J 


A 

NEW SYSTEM, 

OR, AN 

G 

A N A L Y S I S 

O F 

ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY. 


VOL. 


I. 




A 


NEW SYSTEM, 

» * 

OR, AN 

ANALYS I S 

O F 

ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY: 

& 

Wherein an Attempt is made to divefl: Tradition of Fable; 

and to reduce the Truth to its Original Purity. 

In this WORK is given an HISTORY of the 

BABYLONIANS, CANAANITES, LELEGES, 

CHALDEANS, HELLADIANS, DORIANS, 

EGYPTIANS,. ION IAN S, PELASGI: 

ALSOOFTHE 

SCYTHE, I ETHIOPIANS, 

INDO-SCYTHA, PHENICIANS. 

♦ 

The Whole contains an Account of the principal Events in the firft Ages, from the 
Deluge to the Dispersion : Alfo of the various Migrations, which enfued, and 
the Settlements made afterwards in different Parts : Circumftances of great Confe- 
quence, which were fubfequent to the Gentile History of Moses. 

VOL. I. 

THE SECOND EDITION. 

By JACOB BRYANT, 

Formerly of King’s College, Cambridge ; and Secretary to his Grace the late Duke 
of Marlborough, during his Command abroad; and Secretary to him as Matter 
General of His Majetty’s Ordnance. 

^ rnmrnm i—————ww n—i>p——a—» 

LONDON: 

Printed for T. PAYNE, Mews-Gate; P. ELM SLY, in the Strand; 
B. WHITE, in Fleet-street; and J. WALTER, Charing-cross. 

M.DCC.LXXV. 







V 


( V ) 


PREFACE. 

ft 

ft 

3STct<p£, KCil [JLSfJLVCHT omifeiv' CtgQgCX, TCLVTOi TOJV <po£VOt)V. 

Epicharmus. 

ft 

I T is my purpofe in the enfuing work to give an account 

of the firft ages ; and of the great events, which hap¬ 
pened in the infancy of the world. In confequence of 
this I {hall lay before the Reader, what the Gentile writers 
have faid upon this fu-bjed, collaterally with the accounts 
given by Mofes, as long as I find him engaged in the general 
hiftory of mankind. By thefe means I {hall be able to bring 
furprifing proofs of thofe great occurrences, which the facred 
penman has recorded. And when his hiftory becomes more 
limited, and is confined to a peculiar people, and a private 
difpenfation , I fhall proceed to fhew, what was fubfequent 
to his account after the migration of families, and the dii- 
perfion from the plains of Shinar. When mankind were 
Vol. I. b multiplied 

* 





vi PREFACE. 

« 

9 

♦ 

I 

% 

4 \ 

l 

multiplied upon the earth, each great family had by 1 divine 
appointment a particular place of deftination, to which they 
retired. In this manner the firft nations were conftituted, 
and kingdoms founded. But great changes were foon ef¬ 
fected ; and colonies went abroad without any regard to their 
original place of allotment. New eftablifhments were foon 
made; from whence enfued a mixture of people and lan¬ 
guages. Thefe are events of the highefl confequence : of 
which we can receive no intelligence, but through the hands 
of the Gentile writers. 

It has been obferved by many of the learned, that fome 
particular family betook themfelves very early to different 
parts of the world ; in all which they introduced their rites 
and religion, together with the cuftoms of their country. 
They reprefent them as very knowing and enterprizing : 

and with good reafon. They were the firft, who ventured 

* 

upon the feas, and undertook long voyages. They fhewed 
tb~ir fuperiority and addrefs in the numberlefs expeditions, 
which they made, and the difficulties, which they furmount- 
ed. Many have thought that they were colonies from 
Egypt, or from Phenicia; having a regard only to the fettle- 
ments, which they made in the weft. But I fhall fhew 
hereafter, that oolonies of the fame people are to be found 
in the mo ft extream parts of the eaft: where we may ob¬ 
serve the fame rites and ceremonies, and the lame tradi¬ 
tional hiftories, as are to be met with in their other fettle- 
ments. The country called Phenicia could not have fuf- 

3 KstTet 3-eiov S'v^.qvoti j ypncry.ov. Eufebii Chron. p. io. See alfo Syncellus. 

liced 



PREFACE. 


• • 


Vli 


W 

ficed for the effecting all, that is attributed to thefe mighty 
adventurers. It is neceflary for me to acquaint the Reader, 
that the wonderful people, to whom I allude, were the de- 

s 

fcendents of Chus ; and called Cuthites, and Cufeans. They 
Hood their ground at the general migration of families: 


but were at laft fcattered 
were the firft apoftates 


the face of the earth 


They 


from the truth ; yet great in worldly 


wifdom. They introduced, wherever they came, many ufe 

to, as a fuperior order of be 


ful arts ; and were looked 


mgs 


up 


: hence they were ftyled Heroes, Dasmons, Heliadse, 
Macarians. They were joined in their expeditions by other 
nations; efpecially by the collateral branches of their fa¬ 
mily, the Mizraim, Caphtorim, and the fons of Canaan. 
Thefe were all of the line of Ham, who was held by his pofte- 
rity in the higheft veneration. They called him Amon: 
and having in procefs of time railed him to a divinity, they 
worlhiped him as the Sun : and from ’this worfhip they were 


ftyled Amonians 


This 


ppellation, which will 


in the courfe of this work : and I am autho- 
the ufe of it from Plutarch ; from whom we may 

not uncommon among the fons of Ham. 


nually o< 
rized in 
infer, that 

He Ipecifies particularly in refpeCt to the Egyptians, that, 
when any two of that nation met, they ufed it as a term of 


was 


honour 

nians. 


their a falutations, and called 


another Amo 


This therefore will be the title, by. which I fhall 


choofe to diftinguifh the people, of whom 
fpeak of them collectively 


when 


for under this denomination 


included all of this family ; whether they 


yptian 


a Aiyv7mw*-*'zcrpos 


9 

Ifis et Oiiris. p. 355* 


b 







• * c 

Vili 





or Syrians, of Phenicia, or of Canaan. They were a people,, 
who carefully preferved memorials of their anceftors ; and 
of thofe great events, which had preceded their difperfion. 
Thefe were defcribed in hieroglyphics upon pillars and obe- 
lifks : and when they arrived at the knowledge of letters, 
the fame accounts were religioufly maintained both in their 
facred archives, and popular records. It is mentioned of 
Sanchoniathon, the mold ancient of Gentile writers, that he 
obtained all his knowledge from fame writings of the Amo- 
nians. It was the good fortune of Sanchoniathon , fays 3 Philo 
Biblius, to light upon fo??ie a7icient Amonian records , which had 
been preferred in the innermofi part of a temple , and known to 
very few . Upon this difcovery he applied himfelf with great di- 
ligence to make hwifelf wafer of the contents ; and havings by- 
divefimg the?n of the fable a7id allegory , with which they were 
ohfcured,^ obtained his purpofe , he brought the whole to a con - 
clufo7i . 

1 fhould be' glad to give the Reader a ftill further infight 
into the fyftem, which I am about to purfue. But fuch is 
the fcope of my inquiries, and the purport of my determi¬ 
nations, as may poflibly create in him fome prejudice to my 
defign : all which would be obviated, were he to be carried 
flep by ftep to the general view, and be made partially ac¬ 
quainted, according as the fcene opened. What I have to 
exhibit, is in great meafure newand I fhall be obliged to 


} r O Ss cruyMccfcov to:c cctto t&v clS'utwv IvpY&eiviv ct7ro%pv<pots AMMOTRE0N. 

yea.uya.cn avS.Aiyivo.c^ a S tf* r,v 'urcccri yv&^ifxccy tvv ycSncnv, cc7rccvrcov xvroi venture' 
'}ica 'tzAgs e?rtkti$ t>i 'zzrgccyuctTSict tcv kcct apya.3 /txt■ tcl$ ccAAriyopiccs ex7roJ''a)v 

•or cr.jc-xyzyo^ ir,v Eufcb. Pncp. Evang. L. I. c. 9. p. 32* 




run- 



P R E F A C E. 


IX 


run counter to many received opinions, which length of time, 
and general alfent, have in a manner rendered facred. What 
is truly alarming, I jfhall be found to differ not only from 
fome few hifforians, as is the cafe in common controverly ; 
but in fome degree from all: and this in refpedf to many of 
the moft eflential points, upon which hifforical precifion has 
been thought to depend. My meaning is, that I muff fet 
afide many fuppofed fabts, which have never been contro- 

v 

verted : and difpute many events, which have not only been 
admitted as true; but have been looked up to as certain 
seras, from whence other events were to be determined. All 
our knowledge of Gentile hiffory muff either come through 
the hands of the Grecians ; or of the Romans, who copied 
from them. I fhall therefore give a full account of the Hel- 
ladian Greeks, as well as of the Ibnim, or Ionians, in Alia : 
alfo of the Dorians, Leleges, and Pelafgi. What may appear 
very prefumptuous, I fhall deduce from their own hiffories 
many truths, with which they were totally unacquainted ; 
and give to them an original, which they certainly did not 
know. They have bequeathed to us noble materials, of which 
it is time to make a ferious ufe. It was their misfortune not 
to know the value of the data, which they tranfmitted, nor 
the purport of their own intelligence. 

It will be one part of my labour to treat of the Phenicians, 
whole hiffory has been much miffaken: alfo of the Scythians, 
whole original has been hitherto a fecret. From fuch an 
elucidation many good confequences will, I hope, enfuc : as 
the Phenicians, and Scythians have hitherto afforded the 
ufual place of retreat for ignorance to fhelter itfelf. It will 

therefore 



X 


PREFACE. 


therefore be my endeavour to fpecify and diftinguifti the va¬ 
rious people under thefe denominations; of whom writers 
have fo generally, and indifcriminately fpoken. I fhall fay 
a great deal about the ^Ethiopians, as their hiftory has never 
been compleatly given: alfo of the Indi, and Indo-Scythae, 
who fee m to have been little regarded. There will bean 
account exhibited of the Cimmerian, Hyperborean, and Ama¬ 
zonian nations, as well as of the people of Colchis : in which 

the religion, rites, and original, of thofe nations will be 

■ 

pointed out. I know of no writer, who has written at large 
of the Cyclopians. Yet their hiftory is of great antiquity, 
and abounds with matter of confequence. I fhall therefore 
treat of them very fully, and at the fame time of the great 
works which they performed : and fubjoin an account of the 
Leftrygons, Lamii, Sirens, as there is a clofe correfpondence 
between them. 

As it will be my bufinefs to abridge hiftory of every thing 
fuperfluous, and foreign ; I fhall be obliged to fet afide many 
ancient lawgivers, and princes, who were fuppofed to have 
formed republics, and to have founded kingdoms. I cannot 
acquiefce in the ftale legends of Deucalion of Theffaly, of 
Inachus of Argos, and TEgialeus of Sicyon: nor in the long 
line of princes, who are derived from them. The fuppofed 
heroes of the firft ages in every country are equally fabulous. 
No fuch conquefts were ever atchieved, as are afcribed to 
Oftris, Dionufus, and Sefoftris. The hiftories of Hercules, 
and Perfeus, are equally void of truth. I am convinced, and 
hope I fhall fatisfa<ftorily prove, that Cadmus never brought 
letters to Greece : and that no fuch perfon exifted as the 


7 


Grecians 



PREFACE. 


xi 


Grecians have defcribed. What I have faid about Sefoftris 
and Oftris, will be repeated about Ninus, and Semiramis, 
two perfonages, as ideal as the former. There never were 
fuch expeditions undertaken, nor conquefts made, as are at¬ 
tributed to thefe princes : nor were any fuch empires confti- 
tuted, as are fuppofed to have been eftablifhed by them. I 
make as little account of the hiftories of Saturn, Janus, Pe- 
lops, Atlas, Dardanus, Minos of Crete, and Zoroafter of 
Badtria. Yet fomething myfterious, and of moment, is con¬ 
cealed under thefe various characters : and the inveftigation 
of this latent truth will be the principal part of my inquiry. 
In refpeCt to Greece, I can afford credence to very few events, 
which were antecedent to the Olympiads. I cannot give 
the leaft afient to the ftory of Phryxus, and the golden fleece. 
It feems to me plain beyond doubt, that there were no fuch 
perfons as the Grecian Argonauts : and that the expedition 
of Jafon to Colchis was a fable. 

After having cleared my way, I fhall proceed to the 
fources, from whence the Grecians drew. I fhall give an 
account of the Titans, and Titanic war, with the hiftory of 
the Cuthites and ancient Babylonians. This will be accom¬ 
panied with the Gentile hiftory of the Deluge, the migration 
of mankind from Shinar, and the difperfton from Babel. The 
whole will be crowned with an account of ancient Egypt; 
wherein many circumftances of high confequence in chro¬ 
nology will be ftated. In the execution of the whole there 
will be brought many furprizing proofs in confirmation of 
the Mofaic account: and it will be found from repeated evi¬ 
dence, that every thing, which the divine hiftorian has tranf- 

mitted. 



PREFACE. 


• • 


Xll 


mitted, is moft affuredly 


And though the nations, who 


preferred memorials of the Deluge, have not perhaps Rated 


tely the time of that 


yet 


will be found the 


grand epocha, to which they referred ; the higheft point,-to 
which they could afcend. This was efteemed the renewal 
of the world ; the new birth ©f mankind ; and the ultimate 


r 


Gentile hiftory 


yft 


may perhaps be difcernible 


of the antediluvian fyftem 


but 


has been thought 


that 


y few, and hardly perceptible. It 
Ciialdaic, and Egyptian accounts exceed not 
3 of the Deluge, but the sera of the world : and 


t? 


nly 


ond th 


ly carried the chronology of the latter be 


term of his artificial 4 period 


upon enquiry 


we diall find the chronology of this people very different 
from the reprefentations, which have been given. 


This will 


flic 


by 


Egyptians themfelves 


the per for 
of the far 
as well as 
borrowed 


and precife account, exhibited by the 
yet overlooked and contradicted by 

receive it. Something 


hand 


we 


Abyden 

him. 


om 


great moment: 

kJ 


and will afford 


be attempted in refpedt to Berofus ; 
Polyhiftor, and Apollodorus, who 

ies contained matter of 
le wonderful difcoveries. 


Their hifto 


from that which has preceded. 
Deluge was the grand epocha of every 


lent kingdom. It is to be obferved 


when colonies 


ftory 


fettlement, they ingrafted their antecedent 


fubfequent events of the 


And 


Ho makes it exceed tne rera of the Mofaic creation 1336 years. See Marlham’s 


Canon. Chron. p. i. 


2 


thofe 



PREFACE. 


XI! 1 


tliofe days they could carry up the genealogy of their princes 
to the very lource of all; it will be found, under whatever 
title he may come, that the firft king in every country was 
Noah. For as he was mentioned firft in the genealogy of 
their princes, he was in aftertimes looked upon as a real mon- 
arch; and reprefented as a great traveller, a mighty con¬ 
queror, and fovereign of the whole earth. This circumftance 
will appear even in the annals of the Egyptians : and though 
their chronology has been fuppofed to have reached beyond 
that of any nation, yet it coincides very happily with the 
accounts given by Mofes. 

In the profecution of my fyftem I fhall not amufe the 
Reader with doubtful and folitary extracts ; but coiled: all, 
that can be obtained upon the fubjed:, and ftiew the univerfal 
fcope of writers. I fhall endeavour particularly to compare 
facred hiftory with profane, and prove the general affent of 
mankind to the wonderful events recorded. My purpofe is 
not to lay fcience in ruins ; but inftead of defolating to build 
up, and to redify what time has impaired: to diveft, mytho¬ 
logy of every foreign and unmeaning ornament; and to dis¬ 
play the truth in its native fimplieity : to {hew,, that all the 
rites and myfteries of the Gentiles were only fo many me¬ 
morials of their principal aneeftors and of the great occur¬ 
rences, to which they had been witneffes. Among thefe me¬ 
morials the chief were the ruin of mankind by a flood and 
the renewal of the world in one family. They had. fymbo- 
lical reprefentations, by which thefe occurrences were com¬ 
memorated : and the ancient hymns in their temples were 
to the fame purpofe. They all related to. the hiftory of 


Vol. I 


c 


the 



xiv PREFACE. 

the firft ages; and to the fame events, which are recorded 
by Mofes. 

Before I can arrive at this effential part of my enquiries, 
I muft give an account of the rites and customs of ancierrt 
Hellas; and of thole people, whom I term Amonians. This 
I muft do in order to fhew, from whenee they came: and 
from what quarter their evidence as derived. A great deal 
will be faid of their religion and rites : alfo of their towers, 
temples, and Puratheia, where .their worfhip was performed. 
The miftakes likewife of the Greeks in refpedt to ancient 
terms, which they ftrangely perverted, will be exhibited in 
many inftances : and much true hiftory will be afcertained 
from a detedion of this peculiar mifapplication. It is a cir- 
cutnftance of great confequence, to which little attention 
has been paid. Great light however will accrue from exa¬ 
mining this abufe, and obferving the particular mode of 
error: and the only way of obtaining an infight muft be by 
an etymological procefs, and by recurring to the primitive 
language of the people, concerning whom we are treating. 
As the Amonians betook themfelves to regions widely fe- 
parated; we fhall find in every place, where they fettled, 
the fame worfhip and ceremonies, and the fame hiftory of 
their anceftors. There will alfo appeargreat fimilitude in 
the names of their cities and temples : fo that we may be 
--allured, that the whole was the operation of one and the 
fame people. The learned Bochart faw this; and 
for grantedj that the people were Phenicians, he attempted 
to interpret thefe names by the Hebrew language ; of which 
he fuppofed the Phenician to have been a dialed:. His de- 

9 




PREFACE. 


xv 


fign was certainly very ingenious ; and carried on with a 
wonderful difplay of learning. He failed however : and of 
the nature of his failure I fliall be obliged to take notice. 
It appears to me, as far as my reading can afford me light, 
that moft ancient names, not only of places, but of perlans, 
have a manifeft analogy. There is like wife a great corre¬ 
spondence to be obferved in terms of feience; and in the 
titles, which were of old bellowed upon magillrates and 
rulers. The lame obfervation may be extended even to 
plants, and minerals, as well as to animals; efpecially to 
thofe, which were efteemed at all facred. Their names 
feeitt to be compofed of the feme, or ftmilax, elements ; and 
bear a manifeft relation to the religion in ufe among the 
Amonians, and to the Deity, whom- they adored. This Deity 
was the Sun : and moft of the ancient names will, be found 
to be an aftemblage of titles, bellowed upon that luminary. 

there will appear a manifeft correlpondence between 
them : which circumftance is quite foreign to the fyftem of 
Bochart. His etymologies are deftitute of this collateral evi¬ 
dence : and have not the leaft analogy to- fupport them. 

I 

In confequence of this I have ventured to give a lift of feme 
Amonian terms, which occur in tile mythology- of Greece ; 
and in the hiftories of other nations. Moft ancient names 



feem to have been compofed? out of thefe elements : and into 
the fame principles they may be again refolved by an eafy, 
and fair evolution. I fubjoin to thefe a fhort interpretation : 
and at the feme time produce different examples of names, 
and titles, which are thus compounded. From hence the 
Reader will fee plainly my method of analyfis 5 . and the bafts 
of my etymological enquiries. 

c 2 As 

♦ ► 




As my refearches are upon fubje<£ts very remote, and tlie 
hiftories, to which I appeal, various ; and as the truth is in 
great meafure to be obtained by deduction; I have been 
obliged to bring my authorities immediately under the eye 
of the Reader. He may from thence be a witnefs of the 
propriety of my appeal; and fee that my inferences are true. 
This however will render my quotations very numerous, and; 
may afford fome matter -of difcouragement, as they are prin¬ 
cipally from the Greek authors. I have however in moft 
places of confequence endeavoured to remedy this incon¬ 
venience, either by exhibiting previoufly the fubftance of 
what is quoted ; or giving a fubfequent tranflation. Better 

days may perhaps come ; when the Greek language will be 

% 

in greater repute, and its beauties more admired. As I am 
principally indebted tp the Grecians for intelligence, I have 
in fome refpedts adhered to their orthography, and have ren¬ 
dered ancient terms, as they were exprelfed by them. In¬ 
deed I do not -fee, why we fhould not render all names of 
Grecian original, as they were exhibited by that people, in- 
ftead of taking our mode of pronunciation from the Romans. 

I fcarce know any thing, which has been of greater detri¬ 
ment to ancient hiftory, than the capricioufnefs of writers in 
never exprefling foreign terms, as they were rendered by the 
natives. I fhall be found however to have not afted up uni¬ 
formly to my principles ; as I have only in fome inflanees 
copied the Grecian orthography. I have ventured to abide 
by it merely in fome particular terms, where I judged, that 
etymology would be concerned. For I was afraid, however 

this method might appear, and warrantable, that it would 
ieem too novel to be univerfally put in practice. 

My 




xvn 


P 


R 


E 


F 


A 


C 


E. 


My purpofe Fas been throughout to give a new turn to an¬ 
cient hiftory; and to place it upon a furer foundation. The 
mythology of Greece is a vaft affemblage of obfcure traditions, 
which have been tranfmitted from the earlieft times. They 
were defcribed in hieroglpyhics, and have been veiled in alle¬ 
gory : and the fame hiftory is often renewed under a different 
.fyftem, and arangement. A great part of this intelligence 


has been derived 


us 


from the 


by which means it 

r. We 


has been rendered ftill more extravagant, and ftrange. 
find the whole, like a grotefque pidture, blazoned high, and 
glaring with colours, and filled with groups of fantaftic ima¬ 
gery, fuch as we fee upon an Indian fcreen : where the eye is 
painfully amufed; but whence little can be obtained, which 
is fatisfadtory, and of fervice. We muft however make this 
diftindtion, that in the allegorical reprefentations of Greece 
there was always a covert meaning, though it may have 


efcaped our difcernment 


fhort we muft look upon 


cient 


ythology as being yet in a chaotic ftate 


where 


the mind of man has been wearied with roaming over the 
crude confidence without ever finding out one fpot, where it 
could repofe in fafety. Hence has arifen the demand, 'srs <rw. 


which has been repeated for ages 


my hope, and my 


prefumption, that fuch a place of appulfe may be found : 
where we .may take our ftand ; and from whence we may 
have a full view of the mighty expanfe before us: from whence 
alfo we may defery the original defign, and order, of all 
thofe objedts, which by length of time, and their own re- 
motenefs, have been rendered fo confufed and uncertain. 


PLATES. 



V, ' 




P L A T E S. 


VOL. 


First 


With the Pages, whioh th e y are to face. 



HR EE reprefentations of Mount Argceus^ called 
Mount Argau y near Tyana and Caefarea Taurica 


by 


• ^ 

which it appears to have been an hollow and inflated moun¬ 
tain. Taken from coins of Patinus, Seguinus, and others. 

To front Page 315 


II 


’Temple of Mithras in the mountains of Perfia 


Chii 


rriinar and the plain of the Magi, from Le Bruyn. Vol. 2d. 
Plate 158. 

Temples in the rock near the lame plajri, from Le Bruyn. 


Plate 166, 167. 


III. 


P- 224 


Petra Mithree , or Temple of Mithras , in the fame region : 


from Thevenot. Part 2d. e. 7. 


p • 232 


IV. 


The fip of Ifs with the Ark and Paterae , from Pocock 


Egypt* Plate 42. 

A fecond Defcription of the fhip of IBs, &c 


P 


5 


V. 


Temple of Mithras Petraeus from Le Bruyn. Plate 158. 

p . 294. 

VI. A 





VI. 

* 

A reprefentation of two ancient Fire-Towers: the 
Torone „ from Goltzius. Plate 24.. 


at 


The other of Cronus in Sicily, from Partita. In Monte 


Pelegrino, iaxis quadratis. 90. 

Ancient Triainae from Vaillant, Paruta, and others 


VII. 


p. 410 


Of his Thermuthis five Ob Bajilifcus gyftiaeus : The royal 
and lacred Serpent of Egypt, together with a pxieft worfhip- 
ing: copied from the curious fragments fent over by the Hon. 
Wortley Montague, and depofited in the Britifh Mufeum. 

0 

Alfo reprefentations of the ferpent Canuphis, or Cneph. 

f. 478 

VIII. 

t 

Serpentine Deity of Perfia fimilar to Gneph in Egypt, from; 
Kaempfer and Le Bruyn. Alfo Serpentine devices from China, 
Perfia, and Egypt. ^.488, 


IX. 


The Head of Medufa from a gem in the collection of his 


Grace the Duke of Marlborough 


P- 5 


X. 


• ■ 


Two Heads from Goltzius.—Upon the Taft page 


RADICALS. 



R 


A 


D 



C 


A 


L 


# 

TleiQag <T ggr; xetevOog, othriQeir) yctg offYidsi. 


Parmenides 


T 


HE materials, of which I propofe to make ufe in the 
following enquiries, are comparatively few, and will 


be contained within a fmall compafs. 


They are fuch, as 


are to be found in the compolition of moft names, which 
occur in ancient mythology j whether they relate to Deities 

then reverenced ; or to the places where their worfhip was 

% 

introduced. But they appear no where fo plainly, as in the 
names of thofe places, which were fttuated in Babylonia and 


Egypt. 


From thefe parts they were, in procefs of time. 


transferred to countries far remote; beyond the Ganges eaft- 
ward, and to the utmoft bounds of the Mediterranean weft ; 
wherever the fons of Ham under their various denominations 


either fettled 


traded 


For I have mentioned, that this 


* 

people were great adventurers ; and began an extenftve com 


merce in very early times 


They got footing in many parts 


they founded 


Vol 


which were famous 

B 


their day. 

They 




RADICALS. 


2 


They likewife erected towers and temples : and upon head¬ 
lands and promontories they railed pillars for fea-marks to 
diredt them in their perilous expeditions. All thefe were 
denominated from circumftances, that had fome reference 
to the religion, which this people profeffed ; and to the an- 
ceftors, whence they fprang. The Deity, which they ori¬ 
ginally worfhiped, was the Sun. But they foon conferred 
his titles upon fome of their anceftors : whence arofe a mixed 
worfhip. They particularly deified the great Patriarch, who 
was the head of their line ; andL worfhiped him as the foun¬ 
tain of light: making the Sun only an emblem of his in¬ 
fluence and power. They called him Bal, and Baal : and 
there were others of their anceftry joined with him, whom 
they fly led the Baalim. Chus was one of thefe : and this 
idolatry began among his fons. In refpedt then to the names, 
which this people, in procefs of time, conferred either upon 
the Deities they worfhiped, or upon the cities which they 
founded ; we fhall find them to be generally made up of 
fome original terms for a bafis, fuch as Ham, Cham, and 
Chus : or elfe of the titles, with which thofe perfonages were 
in aftertimes honoured. Thefe were Thoth, Men or Menes, 
Ab, El, Aur, Ait, Ees or Ifh, On, Bel, Cohen, Keren, Ad, 
Adon, Ob, Oph, Apha, Uch, Melech, Anac, Sar, Sama, Sa- 

We muft likewife take notice of thofe common 
names, by which places are difHnguifhed, fuch as Kir, Caer, 
Kiriath, Carta, Air, Col, Cala, Beth, Ai, Ain, Caph, and 
Cephas. Laftiy are to be inferted the particles Al and Pi $ 
which were in ufe among the ancient Egyptians. 

Of thefe terms I fhall firft treat $ which I look upon as fo 

many 


maim. 



RADICALS. 


3 


m^ny elements, whence moil names in ancient mythology- 
have been compounded; and into which they may be ealily 
refolved : and the hiftory, with which they are attended, will, 
at all times, plainly point out, and warrant the etymology. 


HAM or CHAM. 


T ^HE firft of the terms here fpecified is Ham; at dif¬ 
ferent times, and in different places, exprelfed Cham, 
Chom, 1 * Chamus. Many places were from him denominated 
Cham Ar, Cham Ur, Chomana, Comara, Camarina. Ham, 
by the Egyptians, was compounded Am-On, Apuv and 

A| (/.[AM. He is to be found under this name among many 

nations in the eaft; which was by the Greeks expreiled 
Amanus, and * Omanus. Ham, and Cham are words, which 
imply heat, and the confequences of heat: and from them 
many words in other languages, fuch as 3 4 K ctvpcL, Caminus, 

Camera, were derived. Ham, as a Deity, was efteemed the 
* Sun: and his priefts were ftiled Chamin, Chaminim, and 
Chamerim. His name is often found compounded with 
other terms, as in Cham El, Cham Ees, Cam Ait: and was 
in this manner conferred both on perions arid places. From 


1 Called alfo Chumus. Lilius Gyraldus Ipeaks of the Phoenician God Chumus. 
Syntag. i. p. 7. 

* Of Amanus, and Omanus, fee Strabo. L. 11. p, 779. and L. 15. p. 1066. He 
calls the temple 'hgov Oy.ava. 

3 Et Solem et calorem HSH Chammha vocant (Syri.) Selden de Diis Syr'is. 
Syntag. 2. c. 8. p. 247. 

4 The Sun in the Perfic language, Hama. Gale’s Court of the Gentiles. Y. 1. 
c. 11. p. 72. 


B 2 


hence 



4 


RADICALS. 


hence Camillus, Camilla, Camella Sacra, Comates, Cami- 
fium, 5 Camirus, Chemmis, with numberlefs other words,, 
are derived. Chamma was the title of the hereditary 6 prieft- 
efs of Diana : and the Puratheia, where the rites of fire were 
carried on, were called Chamina, and Chaminim,. whence 
came the Caminus of the Latines.. They were facred hearths,, 
on which was preferved a perpetual fire in honour of Cham. 
The idols of the Sun were called- by the fame 7 name for it 
is faid of the good king Jofiah, that they brake down the al- 
tctrs of Baalim in his prefence ; and the'Chaminim (or images of 
Cham) that were oti high above them , he cut down . They were 
alfo fly led Chamerrm, as we learn- from the prophet 8 9 Zepha- 
niah. Ham was efteemed the Zeus of Greece, and Jupiter of 

Latium. 9 Aju.ju.as, o Zsws, AgifOTeXei. 10 Aju.ju.gy yctg Aiyv 7 fjiotr 
K<x,?\e 3 (rt 70 V A ict. Plutarch fays, that of all the Egyptian 


5 Camifene, Chamath, Chamane^Choma, Chom, Cuma,. Camas, Camelis, Cam* 
balidus, Comopolis,. Comara, &c. All thefe are either names of places, where 
the Amonians fettled or are terms, which Have a reference to their religion and 
worfliip. 

6 Plutarch. Amatorius. Vol. 2. p. 768.. 

7 2 Chron. c. 34. v. 4.. Clpov biooQxg'l Kcujjav wgQa'otyopevetv.. Plutarch. Ills* ct 
Cfiris. Vol. 2. p. 374. 

8 I will cut off the remnant of Baal frcm this place , and the name of the Chammerim 
with the priefts . Zephaniah. c. 1. v. 4. From hence we may in £bme degree infer, 
who are meant by the Baalim. 

9 Hefychius. 


10 


Herodotus. L. 2. c. 42 


Ham fub Jovis nomine in Africa diu cultus. Bochart. Geog. Sac. L. 1. c. 1. p. 5. 

Afj.fj.wva, AiQvzs t ov Aioc. r sr^ocxa.yopsuacri 3 x.cu btco Tiftcocrr xca ya.g v.a.1 •S’azij-os 6 v 
' 1 015 Aczv.edcx.ifJ.ovix.oi'i eyr&ccXXoov (pwcri 3 

AiQum xe/aT»<pope, xsxAuBz Mccvti. 


L Pynd. Pyth. Ode. 4. v. 2S. SchoL 


names 


> 



RADICALS. 


S 

V 

names, which feemed to have any correfpondence with the 
Zeus of Greece, Amoun or Ammon was the moffc peculiar, 
and adequate. He fpeaks of many , people, who were of this 

opinion 

M 

OVOflOC T 

into 



E77 S's TCtiV 7T0?<h(*») VO[JU?OVTCt)V ihov AiyV7TTl0lS 

log eivcu top Afjisv, o Trc&gctyovTes fjfieig A[XfLoovot As- 

From Egypt his name and worfhip were, brought 
: as indeed were the names of almoft all the Dei- 


there worfhiped. 11 2ye<3W <5s koli ncurrc*. ret ovvofjLOLTec 


®soov £% A iyv 7 TTis £?\Y\kv^£ sg Tqy HKhoL^oL- Almoft all the names 
of the Gods in Greece were adventitious , having been brought 
thither from Egypt. 


C H IT S* 

Chus was rendered by the Greeks Xvtrog, Chufiis ; but 
more commonly Xeyorog : and the places denominated from 
him were changed to Xgv<n), Chrufe; and to Chrufopolis. 
His name was often compounded 13 Chus-Or, rendered by 
the Greeks XgvtJ'wg, Chrufor, and Chrufaor; which among 

TT Plutarch. Ifis et Ofiris. vol. 2. p. 354. Zeus was certainly, as thefe writers' 
fay, a title given to Ham : yet it will be found originally to have belonged to his 
father; for titles were not uniformly appropriated. 

Herodotus. L.. 2. c. 49. Speaking afterwards of the people at Dodona, he 

fays, "srcAAtf opt os*. BTruSovTo eye tvs A.iyu7TT& ccwiycofxsvcc t cc ovrofx.oc.Tcc 

tcc t cor &eoQv t ojv cc AAeor, Z^iovvas S'e v^epov 'zzroAAw bvtuQopto. c. 52.. It was a long\ 
time before they had names for any of the Gods ; and very late before they were acquainted 
with Divnufiis \ which Deity , as well as all the others , they received from Egypt. See 
alfo 1. 2. c. 59. 

13 Sanchoniathon apud Eufebium prodit JEgyptiorum K vnep efie Phcenicum 
A ycSoS'ccifx.opccy veh fecundum Mochum,.. See notes to Iamblichus by. 

Gale. p. 301. 

2 


the 



6 

* 


RADICALS. 


the Poets became a favourite epithet, continually bellowed 
upon Apollo. Hence there were temples dedicated to him, 
called Chrufaoria. Chus, in the Babylonifh dialect, feems to 
have been called Cuth ; and many places, where his pofle- 
rity fettled, were hiled 14 Cutha, Cuthaia, Cutaia, Ceuta, 
Cotha, and compounded 15 Cothon, He was fometimes ex- 
prefled Cafus, Ceffus, Calius ; 
lified. 

Chus was the father of all thofe nations, ftyled 16 Ethio- 

4 

pians, who were more truly called Cuthites and Cufeans. 
They were more in number, and far more widely extended, 
than has been imagined. The hiftory of this family will be 
the principal part of my inquiry. 


and was ftill farther diver 


CANAAN. 

Canaan feems, by the Egyptians and Syrians, to have been 
pronounced Cnaan: which was by the Greeks rendered 
Cnas, and Cna, Thus we are told by Stephanus Byzantinus, 
that the ancient name of Phenicia was Cna. Xros, &Toog r j 

Q>qiviky\ zkolXsitq. to sQvixov Xvouog, The fame is faid by Philo 


14 Chufiftan, to the eaft of the Tigris, was the land of Chus : it was likewife 
called Cutha, and Ciffia, by different writers. - 

A river and region ftiled Cutha, mentioned by Jofephus, Ant. Jud. L. 9. c. 14. 
n. 3. the fame which by others has been called Cufhan, and Chufiftan. 

15 The harbour at Carthage was named Cothon. Strabo. L. 17. p, 1189. Alfo 
an ifland in that harbour. Diodorus Sic. T. 3. p. 168. 

16 yiovcrov y.ev ovS'ev e^Xcc^ev 0 itgopos. AiQlottss ycc^ cop ygifer* en tcgu vvv viro lau- 

t m* re xcci rcov ev rr\ Acria^jccvroov^ XOT 2 AIOI hclAqvptou. Jofephus Ant. Jud. 
L. 1. c. 6. §. 2. 


Biblius 




Biblius from Sanchoniathon. 17 Xva ra 7 rgcaT& (JLeTovofJLCL<r 8 svTog 
Qomnog. And in another place he fays, that Iliris, the fame 
as" Oliris, was the brother to Cna. 18 


Ic rigig 


u$£X<pog X^cc 


the purport of which is conformable to the account in the 
fcriptures, that the Egyptians were of a collateral line with 
the people of Canaan; or that the father of the Mizraim and 
the Canaanites were brothers. 


MIZRAIM. 

This perfon is looked upon as the father of the Egyp¬ 
tians ; on which account one might expedfc to meet with 
many memorials concerning him : but his hiftory is fo veiled 
under allegory and titles, that no great light can be obtain¬ 
ed. It is thought by many learned men, that the term, Miz¬ 
raim, is properly a plural; and that a people are by it lig- 
nified rather than a perfon. This people were the Egyp¬ 
tians : and the head of their family is imagined to have been 
in the lingular Mifor, or Metzor. It is certain that Egypt 
by Stephanus Byzantinus is amongft other names {tiled My- 

which undoubtedly is a miftake for Mvcrctgu., the land 
of Mufar or Myfar. It is by 19 Eufebius and Suidas called 

17 Eufeb. Prfep. Evang. L. 1. c. 10. p. 39. 

13 Sanchoniathon apud eundem. Ibid. 

See Michaelis Geographia Plebraeor. Extera. p. 2. 

* 9 O 7 r pcoros oiMcrctz nrnv M sq^pccictv %&pccv y yrroi Aiyu7r f riv 9 eCetaaev 

er ecu t>i MEufeb. Chron. p. 17. 

M eq-'pcc'ivi of the LXX. 

Jofephus calls the country of Egypt Meftra. Tr.v yctg A ljvtttoi' MergW'* xcu 
M tvs Aiyv 7 TTiu$ d'ZD-ccvTcccy ot return? cty-wres, -xaAvjjLzP. Ant. Jud. JL. i. 
c. d. §« 2. 

Meftraia, 


9 



8 


RADICALS. 


Meftraia, by which is meant the land of Metzor, a dif- 

^ N 

ferent rendering of Myfor. Sanchoniathon alludes to this 
perfon under the name of 20 M icrcag, Mifor ; and joins him 
with Sydic : both which he makes the fons of the Shepherds 
Amunus, and Magus. Amunus, I make no doubt, is Amun, 
or Ham, the real father of Mifor, from whom the Mizraim 
are fuppofed to be defcended. By Magus probably is meant 
Chus, the father of thofe worfhipers of fire, the Magi: the 
father alfo of the genuine Scythas, who were ftiled Magog. 
The Canaanites like wife were his offspring : and among 
thefe none were more diftinguilhed, than thofe of Said, or 
Sidon. It mull be confeffed, that the author derives the 
name from Sydic, j.uftice : and to fay the truth, he has, out 
of ancient terms, mixed fo many feigned perfonages with 
thofe that are real, that it is not eafy to arrive at the truth. 


NIMROD. 

* 

It is laid of this perfon by Mofes, that he was the fon of 
Cufh. 21 And Cufh begat Nimrod : he began to be a ?nighty one 
in the earth : he was a mighty hunter before the Lord : where¬ 
fore it is faid , even as Nimrod , the mighty hu?iter before the 
Lord. A?id the beginning of his kingdom was Babel. His hif- 
tory is plainly alluded to under the character of Alorus, the 


ao 


.Aphid Eufcb. Pr^p. Evan. L. i. c. io. p.. 36. 
ierapolis of Syria was called Magog, or rather t 


It was alfo 


called Bambyce. Code (Syria) habet—Bambycen, qua: alio nomine Hierapolis. 
vocatur, Syris vero Magog. Plin. HifL Nat. L. 5. §. 19. p. 266. 

9. Hence called c itvrnyc,^ kcli V 

Chronicon Paichaie. p. 2S. 

fir ft 


Gcnefts. c. 10. v. 


o 

G 



RADICALS. 


9 


firft king of 22 Chaldea; but more frequently under the 


title of Orion 


of a 
wild 


This perfonage is reprefented by 


gigantic make ; and as being continually in purfuit o 
23 beads. The Cuthite Colonies, which went wedward 


carried with them memorials of this their ancedor 


and 


named many places from him : and in all fuch places there 
will be found fome peculiar circumdances, which will point 
out the great Hunter, alluded to in their name. The Gre¬ 


cians generally dyled him 24 NsSfaxT, Nebrod : hence places 
called by his name are expreffed Nebrod, Nebrodes, Ne- 
briffa. In Sicily was a mountain Nebrodes, called by Strabo 

It was a famous place for 


in the plural 


Ng^w<5>] OpY] 


hunting; and for that reafon had been dedicated to Nimrod. 

4 

The poet Gratius takes notice of its being docked with wild 
beads : 

26 Cantatus Graiis Acragas, vidtasque fragofurm 
Nebrodem liquere ferae. 

And Solinus fpeaks to the fame purpofe : 27 Nebrodem da- 


12 ttgcoTov yeve&Gti B cccritecc AA wpov ev BXocAcTa/or. Eufeb. Chron. 
p. 5. ex Apollodoro. The fame from Abydenus. Eufeb. Chron. p. 6 . 

Ev t ots ctq-gois T 8 sgctvd £tcc^ccv (t qv N eSpoof"), kccl xo&Auaiv Qgiojvcc. Cedrenus. 

p- 14. 

E yevvv^v cTg sc cci a?Ao$ ex tvs £uA vs tb Hv/jl (Xaft), Xous ovojulolti 9 0 g~ 1 > 

eyewvae tgv N e€pcoS 9 Tiyocvrcc^ tgv tvv Ba£vAa)viccv XTiacti'Tct^ cv Atyvcriv 01 Yleocrcu 

VTCC) 7C0CI ySVOfJL&VGV tV T GlS CC^gOlS TB GVTLVCC XCtA'dCTlV ClglOOVCC. Chroni- 


CL7T0 


8 fo) 0 i 


con. Pafehale. p. 36. 

2J Homer. OdyfT. A. v. 571. 
** Chronicon* Pafch. p. 36. 




Strabo. L. 6. p. 421. 

26 Gratii Cyneget. v. ^27. 

27 Solinus de Situ Orbis. c. iju 

VOL. I. 


c 


mse 



IO 


RADICALS. 


mae et hinnuli pervagantur. At the foot of the mountain 
were the warm baths of Himera. 

The term Nso£0£, Nebros, which was fubftituted by the 
Greeks for Nimrod, fignifying a fawn, gave occafion to many 

allufions about a fawn, and fawn-fkin, in the Dionufiaca, 

♦ 

and other myfteries. There was a town NebrifTa, near the 
mouth of the Baetis in Spain, called by Pliny Veneria ; 28 In¬ 
ter aeftuaria Baetis oppidum NebrifTa, cognomine Veneria. 
This, I fhould think, was a miftake for Venaria ; for there 
were places of that name. Here were preferved the fame 
rites and memorials, as are mentioned above ; wherein was 
no allufion to Venus, but to Nimrod and Bacchus. The 
ifland, and its rites, are mentioned by Silius Italicus. 

“ 9 Ac NebrifTa Dionufaeis confcia thyrfis, 

Quam Satyri coluere leves, redimitaque facra 
Nebride. 

The Priefls at the Bacchanalia, as well as the Votaries, 
were habited in this manner. 

30 Inter matres impia Maenas 
Comes Ogygio venit laccho, 

Nebride facra praecin&a latus. 

Statius defcribes them in the fame habit. 

31 Hie chelyn, hie flavam maculofo Nebrida tergo. 

Hie thyrfos, hie pledtra ferit. 

The 

13 Plin. Nat. KifL L. 3. c. 1. 

2,9 Silius Italicus. L. 3. v. 393. 

30 Seneca CEdipus. Aft 2. v. 436. 

** Sylvas. L. 1. carm. 2. v. 226. 

Dionyfius of the Indian Camaritse : 

Z CtifJLCLTCC) KOU N eGgl^CCS ZlTL q*nQeG<Tl $Ct?iO»T6$j 

El tot teyov v. 703. 


At 



RADICALS. 


11 

The hiftory of Nimrod was in great meafure loft in the 
fuperior reverence ftiewn to Chus, or Bacchus : yet there is 
reafon to think that divine honours were of old paid to him. 
The Family of the Nebridas at 3 * Athens, and another of the 
lame name at Cos, were, as we may infer from their hiftory, 
the pofterity of people, who had been priefts to Nimrod. He 
leems to have been worlhiped in Sicily under the names of 
Elorus, Pelorus, and Orion. He was likewife ftyled 33 Belus : 
but as this was merely a title, and conferred upon other par- 
fons, it renders his hiftory very difficult to be diftinguifhed. 


TITLES of the DEITY. 


Theuth, Thoth, Taut, Taautes 


5 


the fame title diverli 


fied j and belong to the chief god of Egypt. Eufebius fpeak 


of him as the fame as Hermes 


3 + 


GwvQ 


AAg£ 


a 



®Cd@ 


* 

Ov AiyV 7 CTl 0 l fJLEV 


'Egpnv cTs EA Kqves fjt,sTS<ppa<rciv 


From Theuth the Greeks formed ©EOS ; which, with that 
nation, was the moft general name of the Deity. Plato in his 
treatife, named Philebus, mentions him by the name of 


At the rites of Ofiris, Ka/ yccg ve£pt^ccs 'zrePiX'CcQx 7 TT 0 VTcct (c* Aiyv7rrioi) xca Srup- 
crbs (pop'scri ?6tA. Plutarch. Ifis & Olir. p. 364.. 

3Z Arnobius. L. 5. p. 185. edit. 1651. Ceres fefia, oras ut venit Atticas—Ne- 
bridarum familiam pellicula cohoneftavit hinnulse. 

' 33 Nimrod built Babylon 5 which is laid to have been the work of Belus. Ba£u- 
Aojy *—eipyrat viro Etymologicum Magnum. 

Arcem (Babykmis) Rex antiquiflimus condidit Belus. Ammian. Marcellinus. 
L. 23. 

Here was a temple, ftyled the temple of Belus. 

54 Eufebius. Prcep. Evang. L. x. c. 9. p. 32. L. 1. c. 10. p. 36. p. 40. 

C 2 


r 





RADICALS. 


I 2 


?5 


®sv@ 


He was looked upon 


great benefactor, and the 


iirft cultivator of the Vine 


3 ! n gOOTOg ©&$ S& 0 L 1 ) $g£ 7 TCLVYlV STU (ZoTgVV CtysigSlV. 

He was alfo fuppofed to have found out letters : which 


likewife attributed 


Hermes. 37 A 7ro Mi (reap Ta 


>£, os ivgS rqv TOOV 'WgUTUV ^Ol^SlCaV ygCL(pty. -'EAAi^S£ S's *E^- 

smT^eeroLV. Suidas calls him Theus ; and fays, that he was 
the fame as Arez, ftyled by the Arabians Theus Arez, and fo 


mv 


orfhiped at Petra. ®£V<rctgY\g 


®sog Agng, sv TIstp 


Tar )S AgctEioeg. Inftead of a ftatue there was A idog [JLsXoig, tbt^ol- 
yoovog, aTWWTOS, a black, fquare pillar of ftone, without any 


Ait 


Ltion. It was the fame Deity which the 
: worfhiped under the name of Theut- 
Theutates ; whofe facrifices were very cruel, as we 


figure, or reprefent 
Germans and Celt? 


from 


-,s 


Et quibus immitis placatur fanguine diro 


Theutates. 


A B. 


Ab Ecnifies a father, Emilar to 3^ of the Hebrews. 

O * 


It is 


often found in compoEtion, as in Ab-El, Ab-On, Ab-Or. 


* ^ 


V* 


37 


See alfo the Phcsdrus of Plato : t ctrvv 'ziepi Nawpaw tws Aiyvyrlu x tA. 


Anthologia. 


E. i. 91. L. 1. 29. 


Euicb. Praep. Evang. L. i.c, 10. p. 36. from Sanchoniathon. 


.Lucan. L. 1. v. 444-. 


AUR, 



RADICALS. 


*3 


AUR, OUR, OR. 


Aur, fometimes exprefled Or, Ur, and Our, lignifies both 
light and lire. Hence came the Orus of the Egyptians, a 
title given to the Sun. 39 Quod folem vertimus, id in Hebraso 
eft Ur ; quod lucem, et ignem, etiam et Solem denotat. 
It is often compounded with the term above, and rendered 
Abor, Aborus, Aborras: and it is otherwife diverfified. This 
title was often given to Chus by his defcendants; whom 
they ftiled Chuforus. From Aur, taken as an element, came 
Uro, Ardeo; as a Deity, oro, hora, o 'Is^oy, 'I sgsvg. Zeus 
was ftiled Cham-Ur, rendered by the Greeks ; and 

under this title was worfhiped at Halicarnaflus. He is fo 
called by Lycophron. 40 H p.oQ ucLTcadoov S-ycr^Aa Kwyu^ Asoov. 

Upon which the Scholiaft obferves ; (Kw^y^) 6 Zevg zv 

'A XlKOlgVCLU‘U> TlfJLCLTOU . 




El, Al, HA, fometimes exprefted Eli, was the name of the 
true God ; but by the Zabians was transferred to the Sun : 
whence the Greeks borrowed their 'HA tog, and HsA log. El, 
and Elion, were titles, by which the people of Canaan dif- 


39 Selden de Diis Syris : Prolegomena, c. 3. 
*° Lycophron. v. 459. Scholia ibidem. 


It is alfo compounded with Cham, as in Orchamus, a common Babylonifh 


pellation. 

Rexit Achasmenias urbes pater Orchamus ; ifque 
Septimus a prifei nuneratur origine Beli. 


•P- 


Metamorp 


tinguifhed 



14 


RADICALS. 

♦ 

tinguifiied their chief Deity. 41 VivsTcu rig EAiow, zclK# psvog 

v-^ig-og. This they fometimes ftill farther compounded, and 
made Abelion : hence infcriptions are to be found 4i DEO 
ABELLIONL El according to Damafcius was a title given 
to Cronus. 43 Qoivizsg zca Zvgoi tov K govov HA, zcu B^A, zou 

BoKctQrjV eTrovofJLOt^Ti. The Phenicians mid Syrians name Cronus 

Eel, and Beel, and Bolathes. The Canaanitifh term Elion is 
a compound of Eli On, both titles of the Sun : hence the 
former is often joined with Aur, and Orus. 44 Elorus, and 
Alorus, were names both of perfons and places. It is fome¬ 
times combined with Cham : whence we have Camillus, and 
Camulus : under which name the Deity of the Gentile world 
was in many places worfliiped. Camulus and Camillus 
were in a manner antiquated among the Romans ; but their 
worfhip was kept up in other countries. We find in Gruter 

an infcription 45 DEO CAMULO : and another, CAMULO. 
SANCTO. FORTISSIMO. They were both the fame 

Deity, a little diverfified ; who was worshiped by the He- 

trurians, and efteemed the fame as Hermes.. 46 Tufci Camil- 

♦ 

41 Eufebii Pr?ep. Evang. L. i. c. 10. p>. 36, 

41 Gruter. V. 1. 37. n. 4, 5, 6. 

43 Damafcius apud Photium. C. 242. 

44 A A wps?, Alorus, the fir ft king who reigned. Syncellus. p. i£L 

‘AA/a, Halia, was a feftival at Rhodes in honour of the Sun, to whom that Ifland 
^was facred. "PoS'ioi t cl A A tec TifAcoo-tv. Athen^us. L. 13. p. 561. The firfi: inha¬ 
bitants were f iled Heliadae. Diodorus Sic. L 5. p, 327. And they called the 
chief temple of the Deity r AA iov y Halion. Euftath. ad Horn. OdyfT. Z. They 
came after a deluge, led by Ochimus, Macar, and others. 

45 Gruter. Infcript. xl. g. and lvi, 11. 

46 Macrobii Saturn. L. 3. c. 8. 

9 


him 



RADICALS. 


15 

r the Deity, but the 
minifter and attendant had the fame name : for the priefts 
of old were almoft univerfally denominated from the God, 
whom they ferved, or from his temple. The name appears 
to have been once very general. 47 Rerum omnium facrarum 
adminiftri Camilli dicebantur. But Plutarch feems to con- 

9 

fine the term to one particular office and perfon. 48 Toy V 7 tY\-- 
gsTBVTct tw 'legca T8 A tog apqndoiXY) 'arouSa. Xeye<r$ou KapAAoy, 

«£ K.CLI 70V 'EgfAilV 370eg SVIOl 700V 'E 7\XY\VOOV K OLfJLlXXOV 0070 7f\g 

hcucovi&g 'Wgocrriyagevov. He fuppofes the name to have been 
given to Hermes on account of the fervice and duty enjoined 
him. But there is nothing of this nature to be inferred from 
the terms. The Hermes of Egypt had nothing fimilar to his 
correfpondent in Greece. Camillus was the name of the chief 
God, Cham-El, the fame as Elion, o thj visrog. He was fome- 

times exprefled Cafmillus; but ftill referred to Hermes. 
4sr KaoyuAAos 6 'Egpqg zgiv^ oog ig-ogei Aiownofroogog. The Deity 

El was particularly invoked by the eaftern nations, when 
they made an attack in battle : at fuch time they ufed to 
cry out E ^T^ and Al-Al. This Mahomet could not well 
bring his profelytes to leave off: and therefore changed it to 
Allah ; which the Turks at this day make ufe of, when they 

% 

. 47 Pomponius Lsetus. 

Camilla was in like manner attendant on the Gods. 

Caelitum Camilla expedtata advenis. Ennius in Medo, ex Varrone deLing. Lat. 
p. 71. Edit. Dordrechti. 1619. 

48 Juba apud Plutarchum in Numa. Vol. 1. p. 64. 

49 Scholia in Apollon. Rhodium. E. 1. v. 917. So Camoena was rendered Caf- 

mcena. v 

fhoufc 


lum appellant Mercurium. And not only 



16 


RADICALS. 


fhout in joining battle. It was however an idolatrous invo¬ 
cation, originally made to the God of war; and not un- 
known to the Greeks. Plutarch fpeaks of it as no uncom¬ 
mon exclamation ; but makes the Deity feminine. 

49 KXvQ' AAAAA, 7T0'h£fJL% S-vyctTeg. 

Plence we have in Hefychius the following interpretations ; 

* 

cxXcxXaiei, S 7 tivikic>js w/si. AXaXcty [jlo s, sinvmog v^Lvog. EAs- 

Asu, S 7 ripwvifi[/>ct wotefjuxov* It is probably the fame as Vsn in 
Ifaiahj 50 How art thou fallen , Halal , thou fon of Sehor. 

O N and EON. 

On, Eon, or Aon, was another title of the Sun among the 
Amonians : and fo we find it explained by Cyril upon Ho- 
fea: Hr Je £?iv 6 'HAto?: and fpeaking of the Egyptians in 

the fame comment, he fays, Se e?i irctf clvtoiq 6 'HA log. 
The Seventy likewife, where the word occurs in Scripture, 
interpret it the Sun ; and call the city of On, Heliopolis. 

51 Kca eSiaxsy ccjtoj rr,v A<teveQ §vyctT£g<x. UsTspgri 'Isgswg 'HA/a- 

TtoXBoeg. Theophilus, from Manetho, fpeaks of it in the fame 
manner : 51 Hr, fjTig Bfiv 'HAjottoA^. And the Coptic Penta¬ 
teuch renders the city On by the city of the Sun. Hence it 
was, that Ham, who was worfhiped as the Sun, got the name 


49 

50 
S» 

51 


De A mo re Fraterno. p. 4S3. 
Ifaiah. C. 14. v. 12. 


Gcnefis. C. 41. v. 45. and Exodus. C. 1. v. 
Theophilus ad Autol/cum. L. .3. p. 392. 



11. 

Iablonfliy. L. 2. c. 1. p. 





RADICALS. 


*7 


of Amon, and Ammon ; and was ftyled Baal-Hamon. It is 

% 

faid of Solomon, that he had a vineyard at 53 Baal-Hamon ; a 
name probably given to the place by his Egyptian wife, the 
daughter of Pharaoh. The term El was combined in the 
lame manner ; and many places facred to the Sun were ftyled 
El-on, as well as El-our. It was fometimes rendered Eleon; 
from whence came Yj\iog y and y\Kiov. The Syrians, Cretans, 
and Canaanites went farther, and made a combination of the 
terms Ab-El-Eon, Pater Summits Sol, or Pater Deus Sol; 
hence they formed Abellon, and Abelion before mentioned. 
Hefychius interprets A(ssAjov, 'HAfoy' A?sA joz/, 'HXiomov. 

Voftius thinks, and with good reafon, that the Apollo of 
Greece, and Rome, was the fame as the Abelion of the Eaft. 
5+ FortalTe Apollo ex Cretico A^eXiog* nam veteres Romani 
pro Apollo dixere Apello : ut pro homo, hemo ; pro bonus, 
benus; ac limilia. The Sun was alfo worlhiped under the 
title Abaddon ; which, as we are informed by the Evange- 
lift, was the fame as Apollo; or, as he terms him, AttoA- 

51 Canticles, c. 8. v. n. 

Mention is made of Amon, Jeremiah, c. 46. v. 25. Nahum, c. 3. v. 8. 

It was fometimes compounded •, and the Deity worlhiped under the titles of 
Or-On : and there were temples of this denomination in Canaan. 

Solomon fortified Beth-Oron the upper, and Beth-Oron the nether. 2 Chron. 
c. 8. v. 5. 

As Ham was (tiled Hamon, fo was his fon Chus, or Cuth, named Cuthon and 
Cothon - 9 as we may judge from places, which were denominated undoubtedly from 
him. At Adrumetum was an ifland at the entrance of the harbour fo called : 
Hirtius. Afric. p. 798. Another at Carthage, probably fo named from a tower 
or temple. 'TCttotcsivtcci S'e t >? ccx.go7roAet 61 tz /JLZve$ 9 kcli 0 KflGON* 

Strabo. L. 17. p. 1189. 

5 * Volf, de Idol. Vol. 1. 1 . 2. c. 17. p. 391. 

Vol. I. D 


p 


Xvuv : 



I 


18 RADICALS. 

Kvttv : ss O vofJLct avTw 'EEgoufi A £a<T<IW, e? rp EAAiiw/rjj 

AttoA?^^. 



Another title of Ham- or the Sun was Ait, and Aith : a 
term, of which little notice has been taken ; yet of great 
confequence in refpedt to etymology. It occurs continually 
in Egyptian names of places, as well as in the compofition of 
thofe, which belong to Deities, and men. It relates to -fire, 
light, and heat; and to the confequences of heat. We may 
in fome degree learn its various, and oppofite lignifications 
when compounded, from ancient words in the Greek lan¬ 
guage, which were derived from it. Several of thefe are enu¬ 
merated in Hefychius. AlOou, ^jlbXouvoli. A iQstv, KCfJEiv. A *- 

QolXoev (a compound of Aith El), kbzolv[J,bvov. AiQivos, ko/ttvos . 
AiOov, 7\ct[A,7Tgov. AiQmvcc (of the fame etymology, from Aith- 
On) {josKclvcl , TrvgcaSri. 56 Aidog, KctVfjoa.. The Egyptians, when 
they confecrated any thing to their Deity, or made it a fym- 
bol of any fuppofed attribute, called it by the name of that 
attribute, or 57 emanation : and as there was fcarce any thing, 
but what was held facred by them, and in this manner appro- 


55 


Apocalyps. c. 9. v. 11. 


56 The Sun’s difk ftylcd AiGs*^ : 

r l7T7reveav eAix.nS'ov Ja ov 7 ro\ov AlOOni AI 2 KO/. Nonnus. L. 40. v. 371- 

AiQiqttcuS' ct Z\icwo'ov. A rczKgecov* aAAoi t qv oivov . aAAo/ twv AgTEfJUv. Hely- 
chius. Altered to A<Go7ra yrcuS^cc by Albertus. 

57 The Egyptian Theology abounded with pcrfonages formed from thefe ema¬ 
nations, who according to Pfellus were called Eons, 'ZooyB*, A Scores. See Iambli- 
chus, and Plellus, and Damafcius. 

priated j 


* 



RADICALS, 


*9 


t 


priated; it neceflarily happened, that feveral objects had often 

* 

the fame reference, and were denominated alike. For not only 
men took to themfelves the facred titles ; but birds, beafts, 
fifties, reptiles, together with., trees, plants, ftones, drugs, and 
minerals, were fuppofed to be under fome particular influ¬ 
ence ; and from thence received their names. And if they 
were not quite alike, they were however made up of elements 
very flmilar. Ham, as the Sun, was ftiled sS Ait; and Egypt, 
the land of Ham, had in confequence of it the name of Ait, 
rendered by the Greeks A snot : E;£Ai^ A iyv7TTog) xou A egioc, 

Kou UoTct^ioty kcu AiQiottkx,, Kou 59 AETIA. One of the moll 
ancient names of the Nile was Ait, or Azrog. It was alfo a 


name given to the Eagle, as the bird particularly facred to 
the Sun : and Homer alludes to the original meaning of the 
word, when he terms the Eagle 60 Atsrog oudoov. Among the 
parts of the human body it was appropriated to the 61 heart: 
for the heart in the body may be efteemed what the Sun is 
in his fyftem, the fource of heat and life, affording the fame 
animating principle. This word having thefe two fenfes 
was the reafon why the Egyptians made a heart over a vafe 


of burning incenfe an emblem of their country 


62 


AiyV7TT0V 



5S *Stephanus 

59 Scholia on Dionyfius. v. 239. 
authors. 



Vv hat it alluded to, may be feen from other 


60 Homer. Iliad. O. v. 690. O evGeg/xoSy xai Hefychius, 

H 0 , j cctof'ict. Etymolog. Magnum ex Ori'one, in Athribis. 

They exprefs it after the manner of the Ionians, who always deviated from the 
original term. The Dorians would have called it with more propriety Ath. 

** Horus Apollo. L. x. c. 22. p. 38 . 


D 2 



4 



20 


RADICALS. 


h ygcttpovreg, SvfjuoLTrigiov KcuofJLSvov col iyga.q>i}<n 9 mi eitCLvu KAP- 

AIAN. This term occurs continually in compofition. Athyr, 

* 

one of the Egyptian months, was formed of Ath-Ur. It was 
alfo one of the names of that place where the fhepherds re- 

fided in Egypt; and to which the Ifraelites fucceeded. It 

♦ 

flood at the upper point of Delta, and was particularly 

facred to Ur, or Orus : and thence called Athur-ai, or 

% 

the place of Athur. At the departure of the fhepherds it 

was ruined by King Amofis. 6 J K.CLTS<rm"fye $e ty)v A Qvgiav 
Afjioocrig. 

As Egypt wa3 named Aith, and Ait ; fo other countries, 
in which colonies from thence fettled, were fliled Ethia and 
Athia- The fons of Chus founded a colony in Colchis; and 
we find a king of that country named Ait; or, as the Greeks 
expreffed it, Aiqnis : and the land was alfo diftinguifhed by 
that charadteriftic. Hence Arete in the Orphic Argonautics, 
fpeaking of Medea’s returning to Colchis, expreffes this place 
by the terms y\Oscl KqA^wj/ 

6+ 'ftwrgog T£ tofMV, mi eg r}@ect KoAyaw. 

It is fometimes compounded Ath-El, and Ath-Ain ;. from 
whence the Greeks formed 65 A^Aa, and A @Yivct> titles, by 

6-5 Clemens Alexandrihus from Ptolemy Mendefius. Strom. L. 1. p. 378. 

It was called alfo Abur, or Abaris, as well as Athur. In after times it was re¬ 
built •, and by Herodotus it is ftiled Cercafora. By Athuria is to be underftood 
both the city, and the diftridt which was part of the great Nome of Heliopolis.. 

6+ Orphic. Argonaut, v. 1323-. 

65 Athenagorae Legatio. p; 293-. 

Proferpine {Kopec) was alfo called Athela. Ibid;. 

which. 



RADICALS. 


21 


which they diftinguifhed the Goddefs of wifdom. It was 
looked upon as a term of high honour, and endearment. Ve¬ 
nus in Apollonius calls Juno, and Minerva, by way of re- 
fpedt, H Qsicci : 


66 


H Qsica, rig £svgo voog , %g£ioo ts-, fcopigei ; 


Menelaus fays to his brother Agamemnon, 67 T i<pQ’ xrug, H Osie, 

Kogvrtrecti ; And 68 Tims (jloi , HQsiyi xspcthr}, $ev£ siKYiKsdccg, are 
the words of Achilles to the fhade of his loft Patroclus.- 
H Qeiog in the original acceptation, as a tide, hgnified Solaris, 
Divinus, Splendidus : but in a fecondary fenfe it denoted any 

thing holy, good and praife-worthy. 69 AAAa [jliv H Oeiov kolXso) 

Kcct vo<r<piv some, fays Eumseus of his long abfent, and much 
honoured mafter. I ’will call him good , and noble , whether he 
be dead or alive. From this ancient term were derived the 
rjflog and rfiixoi. of the Greeks. 

I have mentioned, that it is often found compounded, as 
in Athyr : and that it was a name conferred on places, where 
the Amonians fettled. Some of this family came in early 
times to Rhodes, and Lemnos : of which migrations I fhall 5 
hereafter treat. Hence one of the mod ancient names of 
75 Rhodes was Aithraia, or the Ifland of Athyr; fo called 
from the worfhip of the Sun: and Lemnos was denominated 


66 Apollonius Rhodius. L. 3'. v. 52. 

67 Homer. Iliad. K. v. 37. 

6S Homer. Iliad. 'R v. 94. 

69 Homer. Odyff. S. v. 147. 

Ath-El among many nations a title of great honour. 
1 Z Plin. Nat. Hift.. L. 5. e. 31. 


Aithalia, 



22 


RADICALS. 


Aithalia, for the fame reafon from Aith-El. It was parti¬ 
cularly devoted, to the God of lire ; and is hence ftyled Vul- 
cania by the Poet: 

71 Summis Vulcania furgit 
Lemnos aquis. 


Ethiopia itfelf was named both 71 Aitheria, and Aeria, from 
Aur, and Athyr : and Lefbos, which had received a colony 
of Cuthites, was reciprocally ftyled 73 iEthiope. The people 
of Canaan and Syria paid a great reverence to the memory of 
Ham : hence we read of many places in thofe parts named 
Hamath, Amathus, Amathufia. One of the fons of Canaan 
feems to have been thus called : for it is faid, that Canaan 
was the father of the 74 Hamathite. A city of this name 
flood to the eaft of mount Libanus ; whofe natives were the 
Hamathites alluded to here. There was another Hamath in 


Cyprus, by the Greeks exprefted A fjiciO&g, of the fame original 
as the former. We read of Eth-Baal, a king of 75 Sidon, who 

was the father of Jezebel; and of 76 Athaliah, who was her 

6 

daughter. For Ath was an oriental term, which came from 
Babylonia and Chaldea to Egypt; and from thence to Syria 


and Canaan. 


Ovid, though his whole poem be a fable, yet 


copies the modes of thofe countries, of which he treats. On 


71 Valerius Flaccus. L. 2. v. 78. The chief city was Hephasftia. 

74 Univerfa vero gens (.ZEthiopum) ./Etheria appellata eft. Plin, L. 6 + c. 30. 

73 Plin. L. 5. c. 31. 

74 Genefis. c. 10. v. 18. c. 11, v. 2. 


75 1 Kings, c. 16. v. 31. 
2 Kings, c. 11. v. 1. 



5 



^3 


RADICALS. 

this account, fpeaking of an Ethiopian, he introduces him by 
the name of Eth-Amon, but foftened by him to Ethemon. 

77 Inftabant parte finiftra 
Chaonius Molpeus, dextra Nabathaeus Ethemon. 

Ath was fometimes joined to the ancient title Herm ; which 
the Grecians with a termination made 'Egfjurjg. From Ath- 
Herm, came ®sg[j,ca, ©spiJLog^ ©spfActivoo. Thefe terms were 
fometimes reverfed, and rendered Herm-athena. 

A D. 

Ad is a title which occurs very often in compoiition, as 
in Ad-Or, Ad-On ; from whence was formed Adorus, Adon, 
and Adonis. It is fometimes found compounded with it- 
felf: and was thus made ufe of for a fupreme title, with 
which both Deities and kings were honoured. We read of 
Hadad king of 78 Edom : and there was another of the fame 
name at Damafcus, whofe fon and fucceffor was (filed 79 Ben- 
hadad. According to Nicolaus Damafcenus, the kings of 
Syria for nine generations had the name of So Adad. There 
was a prince Hadadezer, fon of Rehob king of 81 Zobah : 


77 Ovid Metamorph. L. 5. V..162. 

So in Virgil. Comites Sarpedonis ambo,. 

Et clarus Ethemon Lycia comitantur ab alta. 

Or, Clarus et Ethemon. JEneis. L. 10. v. 126. 

78 1 Kings, c. 11. v. 14. Adad the fourth king of Edom. Gen. c. 36. v* 35. 
79 ' 1 Kings, c. 20. v. 1. 

80 Nicolaus Damafc. apud Jofephum Antiq.. L. 7. c. 5. 

8x 2 Samuel, c. 8. v. 3, 


and 



RADICALS. 


and Hadoram, fon of the king of 8i Hamath. The God 
Rimmon was ftiled Adad : and mention is made by the Pro¬ 
phet of the mourning of Adad Rimmon in the valley of 
83 Megiddo. The feminine of it was Ada : of which title 
mention is made by Plutarch in fpeaking of a 8+ queen of Ca¬ 
l' ia. It was a facred title, and appropriated by the Babylo¬ 
nians to their chief 35 Goddefs. Among all the eaftern 
nations Ad was a peculiar title, and was originally conferred 
upon the Sun: and if we may credit Macrobius, it fignified 
Opie, and was fo interpreted by the Aftyrians : 36 Deo, quem 
fummum maximumque venerantur, Adad nomen dederunt. 
Ejus nominis interpretatio lignificat unus. Hunc ergo ut 
potifiimum adorant Deum.—Simulacrum Adad infigne cer- 
nitur radiis inclinatis. I fufpeft, that Macrobius in his re- 
prefentation has miftaken the cardinal number for the ordi¬ 
nal ; and that what he renders one , fhould be jirjl or chief. 
We find that it was a facred title ; and when fingle, it was 
conferred upon a Babylonifh Deity : but when repeated, it 
muft denote greater excellence : for the Amonians 
formed their fuperlative by doubling the pofitive : thus Rab 
was great,; .Rabrab fignified very great. It is indeed plain 
from the .account, that it muft have been a fuperlative ; for 



i Chron. c. iS, v. io. 

Zechariah. c. 12. v. 11. 

There was a town of this name in Ifrael. Some fuppofe that the Prophet al¬ 
luded to the death of Jofiah, who was (lain at Megiddo. 

Plutarch. Apophthegmata. p. 1 So. One of the wives of Eiau was of Canaan, 
and named Adah, the daughter of Elon the Hittite. Gen. c. 36. v. 2. 

85 Ad\x, 7]i'ov‘/f kcu u~ro Hpct. Hefychius. 

Macrobii Saturnalia. L,. i. c. 23. 


2 


he 



RADICALS. 25 

■ 

he fays it was defigned to reprefent what was efteemed fum- 
imim maximumque, the moft eminent and great. I fhould 
therefore think, that Adad in its primitive fenfe iignified 
7 TgwT 0 $ y and 7rgU)TSVM : and in a fecondary meaning it de¬ 
noted a chief, or prince. We may by thefe means rectify a 
miftake in Philo, who makes Sanchoniathon fay, that Ado- 
dus of Phenicia was king of. the country. He renders the 
name, Adodus : but we know for certain that it was expref- 
fed Adad, or Adadus, in Edom, Syria, and Canaan. He 
moreover makes him (SoL<TiXsvg King of the Gods : but 

it is plain, that the word Adad is a compound : and as the 
two terms, of which it is made up, are precifely the fame, 
there fhould be a reciprocal refemblance in the tranflation. 
If Ad be a chief, or king ; Adad fhould be fuperlatively fo, 
and fignify a king of kings. I fhould therefore fufpeCt, that 

in the original of Sanchoniathon, not fiu.viXzvs ®soov> but /3 a- 
ffiAsvg (ZoKrfcecav was the true reading. In fhort Ad, and 
Ada, fignified jirfty tt^wtos ; and in a more lax fenfe, a prince, 
or ruler : Adad therefore, which is a reiteration of this title, 
means tt^wtos twv or 7T^ootsvovtmv j and anfwers to the 

moft High, or moft Eminent. 

Ham was often ftyled Ad-Ham, or Adam contracted; 
which has been the caufe of much miftake. There were 
many places named Adam, Adama, Adamah, Adamas, 


87 Adamantis fluv. Gangeticus. 

Adam was fometimes found reverfed, as in Amad, a Canaanitifh town in the tribe 
of Afhur. Jofhua. c. 19. v. 26. There was a town Hamad as well as Hamon in 
Galilee : alio Amida in Mefopotamia. 

VOL. I. 


E 


Adamana, 



26 


RADICALS. 


Adamana ; which had no reference to the protoplaft, but 
were by the Amonians denominated from the head of their 

EES and I S. 

Ees, rendered As and Is, like ws of the Hebrews, related 
to light and fire ; and was one of the titles of the Sun. It 
is fometimes compounded Ad-Ees, and Ad-Xs; whence 
came the Hades of the Greeks, and Atis and Attis of the 
Afiatics ; which were names of the fame Deity, the Sun. 
Many places were hence denominated : particularly a city 
in Africa, mentioned by 82 Polybius. There was a river 
S9 Adefa, which paffed by the city Choma in Alia minor. 
It was moreover the name of one of the chief, and moft an¬ 
cient cities in Syria, faid to have been built by Nimrod. It 
was undoubtedly the work of fame of his brotherhood, the 
fons of Ghus, who introduced there the rites of fire, and the 
worfhip of the Sun ; whence it was ftyled Adefa, rendered 
by the Greeks Edefla. One of the names of fire, among 
t-hofe in the Eaft, who worfhip it, is 90 Atefh at this day. 
The term As, like Adad before mentioned, is fometimes 

* 8 Polybius. L. 1. p. 31. 

Atis in Phrygia, and Lydia, was reprefented with a crown of rays, and a tiara 
fpangled with ftars, tw x<x.T<x<fix.7ov toh aq-^ois rtccpctv. Julian. Orat. 5.. p. 179. 

89 Podalia, Choma,. prsefluente Adefa. Plin. L. 5. c. 17. 

It was compounded alfo Az-On. Hence A&vtx in Sicily near Selinus. Diodori 
Excerpta. L. 22. 

90 Herbert’s Travels, p. 316. He renders the word Attafh. 

Hyde of the various names of fire among the Perfians ; Ya, Adur, Azur, Adifh, 
Atelh, Hyr. c. 29. p. 358. Ateih Pereft is a Prieft of fire. Ibid. c. 2 9. p. 366. . ' 

compounded 




RADICALS. 


27 


compounded with itfelf, and rendered Afas, and Azaz 


by 


the Greeks expreffed A£cl£q<; and 


91 


A 


In the very 


place fpoken of above, the Deity was worfhiped under the 
name of Azizus. The Emperor Julian acquaints us in his 
hymn to the 9Z Sun, that the people of Edeffa poffeffed a re¬ 
gion, which from time immemorial had been facred to that 


luminary : that there were two fubordinate Deities, Moni- 
mus and Azizus, who were elteemed coadjutors, and affef- 
fors to the chief God. He fuppofes them to have been the 
fame as Mars and Mercury : but herein this zealous emperor 
failed ; and did not underhand the theology, which he was 
recommending. Monimnas and Azizus were both names of 
the fame God, the Deity of Edefla, and 91 Syria. The former 
is undoubtedly a tranflation ,of Adad, which fignihes fJLOvas, 


or 94 unitas : though 


primus 


Azizus is a 



have before fhewn, more properly 
ication of a like term, being 


compounded with itfelf; and was of the fame purport as 
Ades, or Ad Ees, from whence the place was named. It 


was a title not unknown 


Greece ; for Ceres was of old 


called Azazia ; by the Ionians Azefia. Hefychius obferves 


A$ 


Proferp 


alfo had this name 


In 


the fame author we learn that a£a, aza, lignified acrSoAo?, 
or fun-burnt : which {hews plainly to what the primitive 


91 Aziz, lightning * any thing fuperlatively bright, analogous to Adad and Rab- 
rab. Hazazon Tamor, mentioned 2 Chron. c. 20. v. 2. 

91 Orat. 4. p. 150. 

95 Azaz, and Afifus, are the fame as Afis and Ifis made feminine in Egypt 5 who 

# 

was fuppofed to be the filler of Ofiris the Sun. 

94 Tnv MONA A A tbs avS'pocs ovo^ct^eiv A 7 roAAwra. Plutarch. Ifis & Ofiris. 


P* 354 * 



word 



28 


RADICALS. 


word 95 related. This word is often found combined with 
; as in Aforus, and Eforus, under which titles the Deity 


96 


Syria, 


Sicily, and Carthage : of the lail 


° r ; 

was worshiped in 
city he was fuppofed to have been the founder. It is often 

compounded with El, and II; and many places were from 

♦ 

thence denominated Alefia, Elyfa, Eleufa, Halefus, Elyfus, 
Eleufis, by apocope Las, Lafa, Lsefa, Lafaia ; alfo Lifla, Lif- 
fus, Liflia. Sometimes we meet with thefe terms reverfed ; 
and inftead of El Ees they are rendered Ees El: hence we 
have places named Azilis, Azila, Afyla, contracted Zelis, 
Zela, Zeleia, Zelitis ; alfo Sele, Sela, Sala, Salis, Sillas, Silis, 
Soli. All thefe places were founded or denominated by peo¬ 
ple of the Amonian worfhip: and we may always upon in¬ 
quiry perceive fomething very peculiar in their hiftory, and 
fituation. They were particularly devoted to the worfhip of 
the Sun ; and they were generally fituated near hot fprings, 
or elfe upon foul and fetid lakes, and pools of bitumen. It 

is alfo not uncommon to find near them mines of fait and 

% 

nitre ; and caverns fending forth peftilential exhalations. 


95 Hence came alfo, aftare, of the Romans. 

Jezebel, whofe father was Ethbaal, king of Sidon, and whofe daughter was Atha- 

liah, feems to have been named from Aza-bel j for all the Sidonian names are com¬ 
pounds of facred terms. 

96 Places, which have this term in their compofition, are to be found alfo in Ca¬ 
naan, and Africa. See Relandi Paleftina. Vol. 2. p. 597. Jofeph. Ant. L. 8. c. 2. 
Hazor, the chief city of Jahin, who is foiled king of Canaan, ftood near Lacus Sa- 
mochonites. Azorus near Heraclea in Theffaly, at the bottom of Mount CEta. 

Hazor is mentioned as a kingdom, and feemingly near Edom and Kedar. Jeremiah, 
c. 49. v. 30. 33. 

97 Hazor in Sicily ftood near Enna, and was by the Greeks rendered A <rawgc? 9 

and Acrertopoy. Azor and Azur was a common name for places, where Puratheia 
were conftrudted. See Hyde. Relig. Perf. c. 3. p. 100. 


The 



RADICALS. 


29 


The Elyfian plain near the Catacombs in Egypt flood upon 
the foul Charonian canal: which was fo noifome, that every 
fetid ditch and cavern was from it called Charonian. Alia 
Proper comprehended little more than Phrygia, and a part 
of Lydia ; and was bounded by the river Halys. It was of 
a mo ft inflammable foil ; and there were many fiery erup¬ 
tions about Caroura, and in Hyrcania, which latter was 
ftyled by the Greeks xexoivfJLeVYi. Hence doubtlefs the region 
had the name of 98 Afia, or the land of fire. One of its moft 
ancient cities, and moft reverenced, was Hierapolis, famous 
for its hot 99 fountains. Here was alfo a facred cavern, ftyled 
by IDO Strabo Plutonium, and Charonium ; which fent up 
peftilential effluvia. Photius in the life of Ifidorus acquaints 
us, that it was the temple of Apollo at Hierapolis, within 
whole precindts thefe deadly vapours arofe. 1 Ey "Ib^olttoXbl 

tyis ®gvyia.g 'Isgov yjv AsroAAwj/o?, utto Ss top volop noLTa£oL<nov 

V 7 CSKsno , - 9 ■coJoc<ri[JLh$s ccvoL 7 ruocx,g 7 rccgs’X t O[j[,evov. He fpeaks of this 
cavity as being immediately under the edifice. Four caverns 
of this fort, and ftiled Charonian, are mentioned by * Strabo 
in this part of the world. Pliny fpeaking of fome Charonian 


9 * 


The country” about the Cayfter was particularly named Afia. 
Aerie? bvAbi\aoovi K av^piv <xfJL(pi peeB g>a. Homer. Iliad. B. v. 46f . 


Of thefe parts fee Strabo. L. 13, p. 932. 

99 'lepctwroAis—S-epfxtov uS'ctToov 'aroAAcur tztAwS tierce., cctto t 3 tepee 'zzroAAa. e%eiv. 

Stephanus Byzant. 

100 c l € pa7ToA /^ 07r3 tcc SrspfAct vS'cctcc^ xcci to riAoT ( Wk ; or 3 ccpiCpco T&apx&o^oT^QyLCL? 

two, t'xpvTcc. Strabo. L. 13. p. 933. 

Damafcius apud Photium in Vita Ifidor. c. 242. 

* At Hierapolis, Acharaca, Magnefia, and My us. Strabo. L. 12. p. S68. 

tv y to nAarcjr/ovj kcu olKtob tvo AuTfAfr , ttcci veoov PJA btoovos tb xcti 
JH xcti to XAPfiNION avTpov virtpiei petrov t& aAcw> Srccvy.izq-'cv tyi (pucrgi. 


Strabo. L. 14. p. 960. 


hollows 



3° 


RADICAL'S* 


hollows in Italy* fays that the exhalations were infupport- 
able. 3 Spiracula vocant, alii Charotieas fcrobes, tUortiferum 
fpiritum exhalantes. It may appear wonderful 5 but the 
Amonians were determined in the lituatioii both, of their 


cities and temples by thefe ft range phenomena, 
efteemed no places fo facrecL, as thofe, where 



They 
were 

fiery eruptions, uncommon fleams, and fulphuresoUs exha¬ 
lations. In Armenia near 4 Comana, and Camilena, was the 
temple of 5 Anait, or fountain of the Sun. It was a Per-fic 
and Babylomfh Deity, as well as an Armenian^ which was 
honoured with Pur&theia, where the rites 'of hre Were pa*r-- 
ticularly kept up. The city itfelf was named Zela : and 
dole behind it was a large nitrous lake. In fhort, from the 
Amcinian terms, Al-As, came the Grecian cxAog, czXctg, ; 
as from the fame terms reverled (As-El) were farmed the !La~ 
tine Sal, Sol, and Salum. Wherever the Amonians found 
places with thefe natural or preternatural properties, they 
held them facred, and founded their temples near them. 


3 Plin. H. N. L. 2. c. 93. Spiritus lethales alibi, aut fcrobibus emiili, aut ipfo 
loci fitu mortiferi: alibi volucribus tantum, ut Sorafte vicino urbi traftu: alibi 
praster hominem casteris animantibus : nonnunquam et homini; ut in Sinueffano 
agro, etPuteolano. Spiracula vocant, alii Charoneas fcrobes, mortiferum fpiritum 
exhalantes. Strabo of the fame: QufjiCgiu 9 nsrctp vv Aopvov sq~i oir^Kouov legov 5 
XAPfiNION A eyofj.evovj oA$ 0 p*tfs z^ov cc,7ro(popccs. L. 14. p. 943. 

4 'AvravTct vv ret tcov Ylepaoov legcc xcu Mv^oi kcli Ag^enoi TerifjLVXacn' tcc 
tvs Avccit&qs S'ict(pepovTU)$ Apixzvioi. Strabo. L. n. p. 805. 

5 Anait fignifies a fountain of fire * under which ilame a female Deity was wor- 
fhiped. Wherever a temple is mentioned dedicated to her worfhip, there will be 
generally found fome hot ftreams either of water or bitumen : or elfe fait, and ni¬ 
trous pools. This is obfervable at Arbela. Tlepi A/>£wA<x s<?t xca ^v/xvrpicts 
'zvo?u$ e<6’ v t's yucpBcc ‘Bnryfij jcc u tcc r&vpoc^ xcci to tvs A vcctccs (or AvcuritPos) tegov* 
Strabo. L. 16. p. 1072. 

Of Anait fee Strabo. L. 11. p. 779. L. 12. p. 838. L. 15. p._ 1066. 

Selenoulia 



RADICALS. 


3i 


6 Selenoufia in Ionia was upon a fait lake, facred to Artemis. 
In Epirus was a city called Alefa, Elifla, and Lefa : and 
hard by were the Alefian plains : fimilar to the Elyfian in 
Egypt: in thefe was produced a great quantity of foflil 6 7 fait. 
There was an Alefia in Arcadia, and a mountain Alefium 
with a temple upon it. Here an ancient perfonage, JEputus, 
was faid to have been fuffocated with fait water : in which 
hiftory there is an alluiion to the etymology of the name. 
It is true that Paufanias fuppofes it to have been called Ale- 
iia from Rhea having wandered thither ; 8 S'lot ty)V uXriv, 00 g 
<pCL<n y KdXovfJLBVov rrjV 'Feag : but it was not aXrj, but dXctg, and 

aXog> fal ; and the Deity, to whom that body was facred, 
from whence the place was named. And this is certain from 
another tradition, which there prevailed : for it is faid that 

in ancient times there was an eruption of fea water in the 

■ 

temple : 9 ©ccXourcrrig h uvctQouvs&cu jcvfjui sv Tca'lsgca t«tco Xoyog 
Sfiv OLgyctioq. Nor was this appellation confined to one par¬ 
ticular fort of fountain, or water : but all waters, that had 

9 

any uncommon property, were in like manner facred to 
Elees, or Eefel. It was an ancient title of Mithras and Ofiris 
in the eaft, the fame as IO Sol, the Sun. From hence the 

6 Strabo. L. 14. p. 951* 

7 E<r< Ha* AAwa-ior tvs H7 reipy D tree tz rvyv'JTca cchcts. Stephanus Byzantinus. 

8 Paufanias. L. 8. p. 618. 

9 Athanafius, who was of Egypt, fpeaks of the veneration paid to fountains and 

waters. AAA 01 'Gtotqcijcbs icca xgvvcts, kcu tstccvtcov Atyv7rTtoi t ovSoop tcogtz- 

nrifwiKoicrti kcu &€& ccvctyopewdari* Oratio contra Gentes. p. 2. Edit. Commelin. 

It was an obfolete term, but to be traced in its derivatives. From Ees-El came - 
AavXoVy Afylum: from Kl-Ees, Elis, ElifTa, Eleufis, Eleufinia Sacra, Elyfium,. 
Elyfii campi in Egypt and elfewhere. 

7 priefls 



3 ^ 


RADICAL S. 


priefts of the Sun were called Soli and Solimi in Cilicia, Selli 
in Epirus, Salii at Rome, all originally priefts of fire. As 
fuch they are defcribed by Virgil: 

Turn Salii ad cantus incenla altaria circum. 


In like manner the Silaceni of the Babylonians were wor- 
fhipers of the fame Deity, and given to the rites of fire, which 
accompanied the worfhip of the Sun. 

The chief city of Silacena was Sile or Sele, which were 
eruptions of fire. Sele is the place or city of the Sun. When¬ 
ever therefore Sal, or Sel, or the fame reverfed, occur in the 
compofition of any place’s name, we may be pretty certain 
that the place is remarkable either for its rites or fituation, 
and attended with fome of the circumftances " above-men¬ 


tioned. Many inftances may be produced of thofe denomi 
nated from the quality of their waters. I: 
larus of Italy every thing became petrified, 
lias in India would fuffer nothing to fwim. 


In the river 5 * Si- 
The river 13 Si- 
u The waters of 


the I4 Salafti in the Alps were of great ufe in refining gold. 


Of thofe places called Lafa many inftances might be produced. The fountain 
at Gortyna in Crete was very facred, and called Lafa, and Lyfa. There was a tra¬ 
dition, that Jupiter when a child was walhed in its waters : it was therefore changed 

L. 8. p. 658. 

In Judea were fome medicinal waters and warm fprings of great repute, at a place 
called of old Lafa. Lafa ipfa eft, quae nunc Callirrhoe dicitur, ubi aquae calidas in 
MareMortuum defluunt. Hieron. in Ifaiam. c. 17. 19. 

HpwS'vs tois Kara. KaAAippw Srep/mois sne^riro. Jofephus de B, J. L. I. c. 33. 

Alefa, urbs et fons Sicilise. Solinus. c. 11. The fountain was of a wonderful 
nature. 

- 1 Strabo. L. 5. p. 385. 

,} Strabo. L. 15. p. 1029. 

,+ Strabo. L. 4. p. 314. 


to j\ov(7oc . Paufanias fays, v^oop ^fV^poTccTcv 'utccps^btcli 'uroTcifiA&iv. 


The 



r 


RADICALS. 33 

.The fountain at 15 Selinus in Sicily was of a bitter faline tafte. 
Of the fait lake near 16 Selinoufia in Ionia I have fpoken. 
The fountain Siloe at Jerufalem was in fome 
Ovid mentions Sulmo, where he was born, as noted for its 
18 cool waters : for cold ftreams were equally facred to the 
Sun as thofe which were of a contrary nature. The fine 
waters at ZEnon, where John baptized, were called 19 Salim. 
The River Ales near Colophon ran through the grove of 
Apollo, and was efteemed the coldeft ftream in Ionia. 20 AAi^j 

'llroTa.fj.og Tpvy/goTctTos toov sv I wvict. In the country of the Ala- 
zonians was a bitter fountain, which ran into the 21 Hypanis. 
Thefe terms were fometimes combined with the name of 
Ham ; and exprefled Hameles, and Hamelas ; contracted to 
Meles and Melas. A river of this name watered the .region 

o 

of Pamphylia, and was noted for a moll cold and pure 22 water. 
The Meles near Smyrna was equally admired. 23 2[J,vgvctioig Js 
'uroT&pog MsXrig' v$cag e?i mKhizov, mi (nrYihouov S7ri Toug 'snj- 



15 Strabo. L. 6. p. 421. 

16 Strabo. L. 14. p. 951. Here was a cavern, which fent forth a molt pefti- 
lential vapour. Diodorus Sic. L. 4. p. 278. 

17 Voyages de Monconys. Parte 2de. p. 38. 

18 Sulmo mihi patria eft, gelidis uberrimus undis. 

Ovid. Triftia. L. 4. Eleg. 9. v. 3. 

19 John. c. 3. v, 23. Hr efg xoct looccwmsv Aivcov sYyvs fo de¬ 

nominated by the ancient Canaanites. 

Paufanias. L. 7. p. 535. The city Arles in Provence was famed for medi¬ 
cinal waters. The true name was Ar-Ales, the city of Ales : it was alfo called Ar- 
El-Ait, or Arelate. 

* 

11 Herodotus. L. 4. c. 52. 

11 Paufanias. L. 8. p. 659. 

43 Paufanias. L. 7. p. 535. 

VOL. I. P 


youg. 



34 


RADICALS. 


youg 


The Melas in Cappadocia was of a contrary quality. 
It ran through a hot, inflammable country, and formed many 

fiery pools. 24 Kou tolvtcl ft* e?i tol sXjo 'urz'JTctyz 'vrvgi\Y}7nroc. 
In Pontus was Amafus, Amafia, Amafene, where the region 
abounded with hot waters : 25 c Tt£^k.£ITCU cTs Trig twv A[jloutswv 

TO. TS S'g^a vS&TOL TUV <&&£ri[JLOV£lTCt!V y Vyi£lVOL tTcpoSgOt. 

It is wonderful, how far the Amonian religion and cuftoms 
were carried in the firfl ages. The ancient Gfermans, and 

Scandinavians, were led by the fame principles ; knd founded 

% 

their temples in fituations of the fame nature, as thofe were, 
which have been above defcribed. Above all others they 
chofe thofe places, where were any nitrous, or faline waters. 
26 Maxi me autem lucos (or lacus) fale gignendo fsecundos Ccelo 
propinquare, precefque mortalium nufquam propius audiri 
firmiter erant perfuafi ; prout exemplo Hermundurorum do- 
cet teftis omni exceptione major 27 Tacitus. 


SAN, SON, Z A N, Z A A N, 

The moft common name for the Sun was San, and Son; 
exprefied alfo Zan, Zon, and Zaan. Zeus of Crete, who 
was fuppofed to have been buried in that Ifland, is faid to 
have had the following ihfeription on his tomb: 

Strabo. L. 12. p. 812. 

Strabo. L. 12. p. 839. 

2-6 Gafpar Brechenmaker. § 45. p. 57. 

“ 7 Tacitus. Annal. L. 13. c. 57. 

From this ancient term As, or Az, many words in the Greek language were de¬ 
rived : fuch as ct^ofxoct y veneror *, &egfJLov 5 ocaSc^os y 

aZfiomsy <xi t~Y)gan ex, &scopicc$. Hefychius. 



I 


R 


A 


D 


I 


C 


A 


L 


S. 


35 


2 S 


L* 


*X2(5s (jLsyccg ksitou Zqlv, ov At« tciKXYi<riC3<ri. 


The Ioniaris expreffed it Zi^r, and Z) *\m, Hefychius tells us 3 


that the 


was 


called Xccwg by the Babyl 


It is to 


be' obferved that the Grecians in foreign words continually 
omitted the Nu final, and fubftituted a Sigma. The true 
Babylonifh name for the Sun was undoubtedly %a.wv> often- 


was the fame 


Zauaii of 


times expreffed Xccocv, Soari. It 
the Sidoniaris ; under which name they worfhiped Adonis, 
or the Sun. Hefychius fays, Z OLVumg, Ssog Tig sv Siibovi. 
Who the Deity was,- I think may be plainly feen. It is 
mentioned by the fame writer, that the Indian Hercules, by 
which is always meant the chief Deity, was fly led Dbrfanes j 

o 'H£a;cA)f£ ft 'ccg' I v$oig. The name Dorfanes is an 


og<r'OLvr\g, o 
abridgment of Ador 
the lord of light. It 


Ador 


that is Ador 


Was a title conferred upon Ham 


and 


alfo upon other's of his family; whom I" have before men 
tioried' to have been colle&ively called the Baalim. Analo 


namm 


this they Were likewifo called the Zaanim, and 
arid'a temple was erected to them by the ar 


Canaanites, which was from them riamed 19 Beth-Zaananim 
There Was alfo a place called Sanim in the fame countfy 


*8 


Cyril, contra Julianum. L. io. p. 342. And Iamblich. in vita Pytha- 



Za^ K porn. Ladtantii Div. Inftitut. L. 1. c. 11. p. 53. 

Zar, Z tvs. Hefychius. 

* 9 Jofhua. c. ig. v. 33. Judges, c. 4. v. 11. Alfo Tzaanan. Micah. c. 1. v. 11." 
Solis Fons. 


F 2 


rendered 



RADICALS. 


36 

rendered Sonam 3 °, XcavctpL, by Eufebius; which was undoubt¬ 
edly named in honour of the fame perfons : for their pof- 
terity looked up to them, as the Heliadae, or defcendants 
of the Sun, and denominated them from that luminary* 
According to Hefychius it was a title, of old not unknown 
in Greece; where princes and rulers were ftyled Zanides, 
'ZjCLVi$sg> 'HysfjLovsg. In 31 Diodorus Siculus mention is made 
of an ancient king of Armenia, called Barfanes ; which fig— 
nifies the offspring of the Sun. We find temples erected to 
the Deity of the fame purport; and ftyled in the fingular 
Beth-San : by which is meant the temple of the Sun. Two 
places occur in Scripture of this name : the one in the tribe 
of Manaffeh ; the other in the land of the Philiftines. The 
latter feems to have been a city; and alfo a temple, where 
the body of Saul was expofed after his defeat upon mount 
Gilboa. For it is faid, that the Philiftines 351 cut off his head y 
and Jtripped off his armour—and they put his armour in the 
houfe of AJhtorethy and they faflened his body to the wall of 
Bethfan. They feem to have fometimes ufed this term with 
a reduplication : for we read of a city in Canaan called 
33 Sanfanah y by which is fignified a place facred to the moll 
illuftrious Orb of day. Some ancient ftatues near mount 
Cronius in Elis were by the natives called Zanes, as we are 


30 Relandi Pal^ftina. V. 2. p. 983. 

3 * Diodorus Siculus. L. 2. p. 90. 

3 “ 1 Samuel, c. 31. v. 9, 10. 

P Jofhua. c. 15. v. 31. 

told 



RADICALS. 


37 


% 

told by Paufanias 


KaKovvTca Js mo 


S7ri’YJj)glM 


They were fuppofed to have been the ftatues of 


but 


Zan was more properly the 


and they were the ftatues 


of perfons, who were denominated from him. One of theie 
perfbns, flyled Zanes, and Zanim, was Chus : whole poffce- 
rity fent out large colonies to various parts of the earth. 
Some of them fettled upon the coaft of Aufonia, called in 
later times Italy ; where they worshiped their great anceftor 
under the name of San-Chus. Silius Italicus fpeaking of 
the march of fome Sabine troops, fays, 


35 Pars Sancum voce canebant 
Audtorem gentis. 

Ladlantius takes notice of this Deity. 36 TEgyptii Ifidem, 
Mauri Jubam, Macedones Cabirum—Sabini Sancum colunt. 
He was not unknown at Rome, where they ftyled him Zeus 
Piftius, as we learn from Dionyfius of Halicarnaffus : 37 Ev 

-1 egc*) A log ov 'P oo(jlouoi Xcuytcov There are in 

Gruter infcriptions, wherein he has the title of Semon pre¬ 
fixed, and is alfo flyled Sandius. 


34 Paufanias. L. 5. p. 430. 

Zara, Zora, Hcara* all names of the fame purport, all ftatues- of the Sun, called 
Zan, Zon, Zoan, Xoan. 

35 Silius Italicus. L. 8. v. 421. 

36 Laftantius, de F. R. L. 1. p. 65. 

Fit facrificium, quod eft proficifcendi gratia, Herculi, aut Sanco , qui idem deus 
eft. Feftus. 

37 Dionyfins HalicarnafT. Antiq. Rom. L. 4. p. 246. St. Auftin fuppofes the 
name to have been San£tus. Sabini etiam Regem fuum primum Sancum, five, ut 
aliqui appellant, Sandtum, retulernnt inter deos. Auguftinus de Civitate Dei. L. 
18. c. 19. The name was not of Roman original5 but far prior to Rome. 

S A N C T O. 



3p3 


RADICALS. 


38 SANCTO. SANCO. 

SEMONI. DEO. FIDIO. 

SACRUM. 

Semon. (Sem_-On) figniftes Coeleftis Sol. 

Some of the ancients thought that the foul of man was a 
divine emanation ; a portion of light from the Sun. Hence 
probably it was called Zoan from that luminary ; for fo we 
find it named in Macrobius. 39 Veteres nullum animal fa> 

4 

crum in finibus fuis efie patiebantur; fed abigebant ad 
fines Deorum, quibus facrum eflet: animas vero facratorum 
hominum, quos Grseci Z12ANAS vocant, Diis debitas sefti« 
mabant. 

D I, DIO, DIS, DUS. 


Another common name for the Deity was Dis, Dus, and 


the like 


alog 


Deus, and Theos of other 


The Sun was called Arez in the eaft, and compounded Dis 



and Dus 


which fignifies Deus 


is mentioned by Tertullian 40 . Unicuique 
et civitati fuus Deus eft, ut Syria: Aftarte, Arabia Dyf 


Sol. The name 
etiam provincia 


38 Gruter. Infcript. Vol. I. p. 9 6. n. 6 . 

Semoni Sanco Deo Fidio. n. 5. 

Sanco Fidio Semo Patri. n. 7. 

Sanco Deo Patr. Reatin. facrum. n. 8. 

From San came theLatine terms, fanus, fano, fandtus, fancire. 

Voffius derives San or Zan from *UW, fsevire. De Idol. T. i. c. 22. p. 168. 

39 Macrobii Saturn. L. 3. c. 8. p. 282. 

Hence perhaps came £aeiv and Zjiv, to live: and £wor s animal: and hence the title 
of Apollo ZwroJW/ip. 

i! Tertullian. Apolog. c. 24. 

IO 


Helychius 



RADICALS. 


39 


4 

Hefy chius fuppofes the Deity to have been the fame as Dio- 

nufus. A vtrctgw top Aiwwrov Na^ocrsuot (mKamp), cag Ic nScagog. 
There was a high mountain or promontory in 41 Arabia, de¬ 
nominated from this Deity : analogous to which there was 
one in Thrace, which had its name 42 from Duforus, or the 
God of light, Oxus. I took notice, that Hercules, or the 
chief Deity among the Indians, was called Dorfanes : he had 
alio the name of Sandis, and Sandes ; which fignifies Sol 


Deus. 43 B rihov (ASP top A ict tv^op, Xapfyp ts top 'HgaxKsa, 

JCOLl AVOUTlSct TY\V A tpgQ&TWy KOU CL T'wAWff CLKhHg skolKhp. Aga- 
thias of the people in the eaft. Probably the Deity Bendis, 
whofe rites were fo celebrated in Phrygia and Thrace, was a 
compound of Ben-Dis, the offspring of God. The natives 
of this country reprefented Bendis as a female ; and fuppofed 
her to be the fame as 44 Selene, or the moon. The fame 
Deity was alfo mafculine and feminine : what was Dea Luna 
in one country, was Deus Lunus in another. 


K U R, KTPO 2, CURA. 


The 



was likewife named Kur, Cur, K vgog 


45 


Kvgop 


41 j&BG'a.pn (lege Ll&<racpns) a-xo7re Aos xcu xogvtyy v-^nXoToc.Tn Apa£/as’ StpyTca S' caro 
tb ©gos <Ps htgs 'ZxictQct Apcc^i xai /^oc^ccpyivots Ttpcoopcevos. Stephanus Byz. 

Aw, Dous, is the fame as Deus. /lous-Agris^ Deus Sol. 

4i A&awfov x,ctAeofxevov ovpo$. Herod. L. 5. c. 17. 

43 Agathias. L. 2. p. 6 2. 

44 To OVOfX.CC T&TQ ®pCC7tOV f} BSrcT/S* Q'JTCO KUI Opccxos Sr£0?l0y3 fX£TCC TOOV 'ZETOAAfcU' 

S^A vvris ovofxccToov xcti r rrjv B ev£iv ttiv S’eov cLvcc 7 repL^ctvTo$. 

YlABTWvn t e* xou E v(ppoavv>i 3 B evS'is *re KpccTcucc. 

Ex Proclo. See Poefis Philoiophica. Edit. H. Steph. p. 91. 

45 Plutarch. inArtaxerxe, P. 1012. 



40 


RADICALS. 


yag kolKziv Ylegcctg T ov 'H Xiov. Tlie like is to be found in 
Hefychius. Kt>£ 0 ? &7T0 ra 'HAia* rov yctg f\hiov Ilshat Kt>- 
gov Xsyacri. Many places were facred to this Deity, and 
called Cura, Curia, Curopolis, Curene, Curelchata, Curefta, 
Cureftica regio. Many rivers in Perils, Media, Iberia, were 
denominated in the fame manner. The term is fometirhes 
exprelfed Corns : hence Corulia in Scythia. Of this term I 
lhall fay more hereafter. 

COHEN or CAHEN. 

% 

i 

Cohen, which feems among the Egyptians and other A mo- 
mans to have been pronounced Cahen, and Chan, lignilied 
a Prieft; alfo a Lord or Prince. In early times the office 
of a Prince and of a Prieft were comprehended under one 
character. 

46 Rex Anius, Rex idem hominum, Phcebique Sacerdos. 

This continued a great while in fome parts of the 47 world ; 
efpecially in Alia Minor; where even in the time of the Ro¬ 
mans the chief prieft was the prince of the 48 province. The 
term was fometimes ufed with a greater latitude ; and de¬ 
noted any thing noble and divine. Hence we find it pre- 

46 Virgil. ^Eneis. L. 3. v. 80. 

Majorum enim hsec erat confuetudo, ut Rex efiet etiam Sacerdos, et Pontifex : 
unde hodieque Imperatores Pontifices dicamus. Servii Scholia ibidem. 

47 c Oi S'* Izgtis to txxclKcuqv fjLBv Svvol<^cu T.vts vactv. Strabo. L. 12. p. 851. It is 
fpoken particularly of fome places in Afia Minor. 

48 Pythodorus, the high prieft of Zela, and Comana in Armenia was the king 
of the country. Hr 0 le^evs xvpios tcdv 'srxv tmv. Strabo. L. 12. p. 838, 

9 


fixed 



RADICALS. 


41 


fixed to the names both of Deities and men; and of places 
denominated from them. It is often compounded with 
Athoth, as Canethoth ; and we meet with Can-Ofiris, Can- 
ophis, Can-ebron, and the like. It was fometimes expreffed 
Kun, and among the Athenians was the title of the ancient 
priefts of Apollo ; whofe pofterity were ftyled Kvvvrfou, Cun- 

nid 2 e, according to Hefychius. K vvviicu, ysvog sv A@rivy><nv, e% 

ov 6 'I egevg ts K vvvib A7To7\Xwvog. We find from hence, that 

Apollo was ftyled K vvviog, Cunnius. K vvviog, AftoKhmog S7ri - 

Qsrov. Hence came xvveiv, 7rgo<rxvvstv, 7rgo<rxvvri<rig, well known 
terms of adoration. It was alfo expreffed Con, as we may 
infer from the title of the Egyptian Hercules 49 . T ov 'H^a- 

kXyiu <pY)(ri xoltol Tqv A iyv7mwv iiOLXsxrov KQNA A eyetrQou. It 
feems allb to have been a title of the true God, who by 
50 Mofes is ftiled Konah, rup. 

We find this term oftentimes fubjoined. The Chaldeans, 
who were particularly poflefied of the land of Ur, and were 
worfhipers of fire, had the name of Urchani. Strabo limits 
this title to one branch of the Chaldeans, who were literati, 
and obfervers of the heavens ; and even of thefe to one led: 
only. Efi is xou twv ’Ka.hiouwv toov A^ovo^jlikoov ysvr) ttA sica. 
kou ya.g 51 Ogyrivoi Tivsg 7rgo<r<x,yogsvovTcu. But ^ Ptolemy fpeaks 

O 

49 Etymologicum Magnum. 

K upcc£if$ T 1 otreiSuv A 0 wrier iv gT///-xTo. Hefychius. 

10 Genefis. c. 14. v. 19. H 3 p p’Sy 

Sabacon of Ethiopia was Saba Con, or king of Saba. 

51 Strabo. L. 16. p. 1074. 

sz Ptolem. Geogr. Lib. 5. cap. 19. p. 165. He places very truly the Orcheni 
upon the Sinus Perlicus : for they extended fo far. 

ncLgotKenou ry epnpuu AoccSia, t\ XaA<?cc<a Idem. L. 5. c. 20. p. 167. 

Vol.I. G 


of 



42 


RADICALS. 


of them more truly as a nation; as does Pliny likewife. He 
mentions their flopping the courfe of the Euphrates, and di¬ 
verting the flream into the channel of the Tigris. 53 Eu- 
phratem prseclufere Orcheni, &c. nec nifi Pafitigri defertur 
in mare. There feem to have been particular colleges ap¬ 
propriated to the aflronomers and priefls in Chaldea, which 
were called Conah; as we may infer from 54 Ezra. He ap¬ 
plies it to focieties of his own priefls and people ; but it was 
a term borrowed from Chaldea. 

The title of Urchan among the Gentile nations was ap¬ 
propriated to the God of fire, and his Si priefls ; but was af- 
fumed by other perfons. Some of the priefls, and princes 
among the Jews after the return from captivity took the 
name of Hyrcanus. Orchan, and Orchanes among the Perfic 
and Tartar nations is very common at this 56 day; among 
whom the word Chan is ever current for a prince or king. 
Hence we read of Mangu Chan, Cublai Chan, Cingis Chan. 
Among fome of thefe nations it is exprefled Kon, Kong, and 
King. Monfieur de Lifle, fpeaking of the Chinefe, fays, 
* 7 Les noms de King Che, ou Kong-Sfe, fignifient Cour de 

5J Plin. H. N. L. 6. c. 27. 

s * Ezra. c. 5. v. 6. c. 4. v. 9—17. 

ss The priefts in Egypt, among other titles, were called Sonchin, five Solis Sa- 

cerdotes, changed, to in the lingular. Pythagoras was infitrufted by a Son- 

chin, or prieft of the Sun. It is mentioned as a proper name by Clemens Alexandr. 

Strom. L. 1. p. 536. And it might be fo : for priefts were denominated from the 
Deity, whom they ferved. 

s6 See Obfervations upon the Ancient Hiftory of Egypt, p. 164.. 

” Defcription de la Ville de Pekin, p. 5. He mentions Chao Kong. p. 3. 

Prince 



RADICALS. 


43 


Prince en Chine. Can, ou Chan en langue Tartare iignifie 
Roi, ou Empereur. 

P E T A H. 

* 

Of this Amonian term of honour I have taken notice in 
a treatife before. I have fhewn, that it was to be found in 
many Egyptian s8 names, fuch as Petiphra, Petiphera, Peti- 
fonius, Petoffris, Petarbemis, Petubaftus the Tanite, and Pe- 
tefuccus builder of the Labyrinth. Petes, called Peteos in 
Homer, the father of Mneftheus the Athenian, is of the fame 
original : 59 T ov yotg TlsTqv, tov 'urcLTsgct. M.eve<r$etts y ra g-goiTsv- 

<rctvTog si$ Tgoioiv, <pctvegoo$ Aiywrjiov vtt cLefeacn cl ;ctA. All the 
great officers of the Babylonians and Perffans took their names 
from fome facred title of the Sun. Herodotus mentions 60 Pe- 
tazithes Magus, and 61 Patiramphes : the latter was charioteer 
to Xerxes in his expedition to Greece : but he was denomi¬ 
nated from another office - y for he was brother to Smerdis, 
and a Magus ; which was a prieft of the Sun. This term is 
fometimes fubjoined, as in Atropatia, a province in 6z Media $ 
which was fo named, as we learn from Strabo , 63 CL7ro ts At^o- 

sS See Obfervations and Inquiries, p. 163. 

59 Diodorus Siculus. L. 1. p. 25. 

60 L. 3. c. 6x. 

61 T 

.L. 7. c. 40. 

Pataecion is mentioned by Plutarch de audiendis Poetis. P. 21. 

Patiramphes is for Pata-Ramphan, the prieft of the God Ramphan, changed to 
Ramphas by the Greeks. 

Ram-Phan is the great Phan or Phanes, a Deity well known in Egypt. 

62 Alfo in Afampats, a nation upon the Mteotis. Plin. L. 6 . c. 7. 

63 L.. 11. p. 794. He fpeaks of it as a proper name ■, but it was certainly a title 
and term of office. 

G 2 


7TCLT3 



44 


RADICALS. 


ffccm riyspovog. In the accounts of the Amazons likewife 
this word occurs. They are faid to have been called Aor- 
pata, or according to the common reading in Herodotus, Oior- 
pata j which writer places them upon the Cimmerian Bofporus. 

^Tag < 5 s Afjux^ovctg Sjtv&oci OiogncLTa.' Svvoltcu $e to 

HVO^OL T8T0 KOLT 'E TA.CtS'd yX(XKT<TOLV CLvfyoKTQVOl' 0 10 £ yVL% KCO\B- 

«<n r ov qlvSpcl, to $£ <etoltol KTsivsiv . This etymology is founded 
upon a notion that the Amazons were a community of wo¬ 
men, who killed every man, with whom they had any com¬ 
merce, and yet fubfifted as a people for ages. I fhall here¬ 
after Ipeak of the nations under this title ; for there were 
more than one: but all of one family; all colonies from Egypt. 
The title above was given them from their worfhip: for 
Oiorpata, or, as fome MSS. have it, Aor-pata, is the fame as 
f 5 Petah Or, the prieft of Orus ; or in a more lax fenfe, the 
votaries of that God. They were AvfyoxTOVQi ; for they facri- 
ficed all ftrangers, whom fortune brought upon their coaft: 
fo that the whole Euxine lea, upon which they lived, was 
rendered infamous from their cruelty : but they did not take 
their name from this circumftance. 

One of the Egyptian Deities was named Neith, and Neit; 
and analogous to the above her priefts were ftyled 66 Pateneit. 
They were alfo named Sonchin, which fignifi.es a prieft of the 

Sun: 

Herodotus. L. 4. c. no. 

6s Aor, is of the Chaldeans. 

66 Proclus in Timasum. L. 1. p. 31. 

See Iablonfky. L. 1. c. 3. p. 57. 

Clemens Alexand. Strom. L. 1. p. 356. 



RADICALS. 


45 


Sun: for Son, San, Zan, are of the fame iignification ; and 
Son-Chin is 'Zot.vog isgevg. Proclus fays, that it was the title 
of the priefts ; and particularly of him, who preftded in the 

college of Nefth at Sais. 


BEL 


and 


BAAL. 


Bel, Bal, or Baal, is a Babylonifh title, appropriated to the 
Sun ; and made ufe of by the Amonians in other countries ; 
particularly in Syria and Canaan. It iignified K vgiog, or Lord, 
and is often found compounded with other terms; as in Bel- 
Adon, Belorus, Bal-hamon, Belochus, Bel-on; (from which 
laft came Bellona of the Romans) and alfo Baal-fhamaim, 
the great Lord of the Heavens. This was a title given by 

the Syrians to the Sun : 67 Toy 'HA*oy BssAcra^y /caAamy, 6 e£i 


We 


may 


'Ufa.pa. Kvgiog O vgcwx, Zet>£ cTs 'urctg 'EAAiocn. 

from hence decipher the name of the Sun, as mentioned be¬ 
fore by Damafcius, who ftyles that Deity Bolathes : 6g QoiviKsg 

aca Xvgoi Toy K^oyoy HA, kou Bio A, BoAa^y S7rovo[JLoi£&<n. 

What he terms Bolathes is a compound of Bal-Ath, or Bal- 


It is remarkable that the worlhipers of Wifhnou or Viftnou in India are now 
called Petacares, and are diftinguifhed by three red lines on their foreheads. The 
priefts of Brama have the fame title, Petac. Arez, the priefts of Arez or the Sun. 
Lucs Viecampii Hift. Million. Evangel, in India, 1747. c. 10. § 3. p. 57. 

67 Eufebius. Prsep. Evang. L. 1. c. 10. p. 34. 

68 Damafcius apud Photium. c. 243. 

Belus primus Rex Afiyriorum, quos conftat Saturnum (quern eundem et Solem 
dicunt) Junonefnque coluilfe. Servius in Yirg. iEnekL L. 1, 


Athis ; 



46 


RADICALS. 


Athis; the fame as Atis, and Atifh of Lydia, Perils, and 
other countries. Philo Biblius interprets it Zeus : Damafcius 
fuppofed it to mean Cronus ; as did likewife Theophilus : 

‘ 9 E HOI fJLBV (TbSoVTOU TOV K gOVQV, KOU T3T0V OLVTOV OVOfJLCL^iSTl B7]X, 

mi BaA, fj,c/.Kig- 0 L oi oimvTsg Tot ctvctToXim /tAf^tarct. This di- 
verfity amounts to little : for I fhall hereafter fhew, that all 
the Grecian names of Deities, however appropriated, were 
originally titles of one God, and related to the Sun. 

KEREN. 

Keren fignifies in its original fenfe a horn : but was al- 

O o 

ways efteemed an emblem of power ; and made ufe of as a 
title of fovereignty, and puiflance. Hence it is common 
with the facred writers to fay 70 My horn Jhalt thou exalt — 

71 his horn Jhall be exalted with honow - 72 the horn of Moab is 

cut off: and the Evangelift 73 fpeaks of Chrift as a horn offal- 
ovation to the world. The Greeks often changed the nu final 
into figma: hence from keren they formed %£gctg, KSgavrog : 
and from thence they deduced the words /e^aro?, xgocTsgog : 
alfo x.oigctvog y Kgeoov, and Kct^vov ; all relating to ftrength and 
ejninence. Gerenius, Yegwiog, applied to Neftor, ’.s an A mo- 
11 i an term, and fignifies a princely and venerable perfon. 

69 Theoph. ad Antolycum. L. 3. p. 399. Mi; yn’a)crx.ovres, fJL'tne ns Kpovos 5 

haiTe t is ecfiv 0 Idem. 

70 Pfalm 92. v. 10. 

71 Pfalm 112. v. 9. 

% 

7Z Jeremiah, c. 48. v. 25. 

73 I^uke. c. 1. v. 69. 


7 


The 



RADICALS. 


47 


The Egyptian Crane for its great fervices was held in high 
honour, being facred to the God of light, Abis (ty» aw) or, as 
the Greeks exprefled it, Ibis ; from whence the name was 
given. It was alfo called Keren and Kerenus ; by the Greeks 
Te^avoSy the noble bird, being mo ft honoured of any. It 
was a title of the Sun himfelf: for Apollo was named Cra- 

neiis, and 74 Carneiis ; which was no other than Cereneiis, 

% 

the fupreme Deity, the Lord of light: and his feftival ftyled 
Carnea, Kag^gia, was an abbreviation of K.sgeveict, Cerenea. 
The prieft of Cybele in Phrygia was ftyled Carnas ; which 
was a title of the Deity, whom he ferved ; and of the lame 
purport as Carneus above. 

O P H. 

% 

Oph fignifies a lerpent, and was pronounced at times and 
exprefled, Ope, 75 Oupis, Opis, Ops ; and by Cicero 76 Upis. 
It was an emblem of the Sun and alfo of time and eter¬ 
nity. It was worfhiped as a Deity, and efteemed the fame 
as Oftris ; by others the fame as Vulcan. Vulcanus JEgyp- 
tiis Opas di£tus eft, eodem Cicerone 77 tefte. A ferpent was 
alfo in the Egyptian language ftyled Ob, or Aub : though 

74 Paufanias. L. 3. p. 2 39 - 

• Callimachus.. Hymn to Apollo. V. 71. He mentions Minerva K octvcctct, Cranaea;- 
L. 10. p.. 886. 

Among the Romans this title in later times was exprefled Granus and Grannus :• 
hence in Gruter Infcriptions, P. 37. n. 10, 11, 12. APOLL.INI GRANNO. 

75 The Dorians exprefled it Outtis. Palsephatus. p. 78.. 

76 Cicero de Nat. Deor. L. 3. 23. 

77 Huetii Demonftratio.- p. 83. 





4 # 


R 


A 


D 


I 


C 


A 


L 


S. 


it may poftibly be only a variation of the term above. We 
are told by Orus Apollo, that the baiilifk or 'royal ferpent 
was named Oubaios t 78 Ov£a.ios, 0 e?iv 'E Khrpifi Ba<nA(07£0£. 
It fhould have been rendered Oy(? 0 £, Oubus ; for Ov&ouos is a 
poffeflive, and not a proper name. The Deity fo denomi¬ 
nated was efteemed prophetic : and his temples were applied 


- to as oracular. This idolatry is alluded to by Mofes, 79 who 
in the name of God forbids the Ifraelites ever to enquire of 
thofe demons, Ob and Ideone : which fhews that it was of 
great antiquity. The fymbolical worfhip of the ferpent was 
in the firft ages very extenflve ; and was introduced into all 
the myfteries, wherever celebrated : 80 Ila^ct 7 rctVTi Toov vovu- 

7TCLg VfJUV @£MV 0<£I2 C TVfJL^oKoV fJLEyCC XOLl fJLVg-riglOV OLVQi- 

yga.<p£Tou. It is remarkable, that wherever the Amonians 


founded any places of worfhip, and introduced their rites, 
there was generally fome ftory of a ferpent. 


There 


was a 


legend about a ferpent at Colchis, at Thebes, and at Del¬ 


phi 


likewife in other places. The Greeks called Apollo 


himfelf Python, which is the fame as Opis, Oupis, and Oub. 


78 Orus Apollo. C. I. p. 2. 

Some have by miftake altered this to Ovgouov. 


79 


Leviticus, c. 20. v. 27. 


Deuteronomy, c. 18. v. 11. Tranflated a charmer , or a confulter with familiar fpi- 
rits , or a wizard , or a necromancer . 

Tunc etiam ortae funt opiniones, et fententiae ; et inventi funt ex eis augures, et 
magni divinatores, et fortilegi, ct inquirentes Ob et Ideoni, et requirentes mortuos. 
Selden deDiis Syris. Synt. 1. c. 2. p. 48. from M. Maimonides in more Nebuchim. 


So 


Juftin Martyr’s fecond Apology, p. 6 . 


Of ferpent worfhip fee Eufebius. P. E. L. i. c. io. p. 40, 41. And dementis 
Alexand. Cohort, p. 14. Arnobius. L. 5.. JE-lian. L. 10. c. 31. of the Afp. 
Herodotus. L,. 2. c. 74. 

IO 


The 



RADICALS* 


49 



The woman at Ender, who had a familiar fpirit, is called 
81 aw, Oub, or Ob ; and it is interpreted Pythonilfa. The 
place, where fhe refided, feems to have been named from the 
worlhip there inftituted : for Endor is compounded of En- 
Ador, and fignifies Fons Pythonis, the fountain of light, the 
oracle of the God Ador. This oracle was probably founded 
by the Canaanites ; and had never been totally fupprefled* 
In ancient times they had no images in their temples, but in 
lieu of them ufed conical ftones or pillars, called Ba nvKia ; 

under which reprefentation this Deity was; often worlhiped. 
His pillar was alfo called 82 Abaddir, which fhould be expref- 
fed Abadir, being a compound of Ab, and Adir ; and 
means the ferpent Deity, Addir, the lame as Adorus. It 
was alfo compounded with On, a title of the fame Deity : 
and Kircher fays that Obion is bill among the people of 
Egypt the name of a ferpent. 3W, Ob Mob, Python, vox 
ab JEgyptiis fumpta 5 quibus Obion hodieque {erpentem fo- 
nat. Ita 83 Kircher. The fame alfo occurs in the Coptic 
lexicon. The worihip of the ferpent was very ancient among 
the Greeks ; and is faid to have been introduced by Ce- 





"S 


81 i Samuel, c. 28. v. 7. IT7J73. 

8i It is called Abdir, Abadir, and Abaddir by Prilcian* He fuppofes the done 

Abaddir to have been that which Saturn fwallowed inftead of his fon by Rhea. 

