripheral nerves, muscle and neuromuscular junctions. Addiction and mental illness, include, but are not limited to, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, are also included in the definition, of neurological disorder. The following is a list of several neurological disorders, symptoms, signs and syndromes that can be treated using compositions and methods according to the present invention: acquired epileptiform aphasia; acute disseminated encephalomyelitis; adrenoleukodystrophy; age-related macular degeneration; agenesis of the corpus callosum; agnosia; Aicardi syndrome; Alexander disease; Alpers' disease; alternating hemiplegia; Vascular dementia; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; anencephaly; Angelman syndrome; angiomatosis; anoxia; aphasia; apraxia; arachnoid cysts; arachnoiditis; Anronl-Chiari malformation; arteriovenous malformation; Asperger syndrome; ataxia telegiectasia; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; autism; autonomic dysfuntion; back pain; Batten disease; Behcet's disease; Bell's palsy; benign essential blepharospasm; benign focal; amyotrophy; benign intracranial hypertension; Binswanger's disease; blepharospasm; Bloch Sulzberger syndrome; brachial plexus injury; brain abscess; brain injury; brain tumors (including glioblastoma multiforme); spinal tumor; Brown-Sequard syndrome; Canavan disease; carpal tunnel syndrome; causalgia; central pain syndrome; central pontine myelinolysis; cephalic disorder; cerebral aneurysm; cerebral anteriosclerosis; cerebral atrophy; cerebral gigantism; cerebral palsy; Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease; chemotherapy-induced neuropathy and neuropathic pain; Chiari malformation; chorea; chronic inflammatory demyclinating polyneuropathy; chronic pain; chronic regional pain syndrome; Coffin Lowry syndrome; coma, including persistant vegetative state; congenital facial diplegia; corticobasal degeneration; cranial arteritis craniosynostosis; Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; cumulative trauma disorders; Cushing's syndrome; cytomegalic inclusion body disease; cytomegalovirus infection; dancing eyes-dancing feet syndrome; Dandy Walker syndrome; Dawson disease; De Morsier's syndrome; Dejerine-Klumke palsy; dementia; dermatomyositis; diabetic neuropathy; diffuse sclerosis; dysautonomia; dysgraphia; dyslexia; dystonias; early infantile epileptic encephalopathy; empty sella syndrome; encephalitis; encephaloceles; encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis; epilepsy; Erb's palsy; essential tremor; Fabry's disease; Fahr's syndrome; fainting; familial spastic paralysis; febrile seizures; Fisher syndrome; Friedreich's ataxia; fronto-temporal dementia and other “tauopathies”, Gaucher's disease; Gerstmann's syndrome; giant cell arteritis; giant cell inclusion disease; globoid cell leukodystrophy; Guillain-Barre syndrome; HTLV-1-associated myelopathy; Hallervorden-Spatz disease; head injury; headache; hemifacial spasm; hereditary spastic paraplegia; heredopathia atactic a polyneuritiformis; herpes zoster oticus; herpes zoster; Hirayama syndrome; HIV associated dementia and neuropathy (also neurological manifestations of AIDS); holoprosencephaly; Huntington's disease and other polyglutamine repeat disease; hydrancncephaly; hydrocephalus; hypercortisolism; hypoxia; immune-mediated encephalomyclitis; inclusion body myositis; incontinentia pigmenti; infantile phytanic acid storage disease; infantile refsum disease; infantile spasms; inflammatory myopathy; intracranial cyst; intracranial hypertension; Jonbert syndrome; Keams-Sayre syndrome; Kennedy disease Kinsbourne syndrome; Klippel Feil syndrome; Krabbe disease; Kugelberg-Welander disease; Lafora disease; Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome; Landau-Kleffner syndrome; lateral medullary (Wallenberg) syndrome; learning disabilities; Leigh's disease; Lennox-Gustaut syndrome; Lesch-Nyhan syndrome; leukodystrophy; Lewy body dementia; Lissencephaly; locked-in syndrome; Lou Gehrig's disease (i.e., motor neuron disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis); lumbar disc disease; Lyme disease-neurological sequelae; Machado-Joseph disease; macrencephaly, megalencephaly, Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome; Menieres disease; meningitis; Menkes disease; metachromatic leukodystrophy; microcephaly; migraine; Miller Fisher syndrome; mini-strokes; mitochondrial myopathies; Mobius syndrome; monomelic amyotrophy; motor neuron disease; Moyamoya disease; macopolysaccharidoses; milti-infarct dementia; multifocal motor neuropathy; multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating disorders; multiple system atrophy with postural hypotension; p muscular dystrophy; myasthenia gravis; myelinoelastic diffuse sclerosis; myoclonic encephalopathy of infants; myoclonus; myopathy; myotonia congenital; narcolepsy; neurofibromatosis; neuroleptic malignant syndrome; neurological manifestations of AIDS; neurological sequelae oflupus; neuromyotonia; neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis; neuronal migration disorders; Niemann-Pick disease; O'Sullivan-MeLeod syndrome; occipital neuralgia; occult spinal dysraphism sequence; Ohtahara syndrome; olivopontocerebellar atrophy; opsoelonus myoclonus; optic neuritis; orthostatic hypotension; overuse syndrome; paresthesia; Neurodegenerative disease or disorder (Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), dementia, multiple sclerosis and other diseases and disorders associated with neuronal cell death); paramyotonia, congenital; paraneoplastic diseases; paroxysmal attacks; Parry Romberg syndrome; Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease; periodic paralyses; peripheral neuropathy; painful neuropathy and neuropathie pain; persistent vegetative state; pervasive developmental disorder; photic sneeze reflex; phytanic acid storage disease; Pick's disease; pinched nerve; pituitary tumors; polymyositis; porencephaly; post-polio syndrome; postherpetic neuralgia; postinfectious encephalomyelitis; postural hypotension; Prader-Willi syndrome; primary lateral sclerosis; prion diseases; progressive hemifacial atrophy; progressive multifocaleukoencephalopathy; progressive sclerosing poliodystrophy; progressive supranuclear palsy, pseudotumor cerebri; Ramsay-Hunt syndrome (types I and II); Rasmussen's encephalitis; reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome; Refsum disease; repetitive motion disorders; repetitive stress injuries; restless legs syndrome; retrovirus-associated myelopathy; Rett syndrome; Reye's syndrome; Saint Vitus dance; Sandhoff disease; Schilder's disease; schizencephaly; septo-optic dysplasia; shaken baby syndrome; shingles; Shy-Drager syndrome; Sjogren's syndrome; sleep apnea; Soto's syndrome; spasticity; spina bifida; spinal cord injury; spinal cord tumors; spinal muscular atrophy; Stiff-Person syndrome; stroke; Sturge-Weber syndrome; subacute sclerosing panencephalitis; subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy; Sydenham chorea; syncope; syringomyelia; tardive dyskinesia; Tay-Sachs disease; temporal arteritis; tethered spinal cord syndrome; Thomsen disease; thoracic outlet, syndrome; Tie Douloureux; Todd's paralysis; Tourette syndrome; transient ischemic attack; transmissible spongiform encephalopathies; transverse myelitis; traumatic brain injury; tremor; trigeminal neuralgia; tropical spastic paraparesis; tuberous sclerosis; vascular dementia (multi-infarct dementia); vasculitis including temporal arteritis; Von Hippel-Lindau disease; Wallenberg's syndrome; Werdnig-Hoffman disease; West syndrome; whiplash; Williams syndrome; Wildon's disease; and Zellweger syndrome. As used herein, a “neuromuscular disease or disorder” refers to any disease adversely affecting both nervous elements (brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerve) and muscle (striated or smooth muscle), including but not limited to involuntary movement disorders, dystonias, spinal cord injury or disease, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease. Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LES), Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes (CMS), Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease (CMT), Dejerine-Sottas Disease (DS), Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Friedreich's Ataxia, muscular dystrophy, spasticity from cerebral palsy and stroke.
+A cardiovascular disease or disorder includes those disorders that can either cause ischemia or are caused by reperfusion of the heart. Examples include, bat are not limited to, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, granulomatous myocarditis, chronic myocarditis (non-granulomatous) primary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, peripheral artery disease (PAD), stroke, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular tissue damage caused by cardiac arrest, cardiovascular tissue damage caused by cardiac bypass, cardiogenic shock, and related conditions that would be known by those of ordinary skill in the art or which involve dysfunction of or tissue damage to the heart or vasculature, especially, but not limited to, tissue damage related to DMD family activation. CVS diseases include, but are not limited to, atherosclerosis, granulomatous myocarditis, myocardial infarction, myocardial fibrosis secondary to valvular heart disease, myocardial fibrosis without infarction, primary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and chronic myocarditis (non-granulomatous).
+As used herein, “cardiomyopathy” refers to any disease or dysfunction of the myocardium (heart muscle) in which the heart is abnormally enlarged, thickened and/or stiffened. As a result, the heart muscle's ability to pump blood is usually weakened. The disease or disorder can be, for example, inflammatory, metabolic, toxic, infiltrative, fibroplastic, hematological, genetic, or unknown in origin. Such cardiomyopathics may result from a lack of oxygen. Other diseases include those that result from myocardial injury which involves damage to the muscle or the myocardium in the wall of the heart as a result of disease or trauma. Myocardial injury can be attributed to many things such as, but not limited to, cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, or congenital heart disease. Specific cardiac disorders to be treated also include congestive heart failure, ventricular or atrial septal defect, congenital heart defect or ventricular aneurysm. The cardiac disorder may be pediatric in origin. Cardiomyopathy includes but is not limited to, cardiomyopathy (dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, arrhythmogenic and unclassified cardiomyopathy), sporadic dilated cardiomyopathy, X-linked Dilated Cardiomyopathy (XLDC), acute and chronic heart failure, right heart failure, left heart failure, biventricular heart failure, congenital heart defects, mitral valve stenosis, mitral valve insufficiency, aortic valve stenosis, aortic valve insufficiency, tricuspidal valve stenosis, tricuspidal valve sufficiency, pulmonal valve stenosis, pulmonal valve insufficiency, combined valve defects, myocarditis, acute myocarditis, chronic myocarditis, viral myocarditis, diastolic heart failure, systolic heart failure, diabetic heart failure and accumulation diseases.
+Polynucleotides Oligonucleotide Compositions and Molecules
+Targets: In one embodiment, the targets comprise nucleic acid sequences of Dystrophin family, including without limitation sense and/or antisense noncoding and/or coding sequences associated with DMD family.
+Dystrophin has been known since 1987, (Hoffman et al. (1987), Cell. 51:509-517) to be the protein that is deficient in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). This is an elongated protein present at the cytoplasmic surface of the vertebrate muscle cell membrane (Hoffman et al. (1987), Cell 51:509-517). Three other dystrophin-related proteins, i.e., DRP1 (dystrophin-related protein Type 1, or utrophin), DRP2 (dystrophin-related protein Type 2), and dystrobrevins, have also been identified as products of different genes (Wang et al. (1998) Hum Mol Genet. 7:581-588). Dystrophins and utrophin have been detected in muscle of other mammalian species (Pons et al. (1994) Circulation. 90:369-374; Wang et al. (1998) Hum Mol Genet. 7:581-588; Rafael et al. (2000) Hum Mol Genet 9:1357-1367) and also in other tissues, such as the electric organ, that are derived from skeletal muscle (Chang et al. (1989) J Biol Chem. 264:20831-20834), and is nerves (Rivier et al. (1999a) Histochem J. 31:425-432, Rivier et al. (1999b) J Muscle Res Cell Motil. 20:305-314) of T. marmorata. Dystrophin in mammal skeletal muscle interacts with an associated protein complex (DAPC) to form a link between the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix (Tbraghimov-Beskrovnaya et al. (1992) Nature. 355:696-702). This complex consists of two dystroglycans (α- and β-) (Deys et al. (1995) J Biol Chem. 270:25956-25959), carcoglycans (α-, β-, γ-, δ-, and ε) that are complexed with sarcospan (Nigro et al. (1996) Hum Mol Genet. 5:1179-1186; Crosbie et al. (1997)J Biol Chem. 272:31221-31224; McNally et al. (1998) FEBS Lett. 422:27-32), and three syntrophins (α-, β1-, β2-) in muscle tissues (Ahn et al. (1996) J Biol Chem 271:2724-2730). However, new isoforms of syntrophins (γ1- and γ2-) have also been reported and were found expressed as brain-specific protein (Piluso et al. (2000) J Biol Chem. 275:15851-15860). Deficiency or variations in some associated proteins generate a different muscle pathology, but the pathogenesis of all of these related muscular dystrophies is still unclear. This may be due to the heterogeneity of the data recorded, e.g., due to the existence of four dystrophin-related proteins that all share homology with dystrophin's cysteine-rich and C-terminal domains and also because of the muscle type analyzed.
+Dystrophin is a rod-shaped cytoplasmic protein, and a vital part of a protein complex that connects the cytoskeleton of a muscle fiber to the surrounding extracellular matrix through the cell membrane. This complex is variously known as the costamere or the dystrophin-associated protein complex. Many muscle proteins, such as a-dystrobrevin, syncoilin, synemin, sareoglycan, dystroglycan, and sarcospan, colocalize with dystrophin at the costamere.
+Its deficiency is one of the root causes of muscular dystrophy. Normal tissue contains small amounts of dystrophin (about 0.002% of total muscle protein), but its absence leads to both DMD family and fibrosis, a condition of muscle hardening. A different mutation of the same gene causes defective dystrophin, leading to Becker's muscular dystrophy (BMD). Thus, it would be of great therapeutic value to modulate the expression and/or function of dystrophin in cells, tissues or organs of patients in need of such treatment.
+Dystrophin family, the largest known human gene, encodes a protein called dystrophin. There are many different versions of dystrophin, some of which are specific to certain cell types. Dystrophin is located chiefly in muscles used for movement (skeletal muscles) and the muscles of the heart (cardiac muscles). Small amounts of the protein are present in nerve cells in the brain.
+In skeletal and cardiac muscles, dystrophin is part of a protein complex that strengthens muscle fibers and protects them from injury as muscles contract and relax. The dystrophin complex acts as an anchor, connecting each muscle cell's structural framework (cytoskeleton) with the lattice of proteins and other molecules outside the cell. The dystrophin complex may also playa role in cell signaling by interacting with proteins that send and receive chemical signals.
+Little is known about the function of dystrophin in nerve cells and without wishing to be bound by theory, dystrophin could be important for the normal structure and function of synapses.
+Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy are caused by mutations in the DMD family gene.
+Muscular dystrophy (MD) refers to a group of genetic disorders whose major symptom is muscle wasting. There are two major forms of MD, differing in severity and age of onset. In Duchenne muscular dystrophy, symptoms are noticeable in early childhood and quickly become debilitating. Becker muscular dystrophy, on the other hand, is of later onset and less severe. Both forms of MD are caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, a large (2.6 Mb) gene comprised of 97 exons. The dystrophin protein plays an important structural role as part of a large complex in muscle fiber membranes. When dystrophin is missing or non-functional, the entire complex is compromised, leading to degeneration of muscle tissue. When the ability to regenerate the muscle is exhausted, muscle wasting occurs.
+Mutations in the DMD family gene also cause a form of heart disease called X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy. This condition enlarges and weakens the cardiac muscle, preventing it from pumping blood efficiently. Although dilated cardiomyopathy is a sign of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy; the isolated X-linked form of this heart condition is not associated with weakness and wasting of skeletal muscles.
+Utrophin is a 395 kDa protein encoded by multiexonic 1 Mb UTRN gene located on chromosome 6q24 (Pearce, et al. (1993) Hum Mol Gene. 2:1765 1772). The structure of the gene bears large similarities to that of the dystrophin gene. In contrast to dystrophin, the utrophin gene has a long 5′ untranslated region, split over two exons, and it is preceeded by an HTF-island. In mouse, the gene maps to chromosome 10. Utrophin is distributed throughout the sarcolemma in fetal and regenerating muscle, but is down-regulated in normal adult muscle and is restricted to the myotendinous and neuromuscular junctions (Blake et al., 1996). In the dystrophin deficient mdx mouse, utrophin levels in muscle remain elevated soon after birth compared with normal mice; once the utrophin levels have decreased to the adult levels (about 1 week after birth) the first signs of muscle fibre necrosis are detected. However, there is evidence to suggest that in the small calibre muscles, continual increased levels of utrophin can interact with the DGC complex (or an antigenically related complex) at the sarcolemma thus preventing loss of the complex, with the result that these muscles appear normal. There is also a substantial body of evidence demonstrating that utrophin is capable of localising to the sarcolemma in normal muscle. During fetal muscle development there is increased utrophin expression, localised to the sarcolemma, up until 18 weeks in the human and 20 days gestation in the mouse. After this time the utrophin sarcolemmal staining steadily decreases to the significantly lower adult levels shortly before birth where utrophin is localised almost exclusively to the NMJ. The decrease in utrophin expression coincides with increased expression of dystrophin. See reviews (Ibraghimov Beskrovnaya, et al. (1992) Nature 355, 696 702, Blake, et al. (1994) Trends in Cell Biol, 4: 19 23, Tinsley, et al. (1993) Curr Opin Genet Dev. 3: 484 90).
+DRP2 is predicted to resemble certain short C-terminal isoforms of dystrophin and dystrophin-related protein 1 (DRP1 or utrophin). DRP2 is a relatively small protein, encoded in man by a 45 kb gene localized to Xq22. It is expressed principally in the brain and spinal cord, and is similar in overall structure to the Dp116 dystrophin isoform.
+Dystrobrevin, a member of the dystrophin family of proteins, was originally identified from the Torpedo californica electric organ as an 87-kDa phosphoprotein associated with the cytoplasmic face of the postsynaptic membrane (Wagner K R. et al. (1993) Neuron. 10:511-522; Carr C. et al. (1989) J Cell Biol. 109:1753-1764). It has been postulated that the 87-kDa protein plays a role in synapse formation or stability because it copurifies with acetylcholine receptors from the electric organ membranes. In mammalian skeletal muscle, dystrophin is found in association with several integral and peripheral membrane proteins, forming a complex known as the dystrophin glycoprotein complex (DGC) (Ervasti J M. et al. (1991) Cell 66:1121-1131; Ibraghimov-Beskrovnaya O. et al. (1992) Nature (London).; Yoshida M. et al. (1990) J Biochem (Tokyo). 108:748-752).
+In preferred embodiments, antisense oligonucleotides are used to prevent or treat diseases or disorders associated with DMD family members. Exemplary Dystrophin family mediated diseases and disorders which can be treated with cell/tissues regenerated from stem cells obtained using the antisense compounds comprise, a muscle disease or disorder (e.g., Muscular dystrophy including Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, Becker's muscular dystrophy, Spinal bulbar muscular atrophy, dystrophinopathy, sarcoglycanopathy, limb girdle muscular dystrophy, congenital muscular dystrophy, congenital myopathy, distal myopathy. Symptomatic form of muscular dystrophy of Duchenne and Becker in female carriers myotonic syndrome etc.; a muscle-wasting disease), a neurological disease or disorder (including a neuromuscular disease or disorder e.g., dystonia, myoclonus-dystonia syndrome, etc.) a disease or disorder associated with altered level of dystrophin or dystrophin DAPC-complex. Left ventricular noncompaction, cancer, a cardiovascular disease or disorder, cardiomyopathy (e.g., sporadic dilated cardiomy-opathy, X-linked Dilated Cardiomyopathy (XLDC) etc.), atherosclerosis a cytoskeletal disorder, congenital stationary night blindness and loss of hearing.
+In a preferred embodiment, the oligonucleotides are specific for polynucleotides of DMD family, which includes, without limitation noncoding regions. The DMD family targets comprise variants of DMD family; mutants of DMD family, including SNPs; noncoding sequences of DMD family: alleles, fragments and the like. Preferably the oligonucleotide is an antisense RNA molecule.
+In accordance with embodiments of the invention, the target nucleic acid molecule is not limited to DMD family polynucleotides alone but extends to any of the isoforms, receptor, homologs, non-coding regions and the like of DMD family.
+In another preferred embodiment, an oligonucleotide targets a natural antisense sequence (natural antisense to the coding and non-coding regions) of DMD family targets, including, without limitation, variants, alleles, homologs, mutants, derivatives, fragments and complementary sequences thereto. Preferably the oligonucleotide is an antisense RNA or DNA molecule.
+In another preferred embodiment, the oligomeric compounds of the present invention also include variants in which a different base is present at one or more of the nucleotide positions in the compound. For example, if the first nucleotide is an adenine, variants may be produced which contain thymidine, guanosine, cytidine or other natural or unnatural nucleotides at this position. This may be done at any of the positions of the antisense compound. These compounds are then tested using the methods described herein to determine their ability to inhibit expression of a target nucleic acid.
+In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, between the antisense compound and targes is from about 50% to about 60%. In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, is from about 60% to about 70%. In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, is from about 70% to about 80%. In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, is from about 80% to about 90%. In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, is about 90%, about 92%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99% or about 100%.
+An antisense compound is specifically hybridizable when binding of the compound to the target nucleic acid interferes with the normal function of the target nucleic acid to cause a loss of activity, and there is a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid non-specific binding of the antisense compound to non-target nucleic acid sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired. Such conditions include, i.e., physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment, and conditions in which assays are performed in the case of in vitro assays.
+An antisense compound, whether DNA, RNA, chimeric, substituted etc. is specifically hyhridazable when binding of the compound to the target DNA or RNA molecule interferes with the normal function of the target DNA or RNA to cause a loss of utility, and there is a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid non-specific binding of the antisense compound to non-target sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired, i.e., under physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment, and in the case of in vitro assays, under conditions in which the assays are performed.
+In another preferred embodiment, targeting of DMD family including without limitation, antisense sequences which are identified and expanded, using for example, PCR, hybridization etc., one or more of the sequences set forth as SEQ ID NO: 3 to 7, and the like, modulate the expression or function of DMD family. In one embodiment, expression or function is up-regulated as compared to a control. In another preferred embodiment, expression or function is down-regulated as compared to a control.
+In another preferred embodiment, oligonucleotides comprise nucleic acid sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOS: 8 to 22 including antisense sequences which are identified and expanded, using for example, PCR, hybridization etc. These oligonucleotides can comprise one or more modified nucleotides, shorter or longer fragments, modified bonds and the like. Examples of modified bonds or internucleotide linkages comprise phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate or the like. In another preferred embodiment, the nucleotides comprise a phosphorus derivative. The phosphorus derivative (or modified phosphate group) which may be attached to the sugar or sugar analog moiety in the modified oligonucleotides of the preset invention may be a monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, alkylphosphate, alkanephosphate, phosphorothioate and the like. The preparation of the above-noted phosphate analogs, and their incorporation into nucleotides, modified nucleotides and oligonucleotides, per se, is also known and need not be described here.
+The specificity and sensitivity of antisense is also harnessed by those of skill in the art for therapeutic uses. Antisence oligonucleotides have been employed as therapeutic moieties in the treatment of disease states in animals, and man. Antisense oligonucleotides have been safely and effectively administered to humans and numerous clinical trials are presently underway. It is thus established that oligonucleotides can be useful therapeutic modalities that can be configured to be useful in treatment regimes for treatment of cells, tissues and animals, especially humans.
+In embodiments of the present invention oligomeric antisense conpounds, particularly oligonucleotides, bind to target nucleic acid molecules and modulate the expression and/or function of molecules encoded by a target gene. The functions of DNA to be interfered comprise, for example, replication and transcription. The functions of RNA to be interfered comprise all vital functions such as, for example, translocation of the RNA to the site of protein translation, translation of protein from the RNA, splicing of the RNA to yield one or more mRNA species, and catalytic activity which may be engaged in or facilitated by the RNA. The functions may be up-regulated or inhibited depending on the functions desired.
+The antisense compounds, include, antisense oligomeric compounds, antisense oligonucleotides, external guide sequence (EGS) oligonucleotides, alternate splicers, primers, probes, and other oligomeric compounds that hybridize to at least a portion of the target nucleic acid. As such, these compounds may be introduced in the form of single-stranded, double-stranded, partially single-stranded, or circular oligomeric compounds.
+Targeting an antisense compound to a particular nucleic acid molecule, in the context of this invention, can be a multistep process. The process usually begins with the identification of a target nucleic acid whose function is to be modulated. This target nucleic acid may be, for example, a cellular gene (or mRNA transcribed from the gene) whose expression is associated with a particular disorder or disease state, or a nucleic acid molecule from an infectious agent. In the present invention, the target nucleic acid encodes Dystrophin family.
+The targeting process usually also includes determination of at least one target region, segment, or site within the target nucleic acid for the antisense interaction to occur such that the desired effect, e.g., modulation of expression, will result. Within the contest of the present invention, the term “region” is defined as a portion of the target nucleic acid having at least one identifiable structure, function, or characteristic. Within regions of target nucleic acids are segments. “Segments” are defined as smaller or sub-portions of regions within a target nucleic acid. “Sites,” as used in the present invention, are defined as positions within a target nucleic acid.
+In a preferred embodiment, the antisense oligonucleotides bind to the natural antisense sequences of Dystrophin family and modulate the expression and/or function of Dystrophin family (SEQ ID NO: 1 and 2). Examples of antisense sequences include SEQ ID NOS: 3 to 22.
+In another preferred embodiment, the antisense oligonucleotides bind to one or more segments of Dystrophin family polynucleotides and modulate the expression and/or function of Dystrophin family. The segments comprise at least five consecutive nucleotides of the Dystrophin family sense or antisense polynucleotides.
+In another preferred embodiment, the antisense oligonucleotides are specific for natural antisense sequences of Dystrophin family wherein binding of the oligonucleotides to the natural antisense sequences of Dystrophin family modulate expression and/or function of Dystrophin family.
+In another preferred embodiment, oligonucleotide compounds comprise sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOS: 8 to 22, antisense sequences which are identified and expanded, using for example, PCR, hybridization etc. These oligonucleotides can comprise one or more modified nucleotides, shorter or longer fragments, modified bonds and the like. Examples of modified bonds or internucleotide linkages comprise phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate or the like. In another preferred embodiment, the nucleotides comprise a phosphorus derivative. The phosphorus derivative (or modified phosphate group) which may be attached to the sugar or sugar analog moiety in the modified oligonucleotides of the present invention may be a monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, alkylphosphate, alkanephosphate, phosphorothioate and the like. The preparation of the above-noted phosphate analogs, and their incorporation into nucleotides, modified nucleotides and oligonucleotides, per se, is also knows and need not be described here.
+Since, as is known in the art, the translation initiation codon is typically 5′-AUG (in transcribed mRNA, molecules; 5′-ATG in the corresponding DNA molecule), the translation initiation codon is also referred to as the “AUG codon,” the “start codon” or the “AUG start codon”. A minority of genes has a translation initiation codon having the RNA sequence 5′-GUG, 5′-UUG or 5′-CUG; and 5′-AUA, 5′-ACG and 5′-CUG have been shown to function in vivo. Thus, the terms “translation initiation codon” and “start codon” can encompass many codon sequences, even though the initiator amino acid in each instance is typically methionine (in eukaryotes) or formylmethionine (in prokaryotes), Eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes may have two or more alternative start codons, any one of which may be preferentially utilized for translation initiation in a particular cell type or tissue, or under a particular set of conditions. In the context of the invention, “start codon” and “translation initiation codon” refer to the codon or codons that are used in vivo to initiate translation of an mRNA transcribed from a gene encoding Dystrophin family, regardless of the sequence(s) of such codons. A translation termination codon (or “stop codon”) of a gene may have one of three sequences, i.e., 5′-UAA, 5′-UAG and 5′-UGA (the corresponding DNA sequences are 5′-TAA, 5′-TAG and 5′-TGA, respectively).
+The terms “start codon region” and “translation initiation codon region” refer to a portion of such an mRNA or gene that encompasses from about 25 to about 50 contiguous nucleotides in either direction (i.e., 5′ or 3′) from a translation initiation codon. Similarly, the terms “stop codon region” and “translation termination codon region” refer to a portion of such an mRNA or gene that encompasses from about 25 to about 50 contiguious nucleotides in either direction (i.e., 5′ or 3′) from a translation termination codon. Consequently, the “start codon region” (or “translation initiation codon region”) and the “stop codon region” (or “translation termination codon region”) are all regions that may be targeted effectively with the antisense compounds of the present invention.
+The open reading frame (ORF) or “coding region”, which is known in the art to refer to the region between the translation initiation codon and the translation termination codon, is also a region which may be targeted effectively. Within the context of the present invention, a targeted region is the intragenic region encompassing the translation initiation or termination codon of the open reading frame (ORF) of a gene.
+Another target region includes the 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR), known in the art to refer to the portion of an mRNA in the 5′ direction from the translation initiation codon, and thus including nucleotides between the 5′ cap site and the translation initiation codon of an mRNA (or corresponding nucleotides on the gene). Still another target region includes the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR), known in the art to refer to the portion of an mRNA in the 3′ direction from the translation termination codon, and thus including nucleotides between the translation termination codon and 3′ end of an mRNA (or corresponding nucleotides on the gene). The 5′ cap site of an mRNA comprises an N7-methylated guanosine residue joined to the 5′-most residue of the mRNA via a 5′-5 ′triphosphate linkage. The 5′ cap region of an mRNA is considered to include the 5′ cap structure itself as well as the first 50 nucleotides adjacent to the cap site. Another target region for this invention is the 5′ cap region.
+Although some eukaryotic mRNA transcripts are directly translated, many contain one or more regions, known as “introns,” which are excised from a transcript before it is translated. The remaining (and therefore translated) regions are known as “exons” and are spliced together to form a continuous mRNA sequence. In one embodiment, targeting splice sites, i.e., intron-exon junctions or exon-intron junctions, is particularly useful in situations where aberrant splicing is implicated in disease, or where an overproduction of a particular splice product is implicated in disease. An aberrant fusion junction due to rearrangement or deletion is another embodiment of a target site. mRNA transcripts produced via the process of splicing of two (or more) mRNAs from different gene sources are known as “fusion transcripts”. Introns can be effectively targeted using antisense compounds targeted to, for example, DNA or pre-mRNA.
+In another preferred embodiment, the antisense oligonucleotides bind to coding and/or non-coding regions of a target polynucleotide and modulate the expression and/or function of the target molecule.
+In another preferred embodiment, the antisense oligonucleotides bind to natural antisense polynucleotides and modulate the expression and/or function of the target molecule.
+In another preferred embodiment, the antisense oligonucleotides bind to sense polynucleotides and modulate the expression and/or function of the target molecule.
+Alternative RNA transcripts can be produced from the same genomic region of DNA. These alternative transcripts are generally known as “variants”. More specifically, “pre-mRNA variants” are transcripts produced from the same genomic DNA that differ from other transcripts produced from the same genomic DNA in either their start or stop position and contain both intronic and exonic sequence.
+Upon excision of one or more exon or intron regions, or portions thereof during splicing, pre-mRNA variants produce smaller “mRNA variants”. Consequently, mRNA variants are processed pre-mRNA variants and each unique pre-mRNA variant must always produce a unique mRNA variant as a result of splicing. These mRNA variants are also known as “alternative splice variants”. If no splicing of the pre-mRNA variant occurs then the pre-mRNA variant is identical to the mRNA variant.
+Variants can be produced through the use of alternative signals to start or stop transcription. Pre-mRNAs and mRNAs can possess more than one start codon or stop codon. Variants that originate from a pre-mRNA or mRNA that use alternative start codons are known as “alternative start variants” of that pre-mRNA or mRNA. Those transcripts that use an alternative stop codon are known as “alternative stop variants” of that pre-mRNA or mRNA. One specific type of alternative stop variant is the “polyA variant” in which the multiple transcripts produced result from the alternative selection of one of the “polyA stop signals” by the transcription machinery, thereby producing transcripts that terminate at unique polyA sites. Within the context of the invention, the types of variants described herein are also embodiments of target nucleic acids.
+The locations on the target nucleic acid to which the antisense compounds hybridize are defined as at least a 5-nucleotide long portion of a target region to which an active antisense compound is targeted.
+While the specific sequences of certain exemplary target segments are set forth herein, one of skill in the art will recognize that these serve to illustrate and describe particular embodiments within the scope of the present invention. Additional target segments are readily identifiable by one having ordinary skill in the art in view of this disclosure.
+Target segments 5-100 nucleotides in length comprising a stretch of at least five (5) consecutive nucleotides selected from within the illustrative preferred target segments are considered to be suitable for targeting as well.
+Target segments can include DNA or RNA sequences that comprise at least the 5 consecutive nucleotides from the 5′-terminus of one of the illustrative preferred target segments (the remaining nucleotides being a consecutive stretch of the same DNA or RNA beginning immediately upstream of the 5′-terminus of the target segment and continuing until the DNA or RNA contains about 5 to about 100 nucleotides). Similarly preferred target segments are represented by DNA or RNA sequences that comprise at least the 5 consecutive nucleotides from the 3′-terminus of one of the illustrative preferred target segments (the remaining nucleotides being a consecutive stretch of the same DNA or RNA beginning immediately downstream of the 3′-terminus of the target segment and continuing until the DNA or RNA contains about 5 to about 100 nucleotides). One having skill in the art armed with the target segments illustrated herein will be able, without undue experimentation, to identify further preferred target segments.
+Once one or more target regions, segments or sites have been identified, antisense compounds are chosen which are sufficiently complementary to the target, i.e., hybridize sufficiently well and with sufficient specificity, to give the desired effect.
+In embodiments of the invention the oligonucleotides bind to an antisense strand of a particular target. The oligonucleotides are at least 5 nucleotides in length and can be synthesized so each oligonucleotide targets overlapping sequence such that oligonucleotides are synthesized to cover the entire length of the target polynucleotide. The targets also include coding as well as non coding regions.
+In one embodiment, it is preferred to target specific nucleic acids by antisense oligonucleotides. Targeting an antisense compound to a particular nucleic acid, is a multistep process. The process usually begins with the identification of a nucleic acid sequence whose function is to be modulated. This may be, for example, a cellular gene (or mRNA transcribed from the gene) whose expression is associated with a particular disorder or disease state, or a non coding polynucleotide such as for example, non coding RNA (ncRNA).
+RNAs can be classified into (1) messenger RNAs (mRNAs), which are translated into proteins, and (2) non-protein-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). ncRNAs comprise microRNAs, antisense transcripts and other Transcriptional Units (TU) containing a high density of stop codons and lacking any extensive “Open Reading Frame”. Many ncRNAs appear to start from initiation sites in 3′ untranslated regions (3′UTRs) of protein-coding loci. ncRNAs are often rare and at least half of the ncRNAs that have been sequenced by the FANTOM consortium seem not to be polyadenylated. Most researchers have for obvious reasons focused on polyadenylated mRNAs that are processed and exported to the Cytoplasm. Recently, it was shown that the set of non-polyadenylated nuclear RNAs may be very large, and that many such transcripts arise from so-called intergenic regions (Cheng. J. et al. (2005) Science 308 (5725), 1149-1154; Kapranov, P. et al. (2005). Genome Res 15 (7), 987-991). The mechanism by which ncRNAs may regulate gene expression is by base pairing with target transcripts. The RNAs that function by base pairing can be grouped into (1) cis encoded RNAs that are encoded at the same genetic location, but on the opposite strand to the RNAs they act upon and therefore display perfect complementarity to their target, and (2) trans-encoded RNAs that are encoded at a chromosomal location distinct from the RNAs they act upon and generally do not exhibit perfect base-pairing potential with their target.
+Without wishing to be bound by theory, perturbation of an antisense polynucleotide by the antisense oligonucleotides described herein can alter the expression of the corresponding sense messenger RNAs. However, this regulation can either be discordant (antisense knockdown results in messenger RNA elevation) or concordant (antisense knockdown results in concomitant messenger RNA reduction). In these cases, antisense oligonucleotides can be targeted to overlapping or non-overlapping parts of the antisense transcript resulting in its knockdown or sequestration. Coding as well as non-coding antisense can be targeted in an identical manner and that either category is capable of regulating the corresponding sense transcripts—either in a concordant or disconcordant manner. The strategies that are employed in identifying new oligonucleotides for use against a target can be based on the knockdown of antisense RNA transcripts by antisense oligonucleotides or any other means of modulating the desired target.
+Strategy 1: In the case of discordant regulation, knocking down the antisense transcript elevates the expression of the conventional (sense) gene. Should that latter gene encode for a known or putative drug target, then knockdown of its antisense counterpart could conceivably mimic the action of a receptor agonist or an enzyme stimulant.
+Strategy 2: In the case of concordant regulation, one could concomitantly knock down both antisense and sense transcripts and thereby achieve synergistic reduction of the conventional (sense) gene expression. If, for example, an antisense oligonucleotide is used to achieve knockdown, then this strategy can be used to apply one antisense oligonucleotide targeted to the sense transcript and another antisense oligonucleotide to the corresponding antisense transcript, or a single energetically symmetric antisense oligonucleotide that simultaneously targets overlapping sense and antisense transcripts.
+According to the present invention, antisense compounds include antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes, external guide sequence (EGS) oligonucleotides, siRNA compounds, single- or double-stranded RNA interference (RNAi) compounds such as siRNA compounds, and other oligomeric compounds which hybridize to at least a portion of the target nucleic acid and modulate its function. As such, they may be DNA, RNA, DNA-like, RNA-like, or mixtures thereof, or may be mimetics of one or more of these. These compounds may be single-stranded, doublestranded, circular or hairpin oligomeric compounds and may contain structural elements such as internal or terminal bulges, mismatches or loops. Antisense compounds are routinely prepared linearly but can be joined or otherwise prepared to be circular and/or branched. Antisense compounds can include constructs such as, for example, two strands hybridized to form a wholly or partially double-stranded compound or a single strand with sufficient self-complementarity to allow for hybridization and formation of a fully or partially double-stranded compound. The two strands can be linked internally leaving free 3′ or 5′ termini or can be linked to form a continuous hairpin structure or loop. The hairpin structure may contain an overhang on either the 5′ or 3′ terminus producing an extension of single stranded character. The double stranded compounds optionally can include overhangs on the ends. Further modifications can include conjugate groups attached to one of the termini, selected nucleotide positions, sugar positions or to one of the internucleoside linkages. Alternatively, the two strands can be linked via a non-nucleic acid moiety or linker group. When formed from only one strand, dsRNA can take the form of a self-complementary hairpin-type molecule that doubles back on itself to form a duplex. Thus, the dsRNAs can be fully or partially double stranded. Specific modulation of gene expression can be achieved by stable expression of dsRNA hairpins in transgenic cell lines, however, in some embodiments, the gene expression or function is up regulated. When formed from two strands, or a single strand that takes the form of a self-complementary hairpin-type molecule doubled back on itself to form a duplex, the two strands (or duplex-forming regions of a single strand) are complementary RNA strands that base pair in Watson-Crick fashion.
+Once introduced to a system, the compounds of the invention may elicit the action of one or more enzymes or structural proteins to effect cleavage or other modification of the target nucleic acid or may work via occupancy-based mechanisms. In general, nucleic acids (including oligonucleotides) may be described as “DNA-like” (i.e., generally having one or more 2′-deoxy sugars and, generally, T rather than U bases) or “RNA-like” (i.e., generally having one or more 2′-hydroxyl or 2′-modified sugars and, generally U rather than T bases). Nucleic acid helices can adopt more than one type of structure, most commonly the A- and B-forms. It is believed that, in general, oligonucleotides which have B-form-like structure are “DNA-like” and those which have A-formlike structure are “RNA-like.” In some (chimeric) Embodiments, an antisense compound may contain both A- and B-form regions.
+In another preferred embodiment the desired oligonucleotides or antisense compounds, comprise at least one of: antisense RNA, antisense DNA, chimeric antisense oligonucleotides, antisense oligonucleotides comprising modified linkages, interference RNA (RNAi), short interfering RNA (siRNA); a micro, interfering RNA (mRNA); a small, temporal RNA (siRNA); or a short, hairpin RNA (shRNA); small RNA-induced gene activation (RNAa); small activating RNAs (saRNAs), or combinations thereof.
+dsRNA can also activate gene expression, a mechanism that has been termed “small RNA-induced gene activation” or RNAa. dsRNAs targeting gene promoters induce potent transcriptional activation of associated genes. RNAa was demonstrated in human cells using synthetic dsRNAs, termed “small activating RNAs” (saRNAs). It is currently not known whether RNAa is conserved in other organisms.
+Small double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), such as small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA), have been found to be the trigger of an evolutionary conserved mechanism known as RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi invariably leads to gene silencing via remodeling chromatin to thereby suppress transcription, degrading complementary mRNA, or blocking protein translation. However, in instances described in detail in the examples section which follows, oligonucleotides are shown to increase the expression and/or function of the Dystrophin family polynucleotides and encoded products thereof. dsRNAs may also act as small activating RNAs (saRNA). Without wishing to be bound by theory, by targeting sequences its gene promoters, saRNAs would induce target gene expression in a phenomenon referred to as dsRNA-induced transcriptional activation (RNAa).
+In a further embodiment, the “preferred target segments” identified herein may be employed in a screen for additional compounds that modulate the expression of Dystrophin family polynucleotides. “Modulators” are those compounds that decrease or increase the expression of a nucleic acid molecule encoding Dystrophin family and which comprise at least a 5-nucleotide portion that is complementary to a preferred target segment. The screening method comprises the steps of contacting a preferred target segment of a nucleic acid molecule encoding sense or natural antisense polynucleotides of Dystrophin family with one or more candidate modulators, and selecting for one or more candidate modulators which decrease or increase the expression of a nucleic acid molecule encoding Dystrophin family polynucleotides, e.g., SEQ ID NOS: 8 to 22. Once it is shown that the candidate modulator or modulators are capable of modulating (e.g. either decreasing or increasing) the expression of a nucleic acid molecule encoding Dystrophin family polynucleotides, the modulator may then be employed in further investigative studies of the function of Dystrophin family polynucleotides, or for use as a research, diagnostic, or therapeutic agent in accordance with the present invention.
+Targeting the natural antisense sequence preferably modulates the function of the target gene. For example, the DMD family gene (e.g. accession number NM_004006 and NM_007124, FIG. 2). In a preferred embodiment, the target is an antisense polynucleotide of the DMD family gene. In a preferred embodiment, an antisense oligonucleotide targets sense and/or natural antisense sequences of Dystrophin family polynucleotides (e.g. accession number NM_004006 and NM_007124, FIG. 2), variants, alleles, isoforms, homologs, mutants, derivatives, fragments and complementary sequences thereto. Preferably the oligonucleotide is an antisense molecule and the targets include coding and noncoding regions of antisense and/or sense DMD family polynucleotides.
+The preferred target segments of the present invention may be also be combined with their respective complementary antisense compounds of the present invention to form stabilized double-stranded (duplexed) oligonucleotides.
+Such double stranded oligonucleotide moieties have been shown in the art to modulate target expression and regulate translation as well as RNA processing via an antisense mechanism. Moreover, the double-stranded moieties may be subject to chemical modifications (Fire et al., (1998) Nature, 391, 806-811; Timmons and Fire, (1998) Nature, 395, 854; Timmons et al., (2001) Gene. 263, 103-112; Tabara et al., (1998) Science, 282, 430-431; Montgomery et al., (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 15502-15507; Tuschi et al., (1999) Genes Dev., 13,3191-3197; Elbashir et al., (2001) Nature, 411, 494-498; Elbashir et al., (2001) Genes Dev. 15, 188-200). For example, such double-stranded moieties have been shown to inhibit the target by the classical hybridization of antisense strand of the duplex to the target, thereby triggering enzymatic degradation of the target (Tijsterman et al., (2002) Science, 295, 694-697).
+In a preferred embodiment, an antisense oligonucleotide targets Dystrophin family polynucleotides (e.g. accession number NM_004006 and NM_007124), variants, alleles, isoforms, homologs, mutants, derivatives, fragments and complementary sequences thereto. Preferably the oligonucleotide is an antisense molecule.
+In accordance with embodiments of the invention, the target nucleic acid molecule is not limited to Dystrophin family alone but extends to any of the isoforms, receptors, homologs and the like of Dystrophin family Molecules.
+In another preferred embodiment, an oligonucleotide targets a natural antisense sequence of DMD family polynucleotides, for example, polynucleotides set forth as SEQ ID NO: 3 to 7, and any variants, alleles, homologs, mutants, derivatives, fragments and complementary sequences thereto. Examples of antisense oligonucleotides are set forth as SEQ ID NOS: 8 to 22.
+In one embodiment, the oligonucleotides are complementary to or bind to nucleic acid sequences of Dystrophin family antisense, including without limitation noncoding sense and/or antisense sequences associated with Dystrophin family polynucleotides and modulate expression and/or function of Dystrophin family molecules.
+In another preferred embodiment, the oligonucleotides are complementary to or bind to nucleic acid sequences of DMD family natural antisense, set forth as SEQ ID NO: 3 to 7 and modulate expression and/or function of DMD family molecules.
+In a preferred embodiment, oligonucleotides comprise sequences of at least 5 consecutive nucleotides of SEQ ID NOS: 8 to 22 and modulate expression and/or function of Dystrophin family molecules.
+The polynucleotide targets comprise DMD family, including family members thereof, variants of DMD family; mutants of DMD family, including SNPs; noncoding sequences of DMD family: alleles of DMD family; species variants, fragments and the like. Preferably the oligonucleotide is an antisense molecule.
+In another preferred embodiment, the oligonucleotide targeting Dystrophin family polynucleotides, comprise: antisense RNA, interference RNA (RNAi), short interfering RNA (siRNA); micro interfering RNA (miRNA); a small, temporal RNA (siRNA); or a short, hairpin RNA (shRNA); small RNA-induced gene activation (RNAs); or, small activating RNA (saRNA).
+In another preferred embodiment, targeting of Dystrophin family polynucleotides, e.g. SEQ ID NO: 3 to 7, modulates the expression or function of these targets. In one embodiment, expression or function is up-regulated as compared to a control. In another preferred embodiment, expression or function is down-regulated as compared to a control.
+In another preferred embodiment, antisense compounds comprise sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOS: 8 to 22. These oligonucleotides can comprise one or more modified nucleotides, shorter or longer fragments, modified bonds and the like.
+In another preferred embodiment, SEQ ID NOS: 8 to 22 comprise one or more LNA nucleotides.
+The modulation of a desired target nucleic acid can be carried out in several ways known in the art. For example, antisense oligonucleotides, siRNA etc. Enzymatic nucleic acid molecules (e.g., ribozymes) are nucleic acid molecules capable of catalyzing one or more of a variety of reactions, including the ability to repeatedly cleave other separate nucleic acid molecules in a nucleotide base sequence-specific manner. Such enzymatic nucleic acid molecules can be used, for example, to target virtually any RNA transcript (Zang et al., 324, Nature 429 1986; Cech, 260 JAMA 3030, 1988; and Jefferies et al., 17 Nucleic Acids Research 1371, 1989).
+Because of their sequence-specificity, trans-cleaving enzymatic nucleic acid molecules show promise as therapeutic agents for human disease (Usman & McSwiggen. (1995) Ann. Rep. Med. Chem. 30, 285-294; Christoffersen and Marr, (1995) J. Med Chem. 38, 2023-2037). Enzymatic nucleic acid molecules can be designed to cleave specific RNA targets within the background of cellular RNA. Such a cleavage event renders the mRNA non-functional and abrogates protein expression from that RNA. In this manner, synthesis of a protein associated with a disease state can be selectively inhibited.
+In general, enzymatic nucleic acids with RNA cleaving activity act by first binding to a target RNA. Such binding occurs through the target binding portion of a enzymatic nucleic acid which is held in close proximity to an enzymatic portion of the molecule that acts to cleave the target RNA. Thus, the enzymatic nucleic acid first recognizes and then binds a target RNA through complementary base pairing, and once bound to the correct site, acts enzymatically to cut the target RNA. Strategic cleavage of such a target RNA will destroy its ability to direct synthesis of an encoded protein. After an enzymatic nucleic acid has bound and cleaved its RNA target, it is released from that RNA to search for another target and can repeatedly bind and cleave new targets.
+Several approaches such as in vitro selection (evolution) strategies (Orgel, (1979) Proc. R. Soc. London, B 205, 435) have been used to evolve new nucleic acid catalysts capable of catalyzing a variety of reactions, such as cleavage and ligation of phosphodiester linkages and amide linkages, (Joyce, (1989) Gene, 82, 83-87; Beaudry et al., (1992) Science 257, 635-641; Joyce, (1992) Scientific American 2671, 90-97; Breaker et al., (1994) TIBTECH 12, 268; Bartel et al., (1993) Science 261:1411-1418; Szostak, (1993) TIBS 17, 89-93; Kumar et al., (1995) FASEB J., 9, 1183; Breaker, (1996) Curr. Op. Biotech., 7, 442).
+The development of ribozymes that are optional for catalytic activity would contribute significantly to any strategy that employs RNA-cleaving ribozymes for the purpose of regulating gene expression. The hammerhead ribozyme, for example, functions with a catalytic rate (kcat) of about 1 min-1 in the presence of saturating (10 mM) concentrations of Mg2+ cofactor. An artificial “RNA ligase” ribozyme has been shown to catalyze the corresponding self-modification reaction with a rate of about 100 min-1. In addition, it is known that certain modified hammerhead ribozymes that have substrate binding arms made of DNA catalyze RNA cleavage with multiple turn-over rates that approach 100 mm-1. Finally, replacement of a specific residue within the catalytic core of the hammerhead with certain nucleotide analogues gives modified ribozymes to show as much as a 10-fold improvement in catalytic rate. These findings demonstrate that ribozymes can promote chemical transformations with catalytic rates that are significantly greater than those displayed in vitro by most natural self-cleaving ribozymes. It is then possible that the structures of certain selfcleaving ribozymes may be optimized to give maximal catalytic activity, or that entirely new RNA motifs can be made that display significantly faster rates for RNA phosphodiester cleavage.
+Intermolecular cleavage of an RNA substrate by an RNA catalyst that fits the “hammerhead” model was first shown in 1987 (Uhlenbeck, O. C. (1987) Nature, 328: 596-600). The RNA catalyst was recovered and reacted with multiple RNA molecules, demonstrating that it was truly catalytic.
+Catalytic RNAs designed based on the “hammerhead” motif have been used to cleave specific target sequences by making appropriate base changes in the catalytic RNA to maintain necessary base pairing with the target sequences (Haseloff and Gerlach, (1988) Nature, 334, 585; Walbot and Bruening, (1988) Nature, 334, 196; Uhlenbeck, O. C. (1987) Nature, 328: 596-600; Koizumi, M., et al, (1988) FEBS Lett., 228: 228-230). This has allowed use of the catalytic RNA to cleave specific target sequences and indicates that catalytic RNAs designed according to the “hammerhead” model may possibly cleave specific substrate RNAs in vivo, (see Haseloff and Gerlach, (1988) Nature, 334, 585; Walbot and Bruening, (1988) Nature, 334, 196; Uhlenbeck, O. C. (1987) Nature, 328:596-600).
+RNA interference (RNAi) has become a powerful tool for modulating gene expression in mammals and mammalian cells. This approach requires the delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) either as RNA itself or as DNA, using an expression plasmid or virus and the coding sequence for small hairpin RNAs that are processed to siRNAs. This system enables efficient transport of the pre-siRNAs to the cytoplasm where they are active and permit the use of regulated and tissue specific promoters for gene expression.
+In a preferred embodiment, an oligonucleotide or antisense compound comprises an oligomer or polymer of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and/or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), or a mimetic, chimera, analog homolog thereof. This term includes oligonucleotides composed of naturally occurring nucleotides, sugars and covalent internucleoside (backbone) linkages as well as oligonucleotides having non-naturally occurring portions which function similarly. Such modified or substituted oligonucleotides are often desired over native forms because of desirable properties such as, for example, enhanced cellular uptake, enhanced affinity for a target nucleic acid and increased stability in the presence of nucleases.
+According to the present invention, the oligonucleotides or “antisense compounds” include antisense oligonucleotides (e.g. RNA, DNA, mimetic, chimera, analog or homolog thereof), ribozymes, external guide sequence (EGS) oligonucleotides, siRNA compounds, single- or double-stranded RNA interference (RNAi) compounds such as siRNA compounds, saRNA, aRNA, and other oligomeric compounds which hybridize to at least a portion of the target nucleic acid and modulate its function. As such, they may be DNA, RNA, DNA-like, RNA-like, or mixtures thereof, or may be mimetics of one or more of these. These compounds may be single-stranded, double-stranded, circular or hairpin oligomeric compounds and may contain structural elements such as internal or terminal bulges, mismatches or loops. Antisense compounds are routinely prepared linearly but can be joined or otherwise prepared to be circular and/or branched. Antisense compounds can include constructs such as, for example, two strands hybridized to form a wholly or partially double-stranded compound or a single strand with sufficient self-complementarity to allow for hybridization and formation of a fully or partially double-stranded compound. The two strands can be linked internally leaving free 3′ or 5′ termini or can be linked to form a continuous hairpin structure or loop. The hairpin structure may contain an overhang on either the 5′ or 3′ terminus producing an extension of single stranded character. The double stranded compounds optionally can include overhangs on the ends. Further modifications can include conjugate groups attached to one of the termini, selected nucleotide positions, sugar positions or to one of the internucleoside linkages. Alternatively, the two strands can be linked via a non-nucleic acid moiety or linker group. When formed from only one Strand, dsRNA can take the form of a self-complementary hairpin-type molecule that doubles back on itself to form a duplex. Thus, the dsRNAs can be fully or partially double stranded. Specific modulation of gene expression can be achieved by stable expression of dsRNA hairpins in transgenic cell lines (Hammond et al, (1991) Nat. Rev. Genet., 2, 110-119; Matzke et al., (2001) Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 11, 221-227; Sharp, (2001) Genes Dev., 15, 485-490). When formed from two strands, or a single strand that takes the form of a self-complementary hairpin-type molecule doubled back on itself to form a duplex, the two strands (or duplex-forming regions of a single strand) are complementary RNA strands that base pair in Watson-Crick fashion.
+Once introduced to a system, the compounds of the invention may elicit the action of one or more enzymes or structural proteins to effect cleavage or other modification of the target nucleic acid or may work via occupancy-based mechanisms. In general, nucleic acids (including oligonucleotides) may be described as “DNA-like” (i.e., generally having one or more 2′-deoxy sugars and, generally, T rather than U bases) or “RNA-like” (i.e., generally having one or more 2′-hydroxyl or 2′-modified sugars and, generally U rather than T bases). Nucleic acid helices can adopt more than one type of structure, most commonly the A- and B-forms. It is believed that, in general, oligonucleotides which have B-form-like structure are “DNA-like” and those which have A-formlike structure are “RNA-like.” In some (chimeric) embodiments, an antisense compound may contain both A- and B-form regions.
+The antisense compounds in accordance with this invention can comprise an antisense portion from about 5 to about 80 nucleotides (i.e. from about 5 to about 80 linked nucleosides) in length. This refers to the length of the antisense strand or portion of the antisense compound. In other words, a single-stranded antisense compound of the invention comprises from 5 to about 80 nucleotides, and a double-stranded antisense compound of the invention (such as a dsRNA, for example) comprises a sense and an antisense strand or portion of 5 to about 80 nucleotides in length. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this comprehends antisense portions of 5, 6, 7,8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 32, 34, 35, 36, 27, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, or 80 nucleotides in length, or any range therewithin.
+In one embodiment, the antisense compounds of the invention have antisense portions of 10 to 50 nucleotides in length. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies oligonucleotides having antisense portions of 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 or 50 nucleotides, in length, or any range therewithin. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotides are 15 nucleotides to length.
+In one embodiment, the antisense or oligonucleotide compounds of the invention have antisense portions of 12 or 13 to 30 nucleotides in length. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies antisense compounds having antisense portions of 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 or 30 nucleotides in length, or any range therewithin.
+In another preferred embodiment, the oligomeric compounds of the present invention also include variants in which a different base is present at one or more of the nucleotide positions in the compound. For example, if the first nucleotide is an adenosine, variants may be produced which contain thymidine, guanosine or cytidine at this position. This may be done at any of the positions of the antisense or dsRNA compounds. These compounds are then tested using the methods described herein to determine their ability to inhibit expression of a target nucleic acid.
+In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, between the antisense compound and target is from about 40% to about 60%. In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, is from about 60% to about 70%. In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, is from about 70% to about 80%. In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, is from about 80% to about 90%. In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, is about 90%, about 92%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99% or about 100%.
+In another preferred embodiment, the antisense oligonucleotides, such as for example, nucleic acid molecules set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 3 to 22 comprise one or more substitutions or modifications. In one embodiment, the nucleotides are substituted with locked nucleic acids (LNA).
+In another preferred embodiment, the oligonucleotides target one or more regions of the nucleic acid molecules sense and/or antisense of coding and/or non-coding sequences associated with DMD family and the sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOS: 1, 2 and 3 to 7. The oligonucleotides are also targeted to overlapping regions of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 2 and 3 to 7.
+Certain preferred oligonucleotides of this invention are chimeric oligonucleotides. “Chimeric Oligonucleotides” or “chimeras,” in the context of this invention, are oligonucleotides which contain two or more chemically distinct regions, each made up of at least one nucleotide. These oligonucleotides typically contain at least one region of modified nucleotides that confers one or more beneficial properties (such as, for example, increased nuclease resistance, increased uptake into cells, increased binding affinity for the target) and a region that is a substrate for enzymes capable of cleaving RNA:DNA or RNA:RNA hybrids. By way of example, RNase H is a cellular endonuclease which cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA duplex. Activation of RNase H, therefore, results in cleavage of the RNA target, thereby greatly enhancing the efficiency of antisense modulation of gene expression. Consequently, comparable results can often be obtained with shorter oligonucleotides when chimeric oligonucleotides are used, compared to phosphorothioate deoxyoligonucleotides hybridizing to the same target region. Cleavage of the RNA target can be routinely detected by gel electrophoresis and, if necessary, associated nucleic acid hybridization techniques known in the art. In one preferred embodiment, a chimeric oligonucleotide comprises at least one region modified to increase target binding affinity, and, usually, a region that acts as a substrate for RNAse H. Affinity of an oligonucleotide for its target (in this case, a nucleic acid encoding ras) is routinely determined by measuring the Tm of an oligonucleotide/target pair, which is the temperature at which the oligonucleotide and target dissociate; dissociation is detected spectrophotometrically. The higher the Tm, the greater is the affinity of the oligonucleotide for the target.
+Chimeric antisense compounds of the invention may be formed as composite structures of two or more oligonucleotides, modified oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides and/or oligonucleotides mimetics as described above. Such; compounds have also been referred to in the art as hybrids or gapmers. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such hybrid structures comprise, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,013,830; 5,149,797; 5, 220,007; 5,256,775; 5,366,878; 5,403,711; 5,491,133; 5,565,350; 5,623,065; 5,652,355; 5,652,356; and 5,700,922, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.
+In another preferred embodiment, the region of the oligonucleotide which is modified comprises at least one nucleotide modified at the 2′ position of the sugar, most preferably a 2′-O-alkyl, 2′-O-alkyl-O-alkyl or 2′-fluoro-modified nucleotide. In other preferred embodiments, RNA modifications include 2′-fluoro, 2′-amino and 2′-O-methyl modifications on the ribose of pyrimidines, abasic residues or an inverted base at the 3′ end of the RNA. Such modifications are routinely incorporated into oligonucleotides and these oligonucleotides have been shown to have a higher Tm (i.e., higher target binding affinity) than; 3′-deoxyoligonucleotides against a given target. The effect of such increased affinity is to greatly enhance RNAi oligonucleotide inhibition of gene expression. RNAse H is a cellular endonuclease that cleaves the RNA strand of RNA:DNA duplexes; activation of this enzyme therefore results in cleavage of the RNA target, and thus can greatly enhance the efficiency of RNAi inhibition. Cleavage of the RNA target can be routinely demonstrated by gel electrophoresis. In another preferred embodiment, the chimeric oligonucleotide is also modified to enhance nuclease resistance. Cells contain a variety of exo- and endo-nucleases which can degrade nucleic acids. A number of nucleotide and nucleoside modifications have been shown to make the oligonucleotide into which they are incorporated more resistant to nuclease digestion than the native oligodeoxynucleotide. Nuclease resistance is routinely measured by incubating oligonucleotides with cellular extracts or isolated nuclease solutions and measuring the extent of intact oligonucleotide remaining over time, usually by gel electrophoresis. Oligonucleotides which have been modified to enhance their nuclease resistance survive intact for a longer time than unmodified oligonucleotides. A variety of oligonucleotide modifications have been demonstrated to enhance or confer nuclease resistance. Oligonucleotides which contain at least one phosphorothioate modification are presently more preferred. In some cases, oligonucleotide modifications which enhance target binding affinity are also, independently, able to enhance nuclease resistance. Some desirable modifications can be found in De Mesmaeker et al. (1995) Acc. Chem. Res., 28:366-374.
+Specific examples of some preferred oligonucleotides envisioned for this invention include those comprising modified backbones, for example, phosphorothioates, phosphotriesters, methyl phosphonates, short chain alkyl or cycloalkyl intersugar linkages or short chain heteroatomic or heterocyclic intersugar linkages. Most preferred are oligonucleotides with phosphorothioate backbones and those with heteroatom backbones, particularly CH2—NH—O—CH2, CH,—N(CH3)—O—CH2 [known as a methylene(methylimino) or MMI backbone]. CH2—O—N (CH3)—CH2, CH2—N (CH3)—N (CH3)—CH2 and O—N (CH3)—CH2 —CH2 backbones, wherein the native phosphodiester backbone is represented as O—P—O—CH,). The amide backbones disclosed by De Mesmaeker et al. (1995) Acc. Chem. Res. 28:366-374 are also preferred. Also preferred are oligonucleotides having morpholino backbone structures (Summerton and Weller, U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,506). In other preferred embodiments, such as the peptide nucleic acid (PNA) backbone, the phosphodiester backbone of the oligonucleotide is replaced with a polyamide backbone, the nucleotides being bound directly or indirectly to the aza nitrogen atoms of the polyamide backbone (Nielsen et al. (1991) Science 254, 1497). Oligonucleotides may also comprise one or more substituted sugar moieties. Preferred oligonucleotides comprise one of the following at the 2′ position: OH, SH, SCH3, F, OCN, OCH3 OCH3, OCH3 O(CH2)n CH3, O(CH2)n NH2 or O(CH2)n CH3 where n is from 1 to about 10; C1 to C10 lower alkyl, alkoxyalkoxy. substituted lower alkyl, alkaryl or aralkyl; Cl; Br; CN; CF3; OCF3; O-, S-, or N-alkyl; O-, S-, or N-alkenyl; SOCH3; SO2 CH3; ONO2; NO2; N3; NH2; heterocycloalkyl; heterocycloalkaryl; aminoalkylamino; polyalkylamino; substituted silyl, an RNA cleaving group; a reporter group, an intercalator; a group for improving the pharmacokinetic properties of am oligonucleotide; or a group for improving the pharmacodynamic properties of an oligonucleotide and other substituents having similar properties. A preferred modification includes 2′-methoxyethoxy [2′—O—CH2 CH2OCH3, also known as 2′—O—(2methoxyethyl)] (Martin et al., (1995) Heiv. Chim. Acta, 78, 486). Other preferred modifications include 2′-methoxy (2′—O—CH3), 2′-propoxy (2′-OCH2 CH2CH3) and 2′-fluoro (2′-F). Similar modifications may also be made at other positions on the oligonucleotide, particularly the 3′ position of the sugar on the 3′ terminal nucleotide and the 5′ position of 5′ terminal nucleotide. Oligonucleotides may also have sugar mimetics such as cyclobutyls in place of the pentofluranosyl group.
+Oligonucleotides may also include, additionally or alternatively, nucleobase (often referred to in the art simply as “base”) modifications or substitutions. As used herein, “unmodified” or “natural” nucleotides include adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U). Modified nucleotides include nucleotides found only infrequently or transiently in natural nucleic acids, e.g., hypozanthine, 6-methyladenine, 5-Me pyrimidines, particularly 5-methylcytosine (also referred to as 5-methyl-2′ deoxycytosine and often referred to in the art as 5-Me-C). 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (HMC), glycosyl HMC and gentobiosyl HMC, as well as synthetic nucleotides, e.g., 2-aminoadenine, 2-(methylamino)adenine, 2-(imidazolylalkyl)adenine, 2-(aminoalkylamino)adenine or other heterosubstituted alkyladenines, 2-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine, 5-bromouracil, 5-hydroxymethyluracil, 8-azaguanine, 7-deazagnanine, N6 (6-aminohexyl)adenine and 2,6-diaminopurine. (Kornberg, A., DNA Replication, W. H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, 1980, pp75-77; Gebeychu, G., (1987) et al. Nucl. Acids Res. 15:4513). A “universal” base known in the art, e.g., inosine, may be included. 5-Me-C substitutions have been shown to increase nucleic acid duplex stability by 0.6-1.2° C. (Sanghvi, Y. S., in Crooke, S. T. and Lebleu, B., eds., Antisense Research and Applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1993, pp. 276-278) and are presently preferred base substitutions.
+Another modification of the oligonucleotides of the invention involves chemically linking to the oligonucleotide one or more moieties or conjugates which enhance the activity or cellular uptake of the oligonucleotide. Such moieties include but are not limited to lipid moieties such as a cholesterol moiety, a cholesteryl moiety (Letsinger et al., (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 6553), cholic acid (Manoharan et al. (1994) Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let. 4, 1053), a thioether, e.g., hexyl-S-tritylthiol (Manoharan et al. (1992) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 660, 306; Manoharan et al. (1993) Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let. 3, 2765), a thiocholesterol (Oberhauser et al., (1992) Nucl. Acids Res. 20, 533), an aliphatic chain, e.g., dodecandiol or undecyl residues (Saison-Behmoaras et al. EMBO J. 1991, 10, 111; Kabanov et al. (1990) FEBS Lett. 259, 327; Svinarchuk et al. (1993) Biochimie 75, 49), a phospholipid, e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac-glycerol or triethylammonium 1,2-di-O-hexadecyl- rac-glycero-3-H-phosphonate (Manoharan et al. (1995) Tetrahedron Lett. 36, 3651; Shea et al. (1990) Nucl. Acids Res. 18, 3777), a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain (Manoharan et al. (1995) Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 14, 969), or adamantane acetic acid (Manoharan et al. (1995) Tetrahedron Lett.36, 3651). Oligonucleotides comprising lipophilic moieties, and methods for preparing such oligonucleotides are known in the art, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,138,045, 5,218,105 and 5,459,255.
+It is not necessary for all positions in a gives oligonucleotide to be uniformly modified, and in fact more than one of the aforementioned modifications may be incorporated in a single oligonucleotide or even at within a single nucleoside within an oligonucleotide. The present invention also includes oligonucleotides which are chimeric oligonucleotides as hereinbefore defined.
+In another embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention is conjugated with another moiety including but not limited to abasic nucleotides, polyether, polyamine, polyamides, peptides, carbohydrates, lipid, or polyhydrocarbon compounds. Those skilled in the art will recognize that these molecules can be linked to one or more of any nucleotides comprising the nucleic acid molecule at several positions on the sugar, base or phosphate group.
+The oligonucleotides used to accordance with this invention may be conveniently and routinely made through the well-known technique of solid phase synthesis. Equipment for such synthesis is sold by several vendors including Applied Biosystems. Any other means for such synthesis may also be employed; the actual synthesis of the oligonucleotides is well within the talents of one of ordinary skill in the art. It is also well known to use similar techniques to prepare other oligonucleotides such as the phosphorothioates and alkylated derivatives. It is also well known to use similar techniques and commercially available modified amidities and controlled-pore glass (CPG) products such as biotin, fluorescein, acridine or psoralen-modified amidites and/or CPG (available from Glen Research, Sterling, Va.) to sythesize fluorescently labeled, biotinylated or other modified oligonucleotides such as cholesterol-modified Oligonucleotides.
+In accordance with the invention, use of modifications such as the use of LNA monomers to enhance the potency, specificity and duration of action and broaden the routes of administration of oligonucleotides comprised of current chemistries such as MOE, ANA, FANA, PS etc (Uhlman, et al. (2000) Current Opinions in Drug Discovery & Development Vol. 3 No 2). This can be achieved by substituting some of the monomers in the current oligonucleotides by LNA monomers. The LNA modified oligonucleotide may have a size similar to the parent compound or may be larger or preferably smaller. It is preferred that such LNA-modified oligonucleotides contain less than about 70%, more preferably less than about 60%, most preferably less than about 50% LNA monomers and that their sizes are between about 5 and 25 nucleotides, more preferably between about 12 and 20 nucleotides.
+Preferred modified oligonucleotide backbones comprise, but not limited to, phosphorothioates, chiral phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, phosphotriesters, aminoalkylphosphotriesters, methyl and other alkyl phosphonates comprising 3′alkylene phosphonates and chiral phosphonates, phosphinates, phosphoramidates comprising 3′-amino phosphoramidate and aminoalkylphosphoramidates, thionophosphoramidates, thionoalkylphosphonates, thionoalkylphosphotriesters, and boranophosphates having normal 3′-5′ linkages, 2′-5′ linked analogs of these, and those having inverted polarity wherein the adjacent pairs of nucleoside units are linked 3′-5′ to 5′-3′ or 2′-5′ to 5′-2′. Various salts, mixed salts and free acid forms are also included.
+Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of the above phosphorus containing linkages comprise, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,687,808; 4,469,863; 4,476,301; 5,023,243; 5,177,196; 5,188,897; 5,264,423; 5,276,019; 5,278,302; 5,286,717; 5,321,131; 5,399,676; 5,405,939; 5,453,496; 5,455,233; 5,466,677; 5,476,925; 5,519,126; 5,536,821; 5,541,306; 5,550,111; 5,563,253; 5,571,799, 5,587,361; and 5,625,950, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.
+Preferred modified oligonucleotide backbones that do not include a phosphorus atom therein have backbones that are formed by short chain alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, mixed heteroatom and alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, or one or more short chain heteroatomic or heterocyclic internucleoside linkages. These comprise those having morpholino linkages (formed in part from the sugar portion of a nucleoside); siloxane backbones; sulfide, sulfoxide and sulfone backbones; formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; methylene formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; alkene containing backbones; sulfamate backbones; methyleneimino and methylenehydrazino backbones; sulfonate and sulfonamide backbones; amide backbones; and others having mixed N, O, S and CH2 component parts.
+Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of the above oligonucleosides comprise, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,034,506; 5,166,315; 5,185,444; 5,214,134; 5,216,141; 5,235,033; 5,264,562; 5, 264,564; 5,405,938; 5,434,257; 5,466,677; 5,470,967; 5,489,677; 5,541,307; 5,561,225; 5,596,086; 5,602,240; 5,610,289; 5,602,240; 5,608,046; 5,610,289; 5,618,704; 5,623,070; 5,663,312; 5,633,360; 5,677,437; sad 5,677,439, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.
+In other preferred oligonucleotide mimetics, both the sugar and the internucleoside linkage, i.e., the backbone, of the nucleotide units are replaced with novel groups. The base units are maintained for hybridization with an appropriate nucleic acid target compound. One such oligomeric compound, an oligonucleotide mimetic that has been shown to have excellent hybridization properties, is referred to as a peptide nucleic acid (PNA). In PNA compounds, the sugar-backbone of an oligonucleotide is replaced with an amide containing backbone, in particular an aminoethylglycine backbone. The nucleobases are retained and are bound directly or indirectly to aza nitrogen atoms of the amide portion of the backbone. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of PNA compounds comprise, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,539,082; 5,714,331; and 5,719,262, each of which is herein incorporated by reference. Further teaching of PNA compounds can be found in Nielsen, et al. (1991) Science 254, 1497-1500.
+In another preferred embodiment of the invention the oligonucleotides with phosphorothioate backbones and oligonucleosides with heteroatom backbones, and in particular—CH2—NH—O—CH2—,—CH2—N (CH3)—O—CH2-known as a methylene (methylimino) or MMI backbone,—CH2—O—N (CH3)—CH2—,—CH2N(CH3)—N(CH3) CH2—and—O—N(CH3)—CH2—CH2— wherein the native phosphodiester backbone is represented as—O—P—O—CH2— of the above referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,489,677, and the amide backbones of the above referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,240. Also preferred are oligonucleotides having morpholino backbone structures of the above-referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,506.
+Modified oligonucleotides may also contain one or more substituted sugar moieties. Preferred oligonucleotides comprise one of the following at the 2′ position: OH; F; O-, S-, or N-alkyl; O-, S-, or N-alkenyl; O-, S- or N-alkynyl; or O alkyl-O-alkyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl may be substituted or unsubstituted C to CO alkyl or C2 to CO alkenyl and alkynyl. Particularly preferred are O (CH2)n OmCH3, O(CH2)n,OCH3, O(CH2)nNH2, O(CH2)nCH3, O(CH2)nONH2, and O(CH2nON(CH2)nCH3)2 where n and m can be from 1 to about 10. Other preferred oligonucleotides comprise one of the following at the 2′ position: C to CO, (lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, alkaryl, aralkyl O-alkaryl or O-aralkyl, SH, SCH3, OCN, Cl, Br, CN, CF3, OCF3, SOCH3, SO2CH3, ONO2, NO2, N3, NH2, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkaryl, aminoalkylamino, polyalkylamino, substituted silyl, an RNA cleaving group, a reporter group, an intercalator, a group for improving the pharmacokinetic properties of an oligonucleotide, or a group tor improving the pharmacodynamic properties of an oligonucleotide, and other substituents having similar properties. A preferred modification comprises 2′-methoxyethoxy (2′—O—CH2CH2OCH3, also known as 2′—O—(2-methoxyethyl) or 2′-MOE) (Martin et al., (1995) Helv. Chim. Acta, 78, 486-504) i.e., an alkoxyalkoxy group. A further preferred modification comprises 2′-dimethylaminooxyethoxy, i,e., a O(CH2)2ON(CH3)2 group, also known as 2′-DMAOE, as described in examples herein below, and 2′-dimethylaminoethoxyethoxy (also known in the art as 2′-O-dimethhylaminoethoxyethyl or 2′-DMAEOE), i.e., 2′—O—CH2—O—CH2—N (CH2)2.
+Other preferred modifications comprise 2′-methoxy (2′—O CH3), 2′-aminopropoxy (2′—O CH2CH2CH2NH2) and 2′-fluoro (2—-F). Similar modifications may also be made at other positions on the oligonucleotide, particularly the 3′ position of the sugar on the 3′ terminal nucleotide or in 2′-5′ linked oligonucleotides and the 5′ position of 5′ terminal nucleotide. Oligonucleotides may also have sugar mimetics such as cyclobutyl moieties in place of the pentofuranosyl sugar. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such modified sugar structures comprise, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,981,957; 5,118,800; 5,319,080; 5,359,044; 5,393,878; 5,446,137; 5,466,786; 5,514, 785; 5,519,134; 5,567,811; 5,576,427; 5,591,722; 5,597,909; 5,610,300; 5,627,053; 5,639,873; 5,646,265; 5,658,873; 5,670,633; and 5,700,920, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.
+Oligonucleotides may also comprise nucleobase (often referred to in the art simply as “base”) modifications or substitutions. As used herein, “unmodified” or “natural” nucleotides comprise the purine bases adenine (A) and guanine (G), and the pyrimidine bases thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U). Modified nucleotides comprise other synthetic and natural nucleotides such as 5-methylcytosine (5-me-C), 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6-methyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-propyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine and 2-thiocytosine, 5-halouracil and cytosine, 5-propynyl uracil and cytosine, 6-azo uracil, cytosine and thymine, 5-uracil (pseudo-uracil), 4-thiouracil, 8-halo, 8-amino, 8-thiol, 8-thioalkyl, 8-hydroxyl and other 8-substituted adenines and guanines, 5-halo particularly 5-bromo, 5-trifluoromethyl and other 5-substituted uracils and cytosines, 7-methylquanine and 7-methyladenine, 8-azaguanine and 8-azaadenine, 7-deazaguanine and 7-deazaadenine and 3-deazaguanine and 3-deazaadenine.
+Further, nucleotides comprise those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,808, those disclosed in “The Concise Encyclopedia of Polymer Science And Engineering”, pages 858-859, Kroschwitz, J. L. ed. John Wiley & Sons, 1990, those disclosed by English et al., ‘Angewandle Chemic, International Edition’, 1991, 30, page 613, and those disclosed by Sanghvi, Y. S., Chapter 15. ‘Antisense Research and Applications’, pages 289-302, Crooke, S. T. and Lebleu, B. ca., CRC Press, 1993. Certain of these nucleotides are particularly useful for increasing the binding affinity of the oligomeric compounds of the invention. These comprise 5-substituted pyrimidines, 6-azapyrimidines and N-2, N-6 and 0-6 substituted purines, comprising 2-aminopropyladenine, 5-propynyhuracil and 5-propynylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine substitutions have been shown to increase nucleic acid duplex stability by 0.6-1.2° C. (Sanghvi, Y. S., Crooke S. T. and Lebleu, B., eds ‘Antisense Research and Applications’, CRC Press. Boca Raton, 1993, pp. 276-278) and are presently preferred base substitutions, even more particularly when combined with 2′-Omethyoxyethyl sugar modifications.
+Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of the above noted modified nucleotides as well as other modified nucleotides comprise, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,687,808, as well as 4,845,205; 5,130,302; 5,134,066; 5,175,273; 5,367,066; 5,432,272; 5,457,187; 5,459,255; 5,484,908; 5,502,177; 5,523,711; 5,552,540; 5,587,469; 5,596,091; 5,614,617; 5,750,692; and 5,681,941, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.
+Another modification of the oligonucleotides of the invention involves chemically linking to the oligonucleotide one or more moieties or conjugates, which enhance the activity, cellular distribution, or cellular uptake of the oligonucleotide.
+Such moieties comprise but are not limited to, lipid moieties such as a cholesterol moiety (Letsinger et al., (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86, 6553-6556), cholic acid (Manoharan et al. (1994) Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let., 4, 1053-1060), a thioether. e.g., hexyl-S-trithylthiol (Manoharan et al., (1992) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 660, 306-309; Manoharan et al., (1993) Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let., 3, 2765-2770), a thiocholesterol (Oberhauser et al., (1992) Nucl. Acids. Res., 20, 533-538), an aliphatic chain, e.g., dodecandiol or undecyl residues (Kabanov et al., (1990) FEBS Lett. 259, 327-330; Svinarchuk et al., (1993) Biochimie 75, 49-54), a phospholipid, e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac-glycerol or triethylammonium 1,2-di-O-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-H-phosphonate (Manoharan et al., (1995) Tetrahedron Lett., 36, 3651-3654; Shea et al., (1990) Nucl. Acids Res., 18, 3777-3785), a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain (Manoharan et al., (1995) Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 14, 969-973), or adamantane acetic acid (Manoharan et al., (1995) Tetrahedron Lett., 36,3651-3654), a palmityl moiety (Mishra et al., (1995) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1264, 229-237), or an octadecylamine or hexylamino-carbonyl-t oxycholesterol moiety (Crooke et al., (1996) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 277,923-937).
+Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such oligonucleotides conjugates comprise, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,828,979; 4,948,882; 5,218,105; 5,525,465; 5,541,313; 5,545,730; 5,552,538; 5,578,717, 5,580,731; 5,580,731; 5,591,584; 5,109,124; 5,118,802; 5,138,045; 5,414,077; 5,486,603; 5,512,439; 5,578,718; 5,608,046; 4,587,044; 4,605,735; 4,667,025; 4,762,779; 4,789,737; 4,824,941; 4,835,263; 4,876,335; 4,904,582; 4,958,013; 5,082,830; 5,112,963; 5,214,136; 5,082,830; 5,112,963; 5,214,136; 5,245,022; 5,254,469; 5,258,506; 5,262,536; 5,272,250; 5,292,873; 5,317,098; 5,371,241; 5,391,723; 5,416,203, 5,451,463; 5,510,475; 5,512,667; 5,514,785; 5,565,552; 5,567,810; 5,574,142; 5,585,481; 5,587,371; 5,595,726; 5,597,696; 5,599,923; 5,599,928 and 5.688,941, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.
+Drug discovery: The compounds of the present iavemion can also be applied in the areas of drug discovery and target validation. The present invention comprehends the use of the compounds and preferred target segments identified herein in drug discovery efforts to elucidate relationships that exist between Dystrophin family polynucleotides and a disease state, phenotype, or condition. These methods include detecting or modulating Dystrophin family polynucleotides comprising contacting a sample, tissue, cell, or organism with the compounds of the present invention, measuring the nucleic acid or protein level of Dystrophin family polynucleotides and/or a related phenotypic or chemical endpoint at some time after treatment, and optionally comparing the measured value to a non-treated sample or sample treated with a further compound of the invention. These methods can also be performed in parallel or in combination with other experiments to determine the function of unknown genes for the process of target validation or to determine the validity of a particular gene product as a target for treatment or prevention of a particular disease, condition, or phenotype.
+Assessing Up-Regulation or Inhibition of Gene Expression:
+Transfer of an exogenous nucleic acid into a host cell or organism can be assessed by directly detecting the presence of the nucleic acid in the cell or organism. Such detection can be achieved by several methods well known in the art. For example, the presence of the exogenous nucleic acid can be detected by Southern blot or by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique using primers that specifically amplify nucleotide sequences associated with the nucleic acid. Expression of the exogenous nucleic acids can also be measured using conventional methods including gene expression analysis. For instance, mRNA produced from an exogenous nucleic acid can be detected and quantified using a Northern blot and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR).
+Expression of RNA from the exogenous nucleic acid can also be detected by measuring an enzymatic activity or a reporter protein activity. For example, antisense modulatory activity can be measured indirectly as a decrease or increase in target nucleic acid expression as an indication that the exogenous nucleic acid is producing the effector RNA. Based on sequence conservation, primers can be designed and used to amplify coding regions of the target genes. Initially, the most highly expressed coding region from each gene can be used to build a model control gene, although any coding or non coding region can be used. Each control gene is assembled by inserting each coding region between a reporter coding region and its poly(A) signal. These plasmids would produce an mRNA with a reporter gene in the upstream portion of the gene and a potential RNAi target in the 3′ non-coding region. The effectiveness of individual antisense oligonucleotides would be assayed by modulation of the reporter gene. Reporter genes useful in the methods of the present invention include acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS), alkaline phosphatase (AP), beta galactosidase (LacZ), beta glucoronidase (GUS), chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), green fluorescent protein (GFP), red fluorescent protein (RFP), yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), cyan fluorescent protein (CFP), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), luciferase (Luc), nopaline synthase (NOS), octopine synthase (OCS), and derivatives thereof. Multiple selectable markers are available that confer resistance to ampicillin, bleomycin, chloramphenicol, gentamycin, hygromycin, kanamycin, lincomycin, methotrexate, phosphinothricin, puromycin, and tetracycline. Methods to determine modulation of a reporter gene are well known in the art, and include, but are not limited to, fluorometric methods (e.g. fluorescenes spectroscopy, Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS), fluorescence microscopy), antibiotic resistance determination.
+DMD family protein and mRNA expression can be assayed using methods known to those of skill in the art and described elsewhere herein. For example, immunoassays such as the ELISA can be used to measure protein levels. DMD family anybodies for ELISAs are available commercially, e.g., from Abnova, (Walnut, Calif.), Abeam, Cambridge, Mass.
+In embodiments, DMD family expression (e.g., mRNA or protein) in a sample (e.g., cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro) treated using an antisense oligonucleotide of the invention is evaluated by comparison with DMD family expression in a control sample. For example, expression of the protein or nucleic acid can be compared using methods known to those of skill in the art with that in a mock-treated or untreated sample. Alternatively, comparison with a sample treated with a control antisense oligonucleotide (e.g., one having an altered or different sequence) can be made depending on the information desired. In another embodiment, a difference in the expression of the DMD family protein or nucleic acid in a treated vs. an untreated sample can be compared with the difference in expression of a different nucleic acid (including any standard deemed appropriate by the researcher, e.g., a housekeeping gene) in a treated sample vs. an untreated sample.
+Observed differences can be expressed as desired, e.g., in the form of a ratio or fraction, for use in a comparison with control. In embodiments, the level of DMD family mRNA or protein, in a sample treated with an antisense oligonucleotide of the present invention, is increased or decreased by about 1.25-fold to about 10-fold or more relative to an untreated sample or a sample treated with a control nucleic acid. In embodiments, the level of DMD family mRNA or protein is increased or decreased by at least about 1.25-fold, at least about 1.3-fold, at least about 1.4-fold, at least about 1.5-fold, at least about 1.6-fold at least about 1.7-fold, at least about 1.8-fold, as least about 2-fold, at least about 2.5-fold at least about 3-fold, at least about 3.5-fold, at least about 4-fold, at least about 4.5-fold, at least about 5-fold, at least about 5.5-fold, at least about 6-fold, at least about 6.5-fold, at least about 7-fold, at least about 7.5-fold, at least about 8-fold, at least about 8.5-fold, at least about 9-fold, at least about 9.5-fold, or at least about 10-fold or more.
+Kits, Research Reagents, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics
+The compounds of the present invention can be utilized for diagnostics, therapeutics, and prophylaxis, and as research reagents and components of kits. Furthermore, antisense oligonucleotides, which are able to inhibit gene expression with exquisite specificity, are often used by those of ordinary skill to elucidate the function of particular genes or to distinguish between functions of various members of a biological pathway.
+For use in kits and diagnostics and in various biological systems, the compounds of the present invention, either alone or in combination with other compounds or therapeutics, are useful as tools in differential and/or combinatorial analyses to elucidate expression patterns of a portion or the entire complement of genes expressed within cells and tissues.
+As used herein the term “biological system” or “system” is defined as any organism, cell, cell culture or tissue that expresses, or is made competent to express products of the Dystrophin family genes. These include, but are not limited to, humans, transgenic animals, cells, cell cultures, tissues, xenografts, transplants and combinations thereof.
+As one non limiting example, expression patterns within cells or tissues treated with one or more antisense conpounds are compared to control cells or tissues not treated with antisense compounds and the patterns produced are analyzed for differential levels of gene expression as they pertain, for example, to disease association, signaling pathway, cellular localization, expression level, size, structure or function of the genes examined. These analyses can be performed on stimulated or unstimulated cells and in the presence or absence of other compounds that affect expression patterns.
+Examples of methods of gene expression analysis known in the art include DNA arrays or microarrays (Brazma and Vilo, (2000) FEBS Lett., 480, 17-24; Celis, et al., (2000) FEBS Lett., 480, 2-16), SAGE (serial analysis of gene expression) (Madden, et al., (2000) Drug Discov. Today, 5, 415-425), READS (restriction enzyme amplification of digested cDNAs) (Prashar and Weissman. (1999) Methods Enzymol., 303, 258-72), TOGA (total gene expression analysis) (Sutcliffe, et al., (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 97, 1976-81), protein arrays and protcomies (Celis, et al., (2000) FEBS Lett., 480, 2-16; Jungblut, et al., Electrophoresis, 1999, 20, 2100-10), expressed sequence tag (EST) sequencing (Celis, et al., FEBS Lett., 2000, 480, 2-16; Larson, et al., J. Biotechnol., 2000, 80, 143-57), subtractive RNA fingerprinting (SuRF) (Fuchs, et al., (2000) Anal. Biochem. 286, 91-98: Larson. et al., (2000) Cytometry 41, 203-208), subtractive cloning, differential display (DD) (Jurecic and Belmont, (2000) Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 3, 316-21), comparative genomic hybridization (Carulli, et al., (1998) J. Cell Biochem. Suppl. 31, 286-96), FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization) techniques (Going and Gusterson, (1999) Eur. J. Cancer, 35, 1895-904) and mass spectrometry methods (To, Comb. (2000) Chem. High Throughput Screen, 3, 235-41).
+The compounds of the invention are useful for research and diagnostics, because these compounds hybridize to nucleic acids encoding Dystrophin family. For example, oligonucleotides that hybridize with such efficiency and under such conditions as disclosed herein as to be effective Dystrophin family modulators are effective primers or probes under conditions favoring gene amplification or detection, respectively. These primers and probes are useful in methods requiring the specific detection of nucleic acid molecules encoding Dystrophin family and in the amplification of said nucleic acid molecules for detection or for use in further studies of Dystrophin family. Hybridization of the antisense oligonucleotides, particularly the primers and probes, of the invention with a nucleic acid encoding Dystrophin family can be detected by means known in art. Such means may include conjugation of an enzyme to the oligonucleotide, radiolabeling of the oligonucleotide, or any other suitable detection means. Kits using such detection means for detecting the level of Dystrophin family in a sample may also be prepared.
+The specificity and sensitivity of antisense are also harnessed by those of skill in the art for therapeutic uses. Antisense compounds have been employed as therapeutic moieties in the treatment of disease states in animals, including humans. Antisense oligonucleotide drugs have been safely and effectively administered to humans and numerous clinical trials are presently underway. It is thus established that antisense compounds can be useful therapeutic modalities that can be configured to be useful in treatment regimes for the treatment of cells, tissues and animals, especially humans.
+For therapeutics, an animal, preferably a human, suspected of having a disease or disorder which can be treated by modulating the expression of Dystrophin family polynucleotides is treated by administering antisense compounds in accordance with this invention. For example, in one non-limiting embodiment, the methods comprise the step of administering to the animal in need of treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of Dystrophin family modulator. The Dystrophin family modulators of the present invention effectively modulate the activity of the Dystrophin family or modulate the expression of the Dystrophin family protein. In one embodiment, the activity or expression of Dystrophin family in an animal is inhibited by about 10% as compared to a control. Preferably, the activity or expression of Dystrophin family in an animal is inhibited by about 30%. More preferably, the activity or expression of Dystrophin family in an animal is inhibited by 50% or more. Thus, the oligomeric compounds modulate expression of Dystrophin family mRNA by at least 10%, by at least 50%, by at least 25%, by at least 30%, by at least 40%, by at least 50%, by at least 60% by at least 70%, by at least 75%, by at least 80%, by at least 85%, by at least 90%, by at least 95%, by at least 98%, by at least 99%, or by 100% as compared to a control.
+In one embodiment, the activity or expression of Dystrophin family and/or in an animal is increased by about 10% as compared to a control. Preferably, the activity or expression of Dystrophin family in an animal is increased by about 30%. More preferably, the activity or expression of Dystrophin family in an animal is increased by 50% or more. Thus, the oligomeric compounds modulate expression of Dystrophin family mRNA by at least 10%, by at least 50%, by at least 25%, by at least 30%, by at least 40%, by at least 50%, by at least 60%, by at least 70%, by at least 75%, by at least 80%, by at least 85%, by at least 90%, by at least 95%, by at least 98%, by at least 99%, or by 100% as compared to a control.
+For example, the reduction, of the expression of Dystrophin family may be measured in serum, blood, adipose tissue, liver or any other body fluid, tissue or organ of the animal. Preferably, the cells contained within said fluids, tissues or organs being analyzed contain a nucleic acid molecule encoding Dystrophin family peptides and/or the Dystrophin family protein itself.
+The compounds of the invention can be utilized in pharmaceutical compositions by adding an effective amount of a compound to a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. Use of the compounds and methods of the invention may also be useful prophylactically.
+Confugates
+Another modification of the oligonucleotides of the invention involves chemically linking to the oligonucleotide one or more moieties or conjugates that enhance the activity, cellular distribution or cellular uptake of the oligonucleotide. These moieties or conjugates can include conjugate groups covalently bound to functional groups such as primary or secondary hydroxyl groups. Conjugate groups of the invention include intercalators, reporter molecules, polyamines, polyamides, polyethylene glycols, polyethers, groups that enhance the pharmacodynamic properties of oligomers, and groups that enhance the pharmacokinetic properties of oligomers. Typicalconjugate groups include cholesterols, lipids, phospholipids, biotin, phenazine, folate, phenanthridine, anthraquinone, acridine, fluoresceins, rhodamines, coumarins, and dyes. Groups that enhance the pharmacodynamic properties, in the context of this invention, include groups that improve uptake, enhance resistance to degradation, and/or strengthen sequence-specific hybridization with the target nucleic acid. Groups that enhance the pharmacokinetic properties, in the context of this invention, include groups that improve uptake, distribution, metabolism or excretion of the compounds of the present invention. Representative conjugate groups are disclosed in international Patent Application No. PCT/US92/09196, filed Oct. 23, 1992, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which are incorporated herein by reference. Conjugate moieties include, but are not limited to, lipid moieties such as a cholesterol moiety, cholic acid, a thioether, e.g., hexyl-5-tritylthiol, a thiocholesterol, an aliphatic chain, e.g., dodecandiol or undecyl residues, a phospholipid, e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac-glycerol or triethlyammonium 1,2-di-O-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-Hphosphonate, a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain, or adamantane acetic acid, a palmityl moiety, or an octadecylamine or hexylamino-carbonyl-oxycholesterol moiety. Oligonucleotides of the invention may also be conjugated to active drag substances, for example, aspirin, warfarin, phenylbutazone, ibuprofen, suprofen, fenbufen, ketoprofen, (S)-(+)-pranoprofen, carprofen, dansylsarcosine, 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, flufenamic acid, folinic acid, a benzothiadiazide, chlorothiazide, a diazepine, indomethicin, a barbiturate, a cephalosporin, a sulfa drug, an antidiabetic, an antibacterial or an antibiotic.
+Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such oligonucleotides conjugates include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,828,979; 4,948,882; 5,218,105; 5,525,465; 5,541,313; 5,545,730; 5,552,538; 5,578,717, 5,580,731; 5,580,731; 5,591,584; 5,109,124; 5,118,802; 5,138,045; 5,414,077; 5,486,603; 5,512,439; 5,578,718; 5,608,046; 4,587,044; 4,605,735; 4,667,025; 4,762,779; 4,789,737; 4,824,941; 4,835,263; 4,876,335; 4,904,582; 4,958,013; 5,082,830; 5,112,963; 5,214,136; 5,082,830; 5,112,963; 5,214,136; 5,245,022; 5,254,469; 5,258,506; 5,262,536; 5,272,250; 5,292,873; 5,317,098; 5,373,241; 5,391,723; 5,416,203, 5,451,463; 5,510,475; 5,512,667; 5,514,785; 5,565,552; 5,567,810; 5,574,142; 5,585,481; 5,587,371; 5,595,726; 5,597,696; 5,599,923; 5,599,928 and 5,688,941.
+Formulations
+The compounds of the invention may also be admixed, encapsulated, conjugated or otherwise associated with other molecules, molecule structures or mixtures of compounds, as forexample, liposomes, receptor-targeted molecules, oral, rectal, topical, or other formulations, for assisting in uptake, distribution and/or absorption. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such uptake, distribution and/or absorption-assisting formulations include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,108,921; 5,354,844; 5,416,016; 5,459,127; 5,521,291; 5,543,165; 5,547,932; 5,583,020; 5,591,721; 4,426,330; 4,534,899; 5,013,556; 5,108,921; 5,213,804; 5,227,170; 5,264,221; 5,356,633; 5,395,619; 5,416,016; 5,417,978; 5,462,854; 5,469,854; 5,512,295; 5,527,528; 5,534,259; 5,543,152; 5,556,948; 5,580,575; sad 5,595,756, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.
+Although, the antisense oligonucleotides do not need to be administered in the context of a vector in order to modulate a target expression and/or function, embodiments of the invention relays to expression vector constructs for the expression of antisense oligonucleotides, comprising promoters, hybrid promoter gene sequences and possess a strong constitutive promoter activity, or a promoter activity which can be induced in the desired case.
+In an embodiment, invention practice involves administering at least one of the foregoing antisense oligonucleotides with a suitable nucleic acid delivery system. In one embodiment, that system includes a non-viral vector operably linked to the polynucleotide. Examples of such nonviral vectors include the oligonucleotide alone (e.g. any one or more of SEQ ID NOS: 8 to 22) or in combination with a suitable protein, polysaccharide or lipid formulation.
+Additionally suitable nucleic acid delivery systems include viral vector, typically sequence from at least one of an adenovirus, adenovirus-associated virus (AAV), helper-dependent adenovirus, retrovirus, or hemagglutinatin virus of Japan-liposome (HVJ) complex. Preferably, the vital vector comprises a strong eukaryotic promoter operably linked to the polynucleotide e.g., a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter.
+Additionally preferred vectors include viral vectors, fusion proteins and chemical conjugates. Retroviral vectors include Moloney murine leukemia viruses and HIV-based viruses. One preferred HIV-based viral vector comprises at least two vectors wherein the gag and pol genes are from an HIV genome and the env gene is from another virus. DNA viral vectors are preferred. These vectors include pox vectors such as orthopox or avipox vectors, herpesvirus vectors such as a herpes simplex I virus (HSV) vector [Geller, A. I. et al. (1995) J. Neurochem, 64:487; Lim, F., et al., in DNA Cloning: Mammalian Systems, D. Glover, Ed. (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford England) (1995); Geller, A. I. et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.: U.S.A.:90 7603; Geller, A. I., et al. (1990) Proc Natl. Acad. Sci USA: 87:1149], Adenovirus Vectors (LeGal LaSalle et al., Science, 259;988 (1993); Davidson, et al., (1993) Nat. Genet. 3: 219; Yang, et al., (1995) J. Virol. 69: 2004) and Adeno-associated Virus Vectors (Kaplitt, M. G., et al., (.1994) Nat. Genet. 8:148).
+The antisense compounds of the invention encompass any pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, or salts of such esters, or any other compound which, upon administration to an animal, including a human, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) the biologically active metabolite or residue thereof.
+The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to physiologically and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention: i.e., salts that retain the desired biological activity of the parent compound and do not impart undesired toxicological effects thereto. For oligonucleotides, preferred examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts and their uses are further described m U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which is incorporated herein by reference.
+The present invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions and formulations that include the antisense compounds of the invention. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be administered in a number of ways depending upon whether local or systemic treatment is desired and upon the area to be treated. Administration may be topical (including ophthalmic and to mucous membranes including vaginal and rectal delivery), pulmonary, e.g., by inhalation or insufflation of powders or aerosols, including by nebulizer; intratracheal, intranasal, epidermal and transdermal), oral or parenteral. Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection or infusion; or intracranial, e.g., intrathecal of intraventricular, administration.
+For treating tissues in the central nervous system, administration can be made by, e.g., injection or infusion into the cerebrospinal fluid. Administration of antisense RNA into cerebrospinal fluid is described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2007/0117772, “Methods for slowing familial ALS disease progression,” incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
+When it is intended that the antisense oligonucleotide of the present invention be administered to cells in the central nervous system, administration can be with one or more agents capable of promoting penetration of the subject antisense oligonucleotide across the blood-brain barrier. Injection can be made, e.g., in the entorhinal cortex or hippocampus. Delivery of neurotrophic factors by administration of an adenovirus vector to motor neurons in muscle tissue is described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,632,427, “Adenoviral-vector-mediated gene transfer into medullary motor neurons,” incorporated herein by reference. Delivery of vectors directly to the brain, e.g., the striatum, the thalamus, the hippocampus, or the substantia nigra, is known in the art and described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 6,756,523, “Adenovirus vectors for the transfer of foreign genes into cells of the central nervous system particularly in brain,” incorporated herein by reference. Administration can be rapid as by injection or made over a period of time as by slow infusion or administration of slow release formulations.
+The subject antisense oligonucleotides can also be linked or conjugated with agents that provide desirable pharmaceutical or pharmacodynamic properties. For example, the antisense oligonucleotide can be coupled to any substance, known in the art to promote penetration or transport across the blood-brain barrier, such as an antibody to the transferrin receptor, and administered by intravenous injection. The antisense compound can be linked with a viral vector, for example, that makes the antisense compound more effective and/or increases the transport of the antisense compound across the blood-brain barrier. Osmotic blood brain barrier disruption can also be accomplished by, e.g., infusion of sugars including, but not limited to, meso erythritol, xylitol, D(+) galactose, D(+) lactose, D(+) xylose, dulcitol, myo-inositol, L(−) fructose, D(−) mannitol, D(+) glucose, D(−) arabinose, D(−) arabinose, cellobiose, D(+) maltose, D(+) raffinose, L(+) rharunose, D(+) melibiose, D(−) ribose, adonitol, D(+) arabitol, L(−) arabitol, D(+) fucose, L(−) fucose, D(−) lyxose, L(+) lyxose, and L(−) lyxose, or amino acids including, but not limited to, glutamine, lysine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tyrosine, valine, and taurine. Methods and materials for enhancing blood brain barrier penetration are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,866,042, “Method for the delivery of genetic material across the blood brain barrier,” U.S. Pat. No. 6,294,520, “Material for passage through the blood-brain barrier,” and U.S. Pat. No. 6,936,589, “Parenteral delivery systems,” all incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
+The subject astisense compounds may be admixed, encapsulated, conjugated or otherwise associated with other molecules, molecule structures or mixtures of compounds, for example, liposomes, receptor-targeted molecules, oral, rectal, topical or other formulations, for assisting in uptake, distribution and/or absorption. For example, cationic lipids may be included in the formulation to facilitate oligonucleotide uptake. One such composition shown to facilitate uptake is LIPOFECTIN (available from GIBCO-BRL., Bethesda, Md.).
+Oligonucleotides with at least one 2′-O-methoxyethyl modification are believed to be particularly useful for oral administration. Pharmaceutical compositions and formulations for topical administration may include transdermal patches, ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders. Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable. Coated condoms, gloves and the like may also be useful.
+The pharmaceutical formulations of the present invention, which may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form, may be prepared according to conventional techniques well known in the pharmaceutical industry. Such techniques include the step of bringing into association the active ingredients with the pharmaceutical carrier(s) or excipient(s). In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredients with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, sloping the product.
+The compositions of the present invention may be formulated into any of many possible dosage forms such as, but not limited to, tablets, capsules, gel capsules, liquid syrups, soft gels, suppositories, and enemas. The compositions of the present invention may also be formulated as suspensions in aqueous, non-aqueous or mixed media. Aqueous suspensions may further contain substances that increase the viscosity of the suspension including, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sorbitol and/or dextran. The suspension may also contain stabilizers.
+Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to, solutions, emulsions, foams and liposome-containing formulations. The pharmaceutical compositions and formulations of the present invention may comprise one or more penetration enhancers, carriers, excipients or other active or inactive ingredients.
+Emulsions are typically heterogeneous systems of one liquid dispersed in another in the form of droplets usually exceeding 0.1 μm in diameter. Emulsions may contain additional components in addition to the dispersed phases, and the active drug that may be present as a solution, in either the aqueous phase, oily phase or itself as a separate phase. Microemulsions are included as an embodiment of the present invention. Emulsions and their uses are well known in the art and are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860.
+Formulations of the present invention include liposomal formulations. As used in the present invention, the term “liposome” means a vesicle composed of amphiphilic lipids arranged in a spherical bilayer or bilayers. Liposomes are unilamellar or multilamellar vesicles which have a membrane formed from a lipophilic material and an aqueous interior that contains the composition to be delivered. Cationic liposomes are positively charged liposomes that are believed to interact with negatively charged DNA molecules to form a stable complex. Liposomes that are pH-sensitive or negatively-charged are believed to entrap DNA rather than complex with it. Both cationic and noncationic liposomes have been used to deliver DNA to cells.
+Liposomes also include “sterically stabilized” liposomes, a term which, as used herein, refers to liposomes comprising one or more specialized lipids. When incorporated into liposomes, these specialized lipids result in liposomes with enhanced circulation lifetimes relative to liposomeslacking such specialized lipids. Examples of sterically stabilized liposomes are those in which part of the vesicle-forming lipid portion of the liposome comprises one or more glycolipids or is derivatized with one or more hydrophilic polymers, such as a polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety. Liposomes and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860.
+the pharmaceutical formulations and compositions of the present invention may also include surfactants. the use of surfactants in drug products, formulations and in emulsions is well known in the art. Surfactants and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which is incorporated herein by reference.
+In one embodiment, the present invention employs various penetration enhancers to effect the efficient delivery of nucleic acids, particularly oligonucleotides. In addition to aiding the diffusion of non-lipophilic drugs across cell membranes, penetration enhancers also enhance the permeability of lipophilic drugs. Penetration enhancers may be classified as belonging to one of five broad categories, i.e., surfactants, fatty acids, bile salts, chelating agents, and non-chelating nonsurfactants. Penetration enhancers and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which is incorporated herein by reference.
+One of skill in the art will recognize that formulations are routinely designed according to their intended use, i.e. route of administration.
+Preferred formulations for topical administration include those in which the oligonucleotides of the invention are in admixture with a topical delivery agent such as lipids, liposomes, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, steroids, chelating agents and surfactants. Preferred lipids and liposomes include neutral (e.g. dioleoyl-phosphatidyl dope DOPE ethanolamine, dimyristoylphosphatidyl choline DMPC, distearolyphosphatidyl choline) negative (e.g. dimyristoylphosphatidyl glycerol DMPG) and cationic (e.g. dioleoyltetramethylaminopropyl DOTAP and dioleoyl-phosphatidyl ethanolamine DOTMA).
+For topical or other administration, oligonucleotides of the invention may be encapsulated within liposomes or may form complexes thereto, in particular to cationic liposomes. Alternatively, oligonucleotides may be complexed to lipids, in particular to cationic lipids. Preferred fatty acids and esters, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860.
+Compositions and formulations for oral administration include powders or granules, microparticulates, nanoparticulates, suspensions or solutions in water or non-aqueous media, capsules, gel capsules, sachets, tablets or minitablets. Thickeners, flavoring agents, diluents, emulsifiers, dispersing aids or binders may be desirable. Preferred oral formulations are those in which oligonucleotides of the invention are administered in conjunction with one or more penetration enhancers surfactants and chelators. Preferred surfactants include fatty acids and/or esters or salts thereof, bile acids and/or salts thereof. Preferred bile acids/salts and fatty acids and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which is incorporated herein by reference. Also preferred, are combinations of penetration enhancers, for example, fatty acids/salts in combination with bile acids/salts. A particularly preferred combination is the sodium salt of lauric acid, capric acid and UDCA. Further penetration enhancers include polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene-20-cetyl ether. Oligonucleotides of the invention may be delivered orally, in granular form including sprayed dried particles, or complexed to form micro or nanoparticles. Oligonucleotide complexing agents and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which is incorporated herein by reference.
+Compositions and formulations for parenteral, intrathecal or intraventricular administration may include sterile aqueous solutions that may also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives such as, but not limited to, penetration enhancers, carrier compounds and other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients.
+Certain embodiments of the invention provide pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more oligomeric compounds and one or more other chemotherapeutic agents that function by a non-antisense mechanism. Examples of such chemotherapeutic agents include but are not limited to cancer chemotherapeutic drugs such as daunorubicin, daunomycin, dactinomycin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, esorubicin, bleomycin, mafosfamide, ifosfamide, cytosine arabinoside, bischloroethyl-nitrosurea, busulfan, mitomycin C, actinomycin D, mithramycin, prednisone, hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone, tamoxifen, dacarbazine, procarbazine, hexamethylmelamine, pentamethylmelamine, mitoxantrone, amsacrine, chlorambucil, methylcyclohexylnitrosurea, nitrogen mustards, melphalan, cyclophosohamide, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguarine, cytarabine, 5-azacytidine, hydrozyurea, deoxycoformycin, 4-hydroxyperoxycyclo-phosphoramide, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (5-FUdR), methotrexate (MTX), colchicine, taxol. vineristine, vinblastine, etoposide, (VP-16), trimetrexate, irinotecan, topotecan, gemcitabine, teniposide, cisplatin and diethylstilbestrol (DES). When used with the compounds of the invention, such chemotherapeutic agents may be used individually (e.g., 5-FU and oligonucleotide), sequentially (e.g., 5-FU and oligonucleotide for a period of time followed by MTX and oligonucleotide), or in combination with one or more other such chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., 5-FU, MTX and oligonucleotide, or 5-FU, radiotherapy and oligonucleotide). Anti-inflammatory drugs, including but not limited to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids, and antiviral drugs, including but not limited to ribivirin, vidarabine, acyclovir and ganciclovir, may also be combined in compositions of the invention. Combinations of antisense compounds and other non-antisense drugs are also within the scope of this invention. Two or more combined compounds may be used together or sequentially.
+In another related embodiment, compositions of the invention may contain one or more antisense compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, targeted to a first nucleic acid and one or more additional antisense compounds targeted to a second nucleic acid target. For example, the first target may be a particular antisense sequence of Dystrophin family, and the second target may be a region from another nucleotide sequence. Alternatively, compositions of the invention may contain two or more antisense compounds targeted to different regions of the same Dystrophin family nucleic acid target. Numerous examples of antisense compounds are illustrated herein and others may be selected from among suitable compounds known in the art. Two or more combined compounds may be used together or sequentially.
+Dosing:
+The formulation of therapeutic compositions and their subsequent administration (dosing) is believed to be within the skill of those in the art. Dosing is dependent on severity and responsiveness of the disease state to be treated, with the course of treatment lasting from several days to several months, or until a cure is effected or a diminution of the disease state is achieved. Optimal dosing schedules can be calculated from measurements of drug accumulation in the body of the patient. Persons of ordinary skill can easily determine optimum dosages, dosing methodologies and repetition rates. Optimum dosages may vary depending on the relative potency of individual oligonucleotides, and can generally be estimated based on EC50s found to be effective in in vitro and in vivo animal models. In general, dosage is from 0.01 μg to 100 g per kg of body weight, and may be given once or more daily, weekly, monthly or yearly, or even once every 2 to 20 years. Persons of ordinary skill in the art can easily estimate repetition rates for dosing based on measured residence times and concentrations of the drug in bodily fluids or tissues. Following successful treatment, it may be desirable to have the patient undergo maintenance therapy to prevent the recurrence of the disease state, wherein the oligonucleotide is administered in maintenance doses, ranging from 0.01 μg to 100 g per kg of body weight, once or more daily, to once every 20 years.
+In embodiments, a patient is treated with a dosage of drug that is at least about 1, at least about 2, at least about 3, at least about 4, at least about 5, at least about 6, at least about 7, at least about 8, at least about 9, at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 35, at least about 40, at least about 45, at least about 50, at least about 60, at least about 70, at least about 80, at least about 90, or at least about 100 mg/kg body weight. Certain injected dosages of antisense oligonucleotides are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat No. 7,563,884, “Antisense modulation of PTPIB expression,” incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
+While various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Numerous changes to the disclosed embodiments can be made in accordance with the disclosure herein without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above described embodiments.
+All documents mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference. All publications and patent documents cited in this application are incorporated by reference for all purposes to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent document were so individually denoted. By their citation of various references in this document, Applicants do not admit any particular reference is “prior art” to their invention. Embodiments of inventive compositions and methods are illustrated in the following examples.
+EXAMPLES
+The following non-limiting Examples serve to illustrate selected embodiments of the invention. It will be appreciated that variations in proportions and alternatives in elements of the components shown will be apparent to those skilled in the art and are within the scope of embodiments of the present invention.
+Example 1
+Design of Antisense Oligonucleotides Specific for a Nucleic Acid Molecule Antisense to a Dystrophin Family and/or a Sense Strand of Dystrophin Family Polynucleotide
+As indicated above the term “oligonucleotide specific for” or “oligonucleotide targets” refers to an oligonucleotide having a sequence (i) capable of forming a stable complex with a portion of the targeted gene, or (ii) capable of forming a stable duplex with a portion of an mRNA transcript of the targeted gene.
+Selection of appropriate oligonucleotides is facilitated by using computer programs that automatically align nucleic acid sequences and indicate regions of identity or homology. Such programs are used to compare nucleic acid sequences obtained, for example, by searching databases such as GenBank or by sequencing PCR products. Comparison of nucleic acid sequences from a range of species allows the selection of nucleic acid sequences that display an appropriate degree of identity between species. In the case of genes that have not been sequenced. Southern blots are performed to allow a determination of the degree of identity between genes in target species and other species. By performing Southern blots at varying degrees of stringency, as is well known in the art, it is possible to obtain an approximate measure of identity. These procedures allow the selection of oligonucleotides that exhibit a high degree of complementarity to target nucleic acid sequences in a subject to be controlled and a lower degree of complementarity to corresponding nucleic acid sequences in other species. One skilled in the art will realize that there is considerable latitude in selecting appropriate regions of genes for use in the present invention.
+An antisense compound is “specifically hybridizable” when binding of the compound to the target nucleic acid interferes with the normal function of the target nucleic acid to cause a modulation of function and/or activity, and there is a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid non-specific binding of the antisense compound to non-target nucleic acid sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired, i.e., under physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment, and under conditions in which assays are performed in the case of in vitro assays
+The hybridization properties of the oligonucleotides described herein can be determined by one or more in vitro assays as known in the art. For example, the properties of the oligonucleotides described herein can be obtained by determination of binding strength between the target natural antisense and a potential drug molecules using melting curve assay.
+The binding strength between the target natural antisense and a potential drug molecule (Molecule) can be estimated using any of the established methods of measuring the strength of intermolecular interactions, for example, a melting curve assay.
+Melting curve assay determines the temperature at which a rapid transition from double-stranded to single-stranded conformation occurs for the natural antisense/Molecule complex. This temperature is widely accepted as a reliable measure of the interaction strength between the two molecules.
+A melting curve assay can be performed using a cDNA copy of the actual natural antisense RNA molecule or a synthetic DNA or RNA nucleotide corresponding to the binding site of the Molecule. Multiple kits containing all necessary reagents to perform this assay are available (e.g. Applied Biosystems Inc. MeltDoctor kit). These kits include a suitable buffer solution containing one of the double strand DNA (dsDNA) binding dyes (such as ABI HRM dyes, SYBR Green, SYTO, etc). The properties of the dsDNA dyes are such that they emit almost no fluorescence in free form, but are highly fluorescent when bound to dsDNA.
+To perform the assay the cDNA or a corresponding oligonucleotide are mixed with Molecule in concentrations defined by the particular manufacturer's protocols. The mixture is heated to 95° C. to dissociate all pre-formed dsDNA complexes, then slowly cooled to room temperature or other lower temperature defined by the kit manufacturer to allow the DNA molecules to anneal. The newly formed complexes are then slowly heated to 95° C. with simultaneous continuous collection of data on the amount of fluorescence that is produced by the reaction. The fluorescence intensity is inversely proportional to the amounts of dsDNA present in the reaction. The data can be collected using a real time PCR instrument compatible with the kit (e.g. ABI's StepOne Plus Real Time PCR System or LightTyper instrument, Roche Diagnostics, Lewes, UK).
+Melting peaks arc constructed by plotting the negative derivative of fluorescence with respect to temperature (-d(Fluorescence)/dT) on the y-axis) against temperature (x-axis) using appropriate software (for example LightTyper (Roche) or SDS Dissociation Curve, ABI). The data is analyzed to identify the temperature of the rapid transition from dsDNA complex to single strand molecules. This temperature is called Tm and is directly proportional to the strength of interaction between the two molecules. Typically, Tm will exceed 40° C.
+Example 2
+Modulation of DMD Family Polynucleotides Treatment of 518A2 Cells with Antisense Oligonucleotides
+518A2 cells obtained from Albert Einstein-Montefiore Cancer Center, NY were grown in growth media (MEM/EBSS (Hyclone cat #SH30024, or Mediatech cat # MT-10-010CV)+10% FBS (Mediatech cat# MT35-011-CV)+ penicillin/streptomycin (Mediatech cat# MT30-002-CI)) at 37° C. and 5% CO2. One day before the experiment the cells were replated at the density of 1.5×105/ml into 6 well plates and incubated at 37° C. and 5% CO2. On the day of the experiment the media in the 6 well plates was changed to fresh growth media. All antisense oligonucleotides were diluted to the concentration of 20 μM. Two μl of this solution was incubated with 400 μl of Opti-MEM media (Gibco cat#31985-070) and 4 μl of lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen cat# 11668019) at room temperature for 20 min and applied to each well of the 6 well plates with 518A2 cells. A Similar mixture including 2 μl of water instead of the oligonucleotide solution was used for the mock-transfected controls. After 3-18 h of incubation at 37° C. and 5% CO2the media was changed to fresh growth media. 48 h alter addition of antisense oligonucleotides the media was removed and RNA was extracted from the cells using SV Total RNA Isolation System from Promega (cat # Z3105) or RNeasy Total RNA Isolation kit from Qiagen (cat# 74181) following the manufacturers' instructions 600 ng of RNA was added to the reverse transcription reaction performed using Verso cDNA kit from Thermo Scientific (cat#AB1453B) or High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit(cat# 4368813 as described in the manufacturer's protocol. The cDNA from this reverse transcription reaction was used to monitor gene expression by real time PCR using ABI Taqman Gene Expression Mix (cat#4369510) and primers/probes designed by ABI (Applied Biosystems Taqman Gene Expression Assay. Hs00187805_m1 by Applied Biosystems Inc., Foster City Calif.). The following PCR cycle was used: 50° C. for 2 min, 95° C. for 10 min, 40 cycles of (95° C. for 15 seconds, 60° C. for 1 min) using StepOne Plus Real Time PCR Machine (Applied Biosystems).
+Fold change in gene expression after treatment with antisense oligonucleotides was calculated based on the difference in 18S-normalized dCt values between treated and mock-transfected samples.
+Results: Real time PCR results show that the levels of DMD family mRNA in 518A2 cells are significantly increased 48 h after treatment with two of the siRNAs designed to DMD family antisense BG208074. Treatment with siRNAs to other antisense molecules, BF838561, BF768753 and BF950643, did not elevate DMD family mRNA levels (FIG. 1A and B).
+Treatment of MCF-7 Cells with Antisense Oligonucleotides
+MCF-7 cells from ATCC (cat# HTB-22) were grown in growth media (MEM/EBSS (Hyclone cat #SH30024, or Mediatech cat # MT-10-010-CV)+10% FBS (Mediatech cat# MT35-011-CV)+penicillin/streptomycin (Mediatech cat# MT30-002-CI) at 37° C. and 5% CO2. One day before the experiment the cells were replated at the density of 1.5×105/ml into 6 well plates and incubated at 37° C. and 5% CO2. On the day of the experiment the media in the 6 well plates was changed to fresh growth media. All antisense oligonucleotides were diluted to the concentration of 20 μM. Two μl of this solution was incubated with 400 μl of Opti-MEM media (Gibco cat#31985-070) and 4 μl of Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen cat# 11668019) at room temperature for 20 min and applied to each well of the 6 well plates with MCF-7 cells. A Similar mixture including 2 μl of water instead of the oligonucleotide solution was used for the mock/transfected controls. After 3-18 h of incubation at 37° C. and 5% Co2 the media was changed to fresh growth media. 48 h after addition of antisense oligonucleotides the media was removed and RNA was extracted from the cells using SV Total RNA Isolation System from Promega (cat # Z3105) or RNeasy Total RNA Isolation kit from Qiagen (cat# 74181) following the manufacturers' instructions, 600 ng of RNA was added to the reverse transcription reaction performed using Verso cDNA kit from Thermo Scientific (cat#AB1453B) or High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (cat# 4368813) as described in the manufacturer's protocol. The cDNA from this reverse transcription reaction was used to monitor gene expression by real time PCR using ABI Taqman Gene Expression Mix (cat#4369510) and primers/probes designed by ABI (Applied Biosystems Taqman Gene Expression Assay: Hs01126016_m1 by Applied Biosystems Inc., Foster City Calif.). The following PCR cycle was used: 50° C. for 2 min, 95° C. for 10 min, 40 cycles of (95° C. for 15 seconds, 60° C. for 1 min) using Mx4000 thermal cycler (Stratagene) or StepOne Plus Real Time PCR Machine (Applied Biosystems.
+Fold change in gene expression after treatment with antisense oligonucleotides was calculated based on the difference in 18S-normalized dCt values between treated and mock-transfected samples.
+Results: Real time PCR results show that the levels of UTRN mRNA in MCF-7 cells are significantly increased 48 h after treatment with siRNAs designed to UTRN family antisense ENST00000431309.
+Although the invention has been illustrated and described with respect to one or more implementations, equivalent alterations and modifications will occur to others skilled in the art upon the reading and understanding of this specification and the annexed drawings. In addition, while a particular feature of the invention may have been disclosed with respect to only one of several implementations, such feature may be combined with one or more other features of the other implementations as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular application.
+The Abstract of the disclosure will allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the following claims.
+
+
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+Patent title
+Polypeptide compounds for inhibiting angiogenesis and tumor growth
+
+Patent number
+US9533026
+
+Domain
+A
+
+Publication date
+20170103
+
+Abstract
+
+In certain embodiments, this present invention provides polypeptide compositions, including compositions containing a modified polypeptide, and methods for inhibiting Ephrin B2 or EphB4 activity. In other embodiments, the present invention provides methods and compositions for treating cancer or for treating angiogenesis-associated diseases.
+
+
+Claims
+1. An isolated fusion polypeptide consisting of a sequence selected from the group consisting of: residues 16-197, 16-321, 16-326, 16-427, 16-429, and 16-526 of SEQ ID NO: 10; and (b) an albumin protein or fragment thereof, wherein the fusion polypeptide is a monomer, binds specifically to an Ephrin B2 polypeptide, and inhibits signaling that results from interaction between EphB4 and Ephrin B2.
+2. The isolated fusion polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the fusion polypeptide has one or more activities selected from:
+(a) inhibition of Ephrin B2 activity;
+(b) inhibition of Ephrin B2 kinase activity;
+(c) inhibition of the interaction between EphB4 and Ephrin B2;
+(d) inhibition of EphB4 kinase activity;
+(e) inhibition of clustering of Ephrin B2; and
+(f) inhibition of clustering of EphB4.
+
+(a) inhibition of Ephrin B2 activity;
+(b) inhibition of Ephrin B2 kinase activity;
+(c) inhibition of the interaction between EphB4 and Ephrin B2;
+(d) inhibition of EphB4 kinase activity;
+(e) inhibition of clustering of Ephrin B2; and
+(f) inhibition of clustering of EphB4.
+3. The isolated fusion polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the fusion polypeptide has enhanced in vivo stability relative to said extracellular domain of an EphB4 protein.
+4. The isolated fusion polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the albumin protein or fragment thereof is mature human serum albumin (HSA).
+5. The isolated fusion polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the EphB4 extracellular domain consists of residues 16-326 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
+6. The isolated fusion polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the fusion polypeptide sequence consists of residues 16-326 of SEQ ID NO: 10 fused to residues 525-1109 of SEQ ID NO: 19.
+7. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an isolated fusion polypeptide of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
+
+Description
+
+
+
+RELATED APPLICATIONS
+This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/420,776 filed Mar. 15, 2012, now abandoned, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/584,993 filed Sep. 14, 2009, now abandoned, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/234,482 filed Sep. 23, 2005, now abandoned, which claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/612,488 filed Sep. 23, 2004, the specifications of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.
+
+
+BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
+Angiogenesis, the development of new blood vessels from the endothelium of a preexisting vasculature, is a critical process in the growth, progression, and metastasis of solid tumors within the host. During physiologically normal angiogenesis, the autocrine, paracrine, and amphicrine interactions of the vascular endothelium with its surrounding stromal components are tightly regulated both spatially and temporally. Additionally, the levels and activities of proangiogenic and angiostatic cytokines and growth factors are maintained in balance. In contrast, the pathological angiogenesis necessary for active tumor growth is sustained and persistent, representing a dysregulation of the normal angiogenic system. Solid and hematopoietic tumor types are particularly associated with a high level of abnormal angiogenesis.
+It is generally thought that the development of tumor consists of sequential, and interrelated steps that lead to the generation of an autonomous clone with aggressive growth potential. These steps include sustained growth and unlimited self-renewal. Cell populations in a tumor are generally characterized by growth signal self-sufficiency, decreased sensitivity to growth suppressive signals, and resistance to apoptosis. Genetic or cytogenetic events that initiate aberrant growth sustain cells in a prolonged “ready” state by preventing apoptosis.
+It is a goal of the present disclosure to provide agents and therapeutic treatments for inhibiting angiogenesis and tumor growth.
+SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
+In certain aspects, the disclosure provides polypeptide agents that inhibit EphB4 or EphrinB2 mediated functions, including monomeric ligand binding portions of the EphB4 and EphrinB2 proteins. As demonstrated herein, EphB4 and EphrinB2 participate in various disease states, including cancers and diseases related to unwanted or excessive angiogenesis. Accordingly, certain polypeptide agents disclosed herein may be used to treat such diseases. In further aspects, the disclosure relates to the discovery that EphB4 and/or EphrinB2 are expressed, often at high levels, in a variety of tumors. Therefore, polypeptide agents that down-regulate EphB4 or EphrinB2 function may affect tumors by a direct effect on the tumor cells as well as an indirect effect on the angiogenic processes recruited by the tumor. In certain embodiments, the disclosure provides the identity of tumor types particularly suited to treatment with an agent that downregulates EphB4 or EphrinB2 function. In preferred embodiments, polypeptides disclosed herein are modified so as to have increased serum half-life in vivo.
+In certain aspects, the disclosure provides soluble EphB4 polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an EphB4 protein. The soluble EphB4 polypeptides bind specifically to an EphrinB2 polypeptide. The term “soluble” is used merely to indicate that these polypeptides do not contain a transmembrane domain or a portion of a transmembrane domain sufficient to compromise the solubility of the polypeptide in a physiological salt solution. Soluble polypeptides are preferably prepared as monomers that compete with EphB4 for binding to ligand such as EphrinB2 and inhibit the signaling that results from EphB4 activation. Optionally, a soluble polypeptide may be prepared in a multimeric form, by, for example, expressing as an Fc fusion protein or fusion with another multimerization domain. Such multimeric forms may have complex activities, having agonistic or antagonistic effects depending on the context. In certain embodiments the soluble EphB4 polypeptide comprises a globular domain of an EphB4 protein. A soluble EphB4 polypeptide may comprise a sequence at least 90% identical to residues 1-522 of the amino acid sequence defined by FIG. 65 (SEQ ID NO:10). A soluble EphB4 polypeptide may comprise a sequence at least 90% identical to residues 1-412 of the amino acid sequence defined by FIG. 65 (SEQ ID NO:10). A soluble EphB4 polypeptide may comprise a sequence at least 90% identical to residues 1-312 of the amino acid sequence defined by FIG. 65 (SEQ ID NO:10). A soluble EphB4 polypeptide may comprise a sequence encompassing the globular (G) domain (amino acids 29-197 of FIG. 65, SEQ ID NO:10), and optionally additional domains, such as the cysteine-rich domain (amino acids 239-321 of FIG. 65, SEQ ID NO:10), the first fibronectin type 3 domain (amino acids 324-429 of FIG. 65, SEQ ID NO:10) and the second fibronectin type 3 domain (amino acids 434-526 of FIG. 65, SEQ ID NO:10). Preferred polypeptides described herein and demonstrated as having ligand binding activity include polypeptides corresponding to 1-537, 1-427 and 1-326, respectively, of the amino acid sequence shown in FIG. 65 (SEQ ID NO:10). A soluble EphB4 polypeptide may comprise a sequence as set forth in FIG. 1 or 2 (SEQ ID Nos. 1 or 2). As is well known in the art, expression of such EphB4 polypeptides in a suitable cell, such as HEK293T cell line, will result in cleavage of a leader peptide. Although such cleavage is not always complete or perfectly consistent at a single site, it is known that EphB4 tends to be cleaved so as to remove the first 15 amino acids of the sequence shown in FIG. 65 (SEQ ID NO:10). Accordingly, as specific examples, the disclosure provides unprocessed soluble EphB4 polypeptides that bind to EphrinB2 and comprise an amino acid sequence selected from the following group (numbering is with respect to the sequence of FIG. 65, SEQ ID NO:10): 1-197, 29-197, 1-312, 29-132, 1-321, 29-321, 1-326, 29-326, 1-412, 29-412, 1-427, 29-427, 1-429, 29-429, 1-526, 29-526, 1-537 and 29-537. Additionally, heterologous leader peptides may be substituted for the endogeneous leader sequences. Polypeptides may be used in a processed form, such forms having a predicted amino acid sequence selected from the following group (numbering is with respect to the sequence of FIG. 65, SEQ ID NO:10): 16-197, 16-312, 16-321, 16-326, 16-412, 16-427, 16-429, 16-526 and 16-537. Additionally, a soluble EphB4 polypeptide may be one that comprises an amino acid sequence at least 90%, and optionally 95% or 99% identical to any of the preceding amino acid sequences while retaining EphrinB2 binding activity. Preferably, any variations in the amino acid sequence from the sequence shown in FIG. 65 (SEQ ID NO:10) are conservative changes or deletions of no more than 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 amino acids, particularly in a surface loop region. In certain embodiments, the soluble EphB4 polypeptide may inhibit the interaction between Ephrin B2 and EphB4. The soluble EphB4 polypeptide may inhibit clustering of or phosphorylation of Ephrin B2 or EphB4. Phosphorylation of EphrinB2 or EphB4 is generally considered to be one of the initial events in triggering intracellular signaling pathways regulated by these proteins. As noted above, the soluble EphB4 polypeptide may be prepared as a monomeric or multimeric fusion protein. The soluble polypeptide may include one or more modified amino acids. Such amino acids may contribute to desirable properties, such as increased resistance to protease digestion.
+The present disclosure provides soluble EphB4 polypeptides having an additional component that confers increased serum half-life while still retaining EphrinB2 binding activity. In certain embodiments soluble EphB4 polypeptides are monomeric and are covalently linked to one or more polyoxyaklylene groups (e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene), and preferably polyethylene glycol (PEG) groups. Accordingly, one aspect of the invention provides modified EphB4 polypeptides, wherein the modification comprises a single polyethylene glycol group covalently bonded to the polypeptide. Other aspects provide modified EphB4 polypeptides covalently bonded to one, two, three, or more polyethylene glycol groups.
+The one or more PEG may have a molecular weight ranging from about 1 kDa to about 100 kDa, and will preferably have a molecular weight ranging from about 10 to about 60 kDa or about 10 to about 40 kDa. The PEG group may be a linear PEG or a branched PEG. In a preferred embodiment, the soluble, monomeric EphB4 conjugate comprises an EphB4 polypeptide covalently linked to one PEG group of from about 10 to about 40 kDa (monoPEGylated EphB4), or from about 15 to 30 kDa, preferably via an s-amino group of EphB4 lysine or the N-terminal amino group. Most preferably, EphB4 is randomly PEGylated at one amino group out of the group consisting of the s-amino groups of EphB4 lysine and the N-terminal amino group.
+In one embodiment, the pegylated polypeptides provided by the invention have a serum half-life in vivo at least 50%, 75%, 100%, 150% or 200% greater than that of an unmodified EphB4 polypeptide. In another embodiment, the pegylated EphB4 polypeptides provided by the invention inhibit EphrinB2 activity. In a specific embodiment, they inhibit EphrinB2 receptor clustering, EphrinB2 phosphorylation, and/or EphrinB2 kinase activity.
+Surprisingly, it has been found that monoPEGylated EphB4 according to the invention has superior properties in regard to the therapeutic applicability of unmodified soluble EphB4 polypeptides and poly-PEGylated EphB4. Nonetheless, the disclosure also provides poly-PEGylated EphB4 having PEG at more than one position. Such polyPEGylated forms provide improved serum-half life relative to the unmodified form.
+In certain embodiments, a soluble EphB4 polypeptide is stably associated with a second stabilizing polypeptide that confers improved half-life without substantially diminishing EphrinB2 binding. A stabilizing polypeptide will preferably be immunocompatible with human patients (or animal patients, where veterinary uses are contemplated) and have little or no significant biological activity.
+In a preferred embodiment, the stabilizing polypeptide is a human serum albumin, or a portion thereof. A human serum albumin may be stably associated with the EphB4 polypeptide covalently or non-covalently. Covalent attachment may be achieved by expression of the EphB4 polypeptide as a co-translational fusion with human serum albumin. The albumin sequence may be fused at the N-terminus, the C-terminus or at a non-disruptive internal position in the soluble EphB4 polypeptide. Exposed loops of the EphB4 would be appropriate positions for insertion of an albumin sequence. Albumin may also be post-translationally attached to the EphB4 polypeptide by, for example, chemical cross-linking. An EphB4 polypeptide may also be stably associated with more than one albumin polypeptide. In some embodiments, the albumin is selected from the group consisting of a human serum albumin (HSA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). In other embodiments, the albumin is a naturally occurring variant. In one preferred embodiment, the EphB4-HSA fusion inhibits the interaction between Ephrin B2 and EphB4, the clustering of Ephrin B2 or EphB4, the phosphorylation of Ephrin B2 or EphB4, or combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the EphB4-HSA fusion has enhanced in vivo stability relative to the unmodified wildtype polypeptide.
+In certain aspects, the disclosure provides soluble EphrinB2 polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an EphrinB2 protein. The soluble EphrinB2 polypeptides bind specifically to an EphB4 polypeptide. The term “soluble” is used merely to indicate that these polypeptides do not contain a transmembrane domain or a portion of a transmembrane domain sufficient to compromise the solubility of the polypeptide in a physiological salt solution. Soluble polypeptides are preferably prepared as monomers that compete with EphrinB2 for binding to ligand such as EphB4 and inhibit the signaling that results from EphrinB2 activation. Optionally, a soluble polypeptide may be prepared in a multimeric form, by, for example, expressing as an Fc fusion protein or fusion with another multimerization domain. Such multimeric forms may have complex activities, having agonistic or antagonistic effects depending on the context. A soluble EphrinB2 polypeptide may comprise residues 1-225 of the amino acid sequence defined by FIG. 66 (SEQ ID NO:11). A soluble EphrinB2 polypeptide may comprise a sequence defined by FIG. 3. As is well known in the art, expression of such EphrinB2 polypeptides in a suitable cell, such as HEK293T cell line, will result in cleavage of a leader peptide. Although such cleavage is not always complete or perfectly consistent at a single site, it is known that EphrinB2 tends to be cleaved so as to remove the first 26 amino acids of the sequence shown in FIG. 66 (SEQ ID NO:11). Accordingly, as specific examples, the disclosure provides unprocessed soluble EphrinB2 polypeptides that bind to EphB4 and comprise an amino acid sequence corresponding to amino acids 1-225 of FIG. 66 (SEQ ID NO:11). Such polypeptides may be used in a processed form, such forms having a predicted amino acid sequence selected from the following group (numbering is with respect to the sequence of FIG. 66, SEQ ID NO:11): 26-225. In certain embodiments, the soluble EphrinB2 polypeptide may inhibit the interaction between Ephrin B2 and EphB4. The soluble EphrinB2 polypeptide may inhibit clustering of or phosphorylation of EphrinB2 or EphB4. As noted above, the soluble EphrinB2 polypeptide may be prepared as a monomeric or multimeric fusion protein. The soluble polypeptide may include one or more modified amino acids. Such amino acids may contribute to desirable properties, such as increased resistance to protease digestion.
+In certain aspects, the disclosure provides pharmaceutical formulations comprising a polypeptide reagent and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The polypeptide reagent may be any disclosed herein, including, for example, soluble EphB4 or EphrinB2 polypeptides. Additional formulations include cosmetic compositions and diagnostic kits.
+In certain aspects the disclosure provides methods of inhibiting signaling through Ephrin B2/EphB4 pathway in a cell. A method may comprise contacting the cell with an effective amount of a polypeptide agent, such as (a) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an EphB4 protein, wherein the EphB4 polypeptide is a monomer and binds specifically to an Ephrin B2 polypeptide; (b) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an Ephrin B2 protein, wherein the soluble Ephrin B2 polypeptide is a monomer and binds with high affinity to an EphB4 polypeptide.
+In certain aspects the disclosure provides methods for reducing the growth rate of a tumor, comprising administering an amount of a polypeptide agent sufficient to reduce the growth rate of the tumor. The polypeptide agent may be selected from the group consisting of: (a) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an EphB4 protein, wherein the EphB4 polypeptide is a monomer and binds specifically to an Ephrin B2 polypeptide, and optionally comprises an additional modification to increase serum half-life, such as a PEGylation or serum albumin or both; (b) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an Ephrin B2 protein, wherein the soluble Ephrin B2 polypeptide is a monomer and binds with high affinity to an EphB4 polypeptide Optionally, the tumor comprises cells expressing a higher level of EphB4 and/or EphrinB2 than noncancerous cells of a comparable tissue.
+In certain aspects, the disclosure provides methods for treating a patient suffering from a cancer. A method may comprise administering to the patient a polypeptide agent. The polypeptide agent may be selected from the group consisting of: (a) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an EphB4 protein, wherein the EphB4 polypeptide is a monomer and binds specifically to an Ephrin B2 polypeptide, and optionally comprises an additional modification to increase serum half-life, such as a PEGylation or serum albumin or both; (b) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an Ephrin B2 protein, wherein the soluble Ephrin B2 polypeptide is a monomer and binds with high affinity to an EphB4 polypeptide. Optionally, the cancer comprises cancer cells expressing EphrinB2 and/or EphB4 at a higher level than noncancerous cells of a comparable tissue. The cancer may be a metastatic cancer. The cancer may be selected from the group consisting of colon carcinoma, breast tumor, mesothelioma, prostate tumor, squamous cell carcinoma, Kaposi sarcoma, and leukemia. Optionally, the cancer is an angiogenesis-dependent cancer or an angiogenesis independent cancer. The polypeptide agent employed may inhibit clustering or phosphorylation of Ephrin B2 or EphB4. A polypeptide agent may be co-administered with one or more additional anti-cancer chemotherapeutic agents that inhibit cancer cells in an additive or synergistic manner with the polypeptide agent.
+In certain aspects, the disclosure provides methods of inhibiting angiogenesis. A method may comprise contacting a cell with an amount of a polypeptide agent sufficient to inhibit angiogenesis. The polypeptide agent may be selected from the group consisting of: (a) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an EphB4 protein, wherein the EphB4 polypeptide is a monomer and binds specifically to an Ephrin B2 polypeptide, and optionally comprises an additional modification to increase serum half-life, such as a PEGylation or serum albumin or both; (b) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an Ephrin B2 protein, wherein the soluble Ephrin B2 polypeptide is a monomer and binds with high affinity to an EphB4 polypeptide.
+In certain aspects, the disclosure provides methods for treating a patient suffering from an angiogenesis-associated disease, comprising administering to the patient a polypeptide agent. The polypeptide agent may be selected from the group consisting of: (a) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an EphB4 protein, wherein the EphB4 polypeptide is a monomer and binds specifically to an Ephrin B2 polypeptide, and optionally comprises an additional modification to increase serum half-life, such as a PEGylation or serum albumin or both; (b) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an Ephrin B2 protein, wherein the soluble Ephrin B2 polypeptide is a monomer and binds with high affinity to an EphB4 polypeptide. The soluble polypeptide may be formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. An angiogenesis related disease or unwanted angiogenesis related process may be selected from the group consisting of angiogenesis-dependent cancer, benign tumors, inflammatory disorders, chronic articular rheumatism and psoriasis, ocular angiogenic diseases, Osler-Webber Syndrome, myocardial angiogenesis, plaque neovascularization, telangiectasia, hemophiliac joints, angiofibroma, telangiectasia psoriasis scleroderma, pyogenic granuloma, rubeosis, arthritis, diabetic neovascularization, vasculogenesis. A polypeptide agent may be co-administered with at least one additional anti-angiogenesis agent that inhibits angiogenesis in an additive or synergistic manner with the soluble polypeptide.
+In certain aspects, the disclosure provides for the use of a polypeptide agent in the manufacture of medicament for the treatment of cancer or an angiogenesis related disorder. The polypeptide agent may be selected from the group consisting of: (a) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an EphB4 protein, wherein the EphB4 polypeptide is a monomer and binds specifically to an Ephrin B2 polypeptide, and optionally comprises an additional modification to increase serum half-life, such as a PEGylation or serum albumin or both; (b) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an Ephrin B2 protein, wherein the soluble Ephrin B2 polypeptide is a monomer and binds with high affinity to an EphB4 polypeptide.
+In certain aspects, the disclosure provides methods for treating a patient suffering from a cancer, comprising: (a) identifying in the patient a tumor having a plurality of cancer cells that express EphB4 and/or EphrinB2; and (b) administering to the patient a polypeptide agent. The polypeptide agent may be selected from the group consisting of: (i) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an EphB4 protein, wherein the EphB4 polypeptide is a monomer and binds specifically to an Ephrin B2 polypeptide, and optionally comprises an additional modification to increase serum half-life, such as a PEGylation or serum albumin or both; (ii) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an Ephrin B2 protein, wherein the soluble Ephrin B2 polypeptide is a monomer and binds with high affinity to an EphB4 polypeptide.
+In certain aspects, the disclosure provides methods for identifying a tumor that is suitable for treatment with an EphrinB2 or EphB4 antagonist. A method may comprise detecting in the tumor cell one or more of the following characteristics: (a) expression of EphB4 protein and/or mRNA; (b) expression of EphrinB2 protein and/or mRNA; (c) gene amplification (e.g., increased gene copy number) of the EphB4 gene; or (d) gene amplification of the EphrinB2 gene. A tumor cell having one or more of characteristics (a)-(d) may be suitable for treatment with an EphrinB2 or EphB4 antagonist, such as a polypeptide agent described herein.
+Surprisingly, applicants have found that an EphB4 polypeptide lacking the globular domain can in fact inhibit tumor growth in a xenograft model, inhibit angiogenic tube formation of vascular endothelial cells and inhibit EphrinB2-activated autokinase activity of EphB4. While not wishing to be bound to any mechanism of action, it is expected that the polypeptide either prevents EphB4 aggregation or stimulates the elimination (e.g. by endocytosis) of EphB4 from the plasma membrane. Accordingly, the disclosure provides isolated soluble polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence of a fibronectin type 3 domain of an EphB4 protein. Such polypeptides will preferably have a biological effect, such as inhibiting an activity (e.g. aggregation or kinase activity) of an EphB4 or EphrinB2 protein, and particularly the inhibition of tumor growth in a human or in a mouse xenograft model of cancer. Such polypeptides may also inhibit angiogenesis in vivo or in an cell-based assay system. Such polypeptides may not bind to EphrinB2 and may specifically exclude all of or the functional (e.g., EphrinB2 binding-) portions of the globular domain of an EphB4 protein. Such a polypeptide will preferably comprise amino acids corresponding to amino acids 324-429 and/or 434-526 of the sequence of FIG. 65 (SEQ ID NO:10), or sequences at least 90%, 95%, 98%, 99% identical thereto. An example of such a polypeptide is shown in SEQ ID NO: 15. Such a polypeptide may be modified in any of the ways described herein, and may be produced as a monomer or as a dimer or multimer comprising two or more such polypeptides, such as an Fc fusion construct. Dimers or multimers may be desirable to enhance the effectiveness of such polypeptides. All of the methods for producing and using such polypeptides are similar to those described herein with respect to other EphB4 polypeptides.
+
+
+
+BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
+FIG. 1 shows amino acid sequence of the B4ECv3 protein (predicted sequence of the precursor including uncleaved Eph B4 leader peptide is shown; SEQ ID NO:1).
+FIG. 2 shows amino acid sequence of the B4ECv3NT protein (predicted sequence of the precursor including uncleaved Eph B4 leader peptide is shown; SEQ ID NO:2).
+FIG. 3 shows amino acid sequence of the B2EC protein (predicted sequence of the precursor including uncleaved Ephrin B2 leader peptide is shown; SEQ ID NO:3).
+FIG. 4 shows amino acid sequence of the B4ECv3-FC protein (predicted sequence of the precursor including uncleaved Eph B4 leader peptide is shown; SEQ ID NO:4).
+FIG. 5 shows amino acid sequence of the B2EC-FC protein (predicted sequence of the precursor including uncleaved Ephrin B2 leader peptide is shown; SEQ ID NO:5).
+FIG. 6 shows B4EC-FC binding assay (Protein A-agarose based).
+FIG. 7 shows B4EC-FC inhibition assay (Inhibition in solution).
+FIG. 8 shows B2EC-FC binding assay (Protein-A-agarose based assay).
+FIG. 9 shows chemotaxis of HUAEC in response to B4Ecv3.
+FIG. 10 shows chemotaxis of HHEC in response to B2EC-FC.
+FIG. 11 shows chemotaxis of HHAEC in response to B2EC.
+FIG. 12 shows effect of B4Ecv3 on HUAEC tubule formation.
+FIG. 13 shows effect of B2EC-FC on HUAEC tubule formation.
+FIG. 14 is a schematic representation of human Ephrin B2 constructs.
+FIG. 15 is a schematic representation of human EphB4 constructs.
+FIG. 16 shows the domain structure of the recombinant soluble EphB4EC proteins. Designation of the domains are as follows: L-leader peptide, G-globular (ligand-binding domain), C-Cys-rich domain, F1, F2-fibronectin type III repeats, H-6×His-tag.
+FIG. 17 shows purification and ligand binding properties of the EphB4EC proteins. A. SDS-PAAG gel electrophoresis of purified EphB4-derived recombinant soluble proteins (Coomassie-stained). B. Binding of Ephrin B2-AP fusion to EphB4-derived recombinant proteins immobilized on Ni-NTA-agarose beads. Results of three independent experiments are shown for each protein. Vertical axis—optical density at 420 nm.
+FIG. 18 shows that EphB4v3 inhibits chemotaxis.
+FIG. 19 shows that EphB4v3 inhibits tubule formation on Matrigel. A displays the strong inhibition of tubule formation by B4v3 in a representative experiment. B shows a quantitation of the reduction of tube-length obtained with B4v3 at increasing concentrations as well as a reduction in the number of junctions, in comparison to cells with no protein. Results are displayed as mean values±S.D. obtained from three independent experiments performed with duplicate wells.
+FIG. 20 shows that soluble EphB4 has no detectable cytotoxic effect as assessed by MTS assay.
+FIG. 21 shows that B4v3 inhibits invasion and tubule formation by endothelial cells in the Matrigel assay. (A) to detect total invading cells, photographed at 20× magnification or with Masson's Trichrome Top left of A B displays section of a Matrigel plug with no GF, top right of A displays section with B4IgG containing GF and lower left section contains GF, and lower right shows GF in the presence of B4v3. Significant invasion of endothelial cells is only seen in GF containing Matrigel. Top right displays an area with a high number of invaded cells induced by B4IgG, which signifies the dimeric form of B4v3. The left upper parts of the pictures correspond to the cell layers formed around the Matrigel plug from which cells invade toward the center of the plug located in the direction of the right lower corner. Total cells in sections of the Matrigel plugs were quantitated with Scion Image software. Results obtained from two experiments with duplicate plugs are displayed as mean values±S.D.
+FIG. 22 shows tyrosine phosphorylation of EphB4 receptor in PC3 cells in response to stimulation with EphrinB2-Fc fusion in presence or absence of EphB4-derived recombinant soluble proteins.
+FIG. 23 shows effects of soluble EphB4ECD on viability and cell cycle. A) 3-day cell viability assay of two HNSCC cell lines. B) FACS analysis of cell cycle in HNSCC-15 cells treated as in A. Treatment of these cells resulted in accumulation in subG0/G1 and S/G2 phases as indicated by the arrows.
+FIG. 24 shows that B4v3 inhibits endovascular response in a murine corneal hydron micropocket assay.
+FIG. 25 shows that that SCC15, B16, and MCF-7 co-injected with sB4v3 in the presence of matrigel and growth factors, inhibits the in vivo tumor growth of these cells.
+FIG. 26 shows that soluble EphB4 causes apoptosis, necrosis and decreased angiogenesis in three tumor types, B16 (melanoma), SCC15 (head and neck carcinoma), and MCF-7 (breast carcinoma). Tumors were injected premixed with Matrigel plus growth factors and soluble EphB4 subcutaneously. After 10 to 14 days, the mice were injected intravenously with FITC-lectin (green) to assess blood vessel perfusion. Tumors treated with control PBS displayed abundant tumor density and a robust angiogenic response. Tumors treated with sEphB4 displayed a decrease in tumor cell density and a marked inhibition of tumor angiogenesis in regions with viable tumor cells, as well as tumor necrosis and apoptosis.
+FIG. 27 shows expression of EphB4 in prostate cell lines. A) Western blot of total cell lysates of various prostate cancer cell lines, normal prostate gland derived cell line (MLC) and acute myeloblastic lymphoma cells (AML) probed with EphB4 monoclonal antibody. B) Phosphorylation of EphB4 in PC-3 cells determined by Western blot.
+FIG. 28 shows expression of EphB4 in prostate cancer tissue. Representative prostate cancer frozen section stained with EphB4 monoclonal antibody (top left) or isotype specific control (bottom left). Adjacent BPH tissue stained with EphB4 monoclonal antibody (top right). Positive signal is brown color in the tumor cells. Stroma and the normal epithelia are negative. Note membrane localization of stain in the tumor tissue, consistent with transmembrane localization of EphB4. Representative QRT-PCR of RNA extracted from cancer specimens and adjacent BPH tissues (lower right).
+FIG. 29 shows downregulation of EphB4 in prostate cancer cells by tumor suppressors and RXR expression. A) PC3 cells were co-transfected with truncated CD4 and p53 or PTEN or vector only. 24 h later CD4-sorted cells were collected, lysed and analyzed sequentially by Western blot for the expression of EphB4 and β-actin, as a normalizer protein. B) Western blot as in (A) of various stable cell lines. LNCaP-FGF is a stable transfection clone of FGF-8, while CWR22R-RXR stably expresses the RXR receptor. BPH-1 was established from benign hypertrophic prostatic epithelium.
+FIG. 30 shows regulation of EphB4 in prostate cancer cells by EGFR and IGFR-1. A) Western blot of PC3 cells treated with or without EGFR specific inhibitor AG1478 (1 nM) for 36 hours. Decreased EphB4 signal is observed after AG 1478 treatment. The membrane was stripped and reprobed with β-actin, which was unaffected. B) Western Blot of triplicate samples of PC3 cells treated with or without IGFR-1 specific neutralizing antibody MAB391 (2 μg/ml; overnight). The membrane was sequentially probed with EphB4, IGFR-1 and β-actin antibodies. IGFR-1 signal shows the expected repression of signal with MAB391 treatment.
+FIG. 31 shows effect of specific EphB4 AS-ODNs and siRNA on expression and prostate cell functions. A) 293 cells stably expressing full-length construct of EphB4 was used to evaluate the ability of siRNA 472 to inhibit EphB4 expression. Cells were transfected with 50 nM RNAi using Lipofectamine 2000. Western blot of cell lysates 40 h post transfection with control siRNA (green fluorescence protein; GFP siRNA) or EphB4 siRNA 472, probed with EphB4 monoclonal antibody, stripped and reprobed with β-actin monoclonal antibody. B) Effect of EphB4 AS-10 on expression in 293 transiently expressing full-length EphB4. Cells were exposed to AS-10 or sense ODN for 6 hours and analyzed by Western blot as in (A). C) 48 h viability assay of PC3 cells treated with siRNA as described in the Methods section. Shown is mean±s.e.m. of triplicate samples. D) 5-day viability assay of PC3 cells treated with ODNs as described in the Methods. Shown is mean±s.e.m. of triplicate samples. E) Scrape assay of migration of PC3 cells in the presence of 50 nM siRNAs transfected as in (A). Shown are photomicrographs of representative 20× fields taken immediately after the scrape was made in the monolayer (0 h) and after 20 h continued culture. A large number of cells have filled in the scrape after 20 h with control siRNA, but not with EphB4 siRNA 472. F) Shown is a similar assay for cells treated with AS-10 or sense ODN (both 10 μM). G) Matrigel invasion assay of PC3 cells transfected with siRNA or control siRNA as described in the methods. Cells migrating to the underside of the Matrigel coated insert in response to 5 mg/ml fibronectin in the lower chamber were fixed and stained with Giemsa. Shown are representative photomicrographs of control siRNA and siRNA 472 treated cells. Cell numbers were counted in 5 individual high-powered fields and the average±s.e.m. is shown in the graph (bottom right).
+FIG. 32 shows effect of EphB4 siRNA 472 on cell cycle and apoptosis. A) PC3 cells transfected with siRNAs as indicated were analyzed 24 h post transfection for cell cycle status by flow cytometry as described in the Methods. Shown are the plots of cell number vs. propidium iodide fluorescence intensity. 7.9% of the cell population is apoptotic (in the Sub G0 peak) when treated with siRNA 472 compared to 1% with control siRNA. B) Apoptosis of PC3 cells detected by Cell Death Detection ELISAplus kit as described in the Methods. Absorbance at 405 nm increases in proportion to the amount of histone and DNA-POD in the nuclei-free cell fraction. Shown is the mean±s.e.m. of triplicate samples at the indicated concentrations of siRNA 472 and GFP siRNA (control).
+FIG. 33 shows that EphB4 and EphrinB2 are expressed in mesothelioma cell lines as shown by RT-PCR (A) and Western Blot (B).
+FIG. 34 shows expression of ephrin B2 and EphB4 by in situ hybridization in mesothelioma cells. NCI H28 mesothelioma cell lines cultured in chamber slides hybridized with antisense probe to ephrin B2 or EphB4 (top row). Control for each hybridization was sense (bottom row). Positive reaction is dark blue cytoplasmic stain.
+FIG. 35 shows cellular expression of EphB4 and ephrin B2 in mesothelioma cultures. Immunofluorescence staining of primary cell isolate derived from pleural effusion of a patient with malignant mesothelioma and cell lines NCI H28, NCI H2373, and NCI H2052 for ephrin B2 and EphB4. Green color is positive signal for FITC labeled secondary antibody. Specificity of immunofluorescence staining was demonstrated by lack of signal with no primary antibody (first row). Cell nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue color) to reveal location of all cells. Shown are merged images of DAPI and FITC fluorescence. Original magnification 200×.
+FIG. 36 shows expression of ephrin B2 and EphB4 in mesothelioma tumor. Immunohistochemistry of malignant mesothelioma biopsy. H&E stained section reveals tumor architecture; bottom left panel is background control with no primary antibody. EphB4 and ephrin B2 specific staining is brown color. Original magnification 200×.
+FIG. 37 shows effects of EPHB4 antisense probes (A) and EPHB4 siRNAs (B) on the growth of H28 cells.
+FIG. 38 shows effects of EPHB4 antisense probes (A) and EPHB4 siRNAs (B) on cell migration.
+FIG. 39 shows that EphB4 is expressed in HNSCC primary tissues and metastases. A) Top: Immunohistochemistry of a representative archival section stained with EphB4 monoclonal antibody as described in the methods and visualized with DAB (brown color) localized to tumor cells. Bottom: Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stain of an adjacent section. Dense purple staining indicates the presence of tumor cells. The right hand column are frozen sections of lymph node metastasis stained with EphB4 polyclonal antibody (top right) and visualized with DAB. Control (middle) was incubation with goat serum and H&E (bottom) reveals the location of the metastatic foci surrounded by stroma which does not stain. B) In situ hybridization of serial frozen sections of a HNSCC case probed with EphB4 (left column) and ephrin B2 (right column) DIG labeled antisense or sense probes generated by run-off transcription. Hybridization signal (dark blue) was detected using alkaline-phosphatase-conjugated anti-DIG antibodies and sections were counterstained with Nuclear Fast Red. A serial section stained with H&E is shown (bottom left) to illustrate tumor architecture. C) Western blot of protein extract of patient samples consisting of tumor (T), uninvolved normal tissue (N) and lymph node biopsies (LN). Samples were fractionated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 4-20% Tris-glycine gels and subsequently electroblotted onto nylon membranes. Membranes were sequentially probed with EphB4 monoclonal antibody and β-actin MoAb. Chemiluminescent signal was detected on autoradiography film. Shown is the EphB4 specific band which migrated at 120 kD and β-actin which migrated at 40 kD. The β-actin signal was used to control for loading and transfer of each sample.
+FIG. 40 shows that EphB4 is expressed in HNSCC cell lines and is regulated by EGF: A) Survey of EphB4 expression in SCC cell lines. Western blot of total cell lysates sequentially probed with EphB4 monoclonal antibody, stripped and reprobed with β-actin monoclonal antibody as described for FIG. 39C. B) Effect of the specific EGFR inhibitor AG1478 on EphB4 expression: Western blot of crude cell lysates of SCC15 treated with 0-1000 nM AG 1478 for 24 h in media supplemented with 10% FCS (left) or with 1 mM AG 1478 for 4, 8, 12 or 24 h (right). Shown are membranes sequentially probed for EphB4 and β-actin. C) Effect of inhibition of EGFR signaling on EphB4 expression in SCC cell lines: Cells maintained in growth media containing 10% FCS were treated for 24 hr with 1 μM AG 1478, after which crude cell lysates were analyzed by Western blots of cell lysates sequentially probed with for EGFR, EphB4, ephrin B2 and β-actin antibodies. Specific signal for EGFR was detected at 170 kD and ephrin B2 at 37 kD in addition to EphB4 and β-actin as described in FIG. 1C. β-actin serves as loading and transfer control.
+FIG. 41 shows mechanism of regulation of EphB4 by EGF: A) Schematic of the EGFR signaling pathways, showing in red the sites of action and names of specific kinase inhibitors used. B) SCC15 cells were serum-starved for 24 h prior to an additional 24 incubation as indicated with or without EGF (10 ng/ml), 3 μM U73122, or 5 μM SH-5, 5 μM SP600125, 25 nM LY294002, - - μM PD098095 or 5 μM SB203580. N/A indicates cultures that received equal volume of diluent (DMSO) only. Cell lysates were subjected to Western Blot with EphB4 monoclonal antibody. β-actin signal serves as control of protein loading and transfer.
+FIG. 42 shows that specific EphB4 siRNAs inhibit EphB4 expression, cell viability and cause cell cycle arrest. A) 293 cells stably expressing full length EphB4 were transfected with 50 nM RNAi using Lipofectamine™2000. 40 h post-transfection cells were harvested, lysed and processed for Western blot. Membranes were probed with EphB4 monoclonal antibody, stripped and reprobed with β-actin monoclonal antibody as control for protein loading and transfer. Negative reagent control was RNAi to scrambled green fluorescence protein (GFP) sequence and control is transfection with Lipofectamine™2000 alone. B) MTT cell viability assays of SCC cell lines treated with siRNAs for 48 h as described in the Methods section. Shown is mean+s.e.m. of triplicate samples. C) SCC15 cells transfected with siRNAs as indicated were analyzed 24 h post transfection for cell cycle status by flow cytometry as described in the Methods. Shown are the plots of cell number vs. propidium iodide fluorescence intensity. Top and middle row show plots for cells 16 h after siRNA transfection, bottom row shows plots for cells 36 h post transfection. Specific siRNA and concentration are indicated for each plot. Lipo=Lipofectamine™200 mock transfection.
+FIG. 43 shows in vitro effects of specific EphB4 AS-ODNs on SCC cells. A) 293 cells transiently transfected with EphB4 full-length expression plasmid were treated 6 h post transfection with antisense ODNs as indicated. Cell lysates were collected 24 h after AS-ODN treatment and subjected to Western Blot. B) SCC25 cells were seeded on 48 well plates at equal densities and treated with EphB4 AS-ODNs at 1, 5, and 10 μM on days 2 and 4. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay on day 5. Shown is the mean+s.e.m. of triplicate samples. Note that AS-ODNs that were active in inhibiting EphB4 protein levels were also effective inhibitors of SCC15 cell viability. C) Cell cycle analysis of SCC15 cells treated for 36 h with AS-10 (bottom) compared to cells that were not treated (top). D) Confluent cultures of SCC15 cells scraped with a plastic Pasteur pipette to produce 3 mm wide breaks in the monolayer. The ability of the cells to migrate and close the wound in the presence of inhibiting EphB4 AS-ODN (AS-10) and non-inhibiting AS-ODN (AS-1) was assessed after 48 h. Scrambled ODN is included as a negative control ODN. Culture labeled no treatment was not exposed to ODN. At initiation of the experiment, all cultures showed scrapes of equal width and similar to that seen in 1 μM EphB4 AS-10 after 48 h. The red brackets indicate the width of the original scrape. E) Migration of SCC15 cells in response to 20 mg/ml EGF in two-chamber assay as described in the Methods. Shown are representative photomicrographs of non-treated (NT), AS-6 and AS-10 treated cells and 10 ng/ml Taxol as positive control of migration inhibition. F) Cell numbers were counted in 5 individual high-powered fields and the average+s.e.m. is shown in the graph.
+FIG. 44 shows that EphB4 AS-ODN inhibits tumor growth in vivo. Growth curves for SCC15 subcutaneous tumor xenografts in Balb/C nude mice treated with EphB4 AS-10 or scrambled ODN at 20 mg/kg/day starting the day following implantation of 5×106 cells. Control mice received and equal volume of diluent (PBS). Shown are the mean+s.e.m. of 6 mice/group. * P=0.0001 by Student's t-test compared to scrambled ODN treated group.
+FIG. 45 shows that Ephrin B2, but not EphB4 is expressed in KS biopsy tissue. (A) In situ hybridization with antisense probes for ephrin B2 and EphB4 with corresponding H&E stained section to show tumor architecture. Dark blue color in the ISH indicates positive reaction for ephrin B2. No signal for EphB4 was detected in the Kaposi's sarcoma biopsy. For contrast, ISH signal for EphB4 is strong in squamous cell carcinoma tumor cells. Ephrin B2 was also detected in KS using EphB4-AP fusion protein (bottom left). (B) Detection of ephrin B2 with EphB4/Fc fusion protein. Adjacent sections were stained with H&E (left) to show tumor architecture, black rectangle indicates the area shown in the EphB4/Fc treated section (middle) detected with FITC-labeled anti-human Fc antibody as described in the methods section. As a control an adjacent section was treated with human Fc fragment (right). Specific signal arising from EphB4/Fc binding to the section is seen only in areas of tumor cells. (C) Co-expression of ephrin B2 and the HHV8 latency protein LANA1. Double-label confocal immunofluorescence microscopy with antibodies to ephrin B2 (red) LANA1 (green), or EphB4 (red) of frozen KS biopsy material directly demonstrates co-expression of LANA1 and ephrin B2 in KS biopsy. Coexpression is seen as yellow color. Double label confocal image of biopsy with antibodies to PECAM-1 (green) in cells with nuclear propidium iodide stain (red), demonstrating the vascular nature of the tumor.
+FIG. 46 shows that HHV-8 induces arterial marker expression in venous endothelial cells. (A) Immunofluorescence of cultures of HUVEC and HUVEC/BC-1 for artery/vein markers and viral proteins. Cultures were grown on chamber slides and processed for immunofluorescence detection of ephrin B2 (a, e, i), EphB4 (m, q, u), CD148 (j, v), and the HHV-8 proteins LANA1 (b, f, m) or ORF59 (r) as described in the Materials and Methods. Yellow color in the merged images of the same field demonstrate co-expression of ephrin B2 and LANA or ephrin B2 and CD148. The positions of viable cells were revealed by nuclear staining with DAPI (blue) in the third column (c, g, k, o, s, w). Photomicrographs are of representative fields. (B) RT-PCR of HUVEC and two HHV-8 infected cultures (HUVEC/BC-1 and HUVEC/BC-3) for ephrin B2 and EphB4. Ephrin B2 product (200 bp) is seen in HUVEC/BC-1, HUVEC/BC-3 and EphB4 product (400 bp) is seen in HUVEC. Shown also is β-actin RT-PCR as a control for amount and integrity of input RNA.
+FIG. 47 shows that HHV-8 induces arterial marker expression in Kaposi's sarcoma cells. (A) Western blot for ephrin B2 on various cell lysates. SLK-vGPCR is a stable clone of SLK expressing the HHV-8 vGPCR, and SLK-pCEFL is control stable clone transfected with empty expression vector. SLK cells transfected with LANA or LANAΔ440 are SLK-LANA and SLK-Δ440 respectively. Quantity of protein loading and transfer was determined by reprobing the membranes with β-actin monoclonal antibody. (B) Transient transfection of KS-SLK cells with expression vector pvGPCR-CEFL resulted in the expression of ephrin B2 as shown by immunofluorescence staining with FITC (green), whereas the control vector pCEFL had no effect. KS-SLK cells (0.8×105/well) were transfected with 0.8 μg DNA using Lipofectamine 2000. 24 hr later cells were fixed and stained with ephrin B2 polyclonal antibody and FITC conjugated secondary antibody as described in the methods. (C) Transient transfection of HUVEC with vGPCR induces transcription from ephrin B2 luciferase constructs. 8×103 HUVEC in 24 well plates were transfected using Superfect with 0.8 μg/well ephrin B2 promoter constructs containing sequences from −2941 to −11 with respect to the translation start site, or two 5′-deletions as indicated, together with 80 ng/well pCEFL or pvGPCR-CEFL. Luciferase was determined 48 h post transfection and induction ratios are shown to the right of the graph. pGL3Basic is promoterless luciferase control vector. Luciferase was normalized to protein since GPCR induced expression of the cotransfected β-galactosidase. Graphed is mean+SEM of 6 replicates. Shown is one of three similar experiments.
+FIG. 48 shows that VEGF and VEGF-C regulate ephrin B2 expression. A) Inhibition of ephrin B2 by neutralizing antibodies. Cells were cultured in full growth medium and exposed to antibody (100 ng/ml) for 36 hr before collection and lysis for Western blot. B) For induction of ephrin B2 expression cells were cultured in EBM growth medium containing 5% serum lacking growth factors. Individual growth factors were added as indicated and the cells harvested after 36 h. Quantity of protein loading and transfer was determined by reprobing the membranes β-actin monoclonal antibody.
+FIG. 49 shows that Ephrin B2 knock-down with specific siRNA inhibits viability in KS cells and HUVEC grown in the presence of VEGF but not IGF, EGF or bFGF. A) KS-SLK cells were transfected with various siRNA to ephrin B2 and controls. After 48 hr the cells were harvested and crude cell lysates fractionated on 4-20% SDS-PAGE. Western blot was performed with monoclonal antibody to ephrin B2 generated in-house. The membrane was stripped and reprobed with β-actin monoclonal antibody (Sigma) to illustrate equivalent loading and transfer. B) 3 day cell viability assay of KS-SLK cultures in the presence of ephrin B2 and EphB4 siRNAs. 1×105 cells/well in 24-well plates were treated with 0, 10 and 100 ng/ml siRNAs as indicated on the graph. Viability of cultures was determined by MTT assay as described in the methods section. Shown are the mean+standard deviation of duplicate samples. C) HUVE cells were seeded on eight wells chamber slides coated with fibronectin. The HUVE cells were grown overnight in EGM-2 media, which contains all growth supplements. On the following day, the media was replaced with media containing VEGF (10 ng/ml) or EGF, FGF and IGF as indicated. After 2 hrs of incubation at 37° C., the cells were transfected using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) in Opti-MEM medium containing 10 nM of siRNA to ephrin B2, Eph B4 or green fluorescence protein (GFP) as control. The cells were incubated for 2 hr and then the fresh media containing growth factors or VEGF alone was added to their respective wells. After 48 hrs, the cells were stained with crystal violet and the pictures were taken immediately by digital camera at 10× magnification.
+FIG. 50 shows that soluble EphB4 inhibits KS and EC cord formation and in vivo angiogenesis. Cord formation assay of HUVEC in Matrigel™ (upper row). Cells in exponential growth phase were treated overnight with the indicated concentrations of EphB4 extracellular domain (ECD) prior to plating on Matrigel™. Cells were trypsinized and plated (1×105 cells/well) in a 24-well plate containing 0.5 ml Matrigel™. Shown are representative 20× phase contrast fields of cord formation after 8 hr plating on Matrigel™ in the continued presence of the test compounds as shown. Original magnification 200×. KS-SLK cells treated in a similar manner (middle row) in a cord formation assay on Matrigel™. Bottom row shows in vivo Matrigel™ assay: Matrigel™ plugs containing growth factors and EphB4 ECD or PBS were implanted subcutaneously in the mid-ventral region of mice. After 7 days the plugs were removed, sectioned and stained with H&E to visualize cells migrating into the matrix. Intact vessels with large lumens are observed in the control, whereas EphB4 ECD almost completely inhibited migration of cells into the Matrigel.
+FIG. 51 shows expression of EPHB4 in bladder cancer cell lines (A), and regulation of EPHB4 expression by EGFR signaling pathway (B).
+FIG. 52 shows that transfection of p53 inhibit the expression of EPHB4 in 5637 cell.
+FIG. 53 shows growth inhibition of bladder cancer cell line (5637) upon treatment with EPHB4 siRNA 472.
+FIG. 54 shows results on apoptosis study of 5637 cells transfected with EPHB4 siRNA 472.
+FIG. 55 shows effects of EPHB4 antisense probes on cell migration. 5637 cells were treated with EPHB4AS10 (10 μM) (bottom panels). Upper panels show control cells.
+FIG. 56 shows effects of EPHB4 siRNA on cell invasion. 5637 cells were transfected with siRNA 472 or control siRNA.
+FIG. 57 shows comparison of EphB4 monoclonal antibodies by G250 and in pull-down assay.
+FIG. 58 shows that EphB4 antibodies inhibit the growth of SCC15 xenograft tumors.
+FIG. 59 shows that EphB4 antibodies cause apoptosis, necrosis and decreased angiogenesis in SCC15, head and neck carcinoma tumor type.
+FIG. 60 shows that systemic administration of EphB4 antibodies leads to tumor regression.
+FIGS. 61A-J show a genomic nucleotide sequence of human EphB4 (SEQ ID NO:6).
+FIGS. 62A-B show a cDNA nucleotide sequence of human EphB4 (SEQ ID NO:7).
+FIGS. 63A-Q show a genomic nucleotide sequence of human Ephrin B2 (SEQ ID NO:8).
+FIGS. 64A-B show a cDNA nucleotide sequence of human Ephrin B2 (SEQ ID NO:9).
+FIG. 65 shows an amino acid sequence of human EphB4 (SEQ ID NO:10).
+FIG. 66 shows an amino acid sequence of human Ephrin B2 (SEQ ID NO:11).
+FIG. 67 shows a comparison of the EphrinB2 binding properties of the HSA-EphB4 fusion protein and other EphB4 polypeptides.
+FIG. 68 shows a comparison between the in vivo stability of an EphB4-HSA fusion protein and an EphB4 polypeptide in mice.
+FIG. 69 shows the EphrinB2 binding activity of soluble EphB4 polypeptides pegylated under specific pH conditions.
+FIG. 70 shows the chromatographic separation of PEG derivatives of EphB4 protein on SP-Sepharose columns. Purity of the PEG-modified EphB4 protein was analyzed by PAGE. The EphrinB2 binding of the pegylation reaction products is also shown.
+FIG. 71 shows the purity, as determined by SDS-PAGE, of chromatography-separated unpegylated, monopegylated and poly-pegylated EphB4 fractions.
+FIG. 72 shows the EphrinB2-binding activity of the chromatography fractions from the EphB4 pegylation reaction.
+FIG. 73 shows the retention of EphrinB2-binding activity of the chromatography fractions from the EphB4 pegylation reaction after incubation in mouse serum at 37° C. for three days.
+FIG. 74 shows the in vivo stability of unpegylated, monopegylated and polypegylated EphB4 in mice over time.
+
+
+
+DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
+I. Overview
+The current invention is based in part on the discovery that signaling through the ephrin/ephrin receptor (ephrin/eph) pathway contributes to tumorigenesis. Applicants detected expression of ephrin B2 and EphB4 in tumor tissues and developed anti-tumor therapeutic agents for blocking signaling through the ephrin/eph. In addition, the disclosure provides polypeptide therapeutic agents and methods for polypeptide-based inhibition of the function of EphB4 and/or Ephrin B2. Accordingly, in certain aspects, the disclosure provides numerous polypeptide compounds (agents) that may be used to treat cancer as well as angiogenesis related disorders and unwanted angiogenesis related processes. Applicants have generated modified forms of EphrinB2 and EphB4 polypeptides and have demonstrated that such modified forms have markedly improved pharmacokinetic properties. Accordingly, in certain aspects, the disclosure provides numerous polypeptide compounds (agents) that may be used to treat cancer as well as angiogenesis related disorders and unwanted angiogenesis related processes.
+As used herein, the terms Ephrin and Eph are used to refer, respectively, to ligands and receptors. They can be from any of a variety of animals (e.g., mammals/non-mammals, vertebrates/non-vertebrates, including humans). The nomenclature in this area has changed rapidly and the terminology used herein is that proposed as a result of work by the Eph Nomenclature Committee, which can be accessed, along with previously-used names at web site http://www.eph-nomenclature.com.
+The work described herein, particularly in the examples, refers to Ephrin B2 and EphB4. However, the present invention contemplates any ephrin ligand and/or Eph receptor within their respective family, which is expressed in a tumor. The ephrins (ligands) are of two structural types, which can be further subdivided on the basis of sequence relationships and, functionally, on the basis of the preferential binding they exhibit for two corresponding receptor subgroups. Structurally, there are two types of ephrins: those which are membrane-anchored by a glycerophosphatidylinositol (GPI) linkage and those anchored through a transmembrane domain. Conventionally, the ligands are divided into the Ephrin-A subclass, which are GPI-linked proteins which bind preferentially to EphA receptors, and the Ephrin-B subclass, which are transmembrane proteins which generally bind preferentially to EphB receptors.
+The Eph family receptors are a family of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases which are related to Eph, a receptor named for its expression in an erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. They are divided into two subgroups on the basis of the relatedness of their extracellular domain sequences and their ability to bind preferentially to Ephrin-A proteins or Ephrin-B proteins. Receptors which interact preferentially with Ephrin-A proteins are EphA receptors and those which interact preferentially with Ephrin-B proteins are EphB receptors.
+Eph receptors have an extracellular domain composed of the ligand-binding globular domain, a cysteine rich region followed by a pair of fibronectin type III repeats (e.g., see FIG. 16). The cytoplasmic domain consists of a juxtamembrane region containing two conserved tyrosine residues; a protein tyrosine kinase domain; a sterile α-motif (SAM) and a PDZ-domain binding motif. EphB4 is specific for the membrane-bound ligand Ephrin B2 (Sakano, S. et al 1996; Brambilla R. et al 1995). Ephrin B2 belongs to the class of Eph ligands that have a transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic region with five conserved tyrosine residues and PDZ domain. Eph receptors are activated by binding of clustered, membrane attached ephrins (Davis S et al, 1994), indicating that contact between cells expressing the receptors and cells expressing the ligands is required for Eph activation.
+Upon ligand binding, an Eph receptor dimerizes and autophosphorylate the juxtamembrane tyrosine residues to acquire full activation (Kalo M S et al, 1999, Binns K S, 2000). In addition to forward signaling through the Eph receptor, reverse signaling can occur through the ephrin Bs. Eph engagement of ephrins results in rapid phosphorylation of the conserved intracellular tyrosines (Bruckner K, 1997) and somewhat slower recruitment of PDZ binding proteins (Palmer A 2002). Recently, several studies have shown that high expression of Eph/ephrins may be associated with increased potentials for tumor growth, tumorigenicity, and metastasis (Easty D J, 1999; Kiyokawa E, 1994; Tang X X, 1999; Vogt T, 1998; Liu W, 2002; Stephenson S A, 2001; Steube K G 1999; Berclaz G, 1996).
+In certain embodiments, the present invention provides polypeptide therapeutic agents that inhibit activity of Ephrin B2, EphB4, or both. As used herein, the term “polypeptide therapeutic agent” or “polypeptide agent” is a generic term which includes any polypeptide that blocks signaling through the Ephrin B2/EphB4 pathway. A preferred polypeptide therapeutic agent of the invention is a soluble polypeptide of Ephrin B2 or EphB4. Another preferred polypeptide therapeutic agent of the invention is an antagonist antibody that binds to Ephrin B2 or EphB4. For example, such polypeptide therapeutic agent can inhibit function of Ephrin B2 or EphB4, inhibit the interaction between Ephrin B2 and EphB4, inhibit the phosphorylation of Ephrin B2 or EphB4, or inhibit any of the downstream signaling events upon binding of Ephrin B2 to EphB4. Such polypeptides may include EphB4 or EphrinB2 that are modified so as to improve serum half-life, such as by PEGylation or stable association with a serum albumin protein.
+II. Soluble Polypeptides
+In certain aspects, the invention relates to a soluble polypeptide comprising an extracellular domain of an Ephrin B2 protein (referred to herein as an Ephrin B2 soluble polypeptide) or comprising an extracellular domain of an EphB4 protein (referred to herein as an EphB4 soluble polypeptide). Preferably, the subject soluble polypeptide is a monomer and is capable of binding with high affinity to Ephrin B2 or EphB4. In a specific embodiment, the EphB4 soluble polypeptide of the invention comprises a globular domain of an EphB4 protein. Specific examples EphB4 soluble polypeptides are provided in FIGS. 1, 2, and 15. Specific examples of Ephrin B2 soluble polypeptides are provided in FIGS. 3 and 14.
+As used herein, the subject soluble polypeptides include fragments, functional variants, and modified forms of EphB4 soluble polypeptide or an Ephrin B2 soluble polypeptide. These fragments, functional variants, and modified forms of the subject soluble polypeptides antagonize function of EphB4, Ephrin B2 or both.
+In certain embodiments, isolated fragments of the subject soluble polypeptides can be obtained by screening polypeptides recombinantly produced from the corresponding fragment of the nucleic acid encoding an EphB4 or Ephrin B2 soluble polypeptides. In addition, fragments can be chemically synthesized using techniques known in the art such as conventional Merrifield solid phase f-Moc or t-Boc chemistry. The fragments can be produced (recombinantly or by chemical synthesis) and tested to identify those peptidyl fragments that can function to inhibit function of EphB4 or Ephrin B2, for example, by testing the ability of the fragments to inhibit angiogenesis or tumor growth.
+In certain embodiments, a functional variant of an EphB4 soluble polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 99% or 100% identical to residues 1-197, 29-197, 1-312, 29-132, 1-321, 29-321, 1-326, 29-326, 1-412, 29-412, 1-427, 29-427, 1-429, 29-429, 1-526, 29-526, 1-537 and 29-537 of the amino acid sequence defined by FIG. 65 (SEQ ID NO: 10). Such polypeptides may be used in a processed form, and accordingly, in certain embodiments, an EphB4 soluble polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 99% or 100% identical to residues 16-197, 16-312, 16-321, 16-326, 16-412, 16-427, 16-429, 16-526 and 16-537 of the amino acid sequence defined by FIG. 65 (SEQ ID NO:10).
+In other embodiments, a functional variant of an Ephrin B2 soluble polypeptide comprises a sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 99% or 100% identical to residues 1-225 of the amino acid sequence defined by FIG. 66 (SEQ ID NO: 11) or a processed form, such as one comprising a sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 99% or 100% identical to residues 26-225 of the amino acid sequence defined by FIG. 66 (SEQ ID NO: 11).
+In certain embodiments, the present invention contemplates making functional variants by modifying the structure of the subject soluble polypeptide for such purposes as enhancing therapeutic or prophylactic efficacy, or stability (e.g., ex vivo shelf life and resistance to proteolytic degradation in vivo). Such modified soluble polypeptide are considered functional equivalents of the naturally-occurring EphB4 or Ephrin B2 soluble polypeptide. Modified soluble polypeptides can be produced, for instance, by amino acid substitution, deletion, or addition. For instance, it is reasonable to expect, for example, that an isolated replacement of a leucine with an isoleucine or valine, an aspartate with a glutamate, a threonine with a serine, or a similar replacement of an amino acid with a structurally related amino acid (e.g., conservative mutations) will not have a major effect on the biological activity of the resulting molecule. Conservative replacements are those that take place within a family of amino acids that are related in their side chains.
+This invention further contemplates a method of generating sets of combinatorial mutants of the EphB4 or Ephrin B2 soluble polypeptides, as well as truncation mutants, and is especially useful for identifying functional variant sequences. The purpose of screening such combinatorial libraries may be to generate, for example, soluble polypeptide variants which can act as antagonists of EphB4, EphB2, or both. Combinatorially-derived variants can be generated which have a selective potency relative to a naturally occurring soluble polypeptide. Such variant proteins, when expressed from recombinant DNA constructs, can be used in gene therapy protocols. Likewise, mutagenesis can give rise to variants which have intracellular half-lives dramatically different than the corresponding wild-type soluble polypeptide. For example, the altered protein can be rendered either more stable or less stable to proteolytic degradation or other cellular process which result in destruction of, or otherwise inactivation of the protein of interest (e.g., a soluble polypeptide). Such variants, and the genes which encode them, can be utilized to alter the subject soluble polypeptide levels by modulating their half-life. For instance, a short half-life can give rise to more transient biological effects and, when part of an inducible expression system, can allow tighter control of recombinant soluble polypeptide levels within the cell. As above, such proteins, and particularly their recombinant nucleic acid constructs, can be used in gene therapy protocols.
+There are many ways by which the library of potential homologs can be generated from a degenerate oligonucleotide sequence. Chemical synthesis of a degenerate gene sequence can be carried out in an automatic DNA synthesizer, and the synthetic genes then be ligated into an appropriate gene for expression. The purpose of a degenerate set of genes is to provide, in one mixture, all of the sequences encoding the desired set of potential soluble polypeptide sequences. The synthesis of degenerate oligonucleotides is well known in the art (see for example, Narang, S A (1983) Tetrahedron 39:3; Itakura et al., (1981) Recombinant DNA, Proc. 3rd Cleveland Sympos. Macromolecules, ed. A G Walton, Amsterdam: Elsevier pp 273-289; Itakura et al., (1984) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 53:323; Itakura et al., (1984) Science 198:1056; Ike et al., (1983) Nucleic Acid Res. 11:477). Such techniques have been employed in the directed evolution of other proteins (see, for example, Scott et al., (1990) Science 249:386-390; Roberts et al., (1992) PNAS USA 89:2429-2433; Devlin et al., (1990) Science 249: 404-406; Cwirla et al., (1990) PNAS USA 87: 6378-6382; as well as U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,223,409, 5,198,346, and 5,096,815).
+Alternatively, other forms of mutagenesis can be utilized to generate a combinatorial library. For example, soluble polypeptide variants (e.g., the antagonist forms) can be generated and isolated from a library by screening using, for example, alanine scanning mutagenesis and the like (Ruf et al., (1994) Biochemistry 33:1565-1572; Wang et al., (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269:3095-3099; Balint et al., (1993) Gene 137:109-118; Grodberg et al., (1993) Eur. J. Biochem. 218:597-601; Nagashima et al., (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268:2888-2892; Lowman et al., (1991) Biochemistry 30:10832-10838; and Cunningham et al., (1989) Science 244:1081-1085), by linker scanning mutagenesis (Gustin et al., (1993) Virology 193:653-660; Brown et al., (1992) Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:2644-2652; McKnight et al., (1982) Science 232:316); by saturation mutagenesis (Meyers et al., (1986) Science 232:613); by PCR mutagenesis (Leung et al., (1989) Method Cell Mol Biol 1:11-19); or by random mutagenesis, including chemical mutagenesis, etc. (Miller et al., (1992) A Short Course in Bacterial Genetics, CSHL Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; and Greener et al., (1994) Strategies in Mol Biol 7:32-34). Linker scanning mutagenesis, particularly in a combinatorial setting, is an attractive method for identifying truncated (bioactive) forms of the subject soluble polypeptide.
+A wide range of techniques are known in the art for screening gene products of combinatorial libraries made by point mutations and truncations, and, for that matter, for screening cDNA libraries for gene products having a certain property. Such techniques will be generally adaptable for rapid screening of the gene libraries generated by the combinatorial mutagenesis of the subject soluble polypeptides. The most widely used techniques for screening large gene libraries typically comprises cloning the gene library into replicable expression vectors, transforming appropriate cells with the resulting library of vectors, and expressing the combinatorial genes under conditions in which detection of a desired activity facilitates relatively easy isolation of the vector encoding the gene whose product was detected. Each of the illustrative assays described below are amenable to high through-put analysis as necessary to screen large numbers of degenerate sequences created by combinatorial mutagenesis techniques.
+In certain embodiments, the subject soluble polypeptides of the invention include a small molecule such as a peptide and a peptidomimetic. As used herein, the term “peptidomimetic” includes chemically modified peptides and peptide-like molecules that contain non-naturally occurring amino acids, peptoids, and the like. Peptidomimetics provide various advantages over a peptide, including enhanced stability when administered to a subject. Methods for identifying a peptidomimetic are well known in the art and include the screening of databases that contain libraries of potential peptidomimetics. For example, the Cambridge Structural Database contains a collection of greater than 300,000 compounds that have known crystal structures (Allen et al., Acta Crystallogr. Section B, 35:2331 (1979)). Where no crystal structure of a target molecule is available, a structure can be generated using, for example, the program CONCORD (Rusinko et al., J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 29:251 (1989)). Another database, the Available Chemicals Directory (Molecular Design Limited, Informations Systems; San Leandro Calif.), contains about 100,000 compounds that are commercially available and also can be searched to identify potential peptidomimetics of the EphB4 or Ephrin B2 soluble polypeptides.
+In certain embodiments, the soluble polypeptides of the invention may further comprise post-translational modifications. Exemplary post-translational protein modification include phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, ADP-ribosylation, ubiquitination, glycosylation, carbonylation, sumoylation, biotinylation or addition of a polypeptide side chain or of a hydrophobic group. As a result, the modified soluble polypeptides may contain non-amino acid elements, such as lipids, poly- or mono-saccharide, and phosphates. Effects of such non-amino acid elements on the functionality of a soluble polypeptide may be tested for its antagonizing role in EphB4 or Ephrin B2 function, e.g, it inhibitory effect on angiogenesis or on tumor growth.
+In one specific embodiment of the present invention, modified forms of the subject soluble polypeptides comprise linking the subject soluble polypeptides to nonproteinaceous polymers. In one specific embodiment, the polymer is polyethylene glycol (“PEG”), polypropylene glycol, or polyoxyalkylenes, in the manner as set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 4,640,835; 4,496,689; 4,301,144; 4,670,417; 4,791,192 or 4,179,337. Examples of the modified polypeptide of the invention include PEGylated soluble Ephrin B2 and PEGylated soluble EphB4.
+PEG is a well-known, water soluble polymer that is commercially available or can be prepared by ring-opening polymerization of ethylene glycol according to methods well known in the art (Sandler and Karo, Polymer Synthesis, Academic Press, New York, Vol. 3, pages 138-161). The term “PEG” is used broadly to encompass any polyethylene glycol molecule, without regard to size or to modification at an end of the PEG, and can be represented by the formula:
+X—O(CH2CH2O)n-1CH2CH2OH (1), where n is 20 to 2300 and X is H or a terminal modification, e.g., a C1-4 alkyl. In one embodiment, the PEG of the invention terminates on one end with hydroxy or methoxy, i.e., X is H or CH3 (“methoxy PEG”). A PEG can contain further chemical groups which are necessary for binding reactions; which results from the chemical synthesis of the molecule; or which is a spacer for optimal distance of parts of the molecule. In addition, such a PEG can consist of one or more PEG side-chains which are linked together. PEGs with more than one PEG chain are called multiarmed or branched PEGs. Branched PEGs can be prepared, for example, by the addition of polyethylene oxide to various polyols, including glycerol, pentaerythriol, and sorbitol. For example, a four-armed branched PEG can be prepared from pentaerythriol and ethylene oxide. Branched PEG are described in, for example, EP-A 0 473 084 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,462. One form of PEGs includes two PEG side-chains (PEG2) linked via the primary amino groups of a lysine (Monfardini, C., et al., Bioconjugate Chem. 6 (1995) 62-69).
+PEG conjugation to peptides or proteins generally involves the activation of PEG and coupling of the activated PEG-intermediates directly to target proteins/peptides or to a linker, which is subsequently activated and coupled to target proteins/peptides (see Abuchowski, A. et al, J. Biol. Chem., 252, 3571 (1977) and J. Biol. Chem., 252, 3582 (1977), Zalipsky, et al., and Harris et. al., in: Poly(ethylene glycol) Chemistry: Biotechnical and Biomedical Applications; (J. M. Harris ed.) Plenum Press: New York, 1992; Chap. 21 and 22). It is noted that an EphB4 containing a PEG molecule is also known as a conjugated protein, whereas the protein lacking an attached PEG molecule can be referred to as unconjugated.
+Any molecular mass for a PEG can be used as practically desired, e.g., from about 1,000 Daltons (Da) to 100,000 Da (n is 20 to 2300), for conjugating to Eph4 or EphrinB2 soluble peptides. The number of repeating units “n” in the PEG is approximated for the molecular mass described in Daltons. It is preferred that the combined molecular mass of PEG on an activated linker is suitable for pharmaceutical use. Thus, in one embodiment, the molecular mass of the PEG molecules does not exceed 100,000 Da. For example, if three PEG molecules are attached to a linker, where each PEG molecule has the same molecular mass of 12,000 Da (each n is about 270), then the total molecular mass of PEG on the linker is about 36,000 Da (total n is about 820). The molecular masses of the PEG attached to the linker can also be different, e.g., of three molecules on a linker two PEG molecules can be 5,000 Da each (each n is about 110) and one PEG molecule can be 12,000 Da (n is about 270).
+In a specific embodiment of the invention, an EphB4 polypeptide is covalently linked to one poly(ethylene glycol) group of the formula: —CO—(CH2)x—(OCH2CH2)m—OR, with the —CO (i.e. carbonyl) of the poly(ethylene glycol) group forming an amide bond with one of the amino groups of EphB4; R being lower alkyl; x being 2 or 3; m being from about 450 to about 950; and n and m being chosen so that the molecular weight of the conjugate minus the EphB4 protein is from about 10 to 40 kDa. In one embodiment, an EphB4 ε-amino group of a lysine is the available (free) amino group.
+The above conjugates may be more specifically presented by formula (II): P—NHCO—(CH2)x—(OCH2CH2)m—OR (II), wherein P is the group of an EphB4 protein as described herein, (i.e. without the amino group or amino groups which form an amide linkage with the carbonyl shown in formula (II); and wherein R is lower alkyl; x is 2 or 3; m is from about 450 to about 950 and is chosen so that the molecular weight of the conjugate minus the EphB4 protein is from about 10 to about 40 kDa. As used herein, the given ranges of “m” have an orientational meaning. The ranges of “m” are determined in any case, and exactly, by the molecular weight of the PEG group.
+One skilled in the art can select a suitable molecular mass for PEG, e.g., based on how the pegylated EphB4 will be used therapeutically, the desired dosage, circulation time, resistance to proteolysis, immunogenicity, and other considerations. For a discussion of PEG and its use to enhance the properties of proteins, see N. V. Katre, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 10: 91-114 (1993).
+In one embodiment of the invention, PEG molecules may be activated to react with amino groups on EphB4, such as with lysines (Bencham C. O. et al., Anal. Biochem., 131, 25 (1983); Veronese, F. M. et al., Appl. Biochem., 11, 141 (1985).; Zalipsky, S. et al., Polymeric Drugs and Drug Delivery Systems, adrs 9-110 ACS Symposium Series 469 (1999); Zalipsky, S. et al., Europ. Polym. J., 19, 1177-1183 (1983); Delgado, C. et al., Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, 12, 119-128 (1990)).
+In one specific embodiment, carbonate esters of PEG are used to form the PEG-EphB4 conjugates. N,N′-disuccinimidylcarbonate (DSC) may be used in the reaction with PEG to form active mixed PEG-succinimidyl carbonate that may be subsequently reacted with a nucleophilic group of a linker or an amino group of EphB4 (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,281,698 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,462). In a similar type of reaction, 1,1′-(dibenzotriazolyl)carbonate and di-(2-pyridyl)carbonate may be reacted with PEG to form PEG-benzotriazolyl and PEG-pyridyl mixed carbonate (U.S. Pat. No. 5,382,657), respectively.
+In one embodiment, additional sites for PEGylation are introduced by site-directed mutagenesis by introducing one or more lysine residues. For instance, one or more arginine residues may be mutated to a lysine residue. In another embodiment, additional PEGylation sites are chemically introduced by modifying amino acids on EphB4. In one specific embodiment, carboxyl groups in EphB4 are conjugated with diaminobutane, resulting in carboxyl amidation (see Li et al., Anal Biochem. 2004; 330(2):264-71). This reaction may be catalyzed by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide, a water-soluble carbodiimide. The resulting amides can then conjugated to PEG.
+PEGylation of EphB4 can be performed according to the methods of the state of the art, for example by reaction of EphB4 with electrophilically active PEGs (supplier: Shearwater Corp., USA, www.shearwatercorp.com). Preferred PEG reagents of the present invention are, e.g., N-hydroxysuccinimidyl propionates (PEG-SPA), butanoates (PEG-SBA), PEG-succinimidyl propionate or branched N-hydroxysuccinimides such as mPEG2-NHS (Monfardini, C., et al., Bioconjugate Chem. 6 (1995) 62-69). Such methods may used to PEGylated at an ε-amino group of an EphB4 lysine or the N-terminal amino group of EphB4.
+In another embodiment, PEG molecules may be coupled to sulfhydryl groups on EphB4 (Sartore, L., et al., Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 27, 45 (1991); Morpurgo et al., Biocon. Chem., 7, 363-368 (1996); Goodson et al., Bio/Technology (1990) 8, 343; U.S. Pat. No. 5,766,897). U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,610,281 and 5,766,897 describes exemplary reactive PEG species that may be coupled to sulfhydryl groups.
+In some embodiments where PEG molecules are conjugated to cysteine residues on EphB4, the cysteine residues are native to Eph4, whereas in other embodiments, one or more cysteine residues are engineered into EphB4. Mutations may be introduced into an EphB4 coding sequence to generate cysteine residues. This might be achieved, for example, by mutating one or more amino acid residues to cysteine. Preferred amino acids for mutating to a cysteine residue include serine, threonine, alanine and other hydrophilic residues. Preferably, the residue to be mutated to cysteine is a surface-exposed residue. Algorithms are well-known in the art for predicting surface accessibility of residues based on primary sequence or a protein. Alternatively, surface residues may be predicted by comparing the amino acid sequences of EphB4 an EphB2, given that the crystal structure of EphB2 has been solved (see Himanen et al., Nature. (2001) 20-27; 414(6866):933-8) and thus the surface-exposed residues identified. In one embodiment, cysteine residues are introduced into EphB4 at or near the N- and/or C-terminus, or within loop regions. Loop regions may be identified by comparing the EphB4 sequence to that of EphB2.
+In some embodiments, the pegylated EphB4 comprises a PEG molecule covalently attached to the alpha amino group of the N-terminal amino acid. Site specific N-terminal reductive amination is described in Pepinsky et al., (2001) JPET, 297, 1059, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,824,784. The use of a PEG-aldehyde for the reductive amination of a protein utilizing other available nucleophilic amino groups is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,002,531, in Wieder et al., (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 12579, and in Chamow et al., (1994) Bioconjugate Chem. 5, 133.
+In another embodiment, pegylated EphB4 comprises one or more PEG molecules covalently attached to a linker, which in turn is attached to the alpha amino group of the amino acid residue at the N-terminus of EphB4. Such an approach is disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2002/0044921 and in WO94/01451.
+In one embodiment, EphB4 is pegylated at the C-terminus. In a specific embodiment, a protein is pegylated at the C-terminus by the introduction of C-terminal azido-methionine and the subsequent conjugation of a methyl-PEG-triarylphosphine compound via the Staudinger reaction. This C-terminal conjugation method is described in Cazalis et al., C-Terminal Site-Specific PEGylation of a Truncated Thrombomodulin Mutant with Retention of Full Bioactivity, Bioconjug Chem. 2004; 15(5):1005-1009.
+Monopegylation of EphB4 can also be produced according to the general methods described in WO 94/01451. WO 94/01451 describes a method for preparing a recombinant polypeptide with a modified terminal amino acid alpha-carbon reactive group. The steps of the method involve forming the recombinant polypeptide and protecting it with one or more biologically added protecting groups at the N-terminal alpha-amine and C-terminal alpha-carboxyl. The polypeptide can then be reacted with chemical protecting agents to selectively protect reactive side chain groups and thereby prevent side chain groups from being modified. The polypeptide is then cleaved with a cleavage reagent specific for the biological protecting group to form an unprotected terminal amino acid alpha-carbon reactive group. The unprotected terminal amino acid alpha-carbon reactive group is modified with a chemical modifying agent. The side chain protected terminally modified single copy polypeptide is then deprotected at the side chain groups to form a terminally modified recombinant single copy polypeptide. The number and sequence of steps in the method can be varied to achieve selective modification at the N- and/or C-terminal amino acid of the polypeptide.
+The ratio of EphB4 (or EphrinB2) to activated PEG in the conjugation reaction can be from about 1:0.5 to 1:50, between from about 1:1 to 1:30, or from about 1:5 to 1:15. Various aqueous buffers can be used in the present method to catalyze the covalent addition of PEG to EphB4. In one embodiment, the pH of a buffer used is from about 7.0 to 9.0. In another embodiment, the pH is in a slightly basic range, e.g., from about 7.5 to 8.5. Buffers having a pKa close to neutral pH range may be used, e.g., phosphate buffer.
+In one embodiment, the temperature range for preparing a mono-PEG-EphB4 is from about 4° C. to 40° C., or from about 18° C. to 25° C. In another embodiment, the temperature is room temperature.
+The pegylation reaction can proceed from 3 to 48 hours, or from 10 to 24 hours. The reaction can be monitored using SE-HPLC to distinguish EphB4, mono-PEG-EphB4 and poly-PEG-EphB4. It is noted that mono-PEG-EphB4 forms before di-PEG-EphB4. When the mono-PEG-EphB4 concentration reaches a plateau, the reaction can be terminated by adding a quenching agent to react with unreacted PEG. In some embodiments, the quenching agent is a free amino acid, such as glycine, cysteine or lysine.
+Conventional separation and purification techniques known in the art can be used to purify pegylated EphB4 or EphrinB2 products, such as size exclusion (e.g. gel filtration) and ion exchange chromatography. Products may also be separated using SDS-PAGE. Products that may be separated include mono-, di-, tri-poly- and un-pegylated EphB4, as well as free PEG. The percentage of mono-PEG conjugates can be controlled by pooling broader fractions around the elution peak to increase the percentage of mono-PEG in the composition. About ninety percent mono-PEG conjugates represents a good balance of yield and activity. Compositions in which, for example, at least ninety-two percent or at least ninety-six percent of the conjugates are mono-PEG species may be desired. In an embodiment of this invention the percentage of mono-PEG conjugates is from ninety percent to ninety-six percent.
+In one embodiment, pegylated EphB4 proteins of the invention contain one, two or more PEG moieties. In one embodiment, the PEG moiety(ies) are bound to an amino acid residue which is on the surface of the protein and/or away from the surface that contacts EphrinB2. In one embodiment, the combined or total molecular mass of PEG in PEG-EphB4 is from about 3,000 Da to 60,000 Da, optionally from about 10,000 Da to 36,000 Da. In a one embodiment, the PEG in pegylated EphB4 is a substantially linear, straight-chain PEG.
+In one embodiment of the invention, the PEG in pegylated EphB4 or EphrinB2 is not hydrolyzed from the pegylated amino acid residue using a hydroxylamine assay, e.g., 450 mM hydroxylamine (pH 6.5) over 8 to 16 hours at room temperature, and is thus stable. In one embodiment, greater than 80% of the composition is stable mono-PEG-EphB4, more preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 95%.
+In another embodiment, the pegylated EphB4 proteins of the invention will preferably retain at least 25%, 50%, 60%, 70% least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% of the biological activity associated with the unmodified protein. In one embodiment, biological activity refers to its ability to bind to EphrinB2. In one specific embodiment, the pegylated EphB4 protein shows an increase in binding to EphrinB2 relative to unpegylated EphB4.
+In a preferred embodiment, the PEG-EphB4 has a half-life (t1/2) which is enhanced relative to the half-life of the unmodified protein. Preferably, the half-life of PEG-EphB4 is enhanced by at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 250%, 300%, 400% or 500%, or even by 1000% relative to the half-life of the unmodified EphB4 protein. In some embodiments, the protein half-life is determined in vitro, such as in a buffered saline solution or in serum. In other embodiments, the protein half-life is an in vivo half life, such as the half-life of the protein in the serum or other bodily fluid of an animal.
+In certain aspects, functional variants or modified forms of the subject soluble polypeptides include fusion proteins having at least a portion of the soluble polypeptide and one or more fusion domains. Well known examples of such fusion domains include, but are not limited to, polyhistidine, Glu-Glu, glutathione S transferase (GST), thioredoxin, protein A, protein G, and an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region (Fc), maltose binding protein (MBP), which are particularly useful for isolation of the fusion proteins by affinity chromatography. For the purpose of affinity purification, relevant matrices for affinity chromatography, such as glutathione-, amylase-, and nickel- or cobalt-conjugated resins are used. Another fusion domain well known in the art is green fluorescent protein (GFP). Fusion domains also include “epitope tags,” which are usually short peptide sequences for which a specific antibody is available. Well known epitope tags for which specific monoclonal antibodies are readily available include FLAG, influenza virus haemagglutinin (HA), and c-myc tags. In some cases, the fusion domains have a protease cleavage site, such as for Factor Xa or Thrombin, which allows the relevant protease to partially digest the fusion proteins and thereby liberate the recombinant proteins therefrom. The liberated proteins can then be isolated from the fusion domain by subsequent chromatographic separation.
+In certain embodiments, the soluble polypeptides of the present invention contain one or more modifications that are capable of stabilizing the soluble polypeptides. For example, such modifications enhance the in vitro half life of the soluble polypeptides, enhance circulatory half life of the soluble polypeptides or reducing proteolytic degradation of the soluble polypeptides.
+In a further embodiment, a soluble polypeptide of the present invention is fused to a cytotoxic agent. In this method, the fusion acts to target the cytotoxic agent to a specific tissue or cell (e.g., a tumor tissue or cell), resulting in a reduction in the number of afflicted cells. Such an approach can thereby reduce symptoms associated with cancer and angiogenesis-associated disorders. Cytotoxic agents include, but are not limited to, diphtheria A chain, exotoxin A chain, ricin A chain, abrin A chain, curcin, crotin, phenomycin, enomycin and the like, as well as radiochemicals.
+In certain embodiments, the soluble polypeptides of the present invention may be fused to other therapeutic proteins or to other proteins such as Fc or serum albumin for pharmacokinetic purposes. See for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,766,883 and 5,876,969, both of which are incorporated by reference. In some embodiments, soluble peptides of the present invention are fused to Fc variants. In a specific embodiment, the soluble polypeptide is fused to an Fc variant which does not homodimerize, such as one lacking the cysteine residues which form cysteine bonds with other Fc chains.
+In some embodiments, the modified proteins of the invention comprise fusion proteins with an Fc region of an immunoglobulin. As is known, each immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region comprises four or five domains. The domains are named sequentially as follows: CH1-hinge-CH2-CH3(-CH4). The DNA sequences of the heavy chain domains have cross-homology among the immunoglobulin classes, e.g., the CH2 domain of IgG is homologous to the CH2 domain of IgA and IgD, and to the CH3 domain of IgM and IgE. As used herein, the term, “immunoglobulin Fc region” is understood to mean the carboxyl-terminal portion of an immunoglobulin chain constant region, preferably an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region, or a portion thereof. For example, an immunoglobulin Fc region may comprise 1) a CH1 domain, a CH2 domain, and a CH3 domain, 2) a CH1 domain and a CH2 domain, 3) a CH1 domain and a CH3 domain, 4) a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain, or 5) a combination of two or more domains and an immunoglobulin hinge region. In a preferred embodiment the immunoglobulin Fc region comprises at least an immunoglobulin hinge region a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain, and preferably lacks the CH1 domain.
+In one embodiment, the class of immunoglobulin from which the heavy chain constant region is derived is IgG (Igγ) (γ subclasses 1, 2, 3, or 4). The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of human Fc .gamma.-1 are set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 5 and 6. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of murine Fcγ-2a are set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 7 and 8. Other classes of immunoglobulin, IgA (Igα), IgD (Igδ), IgE (Igε) and IgM (Igμ), may be used. The choice of appropriate immunoglobulin heavy chain constant regions is discussed in detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,541,087, and 5,726,044. The choice of particular immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region sequences from certain immunoglobulin classes and subclasses to achieve a particular result is considered to be within the level of skill in the art. The portion of the DNA construct encoding the immunoglobulin Fc region preferably comprises at least a portion of a hinge domain, and preferably at least a portion of a CH3 domain of Fc γ or the homologous domains in any of IgA, IgD, IgE, or IgM.
+Furthermore, it is contemplated that substitution or deletion of amino acids within the immunoglobulin heavy chain constant regions may be useful in the practice of the invention. One example would be to introduce amino acid substitutions in the upper CH2 region to create a Fc variant with reduced affinity for Fc receptors (Cole et al. (1997) J. IMMUNOL. 159:3613). One of ordinary skill in the art can prepare such constructs using well known molecular biology techniques.
+In a specific embodiment of the present invention, the modified forms of the subject soluble polypeptides are fusion proteins having at least a portion of the soluble polypeptide (e.g., an ectodomain of Ephrin B2 or EphB4) and a stabilizing domain such as albumin. As used herein, “albumin” refers collectively to albumin protein or amino acid sequence, or an albumin fragment or variant, having one or more functional activities (e.g., biological activities) of albumin. In particular, “albumin” refers to human albumin or fragments thereof (see EP 201 239, EP 322 094 WO 97/24445, WO95/23857) especially the mature form of human albumin, or albumin from other vertebrates or fragments thereof, or analogs or variants of these molecules or fragments thereof.
+The present invention describes that such fusion proteins are more stable relative to the corresponding wildtype soluble protein. For example, the subject soluble polypeptide (e.g., an ectodomain of Ephrin B2 or EphB4) can be fused with human serum albumin (HSA), bovine serum albumin (BSA), or any fragment of an albumin protein which has stabilization activity. Such stabilizing domains include human serum albumin (HSA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA).
+In particular, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention may include naturally occurring polymorphic variants of human albumin and fragments of human albumin (See WO95/23857), for example those fragments disclosed in EP 322 094 (namely HA (Pn), where n is 369 to 419). The albumin may be derived from any vertebrate, especially any mammal, for example human, cow, sheep, or pig. Non-mammalian albumins include, but are not limited to, hen and salmon. The albumin portion of the albumin fusion protein may be from a different animal than the EphB4.
+In some embodiments, the albumin protein portion of an albumin fusion protein corresponds to a fragment of serum albumin. Fragments of serum albumin polypeptides include polypeptides having one or more residues deleted from the amino terminus or from the C-terminus. Generally speaking, an HA fragment or variant will be at least 100 amino acids long, preferably at least 150 amino acids long. The HA variant may consist of or alternatively comprise at least one whole domain of HA. Domains, with reference to SEQ ID NO:18 in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004/0171123, are as follows: domains 1 (amino acids 1-194), 2 (amino acids 195-387), 3 (amino acids 388-585), 1+2 (1-387), 2+3 (195-585) or 1+3 (amino acids 1-194+ amino acids 388-585). Each domain is itself made up of two homologous subdomains namely 1-105, 120-194, 195-291, 316-387, 388-491 and 512-585, with flexible inter-subdomain linker regions comprising residues Lys 106 to Glu119, Glu292 to Val315 and Glu492 to Ala511.
+In one embodiment, the EphB4-HSA fusion has one EphB4 soluble polypeptide linked to one HSA molecule, but other conformations are within the invention. For example, EphB4-HSA fusion proteins can have any of the following formula: R1-L-R2; R2-L-R1; R1-L-R2-L-R1; or R2-L-R1-L-R2; R1-R2; R2-R1; R1-R2-R1; or R2-R1-R2; wherein R1 is a soluble EphB4 sequence, R2 is HSA, and L is a peptide linker sequence.
+In a specific embodiment, the EphB4 and HSA domains are linked to each other, preferably via a linker sequence, which separates the EphB4 and HSA domains by a distance sufficient to ensure that each domain properly folds into its secondary and tertiary structures. Preferred linker sequences (1) should adopt a flexible extended conformation, (2) should not exhibit a propensity for developing an ordered secondary structure which could interact with the functional EphB4 and HSA domains, and (3) should have minimal hydrophobic or charged character, which could promote interaction with the functional protein domains. Typical surface amino acids in flexible protein regions include Gly, Asn and Ser. Permutations of amino acid sequences containing Gly, Asn and Ser would be expected to satisfy the above criteria for a linker sequence. Other near neutral amino acids, such as Thr and Ala, can also be used in the linker sequence.
+In a specific embodiment, a linker sequence length of about 20 amino acids can be used to provide a suitable separation of functional protein domains, although longer or shorter linker sequences may also be used. The length of the linker sequence separating EphB4 and HSA can be from 5 to 500 amino acids in length, or more preferably from 5 to 100 amino acids in length. Preferably, the linker sequence is from about 5-30 amino acids in length. In preferred embodiments, the linker sequence is from about 5 to about 20 amino acids, and is advantageously from about 10 to about 20 amino acids. Amino acid sequences useful as linkers of EphB4 and HSA include, but are not limited to, (SerGly4)y wherein y is greater than or equal to 8, or Gly4SerGly5Ser. A preferred linker sequence has the formula (SerGly4)4. Another preferred linker has the sequence ((Ser-Ser-Ser-Ser-Gly)-3-Ser-Pro).
+In one embodiment, the polypeptides of the present invention and HSA proteins are directly fused without a linker sequence. In preferred embodiments, the C-terminus of a soluble EphB4 polypeptide can be directly fused to the N-terminus of HSA or the C-terminus of HSA can be directly fused to the N-terminus of soluble EphB4.
+In some embodiments, the immunogenicity of the fusion junction between HSA and EphB4 may be reduced the by identifying a candidate T-cell epitope within a junction region spanning a fusion protein and changing an amino acid within the junction region as described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0166877.
+In certain embodiments, soluble polypeptides (unmodified or modified) of the invention can be produced by a variety of art-known techniques. For example, such soluble polypeptides can be synthesized using standard protein chemistry techniques such as those described in Bodansky, M. Principles of Peptide Synthesis, Springer Verlag, Berlin (1993) and Grant G. A. (ed.), Synthetic Peptides: A User's Guide, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York (1992). In addition, automated peptide synthesizers are commercially available (e.g., Advanced ChemTech Model 396; Milligen/Biosearch 9600). Alternatively, the soluble polypeptides, fragments or variants thereof may be recombinantly produced using various expression systems as is well known in the art (also see below).
+III. Nucleic Acids Encoding Soluble Polypeptides
+In certain aspects, the invention relates to isolated and/or recombinant nucleic acids encoding an EphB4 or Ephrin B2 soluble polypeptide. The subject nucleic acids may be single-stranded or double-stranded, DNA or RNA molecules. These nucleic acids are useful as therapeutic agents. For example, these nucleic acids are useful in making recombinant soluble polypeptides which are administered to a cell or an individual as therapeutics. Alternative, these nucleic acids can be directly administered to a cell or an individual as therapeutics such as in gene therapy.
+In certain embodiments, the invention provides isolated or recombinant nucleic acid sequences that are at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to a region of the nucleotide sequence depicted in SEQ ID Nos. 6-9. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that nucleic acid sequences complementary to the subject nucleic acids, and variants of the subject nucleic acids are also within the scope of this invention. In further embodiments, the nucleic acid sequences of the invention can be isolated, recombinant, and/or fused with a heterologous nucleotide sequence, or in a DNA library.
+In other embodiments, nucleic acids of the invention also include nucleotide sequences that hybridize under highly stringent conditions to the nucleotide sequence depicted in SEQ ID Nos. 6-9, or complement sequences thereof. As discussed above, one of ordinary skill in the art will understand readily that appropriate stringency conditions which promote DNA hybridization can be varied. One of ordinary skill in the art will understand readily that appropriate stringency conditions which promote DNA hybridization can be varied. For example, one could perform the hybridization at 6.0× sodium chloride/sodium citrate (SSC) at about 45° C., followed by a wash of 2.0×SSC at 50° C. For example, the salt concentration in the wash step can be selected from a low stringency of about 2.0×SSC at 50° C. to a high stringency of about 0.2×SSC at 50° C. In addition, the temperature in the wash step can be increased from low stringency conditions at room temperature, about 22° C., to high stringency conditions at about 65° C. Both temperature and salt may be varied, or temperature or salt concentration may be held constant while the other variable is changed. In one embodiment, the invention provides nucleic acids which hybridize under low stringency conditions of 6×SSC at room temperature followed by a wash at 2×SSC at room temperature.
+Isolated nucleic acids which differ from the subject nucleic acids due to degeneracy in the genetic code are also within the scope of the invention. For example, a number of amino acids are designated by more than one triplet. Codons that specify the same amino acid, or synonyms (for example, CAU and CAC are synonyms for histidine) may result in “silent” mutations which do not affect the amino acid sequence of the protein. However, it is expected that DNA sequence polymorphisms that do lead to changes in the amino acid sequences of the subject proteins will exist among mammalian cells. One skilled in the art will appreciate that these variations in one or more nucleotides (up to about 3-5% of the nucleotides) of the nucleic acids encoding a particular protein may exist among individuals of a given species due to natural allelic variation. Any and all such nucleotide variations and resulting amino acid polymorphisms are within the scope of this invention.
+In certain embodiments, the recombinant nucleic acids of the invention may be operably linked to one or more regulatory nucleotide sequences in an expression construct. Regulatory nucleotide sequences will generally be appropriate for a host cell used for expression. Numerous types of appropriate expression vectors and suitable regulatory sequences are known in the art for a variety of host cells. Typically, said one or more regulatory nucleotide sequences may include, but are not limited to, promoter sequences, leader or signal sequences, ribosomal binding sites, transcriptional start and termination sequences, translational start and termination sequences, and enhancer or activator sequences. Constitutive or inducible promoters as known in the art are contemplated by the invention. The promoters may be either naturally occurring promoters, or hybrid promoters that combine elements of more than one promoter. An expression construct may be present in a cell on an episome, such as a plasmid, or the expression construct may be inserted in a chromosome. In a preferred embodiment, the expression vector contains a selectable marker gene to allow the selection of transformed host cells. Selectable marker genes are well known in the art and will vary with the host cell used.
+In certain aspect of the invention, the subject nucleic acid is provided in an expression vector comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an EphB4 or Ephrin B2 soluble polypeptide and operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence. Regulatory sequences are art-recognized and are selected to direct expression of the soluble polypeptide. Accordingly, the term regulatory sequence includes promoters, enhancers, and other expression control elements. Exemplary regulatory sequences are described in Goeddel; Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990). For instance, any of a wide variety of expression control sequences that control the expression of a DNA sequence when operatively linked to it may be used in these vectors to express DNA sequences encoding a soluble polypeptide. Such useful expression control sequences, include, for example, the early and late promoters of SV40, tet promoter, adenovirus or cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter, the lac system, the trp system, the TAC or TRC system, T7 promoter whose expression is directed by T7 RNA polymerase, the major operator and promoter regions of phage lambda, the control regions for fd coat protein, the promoter for 3-phosphoglycerate kinase or other glycolytic enzymes, the promoters of acid phosphatase, e.g., Pho5, the promoters of the yeast α-mating factors, the polyhedron promoter of the baculovirus system and other sequences known to control the expression of genes of prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells or their viruses, and various combinations thereof. It should be understood that the design of the expression vector may depend on such factors as the choice of the host cell to be transformed and/or the type of protein desired to be expressed. Moreover, the vector's copy number, the ability to control that copy number and the expression of any other protein encoded by the vector, such as antibiotic markers, should also be considered.
+This invention also pertains to a host cell transfected with a recombinant gene including a coding sequence for one or more of the subject soluble polypeptide. The host cell may be any prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell. For example, a soluble polypeptide of the invention may be expressed in bacterial cells such as E. coli, insect cells (e.g., using a baculovirus expression system), yeast, or mammalian cells. Other suitable host cells are known to those skilled in the art.
+Accordingly, the present invention further pertains to methods of producing the subject soluble polypeptides. For example, a host cell transfected with an expression vector encoding an EphB4 soluble polypeptide can be cultured under appropriate conditions to allow expression of the EphB4 soluble polypeptide to occur. The EphB4 soluble polypeptide may be secreted and isolated from a mixture of cells and medium containing the soluble polypeptides. Alternatively, the soluble polypeptides may be retained cytoplasmically or in a membrane fraction and the cells harvested, lysed and the protein isolated. A cell culture includes host cells, media and other byproducts. Suitable media for cell culture are well known in the art. The soluble polypeptides can be isolated from cell culture medium, host cells, or both using techniques known in the art for purifying proteins, including ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, ultrafiltration, electrophoresis, and immunoaffinity purification with antibodies specific for particular epitopes of the soluble polypeptides. In a preferred embodiment, the soluble polypeptide is a fusion protein containing a domain which facilitates its purification.
+A recombinant nucleic acid of the invention can be produced by ligating the cloned gene, or a portion thereof, into a vector suitable for expression in either prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells (yeast, avian, insect or mammalian), or both. Expression vehicles for production of a recombinant soluble polypeptide include plasmids and other vectors. For instance, suitable vectors include plasmids of the types: pBR322-derived plasmids, pEMBL-derived plasmids, pEX-derived plasmids, pBTac-derived plasmids and pUC-derived plasmids for expression in prokaryotic cells, such as E. coli. 
+The preferred mammalian expression vectors contain both prokaryotic sequences to facilitate the propagation of the vector in bacteria, and one or more eukaryotic transcription units that are expressed in eukaryotic cells. The pcDNAI/amp, pcDNAI/neo, pRc/CMV, pSV2gpt, pSV2neo, pSV2-dhfr, pTk2, pRSVneo, pMSG, pSVT7, pko-neo and pHyg derived vectors are examples of mammalian expression vectors suitable for transfection of eukaryotic cells. Some of these vectors are modified with sequences from bacterial plasmids, such as pBR322, to facilitate replication and drug resistance selection in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Alternatively, derivatives of viruses such as the bovine papilloma virus (BPV-1), or Epstein-Barr virus (pHEBo, pREP-derived and p205) can be used for transient expression of proteins in eukaryotic cells. Examples of other viral (including retroviral) expression systems can be found below in the description of gene therapy delivery systems. The various methods employed in the preparation of the plasmids and transformation of host organisms are well known in the art. For other suitable expression systems for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, as well as general recombinant procedures, see Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., ed. by Sambrook, Fritsch and Maniatis (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989) Chapters 16 and 17. In some instances, it may be desirable to express the recombinant SLC5A8 polypeptide by the use of a baculovirus expression system. Examples of such baculovirus expression systems include pVL-derived vectors (such as pVL1392, pVL1393 and pVL941), pAcUW-derived vectors (such as pAcUW1), and pBlueBac-derived vectors (such as the β-gal containing pBlueBac III).
+Techniques for making fusion genes are well known. Essentially, the joining of various DNA fragments coding for different polypeptide sequences is performed in accordance with conventional techniques, employing blunt-ended or stagger-ended termini for ligation, restriction enzyme digestion to provide for appropriate termini, filling-in of cohesive ends as appropriate, alkaline phosphatase treatment to avoid undesirable joining, and enzymatic ligation. In another embodiment, the fusion gene can be synthesized by conventional techniques including automated DNA synthesizers. Alternatively, PCR amplification of gene fragments can be carried out using anchor primers which give rise to complementary overhangs between two consecutive gene fragments which can subsequently be annealed to generate a chimeric gene sequence (see, for example, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, eds. Ausubel et al., John Wiley & Sons: 1992).
+IV. Drug Screening Assays
+There are numerous approaches to screening for polypeptide therapeutic agents as antagonists of EphB4, Ephrin B2 or both. For example, high-throughput screening of compounds or molecules can be carried out to identify agents or drugs which inhibit angiogenesis or inhibit tumor growth. Test agents can be any chemical (element, molecule, compound, drug), made synthetically, made by recombinant techniques or isolated from a natural source. For example, test agents can be peptides, polypeptides, peptoids, sugars, hormones, or nucleic acid molecules. In addition, test agents can be small molecules or molecules of greater complexity made by combinatorial chemistry, for example, and compiled into libraries. These libraries can comprise, for example, alcohols, alkyl halides, amines, amides, esters, aldehydes, ethers and other classes of organic compounds. Test agents can also be natural or genetically engineered products isolated from lysates or growth media of cells—bacterial, animal or plant—or can be the cell lysates or growth media themselves. Presentation of test compounds to the test system can be in either an isolated form or as mixtures of compounds, especially in initial screening steps.
+For example, an assay can be carried out to screen for compounds that specifically inhibit binding of Ephrin B2 (ligand) to EphB4 (receptor), or vice-versa, e.g., by inhibition of binding of labeled ligand- or receptor-Fc fusion proteins to immortalized cells. Compounds identified through this screening can then be tested in animals to assess their anti-angiogenesis or anti-tumor activity in vivo.
+In one embodiment of an assay to identify a substance that interferes with interaction of two cell surface molecules (e.g., Ephrin B2 and EphB4), samples of cells expressing one type of cell surface molecule (e.g., EphB4) are contacted with either labeled ligand (e.g., Ephrin B2, or a soluble portion thereof, or a fusion protein such as a fusion of the extracellular domain and the Fc domain of IgG) or labeled ligand plus a test compound (or group of test compounds). The amount of labeled ligand which has bound to the cells is determined. A lesser amount of label (where the label can be, for example, a radioactive isotope, a fluorescent or colorimetric label) in the sample contacted with the test compound(s) is an indication that the test compound(s) interferes with binding. The reciprocal assay using cells expressing a ligand (e.g., an Ephrin B2 ligand or a soluble form thereof) can be used to test for a substance that interferes with the binding of an Eph receptor or soluble portion thereof.
+An assay to identify a substance which interferes with interaction between an Eph receptor and an ephrin can be performed with the component (e.g., cells, purified protein, including fusion proteins and portions having binding activity) which is not to be in competition with a test compound, linked to a solid support. The solid support can be any suitable solid phase or matrix, such as a bead, the wall of a plate or other suitable surface (e.g., a well of a microtiter plate), column pore glass (CPG) or a pin that can be submerged into a solution, such as in a well. Linkage of cells or purified protein to the solid support can be either direct or through one or more linker molecules.
+In one embodiment, an isolated or purified protein (e.g., an Eph receptor or an ephrin) can be immobilized on a suitable affinity matrix by standard techniques, such as chemical cross-linking, or via an antibody raised against the isolated or purified protein, and bound to a solid support. The matrix can be packed in a column or other suitable container and is contacted with one or more compounds (e.g., a mixture) to be tested under conditions suitable for binding of the compound to the protein. For example, a solution containing compounds can be made to flow through the matrix. The matrix can be washed with a suitable wash buffer to remove unbound compounds and non-specifically bound compounds. Compounds which remain bound can be released by a suitable elution buffer. For example, a change in the ionic strength or pH of the elution buffer can lead to a release of compounds. Alternatively, the elution buffer can comprise a release component or components designed to disrupt binding of compounds (e.g., one or more ligands or receptors, as appropriate, or analogs thereof which can disrupt binding or competitively inhibit binding of test compound to the protein).
+Fusion proteins comprising all, or a portion of, a protein (e.g., an Eph receptor or an ephrin) linked to a second moiety not occurring in that protein as found in nature can be prepared for use in another embodiment of the method. Suitable fusion proteins for this purpose include those in which the second moiety comprises an affinity ligand (e.g., an enzyme, antigen, epitope). The fusion proteins can be produced by inserting the protein (e.g., an Eph receptor or an ephrin) or a portion thereof into a suitable expression vector which encodes an affinity ligand. The expression vector can be introduced into a suitable host cell for expression. Host cells are disrupted and the cell material, containing fusion protein, can be bound to a suitable affinity matrix by contacting the cell material with an affinity matrix under conditions sufficient for binding of the affinity ligand portion of the fusion protein to the affinity matrix.
+In one aspect of this embodiment, a fusion protein can be immobilized on a suitable affinity matrix under conditions sufficient to bind the affinity ligand portion of the fusion protein to the matrix, and is contacted with one or more compounds (e.g., a mixture) to be tested, under conditions suitable for binding of compounds to the receptor or ligand protein portion of the bound fusion protein. Next, the affinity matrix with bound fusion protein can be washed with a suitable wash buffer to remove unbound compounds and non-specifically bound compounds without significantly disrupting binding of specifically bound compounds. Compounds which remain bound can be released by contacting the affinity matrix having fusion protein bound thereto with a suitable elution buffer (a compound elution buffer). In this aspect, compound elution buffer can be formulated to permit retention of the fusion protein by the affinity matrix, but can be formulated to interfere with binding of the compound(s) tested to the receptor or ligand protein portion of the fusion protein. For example, a change in the ionic strength or pH of the elution buffer can lead to release of compounds, or the elution buffer can comprise a release component or components designed to disrupt binding of compounds to the receptor or ligand protein portion of the fusion protein (e.g., one or more ligands or receptors or analogs thereof which can disrupt binding of compounds to the receptor or ligand protein portion of the fusion protein). Immobilization can be performed prior to, simultaneous with, or after contacting the fusion protein with compound, as appropriate. Various permutations of the method are possible, depending upon factors such as the compounds tested, the affinity matrix selected, and elution buffer formulation. For example, after the wash step, fusion protein with compound bound thereto can be eluted from the affinity matrix with a suitable elution buffer (a matrix elution buffer). Where the fusion protein comprises a cleavable linker, such as a thrombin cleavage site, cleavage from the affinity ligand can release a portion of the fusion with compound bound thereto. Bound compound can then be released from the fusion protein or its cleavage product by an appropriate method, such as extraction.
+V. Methods of Treatment
+In certain embodiments, the present invention provides methods of inhibiting angiogenesis and methods of treating angiogenesis-associated diseases. In other embodiments, the present invention provides methods of inhibiting or reducing tumor growth and methods of treating an individual suffering from cancer. These methods involve administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of one or more polypeptide therapeutic agents as described above. These methods are particularly aimed at therapeutic and prophylactic treatments of animals, and more particularly, humans.
+As described herein, angiogenesis-associated diseases include, but are not limited to, angiogenesis-dependent cancer, including, for example, solid tumors, blood born tumors such as leukemias, and tumor metastases; benign tumors, for example hemangiomas, acoustic neuromas, neurofibromas, trachomas, and pyogenic granulomas; inflammatory disorders such as immune and non-immune inflammation; chronic articular rheumatism and psoriasis; ocular angiogenic diseases, for example, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, macular degeneration, corneal graft rejection, neovascular glaucoma, retrolental fibroplasia, rubeosis; Osler-Webber Syndrome; myocardial angiogenesis; plaque neovascularization; telangiectasia; hemophiliac joints; angiofibroma; telangiectasia psoriasis scleroderma, pyogenic granuloma, rubeosis, arthritis, diabetic neovascularization, vasculogenesis, hematopoiesis.
+It is understood that methods and compositions of the invention are also useful for treating any angiogenesis-independent cancers (tumors). As used herein, the term “angiogenesis-independent cancer” refers to a cancer (tumor) where there is no or little neovascularization in the tumor tissue.
+In particular, polypeptide therapeutic agents of the present invention are useful for treating or preventing a cancer (tumor), including, but not limited to, colon carcinoma, breast cancer, mesothelioma, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC), Kaposi sarcoma, and leukemia.
+In certain embodiments of such methods, one or more polypeptide therapeutic agents can be administered, together (simultaneously) or at different times (sequentially). In addition, polypeptide therapeutic agents can be administered with another type of compounds for treating cancer or for inhibiting angiogenesis.
+In certain embodiments, the subject methods of the invention can be used alone. Alternatively, the subject methods may be used in combination with other conventional anti-cancer therapeutic approaches directed to treatment or prevention of proliferative disorders (e.g., tumor). For example, such methods can be used in prophylactic cancer prevention, prevention of cancer recurrence and metastases after surgery, and as an adjuvant of other conventional cancer therapy. The present invention recognizes that the effectiveness of conventional cancer therapies (e.g., chemotherapy, radiation therapy, phototherapy, immunotherapy, and surgery) can be enhanced through the use of a subject polypeptide therapeutic agent.
+A wide array of conventional compounds have been shown to have anti-neoplastic activities. These compounds have been used as pharmaceutical agents in chemotherapy to shrink solid tumors, prevent metastases and further growth, or decrease the number of malignant cells in leukemic or bone marrow malignancies. Although chemotherapy has been effective in treating various types of malignancies, many anti-neoplastic compounds induce undesirable side effects. It has been shown that when two or more different treatments are combined, the treatments may work synergistically and allow reduction of dosage of each of the treatments, thereby reducing the detrimental side effects exerted by each compound at higher dosages. In other instances, malignancies that are refractory to a treatment may respond to a combination therapy of two or more different treatments.
+When a polypeptide therapeutic agent of the present invention is administered in combination with another conventional anti-neoplastic agent, either concomitantly or sequentially, such therapeutic agent is shown to enhance the therapeutic effect of the anti-neoplastic agent or overcome cellular resistance to such anti-neoplastic agent. This allows decrease of dosage of an anti-neoplastic agent, thereby reducing the undesirable side effects, or restores the effectiveness of an anti-neoplastic agent in resistant cells.
+Pharmaceutical compounds that may be used for combinatory anti-tumor therapy include, merely to illustrate: aminoglutethimide, amsacrine, anastrozole, asparaginase, bcg, bicalutamide, bleomycin, buserelin, busulfan, campothecin, capecitabine, carboplatin, carmustine, chlorambucil, cisplatin, cladribine, clodronate, colchicine, cyclophosphamide, cyproterone, cytarabine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, dienestrol, diethylstilbestrol, docetaxel, doxorubicin, epirubicin, estradiol, estramustine, etoposide, exemestane, filgrastim, fludarabine, fludrocortisone, fluorouracil, fluoxymesterone, flutamide, gemcitabine, genistein, goserelin, hydroxyurea, idarubicin, ifosfamide, imatinib, interferon, irinotecan, ironotecan, letrozole, leucovorin, leuprolide, levamisole, lomustine, mechlorethamine, medroxyprogesterone, megestrol, melphalan, mercaptopurine, mesna, methotrexate, mitomycin, mitotane, mitoxantrone, nilutamide, nocodazole, octreotide, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, pamidronate, pentostatin, plicamycin, porfimer, procarbazine, raltitrexed, rituximab, streptozocin, suramin, tamoxifen, temozolomide, teniposide, testosterone, thioguanine, thiotepa, titanocene dichloride, topotecan, trastuzumab, tretinoin, vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, and vinorelbine.
+These chemotherapeutic anti-tumor compounds may be categorized by their mechanism of action into, for example, following groups: anti-metabolites/anti-cancer agents, such as pyrimidine analogs (5-fluorouracil, floxuridine, capecitabine, gemcitabine and cytarabine) and purine analogs, folate antagonists and related inhibitors (mercaptopurine, thioguanine, pentostatin and 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (cladribine)); antiproliferative/antimitotic agents including natural products such as vinca alkaloids (vinblastine, vincristine, and vinorelbine), microtubule disruptors such as taxane (paclitaxel, docetaxel), vincristin, vinblastin, nocodazole, epothilones and navelbine, epidipodophyllotoxins (etoposide, teniposide), DNA damaging agents (actinomycin, amsacrine, anthracyclines, bleomycin, busulfan, camptothecin, carboplatin, chlorambucil, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, cytoxan, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, hexamethylmelamineoxaliplatin, iphosphamide, melphalan, merchlorehtamine, mitomycin, mitoxantrone, nitrosourea, plicamycin, procarbazine, taxol, taxotere, teniposide, triethylenethiophosphoramide and etoposide (VP16)); antibiotics such as dactinomycin (actinomycin D), daunorubicin, doxorubicin (adriamycin), idarubicin, anthracyclines, mitoxantrone, bleomycins, plicamycin (mithramycin) and mitomycin; enzymes (L-asparaginase which systemically metabolizes L-asparagine and deprives cells which do not have the capacity to synthesize their own asparagine); antiplatelet agents; antiproliferative/antimitotic alkylating agents such as nitrogen mustards (mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide and analogs, melphalan, chlorambucil), ethylenimines and methylmelamines (hexamethylmelamine and thiotepa), alkyl sulfonates-busulfan, nitrosoureas (carmustine (BCNU) and analogs, streptozocin), trazenes-dacarbazinine (DTIC); antiproliferative/antimitotic antimetabolites such as folic acid analogs (methotrexate); platinum coordination complexes (cisplatin, carboplatin), procarbazine, hydroxyurea, mitotane, aminoglutethimide; hormones, hormone analogs (estrogen, tamoxifen, goserelin, bicalutamide, nilutamide) and aromatase inhibitors (letrozole, anastrozole); anticoagulants (heparin, synthetic heparin salts and other inhibitors of thrombin); fibrinolytic agents (such as tissue plasminogen activator, streptokinase and urokinase), aspirin, dipyridamole, ticlopidine, clopidogrel, abciximab; antimigratory agents; antisecretory agents (breveldin); immunosuppressives (cyclosporine, tacrolimus (FK-506), sirolimus (rapamycin), azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil); anti-angiogenic compounds (TNP-470, genistein) and growth factor inhibitors (vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) inhibitors); angiotensin receptor blocker; nitric oxide donors; anti-sense oligonucleotides; antibodies (trastuzumab); cell cycle inhibitors and differentiation inducers (tretinoin); mTOR inhibitors, topoisomerase inhibitors (doxorubicin (adriamycin), amsacrine, camptothecin, daunorubicin, dactinomycin, eniposide, epirubicin, etoposide, idarubicin and mitoxantrone, topotecan, irinotecan), corticosteroids (cortisone, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, methylpednisolone, prednisone, and prenisolone); growth factor signal transduction kinase inhibitors; mitochondrial dysfunction inducers and caspase activators; and chromatin disruptors.
+In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compounds that may be used for combinatory anti-angiogenesis therapy include: (1) inhibitors of release of “angiogenic molecules,” such as bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor); (2) neutralizers of angiogenic molecules, such as an anti-βbFGF antibodies; and (3) inhibitors of endothelial cell response to angiogenic stimuli, including collagenase inhibitor, basement membrane turnover inhibitors, angiostatic steroids, fungal-derived angiogenesis inhibitors, platelet factor 4, thrombospondin, arthritis drugs such as D-penicillamine and gold thiomalate, vitamin D3 analogs, alpha-interferon, and the like. For additional proposed inhibitors of angiogenesis, see Blood et al., Bioch. Biophys. Acta., 1032:89-118 (1990), Moses et al., Science, 248:1408-1410 (1990), Ingber et al., Lab. Invest., 59:44-51 (1988), and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,092,885, 5,112,946, 5,192,744, 5,202,352, and 6,573,256. In addition, there are a wide variety of compounds that can be used to inhibit angiogenesis, for example, peptides or agents that block the VEGF-mediated angiogenesis pathway, endostatin protein or derivatives, lysine binding fragments of angiostatin, melanin or melanin-promoting compounds, plasminogen fragments (e.g., Kringles 1-3 of plasminogen), tropoin subunits, antagonists of vitronectin αvβ3, peptides derived from Saposin B, antibiotics or analogs (e.g., tetracycline, or neomycin), dienogest-containing compositions, compounds comprising a MetAP-2 inhibitory core coupled to a peptide, the compound EM-138, chalcone and its analogs, and naaladase inhibitors. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,395,718, 6,462,075, 6,465,431, 6,475,784, 6,482,802, 6,482,810, 6,500,431, 6,500,924, 6,518,298, 6,521,439, 6,525,019, 6,538,103, 6,544,758, 6,544,947, 6,548,477, 6,559,126, and 6,569,845.
+Depending on the nature of the combinatory therapy, administration of the polypeptide therapeutic agents of the invention may be continued while the other therapy is being administered and/or thereafter. Administration of the polypeptide therapeutic agents may be made in a single dose, or in multiple doses. In some instances, administration of the polypeptide therapeutic agents is commenced at least several days prior to the conventional therapy, while in other instances, administration is begun either immediately before or at the time of the administration of the conventional therapy.
+VI. Methods of Administration and Pharmaceutical Compositions
+In certain embodiments, the subject polypeptide therapeutic agents (e.g., soluble polypeptides or antibodies) of the present invention are formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Such therapeutic agents can be administered alone or as a component of a pharmaceutical formulation (composition). The compounds may be formulated for administration in any convenient way for use in human or veterinary medicine. Wetting agents, emulsifiers and lubricants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the compositions.
+Formulations of the subject polypeptide therapeutic agents include those suitable for oral/nasal, topical, parenteral, rectal, and/or intravaginal administration. The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy. The amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host being treated, the particular mode of administration. The amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will generally be that amount of the compound which produces a therapeutic effect.
+In certain embodiments, methods of preparing these formulations or compositions include combining another type of anti-tumor or anti-angiogenesis therapeutic agent and a carrier and, optionally, one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the formulations can be prepared with a liquid carrier, or a finely divided solid carrier, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.
+Formulations for oral administration may be in the form of capsules, cachets, pills, tablets, lozenges (using a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth), powders, granules, or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid, or as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil liquid emulsion, or as an elixir or syrup, or as pastilles (using an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia) and/or as mouth washes and the like, each containing a predetermined amount of a subject polypeptide therapeutic agent as an active ingredient.
+In solid dosage forms for oral administration (capsules, tablets, pills, dragees, powders, granules, and the like), one or more polypeptide therapeutic agents of the present invention may be mixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any of the following: (1) fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; (2) binders, such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose, and/or acacia; (3) humectants, such as glycerol; (4) disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate; (5) solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; (6) absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds; (7) wetting agents, such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate; (8) absorbents, such as kaolin and bentonite clay; (9) lubricants, such a talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof; and (10) coloring agents. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the pharmaceutical compositions may also comprise buffering agents. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugars, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
+Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirs. In addition to the active ingredient, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming, and preservative agents.
+Suspensions, in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents such as ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol, and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.
+In particular, methods of the invention can be administered topically, either to skin or to mucosal membranes such as those on the cervix and vagina. This offers the greatest opportunity for direct delivery to tumor with the lowest chance of inducing side effects. The topical formulations may further include one or more of the wide variety of agents known to be effective as skin or stratum corneum penetration enhancers. Examples of these are 2-pyrrolidone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, propylene glycol, methyl or isopropyl alcohol, dimethyl sulfoxide, and azone. Additional agents may further be included to make the formulation cosmetically acceptable. Examples of these are fats, waxes, oils, dyes, fragrances, preservatives, stabilizers, and surface active agents. Keratolytic agents such as those known in the art may also be included. Examples are salicylic acid and sulfur.
+Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches, and inhalants. The subject polypeptide therapeutic agents may be mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives, buffers, or propellants which may be required. The ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to a subject polypeptide agent, excipients, such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.
+Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to a subject polypeptide therapeutic agent, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates, and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances. Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants, such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons, such as butane and propane.
+Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for parenteral administration may comprise one or more polypeptide therapeutic agents in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable sterile isotonic aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, or sterile powders which may be reconstituted into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient or suspending or thickening agents. Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers which may be employed in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.
+These compositions may also contain adjuvants, such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms may be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like into the compositions. In addition, prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay absorption, such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
+Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of one or more polypeptide therapeutic agents in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending on the ratio of drug to polymer, and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions which are compatible with body tissue.
+Formulations for intravaginal or rectally administration may be presented as a suppository, which may be prepared by mixing one or more compounds of the invention with one or more suitable nonirritating excipients or carriers comprising, for example, cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, a suppository wax or a salicylate, and which is solid at room temperature, but liquid at body temperature and, therefore, will melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.
+In other embodiments, the polypeptide therapeutic agents of the instant invention can be expressed within cells from eukaryotic promoters. For example, a soluble polypeptide of EphB4 or Ephrin B2 can be expressed in eukaryotic cells from an appropriate vector. The vectors are preferably DNA plasmids or viral vectors. Viral vectors can be constructed based on, but not limited to, adeno-associated virus, retrovirus, adenovirus, or alphavirus. Preferably, the vectors stably introduced in and persist in target cells. Alternatively, viral vectors can be used that provide for transient expression. Such vectors can be repeatedly administered as necessary. Delivery of vectors encoding the subject polypeptide therapeutic agent can be systemic, such as by intravenous or intramuscular administration, by administration to target cells ex-planted from the patient followed by reintroduction into the patient, or by any other means that would allow for introduction into the desired target cell (for a review see Couture et al., 1996, TIG., 12, 510).
+EXEMPLIFICATION
+The invention now being generally described, it will be more readily understood by reference to the following examples, which are included merely for purposes of illustration of certain aspects and embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the invention.
+Example 1
+Soluble Derivatives of the Extracellular Domains of Human Ephrin B2 and EphB4 Proteins
+Soluble derivatives of the extracellular domains of human Ephrin B2 and EphB4 proteins represent either truncated full-length predicted extracellular domains of Ephrin B2 (B4ECv3, B2EC) or translational fusions of the domains with constant region of human immunoglobulins (IgG1 Fc fragment), such as B2EC-FC, B4ECv2-FC and B4ECv3-FC. Representative human Ephrin B2 constructs and human EphB4 constructs are shown FIGS. 14 and 15.
+The cDNA fragments encoding these recombinant proteins were subcloned into mammalian expression vectors, expressed in transiently or stably transfected mammalian cell lines and purified to homogeneity as described in detail in Materials and Methods section (see below). Predicted amino acid sequences of the proteins are shown in FIGS. 1-5. High purity of the isolated proteins and their recognition by the corresponding anti-Ephrin B2 and anti-EphB4 monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies were confirmed. The recombinant proteins exhibit the expected high-affinity binding, binding competition and specificity properties with their corresponding binding partners as corroborated by the biochemical assays (see e.g., FIGS. 6-8).
+Such soluble derivative proteins human Ephrin B2 and EphB4 exhibit potent biological activity in several cell-based assays and in vivo assays which measure angiogenesis or anti-cancer activities, and are therefore perspective drug candidates for anti-angiogenic and anti-cancer therapy. B4ECv3 as well as B2EC and B2EC-FC proteins blocked chemotaxis of human endothelial cells (as tested with umbilical cord and hepatic AECs or VECs), with a decrease in degradation of the extracellular matrix, Matrigel, and a decrease in migration in response to growth factor stimuli (FIGS. 9-11). B4ECv3 and B2EC-FC proteins have potent anti-angiogenic effect as demonstrated by their inhibition of endothelial cell tube formation (FIGS. 12-13).
+A detailed description of the materials and methods for this example may be found in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050084873.
+The sequence of the Globular domain+Cys-rich domain (B4EC-GC), precursor protein is (SEQ ID NO:12):
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+MELRVLLCWASLAAALEETLLNTKLETADLKWVTFPQVDGQWEELSG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+LDEEQHSVRTYEVCEVQRAPGQAHWLRTGWVPRRGAVHVYATLRFTM
+
+
+ 
+
+
+LECLSLPRAGRSCKETFTVFYYESDADTATALTPAWMENPYIKVDTV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AAEHLTRKRPGAEATGKVNVKTLRLGPLSKAGFYLAFQDQGACMALL
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SLHLFYKKCAQLTVNLTRFPETVPRELVVPVAGSCVVDAVPAPGPSP
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SLYCREDGQWAEQPVTGCSCAPGFEAAEGNTKCRACAQGTFKPLSGE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GSCQPCPANSHSNTIGSAVCQCRVGYFRARTDPRGAPCTTPPSAHHH
+
+
+ 
+
+
+HHH
+
+
+
+
+
+
+For many uses, including therapeutic use, the leader sequence (first 15 amino acids, so that the processed form begins Leu-Glu-Glu . . . ) and the c-terminal hexahistidine tag may be removed or omitted.
+Sequence of the GCF precursor protein (SEQ ID NO:13):
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+MELRVLLCWASLAAALEETLLNTKLETADLKWVTFPQVDGQWEELSG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+LDEEQHSVRTYEVCEVQRAPGQAHWLRTGWVPRRGAVHVYATLRFTM
+
+
+ 
+
+
+LECLSLPRAGRSCKETFTVFYYESDADTATALTPAWMENPYIKVDTV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AAEHLTRKRPGAEATGKVNVKTLRLGPLSKAGFYLAFQDQGACMALL
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SLHLFYKKCAQLTVNLTRFPETVPRELVVPVAGSCVVDAVPAPGPSP
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SLYCREDGQWAEQPVTGCSCAPGFAEGNTKCRACAQGTFKPLSGEGS
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CQPCPANSHSNTIGSAVCQCRVGYFRARTDPRGAPCTTPPSAPRSVV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SRLNGSSLHLEWSAPLESGGREDLTYALRCRECRPGGSCAPCGGDLT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+FDPGPRDLVEPWVVVRGLRPDFTYTFEVTALNGVSSLATGPVPFEPV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+NVHHHHHH
+
+
+
+
+
+
+For many uses, including therapeutic use, the leader sequence (first 15 amino acids, so that the processed form begins Leu-Glu-Glu . . . ) and the c-terminal hexahistidine tag may be removed or omitted.
+Amino acid sequence of encoded FL-hB4EC precursor (His-tagged) (SEQ ID NO:14):
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+MELRVLLCWASLAAALEETLLNTKLETADLKWVTFPQVDGQWEELSG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+LDEEQHSVRTYEVCEVQRAPGQAHWLRTGWVPRRGAVHVYATLRFTM
+
+
+ 
+
+
+LECLSLPRAGRSCKETFTVFYYESDADTATALTPAWMENPYIKVDTV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AAEHLTRKRPGAEATGKVNVKTLRLGPLSKAGFYLAFQDQGACMALL
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SLHLFYKKCAQLTVNLTRFPETVPRELVVPVAGSCVVDAVPAPGPSP
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SLYCREDGQWAEQPVTGCSCAPGFEAAEGNTKCRACAQGTFKPLSGE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GSCQPCPANSHSNTIGSAVCQCRVGYFRARTDPRGAPCTTPPSAPRS
+
+
+ 
+
+
+VVSRLNGSSLHLEWSAPLESGGREDLTYALRCRECRPGGSCAPCGGD
+
+
+ 
+
+
+LTFDPGPRDLVEPWVVVRGLRPDFTYTFEVTALNGVSSLATGPVPFE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+PVNVTTDREVPPAVSDIRVTRSSPSSLSLAWAVPRAPSGAWLDYEVK
+
+
+ 
+
+
+YHEKGAEGPSSVRFLKTSENRAELRGLKRGASYLVQVRARSEAGYGP
+
+
+ 
+
+
+FGQEHHSQTQLDESEGWREQGSKRAILQIEGKPIPNPLLGLDSTRTG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+HHHHHH
+
+
+
+
+
+
+For many uses, including therapeutic use, the leader sequence (first 15 amino acids, so that the processed form begins Leu-Glu-Glu . . . ) and the c-terminal hexahistidine tag may be removed or omitted.
+EphB4 CF2 protein, precursor (SEQ ID NO:15):
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+MELRVLLCWASLAAALEETLLNTKLETQLTVNLTRFPETVPRELVVPV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AGSCVVDAVPAPGPSPSLYCREDGQWAEQPVTGCSCAPGFEAAEGNTK
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CRACAQGTFKPLSGEGSCQPCPANSHSNTIGSAVCQCRVGYFRARTDP
+
+
+ 
+
+
+RGAPCTTPPSAPRSVVSRLNGSSLHLEWSAPLESGGREDLTYALRCRE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CRPGGSCAPCGGDLTFDPGPRDLVEPWVVVRGLRPDFTYTFEVTALNG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+VSSLATGPVPFEPVNVTTDREVPPAVSDIRVTRSSPSSLSLAWAVPRA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+PSGAWLDYEVKYHEKGAEGPSSVRFLKTSENRAELRGLKRGASYLVQV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+RARSEAGYGPFGQEHHSQTQLDESEGWREQGGRSSLEGPRFEGKPIPN
+
+
+ 
+
+
+PLLGLDSTRTGHHHHHH
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The precursor sequence of the preferred GCF2 protein (also referred to herein as GCF2F) is (SEQ ID NO:16):
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+MELRVLLCWASLAAALEETLLNTKLETADLKWVTFPQVDGQWEELSGL
+
+
+ 
+
+
+DEEQHSVRTYEVCEVQRAPGQAHWLRTGWVPRRGAVHVYATLRFTMLE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CLSLPRAGRSCKETFTVFYYESDADTATALTPAWMENPYIKVDTVAAE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+HLTRKRPGAEATGKVNVKTLRLGPLSKAGFYLAFQDQGACMALLSLHL
+
+
+ 
+
+
+FYKKCAQLTVNLTRFPETVPRELVVPVAGSCVVDAVPAPGPSPSLYCR
+
+
+ 
+
+
+EDGQWAEQPVTGCSCAPGFEAAEGNTKCRACAQGTFKPLSGEGSCQPC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+PANSHSNTIGSAVCQCRVGYFRARTDPRGAPCTTPPSAPRSVVSRLNG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SSLHLEWSAPLESGGREDLTYALRCRECRPGGSCAPCGGDLTFDPGPR
+
+
+ 
+
+
+DLVEPWVVVRGLRPDFTYTFEVTALNGVSSLATGPVPFEPVNVTTDRE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+VPPAVSDIRVTRSSPSSLSLAWAVPRAPSGAWLDYEVKYHEKGAEGPS
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SVRFLKTSENRAELRGLKRGASYLVQVRARSEAGYGPFGQEHHSQTQL
+
+
+ 
+
+
+DESEGWREQ
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The processed sequence is (SEQ ID NO:17):
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+LEETLLNTKLETADLKWVTFPQVDGQWEELSGLDEEQHSVRTYEVCE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+VQRAPGQAHWLRTGWVPRRGAVHVYATLRFTMLECLSLPRAGRSCKE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TFTVFYYESDADTATALTPAWMENPYIKVDTVAAEHLTRKRPGAEAT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GKVNVKTLRLGPLSKAGFYLAFQDQGACMALLSLHLFYKKCAQLTVN
+
+
+ 
+
+
+LTRFPETVPRELVVPVAGSCVVDAVPAPGPSPSLYCREDGQWAEQPV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TGCSCAPGFEAAEGNTKCRACAQGTFKPLSGEGSCQPCPANSHSNTI
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GSAVCQCRVGYFRARTDPRGAPCTTPPSAPRSVVSRLNGSSLHLEWS
+
+
+ 
+
+
+APLESGGREDLTYALRCRECRPGGSCAPCGGDLTFDPGPRDLVEPWV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+VVRGLRPDFTYTFEVTALNGVSSLATGPVPFEPVNVTTDREVPPAVS
+
+
+ 
+
+
+DIRVTRSSPSSLSLAWAVPRAPSGAWLDYEVKYHEKGAEGPSSVRFL
+
+
+ 
+
+
+KTSENRAELRGLKRGASYLVQVRARSEAGYGPFGQEHHSQTQLDESE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GWREQ
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Biochemical Assays
+
+A. Binding Assay
+10 μl of Ni-NTA-Agarose were incubated in microcentrifuge tubes with 50 μl of indicated amount of B4ECv3 diluted in binding buffer BB (20 mM Tris-HCl, 0.15 M NaCl, 0.1% bovine serum albumin pH 8) After incubation for 30 min on shaking platform, Ni-NTA beads were washed twice with 1.4 ml of BB, followed by application of 50 μl of B2-AP in the final concentration of 50 nM. Binding was performed for 30 min on shaking platform, and then tubes were centrifuged and washed one time with 1.4 ml of BB. Amount of precipitated AP was measured colorimetrically after application of PNPP.
+B. Inhibition Assay
+Inhibition in Solution.
+Different amounts of B4ECv3 diluted in 50 μl of BB were pre-incubated with 50 μl of 5 nM B2EC-AP reagent (protein fusion of Ephrin B2 ectodomain with placental alkaline phosphatase). After incubation for 1 h, unbound B2EC-AP was precipitated with 5,000 HEK293 cells expressing membrane-associated full-length EphB4 for 20 min. Binding reaction was stopped by dilution with 1.2 ml of BB, followed by centrifugation for 10 min. Supernatants were discarded and alkaline phosphatase activities associated with collected cells were measured by adding para-nitrophenyl phosphate (PNPP) substrate.
+Cell Based Inhibition.
+B4ECv3 was serially diluted in 20 mM Tris-HCl, 0.15 M NaCl, 0.1% BSA, pH 8 and mixed with 5,000 HEK293 cells expressing membrane-associated full-length Ephrin B2. After incubation for 1 h, 50 μl of 5 nM B4EC-AP reagent (protein fusion of EphB4 ectodomain with placental alkaline phosphatase were added into each tube for 30 min to detect unoccupied Ephrin B2 binding sites. Binding reactions were stopped by dilution with 1.2 ml of BB and centrifugation. Colorimetric reaction of cell-precipitated AP was developed with PNPP substrate.
+C. B4EC-FC Binding Assay
+Protein A-Agarose Based Assay.
+10 μl of Protein A-agarose were incubated in Eppendorf tubes with 50 μl of indicated amount of B4EC-FC diluted in binding buffer BB (20 mM Tris-HCl, 0.15 M NaCl, 0.1% BSA pH 8). After incubation for 30 min on shaking platform, Protein AAagarose beads were washed twice with 1.4 ml of BB, followed by application of 50 μl of B2ECAP reagent at the final concentration of 50 nM. Binding was performed for 30 min on shaking platform, and then tubes were centrifuged and washed once with 1.4 ml of BB. Colorimetric reaction of precipitated AP was measured after application of PNPP (FIG. 6).
+Nitrocellulose Based Assay.
+B4EC-FC was serially diluted in 20 mM Tris-HCl, 0.15 M NaCl, 50 μg/ml BSA, pH 8. 2 μl of each fraction were applied onto nitrocellulose strip and spots were dried out for 3 min. Nitrocellulose strip was blocked with 5% non-fat milk for 30 min, followed by incubation with 5 nM B2EC-AP reagent. After 45 min incubation for binding, nitrocellulose was washed twice with 20 mM Tris-HCl, 0.15 M NaCl, 50 μg/ml BSA, pH 8 and color was developed by application of alkaline phosphatase substrate Sigma Fast (Sigma).
+D. B4EC-FC Inhibition Assay
+Inhibition in Solution.
+See above, for B4ECv3. The results were shown in FIG. 7.
+Cell Based Inhibition.
+See above, for B4ECv3.
+E. B2EC-FC Binding Assay
+Protein-A-Agarose Based Assay.
+See above, for B4EC-FC. The results were shown in FIG. 8.
+Nitrocellulose Based Assay.
+See above, for B4EC-FC.
+6) Cell-Based Assays
+A. Growth Inhibition Assay
+Human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) (1.5×103) are plated in a 96-well plate in 100 μl of EBM-2 (Clonetic # CC3162). After 24 hours (day 0), the test recombinant protein (100 μl) is added to each well at 2× the desired concentration (5-7 concentration levels) in EBM-2 medium. On day 0, one plate is stained with 0.5% crystal violet in 20% methanol for 10 minutes, rinsed with water, and air-dried. The remaining plates are incubated for 72 h at 37° C. After 72 h, plates are stained with 0.5% crystal violet in 20% methanol, rinsed with water and airdried. The stain is eluted with 1:1 solution of ethanol: 0.1 M sodium citrate (including day 0 plate), and absorbance is measured at 540 nm with an ELISA reader (Dynatech Laboratories). Day 0 absorbance is subtracted from the 72 h plates and data is plotted as percentage of control proliferation (vehicle treated cells). IC50 (drug concentration causing 50% inhibition) is calculated from the plotted data.
+B. Cord Formation Assay (Endothelial Cell Tube Formation Assay)
+Matrigel (60 μl of 10 mg/ml; Collaborative Lab #35423) is placed in each well of an ice-cold 96-well plate. The plate is allowed to sit at room temperature for 15 minutes then incubated at 37° C. for 30 minutes to permit the matrigel to polymerize. In the mean time, HUVECs are prepared in EGM-2 (Clonetic #CC3162) at a concentration of 2×105 cells/ml. The test compound is prepared at 2× the desired concentration (5 concentration levels) in the same medium. Cells (500 μl) and 2× drug (500 μl) is mixed and 200 μl of this suspension are placed in duplicate on the polymerized matrigel. After 24 h incubation, triplicate pictures are taken for each concentration using a Bioquant Image Analysis system. Drug effect (IC50) is assessed compared to untreated controls by measuring the length of cords formed and number of junctions.
+C. Cell Migration Assay
+Migration is assessed using the 48-well Boyden chamber and 8 μm pore size collagen-coated (10 μg/ml rat tail collagen; Collaborative Laboratories) polycarbonate filters (Osmonics, Inc.). The bottom chamber wells receive 27-29 μl of DMEM medium alone (baseline) or medium containing chemo-attractant (bFGF, VEGF or Swiss 3T3 cell conditioned medium). The top chambers receive 45 μl of HUVEC cell suspension (1×106 cells/ml) prepared in DMEM+1% BSA with or without test compound. After 5 h incubation at 37° C., the membrane is rinsed in PBS, fixed and stained in Diff-Quick solutions. The filter is placed on a glass slide with the migrated cells facing down and cells on top are removed using a Kimwipe. The testing is performed in 4-6 replicates and five fields are counted from each well. Negative unstimulated control values are subtracted from stimulated control and drug treated values and data is plotted as mean migrated cell±S.D. IC50 is calculated from the plotted data.
+Example 2
+Extracellular Domain Fragments of EphB4 Receptor Inhibit Angiogenesis and Tumor Growth
+A. Globular Domain of EphB4 is Required for EphrinB2 Binding and for the Activity of EphB4-Derived Soluble Proteins in Endothelial Tube Formation Assay.
+To identify subdomain(s) of the ectopic part of EphB4 necessary and sufficient for the anti-angiogenic activity of the soluble recombinant derivatives of the receptor, four recombinant deletion variants of EphB4EC were produced and tested (FIG. 16). Extracellular part of EphB4, similarly to the other members of EphB and EphA receptor family, contains N-terminal ligand-binding globular domain followed by cysteine-rich domain and two fibronectin type III repeats (FNIII). In addition to the recombinant B4-GCF2 protein containing the complete ectopic part of EphB4, we constructed three deletion variants of EphB4EC containing globular domain and Cys-rich domain (B4-GC); globular, Cys-rich and the first FNIII domain (GCF1) as well as the ECD version with deleted globular domain (CF2). Our attempts to produce several versions of truncated EphB4EC protein containing the globular domain alone were not successful due to the lack of secretion of proteins expressed from all these constructs and absence of ligand binding by the intracellularly expressed recombinant proteins. In addition, a non-tagged version of B4-GCF2, called GCF2-F, containing complete extracellular domain of EphB4 with no additional fused amino acids was expressed, purified and used in some of the experiments described here.
+All four C-terminally 6×His tagged recombinant proteins were preparatively expressed in transiently transfected cultured mammalian cells and affinity purified to homogeneity from the conditioned growth media using chromatography on Ni2+-chelate resin (FIG. 17). Apparently due to their glycosylation, the proteins migrate on SDS-PAAG somewhat higher than suggested by their predicted molecular weights of 34.7 kDa (GC), 41.5 (CF2), 45.6 kDa (GCF1) and 57.8 kDa (GCF2). Sequence of the extracellular domain of human EphB4 contains three predicted N-glycosylation sites (NXS/T) which are located in the Cys-rich domain, within the first fibronectin type III repeat and between the first and the second fibronectin repeats.
+To confirm ability of the purified recombinant proteins to bind Ephrin B2, they were tested in an in vitro binding assay. As expected, GC, GCF1 and GCF2, but not CF2 are binding the cognate ligand Ephrin B2 as confirmed by interaction between Ephrin B2-alkaline phosphatase (Ephrin B2-AP) fusion protein with the B4 proteins immobilized on Ni2+-resin or on nitrocellulose membrane (FIG. 17).
+All four proteins were also tested for their ability to block ligand-dependent dimerization and activation of Eph B4 receptor kinase in PC3 cells. The PC3 human prostate cancer cell line is known to express elevated levels of human Eph B4. Stimulation of PC3 cells with Ephrin B2 IgG Fc fusion protein leads to a rapid induction of tyrosine phosphorylation of the receptor. However, preincubation of the ligand with GCF2, GCF1 or GC, but not CF2 proteins suppresses subsequent EphB4 autophosphorylation. Addition of the proteins alone to the PC3 cells or preincubation of the cells with the proteins followed by changing media and adding the ligand does not affect EphB4 phosphorylation status.
+Further, we found that globular domain of EphB4 is required for the activity of EphB4-derived soluble proteins in endothelial tube formation assay.
+B. Effects of Soluble EphB4 on HUV/AEC In Vitro.
+Initial experiments were performed to determine whether soluble EphB4 affected the three main stages in the angiogenesis pathway. These were carried out by establishing the effects of soluble EphB4 on migration/invasion, proliferation and tubule formation by HUV/AEC in vitro. Exposure to soluble EphB4 significantly inhibited both bFGF and VEGF-induced migration in the Boyden chamber assay in a dose-dependent manner, achieving significance at nM (FIG. 18). Tubule formation by HUV/AECS on wells coated with Matrigel was significantly inhibited by soluble EphB4 in a dose-dependent manner in both the absence and presence of bFGF and VEGF (FIG. 19). We also assessed in vitro, whether nM of soluble EphB4 was cytotoxic for HUVECS. Soluble EphB4 was found to have no detectable cytotoxic effect at these doses, as assessed by MTS assay (FIG. 20).
+C. Soluble EphB4 Receptor Inhibits Vascularization of Matrigel Plugs, In Vivo
+To demonstrate that soluble EphB4 can directly inhibit angiogenesis in vivo, we performed a murine matrigel plug experiment. Matrigel supplemented with bFGF and VEGF with and without soluble EphB4 was injected s.c. into Balb/C nu/nu mice, forming semi-solid plugs, for six days. Plugs without growth factors had virtually no vascularization or vessel structures after 6 days (FIG. 21). In contrast, plugs supplemented with bFGF and VEGF had extensive vascularization and vessels throughout the plug. Plugs taken from mice treated with μg of soluble EphB4 had markedly reduced vascularization of plugs, comparable to plugs without growth factor (FIG. 21). Furthermore, histological examination of plugs showed decreased vessel staining (FIG. 21). Treatment at 0 μg/dose significantly inhibited the amount of infiltration in Matrigel plugs compared to control (FIG. 21).
+We examined EphB4 receptor phosphorylation in HUVECs by performing Western blot analyses with lysates from soluble EphB4-treated cells and antibodies against phosphor-tyrosine. We found that soluble EphB4 treatment of serum-starved HUVECs stimulated a rapid and transient decrease in the level of phosphorylated EphB4, in the presence of EphrinB2Fc, EphB4 ligand dimer. Ephrin B2Fc without the soluble EphB4 protein induced phosphorylation of EphB4 receptor (FIG. 22).
+D. Effects of Soluble EphB4 on Tumor Growth, In Vitro.
+We found that soluble EphB4 inhibits the growth of SCC15 tumors grown in Balb/C Nu/Nu mice (FIG. 23).
+E. Soluble EphB4 Inhibited Corneal Neovascularization
+To further investigate the antiangiogenic activity of soluble EphB4 in vivo, we studied the inhibitory effect of administration of soluble EphB4 on neovascularization in the mouse cornea induced by bFGF. Hydron Pellets implanted into corneal micropocket could induce angiogenesis, in the presence of growth factors, in a typically avascular area. The angiogenesis response in mice cornea was moderate, the appearance of vascular buds was delayed and the new capillaries were sparse and grew slowly. Compared with the control group, on day 7 of implantation, the neovascularization induced by bFGF in mice cornea was markedly inhibited in soluble EphB4-treated group (FIG. 24).
+F. Effects of Soluble EphB4 on Tumor Growth, In Vivo.
+The same model was used to determine the effects of soluble EphB4 in vivo. SCC15 tumors implanted subcutaneously, pre-incubated with matrigel and with or w/o growth factors, as well as implanted sc alone, and mice treated sc or ip daily with 1-5 μg of soluble EphB4 were carried out.
+Tumors in the control group continued to grow steadily over the treatment period, reaching a final tumor volume of mm3. However, animals injected with soluble EphB4 exhibited a significantly (p<0.0/) reduced growth rate, reaching a final tumor volume of only mm3 (FIG. 25). Similar results were obtained in two further cohorts of such tumor-bearing mice. Soluble EphB4 administration appeared to be well tolerated in vivo, with no significant effect on body weight or the general well-being of the animals (as determined by the absence of lethargy, intermittent hunching, tremors or disturbed breathing patterns).
+G. Effects of Soluble EphB4 on Tumor Histology.
+Histological analysis revealed the presence of a central area of necrosis in all SCC15 tumors, which was usually surrounded by a viable rim of tumor cells um in width. The central necrotic areas were frequently large and confluent and showed loss of cellular detail. Necrosis, assessed as a percentage of tumor section area, was significantly (p<0.02) more extensive in the soluble EphB4-treated group (% necrosis in treated vs. control). To determine whether the reduced volume of soluble EphB4 treated tumors was due to an effect of this protein on the tumor vascular supply, endothelial cells in blood vessels were identified in tumor sections using immunostaining with an anti-platelet cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1; CD31) antibody (FIG. 26) and the density of microvessels was assessed. Microvessel density was similar in the outer viable rim of tumor cells (the uniform layer of cells adjacent to the tumor periphery with well defined nuclei) in control and soluble EphB4-treated tumors. Microvessel density was significantly in the inner, less viable region of tumor cells abutting the necrotic central areas in soluble EphB4-treated than control tumors. Fibrin deposition, as identified by Masson's Trichrome staining, was increased in and around blood vessels in the inner viable rim and the central necrotic core of soluble EphB4 treated than control tumors. In the outer viable rim of soluble EphB4 treated tumors, although the vessel lumen remained patent and contained red blood cells, fibrin deposition was evident around many vessels. Soluble EphB4 was found to have no such effects on the endothelium in the normal tissues examined (lungs, liver and kidneys).
+H. Materials and Methods
+A detailed description of the materials and methods for this example may be found in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050084873.
+Cell-Based EphB4 Tyrosine Kinase Assay
+The human prostate carcinoma cell line PC3 cells were maintained in RPMI medium with 10% dialyzed fetal calf serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin/neomycin antibiotics mix. Cells were maintained at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2/95% air. Typically, cells were grown in 60 mm dishes until confluency and were either treated with mouse Ephrin B2-Fc fusion at 1 μg/ml in RPMI for 10 min to activate EphB4 receptor or plain medium as a control. To study the effect of different derivatives of soluble EphB4 ECD proteins on EphB4 receptor activation, three sets of cells were used. In the first set, cells were treated with various proteins (5 proteins; GC, GCF1, GCF2, GCF2-F, CF2) at 5 μg/ml for 20 min. In the second set of cells, prior to application, proteins were premixed with ephrinB2-Fc at 1:5 (EphB4 protein:B2-Fc) molar ratio, incubated for 20 min and applied on cells for 10 min. In the third set of cells, cells were first treated with the proteins for 20 min at 5 μg/ml, media was replaced with fresh media containing 1 μg/ml of EphrinB2-Fc and incubated for another 10 min.
+After the stimulation, cells were immediately harvested with protein extraction buffer containing 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 1% (v/v) Triton X100, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM PMSF, 1 mM Sodium vanadate. Protein extracts were clarified by centrifugation at 14,000 rpm for 20 min at 4° C. Clarified protein samples were incubated overnight with protein A/G coupled agarose beads pre-coated with anti-EphB4 monoclonal antibodies. The IP complexes were washed twice with the same extraction buffer containing 0.1% Triton X100. The immunoprecipitated proteins were solubilized in 1×SDS-PAGE sample loading buffer and separated on 10% SDS-PAGE. For EphB4 receptor activation studies, electroblotted membrane was probed with anti-pTyr specific antibody 4G10 at 1:1000 dilution followed by Protein G-HRP conjugate at 1:5000 dilutions.
+Endothelial Cell Tube Formation Assay
+Matrigel (60 μl of 10 mg/ml; Collaborative Lab, Cat. No. 35423) was placed in each well of an ice-cold 96-well plate. The plate was allowed to sit at room temperature for 15 minutes then incubated at 37° C. for 30 minutes to permit Matrigel to polymerize. In the mean time, human umbilical vein endothelial cells were prepared in EGM-2 (Clonetic, Cat. No. CC3162) at a concentration of 2×105 cells/ml. The test protein was prepared at 2× the desired concentration (5 concentration levels) in the same medium. Cells (500 μl) and 2× protein (500 μl) were mixed and 200 μl of this suspension were placed in duplicate on the polymerized Matrigel. After 24 h incubation, triplicate pictures were taken for each concentration using a Bioquant Image Analysis system. Protein addition effect (IC50) was assessed compared to untreated controls by measuring the length of cords formed and number of junctions.
+Cell Migration Assay
+Chemotaxis of HUVECs to VEGF was assessed using a modified Boyden chamber, transwell membrane filter inserts in 24 well plates, 6.5 mm diam, 8 μm pore size, 10 μm thick matrigel coated, polycarbonate membranes (BD Biosciences). The cell suspensions of HUVECs (2×105 cells/ml) in 200 μl of EBM were seeded in the upper chamber and the soluble EphB4 protein were added simultaneously with stimulant (VEGF or bFGF) to the lower compartment of the chamber and their migration across a polycarbonate filter in response to 10-20 ng/ml of VEGF with or without 100 nM-1 μM test compound was investigated. After incubation for 4-24 h at 37° C., the upper surface of the filter was scraped with swab and filters were fixed and stained with Diff Quick. Ten random fields at 200× mag were counted and the results expressed as mean # per field. Negative unstimulated control values were subtracted from stimulated control and protein treated sample values and the data was plotted as mean migrated cell±S.D. IC50 was calculated from the plotted data.
+Growth Inhibition Assay
+HUVEC (1.5×103 cells) were plated in a 96-well plate in 100 μl of EBM-2 (Clonetic, Cat. No. CC3162). After 24 hours (day 0), the test recombinant protein (100 μl) is added to each well at 2× the desired concentration (5-7 concentration levels) in EBM-2 medium. On day 0, one plate was stained with 0.5% crystal violet in 20% methanol for 10 minutes, rinsed with water, and air-dried. The remaining plates were incubated for 72 h at 37° C. After 72 h, plates were stained with 0.5% crystal violet in 20% methanol, rinsed with water and air-dried. The stain was eluted with 1:1 solution of ethanol: 0.1M sodium citrate (including day 0 plate), and absorbance measured at 540 nm with an ELISA reader (Dynatech Laboratories). Day 0 absorbance was subtracted from the 72 h plates and data is plotted as percentage of control proliferation (vehicle treated cells). IC50 value was calculated from the plotted data.
+Murine Matrigel Plug Angiogenesis Assay
+In vivo angiogenesis was assayed in mice as growth of blood vessels from subcutaneous tissue into a Matrigel plug containing the test sample. Matrigel rapidly forms a solid gel at body temperature, trapping the factors to allow slow release and prolonged exposure to surrounding tissues. Matrigel (8.13 mg/ml, 0.5 ml) in liquid form at 4° C. was mixed with Endothelial Cell Growth Supplement (ECGS), test proteins plus ECGS or Matrigel plus vehicle alone (PBS containing 0.25% BSA). Matrigel (0.5 ml) was injected into the abdominal subcutaneous tissue of female nu/nu mice (6 wks old) along the peritoneal mid line. There were 3 mice in each group. The animals were cared for in accordance with institutional and NIH guidelines. At day 6, mice were sacrificed and plugs were recovered and processed for histology. Typically the overlying skin was removed, and gels were cut out by retaining the peritoneal lining for support, fixed in 10% buffered formalin in PBS and embedded in paraffin. Sections of 3 μm were cut and stained with H&E or Masson's trichrome stain and examined under light microscope
+Mouse Corneal Micropocket Assay
+Mouse corneal micropocket assay was performed according to that detailed by Kenyon et al., 1996. Briefly, hydron pellets (polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate [polyHEMA], Interferon Sciences, New Brunswick, N.J., U.S.A.) containing either 90 ng of bFGF (R&D) or 180 ng of VEGF (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, Minn., U.S.A.) and 40 μg of sucrose aluminium sulfate (Sigma) were prepared. Using an operating microscope, a stromal linear keratotomy was made with a surgical blade (Bard-Parker no. 15) parallel to the insertion of the lateral rectus muscle in an anesthetized animal. An intrastromal micropocket was dissected using a modified von Graefe knife (2••30 mm). A single pellet was implanted and advanced toward the temporal corneal limbus (within 0±7±1±0 mm for bFGF pellets and 0±5 mm for VEGF pellets). The difference in pellet location for each growth factor was determined to be necessary given the relatively weaker angiogenic stimulation of VEGF in this model. Antibiotic ointment (erythromycin.) was then applied to the operated eye to prevent infection and to decrease surface irregularities. The subsequent vascular response was measured extending from the limbal vasculature toward the pellet and the contiguous circumferential zone of neovascularization Data and clinical photos presented here were obtained on day 6 after pellet implantation, which was found to be the day of maximal angiogenic response.
+In Vitro Invasion Assay
+“Matrigel” matrix-coated 9-mm cell culture inserts (pore size, 8 μm; Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, N.J.) were set in a 24-well plate. The HUVEC cells were seeded at a density of 5×103 cells per well into the upper layer of the culture insert and cultured with serum-free EBM in the presence of EphB4 ECD for 24 h. The control group was cultured in the same media without EphB4. Then 0.5 ml of the human SCC15 cell line, conditioned medium was filled into the lower layer of the culture insert as a chemo-attractant. The cells were incubated for 24 h, then the remaining cells in the upper layer were swabbed with cotton and penetrating cells in the lower layer were fixed with 5% glutaraldehyde and stained with Diff Quick. The total number of cells passing through the Matrigel matrix and each 8 μm pore of the culture insert was counted using optical microscopy and designated as an invasion index (cell number/area).
+SCC15 Tumor Growth in Mice
+Subcutaneously inject logarithmically growing SCC15, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell line, at 5×106 cell density; with or without EphB4 ECD in the presence or absence of human bFGF, into athymic Balb/c nude mice, along with Matrigel (BD Bioscience) synthetic basement membrane (1:1 v/v), and examine tumors within 2 weeks. Tumor volumes in the EphB4 ECD group, in the presence and absence of growth factor after implantation were three-fold smaller than those in the vehicle groups. There was no difference in body weight between the groups. Immunohistochemical examination of cross-sections of resected tumors and TUNEL-positive apoptosis or necrosis, CD34 immunostaining, and BrdU proliferation rate will be performed, after deparaffinized, rehydrated, and quenched for endogenous peroxidase activity, and after 10 min permeabilization with proteinase K. Quantitative assessment of vascular densities will also be performed. Local intratumoral delivery or IV delivery of EphB4 ECD will also be performed twice a week.
+30 athymic nude mice, BALB/c (nu/nu), were each injected with 1×106 B16 melanoma cells with 0.1 ml PBS mixed with 0.1 ml matrigel or 1.5×106 SCC15 cells resuspended in 200 μl of DMEM serum-free medium and injected subcutaneously on day 0 on the right shoulder region of mice. Proteins were injected intravenously or subcutaneously, around the tumor beginning on day 1 at a loading dose of 4 μg/mg, with weekly injections of 2 ug/mg. (10 μg/g, 50 μg/kg/day), and at 2 weeks post-inoculation. Mice are sacrificed on Day 14. Control mice received PBS 50 μl each day.
+Tumor Formation in Nude Mice
+All animals were treated under protocols approved by the institutional animal care committees. Cancer cells (5×106) were subcutaneously inoculated into the dorsal skin of nude mice. When the tumor had grown to a size of about 100 mm3 (usually it took 1□2 days), sEphB4 was either intraperitoneally or subcutaneously injected once/day, and tumorigenesis was monitored for 2 weeks. Tumor volume was calculated according to the formula a2xb, where a and b are the smallest and largest diameters, respectively. A Student's t test was used to compare tumor volumes, with P<0.05 being considered significant.
+Quantification of Microvessel Density
+Tumors were fixed in 4% formaldehyde, embedded in paraffin, sectioned by 5 μm, and stained with hematoxylin□eosin. Vessel density was semi-quantitated using a computer-based image analyzer (five fields per section from three mice in each group).
+Example 3
+EphB4 is Upregulated and Imparts Growth Advantage in Prostate Cancer
+A. Expression of EphB4 in Prostate Cancer Cell Lines
+We first examined the expression of EphB4 protein in a variety of prostate cancer cell lines by Western blot. We found that prostate cancer cell lines show marked variation in the abundance of the 120 kD EphB4. The levels were relatively high in PC3 and even higher in PC3M, a metastatic clone of PC3, while normal prostate gland derived cell lines (MLC) showed low or no expression of EphB4 (FIG. 27A). We next checked the activation status of EphB4 in PC3 cells by phosphorylation study. We found that even under normal culture conditions, EphB4 is phosphorylated though it can be further induced by its ligand, ephrin B2 (FIG. 27B).
+B. Expression of EphB4 in Clinical Prostate Cancer Samples
+To determine whether EphB4 is expressed in clinical prostate samples, tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissue from prostate cancer surgical specimens were examined. The histological distribution of EphB4 in the prostate specimens was determined by immunohistochemistry. Clearly, EphB4 expression is confined to the neoplastic epithelium (FIG. 28, top left), and is absent in stromal and normal prostate epithelium (FIG. 28, top right). In prostate tissue array, 24 of the 32 prostate cancers examined were positive. We found EphB4 mRNA is expressed both in the normal and tumor tissues of clinical samples by quantitative RT-PCR. However, tumor EphB4 mRNA levels were at least 3 times higher than in the normal in this case (FIG. 28, lower right).
+C. P53 and PTEN Inhibited the Expression of EphB4 in PC3 Cells
+PC3 cells are known to lack PTEN expression (Davis, et al., 1994, Science. 266:816-819) and wild-type p53 function (Gale, et al., 1997, Cell Tissue Res. 290:227-241). We investigated whether the relatively high expression of EphB4 is related to p53 and/or PTEN by re-introducing wild-type p53 and/or PTEN into PC3 cells. To compensate for the transfection efficiency and the dilution effect, transfected cells were sorted for the cotransfected truncated CD4 marker. We found that the expression of EphB4 in PC3 cells was reduced by the re-introduction of either wild-type p53 or PTEN. The co-transfection of p53 and PTEN did not further inhibit the expression of EphB4 (FIG. 29A).
+D. Retinoid X Receptor (RXR α) Regulates the Expression of EphB4
+We previously found that RXRα was down-regulated in prostate cancer cell lines (Zhong, et al., 2003, Cancer Biol Ther. 2:179-184) and here we found EphB4 expression has the reverse expression pattern when we looked at “normal” prostate (MLC), prostate cancer (PC3), and metastatic prostate cancer (PC3M) (FIG. 27A), we considered whether RXRα regulates the expression of EphB4. To confirm the relationship, the expression of EphB4 was compared between CWR22R and CWR22R-RXRα, which constitutively expresses RXRα. We found a modest decrease in EphB4 expression in the RXRα overexpressing cell line, while FGF8 has no effect on EphB4 expression. Consistent with initial results, EphB4 was not found in “normal” benign prostate hypertrophic cell line BPH-1 (FIG. 29B).
+E. Growth Factor Signaling Pathway of EGFR and IGF-1R Regulates EphB4 Expression
+EGFR and IGF-1R have both been shown to have autocrine and paracrine action on PC3 cell growth. Because we found that EphB4 expression is higher in the more aggressive cell lines, we postulated that EphB4 expression might correlate with these pro-survival growth factors. We tested the relationship by independently blocking EGFR and IGF-1R signaling. EphB4 was down-regulated after blocking the EGFR signaling using EGFR kinase inhibitor AG 1478 (FIG. 30A) or upon blockade of the IGF-1R signaling pathway using IGF-1R neutralizing antibody (FIG. 30B).
+F. EphB4 siRNA and Antisense ODNs Inhibit PC3 Cell Viability
+To define the significance of this EphB4 overexpression in our prostate cancer model, we concentrated our study on PC3 cells, which have a relatively high expression of EphB4. The two approaches to decreasing EphB4 expression were siRNA and AS-ODNs. A number of different phosphorothioate-modified AS-ODNs complementary to different segments of the EphB4 coding region were tested for specificity and efficacy of EphB4 inhibition. Using 293 cells transiently transfected with full-length EphB4 expression vector AS-10 was found to be the most effective (FIG. 31B). A Similar approach was applied to the selection of specific siRNA. EphB4 siRNA 472 effectively knocks down EphB4 protein expression (FIG. 31A). Both siRNA 472 and antisense AS-10 ODN reduced the viability of PC3 cells in a dose dependent manner (FIGS. 31C, D). Unrelated siRNA or sense oligonucleotide had no effect on viability.
+G. EphB4 siRNA and Antisense ODNs Inhibit the Mobility of PC3 Cells
+PC3 cells can grow aggressively locally and can form lymph node metastases when injected orthotopically into mice. In an effort to study the role of EphB4 on migration of PC3 cells in vitro, we performed a wound-healing assay. When a wound was introduced into a monolayer of PC3 cells, over the course of the next 20 hours cells progressively migrated into the cleared area. However, when cells were transfected with siRNA 472 and the wound was introduced, this migration was significantly inhibited (FIG. 31E). Pretreatment of PC3 cells with 10 μM EphB4 AS-10 for 12 hours generated the same effect (FIG. 31F). In addition, knock-down of EphB4 expression in PC3 cells with siRNA 472 severely reduced the ability of these cells to invade Matrigel as assessed by a double-chamber invasion assay (FIG. 31G), compared to the control siRNA.
+H. EphB4 siRNA Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in PC3 Cells
+Since knock-down of EphB4 resulted in decreased cell viability (FIG. 31C) we sought to determine whether this was due to effects on the cell cycle. In comparison to control siRNA transfected cells, siRNA 472 resulted in an accumulation of cells in the sub G0 and S phase fractions compared to cells treated with control siRNA. The sub G0 fraction increased from 1% to 7.9%, and the S phase fraction from 14.9% to 20.8% in siRNA 472 treated cells compared to control siRNA treated cells (FIG. 32A). Cell cycle arrest at sub G0 and G2 is indicative of apoptosis. Apoptosis as a result of EphB4 knock-down was confirmed by ELISA assay. A dose-dependent increase in apoptosis was observed when PC3 cells were transfected with siRNA 472, but not with control siRNA (FIG. 32B). At 100 nM there was 15 times more apoptosis in siRNA 472 transfected than control siRNA transfected PC3 cells.
+I. Materials and Methods
+A detailed description of the materials and methods for this example may be found in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050084873.
+Example 4
+Expression of EPHB4 in Mesothelioma: a Candidate Target for Therapy
+Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a rare neoplasm that most often arises from the pleural and peritoneal cavity serous surface. The pleural cavity is by far the most frequent site affected (>90%), followed by the peritoneum (6-10%) (Carbone et al., 2002, Semin Oncol. 29:2-17). There is a strong association with asbestos exposure, about 80% of malignant mesothelioma cases occur in individuals who have ingested or inhaled asbestos. This tumor is particularly resistant to the current therapies and, up to now, the prognosis of these patients is dramatically poor (Lee et al., 2000, Curr Opin Pulm Med. 6:267-74).
+Several clinical problems regarding the diagnosis and treatment of malignant mesothelioma remain unsolved. Making a diagnosis of mesothelioma from pleural or abdominal fluid is notoriously difficult and often requires a thoracoscopic or laproscopic or open biopsy and Immunohistochemical staining for certain markers such as meosthelin expressed preferentially in this tumor. Until now, no intervention has proven to be curative, despite aggressive chemotherapeutic regimens and prolonged radiotherapy. The median survival in most cases is only 12-18 months after diagnosis.
+In order to identify new diagnostic markers and targets to be used for novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, we assessed the expression of EPHB4 and its ligand EphrinB2 in mesothelioma cell lines and clinical samples.
+A. EPHB4 and EphrinB2 is Expressed in Mesothelioma Cell Lines
+The expression of Ephrin B2 and EphB4 in malignant mesothelioma cell lines was determined at the RNA and protein level by a variety of methods. RT-PCR showed that all of the four cell lines express EphrinB2 and EPHB4 (FIG. 33A). Protein expression was determined by Western blot in these cell lines. Specific bands for EphB4 were seen at 120 kD. In addition, Ephrin B2 was detected in all cell lines tested as a 37 kD band on Western blot (FIG. 33B). No specific band for Ephrin B2 was observed in 293 human embryonic kidney cells, which were included as a negative control.
+To confirm the presence of EphB4 transcription in mesothelioma cells, in situ hybridization was carried out on NCI H28 cell lines cultured on chamber slides. Specific signal for EphB4 was detected using antisense probe Ephrin B2 transcripts were also detected in the same cell line. Sense probes for both EphB4 and Ephrin B2 served as negative controls and did not hybridize to the cells (FIG. 34). Expression of EphB4 and Ephrin B2 proteins was confirmed in the cell lines by immunofluorescence analysis (FIG. 35). Three cell lines showed strong expression of EphB4, whereas expression of Ephrin B2 was present in H28 and H2052, and weakly detectable in H2373.
+B. Evidence of Expression of EPHB4 and EphrinB2 in Clinical Samples
+Tumor cells cultured from the pleural effusion of a patient diagnosed with pleural malignant mesothelioma were isolated and showed positive staining for both EphB4 and Ephrin B2 at passage 1 (FIG. 35, bottom row). These results confirm co-expression of EphB4 and Ephrin B2 in mesothelioma cell lines. To determine whether these results seen in tumor cell lines were a real reflection of expression in the disease state, tumor biopsy samples were subjected to immunohistochemical staining for EphB4 and Ephrin B2. Antibodies to both proteins revealed positive stain in the tumor cells. Representative data is shown in FIG. 36.
+C. EPHB4 is Involved in the Cell Growth and Migration of Mesothelioma
+The role of EphB4 in cell proliferation was tested using EPHB4 specific antisepses oligonucleotides and siRNA. The treatment of cultured H28 with EPHB4 antisense reduced cell viability. One of the most active inhibitor of EphB4 expression is EPHB4AS-10 (FIG. 37A). Transfection of EPHB4 siRNA 472 generated the same effect (FIG. 37B).
+MM is a locally advancing disease with frequent extension and growth into adjacent vital structures such as the chest wall, heart, and esophagus. In an effort to study this process in vitro, we perform wound healing assay using previously described techniques (3:36). When a wound was introduced into sub confluent H28 cells, over the course of the next 28 hours cells would progressively migrate into the area of the wound. However, when cells were pretreated with EPHB4AS-10 for 24 hours, and the wound was introduced, this migration was virtually completely prevented (FIG. 38A). The migration study with Boyden Chamber assay with EPHB4 siRNA showed that cell migration was greatly inhibited with the inhibition of EPHB4 expression (FIG. 38B).
+D. Materials and Methods
+A detailed description of the materials and methods for this example may be found in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050084873.
+Example 5
+EphB4 is Expressed in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck: Regulation by Epidermal Growth Factor Signaling Pathway and Growth Advantage
+Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) is the sixth most frequent cancer worldwide, with estimated 900,000 cases diagnosed each year. It comprises almost 50% of all malignancies in some developing nations. In the United States, 50,000 new cases and 8,000 deaths are reported each year. Tobacco carcinogens are believed to be the primary etiologic agents of the disease, with alcohol consumption, age, gender, and ethnic background as contributing factors.
+The differences between normal epithelium of the upper aerodigestive tract and cancer cells arising from that tissue are the result of mutations in specific genes and alteration of their expression. These genes control DNA repair, proliferation, immortalization, apoptosis, invasion, and angiogenesis. For head and neck cancer, alterations of three signaling pathways occur with sufficient frequency and produce such dramatic phenotypic changes as to be considered the critical transforming events of the disease. These changes include mutation of the p53 tumor suppressor, overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and inactivation of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p16. Other changes such as Rb mutation, ras activation, cyclin D amplification, and myc overexpression are less frequent in HNSCC.
+Although high expression of EphB4 has been reported in hematologic malignancies, breast carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma, and colon carcinoma, there is limited data on the protein levels of EphB4, and complete lack of data on the biological significance of this protein in tumor biology such as HNSCC.
+A. HNSCC Tumors Express EphB4
+We studied the expression of EphB4 in human tumor tissues by immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and Western blot. Twenty prospectively collected tumor tissues following IRB approval have been evaluated with specific EphB4 monoclonal antibody that does not react with other members of the EphB and EphA family. EphB4 expression is observed in all cases, with varying intensity of staining. FIG. 39A (top left) illustrates a representative case, showing that EphB4 is expressed in the tumor regions only, as revealed by the H&E tumor architecture (FIG. 39A bottom left). Note the absence of staining for EphB4 in the stroma. Secondly, a metastatic tumor site in the lymph node shows positive staining while the remainder of the lymph node is negative (FIG. 39A, top right).
+In situ hybridization was carried out to determine the presence and location of EphB4 transcripts in the tumor tissue. Strong signal for EphB4 specific antisense probe was detected indicating the presence of transcripts (FIG. 39 B, top left). Comparison with the H&E stain (FIG. 39B, bottom left) to illustrate tumor architecture reveals that the signal was localized to the tumor cells, and was absent from the stromal areas. Ephrin B2 transcripts were also detected in tumor sample, and as with EphB4, the signal was localized to the tumor cells (FIG. 39B, top right). Neither EphB4 nor ephrin B2 sense probes hybridized to the sections, proving specificity of the signals.
+B. High Expression of EphB4 in Primary and Metastatic Sites of HNSCC
+Western blots of tissue from primary tumor, lymph node metastases and uninvolved tissue were carried out to determine the relative levels of EphB4 expression in these sites. Tumor and normal adjacent tissues were collected on 20 cases, while lymph nodes positive for tumor were harvested in 9 of these 20 cases. Representative cases are shown in FIG. 39C. EphB4 expression is observed in each of the tumor samples. Similarly, all tumor positive lymph nodes show EphB4 expression that was equal to or greater than the primary tumor. No or minimal expression is observed in the normal adjacent tissue.
+C. EphB4 Expression and Regulation by EGFR Activity in HNSCC Cell Lines
+Having demonstrated the expression of EphB4 limited to tumor cells, we next sought to determine whether there was an in vitro model of EphB4 expression in HNSCC. Six HN SCC cell lines were surveyed for EphB4 protein expression by Western Blot (FIG. 40A). A majority of these showed strong EphB4 expression and thus established the basis for subsequent studies. Since EGFR is strongly implicated in HNSCC we asked whether EphB4 expression is associated with the activation of EGFR. Pilot experiments in SCC-15, which is an EGFR positive cell line, established an optimal time of 24 h and concentration of 1 mM of the specific EGFR kinase inhibitor AG 1478 (FIG. 40B) to inhibit expression of EphB4. When all the cell lines were studied, we noted robust EGFR expression in all but SCC-4, where it is detectable but not strong (FIG. 40C, top row). In response to EGFR inhibitor AG1478 marked loss in the total amount of EphB4 was observed in certain cell lines (SCC-15, and SCC-25) while no effect was observed in others (SCC-9, -12, -13 and -71). Thus SCC-15 and -25 serve as models for EphB4 being regulated by EGFR activity, while SCC-9, -12, -13 and -71 are models for regulation of EphB4 in HNSCC independent of EGFR activity, where there may be input from other factors such as p53, PTEN, IL-6 etc. We also noted expression of the ligand of EphB4, namely ephrin B2, in all of the cell lines tested. As with EphB4 in some lines ephrin B2 expression appears regulated by EGFR activity, while it is independent in other cell lines.
+Clearly, inhibition of constitutive EGFR signaling repressed EphB4 levels in SCC15 cells. We next studied whether EGF could induce EphB4. We found that EphB4 levels were induced in SCC15 cells that had been serum starved for 24 h prior to 24 h treatment with 10 ng/ml EGF as shown in FIG. 41B (lanes 1 and 2). The downstream signaling pathways known for EGFR activation shown in FIG. 41A, (for review see Yarden & Slikowski 2001) were then investigated for their input into EGF mediated induction of EphB4. Blocking PLCg, AKT and JNK phosphorylation with the specific kinase inhibitors U73122, SH-5 and SP600125 respectively reduced basal levels and blocked EGF stimulated induction of EphB4 (FIG. 41B, lanes 3-8). In contrast, inhibition of ERK½ with PD098095 and PI3-K with LY294002 or Wortmannin had no discernible effect on EGF induction of EphB4 levels. However, basal levels of EphB4 were reduced when ERK½ phosphorylation was inhibited. Interestingly, inhibition of p38 MAPK activation with SB203580 increased basal, but not EGF induced EphB4 levels. Similar results were seen in the SCC25 cell line (data not shown).
+D. Inhibition of EphB4 in High Expressing Cell Lines Results in Reduced Viability and Causes Cell-Cycle Arrest
+We next turned to the role of EphB4 expression in HNSCC by investigating the effect of ablating expression using siRNA or AS-ODN methods. Several siRNAs to EphB4 sequence were developed (Table 1) which knocked-down EphB4 expression to varying degrees as seen in FIG. 42A. Viability was reduced in SCC-15, -25 and -71 cell lines transfected with siRNAs 50 and 472, which were most effective in blocking EphB4 expression (FIG. 42B). Little effect on viability was seen with EphB4 siRNA 1562 and 2302 or ephrin B2 siRNA 254. Note that in SCC-4, which does not express EphB4 (see FIG. 40A) there was no reduction in cell viability. The decreased cell viability seen with siRNA 50 and 472 treatment was attributable to accumulation of cells in sub G0, indicative of apoptosis. This effect was both time and dose-dependant (FIG. 42C and Table 2). In contrast, siRNA2302 that was not effective in reducing EphB4 levels and had only minor effects on viability did not produce any changes in the cell cycle when compared with the mock Lipofectamine™2000 transfection.
+A detailed description of the siRNA constructs for this example may be found in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050084873.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Effect of different EphB4 siRNA on Cell Cycle
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Treatment
+Sub G0
+G1
+S
+G2
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+36 hr
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Lipo alone
+1.9
+39.7
+21.3
+31.8
+
+
+
+100 nM 2302
+2.0
+39.3
+21.2
+31.2
+
+
+
+100 nM 50
+18.1
+31.7
+19.7
+24.4
+
+
+
+100 nM 472
+80.2
+10.9
+5.2
+2.1
+
+
+
+16 hr
+
+
+
+Lipo alone
+7.8
+55.7
+15.2
+18.5
+
+
+
+100 nM 2302
+8.4
+57.3
+14.3
+17.3
+
+
+
+ 10 nM 50
+10.4
+53.2
+15.7
+17.7
+
+
+
+100 nM 50
+27.7
+31.3
+18.1
+19.6
+
+
+
+ 10 nM 472
+13.3
+50.2
+15.8
+17.5
+
+
+
+100 nM 472
+30.7
+31.9
+16.4
+18.0
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In addition, over 50 phosphorothioate AS-ODNs complementary to the human EphB4 coding sequences were synthesized and tested for their ability to inhibit EphB4 expression in 293 cells transiently transfected with full length EphB4 expression plasmid. FIG. 43A shows a representative sample of the effect of some of these AS-ODNs on EphB4 expression. Note that expression is totally abrogated with AS-10, while AS-11 has only a minor effect. The effect on cell viability in SCC15 cells was most marked with AS-ODNs that are most effective in inhibiting EphB4 expression as shown in FIG. 43B. The IC50 for AS-10 was approximately 1 μM, while even 10 μM AS-11 was not sufficient to attain 50% reduction of viability. When the effect that AS-10 had on the cell cycle was investigated, it was found that the sub G0 fraction increased from 1.9% to 10.5% compared to non-treated cells, indicative of apoptosis (FIG. 43C).
+E. EphB4 Regulates Cell Migration
+We next wished to determine if EphB4 participates in the migration of HNSCC. Involvement in migration may have implications for growth and metastasis. Migration was assessed using the wound-healing/scrape assay. Confluent SCC15 and SCC25 cultures were wounded by a single scrape with a sterile plastic Pasteur pipette, which left a 3 mm band with clearly defined borders. Migration of cells into the cleared area in the presence of test compounds was evaluated and quantitated after 24, 48 and 72 hr. Cell migration was markedly diminished in response to AS-10 that block EphB4 expression while the inactive compounds, AS-1 and scrambled ODN had little to no effect as shown in FIG. 43D. Inhibition of migration with AS-10 was also shown using the Boyden double chamber assay (FIG. 43E).
+F. EphB4 AS-10 In Vivo Anti-Tumor Activity
+The effect of EphB4 AS-10, which reduces cell viability and motility, was determined in SCC15 tumor xenografts in Balb/C nude mice. Daily treatment of mice with 20 mg/kg AS-10, sense ODN or equal volume of PBS by I.P. injection was started the day following tumor cell implantation. Growth of tumors in mice receiving AS-10 was significantly retarded compared to mice receiving either sense ODN or PBS diluent alone (FIG. 44). Non-specific effects attributable to ODN were not observed, as there was no difference between the sense ODN treated and PBS treated groups.
+G. Materials and Methods
+A detailed description of the materials and methods for this example may be found in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050084873.
+Example 6
+Ephrin B2 Expression in Kaposi's Sarcoma is Induced by Human Herpesvirus Type 8: Phenotype Switch from Venous to Arterial Endothelium
+Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS) manifests as a multifocal angioproliferative disease, most commonly of the skin and mucus membranes, with subsequent spread to visceral organs (1) Hallmarks of the disease are angiogenesis, edema, infiltration of lymphomononuclear cells and growth of spindle-shaped tumor cells. Pathologically, established lesions exhibit an extensive vascular network of slit-like spaces. The KS vascular network is distinct from normal vessels in the lack of basement membranes and the abnormal spindle shaped endothelial cell (tumor cell) lining these vessels. Defective vasculature results in an accumulation of the blood components including albumin, red and mononuclear cells in the lesions (1). The KS tumor is endothelial in origin; the tumor cells express many endothelial markers, including lectin binding sites for Ulex europeaus agglutinin-1 (UEA-1), CD34, EN-4, PAL-E (2) and the endothelial cell specific tyrosine kinase receptors, VEGFR-1 (Flt-1), VEGFR-2 (Flk-1/KDR), VEGFR-3 (Flt-4), Tie-1 and Tie-2 (3, RM & PSG unpublished data). KS cells co-express lymphatic endothelial cell related proteins including LYVE and podoplanin (4).
+The herpesvirus HHV-8 is considered the etiologic agent for the disease. In 1994 sequences of this new herpes virus were identified in KS tumor tissue (5), and subsequent molecular-epidemiology studies have shown that nearly all KS tumors contain viral genome. Sero-epidemiology studies show that HIV infected patients with KS have the highest prevalence of HHV-8 and secondly that those with HIV infection but no KS have increased risk of development of KS over the ensuing years if they are also seropositive for HHV-8 (6). Direct evidence for the role of HHV-8 in KS is the transformation of bone marrow endothelial cells after infection with HHV-8 (7). A number of HHV-8 encoded genes could contribute to cellular transformation (reviewed in 8). However, the most evidence has accumulated for the G-protein coupled receptor (vGPCR) in this role (9).
+We investigated whether KS tumor cells are derived from arterial or venous endothelium. In addition, we investigated whether HHV-8 has an effect on expression of arterial or venous markers in a model of KS. KS tumor cells were found to express the ephrin B2 arterial marker. Further, ephrin B2 expression was induced by HHV-8 vGPCR in KS and endothelial cell lines. Ephrin B2 is a potential target for treatment of KS because inhibition of ephrin B2 expression or signaling was detrimental to KS cell viability and function.
+A. KS Tumors Express Ephrin B2, but not EphB4
+The highly vascular nature of KS lesions and the probable endothelial cell origin of the tumor cells prompted investigation of expression of EphB4 and ephrin B2 which are markers for venous and arterial endothelial cells, respectively. Ephrin B2, but not EphB4 transcripts were detected in tumor cells of KS biopsies by in situ hybridization (FIG. 45A). Comparison of the positive signal with ephrin B2 antisense probe and tumor cells as shown by H&E staining shows that ephrin B2 expression is limited to the areas of the biopsy that contain tumor cells. The lack of signal in KS with EphB4 antisense probe is not due to a defect in the probe, as it detected transcripts in squamous cell carcinoma, which we have shown expresses this protein (18). Additional evidence for the expression of ephrin B2 in KS tumor tissue is afforded by the localization of EphB4/Fc signal to tumor cells, detected by FITC conjugated anti human Fc antibody. Because ephrin B2 is the only ligand for EphB4 this reagent is specific for the expression of ephrin B2 (FIG. 45B, left). An adjacent section treated only with the secondary reagent shows no specific signal. Two-color confocal microscopy demonstrated the presence of the HHV-8 latency protein, LANA1 in the ephrin B2 positive cells (FIG. 45C, left), indicating that it is the tumor cells, not tumor vessels, which are expressing this arterial marker. Staining of tumor biopsy with PECAM-1 antibody revealed the highly vascular nature of this tumor (FIG. 45C, right). A pilot study of the prevalence of this pattern of ephrin B2 and EphB4 expression on KS biopsies was conducted by RT-PCR analysis. All six samples were positive for ephrin B2, while only 2 were weakly positive for EphB4 (data not shown).
+B. Infection of Venous Endothelial Cells with HHV-8 Causes a Phenotype Switch to Arterial Markers
+We next asked whether HHV-8, the presumed etiologic agent for KS, could itself induce expression of ephrin B2 and repress EphB4 expression in endothelial cells. Co-culture of HUVEC and BC-1 lymphoma cells, which are productively infected with HHV-8, results in effective infection of the endothelial cells (16). The attached monolayers of endothelial cells remaining after extensive washing were examined for ephrin B2 and EphB4 by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. HUVEC express EphB4 venous marker strongly at the RNA level, but not ephrin B2 (FIG. 46B). In contrast, HHV-8 infected cultures (HUVEC/BC-1 and HUVEC/BC-3) express ephrin B2, while EphB4 transcripts are almost absent.
+Immunofluorescence analysis of cultures of HUVEC and HUVEC/HHV-8 for artery/vein markers and viral proteins was undertaken to determine whether changes in protein expression mirrored that seen in the RNA. In addition, cellular localization of the proteins could be determined. Consistent with the RT-PCR data HUVEC are ephrin B2 negative and EphB4 positive (FIG. 46A(a & m)). As expected they do not express any HHV-8 latency associated nuclear antigen (LANA1) (FIG. 46A(b, n)). Co-culture of BC-1 cells, which are productively infected with HHV-8, resulted in infection of HUVEC as shown by presence of viral proteins LANA1 and ORF59 (FIG. 46A(f, r)). HHV-8 infected HUVEC now express ephrin B2 but not EphB4 (FIG. 46A(e, q, u), respectively). Expression of ephrin B2 and LANA1 co-cluster as shown by yellow signal in the merged image (FIG. 46A(h)). HHV-8 infected HUVEC positive for ephrin B2 and negative for Eph B4 also express the arterial marker CD148 (19) (FIG. 46A (j, v)). Expression of ephrin B2 and CD148 co-cluster as shown by yellow signal in the merged image (FIG. 46A(l)). Uninfected HUVEC expressing Eph B4 were negative for CD148 (not shown).
+C. HHV-8 vGPCR Induces Ephrin B2 Expression
+To test whether individual viral proteins could induce the expression of ephrin B2 seen with the whole virus KS-SLK cells were stably transfected with HHV-8 LANA, or LANAΔ440 or vGPCR. Western Blot of stable clones revealed a five-fold induction of ephrin B2 in KS-SLK transfected with vGPCR compared to SLK-LANA or SLK-LANAΔ440 (FIG. 47A). SLK transfected with vector alone (pCEFL) was used as a control. SLK-vGPCR and SLK-pCEFL cells were also examined for ephrin B2 and Eph B4 expression by immunofluorescence in transiently transfected KS-SLK cells. FIG. 47B shows higher expression of ephrin B2 in the SLK-vGPCR cells compared to SLK-pCEFL. No changes in Eph B4 were observed in SLK-vGPCR compared to SLK-pCEFL. This clearly demonstrates that SLK-vGPCR cells expressed high levels of ephrin B2 compared to SLK-pCEFL cells. This suggests that vGPCR of HHV-8 is directly involved in the induction of Ephrin B2 and the arterial phenotype switch in KS. Since we had shown that HHV-8 induced expression of ephrin B2 in HUVEC, we next asked if this could be mediated by a transcriptional effect. Ephrin B2 5′-flanking DNA-luciferase reporter plasmids were constructed as described in the Materials and Methods and transiently transfected into HUVECs. Ephrin B2 5′-flanking DNA sequences -2491/-11 have minimal activity in HUVEC cells (FIG. 47C). This is consistent with ephrin B2 being an arterial, not venous marker. However, we have noted that HUVEC in culture do express some ephrin B2 at the RNA level. Cotransfection of HHV-8 vGPCR induces ephrin B2 transcription approximately 10-fold compared to the control expression vector pCEFL. Roughly equal induction was seen with ephrin B2 sequences-2491/-11, -1242/-11, or -577/-11, which indicates that elements between -577 and -11 are sufficient to mediate the response to vGPCR, although maximal activity is seen with the -1242/-11 luciferase construct.
+D. Expression of Ephrin B2 is Regulated by VEGF and VEGF-C
+We next asked whether known KS growth factors could be involved in the vGPCR-mediated induction of ephrin B2 expression. SLK-vGPCR cells were treated with neutralizing antibodies to oncostatin-M, IL-6, IL-8, VEGF or VEGF-C for 36 hr. FIG. 48A shows that neutralization of VEGF completely blocked expression of ephrin B2 in SLK-vGPCR cells. A lesser, but significant decrease in ephrin B2 was seen neutralization of VEGF-C and IL-8. No appreciable effect was seen with neutralization of oncostatin-M or IL-6. To verify that VEGF and VEGF-C are integral to the induction of ephrin B2 expression we treated HUVEC with VEGF, VEGF-C or EGF. HUVECs were grown in EBM-2 media containing 5% FBS with two different concentration of individual growth factor (10 ng, 100 ng/ml) for 48 h. Only VEGF-A or VEGF-C induced ephrin B2 expression in a dose dependent manner (FIG. 48B). In contrast, EGF had no effect on expression of ephrin B2.
+E. Ephrin B2 siRNA Inhibits the Expression of Ephrin B2 in KS
+Three ephrin B2 siRNA were synthesized as described in the methods section. KS-SLK cells were transfected with siRNA and 48 h later ephrin B2 expression was determined by Western Blot. Ephrin B2 siRNAs 137 or 254 inhibited about 70% of ephrin B2 expression compared to control siRNA such as siRNA Eph B4 50 or siRNA GFP. Ephrin B2 63 siRNA was less effective than the above two siRNA Ephrin B2 (FIG. 49A).
+F. Ephrin B2 is Necessary for Full KS and EC Viability, Cord Formation and In Vivo Angiogenesis Activities
+The most effective ephrin B2 siRNA (254) was then used to determine whether inhibiting expression of ephrin B2 has any effect on the growth of KS-SLK or HUVEC cells. The viability of KS-SLK cells was decreased by the same siRNAs that inhibited ephrin B2 protein levels (FIG. 49B). KS-SLK express high levels of ephrin B2 and this result shows maintenance of ephrin B2 expression is integral to cell viability in this setting. HUVECs do not express ephrin B2, except when stimulated by VEGF as shown in FIG. 48B. Ephrin B2 siRNA 264 dramatically reduced growth of HUVECs cultured with VEGF as the sole growth factor. In contrast, no significant effect was seen when HUVECs were cultured with IGF, EGF and bFGF. As a control, EphB4 siRNA 50 had no detrimental effect on HUVECs in either culture condition (FIG. 49C). In addition to inhibition of viability of KS and primary endothelial cells, EphB4-ECD inhibits cord formation in HUVEC and KS-SLK and in vivo angiogenesis in the Matrigel™ plug assay (FIG. 50).
+G. Methods and Materials
+A detailed description of the materials and methods for this example may be found in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050084873.
+Example 7
+Expression of EphB4 in Bladder Cancer: a Candidate Target for Therapy
+FIG. 51 shows expression of EPHB4 in bladder cancer cell lines (A), and regulation of EPHB4 expression by EGFR signaling pathway (B).
+FIG. 52 shows that transfection of p53 inhibit the expression of EPHB4 in 5637 cell.
+FIG. 53 shows growth inhibition of bladder cancer cell line (5637) upon treatment with EPHB4 siRNA 472.
+FIG. 54 shows results on apoptosis study of 5637 cells transfected with EPHB4 siRNA 472.
+FIG. 55 shows effects of EPHB4 antisense probes on cell migration. 5637 cells were treated with EPHB4AS10 (10 μM).
+FIG. 56 shows effects of EPHB4 siRNA on cell invasion. 5637 cells were transfected with siRNA 472 or control siRNA.
+Example 8
+Inhibition of EphB4 Gene Expression by EphB4 Antisense Probes and RNAi Probes
+Cell lines expressing EphB4 were treated with the synthetic phosphorothioate modified oligonucleotides and harvested after 24 hr. Cell lysates were prepared and probed by western blot analysis for relative amounts of EphB4 compared to untreated control cells.
+Studies on inhibition of cell proliferation were done in HNSCC cell lines characterized to express EphB4. Loss of cell viability was shown upon knock-down of EphB4 expression. Cells were treated in vitro and cultured in 48-well plates, seeded with 10 thousand cells per well. Test compounds were added and the cell viability was tested on day 3. The results on EphB4 antisense probes were summarized below in Table 6. The results on EphB4 RNAi probes were summarized below in Table 7.
+A detailed description of the antisense and siRNA constructs for this example may be found in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050084873.
+Example 9
+Inhibition of Ephrin B2 Gene Expression by Ephrin B2 Antisense Probes and RNAi Probes
+KS SLK, a cell line expressing endogenous high level of ephrin B2. Cell viability was tested using fixed dose of each oligonuceotide (5 uM). Gene expression downregulation was done using cell line 293 engineered to stably express full-length ephrin B2. KS SLK expressing EphrinB2 were also used to test the viability in response to RNAi probes tested at the fixed dose of 50 nM. Protein expression levels were measured using 293 cells stably expressing full-length EphrinB2, in cell lysates after 24 hr treatment with fixed 50 nM of RNAi probes.
+The results on Ephrin B2 antisense probes were summarized below in Table 8. The results on Ephrin B2 RNAi probes were summarized below in Table 9.
+A detailed description of the antisense and siRNA constructs for this example may be found in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050084873.
+Example 10
+EphB4 Antibodies Inhibit Tumor Growth
+FIG. 57 shows results on comparison of EphB4 monoclonal antibodies by G250 and in Pull-down assay.
+FIG. 58 shows that EphB4 antibodies, in the presence of matrigel and growth factors, inhibit the in vivo tumor growth of SCC15 cells.
+BaIbC nude mice were injected subcutaneously with 2.5×106 viable tumor cells SCC15 is a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma line. Tumors were initiated in nu/nu mice by injecting 2.5−5×106 cells premixed with matrigel and Growth factors, and Ab's subcutaneously to initiate tumor xenografts. Mice were opened 14 days after injections. SCC15 is a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma line, B16 is a melanoma cell line, and MCF-7 is a breast carcinoma line. The responses of tumors to these treatments were compared to control treated mice, which receive PBS injections. Animals were observed daily for tumor growth and subcutaneous tumors were measured using a caliper every 2 days. Antibodies #1 and #23 showed significant regression of SCC15 tumor size compared to control, especially with no additional growth factor added.
+FIG. 59 shows that EphB4 antibodies cause apoptosis, necrosis and decreased angiogenesis in SCC15, head and neck carcinoma tumor type.
+Angiogenesis was assessed by CD-31 immunohistochemistry. Tumor tissue sections from treated and untreated mice were stained for CD31. Apoptosis was assessed by immunohistochemical TUNNEL, and proliferation by BrdU assay. Following surgical removal, tumors were immediately sliced into 2 mm serial sections and embedded in paraffin using standard procedures. Paraffin embedded tissue were sectioned at 5 μm, the wax removed and the tissue rehydrated. The rehydrated tissues were microwave irradiated in antigen retreival solution. Slides were rinsed in PBS, and TUNNEL reaction mixture (Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and flourescein labeled nucleotide solution), and BrdU were added in a humidity chamber completely shielded from light. The TUNNEL and BrdU reaction mixture were then removed, slides were rinsed and anti-flourescein antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase was added. After incubation and rinsing, 3, 3′diaminobenzidine was added. Masson's Trichrome and Hematoxylin and Eosin were also used to stain the slides to visualize morphology. Masson's Trichrome allows to visualize necrosis and fibrosis. The tumor gets blood support from tumor/skin, muscle boundary. As tumor grows, inner regions get depleted of nutrients. This leads to necrosis (cell death), preferably at the tumor center. After cells die, (tumor) tissue gets replaced with fibroblastic tissue. Slides were visualized under 20-fold magnification with digital images acquired. A different morphology was obtained on SCC tumors with each antibody administered. Ab #1 showed an increase in necrosis and fibrosis but not apoptosis. Ab #23 showed an increase in apoptosis, necrosis and fibrosis and a decrease in vessel infiltration. Ab #35 showed an increase in necrosis and fibrosis, and a small increase in apoptosis and a decrease in vessel infiltration. Ab #79 showed a large increase in apoptosis, and necrossis and fibrosis. Ab #91 showed no change in apoptosis but an increase in proliferation. And Ab #138 showed an increase in apoptosis, necrosis, fibrosis and a decrease in proliferation and vessel infiltration. Tumors treated with control PBS displayed abundant tumor density and a robust angiogenic response. Tumors treated with EphB4 antibodies displayed a decrease in tumor cell density and a marked inhibition of tumor angiogenesis in regions with viable tumor cells, as well as tumor necrosis and apoptosis.
+FIG. 60 shows that systemic administration of antibodies on xenografts leads to tumor regression in SCC15 tumor xenografts.
+Alternate day treatment with EphB4 monoclonal antibody or an equal volume of PBS as control were initiated on day 4, after the tumors have established, and continued for 14 days. Systemic administration was administered either IP or SC with no significant difference. All the experiments were carried out in a double-blind manner to eliminate investigator bias. Mice were sacrificed at the conclusion of the two week treatment period. Tumors were harvested immediately postmortem and fixed and processed for immunohistochemistry. EphB4 antibodies 40 mg per kg body weight were administered. Treatment with EphB4 antibody significantly inhibited human SCC tumor growth compared with control-treated mice (p<0.05). Treatment with EphB4 antibody significantly inhibited tumor weight compared with control-treated mice (p<0.05).
+Example 11
+HSA-EphB4 Ectodomain Fusion and PEG-Modified EphB4 Ectodomain
+A. Generation of HSA-EphB4 Ectodomain Fusion
+Human serum albumin fragment in XbaI-NotI form was PCR-amplified out for creating a fusion with GCF2, and TA-cloned into pEF6. In the next step, the resulting vector was cut with Xba I (partial digestion) and the HSA fragment (1.8 kb) was cloned into Xba I site of pEF6-GCF2-Xba to create fusion expression vector. The resulting vector had a point mutation C to T leading to Thr to Ile substitution in position 4 of the mature protein. It was called pEF6-GCF2-HSAmut. In the next cloning step, the mutation was removed by substituting wild type KpnI fragment from pEF6-GCF2-IF (containing piece of the vector and N-terminal part of GCF2) for the mutated one, this final vector was called pEF6-GCF2. The DNA sequence of pEF6-GCF2 was confirmed.
+The predicted amino acid of the HSA-EphB4 precursor protein was as follows (SEQ ID NO:18):
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+MELRVLLCWASLAAALEETLLNTKLETADLKWVTFPQVDGQWEELSGL
+
+
+ 
+
+
+DEEQHSVRTYEVCDVQRAPGQAHWLRTGWVPRRGAVHVYATLRFTMLE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CLSLPRAGRSCKETFTVFYYESDADTATALTPAWMENPYIKVDTVAAE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+HLTRKRPGAEATGKVNVKTLRLGPLSKAGFYLAFQDQGACMALLSLHL
+
+
+ 
+
+
+FYKKCAQLTVNLTRFPETVPRELVVPVAGSCVVDAVPAPGPSPSLYCR
+
+
+ 
+
+
+EDGQWAEQPVTGCSCAPGFEAAEGNTKCRACAQGTFKPLSGEGSCQPC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+PANSHSNTIGSAVCQCRVGYFRARTDPRGAPCTTPPSAPRSVVSRLNG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SSLHLEWSAPLESGGREDLTYALRCRECRPGGSCAPCGGDLTFDPGPR
+
+
+ 
+
+
+DLVEPWVVVRGLRPDFTYTFEVTALNGVSSLATGPVPFEPVNVTTDRE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+VPPAVSDIRVTRSSPSSLSLAWAVPRAPSGAVLDYEVKYHEKGAEGPS
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SVRFLKTSENRAELRGLKRGASYLVQVRARSEAGYGPFGQEHHSQTQL
+
+
+ 
+
+
+DESEGWREQSRDAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQCPFE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+DHVKLVNEVTEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+EMADCCAKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEET
+
+
+ 
+
+
+FLKKYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPK
+
+
+ 
+
+
+LDELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAEFA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+EVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISSKLKE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNYAEAKDV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+FLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAADPHECYAKV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+FDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFKQLGEYKFQNALLVRYTKKVPQVSTP
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSVVLNQLCVLHEKTPV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKEFNAETFTFHADICTLS
+
+
+ 
+
+
+EKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAVMDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGL
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The predicted amino acid sequence of the mature form of the HSA-EphB4 protein was as follows (SEQ ID NO:19):
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+LEETLLNTKLETADLKWVTFPQVDGQWEELSGLDEEQHSVRTYEVCDV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+QRAPGQAHWLRTGWVPRRGAVHVYATLRFTMLECLSLPRAGRSCKETF
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TVFYYESDADTATALTPAWMENPYIKVDTVAAEHLTRKRPGAEATGKV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+NVKTLRLGPLSKAGFYLAFQDQGACMALLSLHLFYKKCAQLTVNLTRF
+
+
+ 
+
+
+PETVPRELVVPVAGSCVVDAVPAPGPSPSLYCREDGQWAEQPVTGCSC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+APGFEAAEGNTKCRACAQGTFKPLSGEGSCQPCPANSHSNTIGSAVCQ
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CRVGYFRARTDPRGAPCTTPPSAPRSVVSRLNGSSLHLEWSAPLESGG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+REDLTYALRCRECRPGGSCAPCGGDLTFDPGPRDLVEPWVVVRGLRPD
+
+
+ 
+
+
+FTYTFEVTALNGVSSLATGPVPFEPVNVTTDREVPPAVSDIRVTRSSP
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SSLSLAWAVPRAPSGAVLDYEVKYHEKGAEGPSSVRFLKTSENRAELR
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GLKRGASYLVQVRARSEAGYGPFGQEHHSQTQLDESEGWREQSRDAHK
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQCPFEDHVKLVNEVTEFAKT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCCAKQEPERNE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLKKYLYEIARRHPY
+
+
+ 
+
+
+FYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKLDELRDEGKASSAKQ
+
+
+ 
+
+
+RLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAEFAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISSKLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+VENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNYAEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPD
+
+
+ 
+
+
+YSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAADPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLI
+
+
+ 
+
+
+KQNCELFKQLGEYKFQNALLVRYTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSK
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSVVLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNR
+
+
+ 
+
+
+RPCFSALEVDETYVPKEFNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVEL
+
+
+ 
+
+
+VKHKPKATKEQLKAVMDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQ
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AALGL
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The nucleic acid sequence of the pEF6-GCF2 plasmid was as follows (SEQ ID NO:20):
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+aatattattgaagcatttatcagggttattgtctcatgagcggatacatatttgaatgtatttagaaaaataaacaaataggggttccgcgca
+
+
+
+ 
+
+
+catttccccgaaaagtgccacctgacgtcgacggatcgggagatctcccgatcccctatggtcgactctcagtacaatctgctctgatgc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+cgcatagttaagccagtatctgctccctgcttgtgtgttggaggtcgctgagtagtgcgcgagcaaaatttaagctacaacaaggcaag
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gcttgaccgacaattgcatgaagaatctgcttagggttaggcgttttgcgctgcttcgcgatgtacgggccagatatacgcgttgacattg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+attattgactaggcttttgcaaaaagctttgcaaagatggataaagttttaaacagagaggaatctttgcagctaatggaccttctaggtctt
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gaaaggagtgcctcgtgaggctccggtgcccgtcagtgggcagagcgcacatcgcccacagtccccgagaagttggggggaggg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gtcggcaattgaaccggtgcctagagaaggtggcgcggggtaaactgggaaagtgatgtcgtgtactggctccgcctttttcccgagg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gtgggggagaaccgtatataagtgcagtagtcgccgtgaacgttctttttcgcaacgggtttgccgccagaacacaggtaagtgccgt
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gtgtggttcccgcgggcctggcctctttacgggttatggcccttgcgtgccttgaattacttccacctggctgcagtacgtgattcttgatc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ccgagcttcgggttggaagtgggtgggagagttcgaggccttgcgcttaaggagccccttcgcctcgtgcttgagUgaggcctggcc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+tgggcgctggggccgccgcgtgcgaatctggtggcaccttcgcgcctgtctcgctgctttcgataagtctctagccatttaaaatttttga
+
+
+ 
+
+
+tgacctgctgcgacgctttttttctggcaagatagtcttgtaaatgcgggccaagatctgcacactggtatttcggtttttggggccgcggg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+cggcgacggggcccgtgcgtcccagcgcacatgttcggcgaggcggggcctgcgagcgcggccaccgagaatcggacgggggt
+
+
+ 
+
+
+agtctcaagctggccggcctgctctggtgcctggcctcgcgccgccgtgtatcgccccgccctgggcggcaaggctggcccggtcg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gcaccagttgcgtgagcggaaagatggccgcttcccggccctgctgcagggagctcaaaatggaggacgcggcgctcgggagag
+
+
+ 
+
+
+cgggcgggtgagtcacccacacaaaggaaaagggcctttccgtcctcagccgtcgcttcatgtgactccacggagtaccgggcgcc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gtccaggcacctcgattagttctcgagcttttggagtacgtcgtctttaggttggggggaggggttttatgcgatggagtttccccacact
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gagtgggtggagactgaagttaggccagcttggcacttgatgtaattctccttggaatttgcccttttttgagtttgatcttggttcattctca
+
+
+ 
+
+
+agcctcagacagtggttcaaagttttttcttccatttcaggtgtcgtgaggaattagcttggtactaatacgactcactatagggagaccc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+aagctggctaggtaagcttggtaccgagctcggatccactagtccagtgtggtggaattgcccttCAAGCTTGCCGCCAC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CATGGAGCTCCGGGTGCTGCTCTGCTGGGCTTCGTTGGCCGCAGCTTTGGAAGAG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ACCCTGCTGAACACAAAATTGGAAACTGCTGATCTGAAGTGGGTGACATTCCCTC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AGGTGGACGGGCAGTGGGAGGAACTGAGCGGCCTGGATGAGGAACAGCACAGC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GTGCGCACCTACGAAGTGTGTGACGTGCAGCGTGCCCCGGGCCAGGCCCACTGG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CTTCGCACAGGTTGGGTCCCACGGCGGGGCGCCGTCCACGTGTACGCCACGCTGC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GCTTCACCATGCTCGAGTGCCTGTCCCTGCCTCGGGCTGGGCGCTCCTGCAAGGA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GACCTTCACCGTCTTCTACTATGAGAGCGATGCGGACACGGCCACGGCCCTCACG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CCAGCCTGGATGGAGAACCCCTACATCAAGGTGGACACGGTGGCCGCGGAGCAT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CTCACCCGGAAGCGCCCTGGGGCCGAGGCCACCGGGAAGGTGAATGTCAAGACG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CTGCGCCTGGGACCGCTCAGCAAGGCTGGCTTCTACCTGGCCTTCCAGGACCAGG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GTGCCTGCATGGCCCTGCTATCCCTGCACCTCTTCTACAAAAAGTGCGCCCAGCT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GACTGTGAACCTGACTCGATTCCCGGAGACTGTGCCTCGGGAGCTGGTGTGCCC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GTGGCCGGTAGCTGCGTGGTGGATGCCGTCCCCGCCCCTGGCCCCAGCCCCAGCC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TCTACTGCCGTGAGGATGGCCAGTGGGCCGAACAGCCGGTCACGGGCTGCAGCT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GTGCTCCGGGCnTCGAGGCAGCTGAGGGGAACACCAAGTGCCGAGCCTGTGCCC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AGGGCACCTTCAAGCCCCTGTCAGGAGAAGGGTCCTGCCAGCCATGCCCAGCCA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ATAGCCACTCTAACACCATTGGATCAGCCGTCTGCCAGTGCCGCGTCGGGTACTT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CCGGGCACGCACAGACCCCCGGGGTGCACCCTGCACCACCCCTCCTTCGGCTCCG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CGGAGCGTGGTTTCCCGCCTGAACGGCTCCTCCCTGCACCTGGAATGGAGTGCCC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CCCTGGAGTCTGGTGGCCGAGAGGACCTCACCTACGCCCTCCGCTGCCGGGAGTG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TCGACCCGGAGGCTCCTGTGCGCCCTGCGGGGGAGACCTGACTTTTGACCCCGGC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CCCCGGGACCTGGTGGAGCCCTGGGTGGTGGTTCGAGGGCTACGTCCTGACTTCA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CCTATACCTTTGAGGTCACTGCATTGAACGGGGTATCCTCCTTAGCCACGGGGCC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CGTCCCATTTGAGCCTGTCAATGTCACCACTGACCGAGAGGTACCTCCTGCAGTG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TCTGACATCCGGGTGACGCGGTCCTCACCCAGCAGCTTGAGCCTGGCCTGGGCTG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TTCCCCGGGCACCCAGTGGGGCTGTGCTGGACTACGAGGTCAAATACCATGAGA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AGGGCGCCGAGGGTCCCAGCAGCGTGCGGTTCCTGAAGACGTCAGAAAACCGGG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CAGAGCTGCGGGGGCTGAAGCGGGGAGCCAGCTACCTGGTGCAGGTACGGGCGC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GCTCTGAGGCCGGCTACGGGCCCTTCGGCCAGGAACATCACAGCCAGACCCAAC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TGGATGAGAGCGAGGGCTGGCGGGAGCAGtctagaGATGCACACAAGAGTGAGGTT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GCTCATCGGTTTAAAGATTTGGGAGAAGAAAATTTCAAAGCCTTGGTGTTGATTG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CCTTTGCTCAGTATCTTCAGCAGTGTCCATTTGAAGATCATGTAAAATTAGTGAA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TGAAGTAACTGAATTTGCAAAAACATGTGTAGCTGATGAGTCAGCTGAAAATTGT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GACAAATCACTTCATACCCTTTTTGGAGACAAATTATGCACAGTTGCAACTCTTC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GTGAAACCTATGGTGAAATGGCTGACTGCTGTGCAAAACAAGAACCTGAGAGAA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ATGAATGCTTCTTGCAACACAAAGATGACAACCCAAACCTCCCCCGATTGGTGAG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ACCAGAGGTTGATGTGATGTGCACTGCTTTTCATGACAATGAAGAGACATTTTTG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AAAAAATACITATATGAAATTGCCAGAAGACATCCTTACTTTTATGCCCCGGAAC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TCCTTTTCTTTGCTAAAAGGTATAAAGCTGCTTTTACAGAATGTTGCCAAGCTGCT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GATAAAGCTGCCTGCCTGTTGCCAAAGCTCGATGAACTTCGGGATGAAGGGAAG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GCTTCGTCTGCCAAACAGAGACTCAAATGTGCCATCTCCAAAAATTTGGAGAA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AGAGCTTTCAAAGCATGGGCAGTGGCTCGCCTGAGCCAGAGATTTCCCAAAGCT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GAGTTTGCAGAAGTTTCCAAGTTAGTGACAGATCTTACCAAAGTCCACACGGAAT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GCTGCCATGGAGATCTGCTTGAATGTGCTGATGACAGGGCGGACCTTGCCAAGTA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TATCTGTGAAAATCAGGATTCGATCTCCAGTAAACTGAAGGAATGCTGTGAAAA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ACCTCTGTTGGAAAAATCCCACTGCATTGCCGAAGTGGAAAATGATGAGATGCCT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GCTGACTTGCCTTCATTAGCTGCTGATTTTGTTGAAAGTAAGGATGTTTGCAAAA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ACTATGCTGAGGCAAAGGATGTCTTCCTGGGCATGTTTTTGTATGAATATGCAAG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AAGGCATCCTGATTACTCTGTCGTGCTGCTGCTGAGACtTGCCAAGACATATGAA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ACCACTCTAGAGAAGTGCTGTGCCGCTGCAGATCCTCATGAATGCTATGCCAAAG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TGTTCGATGAATTTAAACCTCTTGTGGAAGAGCCTCAGAATITAATCAAACAAAA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CTGTGAGCTTTTTAAGCAGCTTGGAGAGTACAAATTCCAGAATGCGCTATTAGTT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CGTTACACCAAGAAAGTACCCCAAGTGTCAACTCCAACTCTTGTAGAGGTCTCAA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GAAACCTAGGAAAAGTGGGCAGCAAATGTTGTAAACATCCTGAAGCAAAAAGA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ATGCCCTGTGCAGAAGACTATCTATCCGTGGTCCTGAACCAGTTATGTGTGTTGC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ATGAGAAAACGCCAGTAAGTGACAGAGTCACAAAATGCTGCACAGAGTCCTTGG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TGAACAGGCGACCATGCTTTTCAGCTCTGGAAGTCGATGAAACATACGTTCCCAA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AGAGTTTAATGCTGAAACATTCACCTTCCATGCAGATATATGCACACTTTCTGAG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AAGGAGAGACAAATCAAGAAACAAACTGCACTTGTTGAGCTTGTGAAACACAAG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CCCAAGGCAACAAAAGAGCAACTrGAAAGCTGTTATGGATGATTTCCGAGCTTTT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GTAGAGAAGTGCTGCAAGGCTGACGATAAGGAGACCTGCTTTGCCGAGGAGGGT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AAAAAACTTGTTGCTGCAAGTCAAGCTGCCTTAGGCTTATAAtagcggccgcttaagggcaat
+
+
+ 
+
+
+tctgcagatatccagcacagtggcggccgctcgagtctagagggcccgcggttcgaaggtaagcctatccctaaccctctcctcggtc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+tcgattctacgcgtaccggtcatcatcaccatcaccattgagtttaaacccgctgatcagcctcgactgtgccttctagttgccagccatct
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gttgtttgcccctcccccgtgccttccttgaccctggaaggtgccactcccactgtcctttcctaataaaatgaggaaattgcatcgcattg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+tctgagtaggtgtcattctattctggggggtggggtggggcaggacagcaagggggaggattgggaagacaatagcaggcatgctg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gggatgcggtgggctctatggcttctgaggcggaaagaaccagctggggctctagggggtatccccacgcgccctgtagcggcgca
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ttaagcgcggcgggtgtggtggttacgcgcagcgtgaccgctacacttgccagcgccctagcgcccgctcctttcgctttcttcccttcc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+tttctcgccacgttcgccggctttccccgtcaagctctaaatcggggcatccctttagggttccgatttagtgctttacggcacctcgaccc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+caaaaaacttgattagggtgatggttcacgtagtgggccatcgccctgatagacggtttttcgccctttgacgttggagtccacgttcttta
+
+
+ 
+
+
+atagtggactcttgttccaaactggaacaacactcaaccctatctcggtctattcttttgatttataagggattttggggatttcggcctattg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gttaaaaaatgagctgatttaacaaaaatttaacgcgaattaattctgtggaatgtgtgtcagttagggtgtggaaagtccccaggctccc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+caggcaggcagaagtatgcaaagcatgcatctcaattagtcagcaaccaggtgtggaaagtccccaggctccccagcaggcagaag
+
+
+ 
+
+
+tatgcaaagcatgcatctcaattagtcagcaaccatagtcccgcccctaactccgcccatcccgcccctaactccgcccagttccgccc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+attctccgccccatggctgactaatttutttatttatgcagaggccgaggccgcctctgcctctgagctattccagaagtagtgaggagg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+cttttttggaggcctaggcttttgcaaaaagctcccgggagcttgtatatccattttcggatctgatcagcacgtgttgacaattaatcatcg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gcatagtatatcggcatagtataatacgacaaggtgaggaactaaaccatggccaagcctttgtctcaagaagaatccaccctcattga
+
+
+ 
+
+
+aagagcaacggctacaatcaacagcatccccatctctgaagactacagcgtcgccagcgcagctctctctagcgacggccgcatcttc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+actggtgtcaatgtatatcattttactgggggaccttgtgcagaactcgtggtgcttgggcactgctgctgctgcggcagctggcaacctg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+acttgtatcgtcgcgatcggaaatgagaacaggggcatcttgagcccctgcggacggtgtcgacaggtgcttctcgatctgcatcctgg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gatcaaagcgatagtgaaggacagtgatggacagccgacggcagttgggattcgtgaattgctgccctctggttatgtgtgggagggc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+taagcacttcgtggccgaggagcaggactgacacgtgctacgagatttcgattccaccgccgccttctatgaaaggttgggcttcgga
+
+
+ 
+
+
+atcgttttccgggacgccggctggatgatcctccagcgcggggatctcatgctggagttcttcgcccaccccaacttgtttattgcagctt
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ataatggttacaaataaagcaatagcatcacaaatttcacaaataaagcatttttttcactgcattctagttgtggtttgtccaaactcatcaat
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gtatcttatcatgtctgtataccgtcgacctctagctagagcttggcgtaatcatggtcatagctgtttcctgtgtgaaattgttatccgctca
+
+
+ 
+
+
+caattccacacaacatacgagccggaagcataaagtgtaaagcctggggtgcctaatgagtgagctaactcacattaattgcgttgcgc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+tcactgcccgctttccagtcgggaaacctgtcgttgccagctgcattaatgaatcggccaacgcgcggggagaggcggtttgcgtattg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ggcgctcttccgcttcctcgctcactgactcgctgcgctcggtcgttcggctgcggcgagcggtatcagctcactcaaaggcggtaata
+
+
+ 
+
+
+cggttatccacagaatcaggggataacgcaggaaagaacatgtgagcaaaaggccagcaaaaggccaggaaccgtaaaaaggcc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gcgttctggcgtttttccataggctccgcccccctgacgagcatcacaaaaatcgacgctcaagtcagaggtggcgaaacccgaca
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ggactataaagataccaggcgtttccccctggaagctccxtcgtgcgctctcctgttccgaccctgccgcttaccggatacctgtccgcc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+tttctcccttcgggaagcgtggcgctttctcaatgctcacgctgtaggtatctcagttcggtgtaggtcgttcgctccaagctgggctgtgt
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gcacgaaccccccgttcagcccgaccgctgcgccttatccggtaactatcgtcttgagtccaacccggtaagacacgacttatcgcca
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ctggcagcagccactggtaacaggattagcagagcgaggtatgtaggcggtgctacagagttcttgaagtggtggcctaactacggct
+
+
+ 
+
+
+acactagaaggacagtatttggtatctgcgctctgctgaagccagttaccttcggaaaaagagttggtagctcttgatccggcaaacaaa
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ccaccgctggtagcggtggtttttttgtttgcaagcagcagattacgcgcagaaaaaaaggatctcaagaagatcctttgatcttttctacg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gggtctgacgctcagtggaacgaaaactcacgttaagggattttggtcatgagattatcaaaaaggatcttcacctagatccttttaaatta
+
+
+ 
+
+
+aaaatgaagttttaaatcaatctaaagtatatatgagtaaacttggtctgacagttaccaatgcttaatcagtgaggcacctatctcagcgat
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ctgtctatttcgttcatccatagttgcctgactccccgtcgtgtagataactacgatacgggagggcttaccatctggccccagtgctgca
+
+
+ 
+
+
+atgataccgcgagacccacgctcaccggctccagatttatcagcaataaaccagccagccggaagggccgagcgcagaagtggtc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ctgcaactttatccgcctccatccagtctattaattgttgccgggaagctagagtaagtagttcgccagttaatagtttgcgcaacgttgttg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ccattgctacaggcatcgtggtgtcacgctcgtcgtttggtatggcttcattcagctccggttcccaacgatcaaggcgagttacatgatc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ccccatgttgtgcaaaaaagcggttagctccttcggtcctccgatcgttgtcagaagtaagttggccgcagtgttatcactcatggttatg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gcagcactgcataanctcttactgtcatgccatccgtaagatgcttttctgtgactggtgagtactcaaccaagtcattctgagaatagtgt
+
+
+ 
+
+
+atgcggcgaccgagttcgtcttgcccggcgtcaatacgggataataccgcgccacatagcagaactttaaaagtgctcatcattggaaa
+
+
+ 
+
+
+acgttcttcggggcgaaaactctcaaggatcttaccgctgttgagatccagttgatgtaacccactcgtgcacccaactgatcttcagc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+atcttttactttcaccagcgtttctgggtgagcaaaaacaggaaggcaaaatgccgcaaaaaagggaataagggcgacacggaaatgt
+
+
+ 
+
+
+tgaatactcatactcttcctttttc
+
+
+
+
+
+
+B. Cell Culture and Transfections:
+
+The human embryonic kidney cell line, 293T cells, was maintained in DMEM with 10% dialyzed fetal calf serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin/neomycin antibiotics. Cells were maintained at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2/95% air.