* 

Abdir, et Abadir BarruAos. 1 . x. and in another part* Abadir Deus eft. Dicitur ct 
hoc nomine lapis ilie, quem Saturnus dicitur devorafte pro Jove, quem Grceci Rue- 
tvXov vocant. 1. 2. 

85 Bochart. Hierozoicon. 1 . 1. c. 3. p. 22. 

Macrobius. Saturnalia. 1 . 1. c. 10. p. 162. 

Vol. I. . H tuiflei 


# 



RADICALS. 


5 ° 

tuiffe aram Cecropem dicit. But though fome reprefent 
Opis as a diftindt Deity ; yet 85 others introduce the term 
rather as a title, and refer it to more Deities than one : Cal¬ 
limachus, who expreffes it Oupis ; confers it upon Diana* 

♦ 

and plays upon the facred term : 

f 

86 Ov7n, oivcurcr svcam. 

It is often compounded with Chan ; and exprelled Cano¬ 
pus, Canophis, Canuphis, Cnuphis, Cneph : it is alfo other- 
wile combined; as in Ophon, Ophion, Oropus, Orobus, Ino- 
pus, Afopus, Elopus, Ophitis, Onuphis, Ophel. From Ca- 
neph the Grecians formed Cyniphius, which they ufed for an 
epithet to Ammon : 

l 7 Non hie Cyniphius canetur Ammon, 

Mitratum caput elevans arenis. 

worfhip I fhall fpeak more at 

large in a particular treatife. 


On the fubjedt of ferpen 


8s The father of one of the goddefies, called Diana, had the name of Upis.. Cicero 

de Natura Deorum. 1 . 3. 23. 

% 

It was conferred upon Diana herfelf, alfo upon Cybele, Rhea, V'efta, Terra, Juno*. 
Vulcan was called Opas. Cicero deNat. Deor. 1 . 3. 

Ops was efteemed the Goddefs of riches : alfo the Deity of fire : 

Q. 7 ri ctvcLcxact^ •w'Vjicc. ‘L&poQ'jgo $ 9 'zrug 'wgo t cov Srugcav. Hefy chius. 

T yv ApTSfJLiv ©pax.65 B evfeictv 9 Kpvres cTg vvccv 9 . Axk€<Pou/xq viol S'e Outtw (jccts- 

Ayer/.) Palsephatus. c. 32. p. 78.. 

56 Callimachus. Hymn to Diana, v. 204- 
! 7 Sidonius Apollinaris.. Carm. 9. v. 19,0*. 


AIN. 



RADICALS. 



AIN. 

Ain, An, En, for fo it is at times exnreffed, fhmiiies a 

J s 7 x J O 

fountain ; and was prefixed to the names of many places, 
which were fituated near fountains, and were denominated 
from them. In Canaan near the fords of Jordan were fome 
celebrated waters ; which from their name appear to have 
been of old facred to the Sun. The name of the place was 
88 iEnon, or the fountain of the Sun; the fame, to which 
people reforted to be baptized by John: not from an opi¬ 
nion, that there was any fandtity in the waters ; for that no¬ 
tion had been for ages obliterated : and the name was given 

o * o 

by the Canaanite : but 89 Joh?i baptized in JEnon 1 ^ear to 
Salim , becaufe there was much water there : a?id they came , and 
were baptized. Many places were ftyled An-ait, An-abor, 
Anabouria, Anathon, Anopus, Anorus. Some of thefe were 
fo called from their fituation : others from the worfhip there 
eftablifhed. The Egyptians had many fubordinate Deities, 
which they efteemed fo many emanations, a7roppo/a/, from 
their chief God ; as we learn from Iamblichus, Pfellus, and 
Porphyry. Thefe derivatives they called 9 ° fountains, and 

58 Aivuv efyu$ T& XccAeift. Eufcbius de locorum nominibus in facra Script. Ain 
On, fons folis. Salem is not from Salem, peace, but from Sal, the Sun, the Sol 

4 

of the Latines. Salim, Aquae lolis - 9 alfo Aquse falfse. 

59 St. John. c. 3. v. 23. 

90 Pythagoras ufed to fwear by t^t^ooctvu <z&ctyciv o&vvcls cpuaecos. See Stanley of 
the Chaldaic Philofophy, and Selden de Diis Syris. Synt. 2. c. 1. p. 135. 

K cli 'uxwyn Tjvycov, kou Tmycov 'meigxs ct 7 rctacov. Oracle concerning the Deity, 
quoted in notes to Iamblichus. p. 299. 

0 - «* 

H 2 fuppofed 



5 2 


It ADI C A. L S., 


fuppofed them to be derived from the Sun ; whom they 
looked upon as the fource of all things. Hence they formed 
Ath-El, and Ath-Aain, the 91 Athela, and Athena of the 
Greeks. Theie were two titles appropriated to the lame 
perfonage, Divine Wifdom ; who was fuppofed to fpring 
from the head of her father. Wherever the Amonian reli¬ 
gion was propagated, names of this fort will occur ; being 
originally given from the mode of worfhip eftablifhed 9 *. 
Hence fo many places flyled Anthedon, Anthemus, Ain- 
fhemefh, and the like. The nymph OEnone was in reality 
a fountain, Ain-On, in Phrygia; and facred to the fame 
Deity: and agreeably to this fhe is laid to have been the 
daughter of the river 93 Cebrenus. The ifland iEgina was 
named 94 OEnone, and OEnopia, probably from its worfhip. 
As Divine Wifdom was fometimes expreffed Aith-Ain, or 
A Owu .; fo at other times the terms were reverfed, and a 
Deity conftituted called An-Ait. Temples to this Goddefs 
occur at Ecbatana in Media : alfo in Mefopotamia, Perils, 
Armenia, and Cappadocia; where the rites of fire were par¬ 
ticularly obferved. She was not unknown among the an¬ 
cient Canaanites for a temple called Beth-Anath is men- 


9 * Athenagor. Legatio. p. 293. 

91 The Amonians dealt largely in fountain worfhip: that is in the adoration of 
fubordinate demons, which they fuppofed to be emanations and derivatives from, 
their chief Deity. They called them Zones, Intelligences, Fountains, &c. See 
Pfellus and Stanley upon the Chaldaic Philofophy. p. 17. c. 3. 

See Proclus on the Theology of Plato. L. 5. c. 34. p. 315. 

9J Edita de magno flumine Nympha fui. Ovid. Epift. 5. v. 10. 

Some make her the daughter of Cebrenus ^ others of the. river. Xanthus. 

949 Plim N. H. L. 4. c. 12. 

210 


tioned 



RAD 




tioned in the book of 9ir Joihua. Of thefe temples, and the 
Puratheia there eftablifhed, accounts may be feen in many 
parts of Strabo. 

I have mentioned, that all fprings and baths were lacred 
to the Sun : on which account they were called Bal-ain; the 
fountains of the great Lord of Heaven - y from whence the 
Greeks formed BoAolvbiol : and the Romans Balnea. The 
fouthern leas abounded formerly with large whales : and it 
is well known that they have apertures near their noftrils, 
through which they fpout water in a large ftream, and to 
a great height. Hence they too had the name of Bal- 
Ain, or Ralaenag. For every thing uncommon was by the 
Amonians confecrated to the Deity, and denominated from 
his titles. This is very apparent in all the animals of 
Egypt. . 

The term O vgcx.vos, Ouranus, related properly to the orb 
of the Sun ; but was in aftertimes made to comprehend the 
whole expanfe of the heavens. It is compounded of Our- 
ain, the fountain of Orus ; and fhews to what it alludes, by 
its etymology. Many places were named Ees-ain, the re- 
verfe of Ain-ees, or Hanes : and others farther compounded 
Am-ees-ain, and Cam-ees-ain, rendered Amifene, and Ca- 
mifene : the natural hiffories of which places will generally 
authenticate the etymology. The Amonians fettled upon 
the Tiber : and the ancient town Janiculum was originally 
named 96 Camefe y and the region about it Camefene : un- 





Jolhua. c. 19. v. 3?- 
** Macrobius. Sat. L x~ c. 7. p. 151*. 


doubtedly 



54 


RADICALS 


doubtedly 


from 


the fountain Camefene, called afterward 


Anna Perenna, vvhofe waters ran into the facred pool 
micius : and whofe priefts were the Camceme. 

I am fenfible, that fome verv learned men do no 


approve of terms 
them in Ath-ain 3 
examples : and 


not quite 
thus reverfed, as I have exhibited 


Bal-ain, Our 


Cam-ain, and 


u 


e m 


fag 

as it is termed, 
inftances 
Ain -Ro 


it is efteemed a deviation from the common 
brew language ; where the governing word, 

there are many 

fuch as Ain-Shemefh, Ain-Gaddi, Ain-Mifhpat, 


comes fir ft. Of this 


Oron 


&c. alfo Beth-El, B 
But. with fubmiflion 


Dag 


Beth-Aven 


does not affedt the 


tymolog 


laid before the Reader : for 


not deduce them from the Hebrew. And though there may- 
have been of old a great fimiiitude between that language, 


and thofe of Egypt, Cutha, and 


yet they were 


different tongues. There was once but one language among 


the fons of 


98 


Up 


the difperfion of mankind, this 


was branched out into dialedts ; and thofe again were fub 


divided : all which varied every age 


refpedt 


one another ; but each language differed from itfelf more 


and more continually. 


therefore impoftible to reduce 


the whole of thefe to the mode, and ftandard of any 


97 Fontis ftagna Numici. Virg. JfLn. 1 . 7- 150. 

Egeria eft, qus prabet aquas, Dea grata Camoenis. Ovid. See Plutarch Numa. 

98 It is my opinion that there are two events recorded by Mofes, Gen. c. 10. 
throughout; and Gen. c. 1 1. v. 8. 9. One was a regular migration of mankind in 
general to the countries allotted to them : the other was a difperfion which related 
to fome particulars. Of this hereafter I ftiall.treat at large. 

7 Befides 5 



RADICALS. 55 

Befides, the terms, of which I fuppofe thefe names to be 
formed, are not properly in regimine ; but are ufed adjec- 
tively, as is common almoft in every language. We meet in 
the Grecian writings with 99 'EAAj^ot fgourov, 'EAAacSa cTiaAs/i- 

tov, £<r£e<rev ‘EAAaJa (puvriv. Alfo voccrov S^sAav, yvvottxci {acc - 

gov, Us^trrjV fgctrov, vccvtyiv fyopov, £%vQy\v oifjiov. Why may we 
not fuppofe, that the fame ufage prevailed in Cutha, and in 
Egypt ? And this practice was not entirely foreign to the 
Hebrews. We read indeed of Beer-fheba, Beer-lahoiroi, &c. 
but we alfo read of 100 Baalath-Beer, exactly fimilar to the 
inftances, which I have produced. We meet in the facred 
writings with Beth-El, and Beth-Dagon : but we fometimes 
find the governing word postponed, as in Elizabeth, or temple 
of Eliza. It was a Canaanitifh 1 name, the fame as Elifa, 
Eleufa, Elafa of Greece and other countries. It was a com¬ 
pound of El-Ees, and related to the God of light, as I have 


99 Nao-or ’S.ixeXctv. Theocritus. Idyll, i.v. 124. 

Twcaxac. ts S'mcc&to y.cc^ov* Homer. II. £ 1 - v. 58. 
gs oi/xor, aSa/rav ets egy/Aiccv. JEfchyl. Prometh. v. 2. 
To give inftances in our own language would be needlefs. 


400 Jofhua. c. ig. v. 8. Baalath-Beer, the well or fpring of Baal-Ath. 

1 The Jews often took foreign names-, of which we have inftances in Onias, Hyr- 

eanus, Barptolemaeus, &c. 

Solinus, c. 25. mentions in altar found in North Britain, infcribed to Ulyfles ; but 
Goropius Becanus very truly fuppofes it to have been dedicated to the Goddefs 

Eliffa, or Eliza. 

Ab Elifta Tyria, quam quidam Dido autumant. Velleius Paterculus. L. 1'. 
Elifa, quamdiu Carthago invidta fuit, pro Dea culta eft. Juftin. L. 18. c. 6. 
The worfhip of Elifa was carried to Carthage from Canaan and Syria : in thefe 
parts fhe was firit worlhiped; and her temple from that worfiiip was called 

Eliza-Beth.. 


before 



S& 


& 


A 


d f 


c 


A 


L 


s. 


before fliewn. It was ^made a feminine in aftertimes : and 

* • 

was a name a flume d by women of the country fly led Phe- 
nicia, as well as by thofe of Carthage. Hence Dido has this 
as a fecondary appellation j and mention is made by the 
Poet of Dii morientis * Elizas, though it was properly the 
name of a Deity. It may be faid, that thefe names are fo¬ 
reign to the Hebrews, though fometimes adopted by them t 
and I readily grant it; for it is the whole, that I contend 
for. All, that I want to have allowed, is, that different na¬ 
tions in their feveral tongues had different modes of colloca¬ 
tion and expreflion: becaufe I think it as unreafonable to 
determine the ufage of the Egyptians and ancient Chal¬ 
deans by the method of the Hebrews, as it would be to re¬ 
duce the Hebrew to the mode and ftandard of Egypt. What 
in Jofhua, c. 19. v. 8. is Baaleth, is, 1 Kings, c. 16. v. 31. 
Eth-baal: fo that even in the facred writings we find terms 
of this fort tranfpofed. But in refpedt to foreign names 
efpecially of places, there are numberlefs inftances flmilar to 
thofe, which I have produced. They occur in all hiflories 

of countries both ancient and modern. We read of Phar- 

# 

beth, and Phainobeth in Egypt : of Themifkir, and 3 Tigra- 

nocerta 


Sarbeth or Sarabeth is of the fame analogy, being put for Beth-Sar or Sara, 

cj?co5 Kvgiy, or ; as a feminine, anfwering to the houfe of our Lady. A?ra 

opes £a£«£a8a. Epiphanius de vitis Prophetar. p. 248. See Relandi PaJjeftina. 
p. 984. 

3 Damafcus is called by the natives Damafec, and Damakir. The latter fignifies * 
the town of Dama or Adama: by which is not meant Adam, the father of man¬ 
kind ; but Ad Ham, the Lord Ham, the father of the Amonrans. Abulfeda ftyles 
Damafcus, Damakir. p. 15. Sec or Shec is a prince. Damafec fignifies principis 
Ad-Am^ (Civitas). From a notion however of Acfarna fignifying Adam, a ftory 

p re vailed > 



S7 



nocerta, which fignifies Tigranes’ city* in Cappadocia, and 
Armenia. Among the eaftern nations at this day the names 
of the principal places are of this manner of conftrudtion ; 
fuch as Pharfabad, Jehenabad, Amenabad : fuch alfo Indo- 
ftan, Pharftftan, Moguliftan, with many others. Hence I 
hope, if I meet with a temple or city, called Hanes, or Ura¬ 
nia, I may venture to derive it from An-Ees, or Ur-Ain, 
however the terms may be difpofed. And I may proceed 
farther to fuppofe that it was denominated the fountain of 
light; as I am able to fupport my etymology by the hiftory 
of the place. Or if I fhould meet with a country called 
Azania, I may in like manner derive it from Az-An, a foun¬ 
tain facred to the Sun; from whence the country was 
named. And I may fuppofe this fountain to have been fa¬ 
cred to the God of light on account of fome real, or im¬ 
puted, quality in its waters : efpecially if I have any hiftory 
to fupport my etymology. As there was a region named 


prevailed that he was buried at Damafcus. This is fo far ufeful, as to fliew that 
Damafec was an abbreviation of Adamafec, and Damakir of Adama-kir. 

t 

♦ 

Alfo Kugecrx.a.gTci, the city of Kuros, the Sun. Stephanus Byzant. Manakarta, 
AaJWoc^Ta, ZaJ^coeap-ai. See Bochart. notse in Steph. Byzantinum. p. 823. 

Vologefakerta. Plin. L. 6. p. 332 . 

There was No-Amon in Egypt, and Amon-No. Guebr-abad. Hyde. p. 363. 
Ghavrabad. p. 364. Atefh-chana, domus ignis, p. 359. An-Ath, whofe temple in 
Canaan was ftyled Beth-Anath, is found often rcverfed, and ftiled Ath-An * whence 
came Athana, and A 0 w'<x of the Greeks. Anath fignified the fountain of light, 
and was abbreviated Nath and Neith by the Egyptians. They worfhiped under 
this title a divine emanation, fuppofed to be the Goddefs of Wifdom. The Athe¬ 
nians, who came from Sais in Egypt, were denominated from this Deity, whom 
they expreffed Ath-An, or AGjjpw, after the Ionian manner. Tws 'uroAecos (^cciTcav) 
Geos cLg%yyos e^iv, Aiyv 7 rrtq~i /xev tbvg^cc Ntfi'G 3 E AAnn^t cos 6 exeircov Aoyos y 

A Qwct. Plato in Timseo. p. 21. 

VOL. I. 


X 


Azania 



58 RADICALS. 

Azania in Arcadia, the reader may judge of my interpreta¬ 
tion by the account given of the excellence of its waters., 

$ A£caua, (ASgog tyis: A^KccS'tctg — e?i xgqwi Tt\g A feviccg, r&z 

ysv<roi[jLevh}g Ta uS'ctrog noisi (XYih rqv o<r^v ra oivs avs^sS-otu 
Hanes in 5 Egypt was the reverfe of Azan ; formed however 
of the fame terms, and of the fame purport precifely. 

In refpedt to this city it may be objected, that if it had 
fignified, what I fuppofe, we fhould have found it in the fa- 
cred text, inftead of Dan, expreffed twr py. If this were true, 
we mu ft be obliged to fuppofe, whenever the facred writers 

found a foreign name, compofed of terms not unlike fome in 
their own language, that they formed them according to 
their own mode of expreflion, and reduced them to the He¬ 
brew orthography. In fhort, if the etymology of an Egyp¬ 
tian or Syriac name could be poflibly obtained in their own 
language, that they had always an eye to fueh etymology 
and rendered the word precifely according to the Hebrew 
manner of writing and pronunciation. But this cannot be al¬ 
lowed. We cannot fuppofe the facred writers to have been 
fo unneceflarily fcrupulous. As far as I can judge,, they ap¬ 
pear to have adted in a manner quite the reverfe. They 
feem to have laid down an excellent rule, which would have, 
been attended with great utility, had it been univerfally fol¬ 
lowed : this was, of exhibiting every name,, as it was expref- 
fed at the time when they wrote, and by the people, to : 
whom they addreffed themfelves_ If this people through 

4 Stephanus Byzantinus. 

s Ifaiah. c. 30. v. 4. 

Of Hanes I fhall hereafter treat more fully. 


length 



RADICALS. 


59 


length of time did not keep up to the original etymology in 
their pronunciation, it was unnecefiary for the iacred Pen¬ 
men to maintain it in their writings. They wrote to be 
derftood: but would have defeated their own purpodfe, if 
they had called things by names, which no longer exifted. 
If length of time had introduced any variations, thole 
changes were attended to: what was called Shechem by Mo- 
fes, is termed f or by the \ Apoftle, 


A PH A, APHTHA, PTH A, PTHAS. 

Fire, and likewife the God of fire, was by the Amonians 
ftyled Apthas, and Aptha; contracted, and by different au*> 
thors exprefled, Apha, Pthas, and 1 * Ptha. He is by Suidas 
fuppofed to have been the Vulcan of Memphis, <£0a£, a 


6 Genefis. c. 34. v. 4. John. c. 4. v. 5. It is called Hvyoop by Syncellus. p. 100. 

7 The fame term is not always uniformly exprefled even by the facred writers. 
They vary at different times both in refpedt to names of places and of men. 


What 


Adts 


Balaam the fon of Beor, Num¬ 


bers, c. 22. v. 5. is called the fon of Bofor, 2 Peter, c. 2. v. 15. 

Thus -Quirinus or Quirinius is ftyled Curenius, Luke. c. 2. v. 2. and 
put for Eleafar, Luke. c. 16. v. 20. and John. c. 11. v. 2. 


BesA^eCaA, Matthew, 
y. 24. is Bethabara of John, c. 1, v. 28. 


So ISethbara in Judges, c. 7,' 


Almug, a fpecies of Cedar mentioned 1 Kings, c. 10, v. 11. is ftyled Algum in 


2. Ghron. c. 2. v. 8. 


Mofes, Gen. c. 10. v. 12. is Caine of Ifaiah 


Is not Ghalno as Carchemijh ? c, 10. v, 9. Jerubbaal of Judges is Jerubbefeth, 2. 
Samuel, c. 11, v. 21. Ram, 1 Chron. c. ?. y. 10. is Aram in 
Ruth, c. 4. v. 19. Hefron begat Ram, 


Matth 


Percufiit Dominus Philiftim a Gebah ad Gazar. 2 Sam. c. 5. v/25. 

ad Gazarah. 1 Chron. c. 14. v. 16. 


Gibeon 


I 2 


Hmifog 



6o 


RADICALS. 


'H Qoufog 


2 


Msfjupirctig 


And Cicero makes him the 


fame Deity of the Romans. 9 Secundus, (Vulcanus) Nilo 
natus, Phas, ut ^Egyptii appellant, quern cuftodem efle 
^Egypti volunt. The author of the Clementines defcribes 


■TO 


him much to the fame purpofe. 10 Aiyvimoi bs opoioog 
7rvg iSicl hotAejiTcd smXe<rav, b s^r\VBV&Tou 'Htpouzog. 


11 Huetius takes notice of the different ways, in which this 
name is exprefied: Vulcano Pthas, et Apthas nomen fuifle 
fcribifc Suidas. Narrat Eufebius Ptha iEgyptiorum eundem 
effe ac Vulcanum Grsecorum: Patrem illi fuifle Cnef, rerum 
opificem. However the Greeks and Romans may have ap¬ 
propriated the term, it was properly a title of ia Amon : and 

lamblichus acknowledges as much in a 13 chapter, wherein 

* 

he particularly treats of him. But at the fame time it re- 


* lamblichus fays the fame: 'EA Xyivbs sis *H<pau<rov fJterccXoifJiCctvBcri tov 

lamblichus deMyfter. Se£t. 8. c. 3. p. 159. 

9 Cicero de Natura Deorum. L. 3. c. 22. 

Au< 5 lor Clementinorum. Horn. 9. p. 687. Cotelerii. 

,x Huetii Demonftratio Evan. p. 88. 

It is fometimes compounded, and rendered Am-Apha; after the Ionic manner 
cxprcffed Hby lamblichus H Koct aAAwr Se t cc^iv 'zu-go^ccrlei 3 -sov H jxx(p. 
Se£t. 8. c, 3. p. 158. 

Hemeph was properly Ham-Apha, the God of fire. 

It was alfo rendered Camephis, K afjwcpis and K ctf 4 jf}(pti 7 from Cam-Apha. Stobaeus 
from Hermes. 

By Afclepiades, Ka/4or K K.ccjjlti(Piv tovv\?uqv eivoa q,wiv olvtov tov 
•ror vbv tov vonr&v. Apud Damafcium in vita Ifidori. Photius. 

53 lamblichus. Se£t. 8. c. 3. p. 159. 

Hence a’TTTw, incendo: alfo Aptha, an inflammation, a fiery eruption. 

AcpSa, t) ev ^ofxccTi Z^xcoo-ts, Hefychius. 

A<p 0 AsyzTctt e^ccvQvfiutrcov eiJ>G 5 >cA. Etymolog. Mag. 


lated 



R 


A 


D 


I 


C 


A 


L 


S. 


61 


lated to fire : and every place, in the compofition of whofe 
name it is found, will have a reference to that element, or to 
its worlhip* 

There was a place called Aphytis in Thrace, where the 
Amonians fettled very early; and where was an oracular 
temple of Amon. 14 t\ Acpvrcig , nohig ngog rp n a.K- 

Ayiv p ©gccxqg, a,7ro A<pvog t mg E<r^(S Js f) voXig pca/- 

T&iov Thi Au.fJ.wvog. Aphyte^ or Aphytis x is a city hard by P al¬ 
ien e in Ihrace^ fo called from one Aphys^ a native of thofe parts. 
"This city had once an oracular temple of Ammon. 

It flood in the very country called Phlegra, where the 


There 


was a 


worfhip of fire once particularly prevailed, 
city Aphace; alfo a temple of that name in Mount Libanus, 
facred to Venus Aphacitis, and denominated from fire. Here 
too was an oracle: for moft temples of old were fuppofed to 


that 


be oracular. It is defcribed by Zofimus, who lays, 15 
near the temple was a large lake made by art, in fhape like a 
flar. About the building, and in the neighbouring ground,, 
there at times appeared a fire of a globular figure, which 
burned like a lamp. It generally fhewed itfelf at times, 
when a celebrity was held : and he adds, that even in his 
time it was frequently feen. 

All the Deities of Greece were a7ro<r7rour[jLctTct 3 or derivatives 
formed from the titles of Amon, and Orus, the Sun. Many of 
them betray this in their fecondary appellations ; for we read 


*4 


*5 


Stephanus Byzantinus. 
Zofimus. L. 1. p. 53. 


See Etymolog. Magnum, Apha 


not 



62 


R 


A 


D 1 


C 


A 


L 


S. 


A pi 


inly of Vulcan, but of Diana being called 


16 


Aph 


and in Crete Dictynna had the fame name 


chius obferves, Afiaia, q Aiktvvvcc. Caftor and 


a, and 
Hefy- 
c were 


flyled 17 
Arcadia. 


Acper-Kigtoi : and Mars lB Aphseus was worfhiped in 
Apollo was likewife called 19 Acpqroog : but it was 


properly the place of worfhip ; though Hefychius otherwife 
explains it. Aphetor was what the ancient Dorians expref- 
fed Apha-Tor, a fire tower or Prutaneum the fame, 
which the Latines called of old Pur-tor, of the like fignifi- 
cation. This in aftertimes was rendered Praetorium : and 


the chief perfons, who officiated, Praetores. 


They 


were 


originally priefts of fire ; and for that reafon were called 
SI Aphetae : and every Praetor had a brazier of live coals car¬ 
ried before him, as a badge of his office. 


AST, A S T A, E S T A, HESTIA. 

Aft, Afta, Efta, fignified fire, and alfo the Deity of that 
element. The Greeks exprefled it 'Esm, and the Romans, 

Vefta. Plutarch fpeaking of the facred water of Mumicius 


x6 Paufanias. L. 2. p. 180. 

17 Paufanias. L. 3. p. 242. fuppofed to be named from races. 

18 Paufanias. L. 8. p. 692. or A (pveio^ as fome read it. 

In like manner 3t.cc* ApBctia, 'Extern- Stephanus Byzantinus. 

19 Cselius Rhodig. L. 8. c. 16. Aq>nrco^ 0 tv rois (pots Sreos. Auftor Anti- 
quus apud Lilium Gyraldum. Syntag. 7. 

Thefe towers were oracular temples * and Hefychius exprefly fays, A <pnToptict 9 
fxctvT&cc* Apwropos, 'GjgoqMrevoifTos. Hefychius. Afpnrogos AttoAA&m'o*. Iliad. L. 
I. v. 404. ngcpmevoPTos kqu fJLocvrtvojj&m. Schol. ibid. 

** See Hoffman. JLexic. 

IO 




R 


A 


i> 


I 


G 


A 


L 


S. 


&3 


Being difcovered by the priefteffes of this Deity, calls them 


the virgins of “ Heftia. Eft a and Afta fignified alfo a facred 
hearth. In early times every diftridt was divided according, 
to the number of the facred hearths ; each of which confti- 
tuted a community, or parifh. They were in different parts 
ftyled Turatheia Empureia, Prutaneia, and Pretoria: alfo 
** Phratriai, and Apaturia : but the moft common name was 
Afta. Thefe were all places of general rendezvous for 
people of the fame community. Here were kept up perpetual 
fires : and places of this fort were made ufe of for courts of 
judicature, where the laws of the country, Qepig'cx.t, were 
explained, and inforced. Hence Homer fpeaking of a perfom 
not worthy of the rights, of fociety, calls him ** A<pgYiTc*>g, 

ctOspieog, cLvsziog. 

The names of thefe buildings were given to them from 
the rites there pradtifed; all which related to fire. The 
term Afta was in aftertimes by the Greeks exprefled,, Afy, 
Aftu ; and appropriated to a city. The name of Athens 
was at firft Aftu ; and then Athenae, of the fame purport : 
for Athenae is a compound of Ath-En, Ignis fons in which 


11 Plutarch. Numa.. Vol. i. p. 68. ''Y'Soop hgov cciro^-zt^xi • Tzrapfyei'ois. 

Nec tu aliud Veftam, quam vivam intellige flammam. 

Ovid. Fafti.. L. 6. v. 291. 

§>pctTopcc$ y tws acuTy}$-FA$Te%'OVTcc$ ^paT^ias? avyysveis* Hefychius. 

& 7 rccT&gicc 3 eoprn A 0 wwo-<r.- Hefychius. Apaturia is compounded of Apatour, a 
fire-tower. Ehrator, is a metathefis for PharrTor, from Phur, ignis. So Pnetor 
and Pr^torium are from Pur-tor of the fame purport. The general .name for all of 
them was Purgoi,. ftill with a reference.to fire. 

X4 Iliad.. A. v. 63. 

Diodorus Siculus.. L. 1. p. 24*. 


name 



64. 


R 


A 


D 


I 


C 


A 


L 


S. 


name 
the c 


there 


is 


reference both to the guardian Goddefs of 


ty 


and alfo to the perpetual fire preferved within 


precincts. The God of fire, Hephailtus, was an Egyptian 
compound of Apha-Alfus, rendered by the Ionian Greeks 
Hephaeftus. 


The 


26 


Camcenas of Latium, who were fuppoled 


have 


fhewn the facred fountain to the Veffals, were probably the 
original prieftefles, whofe bufinefi it was to fetch water for 


luftrations from that ffrearn 


Ain is the fountain 


of the Sun: and the Camoense were named from their at¬ 
tendance upon that Deity. The Hymns in the temples of 
this God were fung by thefe women : hence the Camoenas 
were made prefidents of mufic. 

Many regions, where the rites of fire were kept up, will 
be found to have been named Alfa, Helfia, Helfiasa, He- 
phselfia j or to have had cities fo * 7 called. This will appear 
from the hilfories of Thefialy, Lycia, Egypt, Lemnos; as 
well as from other countries. 

From Alfa and Elba come the terms j£ftas, JElfus, dEftuo, 
A?v, 'Efia, *E etoLgeiv, 


Plutarch. Numa. p. 62. 

* 7 In Syria was Aftacus, or the city of Chus : and Aftacur, the city of the Sun. 
In other parts were Aftacures, and Aftaceni, nations : Aftacenus Sinus; Aftaboras; 
Aftabeni; Aftabus and Aftafaba in Ethiopia ; Aftalepha at Colchis; Afta and 
Aftea in Gedrofia; Afta in Spain, and Liguria ; Afta and regio Aftica in Thrace. 
Doris named Heftheotis. Strabo. L. g. p. 668. 

Fla* 'Peccs, a ye ttpurccveicc \eXoy t xjx.S' > 

Pindar. Nem. Ode xi. v. 2. 


SHEM, 



'1 


RADICALS. 


65 


SHEM, SHAME N, SHEMESH. 

Shem, and Shamefh, are terms, which relate to the hea¬ 
vens, and to the Sun, iimilar to cdi», D'ntr, of the He¬ 

brews. Many places of reputed fan&ity, fuch as Same, Sa¬ 
mos, Samothrace, Samorna, were denominated from it. 
Philo Biblius informs us, that the Syrians, and Canaanites, 
lifted up their hands to Baal-Samen, the Lord of Heaven ; 
under which title they honoured the Sun : 18 T ctg ysigag ogs- 

yeiv Big Egctvag it^og rov 'HA<ov* tutop y&g, <p»)cr*, &£op svofjuipv 

fjLovov , OTPANOT KTPION BAAASAMHN mXznsg. Ephe- 

fus was a place of great fan&ity : and its original name was 
** Samorna ; which feems to be a compound of Sam-Oran, 
Cceleftis Sol, fons Lucis. We read of Samicon in Elis, 

30 E&puXM) with a facred cavern: and of a town called 

31 Sarnia, which lay above it. The word 2s[Ji,vog was a con¬ 
traction of Semanos, from Sema-on ; and properly fignified 
divine and celeftial. Hence ersfJLveu Sscu, crsfAVY) Koga.* An¬ 
cient Syria was particularly devoted to the worfhip of the 
Sun, and of the Heavens ; and it was by the natives called 
Shems and Shams : which undoubtedly means the land of 
Shemefh, from the worfhip there followed. It retains the 

Philo apud Eufeb. Prcep. Evang. L. i. c. io, 

Arabibus Sol Talos, et Samafa. Lilius GyralcL Syntag, 7. p. 280. 

* 9 Stephanus Byzant. 

30 Paufanias. L. 5. p. 386. 

31 Paufanias. L. 5. p. 387, 388. 


VOL. I. 


K 


name 



66 


RADICALS. 


name at this 31 day. In Canaan was a town and temple, 

it 

called Beth - Shemefh. What fome expreffed Shem and 
Sham, the Lubim feem to have pronounced Zam : hence the 
capital of Numidia was named Zama, and Zamana, from 
Shamen, Coeleftis. This we may learn from an infcription 
in 33 Reineccius. 

JULIO. PROCULO. 

P R ~JE F. URB. PATRON O. 

COL. B Y Z A C E N JE. ET. PA 
TRONO. COLON. JE L I JE. 

34 ZAMANA. R E G I JE. 

* 

Ham being the Apollo of the eaft, was worshiped as the 
Sun : and was alfo called Sham and Shem. This has been 
the caufe of much perplexity, and miftake : for by thefe 
means many of his pofterity have been referred to a wrong 
line, and reputed the fons of Shem ; the title of one brother 
not being diftinguifhed from the real name of the other. 


3t Abulfeda. Tab. Synas. p. 5. Syria Scham appellata. Dividitur Syria in quin- 
que praefedturas, quarum unicuique nomine proprio nomen, Al Scham, foil. Syria?, 
commune datur. Excerptum ex Ibn Ol Wardi. p. 176. 

Abulfeda fuppofes, that Syria is called Scham, quafi finiftra. It was called Sham 
for the fame reafon that it was called Syria. 'Xupos yoLoi the fame-as Xeigio*. 

Perfe Xvgv Deum vocant. Lilius Gyraldus. Syntag. 1 . p. 5. Xugia. Srscc y i. e. 
Dea Coeleftis. Syria is called at this day Souriftan. Souris from Sehor, Sol, Xti- 
pios of Greece. 

35 Reineccii Syntagma. Clafs. 6. cxxii. p. 458. 

34 El-Samen was probably the name of the chief temple at Zama •, and com- 
prifed the titles of the Deity, whom the Numidians worfhiped. El Samen fignifies 
Deus Coeleftis, or Coelorum : which El Samen was changed by the Romans to 
JElia Zamana. 



RADICALS. 


67 

Hence the Chaldeans have by fome been adjudged to the 
line of 35 Shem: and Amalek, together with the people of 
that name, have been placed to the fame account. His ge~ 
nealogy is accordingly reprefented by Ebn Patric. He 
makes him the fon of Aad, and great grandfon of Shem. 
36 Fuitque Aad films Arami, filius Shemi, filius Nose. The 
author of the Chronicon Pafchale fpeaks of 37 Chus, as of 
the line of Shem : and Theophilus in his treatife to Auto- 
lycus does the fame by 38 Mizraim. Others go farther, and 
add Canaan to the 39 number. Now thefe are confefiedly 
the immediate fons of + ° Ham : fo that we may underftand, 
who was properly alluded to in thefe pafiages under the 
name of Shem. 


M A C A R. 


This was a {acred title given by the Amonians to their 
Gods ; which often occurs in the Orphic hymns, when any 
Deity is invoked. 


35 'Lreor ot XaAJ\*/oi cc7ro tb xccrocyovrca^ a xca 6 A SpctotfA* Syncelli 
Chronograph, p. 98. 

36 Eutychii five Ebn Patricii Hift. Vol. 1. p. 60. 

37 Ex vy}$ (putos tb Xous ovofJictTii o A/Sio-^. Chron. Pafchal. p. 36. 

58 c E«£os <Pe vies ts — ovofxcLTi pcceifjt. Theophilus ad Autolyc. L. 2. 



370 . 


39 Alii Shemi filium faciunt Canaanem. Relandi Palseftina. V. i. p. 7. 

40 The fons of Ham; Cufh and Mizraim, and Phut, and Canaan* Genefis. 



10. v. 6. 

Ham is the father of Canaan. Genefis. c. 9. v. 18, 22. 

From Sam, and Samen, came Summus 5 and Hercules Summanus j Samabethi, 
Samanaei, Samonacodoma. 


K 2 


KAt )fa 9 



68 


RADICALS. 


41 KAy$/, Mazug II oucui, titvoztqvb, OojSs A vzcagsv. 

41 KAt>$/, M otKctg, noLV&egiLts zyuv ouuovtov oppct. 

Many people affirmed to themfelves this title ; and were 
fly led 43 Ma.zctgsg> or Macarians : and various colonies were 

fuppofed to have been led by an imaginary perfonage Macar, 

* 

or 44 Macareus. In confequence of this we find, that the 

■ 

moft ancient name of many cities and iflands was Macra, 
Macris, and 4S Macaria. The Grecians fuppofed the term 
Macar to fignify happy ; whence Ma zagsg -Sso 1 was inter¬ 
preted sv$cu[JLovzg : but whether this was the original purport 
of the word, may be difficult to determine. It is certain 
that it was a favourite term : and many places of fan£tity 

41 Orphic. Hymn. 33. 

4Z Orphic. Hymn. 7. So EaG~ M aMetp^ to Hercules, and to Pan. KAu8; M <zKap % 
to Dionufus. Alfo M cckccp N vgeus. KAdG/, Majcaj, (pcovcov , to Corybas the Sun. 

45 Me?i 7 rov cT o 7 rAo 76 poov M cotctpoov yeveaiv xgtcnv tb* 

Orphic. Argonaut, v. 42- 

44 Diodorus Siculus. L. 5. p. 327, 328. 

We read of Macaria in the Red Sea. Plin. L. 6. c. 29. 

'ToTvgxjziov xai M cocaptcL. Diodorus Sic. L. 3. p. i 7 3 * 

45 Cyprus was called Maxctf/a, with a town of the fame name. Ptolem. 

Lefbos Macaria. Clariffima Lefbos; appellata Lana, Pelafgia, Aigeira, Aithiope, 

Macaria, a Macareo Jovis nepote. Plin. L. 5. c. 31. and Mela. L. 2. c. 7. p, 209. 

*Qggqv AsgSos <x.vco M (xxctpos q; evroi eegyei. Homer- Iliad. D. v. 544. 

Rhodes called Macaria. Plin. L. 5. c. 31. 

A fountain in Attica was called Macaria. Paufanias. L. 1. p. 79. 

Part of Thrace, Macaria. Apollonius Rhod. L. 1. v. 1115. 

A city in Arcadia, M ccKccpiut. Steph. Byzant. 

~Mcc>tctpi a king of Lefbos. Clement. Cohort, p. 27.. 

An ifland of Lycia, Macara. Steph. Byzant. 

The Macares, who were the reputed fons of Deucalion, after a deluge fettled in 
Chios, Rhodes, and other iflands. Diodorus Sic. L. 5. p. 347. 


were 




were denominated from it. Macar, as a perfon, was by fome 
efteemed the offspring of 46 Lycaon : by others the fon of 
47 ff£olus. Diodorus Siculus calls him 48 Macareus, and 
fpeaks of him as the fon of Jupiter. This term is often 
found compounded, Macar-On : from whence people were 
denominated McLKOLgoovsg, and 49 Moucgmsg > and places were 
called M OLZgoev. This probably was the original of the name 

given to Iflands, which were ftyled Ma/ca^ow vyi&gi. They 
were to be found in the Pontus Euxinus, as well as in the 
Atlantic. The Acropolis of Thebes in Boeotia was in like 
manner called 50 M cuccLgoov vrid'og^ It was certainly an Amo- 
nian facred term. The inland city Oaffs flood in an Egyp¬ 
tian province, which had the 51 fame name: fo that the 
meaning muff not be fought for in Greece. This term was 
fometimes expreffed as a feminine, Macris, and Macra : and 
by the Grecians was interpreted longa y as if it related to ex- 


46 Paufanias. L. 8. p. 602-. He fpeaks of Macaria the daughter of Hercules. 
L. 1. p. 80. 

47 Paufanias. L. 10. p. 896. 

48 Diodorus. L. 5. 

v. 544 - 

49 Oi 'Xctvrot, e$ 'zzrporeooy eteycv Mxxpoovczs. Strabo. L. 12. 

Sanni, 'Xxvi'oi, means Heliadne, the fame as Macarones. near Colchis, 

at wv Uccvvoi. Stephanas Byzant. 

- 50 The fame as the Cadmeum. Mccx.cc.rcov vyo-of, £ ccxpo 7 toAis tgcp> ev Eoicoricc ©>?- 
Ccov to 'zz-cthccioVy o F la.ppc€vt<f h ?. Suidas. 

Diodorus Siculus. L. 5..p. 347. Maxocpcov vmoi near. Britain and Thule. Scho¬ 

lia in Lycophron. v. 1200. 

‘AiL timv ’Mccxocgoov vvcroij t00/ Tgreg tov ccpiq-ov- 

Zwra, &ecov (Zcca-iAnct) 'Pew t bxs t evi 
Of the Theban Acropolis, Tzetzes in Lycophron. v. 1194.. 

51 Herodotus. L. 3. c. 16. 


p. 347. • M clxclo o K pivonta. Schol. in Homer.. Iliad, fl. 


tent,. 



7 o 


RADICALS. 


tent. It was certainly an ancient word, and related to their 
theology : but was grown fo obfolete, that the original pur¬ 
port could not be retrieved. I think we may be allured 
that it had no relation to length. Euboea was of old called 
Macris ; and may be looked upon as comparatively long: 
but Icarus, Rhodes, and Chios, were likewife called fo ; and 
they did not project in length more than the iflands in their 
s * neighbourhood. They were therefore not denominated 

from their figure. There was a cavern in the Acropolis of 

# 

Athens, which was called Macrai, according to Euripides. 

53 II '.go<r£oppov uvTgov, ds Moucgag 

The fame author fiiews manifeftly, that it was a proper 
name ; and that the place itfelf was ftyled Macrai. This 
was a contraction for Macar-Ai, or the place of Macar : 

54 M cMgcu h z<i bksi kskKy)[jlsvo$. 

All thele places were for a religious reafon fo denominated 
from Macar, a title of the Deity. 

M E L E C H. 

Melech, or, as it is fometimes exprefied, Malech, and Mo¬ 
loch, betokens a king ; as does Malecha a queen. It was a 

Macra, a river in Italy. Plin. L. 3. c. 5. 

SJ Euripides in lone. v. 937. E 'zzrgoaSopp&s 'Grergccs 

Maxpas kclXbci yv$ clvoly,tbs AxGicTcs. Ibid. 

Paufanias informs us that the children of Niobe were fuppofed to have been here 
flain in this cavern. 

Euripides ibid. Alfo in another place he mentions 

Kexpo7ro$ A vTgccy kcu Mazepas 'GrerpnpetyeiS. 

6 


title 



RAD ICALS. 


7 1 

title of old given to many Deities in Greece ; hut in after 
times grew obfolete, and mifuiiderftbod: whence it was often 
changed to psiAr^og, and which fignifted the 

gentle, fweet, and benign Deity. Paufanias tells us, that 
Jupiter was ftyled M siXiy/iog, both in 55 Attica, and at 56 Ar¬ 
gos : and in another part of his work he fpeaks of this Deity 

6 

under the fame title, in company with Artemis at Sicyon. 
57 Es'; S's Xsvg MeiAiystog, zctt Agrz^Lig ovofJLOL^pfJLsvri TLolt^oool. 

He mentions, that they were both of great antiquity, placed 
in the temple before the introduction of images : for the one 
was reprefented by a pyramid, and the other by a bare pil¬ 
lar : II<Js o MsiXi'yiog, gcJs ziovi st zol<t [ABvy] . He 

alfo fpeaks of fome unknown Gods at Myonia in Locris, 

called ®soi : and of an altar with an infcription of 

the fame purport, sS (3oofJLog ©gw v M siX^ioov. 

Rivers often had the name of Melech. There was one in 
Babylonia, generally exprefled Nahar Malcha, or the royal 
ftream : thefe too were often by the Grecians changed to 
M stXi'fcoi. The foregoing writer gives an inftance in a 59 river 
of Achaia. Malaga in Spain was properly Malacha, the 
royal city. I take the name of Amalek to have been Ham 
60 Melech abbreviated : a title taken by the Amalekites from 


ss Z^iocSacri cTs Toy Knyiac-ov / 3 &y.os tq'iv cto^ytios A/of. 


Paufanias* 


L. i. p. 9- 

s6 Paufanias. L. 2. p. 154. 

57 Paufanias. L. 2. p. 132. 

58 Paufanias. L. 10. p. 897. 

59 Paufanias. L. 7. p. 573. 

60 The country of the Amalekites is called, the land of Ham. 1 Chronicles, c. 


4. v. 40. 




RADICALS. 


+1 *> 

the head of their family. In like manner I imagine 61 Mal- 
chom, the God of the Sidonians, to have been a contraction 
of Malech-Chom, fiounXevg 'H Xiog : a title given to the Sun ; 
but conferred alfo upon the chief of the Amonian 6x family. 

A N A C. 

% 

Anac was a title of high antiquity, and feems to have 
been originally appropriated to perfons of great ftrength, 
and ftature. Such people in the plural were ftyled Ana- 
kim ; and one family of them were to be found at 63 Kir- 
jath-Arba. Some of them were likewife among the Caphto- 
rim, who fettled in Paleftina. Paufanias reprefents Afterion, 
whofe tomb is faid to have been difcovered in Lydia, as a 
fon of Anac, and of an enormous fize. 6 * E ivou ds A pegiov 

fjLBV AvcctcTog' Avclktol $s rV Trainee—osrot stpavr) to c kb^ib- 
yonoL Bg mziVy oog eg'iv olv^oowb’ bttbi dia ^BysOog hk spiv ovoog 

61 i Kings, c. 11. v. 33. 

61 I will cut off the remnant of Baal from this place, and the name of the Cha- 
merims with the pHefts ; and them that worfhip the hoft of heaven upon the houfe 
tops, and them that worfhip, and that fwear by the Lord, and that fwear by Mai - 
cham. Zephaniah. c. i. v. 4. 

63 Judges, c. 1. v. 10. Jofhua. c. 15. v. 13. Deuteronomy, c. 2. v. 21. Jolhua. 
c. 11. v. 22. and c. 13. v. 12. 

The priefts at the Eleufinian myfteries were called Avccx.roreM^oa. Clement. 
Alex. Cohort, p. 16. 

64 Paufanias. L. 1. p. 87. It was in the ifland Lade before Miletus. The au¬ 
thor adds, when the bones were difcovered. Auny.cc Se Xoyos n?\.Bev bs tss me AAys 
Fwfycra ra yicvcrcccpes uvea y.ev rev vsyepov —xtA— x.ca ^Bipcccppov re moretyov Clxeecvev 
ex.ee Aovv. 

See Cicero de Nat. Deor. L. 3. of Anaces, A rcocres. T as A 10$ xovgB* Avatytas 01 
A^nvcaei 'zz-poav'yopzvcrctv. Plutarch. Numa. 

ay 





RADICALS. 


73 


old eS'o^sv. We may from hence perceive that the hiftory of 
the Anakim was not totally obliterated among the Grecians. 
Some of their Deities were ftyled ccvctKTsg' others oLvoLKTogsg^ 

and their temples ouloutTOgia.. Michael Pfellus fpeaking of he¬ 
resies, mentions, that fome people were fo debafed, as to 
worfhip Satanaki : 6s A utov S s fj-ovov £7Tiy£iov Xoltolvolki svfspvi- 

£ovroci . Satanaki feems to be Satan Anac, foocEoXos fictGriXsvg. 

Necho, Nacho, Necus, Negus, which in the Egyptian 
and Ethiopic languages Signified a king, probably was an 
abbreviation of Anaco, and Anachus. It was Sometimes ex- 
prefted Nachi, and Nacchi. The buildings reprefented at 
Perfepolis are faid to be the work of Nacki Ruftan ; which 
Signifies the lord, or prince Ruftan. 

Z A R, and S A R. 

Sar is a rock, and made ufe of to fignify a promontory. As 
temples were particularly erected upon Such places, thefe 
eminences were often denominated Sar-On, from the Deity, 
to whom the temples were facred. The term Sar was often¬ 
times ufed as a mark of high honour. The Pfalmift repeat¬ 
edly addrefles God as his Rock, 66 the Rock of his refuge ; 

the Rock of his Salvation. It is alfo ufed without a meta- 

* 

phor, for a title of refpedt: but it feems then to have been 
differently expreffed. The facred Writers call that lordly 
people the Sidonians, as well as thofe of Tyre, 67 Sarim. The 

65 Michael Pfellus. p. io. 

66 Pfalm 28. v. 1. Deuteron. c. 32. v. 15. Ifaiah. c. 17. v. 10. Pfalm 78. v. 35. 
It is often ftyled Selah. 

67 Ifaiah. c. 23. v. 8. 

Vol. I. L name 



RADICALS. 


74 

name of Sarah was given to the wife of Abraham by way of 
eminence; and fignifies a 68 lady, or princefs. It is conti¬ 
nually to be found in the compofition of names, which relate 
to places, or perfons, efteemed facred by the Antonians. We 
read of Serapis, Serapion, Serapammon : alfo of Sarchon, and 
Sardon ; which is a contraction for Sar-Adon. In Tobit 
mention is made of 69 Sarchedonus ; the fame name as the 
former, but with the eaftern afpirate. The Sarim in Either 
are taken notice of as perfons of high 70 honour: the fame 
dignity feems to have been known among the Philiftim, by 
whom it was rendered 71 Sarna, or Sarana : hence came the 
71 Tyrian word Sarranus for any thing noble and fplendid. 
In the prophet Jeremiah are enumerated the titles of the 
chief princes, who attended Nebuchadnezzar in his expedi¬ 
tion againft Judea. Among others he mentions the 73 Sar- 
fechim. This is a plural, compounded of Sar, and Sech,. 
rendered alfo Shec, a prince or governor.. Sar-Sechim figni- 
lies the chief of the princes and rulers. Rabfhekah is nearly 
of the fame purport: it lignifi.es the great prince; as by Rab- 
fares is meant the chief 7+ Eunuch ; by Rabmag, the chief of 
the Magi. Many places in Syria and Canaan have the term 
Sar in compofition ; fuch as Sarabetha, Sariphaea, 



6S Gencfis. c. 17. v. 15. 

69 Tobit. c. 1. v. 22. 

70 Either, c. 1. v. 16. 

71 Jofhua. c. 13. v. 3. Judges, c. 16. v. 5. 

71 Oftrum Sarranum. 

73 Jeremiah, c. 30. v. 3*. 

74 Ifaiah. c. 37. v. 4. Jeremiah, c. 39. v. 3. 


1 Samuel, c. 29. v. 7. 




RADICALS. 


75 


Sardis, the capital of Croefus, was the city of Sar-Ades, the 
fame as Atis, the Deity of the country. 


High 


75 


groves, or rather hills with woods of ancient oaks, 


were named Saron ; becaufe they were facred to the Deity fo 
called. Pliny takes notice of the Saronian bay near Corinth, 
and of the oaks which grew near it. 76 Portus Ccenitis, Sinus 
Saronicus olim querno nemore redimitus; unde nomen. Both 
the oaks and the place were denominated from the Deity 
Sar-On, and Chan-Ait, by the Greeks rendered and 

Koirsms, which are titles of nearly the fame purport. 


Saron 


was undoubtedly an ancient God in Greece. 77 Lilius Gyral- 
dus ftyles him Deus Marinus : but he was properly the Sun. 
Diana, the lifter of Apollo, is named 78 Saronia : and there 
were Saronia facra, together with a feftival at 79 Troezen; in 


which place Orus was fuppofed to have been born. 


80 


£lgov 


ysvsvQoLi <r<pi<nv ev yy nsTguTov. Orus was the fame as Sar-On, 
the Lord of light. Rocks were called Saronides, from hav- 


75 It is fometimes expreffed Saronas. 

Eft et regio Saronas, five £pv,uo$. Reland. Palaeftina. p. i S8. Any place facred 
to the Deity Saron was liable to have this name : hence we find plains fo called in 
the Onomafticon of Eufebius. *0 ^ctpoov — rj qltto cpvs Ox€cop ein r wlTiQsoictS'cc 

76 Plin. L. 4. c. 8. 

77 Lilius Gyraldus. Syntag. 4. p. 170. from Paufanias, and Ariftides in The- 
miftoclem. 

78 'Xa.pojvtccy Agrepus' A%auoi. Hefych. She was by the Perfians named Sar-Ait. 

Apts/llis* oi riepacti. Ibidem. 

79 Paufanias. L. 2. p. 189. 

80 Paufanias. L. 2. p. 181. 

81 Callimachus calls the ifland Afterie xotxov aetpov . A 'wovtoio xuxgu vet- 
pov. This by the Scholiaft is interpreted x.aA vvtcov' but it certainly means a Rock. 
Hymn, in Delon, v. 225. 

L 2 ing 



RADICALS. 


76 

ing temples and towers facred to this Deity: juft as groves of 
oaks were, of which I took notice above. This interpre¬ 
tation is given by 82 Hefychius ; and by the Scholiaft upon 
the following verfe of Callimachus, 

83 H 'W'oKhut.g V7T£i/sgQs ZcLguvifrctg vygog I ccoov 
Heigev. 

As oaks were ftyled Saronides, fo likewife were the ancient 
Druids, by whom the oak was held fo facred. Hence Dio¬ 
dorus Siculus fpeaking of the priefts of Gaul, ftyles them 

8+ ^iMccxpoi, SsoXoyoi — 'nregi'fjoog r 1pw{ jlsv01 , ds 2 APONIAA 2 

ovofjL.a.£&<n. This is one proof out of many how far the Amo- 
nian religion was extended : and how little we know of Drui- 
dical worflhip, either in refpedt to its eflence or its origin. 

r 

U C H. 

Uch, T;', expreffed alfo Ach, Och, Op^a, was a term of 
honour among the Babylonians, and the reft of the progeny 
of Chus ; and occurs continually in the names of men and 
places, which have any connexion with their hiftory. I have 
fhewn in a former Ss treatife that the fhepherds who ruled 
in Egypt were of that race ; and that they came from Baby¬ 
lonia, and Chaldea. Eufebius informs us, that their national 
title was 86 TKovvog ; or, as it was undoubtedly expreffed by 

Sap&mJ'es 'Zrjerpxi} 7i cci cPitx, 'zvccAcciotatcl xe%$vuiati <Ppve$. Hefych. 

?3 Callimachus. Hymn, to Zeus. v. 22. 

8+ Diodorus Siculus. L. 5. p. 308. 

85 See Obfervations and Inquiries upon ancient Hiftory. p. 196. 

Eufebii Praep. Evang. L. 10, c. 13. p. 500. 

the 



RADICALS. 


77 


the people themfelves, T jcxovcrog, Uc-Cufus. It is a term 
taken notice of by Apion, and Manethon ; and they fpeak of 
it as a word in the facred language of the country, which 
fignified a king; 87 Yx. kcxM iegav yT^uxr '<r ctv fi&cnAsa c rquaivei, 
I wonder that this word has been paffed over with fo little 
notice; as it is of great antiquity; and at the fame time of 
much importance in refped; to etymology. Uc-Cufus figni- 
fied the royal or noble Cufean : and as it was a word in the 
facred language of Egypt, we may from hence learn what 
that language was; and be allured that it was the primitive 
language of Chus, the fame as the ancient Chaldaic. It was 
introduced among the Mizraim by the Auritse, or Cuthites, 
together with their rites, and religion : hence it obtained the 
name of the facred language. Diodorus Siculus affords 88 evi¬ 
dence to the fame purpofe: and it is farther proved by Helio- 
dorus ; who fays that the facred characters of Egypt, and 
thofe of the Cuthites in Ethiopia were the 89 fame. This term 
occurs very often atnong the titles, of which the Babylonifh 
names are compofed ; fuch as Ochus and Belochus. Among 
the Egyptians it is to be found in Acherez, and Achen- 
cherez ; which are the names of two very ancient princes. 
Acherez is a compound of Ach-Ares, Magnus Sol ; equivalent 
to Achorus, another name of the fame Deity, aflumed in like 
manner by their kings. The latter was fometimes expreffed 
90 Aachor, Achoris, Ochuras, Uchoreus : which are all the 

87 Jofephus contra Apion. L. i. c. 13. p. 445. 

88 Diodorus Siculus. D. 3. p. 144. 

89 Heliodori <£Ethiopica. D. 4. p. 174. 

93 Achor, Srtos Clement. Alexandr. Cohortatio. p. 33. 

fame- 

* 



RADICALS. 


7 ' 8 

fame name diverfified in different ages, and by different writ¬ 
ers. As priefts took the titles of the Deities whom they ferved, 
Lucan has very properly introduced a prieft of Egypt under 
the name of Achoreus : 

91 quos inter Achoreus, 

Jam placidus fenio, fradtufque modeftior annis. 

The name of Ofiris feems to have been Uc-Sehor, and 
Uc-Sehoris. According to Hellanicus, if a perfon had in 
Egypt made enquiry about the term Ofiris, he would not 
have been underftood : for the true name was 92 Ufiris. Philo 
Biblius from Sanchoniathon calls the fame Deity 93 Iiiris ; 
and adds, that he was the brother of Cna, or Canaan; and 
the inventor of three letters. I <ngig, toov Tgioov ygotfjL[JL(x.TCiov 

svgsrrig, aJgA <pag Xvcl rs ^oiviitog. I take Ifiris, and Ufiris, as 
well as Ofiris, to be all Uc-Sehoris foftened, and accommo¬ 
dated to the ears of Greece. 

The Sun was ftyled El-Uc, which the Grecians changed 
to Avaog , Lucos ; as we learn from 94 Macrobius. He was 

alfo ftyled El-Uc-Or, which was changed to A vxoogsvg ; and 
El-Uc-Aon, rendered Lycaon 95 , Avxctoov. As this perfonage 

was 

91 Lucan. L. 8. v. 475. 

92 Ka/ y&p 'tov Ocrigiv EA /Xccvikos TV/prr eipnxev ctKnxoevca cciro twv ‘Ieoeoov heyo- 
fjjcvov. Plutarch. Ifis etOftris. Vol. 1. p. 364. 

91 Eufebius. Prsep. Evang. L. 1. c. 10. p. 39. 

9 * Annum quoque vetuftiilimi GrsECorum AvKctCccvrct appellant top cc7ro ts AT- 
KOT 5 id eft Sole. &c. Macrob. Saturn. L. 1. c. 17. p. 194. 

95 Lycaon was the fame as Apollo*, and worlhiped in Lycia: his priefts were 
ftyled Lycaones : he was fuppofed to have been turned into a wolf. Ovid Metam. 
L. 1. v. 232. Apollo’s mother Latona was alfo changed to the fame animal. 'H 
A/jtccj A/?Aop ??A 0 g jiAeTGc,€ct??iXG(x. ei$ Au?c ov. Scholia in Dionyf. v. 525. 


People 



RADICALS. 


79 


the fame as El-Uc, Avzoc 


was fabled of him 


was turned into a wolf. The caufe oF this abfurd notion 
arofe from hence : every facred animal in Egypt was difbin- 
guifhed by fome title of the Deity. But the Greeks never 
confidered whether the term was to be taken in its primary, 
or in its fecondary acceptation : hence they referred the hi- 
ftory to an animal, when it related to the God, from whom 
the animal was denominated. A vzo$ y Lucos, was, as I have 
fhewn, the name of the Sun : hence, wherever this term oc¬ 
curs in compoiition, there will be commonly found fome re¬ 
ference to that Deity, or to his fubfkitute Apollo. We read of 
96 Avzlh ATo'hXwvoc i-Bgov : of 97 Lycorus, a fuppofed foil of 
Apollo : of 98 Lycomedes, another foil : of 99 Lycofura, the 
fir ft city, which the Sun beheld. The people of Delphi were 
of old called 100 Lycorians : and the fummit of Parnaflus, 
1 Lycorea. Near it was a a town of the fame name; and 

both 


People are faid to have been led to Parnaflus by the howling of wolves ; Avxvv 
oop’jycti*. Paufanias. L. 10. p. 811. 

The Hirpi were worfhipers of fire and were conduced to-their fettlement In 
Campania by a wolf. Strabo. L. 5. p. 383. 

In the account given of Danaus r and of the temple founded by him at Argos, is a 
ftory of a wolf and a bull. Paufan. L. 2. p. 153. The temple was ftyled AttqA- 

tepov Avoirs. 

96 Paufanias above: alfo Apollo A vxccto^ and Ai/xg/y?. Paufan. L. 1. p. 44. 
L. 2. p. 152, 153. 

97 Paufanias. L. 10. p. 811. 

955 Paufanias. L. 7. p. 530. 

99 Paufanias. L. 8. p. 678. 

Oi ZSe?\<poi to 'ztrpmov Avxccps.s excttevTo. Scholia in Apollon. Rhod. L. 4. 

v. 1489. 

Stephanus Eyzant. and Strabo. L. 9. p. 64c. faid to have been named from 
wolves. Paufanias. L. 10. p. 811. 

A vxwgsicLy 'ZccA is AeA tv * tl/jlcctcci 0 AttoAAw^. Etymolog. Magnum. 

Thefc: 



8o 


RADICALS. 


both were facred to the God of light. From Lucos in this 
fenfe came lux, luceo, lucidus, and Jupiter Lucetius, of the 
Latines : and Twyyog, ?\Wfcvict, Kvyysvu), of the Greeks : alfo 
Avz<x.£otg, and a fj,<piXvxog, though differently expreffed. Hence 
it was, that fo many places facred to Apollo were fly led 
Leuce, Leuca, A vuict, Leucas, Leucate. 

Mox et Leucatse nimbofa cacumina montis, 

Et formidatus nautis aperitur 3 Apollo. 

Hence alfo infcriptions + DEO LEUCANIiE : which term 
feems to denote, Sol-Fons, the fountain of day. The name 
Lycophron, Auzocpgctiv, which fome would derive from A vx.og, 
a wolf, fignifies a perfon of an enlightened mind. Groves 
were held very facred : hence lucus, which fome would ab- 

furdly derive a non lucendo, was fo named from the Deity 
there worfhiped : as was 'Aifxog, a word of the fame purport 
among the Greeks. 

This people, who received their theology from Egypt and 
Syria, often fuppreffed the leading vowel; and thought to 
atone for it by giving a new termination : though to fay the 
truth, this mode of abbreviation is often to be obferved in 
the original language, from whence thefe terms are derived. 
Kvgog, the name of Cyrus, feems to have fuffered an abridg- 

Thefe places were fo named from the Sun, or Apollo, ftyled not only Avxos y but 
A vxocpevs and : and the city JLucoreia was efteemed the oldeft in the 

world, and laid to have been built after a deluge by Lycorus the fon of Huamus. 
Paufan. L.. 10. p. 811. 

'‘Twos <&oi£oio At ixcopeioio K cttpccupos. Apollon. L. 4. v. 1489. 

A uKcopeioto, ccvtl T8 ZleA Scholia. ibid. It properly ftgnified Solaris. 

J Virgil. TEneid. L. 3. v. 274. 

* Gruter’s Infcriptions. Vol. 1. p. mlxxxii. n. 8. 

6 


ment 



RADICALS. 


§i 

ment of this nature. It was probably a compound of Uch- 
Ur, the fame as Achor, and Achorus of Egypt, the great lu¬ 
minary 

people of confequence took to themfelve-s fome {acred title. 
But as Aneith was abbreviated to Neith, Acherez to Che- 
rez ; fo Achorus was rendered Chorus, Curus. Thus far is 
manifeft, that Curus fignified the Sun. 5 'O jaev ouv 

a7ro Kvga TrcxXcas ovofjLOL etrysv' stceivu <5g cl%o t« 'H^ia 

yeve<r()oLi cpcuri' K vgov yag kolKsiv Tlegcas tov 'HA iov : Ctefias 
likewife informs us that the name of Cyrus had this fignifi- 
cation. 6 Kca TiGejcu to ovofjiot olvtz olito HAi8 : He was de- 

nommated Cyrus fro?7i the Sun > which was fo called . It was the 
fame as Or us : and according to Strabo it is fometimes fo ex- 
prefled ; as we may infer from a river of this name, of which 
he fays, 7 'Ex.ctlheiTO <5g 'urgoregov Ko^o?. We find it fometimes 
rendered K vgig y Curis : but ftill with a reference to the Sun, 
the Adonis of the eaft. Hefychius explains K vgig> o A Soovig. 

In Phocis was s Kyppa, Currha, where Apollo K vppuiog was 
honoured; which names were more commonly exprefied 
K/ppa, and K ippouog. The people of Cyrene are faid by P a - 


, the Sun. In ancient times all kings, priefts, and 


M X. 4- « 


5 Plutarch, in Artaxerxc. p. 

6 Ctefias in Perficis. 

So Hefychius. Tov ycco hA iov oi Tleccrcti K vpov A ey&aiv* Henc 
<nASL>f» -ibid, alfo Kvpo efecna. 

7 Strabo, fpeaking of the river Cur, or Cyrus. L. 11. p. 764. 


Quid 


Martial 


Phocaicas Amphiffa manus, fcopulofaque Cyrrha. 
Kippavy BTTLveiov AeA <puv. Paufan. L. 10. p. 817. 


Lucan. L. 3. v. 172. 


VOL. I. 


M 


lasphatus 



8 % 


RADICALS. 


laephatus to have been originally Ethiopians or Cuthites. 
They, as well as the Egyptians, worshiped the Sun under the 
title of Achur, and Achor : and like them efteemed him the 
9 $sos a, 7 ro[JLViQg. From the God Achur we may infer that 


which 


com 


their country was at firft called Acurana ; 
pound of Achur-Ain, and betokens the great fountain of 


Acurana was abbreviated to Curane and Curene; 

and Heaven 


light. 

but was always fuppofed to relate to the 
Hence the Greeks, who out of every obfolete term formed 
perfonages, fuppofed Cyrene to have been the daughter of 


the fupreme Deity. . 10 Ku^M], 'GToTug A 


K VMVYjS 


There 


was 


fountain 


'Yp/soog. The city Cyrene in Libya was denominated fro?n Cy 

rene , the daughter of the moft High. 
here of great fanctity, which was in like manner denomi¬ 
nated from the Sun. It was called 11 K VfiYj 'orvyri, which 


9 Cyrenaici Achorem Deum (invocant) mufcarum multitudine peftilentiam ad- 
ferente^ quce protinus intereunt, poftquam litatum eft illi Deo. Plin. L. io. c. 28. 
See alfo Clement. Alexand. Cohort, p. 33. 

Some late editors, and particularly Harduin, not knowing that Achor was wor- 
fhiped at Cyrene, as the S'tos have omitted his name, and transferred the 

hiftory to Elis. But all the ancient editions mention Achor of Cyrene; Cyrenaici 
Achorem Deum , &c. I have examined thofe printed at Rome, 1470, 1473. thofe 
of Venice, 1472, 1476, 1487, 1507, 1510. thofe of Parma, 1476, 1479, 1481. one 
at Brefcia, 1496. the editions at Paris, 2516, 1524, 1532. the Bafil edition by 
Froben, 1523 : and they all have this reading. The edition alfo by Johannes Spira, 
1469, has Acorem, but with fome variation. The fpurious reading, Elei myagrum 

Deum , was, I imagine, firft admitted into the text by Sigifmund Gelenius, who 

% 

was milled by the fimilarity of the two hiftories. Harduin has followed him blind¬ 
ly, without taking any notice of the more ancient and true reading. 

10 Stephanus Byzantinus. See alfo Scholia on Callimach. Hymn. in Apoll. v. 91.* 

11 'OiS^ B7T0J K VfViS T*TY,yV\S efwaU’TO f TxTtXoL<J(TOLl 

ZioofieeS} 'ujwKivnv £ s vocttous A£s*A lv evouov* 

Callimachus. Hymn, in Apoll. v. 88. 

terms 



RADICALS. 


terms are equivalent to Kur-Ain 


and Achur 


83 

of the 
Pliny 


Amonians, and fignify the fountain of the Sun. 
proves, that this was the purport of the terms, when he de 


fcribes this part of the world. 12 Cyrenai'ca, eadem Tripoli 
tana regio, illuftratur Hammonis oraculo — et Fonte Solis 
The like account is to be found in Pomponius Mela 13 . Am- 


monis oraculum, fidei inclyt 


lant. 


As Achor was 


; et fons, quern Soli 
which related to the 


14 


ppel 


we 


find it often compounded with £lv. On, another name of that 
Deity, from whence was formed Acharon. 


This 


was 


the 


ac- 


true name of the city in Paleftine, called in Scripture, 
cording to our verfion, IS Ekron. It was denominated from 
Achor, the God of flies, worfhiped alfo under the name of 
Baal-zebub with the fame attribute. The Caphtorim 


brought the worfhip of this God from Egypt 


where was 


called Acharon; fo denominated from the Deity of the 


country 


This 


and the rites pra£tifed in 


vicinity 


11 Plin. N. H. L. 5. p. 249. 

X3 L. 1. c. 8. p. 43. 

14 Juftin, fpeaking of the firft fettlement made at Cyrene, mentions a mountain 
Cura, which was then occupied. Montem Cyram, et propter amaenitatem loci, et 
propter fontium ubertatem occupavere. L. 13. c. 7. 

15 Conformably to what I fay, Ekron is rendered Anxccgcov by the Seventy^ 

i Samuel, c. 6. v. 17. 

So alfo Jofephus Antiq. Jud. 1 . 6. c. 1. p. 312. 

In Achore vefligia Accaronis : Selden de Dijs Syris. Syntag. 6 . p. 228. 

Qv £ Yirr,a-H(jL Miuav Sreov ATotctpwv. Gregory Nazianz. Editio Etonenf. 1610^ 
Pars fecunda cont. Julianum. p. 102. 

In Italy this God was ftyled by the Campanians, f H^a)cAw Attqjulvios. See Cle¬ 
mens. Cohort, p. 33. 

The place in Egypt, where they worfhiped this Deity, was named Achoris 5 un¬ 
doubtedly the fame, which is mentioned by Sozomen. 1 . 6. c. 18. 

M 2 are 



RADICALS. 


8.4- 

are mentioned in a beautiful fragment from fome Sibylline 
poetry, but when, or by whom compofed, is uncertain. 
The verfes are taken notice of by Clemens Alexandrinus, 
and what is remarkable, are certainly quoted long before the 
completion of what is portended. However the purport 
may perhaps be looked upon rather as a menace, than a pro- 

** I<H, §■£&> TglToChOLlVOL, [JLSVSig £771 y^VfJLCLtn N £ 1 X 3 , 

Movvr), [xcuvccg, ao;c5W, S7n uctdoig AyjzgovTog. 

The Deity was likewife called Achad, and Achon : and 
many cities and countries were hence 17 denominated. Aeon 
in Paleftine is faid to have been fo named in honour of Her¬ 
cules, the chief Deity in thofe 18 parts. 

I have mentioned, that Ham, ftyled alfo Cham, was 
looked up to as the Sun : and worfhiped by his pofterity. 
Hence both his images and priefls were ftyled Chamin: and 
many princes aftumed this title,, juft as they did that of 



16 Clemens Alexand. Cohort, p. 44. 

He quotes another, where the fate of Ephefus is foretold : 

Ttttzcc eT 4 ’ 01/j.oo^gis Ecpscros Tt^icuBacc map q%Qo&i$ 9 

Kcci ISblOV ^WT&CTCt T OV 8 X.ST L I'CtieTCLOVTa. 

There is a third upon Serapis and his temple in Egypt: 

K«.z aV} X€pci7rt 5 Az0bs ctpy&g eiriwipievt 'ZetoAAbs, 

K Sicry mToofAcc fiieyic^cv ev Aiyvyrlco TgiTcc^ctivy. 

The temple of Serapis was not ruined till the reign of Theodofius. Thefe three 
famples of Sibylline poetry are to be found in Clemens above. 

* 7 Achad was one of the firft cities in the world. Genefis. c. 10. v. 10. 

Nifibis city was named both Achad and Achar. See Geographia Hebraeorum 
Extera of the learned Miehaelis. p. 227. 

18 Stephanus Byzant. 


Crus, 




Orus, and Arez. His pofterity efteemed themfelves of the 
Solar race, by way of eminence : and the great founder of 
the Perfic Monarchy was ftyled Achamin, rendered by the 
Greeks Ay(oufJLevqs , Achgemenes : and all of his family after¬ 
wards had the title of A ^ou^svioi, and A%0ii(JLevi$0Li 3 from the 
fame pretenfions. They all of them univerfally efteemed 
themfelves the children of the Sun ; though they were like- 
wife fo called from their worfhip. Hence Lutatius Placidus 
in his Scholia upon Statius interprets the word Achgemenidge 
by 19 Solis Cultores. This may ferve to authenticate my ety¬ 
mology, and fhew, that the term is derived from Cham, the 
Sun : but the purport of it was generally more limited, and 
the title confined to the royal race of the Perfians ; who- 
were looked upon as the offspring of the Sun. The Cu~ 
thites of Ethiopia Africana had the lame high opinion of 
themfelves : hence Calafiris in Heliodorus invokes the Sun as 
his great anceftor. 20 E 7 n/£S/£Ai}<rp<w fJLCtgTvg 6 rifjLcav 

*H Xiog’ and Chariclea in another place makes ufe of a like 

invocation : 21 'H?us, TsvoigyoL •m’goyovuv qf/MV, O, Sun , the 
great fource of my anceftry - The Amonians, who fettled at 
Rhodes, ftyled themfelves 'HTuaJcu, the 22 Solar race. Thofe, 
who fettled upon the Padus, did the 23 fame. Hyde men¬ 
tions a people in Diarbeker called 2 * Chamfi ; and fays, that 


19 Lutatius Placidus upon Statius. Theb. 1 . i. v. 718. 

Heliodori iEthiopica. 1 . 4. p. 175. 

Heliodori iEthiopica. L. 10. p. 472. 

2,1 Diodorus Siculus.. L. 5. p. 327. 

2,3 Apollonius Rhod. of the Heliad^e. L. 4. v. 604. 

24 Chamfi, feu Solares, funt Arabice Shemfi vel Shamfi; 

Hyde Religio Vet. Perf. p. 523. and 575. 
Cham being pronounced Sham, and. Shem,. has caufed fomeof his pofterity to be 
referred to a wrong line,. 


the 



86 


RADICALS. 


the meaning of the word is Solares; and the fame in purport 

as Shemli and Shamfi of the Arabians. 

The term Yx, of which I have been treating, was obfolete, 
and fcarce known in the times when Greece moft flourifhed: 
yet fome traces of it may be found, though ftrangely per¬ 
verted from its original meaning. For the writers of this 
nation, not knowing the purport of the words, i 
found in their ancient hymns, changed them to 
limilar in found ; and thus retained them with a degree of 
religious, but blind, reverence. I have {hewn, that of El- 
Uc they formed Avxog, Lucus ; which was acknowledged to 
be the name of the Sun : of El-Uc-Aon, Lycaon : of El-Uc- 

Or, Lycorus and Lycoreus : 

H xiQoigiv, ri ro%a. Avxoogeog snecc <I>o;£a. 

So from Uc-Ait, another title of the God, they formed He- 
catus, and a feminine, Hecate. Hence Nicander {peaks of 
Apollo by this title : 

a6 'E £oy,svos rgi7ro$s(rcri 'nragct ¥LXctgioig 'E xaroio. 



And Herophile the Sibyl of the fame Deity : 

27 Moigcw zyyvcr C E xoltu ty\; tot AvouiTogtyQ. 

The only perfon who feems knowingly to have retained 
this word, and to have ufed it out of compoiition, is 28 Ho- 


Callimachus. Hymn to Apollo, v. 19. 

26 Nicander Alexipharmica. v. 11. 

27 Paufanias. L. 10. p. 827. 

2S It is however to be found in Euripides under the term o%o$. Thefeus fays to 
Adraftus : 

E?e cP eAccvveis Ittjql •wpos Qv\£ccs Supplices. v* 1 


mer. 



RADICALS. 


87 

mer. He had been in Egypt; and was an admirer of the 
theology of that nation. He adhered to ancient 29 terms 
with a degree of enthufiafm; and introduced them at all 
hazards, though he many times did not know their meaning. 
This word among others he has preferved; and he makes 
ufe of it adverbially in its proper fenfe, when he defcribes 
any body fuperlatively great, and excellent. Thus he fpeaks 
of Calchas as far fuperior to every body elfe in prophetic 
knowledge, and ftyles him ctgifog : 

30 KaAp^as ©SfogiJrj)g (HoavoftdKoav 0 p£ cLgifog, 

'Og y$Y) tcc r sovTot , roc r strc'opsva, 'ur^o r sovtol. 

So on the Trojan fide Helenus is fpoken of in the fame 
31 II 'EXevog oiuvonoXuv oy ugifog. 



So 


32, 


&00KY1UV op^ ccgig-ov, 33 AitoqXom op£ agifog, and 34 T vyiag 


X kvt or0[j,oov op£ ctgig-og. 


In 


Uc 


of the 


Greeks. Callimachus abounds with ancient Amonian terms. He bids the youncr 


Minerva 


"2,vv t’ SuccyogicLi ovv t’ euypiccai^ aw t cc/\ct/\uyctis . 


Lavacr. Palladis. v. 139. 

From Uc-El came Euclea Sacra, and Evx?io$ Zeu$. EuxAeicc, A precis. 

EuxAos, Aios tepevs , M zyczgois kcci ev K QpwBcp* Hefychius, lb amended by Al- 

bertus and Hemfterhufius. 

30 Iliad. A. v. 69. 

31 Iliad. Z. v. 76. 

32 Iliad. P. v. 307. 

33 Iliad. O. v. 282. 

34 Iliad. H. v. 221. It occurs in other places: 


* 


5 


Aeucrastl 



88 


RADICALS. 


In thefe and in all other inftances of this term occuring in 
Homer, it is obfervable, that it is always in the fame accep- 

the fame word, OLgifog. It is 

■ 

indeed to be found in the poetry afcribed to 35 Orpheus : but 
as thofe verfes are manifeftly imitations of Homer, we muft 
not look upon it as a current term of the times, when that 
poetry was compofed : nor was it ever, I believe, in common 
ufe, not even in the age of Homer. It was an Amonian 
term, joined infeparably with another borrowed from the fame 
people. For ugifog was from Egypt, and Chaldea. Indeed 
moft of the irregular degrees of comparifon are from that 
quarter ; being derived from the Sun, the great Deity of the 
Pagan world, and from his titles and properties. Both agsioov 
and ugifog were from the Arez of the eaft. From Bel, 

and Baaltis, came fishTiwv, and /^sAt ig'og : ctfJLBivuov is an in¬ 
flection from Amon. From the God Aloeus came Xu>iog y 
hoo'trsgog, and A wi?og : from xsgsv changed to jcegag, xsgctrrog, 

were formed Kge<r<rct)p, Kgsurcuv, xgarsgog, and zgccngrog. 


tation, and uniformly precedes 


A evcrcret) 07root oy] ctoic^ct yjerr ct}A<poTZpoicri yevriTcti. Iliad. T. v. no. 

Tjs t 5 ccp tmv ctoic^os env 9 o-v jxoi evys?re 9 . M vex* Iliad. B. v. 761. 

Alfo Odyff. ©. v. 123. and fl. v. 428. 

55 In the Hymn to Silenus that God is called 'XiX.vvoov 0apices. And in the 
poem de Lapidibus, the Poet {peaking of heroic perfons mentions their reception 
in heaven : 


A/LCMfJMTOl zlics 01X01. 


Xa/poi'Tas c Fef-oLVTQ S’&yyeveoov 0% otpi^us* 


Hymn 35. v. 2. and riegiAiBwv, Proem, v. 14. 


PHI* 



RADICALS. 


89 


PHI. 


Phi Agniftes a mouth; alfo language, and fpeech 


It is 


ufed by the Amonians particularly for the voice and oracle 
of any God ; and fubjoined to the name of that Deity. 


The 


chief oracle in the Arft ages was that of Ham, who was wor 
fhiped as the Sun, and ffciled El, and Or. Hence thefe oracle 


are in 


fequence called Ampi, Omph 


Alph 


Elphi, Ur 


phi, Orphi 
the voice. 


made to Agnify, in the book of 36 GeneAs 


command of Pharaoh. From Phi 


this 



a king: 37 O QctgpLUiv 'ur.otg A iyV7r]io,ig ft acra < rqy.cuvei 


ceptation came <pty ou, (pYifJJ), (pccris, fama, fari, 

ita farier inftt. I imagine that the term Pharaoh itfelf is 
compounded of Phi-Ourah, Vox Ori, live Dei. It was no 
unufual tiling among the ancients to call the words of their 
prince the voice of God. Jofephus informs us that it Agnifted 

: and 

Ouro in the.Copto-Arabic Onomafticon is faid to Agnify the 
fame : but I fhould think, that this was only a fecondary ac¬ 
ceptation of the original term. 

Phi is alfo ufed for any opening or cavity : whence w f e And 
the head of a fountain often denominated from it; at leaft 
the place, whence the fountain iffued forth, or where it loft 
itfelf. And as all ftreams were facred, and all cavities in the 
earth looked upon with a religious horrour, the Amonians 
called them Phi-El, Phi-Ainon, Phi-Anes ; rendered by the 
Greeks Phiale, Phanon, Phanes, Phaneas, Paneas. The chief 


36 Genefis. c. 45. v. 21. 

37 Jofephus. Antiq. Jud. 

Vot. I. 


L. 8. c. 6 


N 


foimtaii 


1 



90 


RADICALS. 


fountain of 


fome miles diftance 


at 38 Paneas. 
called Phia 


Jordan loft itfelf underground, and rofe 
iftance. It funk at Phiale, and rofe again 
iny fpeaks of a place of this fort at 39 Memphis, 


and. as he 


imagines 


from 


% 


ure : 


but 


was undoubtedly a covert aquasducft, by which fome branch 


of the river was carried 


The Nile itfelf is faid 


be loft 


underground near its fountains; and that place alfo was called 
Phiala. 40 Phialam appellari fontem ejus, mergique in cuni- 
culos ipfum amnem. There was alfo a fountain of this 
name at 41 Conftantinople. Sometimes it occurs without the 
afpirate, as in Pella, a city of Paleftine, named undoubtedly 
from its fountains : for Pliny calls it Pellam aquis 42 divitem.. 

Mines were held facred ; and like fountains were denomi¬ 
nated from iEnon, and Hanes, thofe titles of the Sun. In 


Arabia near Petra was a mine, worked by condemned perfons,. 
which was named 43 Phinon, and Phasnon. Epiphanius men¬ 
tions 44 (pocvY](nct jusTctAAcc, or the mines of Hanes ; to which 
Meletius a bifhop of the Thebais was condemned. 


A I. 

Ai, and Aia, ftgnifies a diftridl or province ; and as moft 
provinces in Egypt were infular, it is often taken for an 

38 See Relandi Palseftina, Vol. i. c. 41. p. 265. 

39 Plin. L. 8. c. 46. 

40 Plin. E. 5. c. 9. 

41 Eup'JTctT71 $lCC/\-n T 1 $ ICLOririSoZ eXTOfJM clkcyis. 

Paulus Silentiarius. Part. 11. v. 177. See Relandus above. 

4-1 Plin. L. 5. c. 18. 

43 Athanafii Epift. ad folitariam vitam agentes. p. 65S. 

44 Epiphanius adverfus Hseres. L. 2. tom. 2. p. 719. 


iftaild. 



RADICALS. 


9i 


ill and 


parts 


was 


of much the fame 


purpor 


betokened any 4S region or country 


by 


' of the Greeks, and 
was from hence that fo many places have been reprefent 



plurals, and 


found to terminate 


at 


fuch as Athenai, Thebai, Pherai, Patrai, Amyclai, Therap 


nai 


Celaenai 


There are other 


roncia, Coroneia, Eleia. In others it was rendered fhort ; as 
in Oropia, Ellopia, Ortygia, Olympia, ./Ethiopia, Scythia, 
Camia, Icaria. It is likewife found expreffed by a Engle 
letter, and ftill fubjoined to the proper name : hence we meet 
with /Etna, Arbela, Larifla, Roma, Himera, Hemera, Nufa, 


may 


.Nyffa, Patara, Arena, 46 Cabafa, and the like. We 
from hence prove, and from innumerable other inftances, 
that among the people of the eaft, as well as among other 
nations, the word in regimine was often final. Thus the 
land of Ion was termed Ionia : that of Babylon, Babylonia : 
from AITur came Affyria : from Ind, India : from Lud, Lu- 
dia : in all which the region is fpecified by the termination. 
To fay Lydia tellus, Aflyria tellus, is in reality 47 redundant. 
In the name of Egypt this term preceded, that country being 
jftyled Ai-Gupt, AiywrTO£, the land of the Gupti, called af¬ 
terwards Cupti, and Copti. 


45 See the learned Profeflor Michaelis in his Geographia Extera- Hebraeor. p. 

' 134 , 135 - 

40 The Ionians changed this termination into v. Hence Arene, CamiiTene, Cy- 

rene, Arface, Same, CapifTene, Thebe, &c. 

47 Colchis was called Aia limply, and by way of eminence: and probably 
Egypt had the fame name, for the Colchians were from Egypt. Strabo men¬ 
tions Iccaovos -ztrXvv t ov Aixv, 1 . i. p..38. and Apollonius ftyles the country of 
C olchis Aia. 

A tcc ye fJLVv eTt vuu fjuevei e / u.7r£4'o!’, vtwvoi ts 

T«> T ccnPpwt’y as oaye y.aQi^-aTo vcciefxsv Ajar. L>. 4 * v » 2 77* 

N 2 


Common 



92 


RADICALS* 


Common Names relating to Places.. 


As to the common names, which are found combined 
with additional terms, in order to denote the nature and fi- 
tuation of places; they are for the moft part fimilar to thole 
in the ancient Chaldaic, and admit of little variation. 


Air is a city : 
chofia, Arachotu 


often exprefled Ar, and Ara 


Hence Ara 


Aracynthus, Arambis, Aramatha (A 


Ham-aith) Archile, Arzilla, Arthedon: all which were cities 
or elfe regions, denominated from them. 

Kir, Caer, Kiriath, are words of the like purport. We 
read in the Scriptures of Kiriath Sepher, Kiriath Arba, Ki 


riath J 
Cartha 


im. It was in fome parts pronounced Kirtha, and 
Melicartus, the Hercules of the Pheriicians and 


Cretans, was properly Melech-Carta, the Deity of the’p! 


The city of Tig 


in Armenia was called Tig 


One name of Carthage was Kaw^i', from Car-Chadon, the 


fame as Adon 


was 


alfo called Garthada from Cartha 


Ada, the city of the queen or Goddefs, who was by the Ro¬ 
mans fuppofed to be Juno, but was properly the Amonian 
Elifa. Caer among many ancient nations ligniiied a city, or 
fortrefs ; as we may learn from the places called Carteia, 
Carnaim, Caronium, Caroura, Carambis. Among the Bri¬ 
tons were of old places exactly analogous, fuch as Caerlifle, 
CaerdifF, Caerphilly, Caernarvon, and Caeruriah in Cornwall. 

Kir and Caer are the fame term differently expreffed. In 
Scripture we meet with Kir Harefh, and Kir-Harefeth. 
Ifaiah. c. 16. v. 7. and v. 11. and Kir Moab, c. 15. v. 1. and 
Kir Heres, of the fame purport as Kir Harefh, is mentioned 

by 



RADICALS. 


93 


by Jeremiah, c. 48. v. 31. Upon the Euphrates was Cer- 
cufium, and Carchemifh. In Cyprus was Kironia, rendered 
K egcdvia. by 48 Ptolemy ; whofe true name was Kir-On, the 
city of the Sun j where was a temple to Our-Ain, flyled 
Urania. Kir-On was often rendered Cironis, Coronis ; and 
the Deity Coronus and 4 ? Cronus. By thefe means the place 
was fubflituted for the Deity, and made an objeft of wor- 
fliip. Of this abufe I fhall often /peak. Artemis was pro¬ 
perly a city, Ar-Themis, the fame as Thamuz of Egypt. 
What was called Artemis, and Artemifium, was in lome 
places reverfed, and expreffed by Kir fubjoined : hence The- 
mifcir, and Themifcura in Pontus. 

Col, Cal, Calah, Calach, fignify~ properly an eminence,, 
like the Collis of the Romans : but are often ufed for a for- 
trefs fo lituated. We fometimes meet with a place flyled 
abfolute Calah : but the term is generally uled in compoli- 
tion, as Gala Nechus, Cala-Anac, Cala-Chan, Gala-On, 
Cala-Es, Gala-Ait, Cala-Ur, Cala-Ope, Cala-Ham, Cala- 

Amon, Cala-Adon : whence came the names of people and 
places flyled s ° Callinicus, Calachene, 51 Colon®, Gales, Ca- 
lathe, Galiflas, Calathufa, Calauria, Colorina, Caliope, Ca- 
lama, Calamos, sz Calamon, Calymna, Calydnus, Calycad- 

48 Lib. 5. c. 14. 

49 Coronus is to be met with in Greece. He is mentioned as a kins; of the I.a- 
pithte, and the fon of Fhoroneus : and placed near mount Olympus. 

eSctcnteuae Kopcovos, 6 $ogurecos. Diodorus. L. 4. p. 242. 

50 Upon the Euphrates. 

51 A city in Parthia. 

Calamon or Cal-Amon, was a hill in Judea ; which had this name given to it 
by the Canaanites of old. Cyril mentions cL(p^cfxevoi rives euro tb OPOT 2 KccAa- 
y.oovos, in Epiftola ad Calofyrium. 


2 


ITUS l 



94 


RADICALS. 


. nils ; all which were places in Phrygia, Bithynia, Aflyria, 
Libya, denominated from their fituation and worfhip. 

Comah is ufed for a wall : but feems to be fometimes 
taken for thofe facred inclofures, wherein they had their Pu- 
ratheia : and particularly for the facred mount, which flood 
in thofe inclofures. From Comah came the Greek 
a round hill or mound of earth ; called alfo Taph and ra.<pog ; 
and thence often miftaken for a tomb : but it was originally 
a high altar. 

By Gib is meant an hill. Gibeon was the hill of the Sun : 
faid to be famous for its fprings. Gibethon is a compound 
of Gib-Ethon or Ath-On, titles of the fame Deity. Nadab 
the fon of Jeroboam was flain by Baafha at Gibethon of the 
53 Philiflines. 

m 

Har and Hor fignify a mountain; ogog of the Greeks. 

Tin feems to have fignified a facred place, for facrifice ; a 
kind of high altar. The Greeks generally expreffed it in 
compofition, Tig' hence we read of Opheltis, Altis, Baaltis, 
Abantis, Abfyrtis. It was in ufe among the ancient Hetru- 
rians and other nations : hence came the terms Aventinus, 
Palatinus, s+ Numantinus, &c. It feems to be the fame as 
Tan in the eafl, which occurs continually in compofition, as 
in Indos-tan, Mogolis-tan, Pharfis-tan, Chufis-tan. Tin 
alfo fignified f re. 

Tor is an hill or tower. Many places in Greece had it in 
their compofition ; fuch as Torone, Torete, Toreate : alfo in. 

55 i Ivings. c. i 5 . V. 27 . 

In Canaan was a well known region called Palaeftine. 

SoTan-agra, Tan-is, is Tyndaris. 

Tin in lb me languages fignified, mud, or foil. 

Hetruria, 



RADICALS. 


95 


Hetruria, Torchonium. Turzon in Africa was a tower of 
the 55 Sun. It was fometimes exprefTed Tar, hence Tarcu- 
nia, Taracena, Tarracon in Spain, Tarne (Tar-ain) which 
gave name to a fountain in Lydia; Taron (Tar-On) in Mau¬ 
ritania. Towers of old were either Prutaneia, or light- 
houSes, and were fly led Tor-Is : whence came the Turris of 
the Romans. Sometimes thefe terms were reverfed, and the 
tower was called Aftur. Such a one was near fome hot 
Streams at no great distance from Cicero’s Villa. It is thus 
defcribed by Plutarch : Ag-vgct—yoogiov 'urctgaXiov K ucegoovos. 
The river too was called Attura. There was alfo a place of 
this name oppoSite to the island Lefbos, undoubtedly deno¬ 
minated from the like circumstances in its Situation ; as may 
be learned from Paufanias, who had feen it. T<&0£ cltto 

'urnywv ctvegyp[ jlbv ov (jlsKolv ai£ct ev Afvgoig' rctJe Ag-vgct 

ct7rc/.VTizgv sfi AsctSb* 7\ovTgoc sg'i sv rp Arczgvsi xaAovfjLsvw. 

Caph, Cap, and Cephas, Signify a rock ; and alfo any 
promontory or headland. As temples ufed to be built upon 
eminences of this fort; we Sind this word often compounded 
with the titles of the Deity there worshiped, as Caph-El, 
Caph-El-On, Caph-Aur, Caph-Arez, Caph-Is, Caph-Is- 
Ain, Caph-Ait ; whence came Cephale, Cephalonia, Capha- 
reus. Capita, Cephifus, CapiSTene, Cephene, Caphyatte, Ca- 
patiani. In Iberia was a wonderful edifice upon the river 
Bcetis, mentioned by Strabo, and called Turris Capionis. It 
was a Pharos, dedicated, as all fuch. buildings were, to the 
Sun : hence it was named Cap-Eon, Petra Solis. It feems to 

have been a marvellous Structure. Places of this fort, which 

■ 

5S Ptolemy. L. 4. p. 112. 

8 had 



96 RADICALS. 

had towers upon them, were called Caphtor. Such a one 
was in Egypt, or in its 56 vicinity : whence the Caphtorim 
had their name. It was probably near 57 Pelufium, which 
they quitted very early for the land of Canaan. 

Diu fometimes, but fparingly, occurs for an ifland ; and is 
generally by the Greeks changed to Dia, Aioc. The purport 
of it may be proved from its being uniformly adapted to the 
fame object. The Scholiaft upon Theocritus takes notice 
that the ifland Naxos was called Dia : 58 A idv Tr\v vvv xaAa- 

{ASVYjV N dl^ov ; and he adds, "5 roKXdi cTs xou eTSgou sicri vy}<toi 

A ICtl KCLhHfJLBVdl , rfTS 'GTgQ 77)£ KgY)TY)$ Kdl J] 'TSTSgl M^Aoy, Kdl 1$ 

'urz^i A[*iogyoVy kou tj^ Kew ^(sppovrifrog, kou j5 XlsXo7rovvif](n}. 

All thefe were iflands, or peninfular regions. 

BETH. 

Beth is a houfe or temple ; as in 59 Beth-El, Beth-Dagon, 
Beth-Shemefh, Beth-Oron, or Beth-Or-On, &c. &c. It is 
fometimes fubjoined, as in Phar-beth, and Elifa-beth; the 
latter of which is the houfe of 60 Elifa, the fame as Elufa of 
Idume, and Eleufa of Egypt. Beth was in different coun- 

56 See Amos. c. 9. v. 7. 

57 Jeremiah, c. 47. v. 4. fpeaks of the ifland of Caphtor in Egypt. 

53 Theocritus. Idyll. 2. v. 45. Scholia. 

It is flill common in the Arabian Gulf, and in India; and is often exprefled 
Dive, and Diva ; as in Laedive, Serandive, Maidive. Before Goa is an ifland called 
Diu kcct 

59 Ba/ 0 »A, 0/x.os ©gy. Hefychius. 

Bou 0 >?A, Sreios vetos. Suidas. 

60 Elifa, called Eliza, Elefa, Eleafa, EAeacra. 1 Maccab. c, g . v. 5. and c. 7. 
v. 40. often contracted, Lefa, Lafa, &c. 

tries 



RADICALS. 


97 


tries exprefled Bat, Bad, Abad. Hence we meet at this day 
with Pharfabad, Aftrabad, Amenabad, Mouftafabad, lahena- 
bad in Perfia, India, and other parts of the eaft. Balbec in 
Syria is fuppofed to be the fame as Balbeth, the temple of 


Balj or the Sun. 


There 


are 


fay 


s 


61 


Dr. Pocock, many cities 


in Syria, that retain their ancie?it names. Of this Balbeck , or 
rather Balbeit , is an infance ; which fgnifies the houfe or temple 
of Baal. Gulielmus Tyrius, fo called from being bifhop of 
Tyre, who wrote of the Holy war, alludes to Baalbac, under 


the 


name 


of 


62 


The 



Balbeth. He lived in the eleventh century, 
and died anno 1127. According to Iablonfky, Bee and Beth 
are of the fame meaning. Atarbec in Egypt is the temple of 
Atar or Athar ; called Atarbechis by 63 Herodotus, 
fame is Athyr-bet, and ftyled Athribites (Abgsi&Trf 
6+ Strabo. The inner recefs of a temple is by Phavorinus 
and Hefychius called Barnjs, BsTrjg, B sng, fimilar to n’2 
among the Chaldeans. It was the crypta or facred place, 
where of old the everlafting fire was preferved. Hefychius 
obferves, Bsrqg, to OL7eoKgv<pov (xegog tb 'I egs. Bet-Is fignifies 

the place of fire, which was in the inner recefs of every 
temple. 

It is faid of Horapollo by Suidas, that he was a native of 
Phainubuth in Egypt, belonging to the nome of Panopolis : 

-Q^a^roAAwj/ < PouvvSvQeoog xocpurig tb Holvok No^b. Phainu¬ 
buth is only Phainabeth varied, and fignifies the place facred 


6 ' Pocock’s Travels. Vol. 2. p. 106. 

Gulielmus Tyrius. L. 21. c. 6 . p. 1000. 

Herodotus. L,. 2. c. 41. 

* 4 Strabo. L. 17. p. 116^, 

Vol. I. O to 



RADIO A L S. 

to Phanes; which was one of the moft ancient, titles of the 
Deity in Egypt. 



G A U, exprefled C A U, C A, and C O. 

«• 

Gau likewife is a term, which fignifies a houfe ; as we learn 
from Plutarch. The great and decifive battle between Alex¬ 
ander and Darius is generally laid to have been fought at 
Arbela. But we are allured by this writer, that it was de¬ 
cided at Gaugamela 65 . He fays, that Gau fignified in the 
language of the country a houfe : and that the purport of 
the word Gaugamela was the houfe of a camel. This name, 
it feems, was given to the town on account of a tribute ex¬ 
acted for the maintenance of a camel, which had faved the 
life of fame king, when he fled from battle : and the realbn 
why die victory of Alexander was adjudged to Arbela, arofe 
from its being more famous than the other place : for Gau¬ 
gamela was not of fufficient repute: therefore the honour of 
this victory was given to Arbela, though it was according to 
feme five hundred, according to others fix hundred ftadia 6a 


65 Tccvra fj&v bv EearocrBem ic^oowxev' ty}v s jj&yccKw yccygiv Torsos £\ccpuov bx ev 
AvC^Aois—— aAAct ev Tctvyafi.y\ois ysvzvQai cui'BTreazv* cnryaivziv <Pe (pccarw oixov Ka- 

fu/Aa tw S'iccPisk.ov. Plutarch. Vita Alexand. Vol. 1. p.683. 

Strabo fays the fame. E^i y€v bv tottos eTricniyo^Bros^ xcu tbvo/jlcc' yeBeg ynvsvBev 
yap eq^i Ka/vcwAy oixos. L. 16. p. 1072. 

06 'O/ yev tu orvVyccx.^'CcvTes Ag^/acrn^ on e^oc xoetibs q-ufrjs cc 7 re^Bi y ot cT'g 

*ra ot; €s 'wevrccxoaiBS. 

A A Act ev TctuyctywAois ycto yereaQat mv yct%rn’ TS'pos tco 'uroTccyw A syei 

TlToAeyouos xctt Ap^o&Aos* tuoAiS cPg bx vv nra F ccvyayy)\cc^ a ?Act xcayy yeyctfiriy bFs 
avoycc^os 6 2 £upG$ 0 B$t US a xonv r { Su to ovoy.cc 


% 

Arrian. Expedit. Alex. L. 6. p. 247. 


from 



RADICA LS. 


99 


from the field of battle. I have not now time, nor is it to 
my purpofe to enter into a thorough difcuflion of this point: 
I will only mention it as my opinion, that Arbela and Gau- 
gamela were the fame place. The king alluded to is faid by 
67 Strabo to have been Darius the foil of Hyftafpes. But is it 
credible, that fo great a prince, who had horfes of the fa¬ 
mous breed of Nyfa, as well as thole of Perils and Arabia, 
the moft fleet of their kind, fhould be fo circumftanced in 
battle, as to be forced to mount a camel, that could fcarce 
move fix miles in an hour : and this at a time when the 
greateft difpatch was neceflary ? This author gives a different 
reafion for the place being thus denominated. He fays, that 
it was allotted for the maintenance of a camel, which ufed to 
bring the king’s provifions from Scythia, but was tired and 
failed upon the road. I know not which of the two circum- 
ftances in this fhort detail is moft exceptionable; a king of 
Perfia’s provifions being brought to Babylon, or Suihan from 
Scythia ; or a tired camel having fuch a penfion. The truth 
is this : the Grecians mifinterpreted the name, and then 
forged thefe legendary ftories to fupport their 6S miftake. 
Had they underftood the term, they would have been con- 
fiftent in their hiftory. Gau, and, as it was at times expref- 
fed, Cau, certainly fignifies a houfe, or temple : alfo a cave, 
or hollow ; near which the temple of the Deity was founded. 
For the Amonians ere<fted moft of their facred edifices near 


67 Strabo. L. 16. p. 1072. 

68 Strabo acknowledges the miftakes of his countrymen in this refpeft.— risAAct 

♦ 

fuisv er 5 tea /otw ovtcc Xey&criv 01 Ao^puoi 
fj.vQo?ioyix$. L. 8. p. 524. 


'SvfygcMpSi?} cruvTsQgoc. //.u €i'Qt t« C.C& t>-;5 


O z 


caverns 3 



IOO 


RADICALS. 


caverns, and deep openings of the earth. Gaugamela was 
not the houfe of a camel, as Plutarch and Strabo would per- 
fuade us, notwithftanding the ftories alledged in fupport of 
the notion : but it was the houfe and temple of Cam-El, the 
Deity of the country. Arbela was a place facred to Bel, 
called Arbel, ba nx of the Chaldeans. It was the fame as Beth 
Arbel of 69 Hofea : and Gaugamela is of the fame purport, re¬ 
lating to the fame God under different titles. The Gre¬ 
cians were groffy ignorant in refpeft to foreign events, as 
Strabo repeatedly confeffes : and other writers do not fcruple 
to own it 7 °. Lyffmachus had been an attendant upon Alex¬ 
ander during the whole feries of his conquefts in Alia: there 
had been nothing of moment tranfadled ; in the fuccefs of 
which he had not partaken. Yet even in his days, when he 

the accounts of thofe great adtions had 
been fo mifreprefented, that when a hiftory of them was read 
in his prefence, they feemed quite new to him. It is all very 
fine, fays the prince ; but where was I when all this hap¬ 
pened ? There was a feries of events exhibited, with which 
the perfon moft interefted was lead: acquainted. We may 

All thy fortrejfes Jhall be J'polled , as Sbalman /polled Beth Arbel in the day of battle . 

.The mother was dajhed in pieces upon her children. Hofea. c. 10. v. 14. Ar in this 
place does not fignify a city; but TJtf, the title of the Deity : from whence was 
derived hpo-, of the Greeks. The Seventy, according to fome of their beft copies, 
have rendered Beth Arbel ontov Ispo-Bxct A, which is no improper verfion of Beth- 
Aur-Bel. In fome copies we find it altered to the houfe of Jeroboam •, but this is a 
miftake for Jero-Baal. Arbelus is by fome reprefented as the firft deified mortal. 
Cyril contra Julian. L. 1. p. 10. and L,. 3. p. no. 

There was an Arbela in Sicily. Stephanus, and Suidas. Alfo in Galilee; fitu- 
ated' upon a vaft cavern. Jofephus feized and fortified it. Jofephi Vita. p. 29. 

70 Plutarchus in Alexandra. 


was king of Thrace, 


then 



RADICALS. 


101 


then well imagine, that there exifted in the time of Plutarch 
many miftakes, both in refpedt to the geography of countries 
very remote, and to the 71 language of nations, with whom the 

Romans were little acquainted. The great battle, of which 

% 

we have been fpeaking, was confeffedly fought at Gaugamela. 
Ptolemy Ceraunus, who was prefent, averred it; as did Arif- 
tobulus: and it has been recorded by Plutarch and others. It 
is alfo adjudged to Arbela by perfons of equal credit: and 
it mu ft certainly have been really there tranfadfced : for not- 
withftanding the palliating excufe of Plutarch, it is utterly 
incredible in refpedt to fo great a victory, that the fcene of 
adtion fhouid be determined by this place, if it were fixty, 
or, as fome fay, feventy miles out of the way. But in reality 
it was at no fuch diftance. Diodorus Siculus fays, that 
Alexander immediately after the victory attacked Arbela, and 
took it: and found in it many evidences of its being a place 
of confequence. 72 &a^ctg r3$ TSTshevTYiKQTccg sorgSaAs Toig 

A^'o r]?\Qig, Kca 'sroAAfly {jlsv avgsv ol$Qqvicw r^g Tgotprig, ova o7\iyov 

•<5s }C 0 (?^L 0 V j K&l yOL^OLV fioL^QLglKYfl^ OLgyVglU $£ T&XCCV TO. ch< 7 %lAl«. 

The battle was fought fo near the city, that Alexander was 
afraid of fome contagion from the dead bodies of the enemy, 
which lay clofe by it in great abundance. 

I have mentioned, that Gaugamela was the temple of 
Cham-El, or Cham-Il. This was a title of the Deity brought 
from Chaldea to Egypt; and from thence to Greece, Hetru- 
ria, and other regions. The Greeks out of different titles, 

71 See Strabo. L. x x. p. 774. L. 15. p. 1006. L. 1. p. 41. p. 81. 

See alfo Philo Biblius apud Euleb. P. E. L. 1. c. xo. p. 34. Iamblichus. § 7. c. 5. 
71 Diodorus Siculus. L. 17. p. 53S. He makes no mention of Gaugamela. 

o and 



102 


RADICALS. 


yeiog 


and combinations, formed various Deities; and then invent¬ 
ed different degrees of relation, which they fuppofed to have 
fubfifted between them. According to Acufilaus Cham -11 
was the Son of Vulcan, and Cabeira. 73 A %&<rt?wcog h 6 Ag- 

stc KaSsigw tcou 'H (poLisra KapiAov As yei. He was by- 
others rendered Camillus, whofe attendants were the Ca- 
milli; and he was efteemed the fame as Hermes of Egypt. 
74 Statius Tullianus de vocabulis rerum libro primo ait dixiffe 
Callimachum, Tufcos Camillum appellare Mercurium, &c. 

0 

Romani quoque pueros et puellas nobiles et inveftes Camillos 
et Camillas appellant, Flaminicarum et 


ftros 


Flaminum praemini- 

# 

fpeaks to the fame purpofe. 75 Mercurius He- 
trufca lingua Camillus dicitur. The reafon of the attend¬ 
ants being alfo called Camilli was in confequence of a cuf- 
tom among the ancients of conferring generally upon the 

The Ca¬ 
milli were commonly young perfons of good family 

% 

learn from Plul 
of Jupiter, or 
the fame : 75 K Oil rov 


priefts the title of the Deity, whom they ferved 


we 



and were to be found in the temples 
for Zeus and Hermes were originally 


V7TYIgSTXVTa, TCti I Sfi 


A log CL{JL<piQcX.?\Y) 


SVIOl TCjOV 


'urcuScL 7\eys<r(hxi KcquiAAoj/, cog y.cci rov 'E xrug 
'EAA^wv Kay-iAAo^ onto Trig S'lcczoviccg nr^orriyo^BVOV. He men¬ 
tions 'EgfJLW —KcqufAAop ano rqg SicucovioLg, and fuppofes that 
Camillus had the name of Hermes from the fimilarity of his 
office, which was waiting upon the Gods. But the Chal- 


7? Strabo. L. io. p. 724. 

74 Macrobius. Saturn. L. 3. c. 8. p. 284, 

.* 75 Servius in Lib. 11. iEneid. v. 558. 

?6 Plutarch in Numa. p. 64. 

deans 



RADICALS. 


103 


deans and Egyptians from whom thefe titles were borrowed, 
efteemed Hermes as the chief Deity, the fame as Zeus, Bel, 
and Adon. They knew nothing of Mercurius pedifTequus, 
nor Hermes the lacky. They ftyled their chief God Cam- 
11 , or Camillus, and his priefts had the fame title. He did 
not borrow it from them; but they received it from him. 
The name is fometimes expreffed Camulus : and the Amo- 
nians, who travelled weftward, brought his rites and worfbip 
into the weftern parts of Europe : hence there are infcrip- 
tions to be found inferibed 77 Camulo Sandto Fortidimo. He 
tvas fometimes taken for Mars : as we may learn from an in- 

fcription in Gruter. 

# 

78 MARTI CAMULO. 

Ob Salutem Tiberi Claud. Csf. Gives Remi pofuerunt. 


Such is the hiftory of this Deity; whofe wordiip was better 
known in the more early ages ; and whofe temple was ftyled 
Gau-Camel, by the Greeks rendered Gaugamela. I make 


doiibt but that Arbela was the fame pla 


for places had 


the Deity worfhiped had titles. Arbela 
city, and Gaugamela the 79 temple j 


both 


as many names as 
was probably the 
facred to the fame Deity under different names 

It is remarkable that Syncellus, fpeaking of Venephres 
King of Egypt, fays, that he built th'e pyramids of 80 Cochone;. 
which are the principal pyramids of that country. Eufebius 


77 Gruter. P. lvi. n. 11. vol. i. 

78 Gruter. Vol. i. p. lvi. 12. alfo p. xl. 9. 

79 Or elfe Beth-Arbel was another name of the fame temple,. 

Syncellus. p. 55* 


before 



104 


RADICALS. 


before him had taken notice of the fame hiftory : 81 OvsvBQgW, 
£<p h 6 Kifjiog nvL't&ryz rqv yygctv, og non rag Uugctfufotg 'aregi 

K.o'g^v^v Yiysigsv. Venephres was a prince in whofe time hap¬ 
pened a famine in the land of Egypt. He was the fame , who 
built the Pyramids about Cochone. Now Go-Chone, analogous 
to Beth-El, Beth-Shan, Beth-Dagon, fignifies the temple of 
the Deity; the houfe of the great king, or ruler : for fuch is 
the purport of Con, and Conah. Hercules, the chief Deity 
of Tyre, and who was alfo highly reverenced in Egypt, was 
fiyled Con. 82 T ov 'HganXrjV <pi)<n nooroi t w Aiyv7TTioov bioChsnjov 

Koova XsyscrQon. From hence we find, that it was a facred 
Egyptian title. According to fome readings the place is ex- 
prefled Cocome ; which is of the fame purport. Co-Chome, 
the fame as Cau-Come, fignifies the houfe of Chom, or the 
Sun ; and feems to betray the purpofe, for which the chief 
pyramid was erefted : for it was undoubtedly nothing elfe 
but a monument to the Deity, whofe name it bore. Ac¬ 
cording to 83 Herodotus the great pyramid was built by 
Cheops; whom others called Chaops. But Chaops is a fimilar 
compound ; being made up of the terms Cha-Ops, and fig¬ 
nifies oucog YlvQoovog, domus Opis Serpentis. It was the name 
of the pyramid, which was eredted to the Sun, the Ophite 
Deity of Egypt, worshiped under the fymbol of a ferpent. 
Analogous to Cau-Come in Egypt was a place in Ethiopia, 


1 Eufebii Chron. p. 14. 
tL Etymologicum magnum. 

8j Herodotus. L. 2. c. 124. 

% 

called 

* 



RADIO ALS. 


105 


called * 4 Cufcha: doubtlefs fo named from Chus, the great 
anceftor, from whom the Ethiopians were defcended. 

The Sun was ftyled by the Amonians, among other titles, 
Zan; as I have before fhewn : and he was worshiped under 
this denomination all over Syria, and Mefopotamia; efpecially 
at Emefa, Edefia, and Heliopolis. One region was named 
Gauzanitis from a city Gauzan, the Gofan of the 85 Scrip¬ 
tures. Strabo calls it 86 Cha-Zene, and places it near 

Adiabene. Gauzan, or Go-zan, is literally the houfe of the 
Sun. I once thought that the land of Gofhen in Egypt was 
of the fame purport as Culhan ; and have fo mentioned it in 
a former 87 treatife. So far is true : the land of Gofhen was 
the land of Cufhan, and poffeffed by the fons of Chus : but 
the two terms are not of the fame meaning. Gofhen, or 
Gofhan, like Gauzan in Mefopotamia, fignifies the temple of 
the Sun: hence it was as a city rendered by the Greeks He¬ 
liopolis. Artapanus, as we learn from Eufebius, expreffes it 
Caifan, K carctv. Go-Shan, Gau-Zan, Caifan, Cazena, all de¬ 
note a place facred to the Sun ; and are fuch variations in 
rendering the fame term, as muft be expected in an interval of 
fifteen hundred years, and from different tranfcribers. This 
luminary was alfo called Abor, the parent of light; and his 
temple Cha-Abor, and Cho-Abor, contradted Chabor, and 
Chobar. Of this name both a city and river were to be 
found in Gauzanitis ; as well as in Sufiana, and other parts : 

R4- Geog. Nubienfis. p. 17. 

Mrchaelis Geog. Kebraeorum Extera. p. 154. 

2 Kings, c. 17. v. 6. and c. 18. v. 11. alio 1 Chron. c. 5. v. 26. 

S6 Strabo. L. 16. p. 1070. 

* 7 Obfervations upon the Ancient Hiflory of Egypt.' p. 175. 

VOL. I. P 


for 




for rivers often took their names from fome temple, or city, 
by which they ran. The temple at Dodona was of old called 
Cha-On, or houfe of the Sun; as we may infer from the 
country having the name of Chaonia : for Chaonia is the land 
of Chaon. The priefts and inhabitants were called 88 Chaones 
from their place of worfhip : and the former had alfo the 
name 89 of Selli, which fignifies the priefts of the Sun. In 
Arcadia, near the eruption of the river Erafinus, was a moun¬ 
tain clothed with beautiful trees, and facred to Dionufus. 
This alfo was called 90 Chaon, the place of the Sun ; and was 
undoubtedly fo named from the ancient worfhip : for Dio¬ 
nufus was of old efteemed the fame as Oftris, the Sun. There 


was alfo a place called 91 Chaon in Media, and Syria ; Chao- 
nitis in Mefopotamia ; and in all thefe places the fame worfhip 


prevailed. 


So Caballis, the city of the Solymi, was named 


from Ca-bal, the place of the god Bal, or Baal. 


It is 


men 


tioned by Strabo. 


In like manner Caballion, in Gallia Nar 


bonenfis, is a compound of Ca-Abelion, a well-known Deity, 


whofe name is made up of titles of the Sun. 


The priefts of 


this place were ftyled 9 ‘ Salies ; the region was called 
undoubtedly from Cha-Our, (t)») fome temple of Ur, erected 


by the Amonians, who here fettled. 


Canoubis in Egypt was. 


ss Strabo. L. 7. p. 505. So alfo Herodotus and Paufanias. 

?9 2eAA ci} 01 /Icof'zjvciioi* Steph. Byzantinus*. 

a.fA.(pi Se 2gAA 01 

So; vainer uTrotyvTcct. Homer. Iliad [ 7 . v. 234. 

90 Paufanias. L. 2. p. 166. 

9T It is called Chau-On, by Steph. Byzantinus, from Ctefias. 

X&P* M yficcs. Kt nr: cl* €r ttputu Uepcriycooi'. Chau-On is oixos 


the houfe 


of the Sun, which gave name to the diflrift. 


9i Strabo. L. 4. p. 270. and p. 282. 


a com 


1 



RADI CALS. 


107 


compound of 


Noubis 5 Cabafa in the fame country. 


Ca-Bala; called by many Bela, the Befeth of the Scrip¬ 
tures, a Goddefs well known in Egypt. She had a temple 


in Canaan called 93 Beth Befa. Cuamon 


Efdraelon, is 


a compound of Cu-Amon, the plac 


or houfe of Am on 


9+ 


K vauoovog 


There 


was a 


temple 


Cuamites ; and a perfonage denominated from 


Attica called 

it. The hi- 


and 


ftory of the place, and the rites in time grew obfolete ; 
Paufanias fuppofes, that the name was given from ^vccp^og, 

95 Hotcpsg ovb'sv syw A sysiv, sits TTgoiTog 


Cuamos, a bean 

K VOLUL&g S<T7tilgSV 


have not authority for the fuppoft 


but it feems probable that this temple was ereEled to the 77 ie 7 nory of 
fome p erf on , who firf fowed beans 


And here it 
take notice of a circumftance, of which I mull 


proper 


to 


put 


reader in mind; as it is of great confeq 


to¬ 


wards decypherin'g 


mythology of 


times 


The 


Grecians often miftook the place of worfhip for the Deity 
worlhiped : fo 1 that the names of many Gods are in reality 
the names of temples where they were adored. Artemis 
was Ar-Temis, the city of Themis, or Thamis; the Tha- 
muz of Sidon and Egypt. This the Greeks expreffed A^ts- 

uig , and made it the name of a Goddefs. 


city and temple of 


Sun in Cyp 


Kir-On was the 
and other places. 


They changed this to Kironus, which they contracted 


and out of it made a particular God 


Cha-Op 


they formed a king Cheops j from Cayller, the lame as Ca 


9 ? 


94 


i Maccab. c. 9. v. 62, 64 
Judith, c. 7. v. 


O 


95 Paufanias. 1 . i. p. 91 


P 2 


After 



xo8 


RADICALS. 


After, they fancied a hero, Cayftrius ; from Cu-Bela, Cy- 
bele; from Cu-Baba, Cybebe. Cerberus, the dog of hell, 
was denominated from Kir- Abor ; as I (hall hereafter 97 ihew. 

I have mentioned Caucon, or Caucone in Egypt : there 
was a place of the fame name in Greece. It was originally 
facred 4:o the Sun; and the priefts and inhabitants were 
called Caucones. Inftead of Con, which ftgnifies the great 
Lord; the Greeks fubftituted a hero 98 Caucon, who was 
fuppofed to have ftrft introduced thofe Orgies, pra<ftifed by 
the MeiTenians. It was properly a temple of the Sun ; and 
there was another of the fame name in Bithynia, and from 
thence the country was called Cauconia. I fhall hereafter 
treat at large of Cuthite colonies, which went abroad, and 
fettled in different parts. One of the firft operations when 
they came on fhore was to build temples, and to found cities 
in memory of their principal anceftors, who in procefs of 
time were worfhiped as Deities. A colony of this people 
fettled at Colchis, which they called Cutaia", from the head 
of their family, ftyled both Chus and Cuth. We may infer, 
that they built a temple which was called Ca-Cuta : and 
from which the region was alfo denominated : for it is cer- 


97 There were many places and temples of Baal, denominated Caballis, Cabali, 
Cabala, Cabalia, Cabalion, Cabalifia, &c. which are mentioned by Pliny, Strabo, 
Antoninus, and others. Some of them were compounded of Caba: concerning 
which I fhall hereafter treat. 

98 Paufanias. L. 4. p. 282. 

Strabo mentions Caucones in Elea. L. 8. p. 531. The Caucones are alfo men¬ 
tioned by Homer. OdylT. T . v. 366. 

Caucane in Sicily was of the fame purport, mentioned by Ptolemy L. 3. c. 4. 

99 Apollonius Rhodius ftiles it Cutais : K vtcci^qs yaws. L. 4. v. 512. 

6 


tain, 



RADICALS. 


109 


tain, that it has that name at this 100 day. Cocutus, which 
we render Cocytus, was undoubtedly a temple in Egypt. It 
gave name to a ftream, on which it flood ; and which was 
alfo called the Charonian branch of the Nile, and the river 
Acheron. It was a foul canal, near the place of Sepulture, op- 
poftte to Memphis, and not far from Cochone. Cocutus was 
the temple of Cutus or Cuth : for he was fo called by many 
of his pofterity. A temple of the fame was to be found in 
Epirus, upon a river Cocutus. Here was alfo a river Ache¬ 
ron, and a lake Acherufta : for a colony from Egypt fettled 
here ; and the ftream was of as foul a nature as that near 

Memphis. 1 P si Se mi Kqoxvtos v cLT&g7rss‘CL r Tov • 

Juno is by Varro ftyled Covella. 2 Dies quinque te kalo, 

Juno Covella ; Juno Covella, dies feptem te kalo. Here, 
as in many inftances, the place of worfhip is taken for the 
perfon, to whom the worfhip is dire&ed. Covella is only a 
variation for Cou-El, or Co-El, the houfe or region of the 
Deity, and fignifies heavenly. It is accordingly by Varro 

100 See De Lifle’s curious map of Armenia and the adjacent parts of Albania, &c. 

1 Paufanias. L. i. p. 40. 

There was a river Acheron in Elis. Strabo. L. 8. p. 530. And the fame rites 
were obferved in honour of the j^viccypos^ that were praftiled in Cyrene. Clement. 

Cohort, p. 33. 

In Pontus was a river Acheron. EvQcc 3 e kcci 'uiorccfxB A^epcvros ectcriv. 

Apollon. Argonaut. L. 2. v. 745. alfo cck^cc A^epdaicc. The like to be found 
near Cuma in Campania : and a ftory of Hercules driving away flies there alfo. 
'PwfJLcttoi <Pe ct7T0fjLViu (S-u'dcri). dementis Cohort. Ibid, 

1 Varro de Ling. Lat. Lib. 5. p. 49. altered to Novella by fome, contrary to 
the authority of the bell MSS. See Scaliger’s notes, p. 81. Edit, anno 1619. 
Dordrechti. 

See Selden de Diis Syris. Syntag. 2. c. 2-. p. 174. In vetuftioribus excufls de Re 
Ruftica non Novella, fed Covella legitur. Covella autem Cceleftis, five Urania 
interpretation 

interpreted 



ua 


RADICALS. 


interpreted Urania, O vgotvioi : whence Juno Covella mu ft be 
rendered Cceleftis. From the fubftantive, Cou-El, the Ro¬ 
mans formed Coel, heaven ; in aftertimes exprefled Coelus, 
and Ccelum. I fay, in aftertimes: for they originally called 
it Co-el, and Co-il, and then contracted it to Gael. Hence 
Aufonius in his Grammaticomaftix mentions a paflage to this 
purpole. 

Unde Rudinus ait Divom domus altifonum Ccel : or as 
Ennius, to whom he alludes, has rendered it, according to 
the prefent MSS, altifonum 3 Coil. He fometimes fubjoins 
the Latine termination : 


Coilum profpexit fteilis fulgentibus aptum. 

Olim de Coilo laivum dedit inclytus lignum. 

Saturnus, quern Coilus genuvit. 
Unus erit, quem tu tollas in Coirila Coili 
Templa. 


Coelus in aftertimes was made a Deity : hence there are 
inferiptions dedicated 4 Coelo JEterno. The ancient Deity 
Celeus, mentioned by 5 Athenagoras, and faid to have been 
worfhiped at Athens, was the fame as the above. 


3 Enrm Annal. L. i. 

4 The Perfians worfhiped Ccelus which Is alluded to by ITerodotus, when he 

fays, that they facrificed upon eminences : T ov) tuuvt <x ts Ov^olvh /lice xaAe- 

ovtzs. L. i. c. 13 i* To the fame purpofe Euripides j 

'Ogees tov tcv cf arjrUoov cciQepcc^ 

Tov y'/\v T&epi<~ e^ovB vygezis ev a.yx.vXcus ^ 

'T'dTcv yofxi^e Zj/j'cXj tov xyov 

Clement. Alexand. Strom. L. 5. p. 717. Plutarch, p. 369. p. 424. 

Afpice hoc fublime candens, quem invocant omnes Jovem. Cicero de Natura. 
Deor. L. 1. 

5 AAA ABm'ctioi prJcv KeAsoF, yccu ^leyaveipccv iSpvvicu ©cHs. Athenag. Legat. p. 290. 

Many 



RADICALS. 


hi 


Many places and regions, held facred, and called Coel by 
the Amonians, were by the Greeks rendered /iO/Aa, cava. 
Hence we read of Ko*A») A oucs^cufjuav, KotA^ HAi£, and the 

like. Syria was by them ftyled K oi?c/) } the hollow : but the 
true name was Coela, the heavenly or facred. It was fo de¬ 
nominated from the Cuthites, who fettled there, on account 
of the religion eftablifhed. Hence it was alfo named Shem, 
and Shama ; which are terms of like purport, and fignify di¬ 
vine, or heavenly’. It is a name, which it retains at this 
day ; as we are informed by 6 Abulfeda, and others. Elis 
Coela was the moft facred part of Greece ; efpecially the re¬ 
gions of Olympia, Cauconia, and Azania. It was denomi¬ 
nated Elis from HA, Eel, the Sun : and what the Greeks 


rendered KojAr), of old meant 7 heavenly. Hence Homer 
ftyleth it peculiarly 8 HAida Jjtar, Elis the facred. As Coele 
Syria was ftyled Sham, and Sama ; fo we find places, which 
have a reference to this term, in Elis. A town of great an¬ 
tiquity was named 9 Samicon, which iignihes Cceli Dominus. 
Here was alfo a temple of Pofeidon Samius, furrounded with 
a grove of olives ; and there were feftivals obferved, which 
were called Sarnia. There was likewife of old a city named 
Sama, or Samos : which Strabo imagines, might have been fo 
named from its high fituation : for high places were called 


6 Abulfeda.. Tabula Syrice. p. 5. 

Naflir Ettufeus. p. 93. apud Geog. vet. 

7 The city Argos was in like manner called K oiXov. ricAAa.K/5 to Agyc$ K 01- 
A ov (pncri 5 Koi^cc 7 reg ev E7 nyovots* To KOIAON A oyos by, oiyjwovt sti .— st i v~ou 
ev OctpLvga,, AgyeYKoiXu* Scholia in Sophoc.. CEdipum Colon. 

s Iliad. B. v. 615. 

9 Strabo. L. 8. p. 529, 

r Sarnia. 





I I 2 


RADICALS. 


10 Samia. It certainly Iignifi.es in fome degree high; but 
the true meaning of Sama was heavenly, fimilar to Sam, 
Sham, Shamem, of the eaftern nations. Hence Same, Sa¬ 
mos, Samothrace, Samacon, were denominated on account of 
their fandtity. Strabo fuppofes, that the city Samos in Elis 
was iituated in the Samian plain : it therefore could not well 
have this name from its high fituation. It is moreover in- 
conliftent to fuppofe regions called /£ 0 JAa, or cava, to have 
been denominated from Sama, high. In fhort both terms 
have been miftaken : and Coilus in the original acceptation 
certainly fignified heavenly : whence we read in Hefychius, 
as alfo in Suidas, KojoAjos, o 'I sgsvg. By which we learn, 
that by Coioles was meant a facred or heavenly perfon ; in 
other words, a prieft of Coelus. In Coioles there is but a 
fmall variation from the original term ; which was a com¬ 
pound from Coi-El, or Co-El, the Ccelus of the Romans. 

Concerning the term Ccel in Ennius, ” Janus Gulielmus 
takes notice, that this poet copied the Dorians in uling abbre¬ 
viations, and writing Ccel for Coelus and Coelum. But herein 
this learned perfon is miftaken. The Dorians were not fo 
much to be blamed for their abbreviating, as the other Greeks 
were for their unneceffary terminations, and inflexions. The 
more fimple the terms, the more ancient and genuine we 
may for the mofh part efteem them : and in the language of 
the Dorians we may perceive more terms relative to the true 
mythology of the country, and thofe rendered more fimilar 
to the ancient mode of expreflion, than are elfewhere to be 

10 Strabo. L. 8. p. 534. 

11 Janus Gulielmus iLaurenbergius, Antiquarius. 


found. 



RADICALS. 


found. We muft therefore, in all etymological inquiries, 
have recourfe to the Doric manner of pronunciation, to ob¬ 
tain the truth. They came into Greece, or Hellotia, under 
- the name of Adorians ; and from their fimplicity of manners, 
and from the little intercourfe maintained with foreigners, 
they preferved much of their ancient tongue. For this there 
may be another additional reafon obtained from Herodotus ; 
who tells us, that they were more immediately defcended 
from the people of the 11 eaft. The ancient hymns, fung in 
the Prutaneia all over Greece, were 13 Doric : fo facred was 
their dialed; efteemed. Hence they cannot but afford great 
help in inquiries of this nature. What was by others ftyled 

they exprehed A Qolvol : Cheops they rendered Chaops : 

Zeen, Zan: Xa^aya : Mr^, May: Menes, Manes: 

Orchenoi, Orchanoi: Neith, Naith : Lj«<ro$, Ixvicrog : He- 
phaeftus, Hephaftus : Caiete, Caiate : Demeter, Damater : all 
which will be found of great confequence in refped to ety¬ 
mology. And if they did not always admit of the termina¬ 
tions ufed by their neighbours ; they by thefe means pre¬ 
ferved many words in their primitive ftate: at leaf! they 
were nearer to the originals. They feem to have retained 
the very term, of which I have been treating. It was by them 
ftiled Xa*, Cai ; and fignified a houfe, or cave : for the firfl 


11 ^cuvolccto ctv eovrzs oi t gov A cogieotv fiyepioves Aiyv 7 moi iQccyevees. Herod. L. 6 . 
c. 54. 

Of their original and hiftory I fhall hereafter give a full account. 

13 Ottoctcl J'g ad&criv ey FlpuTccrei^ (pwri fj.zv e^iv ccvtcov fi Acapios. Paufanias. 
L. 5. p. 416. 

Q_ 


VOL. I, 


houfes 



U 4 


RADICALS. 


houfes in the infancy of the world are fuppofed to have been 

14 . They expreffed it Cai, Caia, Caias, fimr- 


caves or grottos 


lar to the cava, cavus, and cavea of the Romans. When 
thefe places were of a great depth, or extent, they were 

A cavern of 

; of 


looked upon with a kind of religious horror, 
this fort was at Lacedaemon, with a building over it 


which in aftertimes they made ufe to confine malefadtors. 
It was called Kcuafe, or as the Spartans expreffed it, Kcuafrag, 

the houfe of death. JS Kaioc^g cfscrfJLteTiigiov — to Aolkb- 

ciciifJLOVioig. Cai fignified a cavern : Adas, which is fubjoined, 
was the Deity, to whom it was facred, efteemed the God of 

He was by the lonians expreffed Ades, 

Hence 
The 


the infernal regions. 


and Hades; and by other nations Ait, and Atis. 
thefe caverns were alfo ftyled K aiBTsg, and K oubtoi. 
author above quoted gives us the terms varioufly exhibited : 


l6 KuiST0l. -'Ch 0L7T0 TOOV <TSlTfJLMV pOOJQJLOl K OLISTOI A eyov/ou . K 001 

Kcutzooig to $s<r[jLooTYigiov svtsvQsv , to 'urcLgct Acuceticupovioig, ttyi- 
A ottov, Hefychius renders it in the plural, and as a neuter : 

fcaiCLTOtj ogvyfJLOLTcc. Whether it be compounded Cai-Ait, Cai- 
Atis, or Cai-Ades, the purport is the fame. The den of Cacus 
was properly a facred cave, where. Chus was worfhiped, and 


14 Turn primum fubiere domos j domus antra fuere. 

Ovid. Metamorph. L. i. v. 121. 


75 Strabo L. 8. p. 564. 

It is mentioned by Thucydides : Es top Ka/aJ'av, £7rep tss KcL.K&gy&s zjjJIclXXziv 
eico&eto'oC'V (ox A a xtSctiysvioi.) L. 1. c. 134. 

It is expreffed Keccfa? by Paufanias; who fays that it was the place, down which 
they threw Ariftomencs, the Meffenian hero. L,. 4. p. 324. 



Strabo. Ibidem. 


the 



RADICALS. 


11 5 

the rites of fire were 17 pradtifed. Cacus is the fame name as 
Gufcha in Ethiopia, only reverted. The hiftory of it was obfo- 
lete in the days of Virgil ; yet fome traces of it ftill remained. 
Strabo fays, that many people called thefe caves, Kwci. 

I-s Ej hoi jcoogg (jlciXXgv rex. roiexvrcx. x q iXoo [jlolt ex. Xsysrdcu <pouriy. 

Hence he very truly explains a paffage in Homer. The poet, 
fpeaking of Thefeus, Dryas, Polyphemus, and other heroes of 
the Mythic age, mentions their encountering with the moun¬ 
taineers of Theffaly; whom he ftyles <py)fisg ogsvymi : 

19 Ka^TifOi ^ kzivoi znyfoviuiv rgoupsv ctvSgcdP, 

K exgri^oi [j.bv scray, xca sccx.grizoig s^evyopro 

<$>Y)griV 0g£<T*gex)0l<Tl. 

Og£(ryooog lignified a perfon, who lived in a mountain habi¬ 
tation : whofe retreat was a houfe in a mountain. Co, and 
Coa, was the name of fuch houfe. Strabo fays, that this term 
is alluded to by Homer, when he ftyles Lacedaemon “ Aa^g- 

Sff.ip.QVOL KYiroo&WCLVy for it was by many thought to have been fo 
called 07 i account of the caverns. From hence we may fairly 
conclude, that sanreiosercrcx. was a miftake, or at leaf!: a variation, 

for 11 xcaercLScrrcL, from Cai-Atis j and that Co, “ Coa, Caia, 
were of the lame purport. 

17 Huic monftro Vulcanus erat pater: illius atros 

Ore vomens ignes, magna fe mole ferebat. Virgil. JEn. L. 8. v. 198. 

,s Strabo. 1 . 8. p. 564. 

19 Iliad. A. v. 266. 

10 Iliad. Ij. v. 581. 

OdylT. A. V. I. *Qd''l%ov KOIAHN AcaceSoci^ovcc KHT£ 1 E 2 SANT. 

11 Strabo fays as much, "O/JV, on 01 cctto roov areicry.o)v {.co^u 01 K.ouer01 A eyovrea. 
L S. p. 564. 

Hence the words cove, alcove, and perhaps to cover, and to cope. 

O 2 


But 



116 RADICALS. 

But this term does not relate merely to a cavern ; but to 
temples founded near fuch places : oftentimes the cave itfelf 
was a temple. Caieta in Italy near Cuma, called by Diodo¬ 
rus KcaqTy], was fo denominated on this account. It was a 
cave in the rock, abounding with variety of fubterranes, cut 
out into various apartments. Thefe were of old inhabited 
by Amonian priefls : for they fettled in thefe parts very 
early. It feems to have been a wonderful work. " 3 A vsooys 

t bvtbvQsv <T7rYihoLicL V7r£gfJL£ye0r) } tczTouaocs (jLByaXcic, kcu tsroAy- 
tsXbh; S'sdeyfJLBVX. In thefe -parts were large openings m the 
earth , exhibiting caverns a great extent \ which afforded ivery 
ample , and fuperb apartments. Diodorus informs us, that 
what was in his time called Caiete, had been fometimes ftyled 
Aiete : by which we may fee, that it was a compound 
and conlifted of two or more terms, but thefe terms were not 
precifely applicable to the fame objed. Ai-Ete, or Ai-Ata, 
was the region of Ait, the Deity to whom it was facred. 
Colchis had the fame name ; whence its king was called 
Aietes : and Egypt had the fame, expreffed by the Greeks 
" 5 A snot, Aetia. Aiete was the diftrid: Caiete was the cave 
and temple in that diftrid j where the Deity was worfhiped. 

In Boeotia was a cavern, into which the river Cephifus de- 


*3 


Strabo, 1 . 5. p. 357. 


3,4 Koctcc £e <&og[Aicts tvs ItczAiccs Aivtvv tov vvv Kccivtw 'z&goo'ccyopeuofj.evov. L. 4. 
p. 259. 

ive an air of truth to his narration, makes Caieta the nurfe of iEnea3. 
According to Strabo it was fometimes expreffed Cai Atta ; and gave name to the 
bay below. Kai tov y.era%v koAttqv exeivoi 'K.ccicct.o^v covo/ulcco-clv. L. 5. p. 366. 

35 Scholia Euftathii in Dionyfii -z vegivyv'riv. v. 239. and Steph. Byzantinus* 
fiiyvirros* 




fcended, 



RADICALS. 


117 


fcended, and was loft. It afterwards emerged from this gulf, 
and palled freely to the fea. The place of eruption was 
called An-choa, which ftgnifies Fontis apertura. The later 


Greeks exprefted it Anchoe 


z6 


KaAgiTaj <T 0 roTtog A 


££1 cfe OjXi^vvfJLQg. The etymology, I flatter myfelf, is 

plain ; and authenticated by the hiftory of the place. 

From Cho, and Choa, was probably derived the word 
'Koinog , ufed by the apoftle. 17 'O ‘W’gttTog ocpOgcinrog stc yr\g 



OVgOLVZ 


O log 0 Xoi 


'Koitcog' 6 dsvTsgog <x.v@gc*)7rog 0 Kvgtog 

xog, kqu. roiovroi 61 ’Koinoi. Hefychius obferves, 'Koixog isrriXL- 

vog , yviivog. From hence we may perceive, that by Cho was 
originally meant a houfe or temple in the earth. It was, as 
I have fhewn, often exprefled Gau, and Go ; and made to 
flgnify any houle. Some nations uled it in a ftill more ex¬ 
tended fenfe ; and by it denoted a town, or village, and any 
habitation at large. It is found in this acceptation among 
the ancient Celts, and Germans, as we learn from Cluverius. 

Apud ipfos Germanos ejufmodi pagorum vernaculum voca- 
bulum fuit Gaw ; et variantibus dialedtis, gaw, gew, gdw, 


gow 


hinc 


Brifgaw, Wormefgaw, Zurichgow, Turgow, 
Nordgaw, Andegaw, Rhingaw, Hennegow, Weftergow 


l6 


Xacr/xa S'e yzwriQev~—‘-€£'e^oL r TO 'tov 'z&QTccy..ov 


h 


KCLT& /iccgUfJLVCCV TK A QXpiSoS THIV CCVCC - KcC/\€lTCCl cC 0 T07TG$ A?CtA. Strabo 

L. 9. p. 623. 


An cliia 


by Pliny. N. H. L. 4. c. 7. As both the opening, and the 
ftream, which formed the lake, was called An-choe ^ it fignified either fons fpe- 
luncae, or fpelunca fontis, according as it was adapted. 

47 1 Corinthians, c. 15. v. 47, 48. 

a3 Cluverii Germanise Antiq. L. 1. c. 13. p,gi. 


3 


Ooftergow. 



RADICALS. 


ii 8 

Ooftcrgow. The ancient term Tlvgyoz, Purgos, was properly 
Pur-Go ; and fignified a light-houfe, or temple of fire, from 
the Chaldaic Pur. 

PARTICLES. 

Together with the words above mentioned are to be found 
in compofition the particles A 1 and Pi. Al or El, for it is 
difierently expreffed in our characters, is ftill an Arabian 
prefix : but not abfolutely confined to that country ; though 
more frequently there to be found. The Sun was call¬ 
ed Uchor by the people of Egypt and Cyrene ; which the 
Greeks expreffed A’yoo^ Achor. He was worfhiped with 
the fame title in Arabia, and called Al Achor. Georgius 
Monachus defcribing the idolatry, which prevailed in that 
country before the introduction of the prefent religion, men¬ 
tions the idol Alachar. Many nations have both expletives 
and demonftratives analogous to the particle above. The 
pronoun Ille of the Romans is fomewhat fimilar : as are the 
terms Le and La of the French : as well as 11 and El in other 
languages. It is in compofition fo like to HA, the name of 

'HAiO£, the Sun, that it is not always eafy to diftinguifh one 
from the other. 

The Article Pi was in ufe among the ancient Egyptians, 
and Cuthites, as well as other nations in the eaft. The na¬ 
tives of India were at all times worfhipers of the Sun ; and 
ufed to call themfelves by fome of his titles. Porus, with 

29 Bayeri Additamenta to Selden de Diis Syris. p. 291. 

Achor near Jericho. Jofhua. c. 15. v. 7. 

whom 




ren- 


whom Alexander engaged upon the Indus, was named from 
the chief objedt of his worfhip ms*, Pi-Or, and P’Or ; 
dered by the Greeks II agog, Porus. Pacorus the Parthian 
was of the fame etymology, being a compound of P’Achorus, 


the Achor of Egypt: as was alfo the 
potamia, mentioned by Ptolemy. E 


ty Pacoria in Mefo- 
thc Grecian 'urvp was 


of Egypt 


Chaldaic original ; and of the fame compoii- 


Ur) as the words above : for 31 Plato informs 


extindt 


'Drug, zvvs 

After the race 
country came under the dominion of the Grecians, the 
ftiil continued to make ufe of this prefix ; as did othe 


:, were efteemed terms of foreign importation 
of the Egyptian kings was 


that 


na- 


which were incorporated with 


They adapted 


not 


ly to words in their own language ; but 


thofc ol 


there 


other countries, of which they treated. Hence 
to be found in their writings, 33 1 Ji^svg, Ih{j,agTVg y EE 

'Ufi o"W|U.ct, 'uriXa.Qs, Pidux, Picurator, Pitribunus : alfo names 
of perfons occur with this prefix j fuch as Piterus, Piturio, 


Pionius the martyr, alfo Pior, Piammon, Piambo 5 who 
all mentioned by ecclefiaftical 34 writers, as natives of 1 


?0 Ptolem. Lib. 5. c. 18. p. 164. 

31 Plato in Cratylo. p. 410. 

Sec Kircher’s Prodromus Copticus. p. 180. and p. 29.7. 

35 Ibidem, and Jamefon’s Specilcgia. c. 9. § 4. 

Pionius. Euieb. Hift. Ecclefiaft. L. 4. p. 174. 

Pior Monachus ASgyptiacus* Socratis Hift. Ecclef. p. 238. 

Piammon* Sozomen* H. E. P. 259. 

Piambo, or P’ambo. Socratis Ecclef. II. p. 268-. 

It was iometimes expreflcd Po, as in Pocmon Abbas,, in Evagrius. 

In Apophthcgmat. Patrum. apud Cotelerii monumcnta. Tom. 1. p. C36. 

Baal Peor was only Pi-Or, the Sun : as Priapus was a compound of Peor-Apis, 
contracted. 


8 


country. 



I 20 


R 


A 


D 


I 


C 


A 


L 


S 


country 


Tliis article is fometimes expreffed Pa 


as in 


the 


name of Pachomius, an abbot in Egypt, mentioned by 35 Gen- 
nadius. A prieft named Paapis is to be found in the Ex- 


rpta from Antonius 36 Diog 


in Photiu 


Thei 


e were 


particular rites, flyled Pamylia Sacra, from 37 Pamyle 


Egypt 


Deity 


We may infer from Hefych 


they were very obfcene: IloiocfjLvXrjg, Aiyv7f}iog ®sog H^id7ru^g 


Hades, and Pi-Ades was a common title of the 


and the 


early times was current in Greece ; where I hop 
pie teftimony of the Amonians fettling. 



was 


give an 

termed Melech Pi-Adon, and Anac Pi-adon : but the Greek 


of Pi-Adon formed YIqu&oov 


for 


inconceivable, how 


very ignorant they were in refpedt to their ancient theology. 
Hence we read of 'urouduov AriTag, 'srouSuv 'Zwog, 'srou^oov AsroA- 

A wag ; and legends of 'UTcufioov olOolvoltuv ; and of 'srctiJW, who 
were mere foundlings ; whofe fathers could never be afcer- 
tained, though divine honours were paid to the children. 
This often puzzled the mythologifts, who could not account 
for this fpurious race. Plutarch makes it one of his inqui¬ 
ries to lift out, 38 Tig 6 II otifcav rccpog 'Wotgcc Xa.X%i$ev<ri ; Pau- 

fanias mentions 39 AfJupiKvx.% 'Woufioov @w(J.og : and in another 


35 Gennad. Vitas illuftrium virorum. L. 7. Pachomius, a fuppofed worker of 
many miracles. 

3G Antonius Diogenes in Photius. Cod. 166. 

37 Plutarch. Ifis et'Oliris. V. 1. p. 355. 

Paamyles is an affemblage of common titles, Am-El-Ees with the prefix. Hence 
the Greeks formed MeliiTa, a facred name: as of Ham El-Ait, they formed Me- 
litta, the name of a foreign Deity, more known in Ionia than in Hellas. 

38 Plutarch : Quseftiones Grsecae* v. p. 296. 

39 Paufanias. L. 1. p. 83. Amphilucus was a title of the Sun* 


place. 



RADICALS. 


I 21 


'place 


40 


B OJfJLOl <fe ®£Ct)V TS OVOfJLOL^OUSPOOP OLyVOOfM, ECU 'H^ 


TIAIAQN T8 ©screws 


<$>OLhr)fl 


From this miftake 


arofe fo many boy-deities ; among whom were even Jupiter 


and Dionufus 

vssg, Y) §soXoyi 


A vtov top A ict 


II OLl^OLC 


According to the theology of the Greeks 


even Jupiter and Dionufus are fyled boys, and young perfo?is. 
One of the moft remarkable paflages to this purpofe is to be 
found in the antiquary above quoted ; who takes notice of a 
certain myfterious rite performed by the natives of Amphiffa 
in Phocis. The particular Gods, to whom it was performed. 


were ftyled Avotxrss TtrouSeg 


4 * 


Ay overt Jg eoli TeXsrnv ot All 


epiTTstg t oov Apcletoop EOLh&pLBVm II oiib'oov. 'O irtvsg de ©sgm etTiv 

61 APctKTsg TLoufeg, ov ecltcc t cjlvtol zgty. st^pezvov. The people of 

udmphijfa perform a ceremony in honour of perfons , fyled Slnacles 

or Royal Boys ; but who thefe AttaEles Paides were , is 


Paides 


tell : n 
mation 


of great 


fhort the author could 


could the priefts afford him any fatisfadtory infor 


There 


many inftances in Paufanias of this 


ture : where divine honours are paid to the unknown children 
of fathers equally unknown. 

Herodotus tells us, that, when he difeourfed with the 
priefts of Thebes about the kings, — reigned in 


40 Paufanias. 1 . 1. p. 4. in like manner, t atqoi tmv x.ou A/We«s ttcliAv' 

Paufanias. 1 . 9. p. 754. 

41 Proclus in Platonis Parmenidem: See Orphic Fragment of Gefner. p. 406. 

A twofold reafon may be given for their having this charadter : as will be fhewn 

hereafter. 

Paufanias* 1 . 10. p. 8*6. Many inftances of this fort .are to be found in this 
writer. 


VOL. I. 


R 


Egypt; 



122 


RADICALS* 


Egypt; they defcribed them to him under three denomina¬ 
tions, of Gods, of heroes, and of men. The laffc fucceeded 
to thofe above, and were mere mortals. The manner of fuc- 
ceflion is mentioned in the following words : 43 Uigwutv efC 

ntgoofjuog yeyovevou — koli ovts eg &eov, ovre eg 'H^wa a.ve$ri<roLV 

£ 

avT 3 g (oi Aiyv 7 moi.) There are many fbrange and contra¬ 
dictory opinions about this 44 paflage ; which, if I do not de¬ 
ceive myfelf, is very plain ; and the purport of it this. Hf- 

w 

ter the fabulous accounts , there had been an uninterrupted fuc- 
ceffion of Piromis after Piromis : and the Rgyptians referred none 
of thefe to the dynafiies of either the Gods or Heroes , •who were 
fuppofed to have firfi pojfejfed the country . From hence I think 
it is manifeft, that Pi-romis fignifies a man. Herodotus in¬ 
deed fays, that the meaning of it was KcCKog xdyoiQogj a per- 
fon of a fair and honourable chara&er : and fo it might be 

taken by implication ; as we fay of a native of our own 
country, that he is a true, and ftaunch 4S Englifhman : but 
the precife meaning is plain from the context; and Piromis 
certainly meant a man. It has this lignification in the Cop¬ 
tic : and in the 46 Prodromus Copticus of Kircher, Ihgoopu, 

Piromi, is a man ; and feems to imply a native. Pirem Racot 

* « 

Herodotus. 1 . 2. c. 144. 

44 See Reland, Difiertatio Copt. p. 108. 

Jablonfky Prolegomena in Pantheon JEgyptiacum: p. 38. Alfo WefieMnge. 
Notes on Herod. 1 . 2. c. 143. 

45 This was certainly the meaning: for Plato* fpeaking of the native Grecians 

in oppofition to other nations, ftyled Bmakes ufe of the very expreffion : 
JTIoAA?? fter £ "Ee<pw, co K e€ys 9 tv r, sveiai 'zzcu ayccBoi J'e kcu tcl 

7wv fiagScLgoov ytw. In Phtedone. p. 96. 

46 Kircher. Prodromus Copticus. p. 300 and p. 293. 

is 



RADICALS. 


123 


is an Alexandrine, or more properly a native of Racotis called 
Rafchid, and Rofetta. Pirem Romi, are ^ Romans. 

By means of this prefix we may be led to underftand what 
is meant by Paraia in the account given by Philo from Sancho- 
niathon : who fays, that Cronus had three fons in the region 
of Paraia : 48 Eygm^crai/ c is aca bv Uotgctia, Kgovw Tgsts 'sr&itTes. 
Paraia is a variation of P’Ur-aia; and means literally the land 
of Ur in Chaldea; the region from whence ancient writers 
began the hiftory of mankind. A crocodile by the Egyptians 
was among other names called 49 : and the name is re¬ 

tained in the Coptic, where it is exprefTed s ° Pi-Souchi. 

This prefix is fometimes exprefled with an afpirate, Phi: 
and as that word fignifies a mouth, and in a more extenfive 
fignification, fpeech and language, it fometimes may caufe 
a little uncertainty about the meaning. However, in moft 
places it is fufficiently plain. Phaethon, a much miftaken 
perfonage, was an ancient title of the Sun, a compound of 
Phi-Ath-On. Bacchus was called Phi-Anac by the Myfians, 
rendered by the poets 51 Phanac and Phanaces. Hanes was a 
title of the fame Deity, equally reverenced of old, and com- 


47 Kircher. Prod. p. 293. 

Sanchoniathon apud Eufeb. Prsep. Evang. I. 1. c. 10. p. 37. 

49 Damafcius : Vita Ifidori, apud Photium. Cod. ccxlii. 

50 Jablonfky : Pantheon Egypt, v. 2. 1 . 5. c. 2. p. 70. 

51 Aufonius. Epigram. 30. 

Kircher fays, that Pi in the Coptic is a prefix, by which a noun is known to be 
mafculine, and of the fingular number : and that Pa is a pronoun poffeffive. Pa- 
romi is Vir meus. It may be fo in the Coptic : but in ancient times Pi, Pa, Phi, 
were only variations of the fame article: and were indifferently put before.all 
names : of which I have given many inftances. See Prodromus. Copt. p. 303. 


R 2 


pounded 



I 24 


RADICALS. 


pounded Ph’ Hanes. It fignified the fountain of light: and 
from it was derived Phanes of Egypt: alfo <paum, tpavsig, cpa- 

vsgog : and from Ph’ain on, Fanum. In fhort thefe particles 
occur continually in word. s, which relate to religious rites, 
and the ancient adoration of fire. They are generally joined 
to Ur, by which that element is denoted. From P’Ur Tor 
came Prastor and Praetorinm, among the Romans : from 
P’Ur-Aith, Purathi and Puratheia among the Afiatics. From 
P’Ur-tan, 'GrgvTctveig, and 'UTgVTCivsia. among the Greeks of Hel¬ 
las : in which Prutaneia there were of old facred hearths, 
and a perpetual fire. The ancient name of Latian Jupiter 
was P’ur, by length of time changed to Puer. He was the 
Deity of fire ; and his minifters were ftyled Pueri: and be- 
caufe many of them were handfome youths feledted for that 
office, Puer came at length to fignify any young perfon. Some 
of the Romans would explain this title away, as if it re¬ 
ferred to Jupiter’s childhood : but the hiftory of the place 
will ffiew that it had no fuch relation. It was a proper name, 
and retained particularly among the people of Praenefte. They 
had undoubtedly been addidted to the rites of fire ; for their 
city was faid to have been built by Caeculus, the fon of Vul¬ 
can, who was found in the midft of fire : 

Vulcano genitum pecora inter agreflia Regem, 

Inventumcpue focis. 

They called their chief God Pur: and dealt particularly 
in divination by lots, termed of old Purim. Cicero takes 

5Z Virgil JEneid. 1 . 7. v. 679, 


notice 



o 


RADICALS. 


12 5 


notice of this cuftom of divination at Prasnelte ; and defcribes 
the manner, as well as the place : but gives into the com¬ 
mon miftake, that the Purim related to Jupiter’s childhood. 
He fays, that the place, where the procefs was carried on, 
was a facred inclofure, 53 is eft hodie locus feptus religiofe 
propter Jovis Pueri , qui latdens cum Junone in gremio For¬ 
tunes mammam appetens, caftiflime colitur a Matribus. This 
manner of divination was of Chaldaic original, and brought 
from Babylonia to Praenefte. It is mentioned in Either, c. 3. 
v. 7. They calt Pur before Haman, that he might know the 
fuccefs of his purpofes againft the Jews. Wherefore they call 
thefe days Purim after the najne of Pur s+ . c. 9. v. 26. The 
fame lots of divination being ufed at Pramelte was the occa- 
lion of the God being called Jupiter Pur. This in aftertimes 
was changed to Puer : whence we find inferiptions, which 
mention him under that name ; and at the fame time take 
notice of the cuftom which prevailed in his temple. In¬ 
feriptions Jovi Puero, and Fortune Primigeniae Jovis 53 Pueri 
are to be found in Gruter. One is very particular. 

56 Fortunas Primigenias Jovis Pueri D. D, 

Ex SOR TE compos fatSlus 

Nothus Ruficana: 

L. P. Plotilla. 


Cicero de Divinatione. 1 . 2. 

54 See alfo v. 28, 2q, 31, and 32. 

55 Gruter. Infcript. lxxvi. n. 6. 

56 Ibid, lxxvi. n. 7. 

BONO DEO 
PUERO POS- 

P O R O. 

Gruter. Infcrip. p. Ixxxviii. n. 13. 

a That 



RADICALS. 


i 26 

That this word Puer was originally Pur may be proved from 
a well known paflage in Lucretius : 

57 Puri fepe lacum propter ac dolia curva 
Somno devindti credunt fe attollere veftem. 

Many inftances, were it neceflary, might be brought to this 
purpofe. It was a name originally given to the priefts of the 
Deity who were named from the Chaldaic Ur : and by 
the ancient Latines were called P’uri. At Prsenefte the name 
was particularly kept up on account of this divination by 
58 lots. Thefe by the Amonians were ftyled Purim, being at¬ 
tended with ceremonies by fire ; and fuppofed to be effected 
through the influence of the Deity. Praenefte feems to be a 
compound of Puren Efta, the lots of Efta, the Deity of fire. 

Thefe are terms, which feem continually to occur in the 
ancient Amonian hiftory : out of thefe moft names are com¬ 
pounded ; and into thefe they are eafily refolvable. There 
are fome few more, which might perhaps be very properly 
introduced : but I am unwilling to trefpafs too far, efpe- 
cially as they may be eafily taken notice of in the courfe of 
this work. I could wifh that my learned readers would af¬ 
ford me fo far credit, as to defer palling a general fentence, 
till they have perufed the whole : for much light will accrue ^ 


57 Lucretius. 1 . 4. v. 1020. 

58 Propertius alludes to the fame circumftance: 

Nam quid Praeneftis dubias, O Cynthia, fortes? 

Quid petis fEaei mcenia Telegoni ? L. 2. eleg. 92. v. 3. 

What in the book of Hefter is ftyled Purim, the Seventy render, c. 9. v. 29. 
(f-pypxi. The days of Purim were ftyled {pgegxi. Ty LaAejtrw xvrwv tlxXbvt au 

c - IO - The additamenta Grsca mention, t*v TvgoKei/uLewv zir <5 -oXyv 
t mv typypxi, inftead of (p&gx 1 and n&pxi : from P’Ur and Ph’Ur, ignis. 


IO 


and 



RADICALS. 


127 


and frefh evidence be accumulated in the courfe of our pro¬ 
cedure. A hiftory of the rites and religion, in which thefe 
terms are contained, will be given ; alfo of the times, when 
they were introduced ; and of the people, by whom they 
were diffufed fo widely. Many portions, which may appear 
doubtful, when they are firft premifed, will,. I hope, be 
abundantly proved, before we come to the clofe. In refpedt 
to the etymologies, which I have already offered and con- 
lidered, I have all along annexed the hiftories of the perfons 
and places fpoken of, in order to afcertain my opinion con¬ 
cerning them. But the chief proof, as I have before faid, 
will refult from the whole ; from a uniform feries of evidence, 
fupported by a fair and uninterrupted analogy. 


O F 



( 129 ) 



O F 




AAA OL, @201, TOOV fJOSV [JLCtVlYlV CL7T STg S’fy &T2 yAwCTO'JQ?, 

E# <T OTIOOV fC^OLTOOV XCLdoLgYlV OySTSV<TOCT6 'BTlJ/IJV. 

Kat (Ts, f uroXv[jLVi}5‘r}y tevmhsvs 'urcx.gQsvs, (jlqvtci, 

Ai rrbfjLou, oov Sspig s?iv e<pY)[/,egioi<nv cucasiv, 

Hs^ts TtTOLg svtrs&Yjs sAastr evqmv ag^a. 

Empedocles. 


I T may appear invidious to call to account men of learn¬ 
ing, who have gone before me in inquiries of this na¬ 
ture ; and to point out defeats in their writings : but it is a 
talk which I muft in fome degree take in hand, as the beft 
writers have in my opinion failed fundamentally in thefe re- 
fearches. Many in the wantonnefs of their fancy have 
yielded to the moll idle furmifes ; and this to a degree of 
licentioufnefs, for which no learning nor ingenuity can atone. 

Vol. I. S It 


* 


130 ETYMOLOGY. 

It is therefore fo far from being injurious, that it appears 
abfolutely neceflary to point out the path they took, and the 
nature of their failure; and this, that their authority may 
not give a fandtion to their miflakes : but on the contrary, if 
my method fhould appear more plaufible or more certain, 
that the fuperiority may be feen upon comparing; and be 
proved from the contrail. 

The Grecians were fo prepofTeffed with a notion of their 
own excellence and antiquity, that they fuppofed every an¬ 
cient tradition to have proceeded from themfelves. Hence 
their mythology is founded upon the groffefl miflakes : as all 
extraneous hiftory, and every foreign term, is fuppofed by 
them to have been of Grecian original. Many of their 
learned writers had been abroad; and knew how idle the 
pretenfions of their countrymen were. Plato in particular 
faw the fallacy of their claim. He confefles it more than 
once : yet in this article nobody was more infatuated. His 
Cratylus is made up of a moft abfurd fyflem of etymology. 
r9 Herodotus exprefly fays, that the Gods of Greece came in 
great meafure from Egypt. Yet Socrates is by Plato in this 
treatife made to derive Artemis from to agTSfAes, integritas : 
Pofeidon from 'Srocn $£<r[/.ov, fetters to the feet: Heflia from 
ovg'ioLj fubflance and efTence : Demeter, from difroixrct w? ^r\r 
diftributing as a mother : Pallas from 'UTolXT^biv to vibrate, or 

dance : Ares, Mars, from ctppev, mafculum, et virile: and the 
word Theos, God, undoubtedly the Theuth of Egypt, from 

59 Herodotus. L. 2. c. 4. and L. 2. c. 52. 

ETreira Se xporu ^sAAa fjsASanros sttuBivto (01 r EAA>;j'gs) ex tvs Aiyv7TTH octtixo- 
yS.vix- t<x EvOfjiccTcc t (ay ©eo;r. 

Sseiv, 



ETYMOLOGY. 


131 

$esiv 7 to run 6o . Innumerable derivations of this nature are 
to be found in Ariftotle, Plato, 61 Heraclides Ponticus, and 
other Greek writers. There is a maxim laid down by the 
Scholiaft upon Dionyfius ; which I fhall have occafion often 
to mention. 6 * E 1 to qvo^jlol, ov griTsiv 'EKXyiV 1 kw 

£TV£JLo 7 \o r yiCLV uvTB. If the term be foreign , it is idle to have re~ 
courfe to Greece for a folution. It is a plain and golden rule, 

pofterior in time to the writers above, which however com¬ 
mon fenfe might have led them to have anticipated, and fol¬ 
lowed : but it was not in their nature. The perlon who 
gave the advice was a Greek, and could not for his life abide 
by it. It is true, that Socrates is made to fay fomething 

60 So $gui&mv from (Pccti/jlgov, AttoXT^qov from >j 'xzro^a-is' £uovu(to§ quad <P i§&~ 
iva-os from J'iS'gi and owqs, and otvos from oieadcu. Kgovos y quad ^povB x,opo$. T>j 0 l>v 5 
to vQ&fjievGVi with many more, Plato in Cratylo. 

JEgyptus 'urcx.goL to cay as nmeumv. Euftath. in Odyff. L. 4. p. 1499. 

e * Pofeidon, npo&v tcl eifmv. Tifiphone, Tbtgov (paw, Athene quad cl§clvclto$. 
Hecate from Ikcltov centum. Saturnus, quad facer vbs. See Heraclides Ponticus, 
and Fulgentii Mythologia. 

See the Etymologies alfo of Macrobius. Saturnalia. L. 1. c. 17. p. 189. 

M^crccr quad ofj& uaca. Plutarch, de Fraterno Amore. v. 2. p. 480. A 1 euroiacv 
xcu (piActS'eAcpictv . 

n ctcri(pct7iy £ix to tvx'ti cpxiveiv tx i+xvrtix. Plutarch. Agis and Cleomenes. v. 2. 
p. 799. 

6z Euftathius on Dionydus : 'uregwyna-is. 

XJt Jofephus re£te obfervat, Grsecis fcriptoribus id in more eft, ut peregrina, et 
barbara nomina, quantum licet, ad Gr^cam formam emolliant: lie illis Ar Moabi- 
tarum eft: Apeo7roA/s; Botfra, Bvpcrct *, Akis ? A y %&$ m 9 Aftarte, A ‘Tpoxpxm torrens 
Kifon, Xe///.appo$ t gov Kiacroov ; torrens Kedron, tcop Ket talia doers? 

Hoi'/c. Bochart. Geog. Sacra. L. 2. c. 15. p. in. 

We are much indebted to the learned father Theophilus of Antioch : he had 
great knowledge; yet could not help giving way to this epidemical weaknefs. He 
mentions Noah as the fame as Deucalion, which name was given him from calling 
people to righteoufnefs : he ufed to fay, xaAe 1 u/xxs 6 S'gos * and from hence, 

it feems, he was called Deucalion. Ad Autol. L. 3. 

S 2 


very 



132 


ETYMOLOGY. 


very like the above 


63 


YH 


'UfoXXu. 01 'EAAi ysg ovo 


para, otK'Kus tz mi 01 V 7 ro Toig B ctg£agoig oixansg, 'srotgx tow 

B xp£agoov etXqtpcLcri 


si Tig 



TOLVTOL XOLTOL 


cpWVY)V, 6 eg SOlKOTOCg 


TvyyoLVSi 


oicrdct 


0L7T0P01 


[W 

I 


SKSlVYjV, S 


am 


v EAAj^ 1kyiv 

Tig TO OVOpLQO 

fenfble that the 



Grecians in ge?ieral , 


and especially thofe , who are fubjeEls to fc 



reigners> have received into their language ?nany exotic terms : 
any pe?~fo?i Jhould be led to feek for their analogy or meatzing in 
the Greek tongue , and not in the language^ fro??i whence they pro¬ 
ceeded^ he would be grievoufy pussssled. Who would think, 
when Plato attributed to Socrates this knowledge, that he 


would make him continually adt 


contradiction 


Or 


that other 64 writers, when this plain truth was acknowledged 
fhould deviate fo fhamefully ? that we Ihould in after time 
be told, that Tarfus, the ancient city in Cilicia, was denomi 


nated from Tccgcrog, a foot 


that the 


Nile fignified vq 


lAv; 




and that Gader in Spain was Trie hie, 


The anc 
by the ear: 


their etym 


were guided folely 


this they have been implicitly copied by 


moderns. Inquire of Heinlius, when 


Thebes, that an- 


from 


city in upper Egypt, was named ; and he will tell you 
son, Teba, 65 ftetit: or aik the good bifhop Cumber- 
d, why Nineve was fo called, and he will anfwer from 


Schindler, that 


compound of “ Nin-Nau 


a 


6; Plato in Cratylo. p. 409. 


e 4 s 


uidas, Stephanus, Etyinolog. Euftathius, &c. 


So Coptus in Egypt, from 7 to 7 rten\ 

Cj See Callimachus, voL 2. Spanheim’s not. in Hymn, in Del. v.. 87. p^438. 

65 Cumberland’s Origines. p. 165. fo he derives Goflien in the land of Egypt 
from a ihower of rain. See Sanchon. p. 364. 







Jon inhabited. But is it credible, or indeed poffible, for thefe 
cities to have been named from terms fo vague, cafual, and 
indeterminate ; which feem to have fo little relation to the 
places, to which they ate appropriated ; or to any places at 
all ? The hiftory of the Chaldeans is of great confequence : 
and one would be glad to know their original. They are 
properly called Ghafdim: and are very juftly thought to have 
been the firft conftituted nation upon earth. It is faid of 
the patriarch Abraham, that he came from the city Ur of the 
Chafdim. Whence had they their name? The learned 
Hyde will 67 anfwer, that it was from Chefed, their anceftor. 
Who was Chefed ? He was the fourth fon of Nahor, who 
lived in Aram, the upper region of Mefopotamia. Is it faid 
in hiftory, that he was the father of this people ? There i.3 
no mention made of it. Is it faid that he was ever in Chal¬ 
dea ? No. Is there the leaft reafon to think, that he had 
any acquaintance with that country ? We have no grounds 
to fuppofe it. Is there any reafon to think, that this peo¬ 
ple, mentioned repeatedly as prior to him by ages, were in 
reality conftituted after him ? None. What then has in¬ 
duced writers to fuppofe that he was the father of this peo¬ 
ple ? Becaufe Chefed and Chafdim have a remote ftmilitude 
in found. And is this the whole ? Abfolutely all that is or 
can be alledo-ed for this notion. And as the Chafdim. are 

O 

mentioned fome acres before the birth of Chefed ; fome would 

O 

have the paftagc to be introduced proleptically ; others fup¬ 
pofe it an interpolation ; and would ftrike it out ot the fa- 
cred text: fo far does whim get the better of judgment, that 


67 Hyde de Religione veterum Perfarum. c. 2. p. 75. 


even 



134 - 


ETYMOLOGY. 


even the written word is not fafe. The whole hiftory of 
Chefed is this. About fifty years after the patriarch Abra¬ 
ham had left his brother Nahor at Haran in Aramea, he re¬ 
ceived intelligence, that Nahor had in that interval been blefted 
with children. 68 It was told Abraham^ behold Milcah , Jhe 
alfo hath bom children to thy brother JSf ah or ; HuZy Buz y Kemuel 
and Chefed: of thefe Chefed was the fourth. There occurs 
not a word more concerning him. 

It is moreover to be obferved, that thefe etymologifts differ 
greatly from one another in their conceptions ; fo that an un¬ 
experienced reader knows not whom to follow. Some de¬ 
duce all from the Hebrew, others call in to their afiiftance 
the Arabic, and the Coptic ; or whatever tongue or dialect 
makes moll for their purpofe. The author of the Univerfal 
Hiftory, {peaking of the Moabitifh Idol Chemofh, tells us, 
69 that many male it come from the verb wwn, majhajh , to feel: 
but Dr. Hyde derives it from the HrabiCy Khamujh, which fg~ 
nifes gnats, (though in the particular dialeEl of the tribe Hodail) 
fuppofng it to have been an afronomical talifman in the fgure of 
a gnat : and Le Clerc , who takes this idol for the Sun , from 
Comojha , a rooty in the fame tongue, fguifymg to be fwift. T here 
is the fame variety of fentiment about Silenus, the com¬ 
panion of Bacchus. 70 Bochart derives his name from Silan, 
fhnp, and fuppofes him to have been the fame as Shiloh, the 

68 Genefis. c. 22. v. 20. 

69 Univerfal Hiftory. vol. 1. b. 1. p. 286. notes. 

70 Bochart. Geograph. Sacra. L. 1. c. 18. p. 443. 

Sandford de defcenfu Chrifti. L. 1. § 21. 

See Gale’s Court of the Gentiles, vol. 1. b, 2. c. 6. p. 68. 


7 


Mefiias. 



ETYMOLO GY. 


*35 


Meflias. Sandford makes him to be Balaam the falfe pro¬ 
phet. 71 Huetius maintains that he was afTuredly Mofes. It 
is not uncommon to find even in the Tame waiter great un¬ 
certainty : we have fometimes two, fometimes three, etymo¬ 
logies prefented together of the fame word : two out of the 

three muft be groundlefs, and the third not a whit better: 

% 

otherwife the author would have given it the preference * 
and fet the other two afide. An example to this purpofe we 
have in the etymology of RamefTes, as it is explained in the 
71 Hebrew Onomafticum. RamefTes, tonitruum vel expro- 
bratio tineze; aut malum delens five diffolvens ; vel confrac- 
tionem diflolvens, aut confra£tus a tinea—civitas in extremis 


finibus JEgypti. A fimilar interpretation is given of Berodach 


king of Babyl 


Berodach: creans contritionem. vel eledtio 


filius interitus, vel vaporis tui; five frumentum 


puritas nubis, vel vaporis 


Rex Babyl 


It muft be acknowledged of Bochart, that the fyftem, upon 
which he has proceeded, is the moft plaufible of any : and he 


has fhewn infinite ingenuity, and learning 


He every where 


fupport his etymologies by fome hiftory of the pi 


concerning which he treats, 
names of places, which feem 
tiquity, are too often deduce 
later date : from events in 


:h he treats. But the misfortune is, that the 
which feem to be original, and of high an- 
often deduced by him from circumftances, of 
n events in after ages. The hiftories, to 


later date •, from events in after ages. The hiftor 
which he appeals, were probably not known, when the 
try or ifland received its name. He likewife allows l 


He likewife allows himfelf 


71 Huetius. Demonft. p. 13S. 

71 Hebrsea, Chaldtea, &c. nomina virorum, mulierum. populorum. Antverpife, 
1565. Plantin. 

a great 



ETYMOLOGY. 


136 

a great latitude in forming his derivations : for to make his 
terms accord he has recourfe not only to the Phenician lan¬ 
guage, which he fuppofes to have been a dialed; of the He¬ 
brew ; but to the Arabian, Chaldaic, and Syriac, according 
as his occafions require. It happens to him often to make 
ufe of a verb for a radix, which has many variations, and dif¬ 
ferent fignifications : but at this rate we may form a fimili- 
tude between terms the moft diffimilar. For take a word in 
any language, which admits of many inflections, and varia¬ 
tions, and after we have made it undergo all its evolutions, it 
will be hard, if it does not in fome degree approximate. But 
to fay the truth, he many times does not feem to arrive even 
at this : for after he has analyfed the premifes with great la¬ 
bour, we often find the fuppofed refemblance too vague, and 
remote, to be admitted : and the whole is effected with a 
great firain and force upon hiftory, before he brings matters to 
a feeming coincidence. The Cyclops are by the belt writers 
placed in Sicily, near Mount 73 ./Etna, in the country of the 
Leontini, called of old Xuthia ; but Bochart removes them 
to the fouth well point of the ifiand. This he fuppofes to 
have been called Lelub, AiAv£aiov, from being oppofite to 
Libya : and as the promontory was fo named, it is, he thinks, 
probable that the fea below was ftiled Chec Lelub, or Sinus 
Lcbub : and as the Cyclops lived hereabouts, they were from 
hence denominated Chec-lelub, and Chec-lub, out of which 
the Greeks formed 7+ K vxKmttbs. He derives the Siculi firffc 

75 Pliny. L. 3. c. S. 

/Etna, qure Cyclopas olim tulit. Mela. L. 2. c. 7. 

7+ Bochart. Grog. Sacra. L. 1. c. 30. p. 560. 

8 


from 



ETYMOLOGY. 


r 37 


from 75 feclul, perfection : and afterwards from b'Dfcyx, Efcol, 
pronounced, according to the Syriac, Sigol, a bunch of grapes. 
He deduces the Sicani from 76 Sacan, near : becaufe they 
were near their next neighbours : in other words, on account 
of their being next to the Pceni. Sicani, qui Siculorum Pcenis 
proximi. But according to the bed; accounts the Sicani were 
the moffc ancient people of any in thefe parts. They fettled 
in Sicily before the foundation of Carthage ; and could not 
have been named from any fuch vicinity. In fhort Bochart 
in moft of his derivations refers to circumftances too general ; 
which might be adapted to one place as well as to another. 
He looks upon the names of places, and of people, rather as 
by-names, and chance appellations, than original marks of 
diftindtion : and fuppofes them to have been founded upon 
fome fubfequent hiftory. Whereas they were moft of them 
original terms of high antiquity, imported, and affumed by 
the people themfelves, and not impofed by others. 

How very cafual, and indeterminate the references were 
by which this learned man was induced to form his etymo¬ 
logies, let the reader judge from the famples below. Thefe 
were taken for the mod; part from his accounts of the Grecian 
idands ; not indudrioufly picked out; but as they cafually 
prefen ted themfelves upon turning over the book. He de¬ 
rives 77 Delos from Sm, Dahal, timor. 78 Cynthus from tajn, 
Chanat, in lucem edere. 79 Naxos from nicfa, facrificium ; 


75r Bochart. Geog. Sacra. L. i. c. 30. p. 565, 566. 

76 Ibidem. 

77 Ibidem. L. 1. p. 406. 

78 Ibidem. 


79 Ibidem, p. 412. 

Vol» L 


T 


or 



E T Y M O L O G YV 

or elfe from nicfa, opes. 80 Gyarus from acbar, foftened. to, 
acuar, a moufe, for the ifland was once infefted with mice. 
Si Pontus in Aha Minor from N 3 tJD, botno, a piftachio nut. 
Sz Icaria from icar, paftures: but he adds, tamen alia etymo- 
logia occurrit, quam huic prasfero no 'tt, Icaure, five infula 
pifcium. 81 Chalcis in Euboea from Chelca, divifio. 8+ Seri- 
phus from reflph, and reftpho, lapidibus ftratum. 85 Patmos 
from D7£t33, batmos, terebinthus ; for trees of this fort, he 
fays, grew in the Cyclades. But Patmos was not one of the 
Cyclades : it was an Aftatic ifland, at a confiderable diftance. 
s<s Tenedos is deduced from Tin Edom, red earth : for there 
there were potters in the ifland; and earth was probably red. 
s? Cythnus from katnuth, parvitas: or elfe from KJ3U, gubna, 
or guphno, cheefe : becaufe the next ifland was famous for 
that commodity : Ut ut enim Cythnius cafeus proprie non 
dicatur, qui e Cythno non eft, tamen recepta 
Cythnius dici potuit cafeus a vicina Ceo. He fuppofes 
Egypt to have been denominated from 88 Mazor, an artificial 
fortrefs ; and the reafon he gives, is, becaufe it was naturally 
fecure. Whatever may have been the purport of the term, 
Mizraim was a very ancient and original name, and could 
have no reference to thefe after conflderations. The author 
of the Onomafticum therefore differs from him, and has tried 
to mend the matter. He allows that the people, and coun¬ 
try, were denominated from Mazor, but in a different ac¬ 
ceptation : from Mazor, which flgnifled, the double preffure 

80 Bochart. Geog. Sacra. L. 1. p. 415. Sl P. 388. Sx P. 381. 

83 L. 1. p. 435. 84 P. 414- 85 P- 381. 86 P. 385. 87 P. 40S. 

or. from. Mazor, anguftire. ss Ibidem, p. 258^ 

of 




ETYMOL OGY. 


3 39 


of a mother on each fide% preffionem matris geminam, 
i. e. ab utraque parte. Upon which the learned Michaelis 
obferves ; 90 quo etymo vix aliud veri diffimilius fingi poteft. 

In the theology of the Greeks are many ancient terms, 
which learned men have tried to analyfe, and define. But 
they feem to have failed here too by proceeding upon thofe 
fallacious principles, of which I have above complained. In 
fhort they feldom go deep enough in their enquiries; nor con- 
fider the true character of the perfonage, which they would 
decipher. It is faid of the God Vulcan, that he was the 
fame as Tubalcain, mentioned Genefis. c. 4. v. 22: and it is 
a notion followed by many writers : and among others by 
Gale. 91 Firft as to the name (fays this learned man) Vojfius , 
de Idolat. L. 1. c. 36, Jhews us y that Vulccmus is the fa?ne as 
c Tuhalcamus y o?ily by a wonted^ and eafy mutation of B into and 
cafling away a fyliable . And he afterwards affeCts to prove 
from. Diodorus Siculus, that the art and office of Vulcan ex¬ 
actly correfponded to the character of Tubalcain, 9S who was 
an infiruSlor of every artificer in brafs and iron. Upon the 
fame principles Philo Biblius fpeaking of Chrufor, a perfon of 
great antiquity, who firft built a fhip, and navigated the feas; 
who allb firft taught hufbandry, and hunting, fuppofes him 
to have been Vulcan ; becaufe it is farther faid of him, 93 that 
he firft manufactured iron. From this partial refemblance 
to Vulcan or Hephaftus, Bochart is induced to derive his 

99 Simonis Onomafticon. 

90 Michaelis Spicilegium Geographic Hebrcor. Exterc. p. 158. 

91 Gale’s Court of the Gentiles, vol. 1. b. 2. p. 66 . 

91 Genefis. c. 4. v. 22. 

9J Philo apud Eufebium. Praep. Evan. L. 1. c. 10. 

T 2 


name 



140 


ETYMOLOGY. 


name from *m tsro, Chores Ur, an artificer in 9+ fire. Thefe 
learned men do not confider, that though the name, to which 
they refer, be ancient, and oriental, yet the charadter, and 
attributes, are comparatively modern, having been intro¬ 
duced from another quarter. Vulcan the blackfmith, who 
was the mafler of the Cyclops, and forged iron in Mount 

i£tna, was a character familiar to the Greeks, and Romans. 

* 

But this Deity among the Egyptians, and Babylonians, had 
nothing fimilar to - this defcription. They efteemed Vulcan as 
the chief of the Gods the fame as the Sun : and his name is a 
facred title, compounded of Baal-Cahen, Belus fandtus, vel 
Princeps ; equivalent to Orus, or Oiiris. If the name were 
of a different original, yet it would be idle to feek for an 
etymology, founded on later conceptions, and deduced from 
properties not originally inherent in the 

ing to 95 Hermapion he was looked upon as the fource of all 
divinity, and in confequence of it the infcription upon the 
portal of the temple at Heliopolis was 'H <pcu?w tw ©socv 
IloLTgi. To Vulcan the Father of the Gods . In fhort they, 
who firft appropriated the name of Vulcan to their Deity, 
had no notion of his being an artificer in brafs or iron, 
or an artificer in any degree. Hence we muft be cautious 
in forming ideas of the ancient theology of nations from 
the current notions of the Greeks, and Romans ; and 
more efpecially from the defcriptions of their poets. Po- 
lytheifm, originally vile, and unwarrantable, was rendered 

9+ Bochart. Geograph. Sacra. L. 2. c. 2. p. 706. 

3 \iaicelhnus. j ^. 22. c. 15. He was alio called Eloiis. EA wos r H<pcaq-os 7ra.gcc 

A copievenv. Kefych. The Latine title of Mulciber was a compound of Melech 
Aber, Rex, Parens lucis. 


perfonage. Accord- 


3 


ten 



ETYMOLOGY. 141 

ten times more bafe by coming through their hands. To 
inftance in one particular : among all the daemon herd what 
one is there of a form, and character, fo odious and con¬ 
temptible, as Priapus ? an obfcure ill - formed Deity, who 
was ridiculed and difhonoured by his very votaries* His 
hideous figure was made ufe of only, as a bugbear to frighten 
children ; and to drive the birds from fruit trees ; with whofe 
filth he was generally befmeared. Yet this contemptible 
God, this fcarecrow in a garden, was held in high repute at 
Lampfacus, and efteemed the fame as 96 Dionufus. He was 
likewife by the Egyptians reverenced as the principal God ; 
no other than the Chaldaic 97 Aur, the fame as Orus and 
Apis : whofe rites were particularly folemn. It was from, 
hence that he had his name : for Priapus of Greece is only a 
compound of Peor-Apis among the Egyptians. He was 
fometimes ftyled Peor fingly ; alfo Baal Peor ; the fame with 
whofe rites the Ifraelites are fo often 98 upbraided. His tem¬ 
ples likewife are mentioned, which are ftyled Beth Peor. In 
fhort this wretched divinity of the Romans was looked upon 
by others as the foul of the world : the firft principle, which 
brought all things into light, and being. 99 Hg’JtjTros 6 ko cTjU-o?, 
v) 0 'S-r^oss'ws O.VTU Aoyog. The author of the Orphic hymns 


96 TlfJLCLTCLl cTg TxTctpCC AcLJJL^COtYlVOlS Q YlglCCTTOt^ 0 CCVTOS GOV Ti) A/CI Athena? US* 


L. 1. p. 30. 

97 


To ocycLXfx.cc Vlpimrhi^ r« v.cu •vrcto AiyvirTiois. Suidas*. 

9S Numbers, c. 25. v. 3. Deuteronomy, c. 4. v. 3. Jolhua. c. 22. v. 17 
Kircher derives Priapus from HS Pehorpeh 3 os nuditatis. 

99 Phurnutus de natura Deorum, c. 17. p. 205. 



142 


ETYMOLOGY. 


ftyl es him 100 Tlporroyovop—ysv scrip {Jt.Qutot.gw, §py\T 03 P t au/dgcMsw* 
'The jlrjl born of the world y from whom all the immortals ■> and 
mortals were defended. This is a character which will hereafter 
be found to agree well with Dionufus. Phurnutus fuppofes 
Priapus to have been the fame as Pan, the fhepherd God : 
who was equally degraded, and mifreprefented on one hand, 
and as highly reverenced on the other. 1 I croog <T cu ovrog aoa 

6 HgiY\7rog siy \, xab' ov 'urgosicriv stg <pceg rot 'utol vtol * toov agyyuw 

<T sicri AcafJLOvwp. Probably Pan is no other than the God Pria- 
piiSy by whofe means all things were brought into light. They are 
both Deities of high 2 antiquity. Yet the one was degraded to 
a filthy monfter ; and of the other they made a fcarecrow. 


X 00 


Orphic Hymn 5. to Protogonus, the fame as Phanes, and Priapus. See 
verfe 10. 

1 Phurnutus. c. 17. p. 204. 

1 riof AiyuTrTiQuri Se riacv fA.iv ag^yuoTocToi, xcti Toov o’ktcu t cov 'zzrgMTWV X?yo~ 

fjjcv&ov Qeoov. Herodotus. 1 . 2. c. 145. 

Albse Julim Infcriptio. 

P R I E P O 
P A N T H E O. 


Gruter. v. 1. p. xcv. n. t. 


D IS 



( i+3 ) 



D 





E R T A T 



O N 


UPON THE 


Helladian and other Grecian "Writers 


E vQct uruT^ai vvktos re, mi yi[jlolto$, si<ri keKsvOwv. 


Parmenides. 


I T may be proper to take fome previous notice of thole 
writers, to whofe afliftance we mu ft particularly have re- 
courfe ; and whofe evidence may be moft depended upon, 
in difquifttions of this nature. All knowledge of Gentile 
antiquity muft be derived to us through the hands of the 
Grecians : and there is not of them a ftngle writer, to whom 
we may not be indebted for fome advantage. The Hella¬ 
dian s however, from whom we might expert moft light, are 
to be admitted with the greateft caution. They were a 
bigotted people, highly prejudiced in their own favour ; and 
fo devoted to idle tradition that no arguments could wean 
them from their folly. Hence the fureft refources are from 
Greeks of other countries. Among the Poets, Lycophron, 

10 Callimachus, 


144 


DISSERTATION upon the 


Callimachus, and Apollonius Rhodius. are principally to be 
cHeemed. The laft of thefe was a native of Egypt; and the 

other two lived there, and have continual alluiions to the 
antiquities of that country. Homer likewife abounds with 
a deal of myfterious lore, borrowed from the ancient Amo- 
nian theology; with which his Commentators have been often 
embarraffed. To thefe may be added fuch Greek writers of 
later date, who were either not born in Hellas, or were not 
fo deeply tinCtured with the vanity of that country. Much 
light may be alfo obtained from thofe learned men, by whom 
the Scholia were written, which are annexed to the works of 
the Poets abovementioned. Nonnus too, who wrote the 
Dionyliaca, is not to be neglected. He was a native of Pa- 
nopolis in Egypt, 1 E k tj Yhxvog r f\g Aiyv 7 TT 8 yeysvnfJLevos ; 
and had opportunity of collecting many ancient traditions, 
and fragments of myfterious hiftory, which never were known 
in Greece. To thefe may be added Porphyry, Froclus, and 
Jamblichus, who profeffedly treat of Egyptian learning. 
The Ids and Ofiris of Plutarch may be admitted with pro¬ 
per circumfpeCtion. It may be faid, that the whole is Hill 
an enigma : and I muft confefs that it is : but we receive it 
more copioufly exemplified ; and more clearly defined ; and 
it muft neceftarily be more genuine, by being nearer the 
fountain head : fo that by comparing, and adjufting the va¬ 
rious parts, we are more likely to arrive at a folution of the 
hidden purport. But the great refource of all is to be found 
among the later antiquaries and hiftorians. Many of thefe 


Agathias. L. 4. p. 133. 


are 



H elladiam and other Grecian Writers. 145 

are writers of high rank \ particularly Diodorus, Strabo, 
and Paufanias, on the Gentile part: and of the fathers The- 
ophilus, Tatianus, Athenagoras, Clemens, Origenes, Eufe- 
bius, Theodoretus, Syncellus ; and the compiler of the Fafti 

Siculi, otherwife called Chronicon Pafchale. Moft of thefe 

6 

were either of Egypt or Alia. They had a real tafte for an¬ 
tiquity ; and lived at a time when fome infight could be 
obtained : for till the Roman empire was fully eftablilhed, 
and every province in a ftate of tranquillity, little light could 
be procured from thofe countries, whence the mythology of 
Greece was derived. Thu native Helladians were very li¬ 
mited in their knowledge. They had taken in the grofs, 
whatever was handed down by tradition ; and afiumed to 
themfelves every hiftory, which was imported. They more¬ 
over held every nation but their own as barbarous ; fo that 
their infuperable vanity rendered it impoflible for them to 
make any great advances in hiftorical knowledge. But the 
writers, whom I juft now mentioned, either had not thefe 
prejudices ; or lived at a time, when they were greatly fub- 
fided. They condefcended to quote innumerable authors, 
and fome of great antiquity ; to whom the pride of Greece 
would never have appealed. I had once much talk upon 
this fubjedt with a learned friend, lince loft to the world, 
who could ill brook that Herodotus, Thucydides, Xeno¬ 
phon, fhould be difcarded for Clemens, Origen, or Eufebius ; 
and that Lyfias and Demofthenes fhould give way to Liba- 
nius and Ariftides. The name of Tzetzes, or Euftathius, he 
could not bear. To all which I repeatedly made anfwer ; 
that it was by no means my intention to fet alide any of the 
Vol. I. u writers. 



146 DISSERTATION upon the- 

writers, he mentioned ; whofe merits, as far as. they extended, 
I held in great veneration. On the contrary 1 fhould have 
recourfe to their affidance, as far as it would carry me : But 
I mud at the fame time take upon me to weigh thofe me¬ 
rits ; and fee wherein they confided ; and to what degree 
they were to be truded. The Helladians were much to be.; 
admired for the fmoothnefs of their periods, and a happy 
collocation of their terms. They die wed .a great propriety 
of didion-; and a beautiful arrangement of their ideas.: and 
the whole was attended with a rhythm, and. harmony, no 
where elfe to be found. But they were at the fame time 
under violent prejudices : and the fubjedfc matter of whidfi 
they treated * was in general fo brief, and limited, that very 
little could be obtained from it towards the hidory of other 
countries, or a knowledge of ancient times. Even in refpe<£fc 
to their own affairs, whatever light had been derived. to 
them, was fo perverted, and .came through fo dim a medium, 
that it is difficult to make ufe of it; to any determinate and 
falutary purpofe. Yet the beauty of their compofition has. 
been attended with wonderful c influence. Many have been 
fo far captivated by this magic, as to give an implicit 
credence to all that has been tranfmittedand to facrifiee 
their judgment to the pleafures of the fancy. 

It may be faid, that the writers, to whom I chiefly appeal 
are in great meafure dry, and artlefs, without any grace and 
ornament to recommend them. They were likewife poderior 
to the Helladians ; confequently farther removed, from the 

* See Theophilus ad Autolycurn. L. 2. p. 35.7* 


times 



Helladian and other Grecian Writers. 147' 

times of which they treat. To the fir ft objection I anfwcr, 
that the mod dry and artlefs hiftorians are in general the mod 
authentic. They who colour and embellifh, have the leaft 
regard for the truth. In relpedl to priority, it is a fpecious 
claim ; but attended with no validity. When a gradual dark- 
nefs has been overfpreading the world, it requires as much 
time to emerge from the cloud, as there palled, when we were 
linking into it: fo that they, who come later, may enjoy a 
greater portion of light, than thofe, who preceded them by 
ages. Belides, it is to be conlidered, that the writers, to whom 
I chiefly appeal, lived in parts of the world, which gave them 
great advantages. The whole theology of Greece was de¬ 
rived from the eaft. We cannot therefore but in reafon fup- 
pofe, that Clemens of Alexandria, Eufebius of Casfarea, Ta- 
ti-anu s of Aftyria, Lucianus of Samofata, Cyril of Jerufalem, 
Porphyry of Syria, Froclus of Lycia, Philo of Biblus, StTrabo 
of Amafa, Paufanias of Cappadocia, Eratofthenes of Cyrene, 
muft know more upon this fubjedfc than any native Helladian. 
The like may be faid of Diodorus, Jofephus, Cedrenus, Syn- 
cellus, Zonaras, Euftathius; and numberlefs more. Thefe 
had the archives of ancient 3 temples, to which they could 
apply : and had traditions more genuine, than ever reached 
Greece. And though they were pofterior theirfelves, they 
appeal to authors far prior to any Helladians : and their works 

are crowded with extracts from the moft curious and moft 

* 

ancient 4 hiftories. Such were the writings of Sanchoniathon, 


3 See Philo Biblius apud Eufeb. P. E. L. i. c. 10. p. 32. He mentions apply¬ 
ing to a great number of authors, in Phenicia. 

4 rio/\i\vp e^egevniG-ccjJievos v Aw? tw 'ztcc.d 'HAAjic*'. 

Philo apud Eufeb. Proep. Evang. L. 1, c. ix. p. 32. 


U 2 


Berofus, 



14.8 DISSERTATION upon the 


Elerofus, Nicolaus Damafcenus, Mocus, Mnafeas, Hieronymus 
JEgyptius, Anion, Manethon, Abydenus, Apollodorus, Afclc- 
piades, Artapanus; from whom later writers borrowed large¬ 
ly. We are beholden to Clemens 5 , and. Eufebius, for many 
evidences from hidorians, long fince loft; even Eudathius 
and Tzetzes have refources, which are now no more. 


It muft be after all confefTed, that thofe, who preceded, 
had many opportunities of information, had they been will¬ 
ing to have been informed. It is faid both of Pythagoras 
and Solon, that they redded for fome time in Egypt: where 
the former was inftrudted by a Son-chen, or pried of the 
Sun. But I could never hear of any great good that was 
the confequence of his travels. Thus much is certain; 
that whatever knowledge he may have picked up in other 
parts, he gat nothing from the Grecians. They, who pre¬ 
tended mod to wifdom, were the mod deditute of the blef- 
d ng. 6 A A Act 'uroig aAA oig, MhAsPotpevo?, (jlovqv 'Utr&goL tw cra- 

<; pQ£>v * ’EXKr\v*w su'ypv 'zzrsvia. cacpiccs kcu ojkoqvl (rwomavroov. 

And as their theology was before very obfcure, he drew over 
it a myderious veil to make it tenfold darker. The chief of 
the intelligence tranfmitted by Solon from Egypt contained a 
fatire upon his own country. He was told by an ancient 



5 Clemens Alexandrinus Strom. L. 1. p, 356. 

6 Eufebii Prasp. Evang. L. 10. c. 4. p. 471. 

T/ to(p$\rjG-e II vQxyoga.v ra A^utccj xoll 'Hpctx^e&s ^/?Aa/. 

Theophilus ad Autol. L. 3. p. 3S1. 
Plato in Tim^o. Clemens. Strom. L. 1. p. 426. 

Cl 2c?AtoJ'3 ^cAwi^ EAA vvc$ azi 'uicciSes jctA. 



did 



Helladian and other Grecian ‘Writers. 149 

did not underftand their own. Eudoxus likewife and Plato 
were in Egypt9 and are faid to have refided there fome time : 
yet very few things of moment have been tranfmitted by 
them. Plato had great opportunities of rectifying the hi- 
ftory and mythology of Greece : but after all his advantages 
he is accufed of trifling fhamefully, and addicting himfelf to 
fable. 8 HhctTwv <Jg, 0 iojccav roov 'EAAj^coj/ trocpwrourog yzys- 

vr\<rQca , sis 'sro<njv (pXvctgiuv Yet all the rites of the 

Helladians, as well as their Gods and Heroes, were imported 
from the 9 eaft : and chiefly from JO Egypt, though they were 
unwilling to allow it. Length of time had greatly impaired 
their true hiftory 9 and their prejudices would not fuffer them 
to retrieve it. I fhould therefore think it by no means im¬ 
proper to premife a fhort account of this wonderful people, 
in order to fhew whence this obfcurity arofe 9 which at laft 
prevailed fo far, that they in great meafure loft fight of their 
origin, and were involved in myftery and fable. 

The firft inhabitants of the country, called afterwards Hel¬ 
las, were the fons of Javan9 who ieem to have degenerated 
very early, and to have become truly barbarous. Hence the 
beft hiftorians of Greece confefs, that their anceftors were 
not the firft inhabitants 9 but that it was before their arrival 

3 Theophilus ad Autolycum. L. 3. p. 39c. 

9 See Eufebius. Fraep. Evang. L. 10. c. 4. p. 460. and c. 5. p. 473. alio Clemens 
Alexand. Strom. L. 1. p. 361. Diodorus Siculus.. L. 1. p. 6 2, 63. and p. 86, 87. 

xo KolGoAb Sz q,a.rji tb? 'EAAni'a? tb? Aiyvimcov C H oojcts 

TS? xca Oe&$. L. 1. p. 20. See here a long account of the mythology of Egypt 
being tranfported fto Greece * and there adopted by the Helladians as their ov/n, 
and ftxangely fophifticated. 


in 



I ISO 


DISSERTATION upon the 

in the pofieffion of a people, whom they Style " Bxgficigoi, or 
Barbarians. The Plelladians were colonies of another family: 
and introduced themselves fomewhat later. They were of 
the race, which I term Amonian ; and came from Egypt and 
Syria: but .originally from Babylonia. They came under 
various titles, all taken from the religion, which they pro- 
fefied. Of thefe titles I Shall have occafion to treat at large ; 
and of -the imaginary leaders, by whom they were fuppofed 
to have been conducted. 

As Soon as the Amonians were Settled, and incorporated 
with the natives, a long interval of darknefs enfued. The 
very union produced a new language : at Icaft the ancient 
Amonian became by degrees fo modified, and changed, that 
the terms of Science, and worfhip, were no longer under- 
ftood. Hence the titles of their Gods were mifapplied : and 
the whole of their theology grew more and more corrupted ; 
fo that very few traces of the original were to be difeovered. 
In Short, alinofi: every term was mifeonftrued, and abufed. 
This Is sera of darknefs was of long duration: at laft the Afia- 
tic Greeks began to beStir themfelves. They had a greater 
correspondence than the Helladians : and they were led to 
exert their talents from examples in Syria, Egypt, and other 
countries. The Specimens, which they exhibited of tfieif 


liTtc&'iccto; y,zi b:- o 'zsipi nn OsA .OTronwe fywnvj on r uypo t ecv r £AA;)iwi< 

o.v.yguv crjTVi' BacictcoL* /t t ; v-cti v ervy.ir ctr* cc id A A as 3 coctg voice Tjccp^ccpoov 


to nroL?.cao\'. Strabo. L,. 7. p. 521. 


r -i 


'O'Si 


s p.irct'c 


t’j vps:-c; 




T!;fopompus in Trirarmo. 


oifs&P'.ztetTrTxt} tv p ixvf Sv eqc&czTw 'EAAtfcr/r i^opv 


genius, 



Helladian and other Grecian Writers. 151- 

genius, were amazing : and have been juftly efteemed a 
ftandard for elegance, and nature. The Athenians were 
greatly affe&ed with thefe examples. They awoke as it were 
out of a long and deep fleep : and as if they had been in. the 
training of fcience for ages, their firft efforts bordered, upon 

perfection. In the fpace of a century, out of one little con- 

■ 

fined diftriCfc,.. were produced a group of worthies, wbo at all 
times, have been the wonder of the world: fo that we.may 
apply to the nation in general, what was fpokcn of the fchool 
of a philofopher : cujus ex ludo, tanquam.ex Equo Trojano, 
meri Principes exierunt; But this happy difplay of parts did 
not remedy, the evil, of which. I have complained. They 
did not retrieve any loft annals : nor were any efforts made 
to difpel the cloud,, in which they were involved. There 
had been, as I have reprefented, a long interval ; during 
which there muft have happened great occurrences : but few 
of them had been tranfmitted to pofterity j;and thofe handed 
down by tradition,, and. mixed with inconftftency and fable. 
It is faid that letters were brought into Greece very early by 
13 Cadmus. Let us for a while grant it ; and inquire what 
was the progrefs.. They had. the ule of. them fo. far, as to 


13 How uncertain they were in their notions may be teen from what follows. 
Alii Cadmum* alii Danaum, quidam Cecropcm Adienienfem, vel Einum The- 
banum, et temporibus .Trojanis Palamedem Argivum, memorant fedecim literarum 
formas r mox alios >;r et prsecipue Simomdem creteras invcnifTe. Ulius Gyraldus de 
Baetis...Dialog, i. p. 13. Edit. Lugd. Bat. 1696.. 


Tore 6 IT IctAapoiSns eupe rcc 'youixu.ccrct ru a/\£a£;;Ty 5 /?> y^ q x. /./»>- r, 

0 9 7T, D, 5, T, V rsrfOaeGr.xe. cf € K CfS'yOS.O MiAjJCT/05 . £T €pX. ypoLfXfJiccrcC T piX 9 <p ? 

rr-pos roLVTa,. '£tpuovi$n$ o Keics ttgGxrtQvxe n xut o:. Tm^jxpy.QS Se 6 ^ugccK&criQS 

t/w<x 5 4 : qvtojs eir^q^nacty, rx xE Eufebii Ghron. p. 33. L 13. 


9 


put 



152 


p 


DISSERTATION 

put an infcription on the pediment of a temple, or upon a 
pillar, or to fcrawl a man’s name upon a tile or an oyfter- 
ftiell, when they wanted to banifh, or poifon him. Such 
fcanty knowledge, and fo bafe materials, go but a little ivay 
towards fcience. What hiftory was there of Corinth, or of 
Sparta ? what annals were there of Argos, or Mefiena; of 
Elis, or the cities of Achaia ? None : not even of 14 Athens. 
There are not the leaft grounds to furmife, that any Engle 
record exifted. The names of the Olympic vicftors from' Co- 
rcebus ; and of the priefteftes of Argos, were the principal 
memorials, to which they pretended : but how little know¬ 
ledge could be obtained from hence. The laws of Draco in 
the thirty-ninth Olympiad were certainly the mo ft ancient 
writing, to which we can fecurely appeal. When the Gre¬ 
cians began afterwards to beftir themfelves, and to look back 
upon what had pafled ; they collected whatever accounts 
could be 15 obtained. They tried alfo to feparate, and ar¬ 
range them to the beft of their abilities ; and to make the 
various parts of their hiftory correfpond. They had ftill 
fame good materials to proceed upon, had they thoroughly 
underftood them : but herein was a great failure. Among 




Oj yccp jJLivoi’ izroipct t ois aAAc;? EAAjjc tiv njxstotBc tcc 'out pi TVS ccrctypccipvs^ <2 A A 


b'fe 'TzoLpct t 01 $ A0 mcciois^ by ecu t c0orcts eivcc* A eyb<jt 9 xcci ‘gtoliSsizS eiripce?^^ uf'sv tci- 
3tov lugMT'KeTcci yevo/jjerov. Jofephus contra Apion. L. 1. p. 439. Their hiftorians 
were but little before the war with the Perfians : dodtrina vero temporum adhuc 
longe recentior — hinc tenebrre fuperioribus feculis, hinc fabulse. Marfham* 


Chron. Canon, p. 14. 

15 The Arundel Marbles are a work of-this fort, and contain an account of 1318 
years. They begin from Cecrops, and come down to the j 60th Olympiad. So that 
this work was undertaken very late, after the Archonfhip of Diognetus. 


the 



He.lladian and other Grecian Writers. 


the Vc 
which 


traditions handed down they did 


153 

confider. 


related 


their 


introduced from other 


ntry, and which had been 


16 


parts 


Indeed they did 


chufe 


to diftinguifh, but adopted all for their own ; taking the 
merit of every ancient tranfa&ion to themfelves. No people 
had a greater love for fcience 
tafte in 


; nor difplayed a more refined 
compofition. Their ftudy was ever to pleafe, and 


to raife admiration 


Hence they always aimed 


mar 


vellous ; which they drefied up in a moft winning; 


the fame time they betrayed a feeming v< 

But their judgment was perverted 


for 


tiquity 


attended with little regard for the 


*7 


this vene- 
They had 



ral 


high opinion of themfelves and of their country in 
: and being perfuaded, that they fprang from the ground 
which they flood ; and that the Arcadians were older than 


moon 


they refled fatisfied with this, and looked no far- 
fhort they had no love for any thing genuine, no 
defire to be inftruCted. Their hiftory could not be reformed 


ther. 


but by 


acknowledgment, which their pride would not 


fuffer them to make. They therefore devoted themfelves to 
an idle mythology : and there was nothing fo contradictory 


16 See Diodorus above, p. 19, 20. 

17 T;s e •mctp > czvrecv crvfygctcpecov ycSoi p ccS'icos^ otl ev fieCcticos eiS'o'res cruveypcttyov 9 

ct»C cos exctcyoi t ecu 'wpccyyccrcov sixcc^outo ^ 'Tzr^eiov yev S'icc t cov /3j?A icou a>\n\es 

gAeJ%Bc7i, x.ai evcti'TKOTccTcc 'zcreoi t cov ccvrcov A eysiv ex gxvbcti jctA. Jofephus contra 
Apion. vol. 2. L. x. c. 3. p. 439. 

‘Oyoico 5 Se tBt co (E (pope?) KccAA^jSgrjjs xcu Oeo7roy.7ros xcctcc t nv riA.ixiccv yeyovores 
cLir^ncroLV rrcov < rzrcc?^cucov. yajQcov' fiy.SiS cTg t yiv zvocvticcv tbt 01 s xgiciv e^ovres^ xcci Tcv 
ex ttis ccrccygct(pw$ 'wovov uiro^ccvres^ t nv 'tzra.crccv £7ny.e?ieicc.v e7roi>icrocy.e$cc t>?s ap^cao- 
?ioyicc$. Diod. L. 4. p. 209. 

VOL. I. 


X 


and 



i54 


DI 3 SERTAT ION upon the 

and abfurd, but was greedily admitted, if fandtified by tra¬ 
dition. Even when the truth glared 
turned from the light ; and would not be undeceived. 
Thofe, who like Euemerus and Ephorus had the courage to 
dident from their legends, were deemed atheifls and apo- 
fiates ; and treated accordingly. Plutarch more than once 
infills that it is expedient to veil the truth, and to drefs it up 
in ,s allegory. They went fo far as to deem inquiry a 
15 crime ; and thus precluded the only means, by which the 
truth could be obtained. 

Nor did thefe prejudices appear only in refpedt to their 
own rites, and theology, and the hiflory of their own nation ; 
the accounts which they gave of other countries, were always 
tindtured with this predominant vanity. An idle zeal made 
them attribute to their forefathers the merit of many great 
performances to which they were utterly flrangers : and fup- 
pofed them to have founded cities in various parts of the 
world, where the name of Greece could not have been known: 
cities which were in being before Greece was a flate. Where¬ 


in their very faces, they 


18 Plutarch de Audiendis Poetis. 

See Strabo’s Apology for Fable. L. i. p.. 35, 36. 

19 JTJAwr ye cT rj art ay-oiGn e^ r raj^ m nv ewou t cov vt rep ts ©./b ex, <i ttccXclib /xe— 

fjvBevQfJisvcoi'. Arrian. Expedit. Alexandri. L. 5. 

Plerodotus puts thefe remarkable words into the mouth of Darius : Er 9 a yao t 1 
Sei ^su-f os AeyecrOcc/j Aeyecrdco* ra y&Q cc’jt& yj\i^fxeQcc y qj ts evSofxevDi y xcci qi tyi 
<xA*?6wj5i Sioc%pscofx£vci. L. 3. c. 72. We may be allured that thefe were the author’s 
own fentiments, though attributed to another perfon : hence we muft not wonder if 
his veracity be fometimes called in queftion : add to this, that he was often through 
ignorance miftaken : rio?Aa to.y ^HpoS'orav sA(M ctveQcov) tgov AtyvTTTiccTccov vtt 
ayvoicLi gv I'eucrprtvoy. Jofephus contra Ap. L. c. 14. p. 444. 


ever 



Helladian and other Grecian Writers. 155 

ever they got footing, or even a tranfient acquaintance, they 
in their deferiptions accommodated every thing to their own 
preconceptions ; and expreffed all terms according to their 
own mode of writing, and pronunciation, that appearances 
might be in their favour. To this were added a thoufand 
filly ftories to fupport their pretended claim. They would 
perfuade us that Jafon of Greece founded the empire of the 
Medes ; as Perfeus of the fame country did that of the Per- 
fians. Armen us a companion of Jafon was the reputed fa¬ 
ther of the Armenians. They gave out that Tarfus, one of 
the moft ancient cities in the world, was built by people 
from 30 Argos : and that Pelufium of Egypt had a name of 
Grecian 11 original. They too built Sais in the fame coun¬ 
try : and the city of the Sun, ftyled Heliopolis, owed its ori¬ 
gin to an 33 Athenian. They were fo weak as to think that 
the city Canobus had its name from a pilot of Menelaus, and 
that even Memphis was built by Epaphos of 3 * Argos. There 
furely was never any nation fo incurious and indifferent about 
truth. Hence have arifen thofe contradictions and incon- 
fiffencies, with which their hiffory is 35 embarrafled. 

It may appear ungracious, and X am fure it is far from a 
pleating talk, to point out blemifhes in a people of fo refined 

Toreros €7na:ttfs.0TciTV tztoA/s KiXncixs — s<z~i olitoiym A pyetcov. Steph. Byzan- 
tinus, and Strabo. L. 16. p. 1089. 

2-1 S^octto TO'zzrjjAa. Strabo. L. 17. p. 1155. 

According to Marcellinus. it was built by Peleus of Theflaly- L. 22. c. 16. p. 264. 

Diodorus. L. 5. p. 328. 

Diodorus. L. 5. p. 328. built by Adtis. 

2,4 Apollodorus. L. 2. p. 62. Clemens. L. 1. Strom, p. 383. from Ariftippus. 

15 See Jofephus contra Apion. L. 1. c. 3. p. 439. 

X 2 


a turn 



156 


DISSERTATION upon the 


a turn as the Grecians, whofe ingenuity and elegance have 

Nor would I engage in a difplay of 


been admired for ages. 


this kind, were it not neceffary to fhew their prejudices and 
miftakes, in order to remedy their failures. On our part we 
have been too much accuftomed to take in the grofs with 
little or no examination, whatever they have been pleafed to 
tranfmit: and there is no method of difcovering the truth, 
but by fhewing wherein they failed ; and pointing out the 

By unraveling the 
clue we may be at laffc led to fee things in their original ftate; 
and to reduce their mythology to order. That my cenfures 
are not groundlefs, nor carried to an undue degree of feve- 
rity, may be proved from the like accufations from fome of 
their belt writers : who accufe them both of ignorance and 


mode of error; the line of deviation. 


forgery. ' Hecatsus of Miletus acknowledges, tkr+ the tra¬ 
ditions of the Greeks 'were as ridiculous as they we?~e numerous : 
27 and Philo confeffes that he could obtain little biteiligence from 
that quarter: that the Grecians had br'ought a mifl upon learn¬ 
ing ; fo that it was impojfble to difcover the truth. He there¬ 
fore applied to people of other countries for information ; from 


whom o?ily it could be obtained . Plato ~ s owned that the mo 



genunie 


2,6 Oi yap E?t?wvtov A oyoi 'zd-oAAo* xai yzho:ot 3 cos e/xoi (pxivovrai. Apud Jambli- 
chum. See notes, p. 295. 

47 rioAur avToi Birnyov Tutpov^ cos fjjyj paS'toos tivgl avvopav nra xaT aA^Ge/a*' ^-zvoyBva. 
He therefore did not apply to Grecian learning : Ov ttiv rzra.p 'EAAwcrij c Psacpcovos 
yag xat (piXoveixoTBpoi' V7r evicov yattiov y n izrpcs aA auvTB%taa» Philo 

apud Eufeb. P. E. L. 1. c. ix. p. 32. 

See the fame writer of their love of allegory, p. 32. 

rjAaxtoP ax apvsiTai t a xccAA^cc eis (pihocrocpiav 'wctgct 7wv- (2ctpCaooov b/xtto - 
feu&aBxu Clemens Alexand. Strom. L. 1. p. 355. 


KAgTTTOS 



Helladian ajid other Grecian Writers.. 157 

genuine helps to philofophy were borrowed from thofe , who by the 
Greeks were ftyled barbarous: and 19 Jamblichus gives the true 
reafon for the preference. "The Helladians y fays this writer, 
are ever wavering and unfettled in their principles , and are 
carried about by the leaf impulfe. 'They want feadinefs: a?id if 
they obtain any falutary knowledge , they cannot retain it : nay 
they quit it with a kind of eagernefs : a?td whatever they do ad¬ 
mit , they new mould and fafoion , according^ to fome 7 iovel and 
uncertain tnode of reafoning. But people of other countries are 
more determinate in their principles , and abide more uniforttily 
by the very terms , which they have traditionally received. They 
are reprefented in the fame light by Theophilus: 30 he fays, 
that they wrote merely for empty praife y and were fo blmded with 
vanity that they neither difcovered the truth theirfelv.es , nor en¬ 
couraged others to purfue it. Hence Tatianus fays with great 
truth, 31 that the writers of other countries were firatigers to that 
va?iity , with which the Grecians were inftidled; that they were 


KAe7rlas tws (ZczpQccps <pi\ocro^icts 'EM«ra5. Clemens Alexand. Strom. L. 2. p. 428-. 
Clemens accufes the Grecians continually for their ignorance and vanity : yet 
lemens is faid to have been an Athenian, though he lived at Alexandria. He fa,- 
crificed all prejudices to the truth; as far as he could obtain it. 


-9 


$>ucr€i yctg EAA mts Siai reoTpo7roi^ Kott ccTlovTBj (pepwrcci r &r clvt ctyri ^ 8 Ssv e^ovre 


SgfJLCL BV ecCVTOl?^ 8^’ 07rBp S'B^OOVTCCL 'TJJOL^CL T IVCOV ^LCtCpvKcClPiOVTes' aAAct KCU T8TD 0 

ct(pBVTB9 7 zt(Xvtcc kcltcl tw clt'cctqv k'jp€(?i?ioyica/. piBToc,7r?^ctTi&0’U B ctoSccpoi cPg /xovi/xoi 
tois nBeaiv ovKcti to/s hoyois (BeGcaoos to/5 ccvtois Jamblichus. fe£t. 7. 

C. 5 • P- I 55- 

30 Ao§w 5 yccp news kcli jjlcctglih 'zstccvtbs outoi epocoBev t£5, ovts ccvtoi to a. A>?0£5 

eyvctHTccVj btb fxsv aAA 85 £7 ti tw cthtj&ecccv- 'ztrgoBTpe^ccvTo, Theophilus ad 'Autol- 


L. 3. p. 382. 

3x Ilccp ’ fJLtV <?€ TVS X.BVoSo^KX.9 0 IfJLBpO 5 8>C £$V 3oyjA.CCTQ0V £ £ 'WOnuJ^lCUS 8 JC CCTCC%0CO- 

fief)*. Tatianus contra Graecos. p-. 269^ 


more. 



15 8 


DISSE RTAT ION upon the 


mo?~e Jtmple , and uniform , and did' not encourage themfelves in a. 
ajfe&ed variety of notions. 

In refpedt to foreign hiflory, and geographical knowledge 
the Greeks in general were very ignorant \ and the writers 


who, 


in 


the 


of 


the miftakes 
fure more fe 


thofe 


Roman Empire, began to make 
t with infuperable difficulties from 


had 


u Don 

L 


the hiftoria 


writers 


preceded. I know no cen- 
;ft than that, which Strabo has palled 
d geographers of Greece ; and of its 
fpeaking of the Aliatic nations he af- 


fures us, that there never had been 


any 


tranfmitted 


of them, upon which we can depend 


Some of thefe 


3Z T&s ysv tbs Sc MxorcrxyBTxs exxKvi^ vx s^ovres xxptScos A eye tv Tzrspi xutojy 

&Ser 9 xxnrep 'zvgos MxacrxyBTxs t ov Kvgd uroXeyov i^oohvtbs aAA x sre 'urepi tot cop 
bSbis 'zzrpos xXvOeixv bSbv ) vie tx tstxXxix tgov riepcroov^ vre t cov M ‘*iSnccov 9 n 

"Xvpixx soVy BS xpixveiTo y£yxXr,v <Six tuv Tool' (rvTygxpeoov xttXotvtx xxi tvv pi- 

A oyjjQixt*. 'Occovres yxp tvs (pxvspoos yvQoypxpvs BuS'oxiyvvTxSj a»$n<rxv xxi 
Txrxge^eavxL tm ypxpyjv tiS'bixv, exv ev iq-ogixs a%yy.xTi Xeycoo-iv, x ynSeiroTB etSov 9 
fxwTe nxvaxv y n v tux^x ye BiSorcov (txottbvtbs' Si xvto Se ynvov toto 5 on xxpoxaiv 
yjSbixv t'Xfi-) xxi Srxuy.x^xiv. 'PxSicos S'° xv t is 'Hg-iqSu xxi 'Qyvou- ucncp-evaeiv npcooXo- 
yvcrt, xxi t ois t gxyixois IIowtxis , n Krrwia, re? xxi 'HpoSoTro^ xxi EAA xvlxu 9 xxi 
aAA ois t oiHTQis* OuSe t ois Tsegi AA e^xvS'cv S'e avSypx^xaiv pxSiov txti^bvbiv tois ttoX- 
A ois' xxi yxp out oo pxSrdpydo'i Six re tyiv So^xv AA e^xvSpv y xxi S'ix to tyiv q~gxTeixv 
Tzrpos txs exyxmxs yeyovevxi tyis A <nxs 'sroppu x<p 'ny.Gov' to Sv tl roppu} SvaeXeyxrov . 

Strabo. L. n. p. 774. 

Grscis Hiftoricis plerumque poetics fimilem efie licentiam. Quinftilianus. 


L. 11. c. 11. 


Quicquid Gracia mendax 


Audet in Hiftoria. 


Juvenal. 


Strabo of the ancient Grecian Hiftorians : ZSei Se t cov tztxXxicov i^opigov xxveiv 

r < r\ e _ 


O'jTtof* cos yn cyoX oyvyevcov acpoSgx. 01 yxp vecoTspoi TxtoXXxxis voyitSf 
Xeyetv . L. 8. p. 545. 


XXI TXVXVTIX 


UarTBs yevyxo 01 ^rept AXe^x v S' gov to $rxvyx<?ov xvn t aA*j085 x.tT'qSb^ovtxi 


y.xXXov. Strabo. L. 15. p. 1022. 


fays 



Helladian and other O recian Writers. 159 

fays this judicious writer, the Grecians have called Saecs , and 
others Mafjagetce, without having the leajl light to determine 
them. And though they have pretended to give a hijlory of 
Cyrus, and his particular wars with thofe, who were called Maf- 
fagetce, yet nothmg precife and fatisfaSlory coidd ever be ob¬ 
tained ; not even in refpeSl to the war . There is the fame uncer¬ 

tainty in refpeEl to the aticient hijlory of the Perfians, as well as 
to that of the Medes, and Syrians : JHe can meet with little that 
can be deemed authentic, on account of the weahiefs of thofe who 
wrote, and their uniform love of fable. For finding that writ¬ 

ers, who profeffedly dealt in fiFlion without a7iy pretenfions to the 
truth, were regarded ; they thought that they Jlooidd make them 
writings equally acceptable, if in the fyflem of their hijlory they 
were to hitroduce circumftances, which they had neither fee?i 71 or 
heard, nor received upon the authority of aiioihcr perfoti ; pro¬ 
ceeding merely upoii this prmciple, that they fieould be 77iof likely 
to pleafe people s fancy by having recowfe to what was marvelloiis 
and new. Oil this account we may more fafely trufi to Plefod 
and Homer, wheit they prefent us with a lifi of Dc7?iigods and 
Heroes, and even to the tragic poets, thwi to Ciefias, Herodotus , 
and Hellanicus, and writers of that clafs. Pveti the gc7ierality 
of hiforians, who wrote about Alexattder, are 7tot fafely to be 
trufied: for they fpeak with great co77fide7ice, relymg upon the 
glory of the monarch, whom they celebrate, anid the 7~e?uotenefs 
of the coimtries, in which he was e7igaged ; eve?i at the extrernities 
of Afa at a great difia?ice from us, and our concerns. This 
7~enders the7?i ve7y fecure. For what is referred to a cliff ance is 
difficult to be cotifuted. In another place fpeaking of India, 
he fays, that it was very difficult to arrive at the truth : for 

7 the 



160 DISSERTATION upon the 

the 33 writers , who muji necejfarily be appealed to , were in con¬ 
tinual oppojition , contradiEled one another, Hnd how y fays 

Strabo, could it be otherwife : for if they erred fo pamefully 
when they had ocular proof, how could they fpeak with certainty , 
where they were led by hearfay f In another place 3 * he ex- 
cufes the miftakes of the ancient poets, faying, that we muft 
not wonder if they fometimes deviated from the truth, when 
people in ages more enlightened were fo ignorant, and fo 
devoted to every thing marvellous and incredible. He had 
above given the poets even the preference to other writers : 
but herein his zeal tranfported him too far. The hr ft writers 
were the poets : and the mifchief began from them. They 
hrft infedted tradition ; and mixed it with allegory and fable. 
Of this Athenagoras accufes them very juftly; and fays, 
35 that the greatefl abiifes of true knowledge ca7ne from them. / 
tnffij fays this learned father, that we owe to Orpheus , Homer , 
and Hefiod y the fSlitious names and genealogies of the Pagan 
Dce?nons y whom they are pleafed to Jlyle Gods ; and I ca?i pro- 


33 AAAac exaq~o 5 sKctfa Ta.vcx.vTia. Xiyii -sroAAax/s’ o7rn de tosv opacrderTCiJv sra 

< PiocfpegovTctij t i Sel vofju^fiv 'Tjjtgi tcou ukoyis •, Strabo. L. 15. p. 1006. 

See alfo L. 771, 2, 3, 4. And Diodorus Siculus. L. 1. p. 63. Of Herodotus 
and other writers : C E KSaioos 'z&poKgivavTes t tjs co\r$Eia$ to 'z&ccoccSo^o^oyeiv* 

34 O u Sr ecu puccc? ov cT v ’ g ivoii T&epi ra Q/j.wp 3 ' tccu yap tb$ etl veojTepvs ekeivb tzqKKcl 

ctyvoEiv 5 xai te parr oXoyEiv. Strabo. L. 7. p. 458. 

35 *&ypK.i Optpect kcci 'Qpwpov x.cu HaioSov etvoci t&$ ovouoltcl kou yevvwSovTas tols 

V7r ccvtoov ?ieyo/j£voL9 S-so/s’ pLctpyrvpii Se kcci 'HgoS'oTOS — 1 • HcnoSov yap occci 'Ojj.wpov 
?jA IY.IVW TETpcocoaioiai ETEai Sokboo pcEv id- pea Cute pis yevEa^ccij xccl ou 'VjTs.Eioat* Ovtol 
Se 2icnv 0 01 T&oiriG-avTes Sreoyonwv EAA wai^ v,at toicti Srsoicri t a$ E7roouvpuccs Sou t£? 3 xcct 
TtpLUS za; TEypi'as Sie?iQVTe$y x.ai eiSeoc ccvtoov awpcwu glut £$* cll' <Se eixoves ptMirto 

axrXou^i'K.w tccci ygatyotfy v.ai avSpiccvT 07 roiWTncn waccv^ sSe evopu^ovTo. Athenagorce 
JLegatio. p. 292. See Herodotus. L. 2. c. 53. 


IO 


duce 



Helladian and other Grecian Writers. 161 

dues Herodotus for a witnefs to what I crjfert. He informs u$> 
that Homer and Hejiod were about four hundred years prior to 
himfelf ; and not more. Thefe , fays he> were the perfons who 
firfi framed the theogony of the Greeks , and gave appellations to 
their Deities ; and dif ingulfed them according to their fever al 
ranks , and departme?its. They at the fame time deferibed them 
under different appearances : for till their titne there was not i?i 
Greece any reprefentatio7i of the Gods , either in fculpture or paint¬ 
ing ; not any fpecimen of the Jlaluary s art exhibited : ?io fuch 
fubjlitutes were in thofe times thought of. 

The ancient hiftory and mythology of Greece was partly 
tranfmitted by the common traditions of the natives : and 
partly preferved in thofe original Doric hymns, which were 
univerfally fung in their Prutaneia and temples. Thefe were 
in the ancient Amonian language ; and faid to have been in¬ 
troduced by 36 Pagafus, Agyieus, and Olen. This laft fome 
reprefent as a Lycian, others as an Hyperborean : and by 
many he was efteemed an Egyptian. They were chanted by 
the Purcones, or priefts of the Sun : and by the female Hie¬ 
rophants : of whom the chief upon record were 37 Phaennis, 
38 Phaemonoe, and Baso. The laft of thefe mentions Olen, 
as the inventor of verfe, and the moft ancient prieft oi 
Phoebus. 


36 Paufanias. L. io. p. 809. Clemens mentions Ayvtecc Srup^pov r 7 » 'Egwu Co¬ 
hort. p. 44. 

f Ocrcc fj&v a.S’dcriv tv tw Tlpurccysi^^ (paw fxtv e<^iv ccur&v rj A&pnou Paufanias, I ; . 
p. 416. 

37 Paufanias. L. 10. p. 828. of Phaennis and the Sibyls. 

32 Paufanias. L. 10. p. 809. of Phsemonoe and ancient hymns. 


Vol. L 


Y 


Q,Kr,y 



I 62 


DISSERTATION upon the 


39 Qhhrfl <T og ysvsTO 'nrgcarog <I>o<£o*o 'nrgocpa.Ta.?, 

II gooTog S' aLgyotiwv stsuv tsxtyivolt ccoiSxv. 

♦ 

* 

% 

0 

Thefe hymns grew by length of time obfolete; and fcarce 
intellig 

tated, by Pamphos, Rhianus, Phemius, Homer, Bion Pro- 
connefius, Onomacritus, and others. Many of the facred 
terms could not be underftood, nor interpreted ; they were 
however 40 retained with great reverence : and many, which 
they did attempt to decipher, were mifconftrued and mif- 
applied. Upon this bails was the theology of Greece found¬ 
ed : from hence were the names of Gods taken : and various 
departments attributed to the feveral Deities. Every poet 

: and every variety, 
however inconfiftent, was admitted by the Greeks without 
the lead: hefitation : 41 <E >V(rsi yoig 'EAAy^ veoTgonoi — •HTQ^fiv 

UTCLXcti7Tuigog Trig ctKridaiotg £ r)Tr)<rig . ‘The Grecians , fays Jam- 
blichus, are naturally led by novelty : The invejligation of truth 
is too fatiguing for a Grecian. From thefe ancient hymns 
and mifconftrued terms 4i Pherecydes of Syrus planned his 


had fomething different in his theogony 


ible. They were however tranflated, or rather imi- 


Paufanias. L. io. p. 809, 810. 

40 Jamblichus de Myfter. Se6t. vii. c. 5. p. 156. 

In like manner in Samothracia the ancient Orphic language was obfolete, yet 
they retained it in their temple rites : E cr%yx.a,o-i efa t ujocXui<xv iS'iccv S'iccXzktov 01 Au- 
'To^ai’es (tv 'XccfJt.oQgctx.y)', ns 'utoWcl sv roas Sruaictis \x e^pi ts vuv t upyTou. Diodorus. 
L. 5. p. 322. 

41 Jamblichus de Myfter. Seffc. 7. c. 5. See notes, p. 295. 

41 Clemens Alexandrinus. Strom. L. 5. p. 676. 

Such was Ariftasas Proconneftus : Avng yons ei ms aAAa?. Strabo. L. 13* 

IQ 




Helladian and other Grecian Writers. 163 

Hilary of the Gods : which, there is reafon to think, was the 
fource of much error. 

Such were the principles which gave birth to the mytho¬ 
logy of the Grecians ; from whence their ancient hiflory was 
in great meafure derived. As their traditions were obfolete, 
and filled with extraneous matter, it rendered it impoilible 
for them to arrange properly the principal events of their 
country. They did not feparate and diflinguifh ; but often 
took to themfelves the merit of tranfacdions, which were of 
a prior date, and of another clime. Thefe they adopted, 
and made their own. Hence, when they came to digeft their 
hiftory, it was all confufed : and they were embarraffed with 
numberlefs contradictions, and abfurdities, which it was 
impoilible to 43 remedy. For their vanity, as I have fhewn, 
would not fuffer them to rectify their miftakes by the au¬ 
thority of more ancient and more learned nations. It is well 
obferved by Tatianus 44 Aflyrius, that where the hifloiy of 
times pajl has not been duly adjujledy it is impojjible to arrive at 
the truth z and there has been no greater caufe of error in writ - 

than the endeavouring to adopt> what is groundlefs a?td in - 
confiflent. Sir Ifaac Newton fomewhere lays it down for a 


43 Thus it is faid in Eufebius from fome ancient accounts, that Telegonus reigned 
in Egypt, who was the fon of Orus the fhepherd ^ and feventh from Inachus : and 
that he married 16 .** Upon which Scaliger afks : Si feptimus ab Inacho, quomodo 
16 Inachi filia nupfit ei ? How could 16 be married to him when fhe was to him in 
degree of afcent, as far off as his grandmother’s great grandmother , that is fix re ¬ 
moves above him. See Scaliger on Eufebius. ad Num. cccclxxxi. 

44 Ylccp 9 6i$ yctg otcrvvctp'TWTos e^iv fi tom ^p^ovoov uvctygcL(pYi 9 'z&ctpcc tbt ots &0€ t cl tv* 
ic-ooicc* a A yQeveiv <tvvccrov % t i yoop to ccmov t yi* ev t& ygcctpeip rar Aczvrjs, U y.v to cruv- 

ecTrlsiy t a yyj aA?? 9 ?? ^ Tatianus. p. 269. 


Y 2 


rule 



164 


DISSERTATION upon the 

rule never to admit for hiftory, what is antecedent to letters. 
For traditionary truths cannot be long preferved without 
fome change in themfelves, and fome addition of foreign cir- 
cumftances. This accretion will be in every age enlarged ; 
till there will at laft remain fome few outlines only of the 
original occurrence. It has been maintained by many, that 
the Grecians had letters very early : but it will appear upon 
inquiry to have been a groundlefs notion. Thofe of the an^- 
cients, who considered the matter more carefully, have madfe 
no fcruple to fet afide their 45 pretenfions. yofephus in par¬ 
ticular takes notice of their early claim ; but cannot allow 
it: They , 46 fays this learned hiftorian, who would car?y the. in-- 
troduElio?i of letters among the Greeks the highejl , very gr-avely 
tell us y that they were brought over- by the Phenicians$ and Cad¬ 
mus. Yet after all they cannot produce-a fngle fpeelmen either 
from their facred writings , or from their popular records , which 
favours of that a7itiquity. Theophilus takes notice of thefe 
difficulties; and Shews that all the obfcurity, with which the 
hiftory of Hellas is clouded, arofe from this deficiency of 
letters. Fie complains, that the 47 Helle?ies had left Jigbtof 

the 


45 Nuv fjMv o'fe tsotb sis 'EAAu^s v tmv A cov 'z&xpvXBe. StdcccrKctAicc re v-ou ygcttyV' 
Clemens Alexand. Strom. L. 1. p. 364. 

46 c O/ pjAv &V oco^ccqtoltYiv ctvTtov rw. 2£gna , iv street SrsAcvTSS^ 'uretpet $otvntcov nett K ctSpas 

o'SfjjrjvQVTui pactBetv. Ov parry. &S' B 7 t skuvb tb Suvctiro t is ccv Sst^cu auy^opaSvvp 

avccypatyry tv ispois y bt tv S vpaocriots a.uxQ»pacts 1. Jofeph. cont.. Apion. L. 1. 

47 Tav Si TVS CtAr}BeLCt$ 1^-Q^lOOP EAAjJl t.SS 8 fJJcfJLV't)VTCLi TZTgCOTQV paSV SlX TV VBCOq^l MJ- 

TB5 to-'v yoctpapactToov tvs buttsi picts y.ero^BS yeyevvaBctt* xett ccvtci ofJLoXoy'dcn 5 (peter- 
ytovrss Tct ygetpayurez IvpvoBcci^ 01 pair cayro XaAcf'a/wr^ 0/ Se Tsrctp Aiyv 7 mcov 5 ctAAo* 
S ecu utto SSUTSpov^ G ' Tl £ 7 rlczicv 9 Kctt nsrloet&Gris T&£pt Ssb pen 'woispaerot tvv pavitetv^ 

aAAct 'srept pactToux* x.ctt ctvxtyiXxv rzrgctypacLToov. Theoph. ad Autol. L. 3. p. 400, 


Plutarch! 



Hell ad ian and other Grecian Writers. 


165 


The 


rea *- 


the truth ; and could not recolleEl any genuine hifiory. 
fon of this is obvious : for they came late- to the knowledge of let¬ 
ters in comparifon of other nations. This they confefs , by attri¬ 
buting the invention of the?ji to people prior to them]'elves ; either 
to the Chaldeans , or the Egyptians : or elfe to the Phoenicians. 
TLnother caufe offailure , which relates to their theology , and fill 
greatly prevails , is owing to their not making a proper difquiftion 
about the -true objeSl of worjhip : but asnufing themfelves with 
idle, and* unprofitable fpeculations . 

Notwithftanding this deficiency, they pretended to give a 
lift of Argive princes, of which twenty preceded the war of 


4-8 


Troy. 


But what is more extraordinary, they boafted of a 


feries of twenty-fix Kings at Sicyon, comprehending a fpace 
of one thoufand years, all which kings were before the time 
of 49 Thefeus and the Argonauts. Among thofe, who have 
given the lift of the Argive kings, is 50 Tatianus Aflyrius, 
who advifes every perfon of fenfe, when he meets with thefe 
high pretenfions, to confider attentively, that there was not a 
fingle vouche r, not even a tradition of any record , to authenticate 
thefe hifiories : for. even Cadmus was ssiany ages after. It is ccd- 


Blutarch allures us, that Homer was not known to the Athenians till the time of 
Hipparchus, about the 63d Olympiad, yet fome writers make him three, fome four, 
fdme five hundred years before that sera. It is fcarce poffible that he fhould hare- 
been lb unknown to them if they had been acquainted with letters. 

48 Eufebius. Chrcn.. p. 24. 

49 Eufebius. Chron. p. 19. Syncellus. p. 14?, 152. 

The kings of Sicyon were taken from Caftor Rhodius. 

50 K«i ypn tov cruviSi’cti kcctcc. 'wacm a/i^tCsia;^ ot< x arc cl tjji' JbAAsirwt' ~a- 

paSocrtv Bch’ i'<5~o^ias tis dv r muo avrois aya.yoex.Cpi j’ KoctPja'JS yap — yeta nr 0 A Acts yi~ 

vtas. jc.A. Tatianus Aflyrius. p. 274. 

fcai n> 



166 


DISSERTATION upon the 
he Helladians had no tendency to learning, till 


tain, that the 

they were awakened by the Asiatic Greeks : and it was 
then lome time before letters were in general ufe; or 
hiftories, or even records attempted 


any 


if letters had been 


current, and the materials for writing obvious, and 


com 


ufe, how comes it that we have not one fpecimen older 


than the reign of 


And how is it poflible, if the Gre 


It is faid of Pythagoras, s ' that according to Hippo- 


cians had any records, that they fhould be fo ignorant about 
fbme of their moft famous men ? Of Homer how little is 
known ! and of what is tranfmitted, how little, upon which 
we may depend ! Seven places in Greece contend for his 
birth : while many doubt whether he was of Grecian origi¬ 
nal. 

botrus he was of Samos: but Ariftoxenus, who wrote his 
life, as well as Ariftarchus, and Theopompus, makes him a 
Tyrrhenian. According to Neanthes he was of Syria; or 
elle a native of Tyre. In like manner Thales was faid by 
Herodotus, Leander, and Duris, to have been a Phenician : 
but he was by others referred to Miletus in Ionia. It is re¬ 
ported of Pythagoras, that he vifited Egypt in the time of 
Cambyfes. From thence he betook himfelf to Croton in 
Italy : where he is fuppofed to have relided till the laft year 
of the feventieth Olympiad : confequently he could not be 
above thirty or forty years prior to the birth of .ZEfchyius, 
and Pindar. What credit can we give to people for hiftories 
many ages backward; who were fo ignorant in matters of 


Sl Clemens Alexand. L. i. p. 352. and Diogenes Laertius, from Dicasarchus, 
and Heraclides. 


importance, 



Helladian and other Grecian Writers. 


167 


importance, which happened in the days of their fathers ? 
The like difficulties occur about Pherecydes Syrius \ whom 
Suidas ftyles Babylonius : neither the time, when he lived, 
nor the place of his birth, have been ever fatisfaftorily 
proved. Till Eudoxus had been in Egypt the Grecians did 
not know the fpace of which the true year conlifted. 
52 AAA* YiyvoBtro r stag 6 sviolvtoq 'urctgoi roig 'EAAiocnj/, dog mi 



aAAo. 'UTXsico. 

Another reafon may be given for the obfcurity in the Gre¬ 
cian hiftory, even when letters had been introduced among 
them. They had a childiffi antipathy to every foreign lan- 

: and were equally prejudiced in favour of their own. 
This has paffed unnoticed ; yet was attended with the moft 
fatal confequences. They were milled by the too great de¬ 
licacy of their ear ; and could not bear any term which ap¬ 
peared to them barbarous, and uncouth, 
they either rejected foreign 53 appellations ; or fo modelled 
and changed them, that they became in found and meaning 
effentially different. And as they were attached to their 
own country, and its cuftoms, they prefumed that every 
thing was to be looked for among themfelves. They did 


On this account 


Strabo. L. 17. p. 1160. 

» ./Elian mentions, that the Bull Onuphis was worfhiped at a place in Egypt, 
which he could not fpecify on account of its afperity. /Elian de Animalibus. 

L. 12. c. 11. 

Even Strabo omits fome names, becaufe they were too rough, and diffonant, 

O u AS7 m <Ps T(f)v sQrcor t tx. ovoy.ccTct Tct isj cx.Acx.ice. cT’icc tjjv cxu.cc T tiv ctroTruxv 

T»S £ X,<porc &5 CtOTWl'. L. 12 . p. 1123. 


not 



*68 .DISSERTATION upon the 

not confider, that the titles of their Gods, the names of 
cities, and their terms of worfhip were imported : that their 
ancient hymns were grown obfolete z and that time had 
wrought a great change. They explained every thing by the 
language in ufe, without the leaf! retrofpedt or allowance : 
and all names and titles from other countries were liable to 
the fame .rule. If the name was difl'onant, and difagreeable 
to their ear, it was rejected as barbarous : but if it was at all 
fimilar in found to any word in their language, they changed 
it to that word ; though the name were of Syriac original; 
or introduced from Egypt, or Babylonia. The purport of 
the .term was by thefe means changed : and the hiftory, 
which depended upon it, either perverted, or effaced. When 
the title Melech, which Signified a King, was rendered 
M sihryog and M siXiyjog ti fweet and ge?ttle , it referred to an 
idea quite different from the original. But this gave them 
no concern : they ftill blindly purfued their purpofe. Some 
legend was immediately invented in confequence of this mif- 
prifion, feme ftory about bees and honey, and the miifake 
was rendered in feme degree plaufible. This is a circum- 
ftance of much confequence ; and deferves our attention 
greatly. I fliall have occafion to fpeak of it repeatedly ; 
and to lay before the reader fome entire treatifes upon the 
fubjebt. For this failure is of fuch a nature, as when de¬ 
tected, and fairly explained, will lead us to the folution of 
anany dark and enigmatical hiftories, with which the mytho¬ 
logy of Greece abounds. The only Author, who feems to 
have taken any notice of this unhappy turn in the Grecians, 

9 


is 



Helladian and other Grecian Writers. 169 

is Philo Biblius. s+ He fpeaks of it as a circumftance of very 
bad confequence, and fays, that it was the chief catife of 
error and obfeurity : hence, when he met in Sanchoniathon 
with ancient names, he did not indulge himfelf in whim¬ 
sical folutions ; but gave the true meaning, which was the 
refult of fome event or quality, whence the name was im- 
pofed. This being a fecret to the Greeks, they always took 
things in a wrong acceptation; being milled by a twofold 
fenfe of the terms, which occurred to them : one was the ge¬ 
nuine and original meaning ; which was retained in the lan¬ 
guage, whence they were taken: the other was a forced 
fenfe, which the Greeks unnaturally deduced from, their own 
language, though there was no relation between them. The 
fame term in different languages conveyed different and op- 
pofite ideas : and as they attended only to the meaning in 
their own tongue, they were conftantly 5S miftaken. 

It 


54 Merct txvtcc 'arAaviH' C EAA>7<7* cx.iricx.rcci (o<f>zA<av) A yexp ^oltccioos ccvtcc 
^oAAa^ws J N iEcf , £/Aa/xg0a 5 aAAct nrgcg rcx9 cxvQis rsrocp^y.oo^cxG rcou ev rois 'z&ga.ypxouTiv 
cvofActroov' a. 7 reg at C EAA mss ctyvoyvj'ocvrts^ aAAws e^eS'e^ccvro^ *zzrA co’Y)vevT& tv czpLtpi* 

CoAicc r cov ovofxccrcov. Philo apud Eufebium. P. E. L. i. c. x. p. 34. 

55 Bozrah, a citadel, they changed to ( 2 vpacc , a fkin. Out of Ar, the capital of 
Moab, they formed Areopolis, the city of Mars. The river Jaboc they exprefled 
Io Bacchus. They did not know that Diu in the eafi: fignified an ifland : and there¬ 
fore out of Diu-Socotra in the Red-Sea, they formed the ifland Diofcorias : and 
from Diu-Ador, or Adorus, they made an ifland Diodorus. The fame ifland So¬ 
cotra they fometimes denominated the ifland of Socrates. The place of fountains 
Ai-Ain, they attributed to Ajax, and called it A lcxvtos ccxpoomoicvy in the fame 
Sea. The ancient frontier town of Egypt, Rhinocolura, they derived from pG, 
p tvos 9 a nofe; and fuppofed that fome people’s nofes were here cut off. Pannonia 
they derived from the Latin pannus, cloth. So Nilus was from n? <Al>>: Gadeira 
quafi Tvs S'etpcc. Necus in Egypt and Ethiopia fignified a king : but fuch kings 


Vol# L 


Z 


they 



170 DISSERTATION upon the 

It may appear ftrange to make ufe of the miftakes of 
any people for a foundation to build upon: yet through 
thefe failures my fyftem will be in fome degree fupported : at 
lead from a detection of thefe errors I hope to obtain much 
light. For as the Grecian writers have preferved a kind 
of uniformity in their miftakes ; and there appears plainly 
a rule and method of deviation, it will be very poffible, 
when this method is well known, to decypher what is co¬ 
vertly alluded to ; and by thefe means arrive at the truth. 

•» 

If the openings in the wood or labyrinth are only as chance 
allotted, we may be for ever bewildered : but if they are 
made with defign, and fome method be difcernible, this cir- 
cumftance, if attended to, will ferve for a clue, and lead us 
through the maze. If we once know that what the Greeks 
in their mythology ftyled a wolf, was the Sun ; that by a 
dog was meant a prince, or Deity; that by bees was hgnified 
an order of priefts ; thefe terms, however mifapplied, can 
no more miflead us in writing, than their refemblances in 
fculpture would a native of Egypt, if they were ufed for em¬ 
blems on ftone. 

Thus much I have been obliged to premife : as our know- 
ledge mull come through the hands of the 56 Grecians. I 

am 

they have turned to vex.vc&$: and the city of Necho, or Royal City, to Ndcotto/us 
and 'Ne , >cpo 7 roAt?, 

Lyfimachus in his Egyptian hiftory changed the name of Jerufalem to c iepocrvAcc : 
and fuppofed that the city was fo called becaufe the Ifraelites in their march to 
Canaan uied to plunder temples, and fteal facred things. See Jofephus contra Ap. 
L. 1. c. 34. p. 467. 

56 I do not mean to exclude the Romans: though I have not mentioned them 3, 
as the chief of the knowledge., which they afford, is the produft of Greece. How¬ 
ever 



Helladian and other Grecian Writers. 171 

am fenfible, that many learned men have had recourfe to 
other means for information : but I have never feen any fpe- 
cimens, which have afforded much light. Thofe, to which 
I have been witnefs, have rather dazzled than illuftrated ; 
and bewildered inftead of conducting to the truth. Among 
the Greeks is contained a great treafure of knowledge. It 
is a rich mine ; which as yet has not been worked far be¬ 
neath the furface. The ore lies deep, and cannot be obtained 
without much induftry and labour. The Helladians had the 
beft. opportunities to have afforded us information about the 
antiquities of their country : of their negligence, and of their 
miftakes I have fpoken ; yet with a proper clue they may 
ftill be read to great advantage. To fay the truth, there is 
fcarce an author of them all, from whom fome good may 
not be derived. 

What has been wanting in the natives of Greece, has 
been greatly fupplied by writers of that nation from other 
countries, who lived in after-times. Of thefe the principal 
have been mentioned; and many others might be added, 
who were men of integrity and learning. They were fond 
of knowledge, and obtained a deep infight into antiquity : 
and what is of the greateft confequence, they were at¬ 
tached to the truth. They may fometimes have been mif- 
taken in their judgment: they may alfo have been deceived : 
but ftill truth was the fcope at which they aimed. They 


ever it muft be confeffed, that we are under great obligations to Pliny, Marcellinus, 
Arnobius, Tertullian, Ladtantius, Jerome, Macrobius; and many others. They 
contain many neceflary truths, wherever they may have obtained them. 