+Transfections of plasmids encoding EphB4 ectodomain, fragments thereof, and EphB4-HSA fusions were performed using Lipofectamine 2000 reagent (Invitrogen) according to suggested protocol. One day before transfections, 293T cells were seeded at a high density to reach 80% confluence at the time of transfection. Plasmid DNA and Lipofectamine reagent at 1:3 ratio were diluted in Opti-MEM I reduced serum medium (Invitrogen) for 5 min and mixed together to form DNA-Lipofectamine complex. For each 10 cm culture dish, 10 μg of plasmid DNA was used. After 20 min, the above complex was added directly to cells in culture medium. After 16 hours of transfection, medium was aspirated, washed once with serum free DMEM and replaced with serum free DMEM. Secreted proteins were harvested after 48 hours by collecting conditional medium. Conditional medium was clarified by centrifugation at 10,000 g for 20 min and filtered through 0.2μ filter and used for purification.
+C. Chromatographic Separation of EphB4 Ectodomain and EphB4 Ectodomain-HSA Fusion Protein
+The EphB4 ectodomain fused to HSA was purified as follows: 700 ml of media was harvested from transiently transfected 293 cells grown in serum free media and concentrated up to final volume of 120 ml. Membrane: (Omega, 76 mm), 50 kDa C/O. After concentration, pH of the sample was adjusted by adding 6 ml of 1M NaAc, pH 5.5. Then sample was dialyzed against starting buffer (SB): 20 mM NaAc, 20 mM NaCl, pH 5.5 for O/N. 5 ml of SP-Sepharose was equilibrated with SB and sample was loaded. Washing: 100 ml of SB. Elution by NaCl: 12 ml/fraction and increment of 20 mM. Most of the EphrinB2 binding activity eluted in the 100 mM and 120 mM fractions.
+Fractions, active in EphrinB2 binding assay (See SP chromatography, fractions #100-120 mM) were used in second step of purification on Q-column. Pulled fractions were dialyzed against starting buffer#2 (SB2): 20 mM Tris-HCl, 20 mM NaCl, pH 8 for O/N and loaded onto 2 ml of Q-Sepharose. After washing with 20 ml of SB2, absorbed protein was eluted by NaCl: 3 ml/fraction with a concentration increment of 25 mM. Obtained fractions were analyzed by PAGE and in Ephrin-B2 binding assay. The 200 mM and 225 mM fractions were found to contain the most protein and the most B2 binding activity.
+Soluble EphB4 ectodomain protein was purified as follows: 300 ml of conditional medium (see: Cell culture and transfections) were concentrated up to final volume of 100 ml, using ultrafiltration membrane with 30 kDa C/O. After concentration, pH of the sample was adjusted by adding 5 ml of 1 M Na-Acetate, pH 5.5. Then sample was dialyzed against starting buffer (StB): 20 mM Na-Acetate, 20 mM NaCl, pH 5.5 for O/N. 5 ml of SP-Sepharose was equilibrated with StB and sample was loaded. After washing the column with 20 ml of StB, absorbed proteins were eluted by linear gradient of concentration of NaCl (20-250 mM and total elution volume of 20 column's volumes). Purity of the proteins was analyzed by PAGE.
+D. Biotinylation of sB4 and sB4-HSA Fusion Protein.
+Both soluble EphB4 ectodomain protein (sB4) and EphB4 ectodomain fused to HSA (HSA-sB4) were biotin labeled through carbohydrate chains using sodium meta-periodate as an oxidant and EZ-Link Biotin Hydrazide (PIERCE, Cat. #21339) according to manufacture's protocol. The in vitro stability of the biotinylated sB4 protein was tested by incubating 2.0×10−9 with 40 μL of mouse serum at 37° C. for 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 days. Two μL of magnetic beads and B2-AP was added for an extra hour at room temperature. After washing twice with buffer, pnPP was added for 1 hour. Biotinylated sB4 protein was found to very stable over three days, with less than 10% of the B2 binding activity being lost over that time.
+E. Ephrin-B2 Binding Properties of B4-HSA
+To test whether the B4-HSA fusion property retained the ability of the EphB4 extracellular domain to bind to EphrinB2, the ability of the purified B4-HSA fusion was compared to that of GCF2F, GCF2, GC, CF and B4-Fc fusion, which comprises the extracellular domain of B4 fused to hIgG1 Fc as described in Example 1. Biotinylated or His-tag protein samples were inoculated with the corresponding affinity magnetic beads and B2-AP for an hour at room temperature, before addition of PnPP. Results of binding assays are shown on FIG. 67. B4-HSA was found to retain most of its binding activity towards EphrinB2. Surprisingly, the B4-HSA protein was superior to the B4-Fc fusion in binding to EphrinB2.
+An EphB4 ectodomain fusion to the C-terminus of HSA was also generated, and found to retain the ability to bind to EphrinB2 and was found to have enhanced stability in vivo over the EphB4 ectodomain.
+F. Stability of B4-HSA Vs. sb4 in Mice
+The stability of the purified biotinylated sB4 and sB4-HSA were assayed in vivo. Each of the proteins were intravenously injected into the tail of mice in the amount of 0.5 nmoles per mouse. Blood from the eye of each mouse was taken in time frames of 15 min (0 days), 1, 2, 3 and 6 days. 10 ml of obtained serum was used in binding assay with Ephrin-B2-Alkaline Phosphatase fusion protein and Streptavidin-coated magnetic beads as a solid phase. The stability of the two proteins is shown on FIG. 68. sB4-HSA was found to have superior stability relative to sB4. For example, one day after injection, the levels of sB4-HSA in the blood of the mice were 5-fold greater than those of sB4.
+G. PEGylation of Biotinylated sB4
+Prior to PEGylation, biotinylated sB4 protein generated as described above was concentrated up to final concentration of 2 mg/ml using a 30 kDa MWCO ultra membrane. Sample was dialyzed O/N against coupling buffer: 30 mM phosphate, 75 mM NaCl, pH 8.00. Coupling to PEG was performed at 4° C. for 18 hours in 10 fold molar excess of reactive linear PEG unless otherwise indicated. The reactive PEG used was PEG-succinimidyl propionate, having a molecular weight of about 20 kda. Coupling to PEG may be similarly performed using branches PEGs, such as of 10 kDa, 20 kDa or 40 kDa. Other linear PEG molecules of 10 or 40 kDa may also be used.
+After PEGylation, the protein sample containing EphB4 ectodomain was dialyzed against StB O/N. Three ml of SP-Sepharose was equilibrated with StB and sample was loaded. Washing and elution of absorbed proteins was performed as above (see: Purification of soluble EphB4 ectodomain and its fusion to HSA) with just one modification: total elution volume was 40 volumes of column. FIG. 69 shows chromatographic separation of PEG derivatives of EphB4 protein on SP-Sepharose columns. Purity of the PEG-modified EphB4 protein was analyzed by SDS-PAGE.
+Double modified (PEGylated Biotinylated) sB4 was used on ion-exchange chromatography to separate non-PEGylated, mono-PEGylated and poly-PEGylated proteins from each other. Pegylated sample was dialyzed O/N against 20 mM Na-acetate, 20 mM NaCl, pH 5.5 and loaded onto 2 ml of SP-Sepharose. After washing with 10 ml of buffer, absorbed proteins were separated by gradual elution of NaCl: 3 ml/fraction and increment of 25 mM NaCl. Obtained fractions were analyzed by PAGE and in Ephrin-B2 binding assay.
+H. Effect of PEGylation Conditions on sB4 Binding to EphrinB2
+The effects of pegylating biotinylated sB4 under different pH conditions was determined. sB4 was pegylated at pH 6, 7 or 8, and the pegylated products were tested for binding to EphrinB2 as shown in FIG. 69. Ephrin2B binding activity was retained when PEGylation was performed at pH 6 and pH 7, but was partially lost at pH 8.
+Additional combinations of parameters were tested, including temperature, pH and molar ratio of pegylation agent to sB4 protein, and the ability of the products of the pegylation reaction to bind to Ephrin-B2. The results of the optimization experiment are shown in FIG. 70. These results confirm the gradual decrease in B2 binding activity at basic pH.
+I. Purification of Pegylated sB4 Species
+Biotinylated sB4 protein was concentrated up to final concentration of 2 mg/ml using a 30 kDa MWCO ultra membrane. Sample was dialyzed O/N against coupling buffer: 30 mM phosphate, 75 mM NaCl, pH 8.00. Coupling to PEG was performed at 4° C. for 18 hours in 10 fold molar excess of reactive PEG. Double modified (PEGylated Biotinylated) sB4 was used on ion-exchange chromatography to separate non-PEGylated, mono-PEGylated and poly-PEGylated proteins from each other. Sample was dialyzed for O/N against 20 mM Na-Acetate, 20 mM NaCl, pH 5.5 and loaded onto 2 ml of SP-Sepharose. After washing with 10 ml of buffer, absorbed proteins were separated by gradual elution of NaCl: 3 ml/fraction and increment of 25 mM NaCl. Obtained fractions were analyzed by PAGE as shown in FIG. 71. Fractions 1, 2 and 3 were found to correspond to polypegylated, monopegylated and unpegylated biotinylated sB4.
+J. In Vitro Properties of PEGylated EphB4 Derivatives
+Fractions 1, 2 and 3 of biotinylated and PEGylated sB4 from the SP column purification, corresponding to polypegylated, monopegylated and unpegylated biotinylated sB4, were tested for their ability to bind EphrinB2 using the standard assay. Results of this experiment are shown on FIG. 72. The order of binding activity was found to be Unpegylated>monopegylated>polypegylated.
+The fractions were also tested for their stability in vitro. The fractions were tested for retention of EphrinB2 binding activity after incubation in mouse serum at 37° C. for three days. The results of this experiment are shown in FIG. 73. The order of in vitro stability was found to be monopegylated>unpegylated>polypegylated.
+K. In Vivo Stability Analysis of PEGylated Derivatives of EphB4 Ectodomain in Mice
+Fractions 1, 2 and 3 of biotinylated and PEGylated sB4 from the SP column purification, corresponding to polypegylated, monopegylated and unpegylated biotinylated sB4, were introduced by intravenous injection into mice in the amount of 0.5 nMoles/mouse. Blood from each mouse was taken in time frame of 10 min, 1, 2 and 3 days. 10 ml of obtained serum was used in binding assay with Ephrin-B2-Alkaline Phosphatase fusion protein and Streptavidin-coated magnetic beads as a solid phase. Signals, obtained at 10 min were taken as 100%. The two mice for each protein were of a different strain. Results are shown in FIG. 74. Pegylation was found to increase the stability of EphB4 in vivo relative to unpegylated EphB4.
+INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
+All publications and patents mentioned herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety as if each individual publication or patent was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
+While specific embodiments of the subject invention have been discussed, the above specification is illustrative and not restrictive. Many variations of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon review of this specification and the claims below. The full scope of the invention should be determined by reference to the claims, along with their full scope of equivalents, and the specification, along with such variations.
+
+
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+Patent title
+Delivery and formulation of engineered nucleic acids
+
+Patent number
+US9533047
+
+Domain
+A
+
+Publication date
+20170103
+
+Abstract
+
+Provided are formulations, compositions and methods for delivering biological moieties such as modified nucleic acids into cells to modulate protein expression. Such compositions and methods include the delivery of biological moieties, and are useful for production of proteins.
+
+
+Claims
+1. A method of producing a polypeptide of interest in a cell in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising a modified messenger RNA (mmRNA), in a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulation, said lipid nanoparticle formulation comprising a lipid selected from the group consisting of DLin-DMA, DLin-K-DMA, DLin-KC2-DMA, DLin-MC3-DMA, 98N12-5, and C12-200; a cholesterol; and a PEG-lipid; such that the mmRNA is introduced into the cell, wherein the mmRNA comprises a translatable region encoding the polypeptide of interest and comprises the modified nucleoside 1-methyl-pseudouridine, and wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises an effective amount of the mmRNA providing for increased polypeptide production and substantially reduced innate immune response in the cell, as compared to a composition comprising a corresponding unmodified mRNA.
+2. The method of claim 1, wherein the mmRNA comprises the modified nucleoside 1-methyl-pseudouridine in combination with 5-methyl-cytidine.
+3. The method of claim 2, wherein the mmRNA comprises at least about 95% 1-methyl-pseudouridine in place of uracils and at least about 95% 5-methyl-cytidine in place of cytosines.
+4. The method of claim 2, wherein the mmRNA comprises about 100% 1-methyl-pseudouridine in place of uracils and about 100% 5-methyl-cytidine in place of cytosines.
+5. The method of claim 1, wherein the innate immune response is reduced from 80% to 99.9% as compared to the immune response induced by a corresponding unmodified mRNA.
+6. The method of claim 1, wherein the mmRNA reduces the expression or activity level of a Type 1 interferon compared to the corresponding unmodified mRNA.
+7. The method of claim 1, wherein the mmRNA and LNP are formulated at a total lipid to mmRNA weight ratio of between 10:1 and 30:1.
+8. The method of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered by an intravenous route.
+9. The method of claim P, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered by an intramuscular route.
+10. The method of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered by a subcutaneous route.
+11. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is a human.
+12. The method of claim 1, where the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a total dose of about 0.1 mg/kg to about 40 mg/kg.
+13. The method of claim 1, wherein administration occurs on a schedule selected from the group consisting of three times a day, twice a day, once a day, every other day, every third day, weekly, biweekly, every three weeks, every four weeks, and monthly.
+14. The method of claim 12, wherein the total dose is administered by multiple administrations.
+15. The method of claim 14, wherein the multiple administrations occur on a schedule selected from the group consisting of three times a day, twice a day, once a day, every other day, every third day, weekly, biweekly, every three weeks, every four weeks, and monthly.
+16. The method of claim 1, wherein the increased polypeptide production is observed in a tissue or bodily fluid within 8 hours.
+17. The method of claim 1, wherein the increased polypeptide production is observed in a tissue or bodily fluid within 2 hours.
+
+Description
+
+
+
+CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
+This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/897,362, filed May 18, 2013, entitled Modified Polynucleotides for the Production of Factor IX, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/437,034, filed Apr. 2, 2012, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 8,710,200, entitled Delivery and Formulation of Engineered Nucleic Acids which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/470,451, filed Mar. 31, 2011, entitled Delivery and Formulation of Engineered Nucleic Acids the contents, the contents of each is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
+
+
+REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING
+The present application is being filed along with a Sequence Listing in electronic format. The Sequence Listing is provided as a file entitled M003USSQLST.txt created on Aug. 15, 2014 which is 20,597 in size. The information in electronic format of the sequence listing is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
+FIELD OF THE INVENTION
+The invention relates to delivery methods. These methods are specifically useful in therapeutic delivery of modified nucleic acids such as modified mRNA (mmRNA).
+BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
+There are multiple problems with prior methodologies of delivering pharmaceutical compositions in order to achieve effective protein expression both for therapeutics and bioprocessing applications. For example, introduced DNA can integrate into host cell genomic DNA at some frequency, resulting in alterations and/or damage to the host cell genomic DNA. Alternatively, the heterologous deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) introduced into a cell can be inherited by daughter cells (whether or not the heterologous DNA has integrated into the chromosome) or by offspring.
+In addition, there are multiple steps which must occur after delivery but before the encoded protein is made which can effect protein expression. Once inside the cell, DNA must be transported into the nucleus where it is transcribed into RNA. The RNA transcribed from DNA must then enter the cytoplasm where it is translated into protein. Not only do the multiple processing steps from administered DNA to protein create lag times before the generation of the functional protein, each step represents an opportunity for error and damage to the cell. Further, it is known to be difficult to obtain DNA expression in cells as frequently DNA enters a cell but is not expressed or not expressed at reasonable rates or concentrations. This can be a particular problem when DNA is introduced into primary cells or modified cell lines.
+Assuming the proper management of the foregoing, effective delivery and achievement of therapeutically relevant levels of proteins for a time sufficient to product clinical outcomes remains a significant hurdle.
+Consequently, there is a need in the art for the delivery of biological modalities to address pitfalls surrounding the modulation of intracellular translation and processing of nucleic acids encoding polypeptides and therefore optimizing protein expression from the delivered modalities.
+The present invention addresses this need by delivering pharmaceutical compositions which can contain modified nucleic acids such as modified mRNA (mmRNA) and may further include formulations to avoid the problems in the art.
+SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
+Described herein are compositions and methods for delivery of biological moieties, such as modified nucleic acids, engineered messenger RNA and isolated polynucleotides into cells in order to modulate protein expression.
+An isolated polynucleotide may comprise a sequence such as, but not limited to, SEQ ID NO: 4, 7, 8 and 12. The polynucleotide may further comprise a 5′Cap1 structure and a polyA tail of approximately 160 nucleotides in length. Further, the isolated polynucleotide may be formulated in a pharmaceutical composition. A polypeptide of interest may be produced in a cell, tissue or bodily fluid in a subject in need thereof by administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising a polynucleotide. The polynucleotide may comprise a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 4, 7, 8 and 12. The polynucleotide may further comprise a 5′Cap1 structure and a poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides in length.
+The pharmaceutical composition may be formulated where the formulation may be selected from, but is not limited to, saline or a lipid formulation. The pharmaceutical composition may be administered by any route of administration such as, but not limited to, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and local administration. The lipid formulation may be selected from, but is not limited to, such as, but not limited to, liposomes, lipoplexes, copolymers such as PLGA and lipid nanoparticles
+The pharmaceutical composition may be administered at a total dose of about 0.1 mg/kg to about 40 mg/kg. The total dose may be administered by multiple administrations. The administration and/or the multiple administration may occur on a schedule such as, but not limited to, three time a day, twice a day, once a day, every other day, every third day, weekly, biweekly, every three weeks, every four weekly, and monthly.
+The modified polypeptide may include a polynucleotide modification such as, but not limited to, a nucleoside modification. The nucleoside modification may include, but is not limited to, pyridin-4-one ribonucleoside, 5-aza-uridine, 2-thio-5-aza-uridine, 2-thiouridine, 4-thio-pseudouridine, 2-thio-pseudouridine, 5-hydroxyuridine, 3-methyluridine, 5-carboxymethyl-uridine, 1-carboxymethyl-pseudouridine, 5-propynyl-uridine, 1-propynyl-pseudouridine, 5-taurinomethyluridine, 1-taurinomethyl-pseudouridine, 5-taurinomethyl-2-thio-uridine, 1-taurinomethyl-4-thio-uridine, 5-methyl-uridine, 1-methyl-pseudouridine, 4-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 2-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine, 2-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine, dihydrouridine, dihydropseudouridine, 2-thio-dihydrouridine, 2-thio-dihydropseudouridine, 2-methoxyuridine, 2-methoxy-4-thio-uridine, 4-methoxy-pseudouridine, 4-methoxy-2-thio-pseudouridine, 5-aza-cytidine, pseudoisocytidine, 3-methyl-cytidine, N4-acetylcytidine, 5-formylcytidine, N4-methylcytidine, 5-hydroxymethylcytidine, 1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine, pyrrolo-cytidine, pyrrolo-pseudoisocytidine, 2-thio-cytidine, 2-thio-5-methyl-cytidine, 4-thio-pseudoisocytidine, 4-thio-1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine, 4-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudoisocytidine, 1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudoisocytidine, zebularine, 5-aza-zebularine, 5-methyl-zebularine, 5-aza-2-thio-zebularine, 2-thio-zebularine, 2-methoxy-cytidine, 2-methoxy-5-methyl-cytidine, 4-methoxy-pseudoisocytidine, 4-methoxy-1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine, 2-aminopurine, 2,6-diaminopurine, 7-deaza-adenine, 7-deaza-8-aza-adenine, 7-deaza-2-aminopurine, 7-deaza-8-aza-2-aminopurine, 7-deaza-2,6-diaminopurine, 7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diaminopurine, 1-methyladenosine, N6-methyladenosine, N6-isopentenyladenosine, N6-(cis-hydroxyisopentenyl)adenosine, 2-methylthio-N6-(cis-hydroxyisopentenyl) adenosine, N6-glycinylcarbamoyladenosine, N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine, 2-methylthio-N6-threonyl carbamoyladenosine, N6,N6-dimethyladenosine, 7-methyladenine, 2-methylthio-adenine, and 2-methoxy-adenine, inosine, 1-methyl-inosine, wyosine, wybutosine, 7-deaza-guanosine, 7-deaza-8-aza-guanosine, 6-thio-guanosine, 6-thio-7-deaza-guanosine, 6-thio-7-deaza-8-aza-guanosine, 7-methyl-guanosine, 6-thio-7-methyl-guanosine, 7-methylinosine, 6-methoxy-guanosine, 1-methylguanosine, N2-methylguanosine, N2,N2-dimethylguanosine, 8-oxo-guanosine, 7-methyl-8-oxo-guanosine, 1-methyl-6-thio-guanosine, N2-methyl-6-thio-guanosine, and N2,N2-dimethyl-6-thio-guanosine, and combinations thereof.
+An increase in the level of a polypeptide of interest can be observed in tissue such as, but not limited to, the liver, spleen, kidney, lung, heart, peri-renal adipose tissue, thymus and muscle and/or in a bodily fluid such as, but not limited to, peripheral blood, serum, plasma, ascites, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), sputum, saliva, bone marrow, synovial fluid, aqueous humor, amniotic fluid, cerumen, breast milk, broncheoalveolar lavage fluid, semen, prostatic fluid, cowper's fluid or pre-ejaculatory fluid, sweat, fecal matter, hair, tears, cyst fluid, pleural and peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid, lymph, chyme, chyle, bile, interstitial fluid, menses, pus, sebum, vomit, vaginal secretions, mucosal secretion, stool water, pancreatic juice, lavage fluids from sinus cavities, bronchopulmonary aspirates, blastocyl cavity fluid, and umbilical cord blood. The increased level can be observed in the tissue and/or bodily fluid of the subject within 2, 8 and/or 24 hours after administration. Further, the increased level can be determined from the level of a modified polypeptide in an exosome.
+The details of various embodiments of the invention are set forth in the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and the drawings, and from the claims.
+
+
+
+BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
+FIG. 1 illustrates lipid structures in the prior art useful in the present invention. Shown are the structures for 98N12-5 (TETA5-LAP), DLin-DMA, DLin-K-DMA (2,2-Dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminomethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane), DLin-KC2-DMA, DLin-MC3-DMA and C12-200.
+FIG. 2 is a representative plasmid useful in the IVT reactions taught herein. The plasmid contains Insert 64818, designed by the instant inventors.
+FIGS. 3A-3B are histograms showing in vitro screening results for nanoparticle formulations of DLin-KC2-DMA and 98N12-15 (before and after purification) that contain mCherry mmRNA. FIG. 3A shows the screening results in HEK293 cells and FIG. 3B shows the screening results in HepG2 cells.
+FIGS. 4A-4B are histograms showing in vitro screening results for mean fluorescence intensity for nanoparticle formulations of DLin-KC2-DMA and 98N12-15 (before and after purification) that contain mCherry mmRNA. FIG. 4A shows the screening results in HEK293 cells and FIG. 4B shows the screening results in HepG2 cells.
+FIGS. 5A-5C are histograms showing in vitro screening results for nanoparticle formulations of DLin-KC2-DMA and 98N12-15 before and after purification. FIG. 5A shows the screening results of 98N15-2 in HEK293 cells, and FIG. 5B and FIG. 5C show the screening results of DLin-KC2-DMA in HEK293 cells.
+FIGS. 6A-6E are histograms showing in vitro screening results for nanoparticle formulations of DLin-DMA, DLin-K-DMA, DLin-KC2-DMA, 98N12-5, C12-200 and DLin-MC3-DMA that contain mCherry mmRNA. FIG. 6A shows the mean fluorescence intensity of mCherry in HEK293 cells containing 60 ng of modified mCherry mRNA per well. FIG. 6B and FIG. 6C show the mean fluorescence intensity of mCherry in HEK293 cells which contained nanoparticles formulations having a concentration of 62.5 ng/well of modified mCherry mRNA. FIG. 6D and FIG. 6E show the mean fluorescence intensity of mCherry in HepG2 cells which contained nanoparticle formulations having a concentration of 62.5 ng/well of modified mCherry mRNA.
+FIGS. 7A-7B are histograms showing in vivo screening results of human erythropoietin in serum after the administration of modified human erythropoietin mmRNA or luciferase mmRNA in mice. FIG. 7A shows the concentration in pg/ml of human erythropoietin after intramuscular administration. FIG. 7B shows the concentration in pg/ml of human erythropoietin after subcutaneous administration.
+FIGS. 8A-8D are histograms showing in vivo screening results from biophotoic imaging. FIG. 8A is a histogram of bioluminescence (photon/sec) from the intramuscular injection of 5 ug in the left hind leg. FIG. 8B is a histogram of bioluminescence from the intramuscular injection of 50 ug in the right hind leg. FIG. 8C is a histogram showing in vivo screening results from biophotoic imaging after a subcutaneous injection of 50 ug. FIG. 8D is a histogram showing in vivo screening results from biophotoic imaging after a administration of 50 ug intravenously.
+FIG. 9 is a histogram showing in vivo screening results for modified human G-CSF mmRNA administered intramuscularly, subcutaneously or intravenously in mice.
+FIG. 10 is a histogram showing in vivo screening results for modified G-CSF administered intramuscularly, subcutaneously or intravenously.
+FIGS. 11A-11B are histograms showing in vivo screening results of modified human G-CSF mmRNA administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously in mice. FIG. 11A shows the concentration in pg/ml of human G-CSF in serum after the administration of modified G-CSF intramuscularly. FIG. 11B shows the concentration in pg/ml of human G-CSF in serum after the administration of modified G-CSF subcutaneously.
+FIG. 12 is a histogram showing in vivo screening results of human erythropoietin in serum after the administration of modified human erythropoietin mmRNA or luciferase mmRNA administered intramuscularly in mice.
+
+
+
+Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as those commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains.
+DETAILED DESCRIPTION
+Described herein are compositions and methods for the delivery of modified mRNA molecules in order to modulate protein expression.
+As described herein and as in copending, co-owned applications International Application PCT/US2011/046861 filed Aug. 5, 2011 and PCT/US2011/054636 filed Oct. 3, 2011, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety, these modified nucleic acid molecules are capable of reducing the innate immune activity of a population of cells into which they are introduced, thus increasing the efficiency of protein production in that cell population.
+Modified mRNAs (mmRNAs)
+This invention provides nucleic acids, including RNAs, specifically mRNAs, that encode at least one polypeptide and contain one or more modified nucleosides (termed “modified nucleic acids” or “modified nucleic acid molecules” or “engineered nucleic acids”), which have useful properties including the lack of a substantial induction of the innate immune response of a cell into which the mRNA is introduced. Because these mmRNAs enhance the efficiency of protein production, intracellular retention of nucleic acids, and viability of contacted cells, as well as possess reduced immunogenicity, these nucleic acids having these properties are termed “enhanced” nucleic acids or modified RNAs herein.
+The term “nucleic acid,” in its broadest sense, includes any compound and/or substance that comprise a polymer of nucleotides linked via a phosphodiester bond. These polymers are often referred to as oligonucleotides.
+Exemplary nucleic acids include ribonucleic acids (RNAs), deoxyribonucleic acids (DNAs), threose nucleic acids (TNAs), glycol nucleic acids (GNAs), peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), locked nucleic acids (LNAs) or hybrids thereof. They may also include RNAi-inducing agents, RNAi agents, siRNAs, shRNAs, miRNAs, antisense RNAs, ribozymes, catalytic DNA, tRNA, RNAs that induce triple helix formation, aptamers, vectors, etc.
+In preferred embodiments, the nucleic acid is one or more modified messenger RNAs (mmRNAs). As described herein, in some embodiments the mmRNAs of the invention do not substantially induce an innate immune response of a cell into which the mRNA is introduced.
+The mmRNA of the present invention may encode one or more polypeptides. Generally the polypeptides of interest are those which are naturally occurring in the mammalian genome.
+According to the present invention, the shortest length of a modified mRNA, herein “mmRNA,” of the present disclosure can be the length of an mRNA sequence that may be sufficient to encode for a dipeptide. In another embodiment, the length of the mRNA sequence may be sufficient to encode for a tripeptide. In another embodiment, the length of an mRNA sequence may be sufficient to encode for a tetrapeptide. In another embodiment, the length of an mRNA sequence may be sufficient to encode for a pentapeptide. In another embodiment, the length of an mRNA sequence may be sufficient to encode for a hexapeptide. In another embodiment, the length of an mRNA sequence may be sufficient to encode for a heptapeptide. In another embodiment, the length of an mRNA sequence may be sufficient to encode for an octapeptide. In another embodiment, the length of an mRNA sequence may be sufficient to encode for a nonapeptide. In another embodiment, the length of an mRNA sequence may be sufficient to encode for a decapeptide.
+Generally, the length of a modified mRNA of the present invention is greater than about 30 nucleotides in length (e.g., at least or greater than about 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1,000, 1,100, 1,200, 1,300, 1,400, 1,500, 1,600, 1,700, 1,800, 1,900, 2,000, 2,500, and 3,000, 4,000, 5,000, 6,000, 7,000, 8,000, 9,000, 10,000, 20,000, 30,000, 40,000, 50,000, 60,000, 70,000, 80,000, 90,000 or up to and including 100,000 nucleotides).
+In some embodiments, the modified mRNA of the present invention includes from about 30 to about 100,000 nucleotides (e.g., from 30 to 50, from 30 to 100, from 30 to 250, from 30 to 500, from 30 to 1,000, from 30 to 1,500, from 30 to 3,000, from 30 to 5,000, from 30 to 7,000, from 30 to 10,000, from 30 to 25,000, from 30 to 50,000, from 30 to 70,000, from 100 to 250, from 100 to 500, from 100 to 1,000, from 100 to 1,500, from 100 to 3,000, from 100 to 5,000, from 100 to 7,000, from 100 to 10,000, from 100 to 25,000, from 100 to 50,000, from 100 to 70,000, from 100 to 100,000, from 500 to 1,000, from 500 to 1,500, from 500 to 2,000, from 500 to 3,000, from 500 to 5,000, from 500 to 7,000, from 500 to 10,000, from 500 to 25,000, from 500 to 50,000, from 500 to 70,000, from 500 to 100,000, from 1,000 to 1,500, from 1,000 to 2,000, from 1,000 to 3,000, from 1,000 to 5,000, from 1,000 to 7,000, from 1,000 to 10,000, from 1,000 to 25,000, from 1,000 to 50,000, from 1,000 to 70,000, from 1,000 to 100,000, from 1,500 to 3,000, from 1,500 to 5,000, from 1,500 to 7,000, from 1,500 to 10,000, from 1,500 to 25,000, from 1,500 to 50,000, from 1,500 to 70,000, from 1,500 to 100,000, from 2,000 to 3,000, from 2,000 to 5,000, from 2,000 to 7,000, from 2,000 to 10,000, from 2,000 to 25,000, from 2,000 to 50,000, from 2,000 to 70,000, and from 2,000 to 100,000).
+Polypeptide Variants
+The mmRNA of the present invention may encode variant polypeptides, which have a certain identity with a reference polypeptide sequence, for example a wild type mRNA. The term “identity” as known in the art, refers to a relationship between the sequences of two or more peptides, as determined by comparing the sequences. In the art, “identity” also means the degree of sequence relatedness between peptides, as determined by the number of matches between strings of two or more amino acid residues. “Identity” measures the percent of identical matches between the smaller of two or more sequences with gap alignments (if any) addressed by a particular mathematical model or computer program (i.e., “algorithms”). Identity of related peptides can be readily calculated by known methods. Such methods include, but are not limited to, those described in Computational Molecular Biology, Lesk, A. M., ed., Oxford University Press, New York, 1988; Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects, Smith, D. W., ed., Academic Press, New York, 1993; Computer Analysis of Sequence Data, Part 1, Griffin, A. M., and Griffin, H. G., eds., Humana Press, New Jersey, 1994; Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology, von Heinje, G., Academic Press, 1987; Sequence Analysis Primer, Gribskov, M. and Devereux, J., eds., M. Stockton Press, New York, 1991; and Carillo et al., SIAM J. Applied Math. 48, 1073 (1988).
+In some embodiments, the polypeptide variant has the same or a similar activity as the reference polypeptide. Alternatively, the variant has an altered activity (e.g., increased or decreased) relative to a reference polypeptide. Generally, variants of a particular polynucleotide or polypeptide of the invention will have at least about 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to that particular reference polynucleotide or polypeptide as determined by sequence alignment programs and parameters described herein and known to those skilled in the art.
+As recognized by those skilled in the art, protein fragments, functional protein domains, and homologous proteins are also considered to be within the scope of this invention. For example, provided herein is any protein fragment of a reference protein (meaning a polypeptide sequence at least one amino acid residue shorter than a reference polypeptide sequence but otherwise identical) 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 or greater than 100 amino acids in length In another example, any protein that includes a stretch of about 20, about 30, about 40, about 50, or about 100 amino acids which are about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 95%, or about 100% identical to any of the sequences described herein can be utilized in accordance with the invention. In certain embodiments, a protein sequence to be utilized in accordance with the invention includes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more mutations as shown in any of the sequences provided or referenced herein.
+Targeting Moieties
+In embodiments of the invention, mmRNAs are provided to express a protein-binding partner or a receptor on the surface of the cell, which functions to target the cell to a specific tissue space or to interact with a specific moiety, either in vivo or in vitro. Suitable protein-binding partners include antibodies and functional fragments thereof, scaffold proteins, or peptides.
+Cell Penetrating Peptides
+The mmRNAs disclosed herein may encode a cell-penetrating polypeptide. As used herein, “cell-penetrating polypeptide” refers to a polypeptide which may facilitate the cellular uptake of molecules. It is known in the art that “CPP” refers to cell-penetration polypeptides and cell-penetrating peptides. When used herein, it will be clarified as to which of either cell-penetrating polypeptides or cell-penetrating peptides the abbreviation CPP refers to.
+A cell-penetrating polypeptide of the present invention may contain one or more detectable labels. The polypeptides may be partially labeled or completely labeled throughout. The mmRNA may encode the detectable label completely, partially or not at all. The cell-penetrating peptide may also include a signal sequence. As used herein, a “signal sequence” refers to a sequence of amino acid residues bound at the amino terminus of a nascent protein during protein translation. The signal sequence may be used to signal the secretion of the cell-penetrating polypeptide.
+Fusion Proteins
+The modified nucleic acids and mmRNA may encode a fusion protein. The fusion protein may be created by operably linking a charged protein to a therapeutic protein. As used herein, “operably linked” refers to the therapeutic protein and the charged protein being connected in such a way to permit the expression of the complex when introduced into the cell. As used herein, “charged protein” refers to a protein that carries a positive, negative or overall neutral electrical charge. Preferably, the therapeutic protein may be covalently linked to the charged protein in the formation of the fusion protein. The ratio of surface charge to total or surface amino acids may be approximately 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 or 0.9.
+Synthesis of Modified mRNAs
+Nucleic acids for use in accordance with the invention may be prepared according to any available technique including, but not limited to chemical synthesis, enzymatic synthesis, which is generally termed in vitro transcription, enzymatic or chemical cleavage of a longer precursor, etc. Methods of synthesizing RNAs are known in the art (see, e.g., Gait, M. J. (ed.) Oligonucleotide synthesis: a practical approach, Oxford [Oxfordshire], Washington, D.C.: IRL Press, 1984; and Herdewijn, P. (ed.) Oligonucleotide synthesis: methods and applications, Methods in Molecular Biology, v. 288 (Clifton, N.J.) Totowa, N.J.: Humana Press, 2005; both of which are incorporated herein by reference).
+The modified nucleosides and nucleotides used in the synthesis of modified RNAs disclosed herein can be prepared from readily available starting materials using the following general methods and procedures. It is understood that where typical or preferred process conditions (i.e., reaction temperatures, times, mole ratios of reactants, solvents, pressures, etc.) are given; other process conditions can also be used unless otherwise stated. Optimum reaction conditions may vary with the particular reactants or solvent used, but such conditions can be determined by one skilled in the art by routine optimization procedures.
+The manufacturing process herein can be monitored according to any suitable method known in the art. For example, product formation can be monitored by spectroscopic means, such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (e.g., 1H or 13C) infrared spectroscopy, spectrophotometry (e.g., UV-visible), or mass spectrometry, or by chromatography such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or thin layer chromatography.
+Modification of mRNAs
+Provided are mmRNAs containing a translatable region and one, two, or more than two different modifications.
+In some embodiments, the chemical modifications can be located on the nucleobase of the nucleotide.
+In some embodiments, the chemical modifications can be located on the sugar moiety of the nucleotide.
+In some embodiments, the chemical modifications can be located on the phosphate backbone of the nucleotide.
+Preparation of modified nucleosides and nucleotides used in the manufacture or synthesis of modified RNAs of the present invention can involve the protection and deprotection of various chemical groups. The need for protection and deprotection, and the selection of appropriate protecting groups can be readily determined by one skilled in the art.
+The chemistry of protecting groups can be found, for example, in Greene, et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2d. Ed., Wiley & Sons, 1991, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
+Modified nucleosides and nucleotides can be prepared according to the synthetic methods described in Ogata et al. Journal of Organic Chemistry 74:2585-2588, 2009; Purmal et al. Nucleic Acids Research 22(1): 72-78, 1994; Fukuhara et al. Biochemistry 1(4): 563-568, 1962; and Xu et al. Tetrahedron 48(9): 1729-1740, 1992, each of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
+Modified mRNAs need not be uniformly modified along the entire length of the molecule. Different nucleotide modifications and/or backbone structures may exist at various positions in the nucleic acid. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the nucleotide analogs or other modification(s) may be located at any position(s) of a nucleic acid such that the function of the nucleic acid is not substantially decreased. A modification may also be a 5′ or 3′ terminal modification. The nucleic acids may contain at a minimum one and at maximum 100% modified nucleotides, or any intervening percentage, such as at least 50% modified nucleotides, at least 80% modified nucleotides, or at least 90% modified nucleotides.
+For example, the mmRNAs may contain a modified pyrimidine such as uracil or cytosine. In some embodiments, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 25%, at least 50%, at least 80%, at least 90% or 100% of the uracil in the nucleic acid may be replaced with a modified uracil. The modified uracil can be replaced by a compound having a single unique structure, or can be replaced by a plurality of compounds having different structures (e.g., 2, 3, 4 or more unique structures). In some embodiments, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 25%, at least 50%, at least 80%, at least 90% or 100% of the cytosine in the nucleic acid may be replaced with a modified cytosine. The modified cytosine can be replaced by a compound having a single unique structure, or can be replaced by a plurality of compounds having different structures (e.g., 2, 3, 4 or more unique structures).
+In some embodiments, modified nucleosides include pyridin-4-one ribonucleoside, 5-aza-uridine, 2-thio-5-aza-uridine, 2-thiouridine, 4-thio-pseudouridine, 2-thio-pseudouridine, 5-hydroxyuridine, 3-methyluridine, 5-carboxymethyl-uridine, 1-carboxymethyl-pseudouridine, 5-propynyl-uridine, 1-propynyl-pseudouridine, 5-taurinomethyluridine, 1-taurinomethyl-pseudouridine, 5-taurinomethyl-2-thio-uridine, 1-taurinomethyl-4-thio-uridine, 5-methyl-uridine, 1-methyl-pseudouridine, 4-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 2-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine, 2-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine, dihydrouridine, dihydropseudouridine, 2-thio-dihydrouridine, 2-thio-dihydropseudouridine, 2-methoxyuridine, 2-methoxy-4-thio-uridine, 4-methoxy-pseudouridine, and 4-methoxy-2-thio-pseudouridine. In some embodiments, modified nucleosides include 5-aza-cytidine, pseudoisocytidine, 3-methyl-cytidine, N4-acetylcytidine, 5-formylcytidine, N4-methylcytidine, 5-hydroxymethylcytidine, 1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine, pyrrolo-cytidine, pyrrolo-pseudoisocytidine, 2-thio-cytidine, 2-thio-5-methyl-cytidine, 4-thio-pseudoisocytidine, 4-thio-1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine, 4-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudoisocytidine, 1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudoisocytidine, zebularine, 5-aza-zebularine, 5-methyl-zebularine, 5-aza-2-thio-zebularine, 2-thio-zebularine, 2-methoxy-cytidine, 2-methoxy-5-methyl-cytidine, 4-methoxy-pseudoisocytidine, and 4-methoxy-1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine.
+In other embodiments, modified nucleosides include 2-aminopurine, 2,6-diaminopurine, 7-deaza-adenine, 7-deaza-8-aza-adenine, 7-deaza-2-aminopurine, 7-deaza-8-aza-2-aminopurine, 7-deaza-2,6-diaminopurine, 7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diaminopurine, 1-methyladenosine, N6-methyladenosine, N6-isopentenyladenosine, N6-(cis-hydroxyisopentenyl)adenosine, 2-methylthio-N6-(cis-hydroxyisopentenyl) adenosine, N6-glycinylcarbamoyladenosine, N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine, 2-methylthio-N6-threonyl carbamoyladenosine, N6,N6-dimethyladenosine, 7-methyladenine, 2-methylthio-adenine, and 2-methoxy-adenine.
+In other embodiments, modified nucleosides include inosine, 1-methyl-inosine, wyosine, wybutosine, 7-deaza-guanosine, 7-deaza-8-aza-guanosine, 6-thio-guanosine, 6-thio-7-deaza-guanosine, 6-thio-7-deaza-8-aza-guanosine, 7-methyl-guanosine, 6-thio-7-methyl-guanosine, 7-methylinosine, 6-methoxy-guanosine, 1-methylguanosine, N2-methylguanosine, N2,N2-dimethylguanosine, 8-oxo-guanosine, 7-methyl-8-oxo-guanosine, 1-methyl-6-thio-guanosine, N2-methyl-6-thio-guanosine, and N2,N2-dimethyl-6-thio-guanosine.
+In some embodiments, the nucleotide can be modified on the major groove face and can include replacing hydrogen on C-5 of uracil with a methyl group or a halo group.
+In specific embodiments, a modified nucleoside is 5′-O-(1-Thiophosphate)-Adenosine, 5′-O-(1-Thiophosphate)-Cytidine, 5′-O-(1-Thiophosphate)-Guanosine, 5′-O-(1-Thiophosphate)-Uridine or 5′-O-(1-Thiophosphate)-Pseudouridine.
+Further examples of modified nucleotides and modified nucleotide combinations are provided below in Table 1.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 1
+
+
+
+
+
+Modified Nucleotides
+Modified Nucleotide Combinations
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+6-aza-cytidine
+α-thio-cytidine/5-iodo-uridine
+
+
+2-thio-cytidine
+α-thio-cytidine/N1-methyl-pseudo-uridine
+
+
+α-thio-cytidine
+α-thio-cytidine/α-thio-uridine
+
+
+Pseudo-iso-cytidine
+α-thio-cytidine/5-methyl-uridine
+
+
+5-aminoallyl-uridine
+α-thio-cytidine/pseudo-uridine
+
+
+5-iodo-uridine
+Pseudo-iso-cytidine/5-iodo-uridine
+
+
+N1-methyl-pseudouridine
+Pseudo-iso-cytidine/N1-methyl-pseudo-uridine
+
+
+5,6-dihydrouridine
+Pseudo-iso-cytidine/α-thio-uridine
+
+
+α-thio-uridine
+Pseudo-iso-cytidine/5-methyl-uridine
+
+
+4-thio-uridine
+Pseudo-iso-cytidine/Pseudo-uridine
+
+
+6-aza-uridine
+Pyrrolo-cytidine
+
+
+5-hydroxy-uridine
+Pyrrolo-cytidine/5-iodo-uridine
+
+
+Deoxy-thymidine
+Pyrrolo-cytidine/N1-methyl-pseudo-uridine
+
+
+Pseudo-uridine
+Pyrrolo-cytidine/α-thio-uridine
+
+
+Inosine
+Pyrrolo-cytidine/5-methyl-uridine
+
+
+α-thio-guanosine
+Pyrrolo-cytidine/Pseudo-uridine
+
+
+8-oxo-guanosine
+5-methyl-cytidine/5-iodo-uridine
+
+
+O6-methyl-guanosine
+5-methyl-cytidine/N1-methyl-pseudo-uridine
+
+
+7-deaza-guanosine
+5-methyl-cytidine/α-thio-uridine
+
+
+No modification
+5-methyl-cytidine/5-methyl-uridine
+
+
+N1-methyl-adenosine
+5-methyl-cytidine/Pseudo-uridine
+
+
+2-amino-6-Chloro-purine
+5-methyl-cytidine
+
+
+N6-methyl-2-amino-
+25% Pseudo-iso-cytidine
+
+
+purine
+
+
+6-Chloro-purine
+25% N1-methyl-pseudo-uridine
+
+
+N6-methyl-adenosine
+25% N1-Methyl-pseudo-uridine/75%-pseudo-
+
+
+
+uridine
+
+
+α-thio-adenosine
+5-methyl-uridine
+
+
+8-azido-adenosine
+5-iodo-cytidine
+
+
+7-deaza-adenosine
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In some embodiments, at least 25% of the cytosines are replaced by a compound of Formula I-a (e.g., at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or about 100%).
+In some embodiments, at least 25% of the uracils are replaced by a compound of Formula I-a (e.g., at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or about 100%).
+In some embodiments, at least 25% of the cytosines and 25% of the uracils are replaced by a compound of Formula I-a (e.g., at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or about 100%).
+Other components of nucleic acid are optional, and are beneficial in some embodiments. For example, a 5′ untranslated region (UTR) and/or a 3′UTR are provided, wherein either or both may independently contain one or more different nucleoside modifications. In such embodiments, nucleoside modifications may also be present in the translatable region. Also provided are nucleic acids containing a Kozak sequence.
+Linkers and Payloads
+The nucleobase of the nucleotide, which may be incorporated into a mmRNA, can be covalently linked at any chemically appropriate position to a payload, e.g. detectable agent or therapeutic agent. For example, the nucleobase can be deaza-adenosine or deaza-guanosine and the linker can be attached at the C-7 or C-8 positions of the deaza-adenosine or deaza-guanosine. In other embodiments, the nucleobase can be cytosine or uracil and the linker can be attached to the N-3 or C-5 positions of cytosine or uracil.
+Linker
+The term “linker” as used herein refers to a group of atoms, e.g., 10-1,000 atoms, and can be comprised of the atoms or groups such as, but not limited to, carbon, amino, alkylamino, oxygen, sulfur, sulfoxide, sulfonyl, carbonyl, and imine. The linker can be attached to a modified nucleoside or nucleotide on the nucleobase or sugar moiety at a first end, and to a payload, e.g., detectable or therapeutic agent, at a second end. The linker may be of sufficient length as to not interfere with incorporation into a nucleic acid sequence.
+Examples of chemical groups that can be incorporated into the linker include, but are not limited to, an alkyl, an alkene, an alkyne, an amido, an ether, a thioether or an ester group. The linker chain can also comprise part of a saturated, unsaturated or aromatic ring, including polycyclic and heteroaromatic rings wherein the heteroaromatic ring may be an aryl group containing one to four heteroatoms, N, O or S. Specific examples of linkers include, but are not limited to, unsaturated alkanes, polyethylene glycols, and dextran polymers.
+For example, the linker can include, but is not limited to, ethylene or propylene glycol monomeric units, e.g., diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, or tetraethylene glycol. In some embodiments, the linker can include, but is not limited to, a divalent alkyl, alkenyl, and/or alkynyl moiety. The linker can include an ester, amide, or ether moiety.
+Other examples include, but are not limited to, cleavable moieties within the linker, such as, for example, a disulfide bond (—S—S—) or an azo bond (—N═N—), which can be cleaved using a reducing agent or photolysis. When a cleavable bond which has been incorporated into the linker and attached to a modified nucleotide, is cleaved, a short “scar” or chemical modification on the nucleotide may result. For example, after cleaving, the resulting scar on a nucleotide base, which formed part of the modified nucleotide, and is incorporated into a polynucleotide strand, is unreactive and does not need to be chemically neutralized. This increases the ease with which a subsequent nucleotide can be incorporated during sequencing of a nucleic acid polymer template. For example, conditions include the use of tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP), dithiothreitol (DTT) and/or other reducing agents for cleavage of a disulfide bond. A selectively severable bond that includes an amido bond can be cleaved for example by the use of TCEP or other reducing agents, and/or photolysis. A selectively severable bond that includes an ester bond can be cleaved for example by acidic or basic hydrolysis.
+Detectable Agents
+The mmRNAs of the present invention may also be linked or conjugated to one or more detectable agents. Examples of detectable substances include, but are not limited to, various organic small molecules, inorganic compounds, nanoparticles, enzymes or enzyme substrates, fluorescent materials, luminescent materials, bioluminescent materials, chemiluminescent materials, radioactive materials, and contrast agents.
+Labels, other than those described herein, are contemplated by the present disclosure, including, but not limited to, other optically-detectable labels. Labels can be attached to the modified nucleotide of the present disclosure at any position using standard chemistries such that the label can be removed from the incorporated base upon cleavage of the cleavable linker.
+Terminal Architecture Modifications: 5′-Capping
+Endogenous eukaryotic cellular messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules contain a 5′-cap structure on the 5′-end of a mature mRNA molecule. The 5′-cap contains a 5′-5′-triphosphate linkage between the 5′-most nucleotide and guanine nucleotide. The conjugated guanine nucleotide is methylated at the N7 position. Additional modifications include methylation of the ultimate and penultimate most 5′-nucleotides on the 2′-hydroxyl group. The 5′-cap structure is responsible for binding the mRNA Cap Binding Protein (CBP), which is responsibility for mRNA stability in the cell and translation competency.
+Multiple distinct 5′-cap structures can be used to generate the 5′-cap of a synthetic mRNA molecule. Many chemical cap analogs are used to co-transcriptionally cap a synthetic mRNA molecule. For example, the Anti-Reverse Cap Analog (ARCA) cap contains a 5′-5′-triphosphate guanine-guanine linkage where one guanine contains an N7 methyl group as well as a 3′-O-methyl group. While chemical cap analogs allow for the concomitant capping of an RNA molecule, up 20% of transcripts remain uncapped and the synthetic cap analog is not identical to an endogenous 5′-cap structure of an authentic cellular mRNA. This may lead to reduced translationally-competency and reduced cellular stability.
+Synthetic mRNA molecules may also be capped post-transcriptionally using enzymes responsible for generating a more authentic 5′-cap structure. As used herein the phrase “more authentic” refers to a feature that closely mirrors or mimics, either structurally or functionally an endogenous or wild type feature. More authentic 5′cap structures of the present invention are those which, among other things, have enhanced binding of cap binding proteins, increased half life, reduced susceptibility to 5′ endonucleases and/or reduced 5′decapping. For example, recombinant Vaccinia Virus Capping Enzyme and recombinant 2′-O-methyltransferase enzyme can create a canonical 5′-5′-triphosphate linkage between the 5′-most nucleotide of an mRNA and a guanine nucleotide where the guanine contains an N7 methylation and the ultimate 5′-nucleotide contains a 2′-O-methyl generating the Cap1 structure. This results in a cap with higher translational-competency and cellular stability and reduced activation of cellular pro-inflammatory cytokines Because the synthetic mRNA is capped post-transcriptionally, nearly 100% of the mRNA molecules are capped in contrast to ˜80% of synthetic mRNAs containing a chemical cap analog.
+Terminal Architecture Modifications: Poly-A Tails
+During RNA processing, a long chain of adenine nucleotides (poly-A tail) is normally added to a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules to increase the stability of the molecule. Immediately after transcription, the 3′ end of the transcript is cleaved to free a 3′ hydroxyl. Then poly-A polymerase adds a chain of adenine nucleotides to the RNA. The process, called polyadenylation, adds a poly-A tail that is between 100 and 250 residues long.
+It has been discovered that unique poly-A tail lengths provide certain advantages to the modified RNAs of the present invention.
+Generally, the length of a poly-A tail of the present invention is greater than 30 nucleotides in length. In another embodiment, the poly-A tail is greater than 35 nucleotides in length. In another embodiment, the length is at least 40 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 45 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 55 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 60 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 60 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 80 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 90 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 100 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 120 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 140 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 160 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 180 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 200 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 250 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 300 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 350 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 400 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 450 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 500 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 600 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 700 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 800 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 900 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 1000 nucleotides.
+In one embodiment, the poly-A tail is designed relative to the length of the overall modified RNA molecule. This design may be based on the length of the coding region of the modified RNA, the length of a particular feature or region of the modified RNA (such as the mRNA), or based on the length of the ultimate product expressed from the modified RNA. In this context the poly-A tail may be 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 100% greater in length than the modified RNA or feature thereof. The poly-A tail may also be designed as a fraction of the modified RNA to which it belongs. In this context, the poly-A tail may be 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90% or more of the total length of the construct or the total length of the construct minus the poly-A tail.
+Use of Modified mRNAs
+The mmRNAs of the present invention may find uses in many areas of research, discovery, therapeutics, diagnostics and in kits and devices.
+Therapeutics
+The mmRNAs (modified RNAs) and the proteins translated from the mmRNAs described herein can be used as therapeutic agents. For example, an mmRNA described herein can be administered to a subject, wherein the mmRNA is translated in vivo to produce a therapeutic polypeptide in the subject. Provided are compositions, methods, kits, and reagents for treatment or prevention of disease or conditions in humans and other mammals. The active therapeutic agents of the invention include mmRNAs, cells containing mmRNAs or polypeptides translated from the mmRNAs, polypeptides translated from mmRNAs.
+Provided herein are methods of inducing translation of a recombinant polypeptide in a cell population using the mmRNAs described herein. Such translation can be in vivo, ex vivo, in culture, or in vitro. The cell population is contacted with an effective amount of a composition containing a mmRNA that has at least one nucleoside modification, and a translatable region encoding the recombinant polypeptide. The population is contacted under conditions such that the mmRNA is localized into one or more cells of the cell population and the recombinant polypeptide is translated in the cell from the nucleic acid.
+An effective amount of the composition is provided based, at least in part, on the target tissue, target cell type, means of administration, physical characteristics of the nucleic acid (e.g., size, and extent of modified nucleosides), and other determinants. In general, an effective amount of the composition provides efficient protein production in the cell, preferably more efficient than a composition containing a corresponding unmodified nucleic acid. Increased efficiency may be demonstrated by increased cell transfection (i.e., the percentage of cells transfected with the nucleic acid), increased protein translation from the nucleic acid, decreased nucleic acid degradation (as demonstrated, e.g., by increased duration of protein translation from a mmRNA), or reduced innate immune response of the host cell.
+Aspects of the invention are directed to methods of inducing in vivo translation of a recombinant polypeptide in a mammalian subject in need thereof. Therein, an effective amount of a composition containing a mmRNA that has at least one nucleoside modification and a translatable region encoding the recombinant polypeptide is administered to the subject using the delivery methods and split dosing regimens described herein. The mmRNA is provided in an amount and under other conditions such that the nucleic acid is localized into a cell of the subject and the recombinant polypeptide is translated in the cell from the mmRNA. The cell in which the mmRNA is localized, or the tissue in which the cell is present, may be targeted with one or more than one rounds of mmRNA administration.
+The subject to whom the therapeutic agent is administered suffers from or is at risk of developing a disease, disorder, or deleterious condition. Provided are methods of identifying, diagnosing, and classifying subjects on these bases, which may include clinical diagnosis, biomarker levels, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and other methods known in the art.
+In certain embodiments, the administered mmRNA directs production of one or more recombinant polypeptides that provide a functional activity which is substantially absent in the cell in which the recombinant polypeptide is translated. For example, the missing functional activity may be enzymatic, structural, or gene regulatory in nature. In related embodiments, the administered mmRNA directs production of one or more recombinant polypeptides that increases (e.g., synergistically) a functional activity which is present but substantially deficient in the cell in which the recombinant polypeptide is translated.
+In other embodiments, the administered mmRNA directs production of one or more recombinant polypeptides that replace a polypeptide (or multiple polypeptides) that is substantially absent in the cell in which the recombinant polypeptide is translated. Such absence may be due to genetic mutation of the encoding gene or regulatory pathway thereof. In some embodiments, the recombinant polypeptide increases the level of an endogenous protein in the cell to a desirable level; such an increase may bring the level of the endogenous protein from a subnormal level to a normal level or from a normal level to a super-normal level.
+Alternatively, the recombinant polypeptide functions to antagonize the activity of an endogenous protein present in, on the surface of, or secreted from the cell. Usually, the activity of the endogenous protein is deleterious to the subject; for example, do to mutation of the endogenous protein resulting in altered activity or localization. Additionally, the recombinant polypeptide antagonizes, directly or indirectly, the activity of a biological moiety present in, on the surface of, or secreted from the cell. Examples of antagonized biological moieties include lipids (e.g., cholesterol), a lipoprotein (e.g., low density lipoprotein), a nucleic acid, a carbohydrate, a protein toxin such as shiga and tetanus toxins, or a small molecule toxin such as botulinum, cholera, and diphtheria toxins. Additionally, the antagonized biological molecule may be an endogenous protein that exhibits an undesirable activity, such as a cytotoxic or cytostatic activity.
+The polypeptides encoded by the mmRNA described herein are engineered for localization within the cell, potentially within a specific compartment such as the nucleus, or are engineered for secretion from the cell or translocation to the plasma membrane of the cell.
+In one embodiment of the invention are bifunctional mmRNA. As the name implies, bifunctional mmRNA are those having or capable of at least two functions.
+The multiple functionalities of bifunctional mmRNAs may be encoded by the mRNA (the function may not manifest until the encoded product is translated) or may be a property of the RNA itself. It may be structural or chemical. Bifunctional modified RNAs may comprise a function that is covalently associated with the RNA or electrostatically associated.
+In some embodiments, modified mRNAs and their encoded polypeptides in accordance with the present invention may be used for treatment of any of a variety of diseases, disorders, and/or conditions, including but not limited to one or more of the following: autoimmune disorders (e.g. diabetes, lupus, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis); inflammatory disorders (e.g. arthritis, pelvic inflammatory disease); infectious diseases (e.g. viral infections (e.g., HIV, HCV, RSV), bacterial infections, fungal infections, sepsis); neurological disorders (e g. Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease; autism; Duchenne muscular dystrophy); cardiovascular disorders (e.g. atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia, thrombosis, clotting disorders, angiogenic disorders such as macular degeneration); proliferative disorders (e.g. cancer, benign neoplasms); respiratory disorders (e.g. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease); digestive disorders (e.g. inflammatory bowel disease, ulcers); musculoskeletal disorders (e.g. fibromyalgia, arthritis); endocrine, metabolic, and nutritional disorders (e.g. diabetes, osteoporosis); urological disorders (e.g. renal disease); psychological disorders (e.g. depression, schizophrenia); skin disorders (e.g. wounds, eczema); blood and lymphatic disorders (e.g. anemia, hemophilia); etc.
+Avoidance of the Innate Immune Response
+The term “innate immune response” includes a cellular response to exogenous single stranded nucleic acids, generally of viral or bacterial origin, which involves the induction of cytokine expression and release, particularly the interferons, and cell death. Protein synthesis is also reduced during the innate cellular immune response. While it is advantageous to eliminate the innate immune response in a cell, the invention provides modified mRNAs that substantially reduce the immune response, including interferon signaling, without entirely eliminating such a response. In some embodiments, the immune response is reduced by 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, 99.9%, or greater than 99.9% as compared to the immune response induced by a corresponding unmodified nucleic acid. Such a reduction can be measured by expression or activity level of Type 1 interferons or the expression of interferon-regulated genes such as the toll-like receptors (e.g., TLR7 and TLR8). Reduction of innate immune response can also be measured by decreased cell death following one or more administrations of modified RNAs to a cell population; e.g., cell death is 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or over 95% less than the cell death frequency observed with a corresponding unmodified nucleic acid. Moreover, cell death may affect fewer than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.01% or fewer than 0.01% of cells contacted with the mmRNAs.
+The invention provides therapeutic methods for the repeated introduction (e.g., transfection) of mmRNAs into a target cell population, e.g., in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo. The step of contacting the cell population may be repeated one or more times (such as two, three, four, five or more than five times). In some embodiments, the step of contacting the cell population with the mmRNAs is repeated a number of times sufficient such that a predetermined efficiency of protein translation in the cell population is achieved. Given the reduced cytotoxicity of the target cell population provided by the nucleic acid modifications, such repeated transfections are achievable in a diverse array of cell types.
+Protein Production
+The methods provided herein are useful for enhancing protein product yield in a cell culture process. In a cell culture containing a plurality of host cells, introduction of the modified mRNAs described herein results in increased protein production efficiency relative to a corresponding unmodified nucleic acid. Such increased protein production efficiency can be demonstrated, e.g., by showing increased cell transfection, increased protein translation from the nucleic acid, decreased nucleic acid degradation, and/or reduced innate immune response of the host cell. Protein production can be measured by ELISA, and protein activity can be measured by various functional assays known in the art. The protein production may be generated in a continuous or a fed-batch mammalian process.
+Additionally, it is useful to optimize the expression of a specific polypeptide in a cell line or collection of cell lines of potential interest, particularly an engineered protein such as a protein variant of a reference protein having a known activity. In one embodiment, provided is a method of optimizing expression of an engineered protein in a target cell, by providing a plurality of target cell types, and independently contacting with each of the plurality of target cell types a modified mRNA encoding an engineered polypeptide. Additionally, culture conditions may be altered to increase protein production efficiency. Subsequently, the presence and/or level of the engineered polypeptide in the plurality of target cell types is detected and/or quantitated, allowing for the optimization of an engineered polypeptide's expression by selection of an efficient target cell and cell culture conditions relating thereto. Such methods are particularly useful when the engineered polypeptide contains one or more post-translational modifications or has substantial tertiary structure, situations which often complicate efficient protein production.
+Gene Silencing
+The modified mRNAs described herein are useful to silence (i.e., prevent or substantially reduce) expression of one or more target genes in a cell population. A modified mRNA encoding a polypeptide capable of directing sequence-specific histone H3 methylation is introduced into the cells in the population under conditions such that the polypeptide is translated and reduces gene transcription of a target gene via histone H3 methylation and subsequent heterochromatin formation. In some embodiments, the silencing mechanism is performed on a cell population present in a mammalian subject. By way of non-limiting example, a useful target gene is a mutated Janus Kinase-2 family member, wherein the mammalian subject expresses the mutant target gene suffers from a myeloproliferative disease resulting from aberrant kinase activity.
+Co-administration of modified mRNAs and siRNAs are also provided herein. As demonstrated in yeast, sequence-specific trans silencing is an effective mechanism for altering cell function. Fission yeast require two RNAi complexes for siRNA-mediated heterochromatin assembly: the RNA-induced transcriptional silencing (RITS) complex and the RNA-directed RNA polymerase complex (RDRC) (Motamedi et al. Cell 2004, 119, 789-802). In fission yeast, the RITS complex contains the siRNA binding Argonaute family protein Ago1, a chromodomain protein Chp1, and Tas3. The fission yeast RDRC complex is composed of an RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase Rdp1, a putative RNA helicase Hrr1, and a polyA polymerase family protein Cid12. These two complexes require the Dicer ribonuclease and Clr4 histone H3 methyltransferase for activity. Together, Ago1 binds siRNA molecules generated through Dicer-mediated cleavage of Rdp1 co-transcriptionally generated dsRNA transcripts and allows for the sequence-specific direct association of Chp1, Tas3, Hrr1, and Clr4 to regions of DNA destined for methylation and histone modification and subsequent compaction into transcriptionally silenced heterochromatin. While this mechanism functions in cis- with centromeric regions of DNA, sequence-specific trans silencing is possible through co-transfection with double-stranded siRNAs for specific regions of DNA and concomitant RNAi-directed silencing of the siRNA ribonuclease Eri1 (Buhler et al. Cell 2006, 125, 873-886).
+Modulation of Biological Pathways
+The rapid translation of modified mRNAs introduced into cells provides a desirable mechanism of modulating target biological pathways. Such modulation includes antagonism or agonism of a given pathway. In one embodiment, a method is provided for antagonizing a biological pathway in a cell by contacting the cell with an effective amount of a composition comprising a modified nucleic acid encoding a recombinant polypeptide, under conditions such that the nucleic acid is localized into the cell and the recombinant polypeptide is capable of being translated in the cell from the nucleic acid, wherein the recombinant polypeptide inhibits the activity of a polypeptide functional in the biological pathway. Exemplary biological pathways are those defective in an autoimmune or inflammatory disorder such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis colitis, or Crohn's disease; in particular, antagonism of the IL-12 and IL-23 signaling pathways are of particular utility. (See Kikly K, Liu L, Na S, Sedgwick J D (2006) Curr. Opin. Immunol. 18 (6): 670-5).
+Further, provided are modified nucleic acids encoding an antagonist for chemokine receptors; chemokine receptors CXCR-4 and CCR-5 are required for, e.g., HIV entry into host cells (et al, (1996) October 3; 383(6599):400).
+Alternatively, provided are methods of agonizing a biological pathway in a cell by contacting the cell with an effective amount of a modified nucleic acid encoding a recombinant polypeptide under conditions such that the nucleic acid is localized into the cell and the recombinant polypeptide is capable of being translated in the cell from the nucleic acid, and the recombinant polypeptide induces the activity of a polypeptide functional in the biological pathway. Exemplary agonized biological pathways include pathways that modulate cell fate determination. Such agonization is reversible or, alternatively, irreversible.
+Cellular Nucleic Acid Delivery
+Methods of the present invention enhance nucleic acid delivery into a cell population, in vivo, ex vivo, or in culture. For example, a cell culture containing a plurality of host cells (e.g., eukaryotic cells such as yeast or mammalian cells) is contacted with a composition that contains an enhanced nucleic acid having at least one nucleoside modification and, optionally, a translatable region. The composition also generally contains a transfection reagent or other compound that increases the efficiency of enhanced nucleic acid uptake into the host cells. The enhanced nucleic acid exhibits enhanced retention in the cell population, relative to a corresponding unmodified nucleic acid. The retention of the enhanced nucleic acid is greater than the retention of the unmodified nucleic acid. In some embodiments, it is at least about 50%, 75%, 90%, 95%, 100%, 150%, 200% or more than 200% greater than the retention of the unmodified nucleic acid. Such retention advantage may be achieved by one round of transfection with the enhanced nucleic acid, or may be obtained following repeated rounds of transfection.
+In some embodiments, the enhanced nucleic acid is delivered to a target cell population with one or more additional nucleic acids. Such delivery may be at the same time, or the enhanced nucleic acid is delivered prior to delivery of the one or more additional nucleic acids. The additional one or more nucleic acids may be modified nucleic acids or unmodified nucleic acids. It is understood that the initial presence of the enhanced nucleic acids does not substantially induce an innate immune response of the cell population and, moreover, that the innate immune response will not be activated by the later presence of the unmodified nucleic acids. In this regard, the enhanced nucleic acid may not itself contain a translatable region, if the protein desired to be present in the target cell population is translated from the unmodified nucleic acids.
+Expression of Ligand or Receptor on Cell Surface
+In some aspects and embodiments of the aspects described herein, the modified RNAs can be used to express a ligand or ligand receptor on the surface of a cell (e.g., a homing moiety). A ligand or ligand receptor moiety attached to a cell surface can permit the cell to have a desired biological interaction with a tissue or an agent in vivo. A ligand can be an antibody, an antibody fragment, an aptamer, a peptide, a vitamin, a carbohydrate, a protein or polypeptide, a receptor, e.g., cell-surface receptor, an adhesion molecule, a glycoprotein, a sugar residue, a therapeutic agent, a drug, a glycosaminoglycan, or any combination thereof. For example, a ligand can be an antibody that recognizes a cancer-cell specific antigen, rendering the cell capable of preferentially interacting with tumor cells to permit tumor-specific localization of a modified cell. A ligand can confer the ability of a cell composition to accumulate in a tissue to be treated, since a preferred ligand may be capable of interacting with a target molecule on the external face of a tissue to be treated. Ligands having limited cross-reactivity to other tissues are generally preferred.
+In some cases, a ligand can act as a homing moiety which permits the cell to target to a specific tissue or interact with a specific ligand. Such homing moieties can include, but are not limited to, any member of a specific binding pair, antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, or derivatives or analogs thereof, including without limitation: Fv fragments, single chain Fv (scFv) fragments, Fab′ fragments, F(ab′)2 fragments, single domain antibodies, camelized antibodies and antibody fragments, humanized antibodies and antibody fragments, and multivalent versions of the foregoing; multivalent binding reagents including without limitation: monospecific or bispecific antibodies, such as disulfide stabilized Fv fragments, scFv tandems ((SCFV)2 fragments), diabodies, tribodies or tetrabodies, which typically are covalently linked or otherwise stabilized (i.e., leucine zipper or helix stabilized) scFv fragments; and other homing moieties include for example, aptamers, receptors, and fusion proteins.
+In some embodiments, the homing moiety may be a surface-bound antibody, which can permit tuning of cell targeting specificity. This is especially useful since highly specific antibodies can be raised against an epitope of interest for the desired targeting site. In one embodiment, multiple antibodies are expressed on the surface of a cell, and each antibody can have a different specificity for a desired target. Such approaches can increase the avidity and specificity of homing interactions.
+A skilled artisan can select any homing moiety based on the desired localization or function of the cell, for example an estrogen receptor ligand, such as tamoxifen, can target cells to estrogen-dependent breast cancer cells that have an increased number of estrogen receptors on the cell surface. Other non-limiting examples of ligand/receptor interactions include CCRI (e.g., for treatment of inflamed joint tissues or brain in rheumatoid arthritis, and/or multiple sclerosis), CCR7, CCR8 (e.g., targeting to lymph node tissue), CCR6, CCR9, CCR10 (e.g., to target to intestinal tissue), CCR4, CCR10 (e.g., for targeting to skin), CXCR4 (e.g., for general enhanced transmigration), HCELL (e.g., for treatment of inflammation and inflammatory disorders, bone marrow), Alpha4beta7 (e.g., for intestinal mucosa targeting), VLA-4NCAM-1 (e.g., targeting to endothelium). In general, any receptor involved in targeting (e.g., cancer metastasis) can be harnessed for use in the methods and compositions described herein.
+Mediators of Cell Death
+In one embodiment, a modified nucleic acid molecule composition can be used to induce apoptosis in a cell (e.g., a cancer cell) by increasing the expression of a death receptor, a death receptor ligand or a combination thereof. This method can be used to induce cell death in any desired cell and has particular usefulness in the treatment of cancer where cells escape natural apoptotic signals.
+Apoptosis can be induced by multiple independent signaling pathways that converge upon a final effector mechanism consisting of multiple interactions between several “death receptors” and their ligands, which belong to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor/ligand superfamily. The best-characterized death receptors are CD95 (“Fas”), TNFRI (p55), death receptor 3 (DR3 or Apo3/TRAMO), DR4 and DR5 (apo2-TRAIL-R2). The final effector mechanism of apoptosis may be the activation of a series of proteinases designated as caspases. The activation of these caspases results in the cleavage of a series of vital cellular proteins and cell death. The molecular mechanism of death receptors/ligands-induced apoptosis is well known in the art. For example, Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis is induced by binding of three FasL molecules which induces trimerization of Fas receptor via C-terminus death domains (DDs), which in turn recruits an adapter protein FADD (Fas-associated protein with death domain) and Caspase-8. The oligomerization of this trimolecular complex, Fas/FAIDD/caspase-8, results in proteolytic cleavage of proenzyme caspase-8 into active caspase-8 that, in turn, initiates the apoptosis process by activating other downstream caspases through proteolysis, including caspase-3. Death ligands in general are apoptotic when formed into trimers or higher order of structures. As monomers, they may serve as antiapoptotic agents by competing with the trimers for binding to the death receptors.
+In one embodiment, the modified nucleic acid molecule composition encodes for a death receptor (e.g., Fas, TRAIL, TRAMO, TNFR, TLR etc). Cells made to express a death receptor by transfection of modified RNA become susceptible to death induced by the ligand that activates that receptor. Similarly, cells made to express a death ligand, e.g., on their surface, will induce death of cells with the receptor when the transfected cell contacts the target cell. In another embodiment, the modified RNA composition encodes for a death receptor ligand (e.g., FasL, TNF, etc). In another embodiment, the modified RNA composition encodes a caspase (e.g., caspase 3, caspase 8, caspase 9 etc). Where cancer cells often exhibit a failure to properly differentiate to a non-proliferative or controlled proliferative form, in another embodiment, the synthetic, modified RNA composition encodes for both a death receptor and its appropriate activating ligand. In another embodiment, the synthetic, modified RNA composition encodes for a differentiation factor that when expressed in the cancer cell, such as a cancer stem cell, will induce the cell to differentiate to a non-pathogenic or nonself-renewing phenotype (e.g., reduced cell growth rate, reduced cell division etc) or to induce the cell to enter a dormant cell phase (e.g., G0 resting phase).
+One of skill in the art will appreciate that the use of apoptosis-inducing techniques may require that the modified nucleic acid molecules are appropriately targeted to e.g., tumor cells to prevent unwanted wide-spread cell death. Thus, one can use a delivery mechanism (e.g., attached ligand or antibody, targeted liposome etc) that recognizes a cancer antigen such that the modified nucleic acid molecules are expressed only in cancer cells.
+Formulations of Modified mRNAs
+Provided herein are formulations containing an effective amount of an mmRNA.
+In certain embodiments, the formulations include one or more cell penetration agents, e.g., transfection agents. In one specific embodiment, an mmRNA is mixed or admixed with a transfection agent (or mixture thereof) and the resulting mixture is employed to transfect cells. Preferred transfection agents are cationic lipid compositions, particularly monovalent and polyvalent cationic lipid compositions, more particularly LIPOFECTIN®, LIPOFECTACE®, LIPOFECTAMINE™, CELLFECTIN®, DMRIE-C, DMRIE, DOTAP, DOSPA, and DOSPER, and dendrimer compositions, particularly G5-G10 dendrimers, including dense star dendrimers, PAMAM dendrimers, grafted dendrimers, and dendrimers known as dendrigrafts and SUPERFECT®.
+In a second specific transfection method, a ribonucleic acid is conjugated to a nucleic acid-binding group, for example a polyamine and more particularly a spermine, which is then introduced into the cell or admixed with a transfection agent (or mixture thereof) and the resulting mixture is employed to transfect cells. In a third specific embodiment, a mixture of one or more transfection-enhancing peptides, proteins, or protein fragments, including fusagenic peptides or proteins, transport or trafficking peptides or proteins, receptor-ligand peptides or proteins, or nuclear localization peptides or proteins and/or their modified analogs (e.g., spermine modified peptides or proteins) or combinations thereof are mixed with and complexed with a ribonucleic acid to be introduced into a cell, optionally being admixed with transfection agent and the resulting mixture is employed to transfect cells. Further, a component of a transfection agent (e.g., lipids, cationic lipids or dendrimers) is covalently conjugated to selected peptides, proteins, or protein fragments directly or via a linking or spacer group. Of particular interest in this embodiment are peptides or proteins that are fusagenic, membrane-permeabilizing, transport or trafficking, or which function for cell-targeting. The peptide- or protein-transfection agent complex is combined with a ribonucleic acid and employed for transfection.
+In certain embodiments, the formulations include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier that causes the effective amount of mmRNA to be substantially retained in a target tissue containing the cell.
+In certain embodiments, the formulation may include at least an mmRNA and a delivery agent. In some embodiments, the delivery agent may comprise lipidoid-based formulations allowed for localized and systemic delivery of mmRNA.
+Also provided are compositions for generation of an in vivo depot containing an engineered ribonucleotide. For example, the composition contains a bioerodible, biocompatible polymer, a solvent present in an amount effective to plasticize the polymer and form a gel therewith, and an engineered ribonucleic acid. In certain embodiments the composition also includes a cell penetration agent as described herein. In other embodiments, the composition also contains a thixotropic amount of a thixotropic agent mixable with the polymer so as to be effective to form a thixotropic composition. Further compositions include a stabilizing agent, a bulking agent, a chelating agent, or a buffering agent.
+In other embodiments, provided are sustained-release delivery depots, such as for administration of a mmRNA to an environment (meaning an organ or tissue site) in a patient. Such depots generally contain a mmRNA and a flexible chain polymer where both the mmRNA and the flexible chain polymer are entrapped within a porous matrix of a crosslinked matrix protein. Usually, the pore size is less than 1 mm, such as 900 nm, 800 nm, 700 nm, 600 nm, 500 nm, 400 nm, 300 nm, 200 nm, 100 nm, or less than 100 nm. Usually the flexible chain polymer is hydrophilic. Usually the flexible chain polymer has a molecular weight of at least 50 kDa, such as 75 kDa, 100 kDa, 150 kDa, 200 kDa, 250 kDa, 300 kDa, 400 kDa, 500 kDa, or greater than 500 kDa. Usually the flexible chain polymer has a persistence length of less than 10%, such as 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 or less than 1% of the persistence length of the matrix protein. Usually the flexible chain polymer has a charge similar to that of the matrix protein. In some embodiments, the flexible chain polymer alters the effective pore size of a matrix of crosslinked matrix protein to a size capable of sustaining the diffusion of the mmRNA from the matrix into a surrounding tissue comprising a cell into which the mmRNA is capable of entering.
+Formulation Using Lipidoids
+The pharmaceutical compositions described herein include lipidoid-based formulations allowing for localized and systemic delivery of mmRNA. The synthesis of lipidoids has been extensively described and formulations containing these compounds are particularly suited for delivery of polynucleotides (see Mahon et al., Bioconjug Chem. 2010 21:1448-1454; Schroeder et al., J Intern Med. 2010 267:9-21; Akinc et al., Nat Biotechnol. 2008 26:561-569; Love et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010 107:1864-1869; Siegwart et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011 108:12996-3001; all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties).
+According to the present invention, complexes, micelles, liposomes or particles can be prepared containing these lipidoids and therefore, result in an effective delivery of mmRNA, as judged by the production of an encoded protein, following the injection of an mmRNA-formulated lipidoids via localized and systemic routes of administration. Modified mRNA-lipidoid complexes can be administered by various means disclosed herein.
+The characteristics of optimized lipidoid formulations for intramuscular or subcutaneous routes may vary significantly depending on the target cell type and the ability of formulations to diffuse through the extracellular matrix into the blood stream. While a particle size of less than 150 nm may be desired for effective hepatocyte delivery due to the size of the endothelial fenestrae (see, Akinc et al., Mol Ther. 2009 17:872-879 herein incorporated by reference), use of lipidoid oligonucleotides to deliver the formulation to other cells types including, but not limited to, endothelial cells, myeloid cells, and muscle cells may not be similarly size-limited.
+In one aspect, effective delivery to myeloid cells, such as monocytes, lipidoid formulations may have a similar component molar ratio. Different ratios of lipidoids and other components including, but not limited to, disteroylphosphatidyl choline, cholesterol and PEG-DMG, may be used to optimize the formulation of the mmRNA molecule for delivery to different cell types including, but not limited to, hepatocytes, myeloid cells, muscle cells, etc. For example, the component molar ratio may include, but is not limited to, 50% lipid, 10% disteroylphosphatidyl choline, 38.5% cholesterol, and %1.5 PEG. The lipid may be selected from, but is not limited to, DLin-DMA, DLin-K-DMA, DLin-KC2-DMA, 98N12-5, C12-200 (including variants and derivatives), DLin-MC3-DMA and analogs thereof. The use of lipidoid formulations for the localized delivery of nucleic acids to cells (such as, but not limited to, adipose cells and muscle cells) via either subcutaneous or intramuscular delivery, may also not require all of the formulation components which may be required for systemic delivery, and as such may comprise the lipidoid and the mmRNA.
+In a further embodiment, combinations of different lipidoids may be used to improve the efficacy of mmRNA-directed protein.
+According to the present invention, modified mRNA may be formulated by mixing the mmRNA with the lipidoid at a set ratio prior to addition to cells. In vivo formulations may require the addition of extra ingredients to facilitate circulation throughout the body. To test the ability of these lipidoids to form particles suitable for in vivo work, a standard formulation process used for siRNA-lipidoid formulations may be used as a starting point. Initial mmRNA-lipidoid formulations consist of particles composed of 42% lipidoid, 48% cholesterol and 10% PEG, with further optimization of ratios possible. After formation of the particle, mmRNA is added and allowed to integrate with the complex. The encapsulation efficiency is determined using a standard dye exclusion assays.
+In vivo delivery of nucleic acids may be affected by many parameters, including, but not limited to, the formulation composition, nature of particle PEGylation, degree of loading, oligonucleotide to lipid ratio, and biophysical parameters such as particle size (Akinc et al., Mol Ther. 2009 17:872-879; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). As an example, small changes in the anchor chain length of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) lipids may result in significant effects on in vivo efficacy. Formulations with the different lipidoids, including, but not limited to penta[3-(1-laurylaminopropionyl)]-triethylenetetramine hydrochloride (TETA-5LAP; aka 98N12-5, see Murugaiah et al., Analytical Biochemistry, 401:61 (2010)), C12-200 (including derivatives and variants), MD1, DLin-DMA, DLin-K-DMA, DLin-KC2-DMA and DLin-MC3-DMA (see FIG. 1), can be tested for in vivo activity.
+The lipidoid referred to herein as “98N12-5” is disclosed by Akinc et al., Mol Ther. 2009 17:872-879 and is incorporated by reference in its entirety. (See FIG. 1)
+The lipidoid referred to herein as “C12-200” is disclosed by Love et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010 107:1864-1869 (see FIG. 1) and Liu and Huang, Molecular Therapy. 2010 669-670 (see FIG. 1); both of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. The lipidoid formulations can include particles comprising either 3 or 4 or more components in addition to polynucleotide, primary construct, or mmRNA. As an example, formulations with certain lipidoids, include, but are not limited to, 98N12-5 and may contain 42% lipidoid, 48% cholesterol and 10% PEG (C14 alkyl chain length). As another example, formulations with certain lipidoids, include, but are not limited to, C12-200 and may contain 50% lipidoid, 10% disteroylphosphatidyl choline, 38.5% cholesterol, and 1.5% PEG-DMG.
+The ratio of mmRNA to lipidoid used to test for in vitro transfection is tested empirically at different lipidoid:mmRNA ratios. Previous work using siRNA and lipidoids have utilized 2.5:1, 5:1, 10:1, and 15:1 lipidoid:siRNA wt:wt ratios. Given the longer length of mmRNA relative to siRNA, a lower wt:wt ratio of lipidoid to mmRNA is likely to be effective. In addition, for comparison mmRNA are also formulated using RNAiMax (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) or TRANSIT-mRNA (Minis Bio, Madison Wis.) cationic lipid delivery vehicles.
+The ability of lipidoid-formulated mmRNA to express the desired protein product can be confirmed by luminescence for luciferase expression, flow cytometry for expression, and by ELISA for secretion.
+The expression of mmRNA-encoded proteins can be assessed both within the muscle or subcutaneous tissue and systemically in blood and other organs and fluids such as the liver and spleen, urine, saliva, etc.
+For example, single dose studies allow an assessment of the magnitude, dose responsiveness, and longevity of expression of the desired product. After formulation of mmRNA with the lipidoid formulations, as described previously, animals are divided into groups receiving either a saline formulation, or a lipidoid-formulation containing one of several different mmRNA. Prior to injection, mmRNA-containing lipidoid formulations are diluted in PBS and animals administered a single intramuscular dose of formulated mmRNA ranging from 50 mg/kg to doses as low as 1 ng/kg with a preferred range to be 10 mg/kg to 100 ng/kg. If the animal tested is a mouse the maximum dose can be roughly 1 mg mmRNA or as low as 0.02 ng mmRNA if administered once into the hind limb. Likewise for subcutaneous administration, mmRNA-containing lipidoid formulations are diluted in PBS before the animals are administered a single subcutaneous dose of formulated mmRNA ranging from 400 mg/kg- to doses as low as 1 ng/kg. A preferred dosage range comprises 80 mg/kg to 100 ng/kg. If the animal tested is a mouse, the maximum dose administered can be roughly 8 mg mmRNA or as low as 0.02 ng mmRNA if the dose is administered once subcutaneously.
+It is preferred that the volume of a single intramuscular injection is maximally 0.025 ml and of a single subcutaneous injection is maximally 0.2 ml for a 20 gram mouse. The dose of the mmRNA administered to the animal is calculated depending on the body weight of the animal. At various points in time points following the administration of the mmRNA-lipidoid, serum, tissues, and tissue lysates can be obtained and the level of the mmRNA-encoded product determined. The ability of lipidoid-formulated mmRNA to express the desired protein product can be confirmed by luminescence for luciferase expression, flow cytometry, and by ELISA.
+Additional studies for a multi-dose regimen can also be performed to determine the maximal expression using mmRNA, to evaluate the saturability of the mmRNA-driven expression (achieved by giving a control and active mmRNA formulation in parallel or in sequence), and to determine the feasibility of repeat drug administration (by giving mmRNA in doses separated by weeks or months and then determining whether expression level is affected by factors such as immunogenicity).
+Administration
+The present invention provides methods comprising administering modified mRNAs and or complexes in accordance with the invention to a subject in need thereof. mmRNA or complexes, or pharmaceutical, imaging, diagnostic, or prophylactic compositions thereof, may be administered to a subject using any amount and any route of administration which may be effective for preventing, treating, diagnosing, or imaging a disease, disorder, and/or condition (e.g., a disease, disorder, and/or condition relating to working memory deficits). The exact amount required will vary from subject to subject, depending on factors such as, but not limited to, the species, age, and general condition of the subject, the severity of the disease, the particular composition, its mode of administration, its mode of activity, and the like.
+mmRNA to be delivered and/or pharmaceutical, prophylactic, diagnostic, or imaging compositions thereof may be administered to animals, such as mammals (e.g., humans, domesticated animals, cats, dogs, mice, rats, etc.). In some embodiments, pharmaceutical, prophylactic, diagnostic, or imaging compositions thereof are administered to humans.
+mmRNA may be administered by any route. In some embodiments, mmRNA are administered by one or more of a variety of routes, including, but not limited to, local, oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arterial, intramedullary, intrathecal, subcutaneous, intraventricular, transdermal, interdermal, rectal, intravaginal, intraperitoneal, topical (e.g. by powders, ointments, creams, gels, lotions, and/or drops), mucosal, nasal, buccal, enteral, vitreal, intratumoral, sublingual; by intratracheal instillation, bronchial instillation, and/or inhalation; as an oral spray, nasal spray, and/or aerosol, and/or through a portal vein catheter.
+In some embodiments, mmRNA are administered by systemic intravenous injection. In specific embodiments, mmRNA may be administered intravenously and/or orally. In specific embodiments, mmRNA may be administered in a way which allows the mmRNA to cross the blood-brain barrier, vascular barrier, or other epithelial barrier.
+Injectable preparations, for example, sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing agents, wetting agents, and/or suspending agents. Sterile injectable preparations may be sterile injectable solutions, suspensions, and/or emulsions in nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluents and/or solvents, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, U.S.P., and isotonic sodium chloride solution. Sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. Fatty acids such as oleic acid can be used in the preparation of injectables.
+Injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, and/or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.
+Dosage forms for local, topical and/or transdermal administration of a composition may include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants and/or patches. Additionally, the present invention contemplates the use of transdermal patches, which often have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound to the body. Such dosage forms may be prepared, for example, by dissolving and/or dispensing the compound in the proper medium. Alternatively or additionally, rate may be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane and/or by dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix and/or gel.
+Formulations suitable for topical administration include, but are not limited to, liquid and/or semi liquid preparations such as liniments, lotions, oil in water and/or water in oil emulsions such as creams, ointments and/or pastes, and/or solutions and/or suspensions. Topically-administrable formulations may, for example, comprise from about 1% to about 10% (w/w) active ingredient, although the concentration of active ingredient may be as high as the solubility limit of the active ingredient in the solvent. Formulations for topical administration may further comprise one or more of the additional ingredients described herein.
+A pharmaceutical composition may be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in a formulation suitable for ophthalmic administration. Such formulations may, for example, be in the form of eye drops including, for example, a 0.1/1.0% (w/w) solution and/or suspension of the active ingredient in an aqueous or oily liquid excipient. Such drops may further comprise buffering agents, salts, and/or one or more other of any additional ingredients described herein. Other opthalmically-administrable formulations which are useful include those which comprise the active ingredient in microcrystalline form and/or in a liposomal preparation. Ear drops and/or eye drops are contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.
+In general the most appropriate route of administration will depend upon a variety of factors including the nature of the mmRNA to be delivered (e.g., its stability in the environment of the gastrointestinal tract, bloodstream, etc.), the condition of the patient (e.g., whether the patient is able to tolerate particular routes of administration), etc. The invention encompasses the delivery of the mmRNA by any appropriate route taking into consideration likely advances in the sciences of drug delivery.
+In certain embodiments, compositions in accordance with the present invention may be administered at dosage levels sufficient to deliver from about 0.0001 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg, from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 40 mg/kg, from about 0.5 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg, from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, or from about 1 mg/kg to about 25 mg/kg, of subject body weight per day, one or more times a day, to obtain the desired therapeutic, diagnostic or prophylactic effect. The desired dosage may be delivered three times a day, two times a day, once a day, every other day, every third day, every week, every two weeks, every three weeks, or every four weeks. In certain embodiments, the desired dosage may be delivered using multiple administrations (e.g., two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, or more administrations). When multiple administration is employed, split dosing regimens such as those described herein may be used.
+According to the present invention, it has been discovered that administration of mmRNA in split-dose regimens produce higher levels of proteins in mammalian subjects. As used herein, a “split dose” is the division of single unit dose or total daily dose into two or more doses. As used herein, a “single unit dose” is a dose of any therapeutic administered in one dose/at one time/single route/single point of contact, i.e., single administration event. As used herein, a “total daily dose” is an amount given or prescribed in 24 hr period. It may be administered as a single unit dose. In one embodiment, the mmRNA of the present invention are administered to a subject in split doses. The mmRNA may be formulated in buffer only or in a formulation described herein.
+Modified nucleic acid molecules or complexes may be used or administered in combination with one or more other therapeutic, prophylactic, diagnostic, or imaging agents. By “in combination with,” it is not intended to imply that the agents must be administered at the same time and/or formulated for delivery together, although these methods of delivery are within the scope of the present disclosure. Compositions can be administered concurrently with, prior to, or subsequent to, one or more other desired therapeutics or medical procedures. In general, each agent will be administered at a dose and/or on a time schedule determined for that agent. In some embodiments, the present disclosure encompasses the delivery of pharmaceutical, prophylactic, diagnostic, or imaging compositions in combination with agents that may improve their bioavailability, reduce and/or modify their metabolism, inhibit their excretion, and/or modify their distribution within the body.
+It will further be appreciated that therapeutically, prophylactically, diagnostically, or imaging active agents utilized in combination may be administered together in a single composition or administered separately in different compositions. In general, it is expected that agents utilized in combination with be utilized at levels that do not exceed the levels at which they are utilized individually. In some embodiments, the levels utilized in combination will be lower than those utilized individually. In one embodiment, the combinations, each or together may be administered according to the split dosing regimens described herein.
+The particular combination of therapies (therapeutics or procedures) to employ in a combination regimen will take into account compatibility of the desired therapeutics and/or procedures and the desired therapeutic effect to be achieved. It will also be appreciated that the therapies employed may achieve a desired effect for the same disorder (for example, a composition useful for treating cancer in accordance with the invention may be administered concurrently with a chemotherapeutic agent), or they may achieve different effects (e.g., control of any adverse effects).
+Compositions containing mmRNAs are formulated for administration intramuscularly, transarterially, intraocularly, vaginally, rectally, intraperitoneally, intravenously, intranasally, subcutaneously, endoscopically, transdermally, intramuscularly, intraventricularly, intradermally, intrathecally, topically (e.g. by powders, ointments, creams, gels, lotions, and/or drops), mucosally, nasal, enterally, intratumorally, by intratracheal instillation, bronchial instillation, and/or inhalation; nasal spray and/or aerosol, and/or through a portal vein catheter.
+The compositions may also be formulated for direct delivery to an organ or tissue in any of several ways in the art including, but not limited to, direct soaking or bathing, via a catheter, by gels, powder, ointments, creams, gels, lotions, and/or drops, by using substrates such as fabric or biodegradable materials coated or impregnated with the compositions, and the like. In some embodiments, the composition is formulated for extended release. In specific embodiments, mmRNA molecules or complexes, and/or pharmaceutical, prophylactic, diagnostic, or imaging compositions thereof, may be administered in a way which allows the mmRNA molecules or complex to cross the blood-brain barrier, vascular barrier, or other epithelial barrier.
+In some aspects of the invention, the nucleic acids (particularly ribonucleic acids encoding polypeptides) are spatially retained within or proximal to a target tissue. Provided are method of providing a composition to a target tissue of a mammalian subject by contacting the target tissue (which contains one or more target cells) with the composition under conditions such that the composition, in particular the nucleic acid component(s) of the composition, is substantially retained in the target tissue, meaning that at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 99.9, 99.99 or greater than 99.99% of the composition is retained in the target tissue. Advantageously, retention is determined by measuring the amount of the nucleic acid present in the composition that enters one or more target cells. For example, at least 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 99.9, 99.99 or greater than 99.99% of the nucleic acids administered to the subject are present intracellularly at a period of time following administration. For example, intramuscular injection to a mammalian subject is performed using an aqueous composition containing a ribonucleic acid and a transfection reagent, and retention of the composition is determined by measuring the amount of the ribonucleic acid present in the muscle cells.
+Aspects of the invention are directed to methods of providing a composition to a target tissue of a mammalian subject, by contacting the target tissue (containing one or more target cells) with the composition under conditions such that the composition is substantially retained in the target tissue. The composition contains an effective amount of a ribonucleic acid engineered to avoid an innate immune response of a cell into which the ribonucleic acid enters, where the ribonucleic acid contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide of interest, under conditions such that the polypeptide of interest is produced in at least one target cell. The compositions generally contain a cell penetration agent, although “naked” nucleic acid (such as nucleic acids without a cell penetration agent or other agent) is also contemplated, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
+In some circumstances, the amount of a protein produced by cells in a tissue is desirably increased. Preferably, this increase in protein production is spatially restricted to cells within the target tissue. Thus, provided are methods of increasing production of a protein of interest in a tissue of a mammalian subject. A composition is provided that contains a ribonucleic acid that is engineered to avoid an innate immune response of a cell into which the ribonucleic acid enters and encodes the polypeptide of interest and the composition is characterized in that a unit quantity of composition has been determined to produce the polypeptide of interest in a substantial percentage of cells contained within a predetermined volume of the target tissue. In some embodiments, the composition includes a plurality of different ribonucleic acids, where one or more than one of the ribonucleic acids is engineered to avoid an innate immune response of a cell into which the ribonucleic acid enters, and where one or more than one of the ribonucleic acids encodes a polypeptide of interest. Optionally, the composition also contains a cell penetration agent to assist in the intracellular delivery of the ribonucleic acid. A determination is made of the dose of the composition required to produce the polypeptide of interest in a substantial percentage of cells contained within the predetermined volume of the target tissue (generally, without inducing significant production of the polypeptide of interest in tissue adjacent to the predetermined volume, or distally to the target tissue). Subsequent to this determination, the determined dose is introduced directly into the tissue of the mammalian subject.
+Formulations which may be administered intramuscularly and/or subcutaneously may include, but are not limited to, polymers, copolymers, and gels. The polymers, copolymers and/or gels may further be adjusted to modify release kinetics by adjusting factors such as, but not limited to, molecular weight, particle size, payload and/or ratio of the monomers. As a non-limiting example, formulations administered intramuscularly and/or subcutaneously may include a copolymer such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid).
+Localized delivery of the compositions described herein may be administered by methods such as, but not limited to, topical delivery, ocular delivery, transdermal delivery, and the like. The composition may also be administered locally to a part of the body not normally available for localized delivery such as, but not limited to, when a subject's body is open to the environment during treatment. The composition may further be delivered by bathing, soaking and/or surrounding the body part with the composition.
+However, the present disclosure encompasses the delivery of mmRNA molecules or complexes, and/or pharmaceutical, prophylactic, diagnostic, or imaging compositions thereof, by any appropriate route taking into consideration likely advances in the sciences of drug delivery.
+The level or concentration of a mmRNA may be characterized using exosomes. A level or concentration of the mmRNA in exosomes can represent an expression level, presence, absence, truncation or alteration of the mmRNA. The level or concentration may be determined by a method such as, but not limited to, an assay using construct specific probes, cytometry, qRT-PCR, realtime PCR, PCR, flow cytometry, electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, or combinations thereof. Further, the level or concentration may be associated with a clinical phenotype. For analysis, the exosome may be isolated by a method such as, but not limited to, immunohistochemcial methods such as enzyme linked immonsorbent assay (ELISA) methods, size exclusion chromatography, density gradient centrifugation, differential centrifugation, nanomembrane ultrafiltration, immunoabsorbent capture, affinity purification, microfluidic separation, or combinations thereof.
+Pharmaceutical Compositions
+When administered to a subject the pharmaceutical compositions described herein may provide proteins which have been generated from modified mRNAs. Pharmaceutical compositions may optionally comprise one or more additional therapeutically active substances. In accordance with some embodiments, a method of administering pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more proteins to be delivered to a subject in need thereof is provided. In some embodiments, compositions are administered to human subjects. In a further embodiment, the compositions are administered to a subject who is a patient.
+Pharmaceutical compositions may optionally comprise one or more additional therapeutically active substances.
+In some embodiments, compositions are administered to humans. For the purposes of the present disclosure, the phrase “active ingredient” generally refers to a mmRNA to be delivered as described herein.
+Although the descriptions of pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are principally directed to pharmaceutical compositions which are suitable for administration to humans, it will be understood by the skilled artisan that such compositions are generally suitable for administration to animals of all sorts. Modification of pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration to humans in order to render the compositions suitable for administration to various animals is well understood, and the ordinarily skilled veterinary pharmacologist can design and/or perform such modification with merely ordinary, if any, experimentation. Subjects to which administration of the pharmaceutical compositions is contemplated include, but are not limited to, humans and/or other primates; mammals, including commercially relevant mammals such as cattle, pigs, horses, sheep, cats, dogs, mice, and/or rats; and/or birds, including commercially relevant birds such as chickens, ducks, geese, and/or turkeys.
+Formulations of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be prepared by any method known or hereafter developed in the art of pharmacology. In general, such preparatory methods include the step of bringing the active ingredient into association with an excipient and/or one or more other accessory ingredients, and then, if necessary and/or desirable, shaping and/or packaging the product into a desired single- or multi-dose unit.
+A pharmaceutical composition in accordance with the invention may be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in bulk, as a single unit dose, and/or as a plurality of single unit doses. As used herein, a “unit dose” is discrete amount of the pharmaceutical composition comprising a predetermined amount of the active ingredient. The amount of the active ingredient is generally equal to the dosage of the active ingredient which would be administered to a subject and/or a convenient fraction of such a dosage such as, for example, one-half or one-third of such a dosage.
+Relative amounts of the active ingredient, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, and/or any additional ingredients in a pharmaceutical composition in accordance with the invention will vary, depending upon the identity, size, and/or condition of the subject treated and further depending upon the route by which the composition is to be administered. By way of example, the composition may comprise between 0.1% and 100% (w/w) active ingredient.
+Pharmaceutical formulations may additionally comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, which, as used herein, includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, diluents, or other liquid vehicles, dispersion or suspension aids, surface active agents, isotonic agents, thickening or emulsifying agents, preservatives, solid binders, lubricants and the like, as suited to the particular dosage form desired. Remington's The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st Edition, A. R. Gennaro (Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md., 2006; incorporated herein by reference) discloses various excipients used in formulating pharmaceutical compositions and known techniques for the preparation thereof. Except insofar as any conventional excipient medium is incompatible with a substance or its derivatives, such as by producing any undesirable biological effect or otherwise interacting in a deleterious manner with any other component(s) of the pharmaceutical composition, its use is contemplated to be within the scope of this invention.
+In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% pure. In some embodiments, an excipient is approved for use in humans and for veterinary use.
+In some embodiments, an excipient is approved by United States Food and Drug Administration. In some embodiments, an excipient is pharmaceutical grade. In some embodiments, an excipient meets the standards of the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP), the European Pharmacopoeia (EP), the British Pharmacopoeia, and/or the International Pharmacopoeia.
+Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions include, but are not limited to, inert diluents, dispersing and/or granulating agents, surface active agents and/or emulsifiers, disintegrating agents, binding agents, preservatives, buffering agents, lubricating agents, and/or oils. Such excipients may optionally be included in pharmaceutical formulations. Excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes, coloring agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring, and/or perfuming agents can be present in the composition, according to the judgment of the formulator.
+Exemplary diluents include, but are not limited to, calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, calcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, sodium phosphate lactose, sucrose, cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, kaolin, mannitol, sorbitol, inositol, sodium chloride, dry starch, cornstarch, powdered sugar, etc., and/or combinations thereof.
+Exemplary granulating and/or dispersing agents include, but are not limited to, potato starch, corn starch, tapioca starch, sodium starch glycolate, clays, alginic acid, guar gum, citrus pulp, agar, bentonite, cellulose and wood products, natural sponge, cation-exchange resins, calcium carbonate, silicates, sodium carbonate, cross-linked poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone) (crospovidone), sodium carboxymethyl starch (sodium starch glycolate), carboxymethyl cellulose, cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (croscarmellose), methylcellulose, pregelatinized starch (starch 1500), microcrystalline starch, water insoluble starch, calcium carboxymethyl cellulose, magnesium aluminum silicate (Veegum), sodium lauryl sulfate, quaternary ammonium compounds, etc., and/or combinations thereof.
+Exemplary surface active agents and/or emulsifiers include, but are not limited to, natural emulsifiers (e.g. acacia, agar, alginic acid, sodium alginate, tragacanth, chondrux, cholesterol, xanthan, pectin, gelatin, egg yolk, casein, wool fat, cholesterol, wax, and lecithin), colloidal clays (e.g. bentonite [aluminum silicate] and Veegum® [magnesium aluminum silicate]), long chain amino acid derivatives, high molecular weight alcohols (e.g. stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, triacetin monostearate, ethylene glycol distearate, glyceryl monostearate, and propylene glycol monostearate, polyvinyl alcohol), carbomers (e.g. carboxy polymethylene, polyacrylic acid, acrylic acid polymer, and carboxyvinyl polymer), carrageenan, cellulosic derivatives (e.g. carboxymethylcellulose sodium, powdered cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methylcellulose), sorbitan fatty acid esters (e.g. polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate [TWEEN®20], polyoxyethylene sorbitan [TWEEN®60], polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate [TWEEN®80], sorbitan monopalmitate [SPAN®40], sorbitan monostearate [SPAN®60], sorbitan tristearate [SPAN®65], glyceryl monooleate, sorbitan monooleate [SPAN®80]), polyoxyethylene esters (e.g. polyoxyethylene monostearate [MYRJ®45], polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil, polyethoxylated castor oil, polyoxymethylene stearate, and SOLUTOL®), sucrose fatty acid esters, polyethylene glycol fatty acid esters (e.g. CREMOPHOR®), polyoxyethylene ethers, (e.g. polyoxyethylene lauryl ether [BRIJ® 30]), poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone), diethylene glycol monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, sodium oleate, potassium oleate, ethyl oleate, oleic acid, ethyl laurate, sodium lauryl sulfate, PLURONIC®F 68, POLOXAMER 188, cetrimonium bromide, cetylpyridinium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, docusate sodium, etc. and/or combinations thereof.
+Exemplary binding agents include, but are not limited to, starch (e.g. cornstarch and starch paste); gelatin; sugars (e.g. sucrose, glucose, dextrose, dextrin, molasses, lactose, lactitol, mannitol); natural and synthetic gums (e.g. acacia, sodium alginate, extract of Irish moss, panwar gum, ghatti gum, mucilage of isapol husks, carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose acetate, poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone), magnesium aluminum silicate (VEEGUM®), and larch arabogalactan); alginates; polyethylene oxide; polyethylene glycol; inorganic calcium salts; silicic acid; polymethacrylates; waxes; water; alcohol; etc.; and combinations thereof.
+Exemplary preservatives may include, but are not limited to, antioxidants, chelating agents, antimicrobial preservatives, antifungal preservatives, alcohol preservatives, acidic preservatives, and/or other preservatives. Exemplary antioxidants include, but are not limited to, alpha tocopherol, ascorbic acid, acorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, monothioglycerol, potassium metabisulfite, propionic acid, propyl gallate, sodium ascorbate, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, and/or sodium sulfite. Exemplary chelating agents include ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), citric acid monohydrate, disodium edetate, dipotassium edetate, edetic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, phosphoric acid, sodium edetate, tartaric acid, and/or trisodium edetate. Exemplary antimicrobial preservatives include, but are not limited to, benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, benzyl alcohol, bronopol, cetrimide, cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine, chlorobutanol, chlorocresol, chloroxylenol, cresol, ethyl alcohol, glycerin, hexetidine, imidurea, phenol, phenoxyethanol, phenylethyl alcohol, phenylmercuric nitrate, propylene glycol, and/or thimerosal. Exemplary antifungal preservatives include, but are not limited to, butyl paraben, methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, benzoic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, potassium benzoate, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium propionate, and/or sorbic acid. Exemplary alcohol preservatives include, but are not limited to, ethanol, polyethylene glycol, phenol, phenolic compounds, bisphenol, chlorobutanol, hydroxybenzoate, and/or phenylethyl alcohol. Exemplary acidic preservatives include, but are not limited to, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, citric acid, acetic acid, dehydroacetic acid, ascorbic acid, sorbic acid, and/or phytic acid. Other preservatives include, but are not limited to, tocopherol, tocopherol acetate, deteroxime mesylate, cetrimide, butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluened (BHT), ethylenediamine, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, potassium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, GLYDANT PLUS®, PHENONIP®, methylparaben, GERMALL® 115, GERMABEN® II, NEOLONE™, KATHON™, and/or EUXYL®.
+Exemplary buffering agents include, but are not limited to, citrate buffer solutions, acetate buffer solutions, phosphate buffer solutions, ammonium chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, calcium citrate, calcium glubionate, calcium gluceptate, calcium gluconate, D-gluconic acid, calcium glycerophosphate, calcium lactate, propanoic acid, calcium levulinate, pentanoic acid, dibasic calcium phosphate, phosphoric acid, tribasic calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide phosphate, potassium acetate, potassium chloride, potassium gluconate, potassium mixtures, dibasic potassium phosphate, monobasic potassium phosphate, potassium phosphate mixtures, sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, sodium lactate, dibasic sodium phosphate, monobasic sodium phosphate, sodium phosphate mixtures, tromethamine, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, alginic acid, pyrogen-free water, isotonic saline, Ringer's solution, ethyl alcohol, etc., and/or combinations thereof.
+Exemplary lubricating agents include, but are not limited to, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, silica, talc, malt, glyceryl behanate, hydrogenated vegetable oils, polyethylene glycol, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, leucine, magnesium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, etc., and combinations thereof.
+Exemplary oils include, but are not limited to, almond, apricot kernel, avocado, babassu, bergamot, black current seed, borage, cade, camomile, canola, caraway, carnauba, castor, cinnamon, cocoa butter, coconut, cod liver, coffee, corn, cotton seed, emu, eucalyptus, evening primrose, fish, flaxseed, geraniol, gourd, grape seed, hazel nut, hyssop, isopropyl myristate, jojoba, kukui nut, lavandin, lavender, lemon, litsea cubeba, macademia nut, mallow, mango seed, meadowfoam seed, mink, nutmeg, olive, orange, orange roughy, palm, palm kernel, peach kernel, peanut, poppy seed, pumpkin seed, rapeseed, rice bran, rosemary, safflower, sandalwood, sasquana, savoury, sea buckthorn, sesame, shea butter, silicone, soybean, sunflower, tea tree, thistle, tsubaki, vetiver, walnut, and wheat germ oils. Exemplary oils include, but are not limited to, butyl stearate, caprylic triglyceride, capric triglyceride, cyclomethicone, diethyl sebacate, dimethicone 360, isopropyl myristate, mineral oil, octyldodecanol, oleyl alcohol, silicone oil, and/or combinations thereof.
+Liquid dosage forms for oral and parenteral administration include, but are not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and/or elixirs. In addition to active ingredients, liquid dosage forms may comprise inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents, oral compositions can include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and/or perfuming agents. In certain embodiments for parenteral administration, compositions are mixed with solubilizing agents such as Cremophor®, alcohols, oils, modified oils, glycols, polysorbates, cyclodextrins, polymers, and/or combinations thereof.
+General considerations in the formulation and/or manufacture of pharmaceutical agents may be found, for example, in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy 21st ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005 (incorporated herein by reference).
+In order to prolong the effect of an active ingredient, it is often desirable to slow the absorption of the active ingredient from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle. Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the drug in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending upon the ratio of drug to polymer and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions which are compatible with body tissues.
+Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are typically suppositories which can be prepared by mixing compositions with suitable non-irritating excipients such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active ingredient. Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, an active ingredient is mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or fillers or extenders (e.g. starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid), binders (e.g. carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia), humectants (e.g. glycerol), disintegrating agents (e.g. agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate), solution retarding agents (e.g. paraffin), absorption accelerators (e.g. quaternary ammonium compounds), wetting agents (e.g. cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate), absorbents (e.g. kaolin and bentonite clay), and lubricants (e.g. talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate), and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage form may comprise buffering agents.
+Solid compositions of a similar type may be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like. Solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may optionally comprise opacifying agents and can be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. Solid compositions of a similar type may be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
+Dosage forms for topical and/or transdermal administration of a composition may include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants and/or patches. Generally, an active ingredient is admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and/or any needed preservatives and/or buffers as may be required. Topically-administrable formulations may, for example, comprise from about 1% to about 10% (w/w) active ingredient, although the concentration of active ingredient may be as high as the solubility limit of the active ingredient in the solvent. Formulations for topical administration may further comprise one or more of the additional ingredients described herein.
+A pharmaceutical composition may be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in a formulation suitable for pulmonary administration via the buccal cavity. Such a formulation may comprise dry particles which comprise the active ingredient and which have a diameter in the range from about 0.5 nm to about 7 nm or from about 1 nm to about 6 nm. Such compositions are suitably in the form of dry powders for administration using a device comprising a dry powder reservoir to which a stream of propellant may be directed to disperse the powder and/or using a self propelling solvent/powder dispensing container such as a device comprising the active ingredient dissolved and/or suspended in a low-boiling propellant in a sealed container. Such powders comprise particles wherein at least 98% of the particles by weight have a diameter greater than 0.5 nm and at least 95% of the particles by number have a diameter less than 7 nm. Alternatively, at least 95% of the particles by weight have a diameter greater than 1 nm and at least 90% of the particles by number have a diameter less than 6 nm. Dry powder compositions may include a solid fine powder diluent such as sugar and are conveniently provided in a unit dose form.
+Low boiling propellants generally include liquid propellants having a boiling point of below 65° F. at atmospheric pressure. Generally the propellant may constitute 50% to 99.9% (w/w) of the composition, and active ingredient may constitute 0.1% to 20% (w/w) of the composition. A propellant may further comprise additional ingredients such as a liquid non-ionic and/or solid anionic surfactant and/or a solid diluent (which may have a particle size of the same order as particles comprising the active ingredient).
+Pharmaceutical compositions formulated for pulmonary delivery may provide an active ingredient in the form of droplets of a solution and/or suspension. Such formulations may be prepared, packaged, and/or sold as aqueous and/or dilute alcoholic solutions and/or suspensions, optionally sterile, comprising active ingredient, and may conveniently be administered using any nebulization and/or atomization device. Such formulations may further comprise one or more additional ingredients including, but not limited to, a flavoring agent such as saccharin sodium, a volatile oil, a buffering agent, a surface active agent, and/or a preservative such as methylhydroxybenzoate. Droplets provided by this route of administration may have an average diameter in the range from about 0.1 nm to about 200 nm.
+Formulations described herein as being useful for pulmonary delivery are useful for intranasal delivery of a pharmaceutical composition. Another formulation suitable for intranasal administration is a coarse powder comprising the active ingredient and having an average particle from about 0.2 μm to 500 μm. Such a formulation is administered in the manner in which snuff is taken, i.e. by rapid inhalation through the nasal passage from a container of the powder held close to the nose.
+Formulations suitable for nasal administration may, for example, comprise from about as little as 0.1% (w/w) and as much as 100% (w/w) of active ingredient, and may comprise one or more of the additional ingredients described herein. A pharmaceutical composition may be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in a formulation suitable for buccal administration. Such formulations may, for example, be in the form of tablets and/or lozenges made using conventional methods, and may, for example, 0.1% to 20% (w/w) active ingredient, the balance comprising an orally dissolvable and/or degradable composition and, optionally, one or more of the additional ingredients described herein. Alternately, formulations suitable for buccal administration may comprise a powder and/or an aerosolized and/or atomized solution and/or suspension comprising active ingredient. Such powdered, aerosolized, and/or aerosolized formulations, when dispersed, may have an average particle and/or droplet size in the range from about 0.1 nm to about 200 nm, and may further comprise one or more of any additional ingredients described herein
+Properties of the Pharmaceutical Compositions
+The pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be characterized by one or more of the following properties:
+Bioavailability
+The mmRNA molecules, when formulated into a composition with a delivery agent as described herein, can exhibit an increase in bioavailability as compared to a composition lacking a delivery agent as described herein. As used herein, the term “bioavailability” refers to the systemic availability of a given amount of a mmRNA molecule administered to a mammal. Bioavailability can be assessed by measuring the area under the curve (AUC) or the maximum serum or plasma concentration (Cmax) of the unchanged form of a compound following administration of the compound to a mammal. AUC is a determination of the area under the curve plotting the serum or plasma concentration of a compound along the ordinate (Y-axis) against time along the abscissa (X-axis). Generally, the AUC for a particular compound can be calculated using methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art and as described in G. S. Banker, Modern Pharmaceutics, Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences, v. 72, Marcel Dekker, New York, Inc., 1996, herein incorporated by reference.
+The Cmax value is the maximum concentration of the compound achieved in the serum or plasma of a mammal following administration of the compound to the mammal. The Cmax value of a particular compound can be measured using methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The phrases “increasing bioavailability” or “improving the pharmacokinetics,” as used herein mean that the systemic availability of a first mmRNA molecule, measured as AUC, Cmax, or Cmin in a mammal is greater, when co-administered with a delivery agent as described herein, than when such co-administration does not take place. In some embodiments, the bioavailability of the mmRNA molecule can increase by at least about 2%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or about 100%.
+Therapeutic Window
+The mmRNA molecules, when formulated into a composition as described herein, can exhibit an increase in the therapeutic window of the administered mmRNA molecule composition as compared to the therapeutic window of the administered mmRNA molecule composition lacking a delivery agent as described herein. As used herein “therapeutic window” refers to the range of plasma concentrations, or the range of levels of therapeutically active substance at the site of action, with a high probability of eliciting a therapeutic effect. In some embodiments, the therapeutic window of the mmRNA molecule when co-administered with a delivery agent as described herein can increase by at least about 2%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or about 100%.
+Volume of Distribution
+The mmRNA molecules, when formulated into a composition as described herein, can exhibit an improved volume of distribution (Vdist). The volume of distribution (Vdist) relates the amount of the drug in the body to the concentration of the drug in the blood or plasma. As used herein, the term “volume of distribution” refers to the fluid volume that would be required to contain the total amount of the drug in the body at the same concentration as in the blood or plasma: Vdist equals the amount of drug in the body/concentration of drug in blood or plasma. For example, for a 10 mg dose and a plasma concentration of 10 mg/L, the volume of distribution would be 1 liter. The volume of distribution reflects the extent to which the drug is present in the extravascular tissue. A large volume of distribution reflects the tendency of a compound to bind to the tissue components compared with plasma protein binding. In a clinical setting, Vdist can be used to determine a loading dose to achieve a steady state concentration. In some embodiments, the volume of distribution of the mmRNA molecule when co-administered with a delivery agent as described herein can decrease at least about 2%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%.
+Devices and Methods for Multi-Administration
+Methods and devices for multi-administration may be employed to deliver the mmRNA of the present invention according to the split dosing regimens taught herein. Such methods and devices are described below.
+Method and devices known in the art for multi-administration to cells, organs and tissues are contemplated for use in conjunction with the methods and compositions disclosed herein as embodiments of the present invention. These include, for example, those methods and devices having multiple needles, hybrid devices employing for example lumens or catheters as well as devices utilizing heat, electric current or radiation driven mechanisms.
+According to the present invention, these multi-administration devices may be utilized to deliver the split doses contemplated herein.
+Suitable devices for use in delivering intradermal pharmaceutical compositions described herein include short needle devices such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,886,499; 5,190,521; 5,328,483; 5,527,288; 4,270,537; 5,015,235; 5,141,496; and 5,417,662. Intradermal compositions may be administered by devices which limit the effective penetration length of a needle into the skin, such as those described in PCT publication WO 99/34850 and functional equivalents thereof. Jet injection devices which deliver liquid compositions to the dermis via a liquid jet injector and/or via a needle which pierces the stratum corneum and produces a jet which reaches the dermis are suitable. Jet injection devices are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,480,381; 5,599,302; 5,334,144; 5,993,412; 5,649,912; 5,569,189; 5,704,911; 5,383,851; 5,893,397; 5,466,220; 5,339,163; 5,312,335; 5,503,627; 5,064,413; 5,520,639; 4,596,556; 4,790,824; 4,941,880; 4,940,460; and PCT publications WO 97/37705 and WO 97/13537. Ballistic powder/particle delivery devices which use compressed gas to accelerate vaccine in powder form through the outer layers of the skin to the dermis are suitable. Alternatively or additionally, conventional syringes may be used in the classical mantoux method of intradermal administration.
+A method for delivering therapeutic agents to a solid tissue has been described by Bahrami et al and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20110230839, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Bahrami, an array of needles is incorporated into a device which delivers a substantially equal amount of fluid at any location in said solid tissue along each needle's length.
+A device for delivery of biological material across the biological tissue has been described by Kodgule et al and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20110172610, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Kodgule, multiple hollow micro-needles made of one or more metals and having outer diameters from about 200 microns to about 350 microns and lengths of at least 100 microns are incorporated into the device which delivers peptides, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acid molecules, lipids and other pharmaceutically active ingredients or combinations thereof.
+A delivery probe for delivering a therapeutic agent to a tissue has been described by Gunday et al and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20110270184, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Gunday, multiple needles are incorporated into the device which moves the attached capsules between an activated position and an inactivated position to force the agent out of the capsules through the needles.
+A multiple-injection medical apparatus has been described by Assaf and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20110218497, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Assaf, multiple needles are incorporated into the device which has a chamber connected to one or more of said needles and a means for continuously refilling the chamber with the medical fluid after each injection.
+An at least partially implantable system for injecting a substance into a patient's body, in particular a penis erection stimulation system has been described by Forsell and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20110196198, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Forsell, multiple needles are incorporated into the device which is implanted along with one or more housings adjacent the patient's left and right corpora cavernosa. A reservoir and a pump are also implanted to supply drugs through the needles.
+A method for the transdermal delivery of a therapeutic effective amount of iron has been described by Berenson and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20100130910, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Berenson, multiple needles may be used to create multiple micro channels in stratum corneum to enhance transdermal delivery of the ionic iron on an iontophoretic patch.
+A method for delivery of biological material across the biological tissue has been described by Kodgule et al and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20110196308, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Kodgule, multiple biodegradable microneedles containing a therapeutic active ingredient are incorporated in a device which delivers proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acid molecules, lipids and other pharmaceutically active ingredients or combinations thereof.
+A transdermal patch comprising a botulinum toxin composition has been described by Donovan and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20080220020, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Donovan, multiple needles are incorporated into the patch which delivers botulinum toxin under stratum corneum through said needles which project through the stratum corneum of the skin without rupturing a blood vessel.
+A cryoprobe for administration of an active agent to a location of cryogenic treatment has been described by Toubia and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20080140061, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Toubia, multiple needles are incorporated into the probe which receives the active agent into a chamber and administers the agent to the tissue.
+A method for treating or preventing inflammation or promoting healthy joints has been described by Stock et al and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20090155186, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Stock, multiple needles are incorporated in a device which administers compositions containing signal transduction modulator compounds.
+A multi-site injection system has been described by Kimmell et al and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20100256594, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Kimmell, multiple needles are incorporated into a device which delivers a medication into a stratum corneum through the needles.
+A method for delivering interferons to the intradermal compartment has been described by Dekker et al and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20050181033, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Dekker, multiple needles having an outlet with an exposed height between 0 and 1 mm are incorporated into a device which improves pharmacokinetics and bioavailability by delivering the substance at a depth between 0.3 mm and 2 mm.
+A method for delivering genes, enzymes and biological agents to tissue cells has described by Desai and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20030073908, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Desai, multiple needles are incorporated into a device which is inserted into a body and delivers a medication fluid through said needles.
+A method for treating cardiac arrhythmias with fibroblast cells has been described by Lee et al and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20040005295, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Lee, multiple needles are incorporated into the device which delivers fibroblast cells into the local region of the tissue.
+A method using a magnetically controlled pump for treating a brain tumor has been described by Shachar et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,799,012 (method) and U.S. Pat. No. 7,799,016 (device), the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According Shachar, multiple needles were incorporated into the pump which pushes a medicating agent through the needles at a controlled rate.
+Methods of treating functional disorders of the bladder in mammalian females have been described by Versi et al and are taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 8,029,496, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Versi, an array of micro-needles is incorporated into a device which delivers a therapeutic agent through the needles directly into the trigone of the bladder.
+A micro-needle transdermal transport device has been described by Angel et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,364,568, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Angel, multiple needles are incorporated into the device which transports a substance into a body surface through the needles which are inserted into the surface from different directions.
+A device for subcutaneous infusion has been described by Dalton et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,150,726, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Dalton, multiple needles are incorporated into the device which delivers fluid through the needles into a subcutaneous tissue.
+A device and a method for intradermal delivery of vaccines and gene therapeutic agents through microcannula have been described by Mikszta et al and are taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,473,247, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Mitszta, at least one hollow micro-needle is incorporated into the device which delivers the vaccines to the subject's skin to a depth of between 0.025 mm and 2 mm.
+A method of delivering insulin has been described by Pettis et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,722,595, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Pettis, two needles are incorporated into a device wherein both needles insert essentially simultaneously into the skin with the first at a depth of less than 2.5 mm to deliver insulin to intradermal compartment and the second at a depth of greater than 2.5 mm and less than 5.0 mm to deliver insulin to subcutaneous compartment.
+Cutaneous injection delivery under suction has been described by Kochamba et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,896,666, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Kochamba, multiple needles in relative adjacency with each other are incorporated into a device which injects a fluid below the cutaneous layer.
+A device for withdrawing or delivering a substance through the skin has been described by Down et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,607,513, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Down, multiple skin penetrating members which are incorporated into the device have lengths of about 100 microns to about 2000 microns and are about 30 to 50 gauge.
+A device for delivering a substance to the skin has been described by Palmer et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,537,242, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Palmer, an array of micro-needles is incorporated into the device which uses a stretching assembly to enhance the contact of the needles with the skin and provides a more uniform delivery of the substance.
+A perfusion device for localized drug delivery has been described by Zamoyski and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,468,247, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Zamoyski, multiple hypodermic needles are incorporated into the device which injects the contents of the hypodermics into a tissue as said hypodermics are being retracted.
+A method for enhanced transport of drugs and biological molecules across tissue by improving the interaction between micro-needles and human skin has been described by Prausnitz et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,743,211, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Prausnitz, multiple micro-needles are incorporated into a device which is able to present a more rigid and less deformable surface to which the micro-needles are applied.
+A device for intraorgan administration of medicinal agents has been described by Ting et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,077,251, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Ting, multiple needles having side openings for enhanced administration are incorporated into a device which by extending and retracting said needles from and into the needle chamber forces a medicinal agent from a reservoir into said needles and injects said medicinal agent into a target organ.
+A multiple needle holder and a subcutaneous multiple channel infusion port has been described by Brown and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 4,695,273, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Brown, multiple needles on the needle holder are inserted through the septum of the infusion port and communicate with isolated chambers in said infusion port.
+A dual hypodermic syringe has been described by Horn and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 3,552,394, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Horn, two needles incorporated into the device are spaced apart less than 68 mm and may be of different styles and lengths, thus enabling injections to be made to different depths.
+A syringe with multiple needles and multiple fluid compartments has been described by Hershberg and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 3,572,336, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Hershberg, multiple needles are incorporated into the syringe which has multiple fluid compartments and is capable of simultaneously administering incompatible drugs which are not able to be mixed for one injection.
+A surgical instrument for intradermal injection of fluids has been described by Eliscu et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 2,588,623, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Eliscu, multiple needles are incorporated into the instrument which injects fluids intradermally with a wider disperse.
+An apparatus for simultaneous delivery of a substance to multiple breast milk ducts has been described by Hung and is taught for example in EP 1818017, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Hung, multiple lumens are incorporated into the device which inserts though the orifices of the ductal networks and delivers a fluid to the ductal networks.
+A catheter for introduction of medications to the tissue of a heart or other organs has been described by Tkebuchava and is taught for example in WO2006138109, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Tkebuchava, two curved needles are incorporated which enter the organ wall in a flattened trajectory.
+Devices for delivering medical agents have been described by Mckay et al and are taught for example in WO2006118804, the content of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Mckay, multiple needles with multiple orifices on each needle are incorporated into the devices to facilitate regional delivery to a tissue, such as the interior disc space of a spinal disc.
+A method for directly delivering an immunomodulatory substance into an intradermal space within a mammalian skin has been described by Pettis and is taught for example in WO2004020014, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Pettis, multiple needles are incorporated into a device which delivers the substance through the needles to a depth between 0.3 mm and 2 mm.
+Methods and devices for administration of substances into at least two compartments in skin for systemic absorption and improved pharmacokinetics have been described by Pettis et al and are taught for example in WO2003094995, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Pettis, multiple needles having lengths between about 300 um and about 5 mm are incorporated into a device which delivers to intradermal and subcutaneous tissue compartments simultaneously.
+A drug delivery device with needles and a roller has been described by Zimmerman et al and is taught for example in WO2012006259, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Zimmerman, multiple hollow needles positioned in a roller are incorporated into the device which delivers the content in a reservoir through the needles as the roller rotates.
+Methods and Devices Utilizing Catheters and/or Lumens
+Methods and devices using catheters and lumens may be employed to adminstered the mmRNA of the present invention on a split dosing schedule. Such methods and devices are described below.
+A catheter-based delivery of skeletal myoblasts to the myocardium of damaged hearts has been described by Jacoby et al and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20060263338, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Jacoby, multiple needles are incorporated into the device at least part of which is inserted into a blood vessel and delivers the cell composition through the needles into the localized region of the subject's heart.
+An apparatus for treating asthma using neurotoxin has been described by Deem et al and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20060225742, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Deem, multiple needles are incorporated into the device which delivers neurotoxin through the needles into the bronchial tissue.
+A method for administering multiple-component therapies has been described by Nayak and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,699,803, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Nayak, multiple injection cannulas may be incorporated into a device wherein depth slots may be included for controlling the depth at which the therapeutic substance is delivered within the tissue.
+A surgical device for ablating a channel and delivering at least one therapeutic agent into a desired region of the tissue has been described by McIntyre et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 8,012,096, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to McIntyre, multiple needles are incorporated into the device which dispenses a therapeutic agent into a region of tissue surrounding the channel and is particularly well suited for transmyocardial revascularization operations.
+Methods of treating functional disorders of the bladder in mammalian females have been described by Versi et al and are taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 8,029,496, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Versi, an array of micro-needles is incorporated into a device which delivers a therapeutic agent through the needles directly into the trigone of the bladder.
+A device and a method for delivering fluid into a flexible biological barrier have been described by Yeshurun et al and are taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,998,119 (device) and U.S. Pat. No. 8,007,466 (method), the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Yeshurun, the micro-needles on the device penetrate and extend into the flexible biological barrier and fluid is injected through the bore of the hollow micro-needles.
+A method for epicardially injecting a substance into an area of tissue of a heart having an epicardial surface and disposed within a torso has been described by Bonner et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,628,780, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Bonner, the devices have elongate shafts and distal injection heads for driving needles into tissue and injecting medical agents into the tissue through the needles.
+A device for sealing a puncture has been described by Nielsen et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,972,358, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Nielsen, multiple needles are incorporated into the device which delivers a closure agent into the tissue surrounding the puncture tract.
+A method for myogenesis and angiogenesis has been described by Chiu et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,551,338, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Chiu, 5 to 15 needles having a maximum diameter of at least 1.25 mm and a length effective to provide a puncture depth of 6 to 20 mm are incorporated into a device which inserts into proximity with a myocardium and supplies an exogeneous angiogenic or myogenic factor to said myocardium through the conduits which are in at least some of said needles.
+A method for the treatment of prostate tissue has been described by Bolmsj et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,524,270, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Bolmsj, a device comprising a catheter which is inserted through the urethra has at least one hollow tip extendible into the surrounding prostate tissue. An astringent and analgesic medicine is administered through said tip into said prostate tissue.
+A method for infusing fluids to an intraosseous site has been described by Findlay et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,761,726, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Findlay, multiple needles are incorporated into a device which is capable of penetrating a hard shell of material covered by a layer of soft material and delivers a fluid at a predetermined distance below said hard shell of material.
+A device for injecting medications into a vessel wall has been described by Vigil et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 5,713,863, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Vigil, multiple injectors are mounted on each of the flexible tubes in the device which introduces a medication fluid through a multi-lumen catheter, into said flexible tubes and out of said injectors for infusion into the vessel wall.
+A catheter for delivering therapeutic and/or diagnostic agents to the tissue surrounding a bodily passageway has been described by Faxon et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 5,464,395, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Faxon, at least one needle cannula is incorporated into the catheter which delivers the desired agents to the tissue through said needles which project outboard of the catheter.
+Balloon catheters for delivering therapeutic agents have been described by Orr and are taught for example in WO2010024871, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Orr, multiple needles are incorporated into the devices which deliver the therapeutic agents to different depths within the tissue.
+Methods and Devices Utilizing Electrical Current
+Methods and devices utilizing electric current may be employed to deliver the mmRNA of the present invention according to the split dosing regimens taught herein. Such methods and devices are described below.
+An electro collagen induction therapy device has been described by Marquez and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20090137945, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Marquez, multiple needles are incorporated into the device which repeatedly pierce the skin and draw in the skin a portion of the substance which is applied to the skin first.
+An electrokinetic system has been described by Etheredge et al and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20070185432, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Etheredge, micro-needles are incorporated into a device which drives by an electrical current the medication through the needles into the targeted treatment site.
+An iontophoresis device has been described by Matsumura et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,437,189, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Matsumura, multiple needles are incorporated into the device which is capable of delivering ionizable drug into a living body at higher speed or with higher efficiency.
+Intradermal delivery of biologically active agents by needle-free injection and electroporation has been described by Hoffmann et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,171,264, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Hoffmann, one or more needle-free injectors are incorporated into an electroporation device and the combination of needle-free injection and electroporation is sufficient to introduce the agent into cells in skin, muscle or mucosa.
+A method for electropermeabilization-mediated intracellular delivery has been described by Lundkvist et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,625,486, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Lundkvist, a pair of needle electrodes is incorporated into a catheter. Said catheter is positioned into a body lumen followed by extending said needle electrodes to penetrate into the tissue surrounding said lumen. Then the device introduces an agent through at least one of said needle electrodes and applies electric field by said pair of needle electrodes to allow said agent pass through the cell membranes into the cells at the treatment site.
+A delivery system for transdermal immunization has been described by Levin et al and is taught for example in WO2006003659, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Levin, multiple electrodes are incorporated into the device which applies electrical energy between the electrodes to generate micro channels in the skin to facilitate transdermal delivery.
+A method for delivering RF energy into skin has been described by Schomacker and is taught for example in WO2011163264, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Schomacker, multiple needles are incorporated into a device which applies vacuum to draw skin into contact with a plate so that needles insert into skin through the holes on the plate and deliver RF energy.
+Devices and Kits
+Devices may also be used in conjunction with the present invention. In one embodiment, a device is used to assess levels of a protein which has been administered in the form of a modified mRNA. The device may comprise a blood, urine or other biofluidic test. It may be as large as to include an automated central lab platform or a small decentralized bench top device. It may be point of care or a handheld device. The device may be useful in drug discovery efforts as a companion diagnostic.
+In some embodiments the device is self-contained, and is optionally capable of wireless remote access to obtain instructions for synthesis and/or analysis of the generated nucleic acid. The device is capable of mobile synthesis of at least one nucleic acid, and preferably an unlimited number of different nucleic acid sequences. In certain embodiments, the device is capable of being transported by one or a small number of individuals. In other embodiments, the device is scaled to fit on a benchtop or desk. In other embodiments, the device is scaled to fit into a suitcase, backpack or similarly sized object. In further embodiments, the device is scaled to fit into a vehicle, such as a car, truck or ambulance, or a military vehicle such as a tank or personnel carrier. The information necessary to generate a modified mRNA encoding protein of interest is present within a computer readable medium present in the device.
+In some embodiments, the device is capable of communication (e.g., wireless communication) with a database of nucleic acid and polypeptide sequences. The device contains at least one sample block for insertion of one or more sample vessels. Such sample vessels are capable of accepting in liquid or other form any number of materials such as template DNA, nucleotides, enzymes, buffers, and other reagents. The sample vessels are also capable of being heated and cooled by contact with the sample block. The sample block is generally in communication with a device base with one or more electronic control units for the at least one sample block. The sample block preferably contains a heating module, such heating molecule capable of heating and/or cooling the sample vessels and contents thereof to temperatures between about −20 C and above +100 C. The device base is in communication with a voltage supply such as a battery or external voltage supply. The device also contains means for storing and distributing the materials for RNA synthesis.
+Optionally, the sample block contains a module for separating the synthesized nucleic acids. Alternatively, the device contains a separation module operably linked to the sample block. Preferably the device contains a means for analysis of the synthesized nucleic acid. Such analysis includes sequence identity (demonstrated such as by hybridization), absence of non-desired sequences, measurement of integrity of synthesized mRNA (such has by microfluidic viscometry combined with spectrophotometry), and concentration and/or potency of modified RNA (such as by spectrophotometry).
+In certain embodiments, the device is combined with a means for detection of pathogens present in a biological material obtained from a subject, e.g., the IBIS PLEX-ID system (Abbott) for microbial identification.
+The present invention provides for devices which incorporate mmRNA that encode proteins of interest. These devices may be implantable in an animal subject or may supply mmRNA formulations via a catheter or lumen. The device may be connected to or incorporate a pump. Such devices include those which can deliver therapeutics to areas of the body not readily accessible such as the CNS or across the blood brain barrier. In this embodiment the split dosing regimen can be implemented using a regulated pump.
+Kits
+The invention provides a variety of kits for conveniently and/or effectively carrying out methods of the present invention. Typically kits will comprise sufficient amounts and/or numbers of components to allow a user to perform multiple treatments of a subject(s) and/or to perform multiple experiments.
+In one aspect, the present invention provides kits for protein production, comprising a first isolated nucleic acid comprising a translatable region and a nucleic acid modification, wherein the nucleic acid may be capable of evading an innate immune response of a cell into which the first isolated nucleic acid may be introduced, and packaging and instructions. The kit may further comprise a delivery agent to form a formulation composition. The delivery composition may comprise a lipidoid. The lipoid may be selected from, but is not limited to, C12-200, 98N12-5, MD1, DLin-DMA, DLin-K-DMA, DLin-KC2-DMA, DLin-MC3-DMA and analogs thereof.
+In one aspect, the present invention provides kits for protein production, comprising a first isolated nucleic acid comprising a translatable region and a nucleoside modification, wherein the nucleic acid exhibits reduced degradation by a cellular nuclease, and packaging and instructions.
+In one aspect, the present invention provides kits for protein production, comprising a first isolated nucleic acid comprising a translatable region and at least two different nucleoside modifications, wherein the nucleic acid exhibits reduced degradation by a cellular nuclease, and packaging and instructions.
+In some embodiments, kits would provide split doses or instructions for the administration of split dosages of the mmRNA of the kit.
+DEFINITIONS
+At various places in the present specification, substituents of compounds of the present disclosure are disclosed in groups or in ranges. It is specifically intended that the present disclosure include each and every individual subcombination of the members of such groups and ranges. For example, the term “C1-6 alkyl” is specifically intended to individually disclose methyl, ethyl, C3 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C5 alkyl, and C6 alkyl.
+Animal: As used herein, the term “animal” refers to any member of the animal kingdom. In some embodiments, “animal” refers to humans at any stage of development. In some embodiments, “animal” refers to non-human animals at any stage of development. In certain embodiments, the non-human animal is a mammal (e.g., a rodent, a mouse, a rat, a rabbit, a monkey, a dog, a cat, a sheep, cattle, a primate, or a pig). In some embodiments, animals include, but are not limited to, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and worms. In some embodiments, the animal is a transgenic animal, genetically-engineered animal, or a clone.
+Approximately: As used herein, the term “approximately” or “about,” as applied to one or more values of interest, refers to a value that is similar to a stated reference value. In certain embodiments, the term “approximately” or “about” refers to a range of values that fall within 25%, 20%, 19%, 18%, 17%, 16%, 15%, 14%, 13%, 12%, 11%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or less in either direction (greater than or less than) of the stated reference value unless otherwise stated or otherwise evident from the context (except where such number would exceed 100% of a possible value).
+Associated with: As used herein, the terms “associated with,” “conjugated,” “linked,” “attached,” and “tethered,” when used with respect to two or more moieties, means that the moieties are physically associated or connected with one another, either directly or via one or more additional moieties that serves as a linking agent, to form a structure that is sufficiently stable so that the moieties remain physically associated under the conditions in which the structure is used, e.g., physiological conditions. An “association” need not be strictly through direct covalent chemical bonding. It may also suggest ionic or hydrogen bonding or a hybridization based connectivity sufficiently stable such that the “associated” entities remain physically associated.
+Bifunctional: As used herein, the term “bifunctional” refers to any substance, molecule or moiety which is capable of or maintains at least two functions. The functions may effect the same outcome or a different outcome. The structure that produces the function may be the same or different. For example, bifunctional modified RNAs of the present invention may encode a cytotoxic peptide (a first function) while those nucleosides which comprise the encoding RNA are, in and of themselves, cytotoxic (second function). In this example, delivery of the bifunctional modified RNA to a cancer cell would produce not only a peptide or protein molecule which may ameliorate or treat the cancer but would also deliver a cytotoxic payload of nucleosides to the cell should degredation, instead of translation of the modified RNA, occur.
+Biologically active: As used herein, the phrase “biologically active” refers to a characteristic of any substance that has activity in a biological system and/or organism. For instance, a substance that, when administered to an organism, has a biological affect on that organism, is considered to be biologically active. In particular embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention may be considered biologically active if even a portion of the nucleic acid molecule is biologically active or mimics an activity considered biologically relevant.
+Chemical terms: As used herein, the term “alkyl” is meant to refer to a saturated hydrocarbon group which is straight-chained or branched. Example alkyl groups include methyl (Me), ethyl (Et), propyl (e.g., n-propyl and isopropyl), butyl (e.g., n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl), pentyl (e.g., n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl), and the like. An alkyl group can contain from 1 to about 20, from 2 to about 20, from 1 to about 12, from 1 to about 8, from 1 to about 6, from 1 to about 4, or from 1 to about 3 carbon atoms.
+As used herein, “alkenyl” refers to an alkyl group having one or more double carbon-carbon bonds. Example alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, and the like.
+As used herein, “alkoxy” refers to an —O-alkyl group. Example alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy (e.g., n-propoxy and isopropoxy), t-butoxy, and the like.
+As used herein, “alkenyl” refers to an alkyl, as defined above, containing at least one double bond between adjacent carbon atoms. Alkenyls include both cis and trans isomers. Representative straight chain and branched alkenyls include ethylenyl, propylenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, isobutylenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-methyl-1-butenyl, 2-methyl-2-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, and the like.
+As used herein, “alkynyl” refers to an alkyl group having one or more triple carbon-carbon bonds. Example alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propynyl, and the like.
+As used herein, “aryl” refers to monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., having 2, 3 or 4 fused rings) aromatic hydrocarbons such as, for example, phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, indanyl, indenyl, and the like. In some embodiments, aryl groups have from 6 to about 20 carbon atoms.
+As used herein, “halo” or “halogen” includes fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo.
+Compound: As used herein, the term “compound,” is meant to include all stereoisomers, geometric isomers, tautomers, and isotopes of the structures depicted.
+The compounds described herein can be asymmetric (e.g., having one or more stereocenters). All stereoisomers, such as enantiomers and diastereomers, are intended unless otherwise indicated. Compounds of the present disclosure that contain asymmetrically substituted carbon atoms can be isolated in optically active or racemic forms. Methods on how to prepare optically active forms from optically active starting materials are known in the art, such as by resolution of racemic mixtures or by stereoselective synthesis. Many geometric isomers of olefins, C═N double bonds, and the like can also be present in the compounds described herein, and all such stable isomers are contemplated in the present disclosure. Cis and trans geometric isomers of the compounds of the present disclosure are described and may be isolated as a mixture of isomers or as separated isomeric forms.
+Compounds of the present disclosure also include tautomeric forms. Tautomeric forms result from the swapping of a single bond with an adjacent double bond and the concomitant migration of a proton. Tautomeric forms include prototropic tautomers which are isomeric protonation states having the same empirical formula and total charge. Examples prototropic tautomers include ketone—enol pairs, amide—imidic acid pairs, lactam—lactim pairs, amide—imidic acid pairs, enamine—imine pairs, and annular forms where a proton can occupy two or more positions of a heterocyclic system, such as, 1H- and 3H-imidazole, 1H-, 2H- and 4H-1,2,4-triazole, 1H- and 2H-isoindole, and 1H- and 2H-pyrazole. Tautomeric forms can be in equilibrium or sterically locked into one form by appropriate substitution.
+Compounds of the present disclosure also include all of the isotopes of the atoms occurring in the intermediate or final compounds. “Isotopes” refers to atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers resulting from a different number of neutrons in the nuclei. For example, isotopes of hydrogen include tritium and deuterium.
+The compounds and salts of the present disclosure can be prepared in combination with solvent or water molecules to form solvates and hydrates by routine methods.
+Conserved: As used herein, the term “conserved” refers to nucleotides or amino acid residues of a polynucleotide sequence or polypeptide sequence, respectively, that are those that occur unaltered in the same position of two or more sequences being compared. Nucleotides or amino acids that are relatively conserved are those that are conserved amongst more related sequences than nucleotides or amino acids appearing elsewhere in the sequences.
+In some embodiments, two or more sequences are said to be “completely conserved” if they are 100% identical to one another. In some embodiments, two or more sequences are said to be “highly conserved” if they are at least 70% identical, at least 80% identical, at least 90% identical, or at least 95% identical to one another. In some embodiments, two or more sequences are said to be “highly conserved” if they are about 70% identical, about 80% identical, about 90% identical, about 95%, about 98%, or about 99% identical to one another. In some embodiments, two or more sequences are said to be “conserved” if they are at least 30% identical, at least 40% identical, at least 50% identical, at least 60% identical, at least 70% identical, at least 80% identical, at least 90% identical, or at least 95% identical to one another. In some embodiments, two or more sequences are said to be “conserved” if they are about 30% identical, about 40% identical, about 50% identical, about 60% identical, about 70% identical, about 80% identical, about 90% identical, about 95% identical, about 98% identical, or about 99% identical to one another. Conservation of sequence may apply to the entire length of an oligonucleotide or polypeptide or may apply to a portion, region or feature thereof.
+Delivery: As used herein, “delivery” refers to the act or manner of delivering a compound, substance, entity, moiety, cargo or payload.
+Delivery Agent: As used herein, “delivery agent” refers to any substance which facilitates, at least in part, the in vivo delivery of a nucleic acid molecule to targeted cells.
+Detectable label: As used herein, “detectable label” refers to one or more markers, signals, or moieties which are attached, incorporated or associated with another entity that is readily detected by methods known in the art including radiography, fluorescence, chemiluminescence, enzymatic activity, absorbance and the like. Detectable labels include radioisotopes, fluorophores, chromophores, enzymes, dyes, metal ions, ligands such as biotin, avidin, strepavidin and haptens, quantum dots, and the like. Detectable labels may be located at any position in the peptides or proteins disclosed herein. They may be within the amino acids, the peptides, or proteins, or located at the N- or C-termini.
+Distal: As used herein “distal” means farther from center mass or line of symmetry of subject or reference point. For limbs, it is farther from body.
+Dosing regimen: As used herein, a “dosing regimen” is a schedule of administration or physician determined regimen of treatment, prophylaxis, or palliative care.
+Dose splitting factor (DSF)-ratio of PUD of dose split treatment divided by PUD of total daily dose or single unit dose. The value is derived from comparison of dosing regimens groups.
+Expression: As used herein, “expression” of a nucleic acid sequence refers to one or more of the following events: (1) production of an RNA template from a DNA sequence (e.g., by transcription); (2) processing of an RNA transcript (e.g., by splicing, editing, 5′ cap formation, and/or 3′ end processing); (3) translation of an RNA into a polypeptide or protein; and (4) post-translational modification of a polypeptide or protein.
+Formulation: As used herein, a “formulation” includes at least a modified nucleic acid molecule and a delivery agent.
+Functional: As used herein, a “functional” biological molecule is a biological molecule in a form in which it exhibits a property and/or activity by which it is characterized.
+Homology: As used herein, the term “homology” refers to the overall relatedness between polymeric molecules, e.g. between nucleic acid molecules (e.g. DNA molecules and/or RNA molecules) and/or between polypeptide molecules. In some embodiments, polymeric molecules are considered to be “homologous” to one another if their sequences are at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% identical. In some embodiments, polymeric molecules are considered to be “homologous” to one another if their sequences are at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% similar. The term “homologous” necessarily refers to a comparison between at least two sequences (polynucleotide or polypeptide sequences).
+In accordance with the invention, two polynucleotide sequences are considered to be homologous if the polypeptides they encode are at least about 50% identical, at least about 60% identical, at least about 70% identical, at least about 80% identical, or at least about 90% identical for at least one stretch of at least about 20 amino acids.
+In some embodiments, homologous polynucleotide sequences are characterized by the ability to encode a stretch of at least 4-5 uniquely specified amino acids. For polynucleotide sequences less than 60 nucleotides in length, homology is determined by the ability to encode a stretch of at least 4-5 uniquely specified amino acids. In accordance with the invention, two protein sequences are considered to be homologous if the proteins are at least about 50% identical, at least about 60% identical, at least about 70% identical, at least about 80% identical, or at least about 90% identical for at least one stretch of at least about 20 amino acids.
+Identity: As used herein, the term “identity” refers to the overall relatedness between polymeric molecules, e.g., between oligonucleotide molecules (e.g. DNA molecules and/or RNA molecules) and/or between polypeptide molecules. Calculation of the percent identity of two polynucleotide sequences, for example, can be performed by aligning the two sequences for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in one or both of a first and a second nucleic acid sequences for optimal alignment and non-identical sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes). In certain embodiments, the length of a sequence aligned for comparison purposes is at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% of the length of the reference sequence. The nucleotides at corresponding nucleotide positions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same nucleotide as the corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position. The percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences, taking into account the number of gaps, and the length of each gap, which needs to be introduced for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The comparison of sequences and determination of percent identity between two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm. For example, the percent identity between two nucleotide sequences can be determined using methods such as those described in Computational Molecular Biology, Lesk, A. M., ed., Oxford University Press, New York, 1988; Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects, Smith, D. W., ed., Academic Press, New York, 1993; Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology, von Heinje, G., Academic Press, 1987; Computer Analysis of Sequence Data, Part I, Griffin, A. M., and Griffin, H. G., eds., Humana Press, New Jersey, 1994; and Sequence Analysis Primer, Gribskov, M. and Devereux, J., eds., M Stockton Press, New York, 1991; each of which is incorporated herein by reference. For example, the percent identity between two nucleotide sequences can be determined using the algorithm of Meyers and Miller (CABIOS, 1989, 4:11-17), which has been incorporated into the ALIGN program (version 2.0) using a PAM120 weight residue table, a gap length penalty of 12 and a gap penalty of 4. The percent identity between two nucleotide sequences can, alternatively, be determined using the GAP program in the GCG software package using an NWSgapdna.CMP matrix. Methods commonly employed to determine percent identity between sequences include, but are not limited to those disclosed in Carillo, H., and Lipman, D., SIAM J Applied Math., 48:1073 (1988); incorporated herein by reference. Techniques for determining identity are codified in publicly available computer programs. Exemplary computer software to determine homology between two sequences include, but are not limited to, GCG program package, Devereux, J., et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 12(1), 387 (1984)), BLASTP, BLASTN, and FASTA Atschul, S. F. et al., J. Molec. Biol., 215, 403 (1990)).
+Inhibit expression of a gene: As used herein, the phrase “inhibit expression of a gene” means to cause a reduction in the amount of an expression product of the gene. The expression product can be an RNA transcribed from the gene (e.g., an mRNA) or a polypeptide translated from an mRNA transcribed from the gene. Typically a reduction in the level of an mRNA results in a reduction in the level of a polypeptide translated therefrom. The level of expression may be determined using standard techniques for measuring mRNA or protein.
+In vitro: As used herein, the term “in vitro” refers to events that occur in an artificial environment, e.g., in a test tube or reaction vessel, in cell culture, in a Petri dish, etc., rather than within an organism (e.g., animal, plant, or microbe).
+In vivo: As used herein, the term “in vivo” refers to events that occur within an organism (e.g., animal, plant, or microbe or cell or tissue thereof).
+Isolated: As used herein, the term “isolated” refers to a substance or entity that has been separated from at least some of the components with which it was associated (whether in nature or in an experimental setting). Isolated substances may have varying levels of purity in reference to the substances from which they have been associated. Isolated substances and/or entities may be separated from at least about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or more of the other components with which they were initially associated. In some embodiments, isolated agents are more than about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or more than about 99% pure. As used herein, a substance is “pure” if it is substantially free of other components. Substantially isolated: By “substantially isolated” is meant that the compound is substantially separated from the environment in which it was formed or detected. Partial separation can include, for example, a composition enriched in the compound of the present disclosure. Substantial separation can include compositions containing at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 97%, or at least about 99% by weight of the compound of the present disclosure, or salt thereof. Methods for isolating compounds and their salts are routine in the art.
+Modified: As used herein “modified” refers to a changed state or structure of a molecule of the invention. Molecules may be modified in many ways including chemically, structurally, and functionally. In one embodiment, the mRNA molecules of the present invention are modified by the introduction of non-natural nucleosides and/or nucleotides. Modified, as it pertains to a modified mRNA may also mean any alteration which is different from the wild type.
+Naturally occurring: As used herein, “naturally occurring” means existing in nature without artificial aid.
+Patient: As used herein, “patient” refers to a subject who may seek or be in need of treatment, requires treatment, is receiving treatment, will receive treatment, or a subject who is under care by a trained professional for a particular disease or condition.
+Peptide: As used herein, “peptide” is less than or equal to 50 amino acids long, e.g., about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 amino acids long.
+Prodrug: The present disclosure also includes prodrugs of the compounds described herein. As used herein, “prodrugs” refer to any substance, molecule or entity which is in a form predicate for that substance, molecule or entity to act as a therapeutic upon chemical or physical alteration. Prodrugs may by covalently bonded or sequestested in some way and which release or are converted into the active drug moiety prior to, upon or after administered to a mammalian subject. Prodrugs can be prepared by modifying functional groups present in the compounds in such a way that the modifications are cleaved, either in routine manipulation or in vivo, to the parent compounds. Prodrugs include compounds wherein hydroxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, or carboxyl groups are bonded to any group that, when administered to a mammalian subject, cleaves to form a free hydroxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, or carboxyl group respectively. Preparation and use of prodrugs is discussed in T. Higuchi and V. Stella, “Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems,” Vol. 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series, and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, ed. Edward B. Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
+Proliferate: As used herein, the term “proliferate” means to grow, expand or increase or cause to grow, expand or increase rapidly. “Proliferative” means having the ability to proliferate. “Anti-proliferative” means having properties counter to or inapposite to proliferative properties.
+Pharmaceutically acceptable: The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
+Pharmaceutically acceptable salts: The present disclosure also includes pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds described herein. As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to derivatives of the disclosed compounds wherein the parent compound is modified by converting an existing acid or base moiety to its salt form. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines; alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids; and the like. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present disclosure include the conventional non-toxic salts of the parent compound formed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present disclosure can be synthesized from the parent compound which contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two; generally, nonaqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile are preferred. Lists of suitable salts are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1985, p. 1418 and Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 66, 2 (1977), each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
+Polypeptide: As used herein, “polypeptide” means a polymer of amino acid residues linked together by peptide bonds. The term, as used herein, refers to proteins, polypeptides, and peptides of any size, structure, or function. Typically, however, a polypeptide will be at least 50 amino acids long. In some instances the polypeptide encoded is smaller than about 50 amino acids and the polypeptide is termed a peptide. If the polypeptide is a peptide, it will be at least about 5 amino acid residues long. Thus, polypeptides include gene products, naturally occurring polypeptides, synthetic polypeptides, homologs, orthologs, paralogs, fragments and other equivalents, variants, and analogs of the foregoing. A polypeptide may be a single molecule or may be a multi-molecular complex such as a dimer, trimer or tetramer. The term polypeptide may also apply to amino acid polymers in which one or more amino acid residues are an artificial chemical analogue of a corresponding naturally occurring amino acid.
+Polypeptide per unit drug (PUD): As used herein, a PUD or product per unit drug, is defined as a subdivided portion of total daily dose, usually 1 mg, pg, kg, etc., of a product (such as a polypeptide) as measured in body fluid or tissue, usually defined in concentration such as pmol/mL, mmol/mL, etc divided by the measure in the body fluid.
+Proximal: As used herein, “proximal” means closer to center mass or line of symmetry of subject or reference point. For limbs, it is closer to body.
+Sample: As used herein, the term “sample” refers to a subset of its tissues, cells or component parts (e.g. body fluids, including but not limited to peripheral blood, serum, plasma, ascites, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), sputum, saliva, bone marrow, synovial fluid, aqueous humor, amniotic fluid, cerumen, breast milk, broncheoalveolar lavage fluid, semen, prostatic fluid, cowper's fluid or pre-ejaculatory fluid, sweat, fecal matter, hair, tears, cyst fluid, pleural and peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid, lymph, chyme, chyle, bile, interstitial fluid, menses, pus, sebum, vomit, vaginal secretions, mucosal secretion, stool water, pancreatic juice, lavage fluids from sinus cavities, bronchopulmonary aspirates, blastocyl cavity fluid, and umbilical cord blood). A sample further may include a homogenate, lysate or extract prepared from a whole organism or a subset of its tissues, cells or component parts, or a fraction or portion thereof, including but not limited to, for example, plasma, serum, spinal fluid, lymph fluid, the external sections of the skin, respiratory, intestinal, and genitourinary tracts, tears, saliva, milk, blood cells, tumors, organs. A sample further refers to a medium, such as a nutrient broth or gel, which may contain cellular components, such as proteins or nucleic acid molecule.
+Similarity: As used herein, the term “similarity” refers to the overall relatedness between polymeric molecules, e.g. between polynucleotide molecules (e.g. DNA molecules and/or RNA molecules) and/or between polypeptide molecules. Calculation of percent similarity of polymeric molecules to one another can be performed in the same manner as a calculation of percent identity, except that calculation of percent similarity takes into account conservative substitutions as is understood in the art.
+Stable: As used herein “stable” refers to a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture, and preferably capable of formulation into an efficacious therapeutic agent.
+Subject: As used herein, the term “subject” or “patient” refers to any organism to which a composition in accordance with the invention may be administered, e.g., for experimental, diagnostic, prophylactic, and/or therapeutic purposes. Typical subjects include animals (e.g., mammals such as mice, rats, rabbits, non-human primates, and humans) and/or plants.
+Substantially: As used herein, the term “substantially” refers to the qualitative condition of exhibiting total or near-total extent or degree of a characteristic or property of interest. One of ordinary skill in the biological arts will understand that biological and chemical phenomena rarely, if ever, go to completion and/or proceed to completeness or achieve or avoid an absolute result. The term “substantially” is therefore used herein to capture the potential lack of completeness inherent in many biological and chemical phenomena.
+Substantially equal: As used herein as it relates to time differences between doses, the term means plus/minus 2%.
+Substantially simultaneously: As used herein and as it relates to plurality of doses, the term means within 2 seconds.
+Simultaneously: As used herein, “simultaneously” means within scientific reproducibility, at same time.
+Suffering from: An individual who is “suffering from” a disease, disorder, and/or condition has been diagnosed with or displays one or more symptoms of a disease, disorder, and/or condition.
+Susceptible to: An individual who is “susceptible to” a disease, disorder, and/or condition has not been diagnosed with and/or may not exhibit symptoms of the disease, disorder, and/or condition but harbors a propensity to develop a disease or its symptoms. In some embodiments, an individual who is susceptible to a disease, disorder, and/or condition (for example, cancer) may be characterized by one or more of the following: (1) a genetic mutation associated with development of the disease, disorder, and/or condition; (2) a genetic polymorphism associated with development of the disease, disorder, and/or condition; (3) increased and/or decreased expression and/or activity of a protein and/or nucleic acid associated with the disease, disorder, and/or condition; (4) habits and/or lifestyles associated with development of the disease, disorder, and/or condition; (5) a family history of the disease, disorder, and/or condition; and (6) exposure to and/or infection with a microbe associated with development of the disease, disorder, and/or condition. In some embodiments, an individual who is susceptible to a disease, disorder, and/or condition will develop the disease, disorder, and/or condition. In some embodiments, an individual who is susceptible to a disease, disorder, and/or condition will not develop the disease, disorder, and/or condition.
+Synthetic: The term “synthetic” means produced, prepared, and/or manufactured by the hand of man. Synthesis of polynucleotides or polypeptides or other molecules of the present invention may be chemical or enzymatic.
+Single unit dose: As used herein, a “single unit dose” is a dose of any therapeutic administered in one dose/at one time/single route/single point of contact, i.e., single administration event.
+Total daily dose: As used herein, a “total daily dose” is an amount given or prescribed in 24 hr period. It may be administered as a single unit dose.
+Split dose: As used herein, a “split dose” is the division of single unit dose or total daily dose into two or more doses.
+Targeted Cells: As used herein, “targeted cells” refers to any one or more cells of interest. The cells may be found in vitro, in vivo, in situ or in the tissue or organ of an organism. The organism may be an animal, preferably a mammal, more preferably a human and most preferably a patient.
+Therapeutic Agent: The term “therapeutic agent” refers to any agent that, when administered to a subject, has a therapeutic, diagnostic, and/or prophylactic effect and/or elicits a desired biological and/or pharmacological effect.
+Therapeutically effective amount: As used herein, the term “therapeutically effective amount” means an amount of an agent to be delivered (e.g., nucleic acid, drug, therapeutic agent, diagnostic agent, prophylactic agent, etc.) that is sufficient, when administered to a subject suffering from or susceptible to a disease, disorder, and/or condition, to treat, improve symptoms of, diagnose, prevent, and/or delay the onset of the disease, disorder, and/or condition.
+Transcription factor: As used herein, the term “transcription factor” refers to a DNA-binding protein that regulates transcription of DNA into RNA, for example, by activation or repression of transcription. Some transcription factors effect regulation of transcription alone, while others act in concert with other proteins. Some transcription factor can both activate and repress transcription under certain conditions. In general, transcription factors bind a specific target sequence or sequences highly similar to a specific consensus sequence in a regulatory region of a target gene. Transcription factors may regulate transcription of a target gene alone or in a complex with other molecules.
+Treating: As used herein, the term “treating” refers to partially or completely alleviating, ameliorating, improving, relieving, delaying onset of, inhibiting progression of, reducing severity of, and/or reducing incidence of one or more symptoms or features of a particular disease, disorder, and/or condition. For example, “treating” cancer may refer to inhibiting survival, growth, and/or spread of a tumor. Treatment may be administered to a subject who does not exhibit signs of a disease, disorder, and/or condition and/or to a subject who exhibits only early signs of a disease, disorder, and/or condition for the purpose of decreasing the risk of developing pathology associated with the disease, disorder, and/or condition.
+Unmodified: As used herein, “unmodified” refers to any substance, compound or molecule prior to being changed in any way. Unmodified may, but does not always, refer to the wild type or native form of a biomolecule. Molecules may undergo a series of modifications whereby each modified molecule may serve as the “unmodified” starting molecule for a subsequent modification.
+EQUIVALENTS AND SCOPE
+Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments in accordance with the invention described herein. The scope of the present invention is not intended to be limited to the above Description, but rather is as set forth in the appended claims.
+In the claims, articles such as “a,” “an,” and “the” may mean one or more than one unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context. Claims or descriptions that include “or” between one or more members of a group are considered satisfied if one, more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context. The invention includes embodiments in which exactly one member of the group is present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process. The invention includes embodiments in which more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process.
+It is also noted that the term “comprising” is intended to be open and permits the inclusion of additional elements or steps.
+Where ranges are given, endpoints are included. Furthermore, it is to be understood that unless otherwise indicated or otherwise evident from the context and understanding of one of ordinary skill in the art, values that are expressed as ranges can assume any specific value or subrange within the stated ranges in different embodiments of the invention, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit of the range, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
+In addition, it is to be understood that any particular embodiment of the present invention that falls within the prior art may be explicitly excluded from any one or more of the claims. Since such embodiments are deemed to be known to one of ordinary skill in the art, they may be excluded even if the exclusion is not set forth explicitly herein. Any particular embodiment of the compositions of the invention (e.g., any nucleic acid or protein encoded thereby; any method of production; any method of use; etc.) can be excluded from any one or more claims, for any reason, whether or not related to the existence of prior art.
+As used herein and in the claims, the singular forms include the plural reference and vice versa unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Other than in the operating examples, or where otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients or reaction conditions used herein should be understood as modified in all instances by the term “about.”
+All patents, oligonucleotide sequences identified by gene identification numbers, and other publications identified herein are expressly incorporated by reference for the purpose of describing and disclosing, for example, the methodologies described in such publications that might be used in connection with the present invention. These publications are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing in this regard should be construed as an admission that the inventors are not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention or for any other reason. All statements as to the date or representation as to the contents of these documents is based on the information available to the applicants and does not constitute any admission as to the correctness of the dates or contents of these documents.
+All cited sources, for example, references, publications, databases, database entries, and art cited herein, are incorporated into this application by reference, even if not expressly stated in the citation. In case of conflicting statements of a cited source and the instant application, the statement in the instant application shall control.
+EXAMPLES
+Example 1
+Modified mRNA Production
+Modified mRNAs (mmRNA) according to the invention may be made using standard laboratory methods and materials. The open reading frame (ORF) of the gene of interest may be flanked by a 5′ untranslated region (UTR) which may contain a strong Kozak translational initiation signal and/or an alpha-globin 3′ UTR which may include an oligo(dT) sequence for templated addition of a poly-A tail. The modified mRNAs may be modified to reduce the cellular innate immune response. The modifications to reduce the cellular response may include pseudouridine (ψ) and 5-methyl-cytidine (5meC or m5C). (see, Kariko K et al. Immunity 23:165-75 (2005), Kariko K et al. Mol Ther 16:1833-40 (2008), Anderson B R et al. NAR (2010); herein incorporated by reference).
+The ORF may also include various upstream or downstream additions (such as, but not limited to, β-globin, tags, etc.) may be ordered from an optimization service such as, but limited to, DNA2.0 (Menlo Park, Calif.) and may contain multiple cloning sites which may have XbaI recognition. Upon receipt of the construct, it may be reconstituted and transformed into chemically competent E. coli. 
+For the present invention, NEB DH5-alpha Competent E. coli are used. Transformations are performed according to NEB instructions using 100 ng of plasmid. The protocol is as follows:
+
+
+
+1. Thaw a tube of NEB 5-alpha Competent E. coli cells on ice for 10 minutes.
+2. Add 1-5 μl containing 1 pg-100 ng of plasmid DNA to the cell mixture. Carefully flick the tube 4-5 times to mix cells and DNA. Do not vortex.
+3. Place the mixture on ice for 30 minutes. Do not mix.
+4. Heat shock at 42° C. for exactly 30 seconds. Do not mix.
+5. Place on ice for 5 minutes. Do not mix.
+6. Pipette 950 μl of room temperature SOC into the mixture.
+7. Place at 37° C. for 60 minutes. Shake vigorously (250 rpm) or rotate.
+8. Warm selection plates to 37° C.
+9. Mix the cells thoroughly by flicking the tube and inverting.
+10. Spread 50-100 μl of each dilution onto a selection plate and incubate overnight at 37° C.
+
+
+
+
+Alternatively, incubate at 30° C. for 24-36 hours or 25° C. for 48 hours.
+A single colony is then used to inoculate 5 ml of LB growth media using the appropriate antibiotic and then allowed to grow (250 RPM, 37° C.) for 5 hours. This is then used to inoculate a 200 ml culture medium and allowed to grow overnight under the same conditions.
+To isolate the plasmid (up to 850 μg), a maxi prep is performed using the Invitrogen PURELINK™ HiPure Maxiprep Kit (Carlsbad, Calif.), following the manufacturer's instructions.
+In order to generate cDNA for In Vitro Transcription (IVT), the plasmid (an Example of which is shown in FIG. 2) is first linearized using a restriction enzyme such as XbaI. A typical restriction digest with XbaI will comprise the following: Plasmid 1.0 μg; 10× Buffer 1.0 μl; XbaI 1.5 μl; dH2O up to 10 μl; incubated at 37° C. for 1 hr. If performing at lab scale (<5 μg), the reaction is cleaned up using Invitrogen's PURELINK™ PCR Micro Kit (Carlsbad, Calif.) per manufacturer's instructions. Larger scale purifications may need to be done with a product that has a larger load capacity such as Invitrogen's standard PURELINK™ PCR Kit (Carlsbad, Calif.). Following the cleanup, the linearized vector is quantified using the NanoDrop and analyzed to confirm linearization using agarose gel electrophoresis.