Z 2 


have 



I7 2 


DISSERTATION upon the 

have accordingly tranfmitted to us many valuable remains, 
which, but for them, had been buried in oblivion. There 
are likewife many pagan authors, to whom we are greatly 
indebted ; but efpecially to Strabo and Paufanias ; who in 
their different departments have afforded wonderful light. 
Nor muff we omit Jofephus of Judea ; whofe treatife againffc 
Apion muff be efteemed of ineftimable value : indeed all 
his writings are of confequence, if read with a proper al¬ 
lowance. 

I have mentioned, that it is my purpofe to give a hiftory 
of the firft ages ; and to fhew the origin of many nations, 
whofe defcent has been miftaken; or elfe totally unknown. 
I fhall; fpeak particularly of one great family, which dif- 
fufed itfelf over many parts of the earth ; from whom the 
rites and myfteries, and almoft the whole fcience of the Gen¬ 
tile world, were borrowed. But as I venture in an unbeaten 
track, and in a wafte, which has been little frequented ; I 
fhall firft take upon me to treat of things near at hand, be¬ 
fore I advance to remoter difcoveries. I fhall therefore fpeak 
of thofe rites and cuftoms, and of the nations, where they 
prevailed; as I fhall by thefe means be led infenfibly to the 
difcovery of the people from whom they were derived. By 
a fimilarity of cuftoms 

obfervable in different countries, it will be eafy to fhew a re¬ 
lation, which fubfifted between fuch people, however widely 
difperfed. They will be found to have been colonies of the 
fame family ; and to have come ultimately from the fame 
place. As my courfe will be in great meafure an uphill 

labour, I fhall proceed in the manner, which I have men- 

io tioned 5 


, as well as by the fame religious terms. 



Helladian and other Grecian Writers* 


173 


tioned ; continually enlarging my profpedt, till I arrive at the 
point I aim at. 

It may be ’ proper to mention to the reader that the fol¬ 
lowing treatifes were not written in the order, in which they 
now Hand ; but juft as the fubjedt matter prefented itfelf be¬ 
fore me. As many, which were ftrft compofed, will occur 
laft, I have been forced to anticipate fome of the arguments, 
as well as quotations, which they contained, according as I 
found it expedient. Hence there will be fome few inftances 
of repetition, which however I hope will not give any great 
difguft : as what is repeated, was fo interwoven in the argu¬ 
ment, that I could not well difengage it from the text, where 
it occurs a fecond time. 

There will alfo be found fome inftances, where I differ 
from myfelf, and go contrary to pofttions in a former treatife. 

being fuch as 

But I think it 


Thefe arc very few, and of no great moment ; 
would probably efcape the reader’s notice, 
more ingenuous, and indeed my ftridt duty, to own my mif- 
takes, and point them out, rather than to pafs them over in 
iilence ; or idly to defend them.. 


SOME 



( *75 ) 




SOME NECESSARY 

LES and OBSERVATIONS 


IN RESPECT TO 


ETYMOLOGICAL I N QU IRIES; 

AND FOR 

The better underftanding the Mythology of 

Greece. 


W E muft never deduce the etymology of an Egyptian 

or oriental term from the Greek language. Eufta- 
thius well obferves, E i jSa to ovo^lc t, a ^Y] fyreu/ EA- 

KrjMKW STV[j,o?\cyi<zv avrs. 

We fhould recur to the Doric manner of expreffion, as 
being neareft to the original. 

The Greeks adopted all foreign hiftory ; and fuppofed it 
to have been of their own country. 

They miftook temples for Deities , and places for per- 

fons. 

They 


176 RULES and OBSERVATIONS 


They changed every foreign term to fomething fimilar in 
their own language : to fomething limilar in found, however 
remote in meaning, being led folely by the ear. 

They conftantly miftook titles for names : and from thefe 
titles multiplied their Deities, and Heroes. 

All terms of relation between the Deities to be disre¬ 
garded. 

As the Grecians were miftaken ; it is worth our while to 


obferve the mode of error, and uniformity of miftake. 


By 


attending to this we may bring things back to their pri¬ 
mitive ftate ; and defcry in ancient terms the original mean¬ 


ing. 

We muft have regard to the oblique cafes, efpecially in 
nouns imparafyllabic, when we have an ancient term tranf- 
mitted to us either from the Greeks, or Romans. The no¬ 
minative in both languages, is often abridged : fo that from 
the genitive of the word, or from the pofTefTive, the original 
term is to be deduced. This will be found to obtain even 
in common names. From veteris we have veter for the true 
term: from fanguinis we have fanguen: and that this is right 
we may prove from Ennius, who fays : 


S7 O ! pater, O ! genitor, O ! fanguen diis oriundum. 
s l Cum veter occubuit Priamus fub marte Pelalgo. 


So mentis, and not mens, was the true nominative to men 
tis, menti, mentem : as we may learn from the fame author. 


57 Ennu Annales* L. 2« 
sS Ibidem, L. 1. 


Iftic 



Helladian and other Grecian Writers. 


177 


S9 


Iftic eft de foie fumptus ignis, ifque mentis eft 


In like manner Plebes was the nominative 
Plebem. 


Plebi and 


Deficit alma Ceres, nec plebes pane potitur. Lucilius. 

All the common departments of the Deities are to be fet 
afide, as inconfiftent, and idle. Pollux will be found a judge ; 
Ceres a law-giver; Bacchus the God of the year; Neptune 
a phyfician ; and iEfculapius the God of thunder : and this 
not merely from the poets : but from the beft mythologifts 
of the Grecians ; from thofe, who wrote profefiedly upon 
the fubjeCt. 

I have obferved before, that the Grecians in foreign words 
often changed the Nu final to Sigma. For Keren, they wrote 
K egcis : for Cohen, K ocr]C : for Athon, A Qoo$ : for Boun, B as : 
for Sain, Sais. 

People of old were ftyled the children of the God, whom 
they worfhiped : hence they were at laft thought to have 
been his real offspring ; and he was looked up to as the 
true parent. On the contrary Priefts were reprefented as 
fofter-fathers to the Deity, before whom they miniftered ; 
and Priefteffes were ftyled riQwcu, or nurfes; and alfo the 
daughters. 

Colonies always went out under the patronage and title of 
fome Deity. This conducting God was in alter times fup- 
pofed to have been the real leader. 

Sometimes the whole merit of a tranfaCtion was imputed to 

59 Apud Ennii fragmenta. 

A a this, 


Vol. r. 



i 7 B 


DISSERTATION upon the 

this Deity folely; who was reprefented under the charadter of 
Perfeus, Dionufus, or Hercules. Hence inftead of one per- 
fon we muft put a people : and the hiftory will be found 
confonant to the truth. 

As the Grecians made themfelves principals in many great 
occurrences, which were of another country; we muft look 
abroad for the original, both of their rites and mythology ; 
and apply to the nations, from whence they were derived. 
Their original hiftory was foreign ; and ingrafted upon the 
hiftory of the country, where they fettled. This is of great 
confequence, and repeatedly to be conftdered. 

One great miftake too frequently prevails among people, 
who deal in thefe refearches, which muft be carefully avoid¬ 
ed. We ftiould never make ufe of a language, which is mo- 

O O J 

dern, or comparatively modern, to deduce the etymology of 
ancient, and primitive terms. Pezron applies to the mo¬ 
dern Teutonic, which he ftyles the Celtic, and fays, was the 
language of Jupiter. But who was Jupiter, and what has 
the modern Celtic to do with the hiftory of Egypt, or Chal¬ 
dea ? There was an interval of two thoufand years between 
the times, of which he treats, and any hiftory of the Celtae : 
and there is ftill an interval not very much inferior to the 
former, before we arrive at the asra of the language, to which 
he applies. 

It has been the cuftom of thofe writers, who have been 
verfed in the Oriental languages, to deduce their etymolo¬ 
gies from roots; which are often fome portion of a verb. 
But the names of places and of perfons are generally an af- 
iemblage of qualities, and titles ; fuch, as I have exhibited 


in 



Helladian and other Grecian Writers. 179 

in the treatife above : and I believe were never formed by 
fuch evolutions. The terms were obvious, and in common 
ufe ; taken from fome well known chara<£teriftics. Thofe, 
who impofed fuch names, never thought of a root: and pro¬ 
bably did not know the purport of the term. Whoever 
therefore in etymology has recourfe to this method of in- 
veftigation, feems to me to a£t like a perfon, who fhould 
feek at the fountain head for a city, which flood at the mouth 
of a river. 




A a 2 


A SHORT 



( *8i ) 



A 

SHORT ACCOUNT 

OF THE 

) 

HELLADIAN S, and their Origin; 

In order to obviate fome Objections. 

A S I have mentioned, that the Helladians came from 

Egypt, and the eaft ; it may be proper to obviate an 
objection, which may be made to the account, I give ; as if 
it were contradictory to the tenor of the fcriptures, as they 
are in general underftood. Greece, and the illands of 

O 1 

Greece, are continually fuppofed, from the account given by 
Mofes 610 , to have been peopled by the fons of Japhet ; and 
there is fcarce any body, either ancient or modern, who lias 
touched upon this fubjeCt, but has imagined Javan to have 
been the fame as Ion, the fon of Xuth, from whom the Ioni- 
ans were defcended. This latter point I fhall not controvert 

60 Genefis, c. io. v. 5. 

at 


i 82 fiort Account of the Helladians. 

at prefent. In refped to the former, the account given in 
the fcriptures is undoubtedly mod true. The Tons of Japhet 
did people the dies of the Gentiles ; by which is meant the 
regions of Greece and Europe, feparated in great meafure 
from the Afiatic continent by the intervention of the fea. 
They certainly were the fird inhabitants of thofe countries. 

But the Helladians, and the lonians, were not of this race. 

% 

They came afterwards ; and all their bed; writers agree, that 
when their anceftors made their way into thefe provinces, 
they were podefied by a prior people. Who thefe were is 
no where uniformly faid : only they agree to term them in 
general B oc*£otpoi, or a rude, uncivilized people. As my 
fydem depends greatly upon this point ; to take away every 
prejudice to my opinion, I will in fome degree anticipate, 
what I fhall hereafter more fully prove. I accordingly fub- 
mit to the reader the following evidences ; which are com¬ 
paratively few, if we confider, what might be brought to this 
purpofe. Thefe are to fhew, that the Helladians were of a 
different race from the fons of Japhet : and that the coun¬ 
try, when they came to it, was in the poffefilon of another 
people : which people they diftinguifhed from themfelves by 
the title of B agEccgoi. 

E jta.Tcx.ios ovp 6 MiAjjcnos 'ursgi Trig II sXo^’ovPYj<ns $>ri<riv, 

e %&$ov cTs ti kou 

t) <rvpL7rcc<roL 'EA Xag xcltqikioc, Ba gSocgwv vkyi^olto to 'utolKoliov. 
Strabo. L. 7. p. 321. 

Em h fjfjuap af)(ouoTBgoi B ol§£oi§qi. Plato in Cratylo. 

Vol. 1. p. 425. 


oTi OjT^q toov 'EAA rywv wzyitolv otVTt)v B ccg£a.go 


IlaAa; 



A fort Account of the Helladians. 183 


TlctXou Tt)g vvv tcaX&fjLsvrig 'EXXaJog Bag^agoi Toe 'UToXXa 
teKYjTocv. Paufanias. L. 1. p. 100. 

A gmfriav Bag&agoi w£i)<rav. Scholia Apollonii Rhod. L. 3. 
v. 461. 

Diodorus mentions, AOrivausg — a 7 roimg XaiToov row At- 
yv 7 ms. L. 1. p. 24. 

Again; Tsyovsvai ds zaf T&oy j ]ys(J.ovMV Tivocg Aiyv 7 TTisg 'nragot 
Toig AOqvaioig, Ibidem. 

Africanus having fpoken of the Egyptian rites, fays, 'Or; 
ts A@Y)Vcaxg twv avToov AiyvTtTioig aToXavsiv siKog riv, avroimg 

sxsivoov oLKovo&fjLZvug, 00g <pa<riv aXXoi ts, mi sv tm T gimpYjVca 

®£ 07 ro{JL 7 rog. Apud Eufeb. Prsep. Evan. L. 10. c. 10. p. 491. 
Concerning perfons from Egypt. 

Ks/c^o*^, A lywrTiog m, Juo yXucrcrag 1wigrotTo. Cedrenus. 
p. 82. 

Kstf£o\p, Aiyvniog to ysvog, wzity) Tag A 6 wag. Scholia 
Ariftoph. Pluti. 

'£lg cl's olto 2 a sag 'uroXsuog AiyvitTiag , 


Msra tov koltol Elyvyov k.olt anXvGrp.ov sxsivov, 
O K S/Cgo^l/ 'uragsysyovsv AQr\vaig t r\g 'EXXao^g. 


J. Tzetzes. 


Chil. 5. hiE. 18. 


KsKgo^v, Aiyumiog to ysvog, wtcriTs Tag Adtrivag. St 
Paufanias mentions AsXsya a<puco[/£Vov s§ A lywms. 


Suidas. 


L. 1. 


P- 95 - 

Erectheus from Egypt. Kai Tov Egsyfsa. XsysTi to ysvog 

AiyvTTTiov ovTa. Diodorus. L. 1. p. 25. 

Triptolemus from thence, who had been the companion oi 
Ofiris. Diodorus. L. 1. p. 17. He gave the Athenians 

6 laws. 


i 



184 


A Jho?~t Account of the Helladians. 

laws. Porphyry mentions Toov A@YjVY}<ri voftoO stoop T^tttoAs- 
fjiov. Abftinent. L. 4. p. 431. 

It is faid, that Danaus was a native of the city Chemmis ; 
from whence he made his expedition to Greece. A CLVCLog 

Xe (JLjULiTris . Herodotus. L. 2. c. 91. 

Navem primus ex iEgypto Danaus advexit. Pliny. L. 7. 

He brought a colony with him. Asyan Ss rovg 


c. 


5 6 - 


'sre^i Aolvolov ogfjLYi@£na,g o^oiojg £X.£i6ev> fcil. A lyvitTs. Dio¬ 

dorus. L. 1. p. 24. 

All the heads of the Dorian race from Egypt. QolivoiolTq 
av sovTzg 61 tojv A oogisccv i Y/z^lqvbq Aiyv7TTioi iQctysvesg. Hero¬ 
dotus. L. 6. c. 53. 

The Lacedaemonians efteemed themfelves of the fame fa¬ 
mily as the Caphtorim of Paleftine : hence they furmifed, 
that they were related to the Jews. 1 Maccabees, c. 12. 
v. 20, 21. Jofephus : A. J. L. 12. c. 4. p. 606. Perfeus 
was fuppofed to have been a foreigner. 'fig Js 0 Tlsgo'suv 

7 \oyog Xzysrou, oivrog 6 Ilsgcrsvg swv A<r<rvgiog sy£vsT0 'EAAj^.. 
Herodotus. L. 6. c. 54. 

It is faid of Cadmus, that he came originally from Egypt, 
in company with Phoenix. ¥Loc$[JLog xou onto ©/jSwy toqv 

Aiyv7TTiCfjv. Eufeb. Chron. p. 15. 

Eufebius in another place mentions the arrival of Cadmus 
with a company of Sait®. They founded Athens, the prin¬ 
cipal city of Greece : alfo Thebes in Bceotia. They were of 
Egypt ; but he fays, that they came laft from Sidon. It is in 
a paffage, where he fpeaks of a former race in Attica before 
thofe of Egypt called Sait® : IlAr^ run (U,£TOLxr)<rccnMV vgsgov 

BXBl Xcifroov, XOU KCLTQlKWrCLVTM T.Y]V TY)g 'EAAct frog [JU)Tg07r0?UV 

A Ot,vols, 



A Jhort Account of the Helladians. 185 

A Qy)Vclg, xcti rag 0i 'Jooig. XiSoovimv yctg srot cltolkoi sh ICaJjua 

ra Ayr]VOgog. Chron. p. 14., The ancient Athenians wor¬ 
shiped Ills : and were in their looks, and in their manners 
particularly like the Egyptians. Ka* Tcug ifacag, aou roig 

nfacnv o^LQiQTaTxg sivou roig Alyvmimg. The whole of their 
polity was plainly borrowed from that country. Diod. Sic. 
L. 1. p. 24, 25, 26. 

It is faid by Sanchoniathon, that Cronus, in his travels 
over the earth in company with his daughter Athena, came 
to Attica; which he bellowed upon her. Eufeb. P. E. 
Lib. 1. c. 10. p. 38. 

This is not unlike the account given by the Scholiaft upon 
Lycophron concerning Cecrops : from whence the legend 
may receive fome light. E kQuv ccg (0 K SKgo^) olto Xa,sug 

tJToKsoog AiyvKTki r ccg AQr\vocg <rvvmi<rs. Xocig fa koct AiywrTisg 

rj AQnvoc Xeysrca, dog q>Y\<n Xocga%. Lycoph. v. 111. Schol. 

Hence it is, that almoft the whole of the mythology of 
Greece is borrowed from Egypt. Ka 0 oAa fa } <poc<n> mg C EA- 

7\Y\vag s^idioc^s&ou T3g BTKpccvsg'ctTsg AiyvTTioov 'H gooocg rs, noci 

©£a?. Diodorus. L. 1. p. 20. All their rites and ceremo¬ 
nies from the fame quarter. 

EL ocvriyvgiocg fa ago,, koci 'ur0ctg, koli 'urgocrccywyocg 'urgooroi 

ca/Ogoo7Toov Aiyuitnoi sicnv, oi ’vroi^a^si/oij xou 'urccgcc tstoov 'E?v- 

Aj Y\vsg {JcepccOriKoccn. Herod. L. 3. c. 58. 

’E7TSITCC %gOV3 "SToAAB <hgA$om>£, stvOovto {oi 'EAAljygff) ZK Trig 

A lyvTTs ocTtiKoycevoc toc ovvopcccroc tuov ®zoov . Herod. L. 2. c. 52. 
See alfo L. 2. c. 4. 

Kca 'WCLVTCL TOC OVVO^JCOCTOC TOOV SSOOP gj AiyVKTZ ST^ihvfa £g 

Vol, I. B b ty\V 



i86 


A Jhort Account of the Helladians. 

Tty c EAAaJa. Herod. L. 2. c. 50. Hence it is faid that the 
Corybantes with their mother Comba came and fettled at 
Athens : K0//.SW B 7 CTOCTOK.H fisrct. {jLtjTsgog. Nonni Dionyf. 

L. 13. And that the priefts at Athens, ffyled Eumolpidas, 
were from Egypt. Diodorus Siculus. L. 1. p. 25. One of 
the Egyptians, who brought thefe rites to Greece, is men¬ 
tioned under the name of Melampus : as the Egyptians are 
in general under the character of Melampodes. 'EAAjth yocg 

MsA cc^L 7 tsg es"iv, 0 s^tjytiTccfjLSPog ts Aiopvtb opopct, kou Tty 

$vticlVj x.cu Tty 'uro{JL7rr\v T3 cpctXXa. Herod. L. 2. c. 49. He 
is likewife faid to have firft introduced phyflc: by which this, 
only is meant, that phyflc too came from. Egypt. 

To the fame purpofe may be confulted Lucian de Suria 
Dea. U^roi y~t)V ctp$gcd7rcdv AiyvnTioi kt7\. Eufebius. P., 
Evan. Lib. 10. c. 4. p. 469. and c. 5. p. 473. Clemens 
Alexand. 1 . 1. p. 361, 381. Diodorus Siculus. L. 1. p. 20. 
p. 62, 63. and p. 86, 87. Tatianus Affyrius. p. 243, 274. 
Thucydides. L. 1. c. 2, 3.. 


A NEW 



A 


« 



OR, AN 




B b 2 



( 189 ) 




O P 



AND OF 

ETYMOLOGICAL TRUTHS 

THENCE DEDUCIBLE, 

Exemplified in the Names of Cities, Lakes, and 

Rivers. 

E / tsfa xou 'GroTccfJLOig t^oj, ij xut oopeXeiocv, co<r7feg AiyvT- 
noig 'srgog r ov NgjAov, y\ kclto, xaXAog, dog ©sTTctXoig 'urgog IIji- 
vsiqv , r) kcltcl psysOog, oog Xxvflcag 'nrgog rav Ig-gov, v /cam 
[jlvQov , dog AiTooXoig 'srgog t ov Ayshooov. Max. Tyrius. 
Difiert. viii. p. 81. 

A S the divine honours paid to the Sun, and the ado¬ 
ration of fire, were at one time almofl univerfal ; 
there will be found in moft places a fimilitude in 
the terms of worfhip. And though this mode of idolatry 
took its rife in one particular part of the world; yet as it was 
propagated to others far remote, the ftream, however widely 

dififufed. 


190 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

diffufed, will Hill favour of the fountain. Moreover, as people 
were determined in the choice of their holy places by thofe 
preternatural phenomena, of which I have before taken 
notice ; if there be any truth in my fyftem, there will be uni¬ 
formly found fome analogy between the name of the temple, 
and its rites, and fituation: fo that the etymology may be 
afcertained by the hiflory of the place. The like will ap¬ 
pear in refpect to rivers and mountains ; efpecially to thofe, 
which were efteemed at all facred ; and which were deno¬ 
minated from the Sun, and fire. I therefore flatter myfelf, 
that the etymologies, which I fhall lay before the reader, will 
not ftand Angle and unfupported ; but there will be an ap¬ 
parent analogy throughout the whole. The allufion will 
not be cafual, and remote, nor be obtained by undue in¬ 
flexions, and diftortions : but however complicated the name 
may appear, it will relolve itfelf eafily into the original 
terms ; and when refolved, the truth of the etymology will 
be afcertained by the concomitant hiftory. If it be a Deity, 
or other perfonage, the truth will appear from his office, and 
department; or with the attributes imputed to him. To 
begin then with ancient Latium. If I fliould have occa- 
fion to ipeak of the Goddefs Feronia, and of the city deno¬ 
minated from her, I fliould deduce the name from Fer-On, 
ignis Dei Solis : and fuppofe the place to have been addidted 
to the worfiiip of the Sun, and the rites of fire. I accord- 
ingly find from Strabo and Pliny, that rites of this fort were 
practifed here : and one cufiom, which remained even to 
the time of Auguftus, confified in a ceremony of the priefts, 
who ufed to walk barefoot over burning coals, 1 TvfJivoig yctg 

Strabo. L. 5. p. 346. 


-srocr; 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 191 

'srocrf h'isfyoccny avQgouaccv, kcu cr7ro$i<zv fj.sycx.Xriv* The priefs 
’with their feet naked walked over a large quantity of live coals 
a?id cinders. The town flood at the bottom of Mount So- 
radte, facred to Apollo : and the priefls were flyled Hirpi. 
Aruns in Virgil, in his addrefs to Apollo, takes notice of 
this cuflom. 

* Summe Deum, magni cuflos Sora<£lis, Apollo, 

Quern primi colimus ; cui pineus ardor acervo 
Pafcitur, et medium freti pietate per ignem 
Cultores multa premimus vefligia pruna ; 

9 

Da, Pater. 

The temple is faid to have been founded on account of a 
peflilentiat 3 vapour, which arofe from a cavern: and to 
which fome fhepherds were conducted by (A VKog) a wolf. 
Were I to attempt the deciphering of Ferentum, I fhould 
proceed in a manner analogous to that above. I fhould fup- 
pofe it to have been named Fer-En , ignis , vel Solis fons, from 
fomething peculiar either in its rites, or fituation. I accord¬ 
ingly find, that there was a facred fountain, whofe waters 
w^ere flyled Aquse Ferentinae,— cui numen etiam, et divinus 
cultus tributus 4 fuit. Here was a grove equally facred, men¬ 
tioned by 5 Livy, and others ; where the ancient Latines 
ufed to hold their chief afTemblies. As this grand meeting 
■ufed to be in a place denominated from fire, it was the caufe 

a Virgil. JEn. L. xi. v. 785.. 

3 Servius upon the foregoing paffage. 

4 Cluver. Italia. L. 2. p. 719. 

5 Livy. L. 1. c. 49. Pompeius Feflus. 

8 - 


of 



192 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


of thofe councils being called 


The fountain 


which ran through the grove, arofe at the foot of mount 6 Al 
banus, and afterwards formed many 7 pools. 

The ancient Cuthites, and the Perfians after them, had 
great veneration for fountains, and ftreams j which alfo pre 

vailed among other 


fo 


have been at one time 


almoffc 


fal 


Of 


this regard among the Perfians Hero¬ 
dotus takes notice : 8 XeEonrau 'UTotoi[jlxs tuv 'GroLVTM (JLcthiS'ct,: 
Of all thmgs in nature they reverence rivers moft. But if thefe 


rivers wer 


attended with 


any 


faline quality 


with any fiery eruption, they were adjudged 


be Bill 


d ever diftinguilhed with fome title of the Deity. 

Other na~ 
untains ; but 


facred ; ar ^ 

The natives of Egypt had the like 


fays 9 Athanafius, reverenced 


ajid fc 


above 


peopli 


the world the Egypt , 


ans held them in the 
ne . Julius Firmicus 
gives the fame account of them. 10 iEgyptii aquas beneficium 
percipientes aquam colunt, aquis fupplicant. From hence 


higheft ho?iour , and ejleemed them as di 


6 Not far from hence was a diftri< 5 t called Ager Solonus. Sol-On is a compound 
of the two moil common names given to the Sun * to whom the place and waters 
were facred. 

7 Dionyfxus Halicarnafienfis. JL. 3. 

s Herodotus. L. 1. c. 138. 

Qv'dai Sc Koa vS 'clti Kca uvsfJLQicriv (d/ Tlepacu.) Herodotus. L. r. c. 131. 

Ridetis temporibus prilcis Perfas fluvium coluifTe. Arnobius adverfus Gentes. 
L. 6. p. 196’. 

9 AAA a 'zroTay.&s you ypm'oc.^ yen 'tjtccvtojv f*cc/\iq~ct oi Aiyuvriioi TzgoTeTipaiycco /, 
ucti $rey$ ccvaycpivycn. Athanafius adverfus Gentes. p. 2. 

jKiyvjTTiOL vSam SruBm' kccitgl piev <zirctcri yccivov tois A.iyu7TTiot$ to v^oqo. 

goed. V. 2. p. 223. Edit. Salmurii. 

*° Julius Firmicus. p. j. 


Lucian. Jupiter Tra 


the 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 193 

the cuftom pafied weftward to Greece, Italy, and the extre¬ 
mities of Europe. In proof of which the following infcription 
is to be found in Gruter : 

11 Vafcanise in Hifpania 

FONTI DIVING. 

How much it prevailed among the Romans we learn from. 

Seneca. 11 Magnorum fluviorum capita veneramur-co- 

luntur aquarum calentium fontes 5 et quaedam ftagna, qus 
vel opacitas, vel immenfa altitudo facravit. It mattered not 
what the nature of the water might be, if. it had a peculiar 
quality. At Thebes in Ammonia was a fountain, which was 
faid to have been cold by day and warm at night. H k^vy\ 
13 KCtXstTOU T8 ix. It was named the fountahi of the Sun. 
In Campania was a fountain Virena ; which I fhould judge 
to be a compound of Vir-En, and to fignify ignis fons, from 
being dedicated to the Deity of fire on account of fome par¬ 
ticular quality. I accordingly find in 14 Vitruvius, that it 
was a medicinal fpring and of a ftrong vitriolic nature. The 
Corinthians had in their Acropolis a ,s Pirene, of the fame 
purport as Virena, juft mentioned. It was a beautiful foun¬ 
tain facred to Apollo, whofe 16 image was at the head of the 
water within a facred inclofure. We read of a Pyrene, which 


13 Gruter. Infcnpt. Vol. i. p. xciv. 

IX Senecce Epift. 41. 

,J Herodotus. L. 4. c. 18 r. The true name was probably Curene, or Curane. 

14 Vitruvij Architect. E. 8. p. 163. 

15 Pliny. L. 4. c. 4. p. 192. Ovid. Metamorph. L. 2. 

Paufanias. L. 2. p. 117- S'n x.ccl A ircAhojvos ayaAwa 'izrpos t* TT etovrr-y 

xca f z*jeptQo\os e~iv. 

Pirene and Yirene are the fame name. 1 


VOL. I. 


C c 


was 



19+ The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

was a fountain of another nature : yet of the fame etymo¬ 
logy, however differently expreffed. It was a mountain, and 
gave name to the vaft ridge, called Saltus Pyrenafi. It is 
undoubtedly a compound of 17 Pur-ain, and fignifies a foun¬ 
tain of fire. I fhould imagine without knowing the hiftory 
of the country, that this mountain once flamed ; and that 
the name was given from this circumftance. Agreeably to 
this I find from Ariftotle de Mirabilibus, that here was former¬ 
ly an eruption of fire. The fame is mentioned by Pofidonius 
in Strabo: and alfo by Diodorus; who adds— 18 Ta ogY) 

hoc. To <rv(jJosEr,}Cog iChrfityca Ylv^iyouct. "That the mountains from 
he?ice had the name of Pyrencei. Mount fiEtna is derived very 
truly by Bochart from Aituna, fornax ; as being a refervoir of 
molten matter. There was another very ancient name, In- 
effus ; by which the natives called the hill, as well as the city, 
which was towards the bottom of it. The name is a com¬ 
pound of Ain-Es, like Hanes in Egypt; and fignifies a foun¬ 
tain of fire. It is called Ennefia by Diodorus ; who fays, that 
this name was afterwards changed to i£tna. He fpeaks of 
the city ; but the name was undoubtedly borrowed from the 
mountain, to which it was primarily applicable, and upon 
which it was originally conferred : 19 Kou ty±v vvv ovtruv A vtvy\V 

£KTy]<ravTo, 'Urgo tuts m?\S[JL£Vi)v 'Evvricrio’.v. Strabo expreffes the 
name Innefa, and informs us more precifely, that the upper 
part of the mountain was fo called. Oi ha 20 A itvoliqi 'nrccpci- 


17 Pur, Pir, Phur, Vir : all fignify fire. 
,s Diodorus Siculus. D. 5. p. 312. 

19 Diodorus Siculus. L. xi. p. 57. 

2-0 Strabo. L. 6. p. 412. 


^(ea^<rot»Tss 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. ' 195 

ywgri<rcLVTsq rr\v L mpaLV koAb f/,evt\v , TY\g A iTvqg og&ivnv, m^roLv. 

Upon this the people withdrawmg themfel c ves went and occupied 
the upper part of Mount JRtna , which was called Innefa. The 
city Hanes in Egypt was of the fame etymology ; being de¬ 
nominated from the Sun, who was ftyled Hanes, Ain-Es, fons 
ignis live lucis. It was the fame as the Arab Heliopolis, 
called now Matarea. Stephanus Byzantinus calls the city 
Inys : for that is manifeftly the name he gives it, if we take 

away the Greek termination. 5,1 I vv<T(Tog, 'UToXig Aiyv7irTs : but 
Herodotus from whom he borrows, renders it Ienis. It 

would have been more truly rendered Dorice Ianis ; for that 

was nearer to the real name. The hiftorian however point; 

it out plainly, by faying, that it was three days journey 

from * 3 mount Callus : and that the whole way was through 

the Arabian defert. This is a lituation, which agrees with 

no other city in all Egypt, except that, which was the 

Onium of the later Jews. With this it accords precifely. 

There feem to have been two cities named On from the 

worlhip of the Sun. One was called Zan, Zon, and Zoan, 

in the land of Go-zan, the 14 Golhen of the fcriptures. The 

other 




Stephanus fays, that it was near mount Ca'fius : but Herodotus exprefly tells 


us, that it was at the diftance of three days journey from it. 


A 7T0 T CIVTYIS moc €f*7T0glCC TCC, S7TI SwA CCGtTWS [j IrjVHTB ’WO/\lOy Ttf A . 

Herodotus. L. 3. c. 5. 

23 TocPe fxerct^v I nvias 'zb , qKig $ 9 yea 'KccatB re you tvis 'XegSwidcs A i/yvi&y 

sov By oA tyov cc A A’ oaov em Tgeis oS'ov^ ccvu^gov S'enoos. Hero¬ 

dotus. ibidem. 

24 Go-zan is the place or temple of the Sun. I once thought that Golhen, or, 
as it is fome times exprelfed, Gozan, was the fame as Cufhan ; but I was certainly 
miltaken. The diftridl of Golhen was indeed the nome of Cufhan : but the two 


C c 2 


words 



196 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


other was the city On in Arabia ; called alfo Hanes. 


They 


were within eight or nine miles of each other: and are both 
mentioned together by the prophet zs Ifaiah. For his princes 


■were at Zoan ; and his awbajfadors casne to Hanes. The name 
of each oi theie cities, on account of the fimilarity of wor- 
fhip, has by the Greeks been tranflated " 6 Heliopolis ; which 
has caufed great coniufion in the hiftory of Egypt. The 
latter of the two was the Ianis, or Icivi<rog y of the Greeks ; fo 
called from Hanes, the great fountain of light, the Sun : who 
was worfhiped under that title by the Egyptians and Ara¬ 
bians. It lies now quite in ruins, clofe to the village Ma- 
tarea, which has rifen from it. The fituation is fo pointed 
out, that we cannot be miftaken : and we find moreover, 
which is a circumftance very remarkable, that it is at this 
day called by the Arabians Ain El Sham, the fountain of 
the Sun ; a name precifely of the fame purport as Hanes. 
Of this we are informed by the learned geographer, D’An- 
ville, and others ; though the name by different travellers is 


expreffed with fome variation. * 7 Cette ville prefque enfe- 
velie fous des ruines, et voifine, dit Abulfeda, d’un petit lieu 
nomme Matarea, conferve dans les geographies Arabes le 


words are not of the fame purport. Gofhen is the fame as Go-£han, and Go-zan, 
analogous to Beth-fhan, and fignihes the place of the Sun. Go-fhen, Go-fhan, Go- 
zan, and Gau-zan, are all variations of the fame name. In refpedt to On, there 
were two cities fo called. The one was in Egypt, where Poti-phera was Prieft. 
Genefis. c. 41. v. 45. The other flood in Arabia, and is mentioned by the Seventy: 
Clv 9 i] eq-iv 'HAiBTroAf?. Exodus, c. 1. v. 11. This was alfo called Onium, and 
Hanes, the Iiinifus cf Herodotus. 

Ifaiah. c. 30. v. 4. 

16 See Obfervations upon the Ancient Hiftory of Egypt, p. 124. p. 137. 

* 7 D’Anville Memoires fur i’Egypt. p. 114. 


nom 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


197 


nom d’ Am-Siems, ou de fontaine du Soleil. A like ac 


count is 


given 


by Egmont and 


2,8 Hay man ; though they 
exp refs the name Ain El Cham : a variation of little con- 
fequence. The reafon, why the ancient name has been laid 


afide by thofe who refide there, is undoubtedly this. Bo- 
chart tells us, that fince the religion of Mahomet has taken 
place, the Arabs look upon Hanes as the devil: 19 proinde 
ab ipfis ipfe Daemon own vocatur. Hence they have abo- 
lifhed Hanes : but the name Ain El Cham, of the fame pur¬ 
port, they have buffered to remain. 

I have before taken notice of an objection liable to be made 
from a fuppofition, that if Hanes fignified the fountain of 
lights as I have prefumed, it would have been differently ex- 
preffed in the Hebrew. This is a ftrange fallacy ; but yet 
very predominant. Without doubt thofe learned men, who 
have preceded in thefe refearches, would have bid fair for 
noble difcoveries, had they not been too limited, and biaffed, 
in their notions. But as far as I am able to judge, moft of 
thofe, who have engaged in inquiries of this nature, have 
ruined the purport of their labours through fome prevailing 
prejudice. They have not conffdered, that every other na¬ 
tion, to which we can poffibly gain accefs, or from whom 
we have any hiftory derived, appears to have expreffed fo¬ 
reign terms differently from the natives, in whofe language 
they were found. And without a miracle the Hebrews muff 
have done the fame. We pronounce all French names dif- 


28 Travels, vol. 2. p. 107. It is by them expreffed Ain-el Cham-, and appro¬ 
priated to the obelifk : but the meaning is plain. 

29 Bochart. Geog. Sacra. L. 1. c. 35. p. 638. 

ferently 



198 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 



ferently from the people of that country: and they do the 
fame in refpe£t to us. What we call London, they exprefs 
Londres : England they ftyle Angleterre. What fome call 
Bazil, they pronounce Bal: Munchen, Munich: Mentz, May- 

: Ravenfpurg, Ratifbon. The like variation was ob- 
fervable of old. Carthago of the Romans was Carchedon 
among the Greeks. Hannibal was rendered Annibas : Af- 
drubal, Afdroubas : and probably neither was confonant to 
the Punic mode of exprejfiion. If then a prophet were to 
rife from the dead, and preach to any nation, he would 
make ufe of terms adapted to their idiom and ufage ; with¬ 
out any retrofpeft to the original of the terms, whether they 
were domeftic, or foreign. The facred writers undoubtedly 
obferved this rule towards the people, for whom they wrote ; 
and varied in their expreffing of foreign terms ; as the ufage 
of the people varied. For the Jewifh nation at times dif¬ 


fered from its neighbours, and from itfelf. 


We 


may 


be 


morally certain, that the place, rendered by them Ekron, was 
by the natives called Achoron ; the Accaron, A KKOLguv, of 
Jofephus, and the Seventy. What they termed Philiftim, was 
Peleftin : Eleazer, in their own language. they changed to 
Lazar, and Lazarus : and of the Greek (rvvsfyiov they formed 
Sanhedrim. Hence we may be certified, that the Jews, and 
their anceftors, as well as all nations upon earth, were liable 
to exprefs foreign terms with a variation, being led by a na¬ 
tural peculiarity in their mode of fpeech. They therefore are 
furely to be blamed, who would deduce the orthography of 
ancient words from the Hebrew ; and bring every extra- 

It requires no great infight into 


all 


neous term to that teft. 


that 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 199 
that language to fee the impropriety of fuch procedure. Yet 

M 

no prejudice has been more 30 common. The learned Mi- 
chaelis has taken notice of this 31 fatal attachment, and {peaks 
of it as a ftrange illufion. He fays, that it is the reigning in - 
jluen%a , to which all are liable , who make the Hebrew their prin¬ 
cipal Jludy. The only way to obtain the latent purport of 
ancient terms, is by a fair analyfis. This mu ft be diicovered 
by an apparent analogy; and fupported by the hiftory of the 
place, or perfon, to whom the terms relate. If fuch helps 
can be obtained we may determine very truly the etymo¬ 
logy of an Egyptian or Syriac name ; however it may appear 
repugnant to the orthography of the Hebrews. The term 
Hanes is not fo uncommon as may be imagined. Zeus was 
worfhiped under this title in Greece, and ftyled Zst>s A ivt) 7 iog. 
The Scholiaft upon Apollonius Rhodius mentions his temple, 
and terms it 32 A 105 Ampin isgov, d pLvqpiovevei kou Aeoov ev we- 

giTThu, kou Ar}[Xo<rbsvng sv XifJLsiri. It is alfo taken notice of by 
Strabo, who fpeaks of a mountain Hanes, where the temple 
flood. 33 M.syig’oy <5s ogog sv olvty} A ivog (lege Aivrig), ev p to ts 

A Log Ampin iegov. Tlie mountain of Zeus Aineftus muft 
have been Aines, and not Ainos ; though it occurs fo in our 
prefent copies of Strabo. The Scholiaft above quotes a verfe 
from Heftod, where the Poet ftyles the Deity A ivr\iog. 

JivO’ oiy ewgs<r()i]V A ivy] ip v^ifJLsS'ovn. 

30 See page 59. notes. 

31 Differtation of the influence of opinion upon language, and of language upon 
opinion. Se£t. vi. p. 67. of the tranflation. 

3Z Scholia upon Apollonius. L. 2. v. 297. 

33 Strabo. L. 10. p. 700. 


6 


Ainei’us, 



2,00 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


Aine'fus, and Ainefius are both alike from Hanes, the Deity 


of Egypt, whofe rites may be traced in various ] 
were places named Aineas, and Amelia in Th 


There 

which 


of the fan 
prefix Ph 


orig¬ 


inal. 


This title 
- Deity fo 


fometimes with 


theologifts thought to have been of the higheft antiquity 
They efteemed him the fame as 3+ 


Ouranus. and Dionufus 


and went fo far as to pive him 


from hi 


power, and to de- 
The Grecians from Phanes formed 

3 6 


■&0LVC/.10S, which they gave as a title both to 36 Zeus, and 


Apollo. In this there was nothin 


rdinary, for they 


were both the fame God 


called Ag 


north of Italy was a diftridt 


Pifanus. The etymo 


of this name 


are re¬ 


fame as that of Hanes, and Phanes ; only the terms 
verfed. It fignifies ignis fons : and in confirmation of this 
etymology I have found the place to have been famous for 
its hot ftreams, which are mentioned by Pliny under the 

inia was certainly 
rount of its foil, and 
well known ; which 


name of Aquas Pifana. Cuma in Camp 
denominated from Chum. heat, on accnn 


fituation 


Its medicinal 38 waters 


were called Aqua Cumana. The term Cumana is not formed 
merely by a Latine infledtion ; but confifts of the terms Cu- 


34 Orphic. Frag. 7. 

35 Oi Sreohoyoi — ev ye tu ttju Snfj.i 3 gyix.Yiv otiTiccv ccrvfjA’Vuccv. Orphic. 

Fragment. 8. from Proclus in Timaeum. 

36 Xv ixot *Z,evs 0 €>ocrouos weis. Eurip. Rhefas. v. 355. 

Qolvouos AvroAAcdr ev Hefych. 

37 Pliny. L. 2. c. 106. p. 120. 

A UTpct t e ccpe^/ei to pscopiov Srepf&X) yv$tv xuToptxrx xviovtx. Jofephi Antiq. 

L. 18. c« 14. 


JO 


mam. 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 


201 


main, and fignifies a hot fountain ; or a fountain of Chum, 
or Cham, the Sun. The country about it was called Phle- 
gra ; and its waters are mentioned by Lucretius. 

40 Qualis apud Cumas locus eft, montemque Vefevum, 
Oppleti calidis ubi fumant fontibus au<ftus. 

Here was a cavern, which of old was a place of prophecy. 
It was the feat of the Sibylla Cumana; who was fuppofed to 
have come from 41 Babylonia. As Cuma was properly Cu- 
man ; fo Baiae was Baian ; and Alba near mount Albanus 4 % 
Alban : for the Romans often dropped the n final. Pifa fo 
celebrated in Elis was originally Pifan, of the fame purport 
as the Aquae Pifiinae above. It was fo called from a facred 
fountain, to which only the name can be primarily appli¬ 
cable : and we are aflured by Strabo 43 T r\v KgY\VY\v TLctolv ei- 

that the fountain had certainly the name of Pifan. I 
have mentioned that Mount Pyrene was fo called from being 
a fountain of fire : fuch mountains often have hot ftreams in 
their vicinity, which are generally of great utility. Such we 
find to have been in Aquitania at the foot of this mountain, 
which were called Thermse Onefie ; and are mentioned by 
Strabo, as 44 ®sg[j.oc zol 7 \Xi?u nzror i[awtcctz v& xrog. What in 
one part of the world was termed Cumana, was in another 
rendered Comana. There was a grand city of this name in 

40 Lucretius. L. 6 . 

41 Juftin Martyr. Cohort, p. 33. 

4i Mount Albanus was denominated Al-ban from its fountains and baths. 

43 Strabo. L. 8. 545. 

44 Strabo. L. 4. p. 290. Onefa fignifies fobs ignis, analogous to Hanes. 

Vol. I. D d Cappadocia, 



202 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology* 


Cappadocia, where flood one of the nobleft Puratheia in Afia* 
The Deity worfhiped was reprefented as a feminine, and 
flyled Ana it, and Anais ; which latter is the fame as Hanes. 
She was well known alfo in Perils, Mefopotamia, and at Eg- 
batana in Media. Both An-ait, and An-ais, fignifies a 
fountain of fire. Generally near her temples, there was an 
eruption of that element; particularly at Egbatana, and Ar- 
bela. Of the latter Strabo gives an account, and of the 
fiery matter which was near it. 45 EE egl A^SflAoc zou 

AY)[AY)Tgictg 'sro?us m siQ’ jq ra volqQol 'zaryiyy), zou tol (or ury- 

gsict), zoli to Trig Avaiotg hgov. 

I fhould take the town of Egnatia in Italy to have been 

♦ 

of the fame purport as Hanes above mentioned : for Hanes 
was fometimes exprefled with a guttural, Hagnes ; from 
whence came the ignis of the Romans. In Arcadia near 
mount Lyceus was a facred fountain ; into which one of the 
nymphs, who nurfed Jupiter, was fuppofed to have been 
changed. It was called Hagnon, the fame as Ain-On, the 
fount of the Sun. From Ain of the Amonians, expreffed 
Agn, came the dyvog of the Greeks, which fignified any thing 
pure and clean} purus five caflus. Hence was derived 
dyvziov^ 'UTYiya.iov' ciyvoaov , zxOotgov’ dyvr \, zotOoi^a : as we may 
learn from Hefychius. Paufanias flyles the fountain 46 Hag' 


no 


but it was originally Hagnon, the fountain of 


hence we learn in another place of Hefychius, dyyo7ro7\zi^c/. 


45 Strabo. L. 16. p. 1072. fee alfo L. 11, p. 779. and 1 .. 12. p. S38. likewile 
Plutarch in Artaxerxe. 

46 Paufanias, L. S. p* 678. 




The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 203 

to V 7 ?o YjXix &£gs<&cti. The town Egnatia, which I men¬ 
tioned above, flood in campis Salentinis, and at this day is 
called Anazo, and Anazzo. It was fo named from the rites 
of fire : and that thofe cuftoms were here pradtifed, we may 
learn from fome remains of them among the natives in the 
times of Horace and Pliny. The former calls the place by 
contraction 47 Gnatia : 

Dein Gnatia Nymphis 
Iratis extrudta dedit rifumque, jocumque ; 

Dum flammis fine thura liquefeere limine facro 
Perfuadere cupit. 

Horace fpeaks as if they had no fire: but according to 
Pliny they boafted of having a facred and fpontaneous ap¬ 
pearance of it in their temple. 48 Reperitur apud audtores in 
Salentino oppido Egnatia, impofito ligno in faxum quoddam. 
ibi facram protinus flainmam exiflere. From hence un¬ 
doubtedly came alfo the name of Salentum, which is a com¬ 
pound of Sal-En, Solis fons ; and arofe from this facred fire 
to which the Salentini pretended. They were Amcnians, 
who fettled here, and who came laft from Crete. 49 Tag de 

XocXsvTivBg K^ryrwy a.noix.&s <pouri. Innumerable inftances of 
this fort might be brought from Sicily: for this ifland 
abounded with places, which were of Amonian original. 

A1 Horace. L. i. Sat. 5. v. 97. 

4S Pliny. L. 2. c. no. p. 123. 

49 Strabo. L. 6. p. 430. 

The ancient Salentini worfliiped the Sun under the title of Man-zan, or Man- 
zana: by which is meant Menes> Sol Feftus in V. Oftobris. 


D d 2 


Thucydides, 



204 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


Thucydid 


and 


her Greek writers, call them Pheni 


cians 


ro 


£2 mow Js kcu < 3 ?omx.£g 'urepi 'urocr&v uev Xi%sXiotv 


But 


they were a different people from thofe, whom he fuppofes. 
Befides the term Phenician was not a name, but a title : 
which was affumed by people of different parts ; as 1 dial! 
fthew. The diftrid, upon which the Grecians conferred it, 
could not have fupplied people fufHcient to occupy the many 
regions, which the Phenicians were fuppofed to have pof- 
feffed. It was an appellation, by which no part of Canaan 
was called by the ancient and true inhabitants : nor was it 
ever admitted, and in ufe, till the Grecians got poffeflion of 
the coaft. It was even then limited to a finall trad: ; to the 
coaft of Tyre and Sidon. 

If fo many inftances may be obtained from the weft, 
many more will be found, as we proceed towards the eaft; 
from whence thefe terms were originally derived. Almoft 
all the places in Greece were of oriental etymology ; or at 
leaft from Egypt. I fhould fuppofe that the name of Me¬ 
thane in the .Peloponnefus had fome relation to a fountain, 
being compounded of Meth-an, the fountain of the Egyptian 
Deity, Meth, whom the Greeks called M Y)Tig, Meetis. 


5 1 


Kcu M rfcig 'urguTog yevsTwg, kou Egwg 'uroTwra^ng, 


50 Thucydides. L. 6. c. 2. p. 379. 

51 Orphic. Fragment. 6. v. 19. from Proclus. p. 366. 

divine wifdom, by which the world was framed: effceemed the fame as 
Phanes, and Dionufus. 

Avr0$ re 0 Aiovug-o^ x<xt few, xca Hpixe7ra,io$» Ibidem p. 373. 

— IgwmvzTcci) $(>)$} 'ZqoqS'qtvp, from Orpheus : Eufebii Chronicon.’ 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


205 


We learn from 52 Paufanias, that there was in this place a 
temple and a flatue of Ills, and a ftatue alfo of Hermes in 
the forum ; and that it was fituated near fome hot fprings. 
We may from hence form a judgment, why this name was 
given, and from what country it was imported. We find 
this term fometimes compounded Meth-On, of which name 
there was a town in 53 Meflenia. Inftances to our purpofe 
from Greece will accrue continually in the courfe of our 

work. 

One reafon for holding waters fo facred arofe from a no¬ 
tion, that they were gifted with fupernatural powers. Jam- 
blichus takes notice of many ways, by which the gift of di¬ 
vination was to be obtained. s+ Some , fays he, procure a pro¬ 
phetic fpirit by drinking the facred water , as is the pra&ice of 
Apollos priefi at Colophon. Some by fitting over the mouth of the 
cavern , as the women do , who give out oracles at Delphi. Others 
are infpired by the vapour , which arifes from the waters ; as is 
the cafe of thofe , who are priefieffes at Branch idee. He adds S5 f 
in refpeSl to the oracle at Colophon , that the prophetic fpirit was 
fuppofed to proceed from the water. 'The fountain , from whence 
it flowed , was in an apartment wider ground and the priefl 
went thither to partake of the emanation. From this hiftory of 


5i IcrcTo; svravQx 'legov, cct ayxt^y.a, xai svn t»s ayopccs E gy.a — yxi Sregy.cc, Aa- 
rpcc. Paufan. L. 2. p. 190. 

53 Paufanias. L. 4. p. 287. 

54 'OH'’ vS'ccp -zsr iovtes, xx.Qa.7rep 0 ev KoS.oipuvi 'legevere KAo^/h. O iSe ‘yoyiois r xrxga.~ 
xahny.evoi, a.i ev AeAtpois SreaTn'Qvc-ca. ’OH’ ejj uSxruv ury^oyevoi, xahaireg a.1 e>> 

Ylgoq.miS'es. Jamblichus de Myfteriis. Se£t. 3. c. it. p. 72. 

55 'TcSe ev KoAofpou'i y.avreiov oyoAoyencu 'urctpcc. nzTccai Six 6S cctos p^gvy-XTi£eiv" ena.i 

yap ■xjrvynv ev cixx xctrayei-?, xxi x tt ai/rus izrieiv rnv ripotpnmv. Jamblichvts. ibid; 

the 



206 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

the place we may learn the purport of the name, by which 
this oracular place was called. Colophon is Col-Oph On, 
tumulus Dei Solis Pythonis, and correfponds with the cha¬ 
racter given. The river, into which this fountain ran, was 
facred, and named Halefus ; it was alfo called ss Anelon : 
An-El-On, Fons Dei Solis. Halefus is compofed of well 
known titles of the fame God. 

Delos was famed for its oracle ; and for a fountain facred 
to the prophetic Deity. It was called 56 Inopus. This is a 
plain compound of Ain-Opus, Fons Pythonis. Places named 
Afopus, Elopus, and the like, are of the fame analogy. The 
God of light, Orus, was often ftyled Az-El ; whence we 
meet with many places named Azelis, Azilis, Azila, and by 
apocope, Zelis, Zela, and Zeleia. In Lycia was the city 
Phafelis, fituated upon the mountain 57 Chimaera ; which 
mountain had the fame name, and was facred to the God of 
fire. Phafelis is a compound of Phi, which in the Amonian 
language is a mouth or opening; and of Azel above men¬ 
tioned. Ph’Afelis fignifi.es Os Vulcani, five apertura ignis ; 
in other words a chafm of fire. The reafon why this name 
was impofed may be feen in the hiftory of the place s8 . Fla- 
grat in Phafelitide Mons Chimaera, et quidem immortali die- 

ss Paufanias. L. S. p. 659. AveXovros tb er K oXvpson xcci ‘EXsysitov r i ttqmtcu -yin 

XpOTtfTO. ClS'&XFI. 

56 Callimachus : Hymn to Delos. 

Strabo. L. 10. p. 742. 

57 Pliny. L. 2. c. 106. p. 122. 

5S Pliny above, 

O Tl r Z*JVp eq-'iv gj yvs QoCTTvXlS'oS BU A UX.ICL cc^dVCLTOV y KCLl OTi CC& XOZlBTXl B7TI 

kcci iVKTctj Kcct %iA£0att\ Ctefias apud Photium* clxxiii. 

to bus. 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


207 


bus, et nodtibus flamma. Chimera is a compound of Cham- 
Ur, the name of the Deity, whofe altar flood towards the 
top of the 59 mountain. At no great diftance flood Mount 
Argaius, which was a part of the great ridge, called Taurus. 
This Argaius may be either derived from Har, a mountain ; 
or from Aur, fire. We may fuppofe Ar-gaius to fignify 
Mons cavus : or rather ignis cavitas , five Vulcani domusj a 
name given from its being hollow, and at the fame time a 
refervoir of fiery matter. The hiftory of the mountain may 
be feen in Strabo ; who fays, that it was immenfely high, 
and ever covered with fnow ; it flood in the vicinity of Co- 
mana, Caftabala, Czefarea, and Tyana: and all the country 
about it abounded with fiery 60 eruptions. But the moft fa- 
tisfadtory idea of this mountain may be obtained from coins, 
which were ftruck in its vicinity ; and particularly 61 defcribe 
it, both as an hollow, and an inflamed mountain. 

In Thrace was a region called Paeonia, which feems to 
have had its name from P’Eon, the God of light 6 \ The 
natives of thefe parts were ftyled both Peonians, and Pie- 
rians ; which names equally relate to the Sun.. Agreeably to 
this Maximus Tyrius tells us, that they particularly wor- 
fhiped that luminary : and adds, that they had. no image ^ 


59 


TIuvt^j caoi <frc;vixcv Icf 05 ^jjaryvv vS/JiCVTcu, 


Aiirv re McccrG'iy.vTcto poor, /re Nbrrnus.. L. 3. 

60 Strabo. L. 12. p. Si2. For the purport of Gaius ? .domus vel cavitas^ See Ra¬ 
dicals. p. 97. 

61 Patinae Numifmata Imperatorum. p-. 1S0. 1 . 194. 

6z He was called both Peon, and Peor : and the country from him Peonia and 
Pieria. The chief cities were Alorus 5 Aineas., Chamfa 5 Methone : all of oriental 
etymology. 

but 



20~8 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


but infiead of it ufed to fufpend upon an high pole a difk of 
metal j probably of fine gold,-as they were rich in that mine¬ 
ral : and before this they performed their 63 adoration. 

There is an apparent analogy between the names of places 
farther eaft; whofe inhabitants were all worfhipers of the 
Sun. Hence moft names are an afiemblage of his titles. 
Such is Cyrreftia, Chalybon, Comana, Ancura, Cocalia, Ca- 
byra, Arbela, Amida, Emefa, Edefia, and the like. Emefa 
is a compound of Ham-Es : The natives are faid by Fefhis 
Avienus to have been devoted to the Sun : 


Denique flammicomo devoti pe&ora Soli 
Vitam agitant. 

Similar to Emefa .was Edefia, or more properly Adefa, fo 
named from Hades, the God of light. The Emperor Julian 
ftyles the region, 'legov sj oumos Tco 'HAjw 65 yyigiov. This 
city was alfo from its worfhip ftyled 66 Ur, Urhoe and Ur- 
choe j which laft was probably the name of the 67 temple. 

There were many places called Arfene, Arfine, Arfinoe, 
Arfiana. Thefe were all the fame name, only varied in dif- 


65 Tlcticvss o-e€uai rev riPuov* ccycc^y.cc S'e tfA/u YIcliovikov S'lax.os (3 pcl%,vs vyrsp jxcocps 
§yAa. Maximus Tyrius. DilTert. 8. p. 87. 

Of the wealth of this people, and of their fkill in mufic and pharmacy. See Strabo. 
Epitom. L. 7. 

64 Rufus Feflus Avienus. Defcrip. Orbis. v. 1083. 

65 Juliani Cratio in Solem. Orat. 4. p. 150. 

lepoovToa cTe ccvtoi (RJ'eaavvoi) tco ^A/w* t btov yap 61 BTr^cogioi aeS&a'iy $0/- 

rntGoy (pcovy RAccyccSocAoy xaA vi>res. Herodian. L. 3. 

66 EdefTeni Urchoienfes—Urhoe, ignis, lux, &c. Theoph. Sigefredi Bayeri 
0 Hift. Ofrhoena. p. 4. 

67 Urchoe fignifies Ori domus, vel templum 5 Solis JEdes. 

Ur in Chaldea is by Ptolemy called Orchoe. 

9 ferent 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 209 

ferent countries : and they were confequently of the fame 
purport. Arfinoe is a compound of arez-ain, Solis fons: 
and moft places fo denominated will be found famed for 
fome fountain. One of this name was in Syria : 68 AgtfivoY) 

'uroXig zv 'Evgica, £7 r; (iam KBiyosvr). cmo ie fisvg Kgqvag sgsv~ 
ysTou 'wXBiQvotg—cap oov y\ 'uroXig oovofjictg'cai. Arfinoe is a city m 
Syria , fituated upon a rifing ground , out of which ijfiue many 
jlreams ; from hence the city had its name. Arfine, and Ar- 
fiana in Babylonia had 69 fountains of bitumen. Arlene in 
Armenia was a nitrous lake : 70 A^cri f]VY\ XifjcvY) — vnpng. Near 
Arfinoe upon the Red Sea were hot ftreams of bitter 71 wa¬ 
ters ; and Arfinoe near 1Z Ephefus had waters equally bitter. 

There were many people called Hyrcani ; and cities and 
regions, Hyrcania: In the hiflory of which there will be 
uniformly found fome reference to fire. The name is a com¬ 
pound of Ur-chane, the God of that element. He was wor- 
fhiped particularly at Ur in Chaldea : and one tribe of that 
nation were called Urchani. Strabo mentions them as only 
one branch of the 73 literati j but 74 Pliny fpeaks of them as 

68 Etymologicum magnum. The author adds, apcca ycig to wot iaa.i, as if it 
were of Grecian original. 

69 Marcellinus. L. 23. p. 287. 

70 fiv tccci Qcovitiv xaAycrj—■-e<j-7 cTe virpiTis* Strabo. L. 11. p. 801. 

71 YigcoTQv fj.€v CL 7 T Agaivow nxrctpctQeovTt TW < 5 s e^i(X.v mreipov &epfj(.cc,'ztrhetoaiv ccvhois 

ex 'srSTpys eis SrctAccrlocv S'tyQstrati. Agatharchides de Rubro mark p. 54. 

E irat ctAAyv rxjoAiv Apmvoyv' eirct Srepjjttnv vS'ctroov exCcAct$ y rmxpoov xca alAfJLVgoovl 
Strabo. L. 16. p. 1114. 

7X Some make Ephefus and Arfinoe to have been the fame. See Scholia upon 
Dionyfius. v. 828. 

73 Strabo. L. 16. p. 1074. See Radicals, p. 41. 

74 Pliny. L. 6. c. 27. Euphraten praeclufere Orcheni: nec nifi Pafitigri defertur 
ad mare. 

Vol, I, E e a people* 



210 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


a people, a tribe of the Chaldeans. Here was the fource of 
fire-worfhip : and all the country was replete with bitumen 
and fire. There was a region 75 Hyrcania inhabited by the 
Medes ; which feems to have been of the fame inflammable 
nature. The people were called Hyrcani, and Aftabeni : 
which latter fignifies the fons of fire. Cellarius mentions a 
city Hyrcania in 76 Lydia. There were certainly people 
ftyled Hyrcani ; and a large plain called Campus Hyrcanus 
77 in the fame part of the world. It feems to have been a 
part of that parched and burning region called fcxTOMSKOLVfJLevr), 
fo named from the fires, with which it abounded. It was near 
Hierapolis, Caroura, and Fofla Charonea, all famed for fire. 

It may feem extraordinary ; yet I cannot help thinking, 
that the Hercynian forefl: in Germany was no other than the 
Hurcanian, and that it was denominated from the God Ur- 
can, who was worfhiped here as well as in the eaft. It is 
mentioned by Eratofthenes, and Ptolemy under the name of 
$gV[JLOS O gzwiog, or the forefl: of 78 Orcun; which is undoubt¬ 
edly the fame name as that above. I have taken notice, 
that the name of the mountain Pyrene fignified a fountain 


75 Ptolemy Geog. 

Ifidorus Characenus. 

76 Cellarii Geog. Vol. 2. p. 80. 


Geog. Vet. vol. 2. p. 7. 


• / 


Strabo. L. 12. p. 868, 869. and L. 13. p. 929—932 


E Se ti t ttyctreisL TecppuSm t ow 'utbSimv. 

Strabo fuppofes that the Campus 1 -Iyrcanus was fo named from the Perfians, 


as alfo Kvdb 


eSiou near it, but they feem to have been fo denominated ab origine. 

The river Organ, which ran into the Meander from the Campus Hyrcanus, was 
properly Ur-chan. Ancyra was An-cura, fo named, a fonte. Solis: xvgos yctp o 
r.Puos. All the names throughout the country have a correfpondence; all relate 
either to the foil, or the religion of the natives ; and betray a great antiquity. 


75 Ptolemy. Geog*. L. 2. c. II. 

9 


of 



The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 


211 


of fire, and that the mountain had once flamed. There 
was a Pyrene among the Alpes 79 Tridentini, and at the foot 
of it a city of the fame 80 name ; which one would infer to 
have been fo denominated from the like circumftance. I 
mention this becaufe here was the regio Hercynia, where 
the Hercynian foreft Sl commenced, and from which it re¬ 
ceived its name. Beatus Rhenanus in his account of thefe 
parts fays, that there was a tradition of this mountain Py¬ 
rene once 81 burning : and conformably to this notion it is 
ftill diftinguifhed by the name of the great 83 Brenner. The 
country therefore and the foreft may have been called Or- 
cunian upon this account. For as the worfliip of the Sun, 
the Deity, of fire, prevailed greatly at places of this nature, 
I make no doubt but Hercynia, which Ptolemy exprefies 
OgxvvioL, was fo named from Or-cun, the God of that ele¬ 
ment. 

We muft not be furprifed to find Amonian names among 
the Alpes ; for fome of that, family were the firft who pafled 
them. The merit of great performances was by the Greeks 

79 Mentioned in Pliny’s Panegyric : and in Seneca; confolatio ad Helv. L. 6. 
Ariftotle in Meteoris. 

80 Here was one of the fountains of the Danube. Icy os re yap rzrora uos ao^a- 

uevos ex* KeA rcov y.ai Tlvpnvns 'sr&A/o* peei, /meant' mv JLvptoirnv. Herodotus. 

L. 2. c. 33. 

8x See Cluverii Germania. 

Sa Beatus Rhenanus. Rerum Germanic. L. 3. 

85 It is called by the Swifs, Le Grand Brenner: by the other Germans, Der 
grofs Verner. 

Mount Caenis, as we term it, is properly Mount Chen-Is, Mons Dei Vulcani. It 
is called by the people of the country Monte Canife : and is part of the Alpes Cot- 
tise. Cluver. Ital. vol. 1. L. 1. c. 32. p. 337. Mons Geneber Jovii. 

E e 2 


generally 



212 


The Analysis of Ancient’ Mythology* 


generally attributed to a fingle per foil. This paflage there¬ 
fore through the mountains is faid by fome to have been 
the work of Hercules : by others of Cottus, and H Cottius. 
From hence this particular branch of the mountains had the 
name of Alpes Cottias ; and the country was called Regio 
Cottiana: wherein were about twelve capital Ss cities. Some 
of that ancient and facred nation, the Hyperboreans, are faid 
by Pofidonius to have taken up their relidence in thefe parts. 

86 T«? 'T7reg£og£xs —oiksiv nrs^i rag AA7 rsig rr\g It aXiag, Here 
inhabited the Taurini: and one of the chief cities was Cornus. 
Strabo ftyles the country the land of 87 Ideonus, and Cottius. 
Thefe names will be found hereafter to be very remarkable. 
Indeed many of the Alpine appellations were Amonian ; as 
were alfo their rites : and the like is to be obferved in many 
parts of Gaul, Britain, and Germany. Among other evidences 
the worfhip of His, and of her facred fhip,. is to be noted ^ 
which prevailed among the Suevi. sg Pars Suevorum et Hidi 
facrificat: unde caufa et origo peregrino facro, parum -com- 
peri; nifi. quod lignum ipfum in modum LiburnaJ figuratum 
docet advedtam religionem. The fhip of His was alfo re- 


u See Marcellinus. L. 15. c. 10. p. 77. and the authors quoted by Cluverius; 
Italra^Antiqua above. 

They are ftyled iWvreis 'XxvTiai by Procopius •, Rerum Goth. L, 2. 

Marcellinus thinks, that a king Cottius gave name to thefe Alps in the time*; 
of Auguftus, but Cottius was the national title of the king; as Cottia was of the; 

nation ; far prior to the time of Auguftus. 

♦ 

** 5 Pliny. L. 3. c. 20. Cottianas civitates duodecim. 

86 Scholia upon Apollonius. L. 2. v. 677. 

* 7 Thtoov J' hcu 7) tb Ic hovvB XsyofjLtvYi yv^ kcci w tb Kst tib. Strabo. L. 4 .. 
p. 312. 

* s Tacitus de Moribus Germanorum. 


verenced 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


213 


verenced at Rome : and is marked in the 89 calendar for the 
month of March. From whence the myftery was derived, we 


may learn from 


Navigium Ifidis iEgypt 


Hence we find, that the whole of it came from Egypt 


like is fhewn by 91 LaCtantius 


purpofe 


The 

b r i ng 




innumerable proofs, were I not limited in my progrefs. I 
may perhaps hereafter introduce fomething upon this head 
if I fhould at any time touch upon the antiquities of Britain 
and Ireland; which feem to have been but imperfectly known. 
Both of thefe countries, but efpecially the latter, abound 
with facred terms, which have been greatly overlooked. I 
will therefore fay fo much in furtherance of the Britifh Anti¬ 
quarian, as to inform him, that names of places, efpecially of 
hills, promontories, and rivers, are of long duration ; and 

change. The fame may be faid of every thing, 

as temples, towers, 


fuffer 


which was efteemed at all facred, fuch as 
and high mounds of earth ; which in early times were ufed 
for altars. More particularly all mineral and medicinal wa¬ 
ters will be found in a great degree to retain their ancient 
names : and among thefe there may be obferved a refemblance 


molt parts of the world 


when names have 


determinately affixed, they are not eafily effaced. The Gre¬ 
cians, who under Alexander fettled in Syria, and Mefopota- 
mia, changed many names of places, and gave to others in¬ 
flections, and terminations after the mode of their own court 




Gruter. Vol. i.p. 138. 


90 Fulgentius : 


Mytholog. L. j. c. 25. p. 655. 

91 'Lad anti us de faifa -Relig. -Vol. x. L. i. c. ii. p. 47. 

To thefe inftances add the worflnp of Searur, and Thuthj called Thautates,. Sec 


Cluverii Germania L. x. c. 26. p. 188, and 1S9. 

8 


try, 



214 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


try. But Marcellinus, who was in thofe parts under the Em¬ 
peror Julian, allures us that thele changes and variations were 
all cancelled : and that in his time the ancient names pre¬ 
vailed. Every body, I prefume, is acquainted with the 
hiftory of Palmyra, and of Zenobia the queen ; who having 
been conquered by the emperor Aurelian, was afterwards led 
in triumph. How much that city was beautified by this 
princefs, and by thofe of her family, may be known by the 
ftately ruins, which are ftill extant. Yet I have been allured 
by my late .excellent and learned friend Mr. Wood, that if 
you were to mention Palmyra to an Arab upon the fpot, he 
would not know to what you alluded : nor would you find 
him at all more acquainted with the hiftory of Odaenatus, and 
Zenobia. Inllead of Palmyra he would talk of Tedmor ; and 
in lieu of Zenobia he would tell you, that it was built by Sal- 
mah Ebn Doud, that is by Solomon the fon of David. This 
is exactly conformable to the account in the fcriptures : for it 
is faid in the Book of Chronicles, 9Z He alfo (Solomon) built 
Tadmor in the wildernefs . The Grecian name Palmyra, probably 
of two thoufand years handing, is novel to a native Arab. 

As it appeared to me neceftary to give fome account of the 
rites, and worfhip, in the firft ages, at lead; in refpedt to that 
great family, with which I fhall be principally concerned, I 
took this opportunity at the fame time to introduce thefe ety¬ 
mological inquiries. This I have done to the intent that the 
reader may at firft fetting out fee the true nature of my 
lyftem; and my method of inveftigation. He will hereby be 
able to judge beforehand of the fcope which I purfue ; and of 


91 a Chronicles, c. 8. 


v. 4. 


the 



The Analysts of Ancient Mythology. 215 

the terms on which I found my analyfis. If it fhould ap¬ 
pear that the grounds, on which I proceed, are good, and my 
method clear, and warrantable, the fubfequent hiftories will 
in confequence of it receive great illu fixation. But {hould it 
be my misfortune to have my fyftem thought precarious, or 
contrary to the truth, let it be placed to no account, but be 
totally fet afi.de : as the hiftory will fpeak for itfelf; and may 
without thefe helps be authenticated. 



O F 









































































































O F 

• a 

WO R S H IP paid at C AVE RNS, 

AND OF 

The Adoration of Fire in the firft Ages. 


A S foon as religion began to lofe its purity, it degene¬ 
rated very fall: and inftead of a reverential awe, and 
pleafing fenfe of duty, there fucceeded a fearful gloom, and 
unnatural horror, which were continually augmented, as fu- 
perftition increafed. Men repaired in the firfb ages either to 
the lonely fummits of mountains, or elfe to caverns in the 
rocks, and hollows in the bofom of the "earth ; which they 
thought were the reiidence of their Gods. At the entrance 
of thefe they raifed their altars, and performed their vows. 
Porphyry takes notice, how much this mode of worihip pre- 
Vol. I. F f vailed 


21 8 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


% 7 rriXoutx. 


vailed among the firft nations upon the earth : 1 

TOlVVV KCil CLVTgOL TW V <TJTCtXCU07OCT00V , 'UTglV JlOU VOLZg £7TIVOt]<TOU , 

-9 soig aq>o<nzvToov mi zv K^tjo {jlzv K^h^toov An, zv Agm$ict < 5 s 


AsAioj/yj, Kcti Uocvi zv Avzzua, xcti zv Na^o Aiowtrca. When in 
procefs of time they began to eredt temples, they were ftill 
determined in their htuation by the vicinity of thefe objedts, 
which they comprehended within the limits of the facred 
enclofure. Thefe melancholy recedes were efteemed the 
places of the higheft fandlity : and fo greatly did this notion 
prevail, that in aftertimes, when this pradtice had cealed, ftill 
the innermoft part of the temple was denominated the cavern. 
Hence the Scholiaft upon Lycophron interprets the words 
'urctg uvTgoL in the poet, * Ts? zcrwroiTxg Tonsg rs van. The 
cavern is the innermoft place of the temple. Paufanias fpeaking 
of a cavern in Phocis fays, that it was particularly facred to 
Aphrodite. 3 A<pgo$iTH] <T syzi zv c r?niAaw Tipux.g. In this 


1 Porphyry de Antro Nympharum. p. 262. Edit. Cantab. 1655. 

He fpeaks of Zoroafter, AvroOpvzs gtt7i?\.cciov zv tois tv 7\yi<j iqv opbgl tug Hepcri- 

o OS CCVUTIgOVt KCCl 1zniyccs UflcgCOCTCCyTOS Zl$ 'TlfJLW T d 'WCCVTOQV 'uTGMT'dy KOCl ’ZUCCTgOS 

p. 254. 


Clemens Alexandrinus mentions Tj&gctQpwv ^opiccTct TZpctrzicts ZfJLirXzcc. 
ratio ad Gentes. 


Cohor- 


A vrpcc piir.v S'iy.cliw* os TrctXcuov^ kcli (TimXcuct^ tw xoGfAu xaQiegHv. Porphyry de 
Antro Nymph, p. 252. There was oftentimes an olive-tree planted near thefe ca¬ 
verns, as in the Acropolis at Athens, and in Ithaca. 

Aurap £7 Tt XPCtTCG XifJLtVQS T OLVUtyuWoS EA CCt&y 

A yxpQi ^ ccvtvg Avrpov. Homer, de Antro Ithacenfi. Odyfll L. E. v. 346. 

* Lycophron. v. 208. Scholia. 

3 Paufanias. L. 10, p. 898. I imagine, that the word caverna, a cavern, was de¬ 
nominated originally Ca-Ouran, Domus Cceleflis, vel Domus Dei, from the flip- 
pofed fandlity of fuch places. 


9 


cavern 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 219 

cavern divine hcmours were paid to Aphrodite. Parnaffus was 
rendered holy for nothing more than for thefe unpromifing 
circumftances. Te^oTr^swijs 0 Ua.gva.a'iros, eyyv ctvrgoiTs zou olTIKol 
" jrwgict 'VipLWfJLZVOL TSy kcli ctyi^svofJisvoL 4 '. 'The mountain of Par- 
najfus is a place of great revereticey having many caverns , and 
other detached fpots highly honoured , and fanElified. At Tamar us 
was a temple with a fearful aperture, through which it was 
fabled that Hercules dragged to light the dog of hell. The 
cave itfelf fee ms to have been the temple ; for it is faid, 

5 E 7 Tt Ttj outgo. N otog eix,ct(rfJ,svos <T? rqTtata). Upon the top of the 
pronio?itory Jlands a temple in appearance like a cavern. The 
lituation of Delphi feems to have been determined on account 
of a mighty chafm in the hill, 6 ovtog r gy.<rp.d\oq sv tw T 07 rw : 
and Apollo is faid to have chofen it for an oracular fhrine, 
on account of the effluvia which from thence proceeded. 

7 Ut vidit Paean vaftos telluris hiatus 

w 

Divinam fpirare fidem, ventofque loquaces 
Exhalare folum, facris fe condidit antris, 

Incubuitque adyto : vates ibi fadius Apollo. 

Here alfo was the temple of the 8 Mufes, which flood 

4 Strabo. L. 9. p. 638. 

TLl'QcC 'ZxTQZgQeV'd 

2 Tvyvov 2 i£uAA>js sq-iv o'nctiTXgiav 

r poovco BepeQpcp cvT^ocrypecpes reyhs. Lycophron of the Sibyls cavern near the 
promontory Zofterion. v. 1278. 

? Paufanias. L. 3. p. 5. 275. 

6 Scholia upon Ariftophanes : Plutus. v. g. and Euripides in the Orcftes, v. 164, 

7 Lucan. L. 5. v. 82. 

* M&aoov yag yv 'legov zvrctvfyct 'ztrspi rryv cwcej 7 tvQyv tb vccptocTte, Plutarch, de Pyth. 
Oracul. Yol. 1. p. 402. 

F f 2 clofe 



220 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


clofe upon a reeking ftream. But what rendered Delphi 
more remarkable, and more reverenced, was the Corycian 
Gave, which lay between that hill and Parnafius. It went 
under ground a great way : and Paufanias, who made it his 
particular bufinefs to vifit places of this nature, fays, that it 

9 Ay- 

Th ere 

in Cilicia, mentioned 


was the mofi extraordinary of any which he ever beheld , 
Tgov K oogvxiov (T 7 ry)XoLicav , u>v -s/Joy, •$-gas a%iov /xaTusra. 
were many caves ftyled Corycian : one 


by Stephanus Byzantinus from Parthenius,who {peaks of a city 


of the fame name 


Hag y to Koqpvkiov avrgov N uu<p 


aria 


yccg'ov Ssapct. Near which city was the Corycian cavern , facred 


to the 


iphs , which afforded a fight the mofi 



am 


ijhing 


Samacon 


Elis, and. 


There 


were 


There was a place of this fort at IO 
like the above, confecrated to the nymphs 
like wife medicinal waters, from which people troubled with 

I 

and 


eous, and fcrofulous diforders, found great benefit 
mentioned the temple at Hierapolis in 11 Phrygia ; 


the chafin within its precindts, out of which there iflued a 
peftilential vapour. There was a city of the fame name in 
lz Syria, where flood a temple of the higheft antiquity : and 
in this temple was a fifiure, through which, according to the 
tradition of the natives, the waters at the deluge retired. 
Innumerable inftances might be produced to this purpofe 
from Paufanias, Strabo, Pliny, and other writers. 


9 Paufanias. L. io. p. 877. 

Paufanias. L. 5. p. 387. Sama Con, Coeli vel Coeleftis Dominus. 

Srrabo. L. 12. p. 869. L. 13. p. 934. Demeter and Kora were worlhiped at 
the Charonian cavern, mentioned by Strabo: "X.ctpooviov ccvt^qv &ocvf/.ctc^Qv t* q,vcrss~ 
L. 14. p. 961. 

Lucian de Dea Syria. 


it 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


221 


It has been obferved, that the Greek term KoiXog, hollow, 
was often fubftituted for Coelus, heaven: and, I think it will 
appear to have been thus ufed from the fubfequent hiftory, 
wherein the worfhip of the Atlantians is defcribed. The 
mythologifls gave out, that Atlas fupported heaven: one 
reafon for this notion was, that upon mount Atlas flood a 
temple to Coelus. It is mentioned by Maximus Tyrius in one 
of his differtations, and is here as in many other inflances 
changed to KOiXog, hollow. The temple was undoubtedly a 
cavern : but the name is to be underftood in its original ac¬ 
ceptation, as Coel, the houfe of God ; to which the natives 
paid their adoration. This mode of worfhip among the At¬ 


lantians betrays a great antiquity ; as the temple feems to 


have been merely a vafl hollow in the fide of the mountain ; 


and to have had in it neither image, nor pillar, nor ftone, nor 
any material objedt of adoration : 13 Eg 'i ds ArA ccg ogog koiXov, 

S7rt£i/M)g thJ^Aoy. - Taro A&vcav kcci Isgov, kou -9 sog, tcui og- 


aog , Kou ayaA^tce.. "This Atlas (of which I have bee?i fpeaking) 
is a moimtain with a cavity , and of a tolerable height , which the 
natives efleem both as a temple, a?id, a Deity: a?td it is the great 
objeEl by which they fwear ; and to which they pay their devotio?is. 
The cave in the mountain was certainly named Co-el, the 
houfe of God j equivalent to Coelus of the Romans. To this 
the people made their offerings : and this was the heaven 
which Atlas was fuppofed to fupport. It feems to have been 
no uncommon term among the Africans. There was a city 
in Lybia named Coel, which the Romans rendered Coelu. 


*3 


Maximus Tyrius. Difiert. 8. p. 87- 


T h cy 



222 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 


They would have exprefled it Coelus, or Ccelus; but the 
name was copied in the time of the Punic wars, before the 
s final was admitted into their writings. Vaillant has given 
feveral Ipecimens of coins ftruck in this city to the honour of 
fome of the Roman 14 emperors, but efpecially of Verus, Corn- 
modus, and Antoninus Pius. 

Among the Perfians moft of the temples were caverns in 
rocks, either formed by nature, or artificially produced. They 
had likewife Puratheia, or open temples, for the celebration 
of the rites of fire. I fhall hereafter fhew, that the religion, 
of which I have been treating, was derived from the fons of 
Chus : and in the ancient province of Chufiftan, called after¬ 
wards Perfis, there are to be feen at this day many curious 
monuments of antiquity, which have a reference to that wor- 
fhip. The learned Hyde fuppofes them to have been either 
15 palaces, or tombs. The chief building, which he has taken 
for a palace, is manifeftly a Puratheion ; one of thofe open 
edifices called by the Greeks, 'Y '7rcuQgoi. It is very like the 
temple at Lucorein in upper Egypt j and feems to be ftill 
entire. At a glance we may perceive, that it was never in¬ 
tended for an habitation. At a diftance are fome facred 
grottos, hewn out of the rock ; the fame, which he ima¬ 
gines to have been tombs. Many of the ancients, as well as 
of the moderns, have been of the fame opinion. In the 
front of thefe grottos are reprefentations of various cha¬ 
racters : and among others is figured, more than once, a 

'* Vaillant: Numifm. JErea Imperator. Pars prima. p. 243, 245, 285. and elfe- 
where. 

15 Hyde, Religio Veterum Perfarum. c. 23. p. 306, 7, 8. 


princely 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


Z2T3 


princely perfonage, who is approaching the altar, where the 

■ 

facred fire is 16 burning. Above all is the Sun, and the 
figure of a Deity in a cloud, with fometimes a facred ban¬ 
dage, at other times a ferpent entwined round hs middle, 
fimilar to the Cnuphis of Egypt. Hyde fuppofes the figure 
above to be the foul of the king, who {lands before the altar: 
but it is certainly an emblem of the Deity, of which we 
have a fecond example in Le 17 Bruyn, copied from another 
part of thefe edifices. Hyde takes notice,, that there were 
feveral repetitions of this hiftory, and particularly of perfons, 
folem et ignem in pariete delineatos intuentes : yet he forms 
his judgment from one fpecimen only. Thefe curious fam- 
ples of ancient architecture are defcribed by 18 Kaempfer, 
19 Mandeflo, 510 Chardin, and 11 Le Bruyn. They are like- 
wife taken notice of by 2,1 Thevenot, and Herbert. In re- 
fpeCt to the grottos I am perfuaded, that they were temples. 


and not tombs. 


Nothing was more common; among the 


Perfians, than to have their temples formed out of rocks. 
Mithras e Petra 13 was in a. manner a proverb. Porphyry 


16 See PLATE ii, iii. 

17 Le Bruyn. Plate 153. 

See the fubfequent plate with the characters of Cneuplns,. 

,3 Ksempfer. Amocnitates Exotica, p. 325.. 

,9 Mandeflo. p. 3. He mentions the facred fire, and a ferpent. 

~° Sir John Chardin. Herbert alfo deicribes thefe caverns, and a ferpent, and 
wings ; which was the lame emblem as the Cneuphis of Egypt, 

5,1 Le Bruyn’s Travels. Vol. 2. p. 20. See plate 117, nS, 119, 120. Alfa p, 

15 s * *59> l66 > l6 7- 

Thevenot. Part 2d. p. 144, 146. 

Ol tcc tb M/O^b fjLU~vpioc ^wccpcc^L^ovTes A ey'dciv ex 'ujerpa.s yeyevna-Qxi ccuror D 5 ecu 
£T7r>jAaior JcaABcrx t ov TQTroy. CumTryphone Dialog* p. 168, 


allures 



224 

allures 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


that the Deity had always a rock, or cavern for 

where the name of 

Juf- 


all 



cavern. 


his temple : that people, in 
Mithras was known, paid their worship 
tin Martyr fpeaks to the fame 25 purpofe : and Lutatius Pla- 
cidus mentions that this mode of worlhip began among the 


Perlians 


PerfzE 


fpel 


coli folem primi inveniffe di 


cuntur. There is therefore no reafon to think that thele 
grottos were tombs ; or that the Perlians ever made rife of 
fuch places for the fepulture of their kings. The tombs of 
27 Cyrus, 28 Nitocris, and other oriental princes, were within 
the precindts of their cities : from whence, as well as from 
the devices upon the entablatures of thele grottos, we may 
be allured that they were deligned for temples. Le Bruyn 
indeed fuppofes them to have been places of burial; which 
is very natural for a perfon to imagine, who was not ac¬ 
quainted with the ancient worlhip of the people. Theve- 
not alfo lays, that he 29 went into the caverns, and faw fe- 
veral Hone coffins. But this was merely conjectural : for the 


34 He fpeaks of people, TIocvtccott& tov M $pxv eyvooa’ca , y J'lct crirvAcav t 

263. 

2,5 Juftin Martyr fupra. 

a6 Scholia upon Statius. Thebaid. L. i. v. 720. 

Seu Perfei de rupibus Antri 
Xndignata fequi torquentem cornua Mithran. 

27 Plutarch. Alexander, p. 703. and Arrian. L. 6. p. 273. 

18 Herodotus. L. 1. c. 187. 

29 Thevenot. Part. 2d. p. 144, 146. 

Some fay that Thevenot was never out of Europe : conlequently the travels 
which go under his name were the work of another perfon: for they have many 
curious circumftances, which could not be mere fidtion. But there were two per¬ 
ilous of this name : and one of them was a celebrated traveller. 


fiercer. Porphyry de Antro Nympharum. p. 


IO 


things 



JM.0LC.lt. 




«. A 


_T- — 








• * » 


* , ■ 


•v< * 7 * 


•• M ^ 




;S*. 


:. S XA * * v\**M 






“• ' 


\NV< 


v; 


•V^ ~ '-s 


,v 1 1 \ M M 

Av N — — 

fc4?* =: = 


•vv 


i"AV\W 


>«• 


= .$ 

— : $ V ^ 


i) 

hw 


I- • Ji 


*vj' = =? 

* '\ ' ~~ 7Z> 

H'll 

3|/ 41 


%- 


-> 


i- -■ 


% ^ 


♦ f 


..ihimiiupt 




% ^ 


^ • 


« w 


~ ^ ' 


nsi. •* . • 


/ / 


'; • *,■. i ' .~~-T • "I*** 

’ . ■•Vi^Agr-y' ;- r -“ •>'..- 


• » 


0 • ^ . 


4 - *. 


* < 




• * 




♦*, ' 


• : ^ 


X 


I; ' 


* 


/ .. « 


% * 


* • - 


* * 


* N - *■*-»■ •• -♦ • 

t -• » ~ —9 •*• * • •% . • 

• : •****-!, • • • • .••• 


* « . 




• * 


•-> 


* . • 




t k 


♦ • 


% * 




** ■ _ • '. .* •. !•• * .,«-•*■•• ■.' ••!•" . - *', • ’ • - "' „■ 1 .. ’ . »k« «• ■•’ ’ 

^ ,*5i ^ -»**- J: j,V-^'. - 






■ • ■ 


- r—n 


*/ 


•« <(■■•■« 


A*. —, 


i mmm 






t • # 


/* . ... • 

'■ "• '-/ , ; -•'• •' //5 ' 












•«::l 




. # - 


• — 


»• 


•Vi ^ ‘ 


iipiiilJill 


k. 1 ' 1 




< ♦ 




# • 




V v ‘ 


% . *. 


• * 


• • 


• 9 


♦.. « 


{<■?:?::::. V >-, .*.•• ••/ 

MS..-: ••• 

Ul*iii;!*iV>r • : ' 


- # -'k 


' •» 


. •« 




• ’. { l 1 ' 

r-r+'S 


♦ » 




* «n 


' ♦ 


• * * 
» ^ 


• •* 




*' '''* '' ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ■■ y - .; 






l 


ii P« 


i»* 


f! : 


it *< 


wAhv:.::::: - 


ii» 


.«»uii!urHi :irik 




•f.l 


|;||i.i'.iv.iii 8 (-r; 

•Hlliifj - 


I i. -.« 


• i 


< 4 Ji 




U* '* 


livum 


^•» i:! 1 * 


il'iil 


•V'i 


f 




ii 




m 

l>. 


II 


wii|r 


V 


-*.• 


• k 


% 






» •• 


4 A* 

. .* •* !-*• • • 
r • • 


i . 


♦4 






r Mithiras n&ir 

t/lS 1V/7/ 71 f fr/m c 'i{sUJ/ . __ 

» % / / 


i'tl/if . rf/f.r/'fY/t /?? t ti/< 


t/<1 . 


rt/tio c /<*//yt£\t fn f/t< * /vv*/ /ft'dj 


t ...'(• . $ rtf//f f . 









































































































































































































































































































































The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


225 


things, to which he alludes, were not in the fhape of cof¬ 
fins, and had undoubtedly been placed there as cifterns for 
water, which the Perfians ufed in their nodturnal luftrations. 
This we may in great meafure learn from his own words : 
for he fays, that thefe refer voir s were fquare, and had a near 
refemblance to the bafons of a fountain. The hills, where 
thefe grottos have been formed, are probably the fame, 
which were of old famous for the ftrange echoes, and noifes 
heard upon them. The circumftance is mentioned by Cle¬ 
mens Alexandrinus 3 °, who quotes it from the writers, who 
treated of the Perfic h-iftory. It feems that there were fome 
facred hills in Perfis, where, as people palled by, there were 
heard fhouts, as of a multitude of people : alfo hymns, and 
exultations, and other uncommon noifes. Thefe founds un¬ 


doubtedly proceeded from the priefls at their midnight wor- 
fhip : whofe voices at that feafon were reverberated by the 
mountains, and were accompanied with a reverential awe in 
thofe, who heard them. The country below was called, 

tgo:/ Maytoz/, the region of the Magi. 

The principal building alfo, which is thought to have 
been a palace, was a temple j but of a different fort. The 
travellers above fay, that it is called Iftachar : and Hyde re¬ 
peats it, and tells us, that it fignifies e rupe fumptum, feu 
rupe conftans faxeum palatium : and that it is derived from 
the Arabic word fachr, rupes, in the eighth 31 conjugation. 
I am forry, that I am obliged to controvert this learned man’s 


30 Clemens Alexandrinus. L. 6. p. 756. 

31 Hyde de Religione Yet. Perfar. p. 306. 

G g 


-VOL. I. 


opinion, 



226 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

% ^ 

opinion, and to encounter him upon his own ground., about 
a point of oriental etymology. I am intirely a ftranger to 
the Perfic, and Arabic languages ; yet I cannot acquiefce in 
his opinion. I do not think, that the words e rupe ftimp- 
tum, vel rupe conflans faxeum palatium, are at any rate ma¬ 
terials, out of which a proper name could be conftru<fted. 
The place to be fure, whether a palace, or a temple, is built 
of ftone taken from the quarry, or rock : but what temple 
or palace is not ? Can we believe that they would give as a 
proper name to one place, what was in a manner common to 
all ; and choofe for a chara&eriftic what was fo general and 
indeterminate ? It is not to be fuppofed. Every fymbol, 
and reprefentation relates to the worfhip of the country: and 
all hiftory fhews that fuch places were facred, and fet apart 
for the adoration of fire, and the Deity of that element, 
called Ifta, and Ella. 3 * Ifta-char, or Efta-char is the place 
or temple of Ifta or Efta ; who was the Heftia, 'E riot, of the 
Greeks, and Vefta of the Romans. That the term originally 

related to fire we have the authority of Petavius. 33 He- 
braica lingua ignem fignificat, Aramaea fctntt’N, qua voce 

ignem a Noemo vocatum Berofus prodidit : atque inde for- 

taflis Grteci 'Esrias originem deduxerunt. Herbert therefore 

with great propriety fuppofes the building to have been the 

temple of 34 Anaia, or Ana’fs ; who was the fame as Hanes, 

as well as Heftia. Procopius, fpeaking of the facred fire of 

the Perfians, fays exprefly, that it was the very fame, which 

3i See Radicals, p. 62. 

93 Petavius in Epiphanium. p. 42. * 

34 Herbert’s Travels, p. 13S. 

in 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 227 

in aftertimes the Romans worshiped, and called the fire of 
Heftia, or Vefta. 35 Taro to ■s rvg, 07 reg 'E gricnv emXovno, 
kou ecrsGovro ev r oig vgsgoig ’^govoig 'Pwpxiof. This is further 
proved from a well known verfe in Ovid. 

36 Nec tu aliud Veftam, quam vivam intellige flaramam. 

Hyde renders the term after Kaempfer, Ifta : but it was more 
commonly exprefled Efta, and Afta. The Deity was alfoftyled 
Aftachan, which as a mafculine fignified Sol Dominus, five 
Vulcanus Rex. This we may infer from a province in Par- 
thia, remarkable for eruptions of fire, which was called 37 Afta- 
cana, rendered by the Romans Aftacene, the region of the 
God of fire. The ifland Delos was famous for the worfhip 
of the fun : and we learn from Callimachus, that there were 
traditions of fubterraneous fires burfting forth in many parts 
of it. 

38 Oyxos dwav kolt etpXs^ag , sttsi 'arsgixcciso T>rvgi* 

Upon this account it was called 39 Pirpile ; and by the fame 
poet Hiftia, and Heftia, fimilar to the name above. 40 'I s'iy] 
w vi]<rwv, sv£$riy). The ancient Scythae were worfhipers of fire : 

Procopius. Perfic. L. i. c. 24. 

36 Ovid. Fait. L. 6 . v. 291. 

37 Similis eft natura Naphtha, et ita adpellatur circa Babylonem, ec in Aftacenis 
Parthise, pro bituminis liquidi modo. Pliny. L. 2. c. 106. p, 123. 

4 

58 Callim. H. to Delos, v. 201. 

39 Plin. L. 2. c. 22. p. 112. He fuppofes the name to have been given, igne 
ibi primum reperto. 

40 Callimachus. H. to Delos, v. 325. 

G g 2 


and 



228 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology'* 

and Herodotus defcribes them as devoted to Hiftia 41 . TXatr- 

hovtols 'lew [jlsv [ACiXt£ From hence, I think, we may know 
for certain the purport of the term Iftachar, which was a 
name given to the grand Pureion in Chufiftan from the Deity 
there worshiped. It Hands near the bottom of the hills with 

the caverns in a widely extended plain : which I make no 

% 

doubt is the celebrated plain of the magi mentioned above 
by Clemens. We may from thefe data venture to correct a 
miftake in Maximus Tyrius, who in fpeaking of fire-worfhip 
among the Perfians, fays, that it was attended with accla¬ 
mations, in which they invited the Deity to take his repaft 4 *. 
Uvg, (JscnroTa, e<rQi£. What he renders B(rOis 3 was undoubtedly 
'Efts, Heftie, the name of the God of fire. The addrefs was, 
£2 IIy£, JscnroTa 

is changed to O Fire, come, and feed. 

The ifland Cyprus was of old called 43 Ceraftis, and Ce~ 
raftia ; and had a city of the fame name. T his city was more 
known by the name of Amathus : and mention is made of 
cruel rites pra&ifed in its ^temple. As long as the former 
name prevailed, the inhabitants were fly led Ceraflas. They 
were more particularly the priefts, who were fo denominated 5 
and who were at laft extirpated for their cruelty. The poets 


E g-is : O mighty Lord of fire, Heftius: which 


41 Herodotus, L. 4. c. 69. 


41 K ou Sru&cri Tlepaca 9 67ti^cdbvt^ ccjtm t yjy'uivpos t po^,vjy^ e7ri?^eyovT€$, flip 

zaQi'e. Maximus Tyrius. DiiTert. 8. p. 83. 

43 


See Lycophron. v. 477. and Stephanus. K v 7 rpcs,. 

K egctcr'if'os eis ^Qorcc K u?rp?. Nonni Dionyf. L. 4. 

** Hofpes erat csefus. 'Ovid. Metamorph. L. 10. v. 22S. 


imagining. 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


229 

imagining, that the term Ceraftas related to a horn, fabled that 
they were turned into bulls. 

* 45 Atque illos gemino quondam quibus afpera cornu 

Frons erat, unde etiam nomen traxere Ceraftas. 

% 

There was a city of the fame name in Euboea, expreffed Ca- 
ryftus, where the ftone 46 Albeftus was found. Of this they 
made a kind of cloth, which was fuppofed to be proof againft 
fire, and to be cleanfed by that element. The purport of 
the name is plain ; and the natural hiftory of the place affords 
us a reafon why it was impofed. For this we are obliged to 
Solinus, who calls the city with the Grecian termination, 
Caryftos ; and fays, that it was noted for its hot ftreams : 
47 Caryftos aquas calentes habet, quas E?\A07nas vocant. We 
may therefore be affured, that it was called Car-yftus from, 
the Deity of fire, to whom all hot fountains were facred. El- 
lopia is a compound of El Ope, Sol Python, another name of 
the fame Deity. Caryftus, Ceraftis, Cerafta, are all of the 
fame purport : they betoken a place, or temple of Aldus, or 
Afta, the God of fire. Cerafta in the feminine is exprefly the 
fame, only reverfed, as Aftachar in Chufiftan. Some places 
had the fame term in the compofition of their names, which 
was joined with Kur ; and they were named in honour of 
the Sun, ftyled Curos. He was worfhiped all over 


Ovid. Ibidem. 

46 Strabo. L. io. p. 684. 

47 Solinus. cap. 17. Pliny takes notice of the city Caryftus. Euboea—Urbibus 
clara quondam Pyrrha, Oreo, Gerasfto, Caryfto, Oritano, &c. aquifque calidis, 
qua: Ellopia: vocantur* nobilis. L. 4. c, n. 



230 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


Syria ; and one large province was hence named Curefta, 
and Cureftica, from Kvg c E?og, Sol Heftius. 

In Cappadocia were many Puratheia ; and the people fol¬ 
lowed the fame manner of worftiip, as was pradtifed in Per¬ 
ils. The rites, which prevailed, may be inferred from the 
names of places, as well as from the hiftory of the country. 
One city feems to have been denominated from its tutelary 
Deity, and called Caftabala. This is a plain compound of 
Ca-Afta-Bala, the place or temple of Afta Bala; the fame 
Deity, as by the Syrians was called Baaltis. Afta Bala was 
the Goddefs of fire : and the fame cuftoms prevailed here, as 
at Feronia in Lafium. The female attendants in the temple 
iifed to walk with their feet bare over burning 4E coals. 

Such is the nature of the temple named Iftachar ; and of 
the caverns in the mountains of Chufiftan. They were fa- 
cred to Mithras, and were made life of for his rites. Some 
make a diftindfcion between Mithras, Mithres, and Mithra : 
but they were all the fame Deity, the w Sun, efteemed the 
chief God of the Perfians. In thefe gloomy recedes people, 
who were to be initiated, were confined for a long feafon in 
the dark, and totally fecluded from all company. During 
this appointed term they underwent, as fome fay, eighty 
kinds of trials, or tortures, by way of expiation. 50 Mithra 


4S Ei' to<s Kas-'afaAcis e^t to tws Tie pan as AorepuScs lepov, oVa (pan Tas lepeiccs 
yvpcvots tois 'zvocri JV ocvQpoLKictv (2ctS'i^etv <x.7rc&£i$. Scrabo. L. 12. p. 811. 

49 MiGgas 0 £A*os 'zarctpcc riegcrctts . Hefych. 

MiBpws 0 'ujptoTo* tv TIepcrcus <3>eos. Ibidem. 

Mithra was the fame. Elias Cretenfis in Gregorii Theologi Opera. 
s ° Elias Cretenfis. Ibidem. In like manner Nonnus fays, that there could be no 
initiation : A ^pi9 & Tas oySoyKovra, xoAaa'S/s'zjrapeAGo/. InNazianzeni Steliteutic. 2 . 

i o apud 



T|ie Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 231 

♦ 

apud Perfas Sol efle exiftimatrur : nemo vero ejus facris ini- 
tiari poteft, nili per aliquot fuppliciorum. gradus tranfierit. 
Sunt tormentorum ii Ixxx gradus, partim inteniiores.—Ita 
demum, exhauftis omnibus tormentis, facris imbuuntur. 
Many 51 died in the trial: and thofe, who furvived were often 
fb crazed and fhaken in their intellects, that they never re¬ 
turned to their former date of mind. 

Some traces of this kind of penance may be ftill perceived 
in the eaft, where the followers of Mahomet have been 
found to adopt it. In the hiftory given by Hanway of the 
Perfian Monarch, Mir Maghmud, we have an account of a 
procefs limilar to that above; which this prince thought 
proper to undergo. He was of a four and cruel difpolition, 
and had been greatly dejeCted in his Ipirits ; on which ac¬ 
count he wanted to obtain fome light and afliftance from 
heaven. 31 W^ith this intent Maghmud undertook to perform the 
fpiritual exercifes which the Indian Mahommedans, who are 
more addicted to them than thofe of other countries y have intro¬ 
duced into K.andahar. ‘This fuperfitious practice is obferved by 
fhutting the??ifelves tip fourteen or fifteen days in a place where 
no light enters. The only nourijhment they take is a little bread 
and water at fun fet. During this retreat they employ their 
time in repeating inceffantly with a firong guttural voice the 
word Hou, by which they denote one of the attributes of the 
Deity. Thefe continual cries y and the agitations of the body y 
with which they are attended\ naturally unhinge the whole frame . 
When by fafling and darknefs the brain h diftemper.ed , they 


51 K Oil T076 A 017T0V £{JLUB(Tl CCVTCV TO. TgAg&)T6£>3£ 5 SctV £W>7. NonnUS fupra. 

51 Account of Perfia by Jonas Hanway Efq. Vol. 3. c. 31, 32. p. 206.. 




2-2,2 .The Analysis of Ancient Mythology'. 

fancy they fee fpeSlres and hear voices.. Thus they take pains to 
co?ifirm the diftemper , which puts them upozz fuch trials . 

Such was ■ the painfd exercife which _ NLaghmud undertook i?t 
Junuary this year ; and for this ptirpofe he chofe a fubterra- 
neous vault. In the beginning of the next month , whezi he came 
forth,. . he was fo pale , disfigured , and emaciated , that . they 
hardly knew him. But this was not the worft ejfteEl of his de¬ 
votion.' Solitude , often dangerous to a melancholy tu?~n of 
thought , had under the cir cumft ances of his inquietude , and the 
ftrangezzefs of his penance, impaired his reafozt. He became reft- 
lefs, and fufpicious, often ft anting. In one of thefe fits he 
determined to put to death the whole family of his prede- 
cefior Sha Huflein ; among whom were feveral brothers, 
three uncles, and feven nephews, befides that prince’s chil¬ 
dren. All thefe, in number above an hundred, the tyrant 
cut to pieces with his own hand in the palace-yard, where 
they were aflembled for that bloody purpofe. Two fn\all 
children only efcaped by the intervention of their father, 
who was wounded in endeavouring to fcreen them. 

The reverence paid to caves, and grottos, arofe from a no- 

ft 

tion that they were a reprefentation of the 53 world ; and that 
the chief Deity whom the Perfians worshiped proceeded 
from a cave. Such was the tradition, which they had re- 
ceived; and which contained in it matter of importance. 
Porphyry attributes the original of the cuftom to Zoroafter, 
whoever Zoroafter may have been : and fays, that he firffc 
confecrated a natural cavern in Perfis to Mithras, the creator 

53 E ikqvcc (pepov TS5 GTryXous T3 Kecrwy. Porphyry de Antro Nymph, p. 254. 

and 


L 



Plate HI. 

























































































































The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


2 33 


and. father of all things. He was followed in this practice 
by others, who dedicated to the Deity places of this 5i na¬ 
ture ; either fuch as were originally hollowed by nature, or 
made fo by the art of man. Thofe, of which we have fpe- 
cimens exhibited by the writers above, were probably en¬ 
riched, and ornamented by the Achaimenidse of Perils, who 
fucceeded to the throne of Cyrus. They are modern, if 
compared with the firft introduction of the worfhip : yet of 
high antiquity in refpeCl to us. They are noble relics of 
Perlic architecture, and afford us matter of great curiolity. 


54 Mst cl S'e t&tqv Toy *Zcogocc<^pyv tcgccTticravTOS Ttou Tcrcog otAAois S'i otvrpcov Kctt <77r>j- 
P\.guc*)v 9 eiT bv ccvT0(pva)v 9 tire upo 7 rotyTGW , tccs Ti AgT<xs ccirof t^ovcti. Porph. de Aritro 
Nymph, p. 108. The purport of the hiftory of Mithras, and of the cave from 
whence he proceeded, I fliall hereafter fhew. Jupiter was nurfed in a cave, and 
Proferpine, Kopv Kocr/*y, nurfed in a cave: caaccvroos xoa £ A»j uvrng ev ocvrota rgzcpet 

TYiV K QgY)V fAZTCt ’NvjJ.CpO)V* XCCl OcAAcC T0KXUTCC 'ZSToAAct BUpyjTSl Tff € 7 HC 0 V TCC T COV SrZQ- 

A oycov. Porph. ibid. p. 254. 


VOL. I. 


H h 


O F 



C 2 35 ) 



OF THE 

O M P H I, 

AND OF 

The WORSHIP upon HIGH PLACES. 

T HE term Omphi. is of great antiquity, and denotes an 

oracular influence, by which people obtained an in¬ 
fight into the fecrets of futurity. I have taken notice, with 
what reverence men in the firft ages repaired to rocks, and 
caverns, as to places of particular fandtity. Here they 
thought that the 
either by a voice, or a dream, or fome other preternatural 

token. Many for the fame purpofe worshiped upon hills, 

♦ 

and on the tops of high mountains j imagining that they 
hereby obtained a nearer communication with heaven. Hence 
we read as far back as the days of Mofes, concerning the 
high places in 1 Canaan. And under the kings of Ifrael and 
Judah, that the people made their offerings in high places. 
We are particularly told of Pekah, the fon of Remaliah, that 

Leviticus, c. 26. v. 30. 

H h 2 be 


Deity would mofl likely difclofe himfelf 


’ Numbers, c. 22. v. 41. 



236 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

he walked in the way of the " kings of Ifrael ; yea*, and made his 
fans to pafs through the fre accordmg to the abominations of the 
he at keen—and he facrifced and burnt incenfe in the high places , 
and 071 the hills, a?id tmder eveiy green tree. And many 
times when a reformation was introduced under fome of the 

wifer and better princes, it is ftill lamented by the facred 

■ • 

* 

writer, that 3 the high places were not taken away : the people 

* « ^ ^ 

fill offered , and burtit incetife 071 the high places. It is obferv- 
able, when the king of Moab wanted to obtain an anfwer 
from God, that he took Balaam the prophet, and brought 

0 

him to the 4 high places of Baal. And finding that he could 
not obtain his purpofe there, he carried him into the field of 
Zophim unto the top of Pifgah : and from thence he again 
removed him to the top of Peor : In all thefe places he ereEled 
feven altars ; and offered a bullock and a ra 77 i 071 every 5 altar . 
It is faid of Orpheus, that he went with foine of his difci- 

am • 

pies to meet Theiodamas, the fon of Priam, and to partake 
in a facrifice, which he every year offered upon the fummit 
of a high 6 mountain. We are told by Strabo, that the Per- 
fians always performed their worfhip upon hills. 7 TLegcrcu 

TOIVVV ■ 

* 

* 2 Kings, c. 16. v. 3, 4. 

3 1 Kings, c. 22. v. 43. 2 Kings, c. 12. v. 3. c. 15. v. 4— 35 * 

* There were two forts of high places. The one was a natural eminence ; a hill 
or mountain of the earth. The other was a factitious mound j of which I fhali 
hereafter treat at large. 

5 Numbers, c. 22. v. 41. and c. 23. v. 14—28. 

6 Preface of Demetrius Mofchus to Orpheus de Lapidibus : QsioS'ccfj.cc.vri t»- 

rJfucc/JiB Grwwrncrev Opcpeus x/rA, 

7 Strabo. L. 15. p. 1064. 

Tiep trees eiri ret u^Aotccto: t cov opscav Srutricxs Herodotus. L. 2. c. 131. 


Some 



The Analysis Of Ancient Mythology. 


237 


toivvv otyctKu.0LTot kou 


fiaufss 


8 Y ifrgVOVTOU 


Svsrt <J) 


g SV V 


4t)A 


CO 


The 


Qvgavov Yiyov^JL£yoi Aid, 

2 ople of Cappadocia and 


obferved the like 


method of worfhip : and of all facrifices, wherever exhibited 
upon high places, none perhaps ever < 


quailed in magnifi 


cence that, which was offered by Mithridates upon his war 
with the Romans. He followed the Perfic modes of wor¬ 
fhip, as well as the mixed rites of the Chaldeans, and Sy¬ 


rians. Hence he chofe one of the higheft mountains in his 
dominions : upon the top of which he reared an immenfe 
pile, equal in fize to the fummit on which it flood : and 
there he facrificed to the God of armies. 8 E$yg rco 'Et^oltim 

An ‘TjrcLTgiov $yc nctp, S7ri og&s thJ/iqAa Kogv<pr\v ueiiovct a.7\7\Y]V 

£7ririQsig. The pile was raifed by his vaffal princes : and the 
offerings, befides thofe cuflomary, were wine, honey, oil, 
and every fpecies of aromatics. The fire is faid to have 
been perceived at the diftance of near a thoufand ftadia. 
The Roman poet makes his hero choofe a like fituation for 
a temple, which he eredted to Venus ; and for the grove 
which he dedicated to the manes of his father. 


Turn vicina aftris Erycino in vertice fedes 
Fundatur Veneri Idaliae : tumuloque Sacerdos,, 
Et lucus, late facer, additur Anchifeo. 


Some nations inftead of an image worshiped the hill as the Deity : E7 re<pvfju<ra.p c T*e 

7 tou A a ctycthfAccrcc 01 'ZB'gcoroi ccv^^ttol xopu(p.ct$ opoou^ OA vjjjttqv^ xml I< 5 W 3 xcu st tl. 
ccAAo opos 'zrAyicrict^ei tw Qupccvaj. Maximus Tyrius Difiert. 8. p. 79, 

z Appian de Bello Mithridaticc. p. 215. Edit. Steph. He by an hyperbole 
makes the pile larger than the apex onwhich.it flood.. 

9 Virgil. L. 5. v,. 760. 

lit 


IO 



23 & The Analysis oe Ancient Mythology. 

♦ 

In Japan mo ft of their temples at this day are conftru<fted 
upon eminences ; and often upon the afcent of high moun¬ 
tains. They are all, 10 fays Kaempfer, moft fweetly feated : 
A curious view of the adjacent country, a fpring and rivulet 
of clear water, and the neighbourhood of a grove with plea- 
fant walks, being the neceflary qualifications of thofe fpots of 
ground, where thefe holy ftrudtures are to be built: for they 
fay, that the Gods are extremely delighted with fuch high 
and pleafant places. 

This practice in early times was almoft univerfal; and - 
every ” mountain was efteemed holy. The people, who pro- 
fecuted this method of worfhip, enjoyed a foothing infatua¬ 
tion, which flattered the gloom of fuperftition. The emi¬ 
nences, to which they retired were lonely, and filent; and 
feemed to be happily circumftanced for contemplation and 
prayer. They, who frequented them, were raifed above the 
lower world ; and fancied, that they were brought into the 
vicinity of the powers of the air, and of the Deity who refided 
in the higher regions. But the chief excellence, for which 
they were frequented, was the Omphi, exprefled opcpr) by the 

Greeks, and interpreted 11 ®sict /cTqjdW, vox divina, being 
efteemed a particular revelation from heaven. In fhort they 
were looked upon as the peculiar places, where God deli- 


10 Hift. Japan. Vol. 2d. book 5. c. 3. p. 417. 

11 17 0 . 1 ' Se CpOS TW ZllOb opos C VOfACL^ZTOtl, iTTtt fc'03S ViV 'TOlS •WOL^OttOlS L> QVTl T W 

tv S-uaict? 'zroiei<r§ctt. Melanthes de Sacrifices. See Natalis Comes. L. 1. 10. 

I2, OfA<p>ij Sreict Hef/ch. It was fometimes exprefled without the afpi- 

rate, : hence the place of the oracle was ftyled Ambon, oty£ocv. cci 

peer ocvcc€ care is roov occov. Hefych. 


9 


vered 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


2 39 


vered his oracles. 


Hermaeus in Plutarch expreffes this 


0 {JL<pig, omphis; and fays, that it was the name of an Egyptian 
Deity: and he interprets it, I know not for what reafon, 


for what reafon 


13 BVSgysTM. The word truly rendered was Omphi or Amphi 
the oracle of Ham; who, according to the Egyptian theology 


was the fame 


the Sun, or Oliris 


He was likewife re¬ 


vered as the chief Deity by the Chaldeans; and by moft 


the eaft 


He was ftyled both Ham, and Cham : and 


his oracles both Omphi and Omp 


nfeq 


the mountains, where they were fuppofed 


ce of thi 
delivered 


came 


denominated Har-al-Omp 


which al-ompi by 


the Greeks was changed to 0\VfJL7ro$ y Olympus 


mountain was called opog OAvfJL7r 


and the 


There were many of this 


name 


The Scholiaft upon Apollo 


reckons 


up 


14 - 


fix 


but there were certainly more, befides a variety of places fly led 


upon the fame account 15 Olympian 


They were all looked 

upon 


11 Top Ofj.(piv euejysTW o 'Eppicttos cpvcri ^hAsi/ spy.nvzvoy.evoif . Plutarch. Ifxs et Ofiris. 
Vol. 1. p. 368. 

14 OAu^.7ro/ eicnv jcA. Scholia upon Apollonius Rhodius. L. 1. v. 598. 1 

15 Many places ftyled Olympus and Olympian. 

In Lycia : OA(jf47res [xeyccAv ts-oAu, xcct opos o[ acow fj.ov . Strabo. L. 14. p. 982. 
OAu^t7r« -nroAis iMupias. Stephanus Byzantinus. 

In Cyprus : A^aOosVcAfs, kcclooos OAv/47rcs. Strabo. L. 14. p. 1001.' 

HcTg caipwpeia. ■kaKh'tou OAu^ttos. Strabo. Ibidem. 

Jofephus mentions the temple of Olympian Zeus at Tyre. Antiq. Jud. L. 8. c. r.' 
At Megara in Greece: Tg^eros OKufxrmiov . Paufanias. L. 1. p. 97. 

In Elis : ‘H OKvjj.tuo. -zcrpmov Kpovios Aopos eAg^STo. Scholia upon Lycophron.' 
v. 42. 

I n Attica : Nccos Kpovu, xau Pea? y xca 'iSfAevos ryv £7nx^.yiatv OAuftTrias. Paufan.' 

L. 1. p. 43- 

In Achaia : A<o s OAvao rta vxos. Paufan. L. 2. p. 123. 

At 



24-0 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

upon to be prophetic ; and fuppofed to be the residence of 
the chief Deity, under whatever denomination he was fjpeci- 

fied, which was generally the God of light. For thefe.oracles 

# 

no place was of more repute than the hill at Delphi, called 
Omphi-El, of the oracle of the Sun. But the Greeks, who 
changed Al-omphi to Olympus, perverted thefe terms in a 
manner ftill more ftrange : for finding them fomewhat fimilar 
in found to a word in their own language, their caprice im¬ 
mediately led them to think of a navel, which they 

fubftituted for the original word. This they did uniformly 
in all parts of the world ; and always invented forne ftor-y to 
countenance their miflake. Hence, whenever we meet with 
an idle account of a navel, we may be pretty fure that there 
is fome allufion to an oracle. In refped: to Delphi, they 
prefumed that it was the umbilicus, or center of the whole 
earth. The poets gave into this notion without any difficulty: 
Sophocles calls it 16 0[JL<pCL\K ^olvtsiol : and Euripides 
avers that it was the precife center of the earth : 


At Delos : OAt//47re/or 5 to 7 to$ ev A??Au. Stephanus Byzantinus. E^z xcti 'ajoXis 

Tl(X,fJL(puKlCtS* 

Lybia was called Olympia. Stephanus Byzant. 

The moon called Olympias: C H yap AiyuTmois xypiws OAvpwnccs 

uaXeircu. Eufebii Chron. p. 45. 1 . ig. 

The earth itfelf called Olympia by Plutarch, who mentions ms Tvs QAvy.7rias hpov 
in Thefeus, by which is meant the temple of the Prophetic Earth, 

Many other inftances might be produced. 

Sophocles : CEdipus Tyrannus. v. 487. 

Of^tpaKov egiGpofJCB X 0 avos. Pind. Pyth. Ode. 6. v, 3. 

Oo^iTcav Fas op/Ltpa^oy Pind. Pyth f Ode i iv 


O vreeg 



The; Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 24 1 
17 Onwg fjL£<rdv opycChov yag 

KCLTB'Xei fofAQS. 

4 

Livy, the hiftorian, does not fcruple to accede to this no¬ 
tion, and to call it 18 umbilicum orbis terrarum. Strabo fpeaks 
of it in this light, with fome hefitation. 19 T rjg 'E ?J\ct$og bv ■ 

fjLscrw TlfiS 251 Trig (rvf/. 7 rcL<rrg -ENOMI 20 H S'ri kou oikx- 

fjisvrig‘ KCLi skolKbvolv Trig yr\g OMOAAON. Varro very fenftbly 
refutes this idle notion in fome ftridtures upon a paflage 
in the poet Manilius to the purpofe above. 

O, fandte Apollo, 

Qni umbilicum certum terrarum obtines. 

Upon which he makes this remark : Umbilicum didtum aiunt 
ab umbilico noftro, quod is medius locus lit terrarum, ut um¬ 
bilicus in nobis: quod utrumque eft falfum. Neque hie 
locus terrarum eft medius : neque nofter umbilicus eft homi- 
nis medius. Epimenides long before had faid the fame : 


17 Euripides in lone. v. 233. 

’Meao^ccXoz 'E<r/a. v, 461. 

18 Titus Livius. L. 38. c. 47, 

19 Strabo, L. 9. p. 642. 

ao Varro de Ling. Lat. L. 6. p. 68. 

Paufanias gives this account of the omphalus at Delphi. T ov S'e vtto 
7Ca.XBiu.evov o/JityccXov 'me7roinfj.evov thto eivui to zv fieaco yn' Tucccrni ccvtqi 

Xeysaiv 61 AeXcpoi' S'sixpvtou tz xect TIX sp tco von* r itqliv 00fs.zv 05. Paufan. 

L. 10. p. 835. 

It is deferibed by Tatianus, but in a different manner. Et> tco t z/jlzvZi tb An - 
Tori & xccXeiTcci t is ojACpocAos. ' 0 $s ofxfpotXos Tctcpos zc^iv /Aiqvugh. p, 251. Gratio con¬ 
tra Grrccos. 



VOL. i. 


O VTS 



242 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


21 


Ovts yctg ycuYis pc strog o^LpcxXog, ov$s SaActcnn^. 


But fuppofing, that this name and character had’ Tome rela¬ 
tion to Delphi, how are we to account for other places being 
called after this manner? They could not all be umbilical: 
.the earth cannot be fuppofed to have different centers: nor 
could the places thus named be always fo fituated, as to be 
central in refpeCt to the nation, or the province, in which 
they were included. Writers try to make it out this way : 
yet they do not feem fatisfied with the procefs. The con¬ 
tradictory accounts fhew the abfurdity of the notion. It 
was a term borrowed from Egypt, which was itfelf an Om- 
phalian region. Horus Apollo not knowing the meaning of 
this has made Egypt the center of the earth : 21 A iyv7TTiuv 
yy] fJLStrr) TY}G oiftspiEVYjg. Paufanias mentions an Omphalus in 
the Peloponnefus, which was faid to have been the middle of 

He feems however to doubt of this circum * 


that country. 

fiance, as he well may 23 . Oy 'nroppw e?iv 6 KoChapevos 
O [Ji(paXo$, n.£Ko7rovvyi<rs os 'urovrrjg [jt,s<rov, si Jiq tcc once Bigwan. 

Sit no great dijiance is a place called the Omphalus^ or navel ; 

•which is the center of the whole Peloponnefus , if the people here tell 
us the truth. At Enna in 2+ Sicily was an Omphalus : and the 


# 

21 Plutarch. r urepi XeXonr. 

12 Horus Apollo. § 21. p. 30. Edit. 1729. 

3,3 Paufanias. L,. 2. p. 141. It is ipoken of Phliuns, far removed from the center 


of the Peloponnefus. 

24 This omphalus was near the Plutonian cavern- 


Diodorus. L. 5. 


T gl$ cT €7Tl X.aAAfcf'flS fW0*8 J i ^OC.fJL€S OJJL(pCL?^QV E vws. 

Callimachus : Hymn to Ceres. Cicero in Verrem, 4. c. 48. 


ifland 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


243 


ifland of Calypfo is reprefented by Homer as the umbilicus 
of the fea. The Goddefs refided as Niotra zv otptpigVTp, o@i f 
opcpothog zzi •S’aAacrtn}?. The .dEtolians were ftyled umbili¬ 
cal ; and looked upon themfelves as the central people in 
Greece, like thofe of Delphi. But this notion was void of 
all truth in every inftance, which has been produced ; and 
arofe from a wrong interpretation of ancient terms. What 
the Grecians ftyled Omphalus was certainly Ompha-El, the 
fame as Al-Ompha; and related to the oracle of Ham or the 
Sun: and thefe temples were Prutaneia, and Puratheia, with 
a tumulus or high altar, where the rites of fire were in an¬ 
cient times performed. As a proof of this etymology, moft 
of the places ftyled Olympian, or Omphalian, will be found 
to have a reference to an oracle. Epirus was celebrated for 
the oracle at Dodona : and we learn from the ancient poet, 
Reianus, that the natives were of old called Omphalians : 


*z6 


Xvv ts Tlot§etvcuot, mi ctpvpovzg Opcpothirieig. 


There was an Omphalia in Elis ; and here too was an 


oracle mentioned by 17 Pindar and Strabo : aS Trji/ os emcpot - 
vsiolv ztrgzv (13 OXvp7not) s£ otg’gyg Jia to pot vtsiov tb OXvpTis 

A log. The place derived all its lujlre originally fro?n the ora¬ 
cular temple of Olympian fove. In this province was an an- 


15 Homer. OdyfT. L. A. v. 50. 

16 Stephanus Byzantinus. The natives were alfo ftyled Pyrrhidse, and the 
country Chaonia from the temple Cha-On, oikos nAfw. 

17 Pindar. Olymp. Ode. 7, 

18 Strabo. L. 8. p. 542. 


I i 2 


cient 



244 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 


cient city 19 Alphira; and a grove pf Artemis 39 Alpheionia, 
and the whole was watered by the facred river Alpheus.. All 
thefe are derived from El, the prophetic Deity, the Sun; 
and more immediately from ]iis oracle, Alphi. The Greeks 
deduced every place from fome perfonage : and Plutarch ac¬ 
cordingly makes Alpheus 31 'Eis too? to ysvog cn<p Yiht% KOLTciyav- 

Toov, one of thofe, who derived their race from the Sun. 
The term Alphi, from whence the Greeks formed Alphira, 
Alpheionia, and Alpheus, is in acceptation the fame as Am- 


phi. 