+As a non-limiting example, G-CSF may represent the polypeptide of interest. Sequences used in the steps outlined in Examples 1-5 are shown in Table 2. It should be noted that the start codon (ATG) has been underlined in each sequence of Table 2.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 2
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+G-CSF Sequences
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+SEQ
+
+
+
+ID
+
+
+
+NO
+Description
+
+
+
+
+
+1
+cDNAsequence:
+
+
+
+ATGGCTGGACCTGCCACCCAGAGCCCCATGAAGCTGATGGCCCTGCA
+
+
+
+GCTGCTGCTGTGGCACAGTGCACTCTGGACAGTGCAGGAAGCCACCC
+
+
+
+CCCTGGGCCCTGCCAGCTCCCTGCCCCAGAGCTTCCTGCTCAAGTGC
+
+
+
+TTAGAGCAAGTGAGGAAGATCCAGGGCGATGGCGCAGCGCTCCAGGA
+
+
+
+GAAGCTGGTGAGTGAGTGTGCCACCTACAAGCTGTGCCACCCCGAGG
+
+
+
+AGCTGGTGCTGCTCGGACACTCTCTGGGCATCCCCTGGGCTCCCCTG
+
+
+
+AGCAGCTGCCCCAGCCAGGCCCTGCAGCTGGCAGGCTGCTTGAGCCA
+
+
+
+ACTCCATAGCGGCCTTTTCCTCTACCAGGGGCTCCTGCAGGCCCTGG
+
+
+
+AAGGGATCTCCCCCGAGTTGGGTCCCACCTTGGACACACTGCAGCTG
+
+
+
+GACGTCGCCGACTTTGCCACCACCATCTGGCAGCAGATGGAAGAACT
+
+
+
+GGGAATGGCCCCTGCCCTGCAGCCCACCCAGGGTGCCATGCCGGCCT
+
+
+
+TCGCCTCTGCTTTCCAGCGCCGGGCAGGAGGGGTCCTGGTTGCCTCC
+
+
+
+CATCTGCAGAGCTTCCTGGAGGTGTCGTACCGCGTTCTACGCCACCT
+
+
+
+TGCCCAGCCCTGA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+2
+cDNA having T7 polymerase site and Xba restriction site:
+
+
+
+TTGGACCCTCGTACAGAAGCTAATACGACTCACTATA
+
+
+
+GGGAAATAAGAGAGAAAAGAAGAGTAAGAAGAAATATAAGAGCCACC
+
+
+
+ATGGCTGGACCTGCCACCCAGAGCCCCATGAAGCTGATGGCCCTGCA
+
+
+
+GCTGCTGCTGTGGCACAGTGCACTCTGGACAGTGCAGGAAGCCACCC
+
+
+
+CCCTGGGCCCTGCCAGCTCCCTGCCCCAGAGCTTCCTGCTCAAGTGC
+
+
+
+TTAGAGCAAGTGAGGAAGATCCAGGGCGATGGCGCAGCGCTCCAGGA
+
+
+
+GAAGCTGGTGAGTGAGTGTGCCACCTACAAGCTGTGCCACCCCGAGG
+
+
+
+AGCTGGTGCTGCTCGGACACTCTCTGGGCATCCCCTGGGCTCCCCTG
+
+
+
+AGCAGCTGCCCCAGCCAGGCCCTGCAGCTGGCAGGCTGCTTGAGCCA
+
+
+
+ACTCCATAGCGGCCTTTTCCTCTACCAGGGGCTCCTGCAGGCCCTGG
+
+
+
+AAGGGATCTCCCCCGAGTTGGGTCCCACCTTGGACACACTGCAGCTG
+
+
+
+GACGTCGCCGACTTTGCCACCACCATCTGGCAGCAGATGGAAGAACT
+
+
+
+GGGAATGGCCCCTGCCCTGCAGCCCACCCAGGGTGCCATGCCGGCCT
+
+
+
+TCGCCTCTGCTTTCCAGCGCCGGGCAGGAGGGGTCCTGGTTGCCTCC
+
+
+
+CATCTGCAGAGCTTCCTGGAGGTGTCGTACCGCGTTCTACGCCACCT
+
+
+
+TGCCCAGCCCTGAAGCGCTGCCTTCTGCGGGGCTTGCCTTCTGGCCA
+
+
+
+TGCCCTTCTTCTCTCCCTTGCACCTGTACCTCTTGGTCTTTGAATAA
+
+
+
+AGCCTGAGTAGGAAGGCGGCCGCTCGAGCATGCATCTAGA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+3
+Optimized sequence; containing T7 polymerase
+
+
+
+site and Xba restriction site
+
+
+
+TTGGACCCTCGTACAGAAGCTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAAATAAG
+
+
+
+AGAGAAAAGAAGAGTAAGAAGAAATATAAGAGCCACC
+
+
+
+ATGGCCCTGCAGTTGCTGCTTTGGCACTCGGCCCTCTGGACAGTCCA
+
+
+
+AGAAGCGACTCCTCTCGGACCTGCCTCATCGTTGCCGCAGTCATTCC
+
+
+
+TTTTGAAGTGTCTGGAGCAGGTGCGAAAGATTCAGGGCGATGGAGCC
+
+
+
+GCACTCCAAGAGAAGCTCTGCGCGACATACAAACTTTGCCATCCCGA
+
+
+
+GGAGCTCGTACTGCTCGGGCACAGCTTGGGGATTCCCTGGGCTCCTC
+
+
+
+TCTCGTCCTGTCCGTCGCAGGCTTTGCAGTTGGCAGGGTGCCTTTCC
+
+
+
+CAGCTCCACTCCGGTTTGTTCTTGTATCAGGGACTGCTGCAAGCCCT
+
+
+
+TGAGGGAATCTCGCCAGAATTGGGCCCGACGCTGGACACGTTGCAGC
+
+
+
+TCGACGTGGCGGATTTCGCAACAACCATCTGGCAGCAGATGGAGGAA
+
+
+
+CTGGGGATGGCACCCGCGCTGCAGCCCACGCAGGGGGCAATGCCGGC
+
+
+
+CTTTGCGTCCGCGTTTCAGCGCAGGGCGGGTGGAGTCCTCGTAGCGA
+
+
+
+GCCACCTTCAATCATTTTTGGAAGTCTCGTACCGGGTGCTGAGACAT
+
+
+
+CTTGCGCAGCCGTGAGCCTTCTGCGGGGCTTGCCTTCTGGCCATGCC
+
+
+
+CTTCTTCTCTCCCTTGCACCTGTACCTCTTGGTCTTTGAATAAAGCC
+
+
+
+TGAGTAGGAAGGCGGCCGCTCGAGCATGCA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+4
+mRNA sequence (transcribed)
+
+
+
+CUCACUAUAGGGAAAUAAGAGAGAAAAGAAGAGUAAGAAGAAAUAUA
+
+
+
+AGAGCCACCA
+
+
+
+AUGGCCCUGCAGUUGCUGCUUUGGCACUCGGCCCUCUGGACAGUCCA
+
+
+
+AGAAGCGACUCCUCUCGGACCUGCCUCAUCGUUGCCGCAGUCAUUCC
+
+
+
+UUUUGAAGUGUCUGGAGCAGGUGCGAAAGAUUCAGGGCGAUGGAGCC
+
+
+
+GCACUCCAAGAGAAGCUCUGCGCGACAUACAAACUUUGCCAUCCCGA
+
+
+
+GGAGCUCGUACUGCUCGGGCACAGCUUGGGGAUUCCCUGGGCUCCUC
+
+
+
+UCUCGUCCUGUCCGUCGCAGGCUUUGCAGUUGGCAGGGUGCCUUUCC
+
+
+
+CAGCUCCACUCCGGUUUGUUCUUGUAUCAGGGACUGCUGCAAGCCCU
+
+
+
+UGAGGGAAUCUCGCCAGAAUUGGGCCCGACGCUGGACACGUUGCAGC
+
+
+
+UCGACGUGGCGGAUUUCGCAACAACCAUCUGGCAGCAGAUGGAGGAA
+
+
+
+CUGGGGAUGGCACCCGCGCUGCAGCCCACGCAGGGGGCAAUGCCGGC
+
+
+
+CUUUGCGUCCGCGUUUCAGCGCAGGGCGGGUGGAGUCCUCGUAGCGA
+
+
+
+GCCACCUUCAAUCAUUUUUGGAAGUCUCGUACCGGGUGCUGAGACAU
+
+
+
+CUUGCGCAGCCGUGAGCCUUCUGCGGGGCUUGCCUUCUGGCCAUGCC
+
+
+
+CUUCUUCUCUCCCUUGCACCUGUACCUCUUGGUCUUUGAAUAAAGCC
+
+
+
+UGAGUAGGAAGGCGGCCGCUCGAGCAUGCAU
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 2
+PCR for cDNA Production
+PCR procedures for the preparation of cDNA are performed using 2×KAPA HIFI™ HotStart ReadyMix by Kapa Biosystems (Woburn, Mass.). This system includes 2×KAPA ReadyMix12.5 μl; Forward Primer (10 uM) 0.75 μl; Reverse Primer (10 uM) 0.75 μl; Template cDNA 100 ng; and dH2O diluted to 25.0 μl. The reaction conditions are at 95° C. for 5 min. and 25 cycles of 98° C. for 20 sec, then 58° C. for 15 sec, then 72° C. for 45 sec, then 72° C. for 5 min. then 4° C. to termination.
+The reverse primer of the instant invention incorporates a poly-T120 for a poly-A120 in the mRNA. Other reverse primers with longer or shorter poly(T) tracts can be used to adjust the length of the poly(A) tail in the mRNA.
+The reaction is cleaned up using Invitrogen's PURELINK™ PCR Micro Kit (Carlsbad, Calif.) per manufacturer's instructions (up to 5 μg). Larger reactions will require a cleanup using a product with a larger capacity. Following the cleanup, the cDNA is quantified using the NanoDrop and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm the cDNA is the expected size. The cDNA is then submitted for sequencing analysis before proceeding to the in vitro transcription reaction.
+Example 3
+In Vitro Transcription (IVT)
+The in vitro transcription reaction generates mRNA containing modified nucleotides or modified RNA. The input nucleotide triphosphate (NTP) mix is made in-house using natural and un-natural NTPs.
+A typical in vitro transcription reaction includes the following:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+1.
+Template cDNA
+1.0
+μg
+
+
+2.
+10x transcription buffer (400 mM Tris-
+2.0
+μl
+
+
+
+HCl pH 8.0, 190 mM MgCl2, 50 mM DTT,
+
+
+
+
+
+10 mM Spermidine)
+
+
+
+
+3.
+Custom NTPs (25 mM each)
+7.2
+μl
+
+
+4.
+RNase Inhibitor
+20
+U
+
+
+5.
+T7 RNA polymerase
+3000
+U
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+6.
+dH20
+Up to 20.0 μl. and
+
+
+7.
+Incubation at 37° C. for 3 hr-5 hrs.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The crude IVT mix may be stored at 4° C. overnight for cleanup the next day. 1 U of RNase-free DNase is then used to digest the original template. After 15 minutes of incubation at 37° C., the mRNA is purified using Ambion's MEGACLEAR™ Kit (Austin, Tex.) following the manufacturer's instructions. This kit can purify up to 500 μg of RNA. Following the cleanup, the RNA is quantified using the NanoDrop and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm the RNA is the proper size and that no degradation of the RNA has occurred.
+Example 4
+Enzymatic Capping of mRNA
+Capping of the mRNA is performed as follows where the mixture includes: IVT RNA 60 μg-180 μg and dH2O up to 72 μl. The mixture is incubated at 65° C. for 5 minutes to denature RNA, and then is transferred immediately to ice.
+The protocol then involves the mixing of 10× Capping Buffer (0.5 M Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 60 mM KCl, 12.5 mM MgCl2) (10.0 μl); 20 mM GTP (5.0 μl); 20 mM S-Adenosyl Methionine (2.5 μl); RNase Inhibitor (100 U); 2′-O-Methyltransferase (400 U); Vaccinia capping enzyme (Guanylyl transferase) (40 U); dH2O (Up to 28 μl); and incubation at 37° C. for 30 minutes for 60 μg RNA or up to 2 hours for 180 μg of RNA.
+The mRNA is then purified using Ambion's MEGACLEAR™ Kit (Austin, Tex.) following the manufacturer's instructions. Following the cleanup, the RNA is quantified using the NANODROP™ (ThermoFisher, Waltham, Mass.) and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm the RNA is the proper size and that no degradation of the RNA has occurred. The RNA product may also be sequenced by running a reverse-transcription-PCR to generate the cDNA for sequencing.
+Example 5
+PolyA Tailing Reaction
+Without a poly-T in the cDNA, a poly-A tailing reaction must be performed before cleaning the final product. This is done by mixing Capped IVT RNA (100 μl); RNase Inhibitor (20 U); 10× Tailing Buffer (0.5 M Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 2.5 M NaCl, 100 mM MgCl2)(12.0 μl); 20 mM ATP (6.0 μl); Poly-A Polymerase (20 U); dH2O up to 123.5 μl and incubation at 37° C. for 30 min. If the poly-A tail is already in the transcript, then the tailing reaction may be skipped and proceed directly to cleanup with Ambion's MEGACLEAR™ kit (Austin, Tex.) (up to 500 μg). Poly-A Polymerase is preferably a recombinant enzyme expressed in yeast.
+For studies performed and described herein, the poly-A tail is encoded in the IVT template to comprise 160 nucleotides in length. However, it should be understood that the processivity or integrity of the Poly-A tailing reaction may not always result in exactly 160 nucleotides. Hence Poly-A tails of approximately 160 nucleotides, e.g., about 150-165, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164 or 165 are within the scope of the invention.
+Example 6
+Formulation of Modified mRNA Using Lipidoids
+5′-capping of modified RNA may be completed concomitantly during the in vitro-transcription reaction using the following chemical RNA cap analogs to generate the 5′-guanosine cap structure according to manufacturer protocols: 3′-O-Me-m7G(5′)ppp(5′) G [the ARCA cap]; G(5)ppp(5′)A; G(5′)ppp(5′)G; m7G(5′)ppp(5′)A; m7G(5′)ppp(5′)G (New England BioLabs, Ipswich, Mass.). 5′-capping of modified RNA may be completed post-transcriptionally using a Vaccinia Virus Capping Enzyme to generate the “Cap 0” structure: m7G(5′)ppp(5′)G (New England BioLabs, Ipswich, Mass.). Cap 1 structure may be generated using both Vaccinia Virus Capping Enzyme and a 2′-O methyl-transferase to generate: m7G(5′)ppp(5′)G-2′-O-methyl. Cap 2 structure may be generated from the Cap 1 structure followed by the 2′-O-methylation of the 5′-antepenultimate nucleotide using a 2′-O methyl-transferase. Cap 3 structure may be generated from the Cap 2 structure followed by the 2′-O-methylation of the 5′-preantepenultimate nucleotide using a 2′-O methyl-transferase. Enzymes are preferably derived from a recombinant source.
+When transfected into mammalian cells, the modified mRNAs have a stability of between 12-18 hours or more than 18 hours, e.g., 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 or greater than 72 hours.
+Example 7
+Capping
+A. Protein Expression Assay
+Synthetic mRNAs encoding human G-CSF (cDNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 1) containing the ARCA (3′ 0-Me-m7G(5′)ppp(5′)G) cap analog or the Cap1 structure can be transfected into human primary keratinocytes at equal concentrations. 6, 12, 24 and 36 hours post-transfection the amount of G-CSF secreted into the culture medium can be assayed by ELISA. Synthetic mRNAs that secrete higher levels of G-CSF into the medium would correspond to a synthetic mRNA with a higher translationally-competent Cap structure.
+B. Purity Analysis Synthesis
+mRNAs encoding human G-CSF (cDNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 1) containing the ARCA cap analog or the Cap1 structure crude synthesis products can be compared for purity using denaturing Agarose-Urea gel electrophoresis or HPLC analysis. Synthetic mRNAs with a single, consolidated band by electrophoresis correspond to the higher purity product compared to a synthetic mRNA with multiple bands or streaking bands. Synthetic mRNAs with a single HPLC peak would also correspond to a higher purity product. The capping reaction with a higher efficiency would provide a more pure mRNA population.
+C. Cytokine Analysis
+Synthetic mRNAs encoding human G-CSF (cDNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 1) containing the ARCA cap analog or the Cap1 structure can be transfected into human primary keratinocytes at multiple concentrations. 6, 12, 24 and 36 hours post-transfection the amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IFN-beta secreted into the culture medium can be assayed by ELISA. Synthetic mRNAs that secrete higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines into the medium would correspond to a synthetic mRNA containing an immune-activating cap structure.
+D. Capping Reaction Efficiency
+Synthetic mRNAs encoding human G-CSF (cDNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 1) containing the ARCA cap analog or the Cap1 structure can be analyzed for capping reaction efficiency by LC-MS after capped mRNA nuclease treatment. Nuclease treatment of capped mRNAs would yield a mixture of free nucleotides and the capped 5′-5-triphosphate cap structure detectable by LC-MS. The amount of capped product on the LC-MS spectra can be expressed as a percent of total mRNA from the reaction and would correspond to capping reaction efficiency. The cap structure with a higher capping reaction efficiency would have a higher amount of capped product by LC-MS.
+Example 8
+Formulation of Modified mRNA Using Lipidoids
+Modified mRNAs (mmRNA) are formulated for in vitro experiments by mixing the mmRNA with the lipidoid at a set ratio prior to addition to cells. In vivo formulation may require the addition of extra ingredients to facilitate circulation throughout the body. To test the ability of these lipidoids to form particles suitable for in vivo work, a standard formulation process used for siRNA-lipidoid formulations was used as a starting point. Initial mmRNA-lipidoid formulations may consist of particles composed of 42% lipidoid, 48% cholesterol and 10% PEG, with further optimization of ratios possible. After formation of the particle, mmRNA is added and allowed to integrate with the complex. The encapsulation efficiency is determined using a standard dye exclusion assays.
+Materials and Methods for Examples 9-13
+A. Lipid Synthesis
+Six lipids, DLin-DMA, DLin-K-DMA, DLin-KC2-DMA, 98N12-5, C12-200 and DLin-MC3-DMA, were synthesized by methods outlined in the art in order to be formulated with modified RNA. DLin-DMA and precursors were synthesized as described in Heyes et. al, J. Control Release, 2005, 107, 276-287. DLin-K-DMA and DLin-KC2-DMA and precursors were synthesized as described in Semple et. al, Nature Biotechnology, 2010, 28, 172-176. 98N12-5 and precursor were synthesized as described in Akinc et. al, Nature Biotechnology, 2008, 26, 561-569.
+C12-200 and precursors were synthesized according to the method outlined in Love et. al, PNAS, 2010, 107, 1864-1869. 2-epoxydodecane (5.10 g, 27.7 mmol, 8.2 eq) was added to a vial containing Amine 200 (0.723 g, 3.36 mmol, 1 eq) and a stirring bar. The vial was sealed and warmed to 80° C. The reaction was stirred for 4 days at 80° C. Then the mixture was purified by silica gel chromatography using a gradient from pure dichloromethane (DCM) to DCM:MeOH 98:2. The target compound was further purified by RP-HPLC to afford the desired compound.
+DLin-MC3-DMA and precursors were synthesized according to procedures described in WO 2010054401 herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. A mixture of dilinoleyl methanol (1.5 g, 2.8 mmol, 1 eq), N,N-dimethylaminobutyric acid (1.5 g, 2.8 mmol, 1 eq), DIPEA (0.73 mL, 4.2 mmol, 1.5 eq) and TBTU (1.35 g, 4.2 mmol, 1.5 eq) in 10 mL of DMF was stirred for 10 h at room temperature. Then the reaction mixture was diluted in ether and washed with water. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtrated and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography using a gradient DCM to DCM:MeOH 98:2. Subsequently the target compound was subjected to an additional RP-HPLC purification which was done using a YMC—Pack C4 column to afford the target compound.
+B. Formulation of Modified RNA Nanoparticles
+Solutions of synthesized lipid, 1,2-distearoyl-3-phosphatidylcholine (DSPC) (Avanti Polar Lipids, Alabaster, Ala.), cholesterol (Sigma-Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany), and α-[3′-(1,2-dimyristoyl-3-propanoxy)-carboxamide-propyl]-ω-methoxy-polyoxyethylene (PEG-c-DOMG) (NOF, Bouwelven, Belgium) were prepared at concentrations of 50 mM in ethanol and stored at −20° C. The lipids were combined to yield molar ratio of 50:10:38.5:1.5 (Lipid: DSPC: Cholesterol: PEG-c-DOMG) and diluted with ethanol to a final lipid concentration of 25 mM. Solutions of modified mRNA at a concentration of 1-2 mg/mL in water were diluted in 50 mM sodium citrate buffer at a pH of 3 to form a stock modified mRNA solution. Formulations of the lipid and modified mRNA were prepared by combining the synthesized lipid solution with the modified mRNA solution at total lipid to modified mRNA weight ratio of 10:1, 15:1, 20:1 and 30:1. The lipid ethanolic solution was rapidly injected into aqueous modified mRNA solution to afford a suspension containing 33% ethanol. The solutions were injected either manually (MI) or by the aid of a syringe pump (SP) (Harvard Pump 33 Dual Syringe Pump Harvard Apparatus Holliston, Mass.).
+To remove the ethanol and to achieve the buffer exchange, the formulations were dialyzed twice against phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4 at volumes 200-times of the primary product using a Slide-A-Lyzer cassettes (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. Rockford, Ill.) with a molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) of 10 kD. The first dialysis was carried at room temperature for 3 hours and then the formulations were dialyzed overnight at 4° C. The resulting nanoparticle suspension was filtered through 0.2 μm sterile filter (Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany) into glass vials and sealed with a crimp closure.
+C. Characterization of Formulations
+A Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments Ltd, Malvern, Worcestershire, UK) was used to determine the particle size, the polydispersity index (PDI) and the zeta potential of the modified mRNA nanoparticles in 1×PBS in determining particle size and 15 mM PBS in determining zeta potential.
+Ultraviolet—visible spectroscopy was used to determine the concentration of modified mRNA nanoparticle formulation. 100 μL of the diluted formulation in 1×PBS was added to 900 μL of a 4:1 (v/v) mixture of methanol and chloroform. After mixing, the absorbance spectrum of the solution was recorded between 230 nm and 330 nm on a DU 800 spectrophotometer (Beckman Coulter, Beckman Coulter, Inc., Brea, Calif.). The modified RNA concentration in the nanoparicle formulation was calculated based on the extinction coefficient of the modified RNA used in the formulation and on the difference between the absorbance at a wavelength of 260 nm and the baseline value at a wavelength of 330 nm.
+QUANT-IT™ RIBOGREEN® RNA assay (Invitrogen Corporation Carlsbad, Calif.) was used to evaluate the encapsulation of modified RNA by the nanoparticle. The samples were diluted to a concentration of approximately 5 μg/mL in TE buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5). 50 μL of the diluted samples were transferred to a polystyrene 96 well plate, then either 50 μL of TE buffer or 50 μL of a 2% Triton X-100 solution was added. The plate was incubated at a temperature of 37° C. for 15 minutes. The RIBOGREEN® reagent was diluted 1:100 in TE buffer, 100 μL of this solution was added to each well. The fluorescence intensity was measured using a fluorescence plate reader (Wallac Victor 1420 Multilablel Counter; Perkin Elmer, Waltham, Mass.) at an excitation wavelength of ˜480 nm and an emission wavelength of ˜520 nm. The fluorescence values of the reagent blank were subtracted from that of each of the samples and the percentage of free modified RNA was determined by dividing the fluorescence intensity of the intact sample (without addition of Triton X-100) by the fluorescence value of the disrupted sample (caused by the addition of Triton X-100).
+D. In Vitro Incubation
+Human embryonic kidney epithelial (HEK293) and hepatocellular carcinoma epithelial (HepG2) cells (LGC standards GmbH, Wesel, Germany) were seeded on 96-well plates (Greiner Bio-one GmbH, Frickenhausen, Germany) and plates for HEK293 cells were precoated with collagen type1. HEK293 were seeded at a density of 30,000 and HepG2 were seeded at a density of 35,000 cells per well in 100 μl cell culture medium. For HEK293 the cell culture medium was DMEM, 10% FCS, adding 2 mM L-Glutamine, 1 mM Sodiumpyruvate and 1× non-essential amino acids (Biochrom AG, Berlin, Germany) and 1.2 mg/ml Sodiumbicarbonate (Sigma-Aldrich, Munich, Germany) and for HepG2 the culture medium was MEM (Gibco Life Technologies, Darmstadt, Germany), 10% FCS adding 2 mM L-Glutamine, 1 mM Sodiumpyruvate and 1× non-essential amino acids (Biochrom AG, Berlin, Germany. Formulations containing mCherry mRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) were added in quadruplicates directly after seeding the cells and incubated. The mCherry cDNA with the T7 promoter, 5′untranslated region (UTR) and 3′ UTR used in in vitro transcription (IVT) is given in SEQ ID NO: 6.
+Cells were harvested by transferring the culture media supernatants to a 96-well Pro-Bind U-bottom plate (Beckton Dickinson GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany). Cells were trypsinized with ½ volume Trypsin/EDTA (Biochrom AG, Berlin, Germany), pooled with respective supernatants and fixed by adding one volume PBS/2% FCS (both Biochrom AG, Berlin, Germany)/0.5% formaldehyde (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Samples then were submitted to a flow cytometer measurement with a 532 nm excitation laser and the 610/20 filter for PE-Texas Red in a LSRII cytometer (Beckton Dickinson GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany). The mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of all events and the standard deviation of four independent wells are presented in for samples analyzed.
+Example 9
+Purification on Nanoparticle Formulations
+Nanoparticle formulations of DLin-KC2-DMA and 98N12-5 in HEK293and HepG2 were tested to determine if the mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) was dependent on the lipid to modified RNA ratio and/or purification. Three formulations of DLin-KC2-DMA and two formulations of 98N12-5 were produced using a syringe pump to the specifications described in Table 3. Purified samples were purified by SEPHADEX™ G-25 DNA grade (GE Healthcare, Sweden). Each formulation before and after purification (aP) were tested at concentration of 250 ng modified RNA per well in a 24 well plate. The percentage of cells that are positive for the marker for FL4 channel (% FL4-positive) when analyzed by the flow cytometer for each formulation and the background sample are shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, and the MFI of the marker for the FL4 channel for each formulation and the background sample are shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B. The formulations which had been purified had a slightly higher MFI than those formulations tested before purification.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 3
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Formulations
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Formulation #
+Lipid
+Lipid/RNA wt/wt
+Mean size (nm)
+
+
+
+
+
+NPA-001-1
+DLin-KC2-DMA
+10
+155 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.08
+
+
+NPA-001-1 aP
+DLin-KC2-DMA
+10
+141 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.14
+
+
+NPA-002-1
+DLin-KC2-DMA
+15
+140 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.11
+
+
+NPA-002-1 aP
+DLin-KC2-DMA
+15
+125 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.12
+
+
+NPA-003-1
+DLin-KC2-DMA
+20
+114 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.08
+
+
+NPA-003-1 aP
+DLin-KC2-DMA
+20
+104 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.06
+
+
+NPA-005-1
+98N12-5
+15
+127 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.12
+
+
+NPA-005-1 aP
+98N12-5
+15
+134 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.17
+
+
+NPA-006-1
+98N12
+20
+126 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.08
+
+
+NPA-006-1 aP
+98N12
+20
+118 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.13
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 10
+Concentration Response Curve
+Nanoparticle formulations of 98N12-5 (NPA-005) and DLin-KC2-DMA (NPA-003) were tested at varying concentrations to determine the MFI of FL4 or mCherry (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) over a range of doses. The formulations tested are outlined in Table 4. To determine the optimal concentration of nanoparticle formulations of 98N12-5, varying concentrations of formulated modified RNA (100 ng, 10 ng, 1.0 ng, 0.1 ng and 0.01 ng per well) were tested in a 24-well plate of HEK293, and the results of the FL4 MFI of each dose are shown in FIG. 5A. Likewise, to determine the optimal concentration of nanoparticle formulations of DLin-KC2-DMA, varying concentrations of formulated modified RNA (250 ng 100 ng, 10 ng, 1.0 ng, 0.1 ng and 0.01 ng per well) were tested in a 24-well plate of HEK293, and the results of the FL4 MFI of each dose are shown in FIG. 5B. Nanoparticle formulations of DLin-KC2-DMA were also tested at varying concentrations of formulated modified RNA (250 ng, 100 ng and 30 ng per well) in a 24 well plate of HEK293, and the results of the FL4 MFI of each dose are shown in FIG. 5C. A dose of 1 ng/well for 98N12-5 and a dose of 10 ng/well for DLin-K2-DMA were found to resemble the FL4 MFI of the background.
+To determine how close the concentrations resembled the background, we utilized a flow cytometer with optimized filter sets for detection of mCherry expression, and were able to obtain results with increased sensitivity relative to background levels. Doses of 25 ng/well, 0.25 ng/well, 0.025 ng/well and 0.0025 ng/well were analyzed for 98N12-5 (NPA-005) and DLin-K2-DMA (NPA-003) to determine the MFI of mCherry. As shown in Table 5, the concentration of 0.025 ng/well and lesser concentrations are similar to the background MFI level of mCherry which is about 386.175
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 4
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Formulations
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Formulation #
+NPA-003
+NPA-005
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Lipid
+DLin-KC2-DMA
+98N12-5
+
+
+
+Lipid/RNA
+20
+15
+
+
+
+wt/wt
+
+
+
+
+
+Mean size
+114 nm
+106 nm
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.08
+PDI: 0.12
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 5
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Concentration and MFI
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+MFI mCherry
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Formulation
+NPA-003
+NPA-005
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+25
+ng/well
+11963.25
+12256.75
+
+
+0.25
+ng/well
+1349.75
+2572.75
+
+
+0.025
+ng/well
+459.50
+534.75
+
+
+0.0025
+ng/well
+310.75
+471.75
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 11
+Manual Injection and Syringe Pump Formulations
+Two formulations of DLin-KC2-DMA and 98N12-5 were prepared by manual injection (MI) and syringe pump injection (SP) and analyzed along with a background sample to compare the MFI of mCherry (mRNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 5; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) of the different formulations. Table 5 shows that the syringe pump formulations had a higher MFI as compared to the manual injection formulations of the same lipid and lipid/RNA ratio.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 5
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Formulations and MFI
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Method
+
+
+
+Formulation
+
+Lipid/RNA
+Mean size
+of formu-
+
+
+
+#
+Lipid
+wt/wt
+(nm)
+lation
+MFI
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Untreated
+N/A
+N/A
+N/A
+N/A
+674.67
+
+
+Control
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NPA-002
+DLin-KC2-
+15
+140 nm
+MI
+10318.25
+
+
+
+DMA
+
+PDI: 0.11
+
+
+
+
+NPA-002-2
+DLin-KC2-
+15
+105 nm
+SP
+37054.75
+
+
+
+DMA
+
+PDI: 0.04
+
+
+
+
+NPA-003
+DLin-KC2-
+20
+114 nm
+MI
+22037.5
+
+
+
+DMA
+
+PDI: 0.08
+
+
+
+
+NPA-003-2
+DLin-KC2-
+20
+95 nm
+SP
+37868.75
+
+
+
+DMA
+
+PDI: 0.02
+
+
+
+
+NPA-005
+98N12-5
+15
+127 nm
+MI
+11504.75
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.12
+
+
+
+
+NPA-005-2
+98N12-5
+15
+106 nm
+SP
+9343.75
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.07
+
+
+
+
+NPA-006
+98N12-5
+20
+126 nm
+MI
+11182.25
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.08
+
+
+
+
+NPA-006-2
+98N12-5
+20
+93 nm
+SP
+5167
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.08
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 12
+mCherry Fluorescence of Formulations
+Formulations of DLin-DMA, DLin-K-DMA, DLin-KC2-DMA, 98N12-5, C12-200 and DLin-MC3-DMA were incubated at a concentration of 60 ng/well or 62.5 ng/well in a plate of HEK293 and 62.5 ng/well in a plate of HepG2 cells for 24 hours to determine the MFI of mCherry (mRNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 5; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) for each formulation. The formulations tested are outlined in Table 6 below. As shown in FIG. 6A for the 60 ng/well and FIGS. 6B, 6C, 6D, and 6E for the 62.5 ng/well, the formulation of NPA-003 and NPA-018 have the highest mCherry MFI and the formulations of NPA-008, NPA-010 and NPA-013 are most the similar to the background sample mCherry MFI value.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 6
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Formulations
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Formulation #
+Lipid
+Lipid/RNA wt/wt
+Mean size (nm)
+
+
+
+
+
+NPA-001
+DLin-KC2-DMA
+10
+155 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.08
+
+
+NPA-002
+DLin-KC2-DMA
+15
+140 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.11
+
+
+NPA-002-2
+DLin-KC2-DMA
+15
+105 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.04
+
+
+NPA-003
+DLin-KC2-DMA
+20
+114 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.08
+
+
+NPA-003-2
+DLin-KC2-DMA
+20
+95 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.02
+
+
+NPA-005
+98N12-5
+15
+127 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.12
+
+
+NPA-006
+98N12-5
+20
+126 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.08
+
+
+NPA-007
+DLin-DMA
+15
+148 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.09
+
+
+NPA-008
+DLin-K-DMA
+15
+121 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.08
+
+
+NPA-009
+C12-200
+15
+138 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.15
+
+
+NPA-010
+DLin-MC3-DMA
+15
+126 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.09
+
+
+NPA-012
+DLin-DMA
+20
+86 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.08
+
+
+NPA-013
+DLin-K-DMA
+20
+104 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.03
+
+
+NPA-014
+C12-200
+20
+101 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.06
+
+
+NPA-015
+DLin-MC3-DMA
+20
+109 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.07
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 13
+In Vivo Formulation Studies
+Mice (n=5) are administered intravenously a single dose of a formulation containing a modified mRNA and a lipid. The modified mRNA administered to the mice is selected from G-CSF (mRNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1), erythropoietin (EPO) (mRNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 7; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1), Factor IX (mRNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 8; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) or mCherry (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1). The erythropoietin cDNA with the T7 promoter, 5′untranslated region (UTR) and 3′ UTR used in in vitro transcription (IVT) is given in SEQ ID NO: 9.
+Each formulation also contains a lipid which is selected from one of DLin-DMA, DLin-K-DMA, DLin-KC2-DMA, 98N12-5, C12-200 or DLin-MC3-DMA. The mice are injected with 100 ug, 10 ug or 1 ug of the formulated modified mRNA and are sacrificed 8 hours after they are administered the formulation. Serum from the mice administered formulations containing human G-CSF modified mRNA are measured by specific G-CSF ELISA and serum from mice administered human Factor IX modified RNA is analyzed by specific Factor IX ELISA or chromogenic assay. The liver and spleen from the mice administered with mCherry modified mRNA are analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) or fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). As a control, a group of mice are not injected with any formulation and their serum and tissue are collected analyzed by ELISA, FACS and/or IHC.
+Example 14
+In Vitro and In Vivo Expression
+A. A. In Vitro Expression in Human Cells Using Lipidoid Formulations
+The ratio of mmRNA to lipidoid used to test for in vitro transfection is tested empirically at different lipidoid:mmRNA ratios. Previous work using siRNA and lipidoids have utilized 2.5:1, 5:1, 10:1, and 15:1 lipidoid:siRNA wt:wt ratios. Given the longer length of mmRNA relative to siRNA, a lower wt:wt ratio of lipidoid to mmRNA may be effective. In addition, for comparison mmRNA were also formulated using RNAIMAX™ (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) or TRANSIT-mRNA (Minis Bio, Madison, Wis.) cationic lipid delivery vehicles. The ability of lipidoid-formulated Luciferase (IVT cDNA sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 10), green fluorescent protein (GFP) (IVT cDNA sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 11), G-CSF (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1), and EPO mmRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) to express the desired protein product can be confirmed by luminescence for luciferase expression, flow cytometry for GFP expression, and by ELISA for G-CSF and Erythropoietin (EPO) secretion.
+B. In Vivo Expression Following Intravenous Injection
+Systemic intravenous administration of the formulations are created using various different lipidoids including, but not limited to, 98N12-5, C12-200, and MD1.
+Lipidoid formulations containing mmRNA are injected intravenously into animals. The expression of the modified mRNA (mmRNA)-encoded proteins are assessed in blood and/or other organs samples such as, but not limited to, the liver and spleen collected from the animal. Conducting single dose intravenous studies will also allow an assessment of the magnitude, dose responsiveness, and longevity of expression of the desired product.
+In one embodiment, lipidoid based formulations of 98N12-5, C12-200, MD1 and other lipidoids, are used to deliver luciferase, green fluorescent protein (GFP), mCherry fluorescent protein, secreted alkaline phosphatase (sAP), human G-CSF, human Factor IX, or human Erythropoietin (EPO) mmRNA into the animal. After formulating mmRNA with a lipid, as described previously, animals are divided into groups to receive either a saline formulation, or a lipidoid-formulation which contains one of a different mmRNA selected from luciferase, GFP, mCherry, sAP, human G-CSF, human Factor IX, and human EPO. Prior to injection into the animal, mmRNA-containing lipidoid formulations are diluted in PBS. Animals are then administered a single dose of formulated mmRNA ranging from a dose of 10 mg/kg to doses as low as 1 ng/kg, with a preferred range to be 10 mg/kg to 100 ng/kg, where the dose of mmRNA depends on the animal body weight such as a 20 gram mouse receiving a maximum formulation of 0.2 ml (dosing is based no mmRNA per kg body weight). After the administration of the mmRNA-lipidoid formulation, serum, tissues, and/or tissue lysates are obtained and the level of the mmRNA-encoded product is determined at a single and/or a range of time intervals. The ability of lipidoid-formulated Luciferase, GFP, mCherry, sAP, G-CSF, Factor IX, and EPO mmRNA to express the desired protein product is confirmed by luminescence for the expression of Luciferase, flow cytometry for the expression of GFP and mCherry expression, by enzymatic activity for sAP, or by ELISA for the section of G-CSF, Factor IX and/or EPO.
+Further studies for a multi-dose regimen are also performed to determine the maximal expression of mmRNA, to evaluate the saturability of the mmRNA-driven expression (by giving a control and active mmRNA formulation in parallel or in sequence), and to determine the feasibility of repeat drug administration (by giving mmRNA in doses separated by weeks or months and then determining whether expression level is affected by factors such as immunogenicity). An assessment of the physiological function of proteins such as G-CSF and EPO are also determined through analyzing samples from the animal tested and detecting increases in granulocyte and red blood cell counts, respectively. Activity of an expressed protein product such as Factor IX, in animals can also be assessed through analysis of Factor IX enzymatic activity (such as an activated partial thromboplastin time assay) and effect of clotting times.
+C. In Vitro Expression Following Intramuscular and/or Subcutaneous Injection
+The use of lipidoid formulations to deliver oligonucleotides, including mRNA, via an intramuscular route or a subcutaneous route of injection needs to be evaluated as it has not been previously reported. Intramuscular and/or subcutaneous injection of mmRNA are evaluated to determine if mmRNA-containing lipidoid formulations are capable to produce both localized and systemic expression of a desired proteins.
+Lipidoid formulations of 98N12-5, C12-200, and MD1 containing mmRNA selected from luciferase, green fluorescent protein (GFP), mCherry fluorescent protein, secreted alkaline phosphatase (sAP), human G-CSF, human factor IX, or human Erythropoietin (EPO) mmRNA are injected intramuscularly and/or subcutaneously into animals. The expression of mmRNA-encoded proteins are assessed both within the muscle or subcutaneous tissue and systemically in blood and other organs such as the liver and spleen. Single dose studies allow an assessment of the magnitude, dose responsiveness, and longevity of expression of the desired product.
+Animals are divided into groups to receive either a saline formulation or a formulation containing modified mRNA. Prior to injection mmRNA-containing lipidoid formulations are diluted in PBS. Animals are administered a single intramuscular dose of formulated mmRNA ranging from 50 mg/kg to doses as low as 1 ng/kg with a preferred range to be 10 mg/kg to 100 ng/kg. A maximum dose for intramuscular administration, for a mouse, is roughly 1 mg mmRNA or as low as 0.02 ng mmRNA for an intramuscular injection into the hind limb of the mouse. For subcutaneous administration, the animals are administered a single subcutaneous dose of formulated mmRNA ranging from 400 mg/kg to doses as low as 1 ng/kg with a preferred range to be 80 mg/kg to 100 ng/kg. A maximum dose for subcutaneous administration, for a mouse, is roughly 8 mg mmRNA or as low as 0.02 ng mmRNA.
+For a 20 gram mouse the volume of a single intramuscular injection is maximally 0.025 ml and a single subcutaneous injection is maximally 0.2 ml. The optimal dose of mmRNA administered is calculated from the body weight of the animal. At various points in time points following the administration of the mmRNA-lipidoid, serum, tissues, and tissue lysates is obtained and the level of the mmRNA-encoded product is determined. The ability of lipidoid-formulated luciferase, green fluorescent protein (GFP), mCherry fluorescent protein, secreted alkaline phosphatase (sAP), human G-CSF, human factor IX, or human Erythropoietin (EPO) mmRNA to express the desired protein product is confirmed by luminescence for luciferase expression, flow cytometry for GFP and mCherry expression, by enzymatic activity for sAP, and by ELISA for G-CSF, Factor IX and Erythropoietin (EPO) secretion.
+Additional studies for a multi-dose regimen are also performed to determine the maximal expression using mmRNA, to evaluate the saturability of the mmRNA-driven expression (achieved by giving a control and active mmRNA formulation in parallel or in sequence), and to determine the feasibility of repeat drug administration (by giving mmRNA in doses separated by weeks or months and then determining whether expression level is affected by factors such as immunogenicity). Studies utilizing multiple subcutaneous or intramuscular injection sites at one time point, are also utilized to further increase mmRNA drug exposure and improve protein production. An assessment of the physiological function of proteins, such as GFP, mCherry, sAP, human G-CSF, human factor IX, and human EPO, are determined through analyzing samples from the tested animals and detecting a change in granulocyte and/or red blood cell counts. Activity of an expressed protein product such as Factor IX, in animals can also be assessed through analysis of Factor IX enzymatic activity (such as an activated partial thromboplastin time assay) and effect of clotting times.
+Example 15
+Split Dose Studies
+Studies utilizing multiple subcutaneous or intramuscular injection sites at one time point were designed and performed to investigate ways to increase mmRNA drug exposure and improve protein production. In addition to detection of the expressed protein product, an assessment of the physiological function of proteins was also determined through analyzing samples from the animal tested.
+Surprisingly, it has been determined that split dosing of mmRNA produces greater protein production and phenotypic responses than those produced by single unit dosing or multi-dosing schemes.
+The design of a single unit dose, multi-dose and split dose experiment involved using human erythropoietin (EPO) mmRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) administered in buffer alone. The dosing vehicle (F. buffer) consisted of 150 mM NaCl, 2 mM CaCl2, 2 mM Na+-phosphate (1.4 mM monobasic sodium phosphate; 0.6 mM dibasic sodium phosphate), and 0.5 mM EDTA, pH 6.5. The pH was adjusted using sodium hydroxide and the final solution was filter sterilized. The mmRNA was modified with 5meC at each cytosine and pseudouridine replacement at each uridine site.
+Animals (n=5) were injected IM (intramuscular) for the single unit dose of 100 ug. For multi-dosing, two schedules were used, 3 doses of 100 ug and 6 doses of 100 ug. For the split dosing scheme, two schedules were used, 3 doses at 33.3 ug and 6 doses of 16.5 ug mmRNA. Control dosing involved use of buffer only at 6 doses. Control mmRNA involved the use of luciferase mmRNA (IVT cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) dosed 6 times at 100 ug. Blood and muscle tissue were evaluated 13 hrs post injection.
+Human EPO protein was measured in mouse serum 13 h post I.M. single, multi- or split dosing of the EPO mmRNA in buffer. Seven groups of mice (n=5 mice per group) were treated and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 7.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 7
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Split dose study
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Avg.
+Polypeptide
+Dose
+
+
+
+
+Dose of
+Total
+pmol/mL
+per unit drug
+Splitting
+
+
+Group
+Treatment
+mmRNA
+Dose
+human EPO
+(pmol/ug)
+Factor
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+1
+Human EPO mmRNA
+1 × 100
+ug
+100 ug
+14.3
+.14
+1
+
+
+2
+Human EPO mmRNA
+3 × 100
+ug
+300 ug
+82.5
+.28
+2
+
+
+3
+Human EPO mmRNA
+6 × 100
+ug
+600 ug
+273.0
+.46
+3.3
+
+
+4
+Human EPO mmRNA
+3 × 33.3
+ug
+100 ug
+104.7
+1.1
+7.9
+
+
+5
+Human EPO mmRNA
+6 × 16.5
+ug
+100 ug
+127.9
+1.3
+9.3
+
+
+6
+Luciferase mmRNA
+6 × 100
+ug
+600 ug
+0
+—
+—
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+7
+Buffer Alone
+—
+—
+0
+—
+—
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The splitting factor is defined as the product per unit drug divided by the single dose product per unit drug (PUD). For example for treatment group 2 the value 0.28 or product (EPO) per unit drug (mmRNA) is divided by the single dose product per unit drug of 0.14. The result is 2. Likewise, for treatment group 4, the value 1.1 or product (EPO) per unit drug (mmRNA) is divided by the single dose product per unit drug of 0.14. The result is 7.9. Consequently, the dose splitting factor (DSF) may be used as an indicator of the efficacy of a split dose regimen. For any single administration of a total daily dose, the DSF should be equal to 1. Therefore any DSF greater than this value in a split dose regimen is an indication of increased efficacy.
+To determine the dose response trends, impact of injection site and impact of injection timing, studies are performed. In these studies, varied doses of 1 ug, 5 ug, 10 ug, 25 ug, 50 ug, and values in between are used to determine dose response outcomes. Split dosing for a 100 ug total dose includes three or six doses of 1.6 ug, 4.2 ug, 8.3 ug, 16.6 ug, or values and total doses equal to administration of the total dose selected.
+Injection sites are chosen from the limbs or any body surface presenting enough area suitable for injection. This may also include a selection of injection depth to target the dermis (Intradermal), epidermis (Epidermal), subcutaneous tissue (SC) or muscle (IM). Injection angle will vary based on targeted delivery site with injections targeting the intradermal site to be 10-15 degree angles from the plane of the surface of the skin, between 20-45 degrees from the plane of the surface of the skin for subcutaneous injections and angles of between 60-90 degrees for injections substantially into the muscle.
+Example 16
+Dose Response and Injection Site Selection and Timing
+To determine the dose response trends, impact of injection site and impact of injection timing, studies are performed following the protocol outlined in Example 15. In these studies, varied doses of 1 ug, 5 ug, 10 ug, 25 ug, 50 ug, and values in between are used to determine dose response outcomes. Split dosing for a 100 ug total dose includes three or six doses of 1.6 ug, 4.2 ug, 8.3 ug, 16.6 ug, or values and total doses equal to administration of the total dose selected.
+Injection sites are chosen from the limbs or any body surface presenting enough area suitable for injection. This may also include a selection of injection depth to target the dermis (Intradermal), epidermis (Epidermal), subcutaneous tissue (SC) or muscle (IM). Injection angle will vary based on targeted delivery site with injections targeting the intradermal site to be 10-15 degree angles from the plane of the surface of the skin, between 20-45 degrees from the plane of the surface of the skin for subcutaneous injections and angles of between 60-90 degrees for injections substantially into the muscle. RNAIMAX™
+Example 17
+Routes of Administration
+Further studies were performed to investigate dosing using different routes of administration. Following the protocol outlined in Example 15, 4 mice per group were dosed intramuscularly (I.M.), intravenously (IV) or subcutaneously (S.C.) by the dosing chart outlined in Table 8. Serum was collected 13 hours post injection from all mice, tissue was collected from the site of injection from the intramuscular and subcutaneous group and the spleen, liver and kidneys were collected from the intravenous group. The results from the intramuscular group are show in FIG. 7A and the subcutaneous group results are shown in FIG. 7B.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 8
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Dosing Chart
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Total
+Dosing
+
+
+Group
+Treatment
+Route
+Dose of mmRNA
+Dose
+Vehicle
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+1
+Lipoplex-human EPO mmRNA
+I.M.
+4 × 100 ug + 30% Lipoplex
+4 × 70 ul
+Lipoplex
+
+
+2
+Lipoplex-human EPO mmRNA
+I.M.
+4 × 100 ug
+4 × 70 ul
+Buffer
+
+
+3
+Lipoplex-human EPO mmRNA
+S.C.
+4 × 100 ug + 30% Lipoplex
+4 × 70 ul
+Lipoplex
+
+
+4
+Lipoplex-human EPO mmRNA
+S.C.
+4 × 100 ug
+4 × 70 ul
+Buffer
+
+
+5
+Lipoplex-human EPO mmRNA
+I.V.
+200 ug + 30% Lipoplex
+  140 ul
+Lipoplex
+
+
+6
+Lipoplexed-Luciferase mmRNA
+I.M.
+100 ug + 30% Lipoplex
+4 × 70 ul
+Lipoplex
+
+
+7
+Lipoplexed-Luciferase mmRNA
+I.M.
+100 ug
+4 × 70 ul
+Buffer
+
+
+8
+Lipoplexed-Luciferase mmRNA
+S.C.
+100 ug + 30% Lipoplex
+4 × 70 ul
+Lipoplex
+
+
+9
+Lipoplexed-Luciferase mmRNA
+S.C.
+100 ug
+4 × 70 ul
+Buffer
+
+
+10
+Lipoplexed-human EPO mmRNA
+I.V.
+200 ug + 30% Lipoplex
+  140 ul
+Lipoplex
+
+
+11
+Formulation Buffer
+I.M.
+4× multi dosing
+4 × 70 ul
+Buffer
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 18
+In Vivo Delivery of Modified mRNA
+Modified RNA was delivered to C57/BL6 mice intramuscularly, subcutaneously, or intravenously to evaluate the bio-distribution of modified RNA using luciferase. A formulation buffer used with all delivery methods contained 150 mM sodium chloride, 2 mM calcium chloride, 2 mM Na+-phosphate which included 1.4 mM monobasic sodium phosphate and 0.6 mM of dibasic sodium phosphate, and 0.5 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was adjusted using sodium hydroxide to reach a final pH of 6.5 before being filtered and sterilized. A 1× concentration was used as the delivery buffer. To create the lipoplexed solution delivered to the mice, in one vial 50 μg of RNA was equilibrated for 10 minutes at room temperature in the delivery buffer and in a second vial 10 μl RNAiMAX™ was equilibrated for 10 minutes at room temperature in the delivery buffer. After equilibrium, the vials were combined and delivery buffer was added to reach a final volume of 100 which was then incubated for 20 minutes at room temperature. Luciferin was administered by intraperitoneal injection (IP) at 150 mg/kg to each mouse prior to imaging during the plateau phase of the luciferin exposure curve which was between 15 and 30 minutes. To create luciferin, 1 g of D-luciferin potassium or sodium salt was dissolved in 66.6 ml of distilled phosphate buffer solution (DPBS), not containing Mg2+ or Ca2+, to make a 15 mg/ml solution. The solution was gently mixed and passed through a 0.2 μm syringe filter, before being purged with nitrogen, aliquoted and frozen at −80° C. while being protected from light as much as possible. The solution was thawed using a waterbath if luciferin was not dissolved, gently mixed and kept on ice on the day of dosing.
+Whole body images were taken of each mouse 2, 8 and 24 hours after dosing. Tissue images and serum was collected from each mouse 24 hours after dosing. Mice administered doses intravenously had their liver, spleen, kidneys, lungs, heart, peri-renal adipose tissue and thymus imaged. Mice administered doses intramuscularly or subcutaneously had their liver, spleen, kidneys, lungs, peri-renal adipose tissue, and muscle at the injection site. From the whole body images the bioluminescence was measured in photon per second for each route of administration and dosing regimen.
+A. Intramuscular Administration
+Mice were intramuscularly (I.M.) administered either modified luciferase mRNA (IVT cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) (Naked-Luc), lipoplexed modified luciferase mRNA (Lipoplex-luc), lipoplexed modified granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) mRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) (Lipoplex-Cytokine) or the formation buffer at a single dose of 50 μg of modified RNA in an injection volume of 50 μl for each formulation in the right hind limb and a single dose of 5 μg of modified RNA in an injection volume of 50 μl in the left hind limb. The bioluminescence average for the luciferase expression signals for each group at 2, 8 and 24 hours after dosing are shown in FIG. 8A for the left hind limb and FIG. 8B for the right hind limb. The bioluminescence showed a positive signal at the injection site of the 5 μg and 50 μg modified RNA formulations containing and not containing lipoplex.
+B. Subcutaneous Administration
+Mice were subcutaneously (S.C.) administered either modified luciferase mRNA (Naked-Luc), lipoplexed modified luciferase mRNA (Lipoplex-luc), lipoplexed modified G-CSF mRNA (Lipoplex-G-CSF) or the formation buffer at a single dose of 50 μg of modified mRNA in an injection volume of 100 μl for each formulation. The bioluminescence average for the luciferase expression signals for each group at 2, 8 and 24 hours after dosing are shown in FIG. 8C. The bioluminescence showed a positive signal at the injection site of the 50 μg modified mRNA formulations containing and not containing lipoplex.
+C. Intravenous Administration
+Mice were intravenously (I.V.) administered either modified luciferase mRNA (Naked-Luc), lipoplexed modified luciferase mRNA (Lipoplex-luc), lipoplexed modified G-CSF mRNA (Lipoplex-G-CSF) or the formation buffer at a single dose of 50 μg of modified mRNA in an injection volume of 100 μl for each formulation. The bioluminescence average for the luciferase expression signal in the spleen from each group at 2 hours after dosing is shown in FIG. 8D. The bioluminescence showed a positive signal in the spleen of the 50 μg modified mRNA formulations containing lipoplex.
+Example 19
+In Vivo Delivery Using Lipoplexes
+A. Human EPO Modified RNA Lipoplex
+A formulation containing 100 μg of modified human erythropoietin mRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) (EPO; fully modified 5-methylcytosine; N1-methylpseudouridine) was lipoplexed with 30% by volume of RNAIMAX™ (Lipoplex-h-Epo-46; Generation 2 or Gen2) in 50-70 uL delivered intramuscularly to four C57/BL6 mice. Other groups consisted of mice receiving an injection of the lipoplexed modified luciferase mRNA (Lipoplex-luc) (IVT cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) which served as a control containing 100 μg of modified luciferase mRNA was lipoplexed with 30% by volume of RNAIMAX™ or mice receiving an injection of the formulation buffer as negative control at a dose volume of 65 ul. 13 hours after the intramuscular injection, serum was collected from each mouse to measure the amount of human EPO protein in the mouse serum by human EPO ELISA and the results are shown in FIG. 9.
+B. Human G-CSF Modified RNA Lipoplex
+A formulation containing 100 μg of one of the two types of modified human G-CSF mRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) (G-CSF fully modified with 5-methylcytosine and pseudouridine (G-CSF) or G-CSF fully modified with 5-methylcytosine and N1-methyl-pseudouridine (G-CSF-N1) lipoplexed with 30% by volume of RNAIMAX™ and delivered in 150 uL intramuscularly (I.M), in 150 uL subcutaneously (S.C) and in 225 uL intravenously (I.V) to C57/BL6 mice. Three control groups were administered either 100 μg of modified luciferase mRNA (IVT cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) intramuscularly (Luc-unsp I.M.) or 150 μg of modified luciferase mRNA intravenously (Luc-unsp I.V.) or 150 uL of the formulation buffer intramuscularly (Buffer I.M.). 6 hours after administration of a formulation, serum was collected from each mouse to measure the amount of human G-CSF protein in the mouse serum by human G-CSF ELISA and the results are shown in FIG. 10.
+C. Human G-CSF Modified RNA Lipoplex Comparison
+A formulation containing 100 μg of either modified human G-CSF mRNA lipoplexed with 30% by volume of RNAIMAX™ with a 5-methylcytosine (5mc) and a pseudouridine (y) modification (G-CSF-Gen1-Lipoplex), modified human G-CSF mRNA with a 5mc and ψ modification in saline (G-CSF-Gen1-Saline), modified human G-CSF mRNA with a N1-5-methylcytosine (N1-5mc) and a ψ modification lipoplexed with 30% by volume of RNAIMAX™ (G-CSF-Gen2-Lipoplex), modified human G-CSF mRNA with a N1-5mc and ψ modification in saline (G-CSF-Gen2-Saline), modified luciferase with a 5mc and ψ modification lipoplexed with 30% by volume of RNAIMAX™ (Luc-Lipoplex), or modified luciferase mRNA with a 5mc and ψ modification in saline (Luc-Saline) was delivered intramuscularly (I.M.) or subcutaneously (S.C.) and a control group for each method of administration was giving a dose of 80 uL of the formulation buffer (F. Buffer) to C57/BL6 mice. 13 hours post injection serum and tissue from the site of injection were collected from each mouse and analyzed by G-CSF ELISA to compare human G-CSF protein levels. The results of the human G-CSF protein in mouse serum from the intramuscular administration are shown in FIG. 11A, and the subcutaneous administration results are shown in FIG. 11B.
+D. mCherry Modified RNA Lipoplex Comparison
+Intramuscular and Subcutaneous Administration
+A formulation containing 100 μg of either modified mCherry mRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) lipoplexed with 30% by volume of RNAIMAX™ or modified mCherry mRNA in saline is delivered intramuscularly and subcutaneously to mice. A formulation buffer is also administered to a control group of mice either intramuscularly or subcutaneously. The site of injection on the mice may be collected 17 hours post injection for sectioning to determine the cell type(s) responsible for producing protein.
+Intravitreal Administration
+A formulation containing 10 μg of either modified mCherry mRNA lipoplexed with RNAIMAX™, modified mCherry mRNA in a formulation buffer, modified luciferase mRNA lipoplexed with RNAMAX™, modified luciferase mRNA in a formulation buffer can be administered by intravitreal injection (IVT) in rats in a dose volume of 5 μl/eye. A formulation buffer is also administered by IVT to a control group of rats in a dose volume of 5 μl/eye. Eyes from treated rats can be collected after 18 hours post injection for sectioning and lysating to determine whether mmRNA can be effectively delivered in vivo to the eye and result in protein production, and to also determine the cell type(s) responsible for producing protein in vivo.
+Intranasal Administration
+A formulation containing 100 μg of either modified mCherry mRNA lipoplexed with 30% by volume of RNAIMAX™, modified mCherry mRNA in saline, modified luciferase mRNA lipoplexed with 30% by volume of RNAIMAX™ or modified luciferase mRNA in saline is delivered intranasally. A formulation buffer is also administered to a control group intranasally. Lungs may be collected about 13 hours post instillation for sectioning (for those receiving mCherry mRNA) or homogenization (for those receiving luciferase mRNA). These samples will be used to determine whether mmRNA can be effectively delivered in vivo to the lungs and result in protein production, and to also determine the cell type(s) responsible for producing protein in vivo.
+Example 20
+In Vivo Delivery Using Varying Lipid Ratios
+Modified mRNA was delivered to C57/BL6 mice to evaluate varying lipid ratios and the resulting protein expression. Formulations of 100 μg modified human EPO mRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) lipoplexed with 10%, 30% or 50% RNAIMAX™, 100 μg modified luciferase mRNA (IVT cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) lipoplexed with 10%, 30% or 50% RNAIMAX™ or a formulation buffer were administered intramuscularly to mice in a single 70 μl dose. Serum was collected 13 hours post injection to undergo a human EPO ELISA to determine the human EPO protein level in each mouse. The results of the human EPO ELISA, shown in FIG. 12, show that modified human EPO expressed in the muscle is secreted into the serum for each of the different percentage of RNAIMAX™.
+Example 21
+Intramuscular and Subcutaneous In Vivo Delivery in Mammals
+Modified human EPO mRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) formulated in saline was delivered to either C57/BL6 mice or Sprague-Dawley rats to evaluate the dose dependency on human EPO production. Rats were intramuscularlly injected with 50 μl of the modified human EPO mRNA (h-EPO), modified luciferase mRNA (Luc) (IVT cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) or the formulation buffer (F. Buffer) as described in the dosing chart Table 9.
+Mice were intramuscularly or subcutaneously injected with 50 μl of the modified human EPO mRNA (h-EPO), modified luciferase mRNA (Luc) or the formulation buffer (F. Buffer) as described in the dosing chart Table 10. 13 hours post injection blood was collected and serum was analyzed to determine the amount human EPO for each mouse or rat. The average and geometric mean in pg/ml for the rat study are also shown in Table 9.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 9
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Rat Study
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Avg.
+Geometric-
+
+
+
+Group
+Dose
+R#1
+R#2
+R#3
+R#4
+R#5
+R#6
+pg/ml
+mean pg/ml
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+h-EPO
+G#1
+150 μg
+61.8
+86.3
+69.9
+55.2
+59
+74.2
+67.7
+67.1
+
+
+h-EPO
+G#2
+100 μg
+69.4
+77.8
+48.2
+17.6
+101.9
+161.5
+79.4
+66.9
+
+
+h-EPO
+G#3
+ 50 μg
+143.6
+60.9
+173.4
+145.9
+61.5
+23.9
+101.5
+85.4
+
+
+h-EPO
+G#4
+ 10 μg
+7.8
+11.8
+30.9
+36.2
+40.6
+150.3
+46.3
+31.2
+
+
+h-EPO
+G#5
+ 1 μg
+9.1
+35.8
+—
+46.2
+18.1
+34.1
+28.7
+25.4
+
+
+Luc
+G#6
+100 μg
+34.1
+36.5
+13.5
+13.7
+—
+—
+24.5
+22.4
+
+
+F. Buffer
+G#7
+—
+14.7
+18.5
+21.2
+20.3
+—
+—
+18.7
+18.5
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 10
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Mouse Study
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Average Level
+
+
+
+Route
+Treatment
+Group
+Dose
+in serum pg/ml
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+IM
+h-EPO
+1
+100 μg
+96.2
+
+
+
+IM
+h-EPO
+2
+ 50 μg
+63.5
+
+
+
+IM
+h-EPO
+3
+ 25 μg
+18.7
+
+
+
+IM
+h-EPO
+4
+ 10 μg
+25.9
+
+
+
+IM
+h-EPO
+5
+ 1 μg
+2.6
+
+
+
+IM
+Luc
+6
+100 μg
+0
+
+
+
+IM
+F. Buffer
+7
+—
+1.0
+
+
+
+SC
+h-EPO
+1
+100 μg
+72.0
+
+
+
+SC
+Luc
+2
+100 μg
+26.7
+
+
+
+SC
+F. Buffer
+3
+—
+17.4
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 22
+Duration of Activity after Intramuscular In Vivo Delivery in Rats
+Modified human EPO mRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) formulated in saline was delivered to Sprague-Dawley rats to determine the duration of the dose response. Rats were intramuscularly injected with 50 μl of the modified human EPO mRNA (h-EPO), modified luciferase mRNA (IVT cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) (Luc) or the formulation buffer (F. Buffer) as described in the dosing chart Table 11. The rats were bled 2, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after the intramuscular injection to determine the concentration of human EPO in serum at a given time. The average and geometric mean in pg/ml for this study are also shown in Table 11.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 11
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Dosing Chart
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Avg.
+Geometric-
+
+
+
+Group
+Dose
+R#1
+R#2
+R#3
+R#4
+R#5
+R#6
+R#7
+pg/ml
+mean pg/ml
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+h-EPO
+ 2 hour
+100 μg
+60.0
+62.4
+53.6
+33.2
+68.6
+66.4
+72.8
+59.6
+58.2
+
+
+h-EPO
+ 6 hour
+100 μg
+66.4
+102.5
+45.6
+78.1
+56.8
+122.5
+ 8.1
+68.6
+55.8
+
+
+h-EPO
+12 hour
+100 μg
+132.9
+55.1
+89.0
+80.1
+85.6
+105.6
+63.3
+87.4
+84.5
+
+
+h-EPO
+24 hour
+100 μg
+51.1
+76.3
+264.3
+142.4
+77.6
+73.5
+75.0
+108.6
+95.3
+
+
+h-EPO
+48 hour
+100 μg
+96.3
+59.0
+85.7
+82.6
+63.5
+80.3
+—
+77.9
+77.0
+
+
+h-EPO
+72 hour
+100 μg
+46.3
+66.9
+73.5
+57.3
+136.7
+110
+69.7
+80.1
+75.8
+
+
+Luc
+24, 48
+100 μg
+60.2
+38.5
+48.8
+46.1
+3.6
+26.1
+—
+37.2
+29.2
+
+
+
+and 72
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+hour
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+F. Buffer
+24, 48
+—
+50.0
+10.0
+80.9
+54.7
+—
+—
+—
+48.9
+10.4
+
+
+
+and 72
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+hour
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 23
+In Vitro Transfection of VEGF-A
+Human vascular endothelial growth factor-isoform A (VEGF-A) modified mRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 12; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) was transfected via reverse transfection in Human Keratinocyte cells in 24 multi-well plates. Human Keratinocytes cells were grown in EPILIFE® medium with Supplement S7 from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, Calif.) until they reached a confluence of 50-70%. The cells were transfected with 0, 46.875, 93.75, 187.5, 375, 750, and 1500 ng of modified mRNA (mmRNA) encoding VEGF-A which had been complexed with RNAIMAX™ from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, Calif.). The RNA:RNAIMAX™ complex was formed by first incubating the RNA with Supplement-free EPILIFE® media in a 5× volumetric dilution for 10 minutes at room temperature. In a second vial, RNAIMAX™ reagent was incubated with Supplement-free EPILIFE® Media in a 10× volumetric dilution for 10 minutes at room temperature. The RNA vial was then mixed with the RNAIMAX™ vial and incubated for 20-30 minutes at room temperature before being added to the cells in a drop-wise fashion.
+The fully optimized mRNA encoding VEGF-A transfected with the Human Keratinocyte cells included modifications during translation such as natural nucleoside triphosphates (NTP), pseudouridine at each uridine site and 5-methylcytosine at each cytosine site (pseudo-U/5mC), and N1-methyl-pseudouridine at each uridine site and 5-methylcytosine at each cytosine site (N1-methyl-Pseudo-U/5mC). Cells were transfected with the mmRNA encoding VEGF-A and secreted VEGF-A concentration (ρg/ml) in the culture medium was measured at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours post-transfection for each of the concentrations using an ELISA kit from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, Calif.) following the manufacturers recommended instructions. These data, shown in Table 12, show that modified mRNA encoding VEGF-A is capable of being translated in Human Keratinocyte cells and that VEGF-A is transported out of the cells and released into the extracellular environment.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 12
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+VEGF-A Dosing and Protein Secretion
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+6 hours
+12 hours
+24 hours
+48 hours
+
+
+Dose (ng)
+(pg/ml)
+(pg/ml)
+(pg/ml)
+(pg/ml)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+VEGF-A Dose Containing Natural NTPs
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+46.875
+10.37
+18.07
+33.90
+67.02
+
+
+93.75
+9.79
+20.54
+41.95
+65.75
+
+
+187.5
+14.07
+24.56
+45.25
+64.39
+
+
+375
+19.16
+37.53
+53.61
+88.28
+
+
+750
+21.51
+38.90
+51.44
+61.79
+
+
+1500
+36.11
+61.90
+76.70
+86.54
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+VEGF-A Dose Containing Pseudo-U/5mC
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+46.875
+10.13
+16.67
+33.99
+72.88
+
+
+93.75
+11.00
+20.00
+46.47
+145.61
+
+
+187.5
+16.04
+34.07
+83.00
+120.77
+
+
+375
+69.15
+188.10
+448.50
+392.44
+
+
+750
+133.95
+304.30
+524.02
+526.58
+
+
+1500
+198.96
+345.65
+426.97
+505.41
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+VEGF-A Dose Containing N1-methyl-Pseudo-U/5mC
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+46.875
+0.03
+6.02
+27.65
+100.42
+
+
+93.75
+12.37
+46.38
+121.23
+167.56
+
+
+187.5
+104.55
+365.71
+1025.41
+1056.91
+
+
+375
+605.89
+1201.23
+1653.63
+1889.23
+
+
+750
+445.41
+1036.45
+1522.86
+1954.81
+
+
+1500
+261.61
+714.68
+1053.12
+1513.39
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 24
+In Vivo Studies of Factor IX
+Human Factor IX mmRNA (mRNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 8; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) (Gen1; fully modified 5-methycytosine and pseudouridine) formulated in saline was delivered to mice via intramuscular injection. The results demonstrate that Factor IX protein was elevated in serum as measured 13 hours after administration.
+In this study, mice (N=5 for Factor IX, N=3 for Luciferase or Buffer controls) were intramuscularly injected with 50 μl of the Factor IX mmRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 8; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1), Luciferase (cDNA sequence for IVT shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) or the formulation buffer (F. Buffer) at 2× 100 ug/mouse. The mice were bled at 13 hours after the intramuscular injection to determine the concentration of human the polypeptide in serum in pg/mL. The results revealed that administration of Factor IX mmRNA resulted in levels of 1600 pg/mL at 13 hours as compared to less than 100 pg/mL of Factor IX for either Luciferase or buffer control administration.
+Example 25
+Multi-Site Administration: Intramuscular and Subcutaneous
+Human G-CSF mmRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) modified as either Gen1 or Gen2 (5-methylcytosine (5mc) and a pseudouridine (ψ) modification, G-CSF-Gen1; or N1-5-methylcytosine (N1-5mc) and a ψ modification, G-CSF-Gen2) and formulated in saline were delivered to mice via intramuscular (IM) or subcutaneous (SC) injection. Injection of four doses or 2× 50 ug (two sites) daily for three days (24 hrs interval) was performed. The fourth dose was administered 6 hrs before blood collection and CBC analysis. Controls included Luciferase (cDNA sequence for IVT shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) or the formulation buffer (F. Buffer). The mice were bled at 72 hours after the first mmRNA injection (6 hours after the last mmRNA dose) to determine the effect of mmRNA-encoded human G-CSF on the neutrophil count. The dosing regimen is shown in Table 13 as are the resulting neutrophil counts (thousands/uL). Asterisks indicate statistical significance at p<0.05.
+For intramuscular administration, the data reveal a four fold increase in neutrophil count above control at day 3 for the Gen1 G-CSF mmRNA and a two fold increase for the Gen2 G-CSF mmRNA. For subcutaneous administration, the data reveal a two fold increase in neutrophil count above control at day 3 for the Gen2 G-CSF mmRNA.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 13
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Dosing Regimen
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Dose
+Dose Vol.
+Dosing
+Neutrophil
+
+
+Gr.
+Treatment
+Route
+N=
+(μg/mouse)
+(μl/mouse)
+Vehicle
+Thous/uL
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+1
+G-CSF (Gen1)
+I.M
+5
+2 × 50 ug (four doses)
+50
+F. buffer
+ 840*
+
+
+2
+G-CSF (Gen1)
+S.C
+5
+2 × 50 ug (four doses)
+50
+F. buffer
+430
+
+
+3
+G-CSF (Gen2)
+I.M
+5
+2 × 50 ug (four doses)
+50
+F. buffer
+ 746*
+
+
+4
+G-CSF (Gen2)
+S.C
+5
+2 × 50 ug (four doses)
+50
+F. buffer
+683
+
+
+5
+Luc (Gen1)
+I.M.
+5
+2 × 50 ug (four doses)
+50
+F. buffer
+201
+
+
+6
+Luc (Gen1)
+S.C.
+5
+2 × 50 ug (four doses)
+50
+F. buffer
+307
+
+
+7
+Luc (Gen2)
+I.M
+5
+2 × 50 ug (four doses)
+50
+F. buffer
+336
+
+
+8
+Luc (Gen2)
+S.C
+5
+2 × 50 ug (four doses)
+50
+F. buffer
+357
+
+
+9
+F. Buffer
+I.M
+4
+0 (four doses)
+50
+F. buffer
+245
+
+
+10
+F. Buffer
+S.C.
+4
+0 (four doses)
+50
+F. buffer
+509
+
+
+11
+Untreated
+—
+4
+
+
+—
+312
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 26
+Intravenous Administration
+Human G-CSF mmRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) modified with 5-methylcytosine (5mc) and a pseudouridine (ψ) modification; or having no modifications and formulated in 10% lipoplex (RNAIMAX™) were delivered to mice at a dose of 50 ug RNA and in a volume of 100 ul via intravenous (IV) injection at days 0, 2 and 4. Neutrophils were measured at days 1, 5 and 8. Controls included non-specific mammalian RNA or the formulation buffer alone (F. Buffer). The mice were bled at days 1, 5 and 8 to determine the effect of mmRNA-encoded human G-CSF to increase neutrophil count. The dosing regimen is shown in Table 14 as are the resulting neutrophil counts (thousands/uL; K/uL).
+For intravenous administration, the data reveal a four to five fold increase in neutrophil count above control at day 5 with G-CSF mmRNA but not with unmodified G-CSF mRNA or non-specific controls. Blood count returned to baseline four days after the final injection. No other changes in leukocyte populations were observed.
+An asterisk indicates statistical significance at p<0.001 compared to buffer.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 14
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Dosing Regimen
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Dose
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Vol.
+Dosing
+Neutrophil
+
+
+Gr.
+Treatment
+N=
+(μl/mouse)
+Vehicle
+K/uL
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+1
+G-CSF (Gen1)
+5
+100
+10% lipoplex
+2.91
+
+
+
+Day 1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+2
+G-CSF (Gen1)
+5
+100
+10% lipoplex
+5.32*
+
+
+
+Day 5
+
+
+
+
+
+
+3
+G-CSF (Gen1)
+5
+100
+10% lipoplex
+2.06
+
+
+
+Day 8
+
+
+
+
+
+
+4
+G-CSF (no
+5
+100
+10% lipoplex
+1.88
+
+
+
+modification)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Day 1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+5
+G-CSF (no
+5
+100
+10% lipoplex
+1.95
+
+
+
+modification)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Day 5
+
+
+
+
+
+
+6
+G-CSF (no
+5
+100
+10% lipoplex
+2.09
+
+
+
+modification)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Day 8
+
+
+
+
+
+
+7
+RNA control
+5
+100
+10% lipoplex
+2.90
+
+
+
+Day 1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+8
+RNA control
+5
+100
+10% lipoplex
+1.68
+
+
+
+Day 5
+
+
+
+
+
+
+9
+RNA control
+4
+100
+10% lipoplex
+1.72
+
+
+
+Day 8
+
+
+
+
+
+
+10
+F. Buffer
+4
+100
+10% lipoplex
+2.51
+
+
+
+Day 1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+11
+F. Buffer
+4
+100
+10% lipoplex
+1.31
+
+
+
+Day 5
+
+
+
+
+
+
+12
+F. Buffer
+4
+100
+10% lipoplex
+1.92
+
+
+
+Day 8
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 27
+Saline Formulation: Intramuscular Administration
+Human G-CSF mmRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) and human EPO mmRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1); G-CSF mmRNA (modified with 5-methylcytosine (5mc) and pseudouridine (ψ) and EPO mmRNA (modified with N1-5-methylcytosine (N1-5mc) and ψ modification), were formulated in saline and delivered to mice via intramuscular (IM) injection at a dose of 100 ug.
+Controls included Luciferase (IVT cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) or the formulation buffer (F. Buffer). The mice were bled at 13 hours after the injection to determine the concentration of the human polypeptide in serum in pg/mL (G-CSF groups measured human G-CSF in mouse serum and EPO groups measured human EPO in mouse serum). The data are shown in Table 15.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 15
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Dosing Regimen
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Dose Vol.
+Dosing
+Average Protein
+
+
+Group
+Treatment
+N=
+(μl/mouse)
+Vehicle
+Product pg/mL, serum
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+G-CSF
+G-CSF
+5
+50
+Saline
+19.8
+
+
+G-CSF
+Luciferase
+5
+50
+Saline
+0.5
+
+
+G-CSF
+F. buffer
+5
+50
+F. buffer
+0.5
+
+
+EPO
+EPO
+5
+50
+Saline
+191.5
+
+
+EPO
+Luciferase
+5
+50
+Saline
+15.0
+
+
+EPO
+F. buffer
+
+
+F. buffer
+4.8
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 28
+EPO Multi-Dose/Multi-Administration
+Studies utilizing multiple intramuscular injection sites at one time point were designed and performed.
+The design of a single multi-dose experiment involved using human erythropoietin (EPO) mmRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) or G-CSF (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) administered in saline. The dosing vehicle (F. buffer) was used as a control. The EPO and G-CSF mmRNA were modified with 5-methylcytosine at each cytosine and pseudouridine replacement at each uridine site.
+Animals (n=5), Sprague-Dawley rats, were injected IM (intramuscular) for the single unit dose of 100 ug (delivered to one thigh). For multi-dosing 6 doses of 100 ug (delivered to two thighs) were used for both EPO and G-CSF mmRNA. Control dosing involved use of buffer at a single dose. Human EPO blood levels were evaluated 13 hours post injection.
+Human EPO protein was measured in rat serum 13 hours post I.M. Five groups of rats were treated and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 16.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 16
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Multi-dose study
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Avg. Pg/mL
+
+
+
+
+Dose of
+Total
+human EPO,
+
+
+Group
+Treatment
+mmRNA
+Dose
+serum
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+1
+Human EPO
+1 × 100 ug
+100 ug
+143
+
+
+
+mmRNA
+
+
+
+
+
+2
+Human EPO
+6 × 100 ug
+600 ug
+256
+
+
+
+mmRNA
+
+
+
+
+
+3
+G-CSF mmRNA
+1 × 100 ug
+100 ug
+43
+
+
+4
+G-CSF mmRNA
+6 × 100 ug
+600 ug
+58
+
+
+5
+Buffer Alone
+—
+—
+20
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 29
+Signal Sequence Exchange Study
+Several variants of mmRNAs encoding human Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) were synthesized using modified nucleotides pseudouridine and 5-methylcytosine (pseudo-U/5mC). These variants included the G-CSF constructs encoding either the wild-type N terminal secretory signal peptide sequence (MAGPATQSPMKLMALQLLLWHSALWTVQEA; SEQ ID NO: 13), no secretory signal peptide sequence, or secretory signal peptide sequences taken from other mRNAs. These included sequences where the wild type GCSF signal peptide sequence was replaced with the signal peptide sequence of either: human α-1-anti trypsin (MMPSSVSWGILLLAGLCCLVPVSLA; SEQ ID NO: 14), human Factor IX (MQRVNMIMAESPSLITICLLGYLLSAECTVFLDHENANKILNRPKR; SEQ ID NO: 15), human Prolactin (MKGSLLLLLVSNLLLCQSVAP; SEQ ID NO: 16), or human Albumin (MKWVTFISLLFLFSSAYSRGVFRR; SEQ ID NO: 17).
+250 ng of modified mRNA encoding each G-CSF variant was transfected into HEK293A (293A in the table), mouse myoblast (MM in the table) (C2C12, CRL-1772, ATCC) and rat myoblast (RM in the table) (L6 line, CRL-1458, ATCC) cell lines in a 24 well plate using 1 ul of Lipofectamine 2000 (Life Technologies), each well containing 300,000 cells. The supernatants were harvested after 24 hrs and the secreted G-CSF protein was analyzed by ELISA using the Human G-CSF ELISA kit (Life Technologies). The data shown in Table 17 reveal that cells transfected with G-CSF mmRNA encoding the Albumin signal peptide secrete at least 12 fold more G-CSF protein than its wild type counterpart.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 17
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Signal Peptide Exchange
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+293A
+MM
+RM
+
+
+
+Signal peptides
+(pg/ml)
+(pg/ml)
+(pg/ml)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+G-CSF Natural
+9650
+3450
+6050
+
+
+
+α-1-anti trypsin
+9950
+5000
+8475
+
+
+
+Factor IX
+11675
+6175
+11675
+
+
+
+Prolactin
+7875
+1525
+9800
+
+
+
+Albumin
+122050
+81050
+173300
+
+
+
+No Signal peptide
+0
+0
+0
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 30
+Cytokine Study: PBMC
+PBMC Isolation and Culture:
+50 mL of human blood from two donors was received from Research Blood Components (lots KP30928 and KP30931) in sodium heparin tubes. For each donor, the blood was pooled and diluted to 70 mL with DPBS (SAFC Bioscience 59331C, lot 071M8408) and split evenly between two 50 mL conical tubes. 10 mL of Ficoll Paque (GE Healthcare 17-5442-03, lot 10074400) was gently dispensed below the blood layer. The tubes were centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 30 minutes with low acceleration and braking. The tubes were removed and the buffy coat PMBC layers were gently transferred to a fresh 50 mL conical and washed with DPBS. The tubes were centrifuged at 1450 rpm for 10 minutes.
+The supernatant was aspirated and the PBMC pellets were resuspended and washed in 50 mL of DPBS. The tubes were centrifuged at 1250 rpm for 10 minutes. This wash step was repeated, and the PBMC pellets were resuspended in 19 mL of Optimem I (Gibco 11058, lot 1072088) and counted. The cell suspensions were adjusted to a concentration of 3.0×10^6 cells/mL live cells.
+These cells were then plated on five 96 well tissue culture treated round bottom plates (Costar 3799) per donor at 50 uL per well. Within 30 minutes, transfection mixtures were added to each well at a volume of 50 uL per well. After 4 hours post transfection, the media was supplemented with 10 uL of Fetal Bovine Serum (Gibco 10082, lot 1012368)
+Transfection Preparation:
+mmRNA encoding human G-CSF (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) (containing either (1) natural NTPs, (2) 100% substitution with 5-methyl cytidine and pseudouridine, or (3) 100% substitution with 5-methyl cytidine and N1-methyl pseudouridine; mmRNA encoding luciferase (IVT cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) (containing either (1) natural NTPs or (2) 100% substitution with 5-methyl cytidine and pseudouridine) and TLR agonist R848 (Invivogen tlrl-r848) were diluted to 38.4 ng/uL in a final volume of 2500 uL Optimem I.
+Separately, 432 uL of Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen 11668-027, lot 1070962) was diluted with 13.1 mL Optimem I. In a 96 well plate nine aliquots of 135 uL of each mmRNA, positive control (R-848) or negative control (Optimem I) was added to 135 uL of the diluted Lipofectamine 2000. The plate containing the material to be transfected was incubated for 20 minutes. The transfection mixtures were then transferred to each of the human PBMC plates at 50 uL per well. The plates were then incubated at 37 C. At 2, 4, 8, 20, and 44 hours each plate was removed from the incubator, and the supernatants were frozen.
+After the last plate was removed, the supernatants were assayed using a human G-CSF ELISA kit (Invitrogen KHC2032) and human IFN-alpha ELISA kit (Thermo Scientific 41105-2). Each condition was done in duplicate.
+Results:
+The ability of unmodified and modified mRNA (mmRNAs) to produce the encoded protein was assessed (G-CSF production) over time as was the ability of the mRNA to trigger innate immune recognition as measured by interferon-alpha production. Use of in vitro PBMC cultures is an accepted way to measure the immunostimulatory potential of oligonucleotides (Robbins et al., Oligonucleotides 2009 19:89-102).
+Results were interpolated against the standard curve of each ELISA plate using a four parameter logistic curve fit. Shown in Tables 18 and 19 are the average from 2 separate PBMC donors of the G-CSF and IFN-alpha production over time as measured by specific ELISA.
+In the G-CSF ELISA, background signal from the Lipofectamine 2000 untreated condition was subtracted at each timepoint. The data demonstrated specific production of human G-CSF protein by human peripheral blood mononuclear is seen with G-CSF mRNA containing natural NTPs, 100% substitution with 5-methyl cytidine and pseudouridine, or 100% substitution with 5-methyl cytidine and N1-methyl pseudouridine. Production of G-CSF was significantly increased through the use of modified mRNA relative to unmodified mRNA, with the 5-methyl cytidine and N1-methyl pseudouridine containing G-CSF mmRNA showing the highest level of G-CSF production. With regards to innate immune recognition, unmodified mRNA resulted in substantial IFN-alpha production, while the modified mRNA largely prevented interferon-alpha production.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 18
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+G-CSF Signal
+
+
+G-CSF signal - 2 Donor Average
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+pg/mL
+2 Hr
+4 Hr
+8 Hr
+20 Hr
+44 Hr
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+G-CSF (5mC/pseudouridine)
+120.3
+136.8
+421.0
+346.1
+431.8
+
+
+G-CSF (5mC/N1-methyl-
+256.3
+273.7
+919.3
+1603.3
+1843.3
+
+
+pseudouridine)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+G-CSF(Natural-no modification)
+63.5
+92.6
+129.6
+258.3
+242.4
+
+
+Luciferase (5mC/pseudouridine)
+4.5
+153.7
+33.0
+186.5
+58.0
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 19
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+IFN-alpha signal
+
+
+IFN-alpha signal - 2 donor average
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+pg/mL
+2 Hr
+4 Hr
+8 Hr
+20 Hr
+44 Hr
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+G-CSF (5mC/pseudouridine)
+21.1
+2.9
+3.7
+22.7
+4.3
+
+
+G-CSF (5mC/N1-methyl-
+0.5
+0.4
+3.0
+2.3
+2.1
+
+
+pseudouridine)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+G-CSF(Natural)
+0.0
+2.1
+23.3
+74.9
+119.7
+
+
+Luciferase (5mC/pseudouridine)
+0.4
+0.4
+4.7
+1.0
+2.4
+
+
+R-848
+39.1
+151.3
+278.4
+362.2
+208.1
+
+
+Lipofectamine 2000 control
+0.8
+17.2
+16.5
+0.7
+3.1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 31
+Quantification in Exosomes
+The quantity and localization of the mmRNA of the present invention can be determined by measuring the amounts (initial, timecourse, or residual basis) in isolated exosomes. In this study, since the mmRNA are typically codon-optimized and distinct in sequence from endogenous mRNA, the levels of mmRNA are quantitated as compared to endogenous levels of native or wild type mRNA by using the methods of Gibbings, PCT/IB2009/005878, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
+In these studies, the method is performed by first isolating exosomes or vesicles preferably from a bodily fluid of a patient previously treated with a polynucleotide, primary construct or mmRNA of the invention, then measuring, in said exosomes, the polynucleotide, primary construct or mmRNA levels by one of mRNA microarray, qRT-PCR, or other means for measuring RNA in the art including by suitable antibody or immunohistochemical methods.
+Example 32
+Bifunctional mmRNA
+Using the teachings and synthesis methods described herein, modified RNAs are designed and synthesized to be bifunctional, thereby encoding one or more cytotoxic protein molecules as well as be synthesized using cytotoxic nucleosides.
+Administration of the bifunctional modified mRNAs is effected using either saline or a lipid carrier. Once administered, the bifunctional modified mRNA is translated to produce the encoded cytotoxic peptide. Upon degradation of the delivered modified mRNA, the cytotoxic nucleosides are released which also effect therapeutic benefit to the subject.
+Example 33
+Synthesis of Modified mRNA
+Modified mRNA is generated from a cDNA template containing a T7 RNA-polymerase promoter sequence using a commercially available T7 RNA polymerase transcription kit (MEGASCRIPT® High Yield Transcription KIT, AMBION®, Austin, Tex.; MSCRIPT™ mRNA Production Kit, EPICENTRE® Biotechnologies, Madison, Wis.). An in vitro transcription reaction contains between 1-2 μg of template DNA in the form of a linearized plasmid, PCR product, or single-stranded oligonucleotide with a double-stranded polymerase promoter region. The template DNA encodes a strong translation initiation sequence such as a strong consensus Kozak sequence or an optimized, high-expression IRES including the EMCV IRES. Reaction volumes are between 20-40 μl and contain 3′-O-Me-m7-G(5′)ppp(5′)G ARCA cap analog (NEW ENGLAND BIOLABS®) in addition to an optimized ribonucleotide mixture of determined modified adenine, guanine, cytidine and uridine ribonucleotide analogs. Final reaction concentrations for nucleotide are 6 mM for the cap analog and 1.5-7.5 mM for each of the other nucleotides. The temperature and duration of the in vitro transcription reaction are optimized for efficiency, fidelity and yield. Reactions may be incubated from 3-6 hours and up to 16 hours at 37° C. Following the in vitro transcription reaction, the capped mRNA undergoes polyadenylation using a commercially available poly-A tailing kit (EPICENTRE® Biotechnologies, Madison, Wis.). The resulting capped and polyadenylated synthetic mRNA is then purified by denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm production of full-length product and to remove any degradation products followed by spin column filtration (RNeasy Kit, Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.; MEGACLEAR™ AMBION®, Austin, Tex.). Purified synthetic mRNAs are resuspended in RNase-free water containing an RNase inhibitor (RNASIN® Plus RNase Inhibitor, Promega, Madison, Wis.), quantified by NANODROP™ (Thermo Scientific, Logan, Utah) and stored at −20° C.
+Example 34
+Bulk Transfection of Modified mRNA into Cell Culture
+A. Cationic Lipid Delivery Vehicles
+RNA transfections are carried out using RNAIMax (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) or TRANSIT-mRNA (Mirus Bio, Madison, Wis.) cationic lipid delivery vehicles. RNA and reagent are first diluted in Opti-MEM basal media (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). 100 ng/uL RNA is diluted 5× and 5 μL, of RNAIMax per μg of RNA is diluted 10×. The diluted components are pooled and incubated 15 minutes at room temperature before they are dispensed to culture media. For TRANSIT-mRNA transfections, 100 ng/uL RNA is diluted 10× in Opti-MEM and BOOST reagent is added (at a concentration of 2 μL, per μg of RNA), TRANSIT-mRNA is added (at a concentration of 2 μL, per μg of RNA), and then the RNA-lipid complexes are delivered to the culture media after a 2-minute incubation at room temperature. RNA transfections are performed in Nutristem xenofree hES media (STEMGENT®, Cambridge, Mass.) for RiPS derivations, Dermal Cell Basal Medium plus Keratinocyte Growth Kit (ATCC) for keratinocyte experiments, and Opti-MEM plus 2% FBS for all other experiments. Successful introduction of a modified mRNA (mmRNA) into host cells can be monitored using various known methods, such as a fluorescent marker, such as Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). Successful transfection of a modified mRNA can also be determined by measuring the protein expression level of the target polypeptide by e.g., Western Blotting or immunocytochemistry. Similar methods may be followed for large volume scale-up to multi-liter (5-10,000 L) culture format following similar RNA-lipid complex ratios.
+B. Electroporation Delivery of Exogenous Synthetic mRNA Transcripts
+Electroporation parameters are optimized by transfecting MRC-5 fibroblasts with in vitro synthetic modified mRNA (mmRNA) transcripts and measuring transfection efficiency by quantitative RT-PCR with primers designed to specifically detect the exogenous transcripts. Discharging a 150 uF capacitor charged to F into 2.5×106 cells suspended in 50 μl of Opti-MEM (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) in a standard electroporation cuvette with a 2 mm gap is sufficient for repeated delivery in excess of 10,000 copies of modified mRNA transcripts per cell, as determined using the standard curve method, while maintaining high viability (>70%). Further experiments may reveal that the voltage required to efficiently transfect cells with mmRNA transcripts can depend on the cell density during electroporation. Cell density may vary from 1×106 cell/50 μl to a density of 2.5×106 cells/50 μl and require from 110V to 145V to transfect cells with similar efficiencies measured in transcript copies per cell. Large multi-liter (5-10,000 L) electroporation may be performed similar to large volume flow electroporation strategies similar to methods described with the above described constraints (Li et al., 2002; Geng et al., 2010).
+Example 35
+Overexpression of Ceramide Transfer Protein to Increase Therapeutic Antibody Protein Production in Established CHO Cell Lines
+A. Batch Culture
+An antibody producing CHO cell line (CHO DG44) secreting a humanized therapeutic IgG antibody is transfected a single time with lipid cationic delivery agent alone (control) or a synthetic mRNA transcript encoding wild type ceramide transfer protein (CERT) or a non-phosphorylation competent Ser132A CERT mutant. The sequences are taught in for example, U.S. Ser. No. 13/252,049, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. CERT is an essential cytosolic protein in mammalian cells that transfers the sphingolipid ceramide from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex where it is converted to sphingomyelin (Hanada et al., 2003). Overexpression of CERT significantly enhances the transport of secreted proteins to the plasma membrane and improves the production of proteins that are transported via the secretory pathway from eukaryotic cells thereby enhancing secretion of proteins in the culture medium. Synthetic mRNA transcripts are pre-mixed with a lipid cationic delivery agent at a 2-5:1 carrier:RNA ratio. The initial seeding density is about 2×105 viable cells/mL. The synthetic mRNA transcript is delivered after initial culture seeding during the exponential culture growth phase to achieve a final synthetic mRNA copy number between 10×102 and 10×103 per cell. The basal cell culture medium used for all phases of cell inoculum generation and for growth of cultures in bioreactors was modified CD-CHO medium containing glutamine, sodium bicarbonate, insulin and methotrexate. The pH of the medium was adjusted to 7.0 with 1 N HCl or 1N NaOH after addition of all components. Culture run times ended on days 7, 14, 21 or 28+. Production-level 50 L scale reactors (stainless steel reactor with two marine impellers) were used and are scalable to >10,000 L stainless steel reactors (described in commonly-assigned patent application U.S. Ser. No. 60/436,050, filed Dec. 23, 2002, and U.S. Ser. No. 10/740,645). A data acquisition system (Intellution Fix 32, OSlsoft, LLC, San Leandro, Calif.) recorded temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) throughout runs. Gas flows were controlled via rotameters. Air was sparged into the reactor via a submerged frit (5 μm pore size) and through the reactor head space for CO2 removal. Molecular oxygen was sparged through the same frit for DO control. CO2 was sparged through same frit as used for pH control. Samples of cells were removed from the reactor on a daily basis. A sample used for cell counting was stained with trypan blue (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.). Cell count and cell viability determination were performed via hemocytometry using a microscope. For analysis of metabolites, additional samples were centrifuged for 20 minutes at 2000 rpm (4° C.) for cell separation. Supernatant was analyzed for the following parameters: titer, sialic acid, glucose, lactate, glutamine, glutamate, pH, pO2, pCO2, ammonia, and, optionally, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Additional back-up samples were frozen at −20° C. To measure secreted humanized IgG antibody titers, supernatant is taken from seed-stock cultures of all stable cell pools, the IgG titer is determined by ELISA and divided by the mean number of cells to calculate the specific productivity. The highest values are the cell pools with the Ser132A CERT mutant, followed by wild type CERT. In both, IgG expression is markedly enhanced compared to carrier-alone or untransfected cells.
+Continuous or Batch-Fed Culture
+An antibody producing CHO cell line (CHO DG44) secreting humanized IgG antibody is transfected with lipid cationic delivery agent alone (control) or a synthetic mRNA transcript encoding wild type ceramide transfer protein or a non-phosphorylation competent Ser132A CERT mutant. Synthetic mRNA transcripts are pre-mixed with a lipid cationic delivery agent at a 2-5:1 carrier:RNA ratio. The initial seeding density was about 2×105 viable cells/mL. Synthetic mRNA transcript is delivered after initial culture seeding during the exponential culture growth phase to achieve a final synthetic mRNA copy number between 10×102 and 10×103 per cell. The basal cell culture medium used for all phases of cell inoculum generation and for growth of cultures in bioreactors was modified CD-CHO medium containing glutamine, sodium bicarbonate, insulin and methotrexate. The pH of the medium was adjusted to 7.0 with 1 N HCl or 1N NaOH after addition of all components. Bioreactors of 5 L scale (glass reactor with one marine impeller) were used to obtain maximum CERT protein production and secreted humanized IgG antibody curves. For continuous or fed-batch cultures, the culturing run time is increased by supplementing the culture medium one or more times daily (or continuously) with fresh medium during the run. In the a continuous and fed-batch feeding regimens, the cultures receive feeding medium as a continuously-supplied infusion, or other automated addition to the culture, in a timed, regulated, and/or programmed fashion so as to achieve and maintain the appropriate amount of synthetic mRNA:carrier in the culture. The preferred method is a feeding regimen of a once per day bolus feed with feeding medium containing synthetic mRNA:carrier on each day of the culture run, from the beginning of the culture run to the day of harvesting the cells. The daily feed amount was recorded on batch sheets. Production-level 50 L scale reactors (stainless steel reactor with two marine impellers) were used and are scalable to >10,000 L stainless steel reactors. A data acquisition system (Intellution Fix 32) recorded temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) throughout runs. Gas flows were controlled via rotameters. Air was sparged into the reactor via a submerged frit (5 μm pore size) and through the reactor head space for CO2 removal. Molecular oxygen was sparged through the same frit for DO control. CO2 was sparged through same frit as used for pH control. Samples of cells were removed from the reactor on a daily basis. A sample used for cell counting was stained with trypan blue (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.). Cell count and cell viability determination were performed via hemocytometry using a microscope. For analysis of metabolites, additional samples were centrifuged for 20 minutes at 2000 rpm (4° C.) for cell separation. Supernatant was analyzed for the following parameters: titer, sialic acid, glucose, lactate, glutamine, glutamate, pH, pO2, pCO2, ammonia, and, optionally, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Additional back-up samples were frozen at −20° C. To measure secreted humanized IgG antibody titers, supernatant is taken from seed-stock cultures of all stable cell pools, the IgG titer is determined by ELISA and divided by the mean number of cells to calculate the specific productivity. The highest values are the cell pools with the Ser132A CERT mutant, followed by wild type CERT. In both, IgG expression is markedly enhanced compared to carrier-alone or untransfected cells.
+Example 36
+De Novo Generation of a Mammalian Cell Line Expressing Human Erythropoietin as a Therapeutic Agent
+A. Batch Culture
+This Example describes the production of human erythropoietin protein (EPO) from cultured primary CHO cells. Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone that is required for red blood cell synthesis. EPO protein may be used as a therapeutic agent for anemia from cancer, heart failure, chronic kidney disease and myelodysplasia. Primary CHO cells are isolated and cultured as described (Tjio and Puck, 1958). Primary CHO cells were then expanded in modified CD-CHO medium containing glutamine, sodium bicarbonate, insulin, and methotrexate (see Example 35) using T-75 flasks (Corning, Corning, N.Y.) and 250 and 500 mL spinners (Bellco, Vineland, N.J.). T-flasks and spinners were incubated at 37° C. in 6% CO2. After sufficient inoculum was generated, the culture was transferred into a either a 5 L or a 50 L bioreactor as described above (see Example 35). Synthetic mRNA transcript encoding the human erythropoietin protein are pre-mixed with a lipid cationic delivery agent at a 2-5:1 carrier:RNA ratio in a minimum of 1% total culture volume. The initial seeding density is about 2×105 viable cells/mL. The synthetic mRNA transcript is delivered after initial culture seeding during the exponential culture growth phase to achieve a final synthetic mRNA copy number between 10×102 and 10×103 per cell. Culture growth and analysis were performed as described above (see Example 34).
+B. Continuous or Batch-Fed Culture
+A primary CHO cell line derived and expanded as described above (see Example 36a) is transfected with lipid cationic delivery agent alone (control) or a synthetic mRNA transcript encoding human erythropoietin protein. Synthetic mRNA transcripts are pre-mixed with a lipid cationic delivery agent at a 2-5:1 carrier:RNA ratio. The initial seeding density was about 2×105 viable cells/mL. Synthetic mRNA transcript is delivered after initial culture seeding during the exponential culture growth phase to achieve a final synthetic mRNA copy number between 10×102 and 10×103 per cell. Culture conditions were as described above (Example 35a). For continuous or fed-batch cultures, the culturing run time is increased by supplementing the culture medium one or more times daily (or continuously) with fresh medium during the run. In the a continuous and fed-batch feeding regimens, the cultures receive feeding medium as a continuously-supplied infusion, or other automated addition to the culture, in a timed, regulated, and/or programmed fashion so as to achieve and maintain the appropriate amount of synthetic mRNA:carrier in the culture. The preferred method is a feeding regimen of a once per day bolus feed with feeding medium containing synthetic mRNA:carrier on each day of the culture run, from the beginning of the culture run to the day of harvesting the cells. The daily feed amount was recorded on batch sheets. Production-level 50 L scale reactors (stainless steel reactor with two marine impellers) were used and are scalable to >10,000 L stainless steel reactors. Culture growth and analysis were performed as described herein (see Example 35).
+It is to be understood that the words which have been used are words of description rather than limitation, and that changes may be made within the purview of the appended claims without departing from the true scope and spirit of the invention in its broader aspects.
+While the present invention has been described at some length and with some particularity with respect to the several described embodiments, it is not intended that it should be limited to any such particulars or embodiments or any particular embodiment, but it is to be construed with references to the appended claims so as to provide the broadest possible interpretation of such claims in view of the prior art and, therefore, to effectively encompass the intended scope of the invention.
+All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, section headings, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.
+
+
diff --git a/MCDA/data/cleaned_count_patents.csv b/MCDA/data/cleaned_count_patents.csv
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..824476ad5fec9b1e622701d0318c5a48345634e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MCDA/data/cleaned_count_patents.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:f611239b122237ca1f71cfcd8202abd8c1f88e63fb1808a21b37cfb3a8af583b
+size 7818
diff --git a/MCDA/data/edison_patents.csv b/MCDA/data/edison_patents.csv
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6556fe094aa0277ac8896b4ab6cf1dfb5794a3ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MCDA/data/edison_patents.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:40f7dcdd4df2de78306ee4c4266c3146d2df4f170780026321e1ca1294967d59
+size 43661
diff --git a/MCDA/data/mcda.csv b/MCDA/data/mcda.csv
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..554fe4dde5a698cca356a555e4b0f8025f16a60a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MCDA/data/mcda.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:99f9fb124e980e810d89b0fcf98649f9ea3f039a0b299c04a16d2ba87987e219
+size 903
diff --git a/MCDA/data/newsolutions.csv b/MCDA/data/newsolutions.csv
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1ac6c5bda2a62806de3b713898e8fc1c41b73994
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MCDA/data/newsolutions.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:2e1681fc014b70121e121558ce74a10cd0241d09a808fb80d591f78dca30bea1
+size 47389
diff --git a/MCDA/data/results (18).csv b/MCDA/data/results (18).csv
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..36378746e9ff0bce77f311ce1803b4059286985b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MCDA/data/results (18).csv	
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:09cfd9ac86013b04bfc3edf5ea42d74da694ea0a31943607469690ae141ac1fb
+size 51205
diff --git a/MCDA/run.py b/MCDA/run.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..27716c4c093ec731640b6e06a6b1cdcf9faf9d0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MCDA/run.py
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# @File  : run.py
+# @Author: nixin
+# @Date  : 2021/11/26
+
+import pandas as pd
+from functions import *
+
+from functools import partial
+import multiprocessing as mp
+
+
+df = pd.read_csv('/Users/nixin/PycharmProjects/PatentSolver_demonstrator/MCDA/data/results (18).csv')
+print(df.columns)
+
+patent_number =[]
+for patent in df['patent_number']:
+    patent_number.append(patent)
+
+print(patent_number)
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ #
+# ~~~ Parameters for data_patent_details file ~~~ #
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ #
+path_to_data = "/Users/nixin/PycharmProjects/PatentSolver_demonstrator/MCDA/data/"  #### don't forget to change
+
+## Create csv file to store the data_patent_details from the patent runs
+#  (1) Specify column order of patents
+#  (2) Create csv if it does not exist in the data_patent_details path
+data_column_order = ['inventor_name',
+                     'assignee_name_orig',
+                     'assignee_name_current',
+                     'pub_date',
+                     'priority_date',
+                     'grant_date',
+                     'filing_date',
+                     'forward_cite_no_family',
+                     'forward_cite_yes_family',
+                     'backward_cite_no_family',
+                     'backward_cite_yes_family',
+                     'patent',
+                     'url',
+                     'abstract_text']
+
+if 'edison_patents.csv' in os.listdir(path_to_data):
+    os.remove(path_to_data + 'edison_patents.csv')  # delete previous csv file
+    with open(path_to_data + 'edison_patents.csv', 'w', newline='') as file:
+        writer = csv.writer(file)
+        writer.writerow(data_column_order)
+else:
+    with open(path_to_data + 'edison_patents.csv', 'w', newline='') as file:
+        writer = csv.writer(file)
+        writer.writerow(data_column_order)
+#
+#
+########### Run pool process #############
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    ## Create lock to prevent collisions when processes try to write on same file
+    l = mp.Lock()
+
+    ## Use a pool of workers where the number of processes is equal to
+    ##   the number of cpus - 1
+    with poolcontext(processes=mp.cpu_count() - 1, initializer=init, initargs=(l,)) as pool:
+        pool.map(partial(single_process_scraper, path_to_data_file=path_to_data + 'edison_patents.csv',
+                         data_column_order=data_column_order),
+                 patent_number)
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ #
+# ~~~ clean raw data_patent_details ~~~ #
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ #
+
+##read Google scrawer's results
+table = pd.read_csv('/Users/nixin/PycharmProjects/PatentSolver_demonstrator/MCDA/data/edison_patents.csv')
+
+# clean raw patent results
+results = clean_patent(table)
+
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ #
+# ~~~ count number ~~~ #
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ #
+
+results = count_patent(results)
+print(results.columns)
+results.to_csv('/Users/nixin/PycharmProjects/PatentSolver_demonstrator/MCDA/data/cleaned_count_patents.csv', index=False)
diff --git a/MCDA/run_mcda.py b/MCDA/run_mcda.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7e94482c48d542b84ef5b9fc7de0b7d25146b6f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MCDA/run_mcda.py
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# @File  : run_mcda.py
+# @Author: nixin
+# @Date  : 2021/11/26
+
+import pandas as pd
+
+import pandas as pd
+import seaborn as sns
+from sklearn.preprocessing import minmax_scale
+# %matplotlib inline
+import matplotlib
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+from skcriteria import Data, MAX, MIN
+from skcriteria.madm import simple, closeness
+# import plotly.graph_objects as go
+import numpy as np
+
+solutions = pd.read_csv('/Users/nixin/PycharmProjects/PatentSolver_demonstrator/MCDA/data/results (18).csv')
+print(len(solutions))
+print('==========')
+# clean null soltuions
+solutions = solutions[solutions['latent_inventive_solutions']!= '[]']
+print(len(solutions))
+
+count = pd.read_csv('/Users/nixin/PycharmProjects/PatentSolver_demonstrator/MCDA/data/cleaned_count_patents.csv')
+
+print(solutions.columns)
+print(count.columns)
+
+count = count[['patent_number', 'count_inventor_name', 'count_forward_cite_no_family',
+                           'count_forward_cite_yes_family', 'count_backward_cite_no_family',
+                           'count_backward_cite_yes_family']]
+
+count = pd.merge(count,solutions[['patent_number', 'similarity_value']], on='patent_number')
+count.to_csv('/Users/nixin/PycharmProjects/PatentSolver_demonstrator/MCDA/data/mcda.csv', index = False)
+
+print('=======')
+print(count.columns)
+
+## project the goodness for each column
+criteria_data = Data(count.iloc[:, 1:7], [MAX, MAX, MAX, MAX,MAX,MAX],
+                     anames= count['patent_number'],
+                     cnames= count.columns[1:7],
+                     weights= [0.1, 0.3, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.3]) ##assign weights to attributes
+print(criteria_data)
+print('++++++++')
+
+
+print('==========')
+dm = closeness.TOPSIS(mnorm="sum") # change the normalization criteria of the alternative matric to sum (divide every value by the sum opf their criteria)
+dec = dm.decide(criteria_data)
+print(dec)
+print("Ideal:", dec.e_.ideal)
+print("Anti-Ideal:", dec.e_.anti_ideal)
+print("Closeness:", dec.e_.closeness) ##print each rank's value
+
+count['rank_topsis'] = dec.e_.closeness
+count = count.sort_values(by='rank_topsis', ascending=False)
+print(count.columns)
+print(count)
+print(len(count))
+
+rank = []
+for i in range(len(count)):
+    i = i+1
+    rank.append(i)
+print(rank)
+
+count['rank'] = rank
+print(count)
+print(count.columns)
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 2c3429dfa613b249ccb68aa8dfb9ff18fb1d9bee..05be59f6234db7a1c1e6442d437a6bb343da2612 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,46 +1,37 @@
 ---
-title: Patent_Solver
-emoji: ⚡
+title: PatentSolver
+emoji: 🚀
 colorFrom: gray
-colorTo: red
+colorTo: gray
 sdk: streamlit
 app_file: app.py
 pinned: false
-license: afl-3.0
 ---
 
 # Configuration
 
-`title`: _string_
+`title`: _string_  
 Display title for the Space
 
-`emoji`: _string_
+`emoji`: _string_  
 Space emoji (emoji-only character allowed)
 
-`colorFrom`: _string_
+`colorFrom`: _string_  
 Color for Thumbnail gradient (red, yellow, green, blue, indigo, purple, pink, gray)
 
-`colorTo`: _string_
+`colorTo`: _string_  
 Color for Thumbnail gradient (red, yellow, green, blue, indigo, purple, pink, gray)
 
-`sdk`: _string_
-Can be either `gradio`, `streamlit`, or `static`
+`sdk`: _string_  
+Can be either `gradio` or `streamlit`
 
-`sdk_version` : _string_
+`sdk_version` : _string_  
 Only applicable for `streamlit` SDK.  
 See [doc](https://hf.co/docs/hub/spaces) for more info on supported versions.
 
-`app_file`: _string_
-Path to your main application file (which contains either `gradio` or `streamlit` Python code, or `static` html code).
+`app_file`: _string_  
+Path to your main application file (which contains either `gradio` or `streamlit` Python code).  
 Path is relative to the root of the repository.
 
-`models`: _List[string]_
-HF model IDs (like "gpt2" or "deepset/roberta-base-squad2") used in the Space.
-Will be parsed automatically from your code if not specified here.
-
-`datasets`: _List[string]_
-HF dataset IDs (like "common_voice" or "oscar-corpus/OSCAR-2109") used in the Space.
-Will be parsed automatically from your code if not specified here.
-
-`pinned`: _boolean_
+`pinned`: _boolean_  
 Whether the Space stays on top of your list.
diff --git a/__pycache__/functions.cpython-38.pyc b/__pycache__/functions.cpython-38.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3edf538164ff39f94dc270c9ee29748db5895f27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/__pycache__/functions.cpython-38.pyc
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:a38d1bae5835340dae9ed2f2eb19183cc0e41e9e7b5289229cc6ce59683ff1d5
+size 15396
diff --git a/__pycache__/root_folder.cpython-38.pyc b/__pycache__/root_folder.cpython-38.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..869f6c700dc6368134311d1222463e2c07da9963
--- /dev/null
+++ b/__pycache__/root_folder.cpython-38.pyc
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:2a5c9fda58df6ec834f7102f65b0d1c6522a1e2cd6e5bdf063d55a5056280b2c
+size 279
diff --git a/app.py b/app.py
new file mode 100644
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+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# @File  : 7.demo_app.py
+# @Author: nixin
+# @Date  : 2021/11/27
+
+
+
+from PIL import Image
+import time
+import datetime as datetime
+from scipy import spatial
+from gensim.models import word2vec
+from keras.models import load_model
+from LSTM.config import siamese_config
+from LSTM.inputHandler import create_test_data, word_embed_meta_data
+from simpletransformers.question_answering import QuestionAnsweringModel
+from functools import partial
+from functions import *
+from skcriteria import Data, MAX, MIN
+from skcriteria.madm import simple, closeness
+
+
+
+
+#===================#
+# Streamlit code
+#===================#
+
+# st.title('PatentSolver')
+st.markdown("<h1 style='text-align: center; color: orange;'>PatentSolver</h1>", unsafe_allow_html=True)
+image = Image.open('profile.png')
+col1,mid, col2 = st.columns([50,10,30])
+with col1:
+    st.header('Achieve inventive ideas from U.S. Patents.')
+with col2:
+    st.image(image, width=150)
+
+st.write('🚀 This demo app aims to explore latent inventive solutions from different domain U.S. patents.')
+st.write('🎈 Click on top left corner button ➡️ to start.')
+st.caption('🤖️ According to natural language processing-related techniques associated with semantic similarity computation, question answering system, and multiple criteria decision analysis,'
+           ' this demo app is finally here.')
+st.caption('📼 Introduction video: https://youtu.be/asDsOCuFprQ')
+st.caption('📧 Please play it and send us feedback (nxnixin at gmail.com) since it is still very young :)')
+
+
+add_selectbox = st.sidebar.selectbox(
+    "Which function would you like to choose?",
+    ('Start from the following options',"1. Patent details scraper", "2. Prepare patents (.txt) ", "3. Extract problems from patents", "4. Similar problem extractor", "5. Problem-solution matching", "6. Inventive solutions ranking")
+)
+
+#===================#
+# Function 1
+#===================#
+
+if add_selectbox == '1. Patent details scraper':
+    # st.title('PatentSolver_patent details')
+
+    app_target = "To scrape details of the given U.S. patents"
+
+    st.subheader(app_target)
+
+    # user types the inputs
+    user_input_patent_number = st.text_input('Type patent number')
+    st.caption('1. use "," to separate if many. 2. please delete previous inputs '
+               'when change or add new patents. 3. E.g. US20050210008A1, US9533047. '
+               '4. Google patent search web: https://patents.google.com/')
+
+
+
+    # ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ #
+    # ~~~ prepare patents ~~~ #
+    # ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ #
+
+    if st.button('Run'):
+        with st.spinner('Wait for it...'):
+            start_time = time.time()
+
+            list_of_patents = patentinput( user_input_patent_number)
+
+
+
+            # ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ #
+            # ~~~ Parameters for data_patent_details file ~~~ #
+            # ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ #
+            path_to_data = "data_patent_details/"  #### don't forget to change
+
+
+            ## Create csv file to store the data_patent_details from the patent runs
+            #  (1) Specify column order of patents
+            #  (2) Create csv if it does not exist in the data_patent_details path
+            data_column_order = ['inventor_name',
+                                'assignee_name_orig',
+                                'assignee_name_current',
+                                'pub_date',
+                                'priority_date',
+                                'grant_date',
+                                'filing_date',
+                                'forward_cite_no_family',
+                                'forward_cite_yes_family',
+                                'backward_cite_no_family',
+                                'backward_cite_yes_family',
+                                'patent',
+                                'url',
+                                 'abstract_text']
+
+            if 'edison_patents.csv' in os.listdir(path_to_data):
+                os.remove( path_to_data + 'edison_patents.csv')  # delete previous csv file
+                with open(path_to_data + 'edison_patents.csv','w',newline='') as file:
+                    writer = csv.writer(file)
+                    writer.writerow(data_column_order)
+            else:
+                with open(path_to_data + 'edison_patents.csv','w',newline='') as file:
+                    writer = csv.writer(file)
+                    writer.writerow(data_column_order)
+            #
+            #
+            ########### Run pool process #############
+            if __name__ == "__main__":
+
+                ## Create lock to prevent collisions when processes try to write on same file
+                l = mp.Lock()
+
+                ## Use a pool of workers where the number of processes is equal to
+                ##   the number of cpus - 1
+                with poolcontext(processes=mp.cpu_count()-1,initializer=init,initargs=(l,)) as pool:
+                    pool.map(partial(single_process_scraper,path_to_data_file=path_to_data + 'edison_patents.csv',
+                                                            data_column_order=data_column_order),
+                                                            list_of_patents)
+
+
+
+            # ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ #
+            # ~~~ clean raw data_patent_details ~~~ #
+            # ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ #
+
+            ##read Google scrawer's results
+            table = pd.read_csv('data_patent_details/edison_patents.csv')
+
+            # clean raw patent results
+            results = clean_patent(table)
+
+
+
+            # ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ #
+            # ~~~ count number ~~~ #
+            # ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ #
+
+
+
+            results = count_patent(results)
+            st.success('Done!')
+            st.write("Process is finished within %s seconds" % round(time.time() - start_time, 2))
+
+            # function of running
+            # if st.button('Run'):
+            st.dataframe(results)
+
+            csv = convert_df(results)  # to download results
+            st.download_button(
+                label="Download",
+                data=csv,
+                file_name='results.csv',
+                mime='text/csv',
+            )
+
+
+#===================#
+# Function 2
+#===================#
+
+elif add_selectbox == '2. Prepare patents (.txt) ':
+
+    file_path_saved = 'patent_text/'
+
+    app_target = "To convert patents (.xml) file to patents (.txt) file"
+
+    st.subheader(app_target)
+
+    st.caption(
+        '🚥 Please firstly choose "Patent Grant Full Text Data (No Images)" from https://developer.uspto.gov/product/patent-grant-full-text-dataxml to download U.S. patents (.xml) you want.')
+
+    uploaded_files = st.file_uploader("Choose U.S. patent files", type='XML', accept_multiple_files=True)
+
+    if st.button('run'):
+        with st.spinner('Wait for it...'):
+            start_time = time.time()
+
+            path = os.listdir('patent_text/')
+
+            if len(path) == 0:
+                print("Directory is empty")
+
+                for uploaded_file in uploaded_files:
+                    XMLtoTEXT(patent_xml=uploaded_file, saved_file_path=file_path_saved)
+
+
+            else:
+                print("Directory is not empty")
+                files = glob.glob('patent_text/*')
+                for each in files:
+                    os.remove(each)  # remove previous files
+
+
+                for uploaded_file in uploaded_files:
+                    XMLtoTEXT(patent_xml=uploaded_file, saved_file_path=file_path_saved)
+
+
+
+
+            path = os.listdir('patent_text/')
+
+            st.write(path)
+            st.success('Done!')
+            st.write("Process is finished within %s seconds" % round(time.time() - start_time, 2))
+
+
+
+            # download patents (txt) by zip file
+            create_download_zip(zip_directory='patent_text',
+                                zip_path='zip_file/',
+                                filename='US_patents')
+
+
+#===================#
+# Function 3
+#===================#
+elif add_selectbox == '3. Extract problems from patents':
+
+
+    app_target = "To extract problems from patents"
+
+    st.subheader(app_target)
+
+    st.caption('🚨 Please choose one or several patents (from Function 2).')
+
+    uploaded_files = st.file_uploader("Choose U.S. patents", type='txt', accept_multiple_files=True)
+    print(uploaded_files)
+
+    # check the folder is empty or not
+    if len(os.listdir('Data/input/US_patents')) == 0:
+        print("Directory is empty")
+        # save uploaded files into the folder(//input/US_patents)
+        for f in uploaded_files:
+            if uploaded_files is not None:
+                save_uploadedfile(f)
+    else:
+        print("Directory is not empty")
+        files = glob.glob('Data/input/US_patents/*')
+        for each in files:
+            os.remove(each) #remove previous files
+        # save uploaded files into the folder(//input/US_patents)
+        for f in uploaded_files:
+            if uploaded_files is not None:
+                save_uploadedfile(f)
+
+    if st.button('Extract'):
+        with st.spinner('Wait for it...'):
+            start_time = time.time()
+            extractor('US_patents') #extract problems from this folder (//US_patents)
+            st.success('Done!')
+            st.write("Process is finished within %s seconds" % round(time.time() - start_time, 2))
+
+
+        table = extract_info_text()
+        st.dataframe(table)
+
+        csv = convert_df(table) #to download problem results
+        st.download_button(
+            label="Download",
+            data = csv,
+            file_name = 'results.csv',
+            mime = 'text/csv',
+        )
+
+# ===================#
+# Function 4
+# ===================#
+elif add_selectbox == '4. Similar problem extractor':
+
+    app_target = "To extract similar problems from different domains U.S. patents"
+
+    st.subheader(app_target)
+
+    st.caption('👨‍💻 Please type one target problem you want from Function 3.')
+
+    # user types the inputs
+    user_input_patent_sentence = st.text_input('Type one patent problem sentence')
+
+
+    # choose patent domain
+    select_domain = st.selectbox('Which domain it belongs to?',
+                                        ['A (Human necessities)', 'B (Performing operations; transporting)', 'C (Chemistry; metallurgy)','D (Textiles; paper)', 'E (Fixed constructions)', 'F (Mechanical engineering; lighting; heating; weapons; blasting engines or pumps','G (Physics)',' H (Electricity)'])
+    user_input_domain = input_domain(select_domain) #get domain lable like A B C
+
+
+
+    # choose one of trained models
+    select_model = st.selectbox('Which model do you want?',
+                                        ['IDM-Similar', 'SAM-IDM'])
+    st.caption('1. ⚙️ IDM-Similar based on Word2vec neural networks \n 2. ⚙️ SAM-IDM based on LSTM neural networks')
+
+
+
+    # the function of choosing time period for comparied problems
+    choose_time_range = st.date_input("Time Period", [datetime.date(2019, 5, 1), datetime.date(2019, 5, 31)])
+    start = datetime.datetime.combine(choose_time_range[0], datetime.datetime.min.time()) #recevie the input of start time
+    end = datetime.datetime.combine(choose_time_range[1], datetime.datetime.min.time()) #recevie the input of end time
+    st.caption('1. 🥱 The longer time period will result in the longer waiting time. Suggest one month. \n '
+               '2. 🗓 The problem sample corpus is from 2006-2020 year, please choose among this period. ')
+
+    start_year = int(start.strftime("%Y"))
+    start_month = int(start.strftime("%m"))
+
+    end_year = int(end.strftime("%Y"))
+    end_month = int(end.strftime("%m"))
+
+    if select_model== 'IDM-Similar':
+        select_threshold = st.slider('Similarity Threshold:', 0.6, 1.0, 0.8)
+    else:
+        select_threshold = st.slider('Similarity Threshold:', 0.1, 1.0, 0.2)
+
+
+    if select_model == 'IDM-Similar': #user chooses IDM-Similar
+        if st.button('Run'):
+            with st.spinner('Wait for it...'):
+                start_time = time.time()
+
+
+        ################################
+        # IDM-Similar model (Word2vec)
+        ################################
+
+                # load the trained word vector model
+                model = word2vec.Word2Vec.load('Word2vec/trained_word2vec.model')
+                index2word_set = set(model.wv.index2word)
+
+
+                #read problem patent corpus
+                problem_corpus = pd.read_csv('data_problem_corpus/problem_corpus_full_cleaned.csv')
+                # problem_corpus = problem_corpus.head(500)
+
+                print('--------------------')
+                print(problem_corpus.columns)
+                print('--------------------')
+
+                target_problem = user_input_patent_sentence
+                target_domain = user_input_domain
+
+                # remove the same domain's problems
+                problem_corpus = problem_corpus[problem_corpus.Domain != target_domain]
+
+                # choose the month period
+                problem_corpus = choosing_month_period(problem_corpus = problem_corpus, start_year = start_year,
+                                  end_year = end_year, start_month = start_month, end_month = end_month)
+
+                print(problem_corpus)
+                print(problem_corpus.columns)
+                print('=======')
+
+                # compute the similarity value
+                value_1=[]
+                for each_problem in problem_corpus['First part Contradiction']:
+                    s1_afv = avg_feature_vector(target_problem, model=model, num_features=100, index2word_set=index2word_set)
+                    s2_afv = avg_feature_vector(each_problem, model=model, num_features=100, index2word_set=index2word_set)
+                    sim_value = format( 1 - spatial.distance.cosine(s1_afv, s2_afv), '.2f')
+                    value_1.append(sim_value)
+
+                print("++++++++++")
+                problem_corpus[['similarity_value_1', 'target_problem']] = value_1, target_problem
+
+                value_2=[]
+                for each_problem in problem_corpus['Second part Contradiction']:
+                    s1_afv = avg_feature_vector(target_problem, model=model, num_features=100, index2word_set=index2word_set)
+                    s2_afv = avg_feature_vector(each_problem, model=model, num_features=100, index2word_set=index2word_set)
+                    sim_value = format( 1 - spatial.distance.cosine(s1_afv, s2_afv), '.2f')
+                    value_2.append(sim_value)
+                problem_corpus['similarity_value_2'] = value_2
+
+                print("++++++++++")
+                print(problem_corpus)
+                print(problem_corpus.columns)
+                print("++++++++++")
+
+                problem_corpus_1 = problem_corpus[['patent_number', 'Domain', 'First part Contradiction', 'publication_date', 'publication_year','publication_month', 'label', 'similarity_value_1', 'target_problem']]
+                problem_corpus_1 = problem_corpus_1.rename(columns = {'First part Contradiction': 'problem', 'similarity_value_1' : 'similarity_value'})
+
+                problem_corpus_2 = problem_corpus[
+                    ['patent_number', 'Domain', 'Second part Contradiction', 'publication_date', 'publication_year', 'publication_month', 'label',
+                     'similarity_value_2', 'target_problem']]
+                problem_corpus_2 = problem_corpus_2.rename(columns={'Second part Contradiction': 'problem', 'similarity_value_2' : 'similarity_value'})
+
+                problem_corpus_final = pd.concat([problem_corpus_1, problem_corpus_2], ignore_index=True, sort=False)
+
+                print(problem_corpus_final)
+                print(problem_corpus_final.columns)
+                print(type(select_threshold))
+                print(select_threshold)
+                problem_corpus_final.to_csv('result_test.csv',index=False)
+                print('=================')
+
+
+                # choose the resutls that are bigger than the similarity threshold
+                problem_corpus_final = problem_corpus_final[problem_corpus_final['similarity_value'].astype(str)>= str(select_threshold)]
+                problem_corpus_final= problem_corpus_final[['patent_number', 'Domain','problem', 'similarity_value', 'target_problem']]
+
+
+                # dropping duplicate values
+                problem_corpus_final = problem_corpus_final.drop_duplicates(ignore_index=True)
+
+
+                problem_corpus_final.to_csv('Word2vec/simialrity_result/test.csv', index=False)
+                print(problem_corpus_final)
+
+                st.success('Done!')
+                st.write("Process is finished within %s seconds" % round(time.time() - start_time, 2))
+
+                # show results
+                st.dataframe(problem_corpus_final)
+
+                csv = convert_df(problem_corpus_final)  # to download results
+                st.download_button(
+                    label="Download",
+                    data=csv,
+                    file_name='results.csv',
+                    mime='text/csv',
+                )
+        # ==================
+    else: #select_model == 'SAM-IDM':
+        if st.button('Run'):
+            with st.spinner('Wait for it...'):
+                start_time = time.time()
+
+
+        ################################
+        # SAM-IDM model (LSTM)
+        ################################
+
+
+                df = pd.read_csv('LSTM/sample_data.csv')
+                print(df.head())
+
+
+                sentences1 = list(df['sentences1'])
+                sentences2 = list(df['sentences2'])
+
+                tokenizer, embedding_matrix = word_embed_meta_data(sentences1 + sentences2, siamese_config['EMBEDDING_DIM'])
+
+                model = load_model(
+                    "LSTM/choosed_checkpoit/lstm_50_50_0.17_0.25.h5",
+                    None, False)
+
+                problem_corpus = pd.read_csv(
+                    'data_problem_corpus/problem_corpus_full_cleaned.csv')
+
+                target_problem = user_input_patent_sentence
+                target_domain = user_input_domain
+
+                # remove the same domain's problems
+                problem_corpus = problem_corpus[problem_corpus.Domain != target_domain]
+
+                # choose the month period
+                problem_corpus = choosing_month_period(problem_corpus=problem_corpus, start_year=start_year,
+                                                       end_year=end_year, start_month=start_month, end_month=end_month)
+
+
+                problem_corpus.reset_index(drop=True, inplace=True) # reset the index of the dataframe(must do this step)
+
+
+                print(problem_corpus)
+                print(problem_corpus.columns)
+                print('=======')
+
+
+                # read specific column
+                column1 = problem_corpus['First part Contradiction']
+                print(type(column1))
+                print(column1.head())
+                print('++++++++++++++++')
+
+                for i in range(0, len(problem_corpus)):
+                    ss1 = column1[i]
+                    ss2 = target_problem
+
+                    test_sentence_pairs = [(ss1, ss2)]
+                    test_data_x1, test_data_x2, leaks_test = create_test_data(tokenizer, test_sentence_pairs,
+                                                                              siamese_config['MAX_SEQUENCE_LENGTH'])
+
+                    pred = model.predict([test_data_x1, test_data_x2, leaks_test], batch_size=1000, verbose=2).ravel()
+
+                    problem_corpus.loc[i, 'similarity_value_1'] = pred
+                # ==========
+
+                column2 = problem_corpus['Second part Contradiction']
+                for i in range(0, len(problem_corpus)):
+                    ss1 = column2[i]
+                    ss2 = target_problem
+
+                    test_sentence_pairs = [(ss1, ss2)]
+                    test_data_x1, test_data_x2, leaks_test = create_test_data(tokenizer, test_sentence_pairs,
+                                                                              siamese_config['MAX_SEQUENCE_LENGTH'])
+
+                    pred = model.predict([test_data_x1, test_data_x2, leaks_test], batch_size=1000, verbose=2).ravel()
+
+                    problem_corpus.loc[i, 'similarity_value_2'] = pred
+
+                problem_corpus['target_problem'] = target_problem
+
+                problem_corpus = problem_corpus.round({'similarity_value_1': 2, 'similarity_value_2': 2})  # save 4 digits after point
+                print(problem_corpus.head())
+                print(problem_corpus.columns)
+
+
+                problem_corpus_1 = problem_corpus[['patent_number', 'Domain', 'First part Contradiction', 'publication_date', 'publication_year','publication_month', 'label', 'similarity_value_1', 'target_problem']]
+                problem_corpus_1 = problem_corpus_1.rename(columns = {'First part Contradiction': 'problem', 'similarity_value_1' : 'similarity_value'})
+
+                problem_corpus_2 = problem_corpus[
+                    ['patent_number', 'Domain', 'Second part Contradiction', 'publication_date', 'publication_year', 'publication_month', 'label',
+                     'similarity_value_2', 'target_problem']]
+                problem_corpus_2 = problem_corpus_2.rename(columns={'Second part Contradiction': 'problem', 'similarity_value_2' : 'similarity_value'})
+
+                problem_corpus_final = pd.concat([problem_corpus_1, problem_corpus_2], ignore_index=True, sort=False)
+
+                print(problem_corpus_final)
+                print(problem_corpus_final.columns)
+                print(type(select_threshold))
+                print(select_threshold)
+                print('=================')
+
+
+                # choose the resutls that are bigger than the similarity threshold
+
+                problem_corpus_final = problem_corpus_final[problem_corpus_final['similarity_value']>= select_threshold]
+                problem_corpus_final= problem_corpus_final[['patent_number', 'Domain','problem', 'similarity_value', 'target_problem']]
+
+
+                # dropping duplicate values
+                problem_corpus_final = problem_corpus_final.drop_duplicates(ignore_index=True)
+
+
+                print(problem_corpus_final)
+
+                st.success('Done!')
+                st.write("Process is finished within %s seconds" % round(time.time() - start_time, 2))
+
+                # show results
+                st.dataframe(problem_corpus_final)
+
+                csv = convert_df(problem_corpus_final)  # to download results
+                st.download_button(
+                    label="Download",
+                    data=csv,
+                    file_name='results.csv',
+                    mime='text/csv',
+                )
+
+
+
+    # future function: add function of providing own dataset
+
+# ===================#
+# Function 5
+# ===================#
+
+if add_selectbox == '5. Problem-solution matching':
+    # st.title('PatentSolver_inventive solution matching')
+
+    app_target = "To provide latent inventive solutions for the target problem"
+    st.subheader(app_target)
+
+    st.caption('⌨️‍ Please use similar problem results from Function 4. ')
+    st.caption('🚁 IDM-Matching model behind here is based on XLNet neural networks.')
+
+
+    uploaded_file = st.file_uploader("upload your similar problem file", type='csv')
+
+    if uploaded_file is not None:
+        # choose GPU
+        select_GPU = st.selectbox('Do you have GPU(s)?',
+                                  ['No', 'Yes'])
+        st.caption('1. 💰 We don\'t provide GPU since the cost. \n 2. 🎢 Please choose Yes when you run it on your own '
+                   'GPU and it will greatly accelerate the process.')
+
+        if select_GPU == 'No':
+            use_cuda = "False"
+        else:
+            use_cuda = "True"
+
+        if st.button('Run'):
+            with st.spinner('Wait for it...'):
+                start_time = time.time()
+
+                data = pd.read_csv(uploaded_file)
+                data = creat_query_id(data)
+                context_infor = pd.read_csv(
+                    'data_problem_corpus/problem_corpus_full_cleaned.csv')
+
+                context_infor = context_infor[['patent_number', 'Context']]
+                # get context table
+                final_context = pd.merge(data, context_infor, on=['patent_number'])
+                final_context.to_csv(
+                    'data_context/context_information.csv',
+                    index=False)
+                print('++++++++++++')
+                print(final_context.head())
+                print(final_context.columns)
+
+                csv_file = 'data_context/context_information.csv'
+                json_file = 'data_context/context_information.json'
+                csv_to_json(csv_file, json_file)  # convert context.csv to context.json
+
+                prediction_file = 'data_context/context_information.json'
+                prediction_output = 'data_context/QA_result.json'
+
+                model = QuestionAnsweringModel('xlnet', 'trained_xlnet_model',
+                                               use_cuda=False)  # when don't have GPU, choose use_cuda=False
+                QA_prediction(prediction_file, prediction_output, model)  # predict solutions by QA system
+
+                input_file = 'data_context/QA_result.json'
+                output_file = 'data_context/QA_result.csv'
+
+                json_to_csv(input_file, output_file)
+
+                similarity_result = pd.read_csv(
+                    'data_context/context_information.csv')
+
+                id_result = pd.read_csv(
+                    'data_context/QA_result.csv')
+
+                final_result = similarity_result.merge(id_result, on=['id'], how='left')
+                print(final_result.head())
+                final_result = final_result[
+                    ['target_problem', 'problem', 'similarity_value', 'patent_number', 'Domain', 'answer']]
+                final_result = final_result.rename(
+                    columns={'problem': 'similar_problem', 'answer': 'latent_inventive_solutions'})
+                final_result.to_csv(
+                    'data_context/QA_result_final.csv',
+                    index=False)
+                st.dataframe(final_result)
+
+                csv = convert_df(final_result)  # to download solution results
+                st.download_button(
+                    label="Download",
+                    data=csv,
+                    file_name='results.csv',
+                    mime='text/csv',
+                )
+
+            st.success('Done!')
+            st.write("Process is finished within %s seconds" % round(time.time() - start_time, 2))
+
+# ===================#
+# Function 6
+# ===================#
+if add_selectbox == '6. Inventive solutions ranking':
+
+    # st.title('PatentSolver_rank latent inventive solutions')
+
+    app_target = "To rank latent inventive solutions"
+    st.subheader(app_target)
+
+    st.caption('⌨️‍ Please use similar problem results from Function 5. ')
+    st.caption('🙇‍ ️PatRIS model behind here is based on the multiple criteria decision analysis approach named TOPSIS.')
+
+    uploaded_file = st.file_uploader("upload your problem-solution file", type='csv')
+
+    if uploaded_file is not None:
+        if st.button('Run'):
+            st.write('Weight assignments:')
+
+            col1, col2, col3, col4, col5, col6 = st.columns(6)
+            col1.metric('IN', '0.1')
+            col2.metric('FCNF', '0.3')
+            col3.metric('FCYF', '0.1')
+            col4.metric('BCNF', '0.1')
+            col5.metric('BCYF', '0.1')
+            col6.metric('SV', '0.3')
+
+            with st.expander('See explanation'):
+                st.write('Inventive solutions ranking features: \n'
+                         'IN (inventor_name): the number of inventors involved in the patent.\n'
+                         'FCNF (forward_cite_no_family): Forward Citations that are not family-to-family cites.\n'
+                         'FCYF (forward_cite_yes_family): Forward Citations that are family-to-family cites.\n'
+                         'BCNF (backward_cite_no_family): Backward Citations that are not family-to-family cites.\n'
+                         'BCYF (backward_cite_yes_family): Backward Citations that are family-to-family cites.\n'
+                         'SV (similarity_value): similarity value between similar pairwise problems.\n')
+
+            with st.spinner('Wait for it...'):
+                start_time = time.time()
+
+                df = pd.read_csv(uploaded_file)
+                print(df.columns)
+
+                patent_number = []
+                for patent in df['patent_number']:  # take patent numbers
+                    patent_number.append(patent)
+
+                print(patent_number)
+
+                # ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ #
+                # ~~~ Parameters for data_patent_details file ~~~ #
+                # ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ #
+                path_to_data = "MCDA/data/"  #### don't forget to change
+
+                ## Create csv file to store the data_patent_details from the patent runs
+                #  (1) Specify column order of patents
+                #  (2) Create csv if it does not exist in the data_patent_details path
+                data_column_order = ['inventor_name',
+                                     'assignee_name_orig',
+                                     'assignee_name_current',
+                                     'pub_date',
+                                     'priority_date',
+                                     'grant_date',
+                                     'filing_date',
+                                     'forward_cite_no_family',
+                                     'forward_cite_yes_family',
+                                     'backward_cite_no_family',
+                                     'backward_cite_yes_family',
+                                     'patent',
+                                     'url',
+                                     'abstract_text']
+
+                if 'edison_patents.csv' in os.listdir(path_to_data):
+                    os.remove(path_to_data + 'edison_patents.csv')  # delete previous csv file
+                    with open(path_to_data + 'edison_patents.csv', 'w', newline='') as file:
+                        writer = csv.writer(file)
+                        writer.writerow(data_column_order)
+                else:
+                    with open(path_to_data + 'edison_patents.csv', 'w', newline='') as file:
+                        writer = csv.writer(file)
+                        writer.writerow(data_column_order)
+                #
+                #
+                ########### Run pool process #############
+                if __name__ == "__main__":
+                    ## Create lock to prevent collisions when processes try to write on same file
+                    l = mp.Lock()
+
+                    ## Use a pool of workers where the number of processes is equal to
+                    ##   the number of cpus - 1
+                    with poolcontext(processes=mp.cpu_count() - 1, initializer=init, initargs=(l,)) as pool:
+                        pool.map(partial(single_process_scraper, path_to_data_file=path_to_data + 'edison_patents.csv',
+                                         data_column_order=data_column_order),
+                                 patent_number)
+
+                # ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ #
+                # ~~~ clean raw data_patent_details ~~~ #
+                # ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ #
+
+                ##read Google scrawer's results
+                table = pd.read_csv(
+                    'MCDA/data/edison_patents.csv')
+
+                # clean raw patent results
+                results = clean_patent(table)
+
+                # ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ #
+                # ~~~ count number ~~~ #
+                # ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ #
+
+                results = count_patent(results)
+                print(results.columns)
+                results.to_csv(
+                    'MCDA/data/cleaned_count_patents.csv',
+                    index=False)
+                results_show = results[['patent_number', 'inventor_name', 'count_inventor_name',
+                                        'assignee_name_orig', 'count_assignee_name', 'assignee_name_current',
+                                        'count_assignee_name_current', 'forward_cite_no_family',
+                                        'count_forward_cite_no_family', 'forward_cite_yes_family',
+                                        'count_forward_cite_yes_family', 'backward_cite_no_family',
+                                        'count_backward_cite_no_family', 'backward_cite_yes_family',
+                                        'count_backward_cite_yes_family']]
+                st.write('Related patent details:')
+                st.dataframe(results_show)  # show patent count details
+
+                print(len(df))
+                print('==========')
+                # clean null soltuions
+                solutions = df[df['latent_inventive_solutions'] != '[]']
+                print(len(solutions))
+
+                count = results_show[['patent_number', 'count_inventor_name', 'count_forward_cite_no_family',
+                                      'count_forward_cite_yes_family', 'count_backward_cite_no_family',
+                                      'count_backward_cite_yes_family']]
+
+                count = pd.merge(count, solutions[['patent_number', 'similarity_value']], on='patent_number')
+                st.write('Solutions ranking criteria:')
+                st.dataframe(count)  # show ranking criteria details
+
+                print('=======')
+                print(count.columns)
+
+                ## project the goodness for each column
+                criteria_data = Data(count.iloc[:, 1:7], [MAX, MAX, MAX, MAX, MAX, MAX],
+                                     anames=count['patent_number'],
+                                     cnames=count.columns[1:7],
+                                     weights=[0.1, 0.3, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.3])  ##assign weights to attributes
+                print(criteria_data)
+                print('++++++++')
+
+                print('==========')
+                dm = closeness.TOPSIS(
+                    mnorm="sum")  # change the normalization criteria of the alternative matric to sum (divide every value by the sum opf their criteria)
+                dec = dm.decide(criteria_data)
+                print(dec)
+                print("Ideal:", dec.e_.ideal)
+                print("Anti-Ideal:", dec.e_.anti_ideal)
+                print("Closeness:", dec.e_.closeness)  ##print each rank's value
+
+                count['rank_topsis'] = dec.e_.closeness
+                count = count.sort_values(by='rank_topsis', ascending=False)
+                print(count.columns)
+                print(count)
+                print(len(count))
+
+                rank = []
+                for i in range(len(count)):
+                    i = i + 1
+                    rank.append(i)
+                print(rank)
+
+                count['rank'] = rank
+                print(count)
+                print(count.columns)
+                count = count[['rank', 'patent_number', 'count_inventor_name', 'count_forward_cite_no_family',
+                               'count_forward_cite_yes_family', 'count_backward_cite_no_family',
+                               'count_backward_cite_yes_family', 'similarity_value']]
+
+                final = pd.merge(count, df, on=('patent_number', 'similarity_value'))
+                final = final[
+                    ['target_problem', 'latent_inventive_solutions', 'rank', 'similar_problem', 'similarity_value',
+                     'Domain', 'patent_number', 'count_inventor_name',
+                     'count_forward_cite_no_family', 'count_forward_cite_yes_family',
+                     'count_backward_cite_no_family', 'count_backward_cite_yes_family']]
+                print('+++++')
+                print(final.columns)
+
+                st.write('Inventive solutions ranking results according to TOPSIS:')
+                st.dataframe(final)
+
+                st.success('Done!')
+                st.write("Process is finished within %s seconds" % round(time.time() - start_time, 2))
+
+                csv = convert_df(final)  # to download solution results
+                st.download_button(
+                    label="Download",
+                    data=csv,
+                    file_name='results.csv',
+                    mime='text/csv',
+                )
diff --git a/data_context/QA_result.csv b/data_context/QA_result.csv
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9daeea1d3f94b9b4274fdc01906250f927b2e37a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data_context/QA_result.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:59a95ee2e7fa19a38b6e84effa4295e1ddbf7443dfe64c804f6fa1f06d1d56ad
+size 5921
diff --git a/data_context/QA_result.json b/data_context/QA_result.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..606e2d34c4eaabc8f8f4a387d15dbc0a9137e49b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data_context/QA_result.json
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+[
+    [
+        {
+            "id": "0",
+            "answer": []
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "1",
+            "answer": [
+                "protective colloids are typically added",
+                "protective colloids are typically added.",
+                "Suspension polymerization is carried out in the presence of a solvent usually water in which the monomer is insoluble and in which it is suspended by agitation. To prevent the droplets of monomers from coalescing and to prevent the polymer from coagulating, protective colloids are typically added.",
+                "organic polymer wall improves controlled release of the PCM, if that is desired, and structural stability of the capsule.",
+                "organic polymer wall improves controlled release of the PCM",
+                "the organic polymer wall improves controlled release of the PCM, if that is desired,",
+                "To prevent the droplets of monomers from coalescing and to prevent the polymer from coagulating, protective colloids"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "2",
+            "answer": [
+                "relatively greater work function",
+                "be higher than the aluminum metal's melting point 660",
+                "be higher than the aluminum metal's melting point 660 C. where the aluminum metal is in a melting state. At",
+                "it should have a relatively greater work function, in order for injecting holes into organic layers",
+                "relatively greater work function, in order for injecting holes into organic layers",
+                "it should have a relatively greater work function",
+                "be higher than the aluminum metal's melting point 660 C. where the aluminum metal is in a melting state. At this point, it is common that the molten aluminum metal material creeps along an inner wall of the crucible, which is the so-called upward creepage phenomenon, and finally overflows from the top of the crucible, resulting",
+                "metal's melting point 660 C. where the aluminum metal is in a melting state. At this",
+                "s melting point",
+                "state. At",
+                "while, as to the material for anode,",
+                "while, as to the material for anode, it should have a relatively greater work function, in order for injecting holes into organic layers including a hole injection layer, a hole transportation layer",
+                "state. At this",
+                "a relatively greater work function, in order for injecting holes into organic layers including a hole injection layer, a hole transportation layer and the like.",
+                "while, as to the material for anode, it should have a relatively greater work function, in order for injecting holes into organic layers",
+                "a relatively greater work function, in order for injecting holes into organic layers including a hole injection layer,",
+                "material for anode, it should have a relatively greater work function,"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "3",
+            "answer": [
+                "Being able to operate PEMFCs at this temperature range would obviate the need for expensive cooling systems",
+                "polymer electrolyte Nafion",
+                "Nafion,",
+                "PEM becomes too dry to conduct protons to the cathode effectively",
+                "PEM becomes too dry to conduct protons to the cathode effectively resulting in a drop in power output.",
+                "The polymer electrolyte",
+                "The polymer electrolyte Nafion, which is a sulfonated tetrafluroroethylene-based fluoropolymer-copolymer",
+                "fuel cell dehydration",
+                "electrolyte Nafion",
+                "fuel cell dehydration takes place the PEM becomes too dry to conduct protons to the cathode effectively resulting in a drop in power output.",
+                "fuel cell dehydration takes place",
+                "heteropolyacids HPAs, such H6P2W21O71, which has been reported to exhibit good conductivity, dependant on relative humidity K A Record et al. , US Department of Energy Journal of Undergraduate Research, VI 2006, 53-58; and L Wang, Electrochimica Acta 52 2007, 5479-5483. Polymer composites",
+                "electrolyte"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "4",
+            "answer": [
+                "a system and method for performing emitter geolocation in emitter-rich environments.",
+                "system and method for performing emitter geolocation in emitter-rich environments.",
+                "What is needed is a system and method for performing emitter geolocation in emitter-rich environments. The methods and systems described herein",
+                "emitter geolocation"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "5",
+            "answer": [
+                "calcium hydroxyapatite as a base source",
+                "calcium hydroxyapatite as a base source and the method for manufacturing such greases to provide improvements in both thickener yield and expected high temperature utility",
+                "calcium sulfonate-based greases.",
+                "combine these two steps, by carefully controlling the reaction, into a single step.",
+                "the prior art does not provide a calcium sulfonate complex grease with both improved thickener yield and dropping point",
+                "overbased, oil-soluble calcium sulfonate",
+                "provide improvements in both thickener yield",
+                "propylene glycol, iso-propyl alcohol, formic acid or acetic acid,",
+                "does not provide a calcium sulfonate complex grease",
+                "by weight of the final grease product suitable grease in the NGLI 2 category with a demonstrated dropping point of at least 575 F. The overbased oil-soluble calcium sulfonate is one of the most expensive ingredients in making calcium sulfonate grease, therefore it is desirable to reduce the amount of this ingredient while still maintaining a desirable level of firmness in the final grease thereby improving thickener yield. Specifically, it is desirable to have an overbased",
+                "by weight of the final grease product suitable grease in the NGLI 2 category with a demonstrated dropping point of at least 575 F",
+                "overbased calcium sulfonate greases made with added calcium hydroxyapatite as a base source and the method for manufacturing such greases to provide improvements in both thickener yield and expected high temperature utility",
+                "by carefully controlling the reaction",
+                "calcium sulfonate the product of the first step in the two-step process is never actually formed",
+                "The known prior art requires an amount of overbased calcium sulfonate",
+                "by carefully controlling the reaction, into a single step.",
+                "propylene glycol, iso-propyl alcohol, formic acid or acetic acid, to the product of the promotion step,",
+                "oil-soluble calcium sulfonate the product of the first step in the two-step process is never actually formed and isolated as a separate product.",
+                "to combine these two steps"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "6",
+            "answer": []
+        }
+    ],
+    [
+        {
+            "id": "0",
+            "probability": []
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "1",
+            "probability": [
+                0.29915918224738214,
+                0.23795626229977032,
+                0.10334541611190154,
+                0.08001416759338308,
+                0.07814445221525551,
+                0.06865331222720493,
+                0.06666365808644083
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "2",
+            "probability": [
+                0.08727162676358154,
+                0.07460622763694305,
+                0.07371774912122245,
+                0.0636123823866933,
+                0.060125106430015535,
+                0.05522256086295157,
+                0.05393054277812324,
+                0.05355033772639545,
+                0.05262110042280545,
+                0.049689867607251095,
+                0.04967302293596955,
+                0.04922329364974372,
+                0.04810263019231361,
+                0.046678381613417363,
+                0.046672761810063586,
+                0.046442190992225886,
+                0.044637677796917026
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "3",
+            "probability": [
+                0.17721604970679058,
+                0.16802326082588157,
+                0.06011889547939035,
+                0.05937189462747577,
+                0.05782399820622034,
+                0.055874004756130184,
+                0.05580145038675535,
+                0.05393659123227198,
+                0.05368176753540494,
+                0.05366963091129899,
+                0.053095940750614794,
+                0.050750231556519435,
+                0.05059186596801417
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "4",
+            "probability": [
+                0.4486874451495986,
+                0.1708711642922296,
+                0.1360561323924344,
+                0.1226238402560665
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "5",
+            "probability": [
+                0.1068705063586682,
+                0.10332922763663936,
+                0.10085383309020766,
+                0.07953920372691518,
+                0.07833691329325287,
+                0.03875102896940173,
+                0.036890690652130124,
+                0.03637125778149499,
+                0.036167237510579535,
+                0.03607576380071888,
+                0.03580714606109188,
+                0.03580698579094593,
+                0.03579926059354411,
+                0.035344984362699096,
+                0.034808303945513264,
+                0.03430289515875787,
+                0.03395836563614232,
+                0.0337344934458556,
+                0.033631210497665244
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "6",
+            "probability": []
+        }
+    ]
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data_context/QA_result_final.csv b/data_context/QA_result_final.csv
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1c9da1826c3080675387f12b0f3e0c94523cc825
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data_context/QA_result_final.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:002b2e6b54bd1733088633ce5c8be578d4ac44f3932a6da865aae3fe8f561d36
+size 8533
diff --git a/data_context/context_information.csv b/data_context/context_information.csv
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7eaf447f51234b7d9b10d932676d218908d5186d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data_context/context_information.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:40fe1a48e51ce4734d8e60ea76e5f7a5236d2a068d9b90be52c5f7fc376e7a07
+size 28905
diff --git a/data_context/context_information.json b/data_context/context_information.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..13577f532adaff2845d41c6a8262f7cfb913c478
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data_context/context_information.json
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+[
+    {
+        "context": "It is known to form materials into structural components having different diameters and shapes via induction heating of a blank during the forming process, such as during the stamping or inflating process to form the structural component. The induction heating process generates heat within the material by inducing a current in the material, whereby the material's resistance to the electrical current generates heat as the current is passed therethrough. Examples of such induction heating processes are described in 7,269,986; 7,024,897; 7,003,996; 6,613,164 and 6,322,645, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.",
+        "qas": [
+            {
+                "id": "0",
+                "question": "What is the solution for the problem that it is known to form materials into structural components having different diameters and shapes via induction heating of a blank during the forming process , such as during the stamping or inflating process to form the structural component .?"
+            }
+        ]
+    },
+    {
+        "context": "Microcapsules can be constructed of various types of wall or shell materials to house varying core material for many purposes. The encapsulation process is commonly referred to as microencapsulation. Microencapsulation is the process of surrounding or enveloping one substance, often referred to as the core material, within another substance, often referred to as the wall, shell, or capsule, on a very small scale. The scale for microcapsules may be particles with diameters in the range between 1 and 1000 m that consist of a core material and a covering shell. The microcapsules may be spherically shaped, with a continuous wall surrounding the core, while others may be asymmetrical and variably shaped. General encapsulation processes include emulsion polymerization, bulk polymerization, solution polymerization, and/or suspension polymerization and typically include a catalyst. Emulsion polymerization occurs in a water/oil or oil/water mixed phase. Bulk polymerization is carried out in the absence of solvent. Solution polymerization is carried out in a solvent in which both the monomer and subsequent polymer are soluble. Suspension polymerization is carried out in the presence of a solvent usually water in which the monomer is insoluble and in which it is suspended by agitation. To prevent the droplets of monomers from coalescing and to prevent the polymer from coagulating, protective colloids are typically added. Through a selection of the core and shell material, it is possible to obtain microcapsules with a variety of functions. This is why microcapsules can be defined as containers, which can release, protect and/or mask various kinds of active core materials. Microencapsulation is mainly used for the separation of the core material from the environment, but it can also be used for controlled release of core material in the environment. Microencapsulation has attracted a large interest in the field of phase change materials PCMs. A PCM is a substance with a high heat of fusion, melting and solidifying at a certain temperature, which is capable of storing and releasing large amounts of energy. Heat is absorbed or released when the material changes from solid to liquid and vice versa; thus, PCMs are classified as latent heat storage units. The latent heat storage can be achieved through solid-solid, solid-liquid, solid-gas and liquid-gas phase change, but solid-liquid is typically used in thermal storage applications as being more stable than gas phase changes as a result of the significant changes in volume occupied by the PCM. Because of this ability, PCMs are currently being used in a wide variety of fields including textiles, food and medical industries, computer cooling, spacecraft thermal systems, and solar power plants. Generally, the most commonly used PCMs in use today are those made from paraffin waxes. Additionally, because PCMs transition from solid to liquid when heated past the melting point, paraffin waxes are most easily handled when encapsulated, with the most common outer wall being an organic polymer. This allows PCMs to be handled as free-flowing solids past the melting temperature of the PCM, and the organic polymer wall improves controlled release of the PCM, if that is desired, and structural stability of the capsule. Some disadvantages exist in current organic polymer wall systems of the microencapsulated PCMS, including flammability too high, low far infrared FIR absorption, little to no defense against bacterial and fungal growth, and low thermal conductivity. Previously, to combat these limitations, researchers have tried direct encapsulation of PCMs with inorganic walls, such as calcium carbonate CaCO3, silica, aluminum hydroxide AlOH3, and oxides of metals such as Mg, Ca, Ti, and Zn, but the walls have been ineffective at containing the PCM. In particular, a major issue with this type of direct encapsulation is the amount of PCM that leaks from the capsule, as much as 30% leakage. Leakage of the PCM in such quantities, especially when the PCM is a paraffin wax, could increase the flammability of the microcapsules. Furthermore, in order to obtain a complete wall of inorganic material encapsulating the paraffin core, a mass ratio of around 40/60 wax core/wall must be used. This high mass ratio causes a nearly 60% loss in enthalpy, which significantly lowers the ability to effectively use the PCM core for many of the applications mentioned above. Therefore, wall materials are limited to organic polymers. Some further potential applications of PCMs include heating/cooling systems in buildings as well as solar energy storage. Efficient heating and cooling systems in buildings have come a long way in recent years; however, there is still room for improvement. Because of PCMs' ability to store and release heat when needed, PCMs have applications in heating/cooling systems in buildings. However, due to the flammability of organic PCMs, the applications are limited. Additionally, solar panels are becoming much more efficient at energy conversion; however, a method of storage of this energy for later use is needed. Energy is released in the form of FIR light from the sun, and radiates both during day and night. Because of this, a material that is able to absorb FIR energy and store it as heat would be desirable in solar energy applications. PCMs have the ability to store and release heat over longer periods of time. Since the development of microencapsulated PCMs, there has been a constant need for improved microcapsules. In particular, there is a need to find a way to use inorganic materials as walls of microcapsules in a way to get the benefits of the inorganic material without leakage of the core and without decreasing the heat of fusion of the microcapsule.",
+        "qas": [
+            {
+                "id": "1",
+                "question": "What is the solution for the problem that to prevent the droplets of monomers from coalescing and to prevent the polymer from coagulating , protective colloids are typically added .?"
+            }
+        ]
+    },
+    {
+        "context": "At present, when manufacturing an OLED device, metal or alloy having active property is usually adopted to manufacture a metal cathode of the OLED device, while conductive transparent indium tin oxide ITO or tin oxide SnO2 material is adopted to manufacture an anode of the OLED device. As to the material for cathode, it should have a relatively lower electron escape energy namely, a lower work function, in order for injecting electrons into an organic layer; while, as to the material for anode, it should have a relatively greater work function, in order for injecting holes into organic layers including a hole injection layer, a hole transportation layer and the like. Specifically, metal having active property, such as magnesium aluminum alloy, aluminum or the like, is used as the material for cathode. Normally, the metallic material for cathode is required to be formed as a film on a surface of a substrate by using a vacuum evaporation device. In case that aluminum metal is adopted as the metallic material for cathode, since there is a relatively lower vapour pressure at the melting point of aluminum metal, the temperature under which the evaporation process is implemented is set to be higher than the aluminum metal's melting point 660 C. where the aluminum metal is in a melting state. At this point, it is common that the molten aluminum metal material creeps along an inner wall of the crucible, which is the so-called upward creepage phenomenon, and finally overflows from the top of the crucible, resulting in damage to the heating source.",
+        "qas": [
+            {
+                "id": "2",
+                "question": "What is the solution for the problem that as to the material for cathode , it should have a relatively lower electron escape energy namely , a lower work function , in order for injecting electrons into an organic layer ; while , as to the material for anode , it should have a relatively greater work function , in order for injecting holes into organic layers including a hole injection layer , a hole transportation layer and the like .?"
+            }
+        ]
+    },
+    {
+        "context": "With oil reserves being depleted, the possibility of using fuel cells as an alternative means to provide electrical energy is attracting ever-increasing interest. Of the many types of fuel cell devised to date, proton exchange membrane fuel cells PEMFCs are of greater and greater potential with the world moving towards a hydrogen-based technology. PEMFCs can cleanly and efficiently convert the chemical energy of hydrogen and oxygen into water and electrical &amp; thermal energy. In PEMFCs, hydrogen and oxygen react at separate electrodesanode and cathode respectivelywith the hydrogen being disassociated at the anode with the use of a catalyst into protons and electrons. The protons so generated diffuse through the electrically insulating polymer electrolyte membrane and the electrons travel by an external load circuit to the cathode, the passage of the electrons along this external load circuit providing the current output of the fuel cell. At the cathode, molecular oxygen combines with the protons that have passed through the polymer electrolyte membrane and the electrons that have passed through the external load circuit to form water. A key feature of PEMFCs, therefore, is the nature of the polymer electrolyte membrane PEM interposed between the anode and the cathode. Often this membrane is referred to as a proton exchange membrane also PEM given the requirement of the membrane to facilitate the migration of protons but not electrons within the fuel cell. In addition to these functions, the membrane must not permit the passage of gas in either direction and be able to withstand the reductive and oxidative chemistries taking place at the cathode and anode respectively. The polymer electrolyte Nafion, which is a sulfonated tetrafluroroethylene-based fluoropolymer-copolymer discovered in the 1960's, is probably the PEM most commonly used. The utility of Nafion in PEMFCs is believed to arise from its ability to transport protons as a consequence of its pendant sulfonic acid side groups, but that it is electrically insulating to anions or electrons. Over time, Nafion loses fluorine from its structure. Nafion relies on the presence of water to function as a conductor of protons. This means that PEMFCs employing Nafion as PEM are restricted to operating temperatures of less than 100 C. , implying low-temperature applications. At temperature approaching and in excess of 100 C. , so-called fuel cell dehydration takes place the PEM becomes too dry to conduct protons to the cathode effectively resulting in a drop in power output. This illustrates a particular difficulty inherent to PEMFCs: the presence and maintenance of appropriate amounts of water. Effective management of the water generated within PEMFCs is a key issue in relation to the success of PEMFCs. Whilst problems can exist in Nafion-based PEMFCs, with other PEMs too much water can also be detrimental. It would be advantageous to expand the range of potential application of PEMFCs, in particular to further their use in electric vehicles EVs. Since automotive air cooling systems can operate effectively at temperatures of around 130 to 140 C. , increasing the temperature at which PEMFCs can function would be particularly advantageous to the automotive industry as it seeks to accelerate research into the incorporation of PEMFCs into EVs on account of the present environmental and economic climate. Being able to operate PEMFCs at this temperature range would obviate the need for expensive cooling systems which are otherwise be necessary where PEMFCs employ PEMs such as Nafion. Accordingly, an increasingly popular approach taken with PEMFCs is to focus on high temperature PEMFCsHTPEMFCsin which alternative polymers such as polybenzimidazole PBI are used on account of their high thermal stability. Unfortunately, a disadvantage with PBI is observed in its pure state is a very low conductivity of the order 1012 S/cm. Improved conductivities have been found when PBI is doped at relatively high levels of with phosphoric acid typically 5 to 7 moles of H3PO4 per unit of monomer of PBI resulting in PBIH3PO4. PBIH3PO4 has been reported by O E Kondsteim et al. Energy 32 2007 418-422 to possess conductivity of approximately 6. 8102 S/cm at 200 C. with approximately 560 mol % pyrophosphoric acid equating to about 5 molecules of H3PO4 per repeat unit within the PBI. However, a further disadvantage of PBI-based PEMs is the decrease in mechanical strength that takes place within increasing temperature and increased level of doping. Also, acid leaches out at temperatures of about 160 C. A third PEM of potential use in HTPEMFCs is not based upon the use of a polymer but rather the use of heteropolyacids HPAs, such H6P2W21O71, which has been reported to exhibit good conductivity, dependant on relative humidity K A Record et al. , US Department of Energy Journal of Undergraduate Research, VI 2006, 53-58; and L Wang, Electrochimica Acta 52 2007, 5479-5483. Polymer composites are mentioned in WO2007/082350 and are described as comprising at least one inorganic proton-conducting polymer functionalised with at least one ionisable group and/or at least one hybrid proton-conducting polymer functionalised with at least one ionisable group, and at least one organic polymer capable of forming hydrogen bonds. There remains an ongoing need for the provision of proton exchange membranes suitable for use in HTPEMFCs which can operate at temperatures in excess of 100 C. , and ideally, be less dependent upon the relative humidity within the HTPEMFC.",
+        "qas": [
+            {
+                "id": "3",
+                "question": "What is the solution for the problem that in addition to these functions , the membrane must not permit the passage of gas in either direction and be able to withstand the reductive and oxidative chemistries taking place at the cathode and anode respectively .?"
+            }
+        ]
+    },
+    {
+        "context": "Passive geolocation of ground emitters is commonly performed by collection platforms such as surveillance aircraft using direction finding DF angles. These angles define the line-of-sight LOS from the aircraft to the emitter and are computed using the response of an antenna array on the aircraft to the emitter's RF signal. Systems that depend entirely upon DF angles for geo-location often convert each DF angle measurement to a direction of arrival DOA angle measurement and use these converted measurements for geolocation. DOA is the angle equivalent to antenna azimuth when defined relative to a local-level coordinate frame at the current aircraft position. DOA is computed using antenna azimuth, an estimate of the elevation angle to the target, the antenna array mounting angles on the aircraft, and aircraft navigation system output. Associated with each angle measurement is a Line-of-Bearing LOB that is computed from received RF energy at a collection platform, and represents the platform position of receipt and measured direction of received energy. LOBs are computed and stored with the goal of using intersecting LOBs to compute the geolocation of the emitter. This can be accomplished using multiple surveillance platforms at different locations, using motion of a single surveillance platform over time a typical operational scenario, or a combination of both. For the simple case of one emitter, or of multiple LOBs filtered down to a single emitter by frequency, bandwidth, or other signal characteristics, the LOBs intersect in one location and the geolocation of the emitter can be computed in a number of relatively straightforward methods. However, when there are multiple emitters in the operational space that cannot be discriminated by signal characteristics, the LOBs are clustered such that they belong to the same emitter prior to computing the geolocation. Geolocation performance is typically degraded in a dense emitter environment due to the difficulty of correlating each LOB with the correct target emitter, and preventing the geolocation of numerous false or ghost targets. What is needed is a system and method for performing emitter geolocation in emitter-rich environments. The methods and systems described herein satisfy that need.",
+        "qas": [
+            {
+                "id": "4",
+                "question": "What is the solution for the problem that geolocation performance is typically degraded in a dense emitter environment due to the difficulty of correlating each lob with the correct target emitter , and preventing the geolocation of numerous false or ghost targets .?"
+            }
+        ]
+    },
+    {
+        "context": "1. This invention relates to overbased calcium sulfonate greases made with added calcium hydroxyapatite as a base source and the method for manufacturing such greases to provide improvements in both thickener yield and expected high temperature utility as demonstrated by dropping point, even when the oil-soluble overbased calcium sulfonate used to make the grease is considered to be of poor quality. 2. Description of Related ArtOverbased calcium sulfonate greases have been an established grease category for many years. One known process for making such greases is a two-step process involving the steps of promotion and conversion. Typically the first step promotion is to react a stoichiometric excess amount of calcium oxide CaO or calcium hydroxide CaOH2 as the base source with an alkyl benzene sulfonic acid, carbon dioxide CO2, and with other components to produce an oil soluble overbased calcium sulfonate with amorphous calcium carbonate dispersed therein. These overbased oil-soluble calcium sulfonates are typically clear and bright and have Newtonian rheology. In some cases, they may be slightly turbid, but such variations do not prevent their use in preparing overbased calcium sulfonate greases. For the purposes of this disclosure, the terms overbased oil-soluble calcium sulfonate and oil-soluble overbased calcium sulfonate and overbased calcium sulfonate refer to any overbased calcium sulfonate suitable for making calcium sulfonate greases. Typically the second step conversion is to add a converting agent or agents, such as propylene glycol, iso-propyl alcohol, formic acid or acetic acid, to the product of the promotion step, along with a suitable base oil such as mineral oil, to convert the amorphous calcium carbonate to a very finely divided dispersion of crystalline calcium carbonate. Because an excess of calcium hydroxide or calcium oxide is used to achieve overbasing, a small amount of residual calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide may also be present and will be dispersed. The crystalline form of the calcium carbonate is preferably calcite. This extremely finely divided calcium carbonate, also known as a colloidal dispersion, interacts with the calcium sulfonate to form a grease-like consistency. Such overbased calcium sulfonate greases produced through the two-step process have come to be known as simple calcium sulfonate greases and are disclosed, for example, in 3,242,079; 3,372,115; 3,376,222, 3,377,283; and 3,492,231. It is also known in the prior art to combine these two steps, by carefully controlling the reaction, into a single step. In this one-step process, the simple calcium sulfonate grease is prepared by reaction of an appropriate sulfonic acid with either calcium hydroxide or calcium oxide in the presence of carbon dioxide and a system of reagents that simultaneously act as both promoter creating the amorphous calcium carbonate overbasing by reaction of carbon dioxide with an excess amount of calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide and converting agents converting the amorphous calcium carbonate to very finely divided crystalline calcium carbonate. Thus, the grease-like consistency is formed in a single step wherein the overbased, oil-soluble calcium sulfonate the product of the first step in the two-step process is never actually formed and isolated as a separate product. This one-step process is disclosed, for example, in 3,661,622; 3,671,012; 3,746,643; and 3,816,310. In addition to simple calcium sulfonate greases, calcium sulfonate complex grease compounds are also known in the prior art. These complex greases are typically produced by adding a strong calcium-containing base, such as calcium hydroxide or calcium oxide, to the simple calcium sulfonate grease produced by either the two-step or one-step process and reacting with stoichiometrically equivalent amounts of complexing acids, such as 12 hydroxystearic acid, boric acid, acetic acid, or phosphoric acid. The claimed advantages of the calcium sulfonate complex grease over the simple grease include reduced tackiness, improved pumpability, and improved high temperature utility. Calcium sulfonate complex greases are disclosed, for example, in 4,560,489; 5,126,062; 5,308,514; and 5,338,467. All of the known prior art teaches the use of calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide as the sources of basic calcium for production of calcium sulfonate greases or as a required component for reacting with complexing acids to form calcium sulfonate complex greases. The known prior art generally teaches that the addition of calcium hydroxide or calcium oxide needs to be in an amount sufficient when added to the amount of calcium hydroxide or calcium oxide present in the overbased oil-soluble calcium sulfonate to provide a total level of calcium hydroxide or calcium oxide sufficient to fully react with the complexing acids. There are also prior art references for using tricalcium phosphate as an additive in lubricating greases. For instance, 4,787,992; 4,830,767; 4,902,435; 4,904,399; 4,929,371 all teach using tricalcium phosphate as an additive for lubricating greases. However, it is believed that no prior art references teach the use of calcium hydroxyapatite, Ca5PO43OH, as a calcium-containing base for reaction with acids to make lubricating greases, including calcium sulfonate-based greases. The known prior art also generally teaches against the use of calcium carbonate as a separate ingredient or as an impurity in the calcium hydroxide or calcium oxide, other than the presence of the amorphous calcium carbonate dispersed in the calcium sulfonate after carbonation in making calcium sulfonate greases for at least two reasons. The first being that calcium carbonate is generally considered to be a weak base, unsuitable for reacting with complexing acids. The second being that the presence of unreacted solid calcium compounds including calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide, or calcium hydroxyapatite interferes with the conversion process, resulting in inferior grease compounds if the unreacted solids are not removed prior to conversion or before conversion is completed. Additionally, the prior art does not provide a calcium sulfonate complex grease with both improved thickener yield and dropping point. The known prior art requires an amount of overbased calcium sulfonate of least 36% by weight of the final grease product suitable grease in the NGLI 2 category with a demonstrated dropping point of at least 575 F. The overbased oil-soluble calcium sulfonate is one of the most expensive ingredients in making calcium sulfonate grease, therefore it is desirable to reduce the amount of this ingredient while still maintaining a desirable level of firmness in the final grease thereby improving thickener yield. Specifically, it is desirable to have an overbased calcium sulfonate grease wherein the percentage of overbased oil-soluble calcium sulfonate is less than 36% and the dropping point is consistently 575 F or higher when the consistency is within an NLGI 2 grade or the worked 60 stroke penetration of the grease is between 265 and 295. Higher dropping points are considered desirable since the dropping point is the first and most easily determined guide as to the high temperature utility limitations of a lubricating grease.",
+        "qas": [
+            {
+                "id": "5",
+                "question": "What is the solution for the problem that however , it is believed that no prior art references teach the use of calcium hydroxyapatite , ca5po43oh , as a calcium-containing base for reaction with acids to make lubricating greases , including calcium sulfonate-based greases .?"
+            }
+        ]
+    },
+    {
+        "context": "Insect inhibitory proteins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis Bt are known in the art. These proteins are used to control agriculturally relevant pests of crop plants by spraying formulations containing these proteins onto plants/seeds or by expressing these proteins in plants and in seeds. Only a few Bt proteins have been developed for use in formulations or as transgenic traits for commercial use by farmers to control Coleopteran and Lepidopteran pest species, and no Bt proteins have been used for commercial control of Hemipteran pest species. Certain Hemipteran species, particularly Lygus bugs, are pests of cotton and alfalfa, and typically are only controlled using broad spectrum chemistries, , endosulfan, acephate, and oxamyl, which can persist and harm the environment. However, dependence on a limited number of these Bt proteins can result in occurrence of new pests resistant to these proteins, and reliance on broad-spectrum chemistries can harm the environment. Hence, there is a continuous need for the discovery and commercial development of new proteins active against pests of crop plants.",
+        "qas": [
+            {
+                "id": "6",
+                "question": "What is the solution for the problem that however , dependence on a limited number of these bt proteins can result in occurrence of new pests resistant to these proteins , and reliance on broad-spectrum chemistries can harm the environment .?"
+            }
+        ]
+    }
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data_patent_details/edison_patents.csv b/data_patent_details/edison_patents.csv
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b1fe75b681dbba0642b283d7281665c120f8e544
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data_patent_details/edison_patents.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:fb576f07778029b30efbcb2eafaaccb8fa625cf304dcd5b73d6e2c6013597683
+size 224167
diff --git a/data_problem/problem.csv b/data_problem/problem.csv
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..178deb5c1dedf5ce960b99e536b0c8edeca63034
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data_problem/problem.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:e4a788e451319b3b6993a0a4f418cbd658b19753822ae68f26590385cc28fe5e
+size 697
diff --git a/functions.py b/functions.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0acdaf3d7889f089d12f6b48fa1706d4e15bf3d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/functions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,648 @@
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ #
+# ~~~ Import libraries ~~~ #
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ #
+
+# Google Scraper Class #
+from google_patent_scraper import scraper_class
+
+# Context Manager #
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+
+# Writing/Reading
+import csv
+import numpy as np
+import pandas as pd
+
+# clean patent #
+import re
+
+# Multiprocessing #
+import multiprocessing as mp
+
+# parse xml to text
+from bs4 import BeautifulSoup as bs
+
+# zip folder to download
+import shutil
+import base64
+import streamlit as st
+import os
+
+# extract problems
+from App.bin import constants
+from App.bin.InputHandler import InputHandler
+from App.bin.PatentHandler import PatentHandler
+from App.bin.CorpusProcessor import CorpusProcessor
+import json
+from pandas import json_normalize
+import glob
+
+
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ #
+# ~~~~ Functions ~~~~ #
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ #
+
+def single_process_scraper(patent,path_to_data_file,data_column_order):
+    """Scrapes a single google patent using the google scraper class
+       
+       Function does not return any values, instead it writes the output
+         of the data_patent_details into a csv file specified in the path_to_data_file
+         parameter
+
+       Inputs:
+         patent (str) : patent number including country prefix
+         lock (obj) : to prevent collisions, function uses a lock. You can pass whichever
+                      lock you want to this parameter
+         path_to_data_file : absolute path to csv file to write data_patent_details to
+         data_column_order : name of columns in order they will be saved in csv file
+
+    """
+    # ~ Initialize scraper class ~ #
+    scraper=scraper_class() 
+
+    # ~ Scrape single patent ~ #
+    err, soup, url = scraper.request_single_patent(patent)
+
+    # Checks if the scrape is successful.
+    # If successful -> parse text and deposit into csv file
+    # Else          -> print error statement
+
+    if err=='Success':
+        patent_parsed = scraper.get_scraped_data(soup,url,patent)
+
+        # Save the parsed data_patent_details to a csv file
+        #  using multiprocessing lock function
+        #  to prevent collisions
+        with lock:
+            with open(path_to_data_file,'a',newline='') as ofile:
+                writer = csv.DictWriter(ofile, fieldnames=data_column_order)
+                writer.writerow(patent_parsed)
+    else:
+        print('Patent {0} has error code {1}'.format(patent,err))
+
+# Allow pool to accept keyword arguments
+@contextmanager
+def poolcontext(*args, **kwargs):
+    pool = mp.Pool(*args, **kwargs)
+    yield pool
+    pool.terminate()
+
+def init(l):
+    """Creates lock object that is global, for use in sharing 
+       across processes
+    """
+    global lock
+    lock = l
+
+
+def patentinput(patent_string):
+    """
+    remove space among patent numbers from users' inputs
+    """
+    patent_string = patent_string.replace(" ", "") #remove space that user tpyed
+    list_results = list(patent_string.split(","))
+    return list_results
+
+def clean_patent(table):
+    """clean raw patent details from website
+    """
+
+    list_inventor_name = np.array([]) # create an empty list
+
+    inventor_name = table['inventor_name']
+    for line in inventor_name:
+        new_line = re.sub(r'"inventor_name":', '', line)
+        new_line = re.sub(r'\{|\}|\[|\]|\"', '', new_line)
+        # print(new_line)
+        list_inventor_name = np.append(list_inventor_name, new_line)
+
+    new_table_inventor_name = pd.DataFrame(list_inventor_name, columns=['inventor_name'])
+    # new_table.to_csv('saved_data/cleaned_patent_details')
+
+    ##clean assignee_name_orig feature
+    list_assignee_name = np.array([])
+    assignee_name = table['assignee_name_orig']
+    for line in assignee_name:
+        new_line = re.sub(r'"assignee_name":', '', line)  ##### errors
+        new_line = re.sub(r'\{|\}|\[|\]|\"', '', new_line)
+        list_assignee_name = np.append(list_assignee_name, new_line)
+
+    new_table_assignee_name = pd.DataFrame(list_assignee_name, columns=['assignee_name_orig'])
+    # print(new_table_assignee_name)
+    #
+    ##clean assignee_name_current feature
+    list_assignee_name_current = np.array([])
+    assignee_name_current = table['assignee_name_current']
+    for line in assignee_name_current:
+        new_line = re.sub(r'("assignee_name":)|(\\n\s\s)|(\{|\}|\[|\]|\")', '', line)
+        list_assignee_name_current = np.append(list_assignee_name_current, new_line)
+
+    new_table_assignee_name_current = pd.DataFrame(list_assignee_name_current, columns=['assignee_name_current'])
+    # print(new_table_assignee_name_current)
+    #
+    ##clean forward_cite_no_family feature
+    list_forward_cite_no_family = np.array([])
+    forward_cite_no_family = table['forward_cite_no_family']
+    for line in forward_cite_no_family:
+        new_line = re.sub(
+            r'("patent_number":)|(\\n)|(\{|\}|\[|\]|\")|(priority_date)|(:)|(pub_date)|(\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2})', '', line)
+        new_line = re.sub(r'\s\,\s', '', new_line)
+        list_forward_cite_no_family = np.append(list_forward_cite_no_family, new_line)
+
+    new_table_forward_cite_no_family = pd.DataFrame(list_forward_cite_no_family, columns=['forward_cite_no_family'])
+    # print(new_table_forward_cite_no_family)
+    #
+    ##clean forward_cite_yes_family feature
+    list_forward_cite_yes_family = np.array([])
+    forward_cite_yes_family = table['forward_cite_yes_family']
+    for line in forward_cite_yes_family:
+        new_line = re.sub(
+            r'("patent_number":)|(\\n)|(\{|\}|\[|\]|\")|(priority_date)|(:)|(pub_date)|(\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2})', '', line)
+        new_line = re.sub(r'\s\,\s', '', new_line)
+        list_forward_cite_yes_family = np.append(list_forward_cite_yes_family, new_line)
+
+    new_table_forward_cite_yes_family = pd.DataFrame(list_forward_cite_yes_family, columns=['forward_cite_yes_family'])
+    # print(new_table_forward_cite_yes_family)
+
+    ##clean backward_cite_no_family feature
+    list_backward_cite_no_family = np.array([])
+    backward_cite_no_family = table['backward_cite_no_family']
+    for line in backward_cite_no_family:
+        new_line = re.sub(
+            r'("patent_number":)|(\\n)|(\{|\}|\[|\]|\")|(priority_date)|(:)|(pub_date)|(\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2})', '', line)
+        new_line = re.sub(r'\s\,\s', '', new_line)
+        list_backward_cite_no_family = np.append(list_backward_cite_no_family, new_line)
+
+    new_table_backward_cite_no_family = pd.DataFrame(list_backward_cite_no_family, columns=['backward_cite_no_family'])
+    # print(new_table_backward_cite_no_family)
+
+    ##clean backward_cite_yes_family feature
+    list_backward_cite_yes_family = np.array([])
+    backward_cite_yes_family = table['backward_cite_yes_family']
+    for line in backward_cite_yes_family:
+        new_line = re.sub(
+            r'("patent_number":)|(\\n)|(\{|\}|\[|\]|\")|(priority_date)|(:)|(pub_date)|(\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2})', '', line)
+        new_line = re.sub(r'\s\,\s', '', new_line)
+        list_backward_cite_yes_family = np.append(list_backward_cite_yes_family, new_line)
+
+    new_table_backward_cite_yes_family = pd.DataFrame(list_backward_cite_yes_family,
+                                                      columns=['backward_cite_yes_family'])
+    # print(new_table_backward_cite_yes_family)
+
+    ##rename url feature
+    list_patent_number = np.array([])
+    patent_number = table['url']
+    for line in patent_number:
+        list_patent_number = np.append(list_patent_number, line)
+
+    new_table_patent_number = pd.DataFrame(list_patent_number, columns=['patent_number'])
+    # print(new_table_patent_number)
+
+    ##rename patent feature
+    list_patent_link = np.array([])
+    patent_link = table['patent']
+    for line in patent_link:
+        list_patent_link = np.append(list_patent_link, line)
+
+    new_table_patent_link = pd.DataFrame(list_patent_link, columns=['patent_link'])
+    # print(new_table_patent_link)
+
+    ##rename abstract_text
+    list_abstract_text = np.array([])
+    abstract_text = table['abstract_text']
+    for line in abstract_text:
+        list_abstract_text = np.append(list_abstract_text, line)
+
+    new_table_abstract_text = pd.DataFrame(abstract_text, columns=['abstract_text'])
+    # print(new_table_patent_link)
+
+    ###################################
+
+    ## concatenate all of sub dataframes to the final results
+    results = pd.concat([new_table_patent_number, table[['pub_date', 'priority_date', 'grant_date', 'filing_date']],
+                         new_table_inventor_name, new_table_assignee_name, new_table_assignee_name_current,
+                         new_table_forward_cite_no_family, new_table_forward_cite_yes_family,
+                         new_table_backward_cite_yes_family, new_table_backward_cite_no_family, new_table_patent_link,
+                         new_table_abstract_text], axis=1)
+
+    return results
+
+
+def count_patent(patent_table):
+    """count the patent features"""
+
+    ##count the number of assignee_name feature
+    assignee_name = pd.DataFrame(patent_table['assignee_name_orig'])
+    count_assignee_name = assignee_name.applymap(lambda x: str.count(x, ',') + 1)
+    count_assignee_name = count_assignee_name.rename(columns={'assignee_name_orig': 'count_assignee_name'})
+    # print(count_assignee_name)
+
+    ##count the number of inventor_name feature
+    inventor_name = pd.DataFrame(patent_table['inventor_name'])
+    count_inventor_name = inventor_name.applymap(lambda x: str.count(x, ',') + 1)
+    count_inventor_name = count_inventor_name.rename(columns={'inventor_name': 'count_inventor_name'})
+    # print(count_inventor_name)
+
+    ##count the number of assignee_name_current feature
+    assignee_name_current = pd.DataFrame(patent_table['assignee_name_current'])
+    # print(assignee_name_current)
+
+    ##replace NaN as int(0)
+    assignee_name_current_replace_NaN = lambda x: int(0) if pd.isnull(x) else str.count(x, ',') + 1
+    count_assignee_name_current = assignee_name_current.applymap(assignee_name_current_replace_NaN)
+    count_assignee_name_current = count_assignee_name_current.rename(
+        columns={'assignee_name_current': 'count_assignee_name_current'})
+    # print(count_assignee_name_current)
+
+    ##count forward_cite_no_family
+    forward_cite_no_family = pd.DataFrame(patent_table['forward_cite_no_family'])
+    forward_cite_no_family_replace_NaN = lambda x: int(0) if pd.isnull(x) else str.count(x, ',')
+    count_forward_cite_no_family = forward_cite_no_family.applymap(forward_cite_no_family_replace_NaN)
+    count_forward_cite_no_family = count_forward_cite_no_family.rename(
+        columns={'forward_cite_no_family': 'count_forward_cite_no_family'})
+    # print(count_forward_cite_no_family)
+
+    ##count forward_cite_yes_family
+    forward_cite_yes_family = pd.DataFrame(patent_table['forward_cite_yes_family'])
+    forward_cite_yes_family_replace_NaN = lambda x: int(0) if pd.isnull(x) else str.count(x, ',')
+    count_forward_cite_yes_family = forward_cite_yes_family.applymap(forward_cite_yes_family_replace_NaN)
+    count_forward_cite_yes_family = count_forward_cite_yes_family.rename(
+        columns={'forward_cite_yes_family': 'count_forward_cite_yes_family'})
+    # print(count_forward_cite_yes_family)
+
+    ##count backward_cite_no_family
+    backward_cite_no_family = pd.DataFrame(patent_table['backward_cite_no_family'])
+    backward_cite_no_family_replace_NaN = lambda x: int(0) if pd.isnull(x) else str.count(x, ',')
+    count_backward_cite_no_family = backward_cite_no_family.applymap(backward_cite_no_family_replace_NaN)
+    count_backward_cite_no_family = count_backward_cite_no_family.rename(
+        columns={'backward_cite_no_family': 'count_backward_cite_no_family'})
+    # print(count_backward_cite_no_family)
+
+    ##count backward_cite_yes_family
+    backward_cite_yes_family = pd.DataFrame(patent_table['backward_cite_yes_family'])
+    backward_cite_yes_family_replace_NaN = lambda x: int(0) if pd.isnull(x) else str.count(x, ',')
+    count_backward_cite_yes_family = backward_cite_yes_family.applymap(backward_cite_yes_family_replace_NaN)
+    count_backward_cite_yes_family = count_backward_cite_yes_family.rename(
+        columns={'backward_cite_yes_family': 'count_backward_cite_yes_family'})
+    # print(count_backward_cite_yes_family)
+
+    ##concate dataframes to the final cleaned dataset
+    results = pd.concat([patent_table[['patent_number', 'pub_date', 'priority_date',
+                                'grant_date', 'filing_date', 'inventor_name']], count_inventor_name,
+                         patent_table[['assignee_name_orig']], count_assignee_name,
+                         patent_table[['assignee_name_current']], count_assignee_name_current,
+                         patent_table[['forward_cite_no_family']], count_forward_cite_no_family,
+                         patent_table[['forward_cite_yes_family']], count_forward_cite_yes_family,
+                         patent_table[['backward_cite_no_family']], count_backward_cite_no_family,
+                         patent_table[['backward_cite_yes_family']], count_backward_cite_yes_family,
+                         patent_table[['patent_link', 'abstract_text']]], axis=1)
+
+    return results
+
+
+def XMLtoTEXT(patent_xml, saved_file_path):
+    # read file
+    tree = bs(patent_xml, "html.parser")
+
+    # get title
+
+    print('Title:')
+    title = tree.find_all("invention-title")
+    patent_title = title[0].text
+    print(patent_title)
+
+    # get number
+    print("Patent number:")
+    patent_number = tree.find_all('doc-number')
+    patent_number = 'US' + patent_number[0].text
+    patent_number_new = re.sub(r'US0', 'US', patent_number)
+    print(patent_number_new)
+
+    # get domain
+    print('Domain:')
+    domain = tree.find_all('classification-level')
+    patent_domain = domain[0].text
+    print(patent_domain)
+
+    # get date of publication
+    print("Publication date:")
+    date = tree.find_all("date")
+    patent_pubdate = date[0].text
+    print(patent_pubdate)
+
+    # get abstract
+    print('Abstract:')
+    ab = tree.find_all("abstract")
+    patent_abstract = ab[0].text
+    print(patent_abstract)
+
+    # get claim
+    print('Claims:')
+    claims = tree.find_all("claim-text")
+    for claim in claims:
+        print(claim.text)
+
+    # get description
+    print('Description:')
+    description = tree.find_all('description')
+    for des in description:
+        print(des.text)
+
+    # save file to the place
+    with open(saved_file_path + patent_number_new + '.txt', 'w') as text_file:
+        text_file.write("Patent title" + '\n' + patent_title +
+                        '\n' * 2 + "Patent number" + '\n' +
+                        patent_number_new + '\n' * 2 + "Domain" + '\n' + patent_domain + '\n' * 2 + "Publication date" + '\n' + patent_pubdate
+                        + '\n' * 2 + "Abstract" + '\n' + patent_abstract
+                        + '\n' * 2 + 'Claims' + '\n')  # save patent title, number, domain, publication data_patent_details, abstract
+        for claim in claims:
+            text_file.write(claim.text + '\n')
+        text_file.write('\n' + 'Description' + '\n')
+        for des in description:
+            text_file.write('\n' + des.text + '\n')
+
+    return text_file
+
+
+# to download patents (.txt) by zip file
+def create_download_zip(zip_directory, zip_path, filename):
+    """
+        zip_directory (str): path to directory you want to zip
+        zip_path (str): where you want to save zip file
+        filename (str): download filename for user who download this
+    """
+    shutil.make_archive(zip_path+filename, 'zip', zip_directory)
+
+    with open(zip_path+filename+'.zip', 'rb') as f:
+        st.download_button(
+            label = 'Download',
+            data = f,
+            file_name='patent.zip',
+            mime= 'zip'
+        )
+
+
+
+# save input files (txt) into the folder
+def save_uploadedfile(uploadedfile):
+    with open(os.path.join('Data/input/US_patents/',uploadedfile.name ), 'wb') as f:
+        f.write(uploadedfile.getbuffer())
+        # return st.success('Saved File:{}'.format(uploadedfile.name))
+
+# to extract problems from patents
+def extractor (folder):
+    input_folder = constants.DATA_INPUT + folder
+    files_extension = "*." + 'txt'
+
+    iInput = InputHandler(input_folder, files_extension)
+    input_data = iInput.get_input()
+
+    pretreat_data = PatentHandler(input_data)
+    clean_patent_data = pretreat_data.pretreat_data()
+
+    process_data = CorpusProcessor(clean_patent_data, input_folder, files_extension)
+    processed_data = process_data.process_corpus()
+
+    # convert json to dataframe
+    with open('Data/graphs/US_patents/graph.json') as json_data:
+        data = json.load(json_data)
+
+    concept_df = json_normalize(data['problem_graph'], sep="_")
+
+    concept_df = concept_df[['concept_sentence', 'concept_source', 'concept_type']]
+    problem_df = concept_df.rename(columns={"concept_sentence": "problem", 'concept_source': 'patent_number',
+                                            'concept_type': 'type'})
+    # choose problems
+    problem_new = problem_df.loc[problem_df['type'] == 'problem']
+
+    print(problem_new)
+
+    new_table_test = problem_new['patent_number'].apply(
+        lambda x: re.search(r'(?<=US_patents\/).*?(?=.txt)', x).group())
+
+    # assign patent number to the corresponding feature
+    problem_results = problem_new.assign(patent_number=new_table_test)
+
+    print(problem_results[['problem', 'patent_number']])
+    problem_results = problem_results[['patent_number', 'problem']]
+    problem_results.to_csv('data_problem/problem.csv',
+                           index=False)
+
+@st.cache
+def convert_df(df):
+    # IMPORTANT: Cache the conversion to prevent computation on every rerun
+    return df.to_csv().encode('utf-8')
+
+
+def extract_info_text():
+    new = pd.DataFrame(columns=['title', 'patent_number', 'domain', 'publication_date'])
+
+    # use glob to get all the txt files in the folder
+    path = 'Data/input/US_patents'
+    txt_files = glob.glob(os.path.join(path, "*.txt"))
+    for f in txt_files:
+        df = pd.read_csv(f, sep='\n', header=None, names=['content'])
+        print(df)
+        # extract patent information from text
+        new = new.append({'patent_number': df.iloc[3, 0], 'title': df.iloc[1, 0],
+                          'domain': df.iloc[5, 0], 'publication_date': df.iloc[7, 0]}, ignore_index=True)
+
+    print(new)
+
+    problem = pd.read_csv('data_problem/problem.csv')
+    final = pd.merge(problem, new, on='patent_number', how='left')
+    return final
+
+def input_domain(user_input_domain):
+    if user_input_domain == 'A (Human necessities)':
+        domain = 'A'
+    elif user_input_domain == 'B (Performing operations; transporting)':
+        domain = 'B'
+    elif user_input_domain == 'C (Chemistry; metallurgy)':
+        domain = 'C'
+    elif user_input_domain == 'D (Textiles; paper)':
+        domain = 'D'
+    elif user_input_domain == 'E (Fixed constructions)':
+        domain = 'E'
+    elif user_input_domain == 'F (Mechanical engineering; lighting; heating; weapons; blasting engines or pumps':
+        domain = 'F'
+    elif user_input_domain == 'G (Physics)':
+        domain = 'G'
+    elif user_input_domain == 'H (Electricity)':
+        domain = 'H'
+    return domain
+
+# the function for choosing month period that user choosed
+def choosing_month_period(problem_corpus,start_year, end_year, start_month, end_month):
+    problem_corpus = problem_corpus[problem_corpus['publication_year'].between(start_year, end_year)]
+    if start_year != end_year:  # 2014- 2015 #2014- 2016
+        if start_month == end_month:  # /01/  /01/
+            if end_year == start_year + 1:  # 2014/03/01 - 2015/03/01 #2014/01/01 - 2015/01/23 #2014/12/01 - 2015/12/23
+                problem_corpus.loc[(problem_corpus['publication_year'] == start_year) & (
+                    problem_corpus['publication_month'].between(start_month, 12)), 'label'] = 'true'
+                problem_corpus.loc[(problem_corpus['publication_year'] == end_year) & (
+                    problem_corpus['publication_month'].between(1, end_month)), 'label'] = 'true'
+
+            elif end_year > start_year + 1:  # 2014/01/01 - 2016/01/23 #2014/12/01 - 2016/12/23 # 2014/03/01 - 2016/03/01
+                if start_month == 1:  # 2014/01/01 - 2016/01/23
+                    problem_corpus.loc[(
+                                               problem_corpus['publication_year'] == end_year) & (
+                                       problem_corpus['publication_month'].between(
+                                           end_month + 1, 12)), 'label'] = 'false'
+                    problem_corpus.loc[(problem_corpus.label != 'false'), 'label'] = 'true'
+                elif start_month == 12:  # 2014/12/01 - 2016/12/23
+                    problem_corpus.loc[(
+                                               problem_corpus['publication_year'] == start_year) & (
+                                       problem_corpus['publication_month'].between(
+                                           1, start_month - 1)), 'label'] = 'false'
+                    problem_corpus.loc[(problem_corpus.label != 'false'), 'label'] = 'true'
+                else:  # 2014/03/01 - 2016/03/01
+                    problem_corpus.loc[(
+                                               problem_corpus['publication_year'] == start_year) & (
+                                       problem_corpus['publication_month'].between(
+                                           1, start_month - 1)), 'label'] = 'false'
+                    problem_corpus.loc[(
+                                               problem_corpus['publication_year'] == end_year) & (
+                                       problem_corpus['publication_month'].between(
+                                           end_month + 1, 12)), 'label'] = 'false'
+                    problem_corpus.loc[(problem_corpus.label != 'false'), 'label'] = 'true'
+        if start_month > end_month:  # /03/  /01/
+            if end_year == start_year + 1:  # 2014/12/01 - 2015/03/01 #2014/02/01 - 2015/01/23
+                problem_corpus.loc[(problem_corpus['publication_year'] == start_year) & (
+                    problem_corpus['publication_month'].between(start_month, 12)), 'label'] = 'true'
+                problem_corpus.loc[(problem_corpus['publication_year'] == end_year) & (
+                    problem_corpus['publication_month'].between(1, end_month)), 'label'] = 'true'
+
+            elif end_year > start_year + 1:  # 2014/12/01 - 2016/03/01 #2014/02/01 - 2016/01/23
+                problem_corpus.loc[(
+                                           problem_corpus['publication_year'] == start_year) & (
+                                   problem_corpus['publication_month'].between(
+                                       1, start_month - 1)), 'label'] = 'false'
+                problem_corpus.loc[(
+                                           problem_corpus['publication_year'] == end_year) & (
+                                   problem_corpus['publication_month'].between(
+                                       end_month + 1, 12)), 'label'] = 'false'
+                problem_corpus.loc[(problem_corpus.label != 'false'), 'label'] = 'true'
+
+        if start_month < end_month:  # /01/  /03/
+            if end_year == start_year + 1:  # 2014/01/01 - 2015/12/01 #2014/02/01 - 2015/11/23
+                problem_corpus.loc[(problem_corpus['publication_year'] == start_year) & (
+                    problem_corpus['publication_month'].between(start_month, 12)), 'label'] = 'true'
+                problem_corpus.loc[(problem_corpus['publication_year'] == end_year) & (
+                    problem_corpus['publication_month'].between(1, end_month)), 'label'] = 'true'
+
+            elif end_year > start_year + 1:  # 2014/01/01 - 2016/12/01 #2014/02/01 - 2016/11/23
+                if start_month == 1 & end_month == 12:  # 2014/01/01 - 2016/12/01
+                    problem_corpus['label'] = 'true'
+                elif start_month == 1:  # 2014/01/01 - 2016/03/01 #2014/01/01 - 2016/11/01
+                    problem_corpus.loc[(problem_corpus['publication_year'] == end_year) & (problem_corpus[
+                                                                                               'publication_month'].between(
+                        end_month + 1, 12)), 'label'] = 'false'
+                    problem_corpus.loc[(problem_corpus.label != 'false'), 'label'] = 'true'
+                elif end_month == 12:  # 2014/02/01 - 2016/12/01 #2015/02/01 - 2016/12/01
+                    problem_corpus.loc[(problem_corpus['publication_year'] == start_year) & (problem_corpus[
+                                                                                                 'publication_month'].between(
+                        1, start_month - 1)), 'label'] = 'false'
+                    problem_corpus.loc[(problem_corpus.label != 'false'), 'label'] = 'true'
+                else:  # 2014/02/01 - 2016/11/23
+                    problem_corpus.loc[(problem_corpus['publication_year'] == start_year) & (problem_corpus[
+                                                                                                 'publication_month'].between(
+                        1, start_month - 1)), 'label'] = 'false'
+                    problem_corpus.loc[(problem_corpus['publication_year'] == end_year) & (problem_corpus[
+                                                                                               'publication_month'].between(
+                        end_month + 1, 12)), 'label'] = 'false'
+                    problem_corpus.loc[(problem_corpus.label != 'false'), 'label'] = 'true'
+
+
+
+    else:  # start_year == end_year: 2012-2012
+        problem_corpus = problem_corpus[problem_corpus['publication_year'] == start_year]
+        if start_month != end_month:  # 2014/03/01 - 2014/05/01 2014/01/01 - 2014/05/01 2014/03/01 - 2014/12/01
+            problem_corpus.loc[problem_corpus['publication_month'].between(start_month, end_month), 'label'] = 'true'
+        else:  # 2014/03/01 - 2014/03/20 #2014/01/01 - 2014/01/20
+            problem_corpus.loc[problem_corpus['publication_month'] == start_month, 'label'] = 'true'
+
+    problem_corpus = problem_corpus.loc[problem_corpus['label'] == 'true']
+    problem_corpus= problem_corpus[['patent_number', 'Domain', 'First part Contradiction',
+                                     'Second part Contradiction', 'publication_date', 'publication_year',
+                                     'publication_month', 'label']]
+    return problem_corpus
+
+# for IDM-Similar model (word2vec)
+def avg_feature_vector(sentence, model, num_features, index2word_set):
+    words = sentence.split()
+    feature_vec = np.zeros((num_features, ), dtype='float32')
+    n_words = 0
+    for word in words:
+        if word in index2word_set:
+            n_words += 1
+            feature_vec = np.add(feature_vec, model[word])
+    if (n_words > 0):
+        feature_vec = np.divide(feature_vec, n_words)
+    return feature_vec
+
+def creat_query_id(dataset):
+    # create query
+    question = []
+    for each in dataset['problem']:
+        new = "What is the solution for the problem that " + each + "?"
+        question.append(new)
+    dataset['question'] = question
+
+    # create id
+    data = dataset.rename(columns={'Unnamed: 0': 'id'})
+    return data
+
+def csv_to_json (csv_file,json_file):
+    results = []
+    with open(csv_file) as csv_file:
+        csvReader = csv.DictReader(csv_file)
+        for row in csvReader:
+            context = row['Context']
+            qas = []
+            content = {}
+            content['id'] = row['id']
+            content['question'] = row['question']
+            qas.append(content)
+            result = {}
+            result['context'] = context
+            result['qas'] = qas
+            results.append(result)
+
+    # write data to a json file
+    with open(json_file, 'w') as jsonFile:
+        jsonFile.write(json.dumps(results, indent=4))
+
+
+
+def QA_prediction(prediction_file, prediction_output, model):
+    # if __name__ == '__main__':
+    with open(prediction_file, 'r') as pre_file:
+        temp = json.loads(pre_file.read())
+        predictions = model.predict(temp)
+
+    with open(prediction_output, 'w') as json_file:
+        json_file.write(json.dumps(predictions, indent=4))
+    print(predictions)
+
+def json_to_csv(input_file, output_file):
+    result = pd.read_json(input_file)
+    print(result.head())
+
+    result_answer = result.iloc[0][:]
+    print(result_answer.head())
+    print(len(result_answer))
+
+    df = pd.DataFrame(index=np.arange(len(result_answer)), columns=['id', 'answer'])
+    print(df)
+
+    for i in range(len(result_answer)):
+        line = result_answer[i]
+        print(line)
+        df.iloc[i, 0] = line['id']
+        df.iloc[i, 1] = line['answer']
+
+    print(df.head())
+    df.to_csv(output_file, index=False)
diff --git a/patent_text/US9533004.txt b/patent_text/US9533004.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2d07034fd841b0794503c810e644175093a8357e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/patent_text/US9533004.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
+Patent title
+Treatment of dystrophin family related diseases by inhibition of natural antisense transcript to DMD family
+
+Patent number
+US9533004
+
+Domain
+A
+
+Publication date
+20170103
+
+Abstract
+
+The present invention relates to antisense oligonucleotides that modulate the expression of and/or function of Dystrophin family, in particular, by targeting natural antisense polynucleotides of Dystrophin family. The invention also relates to the identification of these antisense oligonucleotides and their use in treating diseases and disorders associated with the expression of DMD family.
+
+
+Claims
+1. A method of upregulating a function of and/or the expression of a Dystrophin family DMD polynucleotide selected from SEQ ID NO: 1 in patient cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro comprising:
+contacting said cells or tissues with at least one antisense oligonucleotide of 15 to 30 nucleotides in length that targets and specifically hybridizes with a 15 to 30 nucleotide complementary region of a natural antisense oligonucleotide of the DMD Dystrophin family polynucleotide selected from SEQ ID NOS: 3-6;
+thereby upregulating a function of and/or the expression of the Dystrophin family polynucleotide in patient cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro.
+
+contacting said cells or tissues with at least one antisense oligonucleotide of 15 to 30 nucleotides in length that targets and specifically hybridizes with a 15 to 30 nucleotide complementary region of a natural antisense oligonucleotide of the DMD Dystrophin family polynucleotide selected from SEQ ID NOS: 3-6;
+thereby upregulating a function of and/or the expression of the Dystrophin family polynucleotide in patient cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro.
+2. The method of claim 1, wherein a function of and/or the expression of the DMD Dystrophin family is increased in vivo or in vitro with respect to a control.
+3. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one antisense oligonucleotide targets a natural antisense sequence of a DMD Dystrophin family polynucleotide selected from SEQ ID NO: 4.
+4. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one antisense oligonucleotide targets a natural antisense transcript antisense to coding and/or non-coding nucleic acid sequences of a DMD Dystrophin family polynucleotide.
+5. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one antisense oligonucleotide targets a natural antisense transcript having overlapping and/or non-overlapping sequences of a DMD Dystrophin family polynucleotide.
+6. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one antisense oligonucleotide comprises one or more modifications selected from: at least one modified sugar moiety, at least one modified intemucleoside linkage, at least one modified nucleotide, and combinations thereof.
+7. The method of claim 6, wherein the one or more modifications comprise at least one modified sugar moiety selected from: a 2′-O-methoxyethyl modified sugar moiety, a 2′-methoxy modified sugar moiety, a 2′ -O-alkyl modified sugar moiety, a bicyclic sugar moiety, and combinations thereof.
+8. The method of claim 6, wherein the one or more modifications comprise at least one modified intemucleoside linkage selected from: a phosphorothioate, alkylphosphonate, phosphorodithioate, alkylphosphonothioate, phosphoramidate, carbamate, carbonate, phosphate triester, acetamidate, carboxymethyl ester, and combinations thereof.
+9. The method of claim 6, wherein the one or more modifications comprise at least one modified nucleotide selected from: a peptide nucleic acid (PNA), a locked nucleic acid (LNA), an arabino-nucleic acid (FANA), an analogue, a derivative, and combinations thereof.
+10. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one oligonucleotide comprises at least one oligonucleotide sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOS: 8 to 17.
+
+Description
+
+
+
+This application is a Divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 13/318,734 filed Nov. 3, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,012,139, which is a National Phase Entry Of PCT/US2010/034026 filed May 7, 2010, which claims priority to US. Provisional Application Nos. 61/176,594 filed on May 8, 2009 and 61/317,350 filed on Mar, 25, 2010, which are all incorporated, herein by reference in their entireties.
+
+
+FIELD OF THE INVENTION
+Embodiments of the invention comprise oligonucleotides modulating expression and/or function of DMD family and associated molecules.
+BACKGROUND
+DNA-RNA and RNA-RNA hybridization are important to many aspects of nucleic acid function including DNA replication, transcription, and translation. Hybridization is also central to a variety of technologies that either detect a particular nucleic acid or alter its expression. Antisense nucleotides, for example, disrupt gene expression by hybridizing to target RNA, thereby interfering with RNA splicing, transcription, translation, and replication. Antisense DNA has the added feature that DNA-RNA hybrids serve as a substrate for digestion by ribonuclease H, an activity that is present in most cell types. Antisense molecules can be delivered into cells, as is the case for oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), or they can be expressed from endogenous genes as RNA molecules. The FDA recently approved an antisense drug, VITRAVENE™ (for treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis), reflecting that antisense has therapeutic utility.
+SUMMARY
+This Summary is provided to present a summary of the invention to briefly indicate the nature and substance of the invention. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims.
+In one embodiment, the invention provides methods for inhibiting the action of a natural antisense transcript by using antisense oligonucleotide(s) targeted to any region of the natural antisense transcript resulting in up-regulation of the corresponding sense gene. It is also contemplated herein that inhibition of the natural antisense transcript can be achieved by siRNA, ribozymes and small molecules, which are considered to be within the scope of the present invention.
+One embodiment provides a method of modulating function and/or expression of an DMD family polynucleotide in patient cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro comprising contacting said cells or tissues with an antisense oligonucleotide 5 to 30 nucleotides in length wherein said oligonucleotide has at least 50% sequence identity to a reverse complement of a polynucleotide comprising 5 to 30 consecutive nucleotides within nucleotides 1 to 378 of SEQ ID NO: 3, 1 to 294 of SEQ ID NO: 4, 1 to 686 of SEQ ID NO: 5, 1 to 480 of SEQ ID NO: 6 and 1 to 501 of SEQ ID NO: 7 (FIG. 3) thereby modulating function and/or expression of the DMD family polynucleotide in patient cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro.
+In another preferred embodiment, an oligonucleotide targets a natural antisense sequence of DMD family polynucleotides, for example, nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 to 7, and any variants, alleles, homologs, mutants, derivatives, fragments and complementary sequences thereto. Examples of antisense oligonucleotides are set forth as SEQ ID NO: 8 to 22 (FIG. 4 and 5).
+Another embodiment provides a method of modulating function and/or expression of an DMD family polynucleotide in patient cells or tissue in vivo or in vitro comprising contacting said cells or tissues with an antisense oligonucleotide 5 to 30 nucleotides in length wherein said oligonucleotide has at least 50% sequence identify to a reverse complement of the an antisense of the DMD family polynucleotide; thereby modulating function and/or expression of the DMD family polynucleotide in patient cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro.
+Another embodiment provides a method of modulating function and/or expression of an DMD family polynucleotide in patient cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro comprising contacting said cells or tissues with an antisense oligonucleotide 5 to 30 nucleotides in length wherein said oligonucleotide has at least 50% sequence identity to an antisense oligonucleotide to an DMD family antisense polynucleotide; thereby modulating function and/or expression of the DMD family polynucleotide in patient cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro.
+In a preferred embodiment, a composition comprises one or more antisense oligonucleotides which bind to sense and/or antisense DMD family polynucleotides.
+In another preferred embodiment, the oligonucleotides comprise one or more modified or substituted nucleotides.
+In another preferred embodiment, the oligonucleotides comprise one or more modified bonds.
+In yet another embodiment, the modified nucleotides comprise modified bases comprising phosphorothioate, methylphosphonate, peptide nucleic acids, 2′-O-methyl, fluoro- or carbon, methylene or other locked nucleic acid (LNA) molecules. Preferably, the modified nucleotides are locked nucleic acid molecules, including α-L-LNA.
+In another preferred embodiment, the oligonucleotides are administered to a patient subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intravenously or intraperitoneally.
+In another preferred embodiment, the oligonucleotides are administered in a pharmaceutical composition. A treatment regimen comprises administering the antisense compounds at least once to patient; however, this treatment can be modified to include multiple doses over a period of time. The treatment can be combined with one or more other types of therapies.
+In another preferred embodiment, the oligonucleotides are encapsulated in a liposome or attached to a carrier molecule (e.g. cholesterol, TAT peptide).
+Other aspects are described infra.
+
+
+
+BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
+FIG. 1:
+FIG. 1A is a graph of real time PCR results showing the fold change+standard deviation in DMD family mRNA after treatment of 518A2 cells with phosphorothioate oligonucleotides introduced using Lipofectamine 2000, as compared to control. Real time PCR results show that the levels of DMD family mRNA in 518A2 cells are significantly increased 48 h after treatment with two of the siRNAs designed to DMD family antisense BG208074. Bars denoted as CUR-0636 to CUR-0654, correspond to samples treated with SEQ ID NOS: 8 to 17 respectively.
+FIG. 1B is a graph of real time PCR results showing the fold change+standard deviation in DMD family mRNA after treatment of 518A2 cells with phosphorothioate oligonucleotides introduced using Lipofectamine 2000, as compared to control. Treatment with siRNAs to other antisense molecules, BF838561, BF768753 and BF950643, did not elevate DMD family mRNA levels. Bars denoted as CUR-0638, CUR0648, CUR0646 and CUR-0652 correspond to samples treated with SEQ ID NO: 9, 14, 13 and 16 respectively.
+FIG. 1C is a graph of real time PCR results showing the fold change+standard deviation in UTRN mRNA after treatment of MCF-7 cells with phosphorothioate oligonucleotides introduced using Lipofectamine 2000, as compared to control. Bars denoted as CUR-1443 to CUR-1447 correspond to sample treated with SEQ ID NOS: 18 to 22 respectively.
+FIG. 2 shows
+SEQ ID NO: 1: Homo sapiens Dystrophin family, transcript variant Dp427m, mRNA (NCBI Accession No.: NM_004006).
+SEQ ID NO: 2: Homo sapiens Utrophin (UTRN), mRNA, (NCBI Accession No.: NM_007124)
+FIG. 3 shows
+SEQ ID NO: 3: Natural DMD family antisense sequence (BF838561)
+SEQ ID NO: 4: Natural DMD family antisense sequence (BG208074)
+SEQ ID NO: 5: Natural DMD family-antisense sequence (BF950643)
+SEQ ID NO: 6: Natural DMD family antisense sequence (BF768753)
+SEQ ID NO: 7: Natural UTRN antisense sequence (ENST00000431309),
+FIG. 4 shows DMD disease oligonucleotides, SEQ ID NOs: 8 to 17, “r” indicates RNA.
+FIG. 5 shows the UTRN antisense oligonucleotides, SEQ ID NOs: 18 to 22. * indicates phosphothioate bond.
+FIG. 6 shows the DMD sense oligonucleotides, SEQ ID NOs: 23 to 32. The sense oligonucleotides SEQ ID NO: 23 to 32 are the reverse complements of the antisense oligonucleotides SEQ ID NO: 8 to 17 respectively. “r” indicates RNA.
+
+
+
+DETAILED DESCRIPTION
+Several aspects of the invention are described below with reference to example applications for illustration. It should be understood that numerous specific details, relationships, and methods are set forth to provide a full understanding of the invention. One having ordinary skill in the relevant art, however, will readily recognize that the invention can be practiced without one or more of the specific details or with other methods. The present invention is not limited by the ordering of acts or events, as some acts may occur in different orders and/or concurrently with other acts or events. Furthermore, not all illustrated acts or events are required to implement a methodology in accordance with the present invention.
+All genes, gene names, and gene products disclosed herein are intended to correspond to homologs from any species for which the compositions and methods disclosed herein are applicable. Thus, the terms include, but are not limited to genes and gene products from humans and mice. It is understood that when a gene or gene product from a particular species is disclosed, this disclosure is intended to be exemplary only, and is not to be interpreted as a limitation unless the context in which it appears steady indicates. Thus, for example, for the genes disclosed herein, which in some embodiments relate to mammalian nucleic acid and amino acid sequences are intended to encompass homologous and/or orthologous genes and gene product from other animals including, but not limited to other mammals, fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds. In preferred embodiments, the genes or nucleic acid sequences are human.
+Definitions
+The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is sot intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “including”, “includes”, “having”, “has”, “with”, or variants thereof are used in either the detailed description and/or the claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising.”
+The term “about” or “approximately” means within an acceptable error range for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which will depend in part on how the value is measured or determined, i.e., the limitations of the measurement system. For example, “about” can mean within 1 or more than 1 standard deviation, per the practice in the art. Alternatively, “about” can mean a range of up to 20%, preferably up to 10%, more preferably up to 5%, and more preferably still up to 1% of a given value. Alternatively, particularly with respect to biological systems or processes, the term can mean within an order of magnitude, preferably within 5-fold, and more preferably within 2-fold, of a value. Where particular values are described in the application and claims, unless otherwise stated the terms “about” meaning within an acceptable error range for the particular value should be assumed.
+As used herein, the term “mRNA” means the presently known mRNA transcript(s) of a targeted gene, and my further transcripts which may be elucidated.
+By “antisense oligonucleotides” or “antisense compound” is meant an RNA or DNA molecule that binds to another RNA or DMA (target RNA, DNA). For example, if it is RNA oligonucleotide it binds to another RNA target by means of RNA-RNA interactions and alters the activity of the target RNA (Eguchi et al., (1991) Ann Rev. Biochem. 60, 631-652). An antisense oligonucleotide can upregulate or downregulate expression and/or function of a particular polynucleotide. The definition is meant to include any foreign RNA or DNA molecule which is useful from a therapeutic, diagnostic, or other viewpoint. Such molecules include, for example, antisense RNA or DNA molecules, interference RNA (RNAi), micro RNA, decoy RNA molecules, siRNA, enzymatic RNA, therapeutic editing RNA and agonist and antagonist RNA, antisense oligomeric compounds, antisense oligonucleotides, external guide sequence (EGS) oligonucleotides, alternate splicers, primers, probes, and other oligomeric compounds that hybridize to at least a portion of the target nucleic acid. As such, these compounds maybe introduced in the form of single-stranded, double-stranded, partially single-stranded, or circular oligomeric compounds.
+In the context of this invention, the term “oligonucleotide” refers to an oligomer or polymer of ribonucleic acid (RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or mimetics thereof. The term “oligonucleotide”, also includes linear or circular oligomers of natural and/or modified monomers or linkages, including deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleosides, substituted and alpha-anomeric forms thereof, peptide nucleic acids (PNA), locked nucleic acids (LNA), phosphorothioate, methylphosphonate, and the like. Oligonucleotides are capable of specifically binding to a target polynucleotide by way of a regular pattern of monomer-to-monomer interactions, such as Watson-Crick type of base pairing, Hoögsteen or reverse Hoögsteen types of base pairing, or the like.
+The oligonucleotide may be “chimeric”, that is, composed of different regions. In the context of this invention “chimeric” compounds are oligonucleotides, which contain two or more chemical regions, for example, DNA region(s). RNA region(s), PNA region(s) etc. Each chemical region is made up of at least one monomer unit, i.e., a nucleotide in the case of an oligonucleotides compound. These oligonucleotides typically comprise at least one region wherein the oligonucleotide is modified in order to exhibit one or more desired properties. The desired properties of the oligonucleotide include, but are not limited, for example, to increased resistance to nuclease degradation, increased cellular uptake, and/or increased binding affinity for the target nucleic acid. Different regions of the oligonucleotide may therefore have different properties. The chimeric oligonucleotides of the present invention can be formed as mixed structures of two or more oligonucleotides, modified oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides and/or oligonucleotide analogs as described above.
+The oligonucleotide can be composed of regions that can be linked in “register”, that is, when the monomers are linked consecutively, as in native DNA, or linked via spacers. The spacers are intended to constitute a covalent “bridge” between the regions and have in preferred cases a length not exceeding about 100 carbon atoms. The spacers may carry different functionalities, for example, having positive or negative charge, carry special nucleic acid binding properties (intercalators, groove binders, toxins, fluorophors etc.), being lipophilic inducing special secondary structures like, for example, alanine containing peptides that induce alpha-helices.
+As used herein “DMD family”, “Dystrophin family” and “dystrophin-related protein family”, “dystrophin gene Family” are inclusive of all family members, mutants, alleles, fragments, species, coding and noncoding sequences, sense and antisense polynucleotide strands, etc.
+As used herein, the words Dystrophin, DMD, BMD, CMD3B, DXSI42, DXS164, DXS206, DXS230, DXS239, DXS268, DXS269, DXS270 and DXS272 are used interchangeably in the present application.
+As used herein, the words Utrophin, UTRN, DMDL, DRP, DRPI, Dystrophin-related protein 1, FLJ23678, are used interchangeably in the present application.
+As used herein, the words “dystrophin related protein 2”, “dystrophin-related protein 2” and DRP2 are used interchangeably in the present application.
+As used herein, the term Dystrobrevin α-dystrobrevin, β-dystrobrevin, DINA and DTNB are used interchangeably in the present application.
+As used herein, the term “oligonucleotide specific for” or “oligonucleotide which targets” refers to an oligonucleotide having a sequence (i) capable of forming a stable complex with a portion of the targeted gene, or (II) capable of forming a stable duplex with a portion of a mRNA transcript of the targeted gene. Stability of the complexes and duplexes can be determined by theoretical calculations and/or in vitro assays. Exemplary assays for determining stability of hybridization complexes and duplexes are described in the Examples below.
+As used herein, the term “target nucleic acid” encompasses DNA, RNA (comprising premRNA and mRNA) transcribed from such DNA, and also cDNA derived from such RNA, coding, noncoding sequences, sense or antisense polynucleotides. The specific hybridization of an oligomeric compound with its target nucleic acid interferes with the normal function of the nucleic acid. This modulation of function of a target nucleic acid by compounds, which specifically hybridize to it, is generally referred to as “antisense”. The function of DNA to be interfered include, for example, replication and transcription. The functions of RNA to be interfered, include all vital functions such as, for example, translocation of the RNA to the site of protein translation, translation of protein from the RNA, splicing of the RNA to yield one or more mRNA species, and catalytic activity which may be engaged in or facilitated by the RNA. The overall effect of such interference with target nucleic acid function is modulation of the expression of an encoded product or oligonucleotides.
+RNA interference “RNAi” is mediated by double stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules that have sequence-specific homology to their “target” nucleic acid sequences (Caplan, N. J., et al. (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:9742-9747). In certain embodiments of the present invention, the mediators are 5-25 nucleotide “small interfering” RNA duplexes (siRNAs). The siRNAs are derived from the processing of dsRNA by an RNase enzyme known as Dicer (Bernstein, E., et al. (2001) Nature 409:363-366). siRNA duplex products are recruited into a multi-protein siRNA complex termed RISC (RNA Induced Silencing Complex). Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, a RISC is then believed to be guided to a target nucleic acid (suitably mRNA), where the siRNA duplex interacts in a sequence-specific way to mediate cleavage in a catalytic fashion (Bernstein, E., et al. (2001) Nature 409:363-366; Boutla, A., et al. (2001) Curr. Biol. 11:1776-1780). Small interfering RNAs that can be used in accordance with the present invention can be synthesized and used according to procedures that are will known in the art and that will be familiar to the ordinarily skilled artisan. Small interfering RNAs for use in the methods of the present invention suitably comprise between about 1 to about 50 nucleotides (nt). In examples of non limiting embodiments siRNAs can comprise about 5 to about 40 nt, about 5 to about 30nt, about 10 to about 30 nt, about 15 to about 25 nt, or about 20-25 nucleotides.
+Selection of appropriate oligonucleotides is facilitated by using computer programs that automatically align nucleic acid sequences and indicate regions of identity or homology. Such programs are used to compare nucleic acid sequences obtained, for example, by searching databases such as GenBank or by sentencing PCR products. Comparison of nucleic acid sequences from a range of species allows the selection of nucleic acid sequences that display an appropriate degree of identity between species. In the case of genes that have not been sequenced, Southern blots are performed to allow a determination of the degree of identity between genes in target species and other species. By performing Southern blots at varying degrees of stringency, as is well known in the art, it is possible to obtain an approximate measure of identity. These procedures allow the selection of oligonucleotides that exhibit a high degree of complementarity to target nucleic acid sequences in a subject to be controlled and a lower degree of complementarity to corresponding nucleic acid sequences in other species. One skilled in the art will realize that there is considerable latitude in selecting appropriate regions of genes for use in the present invention.
+By “enzymatic RNA” is meant an RNA molecule with enzymatic activity (Cech, (1988) J. American. Med. Assoc. 260,3030-3035). Enzymatic nucleic acids (ribozymes) act by first binding to a target RNA. Such binding occurs through the target binding portion of an enzymatic nucleic acid which is held in close proximity to an enzymatic potion of the molecule that acts to cleave the target RNA. Thus, the enzymatic nucleic acid first recognizes and then binds a target RNA through base pairing, and once bound to the correct site, acts enzymatically to cut the target RNA.
+By “decoy RNA” is meant an RNA molecule that mimics the natural binding domain for a ligand. The decoy RNA therefore competes with natural binding target for the binding of a specific ligand. For example, it has been shown that over-expression of HIV trans-activation response (TAR) RNA can act as a “decoy” and efficiently binds HIV tat protein, thereby preventing it from binding to TAR sequences encoded in the HIV RNA (Sullenger et al. (1990) Cell, 63, 601-608). This is meant to be a specific example. Those in the art will recognize that this is but one example, and other embodiments can be readily generated using techniques generally known in the art.
+As used herein, the term “monomers” typically indicates monomers linked by phosphodiester bonds or analogs thereof to form oligonucleotides ranging in size from a few monomeric units, e.g., from about 3-4, to about several hundreds of monomeric units. Analogs of phosphodiester linkages include: phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, methylphosphornates, phosphoroselenoate, phosphoramidate, and the like, as more fully described below.
+The term “nucleotide” covers naturally occurring nucleotides as well as nonnaturally occurring nucleotides. It should be clear to the person skilled in the art that various nucleotides which previously have been considered “non-naturally occurring” have subsequently been found in nature. Thus, “nucleotides” includes not only the known purine and pyrimidine heterocycles-containing molecules, but also heterocyclic analogues and tautomers thereof. Illustrative examples of other types of nucleotides are molecules containing adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, uracil, purine, xanthine, diaminopurine, 8-oxo- N6-methyladenine, 7-deazaxanthine, 7-deazaguanine, N4,N4-ethanocytosin, N6,N6-ethano2,6-diaminopurine, 5-methylcytosine, 5-(C3-C6)-alkynylcytosine, 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, pseudoisocytosine, 2-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-triazolopyridin, isocytosine, isoguanin, inosine and the “non-naturally occurring” nucleotides described in Benner et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,432,272. The term “nucleotide” is intended to cover every and all of these examples as well as analogues and tautomers thereof. Especially interesting nucleotides are those containing adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, and uracil, which are considered as the naturally occurring nucleotides in relation to therapeutic and diagnostic application in humans. Nucleotides include the natural 2′-deoxy and 2′-hydroxyl sugars, e.g., as described in Kornberg and Baker, DNA Replication, 2nd Ed. (Freeman, San Francisco, 1992) as well as their analogs.
+“Analogs” in reference to nucleotides includes synthetic nucleotides having modified base moieties and/or modified sugar moieties (see e.g., described generally by Scheit, Nucleotide Analogs, John Wiley, New York, 1980: Freier & Altmann, (1997) Nucl. Acid Res., 25(22), 4429-4443, Toulmé, J. J., (2001) Nature Biotechnology 19:17-18; Manoharan M., (1999) Biochemica et Biophysica Acta 1489:117-139; Freier S. M., (1997) Nucleic Acid Research, 25:4429-4443, Uhlman, E., (2000) Drug Discovery & Development. 3:203-213, Herdewin P., (2000) Antisense & Nucleic Acid Drug Dev., 10:297-310): 2′-O,3′-C-linked [3.2.0] bicycloarabinonucleosides (see e.g. N. K. Christiensen., et al. (1998) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 120:5458-5463; Prakash T P, Bhat B. (2007) Curr Top Med Chem. 7(7):641-9; Cho E J, et al. (2009) Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry, 2, 241-264). Such analogs include synthetic nucleotides designed to enhance binding properties, e.g., duplex or triplex stability, specificity, or the like.
+As used herein, “hybridization” means the pairing of substantially complementary strands of oligomeric compounds. One mechanism of pairing involves hydrogen bonding, which may be Watson-Crick, Hoögsteen or reversed Hoögsteen hydrogen bonding, between complementary nucleoside or nucleotide bases (nucleotides) of the strands of oligomeric compounds. For example, adenine and thymine are complementary nucleotides which pair through the formation of hydrogen bonds. Hybridization can occur under varying circumstances.
+An antisense compound is “specifically hybridizable” when binding, of the compound to the target nucleic acid interferes in with the normal function of the target nucleic acid to cause a modulation of function and/or activity, and there is a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid non-specific binding of the antisense compound to non-target nucleic acid sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired, i.e., under physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment, and under conditions in which assays are performed in the case of in vitro assays.
+As used herein, the phrase “stringent hybridization conditions” or “stringent conditions” refers to conditions under which a compound of the invention will hybridize to its target sequence, but to a minimal number of other sequence. Stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and will be different in different circumstances and in the context of this invention, “stringent conditions” under which oligomeric compounds hybridize to a target sequence are determined by the nature and composition of the oligomeric compounds and the assays in which they are being investigated. In general, stringent hybridization conditions comprise low concentrations (<0.15M) of salts with inorganic cations such as Na++ or K++ (i.e., low ionic strength), temperature higher than 20° C.-25° C. below the Tm of the oligomeric compound:target sequence complex, and the presence of denaturants such as formamide, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, or the detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). For example, the hybridization rate decreases 1.1% for each 1% formamide. An example of a high stringency hybridization conditions of 0.1X sodium chloride-sodium citrate buffer (SSC)/0.1% (w/v) SDS at 60° C. for 30 minutes.
+“Complementary,” as used herein, refers to the capacity for precise pairing between two nucleotides on one or two oligomeric strands. For example, if a nucleobase at a certain position of an antisense compound is capable of hydrogen bonding with a nucleobase at a certain position of a target nucleic acid, said target nucleic acid being a DNA, RNA, or oligonucleotide molecule, then the position of hydrogen bonding between the oligonucleotide and the target nucleic acid is considered to be a complementary position. The oligomeric compound and the further DNA, RNA, or oligonucleotide molecule are complementary to each other when a sufficient number of complementary positions in each molecule are occupied by nucleotides which can hydrogen bond with each other. Thus, “specifically hybridizable” and “complementary” are terms which are used to indicate a sufficient degree of precise pairing or complementarity over a sufficient number of nucleotides such that stable and specific binding occurs between the oligomeric compound and a target nucleic acid.
+It is understood in the art that the sequence of an oligomeric compound need not be 100% complementary to that of its target nucleic acid to be specifically hybridizable. Moreover, an oligonucleotide may hybridize over one or more segments such that intervening or adjacent segments are not involved in the hybridization event (e.g., a loop structure, mismatch or hairpin structure). The oligomeric compounds of the present invention comprise at least about 70%, or at least about 75%, or at least about 80%, or at least about 85%, or at least about 90%, or at least about 95%, or at least about 99% sequence complementarity to a target region within the target nucleic acid sequence to which they are targeted. For example, an antisense compound in which 18 to 20 nucleotides of the antisense compound are complementary to a target region, and would therefore specifically hybridize, would represent 90 percent complementarity. In this example, the remaining noncomplementary nucleotides may be clustered or interspersed with complementary nucleotides and need not be contiguous to each other or to complementary nucleotides. As such, an antisense compound which is 18 nucleotides as length having 4 (four) noncomplementary nucleotides which are flanked by two regions of complete complementarity with the target nucleic acid would have 77.8% overall complementarity with the target nucleic acid and would thus fall within the scope of the present invention. Percent complementarity of an antisense compound with a region of a target nucleic acid can be determined routinely using BLAST programs (basic local alignment search tools) and PowerBLAST programs known in the art (Altschul et al., (1990) J. Mol. Biol., 215, 403-410; Zhang and Madden, (1997) Genome Res., 7,649-656). Percent homology, sequence identity or complementarity, can be determined by, for example, the Gap program (Wisconsin Sequence Analysis Package, Version 8 for Unix, Genetics Computer Group, University Research Park, Madison Wis.), using default settings, which uses the algorithm of Smith and Waterman (Adv. Appl. Math., (1981) 2, 482-489).
+As used herein, the term “Thermal Melting Point (Tm)” refer to the temperature, under defined ionic strength, pH, and nucleic acid concentration, at which 50% of the oligonucleotides complementary to the target sequence hybridize to the target sequence at equilibrium. Typically, stringent conditions will be those in which the salt concentration is at least about 0.01 to 1.0 M Na ion concentration (or other salts) at pH 7.0 to 8.3 and the temperature is at least shout 30° C. for short oligonucleotides (e.g., 10 to 50 nucleotide). Stringent conditions may also be achieved with the addition of destabilizing agents such as formamide.
+As used herein, “modulation” means either an increase (stimulation) or a decrease (inhibition) in the expression of a gene.
+The term “variant,” when used in the context of a polynucleotide sequence, may encompass a polynucleotide sequence related to a wild type gene. This definition may also include, for example, “allelic,” “splice,” “species,” or “polymorphic” variants. A splice variant may have significant identity to a reference molecule, but will generally have a greater or lesser number of polynucleotides due to alternate splicing of exons during mRNA processing. The corresponding polypeptide may possess additional functional domains or an absence of domains. Species variants are polynucleotide sequences that vary from one species to another. Of particular utility in the invention are variants of wild type gene products. Variants may result from at least one mutation in the nucleic acid sequence and may result in altered mRNAs or in polypeptides whose structure or function may or may not be altered. Any given natural or recombinant gene may have none, one, or many allelic forms. Common mutational changes that give rise to variants are generally ascribed to natural deletions, additions, or substitutions of nucleotides. Each of these types of changes may occur alone, or in combination with the others, one or more times in a given sequence.
+The resulting polypeptides generally will have significant amino acid identity relative to each other. A polymorphic variant is a variation in the polynucleotide sequence of a particular gene between individuals of a given species. Polymorphic variants also may encompass “single nucleotide polymorphisms” (SNPs,) or single base mutations in which the polynucleotide sequence varies by one base. The presence of SNPs may be indicative of, for example, a certain population with a propensity for a disease state, that is susceptibility versus resistance.
+Derivative polynucleotides include nucleic acids subjected to chemical modification, for example, replacement of hydrogen by an alkyl, acyl, or amino group. Derivatives, e.g., derivative oligonucleotides, may comprise non-naturally-occurring portions, such as altered sugar moieties or inter-sugar linkages. Exemplary among these are phosphorothioate and other sulfur containing species which are known in the art. Derivative nucleic acids may also contain labels, including radionucleotides, enzymes, fluorescent agents, chemiluminescent agents, chromogenic agents, substrates, cofactors, inhibitors, magnetic particles, and the like.
+A “derivative” polypeptide or peptide is one that is modified, for example, by glycosylation, pegylation, phosphorylation, sulfation, reduction/alkylation, acylation, chemical coupling, or mild formalin treatment. A derivative may also by modified to contain a detectable label, either directly or indirectly, including, but not limited to, a radioisotope, fluorescent, and enzyme label.
+As used herein, the term “animal” or “patient” is meant to include, for example, humans, sheep, elks, deer, mule deer, minks, mammals, monkeys, horses, cattle, pigs, goats, dogs, cats, rats, mice, birds, chicken, reptiles, fish, insects and arachnids.
+“Mammal” covers warm blooded mammals that are typically under medical care (e.g., human and domesticated animals). Examples include feline, canine, equine, bovine, and human, as well as just human.
+“Treating” or “treatment” covers the treatment of a disease-state in a mammal, and includes: (a) preventing the disease-state from occurring in a mammal, in particular, when such mammal is predisposed to the disease-state but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (b) inhibiting the disease-state, e.g., arresting it development; and/or (c) relieving the disease-state, e.g., causing regression of the disease state until a desired endpoint is reached. Treating also includes the amelioration of a symptom of a disease (e.g., lessen the pain or discomfort), wherein such amelioration may or may not be directly affecting the disease (e.g., cause, transmission, expression, etc.).
+As used herein, “cancer” refers to all types of cancer or neoplasm or malignant tumors found in mammals, including, but not limited to: leukemias, lymphomas, melanomas, carcinomas, and sarcomas. The cancer manifests itself as a “tumor” or tissue comprising malignant cells of the cancer. Examples of tumors include sarcomas and carcinomas such as, but not limited to: fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma, Ewing's tumor, leiomyosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, squamous cell careinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papilary adenocarcinoma, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, bile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, Wilms' tumor, cervial cancer, testicular tumor, lung carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, epithelial carcinoma, glioma, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, pinealoma, hemangioblastoma, acoustic neuroma, oligodendroglioma, meningioma, melanoma, neuroblastoma, and retinoblastoma. Additional cancers which can be treated by the disclosed composition according to the invention include but not limited to, for example, Hodgkin's Disease. Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, multiple myeloma, neuroblastoma, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, rhabdomyosarcoma, primary thrombocytosis, primary macroglobulinemia, small-cell lung tumors, primary brain tumors, stomach cancer, colon cancer, malignant pancreatic insulanoma, malignant carcinoid, urinary bladder cancer, premalignant skin lesions, testicular cancer, lymphomas, thyroid cancer, neuroblastoma, esophageal cancer, genitourinary tract cancer, malignant hypercalcemia, cervical, cancer, endometrial cancer, adrenal cortical cancer, and prostate cancer.
+As used herein, a “muscle disease or disorder” includes but is not limited to muscular dystrophy (MD), a muscle-wasting disease, inflammatory myopathy or myositis (including, for example, dermatomyositis, polymyositis, inclusion body myotosis), myotubular myopathy, nemaline myopathy, a desmin related myopathy, Marfan myopathy, a mitochondrial myopathy etc. As used herein, muscular dystrophy refers to a group of genetic, hereditary muscle diseases that cause progressive muscle weakness and which may be characterized by progressive skeletal muscle weakness, defects in muscle proteins, and the death of muscle cells and tissue. Muscular dystrophy includes, but is not limited to Duchenne (DMD family), Becker (BMD), Spinal Muscular Atrophy, Spinal bulbar muscular atrophy, dystrophinopathy, sarcoglycanopathy, limb girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD), congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD), facioseapulohumeral (FSHD), myotonic, oculopharyngeal, distal, and Emery-Dreifuss.
+“Neurological disease or disorder” refers to any disease or disorder of the nervous system and/or visual system. “Neurological disease or disorder” include disease or disorders that involve the central nervous system (brain, brainstem and cerebellum), the peripheral nervous system (including cranial nerves), and the autonomic nervous system (parts of which are located in both central and peripheral nervous system). Examples of neurological disorders include but are not limited to, headache, stupor and coma, dementia, seizure, sleep disorders, trauma, infections, neoplasms, neuroopthalmology, movement disorders, demyclinating diseases, spinal cord disorders, and disorders of peripheral nerves, muscle and neuromuscular junctions. Addiction and mental illness, include, but are not limited to, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, are also included in the definition, of neurological disorder. The following is a list of several neurological disorders, symptoms, signs and syndromes that can be treated using compositions and methods according to the present invention: acquired epileptiform aphasia; acute disseminated encephalomyelitis; adrenoleukodystrophy; age-related macular degeneration; agenesis of the corpus callosum; agnosia; Aicardi syndrome; Alexander disease; Alpers' disease; alternating hemiplegia; Vascular dementia; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; anencephaly; Angelman syndrome; angiomatosis; anoxia; aphasia; apraxia; arachnoid cysts; arachnoiditis; Anronl-Chiari malformation; arteriovenous malformation; Asperger syndrome; ataxia telegiectasia; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; autism; autonomic dysfuntion; back pain; Batten disease; Behcet's disease; Bell's palsy; benign essential blepharospasm; benign focal; amyotrophy; benign intracranial hypertension; Binswanger's disease; blepharospasm; Bloch Sulzberger syndrome; brachial plexus injury; brain abscess; brain injury; brain tumors (including glioblastoma multiforme); spinal tumor; Brown-Sequard syndrome; Canavan disease; carpal tunnel syndrome; causalgia; central pain syndrome; central pontine myelinolysis; cephalic disorder; cerebral aneurysm; cerebral anteriosclerosis; cerebral atrophy; cerebral gigantism; cerebral palsy; Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease; chemotherapy-induced neuropathy and neuropathic pain; Chiari malformation; chorea; chronic inflammatory demyclinating polyneuropathy; chronic pain; chronic regional pain syndrome; Coffin Lowry syndrome; coma, including persistant vegetative state; congenital facial diplegia; corticobasal degeneration; cranial arteritis craniosynostosis; Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; cumulative trauma disorders; Cushing's syndrome; cytomegalic inclusion body disease; cytomegalovirus infection; dancing eyes-dancing feet syndrome; Dandy Walker syndrome; Dawson disease; De Morsier's syndrome; Dejerine-Klumke palsy; dementia; dermatomyositis; diabetic neuropathy; diffuse sclerosis; dysautonomia; dysgraphia; dyslexia; dystonias; early infantile epileptic encephalopathy; empty sella syndrome; encephalitis; encephaloceles; encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis; epilepsy; Erb's palsy; essential tremor; Fabry's disease; Fahr's syndrome; fainting; familial spastic paralysis; febrile seizures; Fisher syndrome; Friedreich's ataxia; fronto-temporal dementia and other “tauopathies”, Gaucher's disease; Gerstmann's syndrome; giant cell arteritis; giant cell inclusion disease; globoid cell leukodystrophy; Guillain-Barre syndrome; HTLV-1-associated myelopathy; Hallervorden-Spatz disease; head injury; headache; hemifacial spasm; hereditary spastic paraplegia; heredopathia atactic a polyneuritiformis; herpes zoster oticus; herpes zoster; Hirayama syndrome; HIV associated dementia and neuropathy (also neurological manifestations of AIDS); holoprosencephaly; Huntington's disease and other polyglutamine repeat disease; hydrancncephaly; hydrocephalus; hypercortisolism; hypoxia; immune-mediated encephalomyclitis; inclusion body myositis; incontinentia pigmenti; infantile phytanic acid storage disease; infantile refsum disease; infantile spasms; inflammatory myopathy; intracranial cyst; intracranial hypertension; Jonbert syndrome; Keams-Sayre syndrome; Kennedy disease Kinsbourne syndrome; Klippel Feil syndrome; Krabbe disease; Kugelberg-Welander disease; Lafora disease; Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome; Landau-Kleffner syndrome; lateral medullary (Wallenberg) syndrome; learning disabilities; Leigh's disease; Lennox-Gustaut syndrome; Lesch-Nyhan syndrome; leukodystrophy; Lewy body dementia; Lissencephaly; locked-in syndrome; Lou Gehrig's disease (i.e., motor neuron disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis); lumbar disc disease; Lyme disease-neurological sequelae; Machado-Joseph disease; macrencephaly, megalencephaly, Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome; Menieres disease; meningitis; Menkes disease; metachromatic leukodystrophy; microcephaly; migraine; Miller Fisher syndrome; mini-strokes; mitochondrial myopathies; Mobius syndrome; monomelic amyotrophy; motor neuron disease; Moyamoya disease; macopolysaccharidoses; milti-infarct dementia; multifocal motor neuropathy; multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating disorders; multiple system atrophy with postural hypotension; p muscular dystrophy; myasthenia gravis; myelinoelastic diffuse sclerosis; myoclonic encephalopathy of infants; myoclonus; myopathy; myotonia congenital; narcolepsy; neurofibromatosis; neuroleptic malignant syndrome; neurological manifestations of AIDS; neurological sequelae oflupus; neuromyotonia; neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis; neuronal migration disorders; Niemann-Pick disease; O'Sullivan-MeLeod syndrome; occipital neuralgia; occult spinal dysraphism sequence; Ohtahara syndrome; olivopontocerebellar atrophy; opsoelonus myoclonus; optic neuritis; orthostatic hypotension; overuse syndrome; paresthesia; Neurodegenerative disease or disorder (Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), dementia, multiple sclerosis and other diseases and disorders associated with neuronal cell death); paramyotonia, congenital; paraneoplastic diseases; paroxysmal attacks; Parry Romberg syndrome; Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease; periodic paralyses; peripheral neuropathy; painful neuropathy and neuropathie pain; persistent vegetative state; pervasive developmental disorder; photic sneeze reflex; phytanic acid storage disease; Pick's disease; pinched nerve; pituitary tumors; polymyositis; porencephaly; post-polio syndrome; postherpetic neuralgia; postinfectious encephalomyelitis; postural hypotension; Prader-Willi syndrome; primary lateral sclerosis; prion diseases; progressive hemifacial atrophy; progressive multifocaleukoencephalopathy; progressive sclerosing poliodystrophy; progressive supranuclear palsy, pseudotumor cerebri; Ramsay-Hunt syndrome (types I and II); Rasmussen's encephalitis; reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome; Refsum disease; repetitive motion disorders; repetitive stress injuries; restless legs syndrome; retrovirus-associated myelopathy; Rett syndrome; Reye's syndrome; Saint Vitus dance; Sandhoff disease; Schilder's disease; schizencephaly; septo-optic dysplasia; shaken baby syndrome; shingles; Shy-Drager syndrome; Sjogren's syndrome; sleep apnea; Soto's syndrome; spasticity; spina bifida; spinal cord injury; spinal cord tumors; spinal muscular atrophy; Stiff-Person syndrome; stroke; Sturge-Weber syndrome; subacute sclerosing panencephalitis; subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy; Sydenham chorea; syncope; syringomyelia; tardive dyskinesia; Tay-Sachs disease; temporal arteritis; tethered spinal cord syndrome; Thomsen disease; thoracic outlet, syndrome; Tie Douloureux; Todd's paralysis; Tourette syndrome; transient ischemic attack; transmissible spongiform encephalopathies; transverse myelitis; traumatic brain injury; tremor; trigeminal neuralgia; tropical spastic paraparesis; tuberous sclerosis; vascular dementia (multi-infarct dementia); vasculitis including temporal arteritis; Von Hippel-Lindau disease; Wallenberg's syndrome; Werdnig-Hoffman disease; West syndrome; whiplash; Williams syndrome; Wildon's disease; and Zellweger syndrome. As used herein, a “neuromuscular disease or disorder” refers to any disease adversely affecting both nervous elements (brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerve) and muscle (striated or smooth muscle), including but not limited to involuntary movement disorders, dystonias, spinal cord injury or disease, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease. Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LES), Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes (CMS), Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease (CMT), Dejerine-Sottas Disease (DS), Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Friedreich's Ataxia, muscular dystrophy, spasticity from cerebral palsy and stroke.
+A cardiovascular disease or disorder includes those disorders that can either cause ischemia or are caused by reperfusion of the heart. Examples include, bat are not limited to, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, granulomatous myocarditis, chronic myocarditis (non-granulomatous) primary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, peripheral artery disease (PAD), stroke, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular tissue damage caused by cardiac arrest, cardiovascular tissue damage caused by cardiac bypass, cardiogenic shock, and related conditions that would be known by those of ordinary skill in the art or which involve dysfunction of or tissue damage to the heart or vasculature, especially, but not limited to, tissue damage related to DMD family activation. CVS diseases include, but are not limited to, atherosclerosis, granulomatous myocarditis, myocardial infarction, myocardial fibrosis secondary to valvular heart disease, myocardial fibrosis without infarction, primary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and chronic myocarditis (non-granulomatous).
+As used herein, “cardiomyopathy” refers to any disease or dysfunction of the myocardium (heart muscle) in which the heart is abnormally enlarged, thickened and/or stiffened. As a result, the heart muscle's ability to pump blood is usually weakened. The disease or disorder can be, for example, inflammatory, metabolic, toxic, infiltrative, fibroplastic, hematological, genetic, or unknown in origin. Such cardiomyopathics may result from a lack of oxygen. Other diseases include those that result from myocardial injury which involves damage to the muscle or the myocardium in the wall of the heart as a result of disease or trauma. Myocardial injury can be attributed to many things such as, but not limited to, cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, or congenital heart disease. Specific cardiac disorders to be treated also include congestive heart failure, ventricular or atrial septal defect, congenital heart defect or ventricular aneurysm. The cardiac disorder may be pediatric in origin. Cardiomyopathy includes but is not limited to, cardiomyopathy (dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, arrhythmogenic and unclassified cardiomyopathy), sporadic dilated cardiomyopathy, X-linked Dilated Cardiomyopathy (XLDC), acute and chronic heart failure, right heart failure, left heart failure, biventricular heart failure, congenital heart defects, mitral valve stenosis, mitral valve insufficiency, aortic valve stenosis, aortic valve insufficiency, tricuspidal valve stenosis, tricuspidal valve sufficiency, pulmonal valve stenosis, pulmonal valve insufficiency, combined valve defects, myocarditis, acute myocarditis, chronic myocarditis, viral myocarditis, diastolic heart failure, systolic heart failure, diabetic heart failure and accumulation diseases.
+Polynucleotides Oligonucleotide Compositions and Molecules
+Targets: In one embodiment, the targets comprise nucleic acid sequences of Dystrophin family, including without limitation sense and/or antisense noncoding and/or coding sequences associated with DMD family.
+Dystrophin has been known since 1987, (Hoffman et al. (1987), Cell. 51:509-517) to be the protein that is deficient in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). This is an elongated protein present at the cytoplasmic surface of the vertebrate muscle cell membrane (Hoffman et al. (1987), Cell 51:509-517). Three other dystrophin-related proteins, i.e., DRP1 (dystrophin-related protein Type 1, or utrophin), DRP2 (dystrophin-related protein Type 2), and dystrobrevins, have also been identified as products of different genes (Wang et al. (1998) Hum Mol Genet. 7:581-588). Dystrophins and utrophin have been detected in muscle of other mammalian species (Pons et al. (1994) Circulation. 90:369-374; Wang et al. (1998) Hum Mol Genet. 7:581-588; Rafael et al. (2000) Hum Mol Genet 9:1357-1367) and also in other tissues, such as the electric organ, that are derived from skeletal muscle (Chang et al. (1989) J Biol Chem. 264:20831-20834), and is nerves (Rivier et al. (1999a) Histochem J. 31:425-432, Rivier et al. (1999b) J Muscle Res Cell Motil. 20:305-314) of T. marmorata. Dystrophin in mammal skeletal muscle interacts with an associated protein complex (DAPC) to form a link between the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix (Tbraghimov-Beskrovnaya et al. (1992) Nature. 355:696-702). This complex consists of two dystroglycans (α- and β-) (Deys et al. (1995) J Biol Chem. 270:25956-25959), carcoglycans (α-, β-, γ-, δ-, and ε) that are complexed with sarcospan (Nigro et al. (1996) Hum Mol Genet. 5:1179-1186; Crosbie et al. (1997)J Biol Chem. 272:31221-31224; McNally et al. (1998) FEBS Lett. 422:27-32), and three syntrophins (α-, β1-, β2-) in muscle tissues (Ahn et al. (1996) J Biol Chem 271:2724-2730). However, new isoforms of syntrophins (γ1- and γ2-) have also been reported and were found expressed as brain-specific protein (Piluso et al. (2000) J Biol Chem. 275:15851-15860). Deficiency or variations in some associated proteins generate a different muscle pathology, but the pathogenesis of all of these related muscular dystrophies is still unclear. This may be due to the heterogeneity of the data recorded, e.g., due to the existence of four dystrophin-related proteins that all share homology with dystrophin's cysteine-rich and C-terminal domains and also because of the muscle type analyzed.
+Dystrophin is a rod-shaped cytoplasmic protein, and a vital part of a protein complex that connects the cytoskeleton of a muscle fiber to the surrounding extracellular matrix through the cell membrane. This complex is variously known as the costamere or the dystrophin-associated protein complex. Many muscle proteins, such as a-dystrobrevin, syncoilin, synemin, sareoglycan, dystroglycan, and sarcospan, colocalize with dystrophin at the costamere.
+Its deficiency is one of the root causes of muscular dystrophy. Normal tissue contains small amounts of dystrophin (about 0.002% of total muscle protein), but its absence leads to both DMD family and fibrosis, a condition of muscle hardening. A different mutation of the same gene causes defective dystrophin, leading to Becker's muscular dystrophy (BMD). Thus, it would be of great therapeutic value to modulate the expression and/or function of dystrophin in cells, tissues or organs of patients in need of such treatment.
+Dystrophin family, the largest known human gene, encodes a protein called dystrophin. There are many different versions of dystrophin, some of which are specific to certain cell types. Dystrophin is located chiefly in muscles used for movement (skeletal muscles) and the muscles of the heart (cardiac muscles). Small amounts of the protein are present in nerve cells in the brain.
+In skeletal and cardiac muscles, dystrophin is part of a protein complex that strengthens muscle fibers and protects them from injury as muscles contract and relax. The dystrophin complex acts as an anchor, connecting each muscle cell's structural framework (cytoskeleton) with the lattice of proteins and other molecules outside the cell. The dystrophin complex may also playa role in cell signaling by interacting with proteins that send and receive chemical signals.
+Little is known about the function of dystrophin in nerve cells and without wishing to be bound by theory, dystrophin could be important for the normal structure and function of synapses.
+Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy are caused by mutations in the DMD family gene.
+Muscular dystrophy (MD) refers to a group of genetic disorders whose major symptom is muscle wasting. There are two major forms of MD, differing in severity and age of onset. In Duchenne muscular dystrophy, symptoms are noticeable in early childhood and quickly become debilitating. Becker muscular dystrophy, on the other hand, is of later onset and less severe. Both forms of MD are caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, a large (2.6 Mb) gene comprised of 97 exons. The dystrophin protein plays an important structural role as part of a large complex in muscle fiber membranes. When dystrophin is missing or non-functional, the entire complex is compromised, leading to degeneration of muscle tissue. When the ability to regenerate the muscle is exhausted, muscle wasting occurs.
+Mutations in the DMD family gene also cause a form of heart disease called X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy. This condition enlarges and weakens the cardiac muscle, preventing it from pumping blood efficiently. Although dilated cardiomyopathy is a sign of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy; the isolated X-linked form of this heart condition is not associated with weakness and wasting of skeletal muscles.
+Utrophin is a 395 kDa protein encoded by multiexonic 1 Mb UTRN gene located on chromosome 6q24 (Pearce, et al. (1993) Hum Mol Gene. 2:1765 1772). The structure of the gene bears large similarities to that of the dystrophin gene. In contrast to dystrophin, the utrophin gene has a long 5′ untranslated region, split over two exons, and it is preceeded by an HTF-island. In mouse, the gene maps to chromosome 10. Utrophin is distributed throughout the sarcolemma in fetal and regenerating muscle, but is down-regulated in normal adult muscle and is restricted to the myotendinous and neuromuscular junctions (Blake et al., 1996). In the dystrophin deficient mdx mouse, utrophin levels in muscle remain elevated soon after birth compared with normal mice; once the utrophin levels have decreased to the adult levels (about 1 week after birth) the first signs of muscle fibre necrosis are detected. However, there is evidence to suggest that in the small calibre muscles, continual increased levels of utrophin can interact with the DGC complex (or an antigenically related complex) at the sarcolemma thus preventing loss of the complex, with the result that these muscles appear normal. There is also a substantial body of evidence demonstrating that utrophin is capable of localising to the sarcolemma in normal muscle. During fetal muscle development there is increased utrophin expression, localised to the sarcolemma, up until 18 weeks in the human and 20 days gestation in the mouse. After this time the utrophin sarcolemmal staining steadily decreases to the significantly lower adult levels shortly before birth where utrophin is localised almost exclusively to the NMJ. The decrease in utrophin expression coincides with increased expression of dystrophin. See reviews (Ibraghimov Beskrovnaya, et al. (1992) Nature 355, 696 702, Blake, et al. (1994) Trends in Cell Biol, 4: 19 23, Tinsley, et al. (1993) Curr Opin Genet Dev. 3: 484 90).
+DRP2 is predicted to resemble certain short C-terminal isoforms of dystrophin and dystrophin-related protein 1 (DRP1 or utrophin). DRP2 is a relatively small protein, encoded in man by a 45 kb gene localized to Xq22. It is expressed principally in the brain and spinal cord, and is similar in overall structure to the Dp116 dystrophin isoform.
+Dystrobrevin, a member of the dystrophin family of proteins, was originally identified from the Torpedo californica electric organ as an 87-kDa phosphoprotein associated with the cytoplasmic face of the postsynaptic membrane (Wagner K R. et al. (1993) Neuron. 10:511-522; Carr C. et al. (1989) J Cell Biol. 109:1753-1764). It has been postulated that the 87-kDa protein plays a role in synapse formation or stability because it copurifies with acetylcholine receptors from the electric organ membranes. In mammalian skeletal muscle, dystrophin is found in association with several integral and peripheral membrane proteins, forming a complex known as the dystrophin glycoprotein complex (DGC) (Ervasti J M. et al. (1991) Cell 66:1121-1131; Ibraghimov-Beskrovnaya O. et al. (1992) Nature (London).; Yoshida M. et al. (1990) J Biochem (Tokyo). 108:748-752).
+In preferred embodiments, antisense oligonucleotides are used to prevent or treat diseases or disorders associated with DMD family members. Exemplary Dystrophin family mediated diseases and disorders which can be treated with cell/tissues regenerated from stem cells obtained using the antisense compounds comprise, a muscle disease or disorder (e.g., Muscular dystrophy including Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, Becker's muscular dystrophy, Spinal bulbar muscular atrophy, dystrophinopathy, sarcoglycanopathy, limb girdle muscular dystrophy, congenital muscular dystrophy, congenital myopathy, distal myopathy. Symptomatic form of muscular dystrophy of Duchenne and Becker in female carriers myotonic syndrome etc.; a muscle-wasting disease), a neurological disease or disorder (including a neuromuscular disease or disorder e.g., dystonia, myoclonus-dystonia syndrome, etc.) a disease or disorder associated with altered level of dystrophin or dystrophin DAPC-complex. Left ventricular noncompaction, cancer, a cardiovascular disease or disorder, cardiomyopathy (e.g., sporadic dilated cardiomy-opathy, X-linked Dilated Cardiomyopathy (XLDC) etc.), atherosclerosis a cytoskeletal disorder, congenital stationary night blindness and loss of hearing.
+In a preferred embodiment, the oligonucleotides are specific for polynucleotides of DMD family, which includes, without limitation noncoding regions. The DMD family targets comprise variants of DMD family; mutants of DMD family, including SNPs; noncoding sequences of DMD family: alleles, fragments and the like. Preferably the oligonucleotide is an antisense RNA molecule.
+In accordance with embodiments of the invention, the target nucleic acid molecule is not limited to DMD family polynucleotides alone but extends to any of the isoforms, receptor, homologs, non-coding regions and the like of DMD family.
+In another preferred embodiment, an oligonucleotide targets a natural antisense sequence (natural antisense to the coding and non-coding regions) of DMD family targets, including, without limitation, variants, alleles, homologs, mutants, derivatives, fragments and complementary sequences thereto. Preferably the oligonucleotide is an antisense RNA or DNA molecule.
+In another preferred embodiment, the oligomeric compounds of the present invention also include variants in which a different base is present at one or more of the nucleotide positions in the compound. For example, if the first nucleotide is an adenine, variants may be produced which contain thymidine, guanosine, cytidine or other natural or unnatural nucleotides at this position. This may be done at any of the positions of the antisense compound. These compounds are then tested using the methods described herein to determine their ability to inhibit expression of a target nucleic acid.
+In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, between the antisense compound and targes is from about 50% to about 60%. In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, is from about 60% to about 70%. In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, is from about 70% to about 80%. In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, is from about 80% to about 90%. In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, is about 90%, about 92%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99% or about 100%.
+An antisense compound is specifically hybridizable when binding of the compound to the target nucleic acid interferes with the normal function of the target nucleic acid to cause a loss of activity, and there is a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid non-specific binding of the antisense compound to non-target nucleic acid sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired. Such conditions include, i.e., physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment, and conditions in which assays are performed in the case of in vitro assays.
+An antisense compound, whether DNA, RNA, chimeric, substituted etc. is specifically hyhridazable when binding of the compound to the target DNA or RNA molecule interferes with the normal function of the target DNA or RNA to cause a loss of utility, and there is a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid non-specific binding of the antisense compound to non-target sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired, i.e., under physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment, and in the case of in vitro assays, under conditions in which the assays are performed.
+In another preferred embodiment, targeting of DMD family including without limitation, antisense sequences which are identified and expanded, using for example, PCR, hybridization etc., one or more of the sequences set forth as SEQ ID NO: 3 to 7, and the like, modulate the expression or function of DMD family. In one embodiment, expression or function is up-regulated as compared to a control. In another preferred embodiment, expression or function is down-regulated as compared to a control.
+In another preferred embodiment, oligonucleotides comprise nucleic acid sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOS: 8 to 22 including antisense sequences which are identified and expanded, using for example, PCR, hybridization etc. These oligonucleotides can comprise one or more modified nucleotides, shorter or longer fragments, modified bonds and the like. Examples of modified bonds or internucleotide linkages comprise phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate or the like. In another preferred embodiment, the nucleotides comprise a phosphorus derivative. The phosphorus derivative (or modified phosphate group) which may be attached to the sugar or sugar analog moiety in the modified oligonucleotides of the preset invention may be a monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, alkylphosphate, alkanephosphate, phosphorothioate and the like. The preparation of the above-noted phosphate analogs, and their incorporation into nucleotides, modified nucleotides and oligonucleotides, per se, is also known and need not be described here.
+The specificity and sensitivity of antisense is also harnessed by those of skill in the art for therapeutic uses. Antisence oligonucleotides have been employed as therapeutic moieties in the treatment of disease states in animals, and man. Antisense oligonucleotides have been safely and effectively administered to humans and numerous clinical trials are presently underway. It is thus established that oligonucleotides can be useful therapeutic modalities that can be configured to be useful in treatment regimes for treatment of cells, tissues and animals, especially humans.
+In embodiments of the present invention oligomeric antisense conpounds, particularly oligonucleotides, bind to target nucleic acid molecules and modulate the expression and/or function of molecules encoded by a target gene. The functions of DNA to be interfered comprise, for example, replication and transcription. The functions of RNA to be interfered comprise all vital functions such as, for example, translocation of the RNA to the site of protein translation, translation of protein from the RNA, splicing of the RNA to yield one or more mRNA species, and catalytic activity which may be engaged in or facilitated by the RNA. The functions may be up-regulated or inhibited depending on the functions desired.
+The antisense compounds, include, antisense oligomeric compounds, antisense oligonucleotides, external guide sequence (EGS) oligonucleotides, alternate splicers, primers, probes, and other oligomeric compounds that hybridize to at least a portion of the target nucleic acid. As such, these compounds may be introduced in the form of single-stranded, double-stranded, partially single-stranded, or circular oligomeric compounds.
+Targeting an antisense compound to a particular nucleic acid molecule, in the context of this invention, can be a multistep process. The process usually begins with the identification of a target nucleic acid whose function is to be modulated. This target nucleic acid may be, for example, a cellular gene (or mRNA transcribed from the gene) whose expression is associated with a particular disorder or disease state, or a nucleic acid molecule from an infectious agent. In the present invention, the target nucleic acid encodes Dystrophin family.
+The targeting process usually also includes determination of at least one target region, segment, or site within the target nucleic acid for the antisense interaction to occur such that the desired effect, e.g., modulation of expression, will result. Within the contest of the present invention, the term “region” is defined as a portion of the target nucleic acid having at least one identifiable structure, function, or characteristic. Within regions of target nucleic acids are segments. “Segments” are defined as smaller or sub-portions of regions within a target nucleic acid. “Sites,” as used in the present invention, are defined as positions within a target nucleic acid.
+In a preferred embodiment, the antisense oligonucleotides bind to the natural antisense sequences of Dystrophin family and modulate the expression and/or function of Dystrophin family (SEQ ID NO: 1 and 2). Examples of antisense sequences include SEQ ID NOS: 3 to 22.
+In another preferred embodiment, the antisense oligonucleotides bind to one or more segments of Dystrophin family polynucleotides and modulate the expression and/or function of Dystrophin family. The segments comprise at least five consecutive nucleotides of the Dystrophin family sense or antisense polynucleotides.
+In another preferred embodiment, the antisense oligonucleotides are specific for natural antisense sequences of Dystrophin family wherein binding of the oligonucleotides to the natural antisense sequences of Dystrophin family modulate expression and/or function of Dystrophin family.
+In another preferred embodiment, oligonucleotide compounds comprise sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOS: 8 to 22, antisense sequences which are identified and expanded, using for example, PCR, hybridization etc. These oligonucleotides can comprise one or more modified nucleotides, shorter or longer fragments, modified bonds and the like. Examples of modified bonds or internucleotide linkages comprise phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate or the like. In another preferred embodiment, the nucleotides comprise a phosphorus derivative. The phosphorus derivative (or modified phosphate group) which may be attached to the sugar or sugar analog moiety in the modified oligonucleotides of the present invention may be a monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, alkylphosphate, alkanephosphate, phosphorothioate and the like. The preparation of the above-noted phosphate analogs, and their incorporation into nucleotides, modified nucleotides and oligonucleotides, per se, is also knows and need not be described here.
+Since, as is known in the art, the translation initiation codon is typically 5′-AUG (in transcribed mRNA, molecules; 5′-ATG in the corresponding DNA molecule), the translation initiation codon is also referred to as the “AUG codon,” the “start codon” or the “AUG start codon”. A minority of genes has a translation initiation codon having the RNA sequence 5′-GUG, 5′-UUG or 5′-CUG; and 5′-AUA, 5′-ACG and 5′-CUG have been shown to function in vivo. Thus, the terms “translation initiation codon” and “start codon” can encompass many codon sequences, even though the initiator amino acid in each instance is typically methionine (in eukaryotes) or formylmethionine (in prokaryotes), Eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes may have two or more alternative start codons, any one of which may be preferentially utilized for translation initiation in a particular cell type or tissue, or under a particular set of conditions. In the context of the invention, “start codon” and “translation initiation codon” refer to the codon or codons that are used in vivo to initiate translation of an mRNA transcribed from a gene encoding Dystrophin family, regardless of the sequence(s) of such codons. A translation termination codon (or “stop codon”) of a gene may have one of three sequences, i.e., 5′-UAA, 5′-UAG and 5′-UGA (the corresponding DNA sequences are 5′-TAA, 5′-TAG and 5′-TGA, respectively).
+The terms “start codon region” and “translation initiation codon region” refer to a portion of such an mRNA or gene that encompasses from about 25 to about 50 contiguous nucleotides in either direction (i.e., 5′ or 3′) from a translation initiation codon. Similarly, the terms “stop codon region” and “translation termination codon region” refer to a portion of such an mRNA or gene that encompasses from about 25 to about 50 contiguious nucleotides in either direction (i.e., 5′ or 3′) from a translation termination codon. Consequently, the “start codon region” (or “translation initiation codon region”) and the “stop codon region” (or “translation termination codon region”) are all regions that may be targeted effectively with the antisense compounds of the present invention.
+The open reading frame (ORF) or “coding region”, which is known in the art to refer to the region between the translation initiation codon and the translation termination codon, is also a region which may be targeted effectively. Within the context of the present invention, a targeted region is the intragenic region encompassing the translation initiation or termination codon of the open reading frame (ORF) of a gene.
+Another target region includes the 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR), known in the art to refer to the portion of an mRNA in the 5′ direction from the translation initiation codon, and thus including nucleotides between the 5′ cap site and the translation initiation codon of an mRNA (or corresponding nucleotides on the gene). Still another target region includes the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR), known in the art to refer to the portion of an mRNA in the 3′ direction from the translation termination codon, and thus including nucleotides between the translation termination codon and 3′ end of an mRNA (or corresponding nucleotides on the gene). The 5′ cap site of an mRNA comprises an N7-methylated guanosine residue joined to the 5′-most residue of the mRNA via a 5′-5 ′triphosphate linkage. The 5′ cap region of an mRNA is considered to include the 5′ cap structure itself as well as the first 50 nucleotides adjacent to the cap site. Another target region for this invention is the 5′ cap region.
+Although some eukaryotic mRNA transcripts are directly translated, many contain one or more regions, known as “introns,” which are excised from a transcript before it is translated. The remaining (and therefore translated) regions are known as “exons” and are spliced together to form a continuous mRNA sequence. In one embodiment, targeting splice sites, i.e., intron-exon junctions or exon-intron junctions, is particularly useful in situations where aberrant splicing is implicated in disease, or where an overproduction of a particular splice product is implicated in disease. An aberrant fusion junction due to rearrangement or deletion is another embodiment of a target site. mRNA transcripts produced via the process of splicing of two (or more) mRNAs from different gene sources are known as “fusion transcripts”. Introns can be effectively targeted using antisense compounds targeted to, for example, DNA or pre-mRNA.
+In another preferred embodiment, the antisense oligonucleotides bind to coding and/or non-coding regions of a target polynucleotide and modulate the expression and/or function of the target molecule.
+In another preferred embodiment, the antisense oligonucleotides bind to natural antisense polynucleotides and modulate the expression and/or function of the target molecule.
+In another preferred embodiment, the antisense oligonucleotides bind to sense polynucleotides and modulate the expression and/or function of the target molecule.
+Alternative RNA transcripts can be produced from the same genomic region of DNA. These alternative transcripts are generally known as “variants”. More specifically, “pre-mRNA variants” are transcripts produced from the same genomic DNA that differ from other transcripts produced from the same genomic DNA in either their start or stop position and contain both intronic and exonic sequence.
+Upon excision of one or more exon or intron regions, or portions thereof during splicing, pre-mRNA variants produce smaller “mRNA variants”. Consequently, mRNA variants are processed pre-mRNA variants and each unique pre-mRNA variant must always produce a unique mRNA variant as a result of splicing. These mRNA variants are also known as “alternative splice variants”. If no splicing of the pre-mRNA variant occurs then the pre-mRNA variant is identical to the mRNA variant.
+Variants can be produced through the use of alternative signals to start or stop transcription. Pre-mRNAs and mRNAs can possess more than one start codon or stop codon. Variants that originate from a pre-mRNA or mRNA that use alternative start codons are known as “alternative start variants” of that pre-mRNA or mRNA. Those transcripts that use an alternative stop codon are known as “alternative stop variants” of that pre-mRNA or mRNA. One specific type of alternative stop variant is the “polyA variant” in which the multiple transcripts produced result from the alternative selection of one of the “polyA stop signals” by the transcription machinery, thereby producing transcripts that terminate at unique polyA sites. Within the context of the invention, the types of variants described herein are also embodiments of target nucleic acids.
+The locations on the target nucleic acid to which the antisense compounds hybridize are defined as at least a 5-nucleotide long portion of a target region to which an active antisense compound is targeted.
+While the specific sequences of certain exemplary target segments are set forth herein, one of skill in the art will recognize that these serve to illustrate and describe particular embodiments within the scope of the present invention. Additional target segments are readily identifiable by one having ordinary skill in the art in view of this disclosure.
+Target segments 5-100 nucleotides in length comprising a stretch of at least five (5) consecutive nucleotides selected from within the illustrative preferred target segments are considered to be suitable for targeting as well.
+Target segments can include DNA or RNA sequences that comprise at least the 5 consecutive nucleotides from the 5′-terminus of one of the illustrative preferred target segments (the remaining nucleotides being a consecutive stretch of the same DNA or RNA beginning immediately upstream of the 5′-terminus of the target segment and continuing until the DNA or RNA contains about 5 to about 100 nucleotides). Similarly preferred target segments are represented by DNA or RNA sequences that comprise at least the 5 consecutive nucleotides from the 3′-terminus of one of the illustrative preferred target segments (the remaining nucleotides being a consecutive stretch of the same DNA or RNA beginning immediately downstream of the 3′-terminus of the target segment and continuing until the DNA or RNA contains about 5 to about 100 nucleotides). One having skill in the art armed with the target segments illustrated herein will be able, without undue experimentation, to identify further preferred target segments.
+Once one or more target regions, segments or sites have been identified, antisense compounds are chosen which are sufficiently complementary to the target, i.e., hybridize sufficiently well and with sufficient specificity, to give the desired effect.
+In embodiments of the invention the oligonucleotides bind to an antisense strand of a particular target. The oligonucleotides are at least 5 nucleotides in length and can be synthesized so each oligonucleotide targets overlapping sequence such that oligonucleotides are synthesized to cover the entire length of the target polynucleotide. The targets also include coding as well as non coding regions.
+In one embodiment, it is preferred to target specific nucleic acids by antisense oligonucleotides. Targeting an antisense compound to a particular nucleic acid, is a multistep process. The process usually begins with the identification of a nucleic acid sequence whose function is to be modulated. This may be, for example, a cellular gene (or mRNA transcribed from the gene) whose expression is associated with a particular disorder or disease state, or a non coding polynucleotide such as for example, non coding RNA (ncRNA).
+RNAs can be classified into (1) messenger RNAs (mRNAs), which are translated into proteins, and (2) non-protein-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). ncRNAs comprise microRNAs, antisense transcripts and other Transcriptional Units (TU) containing a high density of stop codons and lacking any extensive “Open Reading Frame”. Many ncRNAs appear to start from initiation sites in 3′ untranslated regions (3′UTRs) of protein-coding loci. ncRNAs are often rare and at least half of the ncRNAs that have been sequenced by the FANTOM consortium seem not to be polyadenylated. Most researchers have for obvious reasons focused on polyadenylated mRNAs that are processed and exported to the Cytoplasm. Recently, it was shown that the set of non-polyadenylated nuclear RNAs may be very large, and that many such transcripts arise from so-called intergenic regions (Cheng. J. et al. (2005) Science 308 (5725), 1149-1154; Kapranov, P. et al. (2005). Genome Res 15 (7), 987-991). The mechanism by which ncRNAs may regulate gene expression is by base pairing with target transcripts. The RNAs that function by base pairing can be grouped into (1) cis encoded RNAs that are encoded at the same genetic location, but on the opposite strand to the RNAs they act upon and therefore display perfect complementarity to their target, and (2) trans-encoded RNAs that are encoded at a chromosomal location distinct from the RNAs they act upon and generally do not exhibit perfect base-pairing potential with their target.
+Without wishing to be bound by theory, perturbation of an antisense polynucleotide by the antisense oligonucleotides described herein can alter the expression of the corresponding sense messenger RNAs. However, this regulation can either be discordant (antisense knockdown results in messenger RNA elevation) or concordant (antisense knockdown results in concomitant messenger RNA reduction). In these cases, antisense oligonucleotides can be targeted to overlapping or non-overlapping parts of the antisense transcript resulting in its knockdown or sequestration. Coding as well as non-coding antisense can be targeted in an identical manner and that either category is capable of regulating the corresponding sense transcripts—either in a concordant or disconcordant manner. The strategies that are employed in identifying new oligonucleotides for use against a target can be based on the knockdown of antisense RNA transcripts by antisense oligonucleotides or any other means of modulating the desired target.
+Strategy 1: In the case of discordant regulation, knocking down the antisense transcript elevates the expression of the conventional (sense) gene. Should that latter gene encode for a known or putative drug target, then knockdown of its antisense counterpart could conceivably mimic the action of a receptor agonist or an enzyme stimulant.
+Strategy 2: In the case of concordant regulation, one could concomitantly knock down both antisense and sense transcripts and thereby achieve synergistic reduction of the conventional (sense) gene expression. If, for example, an antisense oligonucleotide is used to achieve knockdown, then this strategy can be used to apply one antisense oligonucleotide targeted to the sense transcript and another antisense oligonucleotide to the corresponding antisense transcript, or a single energetically symmetric antisense oligonucleotide that simultaneously targets overlapping sense and antisense transcripts.
+According to the present invention, antisense compounds include antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes, external guide sequence (EGS) oligonucleotides, siRNA compounds, single- or double-stranded RNA interference (RNAi) compounds such as siRNA compounds, and other oligomeric compounds which hybridize to at least a portion of the target nucleic acid and modulate its function. As such, they may be DNA, RNA, DNA-like, RNA-like, or mixtures thereof, or may be mimetics of one or more of these. These compounds may be single-stranded, doublestranded, circular or hairpin oligomeric compounds and may contain structural elements such as internal or terminal bulges, mismatches or loops. Antisense compounds are routinely prepared linearly but can be joined or otherwise prepared to be circular and/or branched. Antisense compounds can include constructs such as, for example, two strands hybridized to form a wholly or partially double-stranded compound or a single strand with sufficient self-complementarity to allow for hybridization and formation of a fully or partially double-stranded compound. The two strands can be linked internally leaving free 3′ or 5′ termini or can be linked to form a continuous hairpin structure or loop. The hairpin structure may contain an overhang on either the 5′ or 3′ terminus producing an extension of single stranded character. The double stranded compounds optionally can include overhangs on the ends. Further modifications can include conjugate groups attached to one of the termini, selected nucleotide positions, sugar positions or to one of the internucleoside linkages. Alternatively, the two strands can be linked via a non-nucleic acid moiety or linker group. When formed from only one strand, dsRNA can take the form of a self-complementary hairpin-type molecule that doubles back on itself to form a duplex. Thus, the dsRNAs can be fully or partially double stranded. Specific modulation of gene expression can be achieved by stable expression of dsRNA hairpins in transgenic cell lines, however, in some embodiments, the gene expression or function is up regulated. When formed from two strands, or a single strand that takes the form of a self-complementary hairpin-type molecule doubled back on itself to form a duplex, the two strands (or duplex-forming regions of a single strand) are complementary RNA strands that base pair in Watson-Crick fashion.
+Once introduced to a system, the compounds of the invention may elicit the action of one or more enzymes or structural proteins to effect cleavage or other modification of the target nucleic acid or may work via occupancy-based mechanisms. In general, nucleic acids (including oligonucleotides) may be described as “DNA-like” (i.e., generally having one or more 2′-deoxy sugars and, generally, T rather than U bases) or “RNA-like” (i.e., generally having one or more 2′-hydroxyl or 2′-modified sugars and, generally U rather than T bases). Nucleic acid helices can adopt more than one type of structure, most commonly the A- and B-forms. It is believed that, in general, oligonucleotides which have B-form-like structure are “DNA-like” and those which have A-formlike structure are “RNA-like.” In some (chimeric) Embodiments, an antisense compound may contain both A- and B-form regions.
+In another preferred embodiment the desired oligonucleotides or antisense compounds, comprise at least one of: antisense RNA, antisense DNA, chimeric antisense oligonucleotides, antisense oligonucleotides comprising modified linkages, interference RNA (RNAi), short interfering RNA (siRNA); a micro, interfering RNA (mRNA); a small, temporal RNA (siRNA); or a short, hairpin RNA (shRNA); small RNA-induced gene activation (RNAa); small activating RNAs (saRNAs), or combinations thereof.
+dsRNA can also activate gene expression, a mechanism that has been termed “small RNA-induced gene activation” or RNAa. dsRNAs targeting gene promoters induce potent transcriptional activation of associated genes. RNAa was demonstrated in human cells using synthetic dsRNAs, termed “small activating RNAs” (saRNAs). It is currently not known whether RNAa is conserved in other organisms.
+Small double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), such as small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA), have been found to be the trigger of an evolutionary conserved mechanism known as RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi invariably leads to gene silencing via remodeling chromatin to thereby suppress transcription, degrading complementary mRNA, or blocking protein translation. However, in instances described in detail in the examples section which follows, oligonucleotides are shown to increase the expression and/or function of the Dystrophin family polynucleotides and encoded products thereof. dsRNAs may also act as small activating RNAs (saRNA). Without wishing to be bound by theory, by targeting sequences its gene promoters, saRNAs would induce target gene expression in a phenomenon referred to as dsRNA-induced transcriptional activation (RNAa).
+In a further embodiment, the “preferred target segments” identified herein may be employed in a screen for additional compounds that modulate the expression of Dystrophin family polynucleotides. “Modulators” are those compounds that decrease or increase the expression of a nucleic acid molecule encoding Dystrophin family and which comprise at least a 5-nucleotide portion that is complementary to a preferred target segment. The screening method comprises the steps of contacting a preferred target segment of a nucleic acid molecule encoding sense or natural antisense polynucleotides of Dystrophin family with one or more candidate modulators, and selecting for one or more candidate modulators which decrease or increase the expression of a nucleic acid molecule encoding Dystrophin family polynucleotides, e.g., SEQ ID NOS: 8 to 22. Once it is shown that the candidate modulator or modulators are capable of modulating (e.g. either decreasing or increasing) the expression of a nucleic acid molecule encoding Dystrophin family polynucleotides, the modulator may then be employed in further investigative studies of the function of Dystrophin family polynucleotides, or for use as a research, diagnostic, or therapeutic agent in accordance with the present invention.
+Targeting the natural antisense sequence preferably modulates the function of the target gene. For example, the DMD family gene (e.g. accession number NM_004006 and NM_007124, FIG. 2). In a preferred embodiment, the target is an antisense polynucleotide of the DMD family gene. In a preferred embodiment, an antisense oligonucleotide targets sense and/or natural antisense sequences of Dystrophin family polynucleotides (e.g. accession number NM_004006 and NM_007124, FIG. 2), variants, alleles, isoforms, homologs, mutants, derivatives, fragments and complementary sequences thereto. Preferably the oligonucleotide is an antisense molecule and the targets include coding and noncoding regions of antisense and/or sense DMD family polynucleotides.
+The preferred target segments of the present invention may be also be combined with their respective complementary antisense compounds of the present invention to form stabilized double-stranded (duplexed) oligonucleotides.
+Such double stranded oligonucleotide moieties have been shown in the art to modulate target expression and regulate translation as well as RNA processing via an antisense mechanism. Moreover, the double-stranded moieties may be subject to chemical modifications (Fire et al., (1998) Nature, 391, 806-811; Timmons and Fire, (1998) Nature, 395, 854; Timmons et al., (2001) Gene. 263, 103-112; Tabara et al., (1998) Science, 282, 430-431; Montgomery et al., (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 15502-15507; Tuschi et al., (1999) Genes Dev., 13,3191-3197; Elbashir et al., (2001) Nature, 411, 494-498; Elbashir et al., (2001) Genes Dev. 15, 188-200). For example, such double-stranded moieties have been shown to inhibit the target by the classical hybridization of antisense strand of the duplex to the target, thereby triggering enzymatic degradation of the target (Tijsterman et al., (2002) Science, 295, 694-697).
+In a preferred embodiment, an antisense oligonucleotide targets Dystrophin family polynucleotides (e.g. accession number NM_004006 and NM_007124), variants, alleles, isoforms, homologs, mutants, derivatives, fragments and complementary sequences thereto. Preferably the oligonucleotide is an antisense molecule.
+In accordance with embodiments of the invention, the target nucleic acid molecule is not limited to Dystrophin family alone but extends to any of the isoforms, receptors, homologs and the like of Dystrophin family Molecules.
+In another preferred embodiment, an oligonucleotide targets a natural antisense sequence of DMD family polynucleotides, for example, polynucleotides set forth as SEQ ID NO: 3 to 7, and any variants, alleles, homologs, mutants, derivatives, fragments and complementary sequences thereto. Examples of antisense oligonucleotides are set forth as SEQ ID NOS: 8 to 22.
+In one embodiment, the oligonucleotides are complementary to or bind to nucleic acid sequences of Dystrophin family antisense, including without limitation noncoding sense and/or antisense sequences associated with Dystrophin family polynucleotides and modulate expression and/or function of Dystrophin family molecules.
+In another preferred embodiment, the oligonucleotides are complementary to or bind to nucleic acid sequences of DMD family natural antisense, set forth as SEQ ID NO: 3 to 7 and modulate expression and/or function of DMD family molecules.
+In a preferred embodiment, oligonucleotides comprise sequences of at least 5 consecutive nucleotides of SEQ ID NOS: 8 to 22 and modulate expression and/or function of Dystrophin family molecules.
+The polynucleotide targets comprise DMD family, including family members thereof, variants of DMD family; mutants of DMD family, including SNPs; noncoding sequences of DMD family: alleles of DMD family; species variants, fragments and the like. Preferably the oligonucleotide is an antisense molecule.
+In another preferred embodiment, the oligonucleotide targeting Dystrophin family polynucleotides, comprise: antisense RNA, interference RNA (RNAi), short interfering RNA (siRNA); micro interfering RNA (miRNA); a small, temporal RNA (siRNA); or a short, hairpin RNA (shRNA); small RNA-induced gene activation (RNAs); or, small activating RNA (saRNA).
+In another preferred embodiment, targeting of Dystrophin family polynucleotides, e.g. SEQ ID NO: 3 to 7, modulates the expression or function of these targets. In one embodiment, expression or function is up-regulated as compared to a control. In another preferred embodiment, expression or function is down-regulated as compared to a control.
+In another preferred embodiment, antisense compounds comprise sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOS: 8 to 22. These oligonucleotides can comprise one or more modified nucleotides, shorter or longer fragments, modified bonds and the like.
+In another preferred embodiment, SEQ ID NOS: 8 to 22 comprise one or more LNA nucleotides.
+The modulation of a desired target nucleic acid can be carried out in several ways known in the art. For example, antisense oligonucleotides, siRNA etc. Enzymatic nucleic acid molecules (e.g., ribozymes) are nucleic acid molecules capable of catalyzing one or more of a variety of reactions, including the ability to repeatedly cleave other separate nucleic acid molecules in a nucleotide base sequence-specific manner. Such enzymatic nucleic acid molecules can be used, for example, to target virtually any RNA transcript (Zang et al., 324, Nature 429 1986; Cech, 260 JAMA 3030, 1988; and Jefferies et al., 17 Nucleic Acids Research 1371, 1989).
+Because of their sequence-specificity, trans-cleaving enzymatic nucleic acid molecules show promise as therapeutic agents for human disease (Usman & McSwiggen. (1995) Ann. Rep. Med. Chem. 30, 285-294; Christoffersen and Marr, (1995) J. Med Chem. 38, 2023-2037). Enzymatic nucleic acid molecules can be designed to cleave specific RNA targets within the background of cellular RNA. Such a cleavage event renders the mRNA non-functional and abrogates protein expression from that RNA. In this manner, synthesis of a protein associated with a disease state can be selectively inhibited.
+In general, enzymatic nucleic acids with RNA cleaving activity act by first binding to a target RNA. Such binding occurs through the target binding portion of a enzymatic nucleic acid which is held in close proximity to an enzymatic portion of the molecule that acts to cleave the target RNA. Thus, the enzymatic nucleic acid first recognizes and then binds a target RNA through complementary base pairing, and once bound to the correct site, acts enzymatically to cut the target RNA. Strategic cleavage of such a target RNA will destroy its ability to direct synthesis of an encoded protein. After an enzymatic nucleic acid has bound and cleaved its RNA target, it is released from that RNA to search for another target and can repeatedly bind and cleave new targets.
+Several approaches such as in vitro selection (evolution) strategies (Orgel, (1979) Proc. R. Soc. London, B 205, 435) have been used to evolve new nucleic acid catalysts capable of catalyzing a variety of reactions, such as cleavage and ligation of phosphodiester linkages and amide linkages, (Joyce, (1989) Gene, 82, 83-87; Beaudry et al., (1992) Science 257, 635-641; Joyce, (1992) Scientific American 2671, 90-97; Breaker et al., (1994) TIBTECH 12, 268; Bartel et al., (1993) Science 261:1411-1418; Szostak, (1993) TIBS 17, 89-93; Kumar et al., (1995) FASEB J., 9, 1183; Breaker, (1996) Curr. Op. Biotech., 7, 442).
+The development of ribozymes that are optional for catalytic activity would contribute significantly to any strategy that employs RNA-cleaving ribozymes for the purpose of regulating gene expression. The hammerhead ribozyme, for example, functions with a catalytic rate (kcat) of about 1 min-1 in the presence of saturating (10 mM) concentrations of Mg2+ cofactor. An artificial “RNA ligase” ribozyme has been shown to catalyze the corresponding self-modification reaction with a rate of about 100 min-1. In addition, it is known that certain modified hammerhead ribozymes that have substrate binding arms made of DNA catalyze RNA cleavage with multiple turn-over rates that approach 100 mm-1. Finally, replacement of a specific residue within the catalytic core of the hammerhead with certain nucleotide analogues gives modified ribozymes to show as much as a 10-fold improvement in catalytic rate. These findings demonstrate that ribozymes can promote chemical transformations with catalytic rates that are significantly greater than those displayed in vitro by most natural self-cleaving ribozymes. It is then possible that the structures of certain selfcleaving ribozymes may be optimized to give maximal catalytic activity, or that entirely new RNA motifs can be made that display significantly faster rates for RNA phosphodiester cleavage.
+Intermolecular cleavage of an RNA substrate by an RNA catalyst that fits the “hammerhead” model was first shown in 1987 (Uhlenbeck, O. C. (1987) Nature, 328: 596-600). The RNA catalyst was recovered and reacted with multiple RNA molecules, demonstrating that it was truly catalytic.
+Catalytic RNAs designed based on the “hammerhead” motif have been used to cleave specific target sequences by making appropriate base changes in the catalytic RNA to maintain necessary base pairing with the target sequences (Haseloff and Gerlach, (1988) Nature, 334, 585; Walbot and Bruening, (1988) Nature, 334, 196; Uhlenbeck, O. C. (1987) Nature, 328: 596-600; Koizumi, M., et al, (1988) FEBS Lett., 228: 228-230). This has allowed use of the catalytic RNA to cleave specific target sequences and indicates that catalytic RNAs designed according to the “hammerhead” model may possibly cleave specific substrate RNAs in vivo, (see Haseloff and Gerlach, (1988) Nature, 334, 585; Walbot and Bruening, (1988) Nature, 334, 196; Uhlenbeck, O. C. (1987) Nature, 328:596-600).
+RNA interference (RNAi) has become a powerful tool for modulating gene expression in mammals and mammalian cells. This approach requires the delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) either as RNA itself or as DNA, using an expression plasmid or virus and the coding sequence for small hairpin RNAs that are processed to siRNAs. This system enables efficient transport of the pre-siRNAs to the cytoplasm where they are active and permit the use of regulated and tissue specific promoters for gene expression.
+In a preferred embodiment, an oligonucleotide or antisense compound comprises an oligomer or polymer of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and/or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), or a mimetic, chimera, analog homolog thereof. This term includes oligonucleotides composed of naturally occurring nucleotides, sugars and covalent internucleoside (backbone) linkages as well as oligonucleotides having non-naturally occurring portions which function similarly. Such modified or substituted oligonucleotides are often desired over native forms because of desirable properties such as, for example, enhanced cellular uptake, enhanced affinity for a target nucleic acid and increased stability in the presence of nucleases.
+According to the present invention, the oligonucleotides or “antisense compounds” include antisense oligonucleotides (e.g. RNA, DNA, mimetic, chimera, analog or homolog thereof), ribozymes, external guide sequence (EGS) oligonucleotides, siRNA compounds, single- or double-stranded RNA interference (RNAi) compounds such as siRNA compounds, saRNA, aRNA, and other oligomeric compounds which hybridize to at least a portion of the target nucleic acid and modulate its function. As such, they may be DNA, RNA, DNA-like, RNA-like, or mixtures thereof, or may be mimetics of one or more of these. These compounds may be single-stranded, double-stranded, circular or hairpin oligomeric compounds and may contain structural elements such as internal or terminal bulges, mismatches or loops. Antisense compounds are routinely prepared linearly but can be joined or otherwise prepared to be circular and/or branched. Antisense compounds can include constructs such as, for example, two strands hybridized to form a wholly or partially double-stranded compound or a single strand with sufficient self-complementarity to allow for hybridization and formation of a fully or partially double-stranded compound. The two strands can be linked internally leaving free 3′ or 5′ termini or can be linked to form a continuous hairpin structure or loop. The hairpin structure may contain an overhang on either the 5′ or 3′ terminus producing an extension of single stranded character. The double stranded compounds optionally can include overhangs on the ends. Further modifications can include conjugate groups attached to one of the termini, selected nucleotide positions, sugar positions or to one of the internucleoside linkages. Alternatively, the two strands can be linked via a non-nucleic acid moiety or linker group. When formed from only one Strand, dsRNA can take the form of a self-complementary hairpin-type molecule that doubles back on itself to form a duplex. Thus, the dsRNAs can be fully or partially double stranded. Specific modulation of gene expression can be achieved by stable expression of dsRNA hairpins in transgenic cell lines (Hammond et al, (1991) Nat. Rev. Genet., 2, 110-119; Matzke et al., (2001) Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 11, 221-227; Sharp, (2001) Genes Dev., 15, 485-490). When formed from two strands, or a single strand that takes the form of a self-complementary hairpin-type molecule doubled back on itself to form a duplex, the two strands (or duplex-forming regions of a single strand) are complementary RNA strands that base pair in Watson-Crick fashion.
+Once introduced to a system, the compounds of the invention may elicit the action of one or more enzymes or structural proteins to effect cleavage or other modification of the target nucleic acid or may work via occupancy-based mechanisms. In general, nucleic acids (including oligonucleotides) may be described as “DNA-like” (i.e., generally having one or more 2′-deoxy sugars and, generally, T rather than U bases) or “RNA-like” (i.e., generally having one or more 2′-hydroxyl or 2′-modified sugars and, generally U rather than T bases). Nucleic acid helices can adopt more than one type of structure, most commonly the A- and B-forms. It is believed that, in general, oligonucleotides which have B-form-like structure are “DNA-like” and those which have A-formlike structure are “RNA-like.” In some (chimeric) embodiments, an antisense compound may contain both A- and B-form regions.
+The antisense compounds in accordance with this invention can comprise an antisense portion from about 5 to about 80 nucleotides (i.e. from about 5 to about 80 linked nucleosides) in length. This refers to the length of the antisense strand or portion of the antisense compound. In other words, a single-stranded antisense compound of the invention comprises from 5 to about 80 nucleotides, and a double-stranded antisense compound of the invention (such as a dsRNA, for example) comprises a sense and an antisense strand or portion of 5 to about 80 nucleotides in length. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this comprehends antisense portions of 5, 6, 7,8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 32, 34, 35, 36, 27, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, or 80 nucleotides in length, or any range therewithin.
+In one embodiment, the antisense compounds of the invention have antisense portions of 10 to 50 nucleotides in length. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies oligonucleotides having antisense portions of 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 or 50 nucleotides, in length, or any range therewithin. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotides are 15 nucleotides to length.
+In one embodiment, the antisense or oligonucleotide compounds of the invention have antisense portions of 12 or 13 to 30 nucleotides in length. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies antisense compounds having antisense portions of 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 or 30 nucleotides in length, or any range therewithin.
+In another preferred embodiment, the oligomeric compounds of the present invention also include variants in which a different base is present at one or more of the nucleotide positions in the compound. For example, if the first nucleotide is an adenosine, variants may be produced which contain thymidine, guanosine or cytidine at this position. This may be done at any of the positions of the antisense or dsRNA compounds. These compounds are then tested using the methods described herein to determine their ability to inhibit expression of a target nucleic acid.
+In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, between the antisense compound and target is from about 40% to about 60%. In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, is from about 60% to about 70%. In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, is from about 70% to about 80%. In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, is from about 80% to about 90%. In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, is about 90%, about 92%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99% or about 100%.
+In another preferred embodiment, the antisense oligonucleotides, such as for example, nucleic acid molecules set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 3 to 22 comprise one or more substitutions or modifications. In one embodiment, the nucleotides are substituted with locked nucleic acids (LNA).
+In another preferred embodiment, the oligonucleotides target one or more regions of the nucleic acid molecules sense and/or antisense of coding and/or non-coding sequences associated with DMD family and the sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOS: 1, 2 and 3 to 7. The oligonucleotides are also targeted to overlapping regions of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 2 and 3 to 7.
+Certain preferred oligonucleotides of this invention are chimeric oligonucleotides. “Chimeric Oligonucleotides” or “chimeras,” in the context of this invention, are oligonucleotides which contain two or more chemically distinct regions, each made up of at least one nucleotide. These oligonucleotides typically contain at least one region of modified nucleotides that confers one or more beneficial properties (such as, for example, increased nuclease resistance, increased uptake into cells, increased binding affinity for the target) and a region that is a substrate for enzymes capable of cleaving RNA:DNA or RNA:RNA hybrids. By way of example, RNase H is a cellular endonuclease which cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA duplex. Activation of RNase H, therefore, results in cleavage of the RNA target, thereby greatly enhancing the efficiency of antisense modulation of gene expression. Consequently, comparable results can often be obtained with shorter oligonucleotides when chimeric oligonucleotides are used, compared to phosphorothioate deoxyoligonucleotides hybridizing to the same target region. Cleavage of the RNA target can be routinely detected by gel electrophoresis and, if necessary, associated nucleic acid hybridization techniques known in the art. In one preferred embodiment, a chimeric oligonucleotide comprises at least one region modified to increase target binding affinity, and, usually, a region that acts as a substrate for RNAse H. Affinity of an oligonucleotide for its target (in this case, a nucleic acid encoding ras) is routinely determined by measuring the Tm of an oligonucleotide/target pair, which is the temperature at which the oligonucleotide and target dissociate; dissociation is detected spectrophotometrically. The higher the Tm, the greater is the affinity of the oligonucleotide for the target.
+Chimeric antisense compounds of the invention may be formed as composite structures of two or more oligonucleotides, modified oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides and/or oligonucleotides mimetics as described above. Such; compounds have also been referred to in the art as hybrids or gapmers. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such hybrid structures comprise, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,013,830; 5,149,797; 5, 220,007; 5,256,775; 5,366,878; 5,403,711; 5,491,133; 5,565,350; 5,623,065; 5,652,355; 5,652,356; and 5,700,922, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.
+In another preferred embodiment, the region of the oligonucleotide which is modified comprises at least one nucleotide modified at the 2′ position of the sugar, most preferably a 2′-O-alkyl, 2′-O-alkyl-O-alkyl or 2′-fluoro-modified nucleotide. In other preferred embodiments, RNA modifications include 2′-fluoro, 2′-amino and 2′-O-methyl modifications on the ribose of pyrimidines, abasic residues or an inverted base at the 3′ end of the RNA. Such modifications are routinely incorporated into oligonucleotides and these oligonucleotides have been shown to have a higher Tm (i.e., higher target binding affinity) than; 3′-deoxyoligonucleotides against a given target. The effect of such increased affinity is to greatly enhance RNAi oligonucleotide inhibition of gene expression. RNAse H is a cellular endonuclease that cleaves the RNA strand of RNA:DNA duplexes; activation of this enzyme therefore results in cleavage of the RNA target, and thus can greatly enhance the efficiency of RNAi inhibition. Cleavage of the RNA target can be routinely demonstrated by gel electrophoresis. In another preferred embodiment, the chimeric oligonucleotide is also modified to enhance nuclease resistance. Cells contain a variety of exo- and endo-nucleases which can degrade nucleic acids. A number of nucleotide and nucleoside modifications have been shown to make the oligonucleotide into which they are incorporated more resistant to nuclease digestion than the native oligodeoxynucleotide. Nuclease resistance is routinely measured by incubating oligonucleotides with cellular extracts or isolated nuclease solutions and measuring the extent of intact oligonucleotide remaining over time, usually by gel electrophoresis. Oligonucleotides which have been modified to enhance their nuclease resistance survive intact for a longer time than unmodified oligonucleotides. A variety of oligonucleotide modifications have been demonstrated to enhance or confer nuclease resistance. Oligonucleotides which contain at least one phosphorothioate modification are presently more preferred. In some cases, oligonucleotide modifications which enhance target binding affinity are also, independently, able to enhance nuclease resistance. Some desirable modifications can be found in De Mesmaeker et al. (1995) Acc. Chem. Res., 28:366-374.
+Specific examples of some preferred oligonucleotides envisioned for this invention include those comprising modified backbones, for example, phosphorothioates, phosphotriesters, methyl phosphonates, short chain alkyl or cycloalkyl intersugar linkages or short chain heteroatomic or heterocyclic intersugar linkages. Most preferred are oligonucleotides with phosphorothioate backbones and those with heteroatom backbones, particularly CH2—NH—O—CH2, CH,—N(CH3)—O—CH2 [known as a methylene(methylimino) or MMI backbone]. CH2—O—N (CH3)—CH2, CH2—N (CH3)—N (CH3)—CH2 and O—N (CH3)—CH2 —CH2 backbones, wherein the native phosphodiester backbone is represented as O—P—O—CH,). The amide backbones disclosed by De Mesmaeker et al. (1995) Acc. Chem. Res. 28:366-374 are also preferred. Also preferred are oligonucleotides having morpholino backbone structures (Summerton and Weller, U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,506). In other preferred embodiments, such as the peptide nucleic acid (PNA) backbone, the phosphodiester backbone of the oligonucleotide is replaced with a polyamide backbone, the nucleotides being bound directly or indirectly to the aza nitrogen atoms of the polyamide backbone (Nielsen et al. (1991) Science 254, 1497). Oligonucleotides may also comprise one or more substituted sugar moieties. Preferred oligonucleotides comprise one of the following at the 2′ position: OH, SH, SCH3, F, OCN, OCH3 OCH3, OCH3 O(CH2)n CH3, O(CH2)n NH2 or O(CH2)n CH3 where n is from 1 to about 10; C1 to C10 lower alkyl, alkoxyalkoxy. substituted lower alkyl, alkaryl or aralkyl; Cl; Br; CN; CF3; OCF3; O-, S-, or N-alkyl; O-, S-, or N-alkenyl; SOCH3; SO2 CH3; ONO2; NO2; N3; NH2; heterocycloalkyl; heterocycloalkaryl; aminoalkylamino; polyalkylamino; substituted silyl, an RNA cleaving group; a reporter group, an intercalator; a group for improving the pharmacokinetic properties of am oligonucleotide; or a group for improving the pharmacodynamic properties of an oligonucleotide and other substituents having similar properties. A preferred modification includes 2′-methoxyethoxy [2′—O—CH2 CH2OCH3, also known as 2′—O—(2methoxyethyl)] (Martin et al., (1995) Heiv. Chim. Acta, 78, 486). Other preferred modifications include 2′-methoxy (2′—O—CH3), 2′-propoxy (2′-OCH2 CH2CH3) and 2′-fluoro (2′-F). Similar modifications may also be made at other positions on the oligonucleotide, particularly the 3′ position of the sugar on the 3′ terminal nucleotide and the 5′ position of 5′ terminal nucleotide. Oligonucleotides may also have sugar mimetics such as cyclobutyls in place of the pentofluranosyl group.
+Oligonucleotides may also include, additionally or alternatively, nucleobase (often referred to in the art simply as “base”) modifications or substitutions. As used herein, “unmodified” or “natural” nucleotides include adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U). Modified nucleotides include nucleotides found only infrequently or transiently in natural nucleic acids, e.g., hypozanthine, 6-methyladenine, 5-Me pyrimidines, particularly 5-methylcytosine (also referred to as 5-methyl-2′ deoxycytosine and often referred to in the art as 5-Me-C). 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (HMC), glycosyl HMC and gentobiosyl HMC, as well as synthetic nucleotides, e.g., 2-aminoadenine, 2-(methylamino)adenine, 2-(imidazolylalkyl)adenine, 2-(aminoalkylamino)adenine or other heterosubstituted alkyladenines, 2-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine, 5-bromouracil, 5-hydroxymethyluracil, 8-azaguanine, 7-deazagnanine, N6 (6-aminohexyl)adenine and 2,6-diaminopurine. (Kornberg, A., DNA Replication, W. H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, 1980, pp75-77; Gebeychu, G., (1987) et al. Nucl. Acids Res. 15:4513). A “universal” base known in the art, e.g., inosine, may be included. 5-Me-C substitutions have been shown to increase nucleic acid duplex stability by 0.6-1.2° C. (Sanghvi, Y. S., in Crooke, S. T. and Lebleu, B., eds., Antisense Research and Applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1993, pp. 276-278) and are presently preferred base substitutions.
+Another modification of the oligonucleotides of the invention involves chemically linking to the oligonucleotide one or more moieties or conjugates which enhance the activity or cellular uptake of the oligonucleotide. Such moieties include but are not limited to lipid moieties such as a cholesterol moiety, a cholesteryl moiety (Letsinger et al., (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 6553), cholic acid (Manoharan et al. (1994) Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let. 4, 1053), a thioether, e.g., hexyl-S-tritylthiol (Manoharan et al. (1992) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 660, 306; Manoharan et al. (1993) Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let. 3, 2765), a thiocholesterol (Oberhauser et al., (1992) Nucl. Acids Res. 20, 533), an aliphatic chain, e.g., dodecandiol or undecyl residues (Saison-Behmoaras et al. EMBO J. 1991, 10, 111; Kabanov et al. (1990) FEBS Lett. 259, 327; Svinarchuk et al. (1993) Biochimie 75, 49), a phospholipid, e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac-glycerol or triethylammonium 1,2-di-O-hexadecyl- rac-glycero-3-H-phosphonate (Manoharan et al. (1995) Tetrahedron Lett. 36, 3651; Shea et al. (1990) Nucl. Acids Res. 18, 3777), a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain (Manoharan et al. (1995) Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 14, 969), or adamantane acetic acid (Manoharan et al. (1995) Tetrahedron Lett.36, 3651). Oligonucleotides comprising lipophilic moieties, and methods for preparing such oligonucleotides are known in the art, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,138,045, 5,218,105 and 5,459,255.
+It is not necessary for all positions in a gives oligonucleotide to be uniformly modified, and in fact more than one of the aforementioned modifications may be incorporated in a single oligonucleotide or even at within a single nucleoside within an oligonucleotide. The present invention also includes oligonucleotides which are chimeric oligonucleotides as hereinbefore defined.
+In another embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention is conjugated with another moiety including but not limited to abasic nucleotides, polyether, polyamine, polyamides, peptides, carbohydrates, lipid, or polyhydrocarbon compounds. Those skilled in the art will recognize that these molecules can be linked to one or more of any nucleotides comprising the nucleic acid molecule at several positions on the sugar, base or phosphate group.
+The oligonucleotides used to accordance with this invention may be conveniently and routinely made through the well-known technique of solid phase synthesis. Equipment for such synthesis is sold by several vendors including Applied Biosystems. Any other means for such synthesis may also be employed; the actual synthesis of the oligonucleotides is well within the talents of one of ordinary skill in the art. It is also well known to use similar techniques to prepare other oligonucleotides such as the phosphorothioates and alkylated derivatives. It is also well known to use similar techniques and commercially available modified amidities and controlled-pore glass (CPG) products such as biotin, fluorescein, acridine or psoralen-modified amidites and/or CPG (available from Glen Research, Sterling, Va.) to sythesize fluorescently labeled, biotinylated or other modified oligonucleotides such as cholesterol-modified Oligonucleotides.
+In accordance with the invention, use of modifications such as the use of LNA monomers to enhance the potency, specificity and duration of action and broaden the routes of administration of oligonucleotides comprised of current chemistries such as MOE, ANA, FANA, PS etc (Uhlman, et al. (2000) Current Opinions in Drug Discovery & Development Vol. 3 No 2). This can be achieved by substituting some of the monomers in the current oligonucleotides by LNA monomers. The LNA modified oligonucleotide may have a size similar to the parent compound or may be larger or preferably smaller. It is preferred that such LNA-modified oligonucleotides contain less than about 70%, more preferably less than about 60%, most preferably less than about 50% LNA monomers and that their sizes are between about 5 and 25 nucleotides, more preferably between about 12 and 20 nucleotides.
+Preferred modified oligonucleotide backbones comprise, but not limited to, phosphorothioates, chiral phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, phosphotriesters, aminoalkylphosphotriesters, methyl and other alkyl phosphonates comprising 3′alkylene phosphonates and chiral phosphonates, phosphinates, phosphoramidates comprising 3′-amino phosphoramidate and aminoalkylphosphoramidates, thionophosphoramidates, thionoalkylphosphonates, thionoalkylphosphotriesters, and boranophosphates having normal 3′-5′ linkages, 2′-5′ linked analogs of these, and those having inverted polarity wherein the adjacent pairs of nucleoside units are linked 3′-5′ to 5′-3′ or 2′-5′ to 5′-2′. Various salts, mixed salts and free acid forms are also included.
+Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of the above phosphorus containing linkages comprise, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,687,808; 4,469,863; 4,476,301; 5,023,243; 5,177,196; 5,188,897; 5,264,423; 5,276,019; 5,278,302; 5,286,717; 5,321,131; 5,399,676; 5,405,939; 5,453,496; 5,455,233; 5,466,677; 5,476,925; 5,519,126; 5,536,821; 5,541,306; 5,550,111; 5,563,253; 5,571,799, 5,587,361; and 5,625,950, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.
+Preferred modified oligonucleotide backbones that do not include a phosphorus atom therein have backbones that are formed by short chain alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, mixed heteroatom and alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, or one or more short chain heteroatomic or heterocyclic internucleoside linkages. These comprise those having morpholino linkages (formed in part from the sugar portion of a nucleoside); siloxane backbones; sulfide, sulfoxide and sulfone backbones; formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; methylene formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; alkene containing backbones; sulfamate backbones; methyleneimino and methylenehydrazino backbones; sulfonate and sulfonamide backbones; amide backbones; and others having mixed N, O, S and CH2 component parts.
+Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of the above oligonucleosides comprise, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,034,506; 5,166,315; 5,185,444; 5,214,134; 5,216,141; 5,235,033; 5,264,562; 5, 264,564; 5,405,938; 5,434,257; 5,466,677; 5,470,967; 5,489,677; 5,541,307; 5,561,225; 5,596,086; 5,602,240; 5,610,289; 5,602,240; 5,608,046; 5,610,289; 5,618,704; 5,623,070; 5,663,312; 5,633,360; 5,677,437; sad 5,677,439, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.
+In other preferred oligonucleotide mimetics, both the sugar and the internucleoside linkage, i.e., the backbone, of the nucleotide units are replaced with novel groups. The base units are maintained for hybridization with an appropriate nucleic acid target compound. One such oligomeric compound, an oligonucleotide mimetic that has been shown to have excellent hybridization properties, is referred to as a peptide nucleic acid (PNA). In PNA compounds, the sugar-backbone of an oligonucleotide is replaced with an amide containing backbone, in particular an aminoethylglycine backbone. The nucleobases are retained and are bound directly or indirectly to aza nitrogen atoms of the amide portion of the backbone. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of PNA compounds comprise, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,539,082; 5,714,331; and 5,719,262, each of which is herein incorporated by reference. Further teaching of PNA compounds can be found in Nielsen, et al. (1991) Science 254, 1497-1500.
+In another preferred embodiment of the invention the oligonucleotides with phosphorothioate backbones and oligonucleosides with heteroatom backbones, and in particular—CH2—NH—O—CH2—,—CH2—N (CH3)—O—CH2-known as a methylene (methylimino) or MMI backbone,—CH2—O—N (CH3)—CH2—,—CH2N(CH3)—N(CH3) CH2—and—O—N(CH3)—CH2—CH2— wherein the native phosphodiester backbone is represented as—O—P—O—CH2— of the above referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,489,677, and the amide backbones of the above referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,240. Also preferred are oligonucleotides having morpholino backbone structures of the above-referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,506.
+Modified oligonucleotides may also contain one or more substituted sugar moieties. Preferred oligonucleotides comprise one of the following at the 2′ position: OH; F; O-, S-, or N-alkyl; O-, S-, or N-alkenyl; O-, S- or N-alkynyl; or O alkyl-O-alkyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl may be substituted or unsubstituted C to CO alkyl or C2 to CO alkenyl and alkynyl. Particularly preferred are O (CH2)n OmCH3, O(CH2)n,OCH3, O(CH2)nNH2, O(CH2)nCH3, O(CH2)nONH2, and O(CH2nON(CH2)nCH3)2 where n and m can be from 1 to about 10. Other preferred oligonucleotides comprise one of the following at the 2′ position: C to CO, (lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, alkaryl, aralkyl O-alkaryl or O-aralkyl, SH, SCH3, OCN, Cl, Br, CN, CF3, OCF3, SOCH3, SO2CH3, ONO2, NO2, N3, NH2, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkaryl, aminoalkylamino, polyalkylamino, substituted silyl, an RNA cleaving group, a reporter group, an intercalator, a group for improving the pharmacokinetic properties of an oligonucleotide, or a group tor improving the pharmacodynamic properties of an oligonucleotide, and other substituents having similar properties. A preferred modification comprises 2′-methoxyethoxy (2′—O—CH2CH2OCH3, also known as 2′—O—(2-methoxyethyl) or 2′-MOE) (Martin et al., (1995) Helv. Chim. Acta, 78, 486-504) i.e., an alkoxyalkoxy group. A further preferred modification comprises 2′-dimethylaminooxyethoxy, i,e., a O(CH2)2ON(CH3)2 group, also known as 2′-DMAOE, as described in examples herein below, and 2′-dimethylaminoethoxyethoxy (also known in the art as 2′-O-dimethhylaminoethoxyethyl or 2′-DMAEOE), i.e., 2′—O—CH2—O—CH2—N (CH2)2.
+Other preferred modifications comprise 2′-methoxy (2′—O CH3), 2′-aminopropoxy (2′—O CH2CH2CH2NH2) and 2′-fluoro (2—-F). Similar modifications may also be made at other positions on the oligonucleotide, particularly the 3′ position of the sugar on the 3′ terminal nucleotide or in 2′-5′ linked oligonucleotides and the 5′ position of 5′ terminal nucleotide. Oligonucleotides may also have sugar mimetics such as cyclobutyl moieties in place of the pentofuranosyl sugar. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such modified sugar structures comprise, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,981,957; 5,118,800; 5,319,080; 5,359,044; 5,393,878; 5,446,137; 5,466,786; 5,514, 785; 5,519,134; 5,567,811; 5,576,427; 5,591,722; 5,597,909; 5,610,300; 5,627,053; 5,639,873; 5,646,265; 5,658,873; 5,670,633; and 5,700,920, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.
+Oligonucleotides may also comprise nucleobase (often referred to in the art simply as “base”) modifications or substitutions. As used herein, “unmodified” or “natural” nucleotides comprise the purine bases adenine (A) and guanine (G), and the pyrimidine bases thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U). Modified nucleotides comprise other synthetic and natural nucleotides such as 5-methylcytosine (5-me-C), 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6-methyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-propyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine and 2-thiocytosine, 5-halouracil and cytosine, 5-propynyl uracil and cytosine, 6-azo uracil, cytosine and thymine, 5-uracil (pseudo-uracil), 4-thiouracil, 8-halo, 8-amino, 8-thiol, 8-thioalkyl, 8-hydroxyl and other 8-substituted adenines and guanines, 5-halo particularly 5-bromo, 5-trifluoromethyl and other 5-substituted uracils and cytosines, 7-methylquanine and 7-methyladenine, 8-azaguanine and 8-azaadenine, 7-deazaguanine and 7-deazaadenine and 3-deazaguanine and 3-deazaadenine.
+Further, nucleotides comprise those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,808, those disclosed in “The Concise Encyclopedia of Polymer Science And Engineering”, pages 858-859, Kroschwitz, J. L. ed. John Wiley & Sons, 1990, those disclosed by English et al., ‘Angewandle Chemic, International Edition’, 1991, 30, page 613, and those disclosed by Sanghvi, Y. S., Chapter 15. ‘Antisense Research and Applications’, pages 289-302, Crooke, S. T. and Lebleu, B. ca., CRC Press, 1993. Certain of these nucleotides are particularly useful for increasing the binding affinity of the oligomeric compounds of the invention. These comprise 5-substituted pyrimidines, 6-azapyrimidines and N-2, N-6 and 0-6 substituted purines, comprising 2-aminopropyladenine, 5-propynyhuracil and 5-propynylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine substitutions have been shown to increase nucleic acid duplex stability by 0.6-1.2° C. (Sanghvi, Y. S., Crooke S. T. and Lebleu, B., eds ‘Antisense Research and Applications’, CRC Press. Boca Raton, 1993, pp. 276-278) and are presently preferred base substitutions, even more particularly when combined with 2′-Omethyoxyethyl sugar modifications.
+Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of the above noted modified nucleotides as well as other modified nucleotides comprise, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,687,808, as well as 4,845,205; 5,130,302; 5,134,066; 5,175,273; 5,367,066; 5,432,272; 5,457,187; 5,459,255; 5,484,908; 5,502,177; 5,523,711; 5,552,540; 5,587,469; 5,596,091; 5,614,617; 5,750,692; and 5,681,941, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.
+Another modification of the oligonucleotides of the invention involves chemically linking to the oligonucleotide one or more moieties or conjugates, which enhance the activity, cellular distribution, or cellular uptake of the oligonucleotide.
+Such moieties comprise but are not limited to, lipid moieties such as a cholesterol moiety (Letsinger et al., (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86, 6553-6556), cholic acid (Manoharan et al. (1994) Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let., 4, 1053-1060), a thioether. e.g., hexyl-S-trithylthiol (Manoharan et al., (1992) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 660, 306-309; Manoharan et al., (1993) Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let., 3, 2765-2770), a thiocholesterol (Oberhauser et al., (1992) Nucl. Acids. Res., 20, 533-538), an aliphatic chain, e.g., dodecandiol or undecyl residues (Kabanov et al., (1990) FEBS Lett. 259, 327-330; Svinarchuk et al., (1993) Biochimie 75, 49-54), a phospholipid, e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac-glycerol or triethylammonium 1,2-di-O-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-H-phosphonate (Manoharan et al., (1995) Tetrahedron Lett., 36, 3651-3654; Shea et al., (1990) Nucl. Acids Res., 18, 3777-3785), a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain (Manoharan et al., (1995) Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 14, 969-973), or adamantane acetic acid (Manoharan et al., (1995) Tetrahedron Lett., 36,3651-3654), a palmityl moiety (Mishra et al., (1995) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1264, 229-237), or an octadecylamine or hexylamino-carbonyl-t oxycholesterol moiety (Crooke et al., (1996) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 277,923-937).
+Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such oligonucleotides conjugates comprise, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,828,979; 4,948,882; 5,218,105; 5,525,465; 5,541,313; 5,545,730; 5,552,538; 5,578,717, 5,580,731; 5,580,731; 5,591,584; 5,109,124; 5,118,802; 5,138,045; 5,414,077; 5,486,603; 5,512,439; 5,578,718; 5,608,046; 4,587,044; 4,605,735; 4,667,025; 4,762,779; 4,789,737; 4,824,941; 4,835,263; 4,876,335; 4,904,582; 4,958,013; 5,082,830; 5,112,963; 5,214,136; 5,082,830; 5,112,963; 5,214,136; 5,245,022; 5,254,469; 5,258,506; 5,262,536; 5,272,250; 5,292,873; 5,317,098; 5,371,241; 5,391,723; 5,416,203, 5,451,463; 5,510,475; 5,512,667; 5,514,785; 5,565,552; 5,567,810; 5,574,142; 5,585,481; 5,587,371; 5,595,726; 5,597,696; 5,599,923; 5,599,928 and 5.688,941, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.
+Drug discovery: The compounds of the present iavemion can also be applied in the areas of drug discovery and target validation. The present invention comprehends the use of the compounds and preferred target segments identified herein in drug discovery efforts to elucidate relationships that exist between Dystrophin family polynucleotides and a disease state, phenotype, or condition. These methods include detecting or modulating Dystrophin family polynucleotides comprising contacting a sample, tissue, cell, or organism with the compounds of the present invention, measuring the nucleic acid or protein level of Dystrophin family polynucleotides and/or a related phenotypic or chemical endpoint at some time after treatment, and optionally comparing the measured value to a non-treated sample or sample treated with a further compound of the invention. These methods can also be performed in parallel or in combination with other experiments to determine the function of unknown genes for the process of target validation or to determine the validity of a particular gene product as a target for treatment or prevention of a particular disease, condition, or phenotype.
+Assessing Up-Regulation or Inhibition of Gene Expression:
+Transfer of an exogenous nucleic acid into a host cell or organism can be assessed by directly detecting the presence of the nucleic acid in the cell or organism. Such detection can be achieved by several methods well known in the art. For example, the presence of the exogenous nucleic acid can be detected by Southern blot or by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique using primers that specifically amplify nucleotide sequences associated with the nucleic acid. Expression of the exogenous nucleic acids can also be measured using conventional methods including gene expression analysis. For instance, mRNA produced from an exogenous nucleic acid can be detected and quantified using a Northern blot and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR).
+Expression of RNA from the exogenous nucleic acid can also be detected by measuring an enzymatic activity or a reporter protein activity. For example, antisense modulatory activity can be measured indirectly as a decrease or increase in target nucleic acid expression as an indication that the exogenous nucleic acid is producing the effector RNA. Based on sequence conservation, primers can be designed and used to amplify coding regions of the target genes. Initially, the most highly expressed coding region from each gene can be used to build a model control gene, although any coding or non coding region can be used. Each control gene is assembled by inserting each coding region between a reporter coding region and its poly(A) signal. These plasmids would produce an mRNA with a reporter gene in the upstream portion of the gene and a potential RNAi target in the 3′ non-coding region. The effectiveness of individual antisense oligonucleotides would be assayed by modulation of the reporter gene. Reporter genes useful in the methods of the present invention include acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS), alkaline phosphatase (AP), beta galactosidase (LacZ), beta glucoronidase (GUS), chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), green fluorescent protein (GFP), red fluorescent protein (RFP), yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), cyan fluorescent protein (CFP), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), luciferase (Luc), nopaline synthase (NOS), octopine synthase (OCS), and derivatives thereof. Multiple selectable markers are available that confer resistance to ampicillin, bleomycin, chloramphenicol, gentamycin, hygromycin, kanamycin, lincomycin, methotrexate, phosphinothricin, puromycin, and tetracycline. Methods to determine modulation of a reporter gene are well known in the art, and include, but are not limited to, fluorometric methods (e.g. fluorescenes spectroscopy, Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS), fluorescence microscopy), antibiotic resistance determination.
+DMD family protein and mRNA expression can be assayed using methods known to those of skill in the art and described elsewhere herein. For example, immunoassays such as the ELISA can be used to measure protein levels. DMD family anybodies for ELISAs are available commercially, e.g., from Abnova, (Walnut, Calif.), Abeam, Cambridge, Mass.
+In embodiments, DMD family expression (e.g., mRNA or protein) in a sample (e.g., cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro) treated using an antisense oligonucleotide of the invention is evaluated by comparison with DMD family expression in a control sample. For example, expression of the protein or nucleic acid can be compared using methods known to those of skill in the art with that in a mock-treated or untreated sample. Alternatively, comparison with a sample treated with a control antisense oligonucleotide (e.g., one having an altered or different sequence) can be made depending on the information desired. In another embodiment, a difference in the expression of the DMD family protein or nucleic acid in a treated vs. an untreated sample can be compared with the difference in expression of a different nucleic acid (including any standard deemed appropriate by the researcher, e.g., a housekeeping gene) in a treated sample vs. an untreated sample.
+Observed differences can be expressed as desired, e.g., in the form of a ratio or fraction, for use in a comparison with control. In embodiments, the level of DMD family mRNA or protein, in a sample treated with an antisense oligonucleotide of the present invention, is increased or decreased by about 1.25-fold to about 10-fold or more relative to an untreated sample or a sample treated with a control nucleic acid. In embodiments, the level of DMD family mRNA or protein is increased or decreased by at least about 1.25-fold, at least about 1.3-fold, at least about 1.4-fold, at least about 1.5-fold, at least about 1.6-fold at least about 1.7-fold, at least about 1.8-fold, as least about 2-fold, at least about 2.5-fold at least about 3-fold, at least about 3.5-fold, at least about 4-fold, at least about 4.5-fold, at least about 5-fold, at least about 5.5-fold, at least about 6-fold, at least about 6.5-fold, at least about 7-fold, at least about 7.5-fold, at least about 8-fold, at least about 8.5-fold, at least about 9-fold, at least about 9.5-fold, or at least about 10-fold or more.
+Kits, Research Reagents, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics
+The compounds of the present invention can be utilized for diagnostics, therapeutics, and prophylaxis, and as research reagents and components of kits. Furthermore, antisense oligonucleotides, which are able to inhibit gene expression with exquisite specificity, are often used by those of ordinary skill to elucidate the function of particular genes or to distinguish between functions of various members of a biological pathway.
+For use in kits and diagnostics and in various biological systems, the compounds of the present invention, either alone or in combination with other compounds or therapeutics, are useful as tools in differential and/or combinatorial analyses to elucidate expression patterns of a portion or the entire complement of genes expressed within cells and tissues.
+As used herein the term “biological system” or “system” is defined as any organism, cell, cell culture or tissue that expresses, or is made competent to express products of the Dystrophin family genes. These include, but are not limited to, humans, transgenic animals, cells, cell cultures, tissues, xenografts, transplants and combinations thereof.
+As one non limiting example, expression patterns within cells or tissues treated with one or more antisense conpounds are compared to control cells or tissues not treated with antisense compounds and the patterns produced are analyzed for differential levels of gene expression as they pertain, for example, to disease association, signaling pathway, cellular localization, expression level, size, structure or function of the genes examined. These analyses can be performed on stimulated or unstimulated cells and in the presence or absence of other compounds that affect expression patterns.
+Examples of methods of gene expression analysis known in the art include DNA arrays or microarrays (Brazma and Vilo, (2000) FEBS Lett., 480, 17-24; Celis, et al., (2000) FEBS Lett., 480, 2-16), SAGE (serial analysis of gene expression) (Madden, et al., (2000) Drug Discov. Today, 5, 415-425), READS (restriction enzyme amplification of digested cDNAs) (Prashar and Weissman. (1999) Methods Enzymol., 303, 258-72), TOGA (total gene expression analysis) (Sutcliffe, et al., (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 97, 1976-81), protein arrays and protcomies (Celis, et al., (2000) FEBS Lett., 480, 2-16; Jungblut, et al., Electrophoresis, 1999, 20, 2100-10), expressed sequence tag (EST) sequencing (Celis, et al., FEBS Lett., 2000, 480, 2-16; Larson, et al., J. Biotechnol., 2000, 80, 143-57), subtractive RNA fingerprinting (SuRF) (Fuchs, et al., (2000) Anal. Biochem. 286, 91-98: Larson. et al., (2000) Cytometry 41, 203-208), subtractive cloning, differential display (DD) (Jurecic and Belmont, (2000) Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 3, 316-21), comparative genomic hybridization (Carulli, et al., (1998) J. Cell Biochem. Suppl. 31, 286-96), FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization) techniques (Going and Gusterson, (1999) Eur. J. Cancer, 35, 1895-904) and mass spectrometry methods (To, Comb. (2000) Chem. High Throughput Screen, 3, 235-41).
+The compounds of the invention are useful for research and diagnostics, because these compounds hybridize to nucleic acids encoding Dystrophin family. For example, oligonucleotides that hybridize with such efficiency and under such conditions as disclosed herein as to be effective Dystrophin family modulators are effective primers or probes under conditions favoring gene amplification or detection, respectively. These primers and probes are useful in methods requiring the specific detection of nucleic acid molecules encoding Dystrophin family and in the amplification of said nucleic acid molecules for detection or for use in further studies of Dystrophin family. Hybridization of the antisense oligonucleotides, particularly the primers and probes, of the invention with a nucleic acid encoding Dystrophin family can be detected by means known in art. Such means may include conjugation of an enzyme to the oligonucleotide, radiolabeling of the oligonucleotide, or any other suitable detection means. Kits using such detection means for detecting the level of Dystrophin family in a sample may also be prepared.
+The specificity and sensitivity of antisense are also harnessed by those of skill in the art for therapeutic uses. Antisense compounds have been employed as therapeutic moieties in the treatment of disease states in animals, including humans. Antisense oligonucleotide drugs have been safely and effectively administered to humans and numerous clinical trials are presently underway. It is thus established that antisense compounds can be useful therapeutic modalities that can be configured to be useful in treatment regimes for the treatment of cells, tissues and animals, especially humans.
+For therapeutics, an animal, preferably a human, suspected of having a disease or disorder which can be treated by modulating the expression of Dystrophin family polynucleotides is treated by administering antisense compounds in accordance with this invention. For example, in one non-limiting embodiment, the methods comprise the step of administering to the animal in need of treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of Dystrophin family modulator. The Dystrophin family modulators of the present invention effectively modulate the activity of the Dystrophin family or modulate the expression of the Dystrophin family protein. In one embodiment, the activity or expression of Dystrophin family in an animal is inhibited by about 10% as compared to a control. Preferably, the activity or expression of Dystrophin family in an animal is inhibited by about 30%. More preferably, the activity or expression of Dystrophin family in an animal is inhibited by 50% or more. Thus, the oligomeric compounds modulate expression of Dystrophin family mRNA by at least 10%, by at least 50%, by at least 25%, by at least 30%, by at least 40%, by at least 50%, by at least 60% by at least 70%, by at least 75%, by at least 80%, by at least 85%, by at least 90%, by at least 95%, by at least 98%, by at least 99%, or by 100% as compared to a control.
+In one embodiment, the activity or expression of Dystrophin family and/or in an animal is increased by about 10% as compared to a control. Preferably, the activity or expression of Dystrophin family in an animal is increased by about 30%. More preferably, the activity or expression of Dystrophin family in an animal is increased by 50% or more. Thus, the oligomeric compounds modulate expression of Dystrophin family mRNA by at least 10%, by at least 50%, by at least 25%, by at least 30%, by at least 40%, by at least 50%, by at least 60%, by at least 70%, by at least 75%, by at least 80%, by at least 85%, by at least 90%, by at least 95%, by at least 98%, by at least 99%, or by 100% as compared to a control.
+For example, the reduction, of the expression of Dystrophin family may be measured in serum, blood, adipose tissue, liver or any other body fluid, tissue or organ of the animal. Preferably, the cells contained within said fluids, tissues or organs being analyzed contain a nucleic acid molecule encoding Dystrophin family peptides and/or the Dystrophin family protein itself.
+The compounds of the invention can be utilized in pharmaceutical compositions by adding an effective amount of a compound to a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. Use of the compounds and methods of the invention may also be useful prophylactically.
+Confugates
+Another modification of the oligonucleotides of the invention involves chemically linking to the oligonucleotide one or more moieties or conjugates that enhance the activity, cellular distribution or cellular uptake of the oligonucleotide. These moieties or conjugates can include conjugate groups covalently bound to functional groups such as primary or secondary hydroxyl groups. Conjugate groups of the invention include intercalators, reporter molecules, polyamines, polyamides, polyethylene glycols, polyethers, groups that enhance the pharmacodynamic properties of oligomers, and groups that enhance the pharmacokinetic properties of oligomers. Typicalconjugate groups include cholesterols, lipids, phospholipids, biotin, phenazine, folate, phenanthridine, anthraquinone, acridine, fluoresceins, rhodamines, coumarins, and dyes. Groups that enhance the pharmacodynamic properties, in the context of this invention, include groups that improve uptake, enhance resistance to degradation, and/or strengthen sequence-specific hybridization with the target nucleic acid. Groups that enhance the pharmacokinetic properties, in the context of this invention, include groups that improve uptake, distribution, metabolism or excretion of the compounds of the present invention. Representative conjugate groups are disclosed in international Patent Application No. PCT/US92/09196, filed Oct. 23, 1992, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which are incorporated herein by reference. Conjugate moieties include, but are not limited to, lipid moieties such as a cholesterol moiety, cholic acid, a thioether, e.g., hexyl-5-tritylthiol, a thiocholesterol, an aliphatic chain, e.g., dodecandiol or undecyl residues, a phospholipid, e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac-glycerol or triethlyammonium 1,2-di-O-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-Hphosphonate, a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain, or adamantane acetic acid, a palmityl moiety, or an octadecylamine or hexylamino-carbonyl-oxycholesterol moiety. Oligonucleotides of the invention may also be conjugated to active drag substances, for example, aspirin, warfarin, phenylbutazone, ibuprofen, suprofen, fenbufen, ketoprofen, (S)-(+)-pranoprofen, carprofen, dansylsarcosine, 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, flufenamic acid, folinic acid, a benzothiadiazide, chlorothiazide, a diazepine, indomethicin, a barbiturate, a cephalosporin, a sulfa drug, an antidiabetic, an antibacterial or an antibiotic.
+Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such oligonucleotides conjugates include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,828,979; 4,948,882; 5,218,105; 5,525,465; 5,541,313; 5,545,730; 5,552,538; 5,578,717, 5,580,731; 5,580,731; 5,591,584; 5,109,124; 5,118,802; 5,138,045; 5,414,077; 5,486,603; 5,512,439; 5,578,718; 5,608,046; 4,587,044; 4,605,735; 4,667,025; 4,762,779; 4,789,737; 4,824,941; 4,835,263; 4,876,335; 4,904,582; 4,958,013; 5,082,830; 5,112,963; 5,214,136; 5,082,830; 5,112,963; 5,214,136; 5,245,022; 5,254,469; 5,258,506; 5,262,536; 5,272,250; 5,292,873; 5,317,098; 5,373,241; 5,391,723; 5,416,203, 5,451,463; 5,510,475; 5,512,667; 5,514,785; 5,565,552; 5,567,810; 5,574,142; 5,585,481; 5,587,371; 5,595,726; 5,597,696; 5,599,923; 5,599,928 and 5,688,941.
+Formulations
+The compounds of the invention may also be admixed, encapsulated, conjugated or otherwise associated with other molecules, molecule structures or mixtures of compounds, as forexample, liposomes, receptor-targeted molecules, oral, rectal, topical, or other formulations, for assisting in uptake, distribution and/or absorption. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such uptake, distribution and/or absorption-assisting formulations include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,108,921; 5,354,844; 5,416,016; 5,459,127; 5,521,291; 5,543,165; 5,547,932; 5,583,020; 5,591,721; 4,426,330; 4,534,899; 5,013,556; 5,108,921; 5,213,804; 5,227,170; 5,264,221; 5,356,633; 5,395,619; 5,416,016; 5,417,978; 5,462,854; 5,469,854; 5,512,295; 5,527,528; 5,534,259; 5,543,152; 5,556,948; 5,580,575; sad 5,595,756, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.
+Although, the antisense oligonucleotides do not need to be administered in the context of a vector in order to modulate a target expression and/or function, embodiments of the invention relays to expression vector constructs for the expression of antisense oligonucleotides, comprising promoters, hybrid promoter gene sequences and possess a strong constitutive promoter activity, or a promoter activity which can be induced in the desired case.
+In an embodiment, invention practice involves administering at least one of the foregoing antisense oligonucleotides with a suitable nucleic acid delivery system. In one embodiment, that system includes a non-viral vector operably linked to the polynucleotide. Examples of such nonviral vectors include the oligonucleotide alone (e.g. any one or more of SEQ ID NOS: 8 to 22) or in combination with a suitable protein, polysaccharide or lipid formulation.
+Additionally suitable nucleic acid delivery systems include viral vector, typically sequence from at least one of an adenovirus, adenovirus-associated virus (AAV), helper-dependent adenovirus, retrovirus, or hemagglutinatin virus of Japan-liposome (HVJ) complex. Preferably, the vital vector comprises a strong eukaryotic promoter operably linked to the polynucleotide e.g., a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter.
+Additionally preferred vectors include viral vectors, fusion proteins and chemical conjugates. Retroviral vectors include Moloney murine leukemia viruses and HIV-based viruses. One preferred HIV-based viral vector comprises at least two vectors wherein the gag and pol genes are from an HIV genome and the env gene is from another virus. DNA viral vectors are preferred. These vectors include pox vectors such as orthopox or avipox vectors, herpesvirus vectors such as a herpes simplex I virus (HSV) vector [Geller, A. I. et al. (1995) J. Neurochem, 64:487; Lim, F., et al., in DNA Cloning: Mammalian Systems, D. Glover, Ed. (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford England) (1995); Geller, A. I. et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.: U.S.A.:90 7603; Geller, A. I., et al. (1990) Proc Natl. Acad. Sci USA: 87:1149], Adenovirus Vectors (LeGal LaSalle et al., Science, 259;988 (1993); Davidson, et al., (1993) Nat. Genet. 3: 219; Yang, et al., (1995) J. Virol. 69: 2004) and Adeno-associated Virus Vectors (Kaplitt, M. G., et al., (.1994) Nat. Genet. 8:148).
+The antisense compounds of the invention encompass any pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, or salts of such esters, or any other compound which, upon administration to an animal, including a human, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) the biologically active metabolite or residue thereof.
+The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to physiologically and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention: i.e., salts that retain the desired biological activity of the parent compound and do not impart undesired toxicological effects thereto. For oligonucleotides, preferred examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts and their uses are further described m U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which is incorporated herein by reference.
+The present invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions and formulations that include the antisense compounds of the invention. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be administered in a number of ways depending upon whether local or systemic treatment is desired and upon the area to be treated. Administration may be topical (including ophthalmic and to mucous membranes including vaginal and rectal delivery), pulmonary, e.g., by inhalation or insufflation of powders or aerosols, including by nebulizer; intratracheal, intranasal, epidermal and transdermal), oral or parenteral. Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection or infusion; or intracranial, e.g., intrathecal of intraventricular, administration.
+For treating tissues in the central nervous system, administration can be made by, e.g., injection or infusion into the cerebrospinal fluid. Administration of antisense RNA into cerebrospinal fluid is described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2007/0117772, “Methods for slowing familial ALS disease progression,” incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
+When it is intended that the antisense oligonucleotide of the present invention be administered to cells in the central nervous system, administration can be with one or more agents capable of promoting penetration of the subject antisense oligonucleotide across the blood-brain barrier. Injection can be made, e.g., in the entorhinal cortex or hippocampus. Delivery of neurotrophic factors by administration of an adenovirus vector to motor neurons in muscle tissue is described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,632,427, “Adenoviral-vector-mediated gene transfer into medullary motor neurons,” incorporated herein by reference. Delivery of vectors directly to the brain, e.g., the striatum, the thalamus, the hippocampus, or the substantia nigra, is known in the art and described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 6,756,523, “Adenovirus vectors for the transfer of foreign genes into cells of the central nervous system particularly in brain,” incorporated herein by reference. Administration can be rapid as by injection or made over a period of time as by slow infusion or administration of slow release formulations.
+The subject antisense oligonucleotides can also be linked or conjugated with agents that provide desirable pharmaceutical or pharmacodynamic properties. For example, the antisense oligonucleotide can be coupled to any substance, known in the art to promote penetration or transport across the blood-brain barrier, such as an antibody to the transferrin receptor, and administered by intravenous injection. The antisense compound can be linked with a viral vector, for example, that makes the antisense compound more effective and/or increases the transport of the antisense compound across the blood-brain barrier. Osmotic blood brain barrier disruption can also be accomplished by, e.g., infusion of sugars including, but not limited to, meso erythritol, xylitol, D(+) galactose, D(+) lactose, D(+) xylose, dulcitol, myo-inositol, L(−) fructose, D(−) mannitol, D(+) glucose, D(−) arabinose, D(−) arabinose, cellobiose, D(+) maltose, D(+) raffinose, L(+) rharunose, D(+) melibiose, D(−) ribose, adonitol, D(+) arabitol, L(−) arabitol, D(+) fucose, L(−) fucose, D(−) lyxose, L(+) lyxose, and L(−) lyxose, or amino acids including, but not limited to, glutamine, lysine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tyrosine, valine, and taurine. Methods and materials for enhancing blood brain barrier penetration are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,866,042, “Method for the delivery of genetic material across the blood brain barrier,” U.S. Pat. No. 6,294,520, “Material for passage through the blood-brain barrier,” and U.S. Pat. No. 6,936,589, “Parenteral delivery systems,” all incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
+The subject astisense compounds may be admixed, encapsulated, conjugated or otherwise associated with other molecules, molecule structures or mixtures of compounds, for example, liposomes, receptor-targeted molecules, oral, rectal, topical or other formulations, for assisting in uptake, distribution and/or absorption. For example, cationic lipids may be included in the formulation to facilitate oligonucleotide uptake. One such composition shown to facilitate uptake is LIPOFECTIN (available from GIBCO-BRL., Bethesda, Md.).
+Oligonucleotides with at least one 2′-O-methoxyethyl modification are believed to be particularly useful for oral administration. Pharmaceutical compositions and formulations for topical administration may include transdermal patches, ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders. Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable. Coated condoms, gloves and the like may also be useful.
+The pharmaceutical formulations of the present invention, which may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form, may be prepared according to conventional techniques well known in the pharmaceutical industry. Such techniques include the step of bringing into association the active ingredients with the pharmaceutical carrier(s) or excipient(s). In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredients with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, sloping the product.
+The compositions of the present invention may be formulated into any of many possible dosage forms such as, but not limited to, tablets, capsules, gel capsules, liquid syrups, soft gels, suppositories, and enemas. The compositions of the present invention may also be formulated as suspensions in aqueous, non-aqueous or mixed media. Aqueous suspensions may further contain substances that increase the viscosity of the suspension including, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sorbitol and/or dextran. The suspension may also contain stabilizers.
+Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to, solutions, emulsions, foams and liposome-containing formulations. The pharmaceutical compositions and formulations of the present invention may comprise one or more penetration enhancers, carriers, excipients or other active or inactive ingredients.
+Emulsions are typically heterogeneous systems of one liquid dispersed in another in the form of droplets usually exceeding 0.1 μm in diameter. Emulsions may contain additional components in addition to the dispersed phases, and the active drug that may be present as a solution, in either the aqueous phase, oily phase or itself as a separate phase. Microemulsions are included as an embodiment of the present invention. Emulsions and their uses are well known in the art and are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860.
+Formulations of the present invention include liposomal formulations. As used in the present invention, the term “liposome” means a vesicle composed of amphiphilic lipids arranged in a spherical bilayer or bilayers. Liposomes are unilamellar or multilamellar vesicles which have a membrane formed from a lipophilic material and an aqueous interior that contains the composition to be delivered. Cationic liposomes are positively charged liposomes that are believed to interact with negatively charged DNA molecules to form a stable complex. Liposomes that are pH-sensitive or negatively-charged are believed to entrap DNA rather than complex with it. Both cationic and noncationic liposomes have been used to deliver DNA to cells.
+Liposomes also include “sterically stabilized” liposomes, a term which, as used herein, refers to liposomes comprising one or more specialized lipids. When incorporated into liposomes, these specialized lipids result in liposomes with enhanced circulation lifetimes relative to liposomeslacking such specialized lipids. Examples of sterically stabilized liposomes are those in which part of the vesicle-forming lipid portion of the liposome comprises one or more glycolipids or is derivatized with one or more hydrophilic polymers, such as a polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety. Liposomes and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860.
+the pharmaceutical formulations and compositions of the present invention may also include surfactants. the use of surfactants in drug products, formulations and in emulsions is well known in the art. Surfactants and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which is incorporated herein by reference.
+In one embodiment, the present invention employs various penetration enhancers to effect the efficient delivery of nucleic acids, particularly oligonucleotides. In addition to aiding the diffusion of non-lipophilic drugs across cell membranes, penetration enhancers also enhance the permeability of lipophilic drugs. Penetration enhancers may be classified as belonging to one of five broad categories, i.e., surfactants, fatty acids, bile salts, chelating agents, and non-chelating nonsurfactants. Penetration enhancers and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which is incorporated herein by reference.
+One of skill in the art will recognize that formulations are routinely designed according to their intended use, i.e. route of administration.
+Preferred formulations for topical administration include those in which the oligonucleotides of the invention are in admixture with a topical delivery agent such as lipids, liposomes, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, steroids, chelating agents and surfactants. Preferred lipids and liposomes include neutral (e.g. dioleoyl-phosphatidyl dope DOPE ethanolamine, dimyristoylphosphatidyl choline DMPC, distearolyphosphatidyl choline) negative (e.g. dimyristoylphosphatidyl glycerol DMPG) and cationic (e.g. dioleoyltetramethylaminopropyl DOTAP and dioleoyl-phosphatidyl ethanolamine DOTMA).
+For topical or other administration, oligonucleotides of the invention may be encapsulated within liposomes or may form complexes thereto, in particular to cationic liposomes. Alternatively, oligonucleotides may be complexed to lipids, in particular to cationic lipids. Preferred fatty acids and esters, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860.
+Compositions and formulations for oral administration include powders or granules, microparticulates, nanoparticulates, suspensions or solutions in water or non-aqueous media, capsules, gel capsules, sachets, tablets or minitablets. Thickeners, flavoring agents, diluents, emulsifiers, dispersing aids or binders may be desirable. Preferred oral formulations are those in which oligonucleotides of the invention are administered in conjunction with one or more penetration enhancers surfactants and chelators. Preferred surfactants include fatty acids and/or esters or salts thereof, bile acids and/or salts thereof. Preferred bile acids/salts and fatty acids and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which is incorporated herein by reference. Also preferred, are combinations of penetration enhancers, for example, fatty acids/salts in combination with bile acids/salts. A particularly preferred combination is the sodium salt of lauric acid, capric acid and UDCA. Further penetration enhancers include polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene-20-cetyl ether. Oligonucleotides of the invention may be delivered orally, in granular form including sprayed dried particles, or complexed to form micro or nanoparticles. Oligonucleotide complexing agents and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which is incorporated herein by reference.
+Compositions and formulations for parenteral, intrathecal or intraventricular administration may include sterile aqueous solutions that may also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives such as, but not limited to, penetration enhancers, carrier compounds and other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients.
+Certain embodiments of the invention provide pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more oligomeric compounds and one or more other chemotherapeutic agents that function by a non-antisense mechanism. Examples of such chemotherapeutic agents include but are not limited to cancer chemotherapeutic drugs such as daunorubicin, daunomycin, dactinomycin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, esorubicin, bleomycin, mafosfamide, ifosfamide, cytosine arabinoside, bischloroethyl-nitrosurea, busulfan, mitomycin C, actinomycin D, mithramycin, prednisone, hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone, tamoxifen, dacarbazine, procarbazine, hexamethylmelamine, pentamethylmelamine, mitoxantrone, amsacrine, chlorambucil, methylcyclohexylnitrosurea, nitrogen mustards, melphalan, cyclophosohamide, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguarine, cytarabine, 5-azacytidine, hydrozyurea, deoxycoformycin, 4-hydroxyperoxycyclo-phosphoramide, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (5-FUdR), methotrexate (MTX), colchicine, taxol. vineristine, vinblastine, etoposide, (VP-16), trimetrexate, irinotecan, topotecan, gemcitabine, teniposide, cisplatin and diethylstilbestrol (DES). When used with the compounds of the invention, such chemotherapeutic agents may be used individually (e.g., 5-FU and oligonucleotide), sequentially (e.g., 5-FU and oligonucleotide for a period of time followed by MTX and oligonucleotide), or in combination with one or more other such chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., 5-FU, MTX and oligonucleotide, or 5-FU, radiotherapy and oligonucleotide). Anti-inflammatory drugs, including but not limited to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids, and antiviral drugs, including but not limited to ribivirin, vidarabine, acyclovir and ganciclovir, may also be combined in compositions of the invention. Combinations of antisense compounds and other non-antisense drugs are also within the scope of this invention. Two or more combined compounds may be used together or sequentially.
+In another related embodiment, compositions of the invention may contain one or more antisense compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, targeted to a first nucleic acid and one or more additional antisense compounds targeted to a second nucleic acid target. For example, the first target may be a particular antisense sequence of Dystrophin family, and the second target may be a region from another nucleotide sequence. Alternatively, compositions of the invention may contain two or more antisense compounds targeted to different regions of the same Dystrophin family nucleic acid target. Numerous examples of antisense compounds are illustrated herein and others may be selected from among suitable compounds known in the art. Two or more combined compounds may be used together or sequentially.
+Dosing:
+The formulation of therapeutic compositions and their subsequent administration (dosing) is believed to be within the skill of those in the art. Dosing is dependent on severity and responsiveness of the disease state to be treated, with the course of treatment lasting from several days to several months, or until a cure is effected or a diminution of the disease state is achieved. Optimal dosing schedules can be calculated from measurements of drug accumulation in the body of the patient. Persons of ordinary skill can easily determine optimum dosages, dosing methodologies and repetition rates. Optimum dosages may vary depending on the relative potency of individual oligonucleotides, and can generally be estimated based on EC50s found to be effective in in vitro and in vivo animal models. In general, dosage is from 0.01 μg to 100 g per kg of body weight, and may be given once or more daily, weekly, monthly or yearly, or even once every 2 to 20 years. Persons of ordinary skill in the art can easily estimate repetition rates for dosing based on measured residence times and concentrations of the drug in bodily fluids or tissues. Following successful treatment, it may be desirable to have the patient undergo maintenance therapy to prevent the recurrence of the disease state, wherein the oligonucleotide is administered in maintenance doses, ranging from 0.01 μg to 100 g per kg of body weight, once or more daily, to once every 20 years.
+In embodiments, a patient is treated with a dosage of drug that is at least about 1, at least about 2, at least about 3, at least about 4, at least about 5, at least about 6, at least about 7, at least about 8, at least about 9, at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 35, at least about 40, at least about 45, at least about 50, at least about 60, at least about 70, at least about 80, at least about 90, or at least about 100 mg/kg body weight. Certain injected dosages of antisense oligonucleotides are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat No. 7,563,884, “Antisense modulation of PTPIB expression,” incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
+While various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Numerous changes to the disclosed embodiments can be made in accordance with the disclosure herein without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above described embodiments.
+All documents mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference. All publications and patent documents cited in this application are incorporated by reference for all purposes to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent document were so individually denoted. By their citation of various references in this document, Applicants do not admit any particular reference is “prior art” to their invention. Embodiments of inventive compositions and methods are illustrated in the following examples.
+EXAMPLES
+The following non-limiting Examples serve to illustrate selected embodiments of the invention. It will be appreciated that variations in proportions and alternatives in elements of the components shown will be apparent to those skilled in the art and are within the scope of embodiments of the present invention.
+Example 1
+Design of Antisense Oligonucleotides Specific for a Nucleic Acid Molecule Antisense to a Dystrophin Family and/or a Sense Strand of Dystrophin Family Polynucleotide
+As indicated above the term “oligonucleotide specific for” or “oligonucleotide targets” refers to an oligonucleotide having a sequence (i) capable of forming a stable complex with a portion of the targeted gene, or (ii) capable of forming a stable duplex with a portion of an mRNA transcript of the targeted gene.
+Selection of appropriate oligonucleotides is facilitated by using computer programs that automatically align nucleic acid sequences and indicate regions of identity or homology. Such programs are used to compare nucleic acid sequences obtained, for example, by searching databases such as GenBank or by sequencing PCR products. Comparison of nucleic acid sequences from a range of species allows the selection of nucleic acid sequences that display an appropriate degree of identity between species. In the case of genes that have not been sequenced. Southern blots are performed to allow a determination of the degree of identity between genes in target species and other species. By performing Southern blots at varying degrees of stringency, as is well known in the art, it is possible to obtain an approximate measure of identity. These procedures allow the selection of oligonucleotides that exhibit a high degree of complementarity to target nucleic acid sequences in a subject to be controlled and a lower degree of complementarity to corresponding nucleic acid sequences in other species. One skilled in the art will realize that there is considerable latitude in selecting appropriate regions of genes for use in the present invention.
+An antisense compound is “specifically hybridizable” when binding of the compound to the target nucleic acid interferes with the normal function of the target nucleic acid to cause a modulation of function and/or activity, and there is a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid non-specific binding of the antisense compound to non-target nucleic acid sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired, i.e., under physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment, and under conditions in which assays are performed in the case of in vitro assays
+The hybridization properties of the oligonucleotides described herein can be determined by one or more in vitro assays as known in the art. For example, the properties of the oligonucleotides described herein can be obtained by determination of binding strength between the target natural antisense and a potential drug molecules using melting curve assay.
+The binding strength between the target natural antisense and a potential drug molecule (Molecule) can be estimated using any of the established methods of measuring the strength of intermolecular interactions, for example, a melting curve assay.
+Melting curve assay determines the temperature at which a rapid transition from double-stranded to single-stranded conformation occurs for the natural antisense/Molecule complex. This temperature is widely accepted as a reliable measure of the interaction strength between the two molecules.
+A melting curve assay can be performed using a cDNA copy of the actual natural antisense RNA molecule or a synthetic DNA or RNA nucleotide corresponding to the binding site of the Molecule. Multiple kits containing all necessary reagents to perform this assay are available (e.g. Applied Biosystems Inc. MeltDoctor kit). These kits include a suitable buffer solution containing one of the double strand DNA (dsDNA) binding dyes (such as ABI HRM dyes, SYBR Green, SYTO, etc). The properties of the dsDNA dyes are such that they emit almost no fluorescence in free form, but are highly fluorescent when bound to dsDNA.
+To perform the assay the cDNA or a corresponding oligonucleotide are mixed with Molecule in concentrations defined by the particular manufacturer's protocols. The mixture is heated to 95° C. to dissociate all pre-formed dsDNA complexes, then slowly cooled to room temperature or other lower temperature defined by the kit manufacturer to allow the DNA molecules to anneal. The newly formed complexes are then slowly heated to 95° C. with simultaneous continuous collection of data on the amount of fluorescence that is produced by the reaction. The fluorescence intensity is inversely proportional to the amounts of dsDNA present in the reaction. The data can be collected using a real time PCR instrument compatible with the kit (e.g. ABI's StepOne Plus Real Time PCR System or LightTyper instrument, Roche Diagnostics, Lewes, UK).
+Melting peaks arc constructed by plotting the negative derivative of fluorescence with respect to temperature (-d(Fluorescence)/dT) on the y-axis) against temperature (x-axis) using appropriate software (for example LightTyper (Roche) or SDS Dissociation Curve, ABI). The data is analyzed to identify the temperature of the rapid transition from dsDNA complex to single strand molecules. This temperature is called Tm and is directly proportional to the strength of interaction between the two molecules. Typically, Tm will exceed 40° C.
+Example 2
+Modulation of DMD Family Polynucleotides Treatment of 518A2 Cells with Antisense Oligonucleotides
+518A2 cells obtained from Albert Einstein-Montefiore Cancer Center, NY were grown in growth media (MEM/EBSS (Hyclone cat #SH30024, or Mediatech cat # MT-10-010CV)+10% FBS (Mediatech cat# MT35-011-CV)+ penicillin/streptomycin (Mediatech cat# MT30-002-CI)) at 37° C. and 5% CO2. One day before the experiment the cells were replated at the density of 1.5×105/ml into 6 well plates and incubated at 37° C. and 5% CO2. On the day of the experiment the media in the 6 well plates was changed to fresh growth media. All antisense oligonucleotides were diluted to the concentration of 20 μM. Two μl of this solution was incubated with 400 μl of Opti-MEM media (Gibco cat#31985-070) and 4 μl of lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen cat# 11668019) at room temperature for 20 min and applied to each well of the 6 well plates with 518A2 cells. A Similar mixture including 2 μl of water instead of the oligonucleotide solution was used for the mock-transfected controls. After 3-18 h of incubation at 37° C. and 5% CO2the media was changed to fresh growth media. 48 h alter addition of antisense oligonucleotides the media was removed and RNA was extracted from the cells using SV Total RNA Isolation System from Promega (cat # Z3105) or RNeasy Total RNA Isolation kit from Qiagen (cat# 74181) following the manufacturers' instructions 600 ng of RNA was added to the reverse transcription reaction performed using Verso cDNA kit from Thermo Scientific (cat#AB1453B) or High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit(cat# 4368813 as described in the manufacturer's protocol. The cDNA from this reverse transcription reaction was used to monitor gene expression by real time PCR using ABI Taqman Gene Expression Mix (cat#4369510) and primers/probes designed by ABI (Applied Biosystems Taqman Gene Expression Assay. Hs00187805_m1 by Applied Biosystems Inc., Foster City Calif.). The following PCR cycle was used: 50° C. for 2 min, 95° C. for 10 min, 40 cycles of (95° C. for 15 seconds, 60° C. for 1 min) using StepOne Plus Real Time PCR Machine (Applied Biosystems).
+Fold change in gene expression after treatment with antisense oligonucleotides was calculated based on the difference in 18S-normalized dCt values between treated and mock-transfected samples.
+Results: Real time PCR results show that the levels of DMD family mRNA in 518A2 cells are significantly increased 48 h after treatment with two of the siRNAs designed to DMD family antisense BG208074. Treatment with siRNAs to other antisense molecules, BF838561, BF768753 and BF950643, did not elevate DMD family mRNA levels (FIG. 1A and B).
+Treatment of MCF-7 Cells with Antisense Oligonucleotides
+MCF-7 cells from ATCC (cat# HTB-22) were grown in growth media (MEM/EBSS (Hyclone cat #SH30024, or Mediatech cat # MT-10-010-CV)+10% FBS (Mediatech cat# MT35-011-CV)+penicillin/streptomycin (Mediatech cat# MT30-002-CI) at 37° C. and 5% CO2. One day before the experiment the cells were replated at the density of 1.5×105/ml into 6 well plates and incubated at 37° C. and 5% CO2. On the day of the experiment the media in the 6 well plates was changed to fresh growth media. All antisense oligonucleotides were diluted to the concentration of 20 μM. Two μl of this solution was incubated with 400 μl of Opti-MEM media (Gibco cat#31985-070) and 4 μl of Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen cat# 11668019) at room temperature for 20 min and applied to each well of the 6 well plates with MCF-7 cells. A Similar mixture including 2 μl of water instead of the oligonucleotide solution was used for the mock/transfected controls. After 3-18 h of incubation at 37° C. and 5% Co2 the media was changed to fresh growth media. 48 h after addition of antisense oligonucleotides the media was removed and RNA was extracted from the cells using SV Total RNA Isolation System from Promega (cat # Z3105) or RNeasy Total RNA Isolation kit from Qiagen (cat# 74181) following the manufacturers' instructions, 600 ng of RNA was added to the reverse transcription reaction performed using Verso cDNA kit from Thermo Scientific (cat#AB1453B) or High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (cat# 4368813) as described in the manufacturer's protocol. The cDNA from this reverse transcription reaction was used to monitor gene expression by real time PCR using ABI Taqman Gene Expression Mix (cat#4369510) and primers/probes designed by ABI (Applied Biosystems Taqman Gene Expression Assay: Hs01126016_m1 by Applied Biosystems Inc., Foster City Calif.). The following PCR cycle was used: 50° C. for 2 min, 95° C. for 10 min, 40 cycles of (95° C. for 15 seconds, 60° C. for 1 min) using Mx4000 thermal cycler (Stratagene) or StepOne Plus Real Time PCR Machine (Applied Biosystems.
+Fold change in gene expression after treatment with antisense oligonucleotides was calculated based on the difference in 18S-normalized dCt values between treated and mock-transfected samples.
+Results: Real time PCR results show that the levels of UTRN mRNA in MCF-7 cells are significantly increased 48 h after treatment with siRNAs designed to UTRN family antisense ENST00000431309.
+Although the invention has been illustrated and described with respect to one or more implementations, equivalent alterations and modifications will occur to others skilled in the art upon the reading and understanding of this specification and the annexed drawings. In addition, while a particular feature of the invention may have been disclosed with respect to only one of several implementations, such feature may be combined with one or more other features of the other implementations as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular application.
+The Abstract of the disclosure will allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the following claims.
+
+
diff --git a/patent_text/US9533026.txt b/patent_text/US9533026.txt
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+Patent title
+Polypeptide compounds for inhibiting angiogenesis and tumor growth
+
+Patent number
+US9533026
+
+Domain
+A
+
+Publication date
+20170103
+
+Abstract
+
+In certain embodiments, this present invention provides polypeptide compositions, including compositions containing a modified polypeptide, and methods for inhibiting Ephrin B2 or EphB4 activity. In other embodiments, the present invention provides methods and compositions for treating cancer or for treating angiogenesis-associated diseases.
+
+
+Claims
+1. An isolated fusion polypeptide consisting of a sequence selected from the group consisting of: residues 16-197, 16-321, 16-326, 16-427, 16-429, and 16-526 of SEQ ID NO: 10; and (b) an albumin protein or fragment thereof, wherein the fusion polypeptide is a monomer, binds specifically to an Ephrin B2 polypeptide, and inhibits signaling that results from interaction between EphB4 and Ephrin B2.
+2. The isolated fusion polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the fusion polypeptide has one or more activities selected from:
+(a) inhibition of Ephrin B2 activity;
+(b) inhibition of Ephrin B2 kinase activity;
+(c) inhibition of the interaction between EphB4 and Ephrin B2;
+(d) inhibition of EphB4 kinase activity;
+(e) inhibition of clustering of Ephrin B2; and
+(f) inhibition of clustering of EphB4.
+
+(a) inhibition of Ephrin B2 activity;
+(b) inhibition of Ephrin B2 kinase activity;
+(c) inhibition of the interaction between EphB4 and Ephrin B2;
+(d) inhibition of EphB4 kinase activity;
+(e) inhibition of clustering of Ephrin B2; and
+(f) inhibition of clustering of EphB4.
+3. The isolated fusion polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the fusion polypeptide has enhanced in vivo stability relative to said extracellular domain of an EphB4 protein.
+4. The isolated fusion polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the albumin protein or fragment thereof is mature human serum albumin (HSA).
+5. The isolated fusion polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the EphB4 extracellular domain consists of residues 16-326 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
+6. The isolated fusion polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the fusion polypeptide sequence consists of residues 16-326 of SEQ ID NO: 10 fused to residues 525-1109 of SEQ ID NO: 19.
+7. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an isolated fusion polypeptide of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
+
+Description
+
+
+
+RELATED APPLICATIONS
+This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/420,776 filed Mar. 15, 2012, now abandoned, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/584,993 filed Sep. 14, 2009, now abandoned, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/234,482 filed Sep. 23, 2005, now abandoned, which claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/612,488 filed Sep. 23, 2004, the specifications of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.
+
+
+BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
+Angiogenesis, the development of new blood vessels from the endothelium of a preexisting vasculature, is a critical process in the growth, progression, and metastasis of solid tumors within the host. During physiologically normal angiogenesis, the autocrine, paracrine, and amphicrine interactions of the vascular endothelium with its surrounding stromal components are tightly regulated both spatially and temporally. Additionally, the levels and activities of proangiogenic and angiostatic cytokines and growth factors are maintained in balance. In contrast, the pathological angiogenesis necessary for active tumor growth is sustained and persistent, representing a dysregulation of the normal angiogenic system. Solid and hematopoietic tumor types are particularly associated with a high level of abnormal angiogenesis.
+It is generally thought that the development of tumor consists of sequential, and interrelated steps that lead to the generation of an autonomous clone with aggressive growth potential. These steps include sustained growth and unlimited self-renewal. Cell populations in a tumor are generally characterized by growth signal self-sufficiency, decreased sensitivity to growth suppressive signals, and resistance to apoptosis. Genetic or cytogenetic events that initiate aberrant growth sustain cells in a prolonged “ready” state by preventing apoptosis.
+It is a goal of the present disclosure to provide agents and therapeutic treatments for inhibiting angiogenesis and tumor growth.
+SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
+In certain aspects, the disclosure provides polypeptide agents that inhibit EphB4 or EphrinB2 mediated functions, including monomeric ligand binding portions of the EphB4 and EphrinB2 proteins. As demonstrated herein, EphB4 and EphrinB2 participate in various disease states, including cancers and diseases related to unwanted or excessive angiogenesis. Accordingly, certain polypeptide agents disclosed herein may be used to treat such diseases. In further aspects, the disclosure relates to the discovery that EphB4 and/or EphrinB2 are expressed, often at high levels, in a variety of tumors. Therefore, polypeptide agents that down-regulate EphB4 or EphrinB2 function may affect tumors by a direct effect on the tumor cells as well as an indirect effect on the angiogenic processes recruited by the tumor. In certain embodiments, the disclosure provides the identity of tumor types particularly suited to treatment with an agent that downregulates EphB4 or EphrinB2 function. In preferred embodiments, polypeptides disclosed herein are modified so as to have increased serum half-life in vivo.
+In certain aspects, the disclosure provides soluble EphB4 polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an EphB4 protein. The soluble EphB4 polypeptides bind specifically to an EphrinB2 polypeptide. The term “soluble” is used merely to indicate that these polypeptides do not contain a transmembrane domain or a portion of a transmembrane domain sufficient to compromise the solubility of the polypeptide in a physiological salt solution. Soluble polypeptides are preferably prepared as monomers that compete with EphB4 for binding to ligand such as EphrinB2 and inhibit the signaling that results from EphB4 activation. Optionally, a soluble polypeptide may be prepared in a multimeric form, by, for example, expressing as an Fc fusion protein or fusion with another multimerization domain. Such multimeric forms may have complex activities, having agonistic or antagonistic effects depending on the context. In certain embodiments the soluble EphB4 polypeptide comprises a globular domain of an EphB4 protein. A soluble EphB4 polypeptide may comprise a sequence at least 90% identical to residues 1-522 of the amino acid sequence defined by FIG. 65 (SEQ ID NO:10). A soluble EphB4 polypeptide may comprise a sequence at least 90% identical to residues 1-412 of the amino acid sequence defined by FIG. 65 (SEQ ID NO:10). A soluble EphB4 polypeptide may comprise a sequence at least 90% identical to residues 1-312 of the amino acid sequence defined by FIG. 65 (SEQ ID NO:10). A soluble EphB4 polypeptide may comprise a sequence encompassing the globular (G) domain (amino acids 29-197 of FIG. 65, SEQ ID NO:10), and optionally additional domains, such as the cysteine-rich domain (amino acids 239-321 of FIG. 65, SEQ ID NO:10), the first fibronectin type 3 domain (amino acids 324-429 of FIG. 65, SEQ ID NO:10) and the second fibronectin type 3 domain (amino acids 434-526 of FIG. 65, SEQ ID NO:10). Preferred polypeptides described herein and demonstrated as having ligand binding activity include polypeptides corresponding to 1-537, 1-427 and 1-326, respectively, of the amino acid sequence shown in FIG. 65 (SEQ ID NO:10). A soluble EphB4 polypeptide may comprise a sequence as set forth in FIG. 1 or 2 (SEQ ID Nos. 1 or 2). As is well known in the art, expression of such EphB4 polypeptides in a suitable cell, such as HEK293T cell line, will result in cleavage of a leader peptide. Although such cleavage is not always complete or perfectly consistent at a single site, it is known that EphB4 tends to be cleaved so as to remove the first 15 amino acids of the sequence shown in FIG. 65 (SEQ ID NO:10). Accordingly, as specific examples, the disclosure provides unprocessed soluble EphB4 polypeptides that bind to EphrinB2 and comprise an amino acid sequence selected from the following group (numbering is with respect to the sequence of FIG. 65, SEQ ID NO:10): 1-197, 29-197, 1-312, 29-132, 1-321, 29-321, 1-326, 29-326, 1-412, 29-412, 1-427, 29-427, 1-429, 29-429, 1-526, 29-526, 1-537 and 29-537. Additionally, heterologous leader peptides may be substituted for the endogeneous leader sequences. Polypeptides may be used in a processed form, such forms having a predicted amino acid sequence selected from the following group (numbering is with respect to the sequence of FIG. 65, SEQ ID NO:10): 16-197, 16-312, 16-321, 16-326, 16-412, 16-427, 16-429, 16-526 and 16-537. Additionally, a soluble EphB4 polypeptide may be one that comprises an amino acid sequence at least 90%, and optionally 95% or 99% identical to any of the preceding amino acid sequences while retaining EphrinB2 binding activity. Preferably, any variations in the amino acid sequence from the sequence shown in FIG. 65 (SEQ ID NO:10) are conservative changes or deletions of no more than 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 amino acids, particularly in a surface loop region. In certain embodiments, the soluble EphB4 polypeptide may inhibit the interaction between Ephrin B2 and EphB4. The soluble EphB4 polypeptide may inhibit clustering of or phosphorylation of Ephrin B2 or EphB4. Phosphorylation of EphrinB2 or EphB4 is generally considered to be one of the initial events in triggering intracellular signaling pathways regulated by these proteins. As noted above, the soluble EphB4 polypeptide may be prepared as a monomeric or multimeric fusion protein. The soluble polypeptide may include one or more modified amino acids. Such amino acids may contribute to desirable properties, such as increased resistance to protease digestion.
+The present disclosure provides soluble EphB4 polypeptides having an additional component that confers increased serum half-life while still retaining EphrinB2 binding activity. In certain embodiments soluble EphB4 polypeptides are monomeric and are covalently linked to one or more polyoxyaklylene groups (e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene), and preferably polyethylene glycol (PEG) groups. Accordingly, one aspect of the invention provides modified EphB4 polypeptides, wherein the modification comprises a single polyethylene glycol group covalently bonded to the polypeptide. Other aspects provide modified EphB4 polypeptides covalently bonded to one, two, three, or more polyethylene glycol groups.
+The one or more PEG may have a molecular weight ranging from about 1 kDa to about 100 kDa, and will preferably have a molecular weight ranging from about 10 to about 60 kDa or about 10 to about 40 kDa. The PEG group may be a linear PEG or a branched PEG. In a preferred embodiment, the soluble, monomeric EphB4 conjugate comprises an EphB4 polypeptide covalently linked to one PEG group of from about 10 to about 40 kDa (monoPEGylated EphB4), or from about 15 to 30 kDa, preferably via an s-amino group of EphB4 lysine or the N-terminal amino group. Most preferably, EphB4 is randomly PEGylated at one amino group out of the group consisting of the s-amino groups of EphB4 lysine and the N-terminal amino group.
+In one embodiment, the pegylated polypeptides provided by the invention have a serum half-life in vivo at least 50%, 75%, 100%, 150% or 200% greater than that of an unmodified EphB4 polypeptide. In another embodiment, the pegylated EphB4 polypeptides provided by the invention inhibit EphrinB2 activity. In a specific embodiment, they inhibit EphrinB2 receptor clustering, EphrinB2 phosphorylation, and/or EphrinB2 kinase activity.
+Surprisingly, it has been found that monoPEGylated EphB4 according to the invention has superior properties in regard to the therapeutic applicability of unmodified soluble EphB4 polypeptides and poly-PEGylated EphB4. Nonetheless, the disclosure also provides poly-PEGylated EphB4 having PEG at more than one position. Such polyPEGylated forms provide improved serum-half life relative to the unmodified form.
+In certain embodiments, a soluble EphB4 polypeptide is stably associated with a second stabilizing polypeptide that confers improved half-life without substantially diminishing EphrinB2 binding. A stabilizing polypeptide will preferably be immunocompatible with human patients (or animal patients, where veterinary uses are contemplated) and have little or no significant biological activity.
+In a preferred embodiment, the stabilizing polypeptide is a human serum albumin, or a portion thereof. A human serum albumin may be stably associated with the EphB4 polypeptide covalently or non-covalently. Covalent attachment may be achieved by expression of the EphB4 polypeptide as a co-translational fusion with human serum albumin. The albumin sequence may be fused at the N-terminus, the C-terminus or at a non-disruptive internal position in the soluble EphB4 polypeptide. Exposed loops of the EphB4 would be appropriate positions for insertion of an albumin sequence. Albumin may also be post-translationally attached to the EphB4 polypeptide by, for example, chemical cross-linking. An EphB4 polypeptide may also be stably associated with more than one albumin polypeptide. In some embodiments, the albumin is selected from the group consisting of a human serum albumin (HSA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). In other embodiments, the albumin is a naturally occurring variant. In one preferred embodiment, the EphB4-HSA fusion inhibits the interaction between Ephrin B2 and EphB4, the clustering of Ephrin B2 or EphB4, the phosphorylation of Ephrin B2 or EphB4, or combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the EphB4-HSA fusion has enhanced in vivo stability relative to the unmodified wildtype polypeptide.
+In certain aspects, the disclosure provides soluble EphrinB2 polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an EphrinB2 protein. The soluble EphrinB2 polypeptides bind specifically to an EphB4 polypeptide. The term “soluble” is used merely to indicate that these polypeptides do not contain a transmembrane domain or a portion of a transmembrane domain sufficient to compromise the solubility of the polypeptide in a physiological salt solution. Soluble polypeptides are preferably prepared as monomers that compete with EphrinB2 for binding to ligand such as EphB4 and inhibit the signaling that results from EphrinB2 activation. Optionally, a soluble polypeptide may be prepared in a multimeric form, by, for example, expressing as an Fc fusion protein or fusion with another multimerization domain. Such multimeric forms may have complex activities, having agonistic or antagonistic effects depending on the context. A soluble EphrinB2 polypeptide may comprise residues 1-225 of the amino acid sequence defined by FIG. 66 (SEQ ID NO:11). A soluble EphrinB2 polypeptide may comprise a sequence defined by FIG. 3. As is well known in the art, expression of such EphrinB2 polypeptides in a suitable cell, such as HEK293T cell line, will result in cleavage of a leader peptide. Although such cleavage is not always complete or perfectly consistent at a single site, it is known that EphrinB2 tends to be cleaved so as to remove the first 26 amino acids of the sequence shown in FIG. 66 (SEQ ID NO:11). Accordingly, as specific examples, the disclosure provides unprocessed soluble EphrinB2 polypeptides that bind to EphB4 and comprise an amino acid sequence corresponding to amino acids 1-225 of FIG. 66 (SEQ ID NO:11). Such polypeptides may be used in a processed form, such forms having a predicted amino acid sequence selected from the following group (numbering is with respect to the sequence of FIG. 66, SEQ ID NO:11): 26-225. In certain embodiments, the soluble EphrinB2 polypeptide may inhibit the interaction between Ephrin B2 and EphB4. The soluble EphrinB2 polypeptide may inhibit clustering of or phosphorylation of EphrinB2 or EphB4. As noted above, the soluble EphrinB2 polypeptide may be prepared as a monomeric or multimeric fusion protein. The soluble polypeptide may include one or more modified amino acids. Such amino acids may contribute to desirable properties, such as increased resistance to protease digestion.
+In certain aspects, the disclosure provides pharmaceutical formulations comprising a polypeptide reagent and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The polypeptide reagent may be any disclosed herein, including, for example, soluble EphB4 or EphrinB2 polypeptides. Additional formulations include cosmetic compositions and diagnostic kits.
+In certain aspects the disclosure provides methods of inhibiting signaling through Ephrin B2/EphB4 pathway in a cell. A method may comprise contacting the cell with an effective amount of a polypeptide agent, such as (a) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an EphB4 protein, wherein the EphB4 polypeptide is a monomer and binds specifically to an Ephrin B2 polypeptide; (b) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an Ephrin B2 protein, wherein the soluble Ephrin B2 polypeptide is a monomer and binds with high affinity to an EphB4 polypeptide.
+In certain aspects the disclosure provides methods for reducing the growth rate of a tumor, comprising administering an amount of a polypeptide agent sufficient to reduce the growth rate of the tumor. The polypeptide agent may be selected from the group consisting of: (a) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an EphB4 protein, wherein the EphB4 polypeptide is a monomer and binds specifically to an Ephrin B2 polypeptide, and optionally comprises an additional modification to increase serum half-life, such as a PEGylation or serum albumin or both; (b) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an Ephrin B2 protein, wherein the soluble Ephrin B2 polypeptide is a monomer and binds with high affinity to an EphB4 polypeptide Optionally, the tumor comprises cells expressing a higher level of EphB4 and/or EphrinB2 than noncancerous cells of a comparable tissue.
+In certain aspects, the disclosure provides methods for treating a patient suffering from a cancer. A method may comprise administering to the patient a polypeptide agent. The polypeptide agent may be selected from the group consisting of: (a) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an EphB4 protein, wherein the EphB4 polypeptide is a monomer and binds specifically to an Ephrin B2 polypeptide, and optionally comprises an additional modification to increase serum half-life, such as a PEGylation or serum albumin or both; (b) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an Ephrin B2 protein, wherein the soluble Ephrin B2 polypeptide is a monomer and binds with high affinity to an EphB4 polypeptide. Optionally, the cancer comprises cancer cells expressing EphrinB2 and/or EphB4 at a higher level than noncancerous cells of a comparable tissue. The cancer may be a metastatic cancer. The cancer may be selected from the group consisting of colon carcinoma, breast tumor, mesothelioma, prostate tumor, squamous cell carcinoma, Kaposi sarcoma, and leukemia. Optionally, the cancer is an angiogenesis-dependent cancer or an angiogenesis independent cancer. The polypeptide agent employed may inhibit clustering or phosphorylation of Ephrin B2 or EphB4. A polypeptide agent may be co-administered with one or more additional anti-cancer chemotherapeutic agents that inhibit cancer cells in an additive or synergistic manner with the polypeptide agent.
+In certain aspects, the disclosure provides methods of inhibiting angiogenesis. A method may comprise contacting a cell with an amount of a polypeptide agent sufficient to inhibit angiogenesis. The polypeptide agent may be selected from the group consisting of: (a) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an EphB4 protein, wherein the EphB4 polypeptide is a monomer and binds specifically to an Ephrin B2 polypeptide, and optionally comprises an additional modification to increase serum half-life, such as a PEGylation or serum albumin or both; (b) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an Ephrin B2 protein, wherein the soluble Ephrin B2 polypeptide is a monomer and binds with high affinity to an EphB4 polypeptide.
+In certain aspects, the disclosure provides methods for treating a patient suffering from an angiogenesis-associated disease, comprising administering to the patient a polypeptide agent. The polypeptide agent may be selected from the group consisting of: (a) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an EphB4 protein, wherein the EphB4 polypeptide is a monomer and binds specifically to an Ephrin B2 polypeptide, and optionally comprises an additional modification to increase serum half-life, such as a PEGylation or serum albumin or both; (b) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an Ephrin B2 protein, wherein the soluble Ephrin B2 polypeptide is a monomer and binds with high affinity to an EphB4 polypeptide. The soluble polypeptide may be formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. An angiogenesis related disease or unwanted angiogenesis related process may be selected from the group consisting of angiogenesis-dependent cancer, benign tumors, inflammatory disorders, chronic articular rheumatism and psoriasis, ocular angiogenic diseases, Osler-Webber Syndrome, myocardial angiogenesis, plaque neovascularization, telangiectasia, hemophiliac joints, angiofibroma, telangiectasia psoriasis scleroderma, pyogenic granuloma, rubeosis, arthritis, diabetic neovascularization, vasculogenesis. A polypeptide agent may be co-administered with at least one additional anti-angiogenesis agent that inhibits angiogenesis in an additive or synergistic manner with the soluble polypeptide.
+In certain aspects, the disclosure provides for the use of a polypeptide agent in the manufacture of medicament for the treatment of cancer or an angiogenesis related disorder. The polypeptide agent may be selected from the group consisting of: (a) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an EphB4 protein, wherein the EphB4 polypeptide is a monomer and binds specifically to an Ephrin B2 polypeptide, and optionally comprises an additional modification to increase serum half-life, such as a PEGylation or serum albumin or both; (b) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an Ephrin B2 protein, wherein the soluble Ephrin B2 polypeptide is a monomer and binds with high affinity to an EphB4 polypeptide.
+In certain aspects, the disclosure provides methods for treating a patient suffering from a cancer, comprising: (a) identifying in the patient a tumor having a plurality of cancer cells that express EphB4 and/or EphrinB2; and (b) administering to the patient a polypeptide agent. The polypeptide agent may be selected from the group consisting of: (i) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an EphB4 protein, wherein the EphB4 polypeptide is a monomer and binds specifically to an Ephrin B2 polypeptide, and optionally comprises an additional modification to increase serum half-life, such as a PEGylation or serum albumin or both; (ii) a soluble polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of an Ephrin B2 protein, wherein the soluble Ephrin B2 polypeptide is a monomer and binds with high affinity to an EphB4 polypeptide.
+In certain aspects, the disclosure provides methods for identifying a tumor that is suitable for treatment with an EphrinB2 or EphB4 antagonist. A method may comprise detecting in the tumor cell one or more of the following characteristics: (a) expression of EphB4 protein and/or mRNA; (b) expression of EphrinB2 protein and/or mRNA; (c) gene amplification (e.g., increased gene copy number) of the EphB4 gene; or (d) gene amplification of the EphrinB2 gene. A tumor cell having one or more of characteristics (a)-(d) may be suitable for treatment with an EphrinB2 or EphB4 antagonist, such as a polypeptide agent described herein.
+Surprisingly, applicants have found that an EphB4 polypeptide lacking the globular domain can in fact inhibit tumor growth in a xenograft model, inhibit angiogenic tube formation of vascular endothelial cells and inhibit EphrinB2-activated autokinase activity of EphB4. While not wishing to be bound to any mechanism of action, it is expected that the polypeptide either prevents EphB4 aggregation or stimulates the elimination (e.g. by endocytosis) of EphB4 from the plasma membrane. Accordingly, the disclosure provides isolated soluble polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence of a fibronectin type 3 domain of an EphB4 protein. Such polypeptides will preferably have a biological effect, such as inhibiting an activity (e.g. aggregation or kinase activity) of an EphB4 or EphrinB2 protein, and particularly the inhibition of tumor growth in a human or in a mouse xenograft model of cancer. Such polypeptides may also inhibit angiogenesis in vivo or in an cell-based assay system. Such polypeptides may not bind to EphrinB2 and may specifically exclude all of or the functional (e.g., EphrinB2 binding-) portions of the globular domain of an EphB4 protein. Such a polypeptide will preferably comprise amino acids corresponding to amino acids 324-429 and/or 434-526 of the sequence of FIG. 65 (SEQ ID NO:10), or sequences at least 90%, 95%, 98%, 99% identical thereto. An example of such a polypeptide is shown in SEQ ID NO: 15. Such a polypeptide may be modified in any of the ways described herein, and may be produced as a monomer or as a dimer or multimer comprising two or more such polypeptides, such as an Fc fusion construct. Dimers or multimers may be desirable to enhance the effectiveness of such polypeptides. All of the methods for producing and using such polypeptides are similar to those described herein with respect to other EphB4 polypeptides.
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+BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
+FIG. 1 shows amino acid sequence of the B4ECv3 protein (predicted sequence of the precursor including uncleaved Eph B4 leader peptide is shown; SEQ ID NO:1).
+FIG. 2 shows amino acid sequence of the B4ECv3NT protein (predicted sequence of the precursor including uncleaved Eph B4 leader peptide is shown; SEQ ID NO:2).
+FIG. 3 shows amino acid sequence of the B2EC protein (predicted sequence of the precursor including uncleaved Ephrin B2 leader peptide is shown; SEQ ID NO:3).
+FIG. 4 shows amino acid sequence of the B4ECv3-FC protein (predicted sequence of the precursor including uncleaved Eph B4 leader peptide is shown; SEQ ID NO:4).
+FIG. 5 shows amino acid sequence of the B2EC-FC protein (predicted sequence of the precursor including uncleaved Ephrin B2 leader peptide is shown; SEQ ID NO:5).
+FIG. 6 shows B4EC-FC binding assay (Protein A-agarose based).
+FIG. 7 shows B4EC-FC inhibition assay (Inhibition in solution).
+FIG. 8 shows B2EC-FC binding assay (Protein-A-agarose based assay).
+FIG. 9 shows chemotaxis of HUAEC in response to B4Ecv3.
+FIG. 10 shows chemotaxis of HHEC in response to B2EC-FC.
+FIG. 11 shows chemotaxis of HHAEC in response to B2EC.
+FIG. 12 shows effect of B4Ecv3 on HUAEC tubule formation.
+FIG. 13 shows effect of B2EC-FC on HUAEC tubule formation.
+FIG. 14 is a schematic representation of human Ephrin B2 constructs.
+FIG. 15 is a schematic representation of human EphB4 constructs.
+FIG. 16 shows the domain structure of the recombinant soluble EphB4EC proteins. Designation of the domains are as follows: L-leader peptide, G-globular (ligand-binding domain), C-Cys-rich domain, F1, F2-fibronectin type III repeats, H-6×His-tag.
+FIG. 17 shows purification and ligand binding properties of the EphB4EC proteins. A. SDS-PAAG gel electrophoresis of purified EphB4-derived recombinant soluble proteins (Coomassie-stained). B. Binding of Ephrin B2-AP fusion to EphB4-derived recombinant proteins immobilized on Ni-NTA-agarose beads. Results of three independent experiments are shown for each protein. Vertical axis—optical density at 420 nm.
+FIG. 18 shows that EphB4v3 inhibits chemotaxis.
+FIG. 19 shows that EphB4v3 inhibits tubule formation on Matrigel. A displays the strong inhibition of tubule formation by B4v3 in a representative experiment. B shows a quantitation of the reduction of tube-length obtained with B4v3 at increasing concentrations as well as a reduction in the number of junctions, in comparison to cells with no protein. Results are displayed as mean values±S.D. obtained from three independent experiments performed with duplicate wells.
+FIG. 20 shows that soluble EphB4 has no detectable cytotoxic effect as assessed by MTS assay.
+FIG. 21 shows that B4v3 inhibits invasion and tubule formation by endothelial cells in the Matrigel assay. (A) to detect total invading cells, photographed at 20× magnification or with Masson's Trichrome Top left of A B displays section of a Matrigel plug with no GF, top right of A displays section with B4IgG containing GF and lower left section contains GF, and lower right shows GF in the presence of B4v3. Significant invasion of endothelial cells is only seen in GF containing Matrigel. Top right displays an area with a high number of invaded cells induced by B4IgG, which signifies the dimeric form of B4v3. The left upper parts of the pictures correspond to the cell layers formed around the Matrigel plug from which cells invade toward the center of the plug located in the direction of the right lower corner. Total cells in sections of the Matrigel plugs were quantitated with Scion Image software. Results obtained from two experiments with duplicate plugs are displayed as mean values±S.D.
+FIG. 22 shows tyrosine phosphorylation of EphB4 receptor in PC3 cells in response to stimulation with EphrinB2-Fc fusion in presence or absence of EphB4-derived recombinant soluble proteins.
+FIG. 23 shows effects of soluble EphB4ECD on viability and cell cycle. A) 3-day cell viability assay of two HNSCC cell lines. B) FACS analysis of cell cycle in HNSCC-15 cells treated as in A. Treatment of these cells resulted in accumulation in subG0/G1 and S/G2 phases as indicated by the arrows.
+FIG. 24 shows that B4v3 inhibits endovascular response in a murine corneal hydron micropocket assay.
+FIG. 25 shows that that SCC15, B16, and MCF-7 co-injected with sB4v3 in the presence of matrigel and growth factors, inhibits the in vivo tumor growth of these cells.
+FIG. 26 shows that soluble EphB4 causes apoptosis, necrosis and decreased angiogenesis in three tumor types, B16 (melanoma), SCC15 (head and neck carcinoma), and MCF-7 (breast carcinoma). Tumors were injected premixed with Matrigel plus growth factors and soluble EphB4 subcutaneously. After 10 to 14 days, the mice were injected intravenously with FITC-lectin (green) to assess blood vessel perfusion. Tumors treated with control PBS displayed abundant tumor density and a robust angiogenic response. Tumors treated with sEphB4 displayed a decrease in tumor cell density and a marked inhibition of tumor angiogenesis in regions with viable tumor cells, as well as tumor necrosis and apoptosis.
+FIG. 27 shows expression of EphB4 in prostate cell lines. A) Western blot of total cell lysates of various prostate cancer cell lines, normal prostate gland derived cell line (MLC) and acute myeloblastic lymphoma cells (AML) probed with EphB4 monoclonal antibody. B) Phosphorylation of EphB4 in PC-3 cells determined by Western blot.
+FIG. 28 shows expression of EphB4 in prostate cancer tissue. Representative prostate cancer frozen section stained with EphB4 monoclonal antibody (top left) or isotype specific control (bottom left). Adjacent BPH tissue stained with EphB4 monoclonal antibody (top right). Positive signal is brown color in the tumor cells. Stroma and the normal epithelia are negative. Note membrane localization of stain in the tumor tissue, consistent with transmembrane localization of EphB4. Representative QRT-PCR of RNA extracted from cancer specimens and adjacent BPH tissues (lower right).
+FIG. 29 shows downregulation of EphB4 in prostate cancer cells by tumor suppressors and RXR expression. A) PC3 cells were co-transfected with truncated CD4 and p53 or PTEN or vector only. 24 h later CD4-sorted cells were collected, lysed and analyzed sequentially by Western blot for the expression of EphB4 and β-actin, as a normalizer protein. B) Western blot as in (A) of various stable cell lines. LNCaP-FGF is a stable transfection clone of FGF-8, while CWR22R-RXR stably expresses the RXR receptor. BPH-1 was established from benign hypertrophic prostatic epithelium.
+FIG. 30 shows regulation of EphB4 in prostate cancer cells by EGFR and IGFR-1. A) Western blot of PC3 cells treated with or without EGFR specific inhibitor AG1478 (1 nM) for 36 hours. Decreased EphB4 signal is observed after AG 1478 treatment. The membrane was stripped and reprobed with β-actin, which was unaffected. B) Western Blot of triplicate samples of PC3 cells treated with or without IGFR-1 specific neutralizing antibody MAB391 (2 μg/ml; overnight). The membrane was sequentially probed with EphB4, IGFR-1 and β-actin antibodies. IGFR-1 signal shows the expected repression of signal with MAB391 treatment.
+FIG. 31 shows effect of specific EphB4 AS-ODNs and siRNA on expression and prostate cell functions. A) 293 cells stably expressing full-length construct of EphB4 was used to evaluate the ability of siRNA 472 to inhibit EphB4 expression. Cells were transfected with 50 nM RNAi using Lipofectamine 2000. Western blot of cell lysates 40 h post transfection with control siRNA (green fluorescence protein; GFP siRNA) or EphB4 siRNA 472, probed with EphB4 monoclonal antibody, stripped and reprobed with β-actin monoclonal antibody. B) Effect of EphB4 AS-10 on expression in 293 transiently expressing full-length EphB4. Cells were exposed to AS-10 or sense ODN for 6 hours and analyzed by Western blot as in (A). C) 48 h viability assay of PC3 cells treated with siRNA as described in the Methods section. Shown is mean±s.e.m. of triplicate samples. D) 5-day viability assay of PC3 cells treated with ODNs as described in the Methods. Shown is mean±s.e.m. of triplicate samples. E) Scrape assay of migration of PC3 cells in the presence of 50 nM siRNAs transfected as in (A). Shown are photomicrographs of representative 20× fields taken immediately after the scrape was made in the monolayer (0 h) and after 20 h continued culture. A large number of cells have filled in the scrape after 20 h with control siRNA, but not with EphB4 siRNA 472. F) Shown is a similar assay for cells treated with AS-10 or sense ODN (both 10 μM). G) Matrigel invasion assay of PC3 cells transfected with siRNA or control siRNA as described in the methods. Cells migrating to the underside of the Matrigel coated insert in response to 5 mg/ml fibronectin in the lower chamber were fixed and stained with Giemsa. Shown are representative photomicrographs of control siRNA and siRNA 472 treated cells. Cell numbers were counted in 5 individual high-powered fields and the average±s.e.m. is shown in the graph (bottom right).
+FIG. 32 shows effect of EphB4 siRNA 472 on cell cycle and apoptosis. A) PC3 cells transfected with siRNAs as indicated were analyzed 24 h post transfection for cell cycle status by flow cytometry as described in the Methods. Shown are the plots of cell number vs. propidium iodide fluorescence intensity. 7.9% of the cell population is apoptotic (in the Sub G0 peak) when treated with siRNA 472 compared to 1% with control siRNA. B) Apoptosis of PC3 cells detected by Cell Death Detection ELISAplus kit as described in the Methods. Absorbance at 405 nm increases in proportion to the amount of histone and DNA-POD in the nuclei-free cell fraction. Shown is the mean±s.e.m. of triplicate samples at the indicated concentrations of siRNA 472 and GFP siRNA (control).
+FIG. 33 shows that EphB4 and EphrinB2 are expressed in mesothelioma cell lines as shown by RT-PCR (A) and Western Blot (B).
+FIG. 34 shows expression of ephrin B2 and EphB4 by in situ hybridization in mesothelioma cells. NCI H28 mesothelioma cell lines cultured in chamber slides hybridized with antisense probe to ephrin B2 or EphB4 (top row). Control for each hybridization was sense (bottom row). Positive reaction is dark blue cytoplasmic stain.
+FIG. 35 shows cellular expression of EphB4 and ephrin B2 in mesothelioma cultures. Immunofluorescence staining of primary cell isolate derived from pleural effusion of a patient with malignant mesothelioma and cell lines NCI H28, NCI H2373, and NCI H2052 for ephrin B2 and EphB4. Green color is positive signal for FITC labeled secondary antibody. Specificity of immunofluorescence staining was demonstrated by lack of signal with no primary antibody (first row). Cell nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue color) to reveal location of all cells. Shown are merged images of DAPI and FITC fluorescence. Original magnification 200×.
+FIG. 36 shows expression of ephrin B2 and EphB4 in mesothelioma tumor. Immunohistochemistry of malignant mesothelioma biopsy. H&E stained section reveals tumor architecture; bottom left panel is background control with no primary antibody. EphB4 and ephrin B2 specific staining is brown color. Original magnification 200×.
+FIG. 37 shows effects of EPHB4 antisense probes (A) and EPHB4 siRNAs (B) on the growth of H28 cells.
+FIG. 38 shows effects of EPHB4 antisense probes (A) and EPHB4 siRNAs (B) on cell migration.
+FIG. 39 shows that EphB4 is expressed in HNSCC primary tissues and metastases. A) Top: Immunohistochemistry of a representative archival section stained with EphB4 monoclonal antibody as described in the methods and visualized with DAB (brown color) localized to tumor cells. Bottom: Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stain of an adjacent section. Dense purple staining indicates the presence of tumor cells. The right hand column are frozen sections of lymph node metastasis stained with EphB4 polyclonal antibody (top right) and visualized with DAB. Control (middle) was incubation with goat serum and H&E (bottom) reveals the location of the metastatic foci surrounded by stroma which does not stain. B) In situ hybridization of serial frozen sections of a HNSCC case probed with EphB4 (left column) and ephrin B2 (right column) DIG labeled antisense or sense probes generated by run-off transcription. Hybridization signal (dark blue) was detected using alkaline-phosphatase-conjugated anti-DIG antibodies and sections were counterstained with Nuclear Fast Red. A serial section stained with H&E is shown (bottom left) to illustrate tumor architecture. C) Western blot of protein extract of patient samples consisting of tumor (T), uninvolved normal tissue (N) and lymph node biopsies (LN). Samples were fractionated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 4-20% Tris-glycine gels and subsequently electroblotted onto nylon membranes. Membranes were sequentially probed with EphB4 monoclonal antibody and β-actin MoAb. Chemiluminescent signal was detected on autoradiography film. Shown is the EphB4 specific band which migrated at 120 kD and β-actin which migrated at 40 kD. The β-actin signal was used to control for loading and transfer of each sample.
+FIG. 40 shows that EphB4 is expressed in HNSCC cell lines and is regulated by EGF: A) Survey of EphB4 expression in SCC cell lines. Western blot of total cell lysates sequentially probed with EphB4 monoclonal antibody, stripped and reprobed with β-actin monoclonal antibody as described for FIG. 39C. B) Effect of the specific EGFR inhibitor AG1478 on EphB4 expression: Western blot of crude cell lysates of SCC15 treated with 0-1000 nM AG 1478 for 24 h in media supplemented with 10% FCS (left) or with 1 mM AG 1478 for 4, 8, 12 or 24 h (right). Shown are membranes sequentially probed for EphB4 and β-actin. C) Effect of inhibition of EGFR signaling on EphB4 expression in SCC cell lines: Cells maintained in growth media containing 10% FCS were treated for 24 hr with 1 μM AG 1478, after which crude cell lysates were analyzed by Western blots of cell lysates sequentially probed with for EGFR, EphB4, ephrin B2 and β-actin antibodies. Specific signal for EGFR was detected at 170 kD and ephrin B2 at 37 kD in addition to EphB4 and β-actin as described in FIG. 1C. β-actin serves as loading and transfer control.
+FIG. 41 shows mechanism of regulation of EphB4 by EGF: A) Schematic of the EGFR signaling pathways, showing in red the sites of action and names of specific kinase inhibitors used. B) SCC15 cells were serum-starved for 24 h prior to an additional 24 incubation as indicated with or without EGF (10 ng/ml), 3 μM U73122, or 5 μM SH-5, 5 μM SP600125, 25 nM LY294002, - - μM PD098095 or 5 μM SB203580. N/A indicates cultures that received equal volume of diluent (DMSO) only. Cell lysates were subjected to Western Blot with EphB4 monoclonal antibody. β-actin signal serves as control of protein loading and transfer.
+FIG. 42 shows that specific EphB4 siRNAs inhibit EphB4 expression, cell viability and cause cell cycle arrest. A) 293 cells stably expressing full length EphB4 were transfected with 50 nM RNAi using Lipofectamine™2000. 40 h post-transfection cells were harvested, lysed and processed for Western blot. Membranes were probed with EphB4 monoclonal antibody, stripped and reprobed with β-actin monoclonal antibody as control for protein loading and transfer. Negative reagent control was RNAi to scrambled green fluorescence protein (GFP) sequence and control is transfection with Lipofectamine™2000 alone. B) MTT cell viability assays of SCC cell lines treated with siRNAs for 48 h as described in the Methods section. Shown is mean+s.e.m. of triplicate samples. C) SCC15 cells transfected with siRNAs as indicated were analyzed 24 h post transfection for cell cycle status by flow cytometry as described in the Methods. Shown are the plots of cell number vs. propidium iodide fluorescence intensity. Top and middle row show plots for cells 16 h after siRNA transfection, bottom row shows plots for cells 36 h post transfection. Specific siRNA and concentration are indicated for each plot. Lipo=Lipofectamine™200 mock transfection.
+FIG. 43 shows in vitro effects of specific EphB4 AS-ODNs on SCC cells. A) 293 cells transiently transfected with EphB4 full-length expression plasmid were treated 6 h post transfection with antisense ODNs as indicated. Cell lysates were collected 24 h after AS-ODN treatment and subjected to Western Blot. B) SCC25 cells were seeded on 48 well plates at equal densities and treated with EphB4 AS-ODNs at 1, 5, and 10 μM on days 2 and 4. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay on day 5. Shown is the mean+s.e.m. of triplicate samples. Note that AS-ODNs that were active in inhibiting EphB4 protein levels were also effective inhibitors of SCC15 cell viability. C) Cell cycle analysis of SCC15 cells treated for 36 h with AS-10 (bottom) compared to cells that were not treated (top). D) Confluent cultures of SCC15 cells scraped with a plastic Pasteur pipette to produce 3 mm wide breaks in the monolayer. The ability of the cells to migrate and close the wound in the presence of inhibiting EphB4 AS-ODN (AS-10) and non-inhibiting AS-ODN (AS-1) was assessed after 48 h. Scrambled ODN is included as a negative control ODN. Culture labeled no treatment was not exposed to ODN. At initiation of the experiment, all cultures showed scrapes of equal width and similar to that seen in 1 μM EphB4 AS-10 after 48 h. The red brackets indicate the width of the original scrape. E) Migration of SCC15 cells in response to 20 mg/ml EGF in two-chamber assay as described in the Methods. Shown are representative photomicrographs of non-treated (NT), AS-6 and AS-10 treated cells and 10 ng/ml Taxol as positive control of migration inhibition. F) Cell numbers were counted in 5 individual high-powered fields and the average+s.e.m. is shown in the graph.
+FIG. 44 shows that EphB4 AS-ODN inhibits tumor growth in vivo. Growth curves for SCC15 subcutaneous tumor xenografts in Balb/C nude mice treated with EphB4 AS-10 or scrambled ODN at 20 mg/kg/day starting the day following implantation of 5×106 cells. Control mice received and equal volume of diluent (PBS). Shown are the mean+s.e.m. of 6 mice/group. * P=0.0001 by Student's t-test compared to scrambled ODN treated group.
+FIG. 45 shows that Ephrin B2, but not EphB4 is expressed in KS biopsy tissue. (A) In situ hybridization with antisense probes for ephrin B2 and EphB4 with corresponding H&E stained section to show tumor architecture. Dark blue color in the ISH indicates positive reaction for ephrin B2. No signal for EphB4 was detected in the Kaposi's sarcoma biopsy. For contrast, ISH signal for EphB4 is strong in squamous cell carcinoma tumor cells. Ephrin B2 was also detected in KS using EphB4-AP fusion protein (bottom left). (B) Detection of ephrin B2 with EphB4/Fc fusion protein. Adjacent sections were stained with H&E (left) to show tumor architecture, black rectangle indicates the area shown in the EphB4/Fc treated section (middle) detected with FITC-labeled anti-human Fc antibody as described in the methods section. As a control an adjacent section was treated with human Fc fragment (right). Specific signal arising from EphB4/Fc binding to the section is seen only in areas of tumor cells. (C) Co-expression of ephrin B2 and the HHV8 latency protein LANA1. Double-label confocal immunofluorescence microscopy with antibodies to ephrin B2 (red) LANA1 (green), or EphB4 (red) of frozen KS biopsy material directly demonstrates co-expression of LANA1 and ephrin B2 in KS biopsy. Coexpression is seen as yellow color. Double label confocal image of biopsy with antibodies to PECAM-1 (green) in cells with nuclear propidium iodide stain (red), demonstrating the vascular nature of the tumor.
+FIG. 46 shows that HHV-8 induces arterial marker expression in venous endothelial cells. (A) Immunofluorescence of cultures of HUVEC and HUVEC/BC-1 for artery/vein markers and viral proteins. Cultures were grown on chamber slides and processed for immunofluorescence detection of ephrin B2 (a, e, i), EphB4 (m, q, u), CD148 (j, v), and the HHV-8 proteins LANA1 (b, f, m) or ORF59 (r) as described in the Materials and Methods. Yellow color in the merged images of the same field demonstrate co-expression of ephrin B2 and LANA or ephrin B2 and CD148. The positions of viable cells were revealed by nuclear staining with DAPI (blue) in the third column (c, g, k, o, s, w). Photomicrographs are of representative fields. (B) RT-PCR of HUVEC and two HHV-8 infected cultures (HUVEC/BC-1 and HUVEC/BC-3) for ephrin B2 and EphB4. Ephrin B2 product (200 bp) is seen in HUVEC/BC-1, HUVEC/BC-3 and EphB4 product (400 bp) is seen in HUVEC. Shown also is β-actin RT-PCR as a control for amount and integrity of input RNA.
+FIG. 47 shows that HHV-8 induces arterial marker expression in Kaposi's sarcoma cells. (A) Western blot for ephrin B2 on various cell lysates. SLK-vGPCR is a stable clone of SLK expressing the HHV-8 vGPCR, and SLK-pCEFL is control stable clone transfected with empty expression vector. SLK cells transfected with LANA or LANAΔ440 are SLK-LANA and SLK-Δ440 respectively. Quantity of protein loading and transfer was determined by reprobing the membranes with β-actin monoclonal antibody. (B) Transient transfection of KS-SLK cells with expression vector pvGPCR-CEFL resulted in the expression of ephrin B2 as shown by immunofluorescence staining with FITC (green), whereas the control vector pCEFL had no effect. KS-SLK cells (0.8×105/well) were transfected with 0.8 μg DNA using Lipofectamine 2000. 24 hr later cells were fixed and stained with ephrin B2 polyclonal antibody and FITC conjugated secondary antibody as described in the methods. (C) Transient transfection of HUVEC with vGPCR induces transcription from ephrin B2 luciferase constructs. 8×103 HUVEC in 24 well plates were transfected using Superfect with 0.8 μg/well ephrin B2 promoter constructs containing sequences from −2941 to −11 with respect to the translation start site, or two 5′-deletions as indicated, together with 80 ng/well pCEFL or pvGPCR-CEFL. Luciferase was determined 48 h post transfection and induction ratios are shown to the right of the graph. pGL3Basic is promoterless luciferase control vector. Luciferase was normalized to protein since GPCR induced expression of the cotransfected β-galactosidase. Graphed is mean+SEM of 6 replicates. Shown is one of three similar experiments.
+FIG. 48 shows that VEGF and VEGF-C regulate ephrin B2 expression. A) Inhibition of ephrin B2 by neutralizing antibodies. Cells were cultured in full growth medium and exposed to antibody (100 ng/ml) for 36 hr before collection and lysis for Western blot. B) For induction of ephrin B2 expression cells were cultured in EBM growth medium containing 5% serum lacking growth factors. Individual growth factors were added as indicated and the cells harvested after 36 h. Quantity of protein loading and transfer was determined by reprobing the membranes β-actin monoclonal antibody.
+FIG. 49 shows that Ephrin B2 knock-down with specific siRNA inhibits viability in KS cells and HUVEC grown in the presence of VEGF but not IGF, EGF or bFGF. A) KS-SLK cells were transfected with various siRNA to ephrin B2 and controls. After 48 hr the cells were harvested and crude cell lysates fractionated on 4-20% SDS-PAGE. Western blot was performed with monoclonal antibody to ephrin B2 generated in-house. The membrane was stripped and reprobed with β-actin monoclonal antibody (Sigma) to illustrate equivalent loading and transfer. B) 3 day cell viability assay of KS-SLK cultures in the presence of ephrin B2 and EphB4 siRNAs. 1×105 cells/well in 24-well plates were treated with 0, 10 and 100 ng/ml siRNAs as indicated on the graph. Viability of cultures was determined by MTT assay as described in the methods section. Shown are the mean+standard deviation of duplicate samples. C) HUVE cells were seeded on eight wells chamber slides coated with fibronectin. The HUVE cells were grown overnight in EGM-2 media, which contains all growth supplements. On the following day, the media was replaced with media containing VEGF (10 ng/ml) or EGF, FGF and IGF as indicated. After 2 hrs of incubation at 37° C., the cells were transfected using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) in Opti-MEM medium containing 10 nM of siRNA to ephrin B2, Eph B4 or green fluorescence protein (GFP) as control. The cells were incubated for 2 hr and then the fresh media containing growth factors or VEGF alone was added to their respective wells. After 48 hrs, the cells were stained with crystal violet and the pictures were taken immediately by digital camera at 10× magnification.
+FIG. 50 shows that soluble EphB4 inhibits KS and EC cord formation and in vivo angiogenesis. Cord formation assay of HUVEC in Matrigel™ (upper row). Cells in exponential growth phase were treated overnight with the indicated concentrations of EphB4 extracellular domain (ECD) prior to plating on Matrigel™. Cells were trypsinized and plated (1×105 cells/well) in a 24-well plate containing 0.5 ml Matrigel™. Shown are representative 20× phase contrast fields of cord formation after 8 hr plating on Matrigel™ in the continued presence of the test compounds as shown. Original magnification 200×. KS-SLK cells treated in a similar manner (middle row) in a cord formation assay on Matrigel™. Bottom row shows in vivo Matrigel™ assay: Matrigel™ plugs containing growth factors and EphB4 ECD or PBS were implanted subcutaneously in the mid-ventral region of mice. After 7 days the plugs were removed, sectioned and stained with H&E to visualize cells migrating into the matrix. Intact vessels with large lumens are observed in the control, whereas EphB4 ECD almost completely inhibited migration of cells into the Matrigel.
+FIG. 51 shows expression of EPHB4 in bladder cancer cell lines (A), and regulation of EPHB4 expression by EGFR signaling pathway (B).
+FIG. 52 shows that transfection of p53 inhibit the expression of EPHB4 in 5637 cell.
+FIG. 53 shows growth inhibition of bladder cancer cell line (5637) upon treatment with EPHB4 siRNA 472.
+FIG. 54 shows results on apoptosis study of 5637 cells transfected with EPHB4 siRNA 472.
+FIG. 55 shows effects of EPHB4 antisense probes on cell migration. 5637 cells were treated with EPHB4AS10 (10 μM) (bottom panels). Upper panels show control cells.
+FIG. 56 shows effects of EPHB4 siRNA on cell invasion. 5637 cells were transfected with siRNA 472 or control siRNA.
+FIG. 57 shows comparison of EphB4 monoclonal antibodies by G250 and in pull-down assay.
+FIG. 58 shows that EphB4 antibodies inhibit the growth of SCC15 xenograft tumors.
+FIG. 59 shows that EphB4 antibodies cause apoptosis, necrosis and decreased angiogenesis in SCC15, head and neck carcinoma tumor type.
+FIG. 60 shows that systemic administration of EphB4 antibodies leads to tumor regression.
+FIGS. 61A-J show a genomic nucleotide sequence of human EphB4 (SEQ ID NO:6).
+FIGS. 62A-B show a cDNA nucleotide sequence of human EphB4 (SEQ ID NO:7).
+FIGS. 63A-Q show a genomic nucleotide sequence of human Ephrin B2 (SEQ ID NO:8).
+FIGS. 64A-B show a cDNA nucleotide sequence of human Ephrin B2 (SEQ ID NO:9).
+FIG. 65 shows an amino acid sequence of human EphB4 (SEQ ID NO:10).
+FIG. 66 shows an amino acid sequence of human Ephrin B2 (SEQ ID NO:11).
+FIG. 67 shows a comparison of the EphrinB2 binding properties of the HSA-EphB4 fusion protein and other EphB4 polypeptides.
+FIG. 68 shows a comparison between the in vivo stability of an EphB4-HSA fusion protein and an EphB4 polypeptide in mice.
+FIG. 69 shows the EphrinB2 binding activity of soluble EphB4 polypeptides pegylated under specific pH conditions.
+FIG. 70 shows the chromatographic separation of PEG derivatives of EphB4 protein on SP-Sepharose columns. Purity of the PEG-modified EphB4 protein was analyzed by PAGE. The EphrinB2 binding of the pegylation reaction products is also shown.
+FIG. 71 shows the purity, as determined by SDS-PAGE, of chromatography-separated unpegylated, monopegylated and poly-pegylated EphB4 fractions.
+FIG. 72 shows the EphrinB2-binding activity of the chromatography fractions from the EphB4 pegylation reaction.
+FIG. 73 shows the retention of EphrinB2-binding activity of the chromatography fractions from the EphB4 pegylation reaction after incubation in mouse serum at 37° C. for three days.
+FIG. 74 shows the in vivo stability of unpegylated, monopegylated and polypegylated EphB4 in mice over time.
+
+
+
+DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
+I. Overview
+The current invention is based in part on the discovery that signaling through the ephrin/ephrin receptor (ephrin/eph) pathway contributes to tumorigenesis. Applicants detected expression of ephrin B2 and EphB4 in tumor tissues and developed anti-tumor therapeutic agents for blocking signaling through the ephrin/eph. In addition, the disclosure provides polypeptide therapeutic agents and methods for polypeptide-based inhibition of the function of EphB4 and/or Ephrin B2. Accordingly, in certain aspects, the disclosure provides numerous polypeptide compounds (agents) that may be used to treat cancer as well as angiogenesis related disorders and unwanted angiogenesis related processes. Applicants have generated modified forms of EphrinB2 and EphB4 polypeptides and have demonstrated that such modified forms have markedly improved pharmacokinetic properties. Accordingly, in certain aspects, the disclosure provides numerous polypeptide compounds (agents) that may be used to treat cancer as well as angiogenesis related disorders and unwanted angiogenesis related processes.
+As used herein, the terms Ephrin and Eph are used to refer, respectively, to ligands and receptors. They can be from any of a variety of animals (e.g., mammals/non-mammals, vertebrates/non-vertebrates, including humans). The nomenclature in this area has changed rapidly and the terminology used herein is that proposed as a result of work by the Eph Nomenclature Committee, which can be accessed, along with previously-used names at web site http://www.eph-nomenclature.com.
+The work described herein, particularly in the examples, refers to Ephrin B2 and EphB4. However, the present invention contemplates any ephrin ligand and/or Eph receptor within their respective family, which is expressed in a tumor. The ephrins (ligands) are of two structural types, which can be further subdivided on the basis of sequence relationships and, functionally, on the basis of the preferential binding they exhibit for two corresponding receptor subgroups. Structurally, there are two types of ephrins: those which are membrane-anchored by a glycerophosphatidylinositol (GPI) linkage and those anchored through a transmembrane domain. Conventionally, the ligands are divided into the Ephrin-A subclass, which are GPI-linked proteins which bind preferentially to EphA receptors, and the Ephrin-B subclass, which are transmembrane proteins which generally bind preferentially to EphB receptors.
+The Eph family receptors are a family of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases which are related to Eph, a receptor named for its expression in an erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. They are divided into two subgroups on the basis of the relatedness of their extracellular domain sequences and their ability to bind preferentially to Ephrin-A proteins or Ephrin-B proteins. Receptors which interact preferentially with Ephrin-A proteins are EphA receptors and those which interact preferentially with Ephrin-B proteins are EphB receptors.
+Eph receptors have an extracellular domain composed of the ligand-binding globular domain, a cysteine rich region followed by a pair of fibronectin type III repeats (e.g., see FIG. 16). The cytoplasmic domain consists of a juxtamembrane region containing two conserved tyrosine residues; a protein tyrosine kinase domain; a sterile α-motif (SAM) and a PDZ-domain binding motif. EphB4 is specific for the membrane-bound ligand Ephrin B2 (Sakano, S. et al 1996; Brambilla R. et al 1995). Ephrin B2 belongs to the class of Eph ligands that have a transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic region with five conserved tyrosine residues and PDZ domain. Eph receptors are activated by binding of clustered, membrane attached ephrins (Davis S et al, 1994), indicating that contact between cells expressing the receptors and cells expressing the ligands is required for Eph activation.
+Upon ligand binding, an Eph receptor dimerizes and autophosphorylate the juxtamembrane tyrosine residues to acquire full activation (Kalo M S et al, 1999, Binns K S, 2000). In addition to forward signaling through the Eph receptor, reverse signaling can occur through the ephrin Bs. Eph engagement of ephrins results in rapid phosphorylation of the conserved intracellular tyrosines (Bruckner K, 1997) and somewhat slower recruitment of PDZ binding proteins (Palmer A 2002). Recently, several studies have shown that high expression of Eph/ephrins may be associated with increased potentials for tumor growth, tumorigenicity, and metastasis (Easty D J, 1999; Kiyokawa E, 1994; Tang X X, 1999; Vogt T, 1998; Liu W, 2002; Stephenson S A, 2001; Steube K G 1999; Berclaz G, 1996).
+In certain embodiments, the present invention provides polypeptide therapeutic agents that inhibit activity of Ephrin B2, EphB4, or both. As used herein, the term “polypeptide therapeutic agent” or “polypeptide agent” is a generic term which includes any polypeptide that blocks signaling through the Ephrin B2/EphB4 pathway. A preferred polypeptide therapeutic agent of the invention is a soluble polypeptide of Ephrin B2 or EphB4. Another preferred polypeptide therapeutic agent of the invention is an antagonist antibody that binds to Ephrin B2 or EphB4. For example, such polypeptide therapeutic agent can inhibit function of Ephrin B2 or EphB4, inhibit the interaction between Ephrin B2 and EphB4, inhibit the phosphorylation of Ephrin B2 or EphB4, or inhibit any of the downstream signaling events upon binding of Ephrin B2 to EphB4. Such polypeptides may include EphB4 or EphrinB2 that are modified so as to improve serum half-life, such as by PEGylation or stable association with a serum albumin protein.
+II. Soluble Polypeptides
+In certain aspects, the invention relates to a soluble polypeptide comprising an extracellular domain of an Ephrin B2 protein (referred to herein as an Ephrin B2 soluble polypeptide) or comprising an extracellular domain of an EphB4 protein (referred to herein as an EphB4 soluble polypeptide). Preferably, the subject soluble polypeptide is a monomer and is capable of binding with high affinity to Ephrin B2 or EphB4. In a specific embodiment, the EphB4 soluble polypeptide of the invention comprises a globular domain of an EphB4 protein. Specific examples EphB4 soluble polypeptides are provided in FIGS. 1, 2, and 15. Specific examples of Ephrin B2 soluble polypeptides are provided in FIGS. 3 and 14.
+As used herein, the subject soluble polypeptides include fragments, functional variants, and modified forms of EphB4 soluble polypeptide or an Ephrin B2 soluble polypeptide. These fragments, functional variants, and modified forms of the subject soluble polypeptides antagonize function of EphB4, Ephrin B2 or both.
+In certain embodiments, isolated fragments of the subject soluble polypeptides can be obtained by screening polypeptides recombinantly produced from the corresponding fragment of the nucleic acid encoding an EphB4 or Ephrin B2 soluble polypeptides. In addition, fragments can be chemically synthesized using techniques known in the art such as conventional Merrifield solid phase f-Moc or t-Boc chemistry. The fragments can be produced (recombinantly or by chemical synthesis) and tested to identify those peptidyl fragments that can function to inhibit function of EphB4 or Ephrin B2, for example, by testing the ability of the fragments to inhibit angiogenesis or tumor growth.
+In certain embodiments, a functional variant of an EphB4 soluble polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 99% or 100% identical to residues 1-197, 29-197, 1-312, 29-132, 1-321, 29-321, 1-326, 29-326, 1-412, 29-412, 1-427, 29-427, 1-429, 29-429, 1-526, 29-526, 1-537 and 29-537 of the amino acid sequence defined by FIG. 65 (SEQ ID NO: 10). Such polypeptides may be used in a processed form, and accordingly, in certain embodiments, an EphB4 soluble polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 99% or 100% identical to residues 16-197, 16-312, 16-321, 16-326, 16-412, 16-427, 16-429, 16-526 and 16-537 of the amino acid sequence defined by FIG. 65 (SEQ ID NO:10).
+In other embodiments, a functional variant of an Ephrin B2 soluble polypeptide comprises a sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 99% or 100% identical to residues 1-225 of the amino acid sequence defined by FIG. 66 (SEQ ID NO: 11) or a processed form, such as one comprising a sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 99% or 100% identical to residues 26-225 of the amino acid sequence defined by FIG. 66 (SEQ ID NO: 11).
+In certain embodiments, the present invention contemplates making functional variants by modifying the structure of the subject soluble polypeptide for such purposes as enhancing therapeutic or prophylactic efficacy, or stability (e.g., ex vivo shelf life and resistance to proteolytic degradation in vivo). Such modified soluble polypeptide are considered functional equivalents of the naturally-occurring EphB4 or Ephrin B2 soluble polypeptide. Modified soluble polypeptides can be produced, for instance, by amino acid substitution, deletion, or addition. For instance, it is reasonable to expect, for example, that an isolated replacement of a leucine with an isoleucine or valine, an aspartate with a glutamate, a threonine with a serine, or a similar replacement of an amino acid with a structurally related amino acid (e.g., conservative mutations) will not have a major effect on the biological activity of the resulting molecule. Conservative replacements are those that take place within a family of amino acids that are related in their side chains.
+This invention further contemplates a method of generating sets of combinatorial mutants of the EphB4 or Ephrin B2 soluble polypeptides, as well as truncation mutants, and is especially useful for identifying functional variant sequences. The purpose of screening such combinatorial libraries may be to generate, for example, soluble polypeptide variants which can act as antagonists of EphB4, EphB2, or both. Combinatorially-derived variants can be generated which have a selective potency relative to a naturally occurring soluble polypeptide. Such variant proteins, when expressed from recombinant DNA constructs, can be used in gene therapy protocols. Likewise, mutagenesis can give rise to variants which have intracellular half-lives dramatically different than the corresponding wild-type soluble polypeptide. For example, the altered protein can be rendered either more stable or less stable to proteolytic degradation or other cellular process which result in destruction of, or otherwise inactivation of the protein of interest (e.g., a soluble polypeptide). Such variants, and the genes which encode them, can be utilized to alter the subject soluble polypeptide levels by modulating their half-life. For instance, a short half-life can give rise to more transient biological effects and, when part of an inducible expression system, can allow tighter control of recombinant soluble polypeptide levels within the cell. As above, such proteins, and particularly their recombinant nucleic acid constructs, can be used in gene therapy protocols.
+There are many ways by which the library of potential homologs can be generated from a degenerate oligonucleotide sequence. Chemical synthesis of a degenerate gene sequence can be carried out in an automatic DNA synthesizer, and the synthetic genes then be ligated into an appropriate gene for expression. The purpose of a degenerate set of genes is to provide, in one mixture, all of the sequences encoding the desired set of potential soluble polypeptide sequences. The synthesis of degenerate oligonucleotides is well known in the art (see for example, Narang, S A (1983) Tetrahedron 39:3; Itakura et al., (1981) Recombinant DNA, Proc. 3rd Cleveland Sympos. Macromolecules, ed. A G Walton, Amsterdam: Elsevier pp 273-289; Itakura et al., (1984) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 53:323; Itakura et al., (1984) Science 198:1056; Ike et al., (1983) Nucleic Acid Res. 11:477). Such techniques have been employed in the directed evolution of other proteins (see, for example, Scott et al., (1990) Science 249:386-390; Roberts et al., (1992) PNAS USA 89:2429-2433; Devlin et al., (1990) Science 249: 404-406; Cwirla et al., (1990) PNAS USA 87: 6378-6382; as well as U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,223,409, 5,198,346, and 5,096,815).
+Alternatively, other forms of mutagenesis can be utilized to generate a combinatorial library. For example, soluble polypeptide variants (e.g., the antagonist forms) can be generated and isolated from a library by screening using, for example, alanine scanning mutagenesis and the like (Ruf et al., (1994) Biochemistry 33:1565-1572; Wang et al., (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269:3095-3099; Balint et al., (1993) Gene 137:109-118; Grodberg et al., (1993) Eur. J. Biochem. 218:597-601; Nagashima et al., (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268:2888-2892; Lowman et al., (1991) Biochemistry 30:10832-10838; and Cunningham et al., (1989) Science 244:1081-1085), by linker scanning mutagenesis (Gustin et al., (1993) Virology 193:653-660; Brown et al., (1992) Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:2644-2652; McKnight et al., (1982) Science 232:316); by saturation mutagenesis (Meyers et al., (1986) Science 232:613); by PCR mutagenesis (Leung et al., (1989) Method Cell Mol Biol 1:11-19); or by random mutagenesis, including chemical mutagenesis, etc. (Miller et al., (1992) A Short Course in Bacterial Genetics, CSHL Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; and Greener et al., (1994) Strategies in Mol Biol 7:32-34). Linker scanning mutagenesis, particularly in a combinatorial setting, is an attractive method for identifying truncated (bioactive) forms of the subject soluble polypeptide.
+A wide range of techniques are known in the art for screening gene products of combinatorial libraries made by point mutations and truncations, and, for that matter, for screening cDNA libraries for gene products having a certain property. Such techniques will be generally adaptable for rapid screening of the gene libraries generated by the combinatorial mutagenesis of the subject soluble polypeptides. The most widely used techniques for screening large gene libraries typically comprises cloning the gene library into replicable expression vectors, transforming appropriate cells with the resulting library of vectors, and expressing the combinatorial genes under conditions in which detection of a desired activity facilitates relatively easy isolation of the vector encoding the gene whose product was detected. Each of the illustrative assays described below are amenable to high through-put analysis as necessary to screen large numbers of degenerate sequences created by combinatorial mutagenesis techniques.
+In certain embodiments, the subject soluble polypeptides of the invention include a small molecule such as a peptide and a peptidomimetic. As used herein, the term “peptidomimetic” includes chemically modified peptides and peptide-like molecules that contain non-naturally occurring amino acids, peptoids, and the like. Peptidomimetics provide various advantages over a peptide, including enhanced stability when administered to a subject. Methods for identifying a peptidomimetic are well known in the art and include the screening of databases that contain libraries of potential peptidomimetics. For example, the Cambridge Structural Database contains a collection of greater than 300,000 compounds that have known crystal structures (Allen et al., Acta Crystallogr. Section B, 35:2331 (1979)). Where no crystal structure of a target molecule is available, a structure can be generated using, for example, the program CONCORD (Rusinko et al., J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 29:251 (1989)). Another database, the Available Chemicals Directory (Molecular Design Limited, Informations Systems; San Leandro Calif.), contains about 100,000 compounds that are commercially available and also can be searched to identify potential peptidomimetics of the EphB4 or Ephrin B2 soluble polypeptides.
+In certain embodiments, the soluble polypeptides of the invention may further comprise post-translational modifications. Exemplary post-translational protein modification include phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, ADP-ribosylation, ubiquitination, glycosylation, carbonylation, sumoylation, biotinylation or addition of a polypeptide side chain or of a hydrophobic group. As a result, the modified soluble polypeptides may contain non-amino acid elements, such as lipids, poly- or mono-saccharide, and phosphates. Effects of such non-amino acid elements on the functionality of a soluble polypeptide may be tested for its antagonizing role in EphB4 or Ephrin B2 function, e.g, it inhibitory effect on angiogenesis or on tumor growth.
+In one specific embodiment of the present invention, modified forms of the subject soluble polypeptides comprise linking the subject soluble polypeptides to nonproteinaceous polymers. In one specific embodiment, the polymer is polyethylene glycol (“PEG”), polypropylene glycol, or polyoxyalkylenes, in the manner as set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 4,640,835; 4,496,689; 4,301,144; 4,670,417; 4,791,192 or 4,179,337. Examples of the modified polypeptide of the invention include PEGylated soluble Ephrin B2 and PEGylated soluble EphB4.
+PEG is a well-known, water soluble polymer that is commercially available or can be prepared by ring-opening polymerization of ethylene glycol according to methods well known in the art (Sandler and Karo, Polymer Synthesis, Academic Press, New York, Vol. 3, pages 138-161). The term “PEG” is used broadly to encompass any polyethylene glycol molecule, without regard to size or to modification at an end of the PEG, and can be represented by the formula:
+X—O(CH2CH2O)n-1CH2CH2OH (1), where n is 20 to 2300 and X is H or a terminal modification, e.g., a C1-4 alkyl. In one embodiment, the PEG of the invention terminates on one end with hydroxy or methoxy, i.e., X is H or CH3 (“methoxy PEG”). A PEG can contain further chemical groups which are necessary for binding reactions; which results from the chemical synthesis of the molecule; or which is a spacer for optimal distance of parts of the molecule. In addition, such a PEG can consist of one or more PEG side-chains which are linked together. PEGs with more than one PEG chain are called multiarmed or branched PEGs. Branched PEGs can be prepared, for example, by the addition of polyethylene oxide to various polyols, including glycerol, pentaerythriol, and sorbitol. For example, a four-armed branched PEG can be prepared from pentaerythriol and ethylene oxide. Branched PEG are described in, for example, EP-A 0 473 084 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,462. One form of PEGs includes two PEG side-chains (PEG2) linked via the primary amino groups of a lysine (Monfardini, C., et al., Bioconjugate Chem. 6 (1995) 62-69).
+PEG conjugation to peptides or proteins generally involves the activation of PEG and coupling of the activated PEG-intermediates directly to target proteins/peptides or to a linker, which is subsequently activated and coupled to target proteins/peptides (see Abuchowski, A. et al, J. Biol. Chem., 252, 3571 (1977) and J. Biol. Chem., 252, 3582 (1977), Zalipsky, et al., and Harris et. al., in: Poly(ethylene glycol) Chemistry: Biotechnical and Biomedical Applications; (J. M. Harris ed.) Plenum Press: New York, 1992; Chap. 21 and 22). It is noted that an EphB4 containing a PEG molecule is also known as a conjugated protein, whereas the protein lacking an attached PEG molecule can be referred to as unconjugated.
+Any molecular mass for a PEG can be used as practically desired, e.g., from about 1,000 Daltons (Da) to 100,000 Da (n is 20 to 2300), for conjugating to Eph4 or EphrinB2 soluble peptides. The number of repeating units “n” in the PEG is approximated for the molecular mass described in Daltons. It is preferred that the combined molecular mass of PEG on an activated linker is suitable for pharmaceutical use. Thus, in one embodiment, the molecular mass of the PEG molecules does not exceed 100,000 Da. For example, if three PEG molecules are attached to a linker, where each PEG molecule has the same molecular mass of 12,000 Da (each n is about 270), then the total molecular mass of PEG on the linker is about 36,000 Da (total n is about 820). The molecular masses of the PEG attached to the linker can also be different, e.g., of three molecules on a linker two PEG molecules can be 5,000 Da each (each n is about 110) and one PEG molecule can be 12,000 Da (n is about 270).
+In a specific embodiment of the invention, an EphB4 polypeptide is covalently linked to one poly(ethylene glycol) group of the formula: —CO—(CH2)x—(OCH2CH2)m—OR, with the —CO (i.e. carbonyl) of the poly(ethylene glycol) group forming an amide bond with one of the amino groups of EphB4; R being lower alkyl; x being 2 or 3; m being from about 450 to about 950; and n and m being chosen so that the molecular weight of the conjugate minus the EphB4 protein is from about 10 to 40 kDa. In one embodiment, an EphB4 ε-amino group of a lysine is the available (free) amino group.
+The above conjugates may be more specifically presented by formula (II): P—NHCO—(CH2)x—(OCH2CH2)m—OR (II), wherein P is the group of an EphB4 protein as described herein, (i.e. without the amino group or amino groups which form an amide linkage with the carbonyl shown in formula (II); and wherein R is lower alkyl; x is 2 or 3; m is from about 450 to about 950 and is chosen so that the molecular weight of the conjugate minus the EphB4 protein is from about 10 to about 40 kDa. As used herein, the given ranges of “m” have an orientational meaning. The ranges of “m” are determined in any case, and exactly, by the molecular weight of the PEG group.
+One skilled in the art can select a suitable molecular mass for PEG, e.g., based on how the pegylated EphB4 will be used therapeutically, the desired dosage, circulation time, resistance to proteolysis, immunogenicity, and other considerations. For a discussion of PEG and its use to enhance the properties of proteins, see N. V. Katre, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 10: 91-114 (1993).
+In one embodiment of the invention, PEG molecules may be activated to react with amino groups on EphB4, such as with lysines (Bencham C. O. et al., Anal. Biochem., 131, 25 (1983); Veronese, F. M. et al., Appl. Biochem., 11, 141 (1985).; Zalipsky, S. et al., Polymeric Drugs and Drug Delivery Systems, adrs 9-110 ACS Symposium Series 469 (1999); Zalipsky, S. et al., Europ. Polym. J., 19, 1177-1183 (1983); Delgado, C. et al., Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, 12, 119-128 (1990)).
+In one specific embodiment, carbonate esters of PEG are used to form the PEG-EphB4 conjugates. N,N′-disuccinimidylcarbonate (DSC) may be used in the reaction with PEG to form active mixed PEG-succinimidyl carbonate that may be subsequently reacted with a nucleophilic group of a linker or an amino group of EphB4 (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,281,698 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,462). In a similar type of reaction, 1,1′-(dibenzotriazolyl)carbonate and di-(2-pyridyl)carbonate may be reacted with PEG to form PEG-benzotriazolyl and PEG-pyridyl mixed carbonate (U.S. Pat. No. 5,382,657), respectively.
+In one embodiment, additional sites for PEGylation are introduced by site-directed mutagenesis by introducing one or more lysine residues. For instance, one or more arginine residues may be mutated to a lysine residue. In another embodiment, additional PEGylation sites are chemically introduced by modifying amino acids on EphB4. In one specific embodiment, carboxyl groups in EphB4 are conjugated with diaminobutane, resulting in carboxyl amidation (see Li et al., Anal Biochem. 2004; 330(2):264-71). This reaction may be catalyzed by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide, a water-soluble carbodiimide. The resulting amides can then conjugated to PEG.
+PEGylation of EphB4 can be performed according to the methods of the state of the art, for example by reaction of EphB4 with electrophilically active PEGs (supplier: Shearwater Corp., USA, www.shearwatercorp.com). Preferred PEG reagents of the present invention are, e.g., N-hydroxysuccinimidyl propionates (PEG-SPA), butanoates (PEG-SBA), PEG-succinimidyl propionate or branched N-hydroxysuccinimides such as mPEG2-NHS (Monfardini, C., et al., Bioconjugate Chem. 6 (1995) 62-69). Such methods may used to PEGylated at an ε-amino group of an EphB4 lysine or the N-terminal amino group of EphB4.
+In another embodiment, PEG molecules may be coupled to sulfhydryl groups on EphB4 (Sartore, L., et al., Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 27, 45 (1991); Morpurgo et al., Biocon. Chem., 7, 363-368 (1996); Goodson et al., Bio/Technology (1990) 8, 343; U.S. Pat. No. 5,766,897). U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,610,281 and 5,766,897 describes exemplary reactive PEG species that may be coupled to sulfhydryl groups.
+In some embodiments where PEG molecules are conjugated to cysteine residues on EphB4, the cysteine residues are native to Eph4, whereas in other embodiments, one or more cysteine residues are engineered into EphB4. Mutations may be introduced into an EphB4 coding sequence to generate cysteine residues. This might be achieved, for example, by mutating one or more amino acid residues to cysteine. Preferred amino acids for mutating to a cysteine residue include serine, threonine, alanine and other hydrophilic residues. Preferably, the residue to be mutated to cysteine is a surface-exposed residue. Algorithms are well-known in the art for predicting surface accessibility of residues based on primary sequence or a protein. Alternatively, surface residues may be predicted by comparing the amino acid sequences of EphB4 an EphB2, given that the crystal structure of EphB2 has been solved (see Himanen et al., Nature. (2001) 20-27; 414(6866):933-8) and thus the surface-exposed residues identified. In one embodiment, cysteine residues are introduced into EphB4 at or near the N- and/or C-terminus, or within loop regions. Loop regions may be identified by comparing the EphB4 sequence to that of EphB2.
+In some embodiments, the pegylated EphB4 comprises a PEG molecule covalently attached to the alpha amino group of the N-terminal amino acid. Site specific N-terminal reductive amination is described in Pepinsky et al., (2001) JPET, 297, 1059, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,824,784. The use of a PEG-aldehyde for the reductive amination of a protein utilizing other available nucleophilic amino groups is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,002,531, in Wieder et al., (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 12579, and in Chamow et al., (1994) Bioconjugate Chem. 5, 133.
+In another embodiment, pegylated EphB4 comprises one or more PEG molecules covalently attached to a linker, which in turn is attached to the alpha amino group of the amino acid residue at the N-terminus of EphB4. Such an approach is disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2002/0044921 and in WO94/01451.
+In one embodiment, EphB4 is pegylated at the C-terminus. In a specific embodiment, a protein is pegylated at the C-terminus by the introduction of C-terminal azido-methionine and the subsequent conjugation of a methyl-PEG-triarylphosphine compound via the Staudinger reaction. This C-terminal conjugation method is described in Cazalis et al., C-Terminal Site-Specific PEGylation of a Truncated Thrombomodulin Mutant with Retention of Full Bioactivity, Bioconjug Chem. 2004; 15(5):1005-1009.
+Monopegylation of EphB4 can also be produced according to the general methods described in WO 94/01451. WO 94/01451 describes a method for preparing a recombinant polypeptide with a modified terminal amino acid alpha-carbon reactive group. The steps of the method involve forming the recombinant polypeptide and protecting it with one or more biologically added protecting groups at the N-terminal alpha-amine and C-terminal alpha-carboxyl. The polypeptide can then be reacted with chemical protecting agents to selectively protect reactive side chain groups and thereby prevent side chain groups from being modified. The polypeptide is then cleaved with a cleavage reagent specific for the biological protecting group to form an unprotected terminal amino acid alpha-carbon reactive group. The unprotected terminal amino acid alpha-carbon reactive group is modified with a chemical modifying agent. The side chain protected terminally modified single copy polypeptide is then deprotected at the side chain groups to form a terminally modified recombinant single copy polypeptide. The number and sequence of steps in the method can be varied to achieve selective modification at the N- and/or C-terminal amino acid of the polypeptide.
+The ratio of EphB4 (or EphrinB2) to activated PEG in the conjugation reaction can be from about 1:0.5 to 1:50, between from about 1:1 to 1:30, or from about 1:5 to 1:15. Various aqueous buffers can be used in the present method to catalyze the covalent addition of PEG to EphB4. In one embodiment, the pH of a buffer used is from about 7.0 to 9.0. In another embodiment, the pH is in a slightly basic range, e.g., from about 7.5 to 8.5. Buffers having a pKa close to neutral pH range may be used, e.g., phosphate buffer.
+In one embodiment, the temperature range for preparing a mono-PEG-EphB4 is from about 4° C. to 40° C., or from about 18° C. to 25° C. In another embodiment, the temperature is room temperature.
+The pegylation reaction can proceed from 3 to 48 hours, or from 10 to 24 hours. The reaction can be monitored using SE-HPLC to distinguish EphB4, mono-PEG-EphB4 and poly-PEG-EphB4. It is noted that mono-PEG-EphB4 forms before di-PEG-EphB4. When the mono-PEG-EphB4 concentration reaches a plateau, the reaction can be terminated by adding a quenching agent to react with unreacted PEG. In some embodiments, the quenching agent is a free amino acid, such as glycine, cysteine or lysine.
+Conventional separation and purification techniques known in the art can be used to purify pegylated EphB4 or EphrinB2 products, such as size exclusion (e.g. gel filtration) and ion exchange chromatography. Products may also be separated using SDS-PAGE. Products that may be separated include mono-, di-, tri-poly- and un-pegylated EphB4, as well as free PEG. The percentage of mono-PEG conjugates can be controlled by pooling broader fractions around the elution peak to increase the percentage of mono-PEG in the composition. About ninety percent mono-PEG conjugates represents a good balance of yield and activity. Compositions in which, for example, at least ninety-two percent or at least ninety-six percent of the conjugates are mono-PEG species may be desired. In an embodiment of this invention the percentage of mono-PEG conjugates is from ninety percent to ninety-six percent.
+In one embodiment, pegylated EphB4 proteins of the invention contain one, two or more PEG moieties. In one embodiment, the PEG moiety(ies) are bound to an amino acid residue which is on the surface of the protein and/or away from the surface that contacts EphrinB2. In one embodiment, the combined or total molecular mass of PEG in PEG-EphB4 is from about 3,000 Da to 60,000 Da, optionally from about 10,000 Da to 36,000 Da. In a one embodiment, the PEG in pegylated EphB4 is a substantially linear, straight-chain PEG.
+In one embodiment of the invention, the PEG in pegylated EphB4 or EphrinB2 is not hydrolyzed from the pegylated amino acid residue using a hydroxylamine assay, e.g., 450 mM hydroxylamine (pH 6.5) over 8 to 16 hours at room temperature, and is thus stable. In one embodiment, greater than 80% of the composition is stable mono-PEG-EphB4, more preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 95%.
+In another embodiment, the pegylated EphB4 proteins of the invention will preferably retain at least 25%, 50%, 60%, 70% least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% of the biological activity associated with the unmodified protein. In one embodiment, biological activity refers to its ability to bind to EphrinB2. In one specific embodiment, the pegylated EphB4 protein shows an increase in binding to EphrinB2 relative to unpegylated EphB4.
+In a preferred embodiment, the PEG-EphB4 has a half-life (t1/2) which is enhanced relative to the half-life of the unmodified protein. Preferably, the half-life of PEG-EphB4 is enhanced by at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 250%, 300%, 400% or 500%, or even by 1000% relative to the half-life of the unmodified EphB4 protein. In some embodiments, the protein half-life is determined in vitro, such as in a buffered saline solution or in serum. In other embodiments, the protein half-life is an in vivo half life, such as the half-life of the protein in the serum or other bodily fluid of an animal.
+In certain aspects, functional variants or modified forms of the subject soluble polypeptides include fusion proteins having at least a portion of the soluble polypeptide and one or more fusion domains. Well known examples of such fusion domains include, but are not limited to, polyhistidine, Glu-Glu, glutathione S transferase (GST), thioredoxin, protein A, protein G, and an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region (Fc), maltose binding protein (MBP), which are particularly useful for isolation of the fusion proteins by affinity chromatography. For the purpose of affinity purification, relevant matrices for affinity chromatography, such as glutathione-, amylase-, and nickel- or cobalt-conjugated resins are used. Another fusion domain well known in the art is green fluorescent protein (GFP). Fusion domains also include “epitope tags,” which are usually short peptide sequences for which a specific antibody is available. Well known epitope tags for which specific monoclonal antibodies are readily available include FLAG, influenza virus haemagglutinin (HA), and c-myc tags. In some cases, the fusion domains have a protease cleavage site, such as for Factor Xa or Thrombin, which allows the relevant protease to partially digest the fusion proteins and thereby liberate the recombinant proteins therefrom. The liberated proteins can then be isolated from the fusion domain by subsequent chromatographic separation.
+In certain embodiments, the soluble polypeptides of the present invention contain one or more modifications that are capable of stabilizing the soluble polypeptides. For example, such modifications enhance the in vitro half life of the soluble polypeptides, enhance circulatory half life of the soluble polypeptides or reducing proteolytic degradation of the soluble polypeptides.
+In a further embodiment, a soluble polypeptide of the present invention is fused to a cytotoxic agent. In this method, the fusion acts to target the cytotoxic agent to a specific tissue or cell (e.g., a tumor tissue or cell), resulting in a reduction in the number of afflicted cells. Such an approach can thereby reduce symptoms associated with cancer and angiogenesis-associated disorders. Cytotoxic agents include, but are not limited to, diphtheria A chain, exotoxin A chain, ricin A chain, abrin A chain, curcin, crotin, phenomycin, enomycin and the like, as well as radiochemicals.
+In certain embodiments, the soluble polypeptides of the present invention may be fused to other therapeutic proteins or to other proteins such as Fc or serum albumin for pharmacokinetic purposes. See for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,766,883 and 5,876,969, both of which are incorporated by reference. In some embodiments, soluble peptides of the present invention are fused to Fc variants. In a specific embodiment, the soluble polypeptide is fused to an Fc variant which does not homodimerize, such as one lacking the cysteine residues which form cysteine bonds with other Fc chains.
+In some embodiments, the modified proteins of the invention comprise fusion proteins with an Fc region of an immunoglobulin. As is known, each immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region comprises four or five domains. The domains are named sequentially as follows: CH1-hinge-CH2-CH3(-CH4). The DNA sequences of the heavy chain domains have cross-homology among the immunoglobulin classes, e.g., the CH2 domain of IgG is homologous to the CH2 domain of IgA and IgD, and to the CH3 domain of IgM and IgE. As used herein, the term, “immunoglobulin Fc region” is understood to mean the carboxyl-terminal portion of an immunoglobulin chain constant region, preferably an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region, or a portion thereof. For example, an immunoglobulin Fc region may comprise 1) a CH1 domain, a CH2 domain, and a CH3 domain, 2) a CH1 domain and a CH2 domain, 3) a CH1 domain and a CH3 domain, 4) a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain, or 5) a combination of two or more domains and an immunoglobulin hinge region. In a preferred embodiment the immunoglobulin Fc region comprises at least an immunoglobulin hinge region a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain, and preferably lacks the CH1 domain.
+In one embodiment, the class of immunoglobulin from which the heavy chain constant region is derived is IgG (Igγ) (γ subclasses 1, 2, 3, or 4). The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of human Fc .gamma.-1 are set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 5 and 6. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of murine Fcγ-2a are set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 7 and 8. Other classes of immunoglobulin, IgA (Igα), IgD (Igδ), IgE (Igε) and IgM (Igμ), may be used. The choice of appropriate immunoglobulin heavy chain constant regions is discussed in detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,541,087, and 5,726,044. The choice of particular immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region sequences from certain immunoglobulin classes and subclasses to achieve a particular result is considered to be within the level of skill in the art. The portion of the DNA construct encoding the immunoglobulin Fc region preferably comprises at least a portion of a hinge domain, and preferably at least a portion of a CH3 domain of Fc γ or the homologous domains in any of IgA, IgD, IgE, or IgM.
+Furthermore, it is contemplated that substitution or deletion of amino acids within the immunoglobulin heavy chain constant regions may be useful in the practice of the invention. One example would be to introduce amino acid substitutions in the upper CH2 region to create a Fc variant with reduced affinity for Fc receptors (Cole et al. (1997) J. IMMUNOL. 159:3613). One of ordinary skill in the art can prepare such constructs using well known molecular biology techniques.
+In a specific embodiment of the present invention, the modified forms of the subject soluble polypeptides are fusion proteins having at least a portion of the soluble polypeptide (e.g., an ectodomain of Ephrin B2 or EphB4) and a stabilizing domain such as albumin. As used herein, “albumin” refers collectively to albumin protein or amino acid sequence, or an albumin fragment or variant, having one or more functional activities (e.g., biological activities) of albumin. In particular, “albumin” refers to human albumin or fragments thereof (see EP 201 239, EP 322 094 WO 97/24445, WO95/23857) especially the mature form of human albumin, or albumin from other vertebrates or fragments thereof, or analogs or variants of these molecules or fragments thereof.
+The present invention describes that such fusion proteins are more stable relative to the corresponding wildtype soluble protein. For example, the subject soluble polypeptide (e.g., an ectodomain of Ephrin B2 or EphB4) can be fused with human serum albumin (HSA), bovine serum albumin (BSA), or any fragment of an albumin protein which has stabilization activity. Such stabilizing domains include human serum albumin (HSA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA).
+In particular, the albumin fusion proteins of the invention may include naturally occurring polymorphic variants of human albumin and fragments of human albumin (See WO95/23857), for example those fragments disclosed in EP 322 094 (namely HA (Pn), where n is 369 to 419). The albumin may be derived from any vertebrate, especially any mammal, for example human, cow, sheep, or pig. Non-mammalian albumins include, but are not limited to, hen and salmon. The albumin portion of the albumin fusion protein may be from a different animal than the EphB4.
+In some embodiments, the albumin protein portion of an albumin fusion protein corresponds to a fragment of serum albumin. Fragments of serum albumin polypeptides include polypeptides having one or more residues deleted from the amino terminus or from the C-terminus. Generally speaking, an HA fragment or variant will be at least 100 amino acids long, preferably at least 150 amino acids long. The HA variant may consist of or alternatively comprise at least one whole domain of HA. Domains, with reference to SEQ ID NO:18 in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004/0171123, are as follows: domains 1 (amino acids 1-194), 2 (amino acids 195-387), 3 (amino acids 388-585), 1+2 (1-387), 2+3 (195-585) or 1+3 (amino acids 1-194+ amino acids 388-585). Each domain is itself made up of two homologous subdomains namely 1-105, 120-194, 195-291, 316-387, 388-491 and 512-585, with flexible inter-subdomain linker regions comprising residues Lys 106 to Glu119, Glu292 to Val315 and Glu492 to Ala511.
+In one embodiment, the EphB4-HSA fusion has one EphB4 soluble polypeptide linked to one HSA molecule, but other conformations are within the invention. For example, EphB4-HSA fusion proteins can have any of the following formula: R1-L-R2; R2-L-R1; R1-L-R2-L-R1; or R2-L-R1-L-R2; R1-R2; R2-R1; R1-R2-R1; or R2-R1-R2; wherein R1 is a soluble EphB4 sequence, R2 is HSA, and L is a peptide linker sequence.
+In a specific embodiment, the EphB4 and HSA domains are linked to each other, preferably via a linker sequence, which separates the EphB4 and HSA domains by a distance sufficient to ensure that each domain properly folds into its secondary and tertiary structures. Preferred linker sequences (1) should adopt a flexible extended conformation, (2) should not exhibit a propensity for developing an ordered secondary structure which could interact with the functional EphB4 and HSA domains, and (3) should have minimal hydrophobic or charged character, which could promote interaction with the functional protein domains. Typical surface amino acids in flexible protein regions include Gly, Asn and Ser. Permutations of amino acid sequences containing Gly, Asn and Ser would be expected to satisfy the above criteria for a linker sequence. Other near neutral amino acids, such as Thr and Ala, can also be used in the linker sequence.
+In a specific embodiment, a linker sequence length of about 20 amino acids can be used to provide a suitable separation of functional protein domains, although longer or shorter linker sequences may also be used. The length of the linker sequence separating EphB4 and HSA can be from 5 to 500 amino acids in length, or more preferably from 5 to 100 amino acids in length. Preferably, the linker sequence is from about 5-30 amino acids in length. In preferred embodiments, the linker sequence is from about 5 to about 20 amino acids, and is advantageously from about 10 to about 20 amino acids. Amino acid sequences useful as linkers of EphB4 and HSA include, but are not limited to, (SerGly4)y wherein y is greater than or equal to 8, or Gly4SerGly5Ser. A preferred linker sequence has the formula (SerGly4)4. Another preferred linker has the sequence ((Ser-Ser-Ser-Ser-Gly)-3-Ser-Pro).
+In one embodiment, the polypeptides of the present invention and HSA proteins are directly fused without a linker sequence. In preferred embodiments, the C-terminus of a soluble EphB4 polypeptide can be directly fused to the N-terminus of HSA or the C-terminus of HSA can be directly fused to the N-terminus of soluble EphB4.
+In some embodiments, the immunogenicity of the fusion junction between HSA and EphB4 may be reduced the by identifying a candidate T-cell epitope within a junction region spanning a fusion protein and changing an amino acid within the junction region as described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0166877.
+In certain embodiments, soluble polypeptides (unmodified or modified) of the invention can be produced by a variety of art-known techniques. For example, such soluble polypeptides can be synthesized using standard protein chemistry techniques such as those described in Bodansky, M. Principles of Peptide Synthesis, Springer Verlag, Berlin (1993) and Grant G. A. (ed.), Synthetic Peptides: A User's Guide, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York (1992). In addition, automated peptide synthesizers are commercially available (e.g., Advanced ChemTech Model 396; Milligen/Biosearch 9600). Alternatively, the soluble polypeptides, fragments or variants thereof may be recombinantly produced using various expression systems as is well known in the art (also see below).
+III. Nucleic Acids Encoding Soluble Polypeptides
+In certain aspects, the invention relates to isolated and/or recombinant nucleic acids encoding an EphB4 or Ephrin B2 soluble polypeptide. The subject nucleic acids may be single-stranded or double-stranded, DNA or RNA molecules. These nucleic acids are useful as therapeutic agents. For example, these nucleic acids are useful in making recombinant soluble polypeptides which are administered to a cell or an individual as therapeutics. Alternative, these nucleic acids can be directly administered to a cell or an individual as therapeutics such as in gene therapy.
+In certain embodiments, the invention provides isolated or recombinant nucleic acid sequences that are at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to a region of the nucleotide sequence depicted in SEQ ID Nos. 6-9. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that nucleic acid sequences complementary to the subject nucleic acids, and variants of the subject nucleic acids are also within the scope of this invention. In further embodiments, the nucleic acid sequences of the invention can be isolated, recombinant, and/or fused with a heterologous nucleotide sequence, or in a DNA library.
+In other embodiments, nucleic acids of the invention also include nucleotide sequences that hybridize under highly stringent conditions to the nucleotide sequence depicted in SEQ ID Nos. 6-9, or complement sequences thereof. As discussed above, one of ordinary skill in the art will understand readily that appropriate stringency conditions which promote DNA hybridization can be varied. One of ordinary skill in the art will understand readily that appropriate stringency conditions which promote DNA hybridization can be varied. For example, one could perform the hybridization at 6.0× sodium chloride/sodium citrate (SSC) at about 45° C., followed by a wash of 2.0×SSC at 50° C. For example, the salt concentration in the wash step can be selected from a low stringency of about 2.0×SSC at 50° C. to a high stringency of about 0.2×SSC at 50° C. In addition, the temperature in the wash step can be increased from low stringency conditions at room temperature, about 22° C., to high stringency conditions at about 65° C. Both temperature and salt may be varied, or temperature or salt concentration may be held constant while the other variable is changed. In one embodiment, the invention provides nucleic acids which hybridize under low stringency conditions of 6×SSC at room temperature followed by a wash at 2×SSC at room temperature.
+Isolated nucleic acids which differ from the subject nucleic acids due to degeneracy in the genetic code are also within the scope of the invention. For example, a number of amino acids are designated by more than one triplet. Codons that specify the same amino acid, or synonyms (for example, CAU and CAC are synonyms for histidine) may result in “silent” mutations which do not affect the amino acid sequence of the protein. However, it is expected that DNA sequence polymorphisms that do lead to changes in the amino acid sequences of the subject proteins will exist among mammalian cells. One skilled in the art will appreciate that these variations in one or more nucleotides (up to about 3-5% of the nucleotides) of the nucleic acids encoding a particular protein may exist among individuals of a given species due to natural allelic variation. Any and all such nucleotide variations and resulting amino acid polymorphisms are within the scope of this invention.
+In certain embodiments, the recombinant nucleic acids of the invention may be operably linked to one or more regulatory nucleotide sequences in an expression construct. Regulatory nucleotide sequences will generally be appropriate for a host cell used for expression. Numerous types of appropriate expression vectors and suitable regulatory sequences are known in the art for a variety of host cells. Typically, said one or more regulatory nucleotide sequences may include, but are not limited to, promoter sequences, leader or signal sequences, ribosomal binding sites, transcriptional start and termination sequences, translational start and termination sequences, and enhancer or activator sequences. Constitutive or inducible promoters as known in the art are contemplated by the invention. The promoters may be either naturally occurring promoters, or hybrid promoters that combine elements of more than one promoter. An expression construct may be present in a cell on an episome, such as a plasmid, or the expression construct may be inserted in a chromosome. In a preferred embodiment, the expression vector contains a selectable marker gene to allow the selection of transformed host cells. Selectable marker genes are well known in the art and will vary with the host cell used.
+In certain aspect of the invention, the subject nucleic acid is provided in an expression vector comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an EphB4 or Ephrin B2 soluble polypeptide and operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence. Regulatory sequences are art-recognized and are selected to direct expression of the soluble polypeptide. Accordingly, the term regulatory sequence includes promoters, enhancers, and other expression control elements. Exemplary regulatory sequences are described in Goeddel; Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990). For instance, any of a wide variety of expression control sequences that control the expression of a DNA sequence when operatively linked to it may be used in these vectors to express DNA sequences encoding a soluble polypeptide. Such useful expression control sequences, include, for example, the early and late promoters of SV40, tet promoter, adenovirus or cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter, the lac system, the trp system, the TAC or TRC system, T7 promoter whose expression is directed by T7 RNA polymerase, the major operator and promoter regions of phage lambda, the control regions for fd coat protein, the promoter for 3-phosphoglycerate kinase or other glycolytic enzymes, the promoters of acid phosphatase, e.g., Pho5, the promoters of the yeast α-mating factors, the polyhedron promoter of the baculovirus system and other sequences known to control the expression of genes of prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells or their viruses, and various combinations thereof. It should be understood that the design of the expression vector may depend on such factors as the choice of the host cell to be transformed and/or the type of protein desired to be expressed. Moreover, the vector's copy number, the ability to control that copy number and the expression of any other protein encoded by the vector, such as antibiotic markers, should also be considered.
+This invention also pertains to a host cell transfected with a recombinant gene including a coding sequence for one or more of the subject soluble polypeptide. The host cell may be any prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell. For example, a soluble polypeptide of the invention may be expressed in bacterial cells such as E. coli, insect cells (e.g., using a baculovirus expression system), yeast, or mammalian cells. Other suitable host cells are known to those skilled in the art.
+Accordingly, the present invention further pertains to methods of producing the subject soluble polypeptides. For example, a host cell transfected with an expression vector encoding an EphB4 soluble polypeptide can be cultured under appropriate conditions to allow expression of the EphB4 soluble polypeptide to occur. The EphB4 soluble polypeptide may be secreted and isolated from a mixture of cells and medium containing the soluble polypeptides. Alternatively, the soluble polypeptides may be retained cytoplasmically or in a membrane fraction and the cells harvested, lysed and the protein isolated. A cell culture includes host cells, media and other byproducts. Suitable media for cell culture are well known in the art. The soluble polypeptides can be isolated from cell culture medium, host cells, or both using techniques known in the art for purifying proteins, including ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, ultrafiltration, electrophoresis, and immunoaffinity purification with antibodies specific for particular epitopes of the soluble polypeptides. In a preferred embodiment, the soluble polypeptide is a fusion protein containing a domain which facilitates its purification.
+A recombinant nucleic acid of the invention can be produced by ligating the cloned gene, or a portion thereof, into a vector suitable for expression in either prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells (yeast, avian, insect or mammalian), or both. Expression vehicles for production of a recombinant soluble polypeptide include plasmids and other vectors. For instance, suitable vectors include plasmids of the types: pBR322-derived plasmids, pEMBL-derived plasmids, pEX-derived plasmids, pBTac-derived plasmids and pUC-derived plasmids for expression in prokaryotic cells, such as E. coli. 
+The preferred mammalian expression vectors contain both prokaryotic sequences to facilitate the propagation of the vector in bacteria, and one or more eukaryotic transcription units that are expressed in eukaryotic cells. The pcDNAI/amp, pcDNAI/neo, pRc/CMV, pSV2gpt, pSV2neo, pSV2-dhfr, pTk2, pRSVneo, pMSG, pSVT7, pko-neo and pHyg derived vectors are examples of mammalian expression vectors suitable for transfection of eukaryotic cells. Some of these vectors are modified with sequences from bacterial plasmids, such as pBR322, to facilitate replication and drug resistance selection in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Alternatively, derivatives of viruses such as the bovine papilloma virus (BPV-1), or Epstein-Barr virus (pHEBo, pREP-derived and p205) can be used for transient expression of proteins in eukaryotic cells. Examples of other viral (including retroviral) expression systems can be found below in the description of gene therapy delivery systems. The various methods employed in the preparation of the plasmids and transformation of host organisms are well known in the art. For other suitable expression systems for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, as well as general recombinant procedures, see Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., ed. by Sambrook, Fritsch and Maniatis (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989) Chapters 16 and 17. In some instances, it may be desirable to express the recombinant SLC5A8 polypeptide by the use of a baculovirus expression system. Examples of such baculovirus expression systems include pVL-derived vectors (such as pVL1392, pVL1393 and pVL941), pAcUW-derived vectors (such as pAcUW1), and pBlueBac-derived vectors (such as the β-gal containing pBlueBac III).
+Techniques for making fusion genes are well known. Essentially, the joining of various DNA fragments coding for different polypeptide sequences is performed in accordance with conventional techniques, employing blunt-ended or stagger-ended termini for ligation, restriction enzyme digestion to provide for appropriate termini, filling-in of cohesive ends as appropriate, alkaline phosphatase treatment to avoid undesirable joining, and enzymatic ligation. In another embodiment, the fusion gene can be synthesized by conventional techniques including automated DNA synthesizers. Alternatively, PCR amplification of gene fragments can be carried out using anchor primers which give rise to complementary overhangs between two consecutive gene fragments which can subsequently be annealed to generate a chimeric gene sequence (see, for example, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, eds. Ausubel et al., John Wiley & Sons: 1992).
+IV. Drug Screening Assays
+There are numerous approaches to screening for polypeptide therapeutic agents as antagonists of EphB4, Ephrin B2 or both. For example, high-throughput screening of compounds or molecules can be carried out to identify agents or drugs which inhibit angiogenesis or inhibit tumor growth. Test agents can be any chemical (element, molecule, compound, drug), made synthetically, made by recombinant techniques or isolated from a natural source. For example, test agents can be peptides, polypeptides, peptoids, sugars, hormones, or nucleic acid molecules. In addition, test agents can be small molecules or molecules of greater complexity made by combinatorial chemistry, for example, and compiled into libraries. These libraries can comprise, for example, alcohols, alkyl halides, amines, amides, esters, aldehydes, ethers and other classes of organic compounds. Test agents can also be natural or genetically engineered products isolated from lysates or growth media of cells—bacterial, animal or plant—or can be the cell lysates or growth media themselves. Presentation of test compounds to the test system can be in either an isolated form or as mixtures of compounds, especially in initial screening steps.
+For example, an assay can be carried out to screen for compounds that specifically inhibit binding of Ephrin B2 (ligand) to EphB4 (receptor), or vice-versa, e.g., by inhibition of binding of labeled ligand- or receptor-Fc fusion proteins to immortalized cells. Compounds identified through this screening can then be tested in animals to assess their anti-angiogenesis or anti-tumor activity in vivo.
+In one embodiment of an assay to identify a substance that interferes with interaction of two cell surface molecules (e.g., Ephrin B2 and EphB4), samples of cells expressing one type of cell surface molecule (e.g., EphB4) are contacted with either labeled ligand (e.g., Ephrin B2, or a soluble portion thereof, or a fusion protein such as a fusion of the extracellular domain and the Fc domain of IgG) or labeled ligand plus a test compound (or group of test compounds). The amount of labeled ligand which has bound to the cells is determined. A lesser amount of label (where the label can be, for example, a radioactive isotope, a fluorescent or colorimetric label) in the sample contacted with the test compound(s) is an indication that the test compound(s) interferes with binding. The reciprocal assay using cells expressing a ligand (e.g., an Ephrin B2 ligand or a soluble form thereof) can be used to test for a substance that interferes with the binding of an Eph receptor or soluble portion thereof.
+An assay to identify a substance which interferes with interaction between an Eph receptor and an ephrin can be performed with the component (e.g., cells, purified protein, including fusion proteins and portions having binding activity) which is not to be in competition with a test compound, linked to a solid support. The solid support can be any suitable solid phase or matrix, such as a bead, the wall of a plate or other suitable surface (e.g., a well of a microtiter plate), column pore glass (CPG) or a pin that can be submerged into a solution, such as in a well. Linkage of cells or purified protein to the solid support can be either direct or through one or more linker molecules.
+In one embodiment, an isolated or purified protein (e.g., an Eph receptor or an ephrin) can be immobilized on a suitable affinity matrix by standard techniques, such as chemical cross-linking, or via an antibody raised against the isolated or purified protein, and bound to a solid support. The matrix can be packed in a column or other suitable container and is contacted with one or more compounds (e.g., a mixture) to be tested under conditions suitable for binding of the compound to the protein. For example, a solution containing compounds can be made to flow through the matrix. The matrix can be washed with a suitable wash buffer to remove unbound compounds and non-specifically bound compounds. Compounds which remain bound can be released by a suitable elution buffer. For example, a change in the ionic strength or pH of the elution buffer can lead to a release of compounds. Alternatively, the elution buffer can comprise a release component or components designed to disrupt binding of compounds (e.g., one or more ligands or receptors, as appropriate, or analogs thereof which can disrupt binding or competitively inhibit binding of test compound to the protein).
+Fusion proteins comprising all, or a portion of, a protein (e.g., an Eph receptor or an ephrin) linked to a second moiety not occurring in that protein as found in nature can be prepared for use in another embodiment of the method. Suitable fusion proteins for this purpose include those in which the second moiety comprises an affinity ligand (e.g., an enzyme, antigen, epitope). The fusion proteins can be produced by inserting the protein (e.g., an Eph receptor or an ephrin) or a portion thereof into a suitable expression vector which encodes an affinity ligand. The expression vector can be introduced into a suitable host cell for expression. Host cells are disrupted and the cell material, containing fusion protein, can be bound to a suitable affinity matrix by contacting the cell material with an affinity matrix under conditions sufficient for binding of the affinity ligand portion of the fusion protein to the affinity matrix.
+In one aspect of this embodiment, a fusion protein can be immobilized on a suitable affinity matrix under conditions sufficient to bind the affinity ligand portion of the fusion protein to the matrix, and is contacted with one or more compounds (e.g., a mixture) to be tested, under conditions suitable for binding of compounds to the receptor or ligand protein portion of the bound fusion protein. Next, the affinity matrix with bound fusion protein can be washed with a suitable wash buffer to remove unbound compounds and non-specifically bound compounds without significantly disrupting binding of specifically bound compounds. Compounds which remain bound can be released by contacting the affinity matrix having fusion protein bound thereto with a suitable elution buffer (a compound elution buffer). In this aspect, compound elution buffer can be formulated to permit retention of the fusion protein by the affinity matrix, but can be formulated to interfere with binding of the compound(s) tested to the receptor or ligand protein portion of the fusion protein. For example, a change in the ionic strength or pH of the elution buffer can lead to release of compounds, or the elution buffer can comprise a release component or components designed to disrupt binding of compounds to the receptor or ligand protein portion of the fusion protein (e.g., one or more ligands or receptors or analogs thereof which can disrupt binding of compounds to the receptor or ligand protein portion of the fusion protein). Immobilization can be performed prior to, simultaneous with, or after contacting the fusion protein with compound, as appropriate. Various permutations of the method are possible, depending upon factors such as the compounds tested, the affinity matrix selected, and elution buffer formulation. For example, after the wash step, fusion protein with compound bound thereto can be eluted from the affinity matrix with a suitable elution buffer (a matrix elution buffer). Where the fusion protein comprises a cleavable linker, such as a thrombin cleavage site, cleavage from the affinity ligand can release a portion of the fusion with compound bound thereto. Bound compound can then be released from the fusion protein or its cleavage product by an appropriate method, such as extraction.
+V. Methods of Treatment
+In certain embodiments, the present invention provides methods of inhibiting angiogenesis and methods of treating angiogenesis-associated diseases. In other embodiments, the present invention provides methods of inhibiting or reducing tumor growth and methods of treating an individual suffering from cancer. These methods involve administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of one or more polypeptide therapeutic agents as described above. These methods are particularly aimed at therapeutic and prophylactic treatments of animals, and more particularly, humans.
+As described herein, angiogenesis-associated diseases include, but are not limited to, angiogenesis-dependent cancer, including, for example, solid tumors, blood born tumors such as leukemias, and tumor metastases; benign tumors, for example hemangiomas, acoustic neuromas, neurofibromas, trachomas, and pyogenic granulomas; inflammatory disorders such as immune and non-immune inflammation; chronic articular rheumatism and psoriasis; ocular angiogenic diseases, for example, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, macular degeneration, corneal graft rejection, neovascular glaucoma, retrolental fibroplasia, rubeosis; Osler-Webber Syndrome; myocardial angiogenesis; plaque neovascularization; telangiectasia; hemophiliac joints; angiofibroma; telangiectasia psoriasis scleroderma, pyogenic granuloma, rubeosis, arthritis, diabetic neovascularization, vasculogenesis, hematopoiesis.
+It is understood that methods and compositions of the invention are also useful for treating any angiogenesis-independent cancers (tumors). As used herein, the term “angiogenesis-independent cancer” refers to a cancer (tumor) where there is no or little neovascularization in the tumor tissue.
+In particular, polypeptide therapeutic agents of the present invention are useful for treating or preventing a cancer (tumor), including, but not limited to, colon carcinoma, breast cancer, mesothelioma, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC), Kaposi sarcoma, and leukemia.
+In certain embodiments of such methods, one or more polypeptide therapeutic agents can be administered, together (simultaneously) or at different times (sequentially). In addition, polypeptide therapeutic agents can be administered with another type of compounds for treating cancer or for inhibiting angiogenesis.
+In certain embodiments, the subject methods of the invention can be used alone. Alternatively, the subject methods may be used in combination with other conventional anti-cancer therapeutic approaches directed to treatment or prevention of proliferative disorders (e.g., tumor). For example, such methods can be used in prophylactic cancer prevention, prevention of cancer recurrence and metastases after surgery, and as an adjuvant of other conventional cancer therapy. The present invention recognizes that the effectiveness of conventional cancer therapies (e.g., chemotherapy, radiation therapy, phototherapy, immunotherapy, and surgery) can be enhanced through the use of a subject polypeptide therapeutic agent.
+A wide array of conventional compounds have been shown to have anti-neoplastic activities. These compounds have been used as pharmaceutical agents in chemotherapy to shrink solid tumors, prevent metastases and further growth, or decrease the number of malignant cells in leukemic or bone marrow malignancies. Although chemotherapy has been effective in treating various types of malignancies, many anti-neoplastic compounds induce undesirable side effects. It has been shown that when two or more different treatments are combined, the treatments may work synergistically and allow reduction of dosage of each of the treatments, thereby reducing the detrimental side effects exerted by each compound at higher dosages. In other instances, malignancies that are refractory to a treatment may respond to a combination therapy of two or more different treatments.
+When a polypeptide therapeutic agent of the present invention is administered in combination with another conventional anti-neoplastic agent, either concomitantly or sequentially, such therapeutic agent is shown to enhance the therapeutic effect of the anti-neoplastic agent or overcome cellular resistance to such anti-neoplastic agent. This allows decrease of dosage of an anti-neoplastic agent, thereby reducing the undesirable side effects, or restores the effectiveness of an anti-neoplastic agent in resistant cells.
+Pharmaceutical compounds that may be used for combinatory anti-tumor therapy include, merely to illustrate: aminoglutethimide, amsacrine, anastrozole, asparaginase, bcg, bicalutamide, bleomycin, buserelin, busulfan, campothecin, capecitabine, carboplatin, carmustine, chlorambucil, cisplatin, cladribine, clodronate, colchicine, cyclophosphamide, cyproterone, cytarabine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, dienestrol, diethylstilbestrol, docetaxel, doxorubicin, epirubicin, estradiol, estramustine, etoposide, exemestane, filgrastim, fludarabine, fludrocortisone, fluorouracil, fluoxymesterone, flutamide, gemcitabine, genistein, goserelin, hydroxyurea, idarubicin, ifosfamide, imatinib, interferon, irinotecan, ironotecan, letrozole, leucovorin, leuprolide, levamisole, lomustine, mechlorethamine, medroxyprogesterone, megestrol, melphalan, mercaptopurine, mesna, methotrexate, mitomycin, mitotane, mitoxantrone, nilutamide, nocodazole, octreotide, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, pamidronate, pentostatin, plicamycin, porfimer, procarbazine, raltitrexed, rituximab, streptozocin, suramin, tamoxifen, temozolomide, teniposide, testosterone, thioguanine, thiotepa, titanocene dichloride, topotecan, trastuzumab, tretinoin, vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, and vinorelbine.
+These chemotherapeutic anti-tumor compounds may be categorized by their mechanism of action into, for example, following groups: anti-metabolites/anti-cancer agents, such as pyrimidine analogs (5-fluorouracil, floxuridine, capecitabine, gemcitabine and cytarabine) and purine analogs, folate antagonists and related inhibitors (mercaptopurine, thioguanine, pentostatin and 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (cladribine)); antiproliferative/antimitotic agents including natural products such as vinca alkaloids (vinblastine, vincristine, and vinorelbine), microtubule disruptors such as taxane (paclitaxel, docetaxel), vincristin, vinblastin, nocodazole, epothilones and navelbine, epidipodophyllotoxins (etoposide, teniposide), DNA damaging agents (actinomycin, amsacrine, anthracyclines, bleomycin, busulfan, camptothecin, carboplatin, chlorambucil, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, cytoxan, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, hexamethylmelamineoxaliplatin, iphosphamide, melphalan, merchlorehtamine, mitomycin, mitoxantrone, nitrosourea, plicamycin, procarbazine, taxol, taxotere, teniposide, triethylenethiophosphoramide and etoposide (VP16)); antibiotics such as dactinomycin (actinomycin D), daunorubicin, doxorubicin (adriamycin), idarubicin, anthracyclines, mitoxantrone, bleomycins, plicamycin (mithramycin) and mitomycin; enzymes (L-asparaginase which systemically metabolizes L-asparagine and deprives cells which do not have the capacity to synthesize their own asparagine); antiplatelet agents; antiproliferative/antimitotic alkylating agents such as nitrogen mustards (mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide and analogs, melphalan, chlorambucil), ethylenimines and methylmelamines (hexamethylmelamine and thiotepa), alkyl sulfonates-busulfan, nitrosoureas (carmustine (BCNU) and analogs, streptozocin), trazenes-dacarbazinine (DTIC); antiproliferative/antimitotic antimetabolites such as folic acid analogs (methotrexate); platinum coordination complexes (cisplatin, carboplatin), procarbazine, hydroxyurea, mitotane, aminoglutethimide; hormones, hormone analogs (estrogen, tamoxifen, goserelin, bicalutamide, nilutamide) and aromatase inhibitors (letrozole, anastrozole); anticoagulants (heparin, synthetic heparin salts and other inhibitors of thrombin); fibrinolytic agents (such as tissue plasminogen activator, streptokinase and urokinase), aspirin, dipyridamole, ticlopidine, clopidogrel, abciximab; antimigratory agents; antisecretory agents (breveldin); immunosuppressives (cyclosporine, tacrolimus (FK-506), sirolimus (rapamycin), azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil); anti-angiogenic compounds (TNP-470, genistein) and growth factor inhibitors (vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) inhibitors); angiotensin receptor blocker; nitric oxide donors; anti-sense oligonucleotides; antibodies (trastuzumab); cell cycle inhibitors and differentiation inducers (tretinoin); mTOR inhibitors, topoisomerase inhibitors (doxorubicin (adriamycin), amsacrine, camptothecin, daunorubicin, dactinomycin, eniposide, epirubicin, etoposide, idarubicin and mitoxantrone, topotecan, irinotecan), corticosteroids (cortisone, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, methylpednisolone, prednisone, and prenisolone); growth factor signal transduction kinase inhibitors; mitochondrial dysfunction inducers and caspase activators; and chromatin disruptors.
+In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compounds that may be used for combinatory anti-angiogenesis therapy include: (1) inhibitors of release of “angiogenic molecules,” such as bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor); (2) neutralizers of angiogenic molecules, such as an anti-βbFGF antibodies; and (3) inhibitors of endothelial cell response to angiogenic stimuli, including collagenase inhibitor, basement membrane turnover inhibitors, angiostatic steroids, fungal-derived angiogenesis inhibitors, platelet factor 4, thrombospondin, arthritis drugs such as D-penicillamine and gold thiomalate, vitamin D3 analogs, alpha-interferon, and the like. For additional proposed inhibitors of angiogenesis, see Blood et al., Bioch. Biophys. Acta., 1032:89-118 (1990), Moses et al., Science, 248:1408-1410 (1990), Ingber et al., Lab. Invest., 59:44-51 (1988), and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,092,885, 5,112,946, 5,192,744, 5,202,352, and 6,573,256. In addition, there are a wide variety of compounds that can be used to inhibit angiogenesis, for example, peptides or agents that block the VEGF-mediated angiogenesis pathway, endostatin protein or derivatives, lysine binding fragments of angiostatin, melanin or melanin-promoting compounds, plasminogen fragments (e.g., Kringles 1-3 of plasminogen), tropoin subunits, antagonists of vitronectin αvβ3, peptides derived from Saposin B, antibiotics or analogs (e.g., tetracycline, or neomycin), dienogest-containing compositions, compounds comprising a MetAP-2 inhibitory core coupled to a peptide, the compound EM-138, chalcone and its analogs, and naaladase inhibitors. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,395,718, 6,462,075, 6,465,431, 6,475,784, 6,482,802, 6,482,810, 6,500,431, 6,500,924, 6,518,298, 6,521,439, 6,525,019, 6,538,103, 6,544,758, 6,544,947, 6,548,477, 6,559,126, and 6,569,845.
+Depending on the nature of the combinatory therapy, administration of the polypeptide therapeutic agents of the invention may be continued while the other therapy is being administered and/or thereafter. Administration of the polypeptide therapeutic agents may be made in a single dose, or in multiple doses. In some instances, administration of the polypeptide therapeutic agents is commenced at least several days prior to the conventional therapy, while in other instances, administration is begun either immediately before or at the time of the administration of the conventional therapy.
+VI. Methods of Administration and Pharmaceutical Compositions
+In certain embodiments, the subject polypeptide therapeutic agents (e.g., soluble polypeptides or antibodies) of the present invention are formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Such therapeutic agents can be administered alone or as a component of a pharmaceutical formulation (composition). The compounds may be formulated for administration in any convenient way for use in human or veterinary medicine. Wetting agents, emulsifiers and lubricants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the compositions.
+Formulations of the subject polypeptide therapeutic agents include those suitable for oral/nasal, topical, parenteral, rectal, and/or intravaginal administration. The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy. The amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host being treated, the particular mode of administration. The amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will generally be that amount of the compound which produces a therapeutic effect.
+In certain embodiments, methods of preparing these formulations or compositions include combining another type of anti-tumor or anti-angiogenesis therapeutic agent and a carrier and, optionally, one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the formulations can be prepared with a liquid carrier, or a finely divided solid carrier, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.
+Formulations for oral administration may be in the form of capsules, cachets, pills, tablets, lozenges (using a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth), powders, granules, or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid, or as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil liquid emulsion, or as an elixir or syrup, or as pastilles (using an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia) and/or as mouth washes and the like, each containing a predetermined amount of a subject polypeptide therapeutic agent as an active ingredient.
+In solid dosage forms for oral administration (capsules, tablets, pills, dragees, powders, granules, and the like), one or more polypeptide therapeutic agents of the present invention may be mixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any of the following: (1) fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; (2) binders, such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose, and/or acacia; (3) humectants, such as glycerol; (4) disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate; (5) solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; (6) absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds; (7) wetting agents, such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate; (8) absorbents, such as kaolin and bentonite clay; (9) lubricants, such a talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof; and (10) coloring agents. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the pharmaceutical compositions may also comprise buffering agents. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugars, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
+Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirs. In addition to the active ingredient, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming, and preservative agents.
+Suspensions, in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents such as ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol, and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.
+In particular, methods of the invention can be administered topically, either to skin or to mucosal membranes such as those on the cervix and vagina. This offers the greatest opportunity for direct delivery to tumor with the lowest chance of inducing side effects. The topical formulations may further include one or more of the wide variety of agents known to be effective as skin or stratum corneum penetration enhancers. Examples of these are 2-pyrrolidone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, propylene glycol, methyl or isopropyl alcohol, dimethyl sulfoxide, and azone. Additional agents may further be included to make the formulation cosmetically acceptable. Examples of these are fats, waxes, oils, dyes, fragrances, preservatives, stabilizers, and surface active agents. Keratolytic agents such as those known in the art may also be included. Examples are salicylic acid and sulfur.
+Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches, and inhalants. The subject polypeptide therapeutic agents may be mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives, buffers, or propellants which may be required. The ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to a subject polypeptide agent, excipients, such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.
+Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to a subject polypeptide therapeutic agent, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates, and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances. Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants, such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons, such as butane and propane.
+Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for parenteral administration may comprise one or more polypeptide therapeutic agents in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable sterile isotonic aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, or sterile powders which may be reconstituted into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient or suspending or thickening agents. Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers which may be employed in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.
+These compositions may also contain adjuvants, such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms may be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like into the compositions. In addition, prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay absorption, such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
+Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of one or more polypeptide therapeutic agents in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending on the ratio of drug to polymer, and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions which are compatible with body tissue.
+Formulations for intravaginal or rectally administration may be presented as a suppository, which may be prepared by mixing one or more compounds of the invention with one or more suitable nonirritating excipients or carriers comprising, for example, cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, a suppository wax or a salicylate, and which is solid at room temperature, but liquid at body temperature and, therefore, will melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.
+In other embodiments, the polypeptide therapeutic agents of the instant invention can be expressed within cells from eukaryotic promoters. For example, a soluble polypeptide of EphB4 or Ephrin B2 can be expressed in eukaryotic cells from an appropriate vector. The vectors are preferably DNA plasmids or viral vectors. Viral vectors can be constructed based on, but not limited to, adeno-associated virus, retrovirus, adenovirus, or alphavirus. Preferably, the vectors stably introduced in and persist in target cells. Alternatively, viral vectors can be used that provide for transient expression. Such vectors can be repeatedly administered as necessary. Delivery of vectors encoding the subject polypeptide therapeutic agent can be systemic, such as by intravenous or intramuscular administration, by administration to target cells ex-planted from the patient followed by reintroduction into the patient, or by any other means that would allow for introduction into the desired target cell (for a review see Couture et al., 1996, TIG., 12, 510).
+EXEMPLIFICATION
+The invention now being generally described, it will be more readily understood by reference to the following examples, which are included merely for purposes of illustration of certain aspects and embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the invention.
+Example 1
+Soluble Derivatives of the Extracellular Domains of Human Ephrin B2 and EphB4 Proteins
+Soluble derivatives of the extracellular domains of human Ephrin B2 and EphB4 proteins represent either truncated full-length predicted extracellular domains of Ephrin B2 (B4ECv3, B2EC) or translational fusions of the domains with constant region of human immunoglobulins (IgG1 Fc fragment), such as B2EC-FC, B4ECv2-FC and B4ECv3-FC. Representative human Ephrin B2 constructs and human EphB4 constructs are shown FIGS. 14 and 15.
+The cDNA fragments encoding these recombinant proteins were subcloned into mammalian expression vectors, expressed in transiently or stably transfected mammalian cell lines and purified to homogeneity as described in detail in Materials and Methods section (see below). Predicted amino acid sequences of the proteins are shown in FIGS. 1-5. High purity of the isolated proteins and their recognition by the corresponding anti-Ephrin B2 and anti-EphB4 monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies were confirmed. The recombinant proteins exhibit the expected high-affinity binding, binding competition and specificity properties with their corresponding binding partners as corroborated by the biochemical assays (see e.g., FIGS. 6-8).
+Such soluble derivative proteins human Ephrin B2 and EphB4 exhibit potent biological activity in several cell-based assays and in vivo assays which measure angiogenesis or anti-cancer activities, and are therefore perspective drug candidates for anti-angiogenic and anti-cancer therapy. B4ECv3 as well as B2EC and B2EC-FC proteins blocked chemotaxis of human endothelial cells (as tested with umbilical cord and hepatic AECs or VECs), with a decrease in degradation of the extracellular matrix, Matrigel, and a decrease in migration in response to growth factor stimuli (FIGS. 9-11). B4ECv3 and B2EC-FC proteins have potent anti-angiogenic effect as demonstrated by their inhibition of endothelial cell tube formation (FIGS. 12-13).
+A detailed description of the materials and methods for this example may be found in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050084873.
+The sequence of the Globular domain+Cys-rich domain (B4EC-GC), precursor protein is (SEQ ID NO:12):
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+MELRVLLCWASLAAALEETLLNTKLETADLKWVTFPQVDGQWEELSG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+LDEEQHSVRTYEVCEVQRAPGQAHWLRTGWVPRRGAVHVYATLRFTM
+
+
+ 
+
+
+LECLSLPRAGRSCKETFTVFYYESDADTATALTPAWMENPYIKVDTV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AAEHLTRKRPGAEATGKVNVKTLRLGPLSKAGFYLAFQDQGACMALL
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SLHLFYKKCAQLTVNLTRFPETVPRELVVPVAGSCVVDAVPAPGPSP
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SLYCREDGQWAEQPVTGCSCAPGFEAAEGNTKCRACAQGTFKPLSGE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GSCQPCPANSHSNTIGSAVCQCRVGYFRARTDPRGAPCTTPPSAHHH
+
+
+ 
+
+
+HHH
+
+
+
+
+
+
+For many uses, including therapeutic use, the leader sequence (first 15 amino acids, so that the processed form begins Leu-Glu-Glu . . . ) and the c-terminal hexahistidine tag may be removed or omitted.
+Sequence of the GCF precursor protein (SEQ ID NO:13):
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+MELRVLLCWASLAAALEETLLNTKLETADLKWVTFPQVDGQWEELSG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+LDEEQHSVRTYEVCEVQRAPGQAHWLRTGWVPRRGAVHVYATLRFTM
+
+
+ 
+
+
+LECLSLPRAGRSCKETFTVFYYESDADTATALTPAWMENPYIKVDTV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AAEHLTRKRPGAEATGKVNVKTLRLGPLSKAGFYLAFQDQGACMALL
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SLHLFYKKCAQLTVNLTRFPETVPRELVVPVAGSCVVDAVPAPGPSP
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SLYCREDGQWAEQPVTGCSCAPGFAEGNTKCRACAQGTFKPLSGEGS
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CQPCPANSHSNTIGSAVCQCRVGYFRARTDPRGAPCTTPPSAPRSVV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SRLNGSSLHLEWSAPLESGGREDLTYALRCRECRPGGSCAPCGGDLT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+FDPGPRDLVEPWVVVRGLRPDFTYTFEVTALNGVSSLATGPVPFEPV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+NVHHHHHH
+
+
+
+
+
+
+For many uses, including therapeutic use, the leader sequence (first 15 amino acids, so that the processed form begins Leu-Glu-Glu . . . ) and the c-terminal hexahistidine tag may be removed or omitted.
+Amino acid sequence of encoded FL-hB4EC precursor (His-tagged) (SEQ ID NO:14):
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+MELRVLLCWASLAAALEETLLNTKLETADLKWVTFPQVDGQWEELSG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+LDEEQHSVRTYEVCEVQRAPGQAHWLRTGWVPRRGAVHVYATLRFTM
+
+
+ 
+
+
+LECLSLPRAGRSCKETFTVFYYESDADTATALTPAWMENPYIKVDTV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AAEHLTRKRPGAEATGKVNVKTLRLGPLSKAGFYLAFQDQGACMALL
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SLHLFYKKCAQLTVNLTRFPETVPRELVVPVAGSCVVDAVPAPGPSP
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SLYCREDGQWAEQPVTGCSCAPGFEAAEGNTKCRACAQGTFKPLSGE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GSCQPCPANSHSNTIGSAVCQCRVGYFRARTDPRGAPCTTPPSAPRS
+
+
+ 
+
+
+VVSRLNGSSLHLEWSAPLESGGREDLTYALRCRECRPGGSCAPCGGD
+
+
+ 
+
+
+LTFDPGPRDLVEPWVVVRGLRPDFTYTFEVTALNGVSSLATGPVPFE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+PVNVTTDREVPPAVSDIRVTRSSPSSLSLAWAVPRAPSGAWLDYEVK
+
+
+ 
+
+
+YHEKGAEGPSSVRFLKTSENRAELRGLKRGASYLVQVRARSEAGYGP
+
+
+ 
+
+
+FGQEHHSQTQLDESEGWREQGSKRAILQIEGKPIPNPLLGLDSTRTG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+HHHHHH
+
+
+
+
+
+
+For many uses, including therapeutic use, the leader sequence (first 15 amino acids, so that the processed form begins Leu-Glu-Glu . . . ) and the c-terminal hexahistidine tag may be removed or omitted.
+EphB4 CF2 protein, precursor (SEQ ID NO:15):
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+MELRVLLCWASLAAALEETLLNTKLETQLTVNLTRFPETVPRELVVPV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AGSCVVDAVPAPGPSPSLYCREDGQWAEQPVTGCSCAPGFEAAEGNTK
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CRACAQGTFKPLSGEGSCQPCPANSHSNTIGSAVCQCRVGYFRARTDP
+
+
+ 
+
+
+RGAPCTTPPSAPRSVVSRLNGSSLHLEWSAPLESGGREDLTYALRCRE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CRPGGSCAPCGGDLTFDPGPRDLVEPWVVVRGLRPDFTYTFEVTALNG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+VSSLATGPVPFEPVNVTTDREVPPAVSDIRVTRSSPSSLSLAWAVPRA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+PSGAWLDYEVKYHEKGAEGPSSVRFLKTSENRAELRGLKRGASYLVQV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+RARSEAGYGPFGQEHHSQTQLDESEGWREQGGRSSLEGPRFEGKPIPN
+
+
+ 
+
+
+PLLGLDSTRTGHHHHHH
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The precursor sequence of the preferred GCF2 protein (also referred to herein as GCF2F) is (SEQ ID NO:16):
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+MELRVLLCWASLAAALEETLLNTKLETADLKWVTFPQVDGQWEELSGL
+
+
+ 
+
+
+DEEQHSVRTYEVCEVQRAPGQAHWLRTGWVPRRGAVHVYATLRFTMLE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CLSLPRAGRSCKETFTVFYYESDADTATALTPAWMENPYIKVDTVAAE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+HLTRKRPGAEATGKVNVKTLRLGPLSKAGFYLAFQDQGACMALLSLHL
+
+
+ 
+
+
+FYKKCAQLTVNLTRFPETVPRELVVPVAGSCVVDAVPAPGPSPSLYCR
+
+
+ 
+
+
+EDGQWAEQPVTGCSCAPGFEAAEGNTKCRACAQGTFKPLSGEGSCQPC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+PANSHSNTIGSAVCQCRVGYFRARTDPRGAPCTTPPSAPRSVVSRLNG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SSLHLEWSAPLESGGREDLTYALRCRECRPGGSCAPCGGDLTFDPGPR
+
+
+ 
+
+
+DLVEPWVVVRGLRPDFTYTFEVTALNGVSSLATGPVPFEPVNVTTDRE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+VPPAVSDIRVTRSSPSSLSLAWAVPRAPSGAWLDYEVKYHEKGAEGPS
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SVRFLKTSENRAELRGLKRGASYLVQVRARSEAGYGPFGQEHHSQTQL
+
+
+ 
+
+
+DESEGWREQ
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The processed sequence is (SEQ ID NO:17):
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+LEETLLNTKLETADLKWVTFPQVDGQWEELSGLDEEQHSVRTYEVCE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+VQRAPGQAHWLRTGWVPRRGAVHVYATLRFTMLECLSLPRAGRSCKE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TFTVFYYESDADTATALTPAWMENPYIKVDTVAAEHLTRKRPGAEAT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GKVNVKTLRLGPLSKAGFYLAFQDQGACMALLSLHLFYKKCAQLTVN
+
+
+ 
+
+
+LTRFPETVPRELVVPVAGSCVVDAVPAPGPSPSLYCREDGQWAEQPV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TGCSCAPGFEAAEGNTKCRACAQGTFKPLSGEGSCQPCPANSHSNTI
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GSAVCQCRVGYFRARTDPRGAPCTTPPSAPRSVVSRLNGSSLHLEWS
+
+
+ 
+
+
+APLESGGREDLTYALRCRECRPGGSCAPCGGDLTFDPGPRDLVEPWV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+VVRGLRPDFTYTFEVTALNGVSSLATGPVPFEPVNVTTDREVPPAVS
+
+
+ 
+
+
+DIRVTRSSPSSLSLAWAVPRAPSGAWLDYEVKYHEKGAEGPSSVRFL
+
+
+ 
+
+
+KTSENRAELRGLKRGASYLVQVRARSEAGYGPFGQEHHSQTQLDESE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GWREQ
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Biochemical Assays
+
+A. Binding Assay
+10 μl of Ni-NTA-Agarose were incubated in microcentrifuge tubes with 50 μl of indicated amount of B4ECv3 diluted in binding buffer BB (20 mM Tris-HCl, 0.15 M NaCl, 0.1% bovine serum albumin pH 8) After incubation for 30 min on shaking platform, Ni-NTA beads were washed twice with 1.4 ml of BB, followed by application of 50 μl of B2-AP in the final concentration of 50 nM. Binding was performed for 30 min on shaking platform, and then tubes were centrifuged and washed one time with 1.4 ml of BB. Amount of precipitated AP was measured colorimetrically after application of PNPP.
+B. Inhibition Assay
+Inhibition in Solution.
+Different amounts of B4ECv3 diluted in 50 μl of BB were pre-incubated with 50 μl of 5 nM B2EC-AP reagent (protein fusion of Ephrin B2 ectodomain with placental alkaline phosphatase). After incubation for 1 h, unbound B2EC-AP was precipitated with 5,000 HEK293 cells expressing membrane-associated full-length EphB4 for 20 min. Binding reaction was stopped by dilution with 1.2 ml of BB, followed by centrifugation for 10 min. Supernatants were discarded and alkaline phosphatase activities associated with collected cells were measured by adding para-nitrophenyl phosphate (PNPP) substrate.
+Cell Based Inhibition.
+B4ECv3 was serially diluted in 20 mM Tris-HCl, 0.15 M NaCl, 0.1% BSA, pH 8 and mixed with 5,000 HEK293 cells expressing membrane-associated full-length Ephrin B2. After incubation for 1 h, 50 μl of 5 nM B4EC-AP reagent (protein fusion of EphB4 ectodomain with placental alkaline phosphatase were added into each tube for 30 min to detect unoccupied Ephrin B2 binding sites. Binding reactions were stopped by dilution with 1.2 ml of BB and centrifugation. Colorimetric reaction of cell-precipitated AP was developed with PNPP substrate.
+C. B4EC-FC Binding Assay
+Protein A-Agarose Based Assay.
+10 μl of Protein A-agarose were incubated in Eppendorf tubes with 50 μl of indicated amount of B4EC-FC diluted in binding buffer BB (20 mM Tris-HCl, 0.15 M NaCl, 0.1% BSA pH 8). After incubation for 30 min on shaking platform, Protein AAagarose beads were washed twice with 1.4 ml of BB, followed by application of 50 μl of B2ECAP reagent at the final concentration of 50 nM. Binding was performed for 30 min on shaking platform, and then tubes were centrifuged and washed once with 1.4 ml of BB. Colorimetric reaction of precipitated AP was measured after application of PNPP (FIG. 6).
+Nitrocellulose Based Assay.
+B4EC-FC was serially diluted in 20 mM Tris-HCl, 0.15 M NaCl, 50 μg/ml BSA, pH 8. 2 μl of each fraction were applied onto nitrocellulose strip and spots were dried out for 3 min. Nitrocellulose strip was blocked with 5% non-fat milk for 30 min, followed by incubation with 5 nM B2EC-AP reagent. After 45 min incubation for binding, nitrocellulose was washed twice with 20 mM Tris-HCl, 0.15 M NaCl, 50 μg/ml BSA, pH 8 and color was developed by application of alkaline phosphatase substrate Sigma Fast (Sigma).
+D. B4EC-FC Inhibition Assay
+Inhibition in Solution.
+See above, for B4ECv3. The results were shown in FIG. 7.
+Cell Based Inhibition.
+See above, for B4ECv3.
+E. B2EC-FC Binding Assay
+Protein-A-Agarose Based Assay.
+See above, for B4EC-FC. The results were shown in FIG. 8.
+Nitrocellulose Based Assay.
+See above, for B4EC-FC.
+6) Cell-Based Assays
+A. Growth Inhibition Assay
+Human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) (1.5×103) are plated in a 96-well plate in 100 μl of EBM-2 (Clonetic # CC3162). After 24 hours (day 0), the test recombinant protein (100 μl) is added to each well at 2× the desired concentration (5-7 concentration levels) in EBM-2 medium. On day 0, one plate is stained with 0.5% crystal violet in 20% methanol for 10 minutes, rinsed with water, and air-dried. The remaining plates are incubated for 72 h at 37° C. After 72 h, plates are stained with 0.5% crystal violet in 20% methanol, rinsed with water and airdried. The stain is eluted with 1:1 solution of ethanol: 0.1 M sodium citrate (including day 0 plate), and absorbance is measured at 540 nm with an ELISA reader (Dynatech Laboratories). Day 0 absorbance is subtracted from the 72 h plates and data is plotted as percentage of control proliferation (vehicle treated cells). IC50 (drug concentration causing 50% inhibition) is calculated from the plotted data.
+B. Cord Formation Assay (Endothelial Cell Tube Formation Assay)
+Matrigel (60 μl of 10 mg/ml; Collaborative Lab #35423) is placed in each well of an ice-cold 96-well plate. The plate is allowed to sit at room temperature for 15 minutes then incubated at 37° C. for 30 minutes to permit the matrigel to polymerize. In the mean time, HUVECs are prepared in EGM-2 (Clonetic #CC3162) at a concentration of 2×105 cells/ml. The test compound is prepared at 2× the desired concentration (5 concentration levels) in the same medium. Cells (500 μl) and 2× drug (500 μl) is mixed and 200 μl of this suspension are placed in duplicate on the polymerized matrigel. After 24 h incubation, triplicate pictures are taken for each concentration using a Bioquant Image Analysis system. Drug effect (IC50) is assessed compared to untreated controls by measuring the length of cords formed and number of junctions.
+C. Cell Migration Assay
+Migration is assessed using the 48-well Boyden chamber and 8 μm pore size collagen-coated (10 μg/ml rat tail collagen; Collaborative Laboratories) polycarbonate filters (Osmonics, Inc.). The bottom chamber wells receive 27-29 μl of DMEM medium alone (baseline) or medium containing chemo-attractant (bFGF, VEGF or Swiss 3T3 cell conditioned medium). The top chambers receive 45 μl of HUVEC cell suspension (1×106 cells/ml) prepared in DMEM+1% BSA with or without test compound. After 5 h incubation at 37° C., the membrane is rinsed in PBS, fixed and stained in Diff-Quick solutions. The filter is placed on a glass slide with the migrated cells facing down and cells on top are removed using a Kimwipe. The testing is performed in 4-6 replicates and five fields are counted from each well. Negative unstimulated control values are subtracted from stimulated control and drug treated values and data is plotted as mean migrated cell±S.D. IC50 is calculated from the plotted data.
+Example 2
+Extracellular Domain Fragments of EphB4 Receptor Inhibit Angiogenesis and Tumor Growth
+A. Globular Domain of EphB4 is Required for EphrinB2 Binding and for the Activity of EphB4-Derived Soluble Proteins in Endothelial Tube Formation Assay.
+To identify subdomain(s) of the ectopic part of EphB4 necessary and sufficient for the anti-angiogenic activity of the soluble recombinant derivatives of the receptor, four recombinant deletion variants of EphB4EC were produced and tested (FIG. 16). Extracellular part of EphB4, similarly to the other members of EphB and EphA receptor family, contains N-terminal ligand-binding globular domain followed by cysteine-rich domain and two fibronectin type III repeats (FNIII). In addition to the recombinant B4-GCF2 protein containing the complete ectopic part of EphB4, we constructed three deletion variants of EphB4EC containing globular domain and Cys-rich domain (B4-GC); globular, Cys-rich and the first FNIII domain (GCF1) as well as the ECD version with deleted globular domain (CF2). Our attempts to produce several versions of truncated EphB4EC protein containing the globular domain alone were not successful due to the lack of secretion of proteins expressed from all these constructs and absence of ligand binding by the intracellularly expressed recombinant proteins. In addition, a non-tagged version of B4-GCF2, called GCF2-F, containing complete extracellular domain of EphB4 with no additional fused amino acids was expressed, purified and used in some of the experiments described here.
+All four C-terminally 6×His tagged recombinant proteins were preparatively expressed in transiently transfected cultured mammalian cells and affinity purified to homogeneity from the conditioned growth media using chromatography on Ni2+-chelate resin (FIG. 17). Apparently due to their glycosylation, the proteins migrate on SDS-PAAG somewhat higher than suggested by their predicted molecular weights of 34.7 kDa (GC), 41.5 (CF2), 45.6 kDa (GCF1) and 57.8 kDa (GCF2). Sequence of the extracellular domain of human EphB4 contains three predicted N-glycosylation sites (NXS/T) which are located in the Cys-rich domain, within the first fibronectin type III repeat and between the first and the second fibronectin repeats.
+To confirm ability of the purified recombinant proteins to bind Ephrin B2, they were tested in an in vitro binding assay. As expected, GC, GCF1 and GCF2, but not CF2 are binding the cognate ligand Ephrin B2 as confirmed by interaction between Ephrin B2-alkaline phosphatase (Ephrin B2-AP) fusion protein with the B4 proteins immobilized on Ni2+-resin or on nitrocellulose membrane (FIG. 17).
+All four proteins were also tested for their ability to block ligand-dependent dimerization and activation of Eph B4 receptor kinase in PC3 cells. The PC3 human prostate cancer cell line is known to express elevated levels of human Eph B4. Stimulation of PC3 cells with Ephrin B2 IgG Fc fusion protein leads to a rapid induction of tyrosine phosphorylation of the receptor. However, preincubation of the ligand with GCF2, GCF1 or GC, but not CF2 proteins suppresses subsequent EphB4 autophosphorylation. Addition of the proteins alone to the PC3 cells or preincubation of the cells with the proteins followed by changing media and adding the ligand does not affect EphB4 phosphorylation status.
+Further, we found that globular domain of EphB4 is required for the activity of EphB4-derived soluble proteins in endothelial tube formation assay.
+B. Effects of Soluble EphB4 on HUV/AEC In Vitro.
+Initial experiments were performed to determine whether soluble EphB4 affected the three main stages in the angiogenesis pathway. These were carried out by establishing the effects of soluble EphB4 on migration/invasion, proliferation and tubule formation by HUV/AEC in vitro. Exposure to soluble EphB4 significantly inhibited both bFGF and VEGF-induced migration in the Boyden chamber assay in a dose-dependent manner, achieving significance at nM (FIG. 18). Tubule formation by HUV/AECS on wells coated with Matrigel was significantly inhibited by soluble EphB4 in a dose-dependent manner in both the absence and presence of bFGF and VEGF (FIG. 19). We also assessed in vitro, whether nM of soluble EphB4 was cytotoxic for HUVECS. Soluble EphB4 was found to have no detectable cytotoxic effect at these doses, as assessed by MTS assay (FIG. 20).
+C. Soluble EphB4 Receptor Inhibits Vascularization of Matrigel Plugs, In Vivo
+To demonstrate that soluble EphB4 can directly inhibit angiogenesis in vivo, we performed a murine matrigel plug experiment. Matrigel supplemented with bFGF and VEGF with and without soluble EphB4 was injected s.c. into Balb/C nu/nu mice, forming semi-solid plugs, for six days. Plugs without growth factors had virtually no vascularization or vessel structures after 6 days (FIG. 21). In contrast, plugs supplemented with bFGF and VEGF had extensive vascularization and vessels throughout the plug. Plugs taken from mice treated with μg of soluble EphB4 had markedly reduced vascularization of plugs, comparable to plugs without growth factor (FIG. 21). Furthermore, histological examination of plugs showed decreased vessel staining (FIG. 21). Treatment at 0 μg/dose significantly inhibited the amount of infiltration in Matrigel plugs compared to control (FIG. 21).
+We examined EphB4 receptor phosphorylation in HUVECs by performing Western blot analyses with lysates from soluble EphB4-treated cells and antibodies against phosphor-tyrosine. We found that soluble EphB4 treatment of serum-starved HUVECs stimulated a rapid and transient decrease in the level of phosphorylated EphB4, in the presence of EphrinB2Fc, EphB4 ligand dimer. Ephrin B2Fc without the soluble EphB4 protein induced phosphorylation of EphB4 receptor (FIG. 22).
+D. Effects of Soluble EphB4 on Tumor Growth, In Vitro.
+We found that soluble EphB4 inhibits the growth of SCC15 tumors grown in Balb/C Nu/Nu mice (FIG. 23).
+E. Soluble EphB4 Inhibited Corneal Neovascularization
+To further investigate the antiangiogenic activity of soluble EphB4 in vivo, we studied the inhibitory effect of administration of soluble EphB4 on neovascularization in the mouse cornea induced by bFGF. Hydron Pellets implanted into corneal micropocket could induce angiogenesis, in the presence of growth factors, in a typically avascular area. The angiogenesis response in mice cornea was moderate, the appearance of vascular buds was delayed and the new capillaries were sparse and grew slowly. Compared with the control group, on day 7 of implantation, the neovascularization induced by bFGF in mice cornea was markedly inhibited in soluble EphB4-treated group (FIG. 24).
+F. Effects of Soluble EphB4 on Tumor Growth, In Vivo.
+The same model was used to determine the effects of soluble EphB4 in vivo. SCC15 tumors implanted subcutaneously, pre-incubated with matrigel and with or w/o growth factors, as well as implanted sc alone, and mice treated sc or ip daily with 1-5 μg of soluble EphB4 were carried out.
+Tumors in the control group continued to grow steadily over the treatment period, reaching a final tumor volume of mm3. However, animals injected with soluble EphB4 exhibited a significantly (p<0.0/) reduced growth rate, reaching a final tumor volume of only mm3 (FIG. 25). Similar results were obtained in two further cohorts of such tumor-bearing mice. Soluble EphB4 administration appeared to be well tolerated in vivo, with no significant effect on body weight or the general well-being of the animals (as determined by the absence of lethargy, intermittent hunching, tremors or disturbed breathing patterns).
+G. Effects of Soluble EphB4 on Tumor Histology.
+Histological analysis revealed the presence of a central area of necrosis in all SCC15 tumors, which was usually surrounded by a viable rim of tumor cells um in width. The central necrotic areas were frequently large and confluent and showed loss of cellular detail. Necrosis, assessed as a percentage of tumor section area, was significantly (p<0.02) more extensive in the soluble EphB4-treated group (% necrosis in treated vs. control). To determine whether the reduced volume of soluble EphB4 treated tumors was due to an effect of this protein on the tumor vascular supply, endothelial cells in blood vessels were identified in tumor sections using immunostaining with an anti-platelet cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1; CD31) antibody (FIG. 26) and the density of microvessels was assessed. Microvessel density was similar in the outer viable rim of tumor cells (the uniform layer of cells adjacent to the tumor periphery with well defined nuclei) in control and soluble EphB4-treated tumors. Microvessel density was significantly in the inner, less viable region of tumor cells abutting the necrotic central areas in soluble EphB4-treated than control tumors. Fibrin deposition, as identified by Masson's Trichrome staining, was increased in and around blood vessels in the inner viable rim and the central necrotic core of soluble EphB4 treated than control tumors. In the outer viable rim of soluble EphB4 treated tumors, although the vessel lumen remained patent and contained red blood cells, fibrin deposition was evident around many vessels. Soluble EphB4 was found to have no such effects on the endothelium in the normal tissues examined (lungs, liver and kidneys).
+H. Materials and Methods
+A detailed description of the materials and methods for this example may be found in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050084873.
+Cell-Based EphB4 Tyrosine Kinase Assay
+The human prostate carcinoma cell line PC3 cells were maintained in RPMI medium with 10% dialyzed fetal calf serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin/neomycin antibiotics mix. Cells were maintained at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2/95% air. Typically, cells were grown in 60 mm dishes until confluency and were either treated with mouse Ephrin B2-Fc fusion at 1 μg/ml in RPMI for 10 min to activate EphB4 receptor or plain medium as a control. To study the effect of different derivatives of soluble EphB4 ECD proteins on EphB4 receptor activation, three sets of cells were used. In the first set, cells were treated with various proteins (5 proteins; GC, GCF1, GCF2, GCF2-F, CF2) at 5 μg/ml for 20 min. In the second set of cells, prior to application, proteins were premixed with ephrinB2-Fc at 1:5 (EphB4 protein:B2-Fc) molar ratio, incubated for 20 min and applied on cells for 10 min. In the third set of cells, cells were first treated with the proteins for 20 min at 5 μg/ml, media was replaced with fresh media containing 1 μg/ml of EphrinB2-Fc and incubated for another 10 min.
+After the stimulation, cells were immediately harvested with protein extraction buffer containing 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 1% (v/v) Triton X100, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM PMSF, 1 mM Sodium vanadate. Protein extracts were clarified by centrifugation at 14,000 rpm for 20 min at 4° C. Clarified protein samples were incubated overnight with protein A/G coupled agarose beads pre-coated with anti-EphB4 monoclonal antibodies. The IP complexes were washed twice with the same extraction buffer containing 0.1% Triton X100. The immunoprecipitated proteins were solubilized in 1×SDS-PAGE sample loading buffer and separated on 10% SDS-PAGE. For EphB4 receptor activation studies, electroblotted membrane was probed with anti-pTyr specific antibody 4G10 at 1:1000 dilution followed by Protein G-HRP conjugate at 1:5000 dilutions.
+Endothelial Cell Tube Formation Assay
+Matrigel (60 μl of 10 mg/ml; Collaborative Lab, Cat. No. 35423) was placed in each well of an ice-cold 96-well plate. The plate was allowed to sit at room temperature for 15 minutes then incubated at 37° C. for 30 minutes to permit Matrigel to polymerize. In the mean time, human umbilical vein endothelial cells were prepared in EGM-2 (Clonetic, Cat. No. CC3162) at a concentration of 2×105 cells/ml. The test protein was prepared at 2× the desired concentration (5 concentration levels) in the same medium. Cells (500 μl) and 2× protein (500 μl) were mixed and 200 μl of this suspension were placed in duplicate on the polymerized Matrigel. After 24 h incubation, triplicate pictures were taken for each concentration using a Bioquant Image Analysis system. Protein addition effect (IC50) was assessed compared to untreated controls by measuring the length of cords formed and number of junctions.
+Cell Migration Assay
+Chemotaxis of HUVECs to VEGF was assessed using a modified Boyden chamber, transwell membrane filter inserts in 24 well plates, 6.5 mm diam, 8 μm pore size, 10 μm thick matrigel coated, polycarbonate membranes (BD Biosciences). The cell suspensions of HUVECs (2×105 cells/ml) in 200 μl of EBM were seeded in the upper chamber and the soluble EphB4 protein were added simultaneously with stimulant (VEGF or bFGF) to the lower compartment of the chamber and their migration across a polycarbonate filter in response to 10-20 ng/ml of VEGF with or without 100 nM-1 μM test compound was investigated. After incubation for 4-24 h at 37° C., the upper surface of the filter was scraped with swab and filters were fixed and stained with Diff Quick. Ten random fields at 200× mag were counted and the results expressed as mean # per field. Negative unstimulated control values were subtracted from stimulated control and protein treated sample values and the data was plotted as mean migrated cell±S.D. IC50 was calculated from the plotted data.