For Ham being by his pofterity efteemed. the Sun, or 


El , and likewife Or, the fame as Orus ; his oracles were in 
confequence ftyled not only Amphi, and Omphi, but Alphi, 
Elphi, Orphi, Urphi. 

I have taken notice of leveral cities called Omphalian, and 
have obferved, that they generally had oracular temples : 
but by the Greeks they were univerfally fuppofed to have 


been denominated from a navel. 


There 


was a place called 



* Omphalian in Thelfaly : and another in Crete, which had 


By Livy called Aliphira. L. 32. c. 5. 

In Mefienia was a city Amphia. n0A1rp.cz em A c(pv u^iAs Ktipevov. Paufan. 
L. 4. p. 292. The country was called Aid phi a. 

30 AAtpsiowcts Aptspi^o^ 71 AAfys&ans czAcros. Strabo. L. S. p. 528;. 

?T Plutarch, de Fluminibus. AA (peios. 

Alpheus, faid to be one of the twelve principal and moft ancient Deities, called 
crvpCcopoi j who are enumerated by the Scholiaft upon Pindar. E copoi S'l^upoi : 
rros JAios Ttcct TloaeiScoro$ tctA. Olymp. Ode. 5. 

3X Stephanus Byzant. OpcpczAiov. Tt was properly in Epirus, where was the oracle 
of Dodona, and whofe people were ftyled OpcpxAmsts above. 


6 


a celebrated 




The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


245 


a celebrated 33 oracle. It is probably the fame that is men¬ 
tioned by Strabo, as being upon mount Ida, where was the 
city Elorus. Diodorus fpeaks of this oracle, named Om- 
phalian ; but fuppofes that the true name was OjU.<paAo£, om¬ 
phalus : and fays, that it was fo called (ftrange to tell) be- 
caufe Jupiter, when he was a child, loft his navel here, which 
dropped into the river Triton : 3+ A 7to t«T8 tots crvpJoOLVTog 

Ofipaihov 'urgotrcLyogsvQrjVou to giov : from this accident the 
place had the name of Omphalus , or the navel. Callimachus in 
his hymn to Jupiter dwells upon this circumftance : 

35 E VTB ®£VCL<; CL7tE?\£l7t£V S7tl K^VOOCrtTOlO cpegiSTY), 

Xev 'UToute^ >7 N v[jl<py) crs (®£vca $ £<tolv syyvdi Kvwc ttb) 
'T&rctKt t 01 'trscrs, A cnpoov^ out opopotAos, zvQev skbivo 
O pupctAiov pL£T£7tsiTcc 'uteSqv mMaa KvS'oovsg. 

Who would imagine, that one of the wifeft nations that 
ever exifted could reft fatisfied with fuch idle figments : and 

O 

how can we account for thefe illufions, which overfpread the 
brighteft minds ? We fee knowing and experienced people 
inventing the moft childifti tales ; lovers of fcience adopting 
them; and they are finally recorded by the grave hiftorian : 

j ^ 

all which would not appear credible, had we not thefe evi¬ 
dences fo immediately tranfmitted from them. And it is to 

in regard to their reli¬ 
gion ; and to their mythology, which was grounded there- 

33 Ofx(pcc/^ior y TQ 7 ro$ Kpwtjjs. Steph. Byzant. Et - * £v K or.'rixcis oceai x.cci holt' 
epLe en EAoooos 'ZuoXtt. Strabo. L. io. p. 843. Eluros, UK 

34 Diodorus Siculus. L. 5. p. 337. 

35 Callimachus. Hymn to Jupiter, v. 42. 

upon. 


be oblerved that this blindnefs is only 



246 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

■upon. In all other refpe&s they were the wifeft of the fons 
of men. 

We meet in hiftory with other places fly led Omphalian. 
The temple of Jupit.er Ammon was efteemed of the higheft 
antiquity, and we are informed that there was an omphalus 
here ; and that the Deity was worfhiped under the form of 
a navel. Quintus Curtius, who copied his hiftory from the 
Greeks, gives us in the life of Alexander the following 
ftrange account, which he has embelliftied with fome co¬ 
louring of his own. 36 Id, quod pro Deo colitur, non ean- 
dem eftigiem habebat, quam vulgo Diis Artifices accommo- 
darunt. Umbilico maxime fimilis eft habitus, fmaragdo, et 
gemmis, coagmentatus. Hunc, cum refponfum petitur, na- 
vigio aurato geftant Sacerdotes, multis argenteis pateris ab 
utroque navigii latere pendentibus. The whole of this is an 
abufe of terms, which the author did not underftand, and 
has totally mifapplied. One would imagine that fo impro¬ 
bable a ftory, as that of an umbilical Deity with his filver 
bafons, though patched up with gold and emeralds, would 
have confuted itfelf. Yet Schottus in his notes upon Cur¬ 
tius has been taken with this motly defcription : and in op- 
pofition to all good hiftory thinks, that this idle ftory of a 
navel relates to the compafs. Hyde too has adopted this 
notion ; and proceeds to fhew, how each circumftance may 
be made to agree with the properties of the magnet. 37 Ilia 
nempe Jovis effigies videtur femiglobulare quiddam, uti eft 
compaftus marinus, forma umbilici librarii, feu umbonis, tan- 

36 Quintus Curtius. L. 4. c. 7. p. 154. Varior. 

57 Hyde of tin- Umbilicus. Relig. vet. Perfarum. Appendix 3. p. 527. 


quam 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


247 


quam svQsop quoddam. adoratum, propter ejufdem divirmm 
auxilium : utpote in quo index magneticus erat, ftcut intus 
exiftens quidam deus, navigiorum curfum in medio cequore 
dirigens. Thefe learned men were endowed with a ready 
faith : and not only acquiefce in what they have been told, 
but contribute largely to eftablifh the miftake. The true 
hiftory is this. Moft places in which was the fuppofed oracle 
of a Deity, the Grecians, as I have before mentioned, ftyled 
Olympus, Olympia, and Olympiaca: or elfe Omphale, and 
Omphalia, and the province yueiov O [JL<paXiov. Thefe terms 


were thought to relate to a navel 


but, if fuch an interpreta¬ 


tion could have been made to correfpond with the hiftory of 
any one place, yet that hiftory could not have been reiterated; 
nor could places fo widely diftant have all had the fame re¬ 
ference. What was terminated opupaXo; was 38 Omph-El, the 
oracle of God, the feat of divine influence : and Al-Omphi 
was a name given to mountains and eminences upon the 
lame account. An oracle was given to Pelias in Theflaly : 
and whence did it proceed ? from the well wooded ompha¬ 
lus of his mother Earth.. 

39 <Jg 61 xgvosv 

Ft VKIVM fJLOLVTSVptCX. SvfAW 


58 That Olympus- and Olympia were of Egyptian original is manireft from Euie- 
bius; who tells us, that, in Egypt the moon was called Olympias : and that the Zo¬ 
diac in the heavens had anciently the name of Olympus. 'H yap SsAwi'n 'ma.o At- 

yv-rrlicns OAv^mca *.<x.tencu, Ace to hcctcc. paivct -zjeoiTrote'.v tov ’Zm&cckov xux - 

Aov, ov qi'TjjolKcl.ioi cxjjtkv OATMnON sxaAar. Chronicon. p. 4- 5 - The reaion 

given is idle : but the faft is worth attending to. 

Olympus was the fuppofed praeceptor of Jupiter. Diodorus. L. 3. p. 206. 

39 Pindar. Pyth. Ode 4. p. 241. 



24 S 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


Flag a fj.s<rov opupaihov 

EvbsvbgOlO pqQsV [A.&T£gOg. 

In other words, it proceeded from the ftately grove of Heftia, 

where ftood an oracular temple. 

* 

In refpedt to the omphalus of Ammon, which Curtius lias 
tranllated umbilicus, and garniflied with gold and jewels, the 
whole arifes from a miftake in terms, as in the many inftances 
before. It was Omphi El, the oracle of Ham, or the Sun : 
and the fhrine, from whence it was fuppofed to proceed, was 
carried in a boat. The Paters, reprefented as fo many lilver 
bafons, were in reality the interpreters of the oracle. They 
were the priefts, who in the facred proceffions walked on 
each fide, and fupported both the image and the boat, in 
which it was carried. They are laid to have been eighty in 
number; and they pretended to bear the Deity about, juft 
as they were by the divine impulfe directed. The God, fays 
Diodorus Siculus, is carried about in a flip of gold by eighty 
of his p?-iejls. They bear him upon their Jhoulders , and purfue 
their %vay by inflinEl, juf as the divine automaton chances to di- 
reEl them. Thefe perfons, who thus officiated, were pro¬ 
bably the fame as the Petiphars of the ancient Egyptians, 
but were called Paters by the Greeks. It was a name, and 
office, by which the priefts of Delphi, and of many other 
places belides thofe in Egypt, were diftinguiffied : and the 


4 ° E? VI VrCOS 'ZrrepKpepZTCCl V7T0 'lepOOV Oy^QYIXOVTCL (J BcOs). OUTOI S’B €7Tt TCOV 

tOfJOOV <p6t0i'TSS TOV $T£21' TITOOCCy'dCTiV CX.VT0fJ.CC760% Q7T& CCyOl TO T’S V6VfA.CC TYIV ToOpBiCZV. 

Diodorus. L. 17. p. 528. 

It is obferv'able, that this hiftorian does not mention an omphalus : but fays, that 
it was a ftatue, ^qccvov 0 which was carried about. 


term 



The Analysis oe Ancient Mythology. 


249 


term always related to oracular interpretation. Hence Bo- 
chart defcribes thefe priefts, and their function very juftly. 
41 Paters, Sacerdotes Apollinis, oraculorum interpretes. Pa- 
tor, or Petor, was an Egyptian word ; and Mofes fpeaking of 
Jofeph, and the dreams of Pharaoh, more than once makes 
ufe of it in the fenfe above. It occurs Genefis. c. 41. v. 8. 
13. and manifeftly alludes to an interpretation of that divine 
intercourfe, which the Egyptians flyled Omphi. This was 
communicated to Pharaoh by a dream : for the Omphi was 
elleemed not only a verbal refponfe, but alfo an intimation by 
4i dreams. (pfljuuj Sefa, 8 -sia xtyS'm — ovsiga <pcurct<rpictja. 

Hefychius. So it likewife occurs in Eufebius ; who quotes a 
paffage from the oracles of Hecate, wherein the Gods are 
reprefented, as infenlibly wafted through the air like an Om- 
phean vilion. 

43 Tag <5s fJL£<rag [Asrarouriv srs^s^awTotg a.Y}T0iig 
Nocnpi 'urvgog Seioio 11 ANOMOEAS y\vt ONEIPOTX. 

Thefe Omphean viiions were explained by Jofeph ; he inter¬ 
preted the dreams of Pharaoh : wherefore the title of Pa- 
tor is reckoned by the Rabbins among the names of Jofeph. 
There is thought to be the fame alluiion to divine interpre¬ 
tation in the name of the apoftle Peter : IIst^os, 0 ZTtihvw, 


41 Bochart. Canaan. L. i. c. 40. 


41 


Ofj.cpVy Sretx, c eq*iv oveco. Schol. on Homer. Iliad. B. v. 41. 


43 Eufeb. Prsep. Evang. L. 5. p. 194. 
One title of Jupiter was Ilctvoy.cpcuQs. 
Er 0 e& n ctvoptipcaoo *Z,yivl pefeaxov A %cc 


Homer 


Metamorph 


v.198. 


K k 


0 S7n 


VOL. I. 



2$Q 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


o STnyivttvrmv, 


Hefych. Petrus Hebraso fermone agnofcens 


notat. Arator. Fromthefe examples we may, I think, learn 
that the prieft was ftyled Petor* and Pator : and that it was 
the place, which properly was called Patora. The Coloflal 
ftatue of Memnon in the Thebais was a Patora, or oracular 
image. There are many infcriptions upon different parts of 
it ; which were copied by Dr. Pocock 44 , and are to be leen 
in the ffrfb volume of his travels. They are all of late date 
in comparifon of the ftatue itfelf; the antiquity of which is 
very great. One of thefe infcriptions is particular, and re¬ 
lates to the Omphi, which feems to have frightened away 
fome ill-difpofed people in an attempt to deface the image : 


45 


SXVfJLYjVOLVT OTl &CLV 


©giOTara vvKToeg ofjupqv S7Tt M e^vovog y\K.Qqv 


One of the moft famous oracles of Apollo was in Lycia : 
and in confequence of it the 
in Achaia was of the fame purport. I fhould imagine, that 
the place where Balaam the falfe 46 prophet refided, was 

of the fame nature ; and that by Pethor and Pethora was 

* 

meant a place of interpretation, or oracular temple. There 
was probably a college of priefts ; fuch as are mentioned to 
have exifted among the Amonians : of whom Balaam had 
been by the king of Moab appointed chief Petor, or prieft. 
It feems to have been the celebrated place in Arabia, fa- 


place was named Patara. Patra 


44 Pocock’s Egypt, p. icS. Plate xlii. 

45 Pocock. Plate xxxix. p. 105. 

46 He fent mefTensers to Balaam the fon of Beor to Pethor. 


v 



Numbers, c. 22. 


4 


mous 



4 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


251 


mous in after times for the worlhip of Alilat, and called by 
the Romans 47 Petra. 

The cuftom of carrying the Deity in a fhrine, placed in a 
boat, and iiipported by prielts, was in ufe among the Egyp¬ 
tians, as well as the 48 Ammonites. It is a circumftance, 
which deferves our notice ; as it appears to be very ancient, 
and had doubtlefs a myfterious allufion. We have three cu¬ 
rious examples of it among 49 Bifhop Pocock’s valuable fpe- 
cimens of antiquity, which he collected in thofe parts. He 
met with them at Luxorein, or s ° Lucorein near Carnac in 
the Thebai’s ; but mentions not what they relate to : nor do I 
know of any writer, who has attended to their hiftory. The 
accounts given above by Curtius, and Diodorus, are wonder¬ 
fully illuftrated by thefe reprefentations from Egypt. It is 
plain that they all relate to the lame religious ceremony \ and 
very happily concur to explain each other. It may be 
>yorth obferving that the originals, whence thefe copies were 
taken, are of the higheft antiquity : and probably the moft 


47 We learn from Numbers, c. 22. v. 36. and c. 31. v. 8. that the refidence of 
Balaam was in Midian, on the other fide of the river to the fouth, beyond the bor¬ 
ders of Moab. This feems to have been the fituation of Petra; which was either 
in Midian or upon the borders of it: fo that Pethor, and Petra, were probably the 
fame place. Petra is by the Englifh traveller, Sandys, faid to be called now 1 
Rath Alilat. 

Petra by fome is called a city of Paleftine : TleTgct 'zsroA/s n«Aa/<r/w. Suidas. 
But it was properly in Arabia, not far from Idume, or Edom. See Relandi Pa- 
keftina. p. 930. and Strabo. L. 16. 

43 The Ammonites were a mixed race; being both of Egyptian and Kthiopic : 
original: A iyv7mccv xcti A i(iio7rcov ccttoikoi. Herod. L. 2. c. 42. 

49 Pocock’s Egypt. Vol. 1. Plate, xlii. 

50 Luxorein, by Norden called Lucorein. It was probably erected to the Sun 
and Ouranus , and one of the firft temples upon earth. 


K k 2 


early 



252 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology^ 

early fpecimens of fculpture in the world. Diodorus men¬ 
tions, that the fhrine of Ammon had eighty perfons to attend 
it : but Dr. Pocock, when he took thefe copies, had not 
time to be precifely accurate in this article. fn his fpeci¬ 
mens the greateft number of attendants are twenty : eighteen 
fupport the boat, and one precedes with a kind of fceptre 
another brings up the rear, having in his hand a rod, or ftaff, 
which had undoubtedly a myffic allufion. The whole feems 
to have been emblematical ; and it will be hereafter fhewn,. 
that it related to a great prefervation, which was moft reli- 
gioufly recorded ; and became the principal fubjedt of all 
their myfteries. The perfon in the fhrine was their chief 
anceftor, and the whole procefs was a memorial of the de¬ 
luge ; the hiftory of which mull have been pretty recent,-, 
when thefe works were executed in Egypt. 

From the fhrines of Amon abovementioned we may derive 
the hiftory of all oracles ; which from the Deity, by whom 
they were fuppofed to be uttered, were called Omphi and 
Amphi, as I have fhewn : alfo Alphi, Elphi, Orphi, Urphi, 
from El, and Orus. The Greeks adhered religioufly to an¬ 
cient terms, however obfolete and unintelligible. They re¬ 
tained the name of Amphi, though they knew not the mean¬ 
ing: for it was antiquated, before they had letters.. That it 
originally related to oraculaF revelation is plain from its be¬ 
ing always found annexed to' the names of places famous on 
that account; and from its occurring in the names of men,, 
renowned as priefks and augurs, and fuppofed to have been 
gifted with a degree of foreknowledge. We read of Am- 
phiaraus, Amphilochus, Amphimachus, perfons reprefented 
as under particular divine influence, and interpreters of the 

7 will 


























































































The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 



will of the Gods. Amphion, though degraded to a harper, 
was Amphi-On, the oracle of Apollo, the Sun: and there 
was a temple, one of the ancient vnoufigct, dedicated to him 
and Zethus, as we may read in Paufanias. Mopfus, the di¬ 
viner, is ftyled A fMrvziding 3 Ampucides : which is not a patro¬ 
nymic but a title of the oracular Deity. 


I* Ev@ct Kca AfJL7rv%i§w ctvrca svi ripctn Mo^ov 
N YiheiYjs bKs 'uroTp.og' ctfievxsct <T a <pvysv carctv 
M ctvrorvvctig* & yctg rig ct7rorgo7riY) Suvoltoio. 


Idmon, the reputed fon of Abas, was a prophet, as well 


Mopf 


us 


he was favoured with the divine Omphe, and like 


the former ftyled Ampucides 



E v@ct [jlbv caret nrct^Bry^B xctroupOi&ca Svo cpwrctg, 
A{JL7TVKl$W ifytdVCt, JCvSsgVIQTIQgCL TB Ticpvv* 


What his attainments were, the Poet mentions in another 
place. 


53 




A^ctvrog nrcag voQog qXvQs Kctgrsgog I< 5 ]u, 


Toy p v7TQ}cvtr<rct[ASVY} tbkbv AwoAAww olvcucti 
AuJoPomov rjrcLgct kv^oc (psgsrgiog Avriocvsipct. 


Tco kou MANTOSTNHN sicogs 


§Er<pctrov OM$HN 


To fay the truth, thefe fuppofed prophets were Deities, to 
whom temples were confecrated under thefe names ; or, to 


51 Apollonius Rhodius. L. 4. v. 1052. 

Mopfus was the fon of Ampycus. Hygin. Fab. C. cxxviii. By fome he is fa id 
to have been the fon of Apollo. Apollo and Ampycus were the fame. 

531 Orphic. Argonaut, v. 720. 

£ 3 Ibid. v. 185* 




The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

■ - * • • • * • - * — - ' j . . 


- - "t 


254- 



proper ly, they were all titles, which related to 
one God, the Sun. That they were reputed Deities is plain 

. - • - ' .. / " A x - - 

from many accounts. Dion Cafllus {peaks of A 

oracles mentioned by 

J 


and the three 




t 


X *• . 



Juftin Martyr are 54_ (jlolpt.sioc—.A fJotpiXo^s A coiomns, kou Uvdss. 
We have a flmilar account from Clemens Alexandrinus. 
55 Airiyr)<roci t^jup you Trig otXXrig [jlolvt i x,y\$ , fjuxXXop Ss (JLCtPiXY)g, too 

OL'Y^OL ^ng-fipcc, TOP KXoiglOP, TOP n vQlOPy TOP A[A(pl0Lg£00, TOP 

• # % 

A [JLpiXo’yop. The Amphicfluons were originally prophetic 


perfonages, who attended at the temple at Delphi. 


Hefy 


chius obferves; AyupucTVQVBg—'GTSgiouiQi AsXcpwp, rsTuXoLyo^cu, 
ispo[/.py)[jLQveg. Minerva, heavenly wifdom, is by Lycophron 
ftyled 56 Amphira ; which is a compound of Amphi-Ur, the 
divine influence, or oracle of Orus. Of this name there was 
a city near Olympia in Elis : for many places were in this 
manner denominated, on account of their being efteemed the 
feat of prophecy. In Bhocis was the city Hyampolis : and 
clofe to it 57 Amphifla, famous for the oracle of an unknown 

Goddefs, the daughter of Macaria. Amphryfus in Bpeotia 

• • 

was much famed for the influence of 58 Apollo : and Amphi- 
mallus in Crete was well known for its 59 oracle. Amphiclea 


54- 


Martyr 


Amphilochus was the God of light and prophecy. Plutarch mentions Apitpi- 

eiccy in the treatife 'z&epi (Spcc^eoos TipLcop&fJLZvoov. p. 563. 

55 Cohortatio. p. 10. 

56 Lycophron. v. 1163. 

57 Paufanias. L. 10. p. 896. 

58 Hence the prophetic Sibyl in Virgil is ftyled Amphryfia vates. Virgil. JEn. 
L. 6 . v. 398. 

59 Plin. L. 4. c. 12. Strabo. L. 10. Called 


Mallus 


jaccvtbiov cc^s 


OI 


in 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 255 

in 60 Phocis had Dionufus for its guardian Deity, whofe orgies 
were there celebrated ; and whofe fhrine was oracular. 

I imagine, that this facred influence under the name of 
Amphi is often alluded to in the exordia of Poets ; efpecially 
by the writers in Dithyrambic meafure, when they addrefs 
Apollo. . Taken in its ufual fenfe circum) the word has 

no meaning: and there is otherwife no accounting for its be¬ 
ing chofen above all others in the language to begin hymns of 
praife to this Deity, who was the principal God of prophecy. 
We have one inflance of it in the Nubes of Ariflophanes : 

61 A [JL<pl fJLOl OLVTS OLVOL?; 

ArjKis, Kuj iQiclv 

'Y'fylKSgCtTCL 'GTSTgCLV. 

Periander is mentioned as beginning a hymn with a like ex¬ 
ordium : Afitpi ctvQig otvoucra : And Terpander has nearly 

the fame words : 6z A fjtcpi (jloi oivQig OLVoui(f bkolty^oXov . Apollo 

was fo frequently called A (Jtcpi otvct^, that it was in a manner 

# * • • 

looked upon as a neceffary procemium. Suidas obferves, 
clvolktiZeiv' to 'nrgooi{JUct£ziv : And Hefychius, A fjicp iou /clkt ot, 0Lgyj\ 

vo[jl% Much the fame is told us in the Scholia 

upon the paffage above from Ariflophanes : 63 M 1[jlsitou ds (A^j- 
pocpavrig) am AiOvgct^wv r a, 'urgooi^iu.' (rvvzyyjg' yag yj>wrcu 

TauriQ As^si* dio OL^JLQioLVOutTag avTzg /caAacn. However, none 

* 

60 A eyerca cfe vtto tcov A/j.(pr/.?^eieu)v fj.ccvTLv ts aCtrri tov Qeor tbtoi', ’kcu 

voaois ‘Kctbiq-oLvoLL — pofxctPTsvs & 6 iepevs eq~i. Paufanias. L. io. p. 8 S 4. The city 
was alfo called Ophitea. 

61 Ariftophanes. Ne^gAa/. v. 595. 

6z See Scholia to Arifloph. v. 595. 

63 Ibidem, 


of 



256 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


of thefe writers inform us, why this word was fo particularly 
ufed: nor tell us, what was its purport. In the fhort hymn^ 
afcribed to Homer this term is indudrioudy retained : and the 
perions who compofed them, have endeavoured to make fenfe 
of it, by adopting it according to the common acceptation. 


6 S 


A.UL$l [JLOl 'EgfJLSlUO (piKov yovov SVPSTTS, Mzxrct. 
A[JL<pl AlOWBgOOV ShlKOW l$Sg y SC T^STS, Mat TOLl, 

Aucpi Aioovvtrov SspshYig egiKvfrsog viov 

MV3/)(rO[JLGU. 


Thefe hymns were of late date, long after Homer; and 
were introduced in Ionia, and alfo in Cyprus and Phenicia, 
when the Grecians were in podedion of thofe parts. They 
were ufed in the room of the ancient hymns, which were 
not underdood by the new inhabitants. One of them is con- 
fefledly addreded to the Goddefs called Venus Ourania in 

Cyprus 

Goddefs upon the dated fedivals at Salamis. 

Xougs, Ssdy XoCKoLfJuvog svKTifjLsvqg psfeis(rce, 

K cli 'Gra.trrig K megs' ( 3 o<r $ 5 ipsgosweep oeoitiw, 

Avroeg syw xsv ersio acu cth?\Y)g ct.Qi$r\g 


• and was defigned to be fung by the pried of that 


65 We meet with the like in the Orphica. 

A jm(pi (Ps ftccvTSicts eS'caw r zzro?iV7reipoi’ct$ opy&s 
© ngooV} O icovwv tb. Argonautica. v. 33. 

So in Pindar. KeA ccSeovrt jjsv ctfxcpi K ivupc&v. Pyth. Od. 2. p. 203. 

We have the fame from the Tripod itfelf. 

A pL(pi cfg xcu KA ocprd fjictvTZvfxccTcL QoiSs. Apollo de defe&u Ora- 

culor. apud Eufebium. Praep. Evang. L. 5. c. 16. p. 204. 

f? Hymn to Venus of Salamis. See Homer Didymi. Vol. 2. p. 528. 


The 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 257 

We may perceive from what has been faid, that the word 
Amphi was a term of long {landing; the lenfe of which was 
no longer underftood: yet the found was retained by the 
Greeks, and ufed for a cuftomary exclamation. In refpedl 
to the more ancient exordia above quoted, efpecially that of 
Terpander, I take the words to be an imitation, rather than 
a tranflation, of a hymn fung at Delphi in the ancient Amo- 
nian language : the found of which has been copied, rather 
than the fenfe, and adapted to modern terms of a different 
meaning. I make no doubt but that there were many ancient 
hymns preferved in thofe oracular temples, which were for a 
long time retained, and fung, when their meaning was very 
imperfedlly known. They were for the moft part compofed 
in praife of Ham, or the Sun : and were fung by the Ho- 
meridas, and Iamidse. They were called after his titles. Ad, 
Athyr, Amphi, which the Grecians expreffed Dithyrambi. 
They were ftrains of joy and exultation attended with grand 
proceflions : and from the fame term dithyrambus was de¬ 
rived the fygicifJiJoQs of the Greeks, and the triumphus of the 
Romans. We are informed, that triumphs were firft infti- 
tuted by 67 Bacchus, who was no other than Chus : the hif- 
tory therefore of the term mull be fought for from among 
the Cufeans. That it was made up of titles is plain from 
its being faid by Varro to have been a 68 name ; and one that 

A 

# 

The names of the facred hymns, as mentioned by Proclus in his 
were riccicere? 9 /\$upajj.€os 9 AJWIs B ccx%or 9 Ttt oiacctcl^ EEuxt 

Photius. c. 236. p. 983. 

67 Diodorus. L. 5. p. 213. 

68 Idque a S' pta{jt&ta Graeco, Liberi Patris cognomento, Varro de Lingua Lat. 
L. 5. p. 58. 

V 0L1 h L 1 


was 



258. 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


was given by the Amonians- among other perfonages to Dio- 
nufus.: for they were not in this point uniform. Diodorus 
takes notice that it was a name, and conferred upon the per¬ 
ron fpoken of: 69 &gijX[/JoQV. Js ctvrov. QVopLOLtrbwou <povn : 'They fay y 
that .- one of the titles given, to Dionufus was Thr iambus. Ham- 
in the very ancient accounts, of Greece is. called Iamus, and 
his. pr iefts la raids. His oracle in. confequence of this was 
ftyled Iamphi, and Iambi, which was the fame term as Am- 
phi, of which we have been, treating. From the name Iambi 
came the meafure I ctfoog Iambus, in which oracles- were of 
old delivered. H^m among the Egyptians was called ?a Ti- 
thrambo, which is the fame name as the Thriambus of Dio¬ 
dorus. There is a remarkable paffage in. the Scholia upon 
Pindar concerning Ham, under, the name of Iamus, and alfo. 
qoncerning his temple, which is reprefented. as oracular.. 

71 - M pLvreiov. W & Ohuputict,,. ou. oLgyyryog: ysyavsv. lupog, ry. bict 
ef/.7tv§uVifjLavTSiCL i yycu ps'ggi.Tn vvv. ot lupuSou: yguvrui. There 
was, in Olympia , an ancient temple efleemed. a-famous feat ojpro¬ 
phecy , in , which-Iamus' is fuppofed- to have firf preftded-% and 

where the will of the Deity- was made - manifef by the• facred- fire 
upon the j altar, t this,hind of divination is Jlill carried on by-a fet 
of priefs, who. are called Iamidce. locpLog. otgyyyog was in 

the : Deity.: and, his. attendants, were the 7Z Iamidas, 

6?1 Diodorus Siculus. L. 5. p. 213. 

70 Epiphanius advcrfus Hsref. L. 3. p. 1093. 

71 Pindar. Olympic Ode vi. p. 53,. 

Ianp,fuppofed by Pindar to have been. the. fon-.of Apollo ; but he. was the fame 
as Apollo, and Oliris. He makes Apollo afford him the gift of prophecy : 

Er9* 01 OUTTCLat 

Gtetcrccypov S'i^v^ov fJLOLVTOGUvuh -C AttoA Awy). Ibid,..p». 53. 

71 Of the Iamidze, fee Herodotus. L. 5. c. 44. L. 9,. c. 33. 

KaAA/cr t cop IctpuSeoov /xa^r*r. 

7 



perfons 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 259 

perfons of great power and repute. ov %Sfo&Oxhettov 

‘EAA olvo; ysvog Ictj/.iS'cav. Pindar. Iamus was immortal, and 

was therefore named odeutGLTQs. 

73 K OU XCtTcupCL[JU%£V /'ttASJcDw fJUV' 

~XgQVM (TV{JL7T0W71 [JUXTYlg 

aQclvoltqv. 


From hence we may be affured, that he was of old the real 
Deity of the place. 

I have mentioned, that in the facred proceflions in early 
times the Deity ufed to be carried about in a fhrine ; which 
circumftance was always attended with fhouts, and exclama¬ 
tions, and the whole was accompanied with a great con- 

• The ancient Greeks fly led thefe celebri¬ 
ties the proceflion of the 74 P’omphi, and from hence were 
derived the words 7 ST 0 fM 7 TYi , and pompa. Thefe originally re¬ 
lated to a proceflion of the oracle : but were afterwards made 


courfe of people 


rife of to defcribe any cavalcade or fhow. In the time of 
Herodotus the word feems in fome degree to have retained 
its true 



being 


by him ufed for the oracular in¬ 
fluence. He informs us that Amphifutus' was a diviner of 
Acharnan-; and that- he came to Pififtratus with a commiffion 


from heaven. By this he induced that prince to profecute a 
fcheme which he recommended. 75 BvrccvCd Ssir) 'uro[X 7 TYi 


^£<i)fXBV0g 'Gretgtga.TOU' UsiTigPOLTW AA^/A£>T0£. ©£ LY) 'tjfo [JLTTYi 

is a divine revelation, or commiffion. Ham was the Hermes 


73 Pindar. Ibidem, p. $x. 

74 Pi is. the ancient Egyptian prefix. 

75 Herodotus. L. j, c. 62. p. 30. 

L 1 2 


of 



260 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology* 

of the Egyptians, and his oracle, as I have fhewn, was fly led 
Omphi : and when particularly fpoken of as the oracle, it 
was expreffed P’omphi, and P’ompi, the 'ETOjU.JOj of the 

Greeks. Hence Hermes had the name of < sro^L 7 roLiog J which 
was misinterpreted the meffenger, and conductor : and the 
Deity was in confequence of it made the fervant of the 
Gods, and attendant upon the dead. But 'rjTo^.Trociog related 
properly to divine influence ; and / W' 0 fjL 7 Ti] was an oracle. An 
ox, or cow, was by the Amonians efteemed very facred, and 

P 

oracular : Cadmus was accordingly faid to have been directed 

'uro[A.7rri fioog. 

76 E vdcc koli zvvoiohx) 'urovL7r$ ftoog, YiV 61 Ato/NAgm 

£l 7 ra.crs uctvTo<rvvri<n 'UTgoriyriTsigccv 0J0/0. 

Many places were from the oracle ftyled P’ompean : and 
fuppofed by the Romans to have been fo named from Pom- 
peius Magnus ; but they were too numerous, and too remote 

to have been denominated from him, or any other Roman. 

% 

There was indeed Pompeise in Campania; but even that 
was of too high antiquity to have received its name from 
Rome. We read of Pompeise among the Pyrenees, Pompion 
in Athens, Pompelon in Spain, Pompeditha in Babylonia, 
Pomponiana in Gaul. There were fome cities in Cilicia 
and Cappadocia, to which that Roman gave the name of 
Pompeiopolis : but upon enquiry they will be found to have 


76 Apollonius Rhodius. L. 3. v. 1180. 

An ox or cow from being oracular was ftyled Alphi as- well as Omphi. Hence 
Plutarch fpeaks of Cadmus : 'Or < pcc.cn to ctXcpcc 'urctvTcov •mpo r ra£ l oa. S'lgc to $aivix&$ 
tnro) xateiy tov fov. Sympof. Quseft. 9. 3. 


been 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


261 


been Zeleian cities, which 


were 


fo that the 



mans only gave a turn to the name in honour of their own 
countryman, by whom thefe cities were taken. 

Befides the cities hyled Pompean, there were pillars nam- 
in like manner ; which by many have been referred to 


ed 


fame perfon. But they could 


have been 


by 


him. 

4 

may 


nor were they erected to his memory : as I think we 
learn from their hihory. There are two of this de¬ 
nomination hill remaining at a great dihance from each 
other: both which feem to have been raifed for a religious 


Alexandria 


the 


purpofe. The one hands in Egypt at 77 
other at the extream point of the Thracian Bofporus, where 


communication between the Propontis and the 
ne fea. They feem to be of great antiquity. 


their 


balis witnelfes at this day : the lhaft and fuperhrudture is of 
later date. The pillar at the Bofporus hands upon one of 


the Cy 


rocks 


and its parts 


we may jud 


Wheeler, betray a difference in their 


was 


re from 
repaired 


the time of Auguhus 


and 


infcription was added by 


the perfon, who erected the column, and who dedicated the 
whole to that Emperor. 

79 DIVO. CAESAR I. AU GUSTO. 

E. . CL.. . ANDIDIUS. . . 

L.FCL. ARGENTO... 

We may learn from the infcription, however mutilated, that 


77 In infula Pharo. Pliny. L. 3 6 . c. 12. 


Wheeler’ 

Wheeler, 


x • 

Sandy’s Travels, p. 32. 


this 



262 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

this pillar was not the work of Pompeius Magnus; nor could 
it at all relate to his hiftary: for the time of its being rebuilt 
was but little removed from the age in which he lived. The 
original wqrk mud; have therefore been far prior. The pil¬ 
lar in Egypt is doubtlefs the fame, which was built upon the 
ruins of a former, by Softratus of Cnidos, before the time of 
Pompeius : fo that the name muft have been given on ano¬ 
ther account. The infcription is preferved by 80 Strabo. 

2 122TPATOS KNIAXOS 

AEHIOANOT2 

» # « « 

0EOIS 20THP2XN 

* • * > 1 • • 

t n e p t a n 

v « 

HAaiZQMENdN. 

The narrow ftreight into the Euxine fea was a palfage of dif¬ 
ficult navigation. This was the reafon, that upon each fide 
there were temples and facred columns erected to the Deity 
of the country in order to obtain his affiftance. And there is 
room to think, that the pillars and obelifks were made ufe of 
for beacons, and that every temple was a Pharos. They feem 
to have been erected at the entrance of harbours ; and upon 
eminences along- the coafts in moll countries. The pillars of 
Hercules were of this fort, and undoubtedly for the fame pur- 
pofe. They were not built by- him; but ereded to his ho¬ 
nour, by people, who worihiped him, and who were called 
Herculeans. Sl E Qo$ yotg 'urcO\cuov V7n)gt;s to Ti@s<r&cu toiztzs 


80 Strabo. L. 17. p. n 4I . 
Strabo. L. 3. p. 259, 




81 



d 


TffE Analy 


of AncFent Mythology 


263: 


crg&g, xct&&7r2g of 'Pioytvoi tyjv g-rihtba. sQ-s&av, Tty siri- 7M 'm i 6g$LL(a 


KgifjLSVW, mgycv ti. Ka/ 


tisKtigog Xsyo[Xsvog UTvgyog dnr 


K2tfa. 1 - T’p Tctvfy) gypibi. For it was a cuftom , fays Strabo, among 
the ancients to ere£f this fort of land-?narks^ fitch as the pillar at 
R'hegium near the foot of Italy : which is a kind of tower , and 
was raifed by the people of Rhegium at fh'e freight , where the 


faff age was to Sicily 


DireEtly oppofte food another building of 


the fa?ne fort\ called' the tower of Pelofus. Such Pillars were by 

. / * - 

the Iberians flyled Herculean, b'ecaufe t-hey were' {acred to 
Hercules ; under which title they worshiped the chief Deity. 
Some of thefe’ were 1 near Gadesy and Onoba 82 , Kar OvoQolv 

TYjg I £r)gictg others- were erected- ftill- higher, on the coafl of 
Lulitania. This can fed an idle difp'ute between Eratofthenes, 
Dieasarchus, and 83 others, in order to determine, which were 
the genuine pillars of Hercules : as if they were not all equal¬ 
ly genuine y all denominated from the Deity of the country. 
Two of the moft celebrated flood upon each fide of the Me¬ 
diterranean at the noted" paffage called fretum Gaditanum, 
Karra, roc aK^a. r% 'UTof^xa. That ori the Mauritanian fide was 
called Abyla, from Ab-El, parens Sol: the other in Iberia 
had the name of 84 'Galpe : .- This was : an obelifc or tower, 
and a compound of Ca-Alpe, and fignifies the houfe, or ca¬ 
vern of the fame oracular God-: for- it'was built near a cave : 


8i Strabo. L. 2. p. 258. 

83 Strabo. Ibidem. On-Ob. Sol 5 Pytho. Onoba, regio Solis Pythonis. 

84 Strabo calls the African pillar'Abyluea; which is commonly rendered Abila. 

cfe v 7 r€/\aSov nrtiv KaATrm'* ^ccct t nv A&vKvkqc >ctA. Ibidem. Ab-El-Uc., 

and Ca-Alpe. 

Calpe is now called Gibel-Tar, or Gibralter- which name- relates to the hill, 
where of old the pillar flood. 

and 




264 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

and all fuch receffes were efteemed to be oracular. At places, 
of this fort mariners.ufed to come on fhore to make.their of¬ 
ferings ; and to inquire about the fuccefs of their voyage. 
They more efpecially reforted to thole towers, and pillars, 
which flood at the entrance of their own havens. Nobody, 
fays 85 Arrian, will venture to quit his harbour without pay¬ 
ing due offerings to the Gods, and invoking their favour. 
Helenus in Virgil charges iEneas, whatever may be the con- 
iequence, not to negledt confulting the oracle at Cuma. 

sc Hie tibi ne qua mors fuerint dilpendia tanti, 

Quamvis increpitent focii, et vi curfus in altum 
Vela vocet, pohifque iinus implere fecundos, 

Quin adeas vatem, precibufque oracula pofeas. 

upon this ac¬ 
count ; and the iailors feem to have undergone lome fevere dif- 
cipline at the altar of the God, in order to obtain his favour. 

87 A refit), 'ZzroXvvoofJLS, nr 0 Ay A Air e , rig Js re vctvrrig 
’Efj,7ro^og Aiyaioio 'srctgY)XvQe vr\i Searr) ; 

&TQ 0 peyaAoi [juv £7ri7rmanv onyrou, 

’Xgeiu <T or]i rcLyrzov xyei nrKoov, aAAa ra Aa/pq 

ODteeg ereiXxno, mi 8 nroCKiv xvQig eEqrocv, 
n giv fxeyxv n reo fioopov viro 'urfyyyriv sXi^xi 
'Pqrropepoi. 


The illand Delos was particularly frequented 


s A A A. a 7 ro My.evof y.ev aS'eis xvxy»Txt, y.v 3 -vaxs ron Oeois, xcu Tzrxoxxa^scrxs 
avrue / 3 o» 6 cs. Arrian upon Epiftecus. L. 3. c. 22. 

* 6 Virgil. iEneis. L. 3. v. 153. 

* 7 Callimachus. Hymn to Delos, v. 316. 




O, ever 




M 

The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 265 

w 

O, ever crown’d with altars, ever bleft. 

Lovely Afteria, in how high repute 
Stands thy fair temple ’mid the various tribes 
Who ply the ^Egean. Though their bufinefs claims 
Defpatch immediate ; though the inviting gales 
Ill brook the lingering mariners’ delay: 

Soon as they reach thy foundings, down at once 
Drop the flack fails, and all the naval gear. 

The {hip is moor’d : nor do the crew prefume 
To quit thy facred limits, till they have pafs’d 
A painful penance : with the galling whip 
Lafh’d thrice around thine altar. 


This ifland was greatly efteemed for its fan£tity, and there 
ufed to be a wonderful concourfe of people from all nations 
continually reforting to its temple. The priefts in confe- 
quence of it had hymns compofed in almofl: all languages. 
It is moreover faid of the female attendants, that they could 
imitate the fpeech of various people : and were well verfed 
in the hiftories of foreign parts, and of ancient times. Ho¬ 
mer fpeaks of thefe extraordinary qualifications, as if he had 
been an eye-witnefs : 


88 II go$ Jg rods [JLsyct &&vfjL0L y otb kXbo$ zttot oAsirca. 
K&gou AqTuadW, 'E^ccrio^eAsTsw &egcc7 tolipou, 

'A IT B7TBI OLV 'W'^OOTOV {JLSV AToKhtoV VfJLVY\(TW<nV y 

AvTig <T OLV AyiTOO TS , K.OLI AgTSfJUV lOJ(SOLlgY)V, 


s ° Homer. Hymn to Apollo, v. 156. 

Helen is faid to have been a mimic of this fort. 


MVY )( fOL[JLBVCU 


VOL. I. 


M m 



266 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


M pij<rcL(jt,evcu owtyuv rs 'uroihouwv, i$e yvvcwccav, 
'Y{jlvov a.si$8<riv, SeKyzcri S's tpvti avQgonrw. 

II OtVTOOV (T CLV@gCi07rO0V <pU>V&g, KCU K gOfJ&OLhlOLZVV 

Mt(Jt.ei<&cu ureter cpoiiyjg dg ksv avTog sKccg'ov 

<P@syy£c&ciij droo cr<pt kolXyi <rvvccgqgev aoidij. 

# 

The Delian nymphs, who tend Apollo’s fhrine. 
When they begin their tuneful hymns, firfl: praife 
The mighty God of day : to his they join 
Latona’s name, and Artemis, far fam’d 
For her fleet arrows, and unerring bow. 

Of heroes next, and heroines they flng. 

And deeds of ancient prowefs. Crowds around. 
Of every region, every language, ftand 

eaflng 

Vers’d in each art, and every power of fpeech. 
The Delians mimick all who come : to them 
All language is familiar : you would think 
The natives fpoke of every different clime. 

Such are their winning ways : fo fweet their fong. 



In mute applaufe, footh’d with the pi 


The offerings made at thefe 
kinds, but particularly of liba 



ufed to be of 
cakes, which were 


rally denominated from the temple where they were pre 


fented 


A curious infcription to this purpofe has b 


ferved by Spoil and Wheeler, which belonged to forne 


lifk 


temple upon the Thracian Bofporus. It was found 
Afiatic fide, nearly oppofite to the Pompean pillar, of 


which I before took notice. 


The Deity, to whom it was 


io 


infcribed 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 



infcrihed, was the fame as that above ; but called by another 
title, Aur, and Our, ma; rendered by the Greeks 89 O vgiog ; 
and changed in acceptation fo as to refer to another element. 


90 Ovgiov 'urgvpvYig Tig oJijyijnj^a kclKz iTca 

Z Yjvct, Kara 'urgoTovuv Wiov ezwsTotcrcLg. 

Bit S7n K vavectg fiivag fyofjLog, evfici Ylocrsifroov 

¥Lct[JL7rvMV SlXKTTSl KVfJLCL 'GTOLgOL *v}/ CtfiClQ01g , 

Bits holt Alyctix nsrons 'GrXa.K.oc, vog-ov sgsvvpg, 

N eioj-ca, rep h (Qoihoev i {jctizct 'Rrctgcf£;ootvM. 

Toj/ Jg ya.g evcumrrrov olsi §bov Avtitolt^s 'urcug 
XtyiTb QnXwv cvyoi&tig crvuJooKov sunKoirig, 


Great Urian Jove invoke to be your guide : 
Then fpread the fail, and boldly fbem the tide. 
Whether the ftormy inlet you explore. 

Where the furge laves the bleak Cyanean fhore. 
Or down the Egean homeward bend your way. 
Still as you pafs the wonted tribute pay. 

An humble cake of meal: for Philo here. 
Antipater’s good foil, this fhrine did rear, 

A plealing omen, as you ply the fail. 

And fure prognoftic of a profperous gale. 


The Iapygian promontory had a temple to the fame God, 
whofe name by Dionylius is rendered 'T giog. 


89 To tegov tb (Du £> ib cc-TTE^st a.7ro to B’J^arT/3 ox.’ yivovTC&i cTe /u.i/\icc It~. 5 ca« 

^ c T l 'T^’otcctov to c^GfjLoc tb V[ovT& ‘KcL?&fssi>Gv. Anon, Deicript. Ponti Euxini. 

90 See Spon and Wheeler’s travels, p. 209. 


Mm 2 


QvXct 



268 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


f 1 &vKcl r Ir) 7 rvyiuv TeTctvvarfjLeva,, petrcp 'Ygioio 
Uct^cxAiag, 'Ygm, t 0Q1 (rvgsrcu 'A Sgictg dA^. 

* 

The more difficult the navigation was, the more places of 
fan&ity were ereded upon the coad. The Bofporus was 
efteemed a dangerous pafs ; and upon that account abound¬ 
ed with Cippi, and altars. Thefe were originally mounds 
of earth, and facred to the Sun ; upon which account they 
were called Col-On, or altars of that Deity. From hence is 
derived the term Colona, and KoAwwj. It came at laft to 
denote any nees or foreland ; but was originally the name of 

a facred hill, and of the pillar which was placed upon it. 
To fay the truth there was of old hardly any headland, but 
what had its temple or altar. The Bofporus in particular 
had numbers of them by way of fea-marks, as well as for 
facred purpofes: and there were many upon the coaft of 
Greece. Hence Apollonius lays of the Argonauts : 


T~ < 3 g vi(T(rofjt.svoi<riv A$oo avereKhs h.qXwy). 

In another place of the Bofporus 

? 3 Qouverctu nsgoev fopot Booto^h, jjJg koXwvqu 
M VtflOLU 


91 Dionyfius 'zcregwyus. v. 3 So. 

** Apollonius Rhodius. L. 1. v. 601. 

93 Apollonius Rhodius. L. 1. 1114. 

In another place. 

T B BiQuVMV GLUTYl XTSCCTLCTCcLTO yctlY f, 

'Meacp €7n PiiSotiB 'z&fo^octfj G’X07re?icv ts KoXoovyi;. 

Apollon. Rhod. L. 2. v. 790. 

The 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 269 

The like, occurs in the Orphic Argonauts, where Peleus 
is pointing out the habitation of the Centaur Chiron : 

94 £1 cpiXoi, ctQgerre <rnQ7nr\g 'UT^yovroL xoXoovov ,. 

Msg'o'co svi 'nrgqwvi koltcl(T/aov , evOci Je Xstgoov 
N cusi svi <r7cr\hvyyi) frucuoTurog KsvTOLVgodv. 

Thefe Colonse were facred to the Apollo of Greece : and 
as they were fea-marks and beacons, which flood'on emi¬ 
nences near the mouths of rivers, and at the entrances of 
harbours,, it caufed them to be called oogiot, oi^sa, and ogfJLou 
Homer gives a beautiful defcription of fuch hills and head¬ 
lands, and of the fea-coaff projebfed in a beautiful landfcape 
beneath, when in fome ravifhing poetry he makes all thefe, 
places rejoice at the birth of Apollo : 

95 nourca. cJe vkottiou roi afrov, kou 'srguovsg oucgai 

T A&0Z/ OgSUV, 'ffOTCLfJLOt. O' dKot Jg 'UrgOgSOVTSS, 

Aktcu.t sig dchx xs/JhifxzvoLij vsg rs S-ctAatrcri^. 

In that happy hour 

The lofty cliffs, that overlook the main, 

And the high fummits of the towering hills,. 

Shouted in triumph : down the rivers ran. 

In pleafing murmurs to the diflant deep. 

The fhelves, the fhores, the inlets of the fea, 

Witnefs’d uncommon gladnefs. 

Apollo from this circuinftance was often called £7r<x.KTiog, or 
the tutelary God of the coafl : and had particular offerings 
upon that account. 

94 Orphic. Argonaut, v. 375. 

95 Homer's Hymn to Apollo. 


H$ 1 <r [juxt ct 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 



96 Hsi<rfjL&Ta 0’ d^ct,[JL£Poi TxTogcrvvopsv legot naXa. 
Zrjn Hclvo^olm , koli swcuctiw AttoAAww. 


It was not 



upon rocks and eminences, that thefe 


Cippi and Obeliiks were placed by 


They were 


to be found 


their 



es. where for 


many 


flock or ftone ferved for a reprefentation of the Deity 


They 


were fometimes quite fhapelefs ; but generally of a conical 


£ 


<?ure 


of which we meet with many inftances 


Clemens 
: and 


Alexandrinus takes notice of this kind of 97 worfhip: 
Paufanias in defcribing the temple of Hercules at Hyettus in 
98 Boeotia, tells us that there was no ftatue in it, nor any 
work of art, but merely a rude ftone after the manner of the 


£rft ages. 

Pallas. Pa 
rudi palo, 
little better than 


Tertullian gives a like defcription of 


Attica 


Phry 


and 


quas fine eftigie 


informi Ipecie proftant. J 


of 


was 


100 


poft 


fometimes happens that ao-ecl 


96 Orphic Argonaut, v. 1295. 

Sophocles calls the fea coaft 'zz-txPocCcopuos cckti^ from the numbers of altars. CEdi- 
pus Tyrannus. v. 193. 

The like province was attributed to the fuppofed fitter of Apollo, Diana: Ju¬ 
piter tells her, 

V.CCL jttsT ccyviccis 

Ecrcr/i xki hifjLeveaaiv smuKoiros. 

And in another place : 

Tpis S'exct tgi 'ZG‘To/\isQpcc tccci &w, svcc Tlupyov OTTCtCrO-OO. 

Callimachus. Hymn to Diana. 

Tlorvioty Aifj.evooco7re^ %ccipe y <Pzpct(ct. Ibid. v. 259. 

917 yz c&xpi£co$ 7 iv<x.i t c&$ tgov ctyccXuctTcov cr^eTBiS) xtovccs louvres 01 rsrccXcctoi 

ZaeSoi 1 T&T&S, vs cityiS'pvfj.oLTct tb ©sa. Clemens Alexand. L. 1. p. 418. 

O vtos y%t czyczApcaros cruv t A/ 0 # S'e ccpys xccrcc to ccp^ccioy. Paufan. 

L. 9. p. 757 - 

Alfo of the Thelpians: K cci c(pionv ctycc^ijxcc Tuct^ccioTccTOif e~iv ccgyog A tQcs. p. y 6 i 0 
99 Tertullian adverfus Gentes. L. 1. c. 12. 

Kczi to f*zp 'S'C&puxs c H^s 'zopOTBpov ?)v ctccvis. dementis Cohort, p. 40. 


trees 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


271 


trees bear a faint likenefs to the human fabric : roots like- 
wife and fprays are often fo fantaftic in their evolutions as to 
betray a remote refemblance. The ancients feem to have 
taken advantage of this fancied fimilitude, which they im¬ 
proved by a little art; and their firft efforts towards imagery 
were from thefe rude and rotten materials. Apollonius 
Rhodius in his account of the Argonauts gives a defcription 
of a monument of this fort, which was by them erected in a 
dark grove upon a mountainous part of 1 Bithynia. They 
raifed an altar of rough ftones, and placed near it an image 
of Rhea, which they formed from an arm or flump of an 
old vine. 


E<rxe Js ti ?i£ugov svnog ufittete, evrgepov 
Ugayvv yegavfrgvov, to fiev ex. 7 u.fiov opgu T*Te7\oiTo 
Auifiovog seeing iegov figerug' sjstrs <T A gycag 
Evxocrfioog , xui dg fiiv erf oxgvoevTi KoAoovca 

'l$gv<ruv, (pqyouriv eur^epeg uxgoTUTyviv 
*A 1 pa re 7tuvuoov 7ruvv7re^TUTui eppt^cavTo. 

Bufiov rf uv ye^uSog 'uragevriveov, ufipi ds pvKKoig 
Xre-^ufievoL $gvivoi<ri &vi)7roAirig efisKovro. 

A dry and wither’d branch, by time impair’d. 
Hung from an ample and an aged vine. 

Low bending to the earth : the warriors axe 

Lopt it at once from the parental ftem. 

% 

This as a facred relick was configned 
To Argus’ hands, an image meet to frame 
Of Rhea, dread Divinity, who ruled 

1 Apollonius Rhodius. L. 1. v. 1117. p. 115; 


r\ 


v 7 { r > 

y h- .3 



272 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


Over Bithynia’s mountains. With rude art 
He fmooth’d and fafhion’d it in homely guife. 

Then on a high and lonely promontory 
Rear’d it amid a tall and Stately grove 
Of ancient beeches. Next of ftones unwrought 
They raife an altar ; and with boughs of oak 
Soft wreaths of foliage weave to deck it round. 

Then to their rites they turn, and vows perform. 

The fame circumfiance is mentioned in the Orphic Argonau- 
tics a ; where the poet fpeaks of Argus, and the vine branch 5 


AfiQiTrteJtes sgvog 

A(JL7T£Xx XVCLhsqg 0%£L Cf.7T£K£^<TS 

Hscrcrg <T e'7ns‘ot,u,svuog* 


0 

The Amazonians were a very ancient people, who wor¬ 
shiped their provincial Deity under the character of a fe- 

l. They 


male, and by the titles of Artemis, Oupis, Hipp 


firfl built 
chus 3 


pie at Ephefi 


and 


rding 


the image of the Goddefs was formed of the flump of 


beech 


Xoi kou Afjict^ovihg '&oX£[jL8 smQVfJUtpeigoLi 
Eh hots 'WccppoChiri Epstrzs figsTcig l$gv<rcx.vTo 
23 <f tyyw v7ro 'urgsp.vcy , tsXstsp Ss rot hgov ’ 

Avtcu <T, Ov7n avourtroi, 'srgvXiv ugynr\(ravTQ, 


c Orphic Argonaut, v. 605. 

Pliny, L. 16, mentions fimulacrum vitigineum. 


n^JJLVOV 


Hym 


■5 


ry yy ^rptfAvov. Hefych 

YJpsfAVfctcrcci, expi^coarcci 


7 } TO CCfJi 7 r£?VB T&pQ$ 


Ibidem.' 


Inflead 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology* 


273 


Inftead of an. imagfe made of a ftump, the poet Dionyfius 

fuppofes a temple to have been built beneath the tfunk of a 
decayed tree. 

E v$cx. @syj 'utots vy\ov A(jlci£ovi$£$ rsTv^ovro 

n gefJLVb) V 7 T 0 'UTTBKeqg, 'GTSglOO'TlQV av^occrt $CtV[JL 0 l. V. 827. 

It is obfervable, that the Chinefe, as well as the people of 

♦ 

Japan, ftill retain fomething of this cuftom. When they meet 
with an uncouth root or fpray of a tree, they humour the ex¬ 
travagance ; and by the addition of a face give it the look of 
a Jofs or Bonzee, juft as fancy directs them. 

The vine was efteemed facred both to Dionufus, and Bac¬ 
chus ; for they were two different perfonages, though con¬ 
founded by the Grecians : indeed the titles of all thofe, who 
were originally ftyled Baalim, are blended together. This 
tree had therefore the name of Ampel, which the Greeks ren¬ 
dered AjU7rgAo£, from the Sun, Ham, whofe peculiar plant 
it was. This title is the fame as Gmphel before mentioned, 

A m a 

and relates to the oracular Deity of the Pagan world ; under 
which character Ham was principally alluded to. The Egyp¬ 
tian and Aliatic Greeks had fome imperfect traditions about 
Ham, and Chus : the latter of which they efteemed Bacchus. 
And as the term Ampelus did not primarily relate to the 
vine, but was a facred name transferred from the Deity, 
they had fome notion of this circumftance : but as it was their 
cuftom out of every title to form a new perfonage, they have 
fuppofed Ampelus to have been a youth of great beauty, and 
one whom. Bacchus particularly favoured. Hence Nonnus 
introduces the former begging of Selene not to envy him 
this happinefs. 

Vol. I. N n Mjj 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


274 

5 Mr) <p@ov£<rr)e, on B oucfcog (ptXorriroL *pvKct<r<r£i. 

'Otti vsog ysvo{jur\v } on non <pi\og et^u A vcas. 

The worfhip of Ham was introduced by the Amonians in 
Phrygia and Afia Minor: and in thofe parts the Poet makes 
Ampelus chiefly converfant. 

6 HJ/j yocg &gvyir\g V7ro foigoth Kzgog ctQvgm 
Ay.TfsAog r)S%r)TQ vsorgeepeg sgvog Egarruv. 

He fpeaks of his bathing in the waters, and riflng with frefh 
beauty from the flream, like the morning ftar from the oceam 

7 UolktocAm 'urogz kcu era tsov ereXotg, opgct (pavsiri 
AfjL7rs7\og avTz7\h(jov, cits (pootrpogog — 

Kocrpicrsi erso naXhog ohov UoucrooMov 

In all thefe infiances there are allufions to a hiflory, which 
will hereafter be fully difeufled. Ovid feems to make Am¬ 
pelus a native of Thrace pand fuppofes him to have been the 
ion of a fatyr by one of the nymphs in that country : 

* Ampelon intonfum, Satyro Nymphaque creatum, 

Fertur in Ifmariis Bacchus amafle jugis. 

But however they may have mifiaken this perfonage, it is 
certain that in early times he was well known, and highly re¬ 
verenced. Hence wherever the Amonians fettled, the name 
of Ampelus will occur: and many places will be found to have 
been denominated from the worfhip of the Deity under this 

5 N.onni Dion. L. 11. p. 306. 

6 Nonni Dion. L. 10. p. 278. 

7 Nonni Dion. L. 11. p. 296.. 

8 Ovid. Fall. L. 3. v. 409. 

facred 



2 75 


t 

The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


facred 


We learn from Stephanus Byzantinus 


that 


ac- 


rding to Hecatceus in his Europa , Ampelus was the name of 


Lig 


There was likewife a promontory in the difriEt of 


Tor one called Ampelus : a like promotitory m Samos : another 


Cyrene. Agrcetas mentions two cities there 


upper , and a 


of that 


name. 


There was likewife a harbour in Italy Jo 


called. We read of a city 9 10 Ampeloefla in Syria, and a na 
tion in Lybia called Ampeliotse : AptyreXioorcu he sQvog A 
Suidas. Alfo' Ampelona in Arabia : and a promontory Am 


pelufia near Tingis in Mauritania 


thefe places, how 


ever diftant, the Amonians had made fettlements 


Over 


againft the illand Samos flood the facred promontory, Mycale 
in Ionia. This too was called Ampelus, according to Hefy- 
chius, as the paffage is happily altered by Albertus, and others. 
A pi'K&'Kog, p.YfygLVY), kou cucgct ogxg. From the 

words nyav ogag one might infer, that Ampelus was no un¬ 
common name for a mountain in general; lb far is certain 
that many fuch were fo denominated : which name could not 
relate to otpaxeKogy the vine ; but they were fo called from the 
Deity to whom they were 11 facred. Many of thefe places 


9 A/XTreXoSy 'zeroA/s tyis Aiyv^iKYis 'Ekcltclios eq~ L ctxocc Topcevautov A/a~ 

7reAos AeyofjLtvn* erepex. ctxpcc tvs Xccjab' xcu aAAu ev K upvvTi. Aypoirccs cTs 

S'vo uroXzis (pvcriy t nv fAtv ccvcoy tvv S'e kcctco' S'e vcou IraA/as ctxpcty kcci A iujiv. 
Stephan. Byzant. 

KclAsltcu JAW bv Kan cotpcc Tis AfA7Tt\o$* Strabo of Samos. L. 14. p. 944. 

10 Ampelufia called K eorhis 00tpov. Ptolemy. L. 4. fo named according to Strabo 
olivo Kcorecovy or KcoraicoVy not far from a city Zilis, and Cota. See Pliny. L. 5 . 
c. 1. 

Promontorium Oceani extimum Ampelufia. Pliny. L. 5. c. 1. 

Ampelona. Pliny. L. 6. c. 28. 

XI A7ro A/xweAB ctxgYiS eiri K ccvotcf pccinv Herodotus. L, 7. c. 123. 

AfA 7 reAo$ cocgoc, in Crete. Ptolemy. See Pliny. L. 4, c. 12. 

N n 2 


were 



n 


76 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology-. 


were barren crags, and rocks of the fea, ill fuited to the cul¬ 
tivation of the 11 vine. And not only eminences were fo called, 
but the ftrand and fhores alfo for the lame reafon : becaufe 


were altars, and pillars to this God. Hence we read 


Hefychius : Au,7ts7\og — ouyicthog — K vgrpctioig anyiaCKog 


By 


Jlmpelus is fignified the fea ft 
of Cyrene fignifies the fea fieore . 


Slmpelus among the peoplt 


From what has been faid, we may be allured, that Am 


pelus, and Omphal 


the fame term originally 


how 


ied afterwards, and differently appropriated 


They 


are each a compound from Omphe; and relate to the 


Deity. Ampelus at Mycale 


was 


confelledly 


fo denominated from its being a facred 13 place, and abound¬ 
ing with waters, by which people, who drank them, were 
fuppofed to be infpired. They are mentioned in an ancient 
oracle quoted by Eiifebius 1+ : Ev A tfvfJtMV yvuhoig Mvxo&wnov 

EN0EON vfug. I have mentioned that all fountains were 

but elpecially thole which had any preter- 


efteemed facred 


quality, and abounded with exhalations 


was 


univerfal notion that a divine energy proceeded from thefe 

and that the perfons, who relided in their vicinity. 


effluvia 


of this 


were gifted with a prophetic quality 
ture from the divine influence, with which they were fup¬ 
pofed to abound, the Amonians ftyled Ain Omphe, live fontes 


In Samos was A fxyreXoc, cotpx.' e~i Se sx. euotvo;. Strabo. L. 14. p. 944. 
Some places were called more limply Ampe. 

See Herodotus of Ampi in the Perfian Gulf. L. 6. c. 20. 

A/A 71 of Tzetzes. See Cellarius. 

,} MvxaPws xpptov tepor. Herodotus. L. 1. c. 148. 

14 Prasp. Evang. L. 5. c. 16, 

IO 


Oraculi, 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 277 

• l 

Oraculi. Thefe terms, which denoted the fountain of the 
prophetic God, the Greeks contracted to NvjW.<pi), a Nymph: 
and fuppofed fuch a perfon to be an inferior Goddefs, who 
preiided oyer waters.* Hot fprings were imagined to be more 
immediately under the infpeCtion of the nymphs : whence 
Pindar ftyles fuck fountains 15 N vpipctv The 

temple of the Nymph® lonides in Arcadia flood clofe to a 
fountain of great 16 efficacy. The term Nympha will be found 
always to have a reference to 17 water. There was in the 
fame region of the Peloponnefus a place called N v[JL<pct$, Nym¬ 
ph as ; which was undoubtedly fo named from its hot fprings : 

18 Kar appeireu yctg uJcm——N vpcp&sx for Nymphas—aboimded 
with waters . Another name for thefe places was Ain-Ades, the 


15 Pindar. Olyrnp. Ode 12. 

Nuutpat eio-tv sv tu qjgeocTi. Artemidorus, Oneirocrit. L. 2. c. 23. 

16 Noftl j/cov £C?IV isgov £ 7TI TJJ 'STTiyr..’— ?lBOfXBVOli J'g Sv T7I 1TTT)yn y.X/XCCT60V T£ KCtl 

(tAyniJ-oLTusv 'stuvtcov <«jwaT«. Paufanias. L. 6. p. 5x0. 

17 NufUpixac, and A UTgct, are put by Hefychius, as fynonymous. 

Omnibus aquis Nymphce funt prasfidentes. Servius upon Virgil. Eel. 1. 

Thetis was ftyled Nympha, merely becaufe Hie was fuppofed to be water. The- 

tidem dici voluerunt aquam, unde et Nympha didfta eft. Fulgentij Mytholog. c. 8. 
p. 720. 

18 Paufanias. L. 8. p. 670. 

Young women were by the later Greeks, and by the Romans, ftyled Nymphse; 
but improperly. Nympha vox, Grcecorum N vp<px, non fuit ab origine Virgini 
five Puellte propria: fed folummodo partem corporis denotabat. iEgyptijs, ficut 
omnia animalia, lapides, frutices, atque herbas, ita omne membrum atque omnia 
corporis humani loca, aliquo dei titulo mos fuit denotare. Hinc cor nuncupabant 
Ath, uterum Mathyr, vel Mether: et fontem faemineum, ficut et alios fontes, no¬ 
mine Ain Omphe, Grasce vu^.(pv, infignibant: quod ab iEgyptijs ad Graecos deri- 

vatum eft. Hinc legimus, -nr vyn, v.a.1 rto')ci[j.cs yvvn , vvpaptjv <ts xaAatrx 

jctA. Suidas. 


flap’ Afi/irai ois r) ts A.10 5 p-nm^ N uy.q>ti. Ibidem. 


fountain 



278 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. . 

fountain of Ades, or the Sim : which in like manner was 
changed to N ouoL$sg 3 Naiades, a fpecies of Deities of the fame 
clafs. Fountains of bitumen in Sufiana and Babylonia were 
called Ain-Aptha, the fountains of Aptha, the God of fire : 
which by the Greeks was rendered Naptha, a name given 
to 19 bitumen. As they changed Ain Omphe to Numpha, 
a Goddefs; they accordingly denominated the place itfelf 
NvfJLcpsiov, Nymph^um : and wherever a place occurs of that 
name, there will be found fomething particular in its circum- 
ftances. We are told by 20 Pliny, that the river Tigris, being 
flopped in its courfe by the mountains of Taurus, lofes itfelf 
under ground, and rifes again on the other fide at Nymphasum. 
According to Marcellinus it feems to be at Nymphasum, that 
it finks into the earth. Be this as it may, this, he tells us, 
is the place where that fiery matter called naptha iffued : 
from whence undoubtedly the place had its name. 21 Bitu¬ 
men nafcitur prope lacum Sofingitem, cujus alveo Tigris vo~ 

19 Naptha is called Apthas by Simplicius in Categoric. Ariftotelis. Kai o AfyQcts 
<^B^ercci 'zo-opptoQei' tb 'zuvpos eifos. The fame by Gregory Nyflen is contracted, and 
called after the Ionic manner : oocnreg o xcztefJLevos e^cc7rreTca* Liber de 
anima. On which account thefe writers are blamed by the learned Valefius. They 
are however guilty of no miftake ; only ufe the word out of compofition. Ain- 
Aptha, contracted Naptha, was properly the fountain itfelf: the matter which pro¬ 
ceeded from it was ftyled Apthas, Pthas, and Ptha. It was one of the titles of the 
God of fire, called Apha-Aftus, the Hephaftus of the Greeks : to whom this.inflam¬ 
mable fubflrance was facred. 

See Valefii nota^ in Amm. Marcellinum. L. 23. p. 285. 

Epirus was denominated from the worfliip of fire: and one of its rivers was 
called the Aphas. 

10 Pliny. L. 31. p. 333. 

Marcellinus. L. 23. p. 285. 

% 

ratus, 


ai 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 279 

ratus, fluenfque fubterraneus, procurfis fpatiis longis, emergit. 
Hie et Naptha gignitur fpecie picea. In his pagis hiatus 
confpicitur terras, unde halitus lethalis exfurgens, quodcunque 
animal prope conffftit, odore gravi confumit. There was an 
ifland of the like nature at the mouth of the river Indus, 
which was facred to the Sun, and fly led Cubile 22 Nympha- 
rum : in qua nullum non animal abfumitur. In Athamania 
was a temple of the Nymphs, or 23 Nymphasum; and near it 
a fountain of fire, which confumed things brought near to it. 
Hard by Apollonia was an eruption of bituminous matter, 
like that in Afiyria : and this too was named 24 Nymphaeum. 
The fame author (Strabo) mentions, that in Seleucia, fly led 
Pieria, there was a like bituminous eruption, taken notice of 
by Pofidonius ; and that it was called Ampelitis: 25 T y\v Afj.7re- 

XlTYjU yt)V OLfQttArwfoly Tf]V SV XsXBVKSlCL Tl) HlSglO. fJLSTU.7O^£V0[JiSVi): 

The hot ftreams, and poifonous effluvia near Puteoli and lake 
Avernus are well known. It was efteemed a place of great 
fandlity; and people of a prophetic character are faid to have 
here refided. Here was a 26 Nymphceum, fuppofed to have 
been an oracular temple. There was a method of divination 
at Rome, mentioned by 27 Dion Cafflus, in which people 

** Pliny. L. 6. p. 326. 

, 3,3 Strabo. L. 7. p. 487. See Antigoni Caryftii Mirabilia. p. 163. 

ZL El' T >1 'XJUZCXs 'T GOV AlTOWocViCtTGOV V. CiX'c -T Ctl Tl Nu /J-Cf CttZV' UierrcC S'e e^L 'TZTUD OLVCC - 

cTiJ'hctgc' mr auTySe ngnvau peycn ^Aiccpn ccct^ccAth. Strabo. L. 7. p. 487. 

2,5 Strabo. Ibidem. L. 7. p. 487. He fuppofes, that it was called Ampelitis from 
czjuire/iof, the vine : becaufe its waters were good to kill vermin, Ako; tvs q,t}eipiccaw 
au 7 re?vy. A far-fetched etymology. Neither Strabo, nor Pofidonius, whom h-e 
quotes, considers that the term is of Syriac original- 
2,0 Philoftrati vita Apollonii. L. 8. c. 4. p. 416. 

a? Dionis Hiltoria Romana. Johannis Rofia: Antiq. L. 3. c. u, 

7 


formed 



2 S.O 


T®te Analysis d<f Ancient Mythology. 


formed their judgment of future events from the fleam of 
lighted frankincenfe. The terms of inquiry were remarkable : 
for their curiofity was indulged in refipe<Et to every future con¬ 
tingency, excepting death and marriage. The place of divina¬ 
tion was here too called sS Nymph®um. Paufanias takes no¬ 
tice of a cavern near Plat®a, which was facred to the Nymphs 
of Cith®ron: Js rijtf xogvcpris, sp y tqv @uo{jlqv 'nroisnai, 

'W’BVTB 5TB JCOU &BXCL VTFOK&TaJoCtVtl FCcdlBS NTM<J>f2N 

sgriv uvTgov KiOcttgwidm —MANTETE20AI Js rctg N vupccg 

to agyrtiov clvtoQi eysi Xoyog. We find that the Nymphs 

of this place had been of old prophetic. Evagrius mentions 

# 

a fplendid building at Antioch called Nymph®um, remarkable 
* 9 Na^aaTW^ 'UtKbtoo, for the advantage of its waters. There 
was a Nymph®um at Rome mentioned by Marcellinus. 

30 Septemzodium celebrem locum, ubi Nymph®um Marcus 
condidit Imperator. Here were the Therm® Antonian®. As 
from Ain Ompha came Nympha; fo from A1 Ompha was 
derived Lympha. This differed from Aqua, or common wa¬ 
ter, as being of a facred, and prophetic nature. The ancients 
thought, that all mad perfons were gifted with divination ; 
and they were in confequence of it ftyled Lymphati. 

From what has preceded, we may perceive that there once 
exifted a wonderful refemblance in the rites, cuftoms, and 
terms of worfliip, among nations widely feparated. Of this, 
as I proceed, many inftances will be continually produced. 

I have already mentioned, that this fimilitude in terms, and 


18 


Paufanias. L. 9. p. 718. 

%9 Evagrius. L. 3. 

30 Marcellinus. L. 15. c. 7. p. 68 


c. 12. 


the 



Thi Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 281 

■ 

the religious fyftem, which was fo widely propagated, were 
owing to one great family, who fpread themfelves almoft uni- 
verfally. Their colonies went abroad under the fanCtion and 
direction of their priefts ; and carried with them both the 
rites and the records of their country. Celfus took notice of 

9 

this ; and thought that people payed too little attention to 
memorials of this nature. He mentions particularly the ora¬ 
cular temples at Dodona, at Delphi, at Claros, with thole of 
the Branchidse and Amonians : at the fame time palling over 
many other places, from whofe priells and votaries the whole 
earth feemed to have been peopled 31 . Ta psv U7ro rr\g YlvOiotc, 

10 AwJWwv, KAos^a, y\ sv y\ sv Appeal iog, v7ro pv - 

guav rs aAAwi/ d-£07rgQ7rcav 'urgosigripevct, vcp" m £7rieiKoog 'utolvci yi) 
}tcLTcajci<&Y), tqlvtcx, psv ovS'svi Aoyw TiOsvrca. As colonies went 
abroad under the influence, and direction of their tutelary 
Deities ; thofe Deities were ftyled 'H yspovzg, and A^yy\ysrou : 
and the colony was denominated from fome facred title of the 
God. A colony was planted at Miletus ; of which the con¬ 
ducting Deity was Diana. 3:1 2s yag 'UT 0 iqcrcC] 0 N^Asy? 'Hyspovviv. 
This Goddefs is ftyled <3roAy7rToAj£, becaufe this office was 
particularly aferibed to her: and fhe had many places under 
her patronage. Jupiter accordingly tells her : 

33 T gig Sena, roi 'STToA/s^a, kxli sh ha 'urvgyov oTrcurvoo* 

31 Celfus apud Originem. L. 7. p. 333. 

See alfo Plutarch, de Oraculorum defeftu, 

52 Callimachus'. Hymn to Diana, v* 226* 

33 Callimachus, ibid, v. 33* 
ricAAas <Pe &vvy) 'fcroAfas. 


VOL. I. 


O o 


Thrice 



282 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 

M 

Thrice ten fair cities fhall your portion be. 

And many a {lately tower. 

likewife was called O iKTi^g and A gyyiysTYjg, from be- 
ing the fuppoled founder of cities ; which were generally built 
in confequence of fome oracle. 

<T e(T7ro{jL£Vot •nroAsotg fos{JL£T$r)<rcu/T.o 
Av@gu7rot * OoiEos yctg ctsi •nroXisu'cn piXrj^si 
K TiZppsvcus' avTos S's Sspsthiot <&oi%og vpouveti 

’Tis through Apollo’s tutelary aid. 

That men go forth to regions far remote. 

And cities found : Apollo ever joys 
In founding cities. 

What colony, fays 35 Cicero, did Greece ever lend into iEto- 
lia, Ionia, Alia, Sicily or Italy, without having firft confulted 
about every circumftance relative to it, either at Delphi, or 
Dodona, or at the oracle of Ainmon. And Lucian fpeaks 
to the fame purpofe. 36 Ovts 'uroteczg ads Tsiysoc- 

'GTzgidooCKhovTa - 'nrgiu cu br, Mclvtzom olksu'ou Sfcctg'ot. 

People would not •venture to build cities , nor even ?'aife the walls y 
till they had made proper enquiry among thofe , who were prophe¬ 
tically gifted , about the fuccefs of their operations . 

3+ Callimachus. Hymn to Apollo, v. 56. 

35 Cicero de Divinatione. L. i. 

36 Lucian. Aftrolog. v. i. p. 993. 



PAT O R 



( * 8 3 ) 



✓ 




Cannot help thinking that the word noiTYig, pater, when 
ufed in the religious addrefles of the Greeks and Ro¬ 
mans, meant not, as is fuppofed, a father, or parenl ; but re¬ 
lated to the divine influence of the Deity, called by the peo¬ 
ple of the eaft, Pator, as I have 1 {hewn. From hence I 
fhould infer, that two words, originally very diftiinfl, have 
been rendered one and the * fame. The word pater, in the 


acceptation, might be applicable 


for 


was fuppofed to have been 


father of all the Gods, and 


was therefore fo entitled by the ancient poet Sulpit: 

3 Jane pater, Jane tuens, Dive biceps, biformis, 
O, cate rerum fator, O, principium Deorum. 


But when it became a title, which was bellowed upon Gods 
of every denomination, it made Jupiter animadvert with 


See in the former treadle, infcribed 0 /x<pn. 

Are not all the names, which relate to the different ftages of manhood, as 
well as to family cognation, taken from die titles of prlefts, which were originally 

ufed in temples; fuch as Pater, Vir, Virgo, Puer, Mater, Matrona, Patronus, 
Prater, Soror, AS'e^tpos, K&pos ? 

3 Verfes from an ancient Choriambic poem, which are quoted by Terentianus 
Maurus de Metris, 

O o 2 fome 



284 The Analysis of Anci&nt Mythology, 

fome warmth upon the impropriety, if we may 
Lucilius : 


credit 


4 Ut nemo fit noftrum, quin pater optimus Divom eft 
Ut Neptunus pater, Liber, Saturnus pater. Mars,. 
Janus, Quirinus, pater,, omnes dicamur ad unum. 

r 


And not only the Gods, but the Hierophantce in moft tem¬ 
ples ; and thofe priefts in particular, who were occupied in 

the celebration of myfteries-, were ftyled Patres : fo that it 

■ 

was undoubtedly a religious term imported from Egypt, the 
lame as Pator, and Patora, before mentioned. I have taken 


g of the word 


notice, that the Paterae of Curtius were the priefts of Ha- 
mon : but that writer was unacquainted with the true mean- 

well as with the pronunciation, which 
been penultima produdta. The worfhip of 

ancient, fo it was the 
It was at firft the pre- 


feems to h 


Ham 


the 


was the moft 


mod; univerial of any in the world. It 
vailing religion of Greece ; and was propagated over all the 
fea coaft of Europe : from whence it extended itfelf into the 


inland provinces 


was eftablifhed in Gaul and Britain ; 


and was the original religion of this ifland, which the Druids 
in aftertimes adopted. That it went higl 


1 in 


the 


evident from Aufonius, who takes notice of 
his time. He had relations, 
and denomination : and who 


exiftin 


m 


who were priefts of this order 

compli- 


on 


that 


mented by him in his ode to Attius Patera f Rhetor 


4 Lucilii Fragmenta. 

* Ode of Aufonius to Attius. Patera Rhetor in ProfelTorum Burdigalenfium 
commemoratione. Ode io. 


Tu 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 285 

T11 BoiocaiTis ftirpe Druidarum fatus. 

Si fama non fallat fidem, 

Beleni facratum ducis e templo genus-, 

Et inde vobis nomina, 

Tibi Paterae : fic miniftros nuncupant 
Apollinares Myftici. 

Fratrij Patrique nomen a Phaebo datum, 

Natoque de Delphis tuo. 

He mentions, that this worihip prevailed particularly in 

Armorica ; of which country his relations were natives. 

■ 

? Nec reticebo Senem, 

Nomine Phoebicium, 

Qui Beleni iEdituus, 

Stirpe fatus Druidum 5 
Gentis Armoricae. 

Belin, the Deity, of whom he fpeaks, was the fame as 7 Bel 
and Balen of Babylonia, and Canaan ; the Orus and Apollo 
of other nations. Herodian takes notice of his being wor- 
fhiped by the people of Aquileia ; and fays, that they called 
him Belin, and paid great reverence, efteeming him the fame 
as 8 Apollo. 

The true name of the Amonian prlefts I have fhewn to 

have been Petor or Pator ; and the inftrument, which they 

\ 

6 Aufonius. Oct: 4. 

7 He is called Balen by JEfchylus. Perfe. p. 156. EaAjjv, cc^ccios BaAmv 

8 B eKiv cfe xaAyer; tztgv' creCsat Ss v'uregtpvcioh A7roAAcora Siycci g06AorT£$. Hero¬ 
dian. L. 8. of the Aquileians. 

Infcriptio vetus Aquileia reperta. APOLL 1 NI. BELENO. C. AQJJI- 
LEIENS. FELIX. 

o held 



s86 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

held in their hands, was fiyied Petaurum. They ufed to 
dance round a large fire in honour of the Sun, whofe orbit 
they affedted to defcribe. At the fame time they exhibited 
other feats of activity, to amufe the votaries, who refbrted to 
their temples. This dance was Ibmetimes performed in ar- 
mour, efpecially in Crete: and being called Pyrrhic was 
fuppofed to have been lo named from Pyrrhus, the fon of 
Achilles. But when was he in Crete ? Befides it is faid to 
have been-pradtifed by the Argonautic heroes before his time. 
It was a religious dance, denominated from fire, with which 
it was accompanied. 

V 

9 Afjupi <5e $ouo[JLevois evgvp yogov sgyir&vTQ, 

KaAOZ/ I Y]7TCUY\Qv\ I)Q7r CttyOVCL <& 0 & 0 V 

Me A no^EVoi. 

It was originally an Egyptian dance in honour of Hermes ; 
and pradtifed by the Pataras or Priefts. In Ibrne places it 
was efteemed a martial exercife ; and exhibited by perfons in 
armour, who gave it the name of Betarmus. We have an 
inftance of it in the fame poet. 

z ° h vsoi Ogpvog avcayy 

XmigQVTsg ~By\Tol^qv svottXiov ogyritravTo, 

Kai (Tcucscc %i<pss<r<rip v7reKTV7rov. 

BriTa^og, Betarmus, was a name given to the dance from the 
fcemple of the Deity, where it was probably firfl pradtifed. It 

v Apollonius Rhodius. Argonautic. L. 2. v. 703. 

*° Apollonius Rhodius, L. 1, v* 1135. 


IO 


IS 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 287 

is a compound of Bet Armes, or Armon, called more pro¬ 
perly Hermes, and Hermon. Bet and Beth, among the Amo- 

% 

nians denoted a temple. There is realon to think that the 
circular dances of the Dervifes all over the eaft are remains 
of thefe ancient cufloins. In the firft ages this exercife was 
effceemed a religious rite, and performed by people of the 
temple, where it was exhibited : but in aftertimes the fame 
feats were imitated by ropedancers, and vagrants, called Pe- 
tauriftae, and Petauriftarii ; who made ufe of a kind of pole, 
ftyled petaurum. Of thefe the Roman writers make frequent 
mention ; and their feats are alluded to by Juvenal : 

” An magis obledtant animum jactata petauro 

Corpora, quique folent rectum defcendere funem ? 

Manilius likewife gives an account of this people, and their 
activity ; wherein may be obferved feme remains of the ori¬ 
ginal inftitution 1 

Ad numeros etiam ille clet cognata per artem 
Corpora, quae valido faliunt excuffa petauro : 
Membraque per flammas orbefque emiffa flagrantes, 
Delphinumque fuo per inane imitantia motu, 

Et viduata volant pennis, et in aere ludunt. 

I have fhewn, that the Paterae, or Priefts, were fo denomi¬ 
nated from the Deity ftyled Pator; whofe ihrines were 
named Patera, and Petora. They were oracular temples of 
the Sun ; which in aftertimes, were called Petra, and afcribed 

II Juvenal. Sat. 14. v. 265. 

11 Manilius. L. 5. v. 434. 


to 



288 


The Analysis of .Ancient Mythology, 


to other Gods. Many of them for t'he fake of mariners were 
eredied upon rocks, and eminences near the fea : hence the 
term 'WSTgct) petra, came at length .to fignify any rock or 
flone, and to be in a manner confined to that meaninor. But 

CD 

in the firft ages it was ever taken : in a. religious fenfe ; and 
related to the fhrines of Ofiris, or the Sun, and to the oracles, 
which were fuppofed to be there exhibited. Thus Olympus 
near Pifa, though no rock, but a huge mound, or hill 
(' 3 II spi yotg r.ov Kgonov AO<2>ON cayzrca ret OAy^wr/a) was of 
old termed Petra, as relating to oracular influence. Hence 
Pindar fpeaking of Iamus, who was fuppofed to have been 
conducted by Apollo to Olympia, fays, that they both came to 
the Petra Klibatos upon the lofty Cronian mount : there Apollo be- 
ftowed upon Iamus a double portion of prophetic knowledge . 

7* 'Ikovto cT zaJ/jjAo/o Tlergav 

AA iScltov KgHVlit, 

Ev(f ot u>7rcare §ri<roLVgov 

A Jv(jlov MANTOSTNAS. 


The word HA^aro^ Elibatos, was a fa\ 


term with 


Homer, and other 


tra. 


They do 


poets 


and is uniformly joined with 
feem to have known the purport of 


yet they adhere to it religioufly, and introduce it wherever 
they have an opportunity. HA<S(X7 os is an Amonian com- 


* 3 Phavorinus. 

% 

H 0 ?\upL 7 ricc 'TirgcoTov Kgovios A o<po$ eA eySTcx. Scholia in Lycophron. v. 42. 

u^tretpes Kqqviov ts vcticov A o(pot\ Pindar. Olymp. Ode 5. p. 43. 
u Pindar. Olympic Ode 6. p. 52. 

Apollo was the fame as Iamus 5 whole prielts were the Iamidse^ the moll ancient 

order in Greece* 

% 

pound 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


289 


pound of Eli-Bat, and lignifi.es folis domus, vel 15 templum. 
It was the name of the temple, and fpecified the Deity there 
worlhiped. In like manner the word Petra had in great 
meafure loft its meaning; yet it is wonderful to obferve how 
induftrioully it is introduced by writers, when they fpeak of 
facred and oracular places. Lycophron calls the temple at 
Elis 16 Aevga.v M 0 Ath do g 'BTSTgoiv : and the Pytho at Delphi is 

by Pindar llyled Petraefia: 17 Exe* TlsTgcte<r<ra.s eXuvvuv her 

ex. Ylvdmos. Orchomenos was a place of great antiquity ; 
and the natives are faid to have worlhiped Petra, which were 

fuppofed to have fallen from 18 heaven. At Athens in the 
Acropolis was, a lacred cavern, which was called Petrae Ma¬ 
crae, Petrae Cecropiae. ; 


19 Axas tqivWj oi&ol Ksk^otiols 'urer^us, 

UgOfEoppOV OLVTgQV, ds MoUCgC&S KM?^<rXO[JLBV. 

0 

I have fhewn that people of old made ufe of caverns for 
aces of worfhip: hence this at Athens had the name of 
Petra, or temple. 5:9 It is faid of Ceres, that, after Ihe had 
wandered over the whole earth, Ihe at laft repofed herfelf 
upon a ftone at Eleufis. They in like manner at Delphi 
fhewed the petra, upon which the Sibyl Herophile at her 



17 It is a word of Amonian original, analogous to Eliza-bet, Bet-Armus, Bet- 
Tumus in India, Phainobeth in Egypt. 

16 Eycophron. v. 159. here they facrificed O/xCo/c o. 

17 Pindar. Olymp. Ode 6. p. 51. 

* 8 ' Tcc$ fjcev cP',i ttergcts o't^scri Tg v.cci rw ETtcxAr* qcco~iv cc*’T ccs 'zzreanv sk 

Ta cvgccvs. Paufanias. L. 9. p. 786. 

19 Euripides in lone. v. 935. See Radicals, p. 67. Macur. 

Clemens Alexand. Strom. L. 1. p. 358. 


VOL, I. 

*« 





I 


290 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


firlt arrival fat 21 down. In fhbrt there is in the hidory of 
every oracular temple fome legend about a done j fome refe¬ 
rence to the word Petra. To clear this up it is necedary to 
obferve, that, when the worfhip of the Sun was almod uni- 
verfal, this was one name of that Deity even among the 
Greeks. They called him Petor, and Petros and his temple 
was dyled Petra. This they oftentimes changed to XiOog ; 
fo little did they underdand their own mythology. There 
were however fome writers,, who mentioned it as the name 
of the Sun, and were not totally ignorant of its meaning.. 
This- we may learn from the Scholiad upon Pindar. 22 Ylegi 

§s tb HA/8 01 $v<rucoi <panv, oog XiQog mXsirai 6 ‘iiXiog. Kou 
Ava^ayogs ysvo[/svov Eygw/Jijy [/.aQrfCW, Tier gov sigrjtcsvai tqi& 
'HA/oy ha rm '&goit£i[JLsvoov. 


r G yag Max agios, kzk ovsih^oo rvygag, 

Aios 'urstpvmg, 005 Xsyztn, TavraXog, 

KogVQYiS VTVSgTSKhOVTa- hsifJLOUVOQV IIETPON, 

A sgi 'srorecroUy mi tivsi. tglvtw hxqv. 

The fame Scholiad quotes a limilar padage from the lame 
iter, where the Sun is called Petra,. 


23 MoXoif/,1 rav ovgavs [/.strait 

Xflovos rs t eTafJtspu.it aioogri[joa<rL ursTgav, 

AXvrstri yggvtrsaig- tpsgofasvav. 

If then the name of the Sun r and of his temples, was among' 

11 Paufanias. L. 10. p. 825. 

11 Schol. in Pindar. Olymp. Ode i. p. 8: 

Z3 Schol. in Pindar. Olymp. Ode i. p. 8 . 

the 



The: Analysis ©e Ancient Mythology. 


291 


the ancient Grecians ’Petros, and Petra; we may caifily ac¬ 
count for that word fb often occurring in the accounts of his 
worfhip. The Scholia above -will ijaoreover lead us to dif- 
cover, whence the flirange notion arofe about the famous 
Anaxagoras of Clazom.ense j who is faLd to have prophelied, 
that a ftone would fall from the Sun. All, that he had 
averred, may be feen in the relation of the Scholiaft above : 
which amounts only to this, that Petros was a name of the 
Sun. It was a word of Egyptian original, derived from 
Petor, the fame as Ham, the Iamus of the ancient Greeks. 
This Petros fome of his countrymen understood in a different 
fenfe ; and gave out, that he had foretold a ftone would drop 
from the Sun. 

accomplifhed : and in confequence of it pretended to fhew at 
dEgofpotamos the very 24 ftone, which was faid to have fallen. 
The like ftory was told of a ftone at Abydus upon the Hel- 
lefpont: and Anaxagoras was here too fuppofed eo have been 


Some were idle enough to think that it was 


the prophet 


»S 


In Aby.di gymnaho ex ea caufa colitur ho- 


dieque modicus quidem (lapis), fed quem in medio terrarum 
cafurum Anaxagoras prasdixiffe narratur. The temples, or 
Petra here mentioned, were Omphalian, or Oracular : hence 
they were by a common miftake fuppofed to have been in 


the center of the habitable globe. They were alfo H Kifiotroi 
YlsTgcti : which Elibatos the Greeks derived from fiouvea de- 
feendo ; and on this account the Petra were thought to have 

We may by this clue unravel the 


fallen from the 


Sun. 


14 Diogenes Laertius : Vita Anaxagoras. 

%5 Pliny. L. 2. c. 58. p. 102. 

2,6 HXz£aT.or 'zerergetv they conftrued A iQov a,® aAjs Scttrou.zvGv, 


P 


p 


2 


niyfferknu 

H 



292 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

myfterious {lory of Tantalus ; and account for the punifh- 
ment, which he was doomed to undergo. 

17 Kogu <F sXev 

A TOtP V7rSg07TK0P, 

Tap 01 'sr'a.Trig v7rsgnge[jL0L<rs i 

KagTSgQP CLVTCd Kidop, 

Top ast (jlsvoipup &e<poCha$ / 3 «Awf 

!Lv<pgo<rvpcts oharai. 

The unhappy Tantalus 
From a fatiety of blifs 
Underwent a cruel reverfe. 

He was doom’d to lit under a huge ftone, 

Which the father of the Gods 
Kept over his head fufpended. 

Thus he fat 

In continual dread of its downfal, 

And loft to every comfort. 

It is faid of Tantalus by fome, that he was fet up to his chin 
in water, with every kind of fruit within reach : yet hungry 
as he was and thirfty, he could never attain to what he want- 
ed; every thing, which he caught at, eluding his efforts. 
But from the account given above by 18 Pindar, as well as by 
19 Alcaeus, Aleman, and other writers, his punifhment con¬ 
fined in having a ftone hanging over his head; which kept 

Pindar. Olympic. Ode i. p. 8. 

a8 Tor vyrep xepaAas Tcti^raAa AiOor. Pindar. Ifthm. Ode 8- p. 482. 

19 AAxa/25, kou AA yfxccv A Sov (pettrw i7raiu)peicrfjcct TccrraAw. Scholia upon Pin- 
dar. Olymp. Ode 1. p. 8 . 

him 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 293 

him in perpetual fear. What is ftyled was, I make no 

doubt originally Petros; which has been mifinterpreted a 
ftone. Tantalus is termed by Euripides clkoXcltos TY]v yKoooro'OLV , 
a man of an ungovernable tongue ; and his hiftory at bottom 
relates to a perfon who revealed the myfteries, in which he 

* 

had been 30 initiated. The Scholiaft upon Lycophron de¬ 
fer ibes him in this light; and mentions him as a prieft, who 
out of good-nature divulged lome fecrets of his cloifter ; and 
was upon that account eje&ed from the. fociety 31 . 'G TcavToChog 

svTe^g tcca $so<T£7rTtt£ ip 'Isgevg, nou (piXctvQgurnet, tol rwv Ssoov 

jxvg-^icx. roig cty,VY)Toig vgsgov sikmv, e%sSxrj6r\ tx iegx aoLTOLKoyx. 

The myfberies, which he revealed, were thofe of Ofiris, the 
Sun : the Petor, and Petora of Egypt. He never afterwards 
could behold the Sun in its meridian, but it put him in mind 

m 

of his crime: and he was afraid that the vengeance of the God 
would overwhelm him. This Deity, the Petor, and Petora 
of the Amonians, being by the later Greeks exprefled Petros, 
and Petra, gave rile to the fable above about the ftone of Tan- 
talus. To this folution the fame Scholiaft upon Pindar bears 
witnefs, by informing us, 31 that the Sun was of old called a 
ftone : and that fome writers underftood the ftory of Tantalus 
in this light; intimating that it was the Sun, which hung 
over his head to his perpetual terror. 33 Em* olkxxti t ov XiOov 

.£7Tl T8 falx - KCU £7TYlU>gSi<r$0Ll CLVTX (-T OLVTCCXx) TO r t AlOV V(p 8 

(3gijU.o.T8c9’ai, kcu KOLTcnTTYiTcrstv. And again, Ylsgi <Ts ts faix 

30 Tltvs^ to Topevjjicc^ xou Qoytct'fxctvQccve criyy;. Antholog.. 

31 Scholiaupon Lycophron. v< 152; 

Scholiaupon Pindar. Olymp. Ode 1. p. S’. 

u Pindar. Scholia. Ibidem.. 



2 9 4 


The A-nahysts ot Ancient Mythology. 


m (pv<riJtoi AsyacrLv 0 cog hti&og (it ftiould he nr.sTg.u) kclKs tract o rfaog. 

Some underjtand , what is faid in the hijiory about the ft one ^ as 
■ relating to the Sun : and they fuppofe that it was the Sun , which 

« s 

hung over his head to his terror and' confufton. "The naturalijis 
fpeaking of the Sun often call him a flojte> or petra. 

s 

By laying all thefe circumftanc-es together, and comparing 


them, we may,' I think 


nly find out wherein the mifi 


take confifted; but like wife explain the grounds, from whence 
the miftake arole. And this clue may lead us to the detec¬ 
tion of other fallacies, and thofe of greater conlequence. We 
may hence learn the reafon, why fo many Deities were ftyled 


IT BTP: 


Petrasi. We read of 34 M tOgccg^ 6 Seog £jc isrsTgcLG 


Mithras the Deity out of the rock ; whole temple of old was 


ally a rock 


The fame worfhip Teems to have pre 


vailed in fome degree in the weft; as we may judge from an 
ancient infeription at Milan, which , was dedicated 35 Her- 
culi in Petra. But all Deities were not fo worih.-ip.ed : and 
the very name Petra was no other than the iaered term P c e T 
tora, given to a cavern, as being efteemed in the jfieft ages ian 
oracular temple. And fome reverence to places of this fort 

was kept up a long time. We may from hence underhand the 

% 

reafon of the prohibition given to fome of the early profelytes 
to Chriftianity, that they fihould no more 36 ad petras vota 
reddere: and by the fame light we may polfibly.explain that 


35 


Martyr, ad Tryphonem. p. 168. The rites of Mithras 
Gruter. Infcript. p. xlix. n. 2. 


Patrica 


36 Indiculus Paganiarum in Confilio Leptinenfi ad ann. Chrifti 743. 


Hoffman 


Nullus Chriftianus ad fana 5 vel ad Petras vota reddere praefurnat. 

5 


paffage 




\ .*1 •• • ■ 
:•■•• **•-« i 

• .- ; •• 1 : -. *r;i**itj*«*.l .* 

• • T 4 I> 41 4 ■ | 

‘ i, f - 

*'M*H •«««•«>? ■ » '**•«■?••• •* ^ V 




r «•**••.»* I II,,. 1« 




l(lriiiirir«ijit*uii!jiiii»n{illirinti<tiim'iiill 


fiikliii«ihi(!?VHiiiil i im«itf'.i->iiiii»sn» t »iVrtl:ihiilllMtiniivl^i 






Mithras IPetraeus AW/t/iS' r 


o/M. 


. ?/ 7 tv // _S C - ffarffijn . 


i? 

























































































































































The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 295 

% 

paflage in Homer, where he fpeaks of perfons entering into 
Gompadls under oaks and rocks, as places of 37 fecurity. The 
oak was lacred to Zeus, and called Sar-On : and Petra in its 
original fenle being a temple, it muff be looked upon as an 
afylum. But this term was not confined to a rock or cavern: 
every oracular temple was ftyled Petra, and Petora. Hence 
it proceeded that fo many Gods were called Ssoi Uargouoi, 

and UotTgwoi, Pindar fpeaks of Pofeidon Petraios ; 38 Ila* IIo- 
T siS'oLVog UsT^cas : under which title Neptune was worfhiped 
by the Theftalians hut the latter was the more common title. 
We meet in Paufanias with Apollo Patroiis, and with 39 Z svg 

MeiXrfctog, and Agrsfjug Ilar^wa; alfo 40 Bacchus riar^wo^, 
Zeus Patroiis, and Vefta Patroa, together with other inftances. 


e^iv viro 


c 


£ 


Homer 


X. v. 126. 


1 

JKtQw/x'j'rcuj J'wfjLTiyopoiy 67 n tb A<9b oiavuv t£?. Hefychius. 
38 Pindar. Pyth. Ode 4. p. 248. 


TIeTgctioi TtfJi.ex.roii TlocreiJ'wv nrapx. ©STi'aAo.'S. Scholia ibidem. 

39 Zeus was reprefented by a pyramid : Artemis by a pillar. TlupccpuS'i Se 0. Mc-i- 
Pu^to;, fi cTe 5 uovi ee^iv.erucccrfj.svtu Paufan. L. 2 . p. 132. 

40 Paufanias. L. 1. p. 104. 

According to the acceptation, in which I underftand the term, .we may account 
for fo many places in the eaft being ftyled Petra. Perfis, and India, did not abound 
with rocks more than Europe : yet in thefe parts, as well as in the neighbouring 
regions, there is continually mention made of Petra : i'uch as Uerpo. 'XicripctQpB in 
Sogdiana, Petra Aornon in India, tyiv t» Ofu (risTg’ar), 01 <fe Apiocfxec^B . Strabo.. 
L. 11. p. 787. Petra Abatos in Egypt: nsrpcc Narrate in Arabia. Many 
places called Petra occur in the hiftory of Alexander: 'EAen; < 5 g x<xt Tier pen epvpu'as 
vcpof'px ex. nrpoS'oo-ens. Strabo. L. 11. p. 787. They were in reality facred emi¬ 
nences, where of old they worfhiped ; which in aftertimes were fortified. Every 
place ftyled Arx and AxporroXis was originally of the fame nature. The fame is to 
be obferved of thofe ftyled Purgoi. 


The 



296 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


♦ 

The Greeks, whenever they met with this term, even in 
regions the moft remote, always gave it an interpretation ac¬ 
cording to their own preconceptions; and explained -9 soi 

IIccTgwoi, the oracular Deities, by Dii Patrii, or the Gods of 
the country. Thus in the Palmyrene infcriptiori two Syrian 
Deities are characterized by this title. 


4* 


ATAIBOAn K A I MAAAXBHAI2 


IIATPfhOIS 0 E O I 2. 


Cyrus in his expedit 
making vows 'E gri 


gainffc the Medes 


n OLTP 


Aii YIoltp 


prefented a 

K-ou roig oCK 


Sboic 


But the Periians, from whom this hiftory is pre¬ 
fumed to be borrowed, could not mean by thefe terms Dii 


Patrii : for nothing could be 


ceffary than to fay 


of a Perlic prince, that the homage, which he payed, was 
to Perfic Deities. It is a thing of courfe, and to be taken 
for granted :; unlefs there be particular evidence to the con¬ 
trary. His vows were made to Mithras, who was ftyled by 
the nations in the eall Pator ; his temples were Patra, and 


and his feftivals Patrica. 


count of the Petra, when he reprefents 


Nonnus gives a proper 


as 


Omph 


or 


oracular 


43 Ofipeuip 'ursgi Hergy 

vr\7ticLyo.io yog&g i^vcrccro Baxv 


At Patara in 


was an oracular temple : and Patras in 


41 


41 Y 


43 


Gruter. Infcript. lxxxvi. n. S 
enophon. K uoyTlcci^eiix. 


Nonnus. Dionyfiac. L. g, p. 266 

6 


Achaia 



* 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 297 

Achaia had its name from divination, for which it was fa¬ 
mous. Paufanias mentions the temple, and adds, 44 II^o <5s 

T8 I sg8 Trig spi 'tSTYfyn - jlccvtsiov h svtolvQol sgriir 

ct’^'SvJ'eg. Before the temple is the fountain of Demeter—and in 
the temple an oracle , which never is known to fail. 

The offerings, which people in ancient times ufed to pre- 
fent to the Gods* were generally purchafed at the entrance 
of the temple ; efpecially every fpecies of confecrated bread, 
which was denominated accordingly. If it was an oracular 
temple of Alphi, the loaves and cakes were ftyled 45 Alphita. 
If it was expreffed Ampi, or Ompi ; the cakes were Om- 
pai 46 O pL7rou : at the temple of Adorus 47 , Adorea. Thofe 
made in honour of Ham-orus had the name of 48 Homoura, 
Amora, and Omoritae. Thofe facred to Peon, the God of 
light, were called 49 Piones. At Cha-on, which fignifies the 

44 Paufanias. L. 7. p. 577. 

45 AA<£ITON 5 to cctto vEccs xv an# rsre^v^fAevov clXz'jcov. Hefychius. 

AXcpiToc pLeAin xcci eAa./co SeSeuptevot . Hefych. 

46 OMnAI, SrufJLctToti xou /xeA/Tx SsSBvfxevoi. Hefychius. 

OMIIIAj 'tjtccvtoSolttcl t pwyctXici. Ibidem. 

If it was expreffed Amphi, the cakes were Amphitora, Amphimantora, Amphi- 
mafta : which fcem to have been all nearly of the fame compolition. 

AM$A 2 MA, 4 ai< T a olvc P eA xioo /ZeCpey pierce. Ibidem. 

47 Fine flour had the facred name of Ador^ from Adorus the God of day, an 
Amonian name. 

48 r OMOTPA 3 trepiiSocXis ecpQ>i^ pieAi e%uo-(z., xca ancrccpiov. Hefych. 

AMOPA 5 aepuSaAis e(p$v xivv pieXm. Ibidem. 

'OMOPITASj ccpros ex f 5 rup& Siypnpiev* yeyovcos. Ibid. 

Alfo AfJLopQi’Tcus Amorbitse. See Athenfeus. L. 14. p. 646. 

49 PHONES., 'zzrActxBvTg?. Hefychius. 

Pi-On was the Amonian name of the Sun : as was alfo Pi-Or 3 and Pe-Or. 

VOL. I. Q-q houfe 



298 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


houfe of the Sun , 50 Cauones, Xotvoopsg. From Pur-Ham, and 

Pur-Amon, they were denominated Puramoun, 51 UvgotpjLsv. 
From Ob-El, Pytho Deus, came 51 Obelia. If the place 
were a Petra or Petora, they had offerings of the lame fort 
called Petora,. by the Greeks exprefied S3 YliTvgctj Pitura. 
One of the titles of the Sun was El-Aphas, Sol Deus ignis. 
This Elaphas the Greeks rendered Elaphos, BXacpog 5 and 
fuppofed it to relate to a deer : and the title El-Apha-Baal, 
given by the Amonians to the chief Deity, was changed to 
gAapjjSoAof, a term of a quite different purport. El-aphas, 
and El-apha-baal, related to the God Oliris, the Deity of 

light : and there were facred liba made at his temple, Emilar 
to thofe above ; and denominated from him EAccpo/, Ela- 
phoi. In Athenzeus we have an account of their compoE- 
tion, which confifted of fine meal, and a mixture of felamum 
and honey. J* EAa <pog 'urXcucxg J/a fourog koli psKirog kc/.i 

crjtrctfjLH. 

One fpecies of facred bread, which ufed to be offered to the 
Gods, was of great antiquity, and called Boun. The Greeks, 
who changed the Nu final into a Sigma, exprefled it in the 
nominative fiag ; but in the accufative more truly boun, 


5 ° 


51 


XATfiNAX) ctor&s eXaicp ccvcc(pvpa$€vTcc$ x,giBtv&s. Suidas. 


Puramous 


L. 


I 7 TPAMOTS, a cake. Hv o nupctfj&s 'xzrupee toi$ ctXcuox Z7Tiviy.iQv. Artemidorus* 

c. 74. Kcu 6 (PiccygvTrvriacLS sco ehc&pc€ctve tov 'wvpctfj&VTcc.. Schol. 


Ariftoph. c l 7 T 7 re/s. 




2 Meurfius on Lycophron. v. 593. and Hefych. 1 1 
OBEAIAI, placenta. Athenseus. L. 14. p. 645. 


Nw Srucrco t a I 7 ITTPA. Theocritus. Idyl. 2. v. 33. 
ft Athenzeus. L, 14. p. 646, 


Hefychius 



299 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

\ 

Hefychius {peaks of the Boun, and defcribes it, etS'og '&£[/.- 

fJLCLTog zsgXTCt syovrog ; a ki?id of cake with a rep ; ~efentatio?t of 
two horns. Julius Pollux mentions it after the fame manner : 
(3&V, siJog 'UTspupizrog zeganra. B’govrog ; a fort of cake with horns. 
Diogenes Laertius, fpeaking of the fame offering being made 
by Empedocles, defcribes the chief ingredients, of which it 

was compofed ; 55 Bay slug's — sz pcsXiTog zcti ctKcpiitoov. He of¬ 
fered up one of the facred liba , called a boun , which was made of 
fine flour and honey . It is faid of Cecrops, 56 isrgcdTog (2>&v Suva's : 
He firfi offered up this fort of fweet bread. Hence we may 
judge of the antiquity of the cuftom from the times, to which 
Cecrops is referred. The prophet Jeremiah takes notice of 
this kind of offering, when he is fpeaking of the Jewiih wo¬ 
men at Pathros in Egypt, and of their bafe idolatry ; in all 
which their hufbands had encouraged them. The women in 
their expoftulation upon his rebuke tell him : Since we left 
off to burn incenfe to the Queen of heaven , and to pour out drink- 
offermgs unto her , we have wanted all things : and have been con- 
ftuned by the fword and by the famine. A?td whe?i we burnt in¬ 
cenfe to the Queen of heaven , and poured out drink-offerings unto 
her , did we make her cakes to worfhip her , and pour out drink- 
offerings unto her without our 57 men f The prophet in another 
place takes notice of the fame idolatry. sS Tdhe childreti gather 

^ Diogenes Laertius: Vita Empedoclis. L. 8. 

56 Some read eQctvfJLctve. Cedrenus. p. 82. Some have thought, that by ( 2 uv 

was meant an Ox : but Paufanias fays, that thele offerings were 'izre/u.^otrcc : and 
moreover tells us ; otto vet TBTOjr fJtev n^ioocrep eStv Swa<. Cecrops facrificcd 

nothing that had life . Paufan. L. 8. p. 600. 

57 Jeremiah, c. 44. v. 18, 19. 

55 Jeremiah, c. 7. v. 18. 


Q q 2 


woody 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology; 



wood, and the fathers kindle the fire , and the women knead their 
dough, to make cakes to the kd£ueen of heaven. The word in-thefe 
inftances for faered cakes is O’J'D, Gunim. The Seventy 
tranflate it by a word of the fame purport, X&vwvctg, Chauo- 
nas ; of which I have before taken notice : 59 olvsv roov 

OLvllgWV fjfJLCdV £7T 0 IY)<T OLfJLBV CtVTrj Xotvoovag. KT\. 

I have mentioned, that they were fometimes called Petora, 
and by the Greeks Pitura. This probably was the name of 
thofe liba, or cakes, which the young virgins of Babylonia, 
and Perils, ufed to offer at the fhrine of their God, when 
they were to be firfl: proftituted : for all before marriage were 
obliged to yield themfelves up to fome ftranger to be de¬ 
flowered. It was the cuftom for all the young women, 
when they arrived towards maturity, to flt in the avenue of 
the temple with a girdle, or rope, round their middle ; and 
whatever paflenger laid hold of it was entitled to lead them 
away. This practice is taken notice of, as fubflfting among 
the Babylonians, in the epiftle afcribed to the prophet Jere¬ 
miah ; which he is fuppofed to have written to Baruch, v. 43 . 

'A 1 os yvvonK.£g 'Wegi Qb'Jlbvoli c ryoiviu. ev roug otioig By kolQy\vtoli 

SvyMrou’ca too MTTPA* orctv Js rig ctvrocv ci<psXKV@£i<7ci vita 

rivcg rttjy 'UTccga.TrogBVotjLsvcijv Koiprify, ty\v 'UtXy^tiov ovsiS'i^bi, on 

ek rfiooToii, oeCTrBg uvTi), ovtb to <ryyiviov cx.vrr,g S'lBppctyr). 
This is a tranflation from an Hebrew, or Chaldaic, original; 
and, I ihould think, not quite accurate. What is here ren- 


59 Jeremiah, c. 51. v. 19. I have fomethimes thought, that this was a mi flake 
.for CD’J’O, Bunim. 

So alio c. 7. v. 1$. Xat»»r«5 rv q-pccria. tb O ypccvv. Chau-On, domus vel tem- 
plum Solis. 

dered 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 301 

dered ywouzsg, fhould, I imagine, be 'ura.fsvoi• and the pur¬ 
port will be nearly this. The virgins of Babylonia put girdles 
about their waif ; and in this habit ft by the way fde , holding 
their Pitura or facred offerings over an urn of incenfe : and whe?i 
any one of them is taken itotice of by a fir anger , and led away by 
her girdle to a place of privacy ; upon her return fhe upbraids 
her next Jieighbour for not being thought worthy of the like ho- 
7iour ; and for having her ozone not yet broken , or 60 loofed. It 
was likewife a Perlian cuftom : and feems to have been uni- 
verfally kept up, wherever their religion prevailed. Strabo 
gives a particular account of this practice, as it was obferved 
in the temple of Anait in Armenia. This was a Perlian 
Deity, who had many places of worfhip in that part of the 
world. Not o?ily the 7nen atid 77iaid fervants , lays the author, 

are in this 7?ian7icr profituted at the fht'me of the Goddefs , for 
m this there would be nothmg extraordinary : 61 A A A x a a 1 

SvycLTEgag 01 s7n<pctvs?ccToi ts eQvzg. ctvisg&cri 'vmffevzg, dig vo[Xog 

syiy Ka.TOL7ro^sv^EiG'citg 'uroKvv "ggovov 'ura.ga, ry 0sw piera tolvtol 
bGocQoLi 'urgog yct^ov' ova ocTOL^iHvrog rtj toiolvty) <rvmzsiv ovhvog. 

But people of the firf fafhio7i m the 7iatio?i ufe to devote their 
own daughters m the fatne Tnanner ; it bemg a religious mf i- 
tution , that all yoimg virgins ffall m ho7iour of the Deity be 

profituted , and detai7icd for foitze tijne in her te?7iple : after 

% 

% 

60 Herodotus mentions this cuftom, and ftyles it juftly aur^t^os Ton v:ucw. He 
fays, that it was pradtifed at the temple of the Babylonifh Deity Mclicta. L. i. 
c. 199. 

61 Strabo. L. n. p, S05. AnaYs or Anait called Tana is in this paflage : they are 
the fame name. 

The fame account given of the Lydian women by Herodotus : Ts-oprsusm yap 
dyrtxa-cis. L. 3. c. 93 : all univerfally were devoted to whoredom. 

6 which 



3^2 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

which they are permitted to be given in marriage . IVor is any 
body at all fcrupulous about cohabiting with a young wo?na?i af¬ 
terwards y though Jhe has been in this manner abufed . 

The Patrica were not only rites of Mithras, but alfo of 
Ofiris ; who was in reality the fame Deity. We have a cu¬ 
rious infcription to this purpofe, and a reprefentation, which 
was .firft exhibited by the learned John Price in his obferva- 
tions upon Apuleius. It is copied from an original, which 
he faw at Venice : and there is an engraving from it in the 
Edition of Herodotus by 6x Gronovius, as well as in that by 
63 Weffelinge : but about the purport of it they are ftrangely 
miftaken. They fuppofe it to relate to a daughter of My- 
cerinus, the fon of Cheops. She died, it feems : and her fa¬ 
ther was fo affe&ed with her death, that he made a wooden 
image of a Cow, which he gilt; and in it interred his daughter. 
Herodotus lays, that he faw the image, which Mycerinus 
made ; and that it alluded to this hiftory. But notwithftand- 
ing the authority of this great author, we may be allured, 
that it was an emblematical reprefentation. And in refpeCt 
to the fculpture above mentioned, and the characters therein 
exprelfed, the whole is a religious ceremony, and relates to an 
event of great antiquity, which was commemorated in the 
rites of Oiiris. Of this I fhall treat hereafter : at prefent it 
is fufficient to obferve, that the facred procefs is carried on 
before a temple ; on which is a Greek infcription, but in the 
provincial characters ; E v$ov H&TgiKriv 'E ogTYjV <Psgoo. How can 

EogTr) riar^xio relate to a funeral ? It denotes a feftival in 

61 Herodotus. L. 2. c. 129. p. 138. 

65 Hercd. Ibid. 

9 


honour 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology.. 303 

v 

honour of the Sun, who was ftyled, as I have fhewn, Pator j 
and his temple was called Patra: from whence thefe rites 
were denominated Patrica. Plutarch alludes to this Egyp¬ 
tian cuftom, but fays, that the image was the reprefentation 
of a bull. He fuppofes the ceremony to relate to Ills, and to 
her mourning for the lofs of her fon. Speaking of the month: 
Athyr he mentions 6 + Bbv (hasggvrrov fJLsXcivi fivtrcrivcd'ure- 

gl&CLhOVTSg £7Tl 'STSV&Sl TY)S ©28 ^£IHVV3<TIV (01 AiyV7TTl0l). 'The 
Egyptians have a cujiom in the jnonth udthyr of ornamenting a 
golden image of a bull j which they cover with a black robe of the 
finejl linen. "This they do in commemoration of Ifs , and her grief 
for the lofs of Orus. In each of the figures, as they are re- 
prefented above in the fculpture, there appears deep filence, 

and reverential awe : but nothing, that betrays any forrow in 

% 

the agents. They may commemorate the grief of Ifis ; but 
they certainly do not allude to any misfortune of their own : 
nor is there any thing the leaf! funereal in the procefs. The 
Egyptians of all nations were the moft extravagant in their 
65 grief. If any died in a family of confequence, the women 

ufed by way of fhewing their concern to foil their heads 

% 

with the mud of the river ; and to disfigure their faces with 
filth. In this manner they would run up and down the 
ftreets half naked, whipping themfelves, as they ran : and the 
men likewife whipped themfelves. They cut off their hair 
upon the death of a dog; and fhaved their eyebrows for 
a dead cat. We may therefore judge, that fome very ffcrong 

6+ Plutarch. Ifis et Ofiris. p. 366. The fame hiftory is alluded to in each of the 
ceremonies. The Cow was an emblem of Ifis., as the Bull was of Ofiris, and Orus. 

65 Herodotus. L. 2. c. 05, 86. 

fymptoms 



304 The Analysis of A ncient Mythology. 

fymptoms of grief would have been exprefied, had this pic- 

♦ 

ture any way related to the fepulture of a king’s daughter. 
Herodotus had his account from different people : one half 
he confeffedly 66 disbelieved ; and the remainder was equally 
incredible. For no king of Egypt* if he had made a repre- 
fentation of the facred 67 animal, durff have proftituted it for 
a tomb : and, as I have before faid, 'Eogrri EE argucr) can never 
relate to a funeral. 

66 Tccvrct cm A Gotten <£?\.v>ipeovT£c. Herod. L. 2. c. 13 r . 

67 The ftar between die horns fhews that it was a reprefentation of* the Deity, 
and the whole a religious memorial. 


v 


A N 



( 3 °S ) 



A N 


A C C O U N T 

OF THE 

GODS of GREECE; 

To {hew that they were all originally one God, 

the Sun. 


A S I fhall have a great deal to fay concerning the Gre¬ 
cian Theology in the courfe of this work, it will be 
neceffary to take fome previous notice of their Gods ; both 
in refpedt to their original, and to their purport. Many 
learned men have been at infinite pains to clafs the particu¬ 
lar Deities of different countries, and to point out which were 
the fame. But they would have faved themfelves much la¬ 
bour, if, before they had bewildered themfelves in thefe 
fruitlefs enquiries, they had confidered, whether all the Dei¬ 
ties, of which they treat, were not originally the fame : all 
from one fource ; branched out and diversified in different 
parts of the world. I have mentioned, that the nations of 
Vol. I. R r the 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

the eaft acknowledged originally but one Deity, the Sun : 
but when they came to give the titles of Orus, Ofiris, and 
Cham, to fome of the heads of their family ; they too in 
time were looked up to as Gods, and feverally worshiped as 
the Sun. This was pradtifed by the Egyptians : but this 
nation being much addidted to refinement in their worfhip, 
made many fubtile diftindlions : and fuppofing that there 
were certain emanations of divinity, they affedted to particu¬ 
larize each by fome title ; and to worfhip the Deity by his 
attributes. This gave rife to a multiplicity of Gods : for 
the more curious they were in their difquifitions, the greater 
was the number of thefe fubftitutes. Many of them at firft 
were defigned for mere titles : others, as I before mentioned, 
were ctTroppo/af, derivatives, and emanations : all which in 
time were efteemed diftindt: beings, and gave rife to a moft 
inconftftent fyftem of Polytheifm. The Grecians, who re¬ 
ceived their religion from Egypt and the eaft, mifconftrued 
every thing which was imported ; and added to thefe ab- 
furdities largely. They adopted Deities, to whofe pretended 
attributes they were totally ftrangers; whofe names they 
could not articulate, or fpell. They did not know how to 
arrange the elements, of which the words were compofed. 
Hence it was, that Solon the Wife could not efcape the bit¬ 
ter, but juft, cenfure of the prieft in Egypt, who accufed 
both him, and the Grecians in general, of the grofleft puer¬ 
ility and ignorance. 1 £1 XoXoov, XoT^oov, EAA rives S5“£ 'UTou&sg 

ast, yzgoov Je 'EAA^y sx sg-i, vsoi ts ^vy^ag vjroLVTsg' ovfrefjuav 

* Cyril contra Julian, p. 15. It is related fomewhat differently in the Timaeus of 
Plato. Vol. 3. p. 22. See alio Clemens Alexandr. Strom. L. 1. p. 356. 




The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 307 

ya£ bp iotvToig s^srs -sr oCKoliolv $o%otv, ov$s juccB-yifu.ee , uro- 

Kiov ov$£V. The truth of this allegation may be proved both 
from the uncertainty, and inconfitftency of the ancients in 
the accounts of their Deities. Of this uncertainty Hero¬ 
dotus takes notice. 2 E vQbp$s syevsTo emzog roop S-sgm, blts <T 

ctsi ricroLv 'UTctPTsg , onotoi <5e nvsg ra. siSsol, an rfKiZBUJTo ov 

'tirgiu tb mi "xfisg, cag znreiv A oyw. He attributes to Homer, 
and to Hefiod, the various names and diftinctions of the Gods, 
and that endlefs polytheifm, which prevailed. 3 'Ovtoi <5s sin, 

61 'oroiYicroLvTsg Ssoyopiav ‘EAA^tn, mi tqkti ®eoi<ri rotg £7rcavvfJLiotg 

$ovTsg, mi r ifj.ag rs mi rsyQictg frishovTsg, kou bi$bol olvtup enj^- 

vctPTsg. This blindnefs in regard to their, own theology, and 
to‘ that of the countries, from whence they borrowed, led 

them to mifapply the terms, which they had received, and 
to make a God out of every title. But however they may 
have feparated, and diftinguilhed them under different per- 
fonages, they are all plainly refolvable into one Deity, the 
Sun. The fame is to be obferved in the Gods of the Ro¬ 
mans. This may in great meafure be proved from the cur¬ 
rent accounts of their own writers, if we attend a little 

♦ 

clofely to what they fay: but it will appear more manifeft 
from thofe, who had been in Egypt, and copied their ac¬ 
counts from that country. There are few characters, which 

2 L. 2. c. 53. The evidence of Herodotus muft be efteemed early, and his 
judgment valid. What can afford us a more lad account of the doubt and dark- 
nefs, in which mankind was inveloped, than thefe words of the hiftorian ? how 
plainly does he Ihew the neceflity of divine interpofition 5 and of revelation in 
confequence of it! 