+Growth Inhibition Assay
+HUVEC (1.5×103 cells) were plated in a 96-well plate in 100 μl of EBM-2 (Clonetic, Cat. No. CC3162). After 24 hours (day 0), the test recombinant protein (100 μl) is added to each well at 2× the desired concentration (5-7 concentration levels) in EBM-2 medium. On day 0, one plate was stained with 0.5% crystal violet in 20% methanol for 10 minutes, rinsed with water, and air-dried. The remaining plates were incubated for 72 h at 37° C. After 72 h, plates were stained with 0.5% crystal violet in 20% methanol, rinsed with water and air-dried. The stain was eluted with 1:1 solution of ethanol: 0.1M sodium citrate (including day 0 plate), and absorbance measured at 540 nm with an ELISA reader (Dynatech Laboratories). Day 0 absorbance was subtracted from the 72 h plates and data is plotted as percentage of control proliferation (vehicle treated cells). IC50 value was calculated from the plotted data.
+Murine Matrigel Plug Angiogenesis Assay
+In vivo angiogenesis was assayed in mice as growth of blood vessels from subcutaneous tissue into a Matrigel plug containing the test sample. Matrigel rapidly forms a solid gel at body temperature, trapping the factors to allow slow release and prolonged exposure to surrounding tissues. Matrigel (8.13 mg/ml, 0.5 ml) in liquid form at 4° C. was mixed with Endothelial Cell Growth Supplement (ECGS), test proteins plus ECGS or Matrigel plus vehicle alone (PBS containing 0.25% BSA). Matrigel (0.5 ml) was injected into the abdominal subcutaneous tissue of female nu/nu mice (6 wks old) along the peritoneal mid line. There were 3 mice in each group. The animals were cared for in accordance with institutional and NIH guidelines. At day 6, mice were sacrificed and plugs were recovered and processed for histology. Typically the overlying skin was removed, and gels were cut out by retaining the peritoneal lining for support, fixed in 10% buffered formalin in PBS and embedded in paraffin. Sections of 3 μm were cut and stained with H&E or Masson's trichrome stain and examined under light microscope
+Mouse Corneal Micropocket Assay
+Mouse corneal micropocket assay was performed according to that detailed by Kenyon et al., 1996. Briefly, hydron pellets (polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate [polyHEMA], Interferon Sciences, New Brunswick, N.J., U.S.A.) containing either 90 ng of bFGF (R&D) or 180 ng of VEGF (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, Minn., U.S.A.) and 40 μg of sucrose aluminium sulfate (Sigma) were prepared. Using an operating microscope, a stromal linear keratotomy was made with a surgical blade (Bard-Parker no. 15) parallel to the insertion of the lateral rectus muscle in an anesthetized animal. An intrastromal micropocket was dissected using a modified von Graefe knife (2••30 mm). A single pellet was implanted and advanced toward the temporal corneal limbus (within 0±7±1±0 mm for bFGF pellets and 0±5 mm for VEGF pellets). The difference in pellet location for each growth factor was determined to be necessary given the relatively weaker angiogenic stimulation of VEGF in this model. Antibiotic ointment (erythromycin.) was then applied to the operated eye to prevent infection and to decrease surface irregularities. The subsequent vascular response was measured extending from the limbal vasculature toward the pellet and the contiguous circumferential zone of neovascularization Data and clinical photos presented here were obtained on day 6 after pellet implantation, which was found to be the day of maximal angiogenic response.
+In Vitro Invasion Assay
+“Matrigel” matrix-coated 9-mm cell culture inserts (pore size, 8 μm; Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, N.J.) were set in a 24-well plate. The HUVEC cells were seeded at a density of 5×103 cells per well into the upper layer of the culture insert and cultured with serum-free EBM in the presence of EphB4 ECD for 24 h. The control group was cultured in the same media without EphB4. Then 0.5 ml of the human SCC15 cell line, conditioned medium was filled into the lower layer of the culture insert as a chemo-attractant. The cells were incubated for 24 h, then the remaining cells in the upper layer were swabbed with cotton and penetrating cells in the lower layer were fixed with 5% glutaraldehyde and stained with Diff Quick. The total number of cells passing through the Matrigel matrix and each 8 μm pore of the culture insert was counted using optical microscopy and designated as an invasion index (cell number/area).
+SCC15 Tumor Growth in Mice
+Subcutaneously inject logarithmically growing SCC15, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell line, at 5×106 cell density; with or without EphB4 ECD in the presence or absence of human bFGF, into athymic Balb/c nude mice, along with Matrigel (BD Bioscience) synthetic basement membrane (1:1 v/v), and examine tumors within 2 weeks. Tumor volumes in the EphB4 ECD group, in the presence and absence of growth factor after implantation were three-fold smaller than those in the vehicle groups. There was no difference in body weight between the groups. Immunohistochemical examination of cross-sections of resected tumors and TUNEL-positive apoptosis or necrosis, CD34 immunostaining, and BrdU proliferation rate will be performed, after deparaffinized, rehydrated, and quenched for endogenous peroxidase activity, and after 10 min permeabilization with proteinase K. Quantitative assessment of vascular densities will also be performed. Local intratumoral delivery or IV delivery of EphB4 ECD will also be performed twice a week.
+30 athymic nude mice, BALB/c (nu/nu), were each injected with 1×106 B16 melanoma cells with 0.1 ml PBS mixed with 0.1 ml matrigel or 1.5×106 SCC15 cells resuspended in 200 μl of DMEM serum-free medium and injected subcutaneously on day 0 on the right shoulder region of mice. Proteins were injected intravenously or subcutaneously, around the tumor beginning on day 1 at a loading dose of 4 μg/mg, with weekly injections of 2 ug/mg. (10 μg/g, 50 μg/kg/day), and at 2 weeks post-inoculation. Mice are sacrificed on Day 14. Control mice received PBS 50 μl each day.
+Tumor Formation in Nude Mice
+All animals were treated under protocols approved by the institutional animal care committees. Cancer cells (5×106) were subcutaneously inoculated into the dorsal skin of nude mice. When the tumor had grown to a size of about 100 mm3 (usually it took 1□2 days), sEphB4 was either intraperitoneally or subcutaneously injected once/day, and tumorigenesis was monitored for 2 weeks. Tumor volume was calculated according to the formula a2xb, where a and b are the smallest and largest diameters, respectively. A Student's t test was used to compare tumor volumes, with P<0.05 being considered significant.
+Quantification of Microvessel Density
+Tumors were fixed in 4% formaldehyde, embedded in paraffin, sectioned by 5 μm, and stained with hematoxylin□eosin. Vessel density was semi-quantitated using a computer-based image analyzer (five fields per section from three mice in each group).
+Example 3
+EphB4 is Upregulated and Imparts Growth Advantage in Prostate Cancer
+A. Expression of EphB4 in Prostate Cancer Cell Lines
+We first examined the expression of EphB4 protein in a variety of prostate cancer cell lines by Western blot. We found that prostate cancer cell lines show marked variation in the abundance of the 120 kD EphB4. The levels were relatively high in PC3 and even higher in PC3M, a metastatic clone of PC3, while normal prostate gland derived cell lines (MLC) showed low or no expression of EphB4 (FIG. 27A). We next checked the activation status of EphB4 in PC3 cells by phosphorylation study. We found that even under normal culture conditions, EphB4 is phosphorylated though it can be further induced by its ligand, ephrin B2 (FIG. 27B).
+B. Expression of EphB4 in Clinical Prostate Cancer Samples
+To determine whether EphB4 is expressed in clinical prostate samples, tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissue from prostate cancer surgical specimens were examined. The histological distribution of EphB4 in the prostate specimens was determined by immunohistochemistry. Clearly, EphB4 expression is confined to the neoplastic epithelium (FIG. 28, top left), and is absent in stromal and normal prostate epithelium (FIG. 28, top right). In prostate tissue array, 24 of the 32 prostate cancers examined were positive. We found EphB4 mRNA is expressed both in the normal and tumor tissues of clinical samples by quantitative RT-PCR. However, tumor EphB4 mRNA levels were at least 3 times higher than in the normal in this case (FIG. 28, lower right).
+C. P53 and PTEN Inhibited the Expression of EphB4 in PC3 Cells
+PC3 cells are known to lack PTEN expression (Davis, et al., 1994, Science. 266:816-819) and wild-type p53 function (Gale, et al., 1997, Cell Tissue Res. 290:227-241). We investigated whether the relatively high expression of EphB4 is related to p53 and/or PTEN by re-introducing wild-type p53 and/or PTEN into PC3 cells. To compensate for the transfection efficiency and the dilution effect, transfected cells were sorted for the cotransfected truncated CD4 marker. We found that the expression of EphB4 in PC3 cells was reduced by the re-introduction of either wild-type p53 or PTEN. The co-transfection of p53 and PTEN did not further inhibit the expression of EphB4 (FIG. 29A).
+D. Retinoid X Receptor (RXR α) Regulates the Expression of EphB4
+We previously found that RXRα was down-regulated in prostate cancer cell lines (Zhong, et al., 2003, Cancer Biol Ther. 2:179-184) and here we found EphB4 expression has the reverse expression pattern when we looked at “normal” prostate (MLC), prostate cancer (PC3), and metastatic prostate cancer (PC3M) (FIG. 27A), we considered whether RXRα regulates the expression of EphB4. To confirm the relationship, the expression of EphB4 was compared between CWR22R and CWR22R-RXRα, which constitutively expresses RXRα. We found a modest decrease in EphB4 expression in the RXRα overexpressing cell line, while FGF8 has no effect on EphB4 expression. Consistent with initial results, EphB4 was not found in “normal” benign prostate hypertrophic cell line BPH-1 (FIG. 29B).
+E. Growth Factor Signaling Pathway of EGFR and IGF-1R Regulates EphB4 Expression
+EGFR and IGF-1R have both been shown to have autocrine and paracrine action on PC3 cell growth. Because we found that EphB4 expression is higher in the more aggressive cell lines, we postulated that EphB4 expression might correlate with these pro-survival growth factors. We tested the relationship by independently blocking EGFR and IGF-1R signaling. EphB4 was down-regulated after blocking the EGFR signaling using EGFR kinase inhibitor AG 1478 (FIG. 30A) or upon blockade of the IGF-1R signaling pathway using IGF-1R neutralizing antibody (FIG. 30B).
+F. EphB4 siRNA and Antisense ODNs Inhibit PC3 Cell Viability
+To define the significance of this EphB4 overexpression in our prostate cancer model, we concentrated our study on PC3 cells, which have a relatively high expression of EphB4. The two approaches to decreasing EphB4 expression were siRNA and AS-ODNs. A number of different phosphorothioate-modified AS-ODNs complementary to different segments of the EphB4 coding region were tested for specificity and efficacy of EphB4 inhibition. Using 293 cells transiently transfected with full-length EphB4 expression vector AS-10 was found to be the most effective (FIG. 31B). A Similar approach was applied to the selection of specific siRNA. EphB4 siRNA 472 effectively knocks down EphB4 protein expression (FIG. 31A). Both siRNA 472 and antisense AS-10 ODN reduced the viability of PC3 cells in a dose dependent manner (FIGS. 31C, D). Unrelated siRNA or sense oligonucleotide had no effect on viability.
+G. EphB4 siRNA and Antisense ODNs Inhibit the Mobility of PC3 Cells
+PC3 cells can grow aggressively locally and can form lymph node metastases when injected orthotopically into mice. In an effort to study the role of EphB4 on migration of PC3 cells in vitro, we performed a wound-healing assay. When a wound was introduced into a monolayer of PC3 cells, over the course of the next 20 hours cells progressively migrated into the cleared area. However, when cells were transfected with siRNA 472 and the wound was introduced, this migration was significantly inhibited (FIG. 31E). Pretreatment of PC3 cells with 10 μM EphB4 AS-10 for 12 hours generated the same effect (FIG. 31F). In addition, knock-down of EphB4 expression in PC3 cells with siRNA 472 severely reduced the ability of these cells to invade Matrigel as assessed by a double-chamber invasion assay (FIG. 31G), compared to the control siRNA.
+H. EphB4 siRNA Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in PC3 Cells
+Since knock-down of EphB4 resulted in decreased cell viability (FIG. 31C) we sought to determine whether this was due to effects on the cell cycle. In comparison to control siRNA transfected cells, siRNA 472 resulted in an accumulation of cells in the sub G0 and S phase fractions compared to cells treated with control siRNA. The sub G0 fraction increased from 1% to 7.9%, and the S phase fraction from 14.9% to 20.8% in siRNA 472 treated cells compared to control siRNA treated cells (FIG. 32A). Cell cycle arrest at sub G0 and G2 is indicative of apoptosis. Apoptosis as a result of EphB4 knock-down was confirmed by ELISA assay. A dose-dependent increase in apoptosis was observed when PC3 cells were transfected with siRNA 472, but not with control siRNA (FIG. 32B). At 100 nM there was 15 times more apoptosis in siRNA 472 transfected than control siRNA transfected PC3 cells.
+I. Materials and Methods
+A detailed description of the materials and methods for this example may be found in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050084873.
+Example 4
+Expression of EPHB4 in Mesothelioma: a Candidate Target for Therapy
+Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a rare neoplasm that most often arises from the pleural and peritoneal cavity serous surface. The pleural cavity is by far the most frequent site affected (>90%), followed by the peritoneum (6-10%) (Carbone et al., 2002, Semin Oncol. 29:2-17). There is a strong association with asbestos exposure, about 80% of malignant mesothelioma cases occur in individuals who have ingested or inhaled asbestos. This tumor is particularly resistant to the current therapies and, up to now, the prognosis of these patients is dramatically poor (Lee et al., 2000, Curr Opin Pulm Med. 6:267-74).
+Several clinical problems regarding the diagnosis and treatment of malignant mesothelioma remain unsolved. Making a diagnosis of mesothelioma from pleural or abdominal fluid is notoriously difficult and often requires a thoracoscopic or laproscopic or open biopsy and Immunohistochemical staining for certain markers such as meosthelin expressed preferentially in this tumor. Until now, no intervention has proven to be curative, despite aggressive chemotherapeutic regimens and prolonged radiotherapy. The median survival in most cases is only 12-18 months after diagnosis.
+In order to identify new diagnostic markers and targets to be used for novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, we assessed the expression of EPHB4 and its ligand EphrinB2 in mesothelioma cell lines and clinical samples.
+A. EPHB4 and EphrinB2 is Expressed in Mesothelioma Cell Lines
+The expression of Ephrin B2 and EphB4 in malignant mesothelioma cell lines was determined at the RNA and protein level by a variety of methods. RT-PCR showed that all of the four cell lines express EphrinB2 and EPHB4 (FIG. 33A). Protein expression was determined by Western blot in these cell lines. Specific bands for EphB4 were seen at 120 kD. In addition, Ephrin B2 was detected in all cell lines tested as a 37 kD band on Western blot (FIG. 33B). No specific band for Ephrin B2 was observed in 293 human embryonic kidney cells, which were included as a negative control.
+To confirm the presence of EphB4 transcription in mesothelioma cells, in situ hybridization was carried out on NCI H28 cell lines cultured on chamber slides. Specific signal for EphB4 was detected using antisense probe Ephrin B2 transcripts were also detected in the same cell line. Sense probes for both EphB4 and Ephrin B2 served as negative controls and did not hybridize to the cells (FIG. 34). Expression of EphB4 and Ephrin B2 proteins was confirmed in the cell lines by immunofluorescence analysis (FIG. 35). Three cell lines showed strong expression of EphB4, whereas expression of Ephrin B2 was present in H28 and H2052, and weakly detectable in H2373.
+B. Evidence of Expression of EPHB4 and EphrinB2 in Clinical Samples
+Tumor cells cultured from the pleural effusion of a patient diagnosed with pleural malignant mesothelioma were isolated and showed positive staining for both EphB4 and Ephrin B2 at passage 1 (FIG. 35, bottom row). These results confirm co-expression of EphB4 and Ephrin B2 in mesothelioma cell lines. To determine whether these results seen in tumor cell lines were a real reflection of expression in the disease state, tumor biopsy samples were subjected to immunohistochemical staining for EphB4 and Ephrin B2. Antibodies to both proteins revealed positive stain in the tumor cells. Representative data is shown in FIG. 36.
+C. EPHB4 is Involved in the Cell Growth and Migration of Mesothelioma
+The role of EphB4 in cell proliferation was tested using EPHB4 specific antisepses oligonucleotides and siRNA. The treatment of cultured H28 with EPHB4 antisense reduced cell viability. One of the most active inhibitor of EphB4 expression is EPHB4AS-10 (FIG. 37A). Transfection of EPHB4 siRNA 472 generated the same effect (FIG. 37B).
+MM is a locally advancing disease with frequent extension and growth into adjacent vital structures such as the chest wall, heart, and esophagus. In an effort to study this process in vitro, we perform wound healing assay using previously described techniques (3:36). When a wound was introduced into sub confluent H28 cells, over the course of the next 28 hours cells would progressively migrate into the area of the wound. However, when cells were pretreated with EPHB4AS-10 for 24 hours, and the wound was introduced, this migration was virtually completely prevented (FIG. 38A). The migration study with Boyden Chamber assay with EPHB4 siRNA showed that cell migration was greatly inhibited with the inhibition of EPHB4 expression (FIG. 38B).
+D. Materials and Methods
+A detailed description of the materials and methods for this example may be found in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050084873.
+Example 5
+EphB4 is Expressed in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck: Regulation by Epidermal Growth Factor Signaling Pathway and Growth Advantage
+Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) is the sixth most frequent cancer worldwide, with estimated 900,000 cases diagnosed each year. It comprises almost 50% of all malignancies in some developing nations. In the United States, 50,000 new cases and 8,000 deaths are reported each year. Tobacco carcinogens are believed to be the primary etiologic agents of the disease, with alcohol consumption, age, gender, and ethnic background as contributing factors.
+The differences between normal epithelium of the upper aerodigestive tract and cancer cells arising from that tissue are the result of mutations in specific genes and alteration of their expression. These genes control DNA repair, proliferation, immortalization, apoptosis, invasion, and angiogenesis. For head and neck cancer, alterations of three signaling pathways occur with sufficient frequency and produce such dramatic phenotypic changes as to be considered the critical transforming events of the disease. These changes include mutation of the p53 tumor suppressor, overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and inactivation of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p16. Other changes such as Rb mutation, ras activation, cyclin D amplification, and myc overexpression are less frequent in HNSCC.
+Although high expression of EphB4 has been reported in hematologic malignancies, breast carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma, and colon carcinoma, there is limited data on the protein levels of EphB4, and complete lack of data on the biological significance of this protein in tumor biology such as HNSCC.
+A. HNSCC Tumors Express EphB4
+We studied the expression of EphB4 in human tumor tissues by immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and Western blot. Twenty prospectively collected tumor tissues following IRB approval have been evaluated with specific EphB4 monoclonal antibody that does not react with other members of the EphB and EphA family. EphB4 expression is observed in all cases, with varying intensity of staining. FIG. 39A (top left) illustrates a representative case, showing that EphB4 is expressed in the tumor regions only, as revealed by the H&E tumor architecture (FIG. 39A bottom left). Note the absence of staining for EphB4 in the stroma. Secondly, a metastatic tumor site in the lymph node shows positive staining while the remainder of the lymph node is negative (FIG. 39A, top right).
+In situ hybridization was carried out to determine the presence and location of EphB4 transcripts in the tumor tissue. Strong signal for EphB4 specific antisense probe was detected indicating the presence of transcripts (FIG. 39 B, top left). Comparison with the H&E stain (FIG. 39B, bottom left) to illustrate tumor architecture reveals that the signal was localized to the tumor cells, and was absent from the stromal areas. Ephrin B2 transcripts were also detected in tumor sample, and as with EphB4, the signal was localized to the tumor cells (FIG. 39B, top right). Neither EphB4 nor ephrin B2 sense probes hybridized to the sections, proving specificity of the signals.
+B. High Expression of EphB4 in Primary and Metastatic Sites of HNSCC
+Western blots of tissue from primary tumor, lymph node metastases and uninvolved tissue were carried out to determine the relative levels of EphB4 expression in these sites. Tumor and normal adjacent tissues were collected on 20 cases, while lymph nodes positive for tumor were harvested in 9 of these 20 cases. Representative cases are shown in FIG. 39C. EphB4 expression is observed in each of the tumor samples. Similarly, all tumor positive lymph nodes show EphB4 expression that was equal to or greater than the primary tumor. No or minimal expression is observed in the normal adjacent tissue.
+C. EphB4 Expression and Regulation by EGFR Activity in HNSCC Cell Lines
+Having demonstrated the expression of EphB4 limited to tumor cells, we next sought to determine whether there was an in vitro model of EphB4 expression in HNSCC. Six HN SCC cell lines were surveyed for EphB4 protein expression by Western Blot (FIG. 40A). A majority of these showed strong EphB4 expression and thus established the basis for subsequent studies. Since EGFR is strongly implicated in HNSCC we asked whether EphB4 expression is associated with the activation of EGFR. Pilot experiments in SCC-15, which is an EGFR positive cell line, established an optimal time of 24 h and concentration of 1 mM of the specific EGFR kinase inhibitor AG 1478 (FIG. 40B) to inhibit expression of EphB4. When all the cell lines were studied, we noted robust EGFR expression in all but SCC-4, where it is detectable but not strong (FIG. 40C, top row). In response to EGFR inhibitor AG1478 marked loss in the total amount of EphB4 was observed in certain cell lines (SCC-15, and SCC-25) while no effect was observed in others (SCC-9, -12, -13 and -71). Thus SCC-15 and -25 serve as models for EphB4 being regulated by EGFR activity, while SCC-9, -12, -13 and -71 are models for regulation of EphB4 in HNSCC independent of EGFR activity, where there may be input from other factors such as p53, PTEN, IL-6 etc. We also noted expression of the ligand of EphB4, namely ephrin B2, in all of the cell lines tested. As with EphB4 in some lines ephrin B2 expression appears regulated by EGFR activity, while it is independent in other cell lines.
+Clearly, inhibition of constitutive EGFR signaling repressed EphB4 levels in SCC15 cells. We next studied whether EGF could induce EphB4. We found that EphB4 levels were induced in SCC15 cells that had been serum starved for 24 h prior to 24 h treatment with 10 ng/ml EGF as shown in FIG. 41B (lanes 1 and 2). The downstream signaling pathways known for EGFR activation shown in FIG. 41A, (for review see Yarden & Slikowski 2001) were then investigated for their input into EGF mediated induction of EphB4. Blocking PLCg, AKT and JNK phosphorylation with the specific kinase inhibitors U73122, SH-5 and SP600125 respectively reduced basal levels and blocked EGF stimulated induction of EphB4 (FIG. 41B, lanes 3-8). In contrast, inhibition of ERK½ with PD098095 and PI3-K with LY294002 or Wortmannin had no discernible effect on EGF induction of EphB4 levels. However, basal levels of EphB4 were reduced when ERK½ phosphorylation was inhibited. Interestingly, inhibition of p38 MAPK activation with SB203580 increased basal, but not EGF induced EphB4 levels. Similar results were seen in the SCC25 cell line (data not shown).
+D. Inhibition of EphB4 in High Expressing Cell Lines Results in Reduced Viability and Causes Cell-Cycle Arrest
+We next turned to the role of EphB4 expression in HNSCC by investigating the effect of ablating expression using siRNA or AS-ODN methods. Several siRNAs to EphB4 sequence were developed (Table 1) which knocked-down EphB4 expression to varying degrees as seen in FIG. 42A. Viability was reduced in SCC-15, -25 and -71 cell lines transfected with siRNAs 50 and 472, which were most effective in blocking EphB4 expression (FIG. 42B). Little effect on viability was seen with EphB4 siRNA 1562 and 2302 or ephrin B2 siRNA 254. Note that in SCC-4, which does not express EphB4 (see FIG. 40A) there was no reduction in cell viability. The decreased cell viability seen with siRNA 50 and 472 treatment was attributable to accumulation of cells in sub G0, indicative of apoptosis. This effect was both time and dose-dependant (FIG. 42C and Table 2). In contrast, siRNA2302 that was not effective in reducing EphB4 levels and had only minor effects on viability did not produce any changes in the cell cycle when compared with the mock Lipofectamine™2000 transfection.
+A detailed description of the siRNA constructs for this example may be found in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050084873.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Effect of different EphB4 siRNA on Cell Cycle
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Treatment
+Sub G0
+G1
+S
+G2
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+36 hr
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Lipo alone
+1.9
+39.7
+21.3
+31.8
+
+
+
+100 nM 2302
+2.0
+39.3
+21.2
+31.2
+
+
+
+100 nM 50
+18.1
+31.7
+19.7
+24.4
+
+
+
+100 nM 472
+80.2
+10.9
+5.2
+2.1
+
+
+
+16 hr
+
+
+
+Lipo alone
+7.8
+55.7
+15.2
+18.5
+
+
+
+100 nM 2302
+8.4
+57.3
+14.3
+17.3
+
+
+
+ 10 nM 50
+10.4
+53.2
+15.7
+17.7
+
+
+
+100 nM 50
+27.7
+31.3
+18.1
+19.6
+
+
+
+ 10 nM 472
+13.3
+50.2
+15.8
+17.5
+
+
+
+100 nM 472
+30.7
+31.9
+16.4
+18.0
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In addition, over 50 phosphorothioate AS-ODNs complementary to the human EphB4 coding sequences were synthesized and tested for their ability to inhibit EphB4 expression in 293 cells transiently transfected with full length EphB4 expression plasmid. FIG. 43A shows a representative sample of the effect of some of these AS-ODNs on EphB4 expression. Note that expression is totally abrogated with AS-10, while AS-11 has only a minor effect. The effect on cell viability in SCC15 cells was most marked with AS-ODNs that are most effective in inhibiting EphB4 expression as shown in FIG. 43B. The IC50 for AS-10 was approximately 1 μM, while even 10 μM AS-11 was not sufficient to attain 50% reduction of viability. When the effect that AS-10 had on the cell cycle was investigated, it was found that the sub G0 fraction increased from 1.9% to 10.5% compared to non-treated cells, indicative of apoptosis (FIG. 43C).
+E. EphB4 Regulates Cell Migration
+We next wished to determine if EphB4 participates in the migration of HNSCC. Involvement in migration may have implications for growth and metastasis. Migration was assessed using the wound-healing/scrape assay. Confluent SCC15 and SCC25 cultures were wounded by a single scrape with a sterile plastic Pasteur pipette, which left a 3 mm band with clearly defined borders. Migration of cells into the cleared area in the presence of test compounds was evaluated and quantitated after 24, 48 and 72 hr. Cell migration was markedly diminished in response to AS-10 that block EphB4 expression while the inactive compounds, AS-1 and scrambled ODN had little to no effect as shown in FIG. 43D. Inhibition of migration with AS-10 was also shown using the Boyden double chamber assay (FIG. 43E).
+F. EphB4 AS-10 In Vivo Anti-Tumor Activity
+The effect of EphB4 AS-10, which reduces cell viability and motility, was determined in SCC15 tumor xenografts in Balb/C nude mice. Daily treatment of mice with 20 mg/kg AS-10, sense ODN or equal volume of PBS by I.P. injection was started the day following tumor cell implantation. Growth of tumors in mice receiving AS-10 was significantly retarded compared to mice receiving either sense ODN or PBS diluent alone (FIG. 44). Non-specific effects attributable to ODN were not observed, as there was no difference between the sense ODN treated and PBS treated groups.
+G. Materials and Methods
+A detailed description of the materials and methods for this example may be found in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050084873.
+Example 6
+Ephrin B2 Expression in Kaposi's Sarcoma is Induced by Human Herpesvirus Type 8: Phenotype Switch from Venous to Arterial Endothelium
+Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS) manifests as a multifocal angioproliferative disease, most commonly of the skin and mucus membranes, with subsequent spread to visceral organs (1) Hallmarks of the disease are angiogenesis, edema, infiltration of lymphomononuclear cells and growth of spindle-shaped tumor cells. Pathologically, established lesions exhibit an extensive vascular network of slit-like spaces. The KS vascular network is distinct from normal vessels in the lack of basement membranes and the abnormal spindle shaped endothelial cell (tumor cell) lining these vessels. Defective vasculature results in an accumulation of the blood components including albumin, red and mononuclear cells in the lesions (1). The KS tumor is endothelial in origin; the tumor cells express many endothelial markers, including lectin binding sites for Ulex europeaus agglutinin-1 (UEA-1), CD34, EN-4, PAL-E (2) and the endothelial cell specific tyrosine kinase receptors, VEGFR-1 (Flt-1), VEGFR-2 (Flk-1/KDR), VEGFR-3 (Flt-4), Tie-1 and Tie-2 (3, RM & PSG unpublished data). KS cells co-express lymphatic endothelial cell related proteins including LYVE and podoplanin (4).
+The herpesvirus HHV-8 is considered the etiologic agent for the disease. In 1994 sequences of this new herpes virus were identified in KS tumor tissue (5), and subsequent molecular-epidemiology studies have shown that nearly all KS tumors contain viral genome. Sero-epidemiology studies show that HIV infected patients with KS have the highest prevalence of HHV-8 and secondly that those with HIV infection but no KS have increased risk of development of KS over the ensuing years if they are also seropositive for HHV-8 (6). Direct evidence for the role of HHV-8 in KS is the transformation of bone marrow endothelial cells after infection with HHV-8 (7). A number of HHV-8 encoded genes could contribute to cellular transformation (reviewed in 8). However, the most evidence has accumulated for the G-protein coupled receptor (vGPCR) in this role (9).
+We investigated whether KS tumor cells are derived from arterial or venous endothelium. In addition, we investigated whether HHV-8 has an effect on expression of arterial or venous markers in a model of KS. KS tumor cells were found to express the ephrin B2 arterial marker. Further, ephrin B2 expression was induced by HHV-8 vGPCR in KS and endothelial cell lines. Ephrin B2 is a potential target for treatment of KS because inhibition of ephrin B2 expression or signaling was detrimental to KS cell viability and function.
+A. KS Tumors Express Ephrin B2, but not EphB4
+The highly vascular nature of KS lesions and the probable endothelial cell origin of the tumor cells prompted investigation of expression of EphB4 and ephrin B2 which are markers for venous and arterial endothelial cells, respectively. Ephrin B2, but not EphB4 transcripts were detected in tumor cells of KS biopsies by in situ hybridization (FIG. 45A). Comparison of the positive signal with ephrin B2 antisense probe and tumor cells as shown by H&E staining shows that ephrin B2 expression is limited to the areas of the biopsy that contain tumor cells. The lack of signal in KS with EphB4 antisense probe is not due to a defect in the probe, as it detected transcripts in squamous cell carcinoma, which we have shown expresses this protein (18). Additional evidence for the expression of ephrin B2 in KS tumor tissue is afforded by the localization of EphB4/Fc signal to tumor cells, detected by FITC conjugated anti human Fc antibody. Because ephrin B2 is the only ligand for EphB4 this reagent is specific for the expression of ephrin B2 (FIG. 45B, left). An adjacent section treated only with the secondary reagent shows no specific signal. Two-color confocal microscopy demonstrated the presence of the HHV-8 latency protein, LANA1 in the ephrin B2 positive cells (FIG. 45C, left), indicating that it is the tumor cells, not tumor vessels, which are expressing this arterial marker. Staining of tumor biopsy with PECAM-1 antibody revealed the highly vascular nature of this tumor (FIG. 45C, right). A pilot study of the prevalence of this pattern of ephrin B2 and EphB4 expression on KS biopsies was conducted by RT-PCR analysis. All six samples were positive for ephrin B2, while only 2 were weakly positive for EphB4 (data not shown).
+B. Infection of Venous Endothelial Cells with HHV-8 Causes a Phenotype Switch to Arterial Markers
+We next asked whether HHV-8, the presumed etiologic agent for KS, could itself induce expression of ephrin B2 and repress EphB4 expression in endothelial cells. Co-culture of HUVEC and BC-1 lymphoma cells, which are productively infected with HHV-8, results in effective infection of the endothelial cells (16). The attached monolayers of endothelial cells remaining after extensive washing were examined for ephrin B2 and EphB4 by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. HUVEC express EphB4 venous marker strongly at the RNA level, but not ephrin B2 (FIG. 46B). In contrast, HHV-8 infected cultures (HUVEC/BC-1 and HUVEC/BC-3) express ephrin B2, while EphB4 transcripts are almost absent.
+Immunofluorescence analysis of cultures of HUVEC and HUVEC/HHV-8 for artery/vein markers and viral proteins was undertaken to determine whether changes in protein expression mirrored that seen in the RNA. In addition, cellular localization of the proteins could be determined. Consistent with the RT-PCR data HUVEC are ephrin B2 negative and EphB4 positive (FIG. 46A(a & m)). As expected they do not express any HHV-8 latency associated nuclear antigen (LANA1) (FIG. 46A(b, n)). Co-culture of BC-1 cells, which are productively infected with HHV-8, resulted in infection of HUVEC as shown by presence of viral proteins LANA1 and ORF59 (FIG. 46A(f, r)). HHV-8 infected HUVEC now express ephrin B2 but not EphB4 (FIG. 46A(e, q, u), respectively). Expression of ephrin B2 and LANA1 co-cluster as shown by yellow signal in the merged image (FIG. 46A(h)). HHV-8 infected HUVEC positive for ephrin B2 and negative for Eph B4 also express the arterial marker CD148 (19) (FIG. 46A (j, v)). Expression of ephrin B2 and CD148 co-cluster as shown by yellow signal in the merged image (FIG. 46A(l)). Uninfected HUVEC expressing Eph B4 were negative for CD148 (not shown).
+C. HHV-8 vGPCR Induces Ephrin B2 Expression
+To test whether individual viral proteins could induce the expression of ephrin B2 seen with the whole virus KS-SLK cells were stably transfected with HHV-8 LANA, or LANAΔ440 or vGPCR. Western Blot of stable clones revealed a five-fold induction of ephrin B2 in KS-SLK transfected with vGPCR compared to SLK-LANA or SLK-LANAΔ440 (FIG. 47A). SLK transfected with vector alone (pCEFL) was used as a control. SLK-vGPCR and SLK-pCEFL cells were also examined for ephrin B2 and Eph B4 expression by immunofluorescence in transiently transfected KS-SLK cells. FIG. 47B shows higher expression of ephrin B2 in the SLK-vGPCR cells compared to SLK-pCEFL. No changes in Eph B4 were observed in SLK-vGPCR compared to SLK-pCEFL. This clearly demonstrates that SLK-vGPCR cells expressed high levels of ephrin B2 compared to SLK-pCEFL cells. This suggests that vGPCR of HHV-8 is directly involved in the induction of Ephrin B2 and the arterial phenotype switch in KS. Since we had shown that HHV-8 induced expression of ephrin B2 in HUVEC, we next asked if this could be mediated by a transcriptional effect. Ephrin B2 5′-flanking DNA-luciferase reporter plasmids were constructed as described in the Materials and Methods and transiently transfected into HUVECs. Ephrin B2 5′-flanking DNA sequences -2491/-11 have minimal activity in HUVEC cells (FIG. 47C). This is consistent with ephrin B2 being an arterial, not venous marker. However, we have noted that HUVEC in culture do express some ephrin B2 at the RNA level. Cotransfection of HHV-8 vGPCR induces ephrin B2 transcription approximately 10-fold compared to the control expression vector pCEFL. Roughly equal induction was seen with ephrin B2 sequences-2491/-11, -1242/-11, or -577/-11, which indicates that elements between -577 and -11 are sufficient to mediate the response to vGPCR, although maximal activity is seen with the -1242/-11 luciferase construct.
+D. Expression of Ephrin B2 is Regulated by VEGF and VEGF-C
+We next asked whether known KS growth factors could be involved in the vGPCR-mediated induction of ephrin B2 expression. SLK-vGPCR cells were treated with neutralizing antibodies to oncostatin-M, IL-6, IL-8, VEGF or VEGF-C for 36 hr. FIG. 48A shows that neutralization of VEGF completely blocked expression of ephrin B2 in SLK-vGPCR cells. A lesser, but significant decrease in ephrin B2 was seen neutralization of VEGF-C and IL-8. No appreciable effect was seen with neutralization of oncostatin-M or IL-6. To verify that VEGF and VEGF-C are integral to the induction of ephrin B2 expression we treated HUVEC with VEGF, VEGF-C or EGF. HUVECs were grown in EBM-2 media containing 5% FBS with two different concentration of individual growth factor (10 ng, 100 ng/ml) for 48 h. Only VEGF-A or VEGF-C induced ephrin B2 expression in a dose dependent manner (FIG. 48B). In contrast, EGF had no effect on expression of ephrin B2.
+E. Ephrin B2 siRNA Inhibits the Expression of Ephrin B2 in KS
+Three ephrin B2 siRNA were synthesized as described in the methods section. KS-SLK cells were transfected with siRNA and 48 h later ephrin B2 expression was determined by Western Blot. Ephrin B2 siRNAs 137 or 254 inhibited about 70% of ephrin B2 expression compared to control siRNA such as siRNA Eph B4 50 or siRNA GFP. Ephrin B2 63 siRNA was less effective than the above two siRNA Ephrin B2 (FIG. 49A).
+F. Ephrin B2 is Necessary for Full KS and EC Viability, Cord Formation and In Vivo Angiogenesis Activities
+The most effective ephrin B2 siRNA (254) was then used to determine whether inhibiting expression of ephrin B2 has any effect on the growth of KS-SLK or HUVEC cells. The viability of KS-SLK cells was decreased by the same siRNAs that inhibited ephrin B2 protein levels (FIG. 49B). KS-SLK express high levels of ephrin B2 and this result shows maintenance of ephrin B2 expression is integral to cell viability in this setting. HUVECs do not express ephrin B2, except when stimulated by VEGF as shown in FIG. 48B. Ephrin B2 siRNA 264 dramatically reduced growth of HUVECs cultured with VEGF as the sole growth factor. In contrast, no significant effect was seen when HUVECs were cultured with IGF, EGF and bFGF. As a control, EphB4 siRNA 50 had no detrimental effect on HUVECs in either culture condition (FIG. 49C). In addition to inhibition of viability of KS and primary endothelial cells, EphB4-ECD inhibits cord formation in HUVEC and KS-SLK and in vivo angiogenesis in the Matrigel™ plug assay (FIG. 50).
+G. Methods and Materials
+A detailed description of the materials and methods for this example may be found in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050084873.
+Example 7
+Expression of EphB4 in Bladder Cancer: a Candidate Target for Therapy
+FIG. 51 shows expression of EPHB4 in bladder cancer cell lines (A), and regulation of EPHB4 expression by EGFR signaling pathway (B).
+FIG. 52 shows that transfection of p53 inhibit the expression of EPHB4 in 5637 cell.
+FIG. 53 shows growth inhibition of bladder cancer cell line (5637) upon treatment with EPHB4 siRNA 472.
+FIG. 54 shows results on apoptosis study of 5637 cells transfected with EPHB4 siRNA 472.
+FIG. 55 shows effects of EPHB4 antisense probes on cell migration. 5637 cells were treated with EPHB4AS10 (10 μM).
+FIG. 56 shows effects of EPHB4 siRNA on cell invasion. 5637 cells were transfected with siRNA 472 or control siRNA.
+Example 8
+Inhibition of EphB4 Gene Expression by EphB4 Antisense Probes and RNAi Probes
+Cell lines expressing EphB4 were treated with the synthetic phosphorothioate modified oligonucleotides and harvested after 24 hr. Cell lysates were prepared and probed by western blot analysis for relative amounts of EphB4 compared to untreated control cells.
+Studies on inhibition of cell proliferation were done in HNSCC cell lines characterized to express EphB4. Loss of cell viability was shown upon knock-down of EphB4 expression. Cells were treated in vitro and cultured in 48-well plates, seeded with 10 thousand cells per well. Test compounds were added and the cell viability was tested on day 3. The results on EphB4 antisense probes were summarized below in Table 6. The results on EphB4 RNAi probes were summarized below in Table 7.
+A detailed description of the antisense and siRNA constructs for this example may be found in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050084873.
+Example 9
+Inhibition of Ephrin B2 Gene Expression by Ephrin B2 Antisense Probes and RNAi Probes
+KS SLK, a cell line expressing endogenous high level of ephrin B2. Cell viability was tested using fixed dose of each oligonuceotide (5 uM). Gene expression downregulation was done using cell line 293 engineered to stably express full-length ephrin B2. KS SLK expressing EphrinB2 were also used to test the viability in response to RNAi probes tested at the fixed dose of 50 nM. Protein expression levels were measured using 293 cells stably expressing full-length EphrinB2, in cell lysates after 24 hr treatment with fixed 50 nM of RNAi probes.
+The results on Ephrin B2 antisense probes were summarized below in Table 8. The results on Ephrin B2 RNAi probes were summarized below in Table 9.
+A detailed description of the antisense and siRNA constructs for this example may be found in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050084873.
+Example 10
+EphB4 Antibodies Inhibit Tumor Growth
+FIG. 57 shows results on comparison of EphB4 monoclonal antibodies by G250 and in Pull-down assay.
+FIG. 58 shows that EphB4 antibodies, in the presence of matrigel and growth factors, inhibit the in vivo tumor growth of SCC15 cells.
+BaIbC nude mice were injected subcutaneously with 2.5×106 viable tumor cells SCC15 is a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma line. Tumors were initiated in nu/nu mice by injecting 2.5−5×106 cells premixed with matrigel and Growth factors, and Ab's subcutaneously to initiate tumor xenografts. Mice were opened 14 days after injections. SCC15 is a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma line, B16 is a melanoma cell line, and MCF-7 is a breast carcinoma line. The responses of tumors to these treatments were compared to control treated mice, which receive PBS injections. Animals were observed daily for tumor growth and subcutaneous tumors were measured using a caliper every 2 days. Antibodies #1 and #23 showed significant regression of SCC15 tumor size compared to control, especially with no additional growth factor added.
+FIG. 59 shows that EphB4 antibodies cause apoptosis, necrosis and decreased angiogenesis in SCC15, head and neck carcinoma tumor type.
+Angiogenesis was assessed by CD-31 immunohistochemistry. Tumor tissue sections from treated and untreated mice were stained for CD31. Apoptosis was assessed by immunohistochemical TUNNEL, and proliferation by BrdU assay. Following surgical removal, tumors were immediately sliced into 2 mm serial sections and embedded in paraffin using standard procedures. Paraffin embedded tissue were sectioned at 5 μm, the wax removed and the tissue rehydrated. The rehydrated tissues were microwave irradiated in antigen retreival solution. Slides were rinsed in PBS, and TUNNEL reaction mixture (Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and flourescein labeled nucleotide solution), and BrdU were added in a humidity chamber completely shielded from light. The TUNNEL and BrdU reaction mixture were then removed, slides were rinsed and anti-flourescein antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase was added. After incubation and rinsing, 3, 3′diaminobenzidine was added. Masson's Trichrome and Hematoxylin and Eosin were also used to stain the slides to visualize morphology. Masson's Trichrome allows to visualize necrosis and fibrosis. The tumor gets blood support from tumor/skin, muscle boundary. As tumor grows, inner regions get depleted of nutrients. This leads to necrosis (cell death), preferably at the tumor center. After cells die, (tumor) tissue gets replaced with fibroblastic tissue. Slides were visualized under 20-fold magnification with digital images acquired. A different morphology was obtained on SCC tumors with each antibody administered. Ab #1 showed an increase in necrosis and fibrosis but not apoptosis. Ab #23 showed an increase in apoptosis, necrosis and fibrosis and a decrease in vessel infiltration. Ab #35 showed an increase in necrosis and fibrosis, and a small increase in apoptosis and a decrease in vessel infiltration. Ab #79 showed a large increase in apoptosis, and necrossis and fibrosis. Ab #91 showed no change in apoptosis but an increase in proliferation. And Ab #138 showed an increase in apoptosis, necrosis, fibrosis and a decrease in proliferation and vessel infiltration. Tumors treated with control PBS displayed abundant tumor density and a robust angiogenic response. Tumors treated with EphB4 antibodies displayed a decrease in tumor cell density and a marked inhibition of tumor angiogenesis in regions with viable tumor cells, as well as tumor necrosis and apoptosis.
+FIG. 60 shows that systemic administration of antibodies on xenografts leads to tumor regression in SCC15 tumor xenografts.
+Alternate day treatment with EphB4 monoclonal antibody or an equal volume of PBS as control were initiated on day 4, after the tumors have established, and continued for 14 days. Systemic administration was administered either IP or SC with no significant difference. All the experiments were carried out in a double-blind manner to eliminate investigator bias. Mice were sacrificed at the conclusion of the two week treatment period. Tumors were harvested immediately postmortem and fixed and processed for immunohistochemistry. EphB4 antibodies 40 mg per kg body weight were administered. Treatment with EphB4 antibody significantly inhibited human SCC tumor growth compared with control-treated mice (p<0.05). Treatment with EphB4 antibody significantly inhibited tumor weight compared with control-treated mice (p<0.05).
+Example 11
+HSA-EphB4 Ectodomain Fusion and PEG-Modified EphB4 Ectodomain
+A. Generation of HSA-EphB4 Ectodomain Fusion
+Human serum albumin fragment in XbaI-NotI form was PCR-amplified out for creating a fusion with GCF2, and TA-cloned into pEF6. In the next step, the resulting vector was cut with Xba I (partial digestion) and the HSA fragment (1.8 kb) was cloned into Xba I site of pEF6-GCF2-Xba to create fusion expression vector. The resulting vector had a point mutation C to T leading to Thr to Ile substitution in position 4 of the mature protein. It was called pEF6-GCF2-HSAmut. In the next cloning step, the mutation was removed by substituting wild type KpnI fragment from pEF6-GCF2-IF (containing piece of the vector and N-terminal part of GCF2) for the mutated one, this final vector was called pEF6-GCF2. The DNA sequence of pEF6-GCF2 was confirmed.
+The predicted amino acid of the HSA-EphB4 precursor protein was as follows (SEQ ID NO:18):
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+MELRVLLCWASLAAALEETLLNTKLETADLKWVTFPQVDGQWEELSGL
+
+
+ 
+
+
+DEEQHSVRTYEVCDVQRAPGQAHWLRTGWVPRRGAVHVYATLRFTMLE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CLSLPRAGRSCKETFTVFYYESDADTATALTPAWMENPYIKVDTVAAE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+HLTRKRPGAEATGKVNVKTLRLGPLSKAGFYLAFQDQGACMALLSLHL
+
+
+ 
+
+
+FYKKCAQLTVNLTRFPETVPRELVVPVAGSCVVDAVPAPGPSPSLYCR
+
+
+ 
+
+
+EDGQWAEQPVTGCSCAPGFEAAEGNTKCRACAQGTFKPLSGEGSCQPC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+PANSHSNTIGSAVCQCRVGYFRARTDPRGAPCTTPPSAPRSVVSRLNG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SSLHLEWSAPLESGGREDLTYALRCRECRPGGSCAPCGGDLTFDPGPR
+
+
+ 
+
+
+DLVEPWVVVRGLRPDFTYTFEVTALNGVSSLATGPVPFEPVNVTTDRE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+VPPAVSDIRVTRSSPSSLSLAWAVPRAPSGAVLDYEVKYHEKGAEGPS
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SVRFLKTSENRAELRGLKRGASYLVQVRARSEAGYGPFGQEHHSQTQL
+
+
+ 
+
+
+DESEGWREQSRDAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQCPFE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+DHVKLVNEVTEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+EMADCCAKQEPERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEET
+
+
+ 
+
+
+FLKKYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPK
+
+
+ 
+
+
+LDELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAEFA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+EVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISSKLKE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNYAEAKDV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+FLGMFLYEYARRHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAADPHECYAKV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+FDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFKQLGEYKFQNALLVRYTKKVPQVSTP
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSVVLNQLCVLHEKTPV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKEFNAETFTFHADICTLS
+
+
+ 
+
+
+EKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAVMDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGL
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The predicted amino acid sequence of the mature form of the HSA-EphB4 protein was as follows (SEQ ID NO:19):
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+LEETLLNTKLETADLKWVTFPQVDGQWEELSGLDEEQHSVRTYEVCDV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+QRAPGQAHWLRTGWVPRRGAVHVYATLRFTMLECLSLPRAGRSCKETF
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TVFYYESDADTATALTPAWMENPYIKVDTVAAEHLTRKRPGAEATGKV
+
+
+ 
+
+
+NVKTLRLGPLSKAGFYLAFQDQGACMALLSLHLFYKKCAQLTVNLTRF
+
+
+ 
+
+
+PETVPRELVVPVAGSCVVDAVPAPGPSPSLYCREDGQWAEQPVTGCSC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+APGFEAAEGNTKCRACAQGTFKPLSGEGSCQPCPANSHSNTIGSAVCQ
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CRVGYFRARTDPRGAPCTTPPSAPRSVVSRLNGSSLHLEWSAPLESGG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+REDLTYALRCRECRPGGSCAPCGGDLTFDPGPRDLVEPWVVVRGLRPD
+
+
+ 
+
+
+FTYTFEVTALNGVSSLATGPVPFEPVNVTTDREVPPAVSDIRVTRSSP
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SSLSLAWAVPRAPSGAVLDYEVKYHEKGAEGPSSVRFLKTSENRAELR
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GLKRGASYLVQVRARSEAGYGPFGQEHHSQTQLDESEGWREQSRDAHK
+
+
+ 
+
+
+SEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQCPFEDHVKLVNEVTEFAKT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCCAKQEPERNE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLKKYLYEIARRHPY
+
+
+ 
+
+
+FYAPELLFFAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKLDELRDEGKASSAKQ
+
+
+ 
+
+
+RLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAVARLSQRFPKAEFAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISSKLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAE
+
+
+ 
+
+
+VENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNYAEAKDVFLGMFLYEYARRHPD
+
+
+ 
+
+
+YSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAADPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLI
+
+
+ 
+
+
+KQNCELFKQLGEYKFQNALLVRYTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSK
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSVVLNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNR
+
+
+ 
+
+
+RPCFSALEVDETYVPKEFNAETFTFHADICTLSEKERQIKKQTALVEL
+
+
+ 
+
+
+VKHKPKATKEQLKAVMDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQ
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AALGL
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The nucleic acid sequence of the pEF6-GCF2 plasmid was as follows (SEQ ID NO:20):
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+aatattattgaagcatttatcagggttattgtctcatgagcggatacatatttgaatgtatttagaaaaataaacaaataggggttccgcgca
+
+
+
+ 
+
+
+catttccccgaaaagtgccacctgacgtcgacggatcgggagatctcccgatcccctatggtcgactctcagtacaatctgctctgatgc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+cgcatagttaagccagtatctgctccctgcttgtgtgttggaggtcgctgagtagtgcgcgagcaaaatttaagctacaacaaggcaag
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gcttgaccgacaattgcatgaagaatctgcttagggttaggcgttttgcgctgcttcgcgatgtacgggccagatatacgcgttgacattg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+attattgactaggcttttgcaaaaagctttgcaaagatggataaagttttaaacagagaggaatctttgcagctaatggaccttctaggtctt
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gaaaggagtgcctcgtgaggctccggtgcccgtcagtgggcagagcgcacatcgcccacagtccccgagaagttggggggaggg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gtcggcaattgaaccggtgcctagagaaggtggcgcggggtaaactgggaaagtgatgtcgtgtactggctccgcctttttcccgagg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gtgggggagaaccgtatataagtgcagtagtcgccgtgaacgttctttttcgcaacgggtttgccgccagaacacaggtaagtgccgt
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gtgtggttcccgcgggcctggcctctttacgggttatggcccttgcgtgccttgaattacttccacctggctgcagtacgtgattcttgatc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ccgagcttcgggttggaagtgggtgggagagttcgaggccttgcgcttaaggagccccttcgcctcgtgcttgagUgaggcctggcc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+tgggcgctggggccgccgcgtgcgaatctggtggcaccttcgcgcctgtctcgctgctttcgataagtctctagccatttaaaatttttga
+
+
+ 
+
+
+tgacctgctgcgacgctttttttctggcaagatagtcttgtaaatgcgggccaagatctgcacactggtatttcggtttttggggccgcggg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+cggcgacggggcccgtgcgtcccagcgcacatgttcggcgaggcggggcctgcgagcgcggccaccgagaatcggacgggggt
+
+
+ 
+
+
+agtctcaagctggccggcctgctctggtgcctggcctcgcgccgccgtgtatcgccccgccctgggcggcaaggctggcccggtcg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gcaccagttgcgtgagcggaaagatggccgcttcccggccctgctgcagggagctcaaaatggaggacgcggcgctcgggagag
+
+
+ 
+
+
+cgggcgggtgagtcacccacacaaaggaaaagggcctttccgtcctcagccgtcgcttcatgtgactccacggagtaccgggcgcc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gtccaggcacctcgattagttctcgagcttttggagtacgtcgtctttaggttggggggaggggttttatgcgatggagtttccccacact
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gagtgggtggagactgaagttaggccagcttggcacttgatgtaattctccttggaatttgcccttttttgagtttgatcttggttcattctca
+
+
+ 
+
+
+agcctcagacagtggttcaaagttttttcttccatttcaggtgtcgtgaggaattagcttggtactaatacgactcactatagggagaccc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+aagctggctaggtaagcttggtaccgagctcggatccactagtccagtgtggtggaattgcccttCAAGCTTGCCGCCAC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CATGGAGCTCCGGGTGCTGCTCTGCTGGGCTTCGTTGGCCGCAGCTTTGGAAGAG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ACCCTGCTGAACACAAAATTGGAAACTGCTGATCTGAAGTGGGTGACATTCCCTC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AGGTGGACGGGCAGTGGGAGGAACTGAGCGGCCTGGATGAGGAACAGCACAGC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GTGCGCACCTACGAAGTGTGTGACGTGCAGCGTGCCCCGGGCCAGGCCCACTGG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CTTCGCACAGGTTGGGTCCCACGGCGGGGCGCCGTCCACGTGTACGCCACGCTGC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GCTTCACCATGCTCGAGTGCCTGTCCCTGCCTCGGGCTGGGCGCTCCTGCAAGGA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GACCTTCACCGTCTTCTACTATGAGAGCGATGCGGACACGGCCACGGCCCTCACG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CCAGCCTGGATGGAGAACCCCTACATCAAGGTGGACACGGTGGCCGCGGAGCAT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CTCACCCGGAAGCGCCCTGGGGCCGAGGCCACCGGGAAGGTGAATGTCAAGACG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CTGCGCCTGGGACCGCTCAGCAAGGCTGGCTTCTACCTGGCCTTCCAGGACCAGG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GTGCCTGCATGGCCCTGCTATCCCTGCACCTCTTCTACAAAAAGTGCGCCCAGCT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GACTGTGAACCTGACTCGATTCCCGGAGACTGTGCCTCGGGAGCTGGTGTGCCC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GTGGCCGGTAGCTGCGTGGTGGATGCCGTCCCCGCCCCTGGCCCCAGCCCCAGCC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TCTACTGCCGTGAGGATGGCCAGTGGGCCGAACAGCCGGTCACGGGCTGCAGCT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GTGCTCCGGGCnTCGAGGCAGCTGAGGGGAACACCAAGTGCCGAGCCTGTGCCC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AGGGCACCTTCAAGCCCCTGTCAGGAGAAGGGTCCTGCCAGCCATGCCCAGCCA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ATAGCCACTCTAACACCATTGGATCAGCCGTCTGCCAGTGCCGCGTCGGGTACTT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CCGGGCACGCACAGACCCCCGGGGTGCACCCTGCACCACCCCTCCTTCGGCTCCG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CGGAGCGTGGTTTCCCGCCTGAACGGCTCCTCCCTGCACCTGGAATGGAGTGCCC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CCCTGGAGTCTGGTGGCCGAGAGGACCTCACCTACGCCCTCCGCTGCCGGGAGTG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TCGACCCGGAGGCTCCTGTGCGCCCTGCGGGGGAGACCTGACTTTTGACCCCGGC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CCCCGGGACCTGGTGGAGCCCTGGGTGGTGGTTCGAGGGCTACGTCCTGACTTCA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CCTATACCTTTGAGGTCACTGCATTGAACGGGGTATCCTCCTTAGCCACGGGGCC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CGTCCCATTTGAGCCTGTCAATGTCACCACTGACCGAGAGGTACCTCCTGCAGTG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TCTGACATCCGGGTGACGCGGTCCTCACCCAGCAGCTTGAGCCTGGCCTGGGCTG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TTCCCCGGGCACCCAGTGGGGCTGTGCTGGACTACGAGGTCAAATACCATGAGA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AGGGCGCCGAGGGTCCCAGCAGCGTGCGGTTCCTGAAGACGTCAGAAAACCGGG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CAGAGCTGCGGGGGCTGAAGCGGGGAGCCAGCTACCTGGTGCAGGTACGGGCGC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GCTCTGAGGCCGGCTACGGGCCCTTCGGCCAGGAACATCACAGCCAGACCCAAC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TGGATGAGAGCGAGGGCTGGCGGGAGCAGtctagaGATGCACACAAGAGTGAGGTT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GCTCATCGGTTTAAAGATTTGGGAGAAGAAAATTTCAAAGCCTTGGTGTTGATTG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CCTTTGCTCAGTATCTTCAGCAGTGTCCATTTGAAGATCATGTAAAATTAGTGAA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TGAAGTAACTGAATTTGCAAAAACATGTGTAGCTGATGAGTCAGCTGAAAATTGT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GACAAATCACTTCATACCCTTTTTGGAGACAAATTATGCACAGTTGCAACTCTTC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GTGAAACCTATGGTGAAATGGCTGACTGCTGTGCAAAACAAGAACCTGAGAGAA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ATGAATGCTTCTTGCAACACAAAGATGACAACCCAAACCTCCCCCGATTGGTGAG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ACCAGAGGTTGATGTGATGTGCACTGCTTTTCATGACAATGAAGAGACATTTTTG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AAAAAATACITATATGAAATTGCCAGAAGACATCCTTACTTTTATGCCCCGGAAC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TCCTTTTCTTTGCTAAAAGGTATAAAGCTGCTTTTACAGAATGTTGCCAAGCTGCT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GATAAAGCTGCCTGCCTGTTGCCAAAGCTCGATGAACTTCGGGATGAAGGGAAG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GCTTCGTCTGCCAAACAGAGACTCAAATGTGCCATCTCCAAAAATTTGGAGAA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AGAGCTTTCAAAGCATGGGCAGTGGCTCGCCTGAGCCAGAGATTTCCCAAAGCT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GAGTTTGCAGAAGTTTCCAAGTTAGTGACAGATCTTACCAAAGTCCACACGGAAT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GCTGCCATGGAGATCTGCTTGAATGTGCTGATGACAGGGCGGACCTTGCCAAGTA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TATCTGTGAAAATCAGGATTCGATCTCCAGTAAACTGAAGGAATGCTGTGAAAA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ACCTCTGTTGGAAAAATCCCACTGCATTGCCGAAGTGGAAAATGATGAGATGCCT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GCTGACTTGCCTTCATTAGCTGCTGATTTTGTTGAAAGTAAGGATGTTTGCAAAA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ACTATGCTGAGGCAAAGGATGTCTTCCTGGGCATGTTTTTGTATGAATATGCAAG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AAGGCATCCTGATTACTCTGTCGTGCTGCTGCTGAGACtTGCCAAGACATATGAA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ACCACTCTAGAGAAGTGCTGTGCCGCTGCAGATCCTCATGAATGCTATGCCAAAG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TGTTCGATGAATTTAAACCTCTTGTGGAAGAGCCTCAGAATITAATCAAACAAAA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CTGTGAGCTTTTTAAGCAGCTTGGAGAGTACAAATTCCAGAATGCGCTATTAGTT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CGTTACACCAAGAAAGTACCCCAAGTGTCAACTCCAACTCTTGTAGAGGTCTCAA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GAAACCTAGGAAAAGTGGGCAGCAAATGTTGTAAACATCCTGAAGCAAAAAGA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ATGCCCTGTGCAGAAGACTATCTATCCGTGGTCCTGAACCAGTTATGTGTGTTGC
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ATGAGAAAACGCCAGTAAGTGACAGAGTCACAAAATGCTGCACAGAGTCCTTGG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+TGAACAGGCGACCATGCTTTTCAGCTCTGGAAGTCGATGAAACATACGTTCCCAA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AGAGTTTAATGCTGAAACATTCACCTTCCATGCAGATATATGCACACTTTCTGAG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AAGGAGAGACAAATCAAGAAACAAACTGCACTTGTTGAGCTTGTGAAACACAAG
+
+
+ 
+
+
+CCCAAGGCAACAAAAGAGCAACTrGAAAGCTGTTATGGATGATTTCCGAGCTTTT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+GTAGAGAAGTGCTGCAAGGCTGACGATAAGGAGACCTGCTTTGCCGAGGAGGGT
+
+
+ 
+
+
+AAAAAACTTGTTGCTGCAAGTCAAGCTGCCTTAGGCTTATAAtagcggccgcttaagggcaat
+
+
+ 
+
+
+tctgcagatatccagcacagtggcggccgctcgagtctagagggcccgcggttcgaaggtaagcctatccctaaccctctcctcggtc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+tcgattctacgcgtaccggtcatcatcaccatcaccattgagtttaaacccgctgatcagcctcgactgtgccttctagttgccagccatct
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gttgtttgcccctcccccgtgccttccttgaccctggaaggtgccactcccactgtcctttcctaataaaatgaggaaattgcatcgcattg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+tctgagtaggtgtcattctattctggggggtggggtggggcaggacagcaagggggaggattgggaagacaatagcaggcatgctg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gggatgcggtgggctctatggcttctgaggcggaaagaaccagctggggctctagggggtatccccacgcgccctgtagcggcgca
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ttaagcgcggcgggtgtggtggttacgcgcagcgtgaccgctacacttgccagcgccctagcgcccgctcctttcgctttcttcccttcc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+tttctcgccacgttcgccggctttccccgtcaagctctaaatcggggcatccctttagggttccgatttagtgctttacggcacctcgaccc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+caaaaaacttgattagggtgatggttcacgtagtgggccatcgccctgatagacggtttttcgccctttgacgttggagtccacgttcttta
+
+
+ 
+
+
+atagtggactcttgttccaaactggaacaacactcaaccctatctcggtctattcttttgatttataagggattttggggatttcggcctattg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gttaaaaaatgagctgatttaacaaaaatttaacgcgaattaattctgtggaatgtgtgtcagttagggtgtggaaagtccccaggctccc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+caggcaggcagaagtatgcaaagcatgcatctcaattagtcagcaaccaggtgtggaaagtccccaggctccccagcaggcagaag
+
+
+ 
+
+
+tatgcaaagcatgcatctcaattagtcagcaaccatagtcccgcccctaactccgcccatcccgcccctaactccgcccagttccgccc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+attctccgccccatggctgactaatttutttatttatgcagaggccgaggccgcctctgcctctgagctattccagaagtagtgaggagg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+cttttttggaggcctaggcttttgcaaaaagctcccgggagcttgtatatccattttcggatctgatcagcacgtgttgacaattaatcatcg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gcatagtatatcggcatagtataatacgacaaggtgaggaactaaaccatggccaagcctttgtctcaagaagaatccaccctcattga
+
+
+ 
+
+
+aagagcaacggctacaatcaacagcatccccatctctgaagactacagcgtcgccagcgcagctctctctagcgacggccgcatcttc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+actggtgtcaatgtatatcattttactgggggaccttgtgcagaactcgtggtgcttgggcactgctgctgctgcggcagctggcaacctg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+acttgtatcgtcgcgatcggaaatgagaacaggggcatcttgagcccctgcggacggtgtcgacaggtgcttctcgatctgcatcctgg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gatcaaagcgatagtgaaggacagtgatggacagccgacggcagttgggattcgtgaattgctgccctctggttatgtgtgggagggc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+taagcacttcgtggccgaggagcaggactgacacgtgctacgagatttcgattccaccgccgccttctatgaaaggttgggcttcgga
+
+
+ 
+
+
+atcgttttccgggacgccggctggatgatcctccagcgcggggatctcatgctggagttcttcgcccaccccaacttgtttattgcagctt
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ataatggttacaaataaagcaatagcatcacaaatttcacaaataaagcatttttttcactgcattctagttgtggtttgtccaaactcatcaat
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gtatcttatcatgtctgtataccgtcgacctctagctagagcttggcgtaatcatggtcatagctgtttcctgtgtgaaattgttatccgctca
+
+
+ 
+
+
+caattccacacaacatacgagccggaagcataaagtgtaaagcctggggtgcctaatgagtgagctaactcacattaattgcgttgcgc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+tcactgcccgctttccagtcgggaaacctgtcgttgccagctgcattaatgaatcggccaacgcgcggggagaggcggtttgcgtattg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ggcgctcttccgcttcctcgctcactgactcgctgcgctcggtcgttcggctgcggcgagcggtatcagctcactcaaaggcggtaata
+
+
+ 
+
+
+cggttatccacagaatcaggggataacgcaggaaagaacatgtgagcaaaaggccagcaaaaggccaggaaccgtaaaaaggcc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gcgttctggcgtttttccataggctccgcccccctgacgagcatcacaaaaatcgacgctcaagtcagaggtggcgaaacccgaca
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ggactataaagataccaggcgtttccccctggaagctccxtcgtgcgctctcctgttccgaccctgccgcttaccggatacctgtccgcc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+tttctcccttcgggaagcgtggcgctttctcaatgctcacgctgtaggtatctcagttcggtgtaggtcgttcgctccaagctgggctgtgt
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gcacgaaccccccgttcagcccgaccgctgcgccttatccggtaactatcgtcttgagtccaacccggtaagacacgacttatcgcca
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ctggcagcagccactggtaacaggattagcagagcgaggtatgtaggcggtgctacagagttcttgaagtggtggcctaactacggct
+
+
+ 
+
+
+acactagaaggacagtatttggtatctgcgctctgctgaagccagttaccttcggaaaaagagttggtagctcttgatccggcaaacaaa
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ccaccgctggtagcggtggtttttttgtttgcaagcagcagattacgcgcagaaaaaaaggatctcaagaagatcctttgatcttttctacg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gggtctgacgctcagtggaacgaaaactcacgttaagggattttggtcatgagattatcaaaaaggatcttcacctagatccttttaaatta
+
+
+ 
+
+
+aaaatgaagttttaaatcaatctaaagtatatatgagtaaacttggtctgacagttaccaatgcttaatcagtgaggcacctatctcagcgat
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ctgtctatttcgttcatccatagttgcctgactccccgtcgtgtagataactacgatacgggagggcttaccatctggccccagtgctgca
+
+
+ 
+
+
+atgataccgcgagacccacgctcaccggctccagatttatcagcaataaaccagccagccggaagggccgagcgcagaagtggtc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ctgcaactttatccgcctccatccagtctattaattgttgccgggaagctagagtaagtagttcgccagttaatagtttgcgcaacgttgttg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ccattgctacaggcatcgtggtgtcacgctcgtcgtttggtatggcttcattcagctccggttcccaacgatcaaggcgagttacatgatc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+ccccatgttgtgcaaaaaagcggttagctccttcggtcctccgatcgttgtcagaagtaagttggccgcagtgttatcactcatggttatg
+
+
+ 
+
+
+gcagcactgcataanctcttactgtcatgccatccgtaagatgcttttctgtgactggtgagtactcaaccaagtcattctgagaatagtgt
+
+
+ 
+
+
+atgcggcgaccgagttcgtcttgcccggcgtcaatacgggataataccgcgccacatagcagaactttaaaagtgctcatcattggaaa
+
+
+ 
+
+
+acgttcttcggggcgaaaactctcaaggatcttaccgctgttgagatccagttgatgtaacccactcgtgcacccaactgatcttcagc
+
+
+ 
+
+
+atcttttactttcaccagcgtttctgggtgagcaaaaacaggaaggcaaaatgccgcaaaaaagggaataagggcgacacggaaatgt
+
+
+ 
+
+
+tgaatactcatactcttcctttttc
+
+
+
+
+
+
+B. Cell Culture and Transfections:
+
+The human embryonic kidney cell line, 293T cells, was maintained in DMEM with 10% dialyzed fetal calf serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin/neomycin antibiotics. Cells were maintained at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2/95% air.
+Transfections of plasmids encoding EphB4 ectodomain, fragments thereof, and EphB4-HSA fusions were performed using Lipofectamine 2000 reagent (Invitrogen) according to suggested protocol. One day before transfections, 293T cells were seeded at a high density to reach 80% confluence at the time of transfection. Plasmid DNA and Lipofectamine reagent at 1:3 ratio were diluted in Opti-MEM I reduced serum medium (Invitrogen) for 5 min and mixed together to form DNA-Lipofectamine complex. For each 10 cm culture dish, 10 μg of plasmid DNA was used. After 20 min, the above complex was added directly to cells in culture medium. After 16 hours of transfection, medium was aspirated, washed once with serum free DMEM and replaced with serum free DMEM. Secreted proteins were harvested after 48 hours by collecting conditional medium. Conditional medium was clarified by centrifugation at 10,000 g for 20 min and filtered through 0.2μ filter and used for purification.
+C. Chromatographic Separation of EphB4 Ectodomain and EphB4 Ectodomain-HSA Fusion Protein
+The EphB4 ectodomain fused to HSA was purified as follows: 700 ml of media was harvested from transiently transfected 293 cells grown in serum free media and concentrated up to final volume of 120 ml. Membrane: (Omega, 76 mm), 50 kDa C/O. After concentration, pH of the sample was adjusted by adding 6 ml of 1M NaAc, pH 5.5. Then sample was dialyzed against starting buffer (SB): 20 mM NaAc, 20 mM NaCl, pH 5.5 for O/N. 5 ml of SP-Sepharose was equilibrated with SB and sample was loaded. Washing: 100 ml of SB. Elution by NaCl: 12 ml/fraction and increment of 20 mM. Most of the EphrinB2 binding activity eluted in the 100 mM and 120 mM fractions.
+Fractions, active in EphrinB2 binding assay (See SP chromatography, fractions #100-120 mM) were used in second step of purification on Q-column. Pulled fractions were dialyzed against starting buffer#2 (SB2): 20 mM Tris-HCl, 20 mM NaCl, pH 8 for O/N and loaded onto 2 ml of Q-Sepharose. After washing with 20 ml of SB2, absorbed protein was eluted by NaCl: 3 ml/fraction with a concentration increment of 25 mM. Obtained fractions were analyzed by PAGE and in Ephrin-B2 binding assay. The 200 mM and 225 mM fractions were found to contain the most protein and the most B2 binding activity.
+Soluble EphB4 ectodomain protein was purified as follows: 300 ml of conditional medium (see: Cell culture and transfections) were concentrated up to final volume of 100 ml, using ultrafiltration membrane with 30 kDa C/O. After concentration, pH of the sample was adjusted by adding 5 ml of 1 M Na-Acetate, pH 5.5. Then sample was dialyzed against starting buffer (StB): 20 mM Na-Acetate, 20 mM NaCl, pH 5.5 for O/N. 5 ml of SP-Sepharose was equilibrated with StB and sample was loaded. After washing the column with 20 ml of StB, absorbed proteins were eluted by linear gradient of concentration of NaCl (20-250 mM and total elution volume of 20 column's volumes). Purity of the proteins was analyzed by PAGE.
+D. Biotinylation of sB4 and sB4-HSA Fusion Protein.
+Both soluble EphB4 ectodomain protein (sB4) and EphB4 ectodomain fused to HSA (HSA-sB4) were biotin labeled through carbohydrate chains using sodium meta-periodate as an oxidant and EZ-Link Biotin Hydrazide (PIERCE, Cat. #21339) according to manufacture's protocol. The in vitro stability of the biotinylated sB4 protein was tested by incubating 2.0×10−9 with 40 μL of mouse serum at 37° C. for 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 days. Two μL of magnetic beads and B2-AP was added for an extra hour at room temperature. After washing twice with buffer, pnPP was added for 1 hour. Biotinylated sB4 protein was found to very stable over three days, with less than 10% of the B2 binding activity being lost over that time.
+E. Ephrin-B2 Binding Properties of B4-HSA
+To test whether the B4-HSA fusion property retained the ability of the EphB4 extracellular domain to bind to EphrinB2, the ability of the purified B4-HSA fusion was compared to that of GCF2F, GCF2, GC, CF and B4-Fc fusion, which comprises the extracellular domain of B4 fused to hIgG1 Fc as described in Example 1. Biotinylated or His-tag protein samples were inoculated with the corresponding affinity magnetic beads and B2-AP for an hour at room temperature, before addition of PnPP. Results of binding assays are shown on FIG. 67. B4-HSA was found to retain most of its binding activity towards EphrinB2. Surprisingly, the B4-HSA protein was superior to the B4-Fc fusion in binding to EphrinB2.
+An EphB4 ectodomain fusion to the C-terminus of HSA was also generated, and found to retain the ability to bind to EphrinB2 and was found to have enhanced stability in vivo over the EphB4 ectodomain.
+F. Stability of B4-HSA Vs. sb4 in Mice
+The stability of the purified biotinylated sB4 and sB4-HSA were assayed in vivo. Each of the proteins were intravenously injected into the tail of mice in the amount of 0.5 nmoles per mouse. Blood from the eye of each mouse was taken in time frames of 15 min (0 days), 1, 2, 3 and 6 days. 10 ml of obtained serum was used in binding assay with Ephrin-B2-Alkaline Phosphatase fusion protein and Streptavidin-coated magnetic beads as a solid phase. The stability of the two proteins is shown on FIG. 68. sB4-HSA was found to have superior stability relative to sB4. For example, one day after injection, the levels of sB4-HSA in the blood of the mice were 5-fold greater than those of sB4.
+G. PEGylation of Biotinylated sB4
+Prior to PEGylation, biotinylated sB4 protein generated as described above was concentrated up to final concentration of 2 mg/ml using a 30 kDa MWCO ultra membrane. Sample was dialyzed O/N against coupling buffer: 30 mM phosphate, 75 mM NaCl, pH 8.00. Coupling to PEG was performed at 4° C. for 18 hours in 10 fold molar excess of reactive linear PEG unless otherwise indicated. The reactive PEG used was PEG-succinimidyl propionate, having a molecular weight of about 20 kda. Coupling to PEG may be similarly performed using branches PEGs, such as of 10 kDa, 20 kDa or 40 kDa. Other linear PEG molecules of 10 or 40 kDa may also be used.
+After PEGylation, the protein sample containing EphB4 ectodomain was dialyzed against StB O/N. Three ml of SP-Sepharose was equilibrated with StB and sample was loaded. Washing and elution of absorbed proteins was performed as above (see: Purification of soluble EphB4 ectodomain and its fusion to HSA) with just one modification: total elution volume was 40 volumes of column. FIG. 69 shows chromatographic separation of PEG derivatives of EphB4 protein on SP-Sepharose columns. Purity of the PEG-modified EphB4 protein was analyzed by SDS-PAGE.
+Double modified (PEGylated Biotinylated) sB4 was used on ion-exchange chromatography to separate non-PEGylated, mono-PEGylated and poly-PEGylated proteins from each other. Pegylated sample was dialyzed O/N against 20 mM Na-acetate, 20 mM NaCl, pH 5.5 and loaded onto 2 ml of SP-Sepharose. After washing with 10 ml of buffer, absorbed proteins were separated by gradual elution of NaCl: 3 ml/fraction and increment of 25 mM NaCl. Obtained fractions were analyzed by PAGE and in Ephrin-B2 binding assay.
+H. Effect of PEGylation Conditions on sB4 Binding to EphrinB2
+The effects of pegylating biotinylated sB4 under different pH conditions was determined. sB4 was pegylated at pH 6, 7 or 8, and the pegylated products were tested for binding to EphrinB2 as shown in FIG. 69. Ephrin2B binding activity was retained when PEGylation was performed at pH 6 and pH 7, but was partially lost at pH 8.
+Additional combinations of parameters were tested, including temperature, pH and molar ratio of pegylation agent to sB4 protein, and the ability of the products of the pegylation reaction to bind to Ephrin-B2. The results of the optimization experiment are shown in FIG. 70. These results confirm the gradual decrease in B2 binding activity at basic pH.
+I. Purification of Pegylated sB4 Species
+Biotinylated sB4 protein was concentrated up to final concentration of 2 mg/ml using a 30 kDa MWCO ultra membrane. Sample was dialyzed O/N against coupling buffer: 30 mM phosphate, 75 mM NaCl, pH 8.00. Coupling to PEG was performed at 4° C. for 18 hours in 10 fold molar excess of reactive PEG. Double modified (PEGylated Biotinylated) sB4 was used on ion-exchange chromatography to separate non-PEGylated, mono-PEGylated and poly-PEGylated proteins from each other. Sample was dialyzed for O/N against 20 mM Na-Acetate, 20 mM NaCl, pH 5.5 and loaded onto 2 ml of SP-Sepharose. After washing with 10 ml of buffer, absorbed proteins were separated by gradual elution of NaCl: 3 ml/fraction and increment of 25 mM NaCl. Obtained fractions were analyzed by PAGE as shown in FIG. 71. Fractions 1, 2 and 3 were found to correspond to polypegylated, monopegylated and unpegylated biotinylated sB4.
+J. In Vitro Properties of PEGylated EphB4 Derivatives
+Fractions 1, 2 and 3 of biotinylated and PEGylated sB4 from the SP column purification, corresponding to polypegylated, monopegylated and unpegylated biotinylated sB4, were tested for their ability to bind EphrinB2 using the standard assay. Results of this experiment are shown on FIG. 72. The order of binding activity was found to be Unpegylated>monopegylated>polypegylated.
+The fractions were also tested for their stability in vitro. The fractions were tested for retention of EphrinB2 binding activity after incubation in mouse serum at 37° C. for three days. The results of this experiment are shown in FIG. 73. The order of in vitro stability was found to be monopegylated>unpegylated>polypegylated.
+K. In Vivo Stability Analysis of PEGylated Derivatives of EphB4 Ectodomain in Mice
+Fractions 1, 2 and 3 of biotinylated and PEGylated sB4 from the SP column purification, corresponding to polypegylated, monopegylated and unpegylated biotinylated sB4, were introduced by intravenous injection into mice in the amount of 0.5 nMoles/mouse. Blood from each mouse was taken in time frame of 10 min, 1, 2 and 3 days. 10 ml of obtained serum was used in binding assay with Ephrin-B2-Alkaline Phosphatase fusion protein and Streptavidin-coated magnetic beads as a solid phase. Signals, obtained at 10 min were taken as 100%. The two mice for each protein were of a different strain. Results are shown in FIG. 74. Pegylation was found to increase the stability of EphB4 in vivo relative to unpegylated EphB4.
+INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
+All publications and patents mentioned herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety as if each individual publication or patent was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
+While specific embodiments of the subject invention have been discussed, the above specification is illustrative and not restrictive. Many variations of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon review of this specification and the claims below. The full scope of the invention should be determined by reference to the claims, along with their full scope of equivalents, and the specification, along with such variations.
+
+
diff --git a/patent_text/US9533047.txt b/patent_text/US9533047.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..db6a74cb8422ad9c4ca8964cb42106017ad16bce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/patent_text/US9533047.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4113 @@
+Patent title
+Delivery and formulation of engineered nucleic acids
+
+Patent number
+US9533047
+
+Domain
+A
+
+Publication date
+20170103
+
+Abstract
+
+Provided are formulations, compositions and methods for delivering biological moieties such as modified nucleic acids into cells to modulate protein expression. Such compositions and methods include the delivery of biological moieties, and are useful for production of proteins.
+
+
+Claims
+1. A method of producing a polypeptide of interest in a cell in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising a modified messenger RNA (mmRNA), in a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulation, said lipid nanoparticle formulation comprising a lipid selected from the group consisting of DLin-DMA, DLin-K-DMA, DLin-KC2-DMA, DLin-MC3-DMA, 98N12-5, and C12-200; a cholesterol; and a PEG-lipid; such that the mmRNA is introduced into the cell, wherein the mmRNA comprises a translatable region encoding the polypeptide of interest and comprises the modified nucleoside 1-methyl-pseudouridine, and wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises an effective amount of the mmRNA providing for increased polypeptide production and substantially reduced innate immune response in the cell, as compared to a composition comprising a corresponding unmodified mRNA.
+2. The method of claim 1, wherein the mmRNA comprises the modified nucleoside 1-methyl-pseudouridine in combination with 5-methyl-cytidine.
+3. The method of claim 2, wherein the mmRNA comprises at least about 95% 1-methyl-pseudouridine in place of uracils and at least about 95% 5-methyl-cytidine in place of cytosines.
+4. The method of claim 2, wherein the mmRNA comprises about 100% 1-methyl-pseudouridine in place of uracils and about 100% 5-methyl-cytidine in place of cytosines.
+5. The method of claim 1, wherein the innate immune response is reduced from 80% to 99.9% as compared to the immune response induced by a corresponding unmodified mRNA.
+6. The method of claim 1, wherein the mmRNA reduces the expression or activity level of a Type 1 interferon compared to the corresponding unmodified mRNA.
+7. The method of claim 1, wherein the mmRNA and LNP are formulated at a total lipid to mmRNA weight ratio of between 10:1 and 30:1.
+8. The method of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered by an intravenous route.
+9. The method of claim P, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered by an intramuscular route.
+10. The method of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered by a subcutaneous route.
+11. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is a human.
+12. The method of claim 1, where the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a total dose of about 0.1 mg/kg to about 40 mg/kg.
+13. The method of claim 1, wherein administration occurs on a schedule selected from the group consisting of three times a day, twice a day, once a day, every other day, every third day, weekly, biweekly, every three weeks, every four weeks, and monthly.
+14. The method of claim 12, wherein the total dose is administered by multiple administrations.
+15. The method of claim 14, wherein the multiple administrations occur on a schedule selected from the group consisting of three times a day, twice a day, once a day, every other day, every third day, weekly, biweekly, every three weeks, every four weeks, and monthly.
+16. The method of claim 1, wherein the increased polypeptide production is observed in a tissue or bodily fluid within 8 hours.
+17. The method of claim 1, wherein the increased polypeptide production is observed in a tissue or bodily fluid within 2 hours.
+
+Description
+
+
+
+CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
+This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/897,362, filed May 18, 2013, entitled Modified Polynucleotides for the Production of Factor IX, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/437,034, filed Apr. 2, 2012, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 8,710,200, entitled Delivery and Formulation of Engineered Nucleic Acids which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/470,451, filed Mar. 31, 2011, entitled Delivery and Formulation of Engineered Nucleic Acids the contents, the contents of each is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
+
+
+REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING
+The present application is being filed along with a Sequence Listing in electronic format. The Sequence Listing is provided as a file entitled M003USSQLST.txt created on Aug. 15, 2014 which is 20,597 in size. The information in electronic format of the sequence listing is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
+FIELD OF THE INVENTION
+The invention relates to delivery methods. These methods are specifically useful in therapeutic delivery of modified nucleic acids such as modified mRNA (mmRNA).
+BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
+There are multiple problems with prior methodologies of delivering pharmaceutical compositions in order to achieve effective protein expression both for therapeutics and bioprocessing applications. For example, introduced DNA can integrate into host cell genomic DNA at some frequency, resulting in alterations and/or damage to the host cell genomic DNA. Alternatively, the heterologous deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) introduced into a cell can be inherited by daughter cells (whether or not the heterologous DNA has integrated into the chromosome) or by offspring.
+In addition, there are multiple steps which must occur after delivery but before the encoded protein is made which can effect protein expression. Once inside the cell, DNA must be transported into the nucleus where it is transcribed into RNA. The RNA transcribed from DNA must then enter the cytoplasm where it is translated into protein. Not only do the multiple processing steps from administered DNA to protein create lag times before the generation of the functional protein, each step represents an opportunity for error and damage to the cell. Further, it is known to be difficult to obtain DNA expression in cells as frequently DNA enters a cell but is not expressed or not expressed at reasonable rates or concentrations. This can be a particular problem when DNA is introduced into primary cells or modified cell lines.
+Assuming the proper management of the foregoing, effective delivery and achievement of therapeutically relevant levels of proteins for a time sufficient to product clinical outcomes remains a significant hurdle.
+Consequently, there is a need in the art for the delivery of biological modalities to address pitfalls surrounding the modulation of intracellular translation and processing of nucleic acids encoding polypeptides and therefore optimizing protein expression from the delivered modalities.
+The present invention addresses this need by delivering pharmaceutical compositions which can contain modified nucleic acids such as modified mRNA (mmRNA) and may further include formulations to avoid the problems in the art.
+SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
+Described herein are compositions and methods for delivery of biological moieties, such as modified nucleic acids, engineered messenger RNA and isolated polynucleotides into cells in order to modulate protein expression.
+An isolated polynucleotide may comprise a sequence such as, but not limited to, SEQ ID NO: 4, 7, 8 and 12. The polynucleotide may further comprise a 5′Cap1 structure and a polyA tail of approximately 160 nucleotides in length. Further, the isolated polynucleotide may be formulated in a pharmaceutical composition. A polypeptide of interest may be produced in a cell, tissue or bodily fluid in a subject in need thereof by administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising a polynucleotide. The polynucleotide may comprise a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 4, 7, 8 and 12. The polynucleotide may further comprise a 5′Cap1 structure and a poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides in length.
+The pharmaceutical composition may be formulated where the formulation may be selected from, but is not limited to, saline or a lipid formulation. The pharmaceutical composition may be administered by any route of administration such as, but not limited to, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and local administration. The lipid formulation may be selected from, but is not limited to, such as, but not limited to, liposomes, lipoplexes, copolymers such as PLGA and lipid nanoparticles
+The pharmaceutical composition may be administered at a total dose of about 0.1 mg/kg to about 40 mg/kg. The total dose may be administered by multiple administrations. The administration and/or the multiple administration may occur on a schedule such as, but not limited to, three time a day, twice a day, once a day, every other day, every third day, weekly, biweekly, every three weeks, every four weekly, and monthly.
+The modified polypeptide may include a polynucleotide modification such as, but not limited to, a nucleoside modification. The nucleoside modification may include, but is not limited to, pyridin-4-one ribonucleoside, 5-aza-uridine, 2-thio-5-aza-uridine, 2-thiouridine, 4-thio-pseudouridine, 2-thio-pseudouridine, 5-hydroxyuridine, 3-methyluridine, 5-carboxymethyl-uridine, 1-carboxymethyl-pseudouridine, 5-propynyl-uridine, 1-propynyl-pseudouridine, 5-taurinomethyluridine, 1-taurinomethyl-pseudouridine, 5-taurinomethyl-2-thio-uridine, 1-taurinomethyl-4-thio-uridine, 5-methyl-uridine, 1-methyl-pseudouridine, 4-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 2-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine, 2-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine, dihydrouridine, dihydropseudouridine, 2-thio-dihydrouridine, 2-thio-dihydropseudouridine, 2-methoxyuridine, 2-methoxy-4-thio-uridine, 4-methoxy-pseudouridine, 4-methoxy-2-thio-pseudouridine, 5-aza-cytidine, pseudoisocytidine, 3-methyl-cytidine, N4-acetylcytidine, 5-formylcytidine, N4-methylcytidine, 5-hydroxymethylcytidine, 1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine, pyrrolo-cytidine, pyrrolo-pseudoisocytidine, 2-thio-cytidine, 2-thio-5-methyl-cytidine, 4-thio-pseudoisocytidine, 4-thio-1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine, 4-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudoisocytidine, 1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudoisocytidine, zebularine, 5-aza-zebularine, 5-methyl-zebularine, 5-aza-2-thio-zebularine, 2-thio-zebularine, 2-methoxy-cytidine, 2-methoxy-5-methyl-cytidine, 4-methoxy-pseudoisocytidine, 4-methoxy-1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine, 2-aminopurine, 2,6-diaminopurine, 7-deaza-adenine, 7-deaza-8-aza-adenine, 7-deaza-2-aminopurine, 7-deaza-8-aza-2-aminopurine, 7-deaza-2,6-diaminopurine, 7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diaminopurine, 1-methyladenosine, N6-methyladenosine, N6-isopentenyladenosine, N6-(cis-hydroxyisopentenyl)adenosine, 2-methylthio-N6-(cis-hydroxyisopentenyl) adenosine, N6-glycinylcarbamoyladenosine, N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine, 2-methylthio-N6-threonyl carbamoyladenosine, N6,N6-dimethyladenosine, 7-methyladenine, 2-methylthio-adenine, and 2-methoxy-adenine, inosine, 1-methyl-inosine, wyosine, wybutosine, 7-deaza-guanosine, 7-deaza-8-aza-guanosine, 6-thio-guanosine, 6-thio-7-deaza-guanosine, 6-thio-7-deaza-8-aza-guanosine, 7-methyl-guanosine, 6-thio-7-methyl-guanosine, 7-methylinosine, 6-methoxy-guanosine, 1-methylguanosine, N2-methylguanosine, N2,N2-dimethylguanosine, 8-oxo-guanosine, 7-methyl-8-oxo-guanosine, 1-methyl-6-thio-guanosine, N2-methyl-6-thio-guanosine, and N2,N2-dimethyl-6-thio-guanosine, and combinations thereof.
+An increase in the level of a polypeptide of interest can be observed in tissue such as, but not limited to, the liver, spleen, kidney, lung, heart, peri-renal adipose tissue, thymus and muscle and/or in a bodily fluid such as, but not limited to, peripheral blood, serum, plasma, ascites, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), sputum, saliva, bone marrow, synovial fluid, aqueous humor, amniotic fluid, cerumen, breast milk, broncheoalveolar lavage fluid, semen, prostatic fluid, cowper's fluid or pre-ejaculatory fluid, sweat, fecal matter, hair, tears, cyst fluid, pleural and peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid, lymph, chyme, chyle, bile, interstitial fluid, menses, pus, sebum, vomit, vaginal secretions, mucosal secretion, stool water, pancreatic juice, lavage fluids from sinus cavities, bronchopulmonary aspirates, blastocyl cavity fluid, and umbilical cord blood. The increased level can be observed in the tissue and/or bodily fluid of the subject within 2, 8 and/or 24 hours after administration. Further, the increased level can be determined from the level of a modified polypeptide in an exosome.
+The details of various embodiments of the invention are set forth in the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and the drawings, and from the claims.
+
+
+
+BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
+FIG. 1 illustrates lipid structures in the prior art useful in the present invention. Shown are the structures for 98N12-5 (TETA5-LAP), DLin-DMA, DLin-K-DMA (2,2-Dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminomethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane), DLin-KC2-DMA, DLin-MC3-DMA and C12-200.
+FIG. 2 is a representative plasmid useful in the IVT reactions taught herein. The plasmid contains Insert 64818, designed by the instant inventors.
+FIGS. 3A-3B are histograms showing in vitro screening results for nanoparticle formulations of DLin-KC2-DMA and 98N12-15 (before and after purification) that contain mCherry mmRNA. FIG. 3A shows the screening results in HEK293 cells and FIG. 3B shows the screening results in HepG2 cells.
+FIGS. 4A-4B are histograms showing in vitro screening results for mean fluorescence intensity for nanoparticle formulations of DLin-KC2-DMA and 98N12-15 (before and after purification) that contain mCherry mmRNA. FIG. 4A shows the screening results in HEK293 cells and FIG. 4B shows the screening results in HepG2 cells.
+FIGS. 5A-5C are histograms showing in vitro screening results for nanoparticle formulations of DLin-KC2-DMA and 98N12-15 before and after purification. FIG. 5A shows the screening results of 98N15-2 in HEK293 cells, and FIG. 5B and FIG. 5C show the screening results of DLin-KC2-DMA in HEK293 cells.
+FIGS. 6A-6E are histograms showing in vitro screening results for nanoparticle formulations of DLin-DMA, DLin-K-DMA, DLin-KC2-DMA, 98N12-5, C12-200 and DLin-MC3-DMA that contain mCherry mmRNA. FIG. 6A shows the mean fluorescence intensity of mCherry in HEK293 cells containing 60 ng of modified mCherry mRNA per well. FIG. 6B and FIG. 6C show the mean fluorescence intensity of mCherry in HEK293 cells which contained nanoparticles formulations having a concentration of 62.5 ng/well of modified mCherry mRNA. FIG. 6D and FIG. 6E show the mean fluorescence intensity of mCherry in HepG2 cells which contained nanoparticle formulations having a concentration of 62.5 ng/well of modified mCherry mRNA.
+FIGS. 7A-7B are histograms showing in vivo screening results of human erythropoietin in serum after the administration of modified human erythropoietin mmRNA or luciferase mmRNA in mice. FIG. 7A shows the concentration in pg/ml of human erythropoietin after intramuscular administration. FIG. 7B shows the concentration in pg/ml of human erythropoietin after subcutaneous administration.
+FIGS. 8A-8D are histograms showing in vivo screening results from biophotoic imaging. FIG. 8A is a histogram of bioluminescence (photon/sec) from the intramuscular injection of 5 ug in the left hind leg. FIG. 8B is a histogram of bioluminescence from the intramuscular injection of 50 ug in the right hind leg. FIG. 8C is a histogram showing in vivo screening results from biophotoic imaging after a subcutaneous injection of 50 ug. FIG. 8D is a histogram showing in vivo screening results from biophotoic imaging after a administration of 50 ug intravenously.
+FIG. 9 is a histogram showing in vivo screening results for modified human G-CSF mmRNA administered intramuscularly, subcutaneously or intravenously in mice.
+FIG. 10 is a histogram showing in vivo screening results for modified G-CSF administered intramuscularly, subcutaneously or intravenously.
+FIGS. 11A-11B are histograms showing in vivo screening results of modified human G-CSF mmRNA administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously in mice. FIG. 11A shows the concentration in pg/ml of human G-CSF in serum after the administration of modified G-CSF intramuscularly. FIG. 11B shows the concentration in pg/ml of human G-CSF in serum after the administration of modified G-CSF subcutaneously.
+FIG. 12 is a histogram showing in vivo screening results of human erythropoietin in serum after the administration of modified human erythropoietin mmRNA or luciferase mmRNA administered intramuscularly in mice.
+
+
+
+Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as those commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains.
+DETAILED DESCRIPTION
+Described herein are compositions and methods for the delivery of modified mRNA molecules in order to modulate protein expression.
+As described herein and as in copending, co-owned applications International Application PCT/US2011/046861 filed Aug. 5, 2011 and PCT/US2011/054636 filed Oct. 3, 2011, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety, these modified nucleic acid molecules are capable of reducing the innate immune activity of a population of cells into which they are introduced, thus increasing the efficiency of protein production in that cell population.
+Modified mRNAs (mmRNAs)
+This invention provides nucleic acids, including RNAs, specifically mRNAs, that encode at least one polypeptide and contain one or more modified nucleosides (termed “modified nucleic acids” or “modified nucleic acid molecules” or “engineered nucleic acids”), which have useful properties including the lack of a substantial induction of the innate immune response of a cell into which the mRNA is introduced. Because these mmRNAs enhance the efficiency of protein production, intracellular retention of nucleic acids, and viability of contacted cells, as well as possess reduced immunogenicity, these nucleic acids having these properties are termed “enhanced” nucleic acids or modified RNAs herein.
+The term “nucleic acid,” in its broadest sense, includes any compound and/or substance that comprise a polymer of nucleotides linked via a phosphodiester bond. These polymers are often referred to as oligonucleotides.
+Exemplary nucleic acids include ribonucleic acids (RNAs), deoxyribonucleic acids (DNAs), threose nucleic acids (TNAs), glycol nucleic acids (GNAs), peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), locked nucleic acids (LNAs) or hybrids thereof. They may also include RNAi-inducing agents, RNAi agents, siRNAs, shRNAs, miRNAs, antisense RNAs, ribozymes, catalytic DNA, tRNA, RNAs that induce triple helix formation, aptamers, vectors, etc.
+In preferred embodiments, the nucleic acid is one or more modified messenger RNAs (mmRNAs). As described herein, in some embodiments the mmRNAs of the invention do not substantially induce an innate immune response of a cell into which the mRNA is introduced.
+The mmRNA of the present invention may encode one or more polypeptides. Generally the polypeptides of interest are those which are naturally occurring in the mammalian genome.
+According to the present invention, the shortest length of a modified mRNA, herein “mmRNA,” of the present disclosure can be the length of an mRNA sequence that may be sufficient to encode for a dipeptide. In another embodiment, the length of the mRNA sequence may be sufficient to encode for a tripeptide. In another embodiment, the length of an mRNA sequence may be sufficient to encode for a tetrapeptide. In another embodiment, the length of an mRNA sequence may be sufficient to encode for a pentapeptide. In another embodiment, the length of an mRNA sequence may be sufficient to encode for a hexapeptide. In another embodiment, the length of an mRNA sequence may be sufficient to encode for a heptapeptide. In another embodiment, the length of an mRNA sequence may be sufficient to encode for an octapeptide. In another embodiment, the length of an mRNA sequence may be sufficient to encode for a nonapeptide. In another embodiment, the length of an mRNA sequence may be sufficient to encode for a decapeptide.
+Generally, the length of a modified mRNA of the present invention is greater than about 30 nucleotides in length (e.g., at least or greater than about 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1,000, 1,100, 1,200, 1,300, 1,400, 1,500, 1,600, 1,700, 1,800, 1,900, 2,000, 2,500, and 3,000, 4,000, 5,000, 6,000, 7,000, 8,000, 9,000, 10,000, 20,000, 30,000, 40,000, 50,000, 60,000, 70,000, 80,000, 90,000 or up to and including 100,000 nucleotides).
+In some embodiments, the modified mRNA of the present invention includes from about 30 to about 100,000 nucleotides (e.g., from 30 to 50, from 30 to 100, from 30 to 250, from 30 to 500, from 30 to 1,000, from 30 to 1,500, from 30 to 3,000, from 30 to 5,000, from 30 to 7,000, from 30 to 10,000, from 30 to 25,000, from 30 to 50,000, from 30 to 70,000, from 100 to 250, from 100 to 500, from 100 to 1,000, from 100 to 1,500, from 100 to 3,000, from 100 to 5,000, from 100 to 7,000, from 100 to 10,000, from 100 to 25,000, from 100 to 50,000, from 100 to 70,000, from 100 to 100,000, from 500 to 1,000, from 500 to 1,500, from 500 to 2,000, from 500 to 3,000, from 500 to 5,000, from 500 to 7,000, from 500 to 10,000, from 500 to 25,000, from 500 to 50,000, from 500 to 70,000, from 500 to 100,000, from 1,000 to 1,500, from 1,000 to 2,000, from 1,000 to 3,000, from 1,000 to 5,000, from 1,000 to 7,000, from 1,000 to 10,000, from 1,000 to 25,000, from 1,000 to 50,000, from 1,000 to 70,000, from 1,000 to 100,000, from 1,500 to 3,000, from 1,500 to 5,000, from 1,500 to 7,000, from 1,500 to 10,000, from 1,500 to 25,000, from 1,500 to 50,000, from 1,500 to 70,000, from 1,500 to 100,000, from 2,000 to 3,000, from 2,000 to 5,000, from 2,000 to 7,000, from 2,000 to 10,000, from 2,000 to 25,000, from 2,000 to 50,000, from 2,000 to 70,000, and from 2,000 to 100,000).
+Polypeptide Variants
+The mmRNA of the present invention may encode variant polypeptides, which have a certain identity with a reference polypeptide sequence, for example a wild type mRNA. The term “identity” as known in the art, refers to a relationship between the sequences of two or more peptides, as determined by comparing the sequences. In the art, “identity” also means the degree of sequence relatedness between peptides, as determined by the number of matches between strings of two or more amino acid residues. “Identity” measures the percent of identical matches between the smaller of two or more sequences with gap alignments (if any) addressed by a particular mathematical model or computer program (i.e., “algorithms”). Identity of related peptides can be readily calculated by known methods. Such methods include, but are not limited to, those described in Computational Molecular Biology, Lesk, A. M., ed., Oxford University Press, New York, 1988; Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects, Smith, D. W., ed., Academic Press, New York, 1993; Computer Analysis of Sequence Data, Part 1, Griffin, A. M., and Griffin, H. G., eds., Humana Press, New Jersey, 1994; Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology, von Heinje, G., Academic Press, 1987; Sequence Analysis Primer, Gribskov, M. and Devereux, J., eds., M. Stockton Press, New York, 1991; and Carillo et al., SIAM J. Applied Math. 48, 1073 (1988).
+In some embodiments, the polypeptide variant has the same or a similar activity as the reference polypeptide. Alternatively, the variant has an altered activity (e.g., increased or decreased) relative to a reference polypeptide. Generally, variants of a particular polynucleotide or polypeptide of the invention will have at least about 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to that particular reference polynucleotide or polypeptide as determined by sequence alignment programs and parameters described herein and known to those skilled in the art.
+As recognized by those skilled in the art, protein fragments, functional protein domains, and homologous proteins are also considered to be within the scope of this invention. For example, provided herein is any protein fragment of a reference protein (meaning a polypeptide sequence at least one amino acid residue shorter than a reference polypeptide sequence but otherwise identical) 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 or greater than 100 amino acids in length In another example, any protein that includes a stretch of about 20, about 30, about 40, about 50, or about 100 amino acids which are about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 95%, or about 100% identical to any of the sequences described herein can be utilized in accordance with the invention. In certain embodiments, a protein sequence to be utilized in accordance with the invention includes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more mutations as shown in any of the sequences provided or referenced herein.
+Targeting Moieties
+In embodiments of the invention, mmRNAs are provided to express a protein-binding partner or a receptor on the surface of the cell, which functions to target the cell to a specific tissue space or to interact with a specific moiety, either in vivo or in vitro. Suitable protein-binding partners include antibodies and functional fragments thereof, scaffold proteins, or peptides.
+Cell Penetrating Peptides
+The mmRNAs disclosed herein may encode a cell-penetrating polypeptide. As used herein, “cell-penetrating polypeptide” refers to a polypeptide which may facilitate the cellular uptake of molecules. It is known in the art that “CPP” refers to cell-penetration polypeptides and cell-penetrating peptides. When used herein, it will be clarified as to which of either cell-penetrating polypeptides or cell-penetrating peptides the abbreviation CPP refers to.
+A cell-penetrating polypeptide of the present invention may contain one or more detectable labels. The polypeptides may be partially labeled or completely labeled throughout. The mmRNA may encode the detectable label completely, partially or not at all. The cell-penetrating peptide may also include a signal sequence. As used herein, a “signal sequence” refers to a sequence of amino acid residues bound at the amino terminus of a nascent protein during protein translation. The signal sequence may be used to signal the secretion of the cell-penetrating polypeptide.
+Fusion Proteins
+The modified nucleic acids and mmRNA may encode a fusion protein. The fusion protein may be created by operably linking a charged protein to a therapeutic protein. As used herein, “operably linked” refers to the therapeutic protein and the charged protein being connected in such a way to permit the expression of the complex when introduced into the cell. As used herein, “charged protein” refers to a protein that carries a positive, negative or overall neutral electrical charge. Preferably, the therapeutic protein may be covalently linked to the charged protein in the formation of the fusion protein. The ratio of surface charge to total or surface amino acids may be approximately 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 or 0.9.
+Synthesis of Modified mRNAs
+Nucleic acids for use in accordance with the invention may be prepared according to any available technique including, but not limited to chemical synthesis, enzymatic synthesis, which is generally termed in vitro transcription, enzymatic or chemical cleavage of a longer precursor, etc. Methods of synthesizing RNAs are known in the art (see, e.g., Gait, M. J. (ed.) Oligonucleotide synthesis: a practical approach, Oxford [Oxfordshire], Washington, D.C.: IRL Press, 1984; and Herdewijn, P. (ed.) Oligonucleotide synthesis: methods and applications, Methods in Molecular Biology, v. 288 (Clifton, N.J.) Totowa, N.J.: Humana Press, 2005; both of which are incorporated herein by reference).
+The modified nucleosides and nucleotides used in the synthesis of modified RNAs disclosed herein can be prepared from readily available starting materials using the following general methods and procedures. It is understood that where typical or preferred process conditions (i.e., reaction temperatures, times, mole ratios of reactants, solvents, pressures, etc.) are given; other process conditions can also be used unless otherwise stated. Optimum reaction conditions may vary with the particular reactants or solvent used, but such conditions can be determined by one skilled in the art by routine optimization procedures.
+The manufacturing process herein can be monitored according to any suitable method known in the art. For example, product formation can be monitored by spectroscopic means, such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (e.g., 1H or 13C) infrared spectroscopy, spectrophotometry (e.g., UV-visible), or mass spectrometry, or by chromatography such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or thin layer chromatography.
+Modification of mRNAs
+Provided are mmRNAs containing a translatable region and one, two, or more than two different modifications.
+In some embodiments, the chemical modifications can be located on the nucleobase of the nucleotide.
+In some embodiments, the chemical modifications can be located on the sugar moiety of the nucleotide.
+In some embodiments, the chemical modifications can be located on the phosphate backbone of the nucleotide.
+Preparation of modified nucleosides and nucleotides used in the manufacture or synthesis of modified RNAs of the present invention can involve the protection and deprotection of various chemical groups. The need for protection and deprotection, and the selection of appropriate protecting groups can be readily determined by one skilled in the art.
+The chemistry of protecting groups can be found, for example, in Greene, et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2d. Ed., Wiley & Sons, 1991, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
+Modified nucleosides and nucleotides can be prepared according to the synthetic methods described in Ogata et al. Journal of Organic Chemistry 74:2585-2588, 2009; Purmal et al. Nucleic Acids Research 22(1): 72-78, 1994; Fukuhara et al. Biochemistry 1(4): 563-568, 1962; and Xu et al. Tetrahedron 48(9): 1729-1740, 1992, each of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
+Modified mRNAs need not be uniformly modified along the entire length of the molecule. Different nucleotide modifications and/or backbone structures may exist at various positions in the nucleic acid. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the nucleotide analogs or other modification(s) may be located at any position(s) of a nucleic acid such that the function of the nucleic acid is not substantially decreased. A modification may also be a 5′ or 3′ terminal modification. The nucleic acids may contain at a minimum one and at maximum 100% modified nucleotides, or any intervening percentage, such as at least 50% modified nucleotides, at least 80% modified nucleotides, or at least 90% modified nucleotides.
+For example, the mmRNAs may contain a modified pyrimidine such as uracil or cytosine. In some embodiments, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 25%, at least 50%, at least 80%, at least 90% or 100% of the uracil in the nucleic acid may be replaced with a modified uracil. The modified uracil can be replaced by a compound having a single unique structure, or can be replaced by a plurality of compounds having different structures (e.g., 2, 3, 4 or more unique structures). In some embodiments, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 25%, at least 50%, at least 80%, at least 90% or 100% of the cytosine in the nucleic acid may be replaced with a modified cytosine. The modified cytosine can be replaced by a compound having a single unique structure, or can be replaced by a plurality of compounds having different structures (e.g., 2, 3, 4 or more unique structures).
+In some embodiments, modified nucleosides include pyridin-4-one ribonucleoside, 5-aza-uridine, 2-thio-5-aza-uridine, 2-thiouridine, 4-thio-pseudouridine, 2-thio-pseudouridine, 5-hydroxyuridine, 3-methyluridine, 5-carboxymethyl-uridine, 1-carboxymethyl-pseudouridine, 5-propynyl-uridine, 1-propynyl-pseudouridine, 5-taurinomethyluridine, 1-taurinomethyl-pseudouridine, 5-taurinomethyl-2-thio-uridine, 1-taurinomethyl-4-thio-uridine, 5-methyl-uridine, 1-methyl-pseudouridine, 4-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 2-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine, 2-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine, dihydrouridine, dihydropseudouridine, 2-thio-dihydrouridine, 2-thio-dihydropseudouridine, 2-methoxyuridine, 2-methoxy-4-thio-uridine, 4-methoxy-pseudouridine, and 4-methoxy-2-thio-pseudouridine. In some embodiments, modified nucleosides include 5-aza-cytidine, pseudoisocytidine, 3-methyl-cytidine, N4-acetylcytidine, 5-formylcytidine, N4-methylcytidine, 5-hydroxymethylcytidine, 1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine, pyrrolo-cytidine, pyrrolo-pseudoisocytidine, 2-thio-cytidine, 2-thio-5-methyl-cytidine, 4-thio-pseudoisocytidine, 4-thio-1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine, 4-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudoisocytidine, 1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudoisocytidine, zebularine, 5-aza-zebularine, 5-methyl-zebularine, 5-aza-2-thio-zebularine, 2-thio-zebularine, 2-methoxy-cytidine, 2-methoxy-5-methyl-cytidine, 4-methoxy-pseudoisocytidine, and 4-methoxy-1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine.
+In other embodiments, modified nucleosides include 2-aminopurine, 2,6-diaminopurine, 7-deaza-adenine, 7-deaza-8-aza-adenine, 7-deaza-2-aminopurine, 7-deaza-8-aza-2-aminopurine, 7-deaza-2,6-diaminopurine, 7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diaminopurine, 1-methyladenosine, N6-methyladenosine, N6-isopentenyladenosine, N6-(cis-hydroxyisopentenyl)adenosine, 2-methylthio-N6-(cis-hydroxyisopentenyl) adenosine, N6-glycinylcarbamoyladenosine, N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine, 2-methylthio-N6-threonyl carbamoyladenosine, N6,N6-dimethyladenosine, 7-methyladenine, 2-methylthio-adenine, and 2-methoxy-adenine.
+In other embodiments, modified nucleosides include inosine, 1-methyl-inosine, wyosine, wybutosine, 7-deaza-guanosine, 7-deaza-8-aza-guanosine, 6-thio-guanosine, 6-thio-7-deaza-guanosine, 6-thio-7-deaza-8-aza-guanosine, 7-methyl-guanosine, 6-thio-7-methyl-guanosine, 7-methylinosine, 6-methoxy-guanosine, 1-methylguanosine, N2-methylguanosine, N2,N2-dimethylguanosine, 8-oxo-guanosine, 7-methyl-8-oxo-guanosine, 1-methyl-6-thio-guanosine, N2-methyl-6-thio-guanosine, and N2,N2-dimethyl-6-thio-guanosine.
+In some embodiments, the nucleotide can be modified on the major groove face and can include replacing hydrogen on C-5 of uracil with a methyl group or a halo group.
+In specific embodiments, a modified nucleoside is 5′-O-(1-Thiophosphate)-Adenosine, 5′-O-(1-Thiophosphate)-Cytidine, 5′-O-(1-Thiophosphate)-Guanosine, 5′-O-(1-Thiophosphate)-Uridine or 5′-O-(1-Thiophosphate)-Pseudouridine.
+Further examples of modified nucleotides and modified nucleotide combinations are provided below in Table 1.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 1
+
+
+
+
+
+Modified Nucleotides
+Modified Nucleotide Combinations
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+6-aza-cytidine
+α-thio-cytidine/5-iodo-uridine
+
+
+2-thio-cytidine
+α-thio-cytidine/N1-methyl-pseudo-uridine
+
+
+α-thio-cytidine
+α-thio-cytidine/α-thio-uridine
+
+
+Pseudo-iso-cytidine
+α-thio-cytidine/5-methyl-uridine
+
+
+5-aminoallyl-uridine
+α-thio-cytidine/pseudo-uridine
+
+
+5-iodo-uridine
+Pseudo-iso-cytidine/5-iodo-uridine
+
+
+N1-methyl-pseudouridine
+Pseudo-iso-cytidine/N1-methyl-pseudo-uridine
+
+
+5,6-dihydrouridine
+Pseudo-iso-cytidine/α-thio-uridine
+
+
+α-thio-uridine
+Pseudo-iso-cytidine/5-methyl-uridine
+
+
+4-thio-uridine
+Pseudo-iso-cytidine/Pseudo-uridine
+
+
+6-aza-uridine
+Pyrrolo-cytidine
+
+
+5-hydroxy-uridine
+Pyrrolo-cytidine/5-iodo-uridine
+
+
+Deoxy-thymidine
+Pyrrolo-cytidine/N1-methyl-pseudo-uridine
+
+
+Pseudo-uridine
+Pyrrolo-cytidine/α-thio-uridine
+
+
+Inosine
+Pyrrolo-cytidine/5-methyl-uridine
+
+
+α-thio-guanosine
+Pyrrolo-cytidine/Pseudo-uridine
+
+
+8-oxo-guanosine
+5-methyl-cytidine/5-iodo-uridine
+
+
+O6-methyl-guanosine
+5-methyl-cytidine/N1-methyl-pseudo-uridine
+
+
+7-deaza-guanosine
+5-methyl-cytidine/α-thio-uridine
+
+
+No modification
+5-methyl-cytidine/5-methyl-uridine
+
+
+N1-methyl-adenosine
+5-methyl-cytidine/Pseudo-uridine
+
+
+2-amino-6-Chloro-purine
+5-methyl-cytidine
+
+
+N6-methyl-2-amino-
+25% Pseudo-iso-cytidine
+
+
+purine
+
+
+6-Chloro-purine
+25% N1-methyl-pseudo-uridine
+
+
+N6-methyl-adenosine
+25% N1-Methyl-pseudo-uridine/75%-pseudo-
+
+
+
+uridine
+
+
+α-thio-adenosine
+5-methyl-uridine
+
+
+8-azido-adenosine
+5-iodo-cytidine
+
+
+7-deaza-adenosine
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In some embodiments, at least 25% of the cytosines are replaced by a compound of Formula I-a (e.g., at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or about 100%).
+In some embodiments, at least 25% of the uracils are replaced by a compound of Formula I-a (e.g., at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or about 100%).
+In some embodiments, at least 25% of the cytosines and 25% of the uracils are replaced by a compound of Formula I-a (e.g., at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or about 100%).
+Other components of nucleic acid are optional, and are beneficial in some embodiments. For example, a 5′ untranslated region (UTR) and/or a 3′UTR are provided, wherein either or both may independently contain one or more different nucleoside modifications. In such embodiments, nucleoside modifications may also be present in the translatable region. Also provided are nucleic acids containing a Kozak sequence.
+Linkers and Payloads
+The nucleobase of the nucleotide, which may be incorporated into a mmRNA, can be covalently linked at any chemically appropriate position to a payload, e.g. detectable agent or therapeutic agent. For example, the nucleobase can be deaza-adenosine or deaza-guanosine and the linker can be attached at the C-7 or C-8 positions of the deaza-adenosine or deaza-guanosine. In other embodiments, the nucleobase can be cytosine or uracil and the linker can be attached to the N-3 or C-5 positions of cytosine or uracil.
+Linker
+The term “linker” as used herein refers to a group of atoms, e.g., 10-1,000 atoms, and can be comprised of the atoms or groups such as, but not limited to, carbon, amino, alkylamino, oxygen, sulfur, sulfoxide, sulfonyl, carbonyl, and imine. The linker can be attached to a modified nucleoside or nucleotide on the nucleobase or sugar moiety at a first end, and to a payload, e.g., detectable or therapeutic agent, at a second end. The linker may be of sufficient length as to not interfere with incorporation into a nucleic acid sequence.
+Examples of chemical groups that can be incorporated into the linker include, but are not limited to, an alkyl, an alkene, an alkyne, an amido, an ether, a thioether or an ester group. The linker chain can also comprise part of a saturated, unsaturated or aromatic ring, including polycyclic and heteroaromatic rings wherein the heteroaromatic ring may be an aryl group containing one to four heteroatoms, N, O or S. Specific examples of linkers include, but are not limited to, unsaturated alkanes, polyethylene glycols, and dextran polymers.
+For example, the linker can include, but is not limited to, ethylene or propylene glycol monomeric units, e.g., diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, or tetraethylene glycol. In some embodiments, the linker can include, but is not limited to, a divalent alkyl, alkenyl, and/or alkynyl moiety. The linker can include an ester, amide, or ether moiety.
+Other examples include, but are not limited to, cleavable moieties within the linker, such as, for example, a disulfide bond (—S—S—) or an azo bond (—N═N—), which can be cleaved using a reducing agent or photolysis. When a cleavable bond which has been incorporated into the linker and attached to a modified nucleotide, is cleaved, a short “scar” or chemical modification on the nucleotide may result. For example, after cleaving, the resulting scar on a nucleotide base, which formed part of the modified nucleotide, and is incorporated into a polynucleotide strand, is unreactive and does not need to be chemically neutralized. This increases the ease with which a subsequent nucleotide can be incorporated during sequencing of a nucleic acid polymer template. For example, conditions include the use of tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP), dithiothreitol (DTT) and/or other reducing agents for cleavage of a disulfide bond. A selectively severable bond that includes an amido bond can be cleaved for example by the use of TCEP or other reducing agents, and/or photolysis. A selectively severable bond that includes an ester bond can be cleaved for example by acidic or basic hydrolysis.
+Detectable Agents
+The mmRNAs of the present invention may also be linked or conjugated to one or more detectable agents. Examples of detectable substances include, but are not limited to, various organic small molecules, inorganic compounds, nanoparticles, enzymes or enzyme substrates, fluorescent materials, luminescent materials, bioluminescent materials, chemiluminescent materials, radioactive materials, and contrast agents.
+Labels, other than those described herein, are contemplated by the present disclosure, including, but not limited to, other optically-detectable labels. Labels can be attached to the modified nucleotide of the present disclosure at any position using standard chemistries such that the label can be removed from the incorporated base upon cleavage of the cleavable linker.
+Terminal Architecture Modifications: 5′-Capping
+Endogenous eukaryotic cellular messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules contain a 5′-cap structure on the 5′-end of a mature mRNA molecule. The 5′-cap contains a 5′-5′-triphosphate linkage between the 5′-most nucleotide and guanine nucleotide. The conjugated guanine nucleotide is methylated at the N7 position. Additional modifications include methylation of the ultimate and penultimate most 5′-nucleotides on the 2′-hydroxyl group. The 5′-cap structure is responsible for binding the mRNA Cap Binding Protein (CBP), which is responsibility for mRNA stability in the cell and translation competency.
+Multiple distinct 5′-cap structures can be used to generate the 5′-cap of a synthetic mRNA molecule. Many chemical cap analogs are used to co-transcriptionally cap a synthetic mRNA molecule. For example, the Anti-Reverse Cap Analog (ARCA) cap contains a 5′-5′-triphosphate guanine-guanine linkage where one guanine contains an N7 methyl group as well as a 3′-O-methyl group. While chemical cap analogs allow for the concomitant capping of an RNA molecule, up 20% of transcripts remain uncapped and the synthetic cap analog is not identical to an endogenous 5′-cap structure of an authentic cellular mRNA. This may lead to reduced translationally-competency and reduced cellular stability.
+Synthetic mRNA molecules may also be capped post-transcriptionally using enzymes responsible for generating a more authentic 5′-cap structure. As used herein the phrase “more authentic” refers to a feature that closely mirrors or mimics, either structurally or functionally an endogenous or wild type feature. More authentic 5′cap structures of the present invention are those which, among other things, have enhanced binding of cap binding proteins, increased half life, reduced susceptibility to 5′ endonucleases and/or reduced 5′decapping. For example, recombinant Vaccinia Virus Capping Enzyme and recombinant 2′-O-methyltransferase enzyme can create a canonical 5′-5′-triphosphate linkage between the 5′-most nucleotide of an mRNA and a guanine nucleotide where the guanine contains an N7 methylation and the ultimate 5′-nucleotide contains a 2′-O-methyl generating the Cap1 structure. This results in a cap with higher translational-competency and cellular stability and reduced activation of cellular pro-inflammatory cytokines Because the synthetic mRNA is capped post-transcriptionally, nearly 100% of the mRNA molecules are capped in contrast to ˜80% of synthetic mRNAs containing a chemical cap analog.
+Terminal Architecture Modifications: Poly-A Tails
+During RNA processing, a long chain of adenine nucleotides (poly-A tail) is normally added to a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules to increase the stability of the molecule. Immediately after transcription, the 3′ end of the transcript is cleaved to free a 3′ hydroxyl. Then poly-A polymerase adds a chain of adenine nucleotides to the RNA. The process, called polyadenylation, adds a poly-A tail that is between 100 and 250 residues long.
+It has been discovered that unique poly-A tail lengths provide certain advantages to the modified RNAs of the present invention.
+Generally, the length of a poly-A tail of the present invention is greater than 30 nucleotides in length. In another embodiment, the poly-A tail is greater than 35 nucleotides in length. In another embodiment, the length is at least 40 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 45 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 55 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 60 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 60 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 80 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 90 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 100 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 120 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 140 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 160 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 180 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 200 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 250 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 300 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 350 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 400 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 450 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 500 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 600 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 700 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 800 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 900 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 1000 nucleotides.
+In one embodiment, the poly-A tail is designed relative to the length of the overall modified RNA molecule. This design may be based on the length of the coding region of the modified RNA, the length of a particular feature or region of the modified RNA (such as the mRNA), or based on the length of the ultimate product expressed from the modified RNA. In this context the poly-A tail may be 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 100% greater in length than the modified RNA or feature thereof. The poly-A tail may also be designed as a fraction of the modified RNA to which it belongs. In this context, the poly-A tail may be 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90% or more of the total length of the construct or the total length of the construct minus the poly-A tail.
+Use of Modified mRNAs
+The mmRNAs of the present invention may find uses in many areas of research, discovery, therapeutics, diagnostics and in kits and devices.
+Therapeutics
+The mmRNAs (modified RNAs) and the proteins translated from the mmRNAs described herein can be used as therapeutic agents. For example, an mmRNA described herein can be administered to a subject, wherein the mmRNA is translated in vivo to produce a therapeutic polypeptide in the subject. Provided are compositions, methods, kits, and reagents for treatment or prevention of disease or conditions in humans and other mammals. The active therapeutic agents of the invention include mmRNAs, cells containing mmRNAs or polypeptides translated from the mmRNAs, polypeptides translated from mmRNAs.
+Provided herein are methods of inducing translation of a recombinant polypeptide in a cell population using the mmRNAs described herein. Such translation can be in vivo, ex vivo, in culture, or in vitro. The cell population is contacted with an effective amount of a composition containing a mmRNA that has at least one nucleoside modification, and a translatable region encoding the recombinant polypeptide. The population is contacted under conditions such that the mmRNA is localized into one or more cells of the cell population and the recombinant polypeptide is translated in the cell from the nucleic acid.
+An effective amount of the composition is provided based, at least in part, on the target tissue, target cell type, means of administration, physical characteristics of the nucleic acid (e.g., size, and extent of modified nucleosides), and other determinants. In general, an effective amount of the composition provides efficient protein production in the cell, preferably more efficient than a composition containing a corresponding unmodified nucleic acid. Increased efficiency may be demonstrated by increased cell transfection (i.e., the percentage of cells transfected with the nucleic acid), increased protein translation from the nucleic acid, decreased nucleic acid degradation (as demonstrated, e.g., by increased duration of protein translation from a mmRNA), or reduced innate immune response of the host cell.
+Aspects of the invention are directed to methods of inducing in vivo translation of a recombinant polypeptide in a mammalian subject in need thereof. Therein, an effective amount of a composition containing a mmRNA that has at least one nucleoside modification and a translatable region encoding the recombinant polypeptide is administered to the subject using the delivery methods and split dosing regimens described herein. The mmRNA is provided in an amount and under other conditions such that the nucleic acid is localized into a cell of the subject and the recombinant polypeptide is translated in the cell from the mmRNA. The cell in which the mmRNA is localized, or the tissue in which the cell is present, may be targeted with one or more than one rounds of mmRNA administration.
+The subject to whom the therapeutic agent is administered suffers from or is at risk of developing a disease, disorder, or deleterious condition. Provided are methods of identifying, diagnosing, and classifying subjects on these bases, which may include clinical diagnosis, biomarker levels, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and other methods known in the art.
+In certain embodiments, the administered mmRNA directs production of one or more recombinant polypeptides that provide a functional activity which is substantially absent in the cell in which the recombinant polypeptide is translated. For example, the missing functional activity may be enzymatic, structural, or gene regulatory in nature. In related embodiments, the administered mmRNA directs production of one or more recombinant polypeptides that increases (e.g., synergistically) a functional activity which is present but substantially deficient in the cell in which the recombinant polypeptide is translated.
+In other embodiments, the administered mmRNA directs production of one or more recombinant polypeptides that replace a polypeptide (or multiple polypeptides) that is substantially absent in the cell in which the recombinant polypeptide is translated. Such absence may be due to genetic mutation of the encoding gene or regulatory pathway thereof. In some embodiments, the recombinant polypeptide increases the level of an endogenous protein in the cell to a desirable level; such an increase may bring the level of the endogenous protein from a subnormal level to a normal level or from a normal level to a super-normal level.
+Alternatively, the recombinant polypeptide functions to antagonize the activity of an endogenous protein present in, on the surface of, or secreted from the cell. Usually, the activity of the endogenous protein is deleterious to the subject; for example, do to mutation of the endogenous protein resulting in altered activity or localization. Additionally, the recombinant polypeptide antagonizes, directly or indirectly, the activity of a biological moiety present in, on the surface of, or secreted from the cell. Examples of antagonized biological moieties include lipids (e.g., cholesterol), a lipoprotein (e.g., low density lipoprotein), a nucleic acid, a carbohydrate, a protein toxin such as shiga and tetanus toxins, or a small molecule toxin such as botulinum, cholera, and diphtheria toxins. Additionally, the antagonized biological molecule may be an endogenous protein that exhibits an undesirable activity, such as a cytotoxic or cytostatic activity.
+The polypeptides encoded by the mmRNA described herein are engineered for localization within the cell, potentially within a specific compartment such as the nucleus, or are engineered for secretion from the cell or translocation to the plasma membrane of the cell.
+In one embodiment of the invention are bifunctional mmRNA. As the name implies, bifunctional mmRNA are those having or capable of at least two functions.
+The multiple functionalities of bifunctional mmRNAs may be encoded by the mRNA (the function may not manifest until the encoded product is translated) or may be a property of the RNA itself. It may be structural or chemical. Bifunctional modified RNAs may comprise a function that is covalently associated with the RNA or electrostatically associated.
+In some embodiments, modified mRNAs and their encoded polypeptides in accordance with the present invention may be used for treatment of any of a variety of diseases, disorders, and/or conditions, including but not limited to one or more of the following: autoimmune disorders (e.g. diabetes, lupus, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis); inflammatory disorders (e.g. arthritis, pelvic inflammatory disease); infectious diseases (e.g. viral infections (e.g., HIV, HCV, RSV), bacterial infections, fungal infections, sepsis); neurological disorders (e g. Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease; autism; Duchenne muscular dystrophy); cardiovascular disorders (e.g. atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia, thrombosis, clotting disorders, angiogenic disorders such as macular degeneration); proliferative disorders (e.g. cancer, benign neoplasms); respiratory disorders (e.g. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease); digestive disorders (e.g. inflammatory bowel disease, ulcers); musculoskeletal disorders (e.g. fibromyalgia, arthritis); endocrine, metabolic, and nutritional disorders (e.g. diabetes, osteoporosis); urological disorders (e.g. renal disease); psychological disorders (e.g. depression, schizophrenia); skin disorders (e.g. wounds, eczema); blood and lymphatic disorders (e.g. anemia, hemophilia); etc.
+Avoidance of the Innate Immune Response
+The term “innate immune response” includes a cellular response to exogenous single stranded nucleic acids, generally of viral or bacterial origin, which involves the induction of cytokine expression and release, particularly the interferons, and cell death. Protein synthesis is also reduced during the innate cellular immune response. While it is advantageous to eliminate the innate immune response in a cell, the invention provides modified mRNAs that substantially reduce the immune response, including interferon signaling, without entirely eliminating such a response. In some embodiments, the immune response is reduced by 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, 99.9%, or greater than 99.9% as compared to the immune response induced by a corresponding unmodified nucleic acid. Such a reduction can be measured by expression or activity level of Type 1 interferons or the expression of interferon-regulated genes such as the toll-like receptors (e.g., TLR7 and TLR8). Reduction of innate immune response can also be measured by decreased cell death following one or more administrations of modified RNAs to a cell population; e.g., cell death is 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or over 95% less than the cell death frequency observed with a corresponding unmodified nucleic acid. Moreover, cell death may affect fewer than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.01% or fewer than 0.01% of cells contacted with the mmRNAs.
+The invention provides therapeutic methods for the repeated introduction (e.g., transfection) of mmRNAs into a target cell population, e.g., in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo. The step of contacting the cell population may be repeated one or more times (such as two, three, four, five or more than five times). In some embodiments, the step of contacting the cell population with the mmRNAs is repeated a number of times sufficient such that a predetermined efficiency of protein translation in the cell population is achieved. Given the reduced cytotoxicity of the target cell population provided by the nucleic acid modifications, such repeated transfections are achievable in a diverse array of cell types.
+Protein Production
+The methods provided herein are useful for enhancing protein product yield in a cell culture process. In a cell culture containing a plurality of host cells, introduction of the modified mRNAs described herein results in increased protein production efficiency relative to a corresponding unmodified nucleic acid. Such increased protein production efficiency can be demonstrated, e.g., by showing increased cell transfection, increased protein translation from the nucleic acid, decreased nucleic acid degradation, and/or reduced innate immune response of the host cell. Protein production can be measured by ELISA, and protein activity can be measured by various functional assays known in the art. The protein production may be generated in a continuous or a fed-batch mammalian process.
+Additionally, it is useful to optimize the expression of a specific polypeptide in a cell line or collection of cell lines of potential interest, particularly an engineered protein such as a protein variant of a reference protein having a known activity. In one embodiment, provided is a method of optimizing expression of an engineered protein in a target cell, by providing a plurality of target cell types, and independently contacting with each of the plurality of target cell types a modified mRNA encoding an engineered polypeptide. Additionally, culture conditions may be altered to increase protein production efficiency. Subsequently, the presence and/or level of the engineered polypeptide in the plurality of target cell types is detected and/or quantitated, allowing for the optimization of an engineered polypeptide's expression by selection of an efficient target cell and cell culture conditions relating thereto. Such methods are particularly useful when the engineered polypeptide contains one or more post-translational modifications or has substantial tertiary structure, situations which often complicate efficient protein production.
+Gene Silencing
+The modified mRNAs described herein are useful to silence (i.e., prevent or substantially reduce) expression of one or more target genes in a cell population. A modified mRNA encoding a polypeptide capable of directing sequence-specific histone H3 methylation is introduced into the cells in the population under conditions such that the polypeptide is translated and reduces gene transcription of a target gene via histone H3 methylation and subsequent heterochromatin formation. In some embodiments, the silencing mechanism is performed on a cell population present in a mammalian subject. By way of non-limiting example, a useful target gene is a mutated Janus Kinase-2 family member, wherein the mammalian subject expresses the mutant target gene suffers from a myeloproliferative disease resulting from aberrant kinase activity.
+Co-administration of modified mRNAs and siRNAs are also provided herein. As demonstrated in yeast, sequence-specific trans silencing is an effective mechanism for altering cell function. Fission yeast require two RNAi complexes for siRNA-mediated heterochromatin assembly: the RNA-induced transcriptional silencing (RITS) complex and the RNA-directed RNA polymerase complex (RDRC) (Motamedi et al. Cell 2004, 119, 789-802). In fission yeast, the RITS complex contains the siRNA binding Argonaute family protein Ago1, a chromodomain protein Chp1, and Tas3. The fission yeast RDRC complex is composed of an RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase Rdp1, a putative RNA helicase Hrr1, and a polyA polymerase family protein Cid12. These two complexes require the Dicer ribonuclease and Clr4 histone H3 methyltransferase for activity. Together, Ago1 binds siRNA molecules generated through Dicer-mediated cleavage of Rdp1 co-transcriptionally generated dsRNA transcripts and allows for the sequence-specific direct association of Chp1, Tas3, Hrr1, and Clr4 to regions of DNA destined for methylation and histone modification and subsequent compaction into transcriptionally silenced heterochromatin. While this mechanism functions in cis- with centromeric regions of DNA, sequence-specific trans silencing is possible through co-transfection with double-stranded siRNAs for specific regions of DNA and concomitant RNAi-directed silencing of the siRNA ribonuclease Eri1 (Buhler et al. Cell 2006, 125, 873-886).
+Modulation of Biological Pathways
+The rapid translation of modified mRNAs introduced into cells provides a desirable mechanism of modulating target biological pathways. Such modulation includes antagonism or agonism of a given pathway. In one embodiment, a method is provided for antagonizing a biological pathway in a cell by contacting the cell with an effective amount of a composition comprising a modified nucleic acid encoding a recombinant polypeptide, under conditions such that the nucleic acid is localized into the cell and the recombinant polypeptide is capable of being translated in the cell from the nucleic acid, wherein the recombinant polypeptide inhibits the activity of a polypeptide functional in the biological pathway. Exemplary biological pathways are those defective in an autoimmune or inflammatory disorder such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis colitis, or Crohn's disease; in particular, antagonism of the IL-12 and IL-23 signaling pathways are of particular utility. (See Kikly K, Liu L, Na S, Sedgwick J D (2006) Curr. Opin. Immunol. 18 (6): 670-5).
+Further, provided are modified nucleic acids encoding an antagonist for chemokine receptors; chemokine receptors CXCR-4 and CCR-5 are required for, e.g., HIV entry into host cells (et al, (1996) October 3; 383(6599):400).
+Alternatively, provided are methods of agonizing a biological pathway in a cell by contacting the cell with an effective amount of a modified nucleic acid encoding a recombinant polypeptide under conditions such that the nucleic acid is localized into the cell and the recombinant polypeptide is capable of being translated in the cell from the nucleic acid, and the recombinant polypeptide induces the activity of a polypeptide functional in the biological pathway. Exemplary agonized biological pathways include pathways that modulate cell fate determination. Such agonization is reversible or, alternatively, irreversible.
+Cellular Nucleic Acid Delivery
+Methods of the present invention enhance nucleic acid delivery into a cell population, in vivo, ex vivo, or in culture. For example, a cell culture containing a plurality of host cells (e.g., eukaryotic cells such as yeast or mammalian cells) is contacted with a composition that contains an enhanced nucleic acid having at least one nucleoside modification and, optionally, a translatable region. The composition also generally contains a transfection reagent or other compound that increases the efficiency of enhanced nucleic acid uptake into the host cells. The enhanced nucleic acid exhibits enhanced retention in the cell population, relative to a corresponding unmodified nucleic acid. The retention of the enhanced nucleic acid is greater than the retention of the unmodified nucleic acid. In some embodiments, it is at least about 50%, 75%, 90%, 95%, 100%, 150%, 200% or more than 200% greater than the retention of the unmodified nucleic acid. Such retention advantage may be achieved by one round of transfection with the enhanced nucleic acid, or may be obtained following repeated rounds of transfection.
+In some embodiments, the enhanced nucleic acid is delivered to a target cell population with one or more additional nucleic acids. Such delivery may be at the same time, or the enhanced nucleic acid is delivered prior to delivery of the one or more additional nucleic acids. The additional one or more nucleic acids may be modified nucleic acids or unmodified nucleic acids. It is understood that the initial presence of the enhanced nucleic acids does not substantially induce an innate immune response of the cell population and, moreover, that the innate immune response will not be activated by the later presence of the unmodified nucleic acids. In this regard, the enhanced nucleic acid may not itself contain a translatable region, if the protein desired to be present in the target cell population is translated from the unmodified nucleic acids.
+Expression of Ligand or Receptor on Cell Surface
+In some aspects and embodiments of the aspects described herein, the modified RNAs can be used to express a ligand or ligand receptor on the surface of a cell (e.g., a homing moiety). A ligand or ligand receptor moiety attached to a cell surface can permit the cell to have a desired biological interaction with a tissue or an agent in vivo. A ligand can be an antibody, an antibody fragment, an aptamer, a peptide, a vitamin, a carbohydrate, a protein or polypeptide, a receptor, e.g., cell-surface receptor, an adhesion molecule, a glycoprotein, a sugar residue, a therapeutic agent, a drug, a glycosaminoglycan, or any combination thereof. For example, a ligand can be an antibody that recognizes a cancer-cell specific antigen, rendering the cell capable of preferentially interacting with tumor cells to permit tumor-specific localization of a modified cell. A ligand can confer the ability of a cell composition to accumulate in a tissue to be treated, since a preferred ligand may be capable of interacting with a target molecule on the external face of a tissue to be treated. Ligands having limited cross-reactivity to other tissues are generally preferred.
+In some cases, a ligand can act as a homing moiety which permits the cell to target to a specific tissue or interact with a specific ligand. Such homing moieties can include, but are not limited to, any member of a specific binding pair, antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, or derivatives or analogs thereof, including without limitation: Fv fragments, single chain Fv (scFv) fragments, Fab′ fragments, F(ab′)2 fragments, single domain antibodies, camelized antibodies and antibody fragments, humanized antibodies and antibody fragments, and multivalent versions of the foregoing; multivalent binding reagents including without limitation: monospecific or bispecific antibodies, such as disulfide stabilized Fv fragments, scFv tandems ((SCFV)2 fragments), diabodies, tribodies or tetrabodies, which typically are covalently linked or otherwise stabilized (i.e., leucine zipper or helix stabilized) scFv fragments; and other homing moieties include for example, aptamers, receptors, and fusion proteins.
+In some embodiments, the homing moiety may be a surface-bound antibody, which can permit tuning of cell targeting specificity. This is especially useful since highly specific antibodies can be raised against an epitope of interest for the desired targeting site. In one embodiment, multiple antibodies are expressed on the surface of a cell, and each antibody can have a different specificity for a desired target. Such approaches can increase the avidity and specificity of homing interactions.
+A skilled artisan can select any homing moiety based on the desired localization or function of the cell, for example an estrogen receptor ligand, such as tamoxifen, can target cells to estrogen-dependent breast cancer cells that have an increased number of estrogen receptors on the cell surface. Other non-limiting examples of ligand/receptor interactions include CCRI (e.g., for treatment of inflamed joint tissues or brain in rheumatoid arthritis, and/or multiple sclerosis), CCR7, CCR8 (e.g., targeting to lymph node tissue), CCR6, CCR9, CCR10 (e.g., to target to intestinal tissue), CCR4, CCR10 (e.g., for targeting to skin), CXCR4 (e.g., for general enhanced transmigration), HCELL (e.g., for treatment of inflammation and inflammatory disorders, bone marrow), Alpha4beta7 (e.g., for intestinal mucosa targeting), VLA-4NCAM-1 (e.g., targeting to endothelium). In general, any receptor involved in targeting (e.g., cancer metastasis) can be harnessed for use in the methods and compositions described herein.
+Mediators of Cell Death
+In one embodiment, a modified nucleic acid molecule composition can be used to induce apoptosis in a cell (e.g., a cancer cell) by increasing the expression of a death receptor, a death receptor ligand or a combination thereof. This method can be used to induce cell death in any desired cell and has particular usefulness in the treatment of cancer where cells escape natural apoptotic signals.
+Apoptosis can be induced by multiple independent signaling pathways that converge upon a final effector mechanism consisting of multiple interactions between several “death receptors” and their ligands, which belong to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor/ligand superfamily. The best-characterized death receptors are CD95 (“Fas”), TNFRI (p55), death receptor 3 (DR3 or Apo3/TRAMO), DR4 and DR5 (apo2-TRAIL-R2). The final effector mechanism of apoptosis may be the activation of a series of proteinases designated as caspases. The activation of these caspases results in the cleavage of a series of vital cellular proteins and cell death. The molecular mechanism of death receptors/ligands-induced apoptosis is well known in the art. For example, Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis is induced by binding of three FasL molecules which induces trimerization of Fas receptor via C-terminus death domains (DDs), which in turn recruits an adapter protein FADD (Fas-associated protein with death domain) and Caspase-8. The oligomerization of this trimolecular complex, Fas/FAIDD/caspase-8, results in proteolytic cleavage of proenzyme caspase-8 into active caspase-8 that, in turn, initiates the apoptosis process by activating other downstream caspases through proteolysis, including caspase-3. Death ligands in general are apoptotic when formed into trimers or higher order of structures. As monomers, they may serve as antiapoptotic agents by competing with the trimers for binding to the death receptors.
+In one embodiment, the modified nucleic acid molecule composition encodes for a death receptor (e.g., Fas, TRAIL, TRAMO, TNFR, TLR etc). Cells made to express a death receptor by transfection of modified RNA become susceptible to death induced by the ligand that activates that receptor. Similarly, cells made to express a death ligand, e.g., on their surface, will induce death of cells with the receptor when the transfected cell contacts the target cell. In another embodiment, the modified RNA composition encodes for a death receptor ligand (e.g., FasL, TNF, etc). In another embodiment, the modified RNA composition encodes a caspase (e.g., caspase 3, caspase 8, caspase 9 etc). Where cancer cells often exhibit a failure to properly differentiate to a non-proliferative or controlled proliferative form, in another embodiment, the synthetic, modified RNA composition encodes for both a death receptor and its appropriate activating ligand. In another embodiment, the synthetic, modified RNA composition encodes for a differentiation factor that when expressed in the cancer cell, such as a cancer stem cell, will induce the cell to differentiate to a non-pathogenic or nonself-renewing phenotype (e.g., reduced cell growth rate, reduced cell division etc) or to induce the cell to enter a dormant cell phase (e.g., G0 resting phase).
+One of skill in the art will appreciate that the use of apoptosis-inducing techniques may require that the modified nucleic acid molecules are appropriately targeted to e.g., tumor cells to prevent unwanted wide-spread cell death. Thus, one can use a delivery mechanism (e.g., attached ligand or antibody, targeted liposome etc) that recognizes a cancer antigen such that the modified nucleic acid molecules are expressed only in cancer cells.
+Formulations of Modified mRNAs
+Provided herein are formulations containing an effective amount of an mmRNA.
+In certain embodiments, the formulations include one or more cell penetration agents, e.g., transfection agents. In one specific embodiment, an mmRNA is mixed or admixed with a transfection agent (or mixture thereof) and the resulting mixture is employed to transfect cells. Preferred transfection agents are cationic lipid compositions, particularly monovalent and polyvalent cationic lipid compositions, more particularly LIPOFECTIN®, LIPOFECTACE®, LIPOFECTAMINE™, CELLFECTIN®, DMRIE-C, DMRIE, DOTAP, DOSPA, and DOSPER, and dendrimer compositions, particularly G5-G10 dendrimers, including dense star dendrimers, PAMAM dendrimers, grafted dendrimers, and dendrimers known as dendrigrafts and SUPERFECT®.
+In a second specific transfection method, a ribonucleic acid is conjugated to a nucleic acid-binding group, for example a polyamine and more particularly a spermine, which is then introduced into the cell or admixed with a transfection agent (or mixture thereof) and the resulting mixture is employed to transfect cells. In a third specific embodiment, a mixture of one or more transfection-enhancing peptides, proteins, or protein fragments, including fusagenic peptides or proteins, transport or trafficking peptides or proteins, receptor-ligand peptides or proteins, or nuclear localization peptides or proteins and/or their modified analogs (e.g., spermine modified peptides or proteins) or combinations thereof are mixed with and complexed with a ribonucleic acid to be introduced into a cell, optionally being admixed with transfection agent and the resulting mixture is employed to transfect cells. Further, a component of a transfection agent (e.g., lipids, cationic lipids or dendrimers) is covalently conjugated to selected peptides, proteins, or protein fragments directly or via a linking or spacer group. Of particular interest in this embodiment are peptides or proteins that are fusagenic, membrane-permeabilizing, transport or trafficking, or which function for cell-targeting. The peptide- or protein-transfection agent complex is combined with a ribonucleic acid and employed for transfection.
+In certain embodiments, the formulations include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier that causes the effective amount of mmRNA to be substantially retained in a target tissue containing the cell.
+In certain embodiments, the formulation may include at least an mmRNA and a delivery agent. In some embodiments, the delivery agent may comprise lipidoid-based formulations allowed for localized and systemic delivery of mmRNA.
+Also provided are compositions for generation of an in vivo depot containing an engineered ribonucleotide. For example, the composition contains a bioerodible, biocompatible polymer, a solvent present in an amount effective to plasticize the polymer and form a gel therewith, and an engineered ribonucleic acid. In certain embodiments the composition also includes a cell penetration agent as described herein. In other embodiments, the composition also contains a thixotropic amount of a thixotropic agent mixable with the polymer so as to be effective to form a thixotropic composition. Further compositions include a stabilizing agent, a bulking agent, a chelating agent, or a buffering agent.
+In other embodiments, provided are sustained-release delivery depots, such as for administration of a mmRNA to an environment (meaning an organ or tissue site) in a patient. Such depots generally contain a mmRNA and a flexible chain polymer where both the mmRNA and the flexible chain polymer are entrapped within a porous matrix of a crosslinked matrix protein. Usually, the pore size is less than 1 mm, such as 900 nm, 800 nm, 700 nm, 600 nm, 500 nm, 400 nm, 300 nm, 200 nm, 100 nm, or less than 100 nm. Usually the flexible chain polymer is hydrophilic. Usually the flexible chain polymer has a molecular weight of at least 50 kDa, such as 75 kDa, 100 kDa, 150 kDa, 200 kDa, 250 kDa, 300 kDa, 400 kDa, 500 kDa, or greater than 500 kDa. Usually the flexible chain polymer has a persistence length of less than 10%, such as 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 or less than 1% of the persistence length of the matrix protein. Usually the flexible chain polymer has a charge similar to that of the matrix protein. In some embodiments, the flexible chain polymer alters the effective pore size of a matrix of crosslinked matrix protein to a size capable of sustaining the diffusion of the mmRNA from the matrix into a surrounding tissue comprising a cell into which the mmRNA is capable of entering.
+Formulation Using Lipidoids
+The pharmaceutical compositions described herein include lipidoid-based formulations allowing for localized and systemic delivery of mmRNA. The synthesis of lipidoids has been extensively described and formulations containing these compounds are particularly suited for delivery of polynucleotides (see Mahon et al., Bioconjug Chem. 2010 21:1448-1454; Schroeder et al., J Intern Med. 2010 267:9-21; Akinc et al., Nat Biotechnol. 2008 26:561-569; Love et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010 107:1864-1869; Siegwart et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011 108:12996-3001; all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties).
+According to the present invention, complexes, micelles, liposomes or particles can be prepared containing these lipidoids and therefore, result in an effective delivery of mmRNA, as judged by the production of an encoded protein, following the injection of an mmRNA-formulated lipidoids via localized and systemic routes of administration. Modified mRNA-lipidoid complexes can be administered by various means disclosed herein.
+The characteristics of optimized lipidoid formulations for intramuscular or subcutaneous routes may vary significantly depending on the target cell type and the ability of formulations to diffuse through the extracellular matrix into the blood stream. While a particle size of less than 150 nm may be desired for effective hepatocyte delivery due to the size of the endothelial fenestrae (see, Akinc et al., Mol Ther. 2009 17:872-879 herein incorporated by reference), use of lipidoid oligonucleotides to deliver the formulation to other cells types including, but not limited to, endothelial cells, myeloid cells, and muscle cells may not be similarly size-limited.
+In one aspect, effective delivery to myeloid cells, such as monocytes, lipidoid formulations may have a similar component molar ratio. Different ratios of lipidoids and other components including, but not limited to, disteroylphosphatidyl choline, cholesterol and PEG-DMG, may be used to optimize the formulation of the mmRNA molecule for delivery to different cell types including, but not limited to, hepatocytes, myeloid cells, muscle cells, etc. For example, the component molar ratio may include, but is not limited to, 50% lipid, 10% disteroylphosphatidyl choline, 38.5% cholesterol, and %1.5 PEG. The lipid may be selected from, but is not limited to, DLin-DMA, DLin-K-DMA, DLin-KC2-DMA, 98N12-5, C12-200 (including variants and derivatives), DLin-MC3-DMA and analogs thereof. The use of lipidoid formulations for the localized delivery of nucleic acids to cells (such as, but not limited to, adipose cells and muscle cells) via either subcutaneous or intramuscular delivery, may also not require all of the formulation components which may be required for systemic delivery, and as such may comprise the lipidoid and the mmRNA.
+In a further embodiment, combinations of different lipidoids may be used to improve the efficacy of mmRNA-directed protein.
+According to the present invention, modified mRNA may be formulated by mixing the mmRNA with the lipidoid at a set ratio prior to addition to cells. In vivo formulations may require the addition of extra ingredients to facilitate circulation throughout the body. To test the ability of these lipidoids to form particles suitable for in vivo work, a standard formulation process used for siRNA-lipidoid formulations may be used as a starting point. Initial mmRNA-lipidoid formulations consist of particles composed of 42% lipidoid, 48% cholesterol and 10% PEG, with further optimization of ratios possible. After formation of the particle, mmRNA is added and allowed to integrate with the complex. The encapsulation efficiency is determined using a standard dye exclusion assays.
+In vivo delivery of nucleic acids may be affected by many parameters, including, but not limited to, the formulation composition, nature of particle PEGylation, degree of loading, oligonucleotide to lipid ratio, and biophysical parameters such as particle size (Akinc et al., Mol Ther. 2009 17:872-879; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). As an example, small changes in the anchor chain length of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) lipids may result in significant effects on in vivo efficacy. Formulations with the different lipidoids, including, but not limited to penta[3-(1-laurylaminopropionyl)]-triethylenetetramine hydrochloride (TETA-5LAP; aka 98N12-5, see Murugaiah et al., Analytical Biochemistry, 401:61 (2010)), C12-200 (including derivatives and variants), MD1, DLin-DMA, DLin-K-DMA, DLin-KC2-DMA and DLin-MC3-DMA (see FIG. 1), can be tested for in vivo activity.
+The lipidoid referred to herein as “98N12-5” is disclosed by Akinc et al., Mol Ther. 2009 17:872-879 and is incorporated by reference in its entirety. (See FIG. 1)
+The lipidoid referred to herein as “C12-200” is disclosed by Love et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010 107:1864-1869 (see FIG. 1) and Liu and Huang, Molecular Therapy. 2010 669-670 (see FIG. 1); both of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. The lipidoid formulations can include particles comprising either 3 or 4 or more components in addition to polynucleotide, primary construct, or mmRNA. As an example, formulations with certain lipidoids, include, but are not limited to, 98N12-5 and may contain 42% lipidoid, 48% cholesterol and 10% PEG (C14 alkyl chain length). As another example, formulations with certain lipidoids, include, but are not limited to, C12-200 and may contain 50% lipidoid, 10% disteroylphosphatidyl choline, 38.5% cholesterol, and 1.5% PEG-DMG.
+The ratio of mmRNA to lipidoid used to test for in vitro transfection is tested empirically at different lipidoid:mmRNA ratios. Previous work using siRNA and lipidoids have utilized 2.5:1, 5:1, 10:1, and 15:1 lipidoid:siRNA wt:wt ratios. Given the longer length of mmRNA relative to siRNA, a lower wt:wt ratio of lipidoid to mmRNA is likely to be effective. In addition, for comparison mmRNA are also formulated using RNAiMax (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) or TRANSIT-mRNA (Minis Bio, Madison Wis.) cationic lipid delivery vehicles.
+The ability of lipidoid-formulated mmRNA to express the desired protein product can be confirmed by luminescence for luciferase expression, flow cytometry for expression, and by ELISA for secretion.
+The expression of mmRNA-encoded proteins can be assessed both within the muscle or subcutaneous tissue and systemically in blood and other organs and fluids such as the liver and spleen, urine, saliva, etc.
+For example, single dose studies allow an assessment of the magnitude, dose responsiveness, and longevity of expression of the desired product. After formulation of mmRNA with the lipidoid formulations, as described previously, animals are divided into groups receiving either a saline formulation, or a lipidoid-formulation containing one of several different mmRNA. Prior to injection, mmRNA-containing lipidoid formulations are diluted in PBS and animals administered a single intramuscular dose of formulated mmRNA ranging from 50 mg/kg to doses as low as 1 ng/kg with a preferred range to be 10 mg/kg to 100 ng/kg. If the animal tested is a mouse the maximum dose can be roughly 1 mg mmRNA or as low as 0.02 ng mmRNA if administered once into the hind limb. Likewise for subcutaneous administration, mmRNA-containing lipidoid formulations are diluted in PBS before the animals are administered a single subcutaneous dose of formulated mmRNA ranging from 400 mg/kg- to doses as low as 1 ng/kg. A preferred dosage range comprises 80 mg/kg to 100 ng/kg. If the animal tested is a mouse, the maximum dose administered can be roughly 8 mg mmRNA or as low as 0.02 ng mmRNA if the dose is administered once subcutaneously.
+It is preferred that the volume of a single intramuscular injection is maximally 0.025 ml and of a single subcutaneous injection is maximally 0.2 ml for a 20 gram mouse. The dose of the mmRNA administered to the animal is calculated depending on the body weight of the animal. At various points in time points following the administration of the mmRNA-lipidoid, serum, tissues, and tissue lysates can be obtained and the level of the mmRNA-encoded product determined. The ability of lipidoid-formulated mmRNA to express the desired protein product can be confirmed by luminescence for luciferase expression, flow cytometry, and by ELISA.
+Additional studies for a multi-dose regimen can also be performed to determine the maximal expression using mmRNA, to evaluate the saturability of the mmRNA-driven expression (achieved by giving a control and active mmRNA formulation in parallel or in sequence), and to determine the feasibility of repeat drug administration (by giving mmRNA in doses separated by weeks or months and then determining whether expression level is affected by factors such as immunogenicity).
+Administration
+The present invention provides methods comprising administering modified mRNAs and or complexes in accordance with the invention to a subject in need thereof. mmRNA or complexes, or pharmaceutical, imaging, diagnostic, or prophylactic compositions thereof, may be administered to a subject using any amount and any route of administration which may be effective for preventing, treating, diagnosing, or imaging a disease, disorder, and/or condition (e.g., a disease, disorder, and/or condition relating to working memory deficits). The exact amount required will vary from subject to subject, depending on factors such as, but not limited to, the species, age, and general condition of the subject, the severity of the disease, the particular composition, its mode of administration, its mode of activity, and the like.
+mmRNA to be delivered and/or pharmaceutical, prophylactic, diagnostic, or imaging compositions thereof may be administered to animals, such as mammals (e.g., humans, domesticated animals, cats, dogs, mice, rats, etc.). In some embodiments, pharmaceutical, prophylactic, diagnostic, or imaging compositions thereof are administered to humans.
+mmRNA may be administered by any route. In some embodiments, mmRNA are administered by one or more of a variety of routes, including, but not limited to, local, oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arterial, intramedullary, intrathecal, subcutaneous, intraventricular, transdermal, interdermal, rectal, intravaginal, intraperitoneal, topical (e.g. by powders, ointments, creams, gels, lotions, and/or drops), mucosal, nasal, buccal, enteral, vitreal, intratumoral, sublingual; by intratracheal instillation, bronchial instillation, and/or inhalation; as an oral spray, nasal spray, and/or aerosol, and/or through a portal vein catheter.
+In some embodiments, mmRNA are administered by systemic intravenous injection. In specific embodiments, mmRNA may be administered intravenously and/or orally. In specific embodiments, mmRNA may be administered in a way which allows the mmRNA to cross the blood-brain barrier, vascular barrier, or other epithelial barrier.
+Injectable preparations, for example, sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing agents, wetting agents, and/or suspending agents. Sterile injectable preparations may be sterile injectable solutions, suspensions, and/or emulsions in nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluents and/or solvents, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, U.S.P., and isotonic sodium chloride solution. Sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. Fatty acids such as oleic acid can be used in the preparation of injectables.
+Injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, and/or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.
+Dosage forms for local, topical and/or transdermal administration of a composition may include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants and/or patches. Additionally, the present invention contemplates the use of transdermal patches, which often have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound to the body. Such dosage forms may be prepared, for example, by dissolving and/or dispensing the compound in the proper medium. Alternatively or additionally, rate may be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane and/or by dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix and/or gel.
+Formulations suitable for topical administration include, but are not limited to, liquid and/or semi liquid preparations such as liniments, lotions, oil in water and/or water in oil emulsions such as creams, ointments and/or pastes, and/or solutions and/or suspensions. Topically-administrable formulations may, for example, comprise from about 1% to about 10% (w/w) active ingredient, although the concentration of active ingredient may be as high as the solubility limit of the active ingredient in the solvent. Formulations for topical administration may further comprise one or more of the additional ingredients described herein.
+A pharmaceutical composition may be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in a formulation suitable for ophthalmic administration. Such formulations may, for example, be in the form of eye drops including, for example, a 0.1/1.0% (w/w) solution and/or suspension of the active ingredient in an aqueous or oily liquid excipient. Such drops may further comprise buffering agents, salts, and/or one or more other of any additional ingredients described herein. Other opthalmically-administrable formulations which are useful include those which comprise the active ingredient in microcrystalline form and/or in a liposomal preparation. Ear drops and/or eye drops are contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.
+In general the most appropriate route of administration will depend upon a variety of factors including the nature of the mmRNA to be delivered (e.g., its stability in the environment of the gastrointestinal tract, bloodstream, etc.), the condition of the patient (e.g., whether the patient is able to tolerate particular routes of administration), etc. The invention encompasses the delivery of the mmRNA by any appropriate route taking into consideration likely advances in the sciences of drug delivery.
+In certain embodiments, compositions in accordance with the present invention may be administered at dosage levels sufficient to deliver from about 0.0001 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg, from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 40 mg/kg, from about 0.5 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg, from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, or from about 1 mg/kg to about 25 mg/kg, of subject body weight per day, one or more times a day, to obtain the desired therapeutic, diagnostic or prophylactic effect. The desired dosage may be delivered three times a day, two times a day, once a day, every other day, every third day, every week, every two weeks, every three weeks, or every four weeks. In certain embodiments, the desired dosage may be delivered using multiple administrations (e.g., two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, or more administrations). When multiple administration is employed, split dosing regimens such as those described herein may be used.
+According to the present invention, it has been discovered that administration of mmRNA in split-dose regimens produce higher levels of proteins in mammalian subjects. As used herein, a “split dose” is the division of single unit dose or total daily dose into two or more doses. As used herein, a “single unit dose” is a dose of any therapeutic administered in one dose/at one time/single route/single point of contact, i.e., single administration event. As used herein, a “total daily dose” is an amount given or prescribed in 24 hr period. It may be administered as a single unit dose. In one embodiment, the mmRNA of the present invention are administered to a subject in split doses. The mmRNA may be formulated in buffer only or in a formulation described herein.
+Modified nucleic acid molecules or complexes may be used or administered in combination with one or more other therapeutic, prophylactic, diagnostic, or imaging agents. By “in combination with,” it is not intended to imply that the agents must be administered at the same time and/or formulated for delivery together, although these methods of delivery are within the scope of the present disclosure. Compositions can be administered concurrently with, prior to, or subsequent to, one or more other desired therapeutics or medical procedures. In general, each agent will be administered at a dose and/or on a time schedule determined for that agent. In some embodiments, the present disclosure encompasses the delivery of pharmaceutical, prophylactic, diagnostic, or imaging compositions in combination with agents that may improve their bioavailability, reduce and/or modify their metabolism, inhibit their excretion, and/or modify their distribution within the body.
+It will further be appreciated that therapeutically, prophylactically, diagnostically, or imaging active agents utilized in combination may be administered together in a single composition or administered separately in different compositions. In general, it is expected that agents utilized in combination with be utilized at levels that do not exceed the levels at which they are utilized individually. In some embodiments, the levels utilized in combination will be lower than those utilized individually. In one embodiment, the combinations, each or together may be administered according to the split dosing regimens described herein.
+The particular combination of therapies (therapeutics or procedures) to employ in a combination regimen will take into account compatibility of the desired therapeutics and/or procedures and the desired therapeutic effect to be achieved. It will also be appreciated that the therapies employed may achieve a desired effect for the same disorder (for example, a composition useful for treating cancer in accordance with the invention may be administered concurrently with a chemotherapeutic agent), or they may achieve different effects (e.g., control of any adverse effects).
+Compositions containing mmRNAs are formulated for administration intramuscularly, transarterially, intraocularly, vaginally, rectally, intraperitoneally, intravenously, intranasally, subcutaneously, endoscopically, transdermally, intramuscularly, intraventricularly, intradermally, intrathecally, topically (e.g. by powders, ointments, creams, gels, lotions, and/or drops), mucosally, nasal, enterally, intratumorally, by intratracheal instillation, bronchial instillation, and/or inhalation; nasal spray and/or aerosol, and/or through a portal vein catheter.
+The compositions may also be formulated for direct delivery to an organ or tissue in any of several ways in the art including, but not limited to, direct soaking or bathing, via a catheter, by gels, powder, ointments, creams, gels, lotions, and/or drops, by using substrates such as fabric or biodegradable materials coated or impregnated with the compositions, and the like. In some embodiments, the composition is formulated for extended release. In specific embodiments, mmRNA molecules or complexes, and/or pharmaceutical, prophylactic, diagnostic, or imaging compositions thereof, may be administered in a way which allows the mmRNA molecules or complex to cross the blood-brain barrier, vascular barrier, or other epithelial barrier.
+In some aspects of the invention, the nucleic acids (particularly ribonucleic acids encoding polypeptides) are spatially retained within or proximal to a target tissue. Provided are method of providing a composition to a target tissue of a mammalian subject by contacting the target tissue (which contains one or more target cells) with the composition under conditions such that the composition, in particular the nucleic acid component(s) of the composition, is substantially retained in the target tissue, meaning that at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 99.9, 99.99 or greater than 99.99% of the composition is retained in the target tissue. Advantageously, retention is determined by measuring the amount of the nucleic acid present in the composition that enters one or more target cells. For example, at least 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 99.9, 99.99 or greater than 99.99% of the nucleic acids administered to the subject are present intracellularly at a period of time following administration. For example, intramuscular injection to a mammalian subject is performed using an aqueous composition containing a ribonucleic acid and a transfection reagent, and retention of the composition is determined by measuring the amount of the ribonucleic acid present in the muscle cells.
+Aspects of the invention are directed to methods of providing a composition to a target tissue of a mammalian subject, by contacting the target tissue (containing one or more target cells) with the composition under conditions such that the composition is substantially retained in the target tissue. The composition contains an effective amount of a ribonucleic acid engineered to avoid an innate immune response of a cell into which the ribonucleic acid enters, where the ribonucleic acid contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide of interest, under conditions such that the polypeptide of interest is produced in at least one target cell. The compositions generally contain a cell penetration agent, although “naked” nucleic acid (such as nucleic acids without a cell penetration agent or other agent) is also contemplated, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
+In some circumstances, the amount of a protein produced by cells in a tissue is desirably increased. Preferably, this increase in protein production is spatially restricted to cells within the target tissue. Thus, provided are methods of increasing production of a protein of interest in a tissue of a mammalian subject. A composition is provided that contains a ribonucleic acid that is engineered to avoid an innate immune response of a cell into which the ribonucleic acid enters and encodes the polypeptide of interest and the composition is characterized in that a unit quantity of composition has been determined to produce the polypeptide of interest in a substantial percentage of cells contained within a predetermined volume of the target tissue. In some embodiments, the composition includes a plurality of different ribonucleic acids, where one or more than one of the ribonucleic acids is engineered to avoid an innate immune response of a cell into which the ribonucleic acid enters, and where one or more than one of the ribonucleic acids encodes a polypeptide of interest. Optionally, the composition also contains a cell penetration agent to assist in the intracellular delivery of the ribonucleic acid. A determination is made of the dose of the composition required to produce the polypeptide of interest in a substantial percentage of cells contained within the predetermined volume of the target tissue (generally, without inducing significant production of the polypeptide of interest in tissue adjacent to the predetermined volume, or distally to the target tissue). Subsequent to this determination, the determined dose is introduced directly into the tissue of the mammalian subject.
+Formulations which may be administered intramuscularly and/or subcutaneously may include, but are not limited to, polymers, copolymers, and gels. The polymers, copolymers and/or gels may further be adjusted to modify release kinetics by adjusting factors such as, but not limited to, molecular weight, particle size, payload and/or ratio of the monomers. As a non-limiting example, formulations administered intramuscularly and/or subcutaneously may include a copolymer such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid).
+Localized delivery of the compositions described herein may be administered by methods such as, but not limited to, topical delivery, ocular delivery, transdermal delivery, and the like. The composition may also be administered locally to a part of the body not normally available for localized delivery such as, but not limited to, when a subject's body is open to the environment during treatment. The composition may further be delivered by bathing, soaking and/or surrounding the body part with the composition.
+However, the present disclosure encompasses the delivery of mmRNA molecules or complexes, and/or pharmaceutical, prophylactic, diagnostic, or imaging compositions thereof, by any appropriate route taking into consideration likely advances in the sciences of drug delivery.
+The level or concentration of a mmRNA may be characterized using exosomes. A level or concentration of the mmRNA in exosomes can represent an expression level, presence, absence, truncation or alteration of the mmRNA. The level or concentration may be determined by a method such as, but not limited to, an assay using construct specific probes, cytometry, qRT-PCR, realtime PCR, PCR, flow cytometry, electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, or combinations thereof. Further, the level or concentration may be associated with a clinical phenotype. For analysis, the exosome may be isolated by a method such as, but not limited to, immunohistochemcial methods such as enzyme linked immonsorbent assay (ELISA) methods, size exclusion chromatography, density gradient centrifugation, differential centrifugation, nanomembrane ultrafiltration, immunoabsorbent capture, affinity purification, microfluidic separation, or combinations thereof.
+Pharmaceutical Compositions
+When administered to a subject the pharmaceutical compositions described herein may provide proteins which have been generated from modified mRNAs. Pharmaceutical compositions may optionally comprise one or more additional therapeutically active substances. In accordance with some embodiments, a method of administering pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more proteins to be delivered to a subject in need thereof is provided. In some embodiments, compositions are administered to human subjects. In a further embodiment, the compositions are administered to a subject who is a patient.
+Pharmaceutical compositions may optionally comprise one or more additional therapeutically active substances.
+In some embodiments, compositions are administered to humans. For the purposes of the present disclosure, the phrase “active ingredient” generally refers to a mmRNA to be delivered as described herein.
+Although the descriptions of pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are principally directed to pharmaceutical compositions which are suitable for administration to humans, it will be understood by the skilled artisan that such compositions are generally suitable for administration to animals of all sorts. Modification of pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration to humans in order to render the compositions suitable for administration to various animals is well understood, and the ordinarily skilled veterinary pharmacologist can design and/or perform such modification with merely ordinary, if any, experimentation. Subjects to which administration of the pharmaceutical compositions is contemplated include, but are not limited to, humans and/or other primates; mammals, including commercially relevant mammals such as cattle, pigs, horses, sheep, cats, dogs, mice, and/or rats; and/or birds, including commercially relevant birds such as chickens, ducks, geese, and/or turkeys.
+Formulations of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be prepared by any method known or hereafter developed in the art of pharmacology. In general, such preparatory methods include the step of bringing the active ingredient into association with an excipient and/or one or more other accessory ingredients, and then, if necessary and/or desirable, shaping and/or packaging the product into a desired single- or multi-dose unit.
+A pharmaceutical composition in accordance with the invention may be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in bulk, as a single unit dose, and/or as a plurality of single unit doses. As used herein, a “unit dose” is discrete amount of the pharmaceutical composition comprising a predetermined amount of the active ingredient. The amount of the active ingredient is generally equal to the dosage of the active ingredient which would be administered to a subject and/or a convenient fraction of such a dosage such as, for example, one-half or one-third of such a dosage.
+Relative amounts of the active ingredient, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, and/or any additional ingredients in a pharmaceutical composition in accordance with the invention will vary, depending upon the identity, size, and/or condition of the subject treated and further depending upon the route by which the composition is to be administered. By way of example, the composition may comprise between 0.1% and 100% (w/w) active ingredient.
+Pharmaceutical formulations may additionally comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, which, as used herein, includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, diluents, or other liquid vehicles, dispersion or suspension aids, surface active agents, isotonic agents, thickening or emulsifying agents, preservatives, solid binders, lubricants and the like, as suited to the particular dosage form desired. Remington's The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st Edition, A. R. Gennaro (Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md., 2006; incorporated herein by reference) discloses various excipients used in formulating pharmaceutical compositions and known techniques for the preparation thereof. Except insofar as any conventional excipient medium is incompatible with a substance or its derivatives, such as by producing any undesirable biological effect or otherwise interacting in a deleterious manner with any other component(s) of the pharmaceutical composition, its use is contemplated to be within the scope of this invention.
+In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% pure. In some embodiments, an excipient is approved for use in humans and for veterinary use.
+In some embodiments, an excipient is approved by United States Food and Drug Administration. In some embodiments, an excipient is pharmaceutical grade. In some embodiments, an excipient meets the standards of the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP), the European Pharmacopoeia (EP), the British Pharmacopoeia, and/or the International Pharmacopoeia.
+Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions include, but are not limited to, inert diluents, dispersing and/or granulating agents, surface active agents and/or emulsifiers, disintegrating agents, binding agents, preservatives, buffering agents, lubricating agents, and/or oils. Such excipients may optionally be included in pharmaceutical formulations. Excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes, coloring agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring, and/or perfuming agents can be present in the composition, according to the judgment of the formulator.
+Exemplary diluents include, but are not limited to, calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, calcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, sodium phosphate lactose, sucrose, cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, kaolin, mannitol, sorbitol, inositol, sodium chloride, dry starch, cornstarch, powdered sugar, etc., and/or combinations thereof.
+Exemplary granulating and/or dispersing agents include, but are not limited to, potato starch, corn starch, tapioca starch, sodium starch glycolate, clays, alginic acid, guar gum, citrus pulp, agar, bentonite, cellulose and wood products, natural sponge, cation-exchange resins, calcium carbonate, silicates, sodium carbonate, cross-linked poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone) (crospovidone), sodium carboxymethyl starch (sodium starch glycolate), carboxymethyl cellulose, cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (croscarmellose), methylcellulose, pregelatinized starch (starch 1500), microcrystalline starch, water insoluble starch, calcium carboxymethyl cellulose, magnesium aluminum silicate (Veegum), sodium lauryl sulfate, quaternary ammonium compounds, etc., and/or combinations thereof.
+Exemplary surface active agents and/or emulsifiers include, but are not limited to, natural emulsifiers (e.g. acacia, agar, alginic acid, sodium alginate, tragacanth, chondrux, cholesterol, xanthan, pectin, gelatin, egg yolk, casein, wool fat, cholesterol, wax, and lecithin), colloidal clays (e.g. bentonite [aluminum silicate] and Veegum® [magnesium aluminum silicate]), long chain amino acid derivatives, high molecular weight alcohols (e.g. stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, triacetin monostearate, ethylene glycol distearate, glyceryl monostearate, and propylene glycol monostearate, polyvinyl alcohol), carbomers (e.g. carboxy polymethylene, polyacrylic acid, acrylic acid polymer, and carboxyvinyl polymer), carrageenan, cellulosic derivatives (e.g. carboxymethylcellulose sodium, powdered cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methylcellulose), sorbitan fatty acid esters (e.g. polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate [TWEEN®20], polyoxyethylene sorbitan [TWEEN®60], polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate [TWEEN®80], sorbitan monopalmitate [SPAN®40], sorbitan monostearate [SPAN®60], sorbitan tristearate [SPAN®65], glyceryl monooleate, sorbitan monooleate [SPAN®80]), polyoxyethylene esters (e.g. polyoxyethylene monostearate [MYRJ®45], polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil, polyethoxylated castor oil, polyoxymethylene stearate, and SOLUTOL®), sucrose fatty acid esters, polyethylene glycol fatty acid esters (e.g. CREMOPHOR®), polyoxyethylene ethers, (e.g. polyoxyethylene lauryl ether [BRIJ® 30]), poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone), diethylene glycol monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, sodium oleate, potassium oleate, ethyl oleate, oleic acid, ethyl laurate, sodium lauryl sulfate, PLURONIC®F 68, POLOXAMER 188, cetrimonium bromide, cetylpyridinium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, docusate sodium, etc. and/or combinations thereof.
+Exemplary binding agents include, but are not limited to, starch (e.g. cornstarch and starch paste); gelatin; sugars (e.g. sucrose, glucose, dextrose, dextrin, molasses, lactose, lactitol, mannitol); natural and synthetic gums (e.g. acacia, sodium alginate, extract of Irish moss, panwar gum, ghatti gum, mucilage of isapol husks, carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose acetate, poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone), magnesium aluminum silicate (VEEGUM®), and larch arabogalactan); alginates; polyethylene oxide; polyethylene glycol; inorganic calcium salts; silicic acid; polymethacrylates; waxes; water; alcohol; etc.; and combinations thereof.
+Exemplary preservatives may include, but are not limited to, antioxidants, chelating agents, antimicrobial preservatives, antifungal preservatives, alcohol preservatives, acidic preservatives, and/or other preservatives. Exemplary antioxidants include, but are not limited to, alpha tocopherol, ascorbic acid, acorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, monothioglycerol, potassium metabisulfite, propionic acid, propyl gallate, sodium ascorbate, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, and/or sodium sulfite. Exemplary chelating agents include ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), citric acid monohydrate, disodium edetate, dipotassium edetate, edetic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, phosphoric acid, sodium edetate, tartaric acid, and/or trisodium edetate. Exemplary antimicrobial preservatives include, but are not limited to, benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, benzyl alcohol, bronopol, cetrimide, cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine, chlorobutanol, chlorocresol, chloroxylenol, cresol, ethyl alcohol, glycerin, hexetidine, imidurea, phenol, phenoxyethanol, phenylethyl alcohol, phenylmercuric nitrate, propylene glycol, and/or thimerosal. Exemplary antifungal preservatives include, but are not limited to, butyl paraben, methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, benzoic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, potassium benzoate, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium propionate, and/or sorbic acid. Exemplary alcohol preservatives include, but are not limited to, ethanol, polyethylene glycol, phenol, phenolic compounds, bisphenol, chlorobutanol, hydroxybenzoate, and/or phenylethyl alcohol. Exemplary acidic preservatives include, but are not limited to, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, citric acid, acetic acid, dehydroacetic acid, ascorbic acid, sorbic acid, and/or phytic acid. Other preservatives include, but are not limited to, tocopherol, tocopherol acetate, deteroxime mesylate, cetrimide, butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluened (BHT), ethylenediamine, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, potassium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, GLYDANT PLUS®, PHENONIP®, methylparaben, GERMALL® 115, GERMABEN® II, NEOLONE™, KATHON™, and/or EUXYL®.
+Exemplary buffering agents include, but are not limited to, citrate buffer solutions, acetate buffer solutions, phosphate buffer solutions, ammonium chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, calcium citrate, calcium glubionate, calcium gluceptate, calcium gluconate, D-gluconic acid, calcium glycerophosphate, calcium lactate, propanoic acid, calcium levulinate, pentanoic acid, dibasic calcium phosphate, phosphoric acid, tribasic calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide phosphate, potassium acetate, potassium chloride, potassium gluconate, potassium mixtures, dibasic potassium phosphate, monobasic potassium phosphate, potassium phosphate mixtures, sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, sodium lactate, dibasic sodium phosphate, monobasic sodium phosphate, sodium phosphate mixtures, tromethamine, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, alginic acid, pyrogen-free water, isotonic saline, Ringer's solution, ethyl alcohol, etc., and/or combinations thereof.
+Exemplary lubricating agents include, but are not limited to, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, silica, talc, malt, glyceryl behanate, hydrogenated vegetable oils, polyethylene glycol, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, leucine, magnesium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, etc., and combinations thereof.
+Exemplary oils include, but are not limited to, almond, apricot kernel, avocado, babassu, bergamot, black current seed, borage, cade, camomile, canola, caraway, carnauba, castor, cinnamon, cocoa butter, coconut, cod liver, coffee, corn, cotton seed, emu, eucalyptus, evening primrose, fish, flaxseed, geraniol, gourd, grape seed, hazel nut, hyssop, isopropyl myristate, jojoba, kukui nut, lavandin, lavender, lemon, litsea cubeba, macademia nut, mallow, mango seed, meadowfoam seed, mink, nutmeg, olive, orange, orange roughy, palm, palm kernel, peach kernel, peanut, poppy seed, pumpkin seed, rapeseed, rice bran, rosemary, safflower, sandalwood, sasquana, savoury, sea buckthorn, sesame, shea butter, silicone, soybean, sunflower, tea tree, thistle, tsubaki, vetiver, walnut, and wheat germ oils. Exemplary oils include, but are not limited to, butyl stearate, caprylic triglyceride, capric triglyceride, cyclomethicone, diethyl sebacate, dimethicone 360, isopropyl myristate, mineral oil, octyldodecanol, oleyl alcohol, silicone oil, and/or combinations thereof.
+Liquid dosage forms for oral and parenteral administration include, but are not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and/or elixirs. In addition to active ingredients, liquid dosage forms may comprise inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents, oral compositions can include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and/or perfuming agents. In certain embodiments for parenteral administration, compositions are mixed with solubilizing agents such as Cremophor®, alcohols, oils, modified oils, glycols, polysorbates, cyclodextrins, polymers, and/or combinations thereof.
+General considerations in the formulation and/or manufacture of pharmaceutical agents may be found, for example, in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy 21st ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005 (incorporated herein by reference).
+In order to prolong the effect of an active ingredient, it is often desirable to slow the absorption of the active ingredient from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle. Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the drug in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending upon the ratio of drug to polymer and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions which are compatible with body tissues.
+Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are typically suppositories which can be prepared by mixing compositions with suitable non-irritating excipients such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active ingredient. Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, an active ingredient is mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or fillers or extenders (e.g. starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid), binders (e.g. carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia), humectants (e.g. glycerol), disintegrating agents (e.g. agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate), solution retarding agents (e.g. paraffin), absorption accelerators (e.g. quaternary ammonium compounds), wetting agents (e.g. cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate), absorbents (e.g. kaolin and bentonite clay), and lubricants (e.g. talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate), and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage form may comprise buffering agents.
+Solid compositions of a similar type may be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like. Solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may optionally comprise opacifying agents and can be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. Solid compositions of a similar type may be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
+Dosage forms for topical and/or transdermal administration of a composition may include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants and/or patches. Generally, an active ingredient is admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and/or any needed preservatives and/or buffers as may be required. Topically-administrable formulations may, for example, comprise from about 1% to about 10% (w/w) active ingredient, although the concentration of active ingredient may be as high as the solubility limit of the active ingredient in the solvent. Formulations for topical administration may further comprise one or more of the additional ingredients described herein.
+A pharmaceutical composition may be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in a formulation suitable for pulmonary administration via the buccal cavity. Such a formulation may comprise dry particles which comprise the active ingredient and which have a diameter in the range from about 0.5 nm to about 7 nm or from about 1 nm to about 6 nm. Such compositions are suitably in the form of dry powders for administration using a device comprising a dry powder reservoir to which a stream of propellant may be directed to disperse the powder and/or using a self propelling solvent/powder dispensing container such as a device comprising the active ingredient dissolved and/or suspended in a low-boiling propellant in a sealed container. Such powders comprise particles wherein at least 98% of the particles by weight have a diameter greater than 0.5 nm and at least 95% of the particles by number have a diameter less than 7 nm. Alternatively, at least 95% of the particles by weight have a diameter greater than 1 nm and at least 90% of the particles by number have a diameter less than 6 nm. Dry powder compositions may include a solid fine powder diluent such as sugar and are conveniently provided in a unit dose form.
+Low boiling propellants generally include liquid propellants having a boiling point of below 65° F. at atmospheric pressure. Generally the propellant may constitute 50% to 99.9% (w/w) of the composition, and active ingredient may constitute 0.1% to 20% (w/w) of the composition. A propellant may further comprise additional ingredients such as a liquid non-ionic and/or solid anionic surfactant and/or a solid diluent (which may have a particle size of the same order as particles comprising the active ingredient).
+Pharmaceutical compositions formulated for pulmonary delivery may provide an active ingredient in the form of droplets of a solution and/or suspension. Such formulations may be prepared, packaged, and/or sold as aqueous and/or dilute alcoholic solutions and/or suspensions, optionally sterile, comprising active ingredient, and may conveniently be administered using any nebulization and/or atomization device. Such formulations may further comprise one or more additional ingredients including, but not limited to, a flavoring agent such as saccharin sodium, a volatile oil, a buffering agent, a surface active agent, and/or a preservative such as methylhydroxybenzoate. Droplets provided by this route of administration may have an average diameter in the range from about 0.1 nm to about 200 nm.
+Formulations described herein as being useful for pulmonary delivery are useful for intranasal delivery of a pharmaceutical composition. Another formulation suitable for intranasal administration is a coarse powder comprising the active ingredient and having an average particle from about 0.2 μm to 500 μm. Such a formulation is administered in the manner in which snuff is taken, i.e. by rapid inhalation through the nasal passage from a container of the powder held close to the nose.
+Formulations suitable for nasal administration may, for example, comprise from about as little as 0.1% (w/w) and as much as 100% (w/w) of active ingredient, and may comprise one or more of the additional ingredients described herein. A pharmaceutical composition may be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in a formulation suitable for buccal administration. Such formulations may, for example, be in the form of tablets and/or lozenges made using conventional methods, and may, for example, 0.1% to 20% (w/w) active ingredient, the balance comprising an orally dissolvable and/or degradable composition and, optionally, one or more of the additional ingredients described herein. Alternately, formulations suitable for buccal administration may comprise a powder and/or an aerosolized and/or atomized solution and/or suspension comprising active ingredient. Such powdered, aerosolized, and/or aerosolized formulations, when dispersed, may have an average particle and/or droplet size in the range from about 0.1 nm to about 200 nm, and may further comprise one or more of any additional ingredients described herein
+Properties of the Pharmaceutical Compositions
+The pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be characterized by one or more of the following properties:
+Bioavailability
+The mmRNA molecules, when formulated into a composition with a delivery agent as described herein, can exhibit an increase in bioavailability as compared to a composition lacking a delivery agent as described herein. As used herein, the term “bioavailability” refers to the systemic availability of a given amount of a mmRNA molecule administered to a mammal. Bioavailability can be assessed by measuring the area under the curve (AUC) or the maximum serum or plasma concentration (Cmax) of the unchanged form of a compound following administration of the compound to a mammal. AUC is a determination of the area under the curve plotting the serum or plasma concentration of a compound along the ordinate (Y-axis) against time along the abscissa (X-axis). Generally, the AUC for a particular compound can be calculated using methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art and as described in G. S. Banker, Modern Pharmaceutics, Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences, v. 72, Marcel Dekker, New York, Inc., 1996, herein incorporated by reference.
+The Cmax value is the maximum concentration of the compound achieved in the serum or plasma of a mammal following administration of the compound to the mammal. The Cmax value of a particular compound can be measured using methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The phrases “increasing bioavailability” or “improving the pharmacokinetics,” as used herein mean that the systemic availability of a first mmRNA molecule, measured as AUC, Cmax, or Cmin in a mammal is greater, when co-administered with a delivery agent as described herein, than when such co-administration does not take place. In some embodiments, the bioavailability of the mmRNA molecule can increase by at least about 2%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or about 100%.
+Therapeutic Window
+The mmRNA molecules, when formulated into a composition as described herein, can exhibit an increase in the therapeutic window of the administered mmRNA molecule composition as compared to the therapeutic window of the administered mmRNA molecule composition lacking a delivery agent as described herein. As used herein “therapeutic window” refers to the range of plasma concentrations, or the range of levels of therapeutically active substance at the site of action, with a high probability of eliciting a therapeutic effect. In some embodiments, the therapeutic window of the mmRNA molecule when co-administered with a delivery agent as described herein can increase by at least about 2%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or about 100%.
+Volume of Distribution
+The mmRNA molecules, when formulated into a composition as described herein, can exhibit an improved volume of distribution (Vdist). The volume of distribution (Vdist) relates the amount of the drug in the body to the concentration of the drug in the blood or plasma. As used herein, the term “volume of distribution” refers to the fluid volume that would be required to contain the total amount of the drug in the body at the same concentration as in the blood or plasma: Vdist equals the amount of drug in the body/concentration of drug in blood or plasma. For example, for a 10 mg dose and a plasma concentration of 10 mg/L, the volume of distribution would be 1 liter. The volume of distribution reflects the extent to which the drug is present in the extravascular tissue. A large volume of distribution reflects the tendency of a compound to bind to the tissue components compared with plasma protein binding. In a clinical setting, Vdist can be used to determine a loading dose to achieve a steady state concentration. In some embodiments, the volume of distribution of the mmRNA molecule when co-administered with a delivery agent as described herein can decrease at least about 2%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%.
+Devices and Methods for Multi-Administration
+Methods and devices for multi-administration may be employed to deliver the mmRNA of the present invention according to the split dosing regimens taught herein. Such methods and devices are described below.
+Method and devices known in the art for multi-administration to cells, organs and tissues are contemplated for use in conjunction with the methods and compositions disclosed herein as embodiments of the present invention. These include, for example, those methods and devices having multiple needles, hybrid devices employing for example lumens or catheters as well as devices utilizing heat, electric current or radiation driven mechanisms.
+According to the present invention, these multi-administration devices may be utilized to deliver the split doses contemplated herein.
+Suitable devices for use in delivering intradermal pharmaceutical compositions described herein include short needle devices such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,886,499; 5,190,521; 5,328,483; 5,527,288; 4,270,537; 5,015,235; 5,141,496; and 5,417,662. Intradermal compositions may be administered by devices which limit the effective penetration length of a needle into the skin, such as those described in PCT publication WO 99/34850 and functional equivalents thereof. Jet injection devices which deliver liquid compositions to the dermis via a liquid jet injector and/or via a needle which pierces the stratum corneum and produces a jet which reaches the dermis are suitable. Jet injection devices are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,480,381; 5,599,302; 5,334,144; 5,993,412; 5,649,912; 5,569,189; 5,704,911; 5,383,851; 5,893,397; 5,466,220; 5,339,163; 5,312,335; 5,503,627; 5,064,413; 5,520,639; 4,596,556; 4,790,824; 4,941,880; 4,940,460; and PCT publications WO 97/37705 and WO 97/13537. Ballistic powder/particle delivery devices which use compressed gas to accelerate vaccine in powder form through the outer layers of the skin to the dermis are suitable. Alternatively or additionally, conventional syringes may be used in the classical mantoux method of intradermal administration.
+A method for delivering therapeutic agents to a solid tissue has been described by Bahrami et al and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20110230839, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Bahrami, an array of needles is incorporated into a device which delivers a substantially equal amount of fluid at any location in said solid tissue along each needle's length.
+A device for delivery of biological material across the biological tissue has been described by Kodgule et al and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20110172610, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Kodgule, multiple hollow micro-needles made of one or more metals and having outer diameters from about 200 microns to about 350 microns and lengths of at least 100 microns are incorporated into the device which delivers peptides, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acid molecules, lipids and other pharmaceutically active ingredients or combinations thereof.
+A delivery probe for delivering a therapeutic agent to a tissue has been described by Gunday et al and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20110270184, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Gunday, multiple needles are incorporated into the device which moves the attached capsules between an activated position and an inactivated position to force the agent out of the capsules through the needles.
+A multiple-injection medical apparatus has been described by Assaf and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20110218497, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Assaf, multiple needles are incorporated into the device which has a chamber connected to one or more of said needles and a means for continuously refilling the chamber with the medical fluid after each injection.
+An at least partially implantable system for injecting a substance into a patient's body, in particular a penis erection stimulation system has been described by Forsell and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20110196198, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Forsell, multiple needles are incorporated into the device which is implanted along with one or more housings adjacent the patient's left and right corpora cavernosa. A reservoir and a pump are also implanted to supply drugs through the needles.
+A method for the transdermal delivery of a therapeutic effective amount of iron has been described by Berenson and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20100130910, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Berenson, multiple needles may be used to create multiple micro channels in stratum corneum to enhance transdermal delivery of the ionic iron on an iontophoretic patch.
+A method for delivery of biological material across the biological tissue has been described by Kodgule et al and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20110196308, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Kodgule, multiple biodegradable microneedles containing a therapeutic active ingredient are incorporated in a device which delivers proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acid molecules, lipids and other pharmaceutically active ingredients or combinations thereof.
+A transdermal patch comprising a botulinum toxin composition has been described by Donovan and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20080220020, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Donovan, multiple needles are incorporated into the patch which delivers botulinum toxin under stratum corneum through said needles which project through the stratum corneum of the skin without rupturing a blood vessel.
+A cryoprobe for administration of an active agent to a location of cryogenic treatment has been described by Toubia and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20080140061, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Toubia, multiple needles are incorporated into the probe which receives the active agent into a chamber and administers the agent to the tissue.
+A method for treating or preventing inflammation or promoting healthy joints has been described by Stock et al and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20090155186, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Stock, multiple needles are incorporated in a device which administers compositions containing signal transduction modulator compounds.
+A multi-site injection system has been described by Kimmell et al and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20100256594, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Kimmell, multiple needles are incorporated into a device which delivers a medication into a stratum corneum through the needles.
+A method for delivering interferons to the intradermal compartment has been described by Dekker et al and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20050181033, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Dekker, multiple needles having an outlet with an exposed height between 0 and 1 mm are incorporated into a device which improves pharmacokinetics and bioavailability by delivering the substance at a depth between 0.3 mm and 2 mm.
+A method for delivering genes, enzymes and biological agents to tissue cells has described by Desai and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20030073908, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Desai, multiple needles are incorporated into a device which is inserted into a body and delivers a medication fluid through said needles.
+A method for treating cardiac arrhythmias with fibroblast cells has been described by Lee et al and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20040005295, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Lee, multiple needles are incorporated into the device which delivers fibroblast cells into the local region of the tissue.
+A method using a magnetically controlled pump for treating a brain tumor has been described by Shachar et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,799,012 (method) and U.S. Pat. No. 7,799,016 (device), the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According Shachar, multiple needles were incorporated into the pump which pushes a medicating agent through the needles at a controlled rate.
+Methods of treating functional disorders of the bladder in mammalian females have been described by Versi et al and are taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 8,029,496, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Versi, an array of micro-needles is incorporated into a device which delivers a therapeutic agent through the needles directly into the trigone of the bladder.
+A micro-needle transdermal transport device has been described by Angel et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,364,568, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Angel, multiple needles are incorporated into the device which transports a substance into a body surface through the needles which are inserted into the surface from different directions.
+A device for subcutaneous infusion has been described by Dalton et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,150,726, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Dalton, multiple needles are incorporated into the device which delivers fluid through the needles into a subcutaneous tissue.
+A device and a method for intradermal delivery of vaccines and gene therapeutic agents through microcannula have been described by Mikszta et al and are taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,473,247, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Mitszta, at least one hollow micro-needle is incorporated into the device which delivers the vaccines to the subject's skin to a depth of between 0.025 mm and 2 mm.
+A method of delivering insulin has been described by Pettis et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,722,595, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Pettis, two needles are incorporated into a device wherein both needles insert essentially simultaneously into the skin with the first at a depth of less than 2.5 mm to deliver insulin to intradermal compartment and the second at a depth of greater than 2.5 mm and less than 5.0 mm to deliver insulin to subcutaneous compartment.
+Cutaneous injection delivery under suction has been described by Kochamba et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,896,666, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Kochamba, multiple needles in relative adjacency with each other are incorporated into a device which injects a fluid below the cutaneous layer.
+A device for withdrawing or delivering a substance through the skin has been described by Down et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,607,513, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Down, multiple skin penetrating members which are incorporated into the device have lengths of about 100 microns to about 2000 microns and are about 30 to 50 gauge.
+A device for delivering a substance to the skin has been described by Palmer et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,537,242, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Palmer, an array of micro-needles is incorporated into the device which uses a stretching assembly to enhance the contact of the needles with the skin and provides a more uniform delivery of the substance.
+A perfusion device for localized drug delivery has been described by Zamoyski and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,468,247, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Zamoyski, multiple hypodermic needles are incorporated into the device which injects the contents of the hypodermics into a tissue as said hypodermics are being retracted.
+A method for enhanced transport of drugs and biological molecules across tissue by improving the interaction between micro-needles and human skin has been described by Prausnitz et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,743,211, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Prausnitz, multiple micro-needles are incorporated into a device which is able to present a more rigid and less deformable surface to which the micro-needles are applied.
+A device for intraorgan administration of medicinal agents has been described by Ting et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,077,251, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Ting, multiple needles having side openings for enhanced administration are incorporated into a device which by extending and retracting said needles from and into the needle chamber forces a medicinal agent from a reservoir into said needles and injects said medicinal agent into a target organ.
+A multiple needle holder and a subcutaneous multiple channel infusion port has been described by Brown and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 4,695,273, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Brown, multiple needles on the needle holder are inserted through the septum of the infusion port and communicate with isolated chambers in said infusion port.
+A dual hypodermic syringe has been described by Horn and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 3,552,394, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Horn, two needles incorporated into the device are spaced apart less than 68 mm and may be of different styles and lengths, thus enabling injections to be made to different depths.
+A syringe with multiple needles and multiple fluid compartments has been described by Hershberg and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 3,572,336, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Hershberg, multiple needles are incorporated into the syringe which has multiple fluid compartments and is capable of simultaneously administering incompatible drugs which are not able to be mixed for one injection.
+A surgical instrument for intradermal injection of fluids has been described by Eliscu et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 2,588,623, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Eliscu, multiple needles are incorporated into the instrument which injects fluids intradermally with a wider disperse.
+An apparatus for simultaneous delivery of a substance to multiple breast milk ducts has been described by Hung and is taught for example in EP 1818017, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Hung, multiple lumens are incorporated into the device which inserts though the orifices of the ductal networks and delivers a fluid to the ductal networks.
+A catheter for introduction of medications to the tissue of a heart or other organs has been described by Tkebuchava and is taught for example in WO2006138109, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Tkebuchava, two curved needles are incorporated which enter the organ wall in a flattened trajectory.
+Devices for delivering medical agents have been described by Mckay et al and are taught for example in WO2006118804, the content of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Mckay, multiple needles with multiple orifices on each needle are incorporated into the devices to facilitate regional delivery to a tissue, such as the interior disc space of a spinal disc.
+A method for directly delivering an immunomodulatory substance into an intradermal space within a mammalian skin has been described by Pettis and is taught for example in WO2004020014, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Pettis, multiple needles are incorporated into a device which delivers the substance through the needles to a depth between 0.3 mm and 2 mm.
+Methods and devices for administration of substances into at least two compartments in skin for systemic absorption and improved pharmacokinetics have been described by Pettis et al and are taught for example in WO2003094995, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Pettis, multiple needles having lengths between about 300 um and about 5 mm are incorporated into a device which delivers to intradermal and subcutaneous tissue compartments simultaneously.
+A drug delivery device with needles and a roller has been described by Zimmerman et al and is taught for example in WO2012006259, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Zimmerman, multiple hollow needles positioned in a roller are incorporated into the device which delivers the content in a reservoir through the needles as the roller rotates.
+Methods and Devices Utilizing Catheters and/or Lumens
+Methods and devices using catheters and lumens may be employed to adminstered the mmRNA of the present invention on a split dosing schedule. Such methods and devices are described below.
+A catheter-based delivery of skeletal myoblasts to the myocardium of damaged hearts has been described by Jacoby et al and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20060263338, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Jacoby, multiple needles are incorporated into the device at least part of which is inserted into a blood vessel and delivers the cell composition through the needles into the localized region of the subject's heart.
+An apparatus for treating asthma using neurotoxin has been described by Deem et al and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20060225742, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Deem, multiple needles are incorporated into the device which delivers neurotoxin through the needles into the bronchial tissue.
+A method for administering multiple-component therapies has been described by Nayak and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,699,803, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Nayak, multiple injection cannulas may be incorporated into a device wherein depth slots may be included for controlling the depth at which the therapeutic substance is delivered within the tissue.
+A surgical device for ablating a channel and delivering at least one therapeutic agent into a desired region of the tissue has been described by McIntyre et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 8,012,096, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to McIntyre, multiple needles are incorporated into the device which dispenses a therapeutic agent into a region of tissue surrounding the channel and is particularly well suited for transmyocardial revascularization operations.
+Methods of treating functional disorders of the bladder in mammalian females have been described by Versi et al and are taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 8,029,496, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Versi, an array of micro-needles is incorporated into a device which delivers a therapeutic agent through the needles directly into the trigone of the bladder.
+A device and a method for delivering fluid into a flexible biological barrier have been described by Yeshurun et al and are taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,998,119 (device) and U.S. Pat. No. 8,007,466 (method), the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Yeshurun, the micro-needles on the device penetrate and extend into the flexible biological barrier and fluid is injected through the bore of the hollow micro-needles.
+A method for epicardially injecting a substance into an area of tissue of a heart having an epicardial surface and disposed within a torso has been described by Bonner et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,628,780, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Bonner, the devices have elongate shafts and distal injection heads for driving needles into tissue and injecting medical agents into the tissue through the needles.
+A device for sealing a puncture has been described by Nielsen et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,972,358, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Nielsen, multiple needles are incorporated into the device which delivers a closure agent into the tissue surrounding the puncture tract.
+A method for myogenesis and angiogenesis has been described by Chiu et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,551,338, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Chiu, 5 to 15 needles having a maximum diameter of at least 1.25 mm and a length effective to provide a puncture depth of 6 to 20 mm are incorporated into a device which inserts into proximity with a myocardium and supplies an exogeneous angiogenic or myogenic factor to said myocardium through the conduits which are in at least some of said needles.
+A method for the treatment of prostate tissue has been described by Bolmsj et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,524,270, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Bolmsj, a device comprising a catheter which is inserted through the urethra has at least one hollow tip extendible into the surrounding prostate tissue. An astringent and analgesic medicine is administered through said tip into said prostate tissue.
+A method for infusing fluids to an intraosseous site has been described by Findlay et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,761,726, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Findlay, multiple needles are incorporated into a device which is capable of penetrating a hard shell of material covered by a layer of soft material and delivers a fluid at a predetermined distance below said hard shell of material.
+A device for injecting medications into a vessel wall has been described by Vigil et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 5,713,863, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Vigil, multiple injectors are mounted on each of the flexible tubes in the device which introduces a medication fluid through a multi-lumen catheter, into said flexible tubes and out of said injectors for infusion into the vessel wall.
+A catheter for delivering therapeutic and/or diagnostic agents to the tissue surrounding a bodily passageway has been described by Faxon et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 5,464,395, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Faxon, at least one needle cannula is incorporated into the catheter which delivers the desired agents to the tissue through said needles which project outboard of the catheter.
+Balloon catheters for delivering therapeutic agents have been described by Orr and are taught for example in WO2010024871, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Orr, multiple needles are incorporated into the devices which deliver the therapeutic agents to different depths within the tissue.
+Methods and Devices Utilizing Electrical Current
+Methods and devices utilizing electric current may be employed to deliver the mmRNA of the present invention according to the split dosing regimens taught herein. Such methods and devices are described below.
+An electro collagen induction therapy device has been described by Marquez and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20090137945, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Marquez, multiple needles are incorporated into the device which repeatedly pierce the skin and draw in the skin a portion of the substance which is applied to the skin first.
+An electrokinetic system has been described by Etheredge et al and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20070185432, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Etheredge, micro-needles are incorporated into a device which drives by an electrical current the medication through the needles into the targeted treatment site.
+An iontophoresis device has been described by Matsumura et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,437,189, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Matsumura, multiple needles are incorporated into the device which is capable of delivering ionizable drug into a living body at higher speed or with higher efficiency.
+Intradermal delivery of biologically active agents by needle-free injection and electroporation has been described by Hoffmann et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,171,264, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Hoffmann, one or more needle-free injectors are incorporated into an electroporation device and the combination of needle-free injection and electroporation is sufficient to introduce the agent into cells in skin, muscle or mucosa.
+A method for electropermeabilization-mediated intracellular delivery has been described by Lundkvist et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,625,486, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Lundkvist, a pair of needle electrodes is incorporated into a catheter. Said catheter is positioned into a body lumen followed by extending said needle electrodes to penetrate into the tissue surrounding said lumen. Then the device introduces an agent through at least one of said needle electrodes and applies electric field by said pair of needle electrodes to allow said agent pass through the cell membranes into the cells at the treatment site.
+A delivery system for transdermal immunization has been described by Levin et al and is taught for example in WO2006003659, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Levin, multiple electrodes are incorporated into the device which applies electrical energy between the electrodes to generate micro channels in the skin to facilitate transdermal delivery.
+A method for delivering RF energy into skin has been described by Schomacker and is taught for example in WO2011163264, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Schomacker, multiple needles are incorporated into a device which applies vacuum to draw skin into contact with a plate so that needles insert into skin through the holes on the plate and deliver RF energy.
+Devices and Kits
+Devices may also be used in conjunction with the present invention. In one embodiment, a device is used to assess levels of a protein which has been administered in the form of a modified mRNA. The device may comprise a blood, urine or other biofluidic test. It may be as large as to include an automated central lab platform or a small decentralized bench top device. It may be point of care or a handheld device. The device may be useful in drug discovery efforts as a companion diagnostic.
+In some embodiments the device is self-contained, and is optionally capable of wireless remote access to obtain instructions for synthesis and/or analysis of the generated nucleic acid. The device is capable of mobile synthesis of at least one nucleic acid, and preferably an unlimited number of different nucleic acid sequences. In certain embodiments, the device is capable of being transported by one or a small number of individuals. In other embodiments, the device is scaled to fit on a benchtop or desk. In other embodiments, the device is scaled to fit into a suitcase, backpack or similarly sized object. In further embodiments, the device is scaled to fit into a vehicle, such as a car, truck or ambulance, or a military vehicle such as a tank or personnel carrier. The information necessary to generate a modified mRNA encoding protein of interest is present within a computer readable medium present in the device.
+In some embodiments, the device is capable of communication (e.g., wireless communication) with a database of nucleic acid and polypeptide sequences. The device contains at least one sample block for insertion of one or more sample vessels. Such sample vessels are capable of accepting in liquid or other form any number of materials such as template DNA, nucleotides, enzymes, buffers, and other reagents. The sample vessels are also capable of being heated and cooled by contact with the sample block. The sample block is generally in communication with a device base with one or more electronic control units for the at least one sample block. The sample block preferably contains a heating module, such heating molecule capable of heating and/or cooling the sample vessels and contents thereof to temperatures between about −20 C and above +100 C. The device base is in communication with a voltage supply such as a battery or external voltage supply. The device also contains means for storing and distributing the materials for RNA synthesis.
+Optionally, the sample block contains a module for separating the synthesized nucleic acids. Alternatively, the device contains a separation module operably linked to the sample block. Preferably the device contains a means for analysis of the synthesized nucleic acid. Such analysis includes sequence identity (demonstrated such as by hybridization), absence of non-desired sequences, measurement of integrity of synthesized mRNA (such has by microfluidic viscometry combined with spectrophotometry), and concentration and/or potency of modified RNA (such as by spectrophotometry).
+In certain embodiments, the device is combined with a means for detection of pathogens present in a biological material obtained from a subject, e.g., the IBIS PLEX-ID system (Abbott) for microbial identification.
+The present invention provides for devices which incorporate mmRNA that encode proteins of interest. These devices may be implantable in an animal subject or may supply mmRNA formulations via a catheter or lumen. The device may be connected to or incorporate a pump. Such devices include those which can deliver therapeutics to areas of the body not readily accessible such as the CNS or across the blood brain barrier. In this embodiment the split dosing regimen can be implemented using a regulated pump.
+Kits
+The invention provides a variety of kits for conveniently and/or effectively carrying out methods of the present invention. Typically kits will comprise sufficient amounts and/or numbers of components to allow a user to perform multiple treatments of a subject(s) and/or to perform multiple experiments.
+In one aspect, the present invention provides kits for protein production, comprising a first isolated nucleic acid comprising a translatable region and a nucleic acid modification, wherein the nucleic acid may be capable of evading an innate immune response of a cell into which the first isolated nucleic acid may be introduced, and packaging and instructions. The kit may further comprise a delivery agent to form a formulation composition. The delivery composition may comprise a lipidoid. The lipoid may be selected from, but is not limited to, C12-200, 98N12-5, MD1, DLin-DMA, DLin-K-DMA, DLin-KC2-DMA, DLin-MC3-DMA and analogs thereof.
+In one aspect, the present invention provides kits for protein production, comprising a first isolated nucleic acid comprising a translatable region and a nucleoside modification, wherein the nucleic acid exhibits reduced degradation by a cellular nuclease, and packaging and instructions.
+In one aspect, the present invention provides kits for protein production, comprising a first isolated nucleic acid comprising a translatable region and at least two different nucleoside modifications, wherein the nucleic acid exhibits reduced degradation by a cellular nuclease, and packaging and instructions.
+In some embodiments, kits would provide split doses or instructions for the administration of split dosages of the mmRNA of the kit.
+DEFINITIONS
+At various places in the present specification, substituents of compounds of the present disclosure are disclosed in groups or in ranges. It is specifically intended that the present disclosure include each and every individual subcombination of the members of such groups and ranges. For example, the term “C1-6 alkyl” is specifically intended to individually disclose methyl, ethyl, C3 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C5 alkyl, and C6 alkyl.
+Animal: As used herein, the term “animal” refers to any member of the animal kingdom. In some embodiments, “animal” refers to humans at any stage of development. In some embodiments, “animal” refers to non-human animals at any stage of development. In certain embodiments, the non-human animal is a mammal (e.g., a rodent, a mouse, a rat, a rabbit, a monkey, a dog, a cat, a sheep, cattle, a primate, or a pig). In some embodiments, animals include, but are not limited to, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and worms. In some embodiments, the animal is a transgenic animal, genetically-engineered animal, or a clone.
+Approximately: As used herein, the term “approximately” or “about,” as applied to one or more values of interest, refers to a value that is similar to a stated reference value. In certain embodiments, the term “approximately” or “about” refers to a range of values that fall within 25%, 20%, 19%, 18%, 17%, 16%, 15%, 14%, 13%, 12%, 11%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or less in either direction (greater than or less than) of the stated reference value unless otherwise stated or otherwise evident from the context (except where such number would exceed 100% of a possible value).
+Associated with: As used herein, the terms “associated with,” “conjugated,” “linked,” “attached,” and “tethered,” when used with respect to two or more moieties, means that the moieties are physically associated or connected with one another, either directly or via one or more additional moieties that serves as a linking agent, to form a structure that is sufficiently stable so that the moieties remain physically associated under the conditions in which the structure is used, e.g., physiological conditions. An “association” need not be strictly through direct covalent chemical bonding. It may also suggest ionic or hydrogen bonding or a hybridization based connectivity sufficiently stable such that the “associated” entities remain physically associated.
+Bifunctional: As used herein, the term “bifunctional” refers to any substance, molecule or moiety which is capable of or maintains at least two functions. The functions may effect the same outcome or a different outcome. The structure that produces the function may be the same or different. For example, bifunctional modified RNAs of the present invention may encode a cytotoxic peptide (a first function) while those nucleosides which comprise the encoding RNA are, in and of themselves, cytotoxic (second function). In this example, delivery of the bifunctional modified RNA to a cancer cell would produce not only a peptide or protein molecule which may ameliorate or treat the cancer but would also deliver a cytotoxic payload of nucleosides to the cell should degredation, instead of translation of the modified RNA, occur.
+Biologically active: As used herein, the phrase “biologically active” refers to a characteristic of any substance that has activity in a biological system and/or organism. For instance, a substance that, when administered to an organism, has a biological affect on that organism, is considered to be biologically active. In particular embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention may be considered biologically active if even a portion of the nucleic acid molecule is biologically active or mimics an activity considered biologically relevant.
+Chemical terms: As used herein, the term “alkyl” is meant to refer to a saturated hydrocarbon group which is straight-chained or branched. Example alkyl groups include methyl (Me), ethyl (Et), propyl (e.g., n-propyl and isopropyl), butyl (e.g., n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl), pentyl (e.g., n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl), and the like. An alkyl group can contain from 1 to about 20, from 2 to about 20, from 1 to about 12, from 1 to about 8, from 1 to about 6, from 1 to about 4, or from 1 to about 3 carbon atoms.
+As used herein, “alkenyl” refers to an alkyl group having one or more double carbon-carbon bonds. Example alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, and the like.
+As used herein, “alkoxy” refers to an —O-alkyl group. Example alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy (e.g., n-propoxy and isopropoxy), t-butoxy, and the like.
+As used herein, “alkenyl” refers to an alkyl, as defined above, containing at least one double bond between adjacent carbon atoms. Alkenyls include both cis and trans isomers. Representative straight chain and branched alkenyls include ethylenyl, propylenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, isobutylenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-methyl-1-butenyl, 2-methyl-2-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, and the like.
+As used herein, “alkynyl” refers to an alkyl group having one or more triple carbon-carbon bonds. Example alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propynyl, and the like.
+As used herein, “aryl” refers to monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., having 2, 3 or 4 fused rings) aromatic hydrocarbons such as, for example, phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, indanyl, indenyl, and the like. In some embodiments, aryl groups have from 6 to about 20 carbon atoms.
+As used herein, “halo” or “halogen” includes fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo.
+Compound: As used herein, the term “compound,” is meant to include all stereoisomers, geometric isomers, tautomers, and isotopes of the structures depicted.
+The compounds described herein can be asymmetric (e.g., having one or more stereocenters). All stereoisomers, such as enantiomers and diastereomers, are intended unless otherwise indicated. Compounds of the present disclosure that contain asymmetrically substituted carbon atoms can be isolated in optically active or racemic forms. Methods on how to prepare optically active forms from optically active starting materials are known in the art, such as by resolution of racemic mixtures or by stereoselective synthesis. Many geometric isomers of olefins, C═N double bonds, and the like can also be present in the compounds described herein, and all such stable isomers are contemplated in the present disclosure. Cis and trans geometric isomers of the compounds of the present disclosure are described and may be isolated as a mixture of isomers or as separated isomeric forms.
+Compounds of the present disclosure also include tautomeric forms. Tautomeric forms result from the swapping of a single bond with an adjacent double bond and the concomitant migration of a proton. Tautomeric forms include prototropic tautomers which are isomeric protonation states having the same empirical formula and total charge. Examples prototropic tautomers include ketone—enol pairs, amide—imidic acid pairs, lactam—lactim pairs, amide—imidic acid pairs, enamine—imine pairs, and annular forms where a proton can occupy two or more positions of a heterocyclic system, such as, 1H- and 3H-imidazole, 1H-, 2H- and 4H-1,2,4-triazole, 1H- and 2H-isoindole, and 1H- and 2H-pyrazole. Tautomeric forms can be in equilibrium or sterically locked into one form by appropriate substitution.
+Compounds of the present disclosure also include all of the isotopes of the atoms occurring in the intermediate or final compounds. “Isotopes” refers to atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers resulting from a different number of neutrons in the nuclei. For example, isotopes of hydrogen include tritium and deuterium.
+The compounds and salts of the present disclosure can be prepared in combination with solvent or water molecules to form solvates and hydrates by routine methods.
+Conserved: As used herein, the term “conserved” refers to nucleotides or amino acid residues of a polynucleotide sequence or polypeptide sequence, respectively, that are those that occur unaltered in the same position of two or more sequences being compared. Nucleotides or amino acids that are relatively conserved are those that are conserved amongst more related sequences than nucleotides or amino acids appearing elsewhere in the sequences.
+In some embodiments, two or more sequences are said to be “completely conserved” if they are 100% identical to one another. In some embodiments, two or more sequences are said to be “highly conserved” if they are at least 70% identical, at least 80% identical, at least 90% identical, or at least 95% identical to one another. In some embodiments, two or more sequences are said to be “highly conserved” if they are about 70% identical, about 80% identical, about 90% identical, about 95%, about 98%, or about 99% identical to one another. In some embodiments, two or more sequences are said to be “conserved” if they are at least 30% identical, at least 40% identical, at least 50% identical, at least 60% identical, at least 70% identical, at least 80% identical, at least 90% identical, or at least 95% identical to one another. In some embodiments, two or more sequences are said to be “conserved” if they are about 30% identical, about 40% identical, about 50% identical, about 60% identical, about 70% identical, about 80% identical, about 90% identical, about 95% identical, about 98% identical, or about 99% identical to one another. Conservation of sequence may apply to the entire length of an oligonucleotide or polypeptide or may apply to a portion, region or feature thereof.
+Delivery: As used herein, “delivery” refers to the act or manner of delivering a compound, substance, entity, moiety, cargo or payload.
+Delivery Agent: As used herein, “delivery agent” refers to any substance which facilitates, at least in part, the in vivo delivery of a nucleic acid molecule to targeted cells.
+Detectable label: As used herein, “detectable label” refers to one or more markers, signals, or moieties which are attached, incorporated or associated with another entity that is readily detected by methods known in the art including radiography, fluorescence, chemiluminescence, enzymatic activity, absorbance and the like. Detectable labels include radioisotopes, fluorophores, chromophores, enzymes, dyes, metal ions, ligands such as biotin, avidin, strepavidin and haptens, quantum dots, and the like. Detectable labels may be located at any position in the peptides or proteins disclosed herein. They may be within the amino acids, the peptides, or proteins, or located at the N- or C-termini.
+Distal: As used herein “distal” means farther from center mass or line of symmetry of subject or reference point. For limbs, it is farther from body.
+Dosing regimen: As used herein, a “dosing regimen” is a schedule of administration or physician determined regimen of treatment, prophylaxis, or palliative care.
+Dose splitting factor (DSF)-ratio of PUD of dose split treatment divided by PUD of total daily dose or single unit dose. The value is derived from comparison of dosing regimens groups.
+Expression: As used herein, “expression” of a nucleic acid sequence refers to one or more of the following events: (1) production of an RNA template from a DNA sequence (e.g., by transcription); (2) processing of an RNA transcript (e.g., by splicing, editing, 5′ cap formation, and/or 3′ end processing); (3) translation of an RNA into a polypeptide or protein; and (4) post-translational modification of a polypeptide or protein.
+Formulation: As used herein, a “formulation” includes at least a modified nucleic acid molecule and a delivery agent.
+Functional: As used herein, a “functional” biological molecule is a biological molecule in a form in which it exhibits a property and/or activity by which it is characterized.
+Homology: As used herein, the term “homology” refers to the overall relatedness between polymeric molecules, e.g. between nucleic acid molecules (e.g. DNA molecules and/or RNA molecules) and/or between polypeptide molecules. In some embodiments, polymeric molecules are considered to be “homologous” to one another if their sequences are at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% identical. In some embodiments, polymeric molecules are considered to be “homologous” to one another if their sequences are at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% similar. The term “homologous” necessarily refers to a comparison between at least two sequences (polynucleotide or polypeptide sequences).
+In accordance with the invention, two polynucleotide sequences are considered to be homologous if the polypeptides they encode are at least about 50% identical, at least about 60% identical, at least about 70% identical, at least about 80% identical, or at least about 90% identical for at least one stretch of at least about 20 amino acids.
+In some embodiments, homologous polynucleotide sequences are characterized by the ability to encode a stretch of at least 4-5 uniquely specified amino acids. For polynucleotide sequences less than 60 nucleotides in length, homology is determined by the ability to encode a stretch of at least 4-5 uniquely specified amino acids. In accordance with the invention, two protein sequences are considered to be homologous if the proteins are at least about 50% identical, at least about 60% identical, at least about 70% identical, at least about 80% identical, or at least about 90% identical for at least one stretch of at least about 20 amino acids.
+Identity: As used herein, the term “identity” refers to the overall relatedness between polymeric molecules, e.g., between oligonucleotide molecules (e.g. DNA molecules and/or RNA molecules) and/or between polypeptide molecules. Calculation of the percent identity of two polynucleotide sequences, for example, can be performed by aligning the two sequences for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in one or both of a first and a second nucleic acid sequences for optimal alignment and non-identical sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes). In certain embodiments, the length of a sequence aligned for comparison purposes is at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% of the length of the reference sequence. The nucleotides at corresponding nucleotide positions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same nucleotide as the corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position. The percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences, taking into account the number of gaps, and the length of each gap, which needs to be introduced for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The comparison of sequences and determination of percent identity between two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm. For example, the percent identity between two nucleotide sequences can be determined using methods such as those described in Computational Molecular Biology, Lesk, A. M., ed., Oxford University Press, New York, 1988; Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects, Smith, D. W., ed., Academic Press, New York, 1993; Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology, von Heinje, G., Academic Press, 1987; Computer Analysis of Sequence Data, Part I, Griffin, A. M., and Griffin, H. G., eds., Humana Press, New Jersey, 1994; and Sequence Analysis Primer, Gribskov, M. and Devereux, J., eds., M Stockton Press, New York, 1991; each of which is incorporated herein by reference. For example, the percent identity between two nucleotide sequences can be determined using the algorithm of Meyers and Miller (CABIOS, 1989, 4:11-17), which has been incorporated into the ALIGN program (version 2.0) using a PAM120 weight residue table, a gap length penalty of 12 and a gap penalty of 4. The percent identity between two nucleotide sequences can, alternatively, be determined using the GAP program in the GCG software package using an NWSgapdna.CMP matrix. Methods commonly employed to determine percent identity between sequences include, but are not limited to those disclosed in Carillo, H., and Lipman, D., SIAM J Applied Math., 48:1073 (1988); incorporated herein by reference. Techniques for determining identity are codified in publicly available computer programs. Exemplary computer software to determine homology between two sequences include, but are not limited to, GCG program package, Devereux, J., et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 12(1), 387 (1984)), BLASTP, BLASTN, and FASTA Atschul, S. F. et al., J. Molec. Biol., 215, 403 (1990)).
+Inhibit expression of a gene: As used herein, the phrase “inhibit expression of a gene” means to cause a reduction in the amount of an expression product of the gene. The expression product can be an RNA transcribed from the gene (e.g., an mRNA) or a polypeptide translated from an mRNA transcribed from the gene. Typically a reduction in the level of an mRNA results in a reduction in the level of a polypeptide translated therefrom. The level of expression may be determined using standard techniques for measuring mRNA or protein.
+In vitro: As used herein, the term “in vitro” refers to events that occur in an artificial environment, e.g., in a test tube or reaction vessel, in cell culture, in a Petri dish, etc., rather than within an organism (e.g., animal, plant, or microbe).
+In vivo: As used herein, the term “in vivo” refers to events that occur within an organism (e.g., animal, plant, or microbe or cell or tissue thereof).
+Isolated: As used herein, the term “isolated” refers to a substance or entity that has been separated from at least some of the components with which it was associated (whether in nature or in an experimental setting). Isolated substances may have varying levels of purity in reference to the substances from which they have been associated. Isolated substances and/or entities may be separated from at least about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or more of the other components with which they were initially associated. In some embodiments, isolated agents are more than about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or more than about 99% pure. As used herein, a substance is “pure” if it is substantially free of other components. Substantially isolated: By “substantially isolated” is meant that the compound is substantially separated from the environment in which it was formed or detected. Partial separation can include, for example, a composition enriched in the compound of the present disclosure. Substantial separation can include compositions containing at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 97%, or at least about 99% by weight of the compound of the present disclosure, or salt thereof. Methods for isolating compounds and their salts are routine in the art.
+Modified: As used herein “modified” refers to a changed state or structure of a molecule of the invention. Molecules may be modified in many ways including chemically, structurally, and functionally. In one embodiment, the mRNA molecules of the present invention are modified by the introduction of non-natural nucleosides and/or nucleotides. Modified, as it pertains to a modified mRNA may also mean any alteration which is different from the wild type.
+Naturally occurring: As used herein, “naturally occurring” means existing in nature without artificial aid.
+Patient: As used herein, “patient” refers to a subject who may seek or be in need of treatment, requires treatment, is receiving treatment, will receive treatment, or a subject who is under care by a trained professional for a particular disease or condition.
+Peptide: As used herein, “peptide” is less than or equal to 50 amino acids long, e.g., about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 amino acids long.
+Prodrug: The present disclosure also includes prodrugs of the compounds described herein. As used herein, “prodrugs” refer to any substance, molecule or entity which is in a form predicate for that substance, molecule or entity to act as a therapeutic upon chemical or physical alteration. Prodrugs may by covalently bonded or sequestested in some way and which release or are converted into the active drug moiety prior to, upon or after administered to a mammalian subject. Prodrugs can be prepared by modifying functional groups present in the compounds in such a way that the modifications are cleaved, either in routine manipulation or in vivo, to the parent compounds. Prodrugs include compounds wherein hydroxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, or carboxyl groups are bonded to any group that, when administered to a mammalian subject, cleaves to form a free hydroxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, or carboxyl group respectively. Preparation and use of prodrugs is discussed in T. Higuchi and V. Stella, “Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems,” Vol. 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series, and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, ed. Edward B. Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
+Proliferate: As used herein, the term “proliferate” means to grow, expand or increase or cause to grow, expand or increase rapidly. “Proliferative” means having the ability to proliferate. “Anti-proliferative” means having properties counter to or inapposite to proliferative properties.
+Pharmaceutically acceptable: The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
+Pharmaceutically acceptable salts: The present disclosure also includes pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds described herein. As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to derivatives of the disclosed compounds wherein the parent compound is modified by converting an existing acid or base moiety to its salt form. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines; alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids; and the like. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present disclosure include the conventional non-toxic salts of the parent compound formed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present disclosure can be synthesized from the parent compound which contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two; generally, nonaqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile are preferred. Lists of suitable salts are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1985, p. 1418 and Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 66, 2 (1977), each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
+Polypeptide: As used herein, “polypeptide” means a polymer of amino acid residues linked together by peptide bonds. The term, as used herein, refers to proteins, polypeptides, and peptides of any size, structure, or function. Typically, however, a polypeptide will be at least 50 amino acids long. In some instances the polypeptide encoded is smaller than about 50 amino acids and the polypeptide is termed a peptide. If the polypeptide is a peptide, it will be at least about 5 amino acid residues long. Thus, polypeptides include gene products, naturally occurring polypeptides, synthetic polypeptides, homologs, orthologs, paralogs, fragments and other equivalents, variants, and analogs of the foregoing. A polypeptide may be a single molecule or may be a multi-molecular complex such as a dimer, trimer or tetramer. The term polypeptide may also apply to amino acid polymers in which one or more amino acid residues are an artificial chemical analogue of a corresponding naturally occurring amino acid.
+Polypeptide per unit drug (PUD): As used herein, a PUD or product per unit drug, is defined as a subdivided portion of total daily dose, usually 1 mg, pg, kg, etc., of a product (such as a polypeptide) as measured in body fluid or tissue, usually defined in concentration such as pmol/mL, mmol/mL, etc divided by the measure in the body fluid.
+Proximal: As used herein, “proximal” means closer to center mass or line of symmetry of subject or reference point. For limbs, it is closer to body.
+Sample: As used herein, the term “sample” refers to a subset of its tissues, cells or component parts (e.g. body fluids, including but not limited to peripheral blood, serum, plasma, ascites, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), sputum, saliva, bone marrow, synovial fluid, aqueous humor, amniotic fluid, cerumen, breast milk, broncheoalveolar lavage fluid, semen, prostatic fluid, cowper's fluid or pre-ejaculatory fluid, sweat, fecal matter, hair, tears, cyst fluid, pleural and peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid, lymph, chyme, chyle, bile, interstitial fluid, menses, pus, sebum, vomit, vaginal secretions, mucosal secretion, stool water, pancreatic juice, lavage fluids from sinus cavities, bronchopulmonary aspirates, blastocyl cavity fluid, and umbilical cord blood). A sample further may include a homogenate, lysate or extract prepared from a whole organism or a subset of its tissues, cells or component parts, or a fraction or portion thereof, including but not limited to, for example, plasma, serum, spinal fluid, lymph fluid, the external sections of the skin, respiratory, intestinal, and genitourinary tracts, tears, saliva, milk, blood cells, tumors, organs. A sample further refers to a medium, such as a nutrient broth or gel, which may contain cellular components, such as proteins or nucleic acid molecule.
+Similarity: As used herein, the term “similarity” refers to the overall relatedness between polymeric molecules, e.g. between polynucleotide molecules (e.g. DNA molecules and/or RNA molecules) and/or between polypeptide molecules. Calculation of percent similarity of polymeric molecules to one another can be performed in the same manner as a calculation of percent identity, except that calculation of percent similarity takes into account conservative substitutions as is understood in the art.
+Stable: As used herein “stable” refers to a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture, and preferably capable of formulation into an efficacious therapeutic agent.
+Subject: As used herein, the term “subject” or “patient” refers to any organism to which a composition in accordance with the invention may be administered, e.g., for experimental, diagnostic, prophylactic, and/or therapeutic purposes. Typical subjects include animals (e.g., mammals such as mice, rats, rabbits, non-human primates, and humans) and/or plants.
+Substantially: As used herein, the term “substantially” refers to the qualitative condition of exhibiting total or near-total extent or degree of a characteristic or property of interest. One of ordinary skill in the biological arts will understand that biological and chemical phenomena rarely, if ever, go to completion and/or proceed to completeness or achieve or avoid an absolute result. The term “substantially” is therefore used herein to capture the potential lack of completeness inherent in many biological and chemical phenomena.
+Substantially equal: As used herein as it relates to time differences between doses, the term means plus/minus 2%.
+Substantially simultaneously: As used herein and as it relates to plurality of doses, the term means within 2 seconds.
+Simultaneously: As used herein, “simultaneously” means within scientific reproducibility, at same time.
+Suffering from: An individual who is “suffering from” a disease, disorder, and/or condition has been diagnosed with or displays one or more symptoms of a disease, disorder, and/or condition.
+Susceptible to: An individual who is “susceptible to” a disease, disorder, and/or condition has not been diagnosed with and/or may not exhibit symptoms of the disease, disorder, and/or condition but harbors a propensity to develop a disease or its symptoms. In some embodiments, an individual who is susceptible to a disease, disorder, and/or condition (for example, cancer) may be characterized by one or more of the following: (1) a genetic mutation associated with development of the disease, disorder, and/or condition; (2) a genetic polymorphism associated with development of the disease, disorder, and/or condition; (3) increased and/or decreased expression and/or activity of a protein and/or nucleic acid associated with the disease, disorder, and/or condition; (4) habits and/or lifestyles associated with development of the disease, disorder, and/or condition; (5) a family history of the disease, disorder, and/or condition; and (6) exposure to and/or infection with a microbe associated with development of the disease, disorder, and/or condition. In some embodiments, an individual who is susceptible to a disease, disorder, and/or condition will develop the disease, disorder, and/or condition. In some embodiments, an individual who is susceptible to a disease, disorder, and/or condition will not develop the disease, disorder, and/or condition.
+Synthetic: The term “synthetic” means produced, prepared, and/or manufactured by the hand of man. Synthesis of polynucleotides or polypeptides or other molecules of the present invention may be chemical or enzymatic.
+Single unit dose: As used herein, a “single unit dose” is a dose of any therapeutic administered in one dose/at one time/single route/single point of contact, i.e., single administration event.
+Total daily dose: As used herein, a “total daily dose” is an amount given or prescribed in 24 hr period. It may be administered as a single unit dose.
+Split dose: As used herein, a “split dose” is the division of single unit dose or total daily dose into two or more doses.
+Targeted Cells: As used herein, “targeted cells” refers to any one or more cells of interest. The cells may be found in vitro, in vivo, in situ or in the tissue or organ of an organism. The organism may be an animal, preferably a mammal, more preferably a human and most preferably a patient.
+Therapeutic Agent: The term “therapeutic agent” refers to any agent that, when administered to a subject, has a therapeutic, diagnostic, and/or prophylactic effect and/or elicits a desired biological and/or pharmacological effect.
+Therapeutically effective amount: As used herein, the term “therapeutically effective amount” means an amount of an agent to be delivered (e.g., nucleic acid, drug, therapeutic agent, diagnostic agent, prophylactic agent, etc.) that is sufficient, when administered to a subject suffering from or susceptible to a disease, disorder, and/or condition, to treat, improve symptoms of, diagnose, prevent, and/or delay the onset of the disease, disorder, and/or condition.
+Transcription factor: As used herein, the term “transcription factor” refers to a DNA-binding protein that regulates transcription of DNA into RNA, for example, by activation or repression of transcription. Some transcription factors effect regulation of transcription alone, while others act in concert with other proteins. Some transcription factor can both activate and repress transcription under certain conditions. In general, transcription factors bind a specific target sequence or sequences highly similar to a specific consensus sequence in a regulatory region of a target gene. Transcription factors may regulate transcription of a target gene alone or in a complex with other molecules.
+Treating: As used herein, the term “treating” refers to partially or completely alleviating, ameliorating, improving, relieving, delaying onset of, inhibiting progression of, reducing severity of, and/or reducing incidence of one or more symptoms or features of a particular disease, disorder, and/or condition. For example, “treating” cancer may refer to inhibiting survival, growth, and/or spread of a tumor. Treatment may be administered to a subject who does not exhibit signs of a disease, disorder, and/or condition and/or to a subject who exhibits only early signs of a disease, disorder, and/or condition for the purpose of decreasing the risk of developing pathology associated with the disease, disorder, and/or condition.
+Unmodified: As used herein, “unmodified” refers to any substance, compound or molecule prior to being changed in any way. Unmodified may, but does not always, refer to the wild type or native form of a biomolecule. Molecules may undergo a series of modifications whereby each modified molecule may serve as the “unmodified” starting molecule for a subsequent modification.
+EQUIVALENTS AND SCOPE
+Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments in accordance with the invention described herein. The scope of the present invention is not intended to be limited to the above Description, but rather is as set forth in the appended claims.
+In the claims, articles such as “a,” “an,” and “the” may mean one or more than one unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context. Claims or descriptions that include “or” between one or more members of a group are considered satisfied if one, more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context. The invention includes embodiments in which exactly one member of the group is present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process. The invention includes embodiments in which more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process.
+It is also noted that the term “comprising” is intended to be open and permits the inclusion of additional elements or steps.
+Where ranges are given, endpoints are included. Furthermore, it is to be understood that unless otherwise indicated or otherwise evident from the context and understanding of one of ordinary skill in the art, values that are expressed as ranges can assume any specific value or subrange within the stated ranges in different embodiments of the invention, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit of the range, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
+In addition, it is to be understood that any particular embodiment of the present invention that falls within the prior art may be explicitly excluded from any one or more of the claims. Since such embodiments are deemed to be known to one of ordinary skill in the art, they may be excluded even if the exclusion is not set forth explicitly herein. Any particular embodiment of the compositions of the invention (e.g., any nucleic acid or protein encoded thereby; any method of production; any method of use; etc.) can be excluded from any one or more claims, for any reason, whether or not related to the existence of prior art.
+As used herein and in the claims, the singular forms include the plural reference and vice versa unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Other than in the operating examples, or where otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients or reaction conditions used herein should be understood as modified in all instances by the term “about.”
+All patents, oligonucleotide sequences identified by gene identification numbers, and other publications identified herein are expressly incorporated by reference for the purpose of describing and disclosing, for example, the methodologies described in such publications that might be used in connection with the present invention. These publications are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing in this regard should be construed as an admission that the inventors are not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention or for any other reason. All statements as to the date or representation as to the contents of these documents is based on the information available to the applicants and does not constitute any admission as to the correctness of the dates or contents of these documents.
+All cited sources, for example, references, publications, databases, database entries, and art cited herein, are incorporated into this application by reference, even if not expressly stated in the citation. In case of conflicting statements of a cited source and the instant application, the statement in the instant application shall control.
+EXAMPLES
+Example 1
+Modified mRNA Production
+Modified mRNAs (mmRNA) according to the invention may be made using standard laboratory methods and materials. The open reading frame (ORF) of the gene of interest may be flanked by a 5′ untranslated region (UTR) which may contain a strong Kozak translational initiation signal and/or an alpha-globin 3′ UTR which may include an oligo(dT) sequence for templated addition of a poly-A tail. The modified mRNAs may be modified to reduce the cellular innate immune response. The modifications to reduce the cellular response may include pseudouridine (ψ) and 5-methyl-cytidine (5meC or m5C). (see, Kariko K et al. Immunity 23:165-75 (2005), Kariko K et al. Mol Ther 16:1833-40 (2008), Anderson B R et al. NAR (2010); herein incorporated by reference).
+The ORF may also include various upstream or downstream additions (such as, but not limited to, β-globin, tags, etc.) may be ordered from an optimization service such as, but limited to, DNA2.0 (Menlo Park, Calif.) and may contain multiple cloning sites which may have XbaI recognition. Upon receipt of the construct, it may be reconstituted and transformed into chemically competent E. coli. 
+For the present invention, NEB DH5-alpha Competent E. coli are used. Transformations are performed according to NEB instructions using 100 ng of plasmid. The protocol is as follows:
+
+
+
+1. Thaw a tube of NEB 5-alpha Competent E. coli cells on ice for 10 minutes.
+2. Add 1-5 μl containing 1 pg-100 ng of plasmid DNA to the cell mixture. Carefully flick the tube 4-5 times to mix cells and DNA. Do not vortex.
+3. Place the mixture on ice for 30 minutes. Do not mix.
+4. Heat shock at 42° C. for exactly 30 seconds. Do not mix.
+5. Place on ice for 5 minutes. Do not mix.
+6. Pipette 950 μl of room temperature SOC into the mixture.
+7. Place at 37° C. for 60 minutes. Shake vigorously (250 rpm) or rotate.
+8. Warm selection plates to 37° C.
+9. Mix the cells thoroughly by flicking the tube and inverting.
+10. Spread 50-100 μl of each dilution onto a selection plate and incubate overnight at 37° C.
+
+
+
+
+Alternatively, incubate at 30° C. for 24-36 hours or 25° C. for 48 hours.
+A single colony is then used to inoculate 5 ml of LB growth media using the appropriate antibiotic and then allowed to grow (250 RPM, 37° C.) for 5 hours. This is then used to inoculate a 200 ml culture medium and allowed to grow overnight under the same conditions.
+To isolate the plasmid (up to 850 μg), a maxi prep is performed using the Invitrogen PURELINK™ HiPure Maxiprep Kit (Carlsbad, Calif.), following the manufacturer's instructions.
+In order to generate cDNA for In Vitro Transcription (IVT), the plasmid (an Example of which is shown in FIG. 2) is first linearized using a restriction enzyme such as XbaI. A typical restriction digest with XbaI will comprise the following: Plasmid 1.0 μg; 10× Buffer 1.0 μl; XbaI 1.5 μl; dH2O up to 10 μl; incubated at 37° C. for 1 hr. If performing at lab scale (<5 μg), the reaction is cleaned up using Invitrogen's PURELINK™ PCR Micro Kit (Carlsbad, Calif.) per manufacturer's instructions. Larger scale purifications may need to be done with a product that has a larger load capacity such as Invitrogen's standard PURELINK™ PCR Kit (Carlsbad, Calif.). Following the cleanup, the linearized vector is quantified using the NanoDrop and analyzed to confirm linearization using agarose gel electrophoresis.
+As a non-limiting example, G-CSF may represent the polypeptide of interest. Sequences used in the steps outlined in Examples 1-5 are shown in Table 2. It should be noted that the start codon (ATG) has been underlined in each sequence of Table 2.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 2
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+G-CSF Sequences
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+SEQ
+
+
+
+ID
+
+
+
+NO
+Description
+
+
+
+
+
+1
+cDNAsequence:
+
+
+
+ATGGCTGGACCTGCCACCCAGAGCCCCATGAAGCTGATGGCCCTGCA
+
+
+
+GCTGCTGCTGTGGCACAGTGCACTCTGGACAGTGCAGGAAGCCACCC
+
+
+
+CCCTGGGCCCTGCCAGCTCCCTGCCCCAGAGCTTCCTGCTCAAGTGC
+
+
+
+TTAGAGCAAGTGAGGAAGATCCAGGGCGATGGCGCAGCGCTCCAGGA
+
+
+
+GAAGCTGGTGAGTGAGTGTGCCACCTACAAGCTGTGCCACCCCGAGG
+
+
+
+AGCTGGTGCTGCTCGGACACTCTCTGGGCATCCCCTGGGCTCCCCTG
+
+
+
+AGCAGCTGCCCCAGCCAGGCCCTGCAGCTGGCAGGCTGCTTGAGCCA
+
+
+
+ACTCCATAGCGGCCTTTTCCTCTACCAGGGGCTCCTGCAGGCCCTGG
+
+
+
+AAGGGATCTCCCCCGAGTTGGGTCCCACCTTGGACACACTGCAGCTG
+
+
+
+GACGTCGCCGACTTTGCCACCACCATCTGGCAGCAGATGGAAGAACT
+
+
+
+GGGAATGGCCCCTGCCCTGCAGCCCACCCAGGGTGCCATGCCGGCCT
+
+
+
+TCGCCTCTGCTTTCCAGCGCCGGGCAGGAGGGGTCCTGGTTGCCTCC
+
+
+
+CATCTGCAGAGCTTCCTGGAGGTGTCGTACCGCGTTCTACGCCACCT
+
+
+
+TGCCCAGCCCTGA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+2
+cDNA having T7 polymerase site and Xba restriction site:
+
+
+
+TTGGACCCTCGTACAGAAGCTAATACGACTCACTATA
+
+
+
+GGGAAATAAGAGAGAAAAGAAGAGTAAGAAGAAATATAAGAGCCACC
+
+
+
+ATGGCTGGACCTGCCACCCAGAGCCCCATGAAGCTGATGGCCCTGCA
+
+
+
+GCTGCTGCTGTGGCACAGTGCACTCTGGACAGTGCAGGAAGCCACCC
+
+
+
+CCCTGGGCCCTGCCAGCTCCCTGCCCCAGAGCTTCCTGCTCAAGTGC
+
+
+
+TTAGAGCAAGTGAGGAAGATCCAGGGCGATGGCGCAGCGCTCCAGGA
+
+
+
+GAAGCTGGTGAGTGAGTGTGCCACCTACAAGCTGTGCCACCCCGAGG
+
+
+
+AGCTGGTGCTGCTCGGACACTCTCTGGGCATCCCCTGGGCTCCCCTG
+
+
+
+AGCAGCTGCCCCAGCCAGGCCCTGCAGCTGGCAGGCTGCTTGAGCCA
+
+
+
+ACTCCATAGCGGCCTTTTCCTCTACCAGGGGCTCCTGCAGGCCCTGG
+
+
+
+AAGGGATCTCCCCCGAGTTGGGTCCCACCTTGGACACACTGCAGCTG
+
+
+
+GACGTCGCCGACTTTGCCACCACCATCTGGCAGCAGATGGAAGAACT
+
+
+
+GGGAATGGCCCCTGCCCTGCAGCCCACCCAGGGTGCCATGCCGGCCT
+
+
+
+TCGCCTCTGCTTTCCAGCGCCGGGCAGGAGGGGTCCTGGTTGCCTCC
+
+
+
+CATCTGCAGAGCTTCCTGGAGGTGTCGTACCGCGTTCTACGCCACCT
+
+
+
+TGCCCAGCCCTGAAGCGCTGCCTTCTGCGGGGCTTGCCTTCTGGCCA
+
+
+
+TGCCCTTCTTCTCTCCCTTGCACCTGTACCTCTTGGTCTTTGAATAA
+
+
+
+AGCCTGAGTAGGAAGGCGGCCGCTCGAGCATGCATCTAGA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+3
+Optimized sequence; containing T7 polymerase
+
+
+
+site and Xba restriction site
+
+
+
+TTGGACCCTCGTACAGAAGCTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAAATAAG
+
+
+
+AGAGAAAAGAAGAGTAAGAAGAAATATAAGAGCCACC
+
+
+
+ATGGCCCTGCAGTTGCTGCTTTGGCACTCGGCCCTCTGGACAGTCCA
+
+
+
+AGAAGCGACTCCTCTCGGACCTGCCTCATCGTTGCCGCAGTCATTCC
+
+
+
+TTTTGAAGTGTCTGGAGCAGGTGCGAAAGATTCAGGGCGATGGAGCC
+
+
+
+GCACTCCAAGAGAAGCTCTGCGCGACATACAAACTTTGCCATCCCGA
+
+
+
+GGAGCTCGTACTGCTCGGGCACAGCTTGGGGATTCCCTGGGCTCCTC
+
+
+
+TCTCGTCCTGTCCGTCGCAGGCTTTGCAGTTGGCAGGGTGCCTTTCC
+
+
+
+CAGCTCCACTCCGGTTTGTTCTTGTATCAGGGACTGCTGCAAGCCCT
+
+
+
+TGAGGGAATCTCGCCAGAATTGGGCCCGACGCTGGACACGTTGCAGC
+
+
+
+TCGACGTGGCGGATTTCGCAACAACCATCTGGCAGCAGATGGAGGAA
+
+
+
+CTGGGGATGGCACCCGCGCTGCAGCCCACGCAGGGGGCAATGCCGGC
+
+
+
+CTTTGCGTCCGCGTTTCAGCGCAGGGCGGGTGGAGTCCTCGTAGCGA
+
+
+
+GCCACCTTCAATCATTTTTGGAAGTCTCGTACCGGGTGCTGAGACAT
+
+
+
+CTTGCGCAGCCGTGAGCCTTCTGCGGGGCTTGCCTTCTGGCCATGCC
+
+
+
+CTTCTTCTCTCCCTTGCACCTGTACCTCTTGGTCTTTGAATAAAGCC
+
+
+
+TGAGTAGGAAGGCGGCCGCTCGAGCATGCA
+
+
+ 
+
+
+4
+mRNA sequence (transcribed)
+
+
+
+CUCACUAUAGGGAAAUAAGAGAGAAAAGAAGAGUAAGAAGAAAUAUA
+
+
+
+AGAGCCACCA
+
+
+
+AUGGCCCUGCAGUUGCUGCUUUGGCACUCGGCCCUCUGGACAGUCCA
+
+
+
+AGAAGCGACUCCUCUCGGACCUGCCUCAUCGUUGCCGCAGUCAUUCC
+
+
+
+UUUUGAAGUGUCUGGAGCAGGUGCGAAAGAUUCAGGGCGAUGGAGCC
+
+
+
+GCACUCCAAGAGAAGCUCUGCGCGACAUACAAACUUUGCCAUCCCGA
+
+
+
+GGAGCUCGUACUGCUCGGGCACAGCUUGGGGAUUCCCUGGGCUCCUC
+
+
+
+UCUCGUCCUGUCCGUCGCAGGCUUUGCAGUUGGCAGGGUGCCUUUCC
+
+
+
+CAGCUCCACUCCGGUUUGUUCUUGUAUCAGGGACUGCUGCAAGCCCU
+
+
+
+UGAGGGAAUCUCGCCAGAAUUGGGCCCGACGCUGGACACGUUGCAGC
+
+
+
+UCGACGUGGCGGAUUUCGCAACAACCAUCUGGCAGCAGAUGGAGGAA
+
+
+
+CUGGGGAUGGCACCCGCGCUGCAGCCCACGCAGGGGGCAAUGCCGGC
+
+
+
+CUUUGCGUCCGCGUUUCAGCGCAGGGCGGGUGGAGUCCUCGUAGCGA
+
+
+
+GCCACCUUCAAUCAUUUUUGGAAGUCUCGUACCGGGUGCUGAGACAU
+
+
+
+CUUGCGCAGCCGUGAGCCUUCUGCGGGGCUUGCCUUCUGGCCAUGCC
+
+
+
+CUUCUUCUCUCCCUUGCACCUGUACCUCUUGGUCUUUGAAUAAAGCC
+
+
+
+UGAGUAGGAAGGCGGCCGCUCGAGCAUGCAU
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 2
+PCR for cDNA Production
+PCR procedures for the preparation of cDNA are performed using 2×KAPA HIFI™ HotStart ReadyMix by Kapa Biosystems (Woburn, Mass.). This system includes 2×KAPA ReadyMix12.5 μl; Forward Primer (10 uM) 0.75 μl; Reverse Primer (10 uM) 0.75 μl; Template cDNA 100 ng; and dH2O diluted to 25.0 μl. The reaction conditions are at 95° C. for 5 min. and 25 cycles of 98° C. for 20 sec, then 58° C. for 15 sec, then 72° C. for 45 sec, then 72° C. for 5 min. then 4° C. to termination.
+The reverse primer of the instant invention incorporates a poly-T120 for a poly-A120 in the mRNA. Other reverse primers with longer or shorter poly(T) tracts can be used to adjust the length of the poly(A) tail in the mRNA.
+The reaction is cleaned up using Invitrogen's PURELINK™ PCR Micro Kit (Carlsbad, Calif.) per manufacturer's instructions (up to 5 μg). Larger reactions will require a cleanup using a product with a larger capacity. Following the cleanup, the cDNA is quantified using the NanoDrop and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm the cDNA is the expected size. The cDNA is then submitted for sequencing analysis before proceeding to the in vitro transcription reaction.
+Example 3
+In Vitro Transcription (IVT)
+The in vitro transcription reaction generates mRNA containing modified nucleotides or modified RNA. The input nucleotide triphosphate (NTP) mix is made in-house using natural and un-natural NTPs.
+A typical in vitro transcription reaction includes the following:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+1.
+Template cDNA
+1.0
+μg
+
+
+2.
+10x transcription buffer (400 mM Tris-
+2.0
+μl
+
+
+
+HCl pH 8.0, 190 mM MgCl2, 50 mM DTT,
+
+
+
+
+
+10 mM Spermidine)
+
+
+
+
+3.
+Custom NTPs (25 mM each)
+7.2
+μl
+
+
+4.
+RNase Inhibitor
+20
+U
+
+
+5.
+T7 RNA polymerase
+3000
+U
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+6.
+dH20
+Up to 20.0 μl. and
+
+
+7.
+Incubation at 37° C. for 3 hr-5 hrs.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The crude IVT mix may be stored at 4° C. overnight for cleanup the next day. 1 U of RNase-free DNase is then used to digest the original template. After 15 minutes of incubation at 37° C., the mRNA is purified using Ambion's MEGACLEAR™ Kit (Austin, Tex.) following the manufacturer's instructions. This kit can purify up to 500 μg of RNA. Following the cleanup, the RNA is quantified using the NanoDrop and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm the RNA is the proper size and that no degradation of the RNA has occurred.
+Example 4
+Enzymatic Capping of mRNA
+Capping of the mRNA is performed as follows where the mixture includes: IVT RNA 60 μg-180 μg and dH2O up to 72 μl. The mixture is incubated at 65° C. for 5 minutes to denature RNA, and then is transferred immediately to ice.
+The protocol then involves the mixing of 10× Capping Buffer (0.5 M Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 60 mM KCl, 12.5 mM MgCl2) (10.0 μl); 20 mM GTP (5.0 μl); 20 mM S-Adenosyl Methionine (2.5 μl); RNase Inhibitor (100 U); 2′-O-Methyltransferase (400 U); Vaccinia capping enzyme (Guanylyl transferase) (40 U); dH2O (Up to 28 μl); and incubation at 37° C. for 30 minutes for 60 μg RNA or up to 2 hours for 180 μg of RNA.
+The mRNA is then purified using Ambion's MEGACLEAR™ Kit (Austin, Tex.) following the manufacturer's instructions. Following the cleanup, the RNA is quantified using the NANODROP™ (ThermoFisher, Waltham, Mass.) and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm the RNA is the proper size and that no degradation of the RNA has occurred. The RNA product may also be sequenced by running a reverse-transcription-PCR to generate the cDNA for sequencing.
+Example 5
+PolyA Tailing Reaction
+Without a poly-T in the cDNA, a poly-A tailing reaction must be performed before cleaning the final product. This is done by mixing Capped IVT RNA (100 μl); RNase Inhibitor (20 U); 10× Tailing Buffer (0.5 M Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 2.5 M NaCl, 100 mM MgCl2)(12.0 μl); 20 mM ATP (6.0 μl); Poly-A Polymerase (20 U); dH2O up to 123.5 μl and incubation at 37° C. for 30 min. If the poly-A tail is already in the transcript, then the tailing reaction may be skipped and proceed directly to cleanup with Ambion's MEGACLEAR™ kit (Austin, Tex.) (up to 500 μg). Poly-A Polymerase is preferably a recombinant enzyme expressed in yeast.
+For studies performed and described herein, the poly-A tail is encoded in the IVT template to comprise 160 nucleotides in length. However, it should be understood that the processivity or integrity of the Poly-A tailing reaction may not always result in exactly 160 nucleotides. Hence Poly-A tails of approximately 160 nucleotides, e.g., about 150-165, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164 or 165 are within the scope of the invention.
+Example 6
+Formulation of Modified mRNA Using Lipidoids
+5′-capping of modified RNA may be completed concomitantly during the in vitro-transcription reaction using the following chemical RNA cap analogs to generate the 5′-guanosine cap structure according to manufacturer protocols: 3′-O-Me-m7G(5′)ppp(5′) G [the ARCA cap]; G(5)ppp(5′)A; G(5′)ppp(5′)G; m7G(5′)ppp(5′)A; m7G(5′)ppp(5′)G (New England BioLabs, Ipswich, Mass.). 5′-capping of modified RNA may be completed post-transcriptionally using a Vaccinia Virus Capping Enzyme to generate the “Cap 0” structure: m7G(5′)ppp(5′)G (New England BioLabs, Ipswich, Mass.). Cap 1 structure may be generated using both Vaccinia Virus Capping Enzyme and a 2′-O methyl-transferase to generate: m7G(5′)ppp(5′)G-2′-O-methyl. Cap 2 structure may be generated from the Cap 1 structure followed by the 2′-O-methylation of the 5′-antepenultimate nucleotide using a 2′-O methyl-transferase. Cap 3 structure may be generated from the Cap 2 structure followed by the 2′-O-methylation of the 5′-preantepenultimate nucleotide using a 2′-O methyl-transferase. Enzymes are preferably derived from a recombinant source.
+When transfected into mammalian cells, the modified mRNAs have a stability of between 12-18 hours or more than 18 hours, e.g., 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 or greater than 72 hours.
+Example 7
+Capping
+A. Protein Expression Assay
+Synthetic mRNAs encoding human G-CSF (cDNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 1) containing the ARCA (3′ 0-Me-m7G(5′)ppp(5′)G) cap analog or the Cap1 structure can be transfected into human primary keratinocytes at equal concentrations. 6, 12, 24 and 36 hours post-transfection the amount of G-CSF secreted into the culture medium can be assayed by ELISA. Synthetic mRNAs that secrete higher levels of G-CSF into the medium would correspond to a synthetic mRNA with a higher translationally-competent Cap structure.
+B. Purity Analysis Synthesis
+mRNAs encoding human G-CSF (cDNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 1) containing the ARCA cap analog or the Cap1 structure crude synthesis products can be compared for purity using denaturing Agarose-Urea gel electrophoresis or HPLC analysis. Synthetic mRNAs with a single, consolidated band by electrophoresis correspond to the higher purity product compared to a synthetic mRNA with multiple bands or streaking bands. Synthetic mRNAs with a single HPLC peak would also correspond to a higher purity product. The capping reaction with a higher efficiency would provide a more pure mRNA population.
+C. Cytokine Analysis
+Synthetic mRNAs encoding human G-CSF (cDNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 1) containing the ARCA cap analog or the Cap1 structure can be transfected into human primary keratinocytes at multiple concentrations. 6, 12, 24 and 36 hours post-transfection the amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IFN-beta secreted into the culture medium can be assayed by ELISA. Synthetic mRNAs that secrete higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines into the medium would correspond to a synthetic mRNA containing an immune-activating cap structure.
+D. Capping Reaction Efficiency
+Synthetic mRNAs encoding human G-CSF (cDNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 1) containing the ARCA cap analog or the Cap1 structure can be analyzed for capping reaction efficiency by LC-MS after capped mRNA nuclease treatment. Nuclease treatment of capped mRNAs would yield a mixture of free nucleotides and the capped 5′-5-triphosphate cap structure detectable by LC-MS. The amount of capped product on the LC-MS spectra can be expressed as a percent of total mRNA from the reaction and would correspond to capping reaction efficiency. The cap structure with a higher capping reaction efficiency would have a higher amount of capped product by LC-MS.
+Example 8
+Formulation of Modified mRNA Using Lipidoids
+Modified mRNAs (mmRNA) are formulated for in vitro experiments by mixing the mmRNA with the lipidoid at a set ratio prior to addition to cells. In vivo formulation may require the addition of extra ingredients to facilitate circulation throughout the body. To test the ability of these lipidoids to form particles suitable for in vivo work, a standard formulation process used for siRNA-lipidoid formulations was used as a starting point. Initial mmRNA-lipidoid formulations may consist of particles composed of 42% lipidoid, 48% cholesterol and 10% PEG, with further optimization of ratios possible. After formation of the particle, mmRNA is added and allowed to integrate with the complex. The encapsulation efficiency is determined using a standard dye exclusion assays.
+Materials and Methods for Examples 9-13
+A. Lipid Synthesis
+Six lipids, DLin-DMA, DLin-K-DMA, DLin-KC2-DMA, 98N12-5, C12-200 and DLin-MC3-DMA, were synthesized by methods outlined in the art in order to be formulated with modified RNA. DLin-DMA and precursors were synthesized as described in Heyes et. al, J. Control Release, 2005, 107, 276-287. DLin-K-DMA and DLin-KC2-DMA and precursors were synthesized as described in Semple et. al, Nature Biotechnology, 2010, 28, 172-176. 98N12-5 and precursor were synthesized as described in Akinc et. al, Nature Biotechnology, 2008, 26, 561-569.
+C12-200 and precursors were synthesized according to the method outlined in Love et. al, PNAS, 2010, 107, 1864-1869. 2-epoxydodecane (5.10 g, 27.7 mmol, 8.2 eq) was added to a vial containing Amine 200 (0.723 g, 3.36 mmol, 1 eq) and a stirring bar. The vial was sealed and warmed to 80° C. The reaction was stirred for 4 days at 80° C. Then the mixture was purified by silica gel chromatography using a gradient from pure dichloromethane (DCM) to DCM:MeOH 98:2. The target compound was further purified by RP-HPLC to afford the desired compound.
+DLin-MC3-DMA and precursors were synthesized according to procedures described in WO 2010054401 herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. A mixture of dilinoleyl methanol (1.5 g, 2.8 mmol, 1 eq), N,N-dimethylaminobutyric acid (1.5 g, 2.8 mmol, 1 eq), DIPEA (0.73 mL, 4.2 mmol, 1.5 eq) and TBTU (1.35 g, 4.2 mmol, 1.5 eq) in 10 mL of DMF was stirred for 10 h at room temperature. Then the reaction mixture was diluted in ether and washed with water. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtrated and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography using a gradient DCM to DCM:MeOH 98:2. Subsequently the target compound was subjected to an additional RP-HPLC purification which was done using a YMC—Pack C4 column to afford the target compound.
+B. Formulation of Modified RNA Nanoparticles
+Solutions of synthesized lipid, 1,2-distearoyl-3-phosphatidylcholine (DSPC) (Avanti Polar Lipids, Alabaster, Ala.), cholesterol (Sigma-Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany), and α-[3′-(1,2-dimyristoyl-3-propanoxy)-carboxamide-propyl]-ω-methoxy-polyoxyethylene (PEG-c-DOMG) (NOF, Bouwelven, Belgium) were prepared at concentrations of 50 mM in ethanol and stored at −20° C. The lipids were combined to yield molar ratio of 50:10:38.5:1.5 (Lipid: DSPC: Cholesterol: PEG-c-DOMG) and diluted with ethanol to a final lipid concentration of 25 mM. Solutions of modified mRNA at a concentration of 1-2 mg/mL in water were diluted in 50 mM sodium citrate buffer at a pH of 3 to form a stock modified mRNA solution. Formulations of the lipid and modified mRNA were prepared by combining the synthesized lipid solution with the modified mRNA solution at total lipid to modified mRNA weight ratio of 10:1, 15:1, 20:1 and 30:1. The lipid ethanolic solution was rapidly injected into aqueous modified mRNA solution to afford a suspension containing 33% ethanol. The solutions were injected either manually (MI) or by the aid of a syringe pump (SP) (Harvard Pump 33 Dual Syringe Pump Harvard Apparatus Holliston, Mass.).
+To remove the ethanol and to achieve the buffer exchange, the formulations were dialyzed twice against phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4 at volumes 200-times of the primary product using a Slide-A-Lyzer cassettes (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. Rockford, Ill.) with a molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) of 10 kD. The first dialysis was carried at room temperature for 3 hours and then the formulations were dialyzed overnight at 4° C. The resulting nanoparticle suspension was filtered through 0.2 μm sterile filter (Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany) into glass vials and sealed with a crimp closure.
+C. Characterization of Formulations
+A Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments Ltd, Malvern, Worcestershire, UK) was used to determine the particle size, the polydispersity index (PDI) and the zeta potential of the modified mRNA nanoparticles in 1×PBS in determining particle size and 15 mM PBS in determining zeta potential.
+Ultraviolet—visible spectroscopy was used to determine the concentration of modified mRNA nanoparticle formulation. 100 μL of the diluted formulation in 1×PBS was added to 900 μL of a 4:1 (v/v) mixture of methanol and chloroform. After mixing, the absorbance spectrum of the solution was recorded between 230 nm and 330 nm on a DU 800 spectrophotometer (Beckman Coulter, Beckman Coulter, Inc., Brea, Calif.). The modified RNA concentration in the nanoparicle formulation was calculated based on the extinction coefficient of the modified RNA used in the formulation and on the difference between the absorbance at a wavelength of 260 nm and the baseline value at a wavelength of 330 nm.
+QUANT-IT™ RIBOGREEN® RNA assay (Invitrogen Corporation Carlsbad, Calif.) was used to evaluate the encapsulation of modified RNA by the nanoparticle. The samples were diluted to a concentration of approximately 5 μg/mL in TE buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5). 50 μL of the diluted samples were transferred to a polystyrene 96 well plate, then either 50 μL of TE buffer or 50 μL of a 2% Triton X-100 solution was added. The plate was incubated at a temperature of 37° C. for 15 minutes. The RIBOGREEN® reagent was diluted 1:100 in TE buffer, 100 μL of this solution was added to each well. The fluorescence intensity was measured using a fluorescence plate reader (Wallac Victor 1420 Multilablel Counter; Perkin Elmer, Waltham, Mass.) at an excitation wavelength of ˜480 nm and an emission wavelength of ˜520 nm. The fluorescence values of the reagent blank were subtracted from that of each of the samples and the percentage of free modified RNA was determined by dividing the fluorescence intensity of the intact sample (without addition of Triton X-100) by the fluorescence value of the disrupted sample (caused by the addition of Triton X-100).
+D. In Vitro Incubation
+Human embryonic kidney epithelial (HEK293) and hepatocellular carcinoma epithelial (HepG2) cells (LGC standards GmbH, Wesel, Germany) were seeded on 96-well plates (Greiner Bio-one GmbH, Frickenhausen, Germany) and plates for HEK293 cells were precoated with collagen type1. HEK293 were seeded at a density of 30,000 and HepG2 were seeded at a density of 35,000 cells per well in 100 μl cell culture medium. For HEK293 the cell culture medium was DMEM, 10% FCS, adding 2 mM L-Glutamine, 1 mM Sodiumpyruvate and 1× non-essential amino acids (Biochrom AG, Berlin, Germany) and 1.2 mg/ml Sodiumbicarbonate (Sigma-Aldrich, Munich, Germany) and for HepG2 the culture medium was MEM (Gibco Life Technologies, Darmstadt, Germany), 10% FCS adding 2 mM L-Glutamine, 1 mM Sodiumpyruvate and 1× non-essential amino acids (Biochrom AG, Berlin, Germany. Formulations containing mCherry mRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) were added in quadruplicates directly after seeding the cells and incubated. The mCherry cDNA with the T7 promoter, 5′untranslated region (UTR) and 3′ UTR used in in vitro transcription (IVT) is given in SEQ ID NO: 6.
+Cells were harvested by transferring the culture media supernatants to a 96-well Pro-Bind U-bottom plate (Beckton Dickinson GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany). Cells were trypsinized with ½ volume Trypsin/EDTA (Biochrom AG, Berlin, Germany), pooled with respective supernatants and fixed by adding one volume PBS/2% FCS (both Biochrom AG, Berlin, Germany)/0.5% formaldehyde (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Samples then were submitted to a flow cytometer measurement with a 532 nm excitation laser and the 610/20 filter for PE-Texas Red in a LSRII cytometer (Beckton Dickinson GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany). The mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of all events and the standard deviation of four independent wells are presented in for samples analyzed.
+Example 9
+Purification on Nanoparticle Formulations
+Nanoparticle formulations of DLin-KC2-DMA and 98N12-5 in HEK293and HepG2 were tested to determine if the mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) was dependent on the lipid to modified RNA ratio and/or purification. Three formulations of DLin-KC2-DMA and two formulations of 98N12-5 were produced using a syringe pump to the specifications described in Table 3. Purified samples were purified by SEPHADEX™ G-25 DNA grade (GE Healthcare, Sweden). Each formulation before and after purification (aP) were tested at concentration of 250 ng modified RNA per well in a 24 well plate. The percentage of cells that are positive for the marker for FL4 channel (% FL4-positive) when analyzed by the flow cytometer for each formulation and the background sample are shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, and the MFI of the marker for the FL4 channel for each formulation and the background sample are shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B. The formulations which had been purified had a slightly higher MFI than those formulations tested before purification.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 3
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Formulations
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Formulation #
+Lipid
+Lipid/RNA wt/wt
+Mean size (nm)
+
+
+
+
+
+NPA-001-1
+DLin-KC2-DMA
+10
+155 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.08
+
+
+NPA-001-1 aP
+DLin-KC2-DMA
+10
+141 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.14
+
+
+NPA-002-1
+DLin-KC2-DMA
+15
+140 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.11
+
+
+NPA-002-1 aP
+DLin-KC2-DMA
+15
+125 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.12
+
+
+NPA-003-1
+DLin-KC2-DMA
+20
+114 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.08
+
+
+NPA-003-1 aP
+DLin-KC2-DMA
+20
+104 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.06
+
+
+NPA-005-1
+98N12-5
+15
+127 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.12
+
+
+NPA-005-1 aP
+98N12-5
+15
+134 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.17
+
+
+NPA-006-1
+98N12
+20
+126 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.08
+
+
+NPA-006-1 aP
+98N12
+20
+118 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.13
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 10
+Concentration Response Curve
+Nanoparticle formulations of 98N12-5 (NPA-005) and DLin-KC2-DMA (NPA-003) were tested at varying concentrations to determine the MFI of FL4 or mCherry (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) over a range of doses. The formulations tested are outlined in Table 4. To determine the optimal concentration of nanoparticle formulations of 98N12-5, varying concentrations of formulated modified RNA (100 ng, 10 ng, 1.0 ng, 0.1 ng and 0.01 ng per well) were tested in a 24-well plate of HEK293, and the results of the FL4 MFI of each dose are shown in FIG. 5A. Likewise, to determine the optimal concentration of nanoparticle formulations of DLin-KC2-DMA, varying concentrations of formulated modified RNA (250 ng 100 ng, 10 ng, 1.0 ng, 0.1 ng and 0.01 ng per well) were tested in a 24-well plate of HEK293, and the results of the FL4 MFI of each dose are shown in FIG. 5B. Nanoparticle formulations of DLin-KC2-DMA were also tested at varying concentrations of formulated modified RNA (250 ng, 100 ng and 30 ng per well) in a 24 well plate of HEK293, and the results of the FL4 MFI of each dose are shown in FIG. 5C. A dose of 1 ng/well for 98N12-5 and a dose of 10 ng/well for DLin-K2-DMA were found to resemble the FL4 MFI of the background.
+To determine how close the concentrations resembled the background, we utilized a flow cytometer with optimized filter sets for detection of mCherry expression, and were able to obtain results with increased sensitivity relative to background levels. Doses of 25 ng/well, 0.25 ng/well, 0.025 ng/well and 0.0025 ng/well were analyzed for 98N12-5 (NPA-005) and DLin-K2-DMA (NPA-003) to determine the MFI of mCherry. As shown in Table 5, the concentration of 0.025 ng/well and lesser concentrations are similar to the background MFI level of mCherry which is about 386.175
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 4
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Formulations
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Formulation #
+NPA-003
+NPA-005
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Lipid
+DLin-KC2-DMA
+98N12-5
+
+
+
+Lipid/RNA
+20
+15
+
+
+
+wt/wt
+
+
+
+
+
+Mean size
+114 nm
+106 nm
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.08
+PDI: 0.12
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 5
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Concentration and MFI
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+MFI mCherry
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Formulation
+NPA-003
+NPA-005
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+25
+ng/well
+11963.25
+12256.75
+
+
+0.25
+ng/well
+1349.75
+2572.75
+
+
+0.025
+ng/well
+459.50
+534.75
+
+
+0.0025
+ng/well
+310.75
+471.75
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 11
+Manual Injection and Syringe Pump Formulations
+Two formulations of DLin-KC2-DMA and 98N12-5 were prepared by manual injection (MI) and syringe pump injection (SP) and analyzed along with a background sample to compare the MFI of mCherry (mRNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 5; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) of the different formulations. Table 5 shows that the syringe pump formulations had a higher MFI as compared to the manual injection formulations of the same lipid and lipid/RNA ratio.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 5
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Formulations and MFI
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Method
+
+
+
+Formulation
+
+Lipid/RNA
+Mean size
+of formu-
+
+
+
+#
+Lipid
+wt/wt
+(nm)
+lation
+MFI
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Untreated
+N/A
+N/A
+N/A
+N/A
+674.67
+
+
+Control
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NPA-002
+DLin-KC2-
+15
+140 nm
+MI
+10318.25
+
+
+
+DMA
+
+PDI: 0.11
+
+
+
+
+NPA-002-2
+DLin-KC2-
+15
+105 nm
+SP
+37054.75
+
+
+
+DMA
+
+PDI: 0.04
+
+
+
+
+NPA-003
+DLin-KC2-
+20
+114 nm
+MI
+22037.5
+
+
+
+DMA
+
+PDI: 0.08
+
+
+
+
+NPA-003-2
+DLin-KC2-
+20
+95 nm
+SP
+37868.75
+
+
+
+DMA
+
+PDI: 0.02
+
+
+
+
+NPA-005
+98N12-5
+15
+127 nm
+MI
+11504.75
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.12
+
+
+
+
+NPA-005-2
+98N12-5
+15
+106 nm
+SP
+9343.75
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.07
+
+
+
+
+NPA-006
+98N12-5
+20
+126 nm
+MI
+11182.25
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.08
+
+
+
+
+NPA-006-2
+98N12-5
+20
+93 nm
+SP
+5167
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.08
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 12
+mCherry Fluorescence of Formulations
+Formulations of DLin-DMA, DLin-K-DMA, DLin-KC2-DMA, 98N12-5, C12-200 and DLin-MC3-DMA were incubated at a concentration of 60 ng/well or 62.5 ng/well in a plate of HEK293 and 62.5 ng/well in a plate of HepG2 cells for 24 hours to determine the MFI of mCherry (mRNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 5; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) for each formulation. The formulations tested are outlined in Table 6 below. As shown in FIG. 6A for the 60 ng/well and FIGS. 6B, 6C, 6D, and 6E for the 62.5 ng/well, the formulation of NPA-003 and NPA-018 have the highest mCherry MFI and the formulations of NPA-008, NPA-010 and NPA-013 are most the similar to the background sample mCherry MFI value.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 6
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Formulations
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Formulation #
+Lipid
+Lipid/RNA wt/wt
+Mean size (nm)
+
+
+
+
+
+NPA-001
+DLin-KC2-DMA
+10
+155 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.08
+
+
+NPA-002
+DLin-KC2-DMA
+15
+140 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.11
+
+
+NPA-002-2
+DLin-KC2-DMA
+15
+105 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.04
+
+
+NPA-003
+DLin-KC2-DMA
+20
+114 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.08
+
+
+NPA-003-2
+DLin-KC2-DMA
+20
+95 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.02
+
+
+NPA-005
+98N12-5
+15
+127 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.12
+
+
+NPA-006
+98N12-5
+20
+126 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.08
+
+
+NPA-007
+DLin-DMA
+15
+148 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.09
+
+
+NPA-008
+DLin-K-DMA
+15
+121 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.08
+
+
+NPA-009
+C12-200
+15
+138 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.15
+
+
+NPA-010
+DLin-MC3-DMA
+15
+126 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.09
+
+
+NPA-012
+DLin-DMA
+20
+86 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.08
+
+
+NPA-013
+DLin-K-DMA
+20
+104 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.03
+
+
+NPA-014
+C12-200
+20
+101 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.06
+
+
+NPA-015
+DLin-MC3-DMA
+20
+109 nm
+
+
+
+
+
+PDI: 0.07
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 13
+In Vivo Formulation Studies
+Mice (n=5) are administered intravenously a single dose of a formulation containing a modified mRNA and a lipid. The modified mRNA administered to the mice is selected from G-CSF (mRNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1), erythropoietin (EPO) (mRNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 7; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1), Factor IX (mRNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 8; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) or mCherry (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1). The erythropoietin cDNA with the T7 promoter, 5′untranslated region (UTR) and 3′ UTR used in in vitro transcription (IVT) is given in SEQ ID NO: 9.
+Each formulation also contains a lipid which is selected from one of DLin-DMA, DLin-K-DMA, DLin-KC2-DMA, 98N12-5, C12-200 or DLin-MC3-DMA. The mice are injected with 100 ug, 10 ug or 1 ug of the formulated modified mRNA and are sacrificed 8 hours after they are administered the formulation. Serum from the mice administered formulations containing human G-CSF modified mRNA are measured by specific G-CSF ELISA and serum from mice administered human Factor IX modified RNA is analyzed by specific Factor IX ELISA or chromogenic assay. The liver and spleen from the mice administered with mCherry modified mRNA are analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) or fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). As a control, a group of mice are not injected with any formulation and their serum and tissue are collected analyzed by ELISA, FACS and/or IHC.
+Example 14
+In Vitro and In Vivo Expression
+A. A. In Vitro Expression in Human Cells Using Lipidoid Formulations
+The ratio of mmRNA to lipidoid used to test for in vitro transfection is tested empirically at different lipidoid:mmRNA ratios. Previous work using siRNA and lipidoids have utilized 2.5:1, 5:1, 10:1, and 15:1 lipidoid:siRNA wt:wt ratios. Given the longer length of mmRNA relative to siRNA, a lower wt:wt ratio of lipidoid to mmRNA may be effective. In addition, for comparison mmRNA were also formulated using RNAIMAX™ (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) or TRANSIT-mRNA (Minis Bio, Madison, Wis.) cationic lipid delivery vehicles. The ability of lipidoid-formulated Luciferase (IVT cDNA sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 10), green fluorescent protein (GFP) (IVT cDNA sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 11), G-CSF (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1), and EPO mmRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) to express the desired protein product can be confirmed by luminescence for luciferase expression, flow cytometry for GFP expression, and by ELISA for G-CSF and Erythropoietin (EPO) secretion.
+B. In Vivo Expression Following Intravenous Injection
+Systemic intravenous administration of the formulations are created using various different lipidoids including, but not limited to, 98N12-5, C12-200, and MD1.
+Lipidoid formulations containing mmRNA are injected intravenously into animals. The expression of the modified mRNA (mmRNA)-encoded proteins are assessed in blood and/or other organs samples such as, but not limited to, the liver and spleen collected from the animal. Conducting single dose intravenous studies will also allow an assessment of the magnitude, dose responsiveness, and longevity of expression of the desired product.
+In one embodiment, lipidoid based formulations of 98N12-5, C12-200, MD1 and other lipidoids, are used to deliver luciferase, green fluorescent protein (GFP), mCherry fluorescent protein, secreted alkaline phosphatase (sAP), human G-CSF, human Factor IX, or human Erythropoietin (EPO) mmRNA into the animal. After formulating mmRNA with a lipid, as described previously, animals are divided into groups to receive either a saline formulation, or a lipidoid-formulation which contains one of a different mmRNA selected from luciferase, GFP, mCherry, sAP, human G-CSF, human Factor IX, and human EPO. Prior to injection into the animal, mmRNA-containing lipidoid formulations are diluted in PBS. Animals are then administered a single dose of formulated mmRNA ranging from a dose of 10 mg/kg to doses as low as 1 ng/kg, with a preferred range to be 10 mg/kg to 100 ng/kg, where the dose of mmRNA depends on the animal body weight such as a 20 gram mouse receiving a maximum formulation of 0.2 ml (dosing is based no mmRNA per kg body weight). After the administration of the mmRNA-lipidoid formulation, serum, tissues, and/or tissue lysates are obtained and the level of the mmRNA-encoded product is determined at a single and/or a range of time intervals. The ability of lipidoid-formulated Luciferase, GFP, mCherry, sAP, G-CSF, Factor IX, and EPO mmRNA to express the desired protein product is confirmed by luminescence for the expression of Luciferase, flow cytometry for the expression of GFP and mCherry expression, by enzymatic activity for sAP, or by ELISA for the section of G-CSF, Factor IX and/or EPO.
+Further studies for a multi-dose regimen are also performed to determine the maximal expression of mmRNA, to evaluate the saturability of the mmRNA-driven expression (by giving a control and active mmRNA formulation in parallel or in sequence), and to determine the feasibility of repeat drug administration (by giving mmRNA in doses separated by weeks or months and then determining whether expression level is affected by factors such as immunogenicity). An assessment of the physiological function of proteins such as G-CSF and EPO are also determined through analyzing samples from the animal tested and detecting increases in granulocyte and red blood cell counts, respectively. Activity of an expressed protein product such as Factor IX, in animals can also be assessed through analysis of Factor IX enzymatic activity (such as an activated partial thromboplastin time assay) and effect of clotting times.
+C. In Vitro Expression Following Intramuscular and/or Subcutaneous Injection
+The use of lipidoid formulations to deliver oligonucleotides, including mRNA, via an intramuscular route or a subcutaneous route of injection needs to be evaluated as it has not been previously reported. Intramuscular and/or subcutaneous injection of mmRNA are evaluated to determine if mmRNA-containing lipidoid formulations are capable to produce both localized and systemic expression of a desired proteins.
+Lipidoid formulations of 98N12-5, C12-200, and MD1 containing mmRNA selected from luciferase, green fluorescent protein (GFP), mCherry fluorescent protein, secreted alkaline phosphatase (sAP), human G-CSF, human factor IX, or human Erythropoietin (EPO) mmRNA are injected intramuscularly and/or subcutaneously into animals. The expression of mmRNA-encoded proteins are assessed both within the muscle or subcutaneous tissue and systemically in blood and other organs such as the liver and spleen. Single dose studies allow an assessment of the magnitude, dose responsiveness, and longevity of expression of the desired product.
+Animals are divided into groups to receive either a saline formulation or a formulation containing modified mRNA. Prior to injection mmRNA-containing lipidoid formulations are diluted in PBS. Animals are administered a single intramuscular dose of formulated mmRNA ranging from 50 mg/kg to doses as low as 1 ng/kg with a preferred range to be 10 mg/kg to 100 ng/kg. A maximum dose for intramuscular administration, for a mouse, is roughly 1 mg mmRNA or as low as 0.02 ng mmRNA for an intramuscular injection into the hind limb of the mouse. For subcutaneous administration, the animals are administered a single subcutaneous dose of formulated mmRNA ranging from 400 mg/kg to doses as low as 1 ng/kg with a preferred range to be 80 mg/kg to 100 ng/kg. A maximum dose for subcutaneous administration, for a mouse, is roughly 8 mg mmRNA or as low as 0.02 ng mmRNA.
+For a 20 gram mouse the volume of a single intramuscular injection is maximally 0.025 ml and a single subcutaneous injection is maximally 0.2 ml. The optimal dose of mmRNA administered is calculated from the body weight of the animal. At various points in time points following the administration of the mmRNA-lipidoid, serum, tissues, and tissue lysates is obtained and the level of the mmRNA-encoded product is determined. The ability of lipidoid-formulated luciferase, green fluorescent protein (GFP), mCherry fluorescent protein, secreted alkaline phosphatase (sAP), human G-CSF, human factor IX, or human Erythropoietin (EPO) mmRNA to express the desired protein product is confirmed by luminescence for luciferase expression, flow cytometry for GFP and mCherry expression, by enzymatic activity for sAP, and by ELISA for G-CSF, Factor IX and Erythropoietin (EPO) secretion.
+Additional studies for a multi-dose regimen are also performed to determine the maximal expression using mmRNA, to evaluate the saturability of the mmRNA-driven expression (achieved by giving a control and active mmRNA formulation in parallel or in sequence), and to determine the feasibility of repeat drug administration (by giving mmRNA in doses separated by weeks or months and then determining whether expression level is affected by factors such as immunogenicity). Studies utilizing multiple subcutaneous or intramuscular injection sites at one time point, are also utilized to further increase mmRNA drug exposure and improve protein production. An assessment of the physiological function of proteins, such as GFP, mCherry, sAP, human G-CSF, human factor IX, and human EPO, are determined through analyzing samples from the tested animals and detecting a change in granulocyte and/or red blood cell counts. Activity of an expressed protein product such as Factor IX, in animals can also be assessed through analysis of Factor IX enzymatic activity (such as an activated partial thromboplastin time assay) and effect of clotting times.
+Example 15
+Split Dose Studies
+Studies utilizing multiple subcutaneous or intramuscular injection sites at one time point were designed and performed to investigate ways to increase mmRNA drug exposure and improve protein production. In addition to detection of the expressed protein product, an assessment of the physiological function of proteins was also determined through analyzing samples from the animal tested.
+Surprisingly, it has been determined that split dosing of mmRNA produces greater protein production and phenotypic responses than those produced by single unit dosing or multi-dosing schemes.
+The design of a single unit dose, multi-dose and split dose experiment involved using human erythropoietin (EPO) mmRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) administered in buffer alone. The dosing vehicle (F. buffer) consisted of 150 mM NaCl, 2 mM CaCl2, 2 mM Na+-phosphate (1.4 mM monobasic sodium phosphate; 0.6 mM dibasic sodium phosphate), and 0.5 mM EDTA, pH 6.5. The pH was adjusted using sodium hydroxide and the final solution was filter sterilized. The mmRNA was modified with 5meC at each cytosine and pseudouridine replacement at each uridine site.
+Animals (n=5) were injected IM (intramuscular) for the single unit dose of 100 ug. For multi-dosing, two schedules were used, 3 doses of 100 ug and 6 doses of 100 ug. For the split dosing scheme, two schedules were used, 3 doses at 33.3 ug and 6 doses of 16.5 ug mmRNA. Control dosing involved use of buffer only at 6 doses. Control mmRNA involved the use of luciferase mmRNA (IVT cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) dosed 6 times at 100 ug. Blood and muscle tissue were evaluated 13 hrs post injection.
+Human EPO protein was measured in mouse serum 13 h post I.M. single, multi- or split dosing of the EPO mmRNA in buffer. Seven groups of mice (n=5 mice per group) were treated and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 7.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 7
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Split dose study
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Avg.
+Polypeptide
+Dose
+
+
+
+
+Dose of
+Total
+pmol/mL
+per unit drug
+Splitting
+
+
+Group
+Treatment
+mmRNA
+Dose
+human EPO
+(pmol/ug)
+Factor
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+1
+Human EPO mmRNA
+1 × 100
+ug
+100 ug
+14.3
+.14
+1
+
+
+2
+Human EPO mmRNA
+3 × 100
+ug
+300 ug
+82.5
+.28
+2
+
+
+3
+Human EPO mmRNA
+6 × 100
+ug
+600 ug
+273.0
+.46
+3.3
+
+
+4
+Human EPO mmRNA
+3 × 33.3
+ug
+100 ug
+104.7
+1.1
+7.9
+
+
+5
+Human EPO mmRNA
+6 × 16.5
+ug
+100 ug
+127.9
+1.3
+9.3
+
+
+6
+Luciferase mmRNA
+6 × 100
+ug
+600 ug
+0
+—
+—
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+7
+Buffer Alone
+—
+—
+0
+—
+—
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The splitting factor is defined as the product per unit drug divided by the single dose product per unit drug (PUD). For example for treatment group 2 the value 0.28 or product (EPO) per unit drug (mmRNA) is divided by the single dose product per unit drug of 0.14. The result is 2. Likewise, for treatment group 4, the value 1.1 or product (EPO) per unit drug (mmRNA) is divided by the single dose product per unit drug of 0.14. The result is 7.9. Consequently, the dose splitting factor (DSF) may be used as an indicator of the efficacy of a split dose regimen. For any single administration of a total daily dose, the DSF should be equal to 1. Therefore any DSF greater than this value in a split dose regimen is an indication of increased efficacy.
+To determine the dose response trends, impact of injection site and impact of injection timing, studies are performed. In these studies, varied doses of 1 ug, 5 ug, 10 ug, 25 ug, 50 ug, and values in between are used to determine dose response outcomes. Split dosing for a 100 ug total dose includes three or six doses of 1.6 ug, 4.2 ug, 8.3 ug, 16.6 ug, or values and total doses equal to administration of the total dose selected.
+Injection sites are chosen from the limbs or any body surface presenting enough area suitable for injection. This may also include a selection of injection depth to target the dermis (Intradermal), epidermis (Epidermal), subcutaneous tissue (SC) or muscle (IM). Injection angle will vary based on targeted delivery site with injections targeting the intradermal site to be 10-15 degree angles from the plane of the surface of the skin, between 20-45 degrees from the plane of the surface of the skin for subcutaneous injections and angles of between 60-90 degrees for injections substantially into the muscle.
+Example 16
+Dose Response and Injection Site Selection and Timing
+To determine the dose response trends, impact of injection site and impact of injection timing, studies are performed following the protocol outlined in Example 15. In these studies, varied doses of 1 ug, 5 ug, 10 ug, 25 ug, 50 ug, and values in between are used to determine dose response outcomes. Split dosing for a 100 ug total dose includes three or six doses of 1.6 ug, 4.2 ug, 8.3 ug, 16.6 ug, or values and total doses equal to administration of the total dose selected.
+Injection sites are chosen from the limbs or any body surface presenting enough area suitable for injection. This may also include a selection of injection depth to target the dermis (Intradermal), epidermis (Epidermal), subcutaneous tissue (SC) or muscle (IM). Injection angle will vary based on targeted delivery site with injections targeting the intradermal site to be 10-15 degree angles from the plane of the surface of the skin, between 20-45 degrees from the plane of the surface of the skin for subcutaneous injections and angles of between 60-90 degrees for injections substantially into the muscle. RNAIMAX™
+Example 17
+Routes of Administration
+Further studies were performed to investigate dosing using different routes of administration. Following the protocol outlined in Example 15, 4 mice per group were dosed intramuscularly (I.M.), intravenously (IV) or subcutaneously (S.C.) by the dosing chart outlined in Table 8. Serum was collected 13 hours post injection from all mice, tissue was collected from the site of injection from the intramuscular and subcutaneous group and the spleen, liver and kidneys were collected from the intravenous group. The results from the intramuscular group are show in FIG. 7A and the subcutaneous group results are shown in FIG. 7B.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 8
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Dosing Chart
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Total
+Dosing
+
+
+Group
+Treatment
+Route
+Dose of mmRNA
+Dose
+Vehicle
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+1
+Lipoplex-human EPO mmRNA
+I.M.
+4 × 100 ug + 30% Lipoplex
+4 × 70 ul
+Lipoplex
+
+
+2
+Lipoplex-human EPO mmRNA
+I.M.
+4 × 100 ug
+4 × 70 ul
+Buffer
+
+
+3
+Lipoplex-human EPO mmRNA
+S.C.
+4 × 100 ug + 30% Lipoplex
+4 × 70 ul
+Lipoplex
+
+
+4
+Lipoplex-human EPO mmRNA
+S.C.
+4 × 100 ug
+4 × 70 ul
+Buffer
+
+
+5
+Lipoplex-human EPO mmRNA
+I.V.
+200 ug + 30% Lipoplex
+  140 ul
+Lipoplex
+
+
+6
+Lipoplexed-Luciferase mmRNA
+I.M.
+100 ug + 30% Lipoplex
+4 × 70 ul
+Lipoplex
+
+
+7
+Lipoplexed-Luciferase mmRNA
+I.M.
+100 ug
+4 × 70 ul
+Buffer
+
+
+8
+Lipoplexed-Luciferase mmRNA
+S.C.
+100 ug + 30% Lipoplex
+4 × 70 ul
+Lipoplex
+
+
+9
+Lipoplexed-Luciferase mmRNA
+S.C.
+100 ug
+4 × 70 ul
+Buffer
+
+
+10
+Lipoplexed-human EPO mmRNA
+I.V.
+200 ug + 30% Lipoplex
+  140 ul
+Lipoplex
+
+
+11
+Formulation Buffer
+I.M.
+4× multi dosing
+4 × 70 ul
+Buffer
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 18
+In Vivo Delivery of Modified mRNA
+Modified RNA was delivered to C57/BL6 mice intramuscularly, subcutaneously, or intravenously to evaluate the bio-distribution of modified RNA using luciferase. A formulation buffer used with all delivery methods contained 150 mM sodium chloride, 2 mM calcium chloride, 2 mM Na+-phosphate which included 1.4 mM monobasic sodium phosphate and 0.6 mM of dibasic sodium phosphate, and 0.5 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was adjusted using sodium hydroxide to reach a final pH of 6.5 before being filtered and sterilized. A 1× concentration was used as the delivery buffer. To create the lipoplexed solution delivered to the mice, in one vial 50 μg of RNA was equilibrated for 10 minutes at room temperature in the delivery buffer and in a second vial 10 μl RNAiMAX™ was equilibrated for 10 minutes at room temperature in the delivery buffer. After equilibrium, the vials were combined and delivery buffer was added to reach a final volume of 100 which was then incubated for 20 minutes at room temperature. Luciferin was administered by intraperitoneal injection (IP) at 150 mg/kg to each mouse prior to imaging during the plateau phase of the luciferin exposure curve which was between 15 and 30 minutes. To create luciferin, 1 g of D-luciferin potassium or sodium salt was dissolved in 66.6 ml of distilled phosphate buffer solution (DPBS), not containing Mg2+ or Ca2+, to make a 15 mg/ml solution. The solution was gently mixed and passed through a 0.2 μm syringe filter, before being purged with nitrogen, aliquoted and frozen at −80° C. while being protected from light as much as possible. The solution was thawed using a waterbath if luciferin was not dissolved, gently mixed and kept on ice on the day of dosing.
+Whole body images were taken of each mouse 2, 8 and 24 hours after dosing. Tissue images and serum was collected from each mouse 24 hours after dosing. Mice administered doses intravenously had their liver, spleen, kidneys, lungs, heart, peri-renal adipose tissue and thymus imaged. Mice administered doses intramuscularly or subcutaneously had their liver, spleen, kidneys, lungs, peri-renal adipose tissue, and muscle at the injection site. From the whole body images the bioluminescence was measured in photon per second for each route of administration and dosing regimen.
+A. Intramuscular Administration
+Mice were intramuscularly (I.M.) administered either modified luciferase mRNA (IVT cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) (Naked-Luc), lipoplexed modified luciferase mRNA (Lipoplex-luc), lipoplexed modified granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) mRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) (Lipoplex-Cytokine) or the formation buffer at a single dose of 50 μg of modified RNA in an injection volume of 50 μl for each formulation in the right hind limb and a single dose of 5 μg of modified RNA in an injection volume of 50 μl in the left hind limb. The bioluminescence average for the luciferase expression signals for each group at 2, 8 and 24 hours after dosing are shown in FIG. 8A for the left hind limb and FIG. 8B for the right hind limb. The bioluminescence showed a positive signal at the injection site of the 5 μg and 50 μg modified RNA formulations containing and not containing lipoplex.
+B. Subcutaneous Administration
+Mice were subcutaneously (S.C.) administered either modified luciferase mRNA (Naked-Luc), lipoplexed modified luciferase mRNA (Lipoplex-luc), lipoplexed modified G-CSF mRNA (Lipoplex-G-CSF) or the formation buffer at a single dose of 50 μg of modified mRNA in an injection volume of 100 μl for each formulation. The bioluminescence average for the luciferase expression signals for each group at 2, 8 and 24 hours after dosing are shown in FIG. 8C. The bioluminescence showed a positive signal at the injection site of the 50 μg modified mRNA formulations containing and not containing lipoplex.
+C. Intravenous Administration
+Mice were intravenously (I.V.) administered either modified luciferase mRNA (Naked-Luc), lipoplexed modified luciferase mRNA (Lipoplex-luc), lipoplexed modified G-CSF mRNA (Lipoplex-G-CSF) or the formation buffer at a single dose of 50 μg of modified mRNA in an injection volume of 100 μl for each formulation. The bioluminescence average for the luciferase expression signal in the spleen from each group at 2 hours after dosing is shown in FIG. 8D. The bioluminescence showed a positive signal in the spleen of the 50 μg modified mRNA formulations containing lipoplex.
+Example 19
+In Vivo Delivery Using Lipoplexes
+A. Human EPO Modified RNA Lipoplex
+A formulation containing 100 μg of modified human erythropoietin mRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) (EPO; fully modified 5-methylcytosine; N1-methylpseudouridine) was lipoplexed with 30% by volume of RNAIMAX™ (Lipoplex-h-Epo-46; Generation 2 or Gen2) in 50-70 uL delivered intramuscularly to four C57/BL6 mice. Other groups consisted of mice receiving an injection of the lipoplexed modified luciferase mRNA (Lipoplex-luc) (IVT cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) which served as a control containing 100 μg of modified luciferase mRNA was lipoplexed with 30% by volume of RNAIMAX™ or mice receiving an injection of the formulation buffer as negative control at a dose volume of 65 ul. 13 hours after the intramuscular injection, serum was collected from each mouse to measure the amount of human EPO protein in the mouse serum by human EPO ELISA and the results are shown in FIG. 9.
+B. Human G-CSF Modified RNA Lipoplex
+A formulation containing 100 μg of one of the two types of modified human G-CSF mRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) (G-CSF fully modified with 5-methylcytosine and pseudouridine (G-CSF) or G-CSF fully modified with 5-methylcytosine and N1-methyl-pseudouridine (G-CSF-N1) lipoplexed with 30% by volume of RNAIMAX™ and delivered in 150 uL intramuscularly (I.M), in 150 uL subcutaneously (S.C) and in 225 uL intravenously (I.V) to C57/BL6 mice. Three control groups were administered either 100 μg of modified luciferase mRNA (IVT cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) intramuscularly (Luc-unsp I.M.) or 150 μg of modified luciferase mRNA intravenously (Luc-unsp I.V.) or 150 uL of the formulation buffer intramuscularly (Buffer I.M.). 6 hours after administration of a formulation, serum was collected from each mouse to measure the amount of human G-CSF protein in the mouse serum by human G-CSF ELISA and the results are shown in FIG. 10.
+C. Human G-CSF Modified RNA Lipoplex Comparison
+A formulation containing 100 μg of either modified human G-CSF mRNA lipoplexed with 30% by volume of RNAIMAX™ with a 5-methylcytosine (5mc) and a pseudouridine (y) modification (G-CSF-Gen1-Lipoplex), modified human G-CSF mRNA with a 5mc and ψ modification in saline (G-CSF-Gen1-Saline), modified human G-CSF mRNA with a N1-5-methylcytosine (N1-5mc) and a ψ modification lipoplexed with 30% by volume of RNAIMAX™ (G-CSF-Gen2-Lipoplex), modified human G-CSF mRNA with a N1-5mc and ψ modification in saline (G-CSF-Gen2-Saline), modified luciferase with a 5mc and ψ modification lipoplexed with 30% by volume of RNAIMAX™ (Luc-Lipoplex), or modified luciferase mRNA with a 5mc and ψ modification in saline (Luc-Saline) was delivered intramuscularly (I.M.) or subcutaneously (S.C.) and a control group for each method of administration was giving a dose of 80 uL of the formulation buffer (F. Buffer) to C57/BL6 mice. 13 hours post injection serum and tissue from the site of injection were collected from each mouse and analyzed by G-CSF ELISA to compare human G-CSF protein levels. The results of the human G-CSF protein in mouse serum from the intramuscular administration are shown in FIG. 11A, and the subcutaneous administration results are shown in FIG. 11B.
+D. mCherry Modified RNA Lipoplex Comparison
+Intramuscular and Subcutaneous Administration
+A formulation containing 100 μg of either modified mCherry mRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) lipoplexed with 30% by volume of RNAIMAX™ or modified mCherry mRNA in saline is delivered intramuscularly and subcutaneously to mice. A formulation buffer is also administered to a control group of mice either intramuscularly or subcutaneously. The site of injection on the mice may be collected 17 hours post injection for sectioning to determine the cell type(s) responsible for producing protein.
+Intravitreal Administration
+A formulation containing 10 μg of either modified mCherry mRNA lipoplexed with RNAIMAX™, modified mCherry mRNA in a formulation buffer, modified luciferase mRNA lipoplexed with RNAMAX™, modified luciferase mRNA in a formulation buffer can be administered by intravitreal injection (IVT) in rats in a dose volume of 5 μl/eye. A formulation buffer is also administered by IVT to a control group of rats in a dose volume of 5 μl/eye. Eyes from treated rats can be collected after 18 hours post injection for sectioning and lysating to determine whether mmRNA can be effectively delivered in vivo to the eye and result in protein production, and to also determine the cell type(s) responsible for producing protein in vivo.
+Intranasal Administration
+A formulation containing 100 μg of either modified mCherry mRNA lipoplexed with 30% by volume of RNAIMAX™, modified mCherry mRNA in saline, modified luciferase mRNA lipoplexed with 30% by volume of RNAIMAX™ or modified luciferase mRNA in saline is delivered intranasally. A formulation buffer is also administered to a control group intranasally. Lungs may be collected about 13 hours post instillation for sectioning (for those receiving mCherry mRNA) or homogenization (for those receiving luciferase mRNA). These samples will be used to determine whether mmRNA can be effectively delivered in vivo to the lungs and result in protein production, and to also determine the cell type(s) responsible for producing protein in vivo.
+Example 20
+In Vivo Delivery Using Varying Lipid Ratios
+Modified mRNA was delivered to C57/BL6 mice to evaluate varying lipid ratios and the resulting protein expression. Formulations of 100 μg modified human EPO mRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) lipoplexed with 10%, 30% or 50% RNAIMAX™, 100 μg modified luciferase mRNA (IVT cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) lipoplexed with 10%, 30% or 50% RNAIMAX™ or a formulation buffer were administered intramuscularly to mice in a single 70 μl dose. Serum was collected 13 hours post injection to undergo a human EPO ELISA to determine the human EPO protein level in each mouse. The results of the human EPO ELISA, shown in FIG. 12, show that modified human EPO expressed in the muscle is secreted into the serum for each of the different percentage of RNAIMAX™.
+Example 21
+Intramuscular and Subcutaneous In Vivo Delivery in Mammals
+Modified human EPO mRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) formulated in saline was delivered to either C57/BL6 mice or Sprague-Dawley rats to evaluate the dose dependency on human EPO production. Rats were intramuscularlly injected with 50 μl of the modified human EPO mRNA (h-EPO), modified luciferase mRNA (Luc) (IVT cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) or the formulation buffer (F. Buffer) as described in the dosing chart Table 9.
+Mice were intramuscularly or subcutaneously injected with 50 μl of the modified human EPO mRNA (h-EPO), modified luciferase mRNA (Luc) or the formulation buffer (F. Buffer) as described in the dosing chart Table 10. 13 hours post injection blood was collected and serum was analyzed to determine the amount human EPO for each mouse or rat. The average and geometric mean in pg/ml for the rat study are also shown in Table 9.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 9
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Rat Study
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Avg.
+Geometric-
+
+
+
+Group
+Dose
+R#1
+R#2
+R#3
+R#4
+R#5
+R#6
+pg/ml
+mean pg/ml
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+h-EPO
+G#1
+150 μg
+61.8
+86.3
+69.9
+55.2
+59
+74.2
+67.7
+67.1
+
+
+h-EPO
+G#2
+100 μg
+69.4
+77.8
+48.2
+17.6
+101.9
+161.5
+79.4
+66.9
+
+
+h-EPO
+G#3
+ 50 μg
+143.6
+60.9
+173.4
+145.9
+61.5
+23.9
+101.5
+85.4
+
+
+h-EPO
+G#4
+ 10 μg
+7.8
+11.8
+30.9
+36.2
+40.6
+150.3
+46.3
+31.2
+
+
+h-EPO
+G#5
+ 1 μg
+9.1
+35.8
+—
+46.2
+18.1
+34.1
+28.7
+25.4
+
+
+Luc
+G#6
+100 μg
+34.1
+36.5
+13.5
+13.7
+—
+—
+24.5
+22.4
+
+
+F. Buffer
+G#7
+—
+14.7
+18.5
+21.2
+20.3
+—
+—
+18.7
+18.5
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 10
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Mouse Study
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Average Level
+
+
+
+Route
+Treatment
+Group
+Dose
+in serum pg/ml
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+IM
+h-EPO
+1
+100 μg
+96.2
+
+
+
+IM
+h-EPO
+2
+ 50 μg
+63.5
+
+
+
+IM
+h-EPO
+3
+ 25 μg
+18.7
+
+
+
+IM
+h-EPO
+4
+ 10 μg
+25.9
+
+
+
+IM
+h-EPO
+5
+ 1 μg
+2.6
+
+
+
+IM
+Luc
+6
+100 μg
+0
+
+
+
+IM
+F. Buffer
+7
+—
+1.0
+
+
+
+SC
+h-EPO
+1
+100 μg
+72.0
+
+
+
+SC
+Luc
+2
+100 μg
+26.7
+
+
+
+SC
+F. Buffer
+3
+—
+17.4
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 22
+Duration of Activity after Intramuscular In Vivo Delivery in Rats
+Modified human EPO mRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) formulated in saline was delivered to Sprague-Dawley rats to determine the duration of the dose response. Rats were intramuscularly injected with 50 μl of the modified human EPO mRNA (h-EPO), modified luciferase mRNA (IVT cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) (Luc) or the formulation buffer (F. Buffer) as described in the dosing chart Table 11. The rats were bled 2, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after the intramuscular injection to determine the concentration of human EPO in serum at a given time. The average and geometric mean in pg/ml for this study are also shown in Table 11.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 11
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Dosing Chart
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Avg.
+Geometric-
+
+
+
+Group
+Dose
+R#1
+R#2
+R#3
+R#4
+R#5
+R#6
+R#7
+pg/ml
+mean pg/ml
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+h-EPO
+ 2 hour
+100 μg
+60.0
+62.4
+53.6
+33.2
+68.6
+66.4
+72.8
+59.6
+58.2
+
+
+h-EPO
+ 6 hour
+100 μg
+66.4
+102.5
+45.6
+78.1
+56.8
+122.5
+ 8.1
+68.6
+55.8
+
+
+h-EPO
+12 hour
+100 μg
+132.9
+55.1
+89.0
+80.1
+85.6
+105.6
+63.3
+87.4
+84.5
+
+
+h-EPO
+24 hour
+100 μg
+51.1
+76.3
+264.3
+142.4
+77.6
+73.5
+75.0
+108.6
+95.3
+
+
+h-EPO
+48 hour
+100 μg
+96.3
+59.0
+85.7
+82.6
+63.5
+80.3
+—
+77.9
+77.0
+
+
+h-EPO
+72 hour
+100 μg
+46.3
+66.9
+73.5
+57.3
+136.7
+110
+69.7
+80.1
+75.8
+
+
+Luc
+24, 48
+100 μg
+60.2
+38.5
+48.8
+46.1
+3.6
+26.1
+—
+37.2
+29.2
+
+
+
+and 72
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+hour
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+F. Buffer
+24, 48
+—
+50.0
+10.0
+80.9
+54.7
+—
+—
+—
+48.9
+10.4
+
+
+
+and 72
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+hour
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 23
+In Vitro Transfection of VEGF-A
+Human vascular endothelial growth factor-isoform A (VEGF-A) modified mRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 12; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) was transfected via reverse transfection in Human Keratinocyte cells in 24 multi-well plates. Human Keratinocytes cells were grown in EPILIFE® medium with Supplement S7 from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, Calif.) until they reached a confluence of 50-70%. The cells were transfected with 0, 46.875, 93.75, 187.5, 375, 750, and 1500 ng of modified mRNA (mmRNA) encoding VEGF-A which had been complexed with RNAIMAX™ from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, Calif.). The RNA:RNAIMAX™ complex was formed by first incubating the RNA with Supplement-free EPILIFE® media in a 5× volumetric dilution for 10 minutes at room temperature. In a second vial, RNAIMAX™ reagent was incubated with Supplement-free EPILIFE® Media in a 10× volumetric dilution for 10 minutes at room temperature. The RNA vial was then mixed with the RNAIMAX™ vial and incubated for 20-30 minutes at room temperature before being added to the cells in a drop-wise fashion.
+The fully optimized mRNA encoding VEGF-A transfected with the Human Keratinocyte cells included modifications during translation such as natural nucleoside triphosphates (NTP), pseudouridine at each uridine site and 5-methylcytosine at each cytosine site (pseudo-U/5mC), and N1-methyl-pseudouridine at each uridine site and 5-methylcytosine at each cytosine site (N1-methyl-Pseudo-U/5mC). Cells were transfected with the mmRNA encoding VEGF-A and secreted VEGF-A concentration (ρg/ml) in the culture medium was measured at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours post-transfection for each of the concentrations using an ELISA kit from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, Calif.) following the manufacturers recommended instructions. These data, shown in Table 12, show that modified mRNA encoding VEGF-A is capable of being translated in Human Keratinocyte cells and that VEGF-A is transported out of the cells and released into the extracellular environment.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 12
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+VEGF-A Dosing and Protein Secretion
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+6 hours
+12 hours
+24 hours
+48 hours
+
+
+Dose (ng)
+(pg/ml)
+(pg/ml)
+(pg/ml)
+(pg/ml)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+VEGF-A Dose Containing Natural NTPs
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+46.875
+10.37
+18.07
+33.90
+67.02
+
+
+93.75
+9.79
+20.54
+41.95
+65.75
+
+
+187.5
+14.07
+24.56
+45.25
+64.39
+
+
+375
+19.16
+37.53
+53.61
+88.28
+
+
+750
+21.51
+38.90
+51.44
+61.79
+
+
+1500
+36.11
+61.90
+76.70
+86.54
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+VEGF-A Dose Containing Pseudo-U/5mC
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+46.875
+10.13
+16.67
+33.99
+72.88
+
+
+93.75
+11.00
+20.00
+46.47
+145.61
+
+
+187.5
+16.04
+34.07
+83.00
+120.77
+
+
+375
+69.15
+188.10
+448.50
+392.44
+
+
+750
+133.95
+304.30
+524.02
+526.58
+
+
+1500
+198.96
+345.65
+426.97
+505.41
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+VEGF-A Dose Containing N1-methyl-Pseudo-U/5mC
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+46.875
+0.03
+6.02
+27.65
+100.42
+
+
+93.75
+12.37
+46.38
+121.23
+167.56
+
+
+187.5
+104.55
+365.71
+1025.41
+1056.91
+
+
+375
+605.89
+1201.23
+1653.63
+1889.23
+
+
+750
+445.41
+1036.45
+1522.86
+1954.81
+
+
+1500
+261.61
+714.68
+1053.12
+1513.39
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 24
+In Vivo Studies of Factor IX
+Human Factor IX mmRNA (mRNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 8; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) (Gen1; fully modified 5-methycytosine and pseudouridine) formulated in saline was delivered to mice via intramuscular injection. The results demonstrate that Factor IX protein was elevated in serum as measured 13 hours after administration.
+In this study, mice (N=5 for Factor IX, N=3 for Luciferase or Buffer controls) were intramuscularly injected with 50 μl of the Factor IX mmRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 8; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1), Luciferase (cDNA sequence for IVT shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) or the formulation buffer (F. Buffer) at 2× 100 ug/mouse. The mice were bled at 13 hours after the intramuscular injection to determine the concentration of human the polypeptide in serum in pg/mL. The results revealed that administration of Factor IX mmRNA resulted in levels of 1600 pg/mL at 13 hours as compared to less than 100 pg/mL of Factor IX for either Luciferase or buffer control administration.
+Example 25
+Multi-Site Administration: Intramuscular and Subcutaneous
+Human G-CSF mmRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) modified as either Gen1 or Gen2 (5-methylcytosine (5mc) and a pseudouridine (ψ) modification, G-CSF-Gen1; or N1-5-methylcytosine (N1-5mc) and a ψ modification, G-CSF-Gen2) and formulated in saline were delivered to mice via intramuscular (IM) or subcutaneous (SC) injection. Injection of four doses or 2× 50 ug (two sites) daily for three days (24 hrs interval) was performed. The fourth dose was administered 6 hrs before blood collection and CBC analysis. Controls included Luciferase (cDNA sequence for IVT shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) or the formulation buffer (F. Buffer). The mice were bled at 72 hours after the first mmRNA injection (6 hours after the last mmRNA dose) to determine the effect of mmRNA-encoded human G-CSF on the neutrophil count. The dosing regimen is shown in Table 13 as are the resulting neutrophil counts (thousands/uL). Asterisks indicate statistical significance at p<0.05.
+For intramuscular administration, the data reveal a four fold increase in neutrophil count above control at day 3 for the Gen1 G-CSF mmRNA and a two fold increase for the Gen2 G-CSF mmRNA. For subcutaneous administration, the data reveal a two fold increase in neutrophil count above control at day 3 for the Gen2 G-CSF mmRNA.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 13
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Dosing Regimen
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Dose
+Dose Vol.
+Dosing
+Neutrophil
+
+
+Gr.
+Treatment
+Route
+N=
+(μg/mouse)
+(μl/mouse)
+Vehicle
+Thous/uL
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+1
+G-CSF (Gen1)
+I.M
+5
+2 × 50 ug (four doses)
+50
+F. buffer
+ 840*
+
+
+2
+G-CSF (Gen1)
+S.C
+5
+2 × 50 ug (four doses)
+50
+F. buffer
+430
+
+
+3
+G-CSF (Gen2)
+I.M
+5
+2 × 50 ug (four doses)
+50
+F. buffer
+ 746*
+
+
+4
+G-CSF (Gen2)
+S.C
+5
+2 × 50 ug (four doses)
+50
+F. buffer
+683
+
+
+5
+Luc (Gen1)
+I.M.
+5
+2 × 50 ug (four doses)
+50
+F. buffer
+201
+
+
+6
+Luc (Gen1)
+S.C.
+5
+2 × 50 ug (four doses)
+50
+F. buffer
+307
+
+
+7
+Luc (Gen2)
+I.M
+5
+2 × 50 ug (four doses)
+50
+F. buffer
+336
+
+
+8
+Luc (Gen2)
+S.C
+5
+2 × 50 ug (four doses)
+50
+F. buffer
+357
+
+
+9
+F. Buffer
+I.M
+4
+0 (four doses)
+50
+F. buffer
+245
+
+
+10
+F. Buffer
+S.C.
+4
+0 (four doses)
+50
+F. buffer
+509
+
+
+11
+Untreated
+—
+4
+
+
+—
+312
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 26
+Intravenous Administration
+Human G-CSF mmRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) modified with 5-methylcytosine (5mc) and a pseudouridine (ψ) modification; or having no modifications and formulated in 10% lipoplex (RNAIMAX™) were delivered to mice at a dose of 50 ug RNA and in a volume of 100 ul via intravenous (IV) injection at days 0, 2 and 4. Neutrophils were measured at days 1, 5 and 8. Controls included non-specific mammalian RNA or the formulation buffer alone (F. Buffer). The mice were bled at days 1, 5 and 8 to determine the effect of mmRNA-encoded human G-CSF to increase neutrophil count. The dosing regimen is shown in Table 14 as are the resulting neutrophil counts (thousands/uL; K/uL).
+For intravenous administration, the data reveal a four to five fold increase in neutrophil count above control at day 5 with G-CSF mmRNA but not with unmodified G-CSF mRNA or non-specific controls. Blood count returned to baseline four days after the final injection. No other changes in leukocyte populations were observed.
+An asterisk indicates statistical significance at p<0.001 compared to buffer.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 14
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Dosing Regimen
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Dose
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Vol.
+Dosing
+Neutrophil
+
+
+Gr.
+Treatment
+N=
+(μl/mouse)
+Vehicle
+K/uL
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+1
+G-CSF (Gen1)
+5
+100
+10% lipoplex
+2.91
+
+
+
+Day 1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+2
+G-CSF (Gen1)
+5
+100
+10% lipoplex
+5.32*
+
+
+
+Day 5
+
+
+
+
+
+
+3
+G-CSF (Gen1)
+5
+100
+10% lipoplex
+2.06
+
+
+
+Day 8
+
+
+
+
+
+
+4
+G-CSF (no
+5
+100
+10% lipoplex
+1.88
+
+
+
+modification)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Day 1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+5
+G-CSF (no
+5
+100
+10% lipoplex
+1.95
+
+
+
+modification)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Day 5
+
+
+
+
+
+
+6
+G-CSF (no
+5
+100
+10% lipoplex
+2.09
+
+
+
+modification)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Day 8
+
+
+
+
+
+
+7
+RNA control
+5
+100
+10% lipoplex
+2.90
+
+
+
+Day 1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+8
+RNA control
+5
+100
+10% lipoplex
+1.68
+
+
+
+Day 5
+
+
+
+
+
+
+9
+RNA control
+4
+100
+10% lipoplex
+1.72
+
+
+
+Day 8
+
+
+
+
+
+
+10
+F. Buffer
+4
+100
+10% lipoplex
+2.51
+
+
+
+Day 1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+11
+F. Buffer
+4
+100
+10% lipoplex
+1.31
+
+
+
+Day 5
+
+
+
+
+
+
+12
+F. Buffer
+4
+100
+10% lipoplex
+1.92
+
+
+
+Day 8
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 27
+Saline Formulation: Intramuscular Administration
+Human G-CSF mmRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) and human EPO mmRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1); G-CSF mmRNA (modified with 5-methylcytosine (5mc) and pseudouridine (ψ) and EPO mmRNA (modified with N1-5-methylcytosine (N1-5mc) and ψ modification), were formulated in saline and delivered to mice via intramuscular (IM) injection at a dose of 100 ug.
+Controls included Luciferase (IVT cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) or the formulation buffer (F. Buffer). The mice were bled at 13 hours after the injection to determine the concentration of the human polypeptide in serum in pg/mL (G-CSF groups measured human G-CSF in mouse serum and EPO groups measured human EPO in mouse serum). The data are shown in Table 15.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 15
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Dosing Regimen
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Dose Vol.
+Dosing
+Average Protein
+
+
+Group
+Treatment
+N=
+(μl/mouse)
+Vehicle
+Product pg/mL, serum
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+G-CSF
+G-CSF
+5
+50
+Saline
+19.8
+
+
+G-CSF
+Luciferase
+5
+50
+Saline
+0.5
+
+
+G-CSF
+F. buffer
+5
+50
+F. buffer
+0.5
+
+
+EPO
+EPO
+5
+50
+Saline
+191.5
+
+
+EPO
+Luciferase
+5
+50
+Saline
+15.0
+
+
+EPO
+F. buffer
+
+
+F. buffer
+4.8
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 28
+EPO Multi-Dose/Multi-Administration
+Studies utilizing multiple intramuscular injection sites at one time point were designed and performed.
+The design of a single multi-dose experiment involved using human erythropoietin (EPO) mmRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) or G-CSF (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) administered in saline. The dosing vehicle (F. buffer) was used as a control. The EPO and G-CSF mmRNA were modified with 5-methylcytosine at each cytosine and pseudouridine replacement at each uridine site.
+Animals (n=5), Sprague-Dawley rats, were injected IM (intramuscular) for the single unit dose of 100 ug (delivered to one thigh). For multi-dosing 6 doses of 100 ug (delivered to two thighs) were used for both EPO and G-CSF mmRNA. Control dosing involved use of buffer at a single dose. Human EPO blood levels were evaluated 13 hours post injection.
+Human EPO protein was measured in rat serum 13 hours post I.M. Five groups of rats were treated and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 16.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 16
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Multi-dose study
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Avg. Pg/mL
+
+
+
+
+Dose of
+Total
+human EPO,
+
+
+Group
+Treatment
+mmRNA
+Dose
+serum
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+1
+Human EPO
+1 × 100 ug
+100 ug
+143
+
+
+
+mmRNA
+
+
+
+
+
+2
+Human EPO
+6 × 100 ug
+600 ug
+256
+
+
+
+mmRNA
+
+
+
+
+
+3
+G-CSF mmRNA
+1 × 100 ug
+100 ug
+43
+
+
+4
+G-CSF mmRNA
+6 × 100 ug
+600 ug
+58
+
+
+5
+Buffer Alone
+—
+—
+20
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 29
+Signal Sequence Exchange Study
+Several variants of mmRNAs encoding human Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) were synthesized using modified nucleotides pseudouridine and 5-methylcytosine (pseudo-U/5mC). These variants included the G-CSF constructs encoding either the wild-type N terminal secretory signal peptide sequence (MAGPATQSPMKLMALQLLLWHSALWTVQEA; SEQ ID NO: 13), no secretory signal peptide sequence, or secretory signal peptide sequences taken from other mRNAs. These included sequences where the wild type GCSF signal peptide sequence was replaced with the signal peptide sequence of either: human α-1-anti trypsin (MMPSSVSWGILLLAGLCCLVPVSLA; SEQ ID NO: 14), human Factor IX (MQRVNMIMAESPSLITICLLGYLLSAECTVFLDHENANKILNRPKR; SEQ ID NO: 15), human Prolactin (MKGSLLLLLVSNLLLCQSVAP; SEQ ID NO: 16), or human Albumin (MKWVTFISLLFLFSSAYSRGVFRR; SEQ ID NO: 17).
+250 ng of modified mRNA encoding each G-CSF variant was transfected into HEK293A (293A in the table), mouse myoblast (MM in the table) (C2C12, CRL-1772, ATCC) and rat myoblast (RM in the table) (L6 line, CRL-1458, ATCC) cell lines in a 24 well plate using 1 ul of Lipofectamine 2000 (Life Technologies), each well containing 300,000 cells. The supernatants were harvested after 24 hrs and the secreted G-CSF protein was analyzed by ELISA using the Human G-CSF ELISA kit (Life Technologies). The data shown in Table 17 reveal that cells transfected with G-CSF mmRNA encoding the Albumin signal peptide secrete at least 12 fold more G-CSF protein than its wild type counterpart.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 17
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Signal Peptide Exchange
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+293A
+MM
+RM
+
+
+
+Signal peptides
+(pg/ml)
+(pg/ml)
+(pg/ml)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+G-CSF Natural
+9650
+3450
+6050
+
+
+
+α-1-anti trypsin
+9950
+5000
+8475
+
+
+
+Factor IX
+11675
+6175
+11675
+
+
+
+Prolactin
+7875
+1525
+9800
+
+
+
+Albumin
+122050
+81050
+173300
+
+
+
+No Signal peptide
+0
+0
+0
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 30
+Cytokine Study: PBMC
+PBMC Isolation and Culture:
+50 mL of human blood from two donors was received from Research Blood Components (lots KP30928 and KP30931) in sodium heparin tubes. For each donor, the blood was pooled and diluted to 70 mL with DPBS (SAFC Bioscience 59331C, lot 071M8408) and split evenly between two 50 mL conical tubes. 10 mL of Ficoll Paque (GE Healthcare 17-5442-03, lot 10074400) was gently dispensed below the blood layer. The tubes were centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 30 minutes with low acceleration and braking. The tubes were removed and the buffy coat PMBC layers were gently transferred to a fresh 50 mL conical and washed with DPBS. The tubes were centrifuged at 1450 rpm for 10 minutes.
+The supernatant was aspirated and the PBMC pellets were resuspended and washed in 50 mL of DPBS. The tubes were centrifuged at 1250 rpm for 10 minutes. This wash step was repeated, and the PBMC pellets were resuspended in 19 mL of Optimem I (Gibco 11058, lot 1072088) and counted. The cell suspensions were adjusted to a concentration of 3.0×10^6 cells/mL live cells.
+These cells were then plated on five 96 well tissue culture treated round bottom plates (Costar 3799) per donor at 50 uL per well. Within 30 minutes, transfection mixtures were added to each well at a volume of 50 uL per well. After 4 hours post transfection, the media was supplemented with 10 uL of Fetal Bovine Serum (Gibco 10082, lot 1012368)
+Transfection Preparation:
+mmRNA encoding human G-CSF (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) (containing either (1) natural NTPs, (2) 100% substitution with 5-methyl cytidine and pseudouridine, or (3) 100% substitution with 5-methyl cytidine and N1-methyl pseudouridine; mmRNA encoding luciferase (IVT cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) (containing either (1) natural NTPs or (2) 100% substitution with 5-methyl cytidine and pseudouridine) and TLR agonist R848 (Invivogen tlrl-r848) were diluted to 38.4 ng/uL in a final volume of 2500 uL Optimem I.
+Separately, 432 uL of Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen 11668-027, lot 1070962) was diluted with 13.1 mL Optimem I. In a 96 well plate nine aliquots of 135 uL of each mmRNA, positive control (R-848) or negative control (Optimem I) was added to 135 uL of the diluted Lipofectamine 2000. The plate containing the material to be transfected was incubated for 20 minutes. The transfection mixtures were then transferred to each of the human PBMC plates at 50 uL per well. The plates were then incubated at 37 C. At 2, 4, 8, 20, and 44 hours each plate was removed from the incubator, and the supernatants were frozen.
+After the last plate was removed, the supernatants were assayed using a human G-CSF ELISA kit (Invitrogen KHC2032) and human IFN-alpha ELISA kit (Thermo Scientific 41105-2). Each condition was done in duplicate.
+Results:
+The ability of unmodified and modified mRNA (mmRNAs) to produce the encoded protein was assessed (G-CSF production) over time as was the ability of the mRNA to trigger innate immune recognition as measured by interferon-alpha production. Use of in vitro PBMC cultures is an accepted way to measure the immunostimulatory potential of oligonucleotides (Robbins et al., Oligonucleotides 2009 19:89-102).
+Results were interpolated against the standard curve of each ELISA plate using a four parameter logistic curve fit. Shown in Tables 18 and 19 are the average from 2 separate PBMC donors of the G-CSF and IFN-alpha production over time as measured by specific ELISA.
+In the G-CSF ELISA, background signal from the Lipofectamine 2000 untreated condition was subtracted at each timepoint. The data demonstrated specific production of human G-CSF protein by human peripheral blood mononuclear is seen with G-CSF mRNA containing natural NTPs, 100% substitution with 5-methyl cytidine and pseudouridine, or 100% substitution with 5-methyl cytidine and N1-methyl pseudouridine. Production of G-CSF was significantly increased through the use of modified mRNA relative to unmodified mRNA, with the 5-methyl cytidine and N1-methyl pseudouridine containing G-CSF mmRNA showing the highest level of G-CSF production. With regards to innate immune recognition, unmodified mRNA resulted in substantial IFN-alpha production, while the modified mRNA largely prevented interferon-alpha production.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 18
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+G-CSF Signal
+
+
+G-CSF signal - 2 Donor Average
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+pg/mL
+2 Hr
+4 Hr
+8 Hr
+20 Hr
+44 Hr
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+G-CSF (5mC/pseudouridine)
+120.3
+136.8
+421.0
+346.1
+431.8
+
+
+G-CSF (5mC/N1-methyl-
+256.3
+273.7
+919.3
+1603.3
+1843.3
+
+
+pseudouridine)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+G-CSF(Natural-no modification)
+63.5
+92.6
+129.6
+258.3
+242.4
+
+
+Luciferase (5mC/pseudouridine)
+4.5
+153.7
+33.0
+186.5
+58.0
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE 19
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+IFN-alpha signal
+
+
+IFN-alpha signal - 2 donor average
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+pg/mL
+2 Hr
+4 Hr
+8 Hr
+20 Hr
+44 Hr
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+G-CSF (5mC/pseudouridine)
+21.1
+2.9
+3.7
+22.7
+4.3
+
+
+G-CSF (5mC/N1-methyl-
+0.5
+0.4
+3.0
+2.3
+2.1
+
+
+pseudouridine)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+G-CSF(Natural)
+0.0
+2.1
+23.3
+74.9
+119.7
+
+
+Luciferase (5mC/pseudouridine)
+0.4
+0.4
+4.7
+1.0
+2.4
+
+
+R-848
+39.1
+151.3
+278.4
+362.2
+208.1
+
+
+Lipofectamine 2000 control
+0.8
+17.2
+16.5
+0.7
+3.1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Example 31
+Quantification in Exosomes
+The quantity and localization of the mmRNA of the present invention can be determined by measuring the amounts (initial, timecourse, or residual basis) in isolated exosomes. In this study, since the mmRNA are typically codon-optimized and distinct in sequence from endogenous mRNA, the levels of mmRNA are quantitated as compared to endogenous levels of native or wild type mRNA by using the methods of Gibbings, PCT/IB2009/005878, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
+In these studies, the method is performed by first isolating exosomes or vesicles preferably from a bodily fluid of a patient previously treated with a polynucleotide, primary construct or mmRNA of the invention, then measuring, in said exosomes, the polynucleotide, primary construct or mmRNA levels by one of mRNA microarray, qRT-PCR, or other means for measuring RNA in the art including by suitable antibody or immunohistochemical methods.
+Example 32
+Bifunctional mmRNA
+Using the teachings and synthesis methods described herein, modified RNAs are designed and synthesized to be bifunctional, thereby encoding one or more cytotoxic protein molecules as well as be synthesized using cytotoxic nucleosides.
+Administration of the bifunctional modified mRNAs is effected using either saline or a lipid carrier. Once administered, the bifunctional modified mRNA is translated to produce the encoded cytotoxic peptide. Upon degradation of the delivered modified mRNA, the cytotoxic nucleosides are released which also effect therapeutic benefit to the subject.
+Example 33
+Synthesis of Modified mRNA
+Modified mRNA is generated from a cDNA template containing a T7 RNA-polymerase promoter sequence using a commercially available T7 RNA polymerase transcription kit (MEGASCRIPT® High Yield Transcription KIT, AMBION®, Austin, Tex.; MSCRIPT™ mRNA Production Kit, EPICENTRE® Biotechnologies, Madison, Wis.). An in vitro transcription reaction contains between 1-2 μg of template DNA in the form of a linearized plasmid, PCR product, or single-stranded oligonucleotide with a double-stranded polymerase promoter region. The template DNA encodes a strong translation initiation sequence such as a strong consensus Kozak sequence or an optimized, high-expression IRES including the EMCV IRES. Reaction volumes are between 20-40 μl and contain 3′-O-Me-m7-G(5′)ppp(5′)G ARCA cap analog (NEW ENGLAND BIOLABS®) in addition to an optimized ribonucleotide mixture of determined modified adenine, guanine, cytidine and uridine ribonucleotide analogs. Final reaction concentrations for nucleotide are 6 mM for the cap analog and 1.5-7.5 mM for each of the other nucleotides. The temperature and duration of the in vitro transcription reaction are optimized for efficiency, fidelity and yield. Reactions may be incubated from 3-6 hours and up to 16 hours at 37° C. Following the in vitro transcription reaction, the capped mRNA undergoes polyadenylation using a commercially available poly-A tailing kit (EPICENTRE® Biotechnologies, Madison, Wis.). The resulting capped and polyadenylated synthetic mRNA is then purified by denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm production of full-length product and to remove any degradation products followed by spin column filtration (RNeasy Kit, Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.; MEGACLEAR™ AMBION®, Austin, Tex.). Purified synthetic mRNAs are resuspended in RNase-free water containing an RNase inhibitor (RNASIN® Plus RNase Inhibitor, Promega, Madison, Wis.), quantified by NANODROP™ (Thermo Scientific, Logan, Utah) and stored at −20° C.
+Example 34
+Bulk Transfection of Modified mRNA into Cell Culture
+A. Cationic Lipid Delivery Vehicles
+RNA transfections are carried out using RNAIMax (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) or TRANSIT-mRNA (Mirus Bio, Madison, Wis.) cationic lipid delivery vehicles. RNA and reagent are first diluted in Opti-MEM basal media (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). 100 ng/uL RNA is diluted 5× and 5 μL, of RNAIMax per μg of RNA is diluted 10×. The diluted components are pooled and incubated 15 minutes at room temperature before they are dispensed to culture media. For TRANSIT-mRNA transfections, 100 ng/uL RNA is diluted 10× in Opti-MEM and BOOST reagent is added (at a concentration of 2 μL, per μg of RNA), TRANSIT-mRNA is added (at a concentration of 2 μL, per μg of RNA), and then the RNA-lipid complexes are delivered to the culture media after a 2-minute incubation at room temperature. RNA transfections are performed in Nutristem xenofree hES media (STEMGENT®, Cambridge, Mass.) for RiPS derivations, Dermal Cell Basal Medium plus Keratinocyte Growth Kit (ATCC) for keratinocyte experiments, and Opti-MEM plus 2% FBS for all other experiments. Successful introduction of a modified mRNA (mmRNA) into host cells can be monitored using various known methods, such as a fluorescent marker, such as Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). Successful transfection of a modified mRNA can also be determined by measuring the protein expression level of the target polypeptide by e.g., Western Blotting or immunocytochemistry. Similar methods may be followed for large volume scale-up to multi-liter (5-10,000 L) culture format following similar RNA-lipid complex ratios.
+B. Electroporation Delivery of Exogenous Synthetic mRNA Transcripts
+Electroporation parameters are optimized by transfecting MRC-5 fibroblasts with in vitro synthetic modified mRNA (mmRNA) transcripts and measuring transfection efficiency by quantitative RT-PCR with primers designed to specifically detect the exogenous transcripts. Discharging a 150 uF capacitor charged to F into 2.5×106 cells suspended in 50 μl of Opti-MEM (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) in a standard electroporation cuvette with a 2 mm gap is sufficient for repeated delivery in excess of 10,000 copies of modified mRNA transcripts per cell, as determined using the standard curve method, while maintaining high viability (>70%). Further experiments may reveal that the voltage required to efficiently transfect cells with mmRNA transcripts can depend on the cell density during electroporation. Cell density may vary from 1×106 cell/50 μl to a density of 2.5×106 cells/50 μl and require from 110V to 145V to transfect cells with similar efficiencies measured in transcript copies per cell. Large multi-liter (5-10,000 L) electroporation may be performed similar to large volume flow electroporation strategies similar to methods described with the above described constraints (Li et al., 2002; Geng et al., 2010).
+Example 35
+Overexpression of Ceramide Transfer Protein to Increase Therapeutic Antibody Protein Production in Established CHO Cell Lines
+A. Batch Culture
+An antibody producing CHO cell line (CHO DG44) secreting a humanized therapeutic IgG antibody is transfected a single time with lipid cationic delivery agent alone (control) or a synthetic mRNA transcript encoding wild type ceramide transfer protein (CERT) or a non-phosphorylation competent Ser132A CERT mutant. The sequences are taught in for example, U.S. Ser. No. 13/252,049, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. CERT is an essential cytosolic protein in mammalian cells that transfers the sphingolipid ceramide from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex where it is converted to sphingomyelin (Hanada et al., 2003). Overexpression of CERT significantly enhances the transport of secreted proteins to the plasma membrane and improves the production of proteins that are transported via the secretory pathway from eukaryotic cells thereby enhancing secretion of proteins in the culture medium. Synthetic mRNA transcripts are pre-mixed with a lipid cationic delivery agent at a 2-5:1 carrier:RNA ratio. The initial seeding density is about 2×105 viable cells/mL. The synthetic mRNA transcript is delivered after initial culture seeding during the exponential culture growth phase to achieve a final synthetic mRNA copy number between 10×102 and 10×103 per cell. The basal cell culture medium used for all phases of cell inoculum generation and for growth of cultures in bioreactors was modified CD-CHO medium containing glutamine, sodium bicarbonate, insulin and methotrexate. The pH of the medium was adjusted to 7.0 with 1 N HCl or 1N NaOH after addition of all components. Culture run times ended on days 7, 14, 21 or 28+. Production-level 50 L scale reactors (stainless steel reactor with two marine impellers) were used and are scalable to >10,000 L stainless steel reactors (described in commonly-assigned patent application U.S. Ser. No. 60/436,050, filed Dec. 23, 2002, and U.S. Ser. No. 10/740,645). A data acquisition system (Intellution Fix 32, OSlsoft, LLC, San Leandro, Calif.) recorded temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) throughout runs. Gas flows were controlled via rotameters. Air was sparged into the reactor via a submerged frit (5 μm pore size) and through the reactor head space for CO2 removal. Molecular oxygen was sparged through the same frit for DO control. CO2 was sparged through same frit as used for pH control. Samples of cells were removed from the reactor on a daily basis. A sample used for cell counting was stained with trypan blue (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.). Cell count and cell viability determination were performed via hemocytometry using a microscope. For analysis of metabolites, additional samples were centrifuged for 20 minutes at 2000 rpm (4° C.) for cell separation. Supernatant was analyzed for the following parameters: titer, sialic acid, glucose, lactate, glutamine, glutamate, pH, pO2, pCO2, ammonia, and, optionally, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Additional back-up samples were frozen at −20° C. To measure secreted humanized IgG antibody titers, supernatant is taken from seed-stock cultures of all stable cell pools, the IgG titer is determined by ELISA and divided by the mean number of cells to calculate the specific productivity. The highest values are the cell pools with the Ser132A CERT mutant, followed by wild type CERT. In both, IgG expression is markedly enhanced compared to carrier-alone or untransfected cells.
+Continuous or Batch-Fed Culture
+An antibody producing CHO cell line (CHO DG44) secreting humanized IgG antibody is transfected with lipid cationic delivery agent alone (control) or a synthetic mRNA transcript encoding wild type ceramide transfer protein or a non-phosphorylation competent Ser132A CERT mutant. Synthetic mRNA transcripts are pre-mixed with a lipid cationic delivery agent at a 2-5:1 carrier:RNA ratio. The initial seeding density was about 2×105 viable cells/mL. Synthetic mRNA transcript is delivered after initial culture seeding during the exponential culture growth phase to achieve a final synthetic mRNA copy number between 10×102 and 10×103 per cell. The basal cell culture medium used for all phases of cell inoculum generation and for growth of cultures in bioreactors was modified CD-CHO medium containing glutamine, sodium bicarbonate, insulin and methotrexate. The pH of the medium was adjusted to 7.0 with 1 N HCl or 1N NaOH after addition of all components. Bioreactors of 5 L scale (glass reactor with one marine impeller) were used to obtain maximum CERT protein production and secreted humanized IgG antibody curves. For continuous or fed-batch cultures, the culturing run time is increased by supplementing the culture medium one or more times daily (or continuously) with fresh medium during the run. In the a continuous and fed-batch feeding regimens, the cultures receive feeding medium as a continuously-supplied infusion, or other automated addition to the culture, in a timed, regulated, and/or programmed fashion so as to achieve and maintain the appropriate amount of synthetic mRNA:carrier in the culture. The preferred method is a feeding regimen of a once per day bolus feed with feeding medium containing synthetic mRNA:carrier on each day of the culture run, from the beginning of the culture run to the day of harvesting the cells. The daily feed amount was recorded on batch sheets. Production-level 50 L scale reactors (stainless steel reactor with two marine impellers) were used and are scalable to >10,000 L stainless steel reactors. A data acquisition system (Intellution Fix 32) recorded temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) throughout runs. Gas flows were controlled via rotameters. Air was sparged into the reactor via a submerged frit (5 μm pore size) and through the reactor head space for CO2 removal. Molecular oxygen was sparged through the same frit for DO control. CO2 was sparged through same frit as used for pH control. Samples of cells were removed from the reactor on a daily basis. A sample used for cell counting was stained with trypan blue (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.). Cell count and cell viability determination were performed via hemocytometry using a microscope. For analysis of metabolites, additional samples were centrifuged for 20 minutes at 2000 rpm (4° C.) for cell separation. Supernatant was analyzed for the following parameters: titer, sialic acid, glucose, lactate, glutamine, glutamate, pH, pO2, pCO2, ammonia, and, optionally, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Additional back-up samples were frozen at −20° C. To measure secreted humanized IgG antibody titers, supernatant is taken from seed-stock cultures of all stable cell pools, the IgG titer is determined by ELISA and divided by the mean number of cells to calculate the specific productivity. The highest values are the cell pools with the Ser132A CERT mutant, followed by wild type CERT. In both, IgG expression is markedly enhanced compared to carrier-alone or untransfected cells.
+Example 36
+De Novo Generation of a Mammalian Cell Line Expressing Human Erythropoietin as a Therapeutic Agent
+A. Batch Culture
+This Example describes the production of human erythropoietin protein (EPO) from cultured primary CHO cells. Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone that is required for red blood cell synthesis. EPO protein may be used as a therapeutic agent for anemia from cancer, heart failure, chronic kidney disease and myelodysplasia. Primary CHO cells are isolated and cultured as described (Tjio and Puck, 1958). Primary CHO cells were then expanded in modified CD-CHO medium containing glutamine, sodium bicarbonate, insulin, and methotrexate (see Example 35) using T-75 flasks (Corning, Corning, N.Y.) and 250 and 500 mL spinners (Bellco, Vineland, N.J.). T-flasks and spinners were incubated at 37° C. in 6% CO2. After sufficient inoculum was generated, the culture was transferred into a either a 5 L or a 50 L bioreactor as described above (see Example 35). Synthetic mRNA transcript encoding the human erythropoietin protein are pre-mixed with a lipid cationic delivery agent at a 2-5:1 carrier:RNA ratio in a minimum of 1% total culture volume. The initial seeding density is about 2×105 viable cells/mL. The synthetic mRNA transcript is delivered after initial culture seeding during the exponential culture growth phase to achieve a final synthetic mRNA copy number between 10×102 and 10×103 per cell. Culture growth and analysis were performed as described above (see Example 34).
+B. Continuous or Batch-Fed Culture
+A primary CHO cell line derived and expanded as described above (see Example 36a) is transfected with lipid cationic delivery agent alone (control) or a synthetic mRNA transcript encoding human erythropoietin protein. Synthetic mRNA transcripts are pre-mixed with a lipid cationic delivery agent at a 2-5:1 carrier:RNA ratio. The initial seeding density was about 2×105 viable cells/mL. Synthetic mRNA transcript is delivered after initial culture seeding during the exponential culture growth phase to achieve a final synthetic mRNA copy number between 10×102 and 10×103 per cell. Culture conditions were as described above (Example 35a). For continuous or fed-batch cultures, the culturing run time is increased by supplementing the culture medium one or more times daily (or continuously) with fresh medium during the run. In the a continuous and fed-batch feeding regimens, the cultures receive feeding medium as a continuously-supplied infusion, or other automated addition to the culture, in a timed, regulated, and/or programmed fashion so as to achieve and maintain the appropriate amount of synthetic mRNA:carrier in the culture. The preferred method is a feeding regimen of a once per day bolus feed with feeding medium containing synthetic mRNA:carrier on each day of the culture run, from the beginning of the culture run to the day of harvesting the cells. The daily feed amount was recorded on batch sheets. Production-level 50 L scale reactors (stainless steel reactor with two marine impellers) were used and are scalable to >10,000 L stainless steel reactors. Culture growth and analysis were performed as described herein (see Example 35).
+It is to be understood that the words which have been used are words of description rather than limitation, and that changes may be made within the purview of the appended claims without departing from the true scope and spirit of the invention in its broader aspects.
+While the present invention has been described at some length and with some particularity with respect to the several described embodiments, it is not intended that it should be limited to any such particulars or embodiments or any particular embodiment, but it is to be construed with references to the appended claims so as to provide the broadest possible interpretation of such claims in view of the prior art and, therefore, to effectively encompass the intended scope of the invention.
+All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, section headings, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.
+
+
diff --git a/profile.png b/profile.png
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diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a6109055ee0269f2997f6b9c820c7dffdae62c1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+beautifulsoup4==4.10.0
+chardet==3.0.4
+gensim==3.8.3
+google_patent_scraper==1.0.8
+keras==2.7.0
+lxml==4.5.2
+matplotlib==3.2.2
+nltk==3.5
+numpy==1.19.4
+pandas==1.3.3
+Pillow==9.0.0
+python_Levenshtein==0.12.2
+PyYAML==6.0
+scikit_criteria==0.2.10
+scikit_learn==1.0.2
+scipy==1.5.0
+seaborn==0.11.2
+simpletransformers==0.60.0
+streamlit==1.2.0
+textblob==0.17.1
+XlsxWriter==1.2.9
+tensorflow==2.7.0
+torch==1.7.0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/root_folder.py b/root_folder.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..201ae5947687fe5d6fcecf45028f50c4a051582c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/root_folder.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+import os
+import re
+
+ROOT = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))
+ROOT = re.sub(r'\\', '/', ROOT)
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