3 Herodotus. L. 2. c. 53. 


R r 2 


at 



308 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

at firft fight appear more diftindt, than thofe of Apollo 
and Bacchus. Yet the department, which is generally ap¬ 
propriated to Apollo, as the Sun, I mean the conduct of the 
year, is by Virgil given to Bacchus, or Liber. He joins him 
with Ceres, and calls them both the bright luminaries of the 
world. 

4 Vos, O, clariftima Mundi 
Lamina, labentem Ccelo qui ducitis annum. 

Liber, et alma Ceres. 

5 Quidam ipfiim folem, ipfum Apollinem, ipfum Dionyfium 
eundem efte volunt. Hence we find that Bacchus is the Sun 
or Apollo; though fuppofed generally to have been a very 
different perlonage. In reality they are all three the fame; 
each of them the Sun. He was the ruling Deity of the world : 

6 'HA<£ -s rafyEi/sTog, 'STolvolioXs, ygvceopelyee. 

He was in Thrace efteemed, and worfhiped as Bacchus, or 
Liber. 4 5 * 7 In Thracia Solem Liberum haberi, quern illi Seba- 
dium nuncupantes magna religione celebrant: eique Deo in 
colie 2 Zemiflo asdes dicata eft fpecie rotunda. In fhort all the 
Gods were one, as we learn from the fame Orphic Poetry: 

4 Virgil. Georg. L. i. v. 6. 

Liber is El-Abor contradted: Sol, Parens Lucis. 

5 Scholia in Horat. L. 2. Ode 19. 

* Orphic. Fragment, in Macrob. Sat. L. 1. c. 23. 

7 Macrob. Sat. L. 1. c. 18. 

He is called by Eumolpus Aq^pocpccvn Aiovvcrov ev ctKTiveerai vzrvpctynrov : apud Eufeb. 
P. E. L. 9. c. 27. 

s ZemifTus is the Amonian Sames, or Samefh, analogous to Beth-Shemeflh in the 
Scriptures. 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 309 

9 ‘Eig Z svg, Big Ai’t^s, Big 'HA<o?, Big Aiovvtrog, 

*E ig Ssog bv 'srocvTstrcri. 

r 

Some Deities changed with the feafon. 

10 H sXiov <5s SsgBg, [jlstok w grig <T dSgov law. 

It was therefore idle in the ancients to make a difquilition 

about the identity of any God, as compared with another ; 

# 

and to adjudge him to Jupiter rather than to Mars, to Venus 
rather than Diana. 11 T op Ovigiv 61 pcBV XsgcL7rii/ } oi$e Aiovvcrov , 

01 Js nAarowa, nvsg Js A*a, 'sroAAoi Ss Hava v sv 0 (jlikokt 1 . Some , 

fays Diodorus, think that OJiris is Serapis \ others that he is Dio- 
nufus ; others Jlill that he is Pluto : many take him for Zeus , or 
Jupiter ; and not a few for Pan. This was an unneceffary 
embarraffment: for they were all titles of the fame God: there 
being originally by no means that diversity, which is imagined, 
as Sir John Marlham has very juftly obferved. 12 Neque enim 
tanta 'GroXvQsoTYig Gentium, quanta fuit Deorum 'uroXvoovvyAa. 
It is faid above that OfLris was by fome thought to be Ju¬ 
piter, and by others to be Pluto. But Pluto among the beft 
theologifts was efteemed the fame as Jupiter; and indeed 
the fame as Proferpine, Ceres, Hermes, Apollo, and every 
other Deity. 

9 Orphic. Fragment. 4. p. 364. Edit. Gefher. 

See Stephani Poefis Philofoph. p. 80. from Juftin Martyr. 

10 Macrob. Saturn. L. 1. c. 18. p. 202. He mentions Jupiter Lucetius, and 
Diefpater, the God of day ^ and adds : Cretenfes tt\v rifxepctv vocant. The Cretans 
call the day Dia. The word dies of the Latines was of the fame original. 

11 Diodorus Siculus. L. 1. p. 22. 

L* Chronolog. Canon, p. 32. 

6 


nAarwy, 



3io 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


UXhtm, n eg<re<pQVY) f Anptmig, Kvvgis, E pares 


Tpitmss, N rigevs, Trfivg 


K.V m oyclityis 


JZg(JLYlS 'Hpctlfos TS fChVTOS, Um 




Apts (jus 



Emegyos AftoKhw 


There were to be fure a number of ftrange attributes, which 
by fome of the poets were delegated to different perfbnages: 
but there were other writers, who went deeper in their re- 
fearches ; and made them all center in one. They fometimes 
reprefented this fovereign Deity as Dionufus: who according 
to Aufonius was worfhiped in various parts under different 
titles ; and comprehended all the Gods under one character. 


IJ Hermefianax. 

It may be worth while to obferve below, how many Gods there were of the fame 
titles and departments. 17 eaovios' Aicvuaios. Hefychius. Pteonia Minerva. Plu¬ 
tarch. de decern Rhetoribus. 

Y 1 u?lccijj.oov % 'HpccxAvs* Hefychius. 

Ivrvg 'mcx.vrcdi^ Aox.?w 7 rie 9 JWttoto: Tlouccu . Orphic. H. 66 . 

Tloaei^i^ Ic&rpos evTnvoo. Clement. Cohort, p. 2 6 . 

Olen, the moft ancient mythologift, made Elithyia to be the mother of Eros : lb 
that Eilithyia and Venus mu ft have been the fame-.; and confe quently Etfana. 

Mmepcc UpcoTo$ E/A &viuv uvou. Paufan. L. 9. p. 762. 

Adonim, Attinem, Ofirim ct Horum aliud non efle quam Solem. Macrobius 
Sat. L, 1. c. 21. p. 209. 

Janus was Juno, and ftyled Junonius. Macrob. Sat. L. 1. c. 9. p. 159. 

Lunam; eandem Dianam, eandem Cererem, eandem Junonem, eandem Proler- 
pinam dicunt. Servius in Georgic. L. 1. v. 5. 

Aftarce, Luna, Europa, Dea Syria, Rhea, the fame. Lucian, de Suria Dea. 

K eioi Api^ctiov Toy cvrrov xcu A/cc xou Att^AAoj vofjuZpvTts. xtA. Athenagoras. 
p. 290. 

'HAios, "Zevs. Sanchoniathon. Eufeb. P. E. Lib. 1. c. 10. p. 34. 


C HA tos 9 K povos. Damafcius apud Photium. c. 242. 

9 


Ogygia 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 31 i 
'* Ogygia me Bacchum vocat; 

Ofyrin -®gyptus putat: 

Myfi Phanacem nominant: 

Dionyfon Indi exiftimant: 

Romana Sacra Liberum; 

Arabica Gens Adoneum , 

Lucanianus Pantheon. 

Sometimes the fupremacy was given taPan, who was efteemed 
Lord of all the elements. 


* 5 Tlotvcx. zexXea, fCgcx.TSgovT$o(JUov, xoer[/.oio t s <rv{JL7roiv, 

OvgoLvav, rjS'e SaAao'o'ai', n 5g yflovex. 'nra.yJZcvnXsia.v, 

K on clOolvoltov , r&$e yoLg (jlsXyi sg'i rex. Ylex.vog, 

K.Q(Tfj.oKgctToog, cLV%vToty epocsertpoge, zctg7rip.e YLouctv^ 

Avrgoyoegsg , cx.gv [juqv is , AAH0H2 ZET2 'O KE 

PA2TH2. 

More generally it was conferred upon Jupiter 

16 Z svg efiv cuOrig, Xsvg <Je yr], Zsvg <T O vgcxvog' 

Xevg roi rex. 'urex.vra. 

Pofeidon, God of the fea, was alfo reputed the chief God 


* 4 Aufon. Epigram. 30. 

See Gruter for inferiptions to Apollo Pantheon. Dionufus was alfo Atis or Attis. 
A lower ov Tives A.tuv 'Zvpoacc.yopeus'jfycti Sre?\&cnv. dementis Cohort, p. 16. 

15 Orphic. Hymn. 10. p. 200. Gefner. 

Tlccp* Aiywrlioiat TJccv fj&v ccc^cciotcctos, xccl tcov oxtoo tcov 'rzrpcoTsov A €*yof/.€vcov 

®euv. Herodotus. L. 2. c. 145. Priapus was Zeus : alfo Pan, amd Orus : among 
the people of Lampfacus efteemed Dionufus. 

16 Euphorion. 


the 



312 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

the Deity of Fire. This we may infer from his priefl. He 
was flyled a Purcon, and denominated from him, and ferved 
in his oracular temples ; as we learn from Paufanias, who 
fays, 17 HocrsiJwPi <T VTr^sTrji/ sg tcl [jloliitsv[A,c(, roc sivou, II vgjccavct. 
He mentions a verfe to the fame purpole. Xvv Js Ts Uvpjccav 
Ufx<pin 0 X 0 g rihVT3 E,vvo<riyoti3. P’urcon is Ignis vel lucis do- 
minus : and we may know the department of the God from 
the name of the prieft. He was no other than the fupreme 
Deity, the Sun : from whom all were fuppofed to be derived. 
Hence Pofeidon or Neptune, in the Orphic verfes, is, like 
Zeus, flyled the father of Gods and men. 

18 K XvQi> YlocrsiS'oLOV - 

Ovgotvicav, Moucctgoov ts ®euv 'UT&Tsg, Y)$s kou 

In the neighbourhood of Tyre and Sidon the chief Deity went 
by the name of 19 Ourchol, the lame as Archel and Arcles of 
Egypt; whence came the HgocKXrig, and Hercules of Greece 
and Rome. Nonnus, who was deeply read in the mythology 
of thefe countries, makes all the various departments of the 
other Gods, as well as their titles., center in him. He defcribes 
him in fome good poetry as the head of all. 

co A^jo^itup 'H gcLKXeg, Avct% 'urvgog, 

*T;a Xgov& AvkcxJoolvtol $vu$skol[awqv sXirtrcav, 

17 L. 10. p. S05. 

13 Orph. Hymn, in Pofeidon. 16. p. 208. 

19 Selden de Diis Syris. p. 77. and additamenta. He was of old ftyled Arcles in 
Greece; and fuppofed to have been the fon of Xuth. KoBos-vtcti A^jcA 01 Xl fid 
' 7 zrx;J x E*. Plutarch. Quteftiones Grsecse. v. 1. p. 296. 
ao Nonnus. L. 40. p. 1038. 


t J.7T7[’svwy 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


3i3 


'iKTevuv bKiky\$qv oKov tstoXov quQq7Ti harm, 

K.vk7\qv ay Big (jlstu kvkKqv — 

OfjJogov ccysig <psgsmg7rov, btc s voohvi <Jg yctiy 

H eguris Yiyov egevyerou OLgS'fJiov ssgTYjg. - 

Bj^Aos S7t EvtpgriTcto, AiEvg HejchYipevog A^cav, 

A7Tig stpvg Ng;A«o£, Agcvfy Kgovog, A<r<rvgiog Zevg.-— 

Ens %oiga.7rig e<pvg Aiyvniog , oLvecpaXog ! 7,evg , 

El Xgovog, Bl <&OLs()uV 'GFQhVtoVVfJLOg, bits tv M I0gng, 

HEAIOS BABTAONG2, ev 'EAAa,<3i AEA$OS 

AnOAAQN. 

All the various titles, we find, are at laft comprifed in Apollo, 
or the Sun. 

It may appear ftrange, that Hercules, and Jupiter, or whom¬ 
ever we put for the chief Deity, fhould be of all ages. This 
mull have been the cafe, if they were the fame as the boy of 
love, and Bacchus ever young; and were alfo the reprefen - 
tatives of Cronus, and Saturn. But the ancients went far¬ 
ther ; and defcribed the fame Deity under the lame name 
in various ftages of life : and 41 Ulpian fpeaking of Dionufus, 
fays that he was reprefented of all ages. Kca yag 'sraiJa, 

kou 'BTgeo'EvTWy kou avftgoi ygoupaTiv clvtov. But the mofl extra¬ 
ordinary circumftance was, that they reprefented the fame 
Deity of different fexes. A bearded Apollo was uncommon ; 

11 In Demofthenem Kccrcc M Tlav 0-^/ifj.cc ruegiriQeoc(rn’ cturu. P. 647. See 
alfo Macrob. Sat. L. i. c. xS. 

Autqv rev A icc Kcu rov A lowrov njctiS'cn xc&i rsas fi SrsoAoyict kol Ae/* Proclus upon 
Plato’s Parmenides. See Orphic Fragments, p. 406. 

Vol. I. S f 


but 



314 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

but Venus with a beard muft have been very extraordinary. 
Yet fhe is faid to have been thus exhibited in Cyprus, under 
the name of Aphroditus, AQgo&ros : “ 'orcaycaviav avfyog ty\v 
©sop s crp^ij| (JictT 1 c0- ou sv Kv 7 Tgcp. The fame is mentioned by Ser- 
vius : 23 Eft etiam in Cypro iimulacrum barbate Veneris, 
corpore et vefte muliebri, cum fceptro, et natura virili, quod 
A (p^ob'nop vocant. She was alfo looked upon as prior to 

Zeus, and to moft other of the Gods. 24 A pgobiTr) ov fjoopop 

A Qqpotg, mi ‘Hgag, olXKol mi AIOS e?i nrgso-gvTsgot. The 

Poet Calvus fpeaks of her as mafculine : 25 Pollentemque 

Deum Venerem. Valerius Soranus among other titles calls 
Jupiter the mother of the Gods. 

26 Jupiter omnipotens, Regum Rex ipfe, Deumque 
Progenitor, Ge?ietrixque Deum ; Deus unus et idem. 

Synelius fpeaks of him in nearly the fame manner. 


“.Hefychius. The paflage is differently read. Kufter exhibits it Atpgochros. 
'O «Te tcc rare pi ApicSdVTa, yeypctpcoS Flouatv , as a.vS'gct me Srsoi' Sa^f^aria-Qai ev Kv- 


Trpu (pncrtv. 

Servius upon Virgil, iEneid. L. 2. v. 632. 

Scholia upon Apollon. Rhod. L. 3. v. 52. TW kccXu/jczvcov M oipcov eivcu 
'nxgzaZv'rtpctv. In fome places of the eaft, Venus was the fame as Cybele and Rhea, 
the Mother of the Gods: TIzpi ms ^oopcts tccvtvs o-e€yai ptev cos S7tl 'utccv mv Acppo- 
S'imv 3 cos fjcvTSpcc Srecov, 'uTOi’Kitux.is Ticci ey^copiois ovof+cco-i tet pocrctyopevovres. Ptol. 


Tetrabibl. L. 2. 

i5 Apud Calvum A6lerianus. Macrob. Sat. L. 3. c. 8. Putant eandem marem 
elfe ac foeminam. Ibidem. 

Apud Auguftin. de Civitate Dei. L. 4. c. 11. and L. 7. c. g. 

The author of the Orphic verfes fpeaks of the Moon as both male and female. 

At kcu ?iei7rof*€wi 3 £b;Ai >s ts tlou ccpmv. Hymn 8 . v. 4 . 

Deus Lunus was worlhiped at Charrae, EdefTa, and all over the eaft. 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


3*5 


'Zsj’&Tqg, cry <T s<r<ri [jur\TYig 
£y <T ctptrwy crv Jg @y}Kvs. 


And the like character is given to the ancient Deity Mfl77£. 

18 A gritiv [jlsv mi S-yjXvg epvg, f uroXvoow{j.s Miyn. 

In one of the fragments of the Orphic poetry there is every 
thing, which I have been faying, comprehended within a very 
fhort compafs. 


a 3 


Zsvg ctgTw yeveTo, Zevg ct^goTog s7tKstq N V(jL<pr), 

Zevg 'arvQfi.w yourig re mi ovgctvs agrsgosnog 
Zevg 'GTovts p<£a, Zevg 3<> 'HAio?, 3 XgAijwj, 

Zsvg BamAsy?, Zevg uvrog cwramoy ctg w yiysve@Xog 
Ka; M y\tis 3 'STgoorog ysvsriag, mi Egwg 'uroXvTsg7rrig. 
TIolvtci yotg ev Zyjvog pcsyaAw r cl$s area pern tesnou. 

'Ey fcgocrog , iig Acupoov, yevsTcci pt eyag ctgyog oLttclvtmv 


Whom he meant under the title of Zeus, he explains after 
wards in a folemn invocation of the God Dionufus. 

V KsfcXvOt Ty}Xs7rog% Sivqg sXimvyEoc kvkKov 
Oy gcrncag ?go<pciXiy%i 'Wsgi$gofJt,ov ousv sAitrcrwv, 


17 Synefius. Hymn 3. p. 2 6. Edit. H. Steph. 

The Orphic verfes 'z&egi (pucrecas are to the fame purpofe. 

Ylctvrwv fxev c tv 'zeretTvp, fjLYiTYigi rpocpoi} TjS'e t iQvvos* Hymn 9. v. 18. 

Orphic Hymn 31. v. 10. p. 224. 

19 Orphic Fragment. 6. p. 366. Gefner’s Edit, from Proclus on Plato’s Aid- 
biades. See alfo Poefis Philofophica H* Stephani. p. 81. 

30 Jupiter Lucetius, or God of light. Macrob. Sat. L. 1. c. 15. p. 182. 

3 * Orphic Fragm. 7. p. 371. See Poefis Philofoph. H. Stephani. p. 85. 

Orpheus of Protogonus. 

llocoToyoy\ Hgnc£7raje 3 Sreooy 'zua.re^ yy^e xar mg. Hymn. 51. p. 246. 

s f 2 


AyAaa 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 


$ T 6 


Ay7\ds ZET, AIONT2E, 'nra.Tsg 'utopth, 'nrctreg ouric, 
'HA;£, 'Gr&yysvsTog, 'srocvcuoT^.s, ^vrsocpsyyeg. 

As vve have feen how the father of the Gods was diverli- 
fied ; it may be worth while to hear what the fuppofed mo¬ 
ther of all the Deities fays of her titles and departments, in 


Apuleius. 


3 * 


Me primigenii Phryges PeEinuntiam nominant 


Deum Matrem : hinc Autochthones Attici Cecropiam Mi- 

: illinc Hudluantes Cyprii Paphiam Venerem: Cretes 


nervam 


fagittiferi Didtynnam Dianam. Siculi trilingues Stygiam Pro- 
ferpinam : Eleulinii vetuEam Deam Cererem. Junonem 
alii : alii Bellonam : alii Hecaten : RhamnuEam alii: et qui 
nafeentis dei Solis inchoantibus radiis illuftrantur iEthiopes, 
Ariique, prifeaque dodtrina pollentes ZEgyptii, ceremoniis 
me prorfus propriis percolentes, appellant vero nomine Re- 
ginam lEdem. 

Porphyry acknowledged, that Vefta, Rhea, Ceres, Themis, 


Priapus, Proferp 


Bacchus, Attis, Adonis, Silenus, and. 


the Satyrs, were all one and the 33 fame. Nobody had 


mined the theology of the 


phyry 


He was a determined Pag 


more deeply than Por- 
l : and his evidence in 


this point is unexceptionable. The titles of Orus and OEris 


being 


Dionufus, caufed him in time to partake of 


the fame worEiip, which was paid to the great luminary : and 
as he had alfo many other titles, from them fprung a multi- 


Apuleii Metamorph. L. n. p. 241. 

Porphyr. apud Eufebium Prsep. Evang. L. 

'Ti/j.cctccl *zc tocdx nvois 6 ripiccvTos j 6 cc'jtqs 00v to) Athenseus. L. 1 


3. c. ir. 


P- 3° 


plicity 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 317 

& 

plicity of Deities. 34 Morichum Siculi Bacchum nominarunt: 
Arabes vero eundem Orachal et Adonseum : alii Lyasum, Ere- 
binthium, Sabazium 3 Lacedgemonii Scytidem, et Milichium 
vocitarunt. But let Dionufus or Bacchus be diverlified by 
ever fo many names or titles 3 they all in refpe<3: to worfhip 
relate ultimately to the Sun. 35 Sit Oliris, lit Omphis, Nilus, 
Siris, live quodcunque aliud ab Hierophantis ufurpatum no¬ 
men, ad unum tandem Solem , antiquillimum Gentium numen, 
redeunt omnia. 

3i Janus Gulielmus Laurenbergius. 

35 Selden de Diis Syris. p. 77. 


P H OE N I X 



P H OE N I X and PHOENICES. 


A S there has been much uncertainty about the purport 

and extent of thefe terms ; and they are of great con- 
fequence in the courfe of hiftory ; I will endeavour to Plate 
their true meaning. Phoinic, or Poinic, was an Egyptian, 
and Canaanitifh term of honour ; from whence were formed 

$>oiviKeg, QoiviKosiG of the Greeks, and Phoinic, Poini- 
cus, Poinicius of the Romans ; which were afterwards 
changed to Phoenix, Punicus, and 1 Puniceus. It was origi¬ 
nally a title, which the Greeks made ufe of as a provincial 
name: but it was never admitted as fuch by the people, to 
whom it was thus appropriated, till the Greeks were in pof- 
feflion of the country. And even then it was but partially 
received: for though mention is made of the coaft of Phoe- 
nice, yet we find the natives called Sidonians, Tyrians, and 
a Canaanites, as late as the days of the Apoftles. It was an 
honorary term, compounded of Anac with the Egyptian pre¬ 
fix ; and rendered at times both Phoinic and Poinic. It fig- 

1 In all ancient accounts of the Romans the term was exprefled Poini, and Poi- 
nicus. Poinei ftipendia pendunt. Poinei funt folitei fos facrificare puellos. En¬ 
nius. Annal. 7. Afterwards it was changed to Poenus, and Punicus. 

a Simon the Canaanite. Matth. c. 10. v. 4. Alfo the woman of Canaan. Mat¬ 
thew. c. 15. v. 22. 

n. nified 


320 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

nified a lord or prince : and was particularly affumed by the 
fons of Chus and Canaan. The Myfians feem to have kept 
neared to the original pronunciation, who gave this title to 
the God Dionufus, and called him Ph’anac. 

3 Ogygia me Bacchum vocat, 

Olirin ^Tgyptus putat, 

Myfi Phanacem. 

It was alfo conferred' upon many things, which were ef- 
teemed princely and noble. Hence the red, or fcarlet, a 
colour appropriated to great and honourable perfonages, 
was ftyled Phoinic. The palm was alfo ftyled Phoinic, 
<Pom£j : and the ancients always fpeak of it as a ftately and 
noble tree. It was efteemed an emblem of honour ; and 
made ufe of as a reward of vidtory. Plurimarum palmarum 
homo, was a proverbial expreffion among the Romans, for a 
foldier of merit. Pliny fpeaks of the various lpecies of 
palms ; and of the great repute, in which they were held 
by the Babylonians. He fays, that the nobleft of them were 
ftyled the royal Palms ; and fuppofes, that they were fo 

called from their being fet apart for the king’s ufe. But 

& 

they were very early an emblem of royalty : and it is a cir- 
cumftance included in their original name. We find from 
Apuleius, that Mercury, the 4 Hermes of Egypt, was repre- 
fented with a palm branch in his hand : and his priefts at 
Hermopolis ufed to have them ftuck in their 5 fandals, on 

3 Aufonius. Epigram. 25. Ph’Anac, the Great Lord. 

4 Apuleius. L. 11. p. 246. 

5 Zachlas adeft iEgyptius, propheta primarius*-et cum di6to juvenem quem- 

piam Jintei's amiculis intecStum, pedefque palmeis baxeis indutum^ et adufque deralo 
capicej-producit in medium. Apuleius. L. 2. p. 39. 


the 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 321 

the outilde. The Goddefs 6 Ifis was thus reprefen tecj,: and 
we may infer that Hermes had the like ornaments; which 
the Greeks miftook for feathers, and have in confequence of 
it added wings to his feet. The Jews ufed to carry boughs 
of the fame tree at fome of their feilivals ; and particularly 
at the celebration of their nuptials : and it was thought to 

have an influence at the birth. Euripides alludes to this in 

« * 

his Ion; where he makes Latona recline herfelf againft a 
Palm tree, when fhe is going to produce Apollo and Diana. 

7 7T0t§ (xJogOKOfJL&V 

Evdcc Ko^bv^oltol crsfJLv sto'gsvrctTQ 
A arw. 

In how great eftimation this tree was held of old, we may 
learn from many paflages in the facred writings. Solomon 
fays to his efpoufed, 8 how fair and how p leaf ant art thou , O 
jL,ove, for delights ! thy fature is like a Palm tree. And the 
Pfalmift for an encouragement to holinefs fays, 9 that the 
righteous fhall flourifh like the Palm tree : for the Palm was 
fuppofed to rife under a weight; and to thrive in proportion 
to its being 10 depreiled. There is poilibly a farther alluiion 
in this, than may at firft appear. The ancients had an opi- 

* Pedes ambrofios tegebant folece, palm as vidtricis foliis intextae. Ibid. Lib. 11. 
p. 241. 

7 Euripides in lone. v. 920. 

8 Cantic. c. 7. v. 6 . 
s Pfalm. 92. -v. 12. 

■*° Plutarch. Sympohac. L. S. c. 4. 

Adverfus pondera refurgit. Gellius. L. 3. c. 6 . 

Vol. I. T t nion 5 



322 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


nion, that the Palm was immortal : at leaft, if it did die, it 
recovered again, and obtained a fecond life by renewal. 
Hence the Hory of the bird, flyled the Phoenix, is thought 


to have been borrowed from this 
the fpecies of Palm, Hy led Syagr 

cepimus, cum 


fay 


»i 


cum Phcenice Ave, quas putatur 
argumento nomen accepifie, iterum mori. 


Pliny, in defcribing 
Mirum de ea ac- 
ex huj us Paimse 
et renalci ex fe- 




pfa 


Hence we find it to have been an emblem of immor 


tality among all 


facred and prophane. The blefied 


in heaven are reprefented in the Apocalypfe by 


12 


St. John, 

Handing before the throne in white robes with branches 
of Palm in their hands. The notion of this plant being an 
emblem of royalty prevailed fo far, that when our Saviour 
made his laft entrance into Terufalem, the people took 


branches of Palm trees, and accoHed him 


mg 


*3 


Hof 


blejfed is the King of XfraeL 


prince, cry 


The title of Phoinic feems at firH to have been given to 


but 


procefs of time it was 


perfons of great Hature : 

ferred upon people of power, and eminence, like ctvcc 
ctvcLKTsg among the Greeks. The Cuthites in Egypt were 



and 


Hyled Royal Shepherds, BccnA sig Iloi[JL£V6g, and had therefore 
the title of Fhoenices. A colony of them went from thence 


to Tyre and Sj 


hence it is faid by many writers, that 


Phoenix came from Egypt 


Ty 


People 


confider 




Pliny. Hift. Nat. L. 13. c.4. 


'Ucov c KAiy to (pvrov^ ctywpcov tb ov. Juliani Imp. Orat. 5. 


%% 


Revelation, c. 7. v. 9. 




&iv catToov 




John. c. 12. v. 13. 


6 


ang 


♦ 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


323 


ing this, have been led to look for the fhepherds’ origin in 
Canaan ; becaufe they were fometimes called Phcenices. 

They might 
they 


well have looked for them in Greece 


for 


were 


equally fly led 


Hellenes 


Phoenicia 


which the Greeks called was but a fmall part of Ga¬ 

lt was properly a flip of fea-coafl, which lay within 


naan 


the jurifdidtion of the Tyrians and Sidonians, and fignifies 


Ora Reg 


or 


rding to the language of the country 


the coaft of the Anakim 


was a lordly 


from a ftately and auguft people 


All the 


and derived 
ives of Ca¬ 


naan 


feem to have aflumed to themfelves great honour. 
The Philiftines are fpoken of as 15 Lords, and the merchants 


of Tyre as Princes : 
often alluded to in the Scripture 
calls them the princes of the fea 


whofe grandeur and magnificence are 

Scriptures. The prophet Ezekiel 


16 


"Then all the princes of 


the fea pall come down from their thrones , and lay away their 


robes 


and put 



their broidered garme?its 


fpeaks to the fame purpofe 



Ty 

whofe trajficke 


that 


17 Who hath taken this 
y, whofe merchants are pi 


And Ifaiah 

pel 


the honourable of the earth f The fcrip 


nt!\ Sa- 


nm 

PIE 


term by which they are here diftinguifhed is c 
but the title which they aflumed' to themfelves was 


or 


Ph 


the Phoenix of the Greeks and Ro 


,+ 'Ex.xcctJ'ex.ctTV S'wa^etcc JloifASvss EAAwg« Syncellus. p. 61. 

15 The Lords of the Philiftines * and the Princes of the Philiftines. 1 Samuel. 

•c. 29. v. 2, 3, 4. 

16 Ezekiel, c. 16, v. 16. 

Ifaiah. c. 23. v. 8. 

Ezekiel, c. 28. v. 2. 


T t 2 


mans. 



324 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


mans. And as it was a mere title, the facred writers of the 
old Teftament never make ufe of it to diftinguifh either the 
people or country. This part of Canaan is never by them 
called Phoenicia : yet others did call it fo ; and the natives 
were Ityled Phoenices before the birth of Homer. But this 
was through miftake : for it was never ufed by the natives 
as a provincial appellation. I have Ihewn, that it was a title 
of another fort, a mark of rank and preeminence : on this 
account it was affumed by other people ; and conferred upon 
other places. For this reafon it is never mentioned by any 
of the facred writers before the captivity, in order to avoid 
ambiguity. The Gentile writers made ufe of it; and we fee 
what miftakes have enfued. There were Phoenicians of va¬ 
rious countries. They were to be found upon the Sinus 
18 Perilous, upon the Sinus 19 Arabicus, in Egypt, in 20 Crete, 
in 21 Africa, in 22 Epirus, and even in Attica. 23 ^oivucsg — 

lS Herodotus brings the Phoenicians from the Mare Erythr^um j by which be¬ 
moans the Sinus Perficus. L. 7. c. 89. L. 1. c. 1. 

39 Philo, mentioning the march of the Ifraelites towards the Red lea, and the. 
Amalekites, adds * v6/jloytou ccurr,v <f 'oivikss. De V. Mofis. Vol. 2. p. 115. 

QomvLtov xcfifjiv, in Edom. Procopius. Perlic. L. 1. c. ig. 

3,0 Phoenicus, in Crete. Steph. Eyzant. 

ai A (Ppoi <1 >01VIXSt. Gloffe. 

Kccrcc B sfjgooTov Strabo. L. 7. p. 499. 

Mount Olympus in Lycia was ftyled, by way of eminence, Phoinic. OAm/x7tos 
fxtya. A*? xai ogog ofJLwvvfJLov* 0 xcct Strabo. L. 14. p. 982. 

Bochart fuppofes, Phoenic and Phcenices (^oivikbs) to be derived from Beni Anac, 
changed to Pheni Anac, i. e. the fons of Anac : but how can this be applicable to 
a mountain or to the Palm tree ? I am happy however that in a part of my ety¬ 
mology, and that a principal part, I am countenanced by that learned man, 

Bifhop Cumberland derives it from Anac torquis. Orig. p. 302. 

Hefychius. 


ysvo$ 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


3-2-5 


ysvog Ti A@r}Vr)<Ti. ‘There is a race of people called Phcenicia?ts 
among the 2+ Athenians. In fhort, it was a title introduced at 


and 


Sidon, and the coaft adjoining, by people from Egypt 
who the people were, that brought it, may be known from 
feveral paflages in ancient hiftory : but particularly from an 
extract in Eufebius. 


15 <&oivit; kou K ad'fjiog, clko roov Ai- 

yVKTlOQP £%S\@0VT£S £1$ 77)!/ %VglCLV, TvgS KOU <TlK£V0V, 

Phcenix a?id Cadmus , retiring from Thebes m Egypt towai'ds the 
coaf of Syria^ fettled at Tyre and Sidon , and reig?ied there. 


is faid, that 26 Belus carried a colony to the fame parts 


It 

and 


from what part of the world 27 Belus muft be fuppofed to 
have come, needs not to be explained. Euripides ftyles Ce- 
pheus the king of Ethiopia, the fon of Phoenix : and Apollo- 
dorus makes him the fon of Belus : hence we may infer that 
Belus and Phoenix were the fame. Not that there were any 
ftich perfons as Phoenix and Belus, for they were certainly 
titles: and under the characters of thofe two perfonages, Co¬ 
lonies, named Belidae and Phoenices, went abroad, and fettled 
in different parts. Their hiftory and appellation may be 
traced from Babylonia to Arabia in Egypt : and from thence 
to Canaan, and to the regions in the weft. It were there¬ 
fore to be wifhed, that the terms Phoenix and Phoenicia had 
never been ufed in the common acceptation ; at leaft when 
the difcourfe turns upon the more ancient hiftory of Canaan. 


A city and mountain in Bceotia called Phcenice : the natives Phcenicians. 
Strabo.. L. 9-p. 629. 

Chrom p. 27. 

3,6 Syncellus. p. 126v from Eufebius. 

* 7 BwA 0$ £7T HvCppVTCCQ. >CTA. NoiUUlS. 


When 



326 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

% 

When, the Greeks got poileffion of the coaffc of Tyre, they 
called it Phoenicia : and from that time it may be admitted as 
a provincial name. In confequence of this, the writers of 
the new Teftament do not fcruple to make uie of it, but al¬ 
ways with a proper limitation; for the geography of the 
Scriptures is wonderfully exa6t. But the Greek and Roman 
writers often fpeak of it with a greater latitude ; and include 
Judea and Paleftina within its borders : and fometimes add 
Syria, and Idume. But thefe countries were all feparate, and 
diftindl; among which Phoenicia bore but a fmall propor¬ 
tion. Yet fmall as it may have been, many learned men have 
thought, that all the colonies, which at times fettled upon 
the coaft of the Mediterranean, were from this quarter : and 
that all fcience was of Phoenician original. But this is not 
true according to their acceptation of the term. Colonies 
did fettle; and fcience came from the eaft : but not merely 
from the Sidonian. I fhall fhew, that it was principally ow¬ 
ing to 7 a prior and fuperior branch of the family. 


ADDENDA. 

Of the PALM TREE. 

P HOENIX was a colour among horfes. They were ftyled 

Phoenices, and 18 Phoeniciati, from the colour of the Palm 
tree, which they refembled ; and upon the fame account 
had the name of Spadices. This, according to Aulus Gel- 

lius. 


~ 3 Eochart. Hierozoican. L,. 2. c. 7. 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


327 


1'ius, was a term fynonymous with the former. 29 Rutilus, et 
Spadix Phcenicii (TvmvufJLog, exuberantiam fplendoremque fig— 
nificant ruboris, quales funt frudtus Palmae arboris, nondum 


foie incodti : unde fpadicis et Phoenicei nomen eft. 30 Spadix 
<r?rad*$, avulfus eft a Palma termes cum fru&u. Homer, de 
fcribing the horfes of Diomedes, fays, that the one was Phoe 

or of a bright Palm colour, with a white fpot in his fore 
head like a moon. 


mx 


31 


'Og to fjLev aAAo rotro!/ cpoivi $ »jy, sv <Jg 
Abvkov crr)[JL stbtvutq *nrs§n§oyov y\vtb ^vr]. 


Upon this the Scholiaft obferves, $>oivuasg to rpoi nvp- 

pog. The horfe was of a Palm colour, which is a bright red. 
We call fuch horfes bays ; which probably is a term of the 
fame original. The branch of a Palm tree was called Bai in 
Egypt: and it had the fame name in other places. Baia, 
Bai'cc, are ufed for Palm-branches by St. John. r ~ T a fictict ruv 

<&oivi%oov. And it is mentioned by the author of the book of 

% 

Maccabees, that the Jews upon a folemn occafion entered the 
temple 33 Mgra. ouvsTsug mi fioiiuv. And Demetrius writes 

to the high prieft, Simon, 34 Tov gcscpcLvov tov ^vorsv mi r» )V 

B olivy)V) cl 0 L 7 Tsf£ihocvs , KSKopLUT^LsQcL. Coronam auream et Bai- 
nem, qua; mififtis, accepimus. The Greeks formed the word 


19 Gellius. L. 2. c. 26. 

30 Gellius. Ibidem. 

31 Iliad d > . v. 454. 

}Z John. c. 12. v. 23. 

33 1 Maccab. c. 13. v. 51. 

34 1 Maccab. c. 13. v. 37. 

* 

* 

* * 




328 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

j3aiVfl from the Egyptian Bai. The Romans called the fame 
colour Badius. 3S Varro, fpeaking of horfes, mentions, 

Hie badius, ille gilvus, ille murinus. 

As the Palm tree was fuppofed to be immortal; or at leaft, 
if it did die, to revive, and enjoy a fecond life, the Egyptians 

gave the name of Bai to the foul: 36 Es*i [xsv yctg to fiou 

35 Varro apud Nonium Marcellum. 

36 Horapollo. L. 1. c. 7. p. 11. 



O F 



( 3 2 9 ) 



OF THE 



I Have before taken notice, that the term Cahen denoted a 

Prieft, or Prefident: and that it was a title often con¬ 
ferred upon princes and kings. Nor was it confined to men 
only: we find it frequently annexed to the names of Dei¬ 
ties, to fignify their rule and fuperintendency over the earth. 
From them it was derived to their attendants, and to all per- 
fons of a prophetical or facred character. The meaning of 
the term was fo obvious, that one would imagine no mif- 
take could have enfued : yet fuch is the perverfenefs of hu¬ 
man wit, that we find it by the Greeks and Romans con- 
ftantly mifapplied. They could not help imagining from 
the found of the word, which approached nearly to that of 
nvm and canis, that it had fome reference to that animal : 
and in confequence of this unlucky refemblance they con¬ 
tinually mifconftrued it a dog. Hence we are told by 1 iElian 

1 ^Elian de Animalibus. L. 7. c. 60. 

He cites Hermippus and Ariftotle for vouchers. 

VOL. I. 


U u 


and 



330 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

and 1 Plutarch not only of the great veneration paid to dogs 
in Egypt, and of their being maintained in many cities, and 
temples; in which they certainly exceed the truth : but we 
are moreover allured, that the people of Ethiopia had a dog 
for their king : that he was kept in great ffcate ; being fur- 
rounded with a numerous body of officers and guards ; and 
in all relpe&s royally treated. Plutarch fpeaks of him, as 
being 3 arsp,voog 'GTgocrx.vvofjLSvog, worshiped with a degree of re¬ 
ligious reverence. The whole of this notion took its rife 
from a milinterpretation of the title above. I have men¬ 
tioned, that in early times Cahen was a title univerfally con¬ 
ferred upon priefls and prophets: hence Lycophron, who 
has continually allufions to obfolete terms,.calls the two di¬ 
viners Mopfus and Amphilocus, Kvi/ctg. 

4 A oicuSs psiQguv Ilvga,[jL% 'urgog sn^oXaug- 
Avroarovoig <rq>oiyou<ri Asgcava KTNE2 
A{jLY)QsvTeg oujQJLcc£z<n A ohtOiov fioca/. 

Upon which the Scholia!! obferves ; K,vvsg , oi M&vrsig : by 
Cunes are meant Diviners: and again K wocg ArtoKhoovog Tag 

fAOL’JT'sig si7f£jv. The Poet by ’K.vvctg means the minijiers and pro¬ 
phets of fApollo. Upon this the learned 5 Meurlius oblervesj 
that Lycophron had here made ufe of a term imported from 


a E flVCC.1 (pctOrlV AjQl 07 TCe)V 9 XU60V ( 3 cCG'l^VBl^ XCtl ( 2 ccaL?\.€VS r Zt7^0(TCCy0pBVBTCCl^ v Xcti 
IcOcc XCCL 'TlfXCCS €^€s Qct(y l7\£(*yv. A.vS'pGS TTgCtO'G'&G'lVj CCTTfP riyS/XOCTl *ZD’Q?lSGOV 'ttpOCT'* 

r/xfiy xcli agx&o-iv. Plutarch, adverfus Stoicos. Yol. 2. p. 1064. 

3 Ibid. 


4 Lycophron. v. 439. 



Egypt: 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


33i 


Egypt : fo that, I think, we cannot be miftaken about the 
purport of the word, however it may have been perverted. 

The name of the Deity Canouphis, expreffed alfo-Canu- 
P h is, and Cnuphis, was compounded with this term. He 
was reprefented by the Egyptians, as a princely perfon, with 
a ferpent entwined round his middle, and embellifhed with 
other charaCteriftics, relating to time and duration, of which 
the ferpent was an emblem. Oph, and Ouph, lignified a 
ferpent in the Amonian language: and the Deity was termed 
Can-uph, from his ferpentine reprefentation. The whole 
fpecies in confequence of this were made facred to him, 
and ftyled Canyphian. To this Lucan alludes, when in 
fpeaking of the Seps he calls all the tribe of ferpents Ciny- 
phias peftes : 

6 Cinyphias inter peftes tibi palma nocendi. 


Canuphis was fometimes expreffed Anuphis and Anubis : 
and, however rendered, was by the Greeks and Romans 


fpoken of as a dog 


leaft they fuppofed 


m 


to have had a dog’s head, and often mention his 7 barking 
But they were milled by the title, which they did nofun- 
derftand. The Egyptians had many emblematical per 


fonag 


fet off with heads of various animals 


particular 


and affections 


well 


o reprefent 
denote the 


various attributes of their Gods. Among others was this 


6 Lucan. Pharfalia. L. 9. 787. 

7 Aufa Jovi noftro latrantem opponere Anubim. Properc. L. 3. El. 11. 

S'B £~tV C X.UV07T oA/T VOfJLQSy KCU K VVCOV nSTOAtSy BV Yl Avt£l$ TlfAUTOCty KCCi 7 Oti 

Ttvai Ti/JLWy aiTis t btocktcci t is ispct . Strabo. L. 17. p. 1166. 

U U 2 


canine 



332 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


canine figure ; which I have no reafon to think was appro¬ 
priated to Canuph, or Cneph. And though upon gems and 
marbles his name may be fometimes found annexed to this 
character ; yet it mu ft be looked upon as a Grecian work, 

9 

and fo denominated in confequence of their miftaken notion. 
For we mu ft: make a material diftin&ion between the hie- 
roglyphics of old, when Egypt was under her own kings ; 
and thofe of later date, when that country was under the 
government of the Greeks : at which time their learning was 
greatly impaired, and their ancient theology ruined. Horus 
Apollo allures us, if any credit may be given to what he 
fays, that this canine figure was an emblem of the earth : 
8 OucauevYiv ypa<povrsg yvvoyetpoChov £ooy g otcpxtr t . Whe?t- they would 
defcribe the earthy they paint a Cwiocephalus. It could not 
therefore, I fliould think, in any degree relate to Canuphis. 
The fame 9 writer informs us, that under the figure of a dog, 
they reprefented a priefl: or facred fcribe, and a prophet ; 
and all fuch as had the chief management of funerals : alfo 
the fpleen, the fmell, fneezing ; rule and government, and a 
magiftrate, or judge : which is a circumftance hard to be 
believed. For as hieroglyphics were defigned to diftinguifih, 
it is fcaree credible, that the Egyptians fhould crowd to¬ 
gether fo many different and oppofite ideas under one cha¬ 
racter, whence nothing: could well enfue but doubt and con- 


fulion. Befides, I do not remember, that in any group of 


£*’7 


OIKOTMENHN, v ypa 

Vfjl* I,. I. c. 14. p. 26. 


Y) 7C0~ 


9 'lepoypcc/j.piccrecc. re y) •mPbtymW} Y) 0G-^pr,o m .v 9 >1 '&■ t a. g ptov ^ yi cPi- 

Q'dfoy.zvQt ypz<psw 9 kvvk C > 6 oygcc'py<riv. JL* i. c. 39. p. 52. 

ancient 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


3 33 


ancient hieroglyphics the figure of a dog occurs. The mean¬ 
ing of this hiftory, I think, may be with a little attention 
made out. The Egyptians were refined in their fuperftitions, 
above all the nations in the world : and conferred the names 
and titles of their Deities upon vegetables, and animals of 
every fpecies : and not only upon thefe, but alio upon the 
parts of the human body ; and the very pafiions of the mind. 
Whatever they deemed falutary, or of great value, they dif- 
tinguiihed by the title of Sacred, and confecrated it to feme 
10 God. This will appear from words borrowed from Egypt. 
The Laurel, Laurus, was denominated from Al-Orus : the 


berry was termed bacca from Bacchus : Myrrh, Myppa, was 
from Ham-Ourah: Cafia from Chus. The Crocodile was 
called Caimin and Campfa : the Lion, El-Eon : the Wolf, 
El-Uc : the Cat* Al-Ourah : from whence the Greeks formed 
Aewr, Twitoq, caXagog. The Egyptians ftyled Myrrh, Baal ; 
balfam, baal-famen j Camphire, Cham-phour, Ka.[JL<p&gtt. of 

j opium, Ophion. The fweet reed of Egypt was 
named 11 Canah, and.Conah by way of eminence: alfo “ Can- 
Ofiris. Cinnamon was denominated from Chan-Amon 
Cinnabar, 



Kivvcdzotgig 


from Chan-Abor: the facred beetle 


Cantharus, from Chan-^thur. The harp was ftyled Cin- 

10 E CO yetp T'dS AiyU7TTl&$i Cl7TSp X.OU S'Sl<rt£<Xi/y-Ql , eq-'0£'TCl €ici f uTCCV70n r CJA'jJi 7015 


OYPANOV 


0V0fJLCC(7tV £15 XQpZV- STn^PCxjpLSl'SS* ' CT^sf oV y<XP TO. liS 

Lucian, de imaginibus. 

See Obfervations on Ancient-Hiftory. p. 1C6*. 

Solebant autem iEgyptii fibi fuifque Deorum patriorum nomina-.plerumque im- 
ponere.*— Moremque hunc gens ilia fervare perrexit, poftquam falutari luce Evan¬ 
gel ica diu fruita eftet. Jablonfky. v. 1. L. 1; c. 5. p. 105. 

IX It is pofiibly alluded to in Plalm 80. v. 16. and in Jeremiah, c. 6 . v. 20. 
Plutarch. Ifts et Ofiris. p. 365. ’Xerar-tpis* 


12 



334 


The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 


nor, and was fuppofed to have been found out by Cinyras: 
which terms are compounded of Chan-Or, and Chan-Arez ; 
and relate to the Sun or Apollo, the fuppofed inventor of 
the lyre. Priefts and magiftrates were particularly honoured 
with the additional title of Cahen : and many things held 
facred were liable to have it in their compofition. Hence 
arofe the errour of Horus Apollo; who having been in¬ 
formed, that the ancient Egyptians diftinguilhed many 
things, which were efteemed holy, by this facred title, refer¬ 
red the whole to hieroglyphics ; and gave out that they were 
all reprefented under the figure of a dog. And it is pofiible, 
that in later times the Grecian artifts, and the mixed tribes 
of Egypt, may have exprefied them in this manner; for 
they were led by the ear; and did not inquire into the la¬ 
tent purport of the 13 theology tranfmitted to them. From 
hence we may perceive, how little in later times even the 
native Egyptians knew of their rites and hiftory. 

Further accounts may be produced from the fame writer in 
confirmation of what I have been faying. He not only men¬ 
tions the great veneration paid by the Egyptians to dogs, but 
adds, that in many temples they kept Jivvozepahoi, a kind of 
baboons, or animals with heads like thole of dogs, which were 
wonderfully endowed. By their alliftance the Egyptians 
found out the particular periods of the Sun and Moon. Thele 

13 The purport of the term Cahen, or Cohen, was not totally unknown in Greece. 
They changed it to xon$ 9 and kows ; but ftill fuppofed it to fignify a prieft. K oiv^ 
tepsvs K o Kc$<xipoofJLZvos (poveoc. Hefychius. Ko/araf /Wrak Ibid. 

It was alfo ufed for a tide of the Deity. Rouxs, c crpoYyvXos A iQos-, fcilicet B cu- 
tu\os> Mofcopulus. p. 5. TheBsetulus was the moft ancient reprefentation of the 
Deity. See Apollon. Rhod. Schol. ad D. i. v. gig. 

did 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 33,5 

<3id not, like other animals, die at once, but by piece-meal ; 
£0 that one half of the animal was oftentimes buried, while 
the other half J^lurvived. He moreover allures us, that they 
could rtead and write: and whenever one of them was intro¬ 
duced into the facred apartments for probation, the priefl 
prefented him with a ,s tablet, and with a pen and ink, and 
by his writing could immediately find out, if he were of the 

true intelligent breed. Thefe animals are faid to have been 

% 

of infinite ufe to the ancient Egyptians in determining times 
and feafons : for, it feems, they were in fome particular func¬ 
tions the moft accurate, and punctual of any creatures upon 
earth. 16 Per sequino^tia enim duodecies in die urinam red- 
dere, et in no£te 17 compertus (Cunocephalus), sequali inter- 
ftitio fervato, Trifmegifto anfam dedit diem dividendi in duo- 
decim partes sequales. Such is the hiftory of thefe wonderful 
18 animals. That Apes and Baboons were among the Egyp¬ 
tians held in veneration is very certain; The Ape was facred 
to the God Apis ; and by the Greeks was rendered Capis, 


*4 


Ou, y.cJix , 7rr.prct Aoittx (^mx ev vp rjpec jxicl TeAevrcc^ arcej xxi t&7'ss a A Act fxeocs 
c&VTcov xxb exx~nv r.uepxv vgxohjxevov tnro tcov Ifp *cav &cc.7TTecrQcu. xtA. 

Ecos S' ay xt etsS'of/JttTLovTCL xcci Svo 'zzrXvfGoQcoaiv r.y.epxi 9 tot e oAcs ccTrovrricncei. Ho 
rapollo. L. i. c. 14. p. 2. 

15 Eis lepcv eireiScev 'ztrpooTcc xoyjcrQy KvvoxecpxAos^ SzAtov xvtco TixpxTi^ncriv 0 r Ig- 
xxi <t?£q;viov 9 xai fxsAuv, f wei^cc^ > cov^ ei ex ms eiric^xfxEv'ns e^i o-vfyevsixs ypxjx- 

fxccrxy xxi ei ypcxpei. Horapollo. L. 1. c. 14. p. 28. 

16 Horapollo. L. 1. c. 16. p„ 30. AooSbxxtis ms ’r,fxepxs xctff exx^viv ooiccv upei* 
ToSe CC.V 70 xxi r xts Svai vo^i 'Zcroisf .. XT' A. Speaking of the two Equinoxes. 

17 Hoffman : Cunocephalus. 

Voffius de Idol. Vol. 2. L. 3. c. 78.. 

18 What Orus Apollo attributes to the Cunocephalus, Damafcius (in Vita Ifi- 
dori) mentions of the cat. Photii Bibliotheca, c. 242. p. 1049. 


and 



33 6 

and 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


19 Ceipis. The Baboon was denominated from the Deity 
Babon, to whom it was equally facred. But what have 
thefe to do with the fuppofed Cunocephalus, which, accord¬ 
ing to the Grecian interpretation is an animal with the head 
of a dog ? This chara<fteriftic does not properly belong to any 
fpecies of Apes ; but feems to have been unduly appropriated 
to them. The term Cunocephalus, K.vvotcs<poiAog> is an Egyp¬ 
tian compound : and this ftrange hiftory relates to the priefts 
of the country, ftyled Cahen; alfo to the novices in their 
temples ; and to the examinations, which they were obliged 
to undergo, before they could be admitted to the priefthood. 
To explain this I mu ft take notice, that in early times they 
built their temples upon eminences, for many reafons ; but 
efpecially for the fake of celeftial obfervations. The Egyp¬ 
tians were much addicted to the ftudy of aftronomy; and they 
ufed to found their colleges in upper Egypt upon rocks and 
hills, called by them Caph. Thefe, as they were facred to 
the Sun, were further denominated Caph-El, and fometimes 
Caph-Aur, and Caph-Arez. The term Caph-El, which often 

19 By Strabo expreffed Kenro$ 9 who fays^ that it was reverenced by the people 
at Babylon oppofite to Memphis. L. 17. p. 1167. Kznrov Se BaSuAcor; 01 xcctcc 

'Me/yupiv (cre£y <rt.) 

2,0 Babun, Ba£ur, of Hellanicus Leibins. Athenaeus. L. 15. p. 680. called Be- 
bon, BtCojv, by Manethon. Plutarch. Ifis et Ofiris. p. 371. 376. Babon was 
th ought to have been the fame as Typhon : by fome efteemed a female, and the 
wife of that perfonage. Plutarch, ibid. 

The Ape and Monkey were held facred, not in Egypt only, but in India; and 
likewife in a part of Africa. Diodorus Sicul. L. 20. p. 793, Maffeus retentions 
a noble Pagoda in India, which was called the monkeys Pagoda. Hiftoria Ind. 
L. i . p. 25 : and Balbus takes notice of Peguan temples, called by the natives Va- 
relle*; in which monkeys were kept out of a religious principle. See Balbi 
Itinerarin 


6 


occurs 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 337 

occurs in hiftory, the Greeks uniformly changed to Kepa?v>5, 
Cephale: and from Cahen-Caph-El, the facred rock of 
Orus, they formed ■’KwofCspaXY), and ’K.vvox.sqxx.Xog ; which they 
fuppoled to relate to an animal with the head of a dog. 
But this Cahen-Caph-El was certainly fome royal feminary 
in upper Egypt; from whence they drafted novices to fup- 
ply their colleges and temples. Thefe young perfons were 
before their introduction examined by fome fuperior prieft; 
and accordingly, as they anfwered upon their trial, they 
were admitted or refufed. They were denominated Caph- 
El, and Cahen-Caph-El, from the academy, where they re¬ 
ceived their firfl; inffrudtion : and this place, though facred, 
yet feems to have been of a clafs fubordinate to others. It 
was a kind of inferior cloifter and temple, fuch as Capella in 
the Romifh church ; which, as well as Capellanus, was de¬ 
rived from Egypt : for the church in its firffc decline bor¬ 
rowed largely from that country. That there was fome par¬ 
ticular place of this fort fituated upon a rock, or eminence, 
may, I think, be proved from Martianus Capella : and more¬ 
over that it was a feminary well known, where the youth of 
Upper Egypt were educated. For in defcribing the fciences 
under different perfonages, he gives this remarkable account 
of DialeCtica upon introducing her before his audience. 

~ r Hsec fe educatam dicebat in JEgyptiorum Rupe ; atque in 

Parmenidis exinde gymnaffum, atque Atticam demeaffe. 

• » 

2,1 Martianus Capella. L. 4. fub initio, 

Aftronomia is made to fpeak to the fame purpofe. Per immenfa fpatia feculorum, 
ne profana loquacitate vuigarer, iEgyptiorum claufa adytis occulebar. Martianus 
Capella. L. 8 # 

Vol. I. 


X x 


And 



338 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

♦ 

And Johannes Sarifburienfts Teems to intimate, that Parme¬ 
nides obtained his knowledge from the fame quarter, when 
he mentions 12 in Rupe vitam egiffe. In this fhort detail we 
have no unpleaftng account of the birth of fcience in Egypt; 
and of its progrefs from thence to Attica. It is plain, that 
this rupes iEgyptiaca could be nothing elfe but a feminary, 
either the fame, or at leaft ftmilar to that, which I have before 
been defcribing. As the Cunocephali are faid to have been fa- 
cred to Hermes, this college and temple were probably in the 
nome of Hermopolis. Hermes was the patron of Science, and 
particularly ftyled Cahen, or 23 Canis: and the Cunocephali are 
faid to have been worftiiped by the people of that 2 * place. 
They were certainly there reverenced: and this hiftory points 
out very plainly the particular fpot alluded to. Hermopolis 
was in the upper region ftyled Thebais : and there was in 
this diftridt a tower, fuch as has been 25 mentioned. It was in 
aftertimes made ufe of for a repofttory, where they laid up the 
tribute. This may have been the rupes fEgyptiaca, fo famed 
of old for fcience ; and which was the feat of the Chance- 
phalim, or Cunocephalians. 


a2, Johannes Sarifburienfis Metalogie. L. 2. p. 787. Editio Lugd. Bat. anno 1639.. 

He fpeaks of Parmenides, as if he were a native of Egypt: and feems to have un- 
derftood, that Parmenides took up his refidence in the Egyptian feminary, in order 
to obtain a thorough knowledge in fcience. Et licet Parmenides iEgyptius in rupe 
vitam egerit, ut rationem Logices inveniret, tot et tantos ftudii habuit fuccelTores*. 
ut ei inventions fuse totam fere praeripuerint gloriam. 

2,3 Hermes was the fame as Anubis Latrator. Jablonfky. L. 5. c. 1. 

K wa. a-sGsis' tv 7 ttco ^ eyco. Anaxandrides apud Athenaeum. E. 7. p. 300.. 

9 Eg jaw Kuvct. Plutarch. His et Ofiris. 

Strabo. E. 17. p. 1167. ¥ivvoy^<pccXov Se {Tiftcocnv') r Ep/Ji07ro?uTcc( a . 

45 EfftoTroAm/t/? ^uAcoctj. Strabo ibid.. 


it 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 339 

It is faid of the Cunocephali, that when one part was dead 
and buried, the other ftill furvived. This can relate to no¬ 
thing elfe but a fociety, or body politic, where there is a con¬ 
tinual decrement, yet part ftill remains; and the whole is kept 
up by fucceflion. It is an enigma, which particularly relates 
to the priefthood in Egypt: for the facred office there was 
hereditary, being vetted in certain families ; and when part 
was dead, a refidue ftill 26 furvived, who admitted others in the 
room of the deceafed. 17 Efteoiv S's ti$ anrotfaw), tbth 0 roug olvti- 

kolQis'cltcli. The fons, we find fupplied the place of their 
fathers : hence the body itfelf never became extindt, being 
kept up by a regular fucceflion. As to the Cunocephali giv¬ 
ing to Hermes the firft hint of dividing the day into twelve 
parts from the exadtnefs, which was obferved in their 28 eva¬ 
cuations, it is a furmife almoft too trifling to be difcuffed. 
I have fhewn, that the Cunocephali were a facred college, 
whofe members were perfons of great learning : and their 
fociety feems to have been a very ancient inftitution. They 
were particularly addidled to aftronomical obfervations ; and 
by contemplating the heavens, .ftyled Ouran, they learned 
to diftinguifh the feafons, and to divide the day into parts. 
But the term Ouran the Greeks by a ftrange mifconception 
changed to sgeiv’, of which miftake they have afforded other 
inftances : and from this abufe of terms the filly figment took 

26 Analogous to this we read in Herodotus, that the Perfian brigade, whofe de¬ 
ficiencies were fupplied by continual recruits, was ftyled aOarctTo?, immortalis. He¬ 
rodotus. L. 7. c. 83. 

It confifted of ten thoufand men. 

~ 7 Herodotus. L. 2. c. 37. 

a8 Awcfejcax/s rifjiepcts jca 0 ’ wgxv OTPEI Kvroxe(pcc?iQ$, Horapollo. L. 1. 

c* 16. 

X x 2 its 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

9 

its rife. The term sgeiv, mingere, was by the Dorians lite¬ 
rally exprefied ovgctv, ouran. 

The Cunocephali are not to be found in Egypt only> but 
in India likewife j and in other parts of the world. Hero¬ 
dotus 29 mentions a nation of this name in Lybia: and fpeaks 
of them, as a race of men with the heads of dogs. Hard by 
in the neighbourhood of this people he places the A %e<pothot y 
men with no heads at all: to whom out of humanity, and 
to obviate forne very natural diftrefies, he gives eyes in the 
bread. But he feems to have forgot mouth and ears, and 
makes no mention of a nofe : he only fays 3a A ns<p<xXot, 61 ev 

g-i)@£<nv 0<p@cOKfjL3$ syovrsc. Both thefe and the Cunocephali 
were denominated from their place of residence, and from 
their worfhip: the one from Cahen-Caph-El, the other from 
Ac-Caph-El: each of which appellations is of the fame pur- 

port 

29 Herodot. L. 4. c. 191. 

Upon the Mare Erythraeum, iSpujxex. K.vvox.t'poc.Xodv TcaPi&fAei/ov. Strabo. L. 16. 
p. 11*20. Alfo Pliny. L. 6. c. 30. and L. 7. c. 2. of Cunocephali in ^Ethiopia and 

India. 

30 Herodot. L. 4. 191. 

31 Many places, were named Cunocephale: all which will be found upon enquiry 
to have been eminences, or buildings fituated on high, agreeably to this etymo¬ 
logy. K.wocntE(pcc/\v, AO $02 GecrauAtas. Stephanus Byzant. from Polybius. 

L. 17. 

" KvvwvKtqoiXou near ScotiuiTa. AO$QN ww r wccpcc AA?;Awr AKPAI. Plutarch, 
in Flaminino, of the fame place. 

The citadel at Thebes was called K vroa-xecpcc&w by Xenophon. Thofe who Ipeak 
of the Cunocephali as a people, defcribe them as Mountaineers. Megaflhenes per 
diverfos Indise montes efTe fcribit nationes caninis capitibus. Solinus. c. 52. 

A promontory of this name upon the coaft of the Red Sea, mentioned above 
from Strabo. Another promontory Cunocephale in Corcyra. Procopius. Goth. 

L. 3* 27* 


5 the right noble, or la ere d 31 rock of the Sun. 



5 


Similar 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 341 

Similar to the hiBory of the Cunocephali, and Acephali, is 
that of the Cunodontes. They are a people mentioned by 
Solinus and liidorus, and by them are fuppofed to have had 
the teeth of dogs. Yet they were probably denominated, 
like thofe above, from the object of their worfhip, the Deity 

and ftyled 

his votaries 3Z Cunodontes. 

The Greeks pretended, that they had the life of the 
fphere, and were acquainted with the zodiac, and its after- 
ifms very early. But it is plain from their miftakes, that 
they received the knowledge of thefe things very late ; at a 
time when the terms were obfolete, and the true purport of 
them not to be obtained. They borrowed all the fchemes 
under which the Bars aTe comprehended, from the Egyp¬ 
tians ; who had formed them of old, and named them from 
circumBances in their own religion and mythology. They 
had particularly conferred the titles of their Deities upon 
thofe Bars, which appeared the brighteB in their hemiiphere. 
One of the moB remarkable and brilliant they called Cahen 
Sehor ; another they termed Purcahen ; a third Cahen Ou- 
rah, or Cun Ourah. Thefe were all mifconBrued, and 
changed by the Greeks ; Cahen Sehor to Canis Sirius ; P’ur- 
cahen to Procyon; and Cahen Ourah to Cunofoura, the 
dog’s tail. In refpe<B to this laB name I think, from the ap¬ 
plication of it in other inBances, we may be aBured, that it 
could not be in acceptation what the Greeks would perfuade 
us : nor had it any relation to a dog. There was the fum- 

Solinus. c. 4. and Ifidorus. Origin, L. g. de Portends. 


Chan-Adon; which the Greeks expreBed KtwodW, 


mit 



342 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


mit of a hill in Arcadia of this 33 name : alfo a promontory 
in 34 Attica ; and another in 35 Euboea. How could it poflibly 
in its common acceptation be applicable to thefe places ? 
And as a conflellation if it fignified a dog’s tail, how came 
it to be a name given to the tail of a bear ? It was a term 
brought from 36 Sidon, and Egypt : and the purport was to 
be fought for from the language of the Amonians. 

The ancient Helladians ufed upon every promontory to 
raife pillars and altars to the God of light, Can-Our, the 
Chan-Orus of Egypt. But Can-Our, and Can-Ourah, they 
changed to zvvocrovgot., as I have fhewn : yet notwithftanding 
this corruption the true name is often to be difcovered. The 

place which is termed Cunofoura by Lucian in his Icarome- 

# 

nippus, is called Cunoura by Stephanus Byzant. and by 
37 Paufanias. Cunoura is alfo ufed by Lycophron, who un- 
derftood ancient terms full well, for any high rock or head¬ 
land. 

38 Ev di(ri 'urgog KvvBga. Kct^7rv?\3g <ryu.<rcx.Q 

HevKYis ofrovTocg, 

U^og KWhiga., 'urgog Tga.yeia.g 'UTBTgag. Scholiaft. ibid. 

We find the fame miftake occur in the account tranfmitted 

to us concerning the firft difcovery of purple. The ancients 

35 Steph. Byzantinus. 

3+ Ptolemy. L. 3. c. 15. 

3J Hefychius. Alfo a family at Lacedaemon, Acacuvixy : and Cunofouroi, 
the name of a family at Megara. See Alexander ab Alexandro. L. 1. c.-17. 

30 EfTe duas Arflos, quarum Cynofura petatur 

Sidoniis ; Helicen Graia carina notet. Ovid. Faftor. L. 3. v. 107. 

37 L. 3. p. 207. 

38 V. 99. 


7 



The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 


343 


very gratefully gave the merit of every ufeful and falutary in¬ 
vention to the Gods. Ceres was fuppofed to have difcovered 

v 

to men corn, and bread : Ofiris fhewed them the life of the 


plough ; Cinyras of the harp 


Vefta 


ght them to build 


Every Deity was looked up to as the caufe of fome bleffing. 
The Tyrians and Sidonians were famous for the manufacture 
of purple : the die of which was very exquifite, and the dif- 
covery of it was attributed to Hercules of Tyre; the fame 

js. But 

allow him this honour ; but fay, that the dog 


who by Palasphatus is ftyled Hercules 39 Philofoph 


fome will not 

of Hercules was the difcoverer. For accidentally feeding 
upon the Murex, with which the coaft abounded, the dog 
ftained his mouth with the ichor of the fifh; and from hence 
the firft hint of dying was 40 taken. This gave birth to the 
proverbial expreftion, 41 'E vgqfjux. Kvvog 1 5 <rs£cc?r) 'urogcpvga.. Non- 
nus mentions the particular circumftance of the dog’s Earn¬ 
ing his mouth : 


4a ’K.iovsoig 'Gfogcpvge 'tffa^iodLg dipotTi 

Such is the ftory, which at firft fight is too childifh to admit 
of credit. It is not likely, that a dog would feed upon fhell- 


39 Palsephatus •T&zpi ecpBvpno’ecog p. 124. 

40 Cafliodorus of the purple* Cum fame canis avida in Tyrio littore projects 
conchylia impreffis mandibulis contudiflet, ilia naturaliter humorem fanguineum dif- 
fluentia ora ejus mirabili colore tinxerunt: et ut eft mos hominibus occafiones re- 
pentinas ad artes ducere, talia exempla meditantes fecerunt princrpibus decus nobile. 
L. g. c. 36. 

See alfo Chronicon Pafchale. p. 43. Achilles Tatius. L. 3. Julius Pollux, 
L. 1. c. 4. p. 30. Ed. Amftel. Pliny. L. g. c. 36. 

41 Cyrus Prodromus £7 ri cc 7 ro^nfJi^ tvi cpiAiau. 

4Z Nonni Dionyfiaca* L. 40. p. 103.4. 


fifh: 



344 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. • 


fifh: and if this may at any time have happened, yet whoever 
is at all converfant in natural hiftory, mu ft know, that the 
murex is of the turbinated kind, and particularly aculeated ; 
having ftrong and fharp protuberances, with which a dog 
would hardly engage. The ftory is founded upon the fame 
mifconception, of which fo many inftances have been pro¬ 
duced. Hercules of Tyre, like all other oriental divinities, 
was ftyled Cahen, and Cohen; as was allowed by the Greeks 
themfelves. 43 Tov 'Hgot/Aw cpotTi kcltol rt,v AiywtTiov ^laAszJov 

Xf 2 NA A systrOcLi. We are told , that Hercules in the language 
of the Egyptians is called Chon. This intelligence however they 
could not abide by; but changed this facred title to^xvoov, 
a dog, which they defcribed as an Cendant upon the Deity. 

The Grecians tells us, that the Egyptians ftyled Hermes a 
dog : but they feem to have been aware, that they were guilty 
of an undue reprefentation. Hence Plutarch tries to foften 
and qualify what is mentioned, by faying, 4S Oy yccg zvgioog 

tov 'E*p.r)V KTNA Asytstriv (61 Aiyv7rlioi ): by which this learned 
writer would inlinuate, that it was not fo much the name of 
a dog, as the qualities of that animal, to which the Egyptians 
alluded. Plutarch thought by this refinement to take off the 
impropriety of conferring fo bafe a name upon a Deity. But 
the truth is, that the Egyptians neither bellowed it nomi- 

degree. The title 
gave to Hermes, was the fame, that they beftowed upon Her- 

43 Etymologicum Magnum. 

44 Johannes Antiochenus, who tells the ftory at large, fays, that purple was the 
difcovery xvvo; 'uroijxtvi-K,^^ which in the original hiftory was undoubtedly a ftiep- 
herd king. 

45 Plutarch. Ifis et Ofiris. p. 355. 

cules : 


nally; nor alluded to it in any 


, which they 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


345 


cules : they expreffed it Cahen, and Cohen ; and it was very 

properly reprefented above by the Greek term Xgw, Chon. 
It is faid of Socrates, that he fometimes made ufe of an. un- 
mon oath, fJ.cz tov k.vvcl , xczi Tov *)(yvct, by the dog and the goofe : 
which at firft does not feem confiftent with the gravity of 
his character. But we are informed by Porphyry, that this 
was not done by way of ridicule : for Socrates efteemed it a 
very ferious and religious mode of attestation ; and under 
thefe terms made a folemn appeal to the foil of 46 Zeus. The 
purport of the words is obvious: and whatever hidden mean¬ 
ing there may have been, the oath was made ridiculous by 
the abfurdity of the terms. Belides, what poffible connection 
could there have fublifted between a dog and a Deity \ a 
goofe and the fon of Jove ? There was certainly none : yet 
Socrates, like the reft of his fraternity, having an antipathy 
to foreign terms, chofe to reprefent his ideas through this 
falfe medium; by which means the very effence of his invo¬ 
cation was loft. The fon of Zeus, to whom he appealed. 


45 OvS'e 'XxxpotTng tov stvvac xc/,1 tcv ^/‘tvcc ofJLW$ B7rcci^ev. Porphyry de Abftinentia. 
L. 3. p. 2S6. 

It is laid to have been firft inftituted by Rhadamanthus of Crete : T^xeXevae ( r Pa- 

xcctcc ygivoxazi ycvroZy xou xpiv oy.ruvou . Euftathius upon Homer. Odyff. 


T. S. 1871. 

521. Ojy.vvrcti xsA eucca {T’ccfctf/.avvup} 

xat xvvcC) jctA. from Socrates. L. 12. de Rebus Creticis. 

The ancient Abantes of Euboea ftyled Zeus himfeif Cahen *, called in aftertimes 
Census. There was a promontory of the fame name : K vcctov coxpovTnpicv (Afar 
rcrjv) Steph. Byzant. Here Hercules was fuppofed to have facrificed after his com 
queft of CEchalia. 

Vidlor ab CEchalia Censeo facra parabat 

Vota Jovi-Ovid. Metamorph. L. 9. v. 136. 

Sophocles in Trachin, v. 242. mentions, t^Ajj t eyxcccTrcc K yvcuy A//. 

Vol. !• Y y 


See Ariftophan. OgwSe?. Scholia, v. 


was 



346 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

was the Egyptian Gaheri abo'vementioned ; but this facred 
title was idly changed to kviM koli a dog and a goofe, 

from a fimilitude in found. That he referred to the Egyp¬ 
tian Deity is manifest from Plato, who acknowledges, that 
he fwore 47 tov zvvct Tov Aiyv7TTict)v &eov. By which we 
are to underftand a Cahen of Egypt. Porphyry expredy 
fays, that it was the God Hermes the fon of Zeus, and Maia: 

48 Kara tov th Aiog kcci Mcaag 'srcu^a stoisito tov ogzov. 

I cannot account upon any other principle than that, upon 
which I have proceeded, for the ftrange reprefentation of 
Apollo, and Bacchus, gaping with open mouths. So it feems 
they were in fome places defcribed. Clemens of Alexandria 
mentions from Polemon, that Apollo was thus exhibited : 

49 II o 7 \£fJLtiv Js KEynriv ot 0g A 7 roXXoovog oitisv uyoLXfJLci. And we 
are told, that a gaping 50 Bacchus was particularly worfhiped 
at Samos. They were both the fame as the Egyptian Orus; 
who was dyled C&Len-On, Rex, vel Deus Sol; out of 
which Cahen-On the Grecians feem to have formed the word 
Xaivcov : and in confequence of it, thefe two Deities were re¬ 
presented with their jaws widely extended. This term w T as 
fometimes changed to zoivog, communis : hence it is that we 

fo often meet with Koivot Ssci , and kqivoi fiooy.oi, upon coins 
and marbles : alfo zcivog 'E gfJLr,g* And as Hermes was the re¬ 
puted God of gain, every thing found was adjudged to be 
zoivog , or common. 




4-0 

t c 


Plato in GorHa. Vol. 2. 


Porphyry, 
dementis 
Pliny. L. 8. p. 44 6. 


P- 4S2 


3. p. 286. fo corrected by Jublonfky. L. v. c. 1. p. 10. 


Cchortatio. p. 32 


AAA 5 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


347 


51 AAX’ £<n^8cra 

E%aL7nvrig, 'EgfJLqg zoivog, s<pv §uya 
sz K oivov eivou t ov *E $[jly)v. 

Notwithftanding this notion fo univerfally received, yet 
among the Grecians themfelves the term xoivog was an ancient 


title of eminence. 53 K oivog, 0 As<T7rQTY)g. Comos Jtgnijies a 
lord and jjiafker : undoubtedly from Cohinus; and that from 
Cohen. It would be endlefs to enumerate all the inftances 


Of this 


think 


which might be brought of this nature, 
am allured, that whoever will conlider the uncouth names 
both of Deities, and men, as well as of places, in the light 
recommended; and attend to the mythology transmitted con¬ 
cerning them, will be able by thefe helps to trace them to 


their original meaning. It 
Grecians fo often interpreted 


think, plain, that what the 
was an ancient Amonian 


title. 


When therefore I read of the brazen dog of Vulcan 


of the dog of Erigone, of Orion, of Geryon, of Orus, of Her- 

I cannot but fuppofe, that 


or 


elfe of 


cules, of Amphilocus, of Hecate, I cannot 
they were the titles of fo many Deities : 
priefts, who were denominated from their office. In ffiort 
the Cahen of Egypt were no more dogs, than the Paterae of 


Amon were bafons : and though Diodorus does fay, that at 
the grand celebrity of 55 Ihs the whole was preceded by dogs, 
yet I cannot help being perfuaded, that they were the priefts 
of the Goddefs. 


51 Anthologia. L. i. Epigram. 144. 

51 Theophraft. Char ait. 

55 Hefychius. 

54 Diodorus Siculus de pompalfiaca. L. p. 78. 

Y y 2 


By 



* 

348 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

By this clue we may unravel many intricate hiftories trans¬ 
mitted from different parts. In the temple of Vulcan near 
mount ./Etna there are faid to have been a breed of dogs, 
which fawned upon good men, but were implacable to the 
bad. 55 Inde etiam perpetuus ignis a Siculis alebatur in /Etnaeo 
Vulcani templo, cui cuftodes adhibiti funt facri canes, blan- 
dientes piis hominibus, in impios ferocientes. In the celebrated 
gardens of Eledtra there was a golden dog, which fhewed the 
fame regard to good men, and was as inveterate to others. 

56 Xgvcreog o&ouvovti kvwv <rvvvXcunse 

% 

XOLIVOOV T$OL$OL CpOOTCC. 

What is more remarkable, there were many gaping dogs in 
this temple ; which are reprefented as fo many ftatues, yet 
were endowed with life. 

57 Xacr i (jLouri 'Gfoirfroivi u’ec^oTsg avdegsooveg 

¥zvSoChsuv tntvTwtwv eiyeg sfjupgovsg. 

Homer defcribes fomething of the fame nature in the gardens 
of Alcinous. 

i 8 Xgvreioi <T emregQs zou ccgyvgzoi uvveg yi<tolv, 

O vg 'H Qoufog stsv^sv dviycri 'sr gctm <W<r;y, 

A $a.y at fsg ovTOLg, mi ccyrigoog upara 'UTolvtcx,. 


55 Huetius. Prsep. Evang. p. 86. from Cornutus de Natura Deorum. 

A like hiftory is given of ferpents in Syria by Arifbotle, 'za-sgt culbct- 

fj.ccTuvi and by Pliny and Ifidorus of birds in the iflands of Diomedes. 

56 Nonni Dionyfiaca. L. 3. p. 94. 

57 Ibid. 

58 Homer. Odyff. L. S. v. 92. 


All 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


349 


All this relates to the Cufean priefls of Vulcan or Hephaiftos 
and to the prieflhood eftablifhed in his temple: which priefl- 
hood was kept up by fucceflion, and never became extinct. 
What was Cufean, the Greeks often rendered Xgvrsiov,. as-. I 
fhall hereafter fhew. The fame people were alfo fly led Cu- 
thim ; and this word likewife among the ancients fignified 
gold : from hence thefe priefls were flyled Xgutrsioi /cvvsg. We 
find the like hiflory in Crete : here too was a golden dog, 
which Zeus had appointed to be the guardian of his temple S9 . 
By comparing thefe hiflories I think we cannot fail of arriv¬ 
ing at the latent meaning. The God of light among other 
titles was flyled Cahen, or Chan-Ades : but the term being 
taken in the fame acceptation here, as in the inflances above, 
the Deity was changed to a dog, and faid to refide in the hit- 
fernal regions. From hence he was fuppofed to have been 
dragged to light by Hercules of Thebes. The notion both of 
Cerberus and Hades being fubterraneous Deities took its rife 
from the temples of old being fituated near vafl caverns, which 
were efleemed paflages to the realms below. Such were in 
Meffenia, in Argolis, in Bithynia, and at Enna in Sicily; not 
to mention divers other places. Thefe temples were often 
named Kir-Abor ; and the Deity Chan-Ades ; out of which 
terms the Greeks formed Toy K sg£egov Kvvct. dJis ; and fabled, 
that he was forced into the upper air by Hercules through 
thefe infernal inlets. And as temples fimilar in name and 
fituation were built in various parts, the like hiflory was told 
of them all. Paufanias takes notice of this event, among 


59 Tor K wet t ov z'cvcreov (o Zeus) <pvAccr n .stv to Upgv ev KpjTtf. Anto¬ 


ninus Liberalis. c. 35. p. 180. 

9 


other 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 



other places, being afcribed to the cavern at 60 Tasnarus ; as 
well as to one at 61 Troezen, and to a third near the city 62 Her- 
mione. The Poet Dionyfius Ipeaks of the feat being per¬ 
formed in the country of the Marianduni near Colchis. 

63 K au M ctgiotv&vvcav hgov 'sredov, evtf svs7ts(nv 
O vSoua K gov&oLO fjLsyotv kvvol ¥LcChKeo<puvov 
'Keg<riv a.ve\zo{JLSVov (jLsyaArjTogog 'HgowXriog, 

A ElVOV QL7T0 S'OfJLCtTCCV fic&hSSlV (TlQlXwfeot ’^(V'KOV, 

But however the Deity in all thefe inftances may have been 
degraded to the regions of darknefs, yet he was the God of 
light, K.vv-d&r,g ; and fuch was the purport of that name. He 
was the fame as Apollo, as may be proved from the Cu- 
nidee at Athens, who were a family fet apart for his fervice. 

K VWI&CU, ysvog A 0 ijwjaw 

Hefychius. The Cunnidai are a family at Athens ; out of which 
the priefi of Apollo Cunnius is chofen. He ftyles him Apollo 
Cunnius : but the Cunidai were more properly denominated 
from Apollo Cunides, the fame as Cun-Ades. Pofeidon was 
exprefly fly led Cun-Ades ; and he was the fame Deity as 
Apollo ; only under a different title, as I have fhewn. Kf- 

voi^g II otrsi&ojv A favrjtrip BTiftaro. Hefychius. Pofeidon was 
worjhiped at Athens under the title of Cun-Ades . 

Though I have endeavoured to fliew, that the term, of 


, s£ ov 6 hpsvg Ts K vm*$ A7toXXoovog. 


60 Paufanias of Ttenarus. L. 3. p. 275. 

61 -of Troezen. L. 2. p. 183. 

-of Hermione. L. 2. p. 196. 

6} Dionyf. n epir,yn5. v. 791. This temple ftood, according to Diodorus Siculus 
and Arrian, in the country of the Cimmerians near the Acherulian Cherfonefe. See 
Scholia to Dionyfius above. 

a which 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


35 1 



which I have been treating, was greatly mifapplied in being 
fo uniformly referred to dogs ; yet I do not mean to infinu- 
ate, that it did not fometimes relate to them. They were 
diftinguifhed by this facred title, and were held in fome de- 

of 6+ veneration : but how far they were reverenced is 
not eafy to determine. Herodotus 6s fpeaking of the fandtity 
of fome animals in Egypt, fays, that the people in every fa¬ 
mily, where a dog died, fhaved themfelves all over : and he 
mentions it as a cufiom ftill fubiifting in his own time. 
Plutarch 67 differs from him. He allows, that thefe animals 
were at one time efteemed holy ; but it was before the time 
of Cambyfes : from the sera of his reign they were held in 
another light : for when this king killed the facred Apis, 
the dogs fed fo liberally upon his entrails without making a 
proper diftindtion, that they loft all their fandtity. It is of 


little confequence, whichever account be the trueft. 


They 


were certainly of old looked upon as facred ; and efteemed 
emblems of the Deity. And it was perhaps with a view to 
this, and to prevent the Ifraelites retaining any notion of this 
nature, that a dog was not fuffered to come within the pre- 


I11 the Mofai 


la 


the 


cindts of the temple at 67 Terufalem. 
price of a dog, and the hire of a harlot are put upon the 
fame level. 68 Thou Jhalt not bring the hire of a r tvhore y or the 


64 Oppida tota canem venerantur. Juvenal. Sat. 15. v. 8. 
Diodorus. L. 1. p. 16. 

65 H.erodotus. L. 2. c. 66. 

60 Plutarch..Ifis et Ofiris. p. 368. 

67 xut'ss was a proverbial exprefilon among the Jews. 
63 Deuteronomy, c. 23. v. 1$. 



352 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

# 

» 

price of a dog> into the houfe of the Lord thy God for a?iy vow : 
for both thefe are an abomination to the Lord thy God. 

To conclude : The Dog in Egypt was undoubtedly called 
Cahen, and Cohen ; a title by which many other animals 
and even vegetables were honoured, on account of their being 
confecrated to fome Deity. The Greeks did not confider, 
that this was a borrowed appellation, which belonged to the 
Gods., and their Priefts; and was from them extended to 
many things held facred. Hence they have continually re- 



have mi fre prefen ted many curious pieces of hiftory; and a 

number of idle fables have been devifed to the difparagement 
of all that was true.. 


O F 



(. 353 ) 




O F 


G H U S, 

STYLED 

X P T 2 O X, and X P T 2 A £2 P. 

A MONG the different branches of the great Amonian 

family, which fpread themfelves abroad, the fbns of 
Chus were the moft confiderable; and at the fame time the 
moft enterprifing. They got accefs into countries widely 
diftant; where they may be traced under different denomi- 
nations, but more particularly by their family title. This 
we might expert; the Greeks to have rendered Chufos, and 
to have named the people Xvtraiotj Chuhei. But by a fatal 
mifprifion they uniformly changed thefe terms to words more 
familiar to their ear, and rendered them X^ycro£, and Xgvcrsioi, 
as if they had a reference to gold. I have before mentioned 
the various parts of the world, where the Amonians fettled ; 
and efpecially this branch of that family. Their moft con¬ 
fiderable colonies weftward were in Ionia, and Hellas ; and 
about Cuma, and Liguria in Italy ; and upon the coaft of 

Vol. I. Z z Iberia 


354 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

Iberia in Spain. They were likewife to be found in Cyrene ; 
and hill farther in Mauritania, and in the iflands oppoflte to 
that coaft. In the north they were to be met with at Col¬ 
chis, towards the foot of Mount Caucafus, and in moffc re¬ 
gions upon the coaft of the Euxine fea. In the hiftories of 
thefe countries the Grecians have conftantly changed Chu- 
fos, the Gentile name, to Chrufos, Xgv<rog ; and Chus-Or, 
Chuforus, to Xgvo’oog) Chrufor : and in confequence of this 
alteration they have introduced in their accounts of thele 
places fome legend about gold. Hence we read of a golden 
fleece at Colchis ; golden apples at the Hefperides ; at 1 Tar- 
teflus a golden cup; and at Cuma in Campania a golden 
branch : 

Aureus et foliis, et lento vimine, ramus. 

Something flmilar is obfervable in the hiftory of Cyrene. 
The natives were not remarkable for either mines, or mer- 
chandife : yet Palasphatus having mentioned that they were 
za,T& ysvog AiQlqtteQ) Ethiopians by extraction, that is, Cu- 

feans, fubjoins : * E un S'a cnpac^a ^ycro/. Pindar in celebrat¬ 
ing each happy circumftance of the Infulas Fortunatas men¬ 
tions, that there were trees with branches of gold : 3 A vOsfACt- 
$s %gv<r& cpKsysi. The river Phafls in Colchis was fuppofed 

1 In this golden cup Hercules was fuppofed to have palled over the ocean. Xp- 
treov — S'ziroLz.^ tv J tov cay.tot.vov Sie7TBDct(rev Hpocy Apollodorus. L. 2. p. 100, 
There was likewife in the fame place a ftory about a golden belt. Philo ftratus. 
Vita Apollon. L. 5. p. 212. 

Palasphatus,. Edit. Elz. 1642. p. 76. the author would not fay afyofycc 'gtXbgioi^. 
tut keeps to the ancient term xpvcroi, though it is fcarce fenfe, 

3 Pindar. Olymp. Ode 2. ccvTi^po^^ p. 25. 

7 


to 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 355 

to have abounded with gold : and the like was pretended of 
the Hermus and Padtolus in Ionia. Not only the Poets, but 
many of the graver 4 hiftorians fpeak of their golden fanas. 
Yet there is reafon to doubt of the fadt: for not one of them 
produces any good voucher for what they fuppofe. They 
do not mention any trade carried on, nor riches accruing 
from this lucky circumftance : fo that there is no reafon to 
think, that one grain of gold was gathered from thefe cele¬ 
brated ftreams. Among the feveral iflands occupied by this 
people were Rhodes, and Delos. In the former the chief 
city is faid to have been bleffed with fhowers of gold. 5 

'STOTe Seoov BacnAsus 6 fjLsyctg •fcgvroug vi<pcx,$s<r<n 'WoXiv. 

At Delos every thing was golden, even the flippers of the 
God. 

& 

6 Xgvfrsct kcli to. 'DTsSiXa, 'GToXwfcgvrog yct.g A 7 T 0 AAWV. 

And this not only in after times, when the ifland was en¬ 
riched with offerings from different nations, but even at the 
birth of the God ; by which is meant the foundation of his 
temple, and introdudtion of his rites. 


4 ’5Lpvcro(pogtiG’i cT v ’ ex t » K ocjxccctb 'sroAAou 'zcrwyou cctpctves. Appian. de Bello 

Mithridat. p. 242. Salauces, an ancient king of Colchis, was faid to have abounded 
with gold. Pliny. L. 33. c. 15. p. 614. Arrian fuppofes that they put fleeces 
into the rivers to intercept {^fiy/xac cupctves) this imperceptible mineral •, and that 
from hence arofe the fable of the Golden Fleece. 

5 Pindar. Olymp. Ode 7. p. 64. 

6 Callimachus. Hymn to Apollo, v. 34. 

In like manner there was a fliower of gold at Thebes in Bceotia. Pindar fpeaks 
of Jupiter Xputrw fAeaorvxrioyvi^ovToc. Ifthm. Ode 7. p. 476. 



Z z 2 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 



7 Xgv(rsot roi tots 'umvroi SepeiMct yeivctTo , Ariks, 

Xgvvcc S's Tgoy£0£<r<rcc r UTOLvr\^Legog sppss kifjivr), 

Xgv<rsiov S' ezofjutrrs ysvsOkiov sgvog skout]g, 

Xgvtrw Sz 'ur7\Y\[JLfjLVge fictflvg Ivooffog skiy^sig, 

Avtv <5s yjgvvoio cc7r xSsog iikso 'Zzra/Ja, 

Ev <T sEoiksv %oX7roi<riv. 

We find, that the very foil and foundations of the ifiand 
were golden : the lake floated with golden waves : the olive 
tree vegetated with golden fruit : and the river Inopus, deep 
as it was, fwelled with gold. Homer in a Hymn to the fame 
perfonage reprefents the whole more compendioufly by fay¬ 
ing, that the ifland was weighed down with treafure : 

* Xgv<ru) <T ago, At]hog oL7roL<m 

B z^giQzi. 

« 

I have before mentioned, that the Amonians fettled in Li¬ 
guria : and in confequence of it the Heliadce are reprefented 
as weeping not only amber, but gold. Philoftratus, fpeak- 
ing of a particular fpecies of fir-trees in Baetica, fays, that 
they dropped blood, juft as the Heliadze upon the Padus did 


7 Callim. Hymn to Delos, v. 260. 

^ _ 

Homer. Hymn to Apollo, v. 135. 

9 lleuxyis eiYob erepcv 9 P\.ei€ecrBau di/xo&Tt^ xccBoc7r£g tw ^pvTto nrnv r HA iccScc cci- 

yeigov. Philoftratus. L. 5. p. 211. ypfchylus mentions the Arimafpians as living 
upon a golden ft ream * 

Ol %'gUCTGppUTQU 

Oixxcriv upapi vccy.cc HAbtwos 'arapa. Prometheus, p. 49. 


Chus 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


357 


Chus by the Egyptians and Canaanites was ftyled Or- 



Chus, and 10 Chus-Or ; the latter of which was exprefied 
by the Greeks, analogous to the examples above, X^vcroog, 
Chrufor : and we learn in Eufebius from Philo, that Chru- 
for was one of the principal Deities of the Phenicians, a 
reat benefactor to mankind ; and by fome fuppofed to have 
been the fame as Hephaftus. Both the Tyrians and Sido- 
nians were undoubtedly a mixed race ; and preferved the 
memory of Ham, and Chus, equally with that of Canaan. 

This name fo often rendered Chrufos, and Chrufor, was 
fometimes changed toXgvcr&odg, Chrufaor; and occurs in many 
places, where the Cuthites were known to have fettled. We 
have been fhewn, that they were a long time in Egypt ; and 
we read of a Chrufaor in thofe parts, who is faid to have arifen 
from the blood of Medufa. 


11 E§£$o££ Xgvtraug ts ^eyag, kou Hr\ya(rog Itwos, 

We meet with the fame Chrufaor in the regions of Alia Minor, 
efpecially among the Carians. In thefe parts he was parti¬ 
cularly worfhiped, and faid to have been the firft deified mor¬ 
tal. The great Divan of that nation was called Chrufaorium; 
and there was a city 11 Chrufoaris ; and a temple of the fame 


ro Hence the celebrated city in Egypt had the name of Cerchufora. Some traces 
of Orcus may be found in Zeus Hircius, and Orcius, mentioned by Paufanias. L. 5. 
p. 442. He fuppofes the name to be from opKos, an oath, and mentions a legend 
to that purpofe. 

11 Hefiod. Theog. v. 281. 

11 'XgvcrccogiSj 'izroXis K a.gict$ • ■ ■ E/rcg(pgoJ;TOS JV t yip r uiai<ja.v veto pi S'a A eyeaOxt 

($w/). Steph. Byzant. 


name* 




The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


name. 


1 3 


Eyyvg h ir\s 'sroXewg to th X^vrotogecos A iog koivov 

'OWOLVTMV KCtgUVy SIS 0 C TVVIOUTI &VTOLVTZS TS KOLl fixXSVTCtfJLeVOl. 

This city was properly called Chus-Or; and built in memory 
of the fame perfon, as the city Chufora, called alio 14 Cer- 
chufora, in Egypt. It was undoubtedly founded by fome of 
the fame family, who in aftertimes worfhiped their chief an- 
ceflor; as the Sidonians and Syrians did likewife. For this 
we have the teftimony of Sanchoniathon ; who having men¬ 
tioned the various benefits bellowed upon mankind by Chru- 
faor, fays at the conclufion, 15 A io mi cog §sov olvtov [jlstcl 3-cc- 

vcirov ecrs£ct(r@Y}<rctv‘ For which reafo7i after his death they wor- 
floiped him as a God. The firfl king of Iberia was named 
Chrufaor, the reputed father of 16 Geryon ; and he is faid to 
have been ttroAuv^ycros, a perfon of great wealth : all which is 
an Egyptian hifiory transferred from the Nile to the Boetis. 

*_ 7 Xgvcrctwg <T BTSKS TgimgYlVOV E Y)gVOPy\CLi 

Miyfeig KaAA^oij Ki$gY\ EIkzclvoiq. 


Geryon of Spain was, according to this mythology of the Poet, 
the fon of Chrufaor ; and Chrufaor was confefledly of Egyp¬ 
tian original: fo that whatever the fable may allude to, it 
mull have been imported into Bcetica from Egypt by fome 


15 Strabo. L. 14. p. 975. Zeus was a title conferred upon more than one of the 
family. 

14 Herodotus. L. 2. c. 15. Alfo c. 17. and 97. called by Strabo K epxetrvpx. 
L. 17. p. 1160. 

* 5 Sanchoniathon apud Eufeb. Prasp. Evang. L. 1. p. 35. 

16 Diodorus Sic. E. 4. p. 224. 

17 Heiiod. Theog. v. 287. 

Tpicr&f/.ccTOv (3oTnp* E'p’jftetoc.s. Euripides. Hercules Furens. v. 4 2 3 * 


of 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 359 

* 

of the Tons of Chus. The Grecians borrowed this term, and 
applied it to Apollo ; and from this epithet, Chrufaor, he 
was denominated the God of the golden fword. Homer ac¬ 
cordingly ftyles him 18 A 7 ToAA&y oc Xgvrctogoi. : and fpeaking of 

Apollo’s infancy he fays, 19 Oy<T ctg AftQhXMOL XgvroLogct §v\<rouro 
fjLYjTYjg : and Diana is termed ao AvromnyvKirri Xgvrotogog A7roA- 
A cavog. 

This title cannot pohibly relate to the implement fuppofed: 
for it would be idle to ftyle an infant the God of the golden 
fword. It was a weapon, which at not time was afcribed to 
him : nor do I believe, that he is ever reprefented with one 
either upon a gem, or a marble. He is defcribed as wifhing 
for a harp, and for a bow. 

Ehj pot KiQoigig re <piXri, mi m^vKa roja. 

% 

And his mother is faid to have been pleafed that the pro¬ 
duced him to the world an archer: 

** Xcuge Se Ajyrw, 

'Ovvem ro^o(po^ov mi mgregov viov enzrev. 

Thefe habiliments are often fpecified : but I do not recollect 
any mention made of a fword, nor was the term Chrufaor of 
Grecian etymology. 

Since then we may be allured that Chus was the perfon al- 

Homer. Iliad. O. v. 256. 

19 Homer. Hymn to Apollo, v. 123. 

“° Second Hymn to Diana, v. 3. 

Perfeus is ftyled 'Kpva-cc.opos in Orpheus de Lapid. c. 15. v. 41* 

Homer. Hymn to Apollo, v. 131. 

2,1 Ibid. v. 126. 


luded 



366 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

luded to under the name of Chrufos, Chrufor, and Chrufaor; 
we need not wonder that his fubftitute Apollo is fo often, 
fly led XgvcroxofjLris, and XgvcroXvgog : that the harp, called by 
the Amonians 23 Chan-Or, and Cuth-Or, from the fuppoled 
inventor, fhould by the Grecians be denominated XgiiFsot cpog- 

(Jjyz; 24 At roKKavog : that fo many cities, where Apollo was par¬ 
ticularly worfhiped, fhould be called Chrufe, and Chrufo- 
polis ; the number of which was of no fmall 25 amount. Nor 
is this obfervable in cities only, but in rivers, which were 
named in the fame manner. For it was ufual in the firft ages 
to confecrate rivers to Deities, and to call them after their 
names. Hence many were denominated from Chuforus, 
which by the Greeks was changed to Xgvtroppocig ; and from 

gold. The 

Nile was called Chruforrhoas ' 6 , which had no pretenlions to 
gold : and there was a river of this name at 27 Damafcus. 
Others too might be produced, none of which had any claim 
to that mineral. There was a ftream Chruforroas near the 
Amazonian city Themifcura in aS Pontus : and the river Pac- 
tolus was of old fo called, whence probably came the notion 


this miftake they were fuppofed to abound with 


Apollo was reprefented as the author of the lyre, called among the oriental 
nations Kinor, and Cuthar: from the latter of which came x/ 0 ocpi ? 9 and cithara in 
the weft. 

Pindar, Pyth. Ode i. 

2,5 Xpucrtf, ii <zco\is ry A/roAAttj'cs eTyus —xccl AecrCiccs tottos * jc cli Tlccvn- 

$'CCiq*l<X A )1 fJLVS CCX-pCOTVOlOV 5 CCCl SV B< 0 LTiC& 5 XCil 'VTZOl XctA Xn^OVCt, KO&l TVS KctglQLS* 

Tccci &v ty) 'A?ux&pvcccri'^i /Xoopiov 'zzrzJ'iov' zv 'fc/WnaTTovTcp' xcti aAA/j Xeppo- 

v/icros T375 h’S'ixvs' zv cT5 T/i BKTos Vary# Iv^iTcv. Stephanus Byzant. 

Cedrcnus. p. 12. 

2,7 Strabo. L. 16. p. 1095. 

* 8 Hoffman Lexic. 


of 



•The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 361 

of its abounding with gold. 29 HaKraXog nrorapLog s?i rrig Av- 

dictg - skoAsito <5s nrgoTsgov Xgvcroppoag. It was named Chru- 

forrhoas firft, and in aftertimes Padtolus : whence we may 
conclude in refpedt to gold, that the name was not given on 
account of any fuch circumftance ; but the notion was in¬ 
ferred from the name. 

It is apparent that this repeated miftake arofe in great mea- 
fure from the term Chufus and Chrufus being limilar: 
whence the latter was ealily convertible into the former j 
which to the Grecians appeared a more intelligible, and at 
the fame time a more fplendid, title. But there was Bill 
another obvious reafon for this change. Chus was by many 
of the eaftern nations expreffed Cuth ; and his pofterity the 
Cuthim. This term in the ancient Chaldaic, and other 
Amonian languages, lignified 30 gold : hence many cities and 
countries, where the Cuthites fettled, were defcribed as 
golden, and were reprefented by the terms Chrufos and 
Chrufe. Thefe, as I have fhewn, had no relation to gold, 
but to Ghus, who was reverenced as the Sun, or Apollo; 
and was looked upon as Dionufus ; but may more truly be 
efteemed Bacchus. Hence, when the poet Dionylius men¬ 
tions the ifland Chrufe in 31 India, his commentator obferves ; 
XgvvY) vYjcrog, Xsyo[asm 4 rcag, Y) ha to cpsgsiv, i) Kara rov 

19 Plutarch de fiuminibus. p. 1151. The original name was Chrufaor, which 
had no relation to a golden ftream : at leaft that part of it was fo named which ran 

through the city Maftaura. See Stephanus Byzant. Ma^-awca. 

30 EDrO of the Hebrews. 

31 Dionylius r nrefwy> js. v. 589. Scholia ibidem. 


VOL. I. 


A a a 


Aiovvcrov' 



362 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology 


Aiovvrov' and at laft concludes, 3 * Xpv(T8$ sipcu '&rug $ozst 


j]A log. 


Egypt 


former diflertation concerning the Shepherd Kings in 
I have fhewn that they were the fons of Chus, who 
came into that country under the title of Auritas. They fet¬ 
tled in a province named from them Cufhan, which was 
the upper part of Delta 


and 


after times called Nomos 


Arabicus 


was in the vicinity of Memphis, and Aphrodi 


polis, which places they likewife 


33 


pied 


♦ 

have men 


If 


tioned that Chufos was often expreffed Chrufos, and the 
country of the Cuthim rendered the golden country, 
then there be that uniformity in errour which I maintain 
may be expe&ed that in the hiftory of thefe plac 


there 


fhould be fome reference to gold 
this part of Egypt, conformably 


remarkable that all 
what I have faid, was 


chlled Xgvcrv, Chrufe. Here was the campus aureus, and 
Aphrodite Aurea of the Romans : and all the country about 

Memphis was ftyled golden 


To this Diodorus 


among 


others, bears witnefs : 34 Tijy rs AQgohrw ovopage&cu 'sr-agct 

Toiq sy^oogioig Xgv(TY)V EK IIAAAIA2 ITAPAA02Ef2£, kcll 

stvou naAspLsvov X%v<rr\g A<p£0<3mj? 'srsgi rw 
M eucpiV' When the Cuthite fhepherds came into Egypt 


34 The ancients, as I have before obferved, were not confiftent in their theology. 
The Sun was properly Cham, ftyled alio Orus; bur* as a title* was beftowed upon 

more perfons than one. 

33 Jofephus of Salatis, the firft: Shepherd King 5 c Quros ev t]i Mef/.cpiS't xctreyive'ia. 
Contra Apion. L. 1. §. 14. 


34 Diodorus Sic. L. i< p* 88. 


they 


9 



Tj&e Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 



made Memphis tj^e feat of royal 35 refidence: and hard 
by was ihe pome of Aphrodite, and the Arabian nome, 
.which they particularly po Hefted : and which in confequence 
of it yyere feoth ftyled the regions of the Cuthim. Hence 
came the tide of ?6 Aphrodite Chrufe: and hence the coun¬ 
try had the name o.f the Golden diftridt. The ifland at the 
point of Delta, where <ftood the city Cercufora, is called 
Gieferat 37 Eddahib, or the Golden liland, at this day. Dio¬ 
dorus mentions, that this appellation of Chrufe was derived 
from a very evident tradition. This tradition undoubtedly 
related to the Ihepherds, thofe fons of Chus, who were fo 
long in pofteflion of the country ; and whofe hiftory was of 
the higheft antiquity. 

4 

The Cuthites in the weft occupied only feme particular 
fpots : but from Babylonia eaftward the greateft part of that, 
extenlive fea-coaft feems to have been in their pofteftion. 
In the hiftory of thefe parts there is often feme allufton to 
gold, as may be feen in the ifland Chrufe, above mentioned ; 
and in the Cherfonefus Aurea, which lay beyond the Ganges: 
and not only of gold, but fometimes a reference to brais ; and 
this from a ftmilar miftake. For as Chufus was changed to 
Chrufus, X^ucros, gold ; fo was Cal-Chus, the hill, or place 
of Chus, converted to Chalcus, X&A/C 0 £, brafs. Colchis was 
properly Col-Chus ; and therefore called alfo Cuta, and Cu- 



35 Jofephus contra Apion. L. i. c. 14. 

36 Juflin Martyr mentions this : E yvea yc&o xai t ?}&•-$ Xai/fw ApaoJVrtts ev Aiyv 7 r- 
Ty Xeyoy^vov^ -kcli 'z&e^tov Xpuyjjs A(pgoaiTns evoycc^oysyoi'. Cohort, p* 28. Chrufe 
Aphrodite is plainly the Cuthite Venus *, the Deity of the Cuthim. 

37 Pocock’s and Norden’s Travels, and maps of the country about Cairo. 

A a 2 


tala. 



364 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

♦ 

rendered 

Chalcion, XaA tciov, gave rife to the fable of brazen bulls ; 
which were only Colchic Tor, or towers. There was a re¬ 
gion named Colchis in 38 India : for where the Cuthites fet¬ 
tled, they continually kept up the memory of their fore- 

their names. This being a fe- 
cret to Philoftratus has led him into a deal of myfterious er- 
rour. It is well known, that this people were flyled Oreitse, 
and Auritae, both in Egypt and in other parts'. Philoftratus 
fays that 39 Apollonius came to a fettlement of the Oreitse 

4 

upon the Indian Ocean. He alfo vifited the Pegadae ; and, 
what is remarkable, he met with a people, whofe very rocks 
were brazen ; their fand was brazen : the rivers conveyed 
down their ftreams line filaments of brafs : and the natives 
efteemed their land golden on account of the plenty of brafs. 
Now what is this detail, but an abufe of terms, ill under- 
ftood, and fhamefully mifapplied ? Philoftratus had heard 
of a region in India ; the hiftory of which he would fain ren¬ 
der marvellous. The country, whither Apollonius is fup- 
pofed to go, was a province of the Indo-Cuthites, who were 
to be met with in various parts under the title of Oreitae. 
They were worfhipers of fire, and came originally from the 
land of Ur ; and hence had that name. The Pegadse of the 

38 Colchis near Comar. Arrian Periplus maris Erythrsei. Geog. Vet. Vol. i. 
P- 33 - 

39 Kqst <x.<r%€tv cTe (petal kcci es Thiyccfa.-, tcov Oobitcov x&paLS. 'Otfe f IcetTact, 

fj.Bu ccvtols cci 'ujst petty S'B ^etptyioSy cf's ^pvyptct oi 'VjoTctfjLOi 

ccyio-t. XpuG-iTiv iyevTou rnv yyv J\ct tw evyeveixv Philoftratus. Vita 

Apollon. L. 3. p. 155, 


fathers, and called places by 


taia. But what was Colchian being fometimes 


country 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 


3&5 


country 


what we now call Pagodas ; and which 


• r 


well known to need defcribing. There were in this part of 
the world feveral cities, and temples, dedicated to the me 
mory of Chus. Some of thefe are famous at this day, though 
denominated after the Babylonifh dialedt Cutha, and Cuta ; 
witnefs Calcutta, and Calecut. The latter feems to have 
been the capital of the region called of old Colchis. This 
was more truly expreffed Cal-Chus ; which Philoftratus has 
miftaken for XaA^o?, brafs; and made the very 40 rocks and 
rivers abound with that mineral. And yet, that the old 
miftake about gold may not be omitted, he concludes with a 
ftrange antithefis, by faying, that the natives efteemed their 
country Chrufitis, or golden, from the quantity of 41 brafs. 

It has been my endeavour to prove that what the Grecians 
reprefented by Chrufos, Chrufor, and Chrufaor, fhould have 
been expreffed Chus, Chufos, and Chufor, called alfo Chus- 
Orus. 


Chus was the fon of Ham ; and though the names 
of the Grecian Deities are not uniformly appropriated, yet 
Ham is generally looked upon as 'H/\jo£, the Sun ; and had 
the title Dis, and Dios : hence the city of Amon in Egypt 
was rendered Diofpolis. If then Chrufos, and Chrufor, be, 
as I have fuppofed, Chus; the perfon fo denominated muft 
have been, according to the more ancient mythology, the 
fon of Helius, and Dios. We find accordingly that it was fo.. 
The Scholiaft upon Pindar exprefiy fays, 42 A log 'urctig 6 Xgvtrog. 
And in another place he is faid to have been the offspring of 


4 ° 


41 


4 ~- 


The Petra and Pagoda were the fame: both names for temples,. 

This miftake arofe from Cal-Chus beino; ftvled the region of the Cuthim 

%—J * LJ 

Scholia upon Pindar. Pyth..Ode 4. p. 259. 


Helios, 



g66 The Analysis op Ancient Mythology* 

* 

Helios, who was no other than Cham. A3 Hk ^@siolc jcgu '*$?[&. 


giovos 'HA;o£, e/c tJs 'HAiB o 'Xgvros. -Magic and incantations 
are attributedto Chus, as the inventor j and they-were certain¬ 


ly firfl pradtifed among his Tons : hence 


faid by Sanpho 


niathon, , - 44 ‘ Toy Xgvcwg Koyas ar/cyjtrcu tcou erafe, /ecu fAcu/Te/oeg. 
He was however efteemed a great benefa&or; and many Ta- 
lutary inventions were aferibed to him. He had particularly 
the credit of being the firft, who ventured upon the Teas i 

this can be 
es Tull well 


H gctrroii re isravreav oep^urm '&r-tevr&/. Whether 
Taid truly of Chus himTelf, is uncertain: it agr 


with the hiftory of his Tons j who, as we have the greatell re 
fon to be allured, were the firli great navigators in the world 


41 Scholia upon Pindar. Ifth. Ode 5. p. 462. 

** Sanchoniachon. apud Eufeb. Pi:a?p. Evang. L. 1. c.. 10. p. 35, 
+J Sanchoniath. ibid. 


O F 



( 3 6 7 ) 



O F 

CANAAN, C NAAN, and X N A S : 

9 

And of the Derivative KTKNOS. 


L UCIAN tells us, that reflecting upon the account given- 

of Phaethon, who fell thunderftruck into the Eridanus, 


and of his lifters, who were changed to poplars, weeping 

amber, he took a refolution, if he Ihould ever be near the 

■ 

4 

fcene of thefe wonderful transitions, to inquire among the 
natives concerning the truth of the 1 ftory. It fo happened, 
that, at a certain time, he was obliged to go up the river 
above mentioned : and he fays, that he looked about very 
willfully; yet to his great amazement he faw neither amber, 
nor poplar. Upon this he took the liberty to afk the people, 
who rowed him, when he fhould arrive at the amber-drop¬ 
ping trees: but it was with fome difficulty that he could 
make them underhand, what he "meant. Pie then explained 
to them the ftory of Phaethon : how he borrowed the chariot 
of the Sun; and being an awkward charioteer, tumbled 
headlong into the Eridanus : that his ftfters pined away with 
grief; and at laft were transformed to trees, the fame of 


r Lucian, de Ele&ro. Yol. 2. p. 523. Edit. Salmurii. 

* 


which 


*68 




“The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


which he had juft fpoken : and he allured them, that thefe 
trees were to be found fomewhere upon the banks, weeping 
amber. Who the. deuce, fays one of the boatmen, could 
tell you fuch an idle ftory ? We never heard of any chario¬ 
teer tumbling into the river; nor have we, that I know of, 
a Ungle poplar in the country. If there were any trees 
hereabouts dropping amber, do you think, mailer, that we 

would fit here day after day, tugging againft the ftream for 

» % 

a dry groat, when we might ftep afhore, and make our for¬ 
tunes fo eafily ? This affedted Lucian a good deal : for he 
had formed fome hopes of obtaining a little of this precious 
commodity ; and began to think that he muft have been im- 
pofed upon. However as Cycnus, the brother of Phaethon, 
was here changed to a fwan, he took it for granted that he 
fhould find a number of thofe birds, failing up and down 
the ftream, and making the groves echo with their melody. 
But not perceiving any in a great fpace, he took the liberty, 
as he paiLed onward, to put the queftion again to the boat¬ 
men; and to make enquiry about thefe birds. Pray, gentle¬ 
men, fays he, at what particular feafon is it that your fwans 
hereabouts ling fo fweetly ? It is faid, that they were for¬ 


merly men, and always at Apollo’s fide 


being 


in a manner 


of his privy council. Their fkill in mulick muft have been 
very great: and though they have been changed into birds, 
they retain that faculty, and, I am told, ling mo ft melodi- 
oufly. The watermen could not help fmiling at this account. 
Why, fir, fays one of them, what ftrange ftories you havQ 
picked up about our country, and this river ? We have plied 
here, men and boys, for years : and to be fure we cannot fay* 

thaf 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


3 6 9 

that we never faw a fwan : there are fome here and there to¬ 
wards the fens ; which make a low dull noife : but as for any 
harmony, a rook or a jackdaw in comparifon of them may 
be looked upon as a nightingale. 

Such are the witty ftridiures of Lucian upon the ftory of 
Phaethon, and Cycnus, as defcribed by the poets. What¬ 
ever may have been the grounds upon which this fiction is 
founded, they were certainly unknown to the Greeks ; who 
have mifinterpreted what little came to their hands, and 
from fuch mifconffcrudtion devifed thefe fables. The flory, 
as we have it, is not uniformly told. Some, like Lucian, 
fpeak of fwans in the plural; and fuppofe them to have been 
the minifters, and attendants of Apollo, who aflifted at his 
concerts. Others mention one perfon only, called Cycnus ; 
who was the reputed brother of Phaethon, and at his death 
was transformed to the bird of that name. The fable is the 
fame whichever way it may be related, and the purport of it 
is likewife the fame. There is one miftake in the ftory, 
which I muft fet right before I proceed; as it may be of fome 
confequence in the procefs of my enquiry. Phaethon is re- 
prefented by many of the poets as the offspring of the Sun, 
or Apollo : a Sole fatus Phaethon. But this was a miftake, 
and to be found chiefly among the Roman poets. Phaethon 
was the Sun. It was a title of Apollo ; and was given to 
him as the God of light. This is manifeft from the tefti- 

O 

mony of the more early Greek poets, and particularly from 
Homer, who ufes it in this acceptation. 

2 Ovid. Metamorph. L. i. v. 751. 

B b b 


VOL. I, 


O vdsTTOT 



37° 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology 


3 OvSS7T0T O.VT3S 
HsXlO$ ®0L$@00V SWlfeglteTOU OMTlVS<r(TlV . 

In refpe£t to Cycnus and his brotherhood, thofe vocal mi- 
nifters of Apollo, the ftory, which is told of them, undoubt¬ 
edly alludes to Canaan the fon of Ham ; and to the Canaan- 
ites his pofterity. They fent out many colonies ; which co¬ 
lonies, there is great reafon to think, fettled in thofe places, 
where thefe legends about fwans particularly prevailed. The 
name of Canaan was by different nations greatly varied, and 
ill exprefled: and this mifconftruAion among the Greeks 
gave rife to the fable. To Aiew this it will be proper to 
give an account of the rites and cuftoms of the Canaanites, 
as well as of their extenflve traffick. Among the many 
branches of the Amonian family, which fettled in various 
parts of the world, and carried on an early correfpondence, 
the Canaanites were not the leaft refpetflable. They traded 
from Sidon chiefly, before that city was taken by the king of 
Afcalon : and upon their commerce being interrupted here. 


3 Homer. Odyfil L. A. v. 15. Phaethon was univerfally allowed to be the Sun 
by the ancient mythologifts of Greece •, to whom we muft appeal, and not to the 
Roman poets. Orpheus fays, 

HeA/oy dovrcc tty upfj.cccn 'zetcoAoj ocysGi. de Lapid. v. 90, 

And in another place \ 

Eu0u$ ot sx, ‘megctToov yccws <f 'cteQcov ccropB(rcov , seA. 

Phaethon was the fame as Phanes : and. there is fomething very myftefious in his 
chara<£ter. He is reprefented as the fi'rft-born of heaven : FlpcoToyovos Ts-spi- 

ft»y~eo$ H mos . Hunc ait (Orpheus) elfe omnium Deorum parentem ; quorum 
caufa coelum condiderit, liberifque profpexerit, ut haberent habitaculum, fedemque 
communem : ExTicrev A§ccvcctql$ S'ofAov aqfiiTQV* LacStantius de falfa religione*. 
Li* 1* c. p. 1^. 




The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 371 

they * removed it to the ftrong hold of Tyre. This place 
was foon improved to a mighty city, which was very memo¬ 
rable in its day. The Canaanites, as they were a lifter tribe 
of the Mizraim, fo were they extremely like them in their 
rites and religion. They held a heifer, or cow, in higfi 
veneration, agreeably to the 5 cuftoms of Egypt. Their 
chief Deity was the Sun, whom they worfhiped together 
with the Baalim, under the titles of Ourchol, Adonis, Tha- 
muz. It was a cuftom among the Grecians at the celebra¬ 
tion of their religious feftivals to crown the whole with 
hymns of praife, and the mod; joyful exclamations. But the 
Egyptians were of a gloomy turn of mind, which infedted 
the whole of their worfhip. Their hymns were always com- 
pofed in melancholy affecting airs, and conflfted of lamen¬ 
tations for the lofs of Oliris, the myftic flight of Bacchus, 
the wanderings of Ifis, and the fufferings of the Gods. Apu- 
leius takes notice of this difference in the rites and worfhip 
of the two nations : 6 iEgyptiaca numinum fana plena plan- 
goribus: Graeca plerumque choreis. Hence the author of 
the Orphic Argonautica, {peaking of the initiations in Egypt, 
mentions, 

7 0£i)j&£ T* Aiyv7rTiwv, KOLi Ongidos hgcc yv tKcc. 

The Canaanites at Byblus, Berytus, Sidon, and afterwards at 

4 Phcenices paft multos deinde annos, a Rege Afcaloniorum expugnati 9 navibus 
appulfi, Tyron urbem ante annum Trojanas cladis condiderunt. Juftin. L. 18. c. 3. 
See Ifaiah. c. 23. v. 12. They enlarged Tyre: but it was a city before: for it is 
mentioned Jolhua. c. 19* v, 29. as the ftrong city Tyre. 

5 Porphyry de Abftinentia. L. 2. p. 158. 

6 Apuleius de genio Socratis. 

? Argonautica. v. 32. See dementis Cohortatio. p. 12. 

B b b 2 


Tyre, 



37 2 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


Tyre, ufed particularly mournful dirges for the lofs of 
Adonis, or Thamuz ; who was the fame as Thamas, and 
Oliris in Egypt. The Cretans had the like mournful hymns, 
in which they commemorated the grief of Apollo for the 
lofs of Atymnius. 


S A I'KlVCL fJLSXTSlVy 

c Oict 'UTtt.gct. KgY)T£<r<riv shiyouvsv A 7rtfkK®v, 




k 


OiKgVJ/EMV BgOLTZIVOV ATVfJLVIOV 


They fang in fweet, but melancholy, ftrains. 
Such as were warbled by the Delian God, 
When in the Woods of Ida he bewailed 
The lovely loft Atymnius. 


The meafures and harmony of the Canaanites feem to have 
been very affecting, and to have made a wonderful impreffion 
on the minds of their audience. The infectious mode of 
worfhip prevailed fo far, that the children of Ifrael were for¬ 
bidden to weep, and make lamentation upon a feftival : 

9 ~Eivou ya.g iogTW, koli pr) Seiv s.v olvty j 3 ycng e^sivcu. 

And Nehemiah gives the people a caution to the lame pur- 
pofe : 10 ‘This day is holy u?ito the Lord your God: mourn not , 
nor weep. And Efdras counfels them in the fame manner : 
11 This day is holy u?ito the Lord : be not for rowful. It is like- 
wife in another place mentioned, that IS the Levites filled all 
the people , faying , Hold your peace , for the day is holy : neither 


8 Nonni Dionyllaca. L. ig.,p. 520.. 

9 Jofeph. Antiq. L. 11. c. 5. p. 562, 
” Nehemiah. c. 8.. v. g. 

" 1 Efdras. c. g. v. 52, 53^. 

11 Nehemiah. c. 8, v. 11. 


be 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


373 


be ye grieved. Such was the prohibition given to the IfraeX- 
ites : but among the Canaanites this fhew of forrow was en¬ 
couraged, and made part of their 13 rites. 

The father of this people is reprefented in the Mofa'ic hif- 
tory, according to our verlion, Canaan : but there is reafon 
to think that by the Egyptians and other neighbouring na¬ 
tions it was exprelfed Cnaan. This by the Greeks was ren¬ 
dered XvoLOLg, and Xvccg ; and in later times Xvct-, Cna. 14 Xi/«, 
BTcag y\ $>oivuLY} skcxXeito —to sSvikov XvcLog. We are told by 
Philo from Sanchoniathon, that 15 Ifiris the Egyptian, who 
found out three letters, was the brother of Cna : by which 
is meant that Mizraim was the brother of Canaan. I have 
taken notice more than once of a particular term, Tz, Uc ; 
which has been paffed over unnoticed by moft writers : yet 
is to be found in the compolition of many words ; efpecially 
fuch as are of Amonian original. The tribe of Cufh was 
ftyled by Manethon, before the paflage was depraved, 

(Tog. Uch, fays this author, in the facred language of Egypt 
lignifies a 16 king. Hence it was conferred as a title upon 
the God Sehor, who, as we may infer from Manethon and 
I7 Hellanicus, was called Ucfiris, and Icliris; but by the later 


n Sanchoniathon alludes to the fongs of Canaan, and their great fweetnefs* 
when he is in an allegorical manner fpeaking of Sidon *, whom he makes a perfon, 
and the inventrefs of harmony. A iro 11cm yivzrcci ji iccl& UTrepSo^w 

$u(pcovicc5 r z&‘gct)7Yi vfjcvov ivotv . Apud Eufeb. P. E.. Lib. I. C. IO. P- 3 s - 


14 

X S 

j6 


Stephanus Byzant. 

Sanchoniathon apud Eufeb. L. i. c. io. p. 39. 

T^. JtaQ’ isoccv yAcoacrav (BcariKsct avfjcoum. Jofephus contra. Apion. L. 1. c. 



p. 445. 

17 Ofiris, Ycrtpis , according to Hellanicus. Plutarch de Iilde et Ofiride. 


Greeks 



374 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


Greeks the name was altered 


Jfiris and Ofiris. And 

; but G 


1 y the God Sehor, or Sehoris was fo exprefled ; 

Canaan, had the fame title, and was ftyled Uc-Cnas, and 


the Gentile name or po/fedive was Uc- 
eQviKOV yctp 'Kvocog, as we learn from Steph 


Tn-iCVOLog : to 
The Greeks, 


whofe cuftom it was to reduce every foreign name to fome- 
thing fimilar in their own language, changed T kkvcloq to 

K VKveiog, Uc Cnaus to Cucneus ; and from -T# Kvccg formed 
'K.VKVog. Some traces of this word ftill remain, though almoft 
effaced ; and may be obferved in the name of the Goddefs 
Ichnaia. Inftead of Uc-Cnaan the fon of Ham, the Greeks 
have fubftituted this perfonage in the feminine, whom they 
have reprefented as the daughter of the Sun. She is men¬ 
tioned in this light by Lycophron : 18 Trig 'HA is SuyuTgog 

I ‘xvociag figctSevg. They likewife changed Thamuz and Tha- 
mas of Canaan and Egypt to Themis a feminine ; and called 
her Ichnaia Themis. She is fo ftyled by Homer. 


19 


©sou <T erav sv&oQi 'uroLtrcu, 


*Ocrc mi otgig-ou s<rav, Aioovq ts 9 ‘Pair) rs, 
ly(youY) rs ®s[jug, kou ocya,?ovo,g ApupiTgmq. 

I yyouoL is here ufed adjedtively. ®£(jug fignifies The 

mis, or Thamuz, of *° Canaan. 


,8 Verfe 129. 

19 Homer’s Hymn to Apollo, v. 92. 
so Ichnia was a city in Sicily, and elfewhere. 

# 

A^vcu 'moKis ©ea-crct^icti—e^i x.cct -woXis Boiooticcs . Steph. Byzant. 

Apx.%vcuixv ogos Apyds. Ibid. Ar-Achnaion is the hill of Canaan, or the Canaan- 
itifh mount. 


There 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 375 

There was another circumftance, which probably aflifted 
to carry on the miftake : a Canaanitifh temple was called 
both Ca-Cnas, and Cu-Cnas ; and adjedtively aI Cu-Cnaios ; 
which terms there is realon to think, were rendered YLvnvos, 

and K VKVBiog. Belides all this, the fwan was undoubtedly the 
inligne of Canaan, as the eagle and vulture were of Egypt, 

and the dove of Babylonia. It was certainly the hierogly¬ 
phic of the country. Thefe were the caufes which contri¬ 
buted to the framing many idle legends ; fuch as the poets 
improved upon greatly. Hence it is obfervable, that where- 
ever we may imagine any colonies from Canaan to have fet¬ 
tled and to have founded temples, there is fome ftory about 
fwans : and the Greeks in alluding to their hymns, inftead 
of Tkkvolov a.<r[jLct, the muftck of Canaan, have introduced 

kvkvsio v OL(T^LOi, the ftnging of thefe birds : and inftead of the 
death of Thamuz lamented by the Cucnaans, or priefts, they 

have made the fwans fing their own dirge, and foretell their 
own funeral. Wherever the Canaanites came they introduced 
their national worship : part of which, as I have fhewn, com 
lifted in chanting hymns to the honour of their country God. 
He was the fame as Apollo of Greece : on which account 
Lucian, in compliance with the current notion, fays, that the 
Cycni were formerly the aflefiors, and minifters of that Deity. 
By this we are to underftand, that people of this denomina¬ 
tion were in ancient times his priefts. One part of the world, 
where this notion about fwans prevailed, was in Liguria upon 
the banks of the Eridanus. Here Phaethon was fuppofed to 
have met with his downfall: and here his brother Cycnus 

” See Radicals, p. 89. 

5 


underwent 



37 6 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


underwent the metamorphofis, of which we have fpoken. In 
thefe parts fome Amonians fettled very early; among whom 
it appears, that there were many from Canaan. They may 
be traced by the mighty works, which they carried on : for 
they drained the river towards its mouth ; and formed fome 
vaft canals, called Foftas Philiftinae. Pliny fpeaking of the 
entrance into the Eridanus fays, “ Inde oftia plena, Carbo- 
naria, ac foftiones Philiftinae, quod alii Tartarum vocant : 
omnia ex Philiftinae foflae abundatione nafcentia. Thefe canals 
were undoubtedly the work of the Canaanites, and particu¬ 
larly of fome of the Caphtorim, who came from Philiftim : 
and from hence thefe outlets of the river were named Phi¬ 
liftinae. The river betrays its original in its name : for it has 
no relation to the Celtic language; but is apparently of Egyp¬ 
tian or Canaanitifti etymology. This is manifeft from the 


terms, of which it is made up : for 


compounded of Ur 


Adon, live Orus Adonis ; and was facred to the God of that 

The river limply, and out of compofttion was Adon, 


name 


Adonis : and 


be obferved, that this is the name of 


one of the principal rivers in Canaan. It ran near the city 
Biblus, where the death of Thamuz was particularly lamented. 
It is a circumftance taken notice of by many authors; and 
moft pathetically defcribed by Milton. 

23 Thammuz came next behind, 

Whofe annual wound in Lebanon allur’d 
The Syrian damfels to lament his fate 




Pliny. L. 3. p. 173 


Milton. Paradife Loft. L. j. v. 445. See alfo Ezekiel, c. 8. v. 14 


In 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 377 

In amorous ditties all a fummer’s day : 

While fmooth Adonis from his native rock 
Ran purple to the fea; hippos’d with blood 
Of Thammuz yearly wounded. 

It is faid, that the Eridanus was fo called firft by Pherecy- 
des Syrus : and that my etymology is true, may in great mea- 
fure be proved from the as Scholiaft upon Aratus. He fhews, 
that the name was of Egyptian original, at leaffc confonant 
to the language of Egypt; for it was the fame as the Nile. 
It is certain, that it occurred in the ancient fphere of Egypt, 
from whence the Grecians received it. The great effufion of 
water in the celeftial fphere, which Aratus fays was the Nile, 
is ftill called the Eridanus : and as the name was of oriental 
original, the purport of it muft be looked for among the 
people of thofe parts. The river Strymon in Thrace was fup- 
pofed to abound with fwans, as much as the Eridanus : and 
the ancient name of this river was Palasftinus. It was fo called 
from the Amonians, who fettled here under the name of Ado- 
nians, and who founded the city Adonis. They were by the 
later Greeks fly led after the Ionic manner Edonians, and 
their city Edonis. a6 XrgVfJLoov 'uroTa^og sgri Tt\g &^amr\g koctol 

'GToXiv H $am$ 0 L, 'UTgoG’riyogsveTo ds 'nrgors.gov UcchoLig-ivog. Tloe 

Strymon is a river of Thrace, which runs by the city Edonis : it 
was of old called the river Palrefinus . In thefe places, and in 


Hyginus. Fab. 154. p. 266. not. 7. 

*ET€pot (pctcri, Srx.ctioTUTov clvtmv bivoli N zi^ov. Eratoflhenes. Cata^erifm. 37. 

* 5 KcttetTcti cTe to twv ey^oopiGov B v%epvos. Aiyuirnoi <f"e (pctai jNfaAov eivcu tov 

Scholia in Aratum. p. 48, 
i6 Plutarch de Fluminibus. VoL 2. p. 1154. 


Yol. 


C c c 



all 



378 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

all others, where any of the Canaanites fettled, the Grecians 
have introduced fome ftory about fwans. 

Some of them feem to have gained accefs at Delphi: as 
did likewife others from Egypt : and by fuch was that oracle 
firft founded. Egypt among other names was called Ait, 
and Ai Ait, by the Greeks exprefied A srict : 37 E/£A*]$jo S's — 
teat AETIA. The natives in confequence of it were called 

Aer/o/, and A stoli ; which was interpreted eagles. Hence we 
are told by Plutarch, that fome of the feathered kind, either 
eagles or fwans, came from the remote parts of the earth, 
and fettled at Delphi. 38 A stovs rivets, 17 Kvjcvssg, ca Tegsv- 

TIOLVS n^KTKS, {JLvOoXoy&CriV OL7TO TttV CiKgOOV TYjg yY\g S7TI TO [X£<T0V 

(pe^o(j.Bvag eig rctvro (TVfjL7re<reiv Uvdoi 'UTbqi rov xoChiZfJLBVov o{jL<paXov* 
Thefe eagles and fwans undoubtedly relate to colonies from 
Egypt and Canaan. I recoiled: but one philofopher ffcyled 
Cygnus : and, what is remarkable, he was of Canaan. An- 
tiochus the Academic, mentioned by Cicero in his philolo- 
phical works, and alfo by 39 Strabo, was of Alcalon in Pa- 
leftine, and he was furnamed Cygnus, the fwan : which 
name, as it is fo circumftanced, muft, I think, neceilarily al¬ 
lude to this country. 

27 Euftathius in Dionyfium. v. 239. See Steph. Byzant. Aiywnos . 

3,8 Plutarch 'izregi rav Bx^sAoi7rorcav ^pwc^wpLcov. Vol. 1. p.. 409. 

29 Strabo. L. 16. p. 1101. There was fuppofed to have been a perlbn in Thef- 
faly named Cycnus, the Ton of Apollo. He lived upon a lake Uria; which was fo 
called from his mother. 

Inde lacus Hyries videt, et Cycneia Tempe, 

Quse fubitus celebravit olor. Ovid. Metam. L. 7. v. 371. 

Uria was alfo a river in Bceotia: and here was a Cycnus, faid to have been the 
fon of Pofeidon. Paufan. L. 10. p. 831. 


6 


As 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


379 


As in early times colonies went by the name of the Deity 


, and 
every 


whom they worfhiped ; or by the name of the infigne 
hieroglyphic, under which their country was denoted ; 
depredation made by fuch people was placed to the account 
of the Deity under fuch a device. This was the manner in 
which poets defcribed things : and in thofe days all wrote in 
meafure. Hence, inftead of faying that the Egyptians, or 
Canaanites, or Tyrians, landed and carried off fuch and fuch 
perfons ; they laid, that it was done by Jupiter in the fhape 


fwan, or a bull: fubftituting an eagle for 


of an eagle, or a 
Egypt, a fwan for Canaan, and a bull for the city of 


SO 


Ty 


It is faid of the Telchines, who were Amonian priefts, that 
they came to Attica under the condudt of Jupiter in the 
fhape of an eagle. 


3 


1 Aisrog r)ye[j,Qvsvs $i' ouQegog a.mTV7rog Zevg. 


By which is meant, that they were Egyptian priefts ; and an 
eagle was probably the device in their ftandard, as well as 
the infigne of their nation. 

Some of the fame family were to be found among the At- 

lantes of Mauritania ; and are reprefented as having the fhape 

of fwans. Prometheus in TEfchylus fpeaks of them in the 

commiflion, which he gives to Io, 3a You mu ft go, fays he, as 

far 


30 E^acrGg^Ta, S's Ticca Kpctys Aioc yEpsxxQcct Tccugov' vuv cletqv kkl tcvkvqv. Por¬ 

phyry de Abftin. L. 3. p. 285. 

ria vw exewos g ct 6 To$ $ 'zzth Scci o x.v 7 tvos 1 'era See* ocutos 0 *Z,ev$$ Clemens* Alex. 
Cohort, p. 31. 

31 Nonni Bionyfiaca. L. 24. p. 626. 

3Z Tlpos Topyovescc 'zsreStcc KicGerws, Ivot 
C A1 vcubgi , S'mouoi ocopcciy 

T pas xu7tvQjJLog(pQi 9 xotvQV 0//./4. cxt wfAGvcLu iEfchyli Prometheus. p, 4^* 

C c c 2 A* 



3^o 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


far as the city Cifthene in the Gorgonian plains , where the three 
Phorcides refde , thofe ancient ‘venerable ladies , who are in the 
floape of Jwans , and have but one eye ; of which they make ufe in 


common . This hiftory relates to an Amonian temple founded 
in the extreme parts of Africa : in which there were three 
prieftefles of Canaanitiffi race ; who on that account are faid 
to be in the Ihape of fwans. The notion of their having but 
one eye among them took its rife from an hieroglyphic very 
common in Egypt, and probably in Canaan : this was the 
reprefentation of an eye, which was faid to be engraved upon 
the pediment of their 33 temples. As the land of Canaan lay 
fo opportunely for traffic, and the emigrants from, moll parts 
went under their conduct, their hiftory was, well known 
They navigated the feas very early, and were neceflarily ac¬ 
quainted with foreign regions ; to which they muft at one 
time have betaken themfelves in great numbers, when they 
fled before the fons of Ifrael. In all the places, where they 
fettled, they were famous for their hymns and mulick : all 
which the Greeks have transferred to birds ; and fuppofed, 
that they were fwans, who were gifted with this harmony. 
Yet, fweet as their notes are faid to have been, there is not, 
I believe, a perfon upon record, who was ever a witnefs to it;.. 


At y.ev ei^os Kvkvmv. Scholia ibidem. 

Qoptcuv nv ctvvp Kv gw olios' o.iJe Kvpyjvocioi tccctcc yeios ptev etcnv ASiottss. Palasphatus*. 
Edit. Elz. p. 76. 

33 To. re xou tbs ocp^ctXpuBs oi o'iipt,t&gyBVT£$' uAns ti/juols KocGisPSaty Tots ©sols 

uvccTtGevTes ets tbs vsbs tbto S'eirs caviacro/JLSvoi^ cos 'Itjocvtcc Sfsos opcp^ xca ccyc&et. Cle¬ 
mens Alexand. L. 5. p. 671. 

See Diodorus L. 3. p. 145. This may have been one r.eafon among others, why 
the Cyclopians and Arimafpians are reprefented with one eye: tov jjlbvcottcc q^gctTcv.- 
Aciuolvttgv. iEichylus Prometh. p. 49. The Arimafpian hiftory was written by 
Arifteas Proconnefius, and ftyled Apty.ccTTreicc zttti. 



ft 

The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 381 

It is certainly all a fable. When therefore Plutarch tells us^ 
that Apollo was pleafed with the mulick of fwans, 34- {J,acnxy 

re xou xvxvoov- cponvoug ; and when iEfchylus mentions 

their linging their own dirges, they certainly allude to Egyp¬ 
tian and Canaanitilh priefts, who lamented the death of 
Adon, and Oliris. And this could not be entirely a fecret 
to the Grecians : for they feem often to refer to fome fuch 
notion. Socrates termed fwans his fellow-fervants : in doing 
which he alluded to the ancient priefts,. ftyled Cycnh They 
were people of the choir, and officiated in the temples of the 
fame Deities; whole fervant he profefted himfelf to be. 
Hence Porphyry allures us, 35 Ov 'GTou^tov opotiahag avra sAs- 

■ysv Tag xvavag. (Scaxg arcr\g) ; that Socrates was veryferious^ when 
he mentioned fwans as his fellow-fervants .. When< therefore 
Ariftophanes fpeaks of the 36 Delian and Pythian fwans, they 
are the priefts of thofe places,, to whom, he alludes. And 
when it is faid by Plato, that the foul of Orpheus out of dif- 
guft to womankind led the life of a 37 fwan ; the meaning 
certainly is, that he retired from the world to fome cloifter, 
and lived a life of celibacy, like a prieft. For the priefts of 
many countries, but particularly of Egypt, were reclufes ; 
and devoted themfelves to 38 celibacy : hence monkery came 
originally from Egypt. Lycophron, who was of Egypt, and 
Ikiiled in ancient terms, ftyles Calchas, who was the prieft. of 


* 

Plutarch. E/. Vol. 2- p. 387. 

35 Porph. de Abft. L. 3. p. 286. 

36 Ariitophanes. Avers. K vmu n vdna 2 oca AvXiu-. v. 870,;. 

37 Plato de Republica. L. 10. p. 620. Vol. 2. 

33 Porph. de Abilin, L. 4. .p. 364.. 




382 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

Apollo, a fwan. 39 MoXocrtfz ttvKeug /corns kvjcpou. Thefe epi¬ 
thets, the Scholiaft tells us, belong to Apollo ; and Calchas 

is called a fwan, d/a to yrigcuov, mi pictvTiKOV : becaufe he was 
an old prophet , and priejl . Hence at the fir ft inftitution of 
the rites of Apollo, which is termed the birth of the Deity, 
at Delos, it is faid, that many fwans came from the coaft of 
Afia; and went round the ifiand for the fpace of feven days 

4 

40 K VKVQl ds pLeKrtOVTSS OLOlfol 

M yoviov UccztcioXov b/cvkXooctolvto XnrovTeg 

'EEd'op.a./cig TtTsgi A Y)XoV £7tir\£i<roLV ds Xo’fcBir) 

M ovcrccoov ogviOeg, ao/doraro/ 'Weretyoov. 

The whole of this relates to a choir of priefts, who came over 
to fettle at Delos, and to ferve in the new eredted temple. 
They circled the ifiand feven times, becaufe leven of old was 
looked upon as a myfierious and facred number. 

41 'E SSopiY) sii/ a.ya@oig, mi £E$o{jly) b^i y£ve@XY). 

'Ebdtyuj £v 'urgooToitri, mi s^opcri sg-i tbXbiy]. 

'ESJojltaTJ) dio 61 T£T£X£<rpL£POL UTOLVTOL TBTVKTOU . 

*E 7 rra ds tstclvtol tbtvktou sv ovgavcti vlzbqqbvti. 

The birds in the jfiand of Diomedes, which were faid to have 
been originally companions of that hero, were undoubtedly 
priefts, and of the fame race as thofe, of whom I have been 
treating. They are reprefented as gentle to good men, and 
averfe to thofe who are bad. Ovid defcribes their ftiape, and 

39 Lycophron. v. 426. Scholia ibidem. 

40 Callimach. Hymn to Delos, v. 249. 

* 41 Fragmenta Lini. Ex Ariftobulo. See Poefis Philofoph. H. Steph. p. 112. 

appearance* 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology 


383 


appearance. 4 * Ut non cygnorum, fic albis proxima cygnis ; 
which, after what has been faid, may I think be eafily un¬ 
derflood. 

If then the harmony of fwans, when fpoken of, not only 
related to fomething quite foreign, but in reality did not of 
itfelf exifl, it may appear wonderful that the ancients fhould 
fo univerfally give into the notion. For not only the poets, 
but 43 Plato, Plutarch, Cicero, Pliny, with many others of 
high rank, fpeak of it as a circumflance well knowm But 
it is to be obferved, that none of them fpeak from their own 
experience : nor are they by any means confident in what 
they fay. Some mention this finging as a general faculty ; 
which was exerted at all times : others limit it to particular 
feafons, and to particular places. Ariflotle feems to confine 
it to the feas of 44 Africa : 4S Aldrovandus fays, that it may be 
heard upon the Thames near London. The account given by 
Ariflotle is very remarkable. He fays, that mariners, whofe 
eourfe lay through the Lybian fea, have often met with fwans, 
and heard them finging in a melancholy flrain : and upon a 
nearer approach, they could perceive that fome of them were 
dying, from whom the harmony proceeded. Vfho would have 


41 Ovid. Metamorph.. E. 14. v. 509. 

43 Plato in Phredone. Vol. 1. p. 84. Plutarch..in Ei. V. 2. p. 387.. 

Cicero Tufc. Quseft. L.i. Pliny. L. 10. c. 23. 

iElian de Animal. L. 2. c. 321. L. io. c. 36. 

Philoftratus. Vita Apollon. L. 3. c. 23. 

44 De Animalibus. L. 9. K cci t ivbs 'ZjXbovtbs 'ujctpcx. tvv- AiSvvv ^repitTvyov tv 
TV $ra Aa7T)i 'srcAAozs aJycn cpoovv you^ti' xcci t&tuv e&pMV ctTrcQvvcncQvrctS tviBS. Vol. 2 . 

p- 4 * 3 - 

45 See Brownes Vulgar Errours. L. 3. c. 27.. 


expected 



3'84 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

expelled to have found fwans fwimming in the fait fea, in the 
midft of the Mediterranean ? There is nothing that a Grecian 
would not devife in fupport of a favourite errour. The le¬ 
gend from beginning to end is groundlefs : and though moft 
fpeak of the mufick of fwans as exquiftte; yet fome abfolutely 
deny 46 the whole of it; and others are more moderate in their 
commendations. The watermen in Lucian give the pre¬ 
ference to a jackdaw : but Antipater in fome degree diflents, 
and thinks that the fwan has the advantage. 

47 A ooiTsgog kvjcvqov (juxgog S-goog, rjs koXoiuv 

KgooyfjLos. 

And Lucretius confefles, that the fcreaming of a crane is not 
quite fo pleafing : 

48 Parvus ut eft, Cygni melior canor, ille gruum quam 
Clamor: 

Which however is paying them no great compliment. To 
thele refpecftable perfonages I muft add the evidence of a mo¬ 
dern ; one too of no fmall repute, even the great Scaliger. 
He fays, that he made a ftridt fcrutiny about this affair, when 
in Italy ; and the refult of his obfervations was this : 49 Fer- 
rariae multos (cygnos) vidimus, fed cantores fane malos, neque 
melius anfere canere. 

46 'O cTg (pncriv A.tec'CLvS'pQS ^©AA OIS T£\ZVTU)C'l 7*rCLpOCXQ?K&QwGCL$ &X CCXBCTCU 

ccf'ov'Toor. Athenasus. L. 9. c. ij. 

47 Epigram, in Erinnam. L. 3. p. 280. H. Steph. 

48 Lucretius. L. 4. v. 182. 

* 

49 See Vofiius de Idol. Vol. 2. L. 3. c. 88 . p. 1212. and Pierius de Cygnis. 
g>. 254. 


O F 



( 385 ) 



O F 


T E M 



L E 





E N C E 





E Egyptians were very famous for geometrical 
knowledge •: and .as all the flat part of their country 

was annually overflowed, it is reafonahle to fuppofe that they 

made ufe of this fcience to determine their lands, and to 


m 

make out their feveral claims 


the retreat of the waters 


ft 

Many indeed have thought, that the confufion of property, 
which muffc for a while have prevailed, gave birth to prac¬ 
tical 1 geometry, in order to remedy the evil: and in confe¬ 
rence of it, that charts and maps were firft delineated in 
this country. Thefe, we may imagine, did not relate only 
to private demefnes: but included alfo the courfe of the Nile 
in its various branches ; and all the fea coaft, and its inlets, 
with which lower Egypt was bounded. 

It is very certain, that the people of Colchis, who were a 
colony from Egypt, had charts of this fort, with written de~ 
fcriptions of the feas and fhores, whitherfoever they traded : 
and they at one time carried on a moll extenfive commerce. 
We are told, fays the 1 Scholiaft upon Apollonius, that the 
Colchians flill retain the laws and cuftoms of their fore- 


1 Herod. L. 2. c. 109. 

Y'ewjj.eTpices t£ ccv svgerou yeyorczaiv (0 AiyirzzrTiGi)* Clemens. Strom. L. r. p. 361. 


L. 4. v. 279. 

VOL. I. 


fathers 


D d d 


386 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


fathers : and they have pillars of done, upon which are en¬ 
graved maps of the continent, and of the ocean : Ei<n ds, 

pi)<n, you vofjuoi avroig twv Tlgoyovoop, you Sr rjXcu, bv dig 

yyjg you &ocAcur<rr)g uvctygcupou ei<ri. The poet, upon whom the 

above writer has commented, calls thefe pillars, yvgEsig : 
which, we are told, were of a fquare figure, like obelifks : 
and on thele, he fays, were delineated all the paffages of the 
fea; and the boundaries of every country upon the ea'rth. 


'Oi JVj toi yga.7TTctg f uraTBgoov bQbv siguovrou 
'T&jjfiSsag, otg svi 


'utomtcu otJoi 


'utsipolt ecuriv 


T yprjg 


Tpoupspqg 



'UTspit; B7rivsi<r<ro[jLevQi<nv 


Thefe delineations had been made of old, and tranfmitted to 
the Colchians by their forefathers ; which forefathers were 
from 4 Egypt. 

If then the Colchians had this fcience, we may prefume 
that their mother country pofleffed it in as eminent a degree : 
and we are allured, that they were very knowing in this ar¬ 
ticle. Clemens Alexandrinus 5 mentions, that there were 
maps of Egypt, and charts of the Nile very early. And we 
are moreover told, that Sefoftris (by which is meant the Se- 
thofians) drew upon boards fchemes of all the countries, which 
he had traverfed.: and copies of thefe were given both to 6 the. 


3 Apollonius Rhodius. L. 4, v. 279. 

1 Dionuf. Ylepivywri*. v. 688. 

5 Clemen. Alexand. fpeaks Uepi.rs vm K ocrfAoypctpiocs x.a>i Teeay pet (pices jstA —X&:~ 
poycuptets r s tvs Aiyv7ny 0 xcct tyis 78 N£/Ab S'layocecpvs. Strom. 6. p. 757. 

6 ^Lea&q-'pM (pecan ^ 0 Aiyvvraio ■zztjAAjjj' 'zu'zgie^YiAvQoos yyv ts tyiv 

'7x7€plGcf'cV r) 7CCU Tr,S Ttav rZSTIVCCKCOV OLV cey QOCpCLS 8% AiyUTTTlOtS fJLQVQV}. aAAct xa; ^xvQcus eis 

Srptvfjct [jLerctfxreci Euftath.. Prsef, Egift. to Dionyf. p. 12. 

6 Egyptians,, 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 387 

Egyptians, and to the Scythians, who held them in high 
eftimation. This is a curious account of the firft delinea¬ 
tion of countries, and origin of Maps ; which were firft de- 
fcribed upon 7 pillars. We may from hence be enabled to 
folve the enigma concerning Atlas, who is faid to have fup- 
ported the heavens upon his fhoulders. This took its rife 
from fome verfes in Homer, which have been ftrangely mif- 
conftrued. The paflage is in the Odyffey ; where the poet is 
fpeaking of Calypfo, who is faid to be the daughter of At¬ 
las, oXoo<pgovog, a perfon of deep and recondite knowledge : 

8 ArKctvrog S-vyaTKg oAoopgovog, og re $oi\our<TY)g 
Tlcarqg fievQea. oihv, eyei <5s re KIONA2 ocvrog 
MoLXgctg, oil Tcuoiv re koli Ovgctim ctppis eysriv. 

It is to be obferved, that when the ancients fpeak of the feats 
of Hercules, we are to underftand the Herculeans ; under the 
name of Cadmus is meant the Cadmians ; under that of Atlas, 
the Atlantians. With this allowance how plain are the words 
of Homer ! The 9 Atlantians fettled in Phrygia and Mauri¬ 
tania ; and, like the Colchians, were of the family of Ham. 
They had great experience in fea affairs : and the poet tells 
us, that they knew all the foundings in the great deep. 

V. 

7 Aigyptios primos omnium tarn coslum quam terram efle dimenfos : ejufque rei 
fcientiam columnis incifam ad pofteros propagafie. Petavii Uranalogia. p. 121, 
taken from Achilles Tatius. 

s Homer. Odyfif. L. A. v. 52. 

* The Atlantians were flyled Ovpotvicov €$ 9 or fons of Heaven. The head of the fa¬ 
mily was fuppofed to be the brother of Saturn, Diodorus. L. 3. p. 193. 



D d d 2 



3 88 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


Moucpag 


E •gsi $s ts K tovctg ctvrog 
TatYiv ts Kca Ovgavov oc^tcpig syscriv 


Tloey had alfo long pillars^ or obeliJks y which referred to the fea ; 
and upon which was delineated the. whole Jyflem both of heaven and 
earth ; ctyLtpig, all around y both o?t the f~ont of the obelijk , and on 
the other fedes .. Kiotsg Kocr^a were certainly maps, and hifto- 
ries of the univerle ; in the knowledge of which the Atlan- 
tians feem to have inftrudted their brethren the Herculeans. 
The Grecians in their accounts, by putting one perfon for a. 
people, have rendered the hiftory obfcure ; which otherwife 
would be very intelligible. There is a paflage in Eufebius, 
which may be rendered very plain, and to the purpofe, if 


we make ufe of the clue above-mentioned^ 10 'Hpo&oTog §s 
Xsyzi tov 'HgcuiAzoi pLOLVTiv aou cpvviKov yzvopzvov 'urctga. ArAar- 

rog ts Bxgfiags ts <&gvyog ^lOL^zyzBca rug ts Kot^ls Kiototg. 
This may be paraphrafed in the following manner ; and with 
fuch latitude will be found perfectly confonant to the truth. 
The Herculeans were a people much given to divination , and to 
the ftudy of nature. Great part of their hiowledge they are. 

had tranfmited to them from thofe Htlantia?is y 
who fettled in Phrygia , efpecially the hifory of the earth and 
heavens ; for all fuch knowledge the Htlantiajts had of old con- 
figned to pillars and obelifks in that country : and from them it 
was derived to the Herculea7is , or Heraclidce , of Greece . The. 
Atlantians were efteemed by the Grecians as barbarous : but 
they were in reality of the fame family. Their chief an- 


thought to have 
£> 


10 


Euftrb. I 7 cpicov auvocyooyti. p. 374. c. 2 


5 


cefior 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


3.89 


ceftor was the father of the Peleiadee, or Ionim ; of whom ' 
{hall hereafter have much to fay : and was the fuppofed bro 
ther of Saturn. The Hellenes, though they did not alway 


allow it, were undoubtedly of his 


This may be proved. 


from Diodorus Siculus, who gives this curious hiftory of the 
Peleiadae, his offspring. 11 TccvTccg Js (juysurctg Toig sv<pvzgoLToig 

'H goism holi ®soig dgyyy&g koltols^vou tz 'srAg^a yzvng rcev clv- 

Sgcd7roov, rszztroig rag $1 cl^bty\v ©sag kou 'Hgcectg ov 0 p.ct <&-svt ctg . 

n.ctgGi7r?\Y)<riidg <J s kou rag aA Kccg ArXcuvn^oLg ysw^crou 'urouScig 
£7TKpavsig, usv rsg {jlsv bQvwv, Tzg Jg 'uroheoov yzvBoHou wris-cag' 


$IQ 7 T£P 


8 l jlovov 'urap svioig 


B olp^ocpoov, ctAAa kou 


'WOLPOL 


EAA^cn T8? 'urXsigsg tccv agyouorocroiv 'H gcauv Big Tuvrotg oLvctcpe- 

gziv To yzvog. T’hefe daughters of Atlas , by their connexions and 
marriages with the mo ft illuftrious heroes , and divinities , may be 

looked up to as the heads of moft fatnilies upon earth. And from 

them proceeded all thofe , who upon account of their eminence were 
in aftertimes efteemed Gods and Heroes. And having Ipoken 
of Maia, and her offspring, the author proceeds to tell us, 
that the other Atlantides in like manner gave birth to a 
noble, race: fonze of whom were the founders of nations \ 
others the builders of cities 1 infomuch that moft of the more an¬ 
cient heroes , not only of thofe abroad , who were efteemed Barbari 



and 


but 


of the Helladians , claimed their 


eftry ft 


them 


And they received not only their anceffry, but their know¬ 
ledge alfo, T8 K 0 <rpt,B KiovcLg all the celeftial and terreftrial 
phenomena, which had been entrufted to the facred pillars 

ts kou Hgotvov appig syzcriv, which 


of the Atlantes 


yaw 


11 


L. 3. 194. 


contained. 



39 ° 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


* 


contained defcriptions both of the heavens and the earth. 
From Phrygia they came at laft to Hellas, where they were 
introduced by Anaximander, who is faid, ia E (rHnvou 'WgctiTov 
ysuygctcpiKOV 'GTivctKOt, to have been the firfi who introduced a geo¬ 
graphical chart : or, as Laertius expreffes it, 13 Vrig kou ©a/\ar- 

TY)S 'UregifJLETgov, the circumference of the terraqueous globe de- 
Jmeated 1 

Though the origin of maps may be deduced from Egypt; 
yet they were not the native Egyptians, by whom they were 
Erft conftrudted. Delineations of this nature were the con¬ 


trivance of the Cuthites, or Shepherds. They were among 
other titles ftyled Saitas; and from them both aftronomy and 
geometry were introduced in thofe parts. They with im- 
menfe labour drained the lower provinces, eredfed Stupendous 
buildings, and raifed towers at the mouths of the river, which 
were opportunely Situated for navigation. For though the 
Mizraim were not addicted to commerce, yet it was followed 
by other families belides the Cuthites, who occupied the 
lower provinces towards the fea. The towers, which were 
there raifed, ferved for lighthoufes, and were at the fame time 
temples, denominated from fome title of the Deity, fuch as 
Canoph, Caneph, Cneph, alfo Perfes, Proteus, Phanes, and 
Canobus. They were on both accounts much reforted to 
by mariners, and enriched with offerings. Here were de¬ 
posited charts of the coaSt, and of the navigation of the Nile, 
which were engraved on pillars, and in aftertimes fketched 


out upon the Nilotic Papyrus. 


There is likewife reafon to 


51 Strabo. L. i. p. 13. 

13 X)iog. JLaert. Anaximander. 


think. 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


39 1 


think, that they were fometimes delineated upon: walls. This 
leads me to take notice of a paiPage from Pherecydes Syrus, 
which feems to allude to fomething of this nature though, 
I believe, in his fhort detail that, he has mifreprefenled the 
author, from whom he copied. He is faid by Theopompus 

'tsrsgi rr\s cpvcrs&gj x.ou ®£oov, 'EAT^tn ygoupsiv, to have 
been the firji who wrote for the benefit of his cowitrymen about 
nature and the Gods.. Suidas 15 mentions, that he compofed 
a theogony; all which knowledge we are alTured came from 
Egypt. It is certain,, that he ftudied in that 16 country 
whence we may conclude, that the following hiftory is Egyp¬ 
tian. He fays, that Zas, or Jupiter, compofed a large and 
curious robe, upon which he defcribed the earth, and the 
ocean, and the habitations upon the ocean. 17 Xctg 'uroiei (pccgog 

fjisya., ts koci jcccXqv, kou sv oLvrca 'WouaKKei Yy]V, xcti kcju 

roc Qyyjm bwpcccroc. Now Zas, or as it fhould be rendered, Zan, 
was the Dorian title of Amon. And Ogenus, the Ocean, 
was the moft ancient name of the Nile, from whence the 
Grecians borrowed their Oceanus. 38 0 1 yoig Kiyunrioi vopu~ 

£%<Tiv u>H£ocvov £ivou T ov. 'UTocg ocvrcug 'UTora^ov NsjAoj/. 'The Egyp¬ 
tians by the term Oceanus underfiajid their own river Nilus.. 
The fame author in another place calls this river Oceames 

c 

Tov h nroT.ocfjiov aggpciar cctqv p.£v ovop.cc rystv Qjcsctpqv , os sriv 


14 Laertius. L. i. p. 74. 

35 In Pherecyde.. 

16 Jofephus cont. Apion. L. 1. c.2, 

17 Clemens. Strom. L. 6.p. 741* 
sS Diodorus Sic. L. 1- p. 12. 

* 9, Diodorus.. L, 1. p. 17.. 





39 2 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

ooxsctvog* The former term, Ogenus, from whence 
the Greeks borrowed their Oceanus, was a compound of Oc- 
Gehon, and was originally rendered Ogehonus. It fignifies 
the noble Gehon, and is a name taken from one of the rivers 
of Paradife. The Nile was fometimes called limply Gehon, 
as we learn from the author of the Chronicon Pafchale. 
ao E ysi fa (« Aiyvmog ) 'UTotol^op Tkocp —N siXov Kookupepop. It 
•was probably a name given by the Cuthites, from whom, as 
will be hereafter fhewn, the river Indus had the name of 
Phifon. 31 II otcx.[jLoi opopccg-oi, h£og f 6 jceu ^sktoop, N siXog 6 

jccu roop, "The two moji celebrated rivers are the Indus , the 
fame as the Phifon , and the IVile , which is called the Gehon . 
The river alfo of Colchis, rendered Phalis, and Phalin, was 
properly the Phifon. The Nile being of old ftyled Oc-Ge- 
hon, and having many branches, or arms, gave rife to the 
fable of the fea monfter iEgeon, whom Ovid reprefents as 
fupporting himielf upon the whales of the ocean. 

Balsenarumque prementem 
iEgaeona fuis immania terga lacertis. 

The Scholiaft upon Lycophron informs us further, that the 
river had three names ; and imagines, that upon this account 
it was called Triton. 13 T giroop 6 N eikog, on Tgig [JOSToovo^tzoIy)' 

10 P. 30. 

11 Chron. Pafchale. p. 34. Zonaras. p. 16. 

See Salmafius upon Solinus. c. 35. concerning Ogen. A'lfo Windelini Admi- 
janda Nili. p. 12. and 16. 

z% Metamorph. L. 2. v. 9. 

V. 119. 


'GTgOTSgOP 



The- Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 393 

'argoregov yag £hcectvog ctv s/taAsrro, tievregov A srog" — to cTs Nsj- 

Ap£ vbov s£i. I ffiall not at prefent controvert his etymology. 
Let it fuffi.ce, that we are allured, both by this author, and 
by others, that the Nile was called Oceanus : and what is 
alluded to by Pherecydes is certainly a large map or chart. 
The robe, of which he fpeaks, was indeed a Pharos, <§cf.gog • 
but a Pharus of a different nature from that which he de- 
fcribes. It was a building, a temple, which was not con- 
ftrudted by the Deity, but dedicated to him. It was one of 
thofe towers, of which I have before treated ; in which were 
defcribed upon the walls, and otherwife delineated, Qywog, 

zou £lyi)V& <5wjU,ara, the courfe of the Gehon, or Nile ; and 
the towns, and houfes upon that river. 

I imagine that the ffiield of Achilles in Homer was co¬ 
pied from fomething of this fort, which the Poet had feen 
in Egypt. For Homer is continually alluding to the cuf- 
toms, as well as to the hiftory, of that kingdom. And it is 
evident, that what he defcribes on the central part of the 
ffiield, is a map of the earth, and of the celeftial appear¬ 
ances. 

54 Er fj,sv Tcliolv st £v%\ sv <T Ovgavov sv h § cO\cl<t <r a.v y 
Ev <T g ridei nOTAMOIO {jozya, c bevog flKEANOIO. 

The ancients loved to wrap up every thing in myftery and 
fable : they have therefore defcribed Hercules alfo with a 
robe of this lort : 


t+ Iliad. L. 18. v. 483. and v. 606. 


VOL. I. 


E e e 


HoiZiKov 



394 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


*5 


Tloiy.lXoV £l(JL0C (psgoov, TV7T0V AlQsgOSy SIKOVCL KocTfJLiS : 


He was invefled with a robe , which was a type of the heavens , 
and a i~eprefentation of the whole world. 

The garment of Thetis, which the poets mention as given 
her upon her fuppofed marriage with Peleus, was a Pharos 
of the fame kind, as that defcribed above. We may learn 
from Catullus, who copied the ftory, that the whole alluded 
to an hiftorical pidture preferved in fome tower : and that it 
referred to matters of great antiquity ; though applied by 
the Greeks to later times, and afcribed to people of their 
own nation. 

16 Pulvinar vero Divae geniale locatur 
Sedibus in mediis ; Indo quod dente politum. 

TincSta tegit rofeo conchylis purpura fuco, 

Haec veftis prifcis hominum variata figuris 
Heroum mira virtutes indicat arte. 

It contained a defcription of fome notable achievements in 
the firfl ages : and a particular account of the Apotheofis of 
Ariadne ; who is defcribed, whatever may be the meaning 
of it, as carried by Bacchus to heaven. The ftory is faid to 
have been painted on a robe, or coverlet; becaufe it was de¬ 
lineated upon a Pharos : that word being equivocal, and to 
be taken in either fenfe. And here I cannot but take notice 
of the inconfiftency of the Greeks, who make Thefeus a par¬ 
taker in this hiftory 5 and fuppofe him to have been acquainted 


25 Nonni Dionys. L. 40. p. 1040. 

Catull. Epithalamium of Peleus and Thetis, v. 47. 


with 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


395 


with Ariadne. If we may credit Plutarch 27 , Thefeus, as 
foon as he was advanced towards manhood, went by the ad¬ 
vice of his mother fEthra from Troezen in queft of his fa¬ 
ther JEgeus at Athens. This was fome years after the Argo- 
nautic expedition ; when Medea had left Jafon, and put her- 
felf under the protection of this fame iEgeus. After having 
been acknowledged by his father, Thefeus went upon his ex¬ 
pedition to Crete ; where he is faid to have firft feen Ariadne, 
and to have carried her away. All this, I fay, was done, after 
Jafon had married Medea, and had children by her: and after 
fhe had left him, and was come to Athens. But the ftory 
of Ariadne in the above fpecimen is mentioned as a faCt of far 
older date. It was prior to the arrival of Medea in Greece, 
and even to the Argonautic expedition. It is fpoken of as a 
circumftance of the highefl antiquity: confequently 28 The¬ 
feus could not any ways be concerned in it. 

There is an account in Nonnus of a Robe or Pharos, which 
Harmonia is fuppofed to have worn, when fhe was vifited by 
the Goddefs of beauty. There was delineated here, as in fome 
abovementioned, the earth, and the heavens, with all the 
ftars. The fea too, and the rivers were reprefented : and the 
whole was at the bottom furrounded by the ocean. 


* 7 Plutarch. Life of Thefeus. 


18 Add to this, what I have before taken notice of, the great abfurdity of making 
the Grecian Argo the firft fhip which failed upon the feas : Ilia rudem curiu prima 
imbuit Amphitriten : when the Poet at the fame inftant is defcribing Thefeus pre¬ 
vious to the Argo in a Jhip , and attended with a fleet of fljips. 

Namque fluentifono profpedtans littore Diie 

Thefea cedentem celeri cum clajfe tuetur, 

Indomitos in corde serens Ariadna furores. _ . 


Catulli. Epithal. Pel. etThet. v. 52. See Famiani Stradas Prolus. L. 3-p. 2S5. 


E e e 2 


YlgOdTty 



396 The: Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

* 9 YlgttTw Vouolp e7rcL<r<rs (jlbct 0 [AfioiXop, a.{A<pi $e yairi 
O vgctvov £<r<pougw<re TV7rca xs’Xjx.gctyfABPOP aegoop. 

XvfJLtpsgTriP Ss SolXcltg'clv £<pr\g[Aocr£ <rv£vyi F City], 

Kctl 'UrOTOLfAZg 'UTQUUKXbV' £7T OLvfyofJLBCt) Jg [AST007TU 

T ct.vgo<pvY\g fJL 0 <°<povT 0 xsgajrtpogog sy^Xoog eimv. 

K ca 'GrvfJLccTriP ura.gOL utb^olp svy.KoofOto yvrtovog 
ZLisccpog Kvy.Xwvs 'W‘sgi$'go{AOP oLPTvya Ko<T[jl&, 

All this relates to a painting either at Sidon or Berytus; which 
was delineated in a tower or temple, facred to Hermon. 

Orpheus alludes to a Pharos of this fort, and to the paint¬ 
ings and furniture of it, in his defcription of the Robes, with 
which Apollo, or Dionufus, is inverted. He fpeaks of them 
as the fame Deity. 

30 T ccvrcL Ss 'ury.vroL rehsiv Isgct <rxsvr) 'gtvkolvolvtol, 

Zoopci &£% 'gtKclttbiv sgioivyxg H eXioio. 

U^ootoc [asp a.gyv<pscug svciKiyziov ajcTivstrari 

n.S7rX0V QOIPIKBOP, 'UTVgl SIKSXOV, CL{JL(p&aAs<&OU' 

Avrocg v7TEgQs vsEgoto 'aravc/uoXn svgv KaOcr^/ca 

Aegpa 'UToXvs'iktov Srigog koutci hfyov oopop, 

A grgoop S'aid'ot'h.soop piprip , legs rs WoKoio. 

Eitcc <T v7rsgQs psSgqg •fcgvv'sov ^oogrqgcc (3ctKs<d'ca, 

IlcipipciPooopTci, 'uregit; zegvw cpogseip, fAsycc <rr)pa. 

Evtivg, ot ex 'uregcuwp ycar^g <&xe()oop &pogs<roop 


* r ' Nonni Dionyfiaca, L. 41, p, 1070, 

l ° Orphica ex Macrobio Saturn. L. 1. c. 18. p, 202. 


Xfvreieue 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


397 


’Kgvcrsioug outrun fictXy poov £Lx,sotVQio y 

Avyy\ T ournETog y, ctvct <5s dgocnw ctp<pipiysi(Toty 

Ma^j uctigy) £ivr)<nv £?a<r<ro psvr\ koltol tcvtcXov 

n g0<&£ Ssiiy £uVY) <T Ctg V7T0 fEgVOOU OLfJLETgYfT 60V 

Oaf vst ct§ ookeolvz KVfthog, psyct Setup scriSsScti, 

When the Poet has thus adorned the Deity, we find towards 
the conclufion, that thefe imaginary robes never fhew to fuch 
advantage as in the morning. When the fu?i y fays he, rifes 

fro?n the extremities of the earthy and enlightens the ocean with 

% 

his horizontal rays ; then they appear in great fplendour y which 
is increafed by the morning dew. All this inveftiture of the 
Deity relates to the earth and the heavens, which were de¬ 
lineated upon a 31 {kin, &egpot 'sro?w?uc tov ■9t)£ 0£, ftyled tzr£7rAoi/. 

This is deferibed, A g-guv <&udaAewj/ pipnp\ tegs TS 'GToXoio: as 

11 Maps, and books too, when writing was introduced, were made of fkins, called 
cf i<£0?£a*. Tecs /S.^Ay^ c PityQe^ccs xaAee<n cciro tb 'zvotKocte oi leaves. Herodot. L. 5. 

c. 58. 

A Zone of curious imagery is given by Homer to Hercules. OdyflT. L. A. v. 609. 

Xeucreos r,\> r^Aa^cwr, tucc S'ecrx.eAa toy cl tetukto. 

A remarkable paflage from Ifidorus Bafilides quoted by Clemens Alexandria 
Koii yeep fJLOi cTox.8/ tB5 'ZxTooaTroMfjievBs (piAotrotpeiv^ ivee fxMcocr^ n e^tv f\ \nroir r xeoos Jpi>? 9 
to e7r’ clutt) 'meirQiY.i'Kfj.evQv <J>AP02. IIccvtcc ouoc <$?eps , itvS'w$ ocX?\.)}y q pw ccs sQez- 
Koynaev^ A a&cov oltto tk ts Xa^u. 'zzrgoqmTsiaLi. Strom. L. 6. p. 767. 

In the former verfes from Nonnus we may fee the method of deviation. Pharos 
a tower is taken for Pharos a garment; and this altered to and after all, 

the genuine hiflory is difcernible, notwithftanding the veil, which is fpread over 
it. The author fays, that at the bottom guxA cu~oio X/towo*, of the well woven gar¬ 
ment, flowed from the Ocean, which furrounded the world. This is certainly a 
mifinterpretation of the term (peegos : and in the original writings, whence thefe verfes 
were copied, the hiftory related to a tower: and it was at the foot 4 APOT LT- 
KATSTOIO that the ocean beat, by which the earth was encircled. 


a copy 



398 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

a copy ajid of all the celejlial appearances. The whole 

was depofited in a Pharos upon the fea-fhore, upon which 
the fun at his riling darted his 
glittered with the dew: 'Tko fegvwv apsTgriTccp pcuvsT ag wksclvh 
kvkXoq : from the upper ftory of the tower, which was of an 
unmeafurable height, there was an unlimited view of the 
ocean. This vaft element furrounded the edifice like a zone; 
and afforded a wonderful phasnomenon. Such, I imagine, is 
the folution of the enigma. 


early rays ; and whofe turrets 


* 


TAR, 



( 399 ) 




I Have taken notice of the fears and apprehenfions, under 

which the firft navigators muff neceffarily have been, 
when they traveried unknown feas ; and were liable to be 
entangled among the rocks, and {helves of the deep : and I 
mentioned the expedients, of which they made ufe, to ob¬ 
viate fuch difficulties, and to render the coaft lefs dangerous. 
They built upon every hill, and promontory, where they 
had either commerce or fettlement, obelilks, and towers, 
which they confecrated to fome Deity. Thefe ferved in a 
twofold capacity, both as feamarks by day, and for beacons 
by night. And as people in thofe times made only coafting 
voyages, they continually went on fhore with offerings, in 
order to gain the affiftance of the God, whoever there pre- 
ffded : for thefe towers were temples, and oftentimes richly 
furnifhed and endowed. They were built fometimes on ar¬ 
tificial mounds; but generally on natural eminences, that 
they might be feen at a great diftance. They were called 
by the Amonians, who firft eredted them, 1 Tar, and Tor; 
the fame as the "nn of the Chaldees, which fignified both a 


ochart Geos - . Sacra. L. i.c. 228. p. 524. of Tin. 


9 


hill 



400 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

hill and tower. They were oftentimes compounded, and 
ftyled Tor-Is, or fire towers : on account of the light, which 
they exhibited, and the fires, which were prelerved in them. 
Hence came the turris of the Romans ; and the TVgig, Typpij, 
rvgcrig, rvgcrog, of the Greeks. The latter, when the word 
Tor occurred in ancient hiftory, often changed to TOLVgog, 
a bull; and invented a number of idle ftories in confequence 
of this change. The Ophite God Ofiris, the fame as Apollo, 
was by the Amonians fiyled Oph-El, and Ode-El t and 
there was upon the Sinus Perficus a city Opis, where his rites 
were obferved. There feems likewife to have been a temple 

facred to him, named Tor-Opel; which the Greeks rendered 
T avgonoXog. Strabo fpeaks of fuch an oracular temple ; and 
fays, that it was in the ifland Icaria towards the mouth of 
the Tigris : a Ninos' Ikol giov, mi isgov A7roXXoovQg dyiov zv avry , 

Kou [jlcuitziov T olv gono?\i£ . Here, inftead of Ofiris, or Mithras, 
the ferpent Deity, the author prefents us with Apollo, the 

manager of bulls. 

One of the principal, and moll ancient fettlements of the 
Amonians upon the ocean was at Gades; where a prince was 
fuppofed to have reigned, named Geryon. The harbour at 
Gades was a very fine one ; and had feveral Tor, or Towers 
to diredt fhipping: and as it was ufual to imagine the Deity, 
to whom the temple was eredted, to have been the builder, 
this temple was faid to have been built by Hercules. All 
this the Grecians took to themfelves : they attributed the 
whole to the hero of Thebes : and as he was fuppofed to 


1 Strabo. L. 16. p. mo. 


conquer 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 401 

conquer wherever he came, they made him fubdue Geryon ; 
and changing the Tor, or Towers ■, into fo many head of cat¬ 
tle, they 3 defcribe him as leading them off in triumph over 
the Pyranees and Alpes, to Hetruria, and fo on to Calabria. 
From thence, for what reafon we know not, he fwims them 
over to Meffana in Sicily : and after fome flay he fwims with 
them through the fea back again, all the while holding by 
one of their horns. The bulls of Colchis with which Jafon 
was fuppofed to have engaged, were probably of the fame 
nature and original. The people of this country were Amo- 
nians, and had once a * mighty trade ; for the fecurity of 
which they erected at the entrance of the Phalis towers. 
Thefe ferved both as light-houfes, and temples ; and were 
facred to Adorus. They were on this account called Tyna- 
dor, whence the Greeks formed Tyndarus, Tyndaris, and 
Tyndaridas. They were built after fome, which flood near 
the city 5 Parastonium of Egypt ; and they are alluded to by 
the geographer Dionyfius : 

6 JJoig Js [AV’xov IToyroi, jusra yQova, Tvv^cigtoaoou, 

K oKyjii vctisTOLWTiV) B7rvikvhg AiyvKToio. 

•• 

Colchis was flyled Cutaia, and had been early occupied by 
the fons of Chus. The chief city, whence the country has 
been in general denominated, was from its fituation called 

3 Diodorus Siculus. L. 4. p. 231. 

4 Strabo. L. 11. p. 762. 

5 Tvi'S'ctgtoi cnto7re/\ot. Ptolemseus. p. 122. See Strabo. L. 17. p. 1150. 

6 Dionyfius. v. 688. Pliny ftyles them oppida. 

Oppida—in ripa celeberrima, Tyndarida, Circseum,-&c. L.. 6. c. 4. 

F f f 


VoL. I. 


Cal 



402 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

Cal-Chus, and Col-Chus, the hill, or place of CHus. This 
by the Greeks was rendered Colchis : but as travellers are 
not uniform in exprefirng foreign terms, fome have rendered, 
what was called Colchian, Chalcian, and from Colchus they 
have formed XctXxog, brafs. The Chalcian towers being; 

' O 

moreover interpreted Tavgoi, bulls, a ftory took its rife about 
the brazen bulls of Colchis. Befides this there was in thefe 
towers a condant fire kept up for the direction of fhips by 
night : whence the bulls were faid to breathe fire. 

We however fometimes meet with facred towers, which 
were really denominated Tauri from the worfhip of the my- 
dic bull, the fame as the Apis, and Mneuis of Egypt. Such 
was probably the temple of Minotaurus in Crete, .where the 
7 Deity was reprefented under an emblematical figure ; which 
confided of the body of a man with the head of a bull. In 
Sicily was a promontory Taurus, mentioned by Diodorus Si¬ 
culus ; which was called alfo Tauromenium. He acquaints 
us, thatHanno the Carthaginian fent his Admiral with orders 
•urocgxffXeiv swi rov Kopov KoChapievov Tavgov, to fail along the coajl 
to the promontory named ‘Taurus. This Taurus, he thinks, was 
afterwards named T&vgopLSViov, Tauromenium, from the people 
who fettled, and 8 remained there : as if this were the only 


7 The Minotaur was an emblematical reprefentation of Menes, the fame as 08 - 
ris •, who was alfo called Dionufus, the chief Deity of Egypt. He was alfo the 
fame as Atis of Lydia, whofe rites were celebrated in conjunction with thofe of Rhea, 
and Cybele, the mother of the Gods. Gruter has an infcription, M. D. M. ID.®, 
et ATTIDI MINOTAURO. He alfo mentions an altar of Attis Minoturan- 
mis. Vol. i.p. xxviii. n. 6. 

* Diodor. Sicul. L. 16. p. 411. 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 403 

place in the world where people fettled and remained. It 
was an ancient compound, and no part of it of Grecian 9 ori¬ 
ginal. Tauromenium is the fame as Menotaurium reverfed : 
and the figure of the Deity was varied exactly in the fame 
manner; as is apparent from the coins and engravings, which, 
have been found in Sicily. The Minotaur is figured as a man 
with the head of a bull; the Tauromen as a bull with the 
face of a 10 man. 

Among the ” Hetrurians this term feems to have been 
taken in a more enlarged fenfe ; and to have fignified a city, 
or town fortified. When they fettled in Italy, they founded 
many places of ftrength; and are reputed to have been the 
firft who introduced the art of fortification. “ Tvp<TY\Vqi 'urgca- 

rov ecpBVgov tw TBt’gOTOUQLV. Hence the word Tar, and Tur, 
is often found in the compofition of names, which relate to 
people of this country. They worfhiped the Sun, ftyled Zan, 
and Zeen; whofe temples were called Tur-Zeen: and in confe- 
quence of it one of the principal names by which their country 
was diftinguifhed, was Turzenia. The Scholiaft upon Lyco- 
phron mentions it as 13 cnro Tvgtrrivis TvgcrqviOLV, 

a region , which from 'Tur-Seen was named Turfejiia . The Poet 


9 Meen was the moon : and Meno-x aurus fignified Taurus Tunaris. It was a 

w 

facred emblem, of which a great deal will be faid hereafter. 

10 See Paruta’s Sicilia nummata. 

Tugis, 0 'wepi€o\os 7B t€i%3s. Hefych. From whence we may infer, that any 
place furrounded with a wall or fortification might be termed a Tor or Turris. 
Tctp^ooviov 'urof .19 Tvppmicty. Stephan. Byzant. 

Scholia upon Lycophron. v. 717. 

13 Scholia upon Lycophron. v. 1242. 

The Poet fays of ^Eneas, FlaAir t&Xclvyitvv Several Tugo-wix. v. 1239. 

F f f 2 


above 



404 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


above takes notice of two perfons by the names of Tarchon 
and Turfeen. I+ Tapyoov re, kou Tvgrrivos, cttQoopeg hVKOi. 


From 


Tarchon there was a city and diftridfc named 15 Tarcunia 
from whence came the family of the Tarquins, or 


Tar 


quinii, fo well known in the hiftory of 1 Rome. The Amo- 
nians efteemed every emanation of light a fountain ; and 
ftyled it Ain, and Aines : and as they built lighthoufes upon 
every ifland and infular promontory, they were in confequence 
of it called Aines, Agnes, Inis, Inefos, Nefos, Nees: and 
this will be found to obtain in many different countries and 


languages 


The Hetrurians 


pied a large track of fea 


coaft ; on which account they worfhiped Pofeidon : and one 
of their principal cities was Pofeidonium. They eredfced upon 

their fhores towers and beacons for the fake of their navi- 

# 

gation, which they called Tor-ain : whence they had a ftill 

aini, and their country was 


further denomination of Tur 


named Tur 


the 


Tv opr) 


of the 


Greeks 


All 


thefe appellations are from the fame objedt, the edifices which 


they eredted 
of Ai-tur ; 


Hetruria feems to have been a compound 


and to have fignified the land of Tow 


Another name for buildings of this 
Tirit; which figmified a tower or turre 


nature was Turit, or 
^ .1 have often men¬ 

tioned, that temples have been miftaken for Deities, and 
places for perfons. We have had an inftance of this above ; 
where Tarchon, and Turfenus are fuppofed to have been 

place in Macedonia ; 


founders of colonies. 


Torone 


w T as 




*5 


J 6 


Lycophron. v. 1248. 


'Tccpx.vvicc iroKiS Tvppyjyi^o? ctiro T ac^yovo* to eOyiscov T ccpxuvios. 

I 71 


Strabo L. 5. p. 336. 


TccoTicovoc 5 ctcp’ y Tccgstun 


Steph. Eyzarit 


G?US. 


and 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


405 


and fi.gnifi.es literally the Tower of the Sun. The Poets have 
formed out of it a female perfonage ; and fuppoied her to 
have been the wife of 17 Proteus. So Amphi-Tirit is merely 
an oracular tower. This too has by the Poets been changed 
to a female, Amphitrite ; and made the wife of Neptune. 
The name of Triton is a contraction of Tirit-On ; and fig- 
nifies the tower of the Sun, like Torone : but a Deity was 
framed from it, who was fuppofed to have had the appear¬ 
ance of a man upwards, but downwards to have been like a 
fifh. From this emblematical reprefentation we may judge 
of the figure of the real Deity in thefe temples ; and be af- 
fured, that it could be no other than that of Atargatis and 
Dagon. The 18 Hetrurians were thought to have been the 
inventors of trumpets : and in their towers upon the fea- 
coaft there were people appointed to be continually upon the 
watch both by day and night ; and to give a proper fignal, 
if any thing happened extraordinary. This was done by a 
blaft from the trumpet : and Triton was hence feigned to 
have been Neptune’s trumpeter,. He is accordingly de- 
fcribed by Nonnus, 




Lycophron. v. n 6. See Plate VI. 

T oPCfir'iK yum YIp&tcojc. Scholia ibidem. 

b 9 J b 

Tvppy,i’oi aciKirSycc. Tati anus Affyrius. p. 243. 
L. 17. p. 46S. 


JO 




was 



406 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

was near at hand, the conchs of the fea, which every flrand 

* 

afforded. By founding thefe they gave fignals front the top 
of the towers, when any fhip appeared : and* this is the im¬ 
plement, with which Triton is more commonly furnifhed. 
The ancients divided the nights into different watches; the 
laft of which was called cockcrow : and in confequence of 
this they kept a cock in their Tirat, or Towers, to give no¬ 
tice of the dawn. Hence this bird was {acred to the Sun, 
and named Aledtor, A XeHTtog : which feems to be a com¬ 
pound out of the titles of that Deity, and of the tower fet 
apart for his fervice: for all thefe towers were temples. 
Thofe ftyled Tritonian were oracular ; as we may infer from 
the application made by the Argonauts. What Homer at¬ 
tributes to Proteus, Pindar afcribes to Triton. 20 M avTSverou 
<5s oog 'nrag O II gwTSvg, kou 'UTcl^cl Tgirw roig 

Agyova.vTa.ig. Paufanias mentions a tradition of a 21 Triton 
near Tanagra, who ufed to moleff women, when they were 
bathing in the fea ; and who was guilty of other affs of vio¬ 
lence. He was at laft found upon the beach overpowered 
with wine ; and there flain. This Triton was properly a 
Tritonian, a prieft of one of thefe temples : for the priefts 
appear to have been great tyrants, and oftentimes very bru¬ 
tal. This perfon had ufed the natives ill ; who took advan¬ 
tage of him, when overpowered with liquor, and put him to 
death. 

The term Tor in different parts of the world occurs forne- 

times a little varied. Whether this happened through mif- 

* 

*° Scholia upon Lycophron. v. 754. 

11 Paufanias. L.. 9. p. 749. 


take. 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 407 

take, or was introduced for facility of utterance, is uncer¬ 
tain. The temple of the Sun, Tor Heres, in Phenicia was 
rendered Tgwgrig, Trieres : the promontory Tor-Ope-On in 
Caria, Triopon : Tor-Hamath in Cyprus, Trimathus : Tor- 
Hanes in India, Trinefta : Tor-Chom, or Chomus, in Palef- 
tine, Tricomis. In ancient times the title of Anac was often 
conferred upon the Deities ; and their temples were ftyled 
Tor Anac, and Anac-Tor. The city Miletus was named 
Anaftoria : and there was an Heroiim at Sparta called 
A voucTOgov, Anadtoron ; where Caftor and Pollux had parti¬ 
cular honours, who were peculiarly ftyled Anaftes. It was 
from Tor-Anac that Sicily was denominated Trinacis and 
Trinacia. This in procefs of time was ftill farther changed 
to Trinacria ; which name was fuppofed to refer to the tri¬ 
angular form of the ifland. But herein was a great miftake: 
for the more ancient name was Trinacia. Homer expreffes 
it Thrinacia. 

* 3 'Ottots <5V} 'srgMTov 'ureXcurys evegyscx. vrjot 
©glVCCKlY) J/Jjcrw. 

This name originally did not relate to the ifland in general, 
but to a part only ; and that a fmall diftrict near JEtna. 
This fpot had been occupied by the firft inhabitants, the 
Cyclopians, Leftrygons, and Sicani: and it had this name 


11 Paufanias. L. 7. p. 524. 

cPe t 01 kolAov avoiXTopov. Callimachus. Hymn to Apollo, v. 77. 

15 Homer. Odyff. A. v. 105. Strabo fuppofes Trinacis to have been the modern 
name of the ifland; forgetting that it was prior to the time of Homer. L. 6. p. 407: 
he alfo thinks, that it was called Trinacria from its figure: which is a miftake. 

from 



40 S The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

from fome facred tower, which they built. Callimachus calls 
it miftakenly Trinacria ; but fays that it was near iEtna, and 
a portion of the ancient Sicani. 

** A vs etg Amct, 

A vs Je Tgivoucgiri Zikxvom i&og. 


The ifland Rhodes was called ^ T'nnacia, w^hich was not 
triangular : fo that the name had certainly fuffered a varia¬ 
tion; and had no relation to any figure. The city Trachin, 
T gocysiv, in Greece was properly Tor-chun, turris facra vel 
regia, like Tarchon in Hetruria. Chun and Chon were 
titles, faid peculiarly to belong to Hercules : s6 Tov 'H polkKw 


We 


ac- 


<pv<n koltol rrtv Aiyrmriw Ji olKsktov Kwva, Asys&ou. 

cordingly find that this place was facred to Hercules : that it 
was fuppofed to have been 17 founded by him ; and that it 
was called 2,8 Heraclea. 

I imagine that the trident of Pofeidon was a miflaken im¬ 
plement ; as it does not appear to have any relation to the 
Deity, to whom it has been by the Poets appropriated. 
Both the towers on the fea-coaft, and the beacons, which 
flood above them, had the name of Tor-ain. This the Gre¬ 
cians changed to Triaina, 'Tgiouvoc, and fuppofed it to have 
been a three pronged fork. The beacon or Torain confifled 






26 


27 


28 


Hymn to Diana, v. 56. I make no doubt, but Callimachus wrote TpirctJoa. 
Pliny. L. 5. c. 31. 

Etymolog. Magn. 

Stephanus Byzant. 

T pa^iv, v wv jcaAe^ew;. Hefych. or, as Athenaeus n prefen ts 

truly, 'H^axAe^ar, th»T g<z.%ivtotv y.a.hiojj.evnv, L. u. p. 462, 


of 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 409 

of an iron or brazen frame, wherein were three or four tines, 
which flood up upon a circular bafis of the fame metal. 
They were bound with a hoop : and had either the figures 
of Dolphins, or elfe foliage in the intervals between them. 
Thefe filled up the vacant fpace between the tines ; and 
made them capable of holding the combuftible matter, with 
which they were at night filled. This inflrument was put 
upon a high pole, and hung floping fea-ward over the bat¬ 
tlements of the tower, or from the flern of a fhip : with this 
they could maintain either a fmoke by day, or a blaze by 
night. There was a place in Argos named * 9 Triaina; 
which was fuppofed to be fo called from the trident of Nep¬ 
tune. It was undoubtedly a tower, and the true name Tor- 
ain; as may be fhewn from the hiflory, with which it is at¬ 
tended. For it flood near a fountain; though a fountain of 
a different nature from that, of which we have been fpeak- 
ing. The waters of Amumone role here : which Amumone 
is a variation from Amim-On, the waters of the Sun. The 
dream role clofe to the place ; which was named Tor-ain 

from its vicinity to the fountain. 

Cerberus was the name of a place, as well as Triton, and 

Torone, though efleemed the dog of hell. We are told by 
30 Eufebius from Plutarch, that Cerberus was the Sun : but 
the term properly fignified the temple, or place of the Sun. 

The great 

a9 Tfiaim TG 7 ro$ A py&$' evQct rtju Tpiottvct” ofav o Tlooret^Vy a-vTytvo^evos tm 

A ju.vjj.tovviy Jta; ev(jv<; xa?’ ex .*ivo vS'wp areGAvcrevy o x«i r>?v £7r*xA>?crn' saygv e£ Ajau/am- 
m$. Scholia in Euripidis PhoenifT. v. 195. 

30 Eufebius. Prsep. Evang, L. 3^ c. 11. p. 1/3. 

Vol. I. G g g and 


luminary was flyled by the Amonians both Or, 



4io 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


and Abor 5 that is, lights and theparent of light ; and Cer 
berus is properly Kir-Abor, the place of that Deity. 


The 


lame temple had different names from the diverfity of the 
God’s title, who was there worshiped. It was called Tor- 
Caph-El j which was changed to ?%tKS<paKog^ juft as Gahen- 
Caph-El was rendered kvvo KsepoCKog : and Cerberus was from 
hence fuppofed to have had three heads. It was alfb ftyled 


Tor-Keren, Turris 



la 


which! fuffered a like change 


with the word above, being exprefted TgiKocgqvog and Gahen 
Ades or Cerberus was from hence fuppofed to have been a 
triple-headed monfter. That thefe idle figments took their 
rife from names of places, ill exprefled, and mifinterpreted, 
may be proved from Palaephatus. He abundantly fhews, 
that the miftake-ar'ofe from hence; though he does not point 
out precifely the mode of deviation. He firft fpeaks of Ge- 
ryon, who was fuppofed to have had three heads, and was 
thence ftyled TgMsqxxlKag. 31 Hr ds Toiovie ra to* 'sroXic sri-v sv 

T 03 E v%ivu 'WOVTW Tgtmgwt'cx. m?^jjLSVYi xA. ‘The purport of the 
fables about Geryones is this. There ■was upon the Pontus Euxi- 
nus a city named Tricarenia ; and from thence came the hifory 
YqgvoviS ns Tgiz&gnvis, of Geryon the 7 ricarenian^ 'which was in¬ 
terpreted^ a ma?i with three heads. He mentions the fame 
thing of Cerberus. 51 A syxtn 'ZU'sgi K sgEsgs, ocg kvcav r\v y eyyav 

TgSIS KSpClhctS' <J>}A OV (Ts OTl KOCl 376$ CL7T0 TlQS 'UToMoog stihY}@Y) 

Cerberus , that he 



T giKOLgwog, d<r7reg 0 r Yigvwns. They fay 
was a dog with three heads: but it is plain that he was fo 
called from a city named Tricaren , or Tricarenia , as well as 
Geryones . Palagphatus fays very truly that the ftrange notion 


A. 


Pal^phatus. p. 56. * 

Palaephatus. p. 9 6. 


arofe 




: c V 





























































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


41 i 


arofe from a place. But to ftate more precifely the grounds 
of the miftake, we mu ft obferve that from the ancient Tor- 
Caph-El arofe the blunder about Tgutepofcog ; as from Tor- 

Keren, rendered Tricarenia, was formed the term Tgucamvos ; 
and thefe perfonages in eonfequence of it were defcribed with 
three heads. 

As I often quote from Falaephatus, it may be proper to 
fay fomething concerning him. He wrote early : and feems 
to have been a ferious, and fenfible perfon ; one, who faw 
the abfurdity of the fables, upon which the theology of his 
country was founded. In the purport of his name is figni- 
fied an antiquarian; a perfon, who dealt in remote re- 
fearehes : and there is no impoffibility, but that there might 
have eafually arifen this correfpondenee between his name 
and writings. But, I think, it is hardly probable. As he 
wrote againft the mythology of his country, I fhould ima¬ 
gine that HcxAca<pcLTQ^, Falaephatus, was an affumed name, 
which he took for a blind, in order to fcreen himfelf from 
perfecution : for the nature of his writings made him liable 
to much ill will. One little treatife of 33 Palaephatus about 
Orion is quoted verbatim by the- Scholiaft upon 34 Homer, 
who fpeaks of it as a quotation from Euphorion. I fhould 
therefore think, that Euphorion was the name of this 
writer: but as there- were many learned men f© called, it 
may be difficult to determine which was the author of this 
treatife. 




Homer, who has conftruded the noblefl poem, that was 

33 Palasphatus. p. 20. 

34 Iliad. X. v. 486. 


o g g 2 


ever 



41 2 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


ever framed, from the ftrangeft materials, abounds with alle¬ 
gory and myfterious defcription. He often introduces ideal 
perfonages, his notions of which he borrowed from edifices, 
hills, and fountains ; and from whatever favoured of wonder 
and antiquity. He feems fometimes to blend together two 

different characters of the fame thing, a borrowed one, and a 

* 

real ; fo as to make the true hiftory, if there fhould be any 
truth at bottom, the more extraordinary, and entertaining. 

I cannot help thinking, that Otus and Ephialtes, thofe 
gigantic youths, fo celebrated by the Poets, were two lofty 
towers. They were building to Alohim, called 35 Aloeus ; 
but were probably overthrown by an earthquake. They 
are Ipoken of by Pindar as the fons of Iphimedeia and are 
fuppofed to have been ilain by Apollo in the ifland Naxos, 

36 Ev $s Nafw 

3 -CLUBIV KlWXgX l<pl(JL£$£lXg 'UTXL$OLQ 

ElTOV , KXi GTS, TOhfJLXBig EpX?WX XV X^. 

* • 

4 • • 

They are alio mentioned , by Homer, who ffyles them yny£V£ig y 
or earthborn : and his defcription is equally fine. 

37 Kxi p £T£K£V Jvq 'StaiJs, puvvuQxhcti S's ySJ/£cEbjK, 

ElTOV T XVTl&SOV; TfihBKhSlTOV T EpxKTYiV' 

Ovg Jjj [JLWiZOVg 3^s\J/g %£i$u)gog xgzgx, 

K xi ‘WoXv KxXXi&sg [xsrx y£ kKvtqv Elgioovx i. 

E vvBoogoi yx$ roiys , kxi £W£xm;irQ( 2 sg qvxv 
Evgog, xrxg [juiKog y£, y£V£<&Y)V Bvveogyvioi. 


35 Diodorus Siculus. L. 5. p. 324.. 

36 Pindar. Pyth. Ode 4. p. 243. 

37 Homer. OdyiT. A. v. 306. 


* 


Homer 




The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 415 

Homer includes Orion in this defcription, whom he men¬ 
tions elfewhere : and feems to borrow his ideas from a fimilar 

% 

% 

objedt, fome tower or temple, that was facred to him. Orion 1 
was Nimrod, the great hunter in the Scriptures, called by the 

Greeks Nebrod. He was the founder of Babel, or Babylon;- 

♦ 

and is reprefented as a gigantic perfonage. The author of 
the Pafchal Chronicle fpeaks of him in this light. 38 Ns(?£«<£ 

Yiyanot, top tw B uJovXumcci) kth. rantt—ovnvct mX&triv Slgioovct.. 

He is called Alorus by Abydenus, and Apollodorus ; which 
was often rendered with the Amonian prefix Pelorus. Homer 
defcribes him as a great hunter ; and of an enormous flature, 
even fuperior to the Aloeidse above mentioned. 


39 Toy <5s per Q,gioov& HeXcagiov ei<rsvoYi<rct, - 
Srigocg ofiu siXsvvTa kolt a<rcpo$sXov Xsi^mcL. 

The Poet flyles him Pelorian; which betokens fomething vaft, 
and is applicable to any towering perfonage, but particular!} 
to Orion. For the term Pelorus is the name, by which the 
towers of Orion were called. Of thefe there feems to have been 


one in 


Delos 


and another of more note, to which Homer 


♦ 

probably alluded, in Sicily; where Orion was particularly re¬ 
verenced. The ftreight of Rhegium was a dangerous pafs : 
and this edifice was eredled for the fecurity of thofe, who 
were obliged to go through it. It flood near Zancle ; and 


38 Chron. Pafchale. p 36. 

Ne£p<wcT — kol ? vb / tiv . Cedrenus. p. 14. 

39 Homer, OdyjT. A. v. 57U. 


was 







4 


414 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

was called 40 Pelorus, becaufe it was facred to Alorus, the 
fame as 41 Orion. There was likewife a river named from 
3 him> and rendered by Lycophron 42 Elorus. The tower is 
mentioned by Strabo; but more particularly by Diodorus 
Siculus. He informs us, that, according to the tradition of 
the place, Orion there refided ; and that among other works, 
he raifed this very mound and promontory, called Pelorus 
and Pelorias, together with the temple, which was iituated 
upon it. 43 Qgicdva, 'urgo<r , }(Mcrcu to xoctoc tw ksi^lsvqv 

UKgWTYlglOV, KOLl TO T £[X.SV 0 S T8 ILoTSlioOVOg XOLTa.TKSVCiTCa, Tl{&WfJL£l/Oif 

vtto toov sy^wgiuv fricttpegovToog. We find from hence, that there 
was a tower of this fort, which belonged to Orion: and that 
the word Pelorion was a term borrowed from thefe edifices, 
and made ufe of metaphorically, to denote any thing ftu- 
pendous and large. The defeription in Homer is of a mixed 
nature : wherein he retains the ancient tradition of a gigantic 
perfon ; but borrows his ideas from the towers facred to him., 
I have taken notice before, that all temples of old were fup- 
pofed to be oracular ; and by the Amanians were called Pater 
and Fatara. This temple of Orion was undoubtedly a Pater * 

40 Strabo. L. 3. p. 259. 

41 Alorus was the firft king of Babylon; and the fame perfon as Orion* and Nim¬ 
rod. See Radicals, p. 9. notes. 

A% "EAct’ppc, ei'&cc ep-orov. Lycophron. V, 1033. 

e p eSgtov c EAa>g>y wpoaBev. Idem. v. 1 1 84, 'O totx.jj.os o c EA Gogos €cr%e to ovofjiot 
ctiro twos filter 1 Azcos 'EAaipa. Schol. ibid. There were in Sicily many places of.this 
name; Ete:JW '’E^moiqv. Diodorus. L. 13. p. 148. Elorqs Caftellum. Fazellus. 
Dec. 1. L. 4. c. 2. 

Via Helorina. 'EAw/^s ^roAr?. Cluver. Sicilia Antiqua. L. ju c. 13. p. 186. 

4 * Diodorus Siculus. L. 4. p. 284. 

.6 


to 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


4*5 


9 

which, mariners reforted to know the event of their voyage* 


and to make their offerings to the God 


Was on this 


ftyled Tor Pator ; which being by the Greeks exprefffed 


Tgi7rct?oog, tripator, gave rife to the notion, 
born slant had three fathers. 


£LglWV Tgl7T0tTWg 0.770 fJLYfTSgOS CivQogS yCtlYj ?. 


this earth 



4 + 


Thefe towers 


* 

near the fea were made ufe of to form a judg¬ 
ment of the weather, and to obferve the heavens: and thofe 
which belonged to cities, were generally in the Acropolis, o: 


higher part of the pla 


This by the Amonians was named 


Bofrah ; and the citadel of Carthage, as well as of other 


Greeks by 


a 


known to have been fo denominated. But the 
i unavoidable fatality rendered it uniformly 4S fivgaro, burfa, 
{kin : and when fome of them fucceeded to Zancle 46 in 


Sicily, finding that Orion had fome reference to Ouran or Ou- 
ranus, and from the name of the temple (r % in or «, g) judging 
that he muff have had three fathers, they immediately went 

They 


wor 


k in order to reconcile thefe different ideas 


accordingly changed Ouran 


47 


sgsiv •, and thinking the mif- 


conftrued hide fivgtro no improper utenfil for their purpofe, 
they made thele three fathers cooperate in a moft wonderful 
manner for the production of this imaginary perfon; inventing 


44 Nonni Dionyfiaca. L. 13. p. 536. 

45 Kcctcs fj.ecrrv J'e tw 'zst-oAu' r\ cat£>Q7TQ Arf, w gxctAyr fivoo-oev, opgvs ix&vco* ooQ:x. 

Strabo. L. 17. p. 1189. 

See alfo Juftin. L. 18. c. 5. and Livy. L. 34. c. 62. 

46 ZayxA?) 'st'cAg 2 *xeA/as —ctiro ynysvas. Stephan. Byzant. 

47 Ovpew by the Dorians was exprefled Qupocv . 

the 



4*6\ The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


the moil flovenly legend, that ever was devifed. * 8 Tgsig fteoi) 


t« tfcpctysvTog (3oog (3vgcri evtsgwrctv, kou ca> ty}s Q.giwv sysvsTo. 

Tres Dei in bovis madlati pelle minxerunt, et inde natus eft 
Orion. 


4,8 Scholia in Lycophron. v. 328. 

— KOCTCL TpOTTYW Td 3 CO CC7T0 T3 BpiCOV Gc^lV <X7T0 iq~Opi C£$ T3 3p7Urctt &€'dS 

ev th @vpa 3 % x.ai yeveaftcct olvtov. Etymolog. Mag. Qpic cv. 


•» 



TIT 





T IT and T I T H. 

% 

» 

W HEN towers were fituated upon eminences fafhioned 

very round, they were by the Amonians called Tith; 
which anfwers to *n in Hebrew, and to 1 titQy), and titOos 
in Greek. They were fo denominated from their refem- 
blance to a woman’s bread; and were particularly facred to 
Orus, and Oliris, the Deities of light, who by the Grecians 
were reprefented under the title of Apollo. Hence the fum- 
mit of Parnaffus was * named Tithorea from Tith-Or : and 
hard by was a city, mentioned by Paufanias, of the fame 
name ; which was alike facred to Orus, and Apollo. The 
fame author takes notice of a hill near Epidaurus, called 
3 TiT Q&iqv ogog A 7 CO?<Kwvoq. There was a fummit of the like 
nature at Samos, which is by Callimachus flyled the bj'eajl 
of Parthenia : 4 AiaJogoy(pv v$clti UcLgQeviYis. Mounds of 


1 T/t 0 w, Hefychius. 

1 Paufanias. L. io. p. 878. 

3 O po$ — o cTw TnQeiov Qvouct&aw e(p fiy-Wy ttjvitcclvtcc f e exxteno JVI votici*. Pauian. 

L. 2. p. 170. 

4 Callimach. Hymn in Delon, v. 48. M ctq~oi often taken notice of by Xeno¬ 

phon. Aranas. L,. 4. p. 320. A hill at Defbos. Er AsaCy xAeu'jjs Efscry 
kv/jlovi MASTD*. Athenseus, L. 3. p. in. ^ ev ocvtoo xca ixoc^on Polyb. 

L. 1. p. 57. 


VOL. I. 


Hhh 


this 


458 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

this nature are often by Paufanias, and Strabo, termed from 
their refeinblance 5 ^.otg'osiS'sig. Tithonus, whole longevity is 
fo much celebrated, was nothing more than one of thefe 
ifruftures, a Pharos facred to the fun, as the name plainly 
fhews. Tith-On is f/.a.g'og Y{hia, the mount of the 6 Sun. As 
he fupplied the place of that luminary, he is faid to have 
been beloved by Aurora, and through her favour to have lived 
many ages. This indeed is the reverfe of that, which is fa¬ 
bled of the 7 Cyclopes, whofe hidory equally relates to edi¬ 
fices. They are faid to have raifed the jealoufy of Apollo, 
and to have been llain by his arrows : yet it will be found at 
bottom of the fame purport. The Cyclopian turrets upon 
the Sicilian fhore fronted due eaft : and their lights mud ne- 
celfarily have been extinguifhed by the rays of the riling 
Sun. This, I imagine 

the Cyclopes with his arrows. Tethys, the ancient Goddefs 
of the fea, was nothing elfe but an old tower upon a mount; 
of the fame lhape, and erected for the fame purpofes, as 
thofe above. On this account it was called Tith-Is, fjLu&og 

'urv^og. Thetis feems to have been a tranfpolition of the fame 
name ; and was probably a Pharos, or Firetower near 

the fea. 

Thefe mounts, Xotpoi fJLdfOsifeis, were not only in Greece j 


, is the meaning of Apollo’s flaying 


1 Strabo mentions in Cyprus, A^aSas 'zvoXis—ucu opos s OAu/^ttos. 

JL. 14. p. 1001. 

6 The Circean promontory in Italy feems to have been named Tit-On •, for the 
bay below is by Lycophron fly led Titonian. Tituviov ts t«. v. 1275. Rivers 
and feas were often denominated from places, near which they flowed. 

7 Of the Cyclopes I fhall hereafter treat at large. 


9 


but 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 419 
but in Egypt, Syria, and moft parts of the world. 

4 

were generally formed by art ; being compofed of earth, 
raifed very high; which was Hoped gradually, and with great 
exadtnefs : and the top of all was crowned with a fair tower. 
The lituation of thele buildings made them be looked upon 
as places of great fafety : and the reverence, in which they 
were held, added to the fecurity. On thefe accounts they 
were the repofitories of much wealth and treafure : in times 
of peril they were crowded with things of value. In AHyria 
was a temple named Azara ; which the Parthian plundered, 
and is laid to have carried off ten thoufand talents: 8 Kcti 

rigs tclXolvtuiv fjLVgiuv yoJoLV. The fame author mentions two 
towers of this fort in Judea, not far from Jericho, belonging 
to Ariftobulus and Alexander, and flyled 9 Yct^xpvXoucio!. toov 

'Tvgctvvoov ■: which were taken by Pompeius Magnus in his war 
with the Jews. There were often two of thefe mounds of 

equal height in the fame inclofure ; fuch as are defcribed by 
jdfephus at Machaerus near fome warm fountains. He men¬ 
tions here a cavern and a rock; 10 <T7rrihaiov — ty) 'zrergcc 'srgis- 

%acrji <s'KB7rofxsvov * TdtVTi% cimQev utrctvsi pcLfoi Svq olvS’ gyu'iv , aA- 

KrjXoQV oKiyct) dVss'wrgs: and above it two round hills like breajls , 
tit no great diJla?Ke from each other . To fuch as thefe Solo¬ 
mon alludes, when he makes his beloved fay, 11 I am a wall, 
and my breajls like towers . Though the word na^n, Chumah, 
or Comah, be generally rendered a wall; yet I fhould think 

8 Strabo. L. 16. p. 1980. Azara fignified a treafure. 

9 Strabo. L. 16. p. 1106. 

,0 Bell. Jud. L. 7. p. 417. 

1X Canticles, c. 8. v. 10. 



H h h 2 


that 



4-0 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

his place it fignified the ground, which the wall fur 


unded 


an 


lofure facred to Cham, the- 


who 


was 


particularly worfhiped in fuch pi 

Tills Typhon, and the cities 


es. The Mizraim called 
where they were erecfied, 


But 


they flood within enclofures facred 


This 


lmamne, was 


Typhoniai 

Chom, they were alfo ftyled Choma 

• — 

the meaning of the term in this place, and in lome others 

where the text alludes to a different 

♦ 

mode of worfhip 
adored, and the 


nation, and to a foreign 
thefe temples the Sun was principally 
of fire celebrated : and this feems to 


# 

have been the reafon, why the judgment denounced againft 
them is uniformly, that they fhall be deftroyed by fire. If 
we fuppofe Comah to mean a mere wall, I do not fee why 
fire fhould be fo particularly deftined againft a part, which 
is the leaft combuftible. The Deity fays, ^ I will kindle a 
fire i?i the wall of Damafcus . 13 I will fend a fire on the wall 

of Gaza.. 14 I will fend a fire on the wall of Tyrus. IS I will 
kindle a 16 fire in the wall of Rabbah. As the crime, which 
brought down this curfe, was idolatry, and the term ufed in 
all thefe infiances is Chomah ; I fhould think that it related- 
to a temple of Chom, and his high places, called by the 
Greeks Ao$oi (jlols'qsi ; and to thefe the fpoufe of Solomon 

certainly alludes, when fhe fays, syu Teiftog, mi oifictzoi |Us, 


11 Jeremiah, c. 49. v. 27. 

M Amos. c. 1. v. 7. 

14 Amos. c. 1. v. jo. 

?5 Amos. c. 1. v. 14. 

It is remarkable, that in many of the very ancient temples there was a tradition 
of their having fuffered by lightning. 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


42* 


tag ‘VTvgyoi. This will appear from another paflage in Solo¬ 
mon, where he makes his beloved fay, 17 We have a little 
JiJler , and foe hath no breafos. If foe be a Comah y we will build 
upo?t her a palace of fiver . A palace cannot be fuppofed to 
be built upon a wall; though it may be inclofed with one. 
The place for building was a Comah, or eminence. It is 
faid of Jotham king of Judah, that 18 on the wall of Ophel he 
built much . Ophel is literally Pytho Sol, the Ophite Deity 
of Egypt and Canaan. What is here termed a wall, was a 
Comah, or high place, which had been of old erected to the 
fun by the Jebufites. This Jotham fortified, and turned itr 
to advantage ; whereas before it was not ufed, or ufed for a 
bad purpofe. The ground fet apart for fuch ufe was gene¬ 
rally oval; and towards one extremity of the long diameter, 
as it were in the focus, were thefe mounds and towers ere6ted», 

J 

% 

As they were generally royal edifices, and at the fame time 
held facred ; they were termed Tarchon, like Tarchonium in 
Hetruria: which by a corruption was in later times rendered- 
Trachon, T . There were two hills of this denomina¬ 


tion near 


Damafcu 


s 


from whence undoubtedly the Regio- 


Trachonitis received its- name: J9: v7rsgx.siVTcu os tzvTr\g (Aa- 
fA.oc<ncs) bvo 7\eyop*2vot T gccy/Govsg. Thefe were hills with 
towers, and muff have been very fair to fee to. Solomon 
takes notice of a hill of this fort upon so Lebanon , looking to¬ 
ward Damafcus ; which he fpeaks of as a beautiful ftrucTure.. 


«7 


IS 




2.0 


Canticles, c. 8. v. 8. 

2 Chron. c. 27. v. 3. 
Strabo. L. 16. p. 1096 
Canticles, c. 7. v. 4. 


The 



422 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

* 

The term Trachon feems to have been ftill further fophifli- 
cated by the Greeks, and exprefled AgccxcdV, Dracon : from 
whence in great meafure arofe the notion of treafdres being 
guarded by 11 Dragons. We read of the gardens of the Hef- 
perides being under the protedrion of a fleeplefs ferpent : and 
the golden fleece at Colchis was entrufted to fuch another 

guardian ; of which there is a fine defcription in Apoh 

# 

lonius. 

.** II vgyzg si<ro'fya<&£ Kvrctaog Aiyitoco , 

AAc Tog rs mcioav A gsog, t 0 Q 1 Kuocg an oLK^g 
Ua 7 TToi[JLSVov Qrfyoio Agoucoov, la^ag cuvov i$s<&ou 9 
ApjLcpig 07ri7rrsvsi freSoxYipiavog' ov$s 61 
Ov xvacpcng ^vfjiog vnvog uvaitiaot ^ctfjLvotToci o<T<ra. 

Nonnus often introduces a dragon as a protestor of virginity: 
watching while the damfelf flumbered, but fleeplefs itfelf: 
* 3 'T^raAsi^ ctygV7n/ov o%i7rravT^a Kogaiqg : and in another place 
he mentions s^aig omaXaQgov O <piv. Such a one 

guarded the nymph Chalcomeda, * s IloLgQaviKrig ctyctpioio (ZorjOoog. 
The Goddefs Proferpine had two 26 dragons to protect her, by 
the appointment of her mother Demeter. 


Pervenit ad Draconis fpeluncam ultimam, 

Cuftodiebat qui thefauros abditos. Phzsdrus. L. 4. Fab. 19. 
See Macrobius. Saturn. L. 1. c. 20. of dragons guarding treafures. 

Apollonius Rhodius. L. 2. v. 405. 

2,5 Nonni Dionyfiaca. L. 14. p. 408. 
x * Nonni Dionyf. L. 33. p. 840. 

25 Nonni Dionyf L. 35. p. 876. 

26 Nonni Dionyf. L. 6. p. 186. 


Such 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


4 2 3 


Such are the poetical reprefentations : but the hiftory 


bottom 


worfhip of the ferp 
and a 


facred towers, dedicated to the fymbolical 


light 


;nt; where there was a perpetual watch 
burning. The Titans, TiTccvsg, were pro¬ 


perly Titanians; a people fo denominated from their wor 


fhip, and from the places, where it was celebrated 


are, like Orion and the Cyclop 


re 


prefented 


They 

gigantic 


perfons : and they were of the Tame race, the children of 
Anak. The Titanian temples were ftately edifices, erected in 
Chaldea, as well as in lower Egypt, upon mounds of earth, 
Aocpo; {jLctgrosideig, and facred to Hanes; T rravig, and T irctvsg 
are compounds of Tit-Hanes; and fignify literally fJLOLfog Y]XiB y 
the conical hill of Orus. They were by their fituation ftrong, 
and probably made otherwife defenfible. 

In refpe£t to the legends about dragons, I am perfuaded that 
the ancients fometimes did wilfully mifreprefent things, in or¬ 
der to increafe the wonder. Iphicrates related, that in Mauri¬ 
tania there were dragons of fuch extent, that grafs grew upon 
their backs: 77 Amazonctg rs Ksysi ^sycOwzg, cofS kcu 
7 rs<pvKSVCU. What can be meant under this reprefentation but 
a Dracontium, within whofe precincts they encouraged ver- 


'GTOOLV 


dure 


It is 


faid of Taxiles, a mighty prince in India, and ; 
of Porus, that, upon the arrival of Alexander the Great 


5 


he fhewed him every thing that was in his country 
and which could win the attention of a foreigner. 


Amon 


other things he carried him to fee a 28 Dragon, which was fa 


cred 


17 Strabo L. 17. p. 1183. 

18 Up cPe 7 0*$ eS'et^e tlou T& 


1 

ficttisi, tH'TjA 


'TGOP 



424 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


cred to Dionufus ; and itfelf efteemed a God. It was of a 

t 

fbupendous fi ze, being in extent equal to live acres; and re- 
fided in a low deep place, walled round to a great height. 
The Indians offered iacrifices to it: and it was daily fed by 
them from their flocks and herds ; which it devoured at an 
amazing rate. In fliort my author fays, that it was treated 
rather as a tyrant, than a benevolent Deity. Two Dragons of 
the like nature are mentioned by Strabo; which are faid to 
have redded in the mountains of Abifares, or A biofares in In- 
dia: the one was eighty cubits in length, the other one hundred 
and forty. Similar to the above is the account given by Pofi- 
donius of a ferpent, which he faw in the plains of Afacra, a re¬ 
gion in Syria; and which he ftyles 30 figoLfCOVTct 'ure7f]ooKOTtX, VEKgov, 
He fays, that it was about an acre in length ; and of a thick- 
nefs fo remarkable, as that two perlons on horfeback when 
they rode on the oppofite fides, could not fee one another. 
Each fcale was as big as a fhield : and a man might ride in 
at its mouth. What can this defcription allude to, this 
fyoLKoov 'GrETrToozcctig, but the ruins of an ancient Ophite temple ; 
which is reprefented in this enigmatical manner to raife ad- 


nrcov ctxptev / zc-tgi€e€?wy-£vo* y~ou uvr-^jcrxe rets IvSoov txyzXcxs xtA. Maximus Tyr. 
DifTert. 8. c. 6. p. 85. 

29 Strabo. L. 15. p. 1022. 

30 McCXgCC 'Z&zflOV. Hr TST to £e YloCtiSctil'iOi 15 * Opel T CV £CC7C0V 7 CC 'ZS'STTT&X.OTO. opet- 

6 )JYSCi pOIKOi QV 77 7tOU 'ZVAzQccciOl'i TrJOi^Or £ €, 17T7T ECC$ ZX. CC7 £ O CrlQ £ V 'uTCCpOL- 

cyccvrcc? oc AAjjAbs pm xctQocccv' ^jxo'fjicc £ 9 5 € (pi ^7 rov £e^cco^ccr^ tj?s CpoAiiPos As- 

7riScc DirerotipBo-cLV Strabo. L. 16. p.’1095. The epithet 'z&e 7 TTcoKoos 

could not properly be given to a ferpent: but to a building decayed, and in ruins 
nothing is more applicable. A ferpent creeps upon its belly, and is even with the 
ground, which he goes over ^ and cannot fall lower. The moderns indeed delineate 
dragons with legs : but I do not know that this was cuftomary among the ancients. 

miration ? 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


425 


miration ? The plains of Macra were 


far from Mount 


Lebanon, and Hermon ; where the Hivites relided 


and 


where ferpent-worfhip particularly prevailed. The Indian 
Dragon abovementioned feems to have been of the fame na¬ 


ture. 


was probably a temple, and 


its environs ; where a 
fociety of priefts relided, who were maintained by the pub¬ 
lic ; 


ferp< 

clafs 


and who worshiped the Deity under the femblance of a 
nt. Tityus muft be ranked among the monfters of this 
He is by the Poets reprefented as a ftupendous Being, 


earthborn giant 


3 * 


Terras omniparentis alumnum. 


per tota novem cui jugera corpus 
Porrigitur. 

By which is meant, that he was a tower, eredted upon 


nical mount of earth, which ftood 


an enclofure of 


acres. 


or 


liver 


He is faid to have a vulture preying upon his heart, 
; immortale jecur tondens. The whole of which 


hiftory is borrowed from Homer, who mentions two 
engaged in tormenting him. 


3* 


K ou T itvov eidov Four)? epiKvSeoQ 


K SlfJLS 


JWsJw* oT S7T SVVSC& KSITO 'ETfiA eQg 


31 


Virgil. iEneis 
3 * Homer. Odyi 
Quintus 


r 

D * 


rieAuTrfAsSpos exsiTo JtaTct %Qovos evpv7re^oio. L. 3. v. 395. 

Tnvov [AB.ya.Vy ov p’ et ey.ev ye 


A 1 EAao>j, $rge-\ev S'e >ca 1 0.4 


Apollon. Rhodius, L. 1. v. 761 


I i i 


VVTB 


VOL. I. 



426 


4 

The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 


Tv 7CB OS fJLiV ix,0LTSg@£ / &‘Otgr i [JLSVQl Y\7TCtg SZSlgOV, 

sgTgov ecrca Jvvqvtss, o<T ovtc cm: ctfjivv st a p£g£<n. 

The fame ftory is told of Prometheus, who is faid to have 
been eXpofed upon Mount Caucafus near Colchis ; with this 
variation, that an eagle is placed over him, preying upon his 
heart. Thefe ftrange hiftories are undoubtedly taken from 
the fymbols and devices, which were carved upon the front 
of the ancient Amonian temples ; and efpecially thofe of 
Egypt. The eagle, and the vulture, were the infignia of 
that country : whence it was called Ai-Gupt, and 33 Aetia, 
from Ait and Gupt, which figniffed an eagle and vulture. 
Ait was properly a title of the Deity, and figniffed heat: and 
the heart, the center of vital heat, was among the Egyptians 


ftyled 


S4* 


Ait 


hence we are told by 35 Onis Apollo, that a 


heart over burning coals was an emblem of Egypt. The 
Amonians dealt much in hieroglyphical reprefentations.. 
Nonnus mentions one of this fort, which fee ms to have been 


a curious emblem of the Sun. 


It 


was en 



upon a jaf- 


per, and worn for a bracelet.. Two ferpents entwined toge 
ther, with their heads different ways, were depicted in a fe 
micircular manner round the eXtfeme part of the gem. 


At 


3 * 


Aiyv7TT0<; 


£ MWstc oc 


t ivos ItJ'b Aery.. Steph&nus Byzant. 


xcti Aepux, xul ri'Q.Ttzmrrt^ ytcu AE*TIA 5 ocn to, 


Euftathius mentions,. Kcu Aericc, cctto tivqs Aere > ktA*. Ife Dionyfinm. v.. 


a39. p. 42 

34 


Orus Apollo ftyles it in the loniam manner H 0 . L. i. c. 7.. p. 10. ToJ'g Hft 


xapcTioc. 

3S 


AiyvTr'Tov cTs ypccyovireS} SrvfjLidcmigiov kcliq}jjzvqv ^c^ypoLCpBcri^ xzci Z7rccv&) xctpS'iccn. 
L». 1. c. 22.. p. 38, It alfo fignified an eagle.. 

7 


the 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


427 


the top between their heads was an eagle ; and beneath a 
facred carriage, called Genius. 


* 


A i£7og qv 'ypvcreiog 


'BrXttTvv qsgcc 7suLvcay 




yj.bvcuuv SidVfJLM [As<r(rr,yv kolpyivoov 


'Y'^/ipctvvs 'UTTSgvyodv 'eruFvgwv rsrgoL^vyi ky)[Jlu>. 

Tp [As;/ %ct,vQog 10.77715 mergers. 

The hiftory of Tity us, Prometheus, and many other poeti¬ 
cal perfonages, was certainly taken from hieroglyphics mif- 
underflood, and badly explained. Prometheus was wor¬ 
shiped by the Colchians as a Deity ; and had a temple and 
high place, called 57 IJsrgcc T vcpctovia., upon Mount Caucafus : 
and the device upon the portal was Egyptian, an eagle over 

The magnitude of thefe perfonages was taken from 
the extent of the temple inplofures. The words, per tota 
novem eui jugera corpus porrigitur, relate to a garden of fo 

There were many fuch inclofures, as I have 
notice : fome of them were beautifully planted, 
and ornamented with pavilions and fountains, and called 


heart 


many acres, 
before taken 


Paradifi 


38 


One of this fort flood in Sy 


upon 


the 


river 


Typhon, called afterwards Orontes 


of this 


are alluded 


to under the defcription of the gardens of the 
Hefperides, and Alcinous; and the gardens of Adonis. 


3 See the whole in Nonnus. L. 5. p. 148. It feems to have been a winged 
machine, \fthich is called Kfrom Cham the Sun. Hence the notion of the 
chariot of the Sun, and horfes of the fame, 

37 K (KVXCLG& & nwfAQicriy T vfyaiQviy) ore 'nrergn. Apollonius Rhodius. L. 2. v. 1214, 
Typhon was a high place; but reprefented as a Giant, and fuppofed to be 
thunderftruck here, near the city Antioch. Strabo. L. 16. p. 1090. Here was 
Ny/x.pccfor, V7tyi?ux.iqv n lepov. p. 191. 

I i i 2 


Such 



428 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


Such were thofe at Phaneas in Paleftine; and thole beautiful 
gardens of Daphne upon the Orontes abovementioned ; and 
in the Ihady parts of Mount Libanus. Thofe of Daphne 
are defcribed by Strabo, who mentions, 39 Msycc TS aou c rvviri- 

gstpsg otTwos, S'icipfsofJLevov 'urriycaois vSburiv ev fj.scrca <3s carvXov 

TSfJLSVO^ kou vsoog A kqTsAmqs tcca AgTspcibog. ’There was a fine 
wide exte?ided grove , which fioeltered the whole place ; a?td which 
was watered with numberlefis fountains. In the centre of the 
whole was a fianSluary and ajylum , facred to Artemis a?id 


Apollo . 


The Groves of Daphne upon the mountains Heraei 


in Sicily, and the garden and temple at bottom were very 
noble ; and are finely defcribed by 40 Diodorus. 


I have taken notice that the word Ofictfccav, draco, was a 



miftake for Tarchon, T a.gywv : which was fometimes ex- 
prefled T gengoov ; as is oblervable in the Trachones at Da- 
mafeus. When the Greeks underftood that in thefe temples 
people worlhiped a ferpent Deity, they concluded that Tra- 
chon was a ferpent: and hence came the name of Draco to 
be appropriated to fuch an animal. For the Draco was an 
imaginary Being, however afterwards accepted and under¬ 
ftood. This is manifeft from Servius, who diftributes the 
ferpentine fpecies into three tribes ; and confines the Draco 
folely to temples : 41 Angues aquarum funt, ferpentes terra- 
rum, Dracones temploruixu That the notion of fuch ani- 


39 Strabo. L. 16. p. 10S9. He mentions a place near the fountains of the river 
Orontes called Paradifos : Me^pt kcu vgov tx O^ovtb 'zzrwyooi'y cci 'urhyaiov Tars Ae- 
klsCc 7 cccl rry ctpccSzicv. L. 16. 5. 1096. 

40 Diodorus Siculus. L. 4. p. 2S3. 

41 Servii Comment, in Virgil. JEneid, L. 2. v. 204.. 


mals 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


429 


inals took its rife from the temples of the Syrians and Egyp¬ 
tians, and efpecially from the Trachones, T^cr^povsg, at Da¬ 
rn afcus, feems highly probable from the accounts above : and 
it may be rendered drill more apparent from Damafenus, a 
fuppofed hero, who took his name from the city Damafne, 
or Damafcus. He is reprefented as an earthborn giant, who 
encountered two dragons : 42 Ka; yfiovog ol7cXstov via., SgcLKQV- 
rocpovov ActfJLOLcrrjVct. One of the monfters, with which he 
fought, is defcribed of an enormous fize, 'urev’TYinovTOLiteXsO^og 

otpig, a ferpent in extent of fifty acres : which certainly, as I 
have before inftnuated, muft have a reference to the grove 
and garden, wherein fuch Ophite temple flood at Damafcus. 
For the general meafurement of all thefe wonderful beings 


by 


43 


jugera or acres proves that fuch an eftimate could not 


relate to any thing of folid 


but 


enclofure of 


that fuperficies. Of the fame nature as thefe was the gigan 


perfonage, fuppofed to have been feen at Gades by 


Magnefi 


us. 


He made, it feem's, no doubt of Tity 


and 


fuch monfters having exifted : for being at Gades, h 


e 


was ordered to go upon 


certain 


pedition by Hercules 


and upon his return to the ifland, he faw upon the fhore a 
huge fea-man, who had been thunderftruck, and lay ex¬ 
ground : 44 TOVTOV 'UrXsOga. fJLSV TJTSVTS ifOL 

S 7 tzyyiv' 


tended 


upon 


the 


4Z Nonni Dionyf. L. 25. p. 66 8. 

4J Tot jugera ventre prementem. Ovid of the Pytho cf ParnafTus. Met. L. 1. 
v. 459 - 

See Paufanias. L. 10. p. 695. He fays, the extent related to the place, eiQcc 



TITUOS 

44 £ 1 $ cf £ ay 9/5 €7rczrr,K?nt 


(t qv KA soovql) €S t a TccSetoa.^ ccrSfot hpeir ^rccXccrrcrtov KFv- 


i:niiTm;oTA 



43 ° 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


bttb^eiv' and his dimenfon s were not lejs than five across, . So 
Typhon, Caanthus, Orion, are faid to have been killed by 
lightning. Orpheus too, who by fome is faid to have been 
torn to pieces by the Thracian women, by others is repre- 

fented as fiain by the bolt of Jupiter : and his epitaph im¬ 
ports as much. 




45 ©griiKct •%gv(ro\vgY)v tjo<T OgtpBCL Movtrcu eO epvj/, ccv , 

Ov ktclvbv v-^ifjLsiuv Xsvg ^soMbuti fistei. 

All thefe hiftories relate to facred inclofures ; and to the wor- 
fhip of the ferpent, and rites of fire, which were pradtifed with¬ 
in them. Such an inclofiire was by the Greeks ftyled 46 TBp.£Vog, 

and the mound or liiglj place roccpog and rvuJoog ; whi^h had 


often a tower upon it, efteemed a fandtuary and alyl 


ph 


Ly 


r 

In procefs of 


makes Caflandra fay of Diomedes, 47 TTMBOS 

: .i : the temple , to which he Jhall Jhall fave him. 


both the word TVfdoi 


well 


Tocipog 


were 


longer taken in their original fenfe ; but fuppofed 
uniformly to have been places of fepulture. This has turned 
many temples into tombs : and the Deities, to whom they 


were facred have been 


prefented as there buried 


T here 


was an Orphic Dracontium at Lelbos ; where a ferpent was 


nEI7T QKOTA esmiv ym' rrtiTov 'srAeSpct jxzv tltzvtz ariyziv^ ■kzpxuvmQsvtcc 

rv c — /\ —-w — _ * 


fe V7T0 T« S"gS XCCteaBcU. 


Paufan. L. 10. p. 806. 
45 Diogenes Laertius. Procem. p. 5. 

4 Te^gj.-os' iegou %wpiov a.tpoopicrfj'.tvov ©gu. Sch< 


Homer 


'WB^l7TVq-0V 


Dionyfius. Fle^myvi. v. 13 


Ao-oAov Tgftgj'os at Daphne upon die Orontes. See above, p. 428. 
47 Lycophron. v. 613. 


fuppofed 



The Analysis of Ancieistt Mythology. 431 

fuppofed to have been going to devour the remains of Or¬ 
pheus : and this- temple being of old ftyled Petra, it was fabled 
of the ferpent that he was turned into ftone. 

+s Hie ferus expofitum peregrinus anguis arenis 
Os petit, et fparfos ftillanti rore capillos. 

Tandem Phoebus adeft: morfufque inferre parantem 
Arcet; et in lapidem riedus ferpentis apertos 
Congelat; et patulos, ut erant, indurat hiatus. 

All the poetical accounts of heroes engaging with dragons 
have arifen from a mifconception about thefe towers and 
temples; which thofe perfons either founded, or elfe took in 
war. Or if they were Deities, of whom the ftory is told ; 
thefe buildings were erected to their honour. But the Greeks 
made no diftindion. They were fond of Heroifm ; and in¬ 
terpreted every ancient hiftory according to their own preju¬ 
dices : and in the moft limple narrative could find out a mar¬ 
tial achievement. No colony could fettle any where, and 
build an Ophite temple, but there was fuppofed to have been 
a contention between a hero and a dragon. Cadmus, as I 
have fhewn, was deferibed in conflict with fuch a one near 
Thebes ; whofe teeth he fowed in the earth: 

49 oS'ovra.g 

Aovioio fyccxovTos, on ooyuyir) svi ©rjfy 

Kor .Evgoo ?tw $i£ri[/,svog si<rccpmvs? 

Usps. 


48 Ovid. Metamorph. L. n. v. 56. 

49 Apollonius Rhodius. L. 3. v. 1176.. 


Serpents 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 



Serpents are faid to have infefted £ ° Cyprus, when it was 
occupied by its firft inhabitants : and there was a fearful dra¬ 
gon in the ifte of 51 Salamis. The Python of Parnafliis is 
well known, which Apollo was fuppofed to have flain, when 
he was very young : a ftory finely told by Apollonius. 


52 Q,g furore fursrgociYi vro $eigoi$i n.otgvi)<TG'oio 
AeX(pvvrjv ro%oi<n fnrsXoogiov s^evctgi^e, 

Ksgog euv, eri yvfjLVog, en furXo mpo i<n yeyrfiwg. 

After all, this dragon was a ferpent temple; a tumbos, rvp& 


formed of earth, and efteemed of old 


ginus bears witnefs. 
Hie ante Apollinem 
dare 


To this Hy 


53 


Python, Terras filius, Draco ingens, 
oraculo in monte Parnaflo refponfa 

ite between 


s folitus eft. Plutarch fays, that the difpute 
Apollo and the Dragon was about the privilege of the pi 


0 1 AeXtpuv SsoXoyoi volliQ 


enctvQa 


furore nr^og o<piv tw 
rom hence we may 


©su nregi th ’fcgYiS'rigUi ysverOcu. From 

perceive, that he was in reality the Deity of the tempi 


the Greeks made an idle diftin<ftion : and* he was 
treated with divine honours. 55 UvOoi u*ev bv 0 Agcutwv 0 TIv- 


though 


Oiog 
II vQiol. 


PY\<r neverou, mi rs Ocpeoog r t furavqyvgig zocrayyeXXerou 


It is faid moreover, that the feventh day 


ap 


50 Btf S' eir spotv A ices qzuyoov otpiaSecc K.u7rpov. 

Parthenius, as corredted by Voffius. See Notes to Pompon, Mela. p. 391. 

51 Lycophron. v. no. 

Si Apollonius Rhodius. L. 2. v. 707. 

53 Hyginus. Fab. 140. 

54 Plutarch, de Oraculorum defedtu. v. 1. p. 417. 

55 Clemens Alexand. Cohort, p. 29. 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


433 


pointed for a feflival in the temple, and celebrated with a 
Pasan to the s<s ferpent. 

We often read of virgins, who were expofed to dragons, 
and fea-monfters; and of dragons, which laid wafte whole 
provinces, till they were at length by fome perfon of prowefs 
encountered, and flain. Thefe hiflories relate to women, 
who were immured in towers by the fea-fide ; and to Ban¬ 
ditti, who got pofifeflion of thefe places, from whence they 


infefted the adjacent country 


The S7 author of the Ch 


con Pafchale fuppofes, that Andromeda, whom the Poets 
defcribe as chained to a rock, and expofed to a fea-monfter, 
was in reality confined in a terqple of Neptune, a Petra of 


another fort. Thefe drag 



prefented as fleeplefs 


becaufe in fuch places there were commonly lamps burning, 
and a watch maintained. In thofe more particularly fet 
apart for religious fervice, there was a fire, which never 


went out. 


58 Irreflindta focis fervant altaria flammas 
The dragon of Apollonius is ever watchful. 


Ovh 


ri(JL<x,g 


Oy KV£tp&£ fi$v[JLOs v7rvog oLvcuSecx. frocfJLVccrcu cxrcre. 

X 

What the Poet ftyles the eyes of the Dragon, were undoubt¬ 
edly windows in the upper part of the building, through 
which the fire appeared. 


Plutarch takes 


that in the 


56 Prolegomena to the Pyth. Odes of Pindar, 


57 P- 39 - 

58 Silius Ital. L. 3. v. 29. 


VOL. I. 



K k k 



434 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


temple of Amon, there was a 59 light continually burning. 
The like was obfervable in other temples of the 60 Egyptians. 


Paufanias mentions the lamp of Minerva Polias at Athens, 
which never went out: the fame cuftom was kept up in moft 
of the 62 Prutaneia. The Chaldeans and Perfians had facred 


which they preferved a 63 perpetual fire 


the 


hearths ; on 

temple of Apollo Carneus at Cyrene the fire upon the altar 
was never fuffered to be extinguished. A like account is 
given by Said Ebn Batrick of the facred fire, which was pre- 

The 
66 Cai- 


ferved in the great temple at 65 Aderbain in Armenia. 
Nubian Geographer mentions a nation in India, called 66 
machitae, who had large Puratheia, and maintained a 
petual fire. According to the Cevitical law, a conftant fire 


per 


was to be kept up upon the altar of God. 
ever burning upon the altar : it Jhall never go 




‘The fire fio all be 


From what has preceded, we may perceive, that many 


^es. And I cannot 

9 

hiftory, than I dare 


perfonages have been formed out of pla 
help fufpedting much more of ancient 
venture to acknowledge. Of the myth 
moft every circumftance to have been imported, and adopted; 

I imagine, that Chiron, fo celebrated 



fuppofe 


el fe 


be a fable 




59 


60 ■> 


61 


Av^yov aaSe^ov. Plutarch de Defe< 5 t. Orac. Vol. i. p. 410. 

, ^ ** * * 

[Porphyr. de Abftinentia. L. 2. 


L. 1. p. 63. 

61 To cPe.Xu%viQv evITguTccveicp. Theoc. Idyl. 21. v. 36. 
Tlvgos Tg Gpefyos ctcpQirov JEfch. 'Xoyupo^oi. v 

65 See Hyde Relig. Vet. Perfarum : and Stanley*upon t 


^ * 


> f 


64 Aet Se toi aevctov t&vo. 


65 


Vol. 2. p. 84. 


Hy 


66 Clima. 4. p. 213, 

67 Leviticus, c. 6. v. 13. Hence 



uXotpopia .; a cuftom, by which the people 


were obliged to carry wood, to replenifh the fire when decaying. 

9 


for 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


435 


for his knowledge, was a mere perfonage formed from a 
tower, or temple, of that name. It flood in Theffaly j and 


was inhabited by a fet of priefls, called Centauri. 


They 


were fo denominated from the Deity they worfhiped, who 
was reprefented under a particular form. They flyled him 
Cahen-Taur : and he was the fame as the Minotaur of Crete, 
and the Tauromen of Sicilia ; confequently of an emblema¬ 
tical and mixed figure. The people, by whom this wor- 
fhip was introduced, were many of them Anakim ; and are 
accordingly reprefented as of great flrength and flature. Such 
perfons among the people of the eafl were flyled 

lim : 


s Nephe- 

which the Greeks in after times fuppofed to relate to 
vscpeXit), a cloud. In confequence of this, they defcribed the 
Centaurs as born of a cloud : and not only the Centaurs, 
but Ixion, and others, were reputed of the fame original. 
The chief city of the Nephelim flood in Theffaly, and is 
mentioned by 69 Palasphatus j but through the mifconcep- 
tions of his countrymen it was exprefled Ns<psAfl, Nephele, 
a cloud. The Grecians in general were of this race 9 as will 
be abundantly fhewn. The Scholiafl upon Lycophron men¬ 
tions, that the defcendants of Hellen were by a woman nam¬ 
ed Nephele, whom Athamas was fuppofed to have married. 

70 A $ depots 0 A 10K2 72 'EAAj^os 'crotis zk N ztpzhris yzvvcL 'EAAi^, 

The author has made a diflindlion between 


mi ®gi%QV. 

Helle, and Hellen 9 the former of which he deferibes in the 


68 It is faid in the Scriptures, that 
and alfo after that. Genefis. c. 6. v. 4. 
Nephelim. 

69 C. 2. p. 6. 

70 Y. 22. 


thofe 


The word in the original for giants is 


K k k 2 


feminine 



436 The Analysis of Ancient Mythloogy. 

feminine. By Phrixus is meant Phryx, who paffed the 

Hellefpont, and fettled in Alia minor. However obfcured 
the hiftory may be, I think the purport of it is plainly this, 
that the Hellenes, and Phrygians were of the Nephelim or 
Anakim race. Chiron was a temple, probably at Nephele 
in Theffalia, the mod; ancient feat of the Nephelim. His 
name is a compound of Chir-On, in purport the lame as Kir- 
On, the tower and temple of the Sun. In places of this fort 
people ufed to ftudy the heavenly motions : and they were 
made ufe of for feminaries, where young people were inftrudt- 
ed on which account they were ftyled 'GTouSqtpoqoi. Hence 
Achilles was fuppofed to have been taught by 71 Chiron, who 
is reported to have had many difciples. They are enume¬ 
rated by Xenophon in his treatife upon hunting, and amount 

to a large number. 71 E ysvovTo avrca {JLaQrjTcu nvvrfysQ'uav rs, 

£ 

xou eTsgoov uaXuv, Ks<paXog, A<rxXri 7 rias y Mg Kctvioov, Ne?ag, Ap- 

<piagaog, nriXsvg, T eXapw, MsXeaygog, ®ri<rsvg, * ImroXvTQq , 

FLaha faring, 0 $v<rcrsvg, M zvs&evg, K ctg-ocg, II oAuhvzrig, 

& 

Ma.ya.ctjv, TlodaXsigiog, AvnXoyog, A ivziag, AyiKKevg. Jafon 
is by Pindar made to fay of himfelf, 73 Qafju cJ/cJac raaAiav Xg;- 
goovog qicsiv : and the fame circumftance is mentioned in ano¬ 
ther place : 74 K.govi$a Jg Tgatpsv Xsi^oovi ScaKav (laarova). Thefe 
hiftories could not be true of Chiron as a perlon : for, unlefs 

we fuppofe him to have been, as the Poets would perfuade 
us, of a different fpecies from the reft of mankind, it will be 

71 Orphic. Argonaut, v. 395. 

71 De Yenatione. p. 972. 

75 Pyth. Ode 4. p. 244. 

74 Ibid. p. 246. 


found 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


437 



found impoftible for him to have had pupils in fuch different 

. For not only iEfculapius, mentioned in this lift, but 
Apollo likewife learnt of him the medicinal arts. 75 Acr/cAJO- 

7Tl0g ZOU A TO A A 6^ 'UTCigCL XsigteVl TM K SVTOLVgto ICt&OU (h^OUTZOVTOLi. 
Xenophon indeed, who was aware of this objection, fays, that 
the term of Chiron’s life was fufficient for the performance 
of all, that was attributed to him : 76 'O Xsigcovog ftiog 'urouriu 

e^Yjgtcsi' 'Levs ya.g kou Xsigcav adshpoi : but he brings nothing 
in proof of what he alledges. It is moreover incredible, 
were we to fuppofe fuch a Being as Chiron, that he fhould 
have had pupils from fo many different 77 countries. Beftdes 
many of them, who are mentioned, were manifeftly ideal 
perfonages. For not to fpeak of Cephalus and Caftor, Apollo 
was a Deity ; and TEfculapius was the 78 like : by fome indeed 
efteemed the fon of the former; by others introduced rather 
as a title, and annexed to the names of different Gods. 
Ariftides ufes it as fuch in his invocation of 79 Hercules : I oo y 
Uouolv, 'H^a/cAes, Atr/cA^Tne : and he alfo fpeaks of the temple 
of Jupiter iEfculapius, A tog A<tkXyi 7 T^ vsoog. It was idle 
therefore in the Poets to fuppofe that thefe perfonages could 
have been pupils to Chiron. Thofe, that were inftrutffed, 
whoever they may have been, partook only of Chironian 


75 Juftin. Martyr de Monarchic, p. 42. 

76 DeVenat. p. 972. 

77 iEiculapius was of Egypt. Cephalus is faid to have lived in the time of Ce- 
crops ccvto%6uv: or, as fome fay, in the time of Eredtheus ; many centuries before 
Antilochus and Achilles, who were at the fiege of Troy. 

78 iEfculapius was the Sun. Eufeb. Praep. Evang. L. 3. p. 112. 

79 Oratio in Herculem. Vol. 1. p. 64. Oratio in iEfculapium. p. 67. 

education ; 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

education; and were taught in the fame kind of academy t 
but not by one perfon, nor probably in the fame place. For 
there were many of thefe towers, where they taught aftro- 
nomy, mufic, and other fciences. Thefe places were like- 
wife courts of judicature, where juflice was adminiffered r 
whence Chiron was faid to have been <piXoq>gov£oiv, jcou ducaio- 

TctTog : 

So 'O Xeiguv sS'iSa^s S'lKouoTa.Tog KsvTotvgav. 

The like character is given of him by Hermippus of Berytus. 

81 'Ovrog 

~Eig re $'ikcuo<tvvy\v §vy\twv yevog vyotye, Jhi^otg 
'O gKov, kcli $v<nag .iXagcLg, xcu tryypeer QA vjjl7Th. 

Right was probably more fairly determined in the Chironian 
temples, than in other. Yet the whole was certainly attended 
with fome inflances of cruelty : for human facrifices are men¬ 
tioned as once common, efpecially at Pella in Theflaly; where 
if they could get a perfon, who was an Achean by birth, they 
ufed to offer him at the altars of Peleus and 8z Chiron. 

There were many edifices denominated Chironian, and fa- 
cred to the Sun. Charon was of the fame purport, and ety¬ 
mology; and was facred to the fame Deity. One temple of 
this name, and the moft remarkable of any, flood oppofite to 



80 Homer. Iliad. A. v. 831, 

Sr Clemens Alexand. Strom. L. 1. p. 361. 

Se iq-cpei? sv t coy ScLVfAcccrioov avrccycoyr,^ er fTsAAv? ©&TTctA<as 

<xr&p& 7 rov YIyjAbl xcli ~Xeipoovi xccrccQvscrQctt. Clementis Cohort, p. 36. 

Memphis 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 439 

Memphis on the weftern fide of the Nile. It was near the 
fpot, where raoft people of confequence were buried. There 
is a tower in this province, but at fome diftance from the place 
here fpoken of, called 83 Kiroon at this day. As Charon was 
a temple near the catacombs, or place of burial; all the per- 
fons, who were brought to be there depoiited, had an offering 
made on their account, upon being landed on this fhore. 
Hence arofe the notion of the fee of Charon, and of the ferry¬ 
man of that name. This building flood upon the banks of a 

% 

canal, which communicated with the Nile : but that, which 
is now called Kiroon, ffcands at fome diftance to the weft, 
upon the lake 8+ Mceris ; where only the kings of Egypt had 
a right of fepulture. The region of the catacombs was called 
the Acheronian and 85 Acherufian plain, and likewife the 
Elyfian : and the ftream, which ran by it, had the name of 
Acheron. They are often alluded to by Homer, and other 
Poets, when they treat of the region of departed fouls. The 
Amonians conferred thefe names upon other places, where 
they fettled, in different parts of the world. They are there¬ 
fore to be met with in 86 Phrygia, 87 Epirus, 88 Hellas, 89 Apu- 

Sj Pocock’s Travels. V. i. p. 65. 

S4 Pocock’s Travels. Ibid. 

85 riccpcc tyiv Piifjivuv rnv ttccteueniv Diodorus Sic. L. 1. p. 86. 

86 In Phrygia—juxta fpecus eft Acherufia, ad manes, ut aiunt, pervius. Mela. 
L. 1. c. 19. p. 100. 

87 River Acheron, and lake Acherufia in Epirus. Paufan. L, 1. p. 40. Strabo. 
L. 7. p. 499. Thucydides. L. 1. p. 34. 

88 Near Corinth Acherufia. Paufan. L. 2. p. 196. 

In Elis Acheron. Straho. L. 8. p. 530. 

S9 Celfae nidum Acherontias. Horat. L. 3. Ode 4. v. 14. 

lia. 



440 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

lia, 90 Campania, and other countries. The libri 91 Acherontii 
in Italy, mentioned by Arnobius, were probably tranfcripts 
Prom fome hieroglyphical writings, which had been pre¬ 
served in the Acherontian towers of the Nile. Thefe were 
carried by Tages to Hetruria ; where they were held in great 
veneration. 

\ 

As towers of this fort were feminaries of learning, Homer 

from one of them has formed the character of fage Mentor ; 

• * 

under whofe refemblance the Goddefs of wifdom was flip- 

# 

pofed to be concealed. By Mentor, I imagine, that the Poet 
covertly alludes to a temple of Menes. It is faid, that Homer 
in an illnefs was cured by one 92 Mentor, the fon of A Xtcipos, 
Alcimus. The perfon probably was a Mentorian prieft, who 
did him this kind office, if there be any truth in the ffcory. 
It was from an oracular temple ftyled Mentor; and Man- 
Tor, that the facred cakes had the name of Amphimantora. 

93 A [AplfJLKVTOgOt, a\q>rtOL fJLShlTl S'sS'sVfJLSVO.. 

Caftor, the fuppofed difciple of Chiron, was in reality the 
the fame as Chiron ; being a facred tower, a Chironian edi¬ 
fice, which Served both for a temple and Pharos. As thefe 
buildings for the moft part flood on ftrands of the fea, and 
promontories ; Caftor was efteemed in confequence of it a 

90 Near Avernus. In like manner there were nreS'ia. HA vena in Egypt, Meflenia, 
and in the remoter parts of Iberia. See Plutarch in Sertorio, and Strabo. L. 3. 
p. 223. 

91 Alfo Libri Tarquitiani Arufpicum Hetrufcorum; fo denominated from Tar- 
Cufihan. Marcellinus. L. 25. c. 2. p. 322. 

91 Herodot. Vit, Horn. c. 3. 

9J Helychius. 


tutelary 



The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 441 

tutelary Deity of that element. The name feems to be a 
compound of Ca-Aftor, the temple or place of Aftor ; who 
was rendered at different times Afterius, Afterion, and 
Aftarte. C-Aftor was by the Greeks abbreviated to Caftor; 
which in its original fenfe I ftiould imagine betokened a fire- 
tower : but the Greeks in this inftance, as well as in innu- 

4 

merable others, have miftaken the place and temple for the 
Deity, to whom it was confecrated. The whole hiftory of 
Caftor and Pollux, the two Diofcuri, is very ftrange, and in- 
confiftent. Sometimes they are defcribed as two mortals of 
Lacedaemon, who were guilty of violence and rapine, and 
were flain for their wickednefs. At other times they are re- 
prefented as the two principal Deities ; and ftyled Dii Magni, 
Dii Maximi, Dii Potentes, Cabeiri. Mention is made by 
Paufanias of the great regard paid to them, and particularly 
by the Cephalenfes. 94 M eycthovg yctg <rq>a.g 61 roLvrr\ ®sxg ovo- 
fJLCtgs<rtv. The people there Jlyle them by way of eminence the 
Great Gods. There are altars extant, which are infcribed 

95 CASTORI ET POLLUCI DIIS MAGNIS. In 96 Gruter 

is a Greek infcription to the fame purport. Vouog Tons 

*1 sgsvg ysvop.evog ®suv M eyoCKuv A io<nio%®v K otSsigwi/. 
But though Caftor was enfhrined, as a God, he was properly 
a Tarchon, fuch as I have before defcribed ; and had all the 
requifites, which are to be found in fuch buildings. They 
were the great repofitories of treafure ; which people there 


9+ L. 1. p. 77. 

95 Fleetwood’s Infcript. p. 42. 

96 P. 318. n. 2. 


V OL. 



k 


L 1 1 


entrufted. 



44 2 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

entrufted, as to places of great fecurity. The temple of 
Caflor was particularly famous on this account, as we may 
learn from Juvenal: 

97 fErata multus in area 
Fifcus, et ad vigilem ponendi Caftora nummi. 

The Deity, who was alluded to under the name of Caflor, 
was the Sun : and he had feveral temples of that denomina¬ 
tion in Laconia, and other parts of Greece. His rites were 
fir:ft introduced by people from Egypt, and Canaan. This 
we may infer among other circumftances from the title of 
Anac being fo particularly conferred on him and his brother . 
Pollux: whence their temple was fly led Avolksiov in Laconia^ 

and their feftival at Athens olvolksicl , anakeia. For Anac was 
a Canaanitifh term of honour ; which the Greeks changed 

to ouiocfc and 98 aveucreg. I have before mentioned, that in 
thefe places were preferved the Archives of the cities, and 
provinces, in which they flood : and they were often made 
ufe of for courts of judicature, called and praeto- 

ria ; whither the ancient people of the place reforted, to de¬ 
termine about right and wrong. Hence it is that Caflor and 
Pollux, two names of the fame perfonage, were fuppofed to 
prefide over judicial affairs. This department does but ill 

97 Sat. 14. v- 259. 

9S Paufanias. L. 2. p. 161, 162. 

There was a hill called Anakeion 1 Avcotziov* qqo vt toov &.io<T3goov Ispov* Suidas. 

It is faid of the celebrated Polygnotus, that he painted tccs eu t co Srnaavpx stett eu 

tu) Arccxeia) ygctcpas. Harpocration. The treafury we may flippofe to have been 
a part of the temple. 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 443 

agree with the general and. abfurd character, under which 
they are reprefented : for what has horfemanfhip and boxing 
to do with law and equity ? But thefe were miftaken attri¬ 
butes, which arofe from a mifapplication of hiftory. Within 
the precin<£ts of their temples was a parade for boxing and 
wreftling ; and often an Hippodromus. Hence arofe thefe 
attributes, by which the Poets celebrated thefe perfonages : 

99 •&’ 'l7r7ro$cL[jLov, mi tcryj etyetdov UoT^v^bvksol, 

The Deity originally referred to, was the Sun. As he was 
the chief Deity, he mull: neceffarily have been efteemed the 
fupervifor and arbitrator of all fublunary things : 

100 H£?U0£, OS 'GTOLVT SpOgCl, mi 'UTOLVT S7TIX.K3SI. 

On this account the fame province of fupreme judge was 

conferred on his fubftitute Caftor, in conjunction with his 

brother Pollux : and they were accordingly looked upon as 

the confervators of the rights of mankind. Cicero makes a 

noble appeal to them in his feventh oration againfl Verres ; 

and enlarges upon the great department, of which they were 

prefumed to be poffeffed : at the fame time mentioning the 

treafures, which were depofited in their temples. 1 Vos 

omnium rerum forenfium, confiliorum maximorum, legum, 
judiciorumque arbitri, et teftes, celeberrimo in loco PR/E- 


99 Homer. Iliad. I\ v. 237. 

100 Homer. OdylT. M. v. 323. 

’ Cicero inVerrem Orat. 7. fe£t. ult. 


L 1 1 2 


TORII 



4-44 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


TORII locati, Caftor et Pollux; quorum ex templo quaeftum 
fibi ifte (Verres) et praedam maximam improbiffime compa- 

Ceres, et Libera—a quibus initia vitae atque 


ravit 


teque 


vidtus, legum, morum, manfuetudinis, humanitatis exempla 
hominibus et civitatibus data ac difpertita efie dicuntur. 
Thus we find that they are at the clofe joined with Ceres, 
and Libera ; and fpoken of as the civilizers of the world : but 
their peculiar province was law and judicature. 

Many infiances to the lame purpole might be produced ; 


fome few of which I will lay before the reader. 


Troph 


o 


nius, like Chiron and Caftor, was a facred tower; being com¬ 
pounded of Tor-Oph-On, Solis Pythonis turris, rendered 
Trophon, and Trophonius. It was an oracular temple, fi- 
tuated near a vaft cavern r and the refponfes were given by 
dreams. Tirefias, that ancient prophet, was an edifice of 
the fame nature: and the name is a compound of Tor-Ees, 
and Tor-Afis; from whence the Greeks formed the word 


Tirefias. He is generally efteemed a diviner 


foothfay 


to whom people applied for advice: but it was to the temple 
that they applied, and to the Deity, who was there fuppoled 
to refide. He was moreover faid to* have lived nine ages : 
till he was at laft taken by the Epigoni, when he died. The 
truth is, there was a tower of this name at Thebes, built by 


Amonians, and facred 


the God Orus 


It flood 


ages, and was then demolifhed. It was afterwards repaired, 
and made ufe of for a place of augury : and its fituation was 
clofe to the temple of Amon. 2 ©rfiocioig Js [AST.ct tb. 


Paufanias. L. 9. p. 741 


TO 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 445 

to Isgov oioovo<TKQ7raiov T 2 Tsigsrris jcolK3[/.svov. Tirefias accord¬ 
ing to Apollodorus was the fon of Eueres, 3 * HvYigrig, or, ac¬ 
cording to the true Dorian pronunciation, Euares, the fame 

Hyginus 

ftyled + Eurimi filius ; and in another place Eurii filius, Paf- 
tor. Eurius, Eurimus, Euarez, are all names of the Sun, or 
places facred to him ; but changed to terms of relation by 
not being underftood. Tirefias is additionally ftyled Paftor ; 
becaufe all the Amon-ian Deities, as well as their princes, 
were called Shepherds : and thofe, who came originally from 
Chaldea, were ftyled the children of Ur, or Urius. 

By the fame analogy we may trace the true hiftory of 
Terambus, the Deity of Egypt, who was called the Shep¬ 
herd Terambus. The name is a compound of Tor-Am bus, 
or Tor-Ambi, the oracular tower of Ham. He is laid to 
have been the fon of Eufires, 5 Eye reign ts UoTsiS'Mvog ; and 
to have come over, and fettled in Theffaly near mount 
Othrys. According to Antoninus Liberalis he was very 
rich in flocks ; and a great mufician, and particularly ex¬ 
pert in all paftoral meafure. To him they attributed the 
invention of the pipe. ■ The meaning of the hiftory is, I 
think, too plain, after what has preceded to need a com¬ 
ment. It is fabled of him, that he was at la ft turned into 
a bird called Cerambis, or Cerambix:. Terambus and Ceram- 
bis are both ancient terms of the fame purport: the one pro¬ 


as the Egyptian Uc Arez, the Sun. He is by 



3 Apollodorus. L. 3. p. 154. 

* Hyginus. Fab. 68, and 75. 

5 Anton. Liberalis Metamorph. c. Z2.. 



4.46 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

♦ 

perly exprefied is Tor-Ambi ; the other Cer-Ambi, the ora¬ 
cular temple of the Sun. 

I have taken notice that towers of this fort were the 

* 

repofitories of much treafure; and they were often confe- 
crated to the Ophite Deity, called Opis and Oupis. It 
is the fame, which Callimachus addrefies by the title of 
6 O VTTiy Ai/our<r £va) 7 ri : and of whom Cicero lpeaks and ftyles 
Upis : 7 quam Grasci Upim paterno nomine appellant. The 
temple was hence called Kir-Upis ; which the Grecians 

to TgUKsg : and finding many of the Amonian 
temples in the north, with the device of a winged ferpent 
upon the frontal, they gave this name to the hieroglyphic. 
Hence, I imagine, arofe the notion of T^vneg, or Gryphons; 
which, like the dragons abovementioned, were fuppofed to 

be guardians of treafure 

fervators of the wealth were the priefts. They kept up a 
perpetual fire, and an unextinguifhed light in the night. 
From Kir Upis, the place of his refidence, a prieffc was nam¬ 
ed Grupis ; and from Kir-Uph-On, Gryphon. The Poets 
have reprefented the Grupes as animals of the ferpentine 
kind; and fuppofed them to have been found in coun¬ 
tries of the Arimafpians, Alazonians, Hyperboreans, and 
other the mod northern regions, which the Amonians pof- 
feffed. In fome of the temples women officiated, who were 
denominated from the Deity they ferved. The Scholiafi: 

6 Hymn, in Dian. v. 204. 

7 Cicero de Nat. Deorum. L. 3. 23. 

She is fuppofed to be the fame as Diana. KaA r ecn S't tyiv AgTep.iv ©gcpies Bev- 
tPetctVj Kprjres cfg Aocryrar, AccxeS'ctipovioi S'e Oumv • Palaephatus. c. 32. p. 78. 

upon 


, and to never fleep. The real con- 



7 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 447 

upon Callimachus calls the chief of them Upis ; and ftyles 
her, and her alfociates, K ogcts s tr T 7 CSe&Qg£&Q, Hyperborean 
young women. The Hyperboreans, Alazonians, Arimaf- 
pians, were Scythic nations of the fame family. All the 
ftories about Prometheus, Chimasra, Medufa, Pegafus, Hy¬ 
dra, as well as of the Grupes, or Gryphons, arofe in great 
meafure from the facred devices upon the entablatures of 
temples. 

8 Scholia in Callimach. Hymn, in Dianam. v. 204, 

Qttiv 3 v.a.1 *Ex.<x.epyyv~— ex t&v Cr T7rep€oge6t)v. Paufan. L. 5. p. 392. 

Metuenda feris Hecaerge, 

Et Soror, optatum numen venantibus, Opis. 

Claudian in L^audes Stilic. L. 3. v. 253. 


T A P H, 



f 449 ) 


I 



T A 



H 


? 


T U 



H 


? 


TA 



H O S. 


T 


T HERE was another name current among the Amo- 

nians, by which they called their Ko<poi , or high places : 
This was Taph ; which at times was rendered Tuph, Toph, 

m 

and Taphos. Lower Egypt being a Flat, and annually over¬ 
flowed, the natives were forced to raife the foil on which 
they built their principal edifices, in order to fecure them 
from the inundation : and many of their facred towers were 
ereded upon conical mounds of earth. But there were often, 
hills of the fame form conflruded for religious purpofes. 


Thefe 


were very com 


upon which there was no building, 
mon in Egypt. Hence we read of Taphanis, or Taph- 
Hanes, Taph-Ofiris, Taph-Oflris parva, and contra Taphias, 
in Antoninus ; all of this country. In other parts were Ta~ 
phioufa, Tape, Taphura, Tapori, Taphus, Taphofus, Ta~ 


phitis. 


All thefe names relate to high altars, upon which 


they ufed oftentimes to offer human facrifices. Typhon 
was one of thefe ; being a compound of Tuph-On, which 
Signifies the hill or altar of the Sun. Tophet, where the 
Ifraelites made their children pafs through fire to 1 Moloch, 
was a mount of this form. And there feem to have been 


1 2 Kings c. 23. v. 10. 2 Chron. c. 28. v. 


VOL. I. 


M m m 


more 



45 ° 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


more than one of this denomination : as we learn from the 
prophet Jeremiah. 1 They have built the high places of Tophet , 
which is in the valley of the fon of Hi?ino 7 n , to bur71 their fojts, 
a?id their daughters in the fire . And in another place : They 
have built alfo the high places of Baal , to bur7% their fo7is with 
fire for burnt-offerings U 72 to Baal. Thefe cruel operations 
were generally performed upon mounts of this fort ; which 
from their conical figure were named Tuph, and Tupha. It 

A ® 

leerns to have been a term current in many countries. The 
high Perfian 3 bonnet had the fame name from its fhape: and 
Bede mentions a particular kind of ftandard in his time ; 
which was made of plumes in a globular fhape, and called in 
like 


manner 


globis. 


Tupha: vexilli genus, ex confertis plumarum 
There was probably a tradition, that the calf, wor- 
fhiped by the Ifraelites in the wildernefs near Horeb, was 
raifed upon a facred mound, like thofe defcribed above : for 
Philo Judsus fays, that it was exhibited after the model of 
an Egyptian Tuphos : 5 AiyvurTiCtKis (JAfJLYifJLct Tvpz. This I 
do not take to have been a Grecian word; but the name of 
a facred orbicular mount, analogous to the Touphas of 
Perils. 

The Amonians, when they fettled in Greece, raifed many 
of thefe Tupha, or Tapha in different parts. Thefe, befide 


* 

* 


C. 7. v. 31. and c. ig 


v, 5. There was a place named Tophel (Toph-El) 


near Paran upon the Red Sea. Deuteron. c. i. v. i. 

3 Zonal*. Vol. 2. p. 227. Tytfcty kccKsi 0 ePyp/.oocf'ys xcu 'zzroPivs cO'Qgco7ro$. 

4 Bedae Hift. Angliae. L. 2. c. 16. 

5 De legibus fpecialibus. p. 320. 

The Greek term Tv<po$, fumus* vel faftus, will hardly make fenfe, as intro¬ 
duced here. 


their 



■ of Ancient- Mythology. 


45 * 


tlxeir original name were, ftill further denominated from fome 

» 

title of the Deity, to whofe honour they were ejected. 


But 


was ufual in ancient times to bury perfons of diftindtion 


under 


came 


heaps of 


formed in this fafhion 


thefe Taph 


hgnify tombs : and almoft all the facred mounds 


raifed for relig 


purpofes, were looked upon 


monu 


meiits of deceaied heroes 



Taph-Oiiris was ren- 


and 


dered 7 ct<pog 3 or the burying-place of the God Oliris 
there were many fuch places in Egypt and Arabia, facred 
Oliris and Dionufus ; 


as 



; they were all by the Greeks efteemed 
of fepulture. Through this miftake many different 


nations had the honour attributed 


them of thefe Deities 


0 

being interred in their country. The tumulus of the 


tines was miftaken in the fame manner. It 
facred hillock ; and was often raifed before 


was originally 


pi 


as an 


altar ; fuch as I have before defcribed. It is reprefented 
this light by Virgil : 


7 Eft urbe egreftis tumulus, templumque vetuftum 
Defertse Cereris ; juxtaque antiqua cupreflus. 

In procefs of time the word tumulus was in great mealure 
looked upon as a tomb j and tumulo lignilied to bury. The 
Greeks fpeak of numberlefs fepulchral monuments, which 
they have thus milinterpreted. They pretended to Ihew the 
tomb of s Dionufus at Delphi; alfo of Deucalion, Pyrxha, 


6 Plutarch. Ifis etOfiris. V. i. p. 359. 

7 Virgil. iEn. L. 2. v. 713. 

8 T m t a(pnv (A tovuce) eivou <pcx,o-iv g v AgA(po;> ig-ctoo!. top X^ycBr A7roAAo»'a. Cyril. 

cont, Julian. L, r. p. 11. 


M m m 2 


Orion» 



452 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


Orion, in other places. They imagined that Jupiter was 
buried in Crete : which Callimachus fiippofes to have been a 
forgery of the natives. 

9 Kgrfreg aei ’^svs'ou' hou yag Tatpov, w At >ot, <rsio 
K gYires eTSKTyivctno, cry <T ov Saves, svcri yotg oust. 

I make no doubt, but that there was fome high place in 
Crete, which the later Greeks, and efpecially thofe, who were 
not of the country, miftook for a tomb. But it certainly 
muft have been otherwife efteemed by thole, who railed it: 
for it is not credible, however blind idolatry may have been, 
that people Ihould enlhrine perfons as immortal, where they 
had the plained; evidences of their mortality. An infcription 
Viro imtnortali was in a flyle of flattery too refined for the 
fimplicity of thofe ages. If divine honours were conferred, 
they were the effects of time, and paid at fome diftance ; 
not upon the fpot, at the vellibule of the charnel-houfe. Bo¬ 
lides it is evident, that mod: of the deified perfonages never 
exifted ; but were mere titles of the Deity, the Sun; as has 
been in great meafure proved by Macrobius. Nor was there 
ever any thing of fuch detriment to ancient hiflory, as the 
fuppofing that the Gods of the Gentile world had been na¬ 
tives of the countries, where they were worlbiped. They 

have by thefe means been admitted into the annals of times - : 

* 

and it has been the chief ftudy of the learned to regifter the 
legendary diories concerning them ; to conciliate abfurdities„ 

9 Callimach. Hymn, in Jovem. v. 8. 

f^eya.* ksitcli Z 6v kixXvck&o-i* 

Porphyr. Vita Pythagoras, p. 20. 

and 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


453 


and to arrange the whole in a chronological feries. A fruit- 
lefs labour, and inexplicable : for there are in all thefe fables 


fucb inconfiftencies. and contradictions 


no art, nor in 


duftry 


remedy 



who have expended their 

to one another : 


learning to this purpofe, are in oppofition to one 
and often at variance with themfelves. Some of them by 
thefe means have rendered their works, which might have 
been of infinite ufe to the world, little better than the reveries 
of Mons r . Voltaire. The greateft part of the Grecian theo¬ 
logy arofe from mifconceptions and blunders : and the ftories 
concerning their Gods and Heroes were founded on terms mif- 
interpreted and abufed. Thus from the word t a<pog, taphos, 
which they adopted in a limited fenfe, they formed 
of their gods having been buried in every place, where ther 

honour. This milled bifhop Cum 


notion 


was 


tumulus 


their 


berland, XJfher, Pearfon, Petavius, Scaliger, with numberlefs 
other learned men ; and among the foremoft the great New¬ 
ton. This extraordinary genius has greatly impaired the ex¬ 
cellent fyftem, upon which he proceeded, by admitting thefe 

fancied beings into-chronolgy 
childhood with notions 
the celeftial outlawsi that we fcarce ever, can lay them afidC. 
We abfolutely argue upon Pagan principles : and though we 
cannot believe the fables, which have been tranfmitted to us; 

ourfelves- continually ;• and make inferences 

real. In fhort. till we recollect 


We are fo imbued in our 
of Mars. Hercules, and the reft of 


yet 


we 


forg 


from them 


if they were 


ourfelves, we are femi-pagan 


pain to fee 


of learning, and principle, debating which was the Jupiter 


who lay with 


ro 


and whether it was the fame, that 

outwitted 



454 


Tke Analysis of Anc-ient Mythology. 

outwitted Amphitryon. This is not, fays a critic, the Her¬ 
mes, who cut off Argus’s head; hut one of later date, who 
turned Battus into a done. I fancy, fays another, that this 
was done, when Id was turned into a cow. It is faid of Ju¬ 
piter, that he made the night, in which he enjoyed. Alcmena, 
as long as 10 three, or, as fome fay, as long as nine. The Abbe 
11 Banier with fome phlegm excepts to this coalition of 
nights ; and is unwilling to allow it. But he is afterwards 
more complying; and feems to give it his fanffion, with this 
provifo, that chronological verity be not thereby impeached. 
I am of opinion , fays he, that there was no foundation for the 
fable of Jr^piter s having made the nighty on which he lay with 
Alcmena , longer than others : at leaf this event put ?iothing in 
nature out of order ; fnce the day ,' which followed , was propor- 
tionably fhorter , as Plautus 11 remarks . 

Atque quanto nox fuifti longior hac proxima. 

Tan to brevior dies ut fiat, faciam ; ut aeque dilparet, 

Et dies e node accedat. 

We find, that at laft he abfolutely gives credence to the ftory. 
Were it not invidious, I could fubjoin names to every article, 
which I have alledged ; and produce numberlefs inftances to 
the fame purpofe. 

It may be faid, that I run counter to the opinions of all 
antiquity : that all the fathers, who treated of this lubjedt, 

lo Hence Hercules was ftyled Tpiea7repos. Lycoph. v. 33. 

Zeus Tpsis scnre^cts eis fxi'ccv jjletclCocXcov o'ui'excc.Beuf'e tv Schol. ibid. 

Abbe Banier. Mythology of the Ancients explained. Vol. 4. B. 3. c. 6. p. 77, 
78. Tranilation. 

lx Plaut. Amphitryo. A£t. 1. S. 3. 

7 


and 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 455 

and many other learned men, fuppofed the Gods of the hea¬ 
then to have been deified mortals, who were worfhiped in 
the countries, where they died. It was the opinion of Cle¬ 
mens, Eufebius, Cyril, Tertullian, Athenagoras, Epiphanius, 
Ladtantius, Arnobius, Julius Firmicus, and many others. 
What is more to the purpofe, it was the opinion of the hea¬ 
then themfelves ; the very people, by whom thefe gods were 
honoured : yet ftill it is a miftake. In refpedt to the fathers, 

the whole of their argument turns upon this point, the con- 

% 

cefiions of the Gentiles. The more early writers of the 
church were not making a ftri< 5 t chronological inquiry ; but 
were labouring to convert the heathen : they therefore ar¬ 
gue with them upon their own principles; and confute them 
from their own teftimony. The Romans had their Dii Im- 
mortales ; the Greeks their &soi A$ccvoltoi : yet acknowledged, 
that they had been men ; that they died, and were buried. 
Cicero owns ; 13 ab Euhemero et mortes, et fepulturse de- 
monftrantur deorum. It matters not whether the notion 
were true ; the fathers very fairly make ufe of it. They 
avail themfelves of thefe conceflions ; and prove from them 
the abfurdity of the Gentile worfhip, and the inconfiftency 
of their opinions. Even Maximus Tyrius, the Platonic, 
could not but fmile, at being fhewn in the fame place the 
temple, and tomb of the Deity ; tsgov ©£«, koli T cccpov ©sa. 
Thefe fuppofed places of fepulture were fo numerous, that 
Clemens Alexandrinus tells us, they were not to be counted. 

n Cicero deNat. Deor. L. i. c. 42. 

AAA ct KcuTct(pov olvtb (Zvros) <Pentvv&at. Lucian de Sacrifices, v. 1. p. 355. 

14 Maximus Tyrius. DilTert. 38. p. 85. 


AhXct 



45 6 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


AXXa, yap smovn poi nss 'Wgo<rxvv 3 [jLBV 2 s vfjuv Tcupxs, s[xoi 


asv ovF o 'UTol; av agascnri ygovog 


But after 


thefe Taooi 


were 


not tombs, but Ao <poi pccfosifeis, conical mounds of 
earth; on which in the firffc ages offerings were made by fire. 
Hence Tixpc*), tupho, fignified to make a fmoke, fuch as arofe 


from incenfe upon thefe Tup-ha, or eminences. Befides, if 
thefe were deified men, who were buried under thefe hills ; 
how can we explain the difficulty of the fame perfon being 


and 


different times 


To this 


piter 


buried in different places, 
it is anfwered, that it was another Bacchus, and another Ju- 

Yet this flill adds to the difficulty : for it is hard to 
:ive, that whoever in any country had the name of Jupi¬ 
ter, fhould be made a God. Add to this, that Homer and 

# 

Hefiod, and the authors of the Orphic poetry, knew of no 
fuch duplicates. There is no hint of this fort among the 


writers of their 


was a refinement in after 


ages j introduced to obviate the difficulties, which arofe from 
the abfurdities in the pagan fyftem. Arnobius juftly ridi- 
cules the idle expedients, made ufe of to render a bafe theo- 
logy plaufible. Gods, of the fame name and charadter, were 
multiplied to make their fables confiftent; that there might 
be always one ready at hand upon any chronological emer¬ 
gency. Hence no difficulty could arife about a Deity, but 
there might be one produced, adapted to all climes, and to 
every age. 16 Aiunt Theologi veftri, et vetuftatis abfconditas 
conditores, tres in rerum natura Joves efle-quinque Soles, 


,s dementis Cohort, p. 40. 

16 Arnobius contra Gentes. L. 4. p. 135. Clem. Alexand. Cohort, p. 24. 


et 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 457 

% 

et Mercurios quinque. Aiunt iidem Theologi quatuor efie 
Vulcanos, et tres Dianas ; iEfculapios totidem, et Dionyfos 
quinque ; ter binos Hercules, et quatuor Veneres ; tria ge¬ 
nera Caftorum, totidemque Mufarum. But Arnobius is too 
modeft. Other writers infill: upon a greater variety. In re- 
fpedt to Jupiters, Varro according to Tertullian makes them 
in number three hundred. 17 Varro trecentos Joves, five Ju- 
piteres, dicendum, - introducit. The fame writer men¬ 

tions forty heroes of the name of Hercules ; all which variety 
arofe from the caufes above afiigned : and the like multipli¬ 
city may be found both of kings and heroes ; of kings, who 
did not reign ; of heroes, who never exifted. The fame may 
be obferved in the accounts tranfmitted of their moft early 
prophets, and poets : fcarce any of them ftand fingle : there 
are duplicates of every denomination. On this account it is 
highly requifite for thofe, who fuppofe thefe perfonages taT 
have been men, and make inferences from the circumftances 
of their hiftory, to declare explicitly, which they mean; and 
to give good reafons for their determination. It is faid of 
Jupiter, that he was the fon of Saturn ; and that he carried 
away Europa, before the arrival of Cadmus. He had after¬ 
wards an amour with Semele, the fuppofed daughter of Cad¬ 
mus : and they mention his having a like intimacy with Alc- 
mena an age or two later. After this he got acquainted 
with Leda, the wife of Tyndarus : and he had children at 
the fiege of Troy. If we may believe the poets, and all our 


17 Tertullian, Apolog. c. 14. 

TJeucrofJicct cF e a r s co ccj'9 'ajocroi *Zr/ves eupicntovTcct. 


Vol. I 




Theoph* ad AutoycL 


intelligence 


N n n 



45 8 


The Analysis of Ancient MyTHOLOGYr 


intelligence comes originally from the poets 



Was 


this interval 


personally interefted in that war. But 
little lefs than two hundred years. Thefe therefore could 

on which account I want to 

. r , , • ^ .... 

0 

i his chronological interpre- 


not 


be the actions of one man 
know, why Sir Ifaac Newton 


18 - 


tations choofes to be determined by the hory of Jupiter and 
Europa, rather than by that of Jupiter and Leda. The 
learned 19 Pezron has pitched upon a Jupiter above one thou- 
fand years earlier, who was in like manner the fon of Saturn. 


But Saturn, 


according to forne of the belt mythologies, was 
but four generations indulive before the sera of Troy. La- 
tinus, the fon of Faunus, was alive fame years after that city 
had been taken ; when ibneas was fuppofed to have arrived 
in Italy. The poet tells us, *-* Fauno Pious pater : ifque pa- 
rentem Te, Saturne, refert ; Tu fanguinis ultimus audios 

The leries amounts on 



Tu fans 

four, Latinus, Faunus, Picus, 

Saturn. What, authority has Pezron for the anticipation, of 
which he is guilty in determining the reign of Jupiter 


how can he reconcile thefe 



hifbories 


and 

He 


ght to have given fome good reafon for fetting alide the 


more common and accepted accounts; and pla 


thefe 


events fo 



Shall 


we 



with the critics and 




commentators, that this was a prior Jupiter ? If he were a dif- 


Newton’s Chronology, p. 151. 

19 Pezron. Antiquities of Nations, c. io, 11, 12. 
xo Virgil. JEn. L. 7. 48. 

aI Sir Ifaac Newton fuppofes Jupiter to have lived after the divifion of the king¬ 
doms in Ifrael; Pezron makes him antecedent to the birth of Abraham, and even 
before the Afiyrian monarchy. 

ferent 


> 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


459 


ferent perfon, the circumftances of his life fhoiild be diflfer- 

: but the perfon, of whom he treats, is in all refpe< 5 ts 


erit 


fimilar to the Jupiter of Greece a!nd Rome. He has a father 
Saturn ; arid his mother was Rhea. He was nurfed in Crete; 
and had wars with the Titans. He dethtones his father, 
who flies to Italy ; where he introduces an Age of Gold. The 
mythology concerning him we find to be in ail refpe&s uni¬ 
form. It is therefore to little purpofe to fubftitnte another 
perfon of the fame name by way of reconciling matters, un- 
Ts we can fuppofe, that every perfon fo denominated had 
the fame relation's and connexions, and the fame occurrences 
in life reiterated : which is impoflible. It is therefore, I 
think, plain, that the Grecian Heities were not the perfons 


41 fuppoled : and that their imputed names Were titles. It is 
true, a very ancient and refpedtable writer, 43 Euhemerus, of 
whom I have before made mention, thought otherwife. It 
is faid, that he could point out ptecifely, where each god de¬ 
parted : and could particularly fhew the burying-place of 
Jupiter. La<flantius', who copied from him, fays, that it was 


21 Arnobius has a very juft obfervation to this jiurpofe. Omnes Dii non funt: 
quoniam plures fub eodem nomine, quemadmodum accepimus, efle non pofTunn, 
&c. L. 4. p. 136. 

25 Antiquus Auftor Euhemerus; qui fuit ex civitate Meftene, res geftas Jovis, et 
cseterorum, qui Dii putantur, collegit: hiftoriamque contexuit ex titulis, et in- 
icriptionibus facris, quas in antiquiffimis templis habebantur; niaximeque in fano 
Jovis Triphylii, ubi auream columnam pofitam efte ab ipfo Jovis titulus indicabat. 
In qua columna gefta fua perferipfit, ut monumentum efiet poiteris rerum fuarum. 
Laftant. de Falla Relig. L. i. c. n. p. 50. 

(Euhemerus), quem nofter et interpretatus, et fecutus eft prater caeteros, Em 
nius. Cicero de Nat. Deor. L. 1. c. 42. 


N n n 2 


at 



4 &o .The Analysis of'Ancient Mythloogy. 


at Cnoffus in 2+ Crete. Jupiter, aetate pefium a£ta, in Creta 
x r itam commutavit.—Sepulchrum ejus eft. in Creta, et in 
oppido Cnofio: et dicitur Vefta hanc urbem creaviffe: inque 
fepulchro ejus eft infcriptio antiquis literis Graecis, Zocv 
Kgovov. If Jupiter had been buried in Crete, as thefe writers 
would perfuade us,, the accounts would be uniform about 
the place where he was depofited. Ladtantius, we find, and 
fome others, fay, that it was in the city Cnoffus. There are 
writers who mention it to have been in a cavern upon 
25 Mount Ida: others upon Mount 26 Jafius.. Had the Cre¬ 
tans been authors of the notion, they would certainly have 
been more confident in their accounts : but we find no more 
certainty about the place of his burial* than of his birth ; 

concerning which Callimachus could not determine. 

# 

27 Z sv, era [JLav I Scuoktiv bv sgetri cpoun yBveo'Qca, 

Zav, era <T sv A 


He was at times fuppofed to have been a native of Troas, of 


Crete, of Thebes, of Arcadia, of 


but the whole arofe 


from the word roopog being through length of time mifunder- 
ftood : for there would have been no legend about the birth 
of Jupiter, had there been no miftake about his funeral. It 


was 


common 


of the Magnefians 



piter 


buried in their country upon Mount Sipylus. Paufanias fay 


Ladtantius de Falfa Relig. L. i. c. n. p. 52. 
as Varro apud Solinum. c. 16. 

2,6 Epiphanius in Ancorato. p. 108. 

Cyril, contra Julianum. L. 10. p. 342. See Scholia upon Lycophron. v. 1194. 
a7 Callimach. Hymn, in Jovem. v. 6. 


that 



t 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


4 6 * 


that he afcended the mountain, and beheld, the tomb, which 


was well worthy of 28 admiration. 


The tomb of 29 IBs in. 


like manner was fuppofed to be at Memphis, and at Philce 
in upper Egypt: alfo at Nufa in Arabia. Ofiris was faid to 
have been buried in the fame places : likewife at Taphofiris, 
which is thought by Procopius to have had its name 30 be- 
caufe it was the place of fepulture of Ofiris. The fame is 
faid of another city, which was near the mouth of the Nile,. 


and called Taphofiris parva 


But they each of them had 


their name from the worfhip, and not from the interment 


of the Deity. 


This is plain from the account given of the 


T acpos Oc ngiSoQ, or high altar of Ofiris, by Diodorus from 


whom we learn that Bufiris and Ofiris were the fame. 


1 The 


Grecians , fays this author, have a notion , that Bufiris in Egypt 
ufed to facrifice ft rangers : not that there was ever fuch a king y 
as Bufirisbut the Tctcpog, or altar , of Ofris had this name in 


the language of the natives. 


In fhort Bufiris was only a vari 


** Tafpcv a|fior. Paufan. 2. p. i6i. 

29 Diodor. Sicul. L. i. p. 23. Tccpwai A eywi ryvlo-tv ev "Me/nCfei. 

Ofiris buried at Memphis, and at Nufa. Diodorus above. Alfo atByblus in’ 
Phenicia. 

Era*; Se evioi Bt^A/air^ 01 A eyBtri 'magct ccpuri tsG ctpQcci rcov Qcigiv top Aiyv. 7 rricp a - 

Ducian. de Syria Dea. V. 2. p. 879. 

T ct fj.ev ur'zvepi Tcccpyjs t oov ©bmp T'dT&v <Pict(pcovsiTat 'Zcjctpct tois r zi??\ < Eufois t Diodor, 
Li I • p. 2 - 4 » 

30 Procopius 'uregi xt 1 a ptct? co v. L. 6. c. I. p. 109. 

A i') V 7 TTIQL t s yap Oa ioiS'qs •zzroAAaj^tf S’jndaf, cocnrep eipvTca, Plutarc’h. Ifis - 

et Oflris. p. 358. He mentions 'ZxjoAAbs O cnpiSoi t a(p 3 $ sv AiywtrTGp. Ibid. p. 359. 

31 L. I. p. 79 . Ueci Tj&cnpi^os ox? evicts ?&ctpot tois 'EAA^ct/p evicr^vcrcti ?ov 

fJLufyoV* a T« Bct(Tl/\€GOS OVQlJLOL^OfJLeVB B BdlOlS'CtXXct TB O criptj'os T CtQgB TCLVTYjV e^OUTOS-. 

rw vgoavyopiotv xetret t m* Toov ey^wpicov cL/aAgxTor. Strabo likewife fays, that there 
•was no fuch king as Bufiris. L. 17. p. 1154. 


atiorr 



4-62 


The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 


ation for Ofiris;: both were eom : 






of the Egyptian 
term 32 Sehor, and related to the God of day. Hence the al¬ 
tars of the fame Deity were called indifferently the altars of 
Ofirs, or Bufiris, according as eufloni prevailed. 

I have in a former-chapter taken notice of the Tarchotos 
and Dracontia in Syria, and other parts : which eonfifted of 
facred ground inclofed with a wall, and an altar or two at 
the upper part. Such an inclofure is deferibed by Pa u faunas, 
which muft have been of great antiquity : 

of it was very imperfectly known in his time. He is /peaking 
of Hemea in Argolis ; 33 near which , fays he, Jland-s' fhe tetnple 
of IVemean fupiter^ a fruSlure truly wonderful^ though- the roof 
is now fallen in . Round the temple is ' a grove of cyprefs ; in 
which there is a traditioji that Opheltes was- left by his nurfe upon 
the grafs, and in her abfence killed By a ferpent.-^In the fame 
place is the tomb of Opheltes , furrounded with a wall of ftone 
and within the inclofure altars. There is alfo a mound of earth 
faid to be the tomb of Lycurgus , the father of Opheltes. Lycur- 
gus is the fame as Lycus, Lyeaon, Lycoreus, the Sun : and 
Opheltes, his fuppofed offspring, is of the fame purport. To 
fay the truth, 34 Opheltes, or, as it fhould be expreffed, Ophel- 
tin, is the place; and Ophel the Deity, Sol Pytho, whofe 
fymbol was a ferpent. Ophel-tin was a Taphos with a 7S- 

fjisvog 


or 


facred inclofure: it was a facred mound to the 
Ophite Deity; like that which was inclofed and fortified by 


5 - 


preci 


of the fame purport, and figniry the 


day. 


44 


34 Altis, Baaltis, Orontis, Opheltis, are all places compounded with fome title. 


or titles, of the Deity. 


Manaffeh 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


4 6 3 


3i Manaffeh king of Judah; and which had been previoufly 
made ufe of to the fame purpofe by 36 Jotham. A hiftory 
fimilar to that of Opheltes is given of Archemorus ; who was 
faid to have been left in a garden by his nurfe Hypfipyle, and 
in her abfence flam by a ferpent. Each of them had feftivals 
inftituted, together with facred games, in memorial of their 
misfortune. They are on this account by many fuppofed to 
have been the fame perfon. But in reality they were not 


perfons, but pi 


They are however fo far alike, as they 


terms, which relate to the fame worfhip and Deity 


Opheltin is the place, and 


of the Ophite God above 


ned : and Archemorus was undoubtedly the ancient 


of the neighbouring town 


city 


It 


compound 


of Ar-Chemorus ; and fignifies the city of Cham-Orus, the 


fame who is ftyled Ophel 


many of thefe places there was 


:ient tradition of fome perfon having been injured by 
;nt in the beginning of life ; which they have repre- 
fented as the date of childhood. The mythology upon this 
occafion is different: for fometimes the perfonages fpoken of 


ferp 


re 


filed by the ferpent 


other times they k 


and 


there are inftances where both hiftories 


perfon. 
hiftory is 
Hercules 


may 


ha 


lly made to refer to 


told of the fame 
confequence, the 
ftate of childhood. 


the 


accordingly a conflidl with two ferpents 


cradle : and Apollo, who was the fame as Python, was made 


35 2 Chron. c. 33. v. 14. 

36 2 Chron. c. 27. v. 3. On the wall (nSTn) of Ophel he halt much : or rather on 
the Comahj o: facred hill of the Sun, called Oph-E. 1 , he built much. 

9 


to 



464 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

to engage a ferpent of this name at .Parnaflus, when he was 
a child ; 

37 K sgog SUV, ETI FTMNOS, sti 'GrXotZctfAoi:<ri yeyr$oos. 

Near mount Cyllene in Arcadia was the facred Taphos of 
38 fEputus, wh-o was fuppofed to have been flung by a fer¬ 
pent. iEputus was the fame as -Iapet-us,, the father of man¬ 
kind. In the Dionufiaca ; the priefts ufed to be -crowned with 
ferpents ; and in their frantic exclamations to cry out 39 Eva, 
Eva; and fometimes Evan, Evan: all which related to fbme 
hiftory of a ferpent. Apollq, who is fuppofed by moft to 
have been vitftor in his conflict with the Pytho, is by Por¬ 
phyry faid to have been flain by that ferpent: Pythagoras 
affirmed, that he faw his .tomb at Tripos in 40 Delphi; and 
wrote there an epitaph to his honour. The name of Tripos 
is Paid to have been given to the place, hecaufe the daughters 
of Triopus ufed to lament there the fate of Apollo. But 
Apollo and the Python were the fame ; and Tripus, or Trio¬ 
pus, -the fuppofed father of thefe humane lifters, was a va¬ 
riation for Tor-Opus, the ferpent-hill, or temple ; where 
neither Apollo, nor the Python were flain, but where they 

37 Apollon. Rhodii Argonaut. L. 2. v. 709. Apollo is faid to have killed Ti- 
tyus, Bh 7 tccis eoov. Apollon. L. 1. v. 760. 

38 Toi' c^£ Td AiTTVTS TCLtyCV GTTTdS V 'Z§ZClG'CCfJLr,V fAZV Hr yifs d 

f+zyct) A/ 0 a Kgr/Trif'i ev tcvx. Aw 'z zrectZ^p^Zvcv. Paufan. L. 8. p. 632. 

Aittvtiov TVfASo:', celebrated by Homer. Iliad. B. v. 605. 

AtTrvTos fuppofed to be the fame as Hermes. N ccos Ep//.a Anrurd near Tegea in 
Arcadia. Pauinn. L. 8. p. 696. Part of Arcadia was called Al7tvtis. 

39 Clemens Alexand. Cohort, p, 11. Ave^sfJLfJuevoi Tots o(peaiv 67 ro/\o?wC > ot'Te$'Eu<zv 9 
Evctv X/rA. 

Porphyrii Vita Pythagoras, 


were 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 465 

J 

were both worshiped, being one and the fame Deity. 41 TlvOoi 

ft-SV XV 0 AgOUCCdV 6 TLvQlOS S’grjO'JCSVSTOCl, KOLl TZS Opsoos r\ 'DTOLVYl- 

yvgi$ KOLTOLfyeTQKBTou HvOicz. At Python (the fame as Delphi) 
the Pythian Dragon is 'worfloiped ; and the celebrity of the fer- 
pent is fly led Pythian. The daughters of Triopus were the 
prieftefies of the temple; whofe bufinefs it was to chant hymns 
in memory of the ferpent: and what is very remarkable, the 
feftival was originally obferved upon the feventh 41 day. 

The Greeks had innumerable monuments of the fort, 
which I have been defcribing. They were taken for the 
tombs of departed heroes, but were really confecrated places : 
and the names by which they were diftinguifhed, fhew plainly 
their t^ie hiftory. Such was the fuppofed tomb of 43 Orion 
at Tanagra, and of Phoroneus in 44 Argolis ; the tomb of 
45 Deucalion in Athens ; and of his wife 46 Pyrrha in Locris: 
of 47 Endymion in Elis : of Tityus in 48 Panopea : of Afterion 
in the ifland 49 Lade : of the Egyptian 50 Belus in Achaia. 
To thefe may be added the tombs of Zeus in Mount Sipylus, 

41 Clement. Alexand. Cohort, p. 29. 

41 The Scholiaft upon Pindar feems to attribute the whole to Dionufus, who 
firft gave out oracles at this place, and appointed the feventh day a feftival. Er w 
-zzr/o&JTos At 0 twos sBs/xiq-tua-Sy xca ctTro/tTetvas t ov Ocpiu tov TivBuvcc, otyoovi^erat t ov I7v- 

Bixov a.ywvoi KCLTa. eSS'ofx.i)v fitxepocv. Prolegomena in Pind. Pyth. p. 185. 

43 Paufanias, L. 9. p. 749. 

44 Paufan. L. 2. p. 155. 

45 Strabo. L. 9. p. 651. 

46 Strabo. Ibidem. 

47 Paufan. L. 5. p. 37 6. 

48 Paufan. L. 10. p. 806. 

49 Paufan. L. 1. p. 87. 

s ° At Patras, fxvy/xoi Aiyv 7 TTt 3 ra B?jAy. Paufan. L. 7. p~ 578. 

Vol. I. O o o 


Mount 



466 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology* 


Mount Iafius, and Ida: the tombs of Ofiris in various parts r 
and thofe of Ills, which have been enumerated before. Near 
the iEaceum at Epidaurus was a hill, reputed to have been 


th 


n- 


tomb of the hero 51 Phocus. This ^aceum was 


clofure planted with olive trees of great antiquity and 
fmall degree above the fur face of the ground was an 
facred to JEacus. To divulge the traditions relative to this 


altar 


would 


feems. be 


high profanat 


The author 


therefore keeps them a lecret. Juft before this lacred fep- 
tum was the fuppofed tomb of Phocus, confiding of a mound 
of raifed earth, fenced round with a border of done work : 
and 

Such were the rude monuments of Greece, which were 


a 


larg 


gh done was placed upon the top of all 


looked upon as fo many receptacles of the dead : but were 
high altars, with their facred TSftSPt}, which had been eredted 
for divine worfhip in the mod early times. The Helladians > 

and the Perfians, were of the lame 5Z family : hence we find 
many fimilar rites fubfifting among the two nations. The 
latter adhered to the purer Zabaifm, which they maintained 
a long time. They eredted the fame facred Tupha, as the 

51 Paufanias. L. 2. p. 179. 

5Z Herodotus. L. 7. c. 150. and L. 6. c. 54. 

Plato in Alcibiad. i mo . Vol. 2. p, 120. 

Upon Mount Masnelaus was faid to have been 
father of the Arcadians. 

E<r* MairaA/*? Svcr^eifjisposy t e yzitcu 
A pxcts, u(p ou S'yi 'Zoccvtss B7T nt/\n<7iv y„olKzqvtcli . 

Oraculum apud Paufan. L. 8. p. 616. 

But what this fuppofed tomb really was, may be known from the fame author 

a & 4 


the tomb of Areas, who was the 


Tero. 


Ibid. 


Tucposy n 'ivfjSoty 7} anpieiov. Hefych 


9 


Grecians : 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


467 


Grecians: and we may be allured of the original purpofe, 
for which thefe hills were raifed, from the ufe, to which 
they put them. They were dedicated to the great fountain 
of light, called by the Perfians, Anai't: and were fet apart as 


Puratheia for the celebration of the rites of fire. 


This 


peo 


pie, after they had defeated the Sacae in Cappadocia, raifed 
an immenfe Comah in memorial of their victory. 53 Strabo, 
who defcribes it very minutely, tells us, that they chofe a 
fpot in an open plain ; where they reared a Petra, or high 
place, by heaping up a vaft mound of earth. This they fa- 
fhioned to a conical figure ; and then furrounded it with a 
wall of ftone. In this manner they founded a kind of temple 
in honour of Anai’t, Omanus, and Anandrates, the Deities of 
their country. I have mentioned that the Egyptians had 
hills of this nature : and from them the cuftom was tranf- 


mitted to Greece. Typh 


or more properly Tuphon 


Tvcpow, who was fuppofed to have been a giant 


was 


pound of Tuph-On 


have before mentioned ; and fig 


fied a facred 54 mount of the fun. Thofe cities in E 
which had a high place of this fort, and rites in confeq 


ypt 


of it, were ftyled Typhonian 


Up 


fuch 


thefe they fa 


crificed red haired men, or men with hair of 


other words flrang 


For both the fons of Ch 


and. 


the Mizraim were in fome degree dark and woolly : fo that 


53 Strabo. L. n. p. 779. Er S'e rco 'sre S'icp nETPAN TINT A 'urroar^couccTi uvy.~ 

'TrXvfCtiG-ccv'res eis fievoeifes jctA. 

54 Typhon was originally called Tr,ysm $ 9 and by Hyginus Terras Filius* Fab. 
152. p. 263. Diodorus. L. 1. p. 79. he is ftyled Tyis vie; e^ociaio^ Antoninus 
Liberal, c. 2 


O o b 2 


\ 


there 



4-68 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


there could be no furer mark than the hair to diftinguifh be¬ 
tween a native and a foreigner. Thefe facrifices were offered 
in the city S5 Idithia, s6 Abaris, S7 Heliopolis, and Taphofms ; 

uence of thefe offerings were denominated 
Typhonian cities. Many writers fay, that thefe rites were 
performed to Typhon at the 58 tomb of Ofiris. Hence he 
was in later times fuppofed to have been a perfon, one of 
immenfe fize : and he was alfo efteemed a 59 God. But this 
arofe from the common miftake, by which places were fub- 
ftituted for the Deities there worfhiped. Typhon was the 
Tupha, or altar, the fuppofed tomb of the God : and the 
offerings were made to the Sun, ftyled On ; the fame as 
Ofiris, and Bufiris. As there were Typhonian mounts in 
many parts, he was in confequence of it fuppofed to have 
been buried in different places : near mount Caucafus in 
Colchis; near the river Orontes in Syria and under lake 
Serbonis. Typhon, or rather Typhonian worfhip, was not 
unknown in the region of 60 Troas, near which were the Sco- 
puli Typhonis. Plutarch mentions that in the Phrygian 
Theology Typhon was efteemed the grandfon of Ifaac or 

Ifasac : and fays that he was fo fpoken of ev roig <Pgvyiois 


which in confeq 


55 Plutarch. Ills et Ofiris. p. 380. 

56 Jofcphus contra Apion. L. 1. p. 460. 

57 Porphyry de Abftinen. L. 2. p. 223. 

There was Tler^cc Tvcpaovict irr Caucafus. Etymolog. Magnum. T upeos 9 f Tv(puovicc 

'zvtTgct ev K ccvstctacp. 

Kccvtcctau ev Kvyfj.oi(Ti r> on 'zsr erpy. Apollon. L. 2. v. 1214. 

58 Diodorus Sicul. L. 1. p. 79. 

59 Tlctpnyop&cri S-vcrias ycca 'urpccup&cri (top T ucpoovcc)* Plutarch. Ifis et Ofiris. p. 362* 

60 Diodorus Sicul. L. 5. p. 338. 


IO 


y^ct^0L<riv 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology* 469 

€t ygctiA.[jt,cunv. But all terms of relation are to be difregarded. 
The purport of the hiftory was this. The altar was termed 
Tuphon Iliac, live Beanos Itncmog, from the facra Iliaca, 
which were performed upon it. The fame Ifaac or Ifasac 
was fometimes rendered JEfacus, and fuppofed to have been 
a fon of the river Granicus. 

6t JElacon umbrofa furtim peperilfe fub Ida 
Fertur Alexirhoe Granico nata bicorni 

The ancient Arcadians were faid to have been the offspring 
of 63 Typhon, and by fome the children of Atlas; by which 
was meant, that they were people of the Typhonian, and 
Atlantian religion. What they called his tombs were cer¬ 
tainly mounds of earth, raifed very high, like thofe which 
have been mentioned before: only with this difference, 
that fome of thefe had lofty towers adorned with pinnacles, 
and battlements. They had alfo carved upon them vari¬ 
ous fymbols ; and particularly ferpentine hieroglyphics, in 
memorial of the God, to whom they were facred. In their 
upper ffory was a perpetual fire, which was plainly leen in 
the night. I have mentioned, that the poets formed their 
notions about Otus and Ephialtes from towers : and the 
idea of Orion’s ftupendous bulk was taken from the Pe- 
lorian edifice in Sicily. The gigantic flature of Typhon 
was borrowed from a like objed:: and his character was 


61 Plutarch. Ids etOfms. p. 362. JccttocKS 'ffyattAeys 6 Tu(pvv» 

6x Ovid. Metamorph. L. 11. v. 762. 

61 E vloi S'e V7TQ 'TvtytovoS} U7T0 <Pe AtAccvtos Sevctyoccts eipnxev* SchoL Apollon 
L. 4. v. 264. 


* 


formed 



r 


470 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

► 

* 

► 

* • v- 

formed from the hieroglyphical reprefentations in the tem- 

■ 

pies dyled Typhonian. This may be inferred from the alle¬ 
gorical defcription of Typhoeus, given by Hefiod. Typhon 
and Typhoeus, were the fame perfonage: and the poet re- 
prefents him of a mixed form, being partly a man, and partly 
a monftrous dragon, whofe head confided of an affemblage 
of fmaller ferpents. 

. E/£ Js 01 cafjLwv 

Hi/ SfCCtTQV -KBcpcLhoi ocptog , dsivoio A .pcutovTog. 

As there was a perpetual fire kept up in the upper dory, he 

es in the building, 

65 E# <5e oi oirrwv 

®£<r7rs(nr)S KscpctXYitriv V7r o<pgv<n '&vg <x.[j,agvcr<r£' 

licMTSOJV <T £Z KS<pc0\e(j)V 'TSJ’Vg KOLISTO $££)CQ[JL£V010. 

0 

But the nobled defcription of Typhon is given in fome very 
fine poetry by Nonnus. He has taken his ideas from fome 
ancient tower fituated near the fea upon the fummit of an 

0 

high mountain. It was probably the Typhonian temple of 
Zeus upon mount Cafius near the famed Serbonian lake. He 
mentions fad noifes heard within, and defcribes the roaring 
of the furge below: and fays that all the monders of the fea 
dabled in the cavities at the foot of the mountain, which was 
wafhed by the ocean. 

64 Hefiod. Theogon. v. 824. 

65 Ibid. v. 826. Typhis, Typhon, Typhaon, Typhoeus, are all of the fame 

purport. 

E v 


defcribes it as fhining through the apertui 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 47 1 

66 Ev lyQvOBVTl Jfi 'UfOVTUi 

'IfctfJLSVB Tvpoovog eva- (Zgvoevrog bvclvKh 
BsvQsl toluol 'nrsKriitTo, mi vegi piyvvro yct^ng 
©XiSopevY) vspesW FiyavTsix h zctgwa 

<PglKT0V CtegG’lhOtpOdV OLMjOV @gVy(Yl[X.CL hSOVTCtJV, 

n ovnog eiXvozvri 7\soov smXv 7 rrsro koXtka kt7\. 

"We may perceive, that this is a mixed, defeription, wherein, 
under the charaaer of a gigantic perfonage, a towering edi¬ 
fice is alluded to; which was fituated upon the fummit of a 

mountain, and in the vicinity of the fea. 

66 Nonni Dionyf. L. i. p. 24. 


o B a 



( 473 ) 




O U B, 

S I V E D E 






Tlagot 'urctvTt ~toqv vo pi-go pet w 'urcug vfj.iv Gztettv O <pig <rvfj.&Q?^v 

fJieycL mi fj.v^iov CLVwygcKpSTou. Juftin. Martyr. Apolog. 

% 

L. ,i. p. 60. 



T may feem extraordinary, that the worfhip of the fer 


pent fhould have 


nd 
moft 


been introduced into the world 

it fhould al 


muft appear ftill more remarkable, that 
iniverfally have prevailed. 


As mankind are faid to 


have been ruined through the influence of 
could little expert, that it would, of all oth 


Being, 


we 


objects, have 


been adopted 


the moft facred and falutary fymbol 


and 


rendered the chief object of 1 adoration 


Yet fo we find 


have been 


moft of the ancient rites there is fome 


1 0<?£is—T/jtcctcrSai icr%upi) 5. Philarchus apud iEIian. de Animal. L. 17.C. 5. 

Vol. I. P p p lufion 



474 


Thf, Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


lufion to the 1 ferpent. I have taken notice, that in the Or¬ 
gies of Bacchus the perfons, who partook of the ceremony, 
ufed to carry ferpents in their hands, and with horrid fcreams 
call upon Eva, Eva. They were often crowned with 3 fer- 


- 


pents, and ftill made the fame frantic exclamation. One 
part of the myfterious rites of Jupiter Sabazius was to let a 
fnake flip down the bofom of the perfon to be initiated, 
which was taken out below 4 . Thefe ceremonies, and this 
fymbolic worfliip began among the Magi, who were the fons 
of Chus : and by them they were propagated in various parts. 
Epiphanius thinks, that the invocation, Eva, Eva, related to 
the great 5 mother of mankind, who was deceived by the fer¬ 
pent : and Clemens of Alexandria is of the fame opinion. 
He fuppofes, that by this term was meant 6 E votv szeivriv, ii 

r\V n 'm'ocgr)%oAov0v<rs. But I fhould think, that Eva 

was the fame as Eph, Epha, Opha, which the Greeks ren¬ 
dered Opg> Ophis, and by it denoted a ferpent. Clemens 
acknowledges, that the term Eva properly alpirated had fuch 
a Bonification. 7 To owjxa to Evict, $ct<rvvopevov e^vavsTcu 


* See Juftin Martyr above. 

Ooyitov B cot ik oov O (pis TgTgAgcrftgros. Clemens Alexand* Cohort* 

p. ii. See Auguftinus de Civitate Dei. L. 3. c. 12. and L. 18. c. 15* 

3 A rec[-'€fj-iJLZrQi toh ocpecriv. Clemens above. 

4 In myfteriis, quibus Sabadiis nomen eft, aureus coluber in finum dimitittur 
eonfecratis,. et eximitur rurfus ab inferioribus partibus. Arnobius. L. 5. p. 171. 
See alfo Clemens. Cohort, p. 14. . Apa.xcwt' < 5 ;gAxoftsros th xoAttb. x. A. 

Sebazium colentes Jovem anguem, cum initiantur, per finum ducunt. Julius 
Firmicus. p. 23. 'XccC e 7 roovuf*Qv Aiorucra. Hefych. 

5 TtfS 0?T/S CLVeq~ef/.fJ~SVOli eVCL^GVTZS ToOt/a, O vcc 9 SKeiVti V TW TZvctv g TX, T>?r S' ICC, tb 

O (pi&ys ccTrctTvOeicrca g7r1x.aA0ufc.grGi. Epiphanius^ Tom, 2. L. 3- P* 1092. 


6 Cohortatio. p. 1 u 

7 Cohortatio. p. xu. 





The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 475 

O (pig. Olympias, the mother of s Alexander, was very fond 
of thefe Orgies, in which, the ferpent was introduced. Plu¬ 
tarch mentions, that rites of this fort were pradtifed by the 

* 

Edonian women near mount Haemus in Thrace ; and car¬ 
ried on to a degree of madnefs. Olympias copied them 
clofely in all their frantic manoeuvres. She ufed to be fol¬ 
lowed with many attendants, who had each a thyrfus with 
9 ferpents twined round it* They had alfo fnakes in their 
hair, and in the chaplets, which they wore ; fo that they 
made a moft fearful appearance. Their cries were very 
{hocking : and the whole was attended with a continual re¬ 
petition of the words, 10 Ev$>e, Saboe, Hues Attes, Attes 
Hues, which were titles of the God Dionufus. He was pe¬ 
culiarly named 'Tjjs ; and his priefts were the Hyades, and 
Hyantes. He was like wife ftyled Evas. 11 Eyas 0 Aiowrog. 

In Egypt was a ferpent named Thermuthis, which was 
looked upon as very facred ; and the natives are laid to have 
made ufe of it as a royal tiara, with which they ornamented 
the ftatues of 11 Ifis. We learn from Diodorus Siculus, that 
the kings of Egypt wore high bonnets, which terminated in 
a round ball: and the whole was furrounded with figures of 

8 Plutarch. Alexander, p. 665. 

9 Odpeis fJLeyczX&s yeipOYiQeiS e<psi/\x.eTO tol$ Sricccrois (Ji OAu^Tr/as), 01 'zs-oAAax/s ex tb 

X.LTTB XCCl T COV AlXVOJV ‘WCCpcCVCcJ\jO^.SVOl 9 X.CU TT££>rgA/T%yt/.£rc/ B'UPtTOlS TOOV yv - 

i/cuxtoi'- xcci r roii e^eTrXmrrov tbs oct'eP^cef. Plutarch, ibid. 

10 Tbs ocpus tvs rictgeiccs S m X£a)y 9 xau V 7 rep rws xsqta.Km uioopcov? xxi flotov^ Sec- 

Qoi^ kcli 67 ropx&{j.€i , o$' < Tm Attjjsj Att«5 c YV?s. Demoft. Tlepi ^-gtpapa. p. 516. 

11 Hefych. 

1Z Tv$ IcrtS'os ctyaXjxcLTcc ccvcc^sci TocuTYt, &>» t iv 1 fictPwfJLoiTi /Sceff/Aexw. Julian. 

Hift. Animal. L. 10. c. 31. 

P p p 2 afps. 



47 6 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 


*3 


afps. 


The priefts likewife upon their bonnets had the re 


presentation of ferpents. The ancients had a notion, that 
when Saturn devoured his own children, his wife Ops de¬ 
ceived him. by fubftituting a large ftone in lien of one of his 
fons, which hone was called Abadir. But Ops, and Opis, 
reprefented here as a feminine, was the ferpent Deity, and 
Abadir is the fame perfonage under a different denomina¬ 
tion. Abadir Deus eft ; et hoc nomine lapis ille, quern 
Saturnus dicitur devoraffe pro Jove, quern Grasci fiourvXov 

vocant.—Abdir quoque et Abadir ^xiTvXog. Abadir feems 
to be a variation of Ob-Adur, and fignifies the ferpent God 
Orus. One of thefe hones, \^hich Saturn was fuppofed to 
have fwallowed inftead of a child, flood according to 15 Pau- 
fanias at Delphi. It was efteemed very facred, and ufed to 
have libations of wine poured upon it daily ; and upon fefti- 
vals was otherwife honoured. The purport of the above 
hiftory I imagine to have been this. It was for a long time 
a cuftom to offer children at the altar of Saturn : but in pro- 
cefs of time they removed it, and in its room ere«£ted a 

or ftone pillar ; before which they made their vows, 
and offered Sacrifices of another nature. This ftone, which 

J • 

they thus fubftituted, was called Ab-Adar from the Deity 
reprefented by it. The term Ab generally fignifies 16 father: 

but 


,J Tbs BacnAe/s — ^pncrGa.1 'zc/Aois fJ.ctx.pois stti tb 'srsgccios oy.GctAo* exou czjspi- 
to-Tretgctfj.si’ois ccpecrt, as xot/\Btriv otcx’mi'oc.s. L. 3. p. 145. 

14 Prifcian. L. 5. and L. 6 . 

* 5 Paufan. L. 10. p. 859. 

16 Bochart fuppofes this term to fignify a father, and the purport of the name 
to be Pater magnificus. He lias afterwards a fecondary derivation. Sed fallor, 

aut 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 477 

but in this inftance it certainly relates to a ferpent, which 
was indifferently ftyled Ab, Aub, and 17 Ob. I take Aba- 
don, or, as it is mentioned in the Revelation, Abaddon, to 
have been the name of the fame Ophite God, with whofe 
worfliip the world' had been fo long infedted. He is termed 
by the Evangelift 18 tov ctyyeXov r^g ASWcr8, the 

angel of the bottomlefs pit ; that is, the prince of darknefs. 
In another place' he is defcribed as the 19 dragon, that old 
ferpent, which is the devil, and Satan. Hence I think, that 
the learned Heinfius is very right in the opinion, which he 
has given upon this paffage ; when he makes Abaddon the 
fame as the ferpent Pytho. Non dubitandum eft, quin Py- 
thius Apollo, hoc eft fpurcus ille fpiritus, quem Hebrsei Ob, 
et Abaddon, Helleniftze ad verbum A?r a?\Av(jov&, cseteri A 7Tq7\- 

Koovct, dixerunt, fub hac forma, qua miferiam huraano generi 
invexit, primo cultus 

It is laid, that in the ritual of Zoroafter, the great expanfe 
of the heavens, and even nature itfelf, was defcribed un¬ 
der the fymbol of a ferpent a *. The like was mentioned in 
the Odtateueh of Oftanes : and moreover, that in Perfts and 
in other parts of the eaft they eredted temples to the fer- 

aut Abdir, vel Abadir, cum pro lapide fiimitur y corruptum ex Pheen.icio Eben- 
Dir, lapis fphasricus. Geog. Sac. L. 2. c. 2. p. 708. 

17 See Radicals, p. 49. and Deuteronomy, c. 18. v. 11. 

10 E%&crcu / 2 ct(riX€cL €(p° ccurcov t ov uJyePiov t 11$ A Sucrcre* ovQfj.ce, ccvtc/j ACouP- 

dwr, ev cTe Tw'EAAtfp/xj? ovofxcc A7roAAt;^r. Revelation c. 9. v. 11. 

19 Revelation c. 20. v. 2. Abaddon fignifies ferpens Dominus, vel ferpens Do- 
minus SoL 

*° Daniel Heinfius. Ariftarchus. p. 11, 

Eufeb. P. E. L. 1. p. 41, 42. 


pent 



478 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

pent tribe, and held feftivals to their honour, efteeming them 
21 ,®sbs tbs {JLsyiZBS, kcli VLgyrfyBS tm oXooVy the fupreme of all 
Gods , and the fupev intend ants of the . whole world. The wor¬ 
fhip began among the people of Chaldea. They built the 
city Ophis upon the 13 Tigris, and were greatly addicted to di- 

vination, and to the worfhip of the ferpent a h Inventi funt 

> • • •* 

ex iis (Chaldeis) augures, et magi, divinatores, et fortilegi, 
et iriquirentes Ob, et Ideoni. From Chaldea the worfhip 

m 9 

palled into Egypt, where the ferpent Deity was called Can- 
oph, Can-eph, and C’neph. It had alfo the name of Ob, 
or Oub, and was the fame as the Balilifcus, or Royal Ser- 

c • 

pent; the fame alfo as the Thermuthis : and in like manner 

' « # 

was made ufe of by way of ornament to the ftatues of their 

6 

2S Gods. The chief Deity of Egypt is faid to have been Vul¬ 
can, who was alfo ftyled Opas, as we learn from 26 Cicero. 

He was the fame as Oliris, the Sun ; and hence was often 

♦ 

called Ob-El, five Pytho Sol: and there were pillars facred 
to him with curious hieroglyphical infcriptions, which had 
the fame name. They were very lofty, and narrow in corn- 
par ifon of their length ; hence among the Greeks, who co¬ 
pied from the Egyptians, every thing gradually tapering to a 
point was ftyled Obelos, and Obelifcus. Gphel (Oph-El) was 

a name of the fame purport: and I have fhewn, that many 

* 

11 Eufeb. ibidem. TaJz y.ev ccvra. xoa 0 <rcmj; x.tA. 

5,3 Herod. L. 2. c. 189. alfo Ptolemy. 

M. Maimonides in more Nevochim. See Selden de Diis Syris. Synt. 1. c. 3. 
p. 49. 

15 OvCatov, a i^-tv 'EAAm'/T'i Ba.crihtox.ov‘ ov7rep 'crojavres •are ptTiBea.tr tv. 

Horapollo. L. 1. p. 2. 

O vQotiov is fo corredted for Oi>ga.iav, from MSS. by J. Corn. De Pauw. 

* 6 Cicero de Nat. Deor. L. 3. 


facred 























































































































































































































































































































































































































The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


479 


facred mounds, or Tapha, were thus denominated from the 
ferpent Deity, to whom they were facred. 

Sanchoniathon makes mention of an hiftory, which he once 
wrote upon the worfhip of the ferpent. The title of this work 
according to Eufebius was , 27 Ethothion, or Ethothia. Another 
treatife upon the fame fubjedt was written by Pherecydes 
Syrus, which was probably a copy of the former ; for he is 
faid to have compofed it, 28 'urctgoi <E>o twtwv KexJooov r ctg cKpogpotg, 
from fome previous accounts of the Pheniciaiis . The title of his 
book was the Theology of Ophion, ftyled Ophioneus ; and of 
his worfhipers, called Ophionidae. Thoth, and Atboth, were 
certainly titles of the Deity in the Gentile world : and the 

book of Sanchoniathon might very poffibly have been from 

♦ 

hence -named Ethothion, or more truly Athothion. But 
from the fubject, upon which it was written, as well as from 
the treatife of Pherecydes, I fhould think, that Athothion, 
or Ethothion, was a miftake for Ath-ophion, a title which 
more immediately related to that worfhip, of which the writer 
treated. Ath was a facred title, as I have fhewn: and I ima¬ 
gine, that this differtation did not barely relate to the fer- 
pentine Deity; but contained accounts of his votaries, the 
Ophitae, the principal of whom were the fons of Chus. The 
worfhip of the Serpent began among them ; and they were 
from thence denominated Ethiopians, and Aithiopians, which 
the Greeks rendered A iQiowsg. It was a name,- which they 
did not receive from their complexion, as has been com¬ 
monly furmifed; for the branch of Phut, and the Lubim, 


* 7 Prsep. Evang. L. i. p. 41. 
* 8 Eufeb. fupra. 


7 


were 


r * 



4-86 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

were probably of a deeper die: but they were fo called from 
Ath-Ope, and Ath-Gpis, the God, which they worshiped. 
This may be proved from Pliny, fie fays that the country 
^Ethiopia (and confequently the people) had the name of 
iEthiop from a perfonage who was a Deity ; ab 2,9 AEthiope 
Vulcani filio. The iEthiopes brought thefe rites into 
Greece : and called the ifland,, where they firft eftablifhed 
them, 30 Ellopia, Solis Serpentis infula. It was the fame as 
Eubcea, a name of the like purport; in which ifland was a 
region named JEthiopium. Euboea is properly Oub-Aia; 
and fignifies the Serpen t-Ifland. The fame worfhip pre¬ 
vailed among the Hyperboreans, as we may judge from the 
names of the facred women, who ufed to come annually to 
Delos. They were priefteffes of the Tauric Goddefs, and 
were denominated from her titles. 

31 Ov7rig Aofccc ts, zvu Ev&tw 'Emegyv- 

Hercules was efleemed the chief God, the fame as Chronus • 
and was faid to have produced the Mundane egg. He was 
repreferited in the Orphic Theology under the mixed fym- 
bol of a 32 lion and a ferpent: and fbmetimes of a J3 ferpent 
only. I have before mentioned, that the ‘Cuthites -under 
the title of Heliadse fettled at Rhodes ; and, as "they were 

L.‘6. p. 345. 

30 Strabo. L. 10. p. 683. It was fuppofed-to have had‘its name from EUop$, 
the Son of Ion who was the brother of Cothus. 

• « 

v Callimachus. H. in Delon, v. 292. Ei/aior, Eva-On^Serpens Sol. 

Athenagoras. Legatio. p. 294. 'HpaxA^s X^cros. 

33 Athenag. p. 295. "HcaxAws ©eos—Sgaxoov IA*?ctc£. 


9 


Hivites 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology 


481 


Hivites or Ophites, that the illand in confequence of it was 
of old named Ophiufa. There was like wife a tradition, 
that it had once fwarmed with 3+ ferpents. The like notion 
prevailed almoft in every place, where they fettled. They 

came under the more general titles of Leleges and Pelafgi: 

% 

but more particularly of Elopians, Europians, Oropians, Afo- 
pians, Inopians, Ophionians, and iEthiopes, as appears from. 

the names, which they bequeathed j and in moft places, 

• • 

where they refided, there were handed down traditions, 

♦ 

which alluded to their original title of Ophites. In Phry¬ 
gia, and upon the Hellefpont, whither they fent out colonies 
very early, was a people flyled Ocpioysvsig, or the ferpent- 
breed ; who were faid to retain an affinity and correfpond- 


ence 


with 


35 ferpents. And a notion prevailed, that fome 
hero, who had conducted them, was changed from a ferpent 
to a man. In Colchis was a river Ophis ; and there was 
another of the fame name in Arcadia. It was fo named 
from a body of people, who fettled upon its banks, and 


were faid to have been conducted by a ferp 


36 


Ilov Y]ys 


fjLovot yeve<r@ou iguKovra. 
in iflands, yet Tenos one 
have once fwarmed with them 


Thele reptiles are jfeldom found 
of the Cyclades was fuppofed to 


37 


Ey Tijyw, |u.ia tgoj/ Kw 




0(psig KOU (TKOPKIOI 


Jsivoi 


eymno . Thucydides 


3+ It is faid to have been named Rhodus from Rhod, a Syriac word for a ferpenf. 
ochart. G. S. P. p. 369. 

35 E vTctvQct /jivQeu'dcrt Otpioyevets avTysvsia.v t ivac-sy^iv Ttroos t«s otpBis. Strabo. L. 13. 


p. 880. 


Hellefponto 


Pliny. L. 7. p. 371. 


36 Paufan. L. 8. p. 614. 

37 -Ariftoph. Plutus. Schol. v. 7x8. 

VOL. I. 


Q.q q 


mentions 



482 The Analysis ot Ancient Mythology. 
mentions a people of jEtolia called 38 Ophionians: and the 

% w 

temple of Apollo at Patara in Lycia feems to have had 
its firft inftitution from a prieftels of the fame 39 name. 

The ifland of Cyprus was ftyled Ophiufa, and Gphiodes, 

# 

from the ferpents, with which it was fuppofed to have 
40 abounded. Of what fpecies they were is no where men¬ 
tioned ; excepting only that about Paphos there was faid to 
have been a 41 kind of ferpent with two legs. By this is 
ineant the Ophite race, who came from Egypt, and front 
Syria, and got footing in this 41 ifland. They fettled alfo in 

Crete, where they increafed greatly in numbers ; fo that Mi— 

* 

nos was faid by an unfeemly allegory, 43 o<psi$- fer- 

pentes minxifle. The iftand Seriphus was one vaft rock, by 

% 

the Romans called 44 faxum Seriphium; and made life of as a 
larger kind of prifon for banifhed perfbns. It is reprefented 
as having once abounded with ferpents ; and it is ftyled by 
Virgil ferpentifera , as the paflage is happily corrected by 
Scaliger. 

45 -ZEginatticpue fimul, ferpentiferamque Seriphon. 

33 L. 3. c. 96. Strabo. L. io. p. 692. 

39 Steph. Byzant. riaTa'pa. 

40 Bw T £ 7 r sgav tpe vjmv txptccS'eoc. K07rg>op. Partbenius. See Vofiius upon 

Pomp. Mela. L. 1. c. 6. p. 391. 

Ovid. Metamorph. L. 10. v. 229. Cypri arva Ophiufla. 

41 They were particularly to be found at Paphos. Apollon. Difcolus. Mirabil. 

c. 39. Of HS 'ZxJoS'CLS £vo. 

4Z Herodotus, L. 7. c. go: Oi S'e cciro A&io 7 mi$y cosccvtqi Kv7rgiot Ae^acr/i 
41 O M ivc*)$ o<p€is y net 1 c 7 cop 7 TLB 5 ^ xcu o-KoXoTrzvdpocs upe&xtv jcA. Antonin.. Li¬ 

berals, c. 41. p. 202. See Notes, p. 276. 

44 Tacitus. Annal. L, 4. c. 21. 

45 In Ceiri. 


it 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


483 


It had this epithet not on account of any real ferpents, but 
according to the Greeks from 46 Medufa’s head, which was 
brought hither by Perfeus. By this is meant the ferpent 
Deity, whofe worfhip was here introduced by people called 
Perefians. Medufa’s head denoted divine wifdom : and the 


illand was lacred to the ferp 


as is apparent from its 


name 


The Athenians were efteemed Serpentigenae 


*, and 

they had a tradition, that the chief guardian of their Acro¬ 


polis was 


48 


ferp 


It is 


ported of the Goddefs 


that fhe placed a dragon for a guardian to her temple a 
49 Eleufis ; and appointed another to attend upon Eredtheus 
iEgeus of Athens according to Androtion was of the 50 fer 
pent breed : and the firft king of the country is faid to have 
been 51 


Agccxtiv, a Dragon. Others make Cecrops the firft 
who reigned. He is faid to have been 51 of a twofold 

behig formed 

Diodo- 


nature 


<rvfJL<pveg sywv coopct avd'gog zou 


with the body of a ?nan blended with that of a ferpent 
rus fays, that this was a circumftance deemed by the Athe 
nians inexplicable : yet he labours to explain it by reprelent 

ing Cecrops, 


as 


half 


man 


and half a 53 brute ; becaufe he 


46 Strabo. L. xo. p. 746. 

47 What the Greeks rendered XegKpos was properly Sar-Iph; and Sar-Iphis, the 
fame as Ophis : which fignified Petra Serpentis, five Pythonis. 

48 Herodotus. L. 8. c. 41. 

49 Strabo. L. 9. 603. 

s° Lycophron. Scholia, v. 496. an ro twv oSovrcav tb Sgaxovros. 


5 « 


S* 


Meurfius 
Apollodorus. L. 3. p. 191. 


SJ Diodorus. L. 1. p. 25. Cecrops is not byname mentioned in this paffage ac¬ 
cording to the prefent copies: yet what is faid, certainly relates to him, as appears 

by the context, and it is fo und< 

Canon, p. 108. 


Marfliam. See Chron. 


Q^q q 


had 



484 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology^ 

had been of two different communities. Euftathius likewife 

tries to folve it nearly upon the fame principles, and with the 
like fuccefs. Some had mentioned of Cecrops, that he un¬ 
derwent a metamorphofis, 54 ct7ro ocpswg sig ctvOgtatfov- sKQaiv y 
that he was chajiged from a ferpent to a man . By this was fag— 
nified, according to Euftathius, that Cecrops by coming into 
Hellas divefted himfelf of all the rudenefs, and barbarity of 
55 his country, and became more civilized and humane. This 
is too high a compliment to be payed to Greece in its infant 
date, and detracts greatly from the chara&er of the Egyp¬ 
tians. The learned Marfham therefore animadverts with 
great juftice : 56 Eft verifimilius ilium ex JEgypta mores ma- 
gis civiles in Graciam induxifle. It is more probable , that he 
mtroduced into Greece , the urbanity of his own country , than that 
he was beholden to Greece for any thing from thence. In refpetft 
to the mixed character of this perfonage, we may, I think, 
eafily account for it. Cecrops was certainly a title, of the 
Deity, who was worfhiped under this 57 emblem. Some- 
thing of the like nature was mentioned of Triptolemus, and 
58 Eri£thonius : and the like has been faid above of Hercules, 
The natives of Thebes in Boeotia, like the Athenians above, 
efteemed themfelves of the ferpent race. The Lacedce- 
monians likewife referred themfelves to the fame original.. 


• • 

54 Euftath. on Dionyf, p.56. Edit. Steph. 


55 


Tor I3ocp€ctpor Atyuirr tcz<r jj.ov a.q,eic. jctA. ibid. 


See alfoTzetzes upon Lycophron. v. in. 
55 Chron. Canon, p. 109. 


S7 It may not perhaps be eafy to decipher the name of Cecrops : but thus much 
is apparent, that it is compounded of Ops, and Opis, and related to his fymbolieal 
character. 


* o 


Araxovias Svo TcSfi rov E/r/^G'wor. Antigonus Caryftius. c. 12 


Their 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 4^5 

* 

Their city is faid of old to have fwarmed with 59 ferpents. 
The fame is faid of the city Amyclae in Italy, which was of 
Spartan original. They came hither in fuch abundance, 
that it was abandoned by the 60 inhabitants. Argos was in- 
fefted in the fame manner, till Apis came and fettled in that 
city. He was a prophet, the reputed fon of Apollo, and a 
perfon of great fkill and fagacity. To him. they attributed 
the bleffing of having their country freed from this evil. 

f 1 A 7TIS y&g ehQw £K ’WSgCLS 'NtX.VTTCMTlCtg, 

% 

lOLTgOftOLVTlQ, ISTOUg ATTOTvAWVO?, ’xfiovcc 

Tj^ £UKOlQO il£Sl HVutiaXOM figOTOQ.QogOOVi, 

Thus the Argives gave the credit to 1 this imaginary perfon- 

age of clearing their land of this grievance : but the brood 
' came from the very quarter, from whence Apis was fup- 
pofed originally to have come. They were certainly Hivites 
from Egypt : and the fame dory is told of that country. It 
is reprefented as having been of old over-run with ferpents ; 
and almoft depopulated through their numbers. Diodorus 
Siculus feems to underhand this 62 literally : but a region, 
which was annually overflowed, and that too for fo long a 
feafon, could not well be liable to fuch a calamity. They 
were ferpents of another nature, with which it was thus in- 
fefted : and the hiftory relates to the Cuthites, the original 
Ophitae, who for a long time poffefled that country. They 

59 Ariffcot. de Mirabilibus. VoL 2. p. 717. 

60 Pliny. L. 3. p. 153. L. B. p. 455. 

6x yEfchyli Supplices, p. 516. 

L. 3. p. 184. 




4#6 TKe Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

♦ 

-palled from Egypt to Syria, and to the ^Euphrates: And men¬ 
tion is made of a particular breed of ferpents upon that river, 
which were harmlefs to the natives, hut fatal to every body 
elfe. Thisj I think, cannot be underftood literally. The 
wifdom of the ferpcnt may be great; but not fufficient to 
make thefe diftindtions. Thefe ferpents were of the fame 
nature as the 64 birds of E>iomedes, and the dogs in the tem¬ 
ple of Vulcan : and thefe hiftories relate to Ophite priefts, 

who ufed to fpare their own people, and facrifice ftrangers, 

* 

a cuftom which prevailed at one time in moft parts of the 
world. I have mentioned that the Cuthite priefts were very 
learned : and as they were Ophites, whoever had the advan- 
tage of -their information, was faid to have been inftrudted 
by ferpents. Hence there was a tradition, that Melampus 
was rendered prophetic from a communication with thefe 
65 animals. Something fimilar is faid of Tirefias. 

As the worlhip of the ferpent was of old fo prevalent, many 
places, as well as people, from thence received their names. 
Thofe who fettled in Campania were called Opici; which fome 
would have- changed to Ophici ; becaufe they were denomi¬ 
nated fiom ferpents. 66 0 1 cTs (<pao“<) on Qcpucoi , olko toov opioov. 
But they are in reality both names of the fame purport, and 
denote the origin of the people. We meet with places called 
Opis, Ophis, Ophitasa, Ophionia., Ophioefta, Ophiodes, and 
Ophiufa. This laft was an ancient name, by which, ac- 

6} Apollonius Difcolus. c. 12. and Ariftot. de Mirabilibus. Vol. 2. p. 737. 

64 Aves Diomed.s—judicant inter fuos et advenas, &c. Iftdorus Orig. L. 12. 
c. 7. Pliny. L. 10. c. 44. 

6s Apollodorus. L. 1. p. 37. 

Stephanus Byzant. Oirncoi. 

9 


66 


cording 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


4 8-7 


cording to Stephanas, the iflands Rhodes, Cythnus, Befbicus 
Tenos, and the whole continent of Africa, were diftin- 


Add 


thefe 


guifhed. There were alfo cities fo called, 
places denominated Oboth, Obona, and reverfed Onoba, from 
Ob, which was of the fame purport. Clemens Alexandrinus 
fays that the term Eva fignified a ferpent. The fame is faid 


by 


67 


Epipha 


and we find that there were places of this 


name 


There was a city Eva 


Macedonia 
taken notice 


There was alfo 


! Arcadia : and another in 
mountain Eva, or Evan, 


notice of by 70 Paufanias, between which and Ithome 
lay the city Meflene. He mentions alfo an Eva in Argolis, 
and fpeaks of it as a large 71 town. Another name for a fer¬ 
pent, of which I have as yet taken no notice, 


was Patan 


or 


Pitan. 
from this 


Many 



aces in different parts were denominated 
Among others was a city in 7Z Laconia ; and 


another in 73 Myfia, which Stephanus ftyles a city of JEolia 
They were undoubtedly fo named from the worfhip of th< 

ferpent, Pitan: 


figures and dev 
Ovid mentions 


and had probably Dracontia, where were 
:es relative to the religion, which- prevailed. 


the 


latter city, and has fome allufions to its 
ancient hiftory, when he defcribes Medea as flying through 
the air from Attica to Colchis. 


67 Evict t cv o(piv 'zz-ctifes 'EGpccioiv Epiphanius adverf. H^ref. E. 3J 

tom. 2. p. 1092. 

68 Steph. Byzant. 

69 Ptolemy, p. 93. Evict. 

70 Paufanias. L. 4. p. 356. 

71 E. 2. p. 202. 

71 Paufan. L. 3. p.,24g. 

73 There was a city of this name, in ..Macedonia* and in Troas. Alfo a river* 

Aioliam 


V 





T . 


48$ The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

♦ % I ♦ 

Z* iEoliam Pitanem leeva de parte relinquit, 

Fadtaque de faxo longi fimulacra Draconis. 

* 

' ' * 

The city was fituated upon the river Eva or Evan, which the 

Greeks rendered 75 Evenus. It is remarkable, that the Opici, 
who are faid to have been denominated from ferpents, had 
alfo the name of Pitanatae : at lead: one part of that family 
were, fo called. 76 Tivag xou Hit avoir ol $ Xsys<r@cu. Pitanatae 
is a term of the fame purport as Opici, and relates to the vo¬ 
taries of Pitan, the ferpent Deity, which was adored by that 
people. Menelaus was of old ftyled 77 Pitanates, as we learn 
from Hefychius : and the reafon of it may be known from 
his being a Spartan, by which was intimated one of the fer- 
pentigenae, or Ophites. Hence he was reprefented with a 
ferpent for a device upon his Ihield. It is faid that a brigade, 
or portion of infantry, was among ibme of the Greeks named 

78 Pitanates; and the foldiers in confequence of it muft have 

• • 

been termed Pitanatae : undoubtedly, becaufe they had the 
Pitan, or ferpent, for their 79 ftandard. Analogous to this 
among other nations there were foldiers called s ° Draconarii. 

I be- 

* * 

74 Ovid. Metamorph. L. 7. v. 357. 

75 Strabo. L. 13. p. 913. It is compounded of Eva-Ain* the fountain, or river 

of Eva, the ferpent. 

• # • 

76 Strabo. L. 5.-p. 383. 

77 MereAa.0r5.05 riv YIitclvcctys* Hefych. 

B 7 n t>7 a.cnnS'i (MgrsAasO e^iv etpya.erfj.zvos, Paufan. L. 10. p. 863* 

78 IliTccrct-nx, Aoj^os. Hefych. 

79 It was the infigne of many countries. 

Textilis Anguis 

Difcurrit per utramque aciem. Sidon. Apoliinaris. Carm. 5. v. 409. 

!° Stent beliatrices Aquilse, fasvique Dracones. 

Claudian, de Nuptiis Honor, et Marix. v. 193. 

Ut 



► • 


Plate \ 7 II 1 









'7 


y /vm 


levin 


?imppPjB|P^. W • : ■■ 

1 1 -*■ v^ .• ^ ^ - v v - :s ^ '' •'.r~. , s ^ 

! * v ' ' V V> >>: • ,rjLjV 

wfcisSfe^ 

h < : .-. • .-• ; .*r i #'i f''i r * M l4 , |.| ,, 1 ».r*i-*v 'Ml/ . J| lTf 4, PI )*•:'/>'■ l’ 7 !\ : t ,# • 

i::::!:>v/i/. 4 j; :;*.■•■- ••■/-•'^V -, 

•;;*.:v:mv f «-*i *••.• O i : t;t.*;-i;i .. • l 

I; » ■•*•.• ■?*.%.•• *•••*• * '•*•. « - I. .ft*;- .*r..ti<»* • r. • 

r< 7 ;»-*i t;*i *-,r /:«v : »> vr ■« *:i •■»•:• **:\ ^ ■* .< ?u:m r*.\ 

.".r> , v 




* • • 


• \ 








1 .. 


*» 



< 4*rf.*'/V r V . 































































The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 489 

I believe, that in moffc countries the military ftandard was an 
emblem of the Deity there worshiped. 

From what has been faid, I hope, that I have thrown fome 
light upon the hiftory of this primitive idolatry : and have 
moreover {hewn, that wherever any of thefe Ophite colonies 
fettled, they left behind from their rites, and inftitutes, as 
well as from the names, which they bequeathed to places, 
ample memorials, by which they may be clearly traced out. 
It may feem ftrange, that in the fir ft ages there fhould have 
been fuch an univerfal defection from the truth ; and above 
all things fuch a propenhty to this particular mode of wor- 
fhip, this myfterious attachment to the ferpent. What is 
fcarce credible, it obtained among Chriftians ; and one of the 
moil early herelies in the church was of this fort, introduced 
by a fedt, called by 81 Epiphanius Ophitag, by 8 * Clemens or 
Alexandria Ophiani. They are particularly deferibed by 
Tertullian, whofe account of them is well worth our notice. 
83 Accefferunt his Hagretici etiam illi, qui Ophitag nuncupan- 
tur : nam ferpentem magnificant in tantum, ut ilium etiam 
ipfi Chrifto przeferant. Ipfe enim, inquiunt, feientiag nobis 
boni et mali originem dedit. Hujus animadvertens poten- 
tiam et majeftatem Moyfes sereum pofuit ferpentem : et qui- 
cunque in eum afpexerunt, fanitatem confecuti funt. Ipfe, 


Ut primum veftras Aquilas Provincia vidit, 

Defi.it hoftiles confeftim horrere Dracones . 

Sidon. Apollinaris. Carm. 2. v. 235. 

Sl Epiphanius. H^ref. 37. p. 267. 

8a Clemens. L. 7. p. goo. 

Tertullian de Pnefcript. Ha^ret. c. 47. p. 221. 


VOL. I. 


R r r 


aiunt. 



49 ° The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

aiunt, przeterea in Evangelio imitatur ferpentis ipfius facram 
poteftatem, dicendo, et ficut Moyfes exaltavit ferpentem in 
deferto, ita exaltari oportet filium hominis. Ipfum intro- 
ducunt ad benedicenda Euchariftia fua. In the above we 
fee plainly the perverfenefs of human wit, which deviates fo 
induftrioufly ; and is ever after employed in finding expe¬ 
dients to countenance errour, and render apoftafy plaufible. 
It would be a noble undertaking and very edifying in its 
confequences, if fome perfon of true learning, and a deep in¬ 
fight into antiquity, would go through with the hiftory of 
the 84 ferpent. I have adopted it, as far as it relates to my 
fyffem, which is in fome degree illuflrated by it. 


3+ Voflius, Selden, and many learned men have to ached upon this fubjedt. There 
is a treatife of Philip Olearius de Ophiolatria. Alfo Diflertatio Theologico-Hifto- 


rica, Sec.. &c. de cultu ferpentum. 


Johan 


JLipfiae. 


1717. 


CUCLOPES 



( 49 1 ) 



CUCLOPES 


or 


CYCLOPES 


\ 


Yic/JACLIOTCLTOI {JLSV 7 \Sy<mOU BP [J.BgSL TIPI TVS 

7 \icLs) KvkX<j07T£s, koll Acu^vyopss oixrjirca' cap syca xrs ysvos 
sy^ca zin£iv, %T£ okoOsp si<rY)XQov 3 v ottoi cc7TB')(OOgr i <rc',v. Thu¬ 
cydides. L. 6. p. 37^* 


HUCYDIDES acquaints us concerning the Cyclop 


JL and Laeftryg 


that they were the moft 


habitants of Sicily, but that he could not find out their race: 
nor did he know from what part of the world they originally 

to what country they afterwards betook them- 

.n pretending to deter- 

: and which was a be¬ 


came, nor 
felves. I 


I may appear prefumptuous in 

mine a hiftory fo remote, and obfcure ; 
cret to this learned Grecian two thoufand years ago. 
this is my prefent purpofe : and I undertake it with a greater 

confidence, as I can plainly fhew, that we have many lights. 


Yet 


with which the 


of Hellas wer 


quainted 


be 


fides many advantages, of which they would not avail them 


felves 


The gigantic Cyclopes were originally Ophit 


ho wor 


fhiped the fymbolical ferpent 


R 


They have been reprefented 

- 2 b y 


492 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

by the poets, as perfons of an 1 enormous ftature, rude and 
fa^age in their demeanour, and differing from the reft of 
mankind in countenance. They are defcribed as having only 
one large eye ; which is faid to have been placed, contrary to 
the ufual fituation of that organ, in the middle of their fore¬ 
heads. Their place of refidence was upon mount JE.tna, 
and in the adjacent diftridt at the foot of that * mountain,, 
which was the original region ftyled Trinacia. This is the 
common account, as it has been tranfmitted by the Poets, as 
well as by the principal mythologifts of Greece : and in this 
we have been taught to acquiefce. But the real hiftory is 
not fo obvious and fuperficial. There are accounts of them 
to be obtained, that differ much from the reprefentations, 
which are commonly exhibited. The Poets have given a 
mixed defcription : and in lieu of the Deity of the place, have 
introduced thefe ftrange perfonages, the ideas of whofe fize 
were borrowed from facred edifices, where the Deity was 
worfhiped. They were Petra, or temples of Ceelus ; of the 
fame nature and form as the tower of Orion, which was at 
no great diflance from them. Some of them had the name 
of 3 Charon, and Tarchon : and they were efteemed Pelorian, 
from the God Alorus, the fame as Caelus and Python. The 
Grecians confounded the people, who raifed thefe buildings, 
with the ftru£tures themfelves. Strabo places them near 


5 Homer. OdylT. L. 9. v. 106. 

z IIfee a principle patria Cyclopum fuit. Juftin. of the ifland Sicily. L. 4. c. 2. 

3 Of o-^stcu T8 fj-ovoyAnv'd ^eyccs 

Xaga'vof. Lycophrcn. v. 659. Charon was not a perfon, but Char-On, the 
temple of the Sun. 


iEtna, 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


493 


4 i£tna, and Leontina : and fuppofes, that they once ruled 
over that part of the ifland. And it is certain that a people 
ftyled Cyclopians did poflefs that s province. Polyphemus is 
imagined to have been the chief of this people : and Euri¬ 
pides defcribes the place of his refidence as towards the foot 
of the mountain : 6 OifCBig vtt Airvri t y 'urvgQfcx.xTif) Herea.. 
They are reprefented as a people favage, and lawlefs, and de¬ 
lighting in human flefh. Hence it is prophefted by Caf- 
fandra, as a curfe upon Ulyfles, that he would one day be 
forced to feek for refuge in a Cyclopian 4 5 6 7 manfton. And 
when he arrives under the roof of Polyphemus, and makes 
inquiry about his hoft, and particularly upon what he fed j 
he is told, that the Cyclops above all things efteemed the 
ftefh of ftrangers. 8 Chance never throws any body upon this 
coaft, fays Silenus, but he is made a meal of; and it is looked 
upon as a delicious repaft. This character of the Cyclopians 
arofe from the cruel cuftom of facrificing ftrangers, whom 
fortune brought upon their coaft. This was pra&ifed in 
many parts of the world, but efpecially here, and upon the 
coaft of the Lamii in Italy ; and among all the Scythic na¬ 
tions uipon the Euxine fea : into all which regions it was in¬ 
troduced from Egypt and Canaan. 

But we muft not conftder the Cyclopians in this partial 
light : nor look for them only in the ifland of Sicily, to which 

4 Tec'V IZTtgL TViV A.ITVYIV XCtl A.6GVTU71V K VX^.C'JTTCCt ( J' UVCCq~SV CCC l) . Stl'ftbo. L. 1. p. jS. 

5 The province of Leontina called Xuthia. Diodorus. L. 5. p. 291. 

6 Cyclops, v. 297. 

• 7 Lycophron. v. 659. 

s T XVKVT CtT CL qctcn T CL <£?C£lV' 

Ovhis yxKwv o eup\ y xccrecrcpctyv. Euripid. Cyclops, v. 126. 

they 



494 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

they have been by the Poets confined. Memorials of them 
are to be found in many parts of Greece, where they were 
recorded as far fuperior to the natives in fcience and inge¬ 
nuity. The Grecians by not diftinguifhing between the 
Deity, and the people, who were called by his titles, have 
brought great confufion upon this hiftory. The Cyclopians 

were denominated from Ky/iAonj/, Cyclops, the fame as Ccelus. 

♦ 

According to Parmeno Byzantinus he was the God 9 Nilus of 
Egypt, who was the fame as 10 Zeus, and Ofiris. The hiftory 
both of the Deity, and of the people, became in time obfo- 
lete : and it has been rendered more obfcure by the mixed 
manner, in which it has been reprefented by the Poets. 

It is generally agreed by writers upon the fubje£t, that the 
Cyclopians were of a fize fuperior to the common race of 

mankind. Among the many tribes of the Amonians, which 

# 

went abroad were to be found people, who were ftyled 11 Ana- 
kim, and were defcended from the fons of Anac : fo that this 
hiftory, though carried to a great excefs, was probably founded 


9 The river Nilus was called Triton, and afterwards Nilus. MeTcovcfJicccrQn S'e cctto 
NbAb tb KuttAw?ros. Scholia in Apollon. L. 4. v. 268. 

Nilus Deorum maximus. TIuetii Demons. Evang.'Prop. 4. p. in. 


10 


AiyvTTTie Zsu, NeiAs. Athenseus. L. 5. p. 203. 


V ulcanus 
L. 3. c. 22. 


JE 


Cicero de Natura Deor. 




clopians his votaries and priefts. 


Ne/Ac'o t sieves K povif'o&. Pindar. Pyth. Ode 4. p. 239. He was no other than 


Ouranus, and Ccelus. 

A vlos Ai'ccxtoc, who was buried in the ifland Lade near Miletus, is 
mentioned as a gigantic perfonage by Paufanias. L. 1. p. 87. Large bones have 
been found in Sicily; which were probably the bones of elephants, but have been 
efteemed the bones of the Cyclopians by Kircher and Fazellus. Fazellus. Dec. 1. 
L. 1. c. 6. 



7 


in 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


495 


in truth. They were particularly famous for architecture ; 
which they introduced into Greece, as we are told by 12 He¬ 
rodotus : and in all parts, whither they came, they ereCted 
noble ftruCtures, which were remarkable for their height and 
beauty : and were often dedicated to the chief Deity, the 
Sun, under the name of Elorus, and P’elorus. People were 
fo ftruck with their grandeur, that they called every thing 
great and ftupendous, Pelorian. And when they defcribed 
the Cyclopians as a lofty towering race, they came at laft to 
borrow their ideas of this people from the towers, to which 
they alluded. They fuppofed them in height to reach to the 
clouds ; and in bulk to equal the promontories, on which 
they were founded. Homer fays of Polyphemus, 




13 Kai yctg d-ctvfjL etstvkto 'nrsKoogtzv, 
Avfyi ye criTocpuyca, aAAa pica vKyisvti. 

Virgil fays of the fame perfon, 


ecanei 


1* 


Ipfe arduus, altaque pulfat fidera. 


As thefe buildings were oftentimes light-houfes, and had in 
their upper ftory one 


round cafement 


Argolici clypei, aut 


Phoebeas lampadis inftar, by which they afforded light in the 
night-feafon ; the Greeks made this a characteristic of the 
people. They fuppofed this aperture to have been an eye, 
which was fiery, and glaring, and placed in the middle of 

their foreheads. Hence Callimachus defcribes them as a moil- 

* 

ftrous race : 


Iz Herodotus. L. 5. c. 6 . 
15 OdyfT. 9. v. 190. 

14 JEneid. L. 3. v. 619. 


He alludes to them under the name of Cadmians. 


(XLVCL 



496 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

15 ouvol TEeAw^a, 

Hgnocriv 0<T(T£ioi(nv soucora. 9 e mvL<ri <T vtt o<pgvv 
<&ctsci [JL3VoyXyva. (ranei urct TSTgot^osK*:. 

The Grecians have fo confounded the Cyclopian Deity with 
his votaries, that it is difficult to fpeak precifely of either. 
They fometimes mention him as a fingle perfon; the fame as 
Nilus of Egypt, who was efteemed the father of the Gods. At 
other times they introduce a plurality, whom they ftill repre- 
fent as of the higheft antiquity, and make the brethren of 

Cronus: 16 Kv^Xoareg—61 aJsA<poj rficnv ts Kgovs, tb 'UTdTgog tb 

A log. Proclus in Photius informs us, that, according to the 
ancient mythology of the Audfcores Cyclici, the giants with 
an hundred hands, and the Cyclopes were the firft born of 
the 17 Earth and Ccelus. But in thefe hiftories every degree 
of relation has been founded upon idle furmifes ; and is uni¬ 
formly to be fet affile. The Cyclopian Deity was 18 Ouranus, 
and the Cyclopians were his priefts and votaries : fome of 
whom had divine honours paid to them, and were efteemed as 

Gods. Upon the Ifthmus of Corinth was an ancient temple ; 

which feems to have been little more than a r cupog or high 

* 

15 Hymn, in Dian. v. 51. 

M&vo$ cP* op 0 aA^tos ^s-rcrco £7rgx.e*To fj.erco7ru). Hefiod. Theogon. v. 143. 
Clemens Alexandrinus tell us, that Homer’s account of Polyphemus is borrowed 
from the character of Saturnus in the Orphic poetry. Strom. L. 6. p. 751. 

16 Scholia in iEfchyl. Prometh. p. 56. 

17 ttcaJ'Bs O uguv&y Kcci Tys. 

W CLVTCO (Oup<XVCt)) TgBlS 'ZZ’CLtScLS yiV&GiLBCrIV ix.CLTOVTCtJ(eipct$} teCtl TpSlS BTtgS S 

cl7tq , tiv„'T3g‘i KoxAProclus in Photio. C. ccxxxix. p. 982. 

Euripides makes them the fons of Oceanus. 

Iv 61 fAcvtovres 'Zxtovtib 'ma.iS £5 ©gy 

KuxAw res oncac? ccvrg epytx ., ccvfyoxTovot. Cyclops, v. 21. 


altar, 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 4.97 

altar, where offerings were made to the Cyclopian 19 Deities. 
People of this family fettled upon the fouthern coafl of Sicily 
at Camarina ; which fome have fuppofed to have been the 
Hupereia of Homer, where the Pheacians once redded. 

20 'Of 'UTglV [ASP 'GTOT SPCtlOV £P £VgW)(pgCp 'YKSgSlCL, 

A YX, 3 otvfyoov V7CsgY\vogeovTav. 

But there is no reafon to think, that the city Hupereia was 
in Sicily ; or that the Pheacians came from that country. 
The notion arofe from a common miftake. All the Greek, 
and Roman, Poets, and even Strabo with other refpedrable 
writers, have taken it for granted, that the Cyclopians of 
Homer were near fEtna in Sicily. Others except to their 

were in the vicinity 
of Eryx upon the oppodte part of the iiland. But Homer 
does not once mention the ifland during his whole account 
of the Cyclopes : nor does Ulyffes arrive in Sicily, till after 
many fubfequent adventures. That there were Cyclopians 
near i£tna is certain : but thofe mentioned by Homer were 
of another country, and are reprefented as natives of the 
continent, though his account is very indeterminate and ob- 
fcure. There were probably people of this family in many 
parts of Sicily, efpecially about the city Camarina. They 
feem to have been of the Anakim race, and worfhipers of the 
Sun. Hence they were ftyled Camarin, and their chief city 


being near iEtna ; and inhft, that they 


19 K XL cftt hoov eq-'iy otgjscuQV) KufcA oottoov text 

KuxAfio 4 'f. Paufanias. L. 2. p. 114. 

3,0 OdyfT. Z. v. 5. z lC7rsp‘tcu' ? ot /xev t:iv ev HixeAix 

Vol. I. S f f 


Sr'jua'iv btt xvtzj 

SchoL ibid. 

Camarina. 



49 s 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


Camarina, which was fo called from a city of the fame 


in 


Chaldea, the Ur of the Script 


Polyphemus is men 


tioned as a mufician and a fhepherd ; but of a favage and 
brutal difpofition : which character arofe from the cruel rites 


pradlifed by the Cyclop 


According 


22 


Bacchylides 


was faid 
Polyphe 


Galatus, Illyrius, and Celtus were the fons of 
By this was certainly fignified, that the Ga- 


latas, Illyrii, and Celtas, were of Cyclopian original, and of 

race ; all equally Amonians. Lycophron men- 


Anakim 


the cave of this perfonage, by which was meant an an- 
temple ; and he calls it 23 [JiovoyXYiVii crsycig ’Xupwvos : the 


habitation of Charon , a perfojtage with 


have often obferved 


temple for the Deity. Charon was the very pi 


But here, 

place is miftaken for a perfon ; 

Lee ; the 


the 


an 


cient temple of the Sun. 


was therefore ftyled Char-On 


from the God, who was there 


rfhiped ; and after the 

Thefe 


Egyptian cuftom an eye was engraved over its portal 
temples were fometimes called Charis, 24 Xctgig ; which is a 
compound of Char-Is, and fignifies a prutaneion, or place 
facred to Hephaftus. 


As the 


of fire were once almoffc 


erfally pradlifed, there were many places of this name 


Ei> tvs BaCuA&mcw KctuoLpivK, vv t tvczs XeySiv tzoXiv- Ovpiccv . Alexand. 

Polyhift. apud Eufeb. Prsep. Evang. L. g. p. 418. 

Natalis Comes. L. 9. p. 510. By the Celtse are meant thofe of Iberia : g-^i- 
yovGi TiTVi’ss of Callimachus. 

2-3 Lyeoph. v. 659. Appian mentions a nation of Cyclopians in Illyria, who- 
were near the Pheacians. 

The liba made in fuch temples were from it named Charifia. Xa/wo-ior, S1005. 
'ujX axuvTwr. Hclych, 


especially- 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


499 

efpecially in 25 Parthia, Babylonia, and Phrygia. The Gre¬ 
cians rendered Char-Is by Xa gig, a term, in their own lan¬ 
guage, which fignified grace and elegance. And nothing 

witneftes their attachment to ancient terms more than their 

* 

continually introducing them, though they were ftrangers to 
their true meaning. The Arimafpians were Hyperborean 
Cyclopians ; and had temples named Charis, or Chanda, in 
the top of which were preferved a perpetual fire. They were 
of the lame family as thofe of 26 Sicily, and had the fame 
rites ; and particularly worfhiped the Ophite Deity under 
the name of 27 Opis. Arifteas Proconnefius wrote their 
hiftory ; and among other things mentioned that they had 
but one eye, which was placed in their graceful forehead. 

28 O cpdoChpLOV cT sY SKCCg-QS Bysi yUgLZVTl 

How could the front of a Cyclopian, one of the mod hi¬ 
deous monfters that ever poetic fancy framed, be ftyled 
graceful P The whole is a miftake of terms : and what this 

O 

writer had mifapplied, related to Charis, a tower ; and the 
eye was a cafement in the top of the edifice, where a light, 
and fire were kept up. What confirmed the miftake was the 


15 In Parthia, K«AAz 37 n>, Xa/iis. Appian. Syriac, p. 125 . 
i&pvyicLs 'z&oAis Kccpis. Stcph. Byzant. 

Charifiae in Arcadia. Ibid. The ifland Cos, called of old Caris. Ibid. 

2,6 Herodotus. L. 4 . c. 13 . A piyaaTTBs ct,v£'gcc$ y.HvccpQxXy.tez. 

Strabo. L. 1 . p. 40 . Tu^yx xxl tbs y.oroyy,ccrBs K'jxAcottccs sk tw 
15-0 p iocs y.£T€Vi)VG%ev (* 0 yvpzs). 

2-7 Ou 7 ns ts, A g^co t 5 , jtcci zvclicov 'lix.xBPyv* Callimach* H. in Delon, v. 292 . 
2,8 Cafaubon. not. in Strabon. L. 1 . p. 40 . 

MarwTrct cy^ccTcv Aoiyctcr 7 rov. Aifchyl* Prometh* p. 49. 

s f f 2 


reprefentation 



5QO The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

reprefentation of an eye, which, as I have mentioned, was 
often engraved over the entrance of thefe temples. The chief 
Deity of Egypt was frequently reprefented under the fymbol 
of an eye, 19 and a fcepter. I have obferved, that Orion was 
fuppofed to have had three fathers, merely becaufe a tower, 
facred to him in Sicily, and called Tor-Pator, was altered to 
Tgi7rctTWp ; which change feemed to countenance fuch an 
opinion. The Cyclopians were of the fame region in that 
ifland ; and their towers had undoubtedly the fame name: 
for the Cyclopians were ftyled 30 T giT 07 rctrregsg, and were fup¬ 
pofed to have been three in number. Some fuch miftake 
was made about the towers ftyled Charis : whence the Gre¬ 
cians formed their notion of the Graces. As Charis was a 
tower facred to fire ; fome of the Poets have fuppofed a 
nymph of that name, who was beloved by Vulcan. Homer 
fpeaks of her as his wife : 31 Xagig — KciKy), w oortvie 'ursgiK.Kvrag 

A(JL<f>iyvY\sig. But Nonnus makes her his miftrefs 3 and fays, 
that he turned her out of doors for her jealoufy. 

3i E/£ $0fJLCt)V SPOOKS XctglV ^Y\hYj^.OVOL VV[JL<pY]V~ 


z<) Top yccp / 3 a.ctK£cc xa: xvoiov O-crtpiv o^OaA^w xctt crxr) 7 rTp%) ypct(p&xriv. Plutarch 
Ifis ct Ofiris. p. 354. 


30 


Lycophron. v. 328. See Suidas. 


< 5 /A0^30cs TpiTG7rctTopct$ 'mccrroji' yeyorercci 'zo-pcot&s. Ktymolog. Mag. See Meurfii 
not. in Lycophron. v. 32S. P ccicrei 'TpiTrctTp'd (pcccryca’co Kccvcczoios* 


v. 275 


si 


Iliad. v. 382. and H. 

Nonni Dionyfiaca. L. 29. p. 760. 


See Paufan. L. 9. p. 781. 


The Graces and the Furies (Charites et Furia^) were equally denominated from 
the Sun, and fire ^ and in confequence of it had joint worfhip in Arcadia. Paufan. 
L. 8. p. 669. Charis, of the Greeks was the fame perfonage as Ceres of the 

Romans. She was alfo called Damater, and efteemed one of the Furies, Paufan. 
L. 8. p. 649. 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 501 

The Graces were faid to be related to the Sun, who was in 
reality the fame as Vulcan. The Sun among the people of 
the eaft was called Hares, and with a guttural Chares : and 
his temple was ftyled Tor-Chares. But as Tor-Pator was 
changed to Tripator; fo Tor-Chares was rendered Trichares, 
which the Greeks exprefied Tgi^cLgig ; and from thence 
formed a notion of three Graces. Cicero fays that they were 
the daughters of night, and Erebus: but Antimachus, more 
agreeably to this etymology, maintained, that they were the 
offspring of the Sun and light ; 33 Aiyhqg aou 'H Xis SvyctTSgocg. 
Thefe feeming contradictions are not difficult to be recon¬ 
ciled. 

The Amonians, wherever they fettled, were celebrated for 
their fuperiority in fcience ; and particularly for their fkill in 
building. Of this family were Trophonius, and his brother 
Agamedes, who are reprefented as very great in the profef- 
fion. They were truly wonderful, fays 3 * Paufanias, for the 
temples, which they erected to the Gods ; and for the ftately 
edifices, which they built for men. They were the archi¬ 
tects, who contrived the temple of Apollo at Delphi, and the 
treafury conftruCted to Urius. They were, I make no doubt. 


31 Paufanias. L. 9. p. 781. So Coronis is faid to have been the daughter of Phle- 

gyas. Paufan. L. 2. p. 170: and Cronus the fon of Apollo. L. 2. p. 123. Chiron 

# 

the fon of Saturn ^ Charon the fon of Erebus and Night. The hero Charifius, the 
fon of Lycaon, which Lycaon was no other than Apollo, the God of light. Thefe 
were all places, but defcribed as perfonages and made the children of the Deity, 

to whom they were facred. 

34 /SeiP&t ©rO'S T£ ispcc X'ZTCCGXS'JCiO-CtCrQcLl') XXI (2ctC7l?^.clCt Ctl'QpCr)7TQi$* za/ ycep Ted 

A7roAA*yr/ top vxov uxoJ ouwctxvto top ev AeApo:?, xcci 'Ypiei top <7 cop. Pauian.. 

L- 9* P* 7 s 5- 

Turres > ut Ariftoteles, Cyclopes (invenerunt.) Pliny. L. 7. c. 56. 


fome 



I 


502 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

fome of thofe, who were ftyled Cyclopians ; as the people 
under this appellation were far the moft eminent in this way. 

4 

When the Sibyl in Virgil fhews .Eneas the place of torment 
in the fhades belov\, and leads him through many melan¬ 
choly recedes, we find that the whole was feparated from the 
regions of blifs by a wall built by the Cyclopians. The 
Sibyl accordingly at their exit tells him, 

35 Cyclopum edudta caminis 
Maenia confpicio. 

From hence we find that they were the reputed builders 
of the infernal manfions; which notion arofe from the real 
buildings, which they eredted. For all the ideas of the an¬ 
cients about the infernal regions, and the torments of hell, 
were taken from the temples in each country; and from the 
rites, and inquifition, pradfifed in them. But the Cyclo¬ 
pians were not merely imaginary operators. They founded 
feveral cities in Greece ; and conftrudfed many temples to 
the Gods, which were of old in high repute. They were fo 
much efteemed for their fkill, that, as the Scholiaft upon 
Statius obferves, every thing great and noble was looked 
upon as Cyclopian : 36 quicquid magnitudine fua nobile eft, 
Cyclopum manu dicitur fabricatum. Nor was this a fidtion, 
as may be furmifed; for they were in great meafure the 
real architedts. And if in the room of thofe portentous be¬ 
ings the Cyclopes, K vzhoo7rsg, we fubftitute a colony of people 
called Cyclopians, we fhall find the whole to be true, which 

35 Virgil. iEn. L. 6. v. 630. 

36 Lutatius Placidus in Statii Theba'id. L., 1. p. 26. 


7 


IS 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 503 

is attributed to them; and a new field of hiftory will be 
opened, that was before unknown. They were undoubtedly 
a part of the people ftyled Academians, who refided in At¬ 
tica; where they founded the Academia, and Ceramicus, and 
introduced human facrifices. Hence we are informed, that 

the Athenians in the time of a plague facrificed three virgin 

» 

daughters of Hyacinthus at the tomb Geraeftus, the 37 Cyclops. 
But Gerseftus was not a perfon, but a place. Yegoug'og is a 
fmall variation for Ker-Aftus; and fignifies the temple of 
Aftus the God of fire. It was certainly the ancient name of 
the place, where thefe facrifices were exhibited : and the Ta- 
phos was a Cyclopian altar, upon which they were performed. 
The Cyclopians are faid to have built the ancient city My- 
cene, which Hercules in Seneca threatens to ruin. 

38 quid moror ? majus mihi 
Bellum Mycenis reftat, ut Cyclopea 
Everfa manibus msenia noftris concidant. 

Nonnus fpeaks of the city in the fame light; 

39 sfJL^oLTi rsiyjosvTi / uregi£c>ju'Qsi<rot M 

KukA 007 TOCV KOLVOVS<T<Tl . 

The gate of the city, and the chief tower were particularly 
afcribed to them : *° Ky^A oo7rwv <Js koli tolvto. sgyot eivca Xzysciv. 

37 T cl9 ''Ycty.iv 0 y ycopccs — B7n tov Tspouse t a Kvx/\oo7ros t cc(pov c-(pst^cu\ ApcI- 

lodorus. L. 3. p. 205. 

33 Hercules Furens. A< 5 t. 4. v. 996. 

39 Nonni Dionyliaca. L. 41. p. 106S. 

Euripides ftyles the walls of Argos Ovpcaucc: 

'Ircc t £i%scc ugccvicc vcfAQVTca* Troades. v. icSr. 

4-0 pa-'Janias. E. 2. p. 146. 

!Thefe 



5°4 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


I’hefe too are reprefetited as the work of the Cyclopians. They like- 
wife built Argos; which is mentioned by Thyeftes in Seneca 
as a wonderful performance. 


41 


Cyclopum facras 


Turres, labore majus humano decus. 

All thefe poetical hiflories were founded in original truths. 
Some of them built Hermione, one of the moffc ancient cities 



in Greece. The tradition was, that it was built by 4 * 
mion the fon of Europs, or Europis, a defcendant of Pho- 
roneus, and Niobe ; and was inhabited by Dorians, who 
came from Argos: in which hiflory is more than at firft 
appears. The city flood near a flagnant lake, and a deep 
cavern ; where was fuppofed to be the raoft compendious 
paflage to the fhades below: 43 TW sis holt <x£cur iv wovro^ov. 
The lake was called the pool of Acherufia; near to which 
and the yawning cavern the Cyclopians chofe to take up 
their habitation. They are faid to have built 44 Tiryns ; the 
walls of which were efleemed no lefs a wonder than the 
pyramids of Egypt. They muft have refided at Nauplia in 

a place in fituation not unlike Hermione above- 
Near this city were caverns in the earth., and 


45 


Argolis : 
mentioned. 


41 Seneca Thyeftes. A£fc. 2. v. 406. 

4 “ Evtos cTg tb 1 ct 0 /x.b t yis Tpol^vvos o/xogo$ eq*iv Tpfjnovn' oiki^yiv S'b ctgyyuccs 'zero- 
Tvtodi 'E pfjuoveis yevBaBcu (pctaiv 'Eppuovct E vpto 7 ro$. Paufan. L. 2. p. 191. 

43 Strabo. L. 8. p. 573. It was inhabited by people particularly ftyled 
or men of the fea ^ who were brought thither by Druops Areas. 

44 Paufan. L. 2. p. 147. Ku>tA&>7 rcov y.ev ec^iv sgyov. p. 169. 

See Strabo. L. 8. p. 572. T ti^icrcu S'lct KvkTioottgop* 

45 Toe. Tei%?i to, tv Ttguvfti a /e ovrct bAcctIqpos Sr&vfAXTos (twv 'znupctpu^cov). Pau- 

fanias. L. 9. p. 783, 

fubterraneous 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 505 

fubterraneous pafiages, confiding of 46 labyrinths cut in the 
rock, like the fyringes in Upper Egypt, and the maze at the 
lake Maeris : and thefe too were reputed the work of Cyclo- 
pians. Paufanias thinks very truly, that the Nauplians were 
from Egypt. 47 H <rctv <5s 01 NayflTusjs, efJtoi Soksiv, Aiyviv- 

Tiot Tot tut ct?\otiOT $ got. The Nauplians feem to me to have bee?t 

* 

a colo?iy from Egypt in the more early times. He fuppofes 
that they were fome of thofe emigrants, who came over 
with Danaiis. The nature of the works, which the Cyclo- 
pians executed, and the lake, which they named Ache- 
rufia, fliew plainly the part of the world, from whence they 
came. The next city to Nauplia was Troezen, where Orus 
was faid to have once reigned, from whom the country was 

called Oraia: but Paufanias very judly thinks, that it was an. 

% 

Egyptian hidory ; and that the region was denominated from 
48 Orus of Egypt, whofe worfhip undoubtedly had been here 
introduced. So that every circumdance witnefles the coun¬ 
try, from whence the Cyclopians came. Hence when 49 Eu¬ 
ripides fpeaks of the walls of ancient Mycene, as built by the 
Cyclopians after the Phenician rule and method: the Pheni- 
cians alluded to were the Qoiwtzs of Egypt, to which country 
they are primarily to be referred. Thofe, who built Tiryns, 


46 E <pe$~w$ Se t>i Nau^rA/a* tcc. <77n?Aa/a, xcci oi zv ccwtois oixoSopoiroi A ot,€vpivBoi. 

Ku>eAco7r£Ja. ^ ovofAcc^&viv. Strabo. L. 8. p. 567. 

47 Paufanias. L. 4. p. 367. 

4S E fJ~Ol fJLZV BV AiyV7TTL0V (pOLlVSTCLl) ^tOLl S £AA>JJ UKOV OVOfJ.CL UVCCl JCtA, 

faufan. L. 2. p. 1S1. 

49 K.VX.h<67T00V /3a.QpGL 

.&oivi)u xcci'orj xczi tvtcqis ^^ocr/^gva. Eurip. Here. Furens. v. 944. 


Vgl. L 


T t t 



5°6 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology-. 


are reprefented as feven in number ; and the whole is. de- 
fcribed by Strabo in the following manner. 50 T tgvvQi ogfjtyTtigitp 

•XgwrourQcu §onei E Igoirog, tcou reiyivou hex. YivKhwirm' ovg bttox. 
poev sivou, mKeicrdou h Ycx.zegoyeigctg, rgB<popLsvovg bk ty\s TB’yv^g. 

Prcetus feems to have been the fir ft y who made ufe of Piryns , as an 

harbour ; which place he walled round by the ajfiftance of the 

* 

Cyclopians. Phey were feven in number , Jlyled Gaftrocheirs ; and 
lived by their labour. Hefychius in fome degree reverfes this 
ftrange name, and fays, that they were called E y%eigoyusregsg. 
The Grecians continually miftook places for perfons, as I 
have fhewn. Thefe feven Cyclopes were, I make no doubt, 
feven Cyclopian towers built by the people, of whom I have 
been treating. Some of them flood towards the harbour to 
afford light to fhips, when they approached in the night. 
They were facred to After, or SI Aftarte ; and ftyled Aftro- 
caer, and Caer-After; out of which the Greeks formed 
’Eyyeigoyag'sg ; a ftrange medley made up of hands, and bel¬ 
lies. Strabo in particular having converted thefe buildings 
into fo many mafons, adds, 52 rcxg‘Sgo’ysigoLg y TgsxpofJLBVxg bk t tig 

TS r yyY\g. Phey were hoxieft bellyhanded men y induftrious people , 
who got their livelihood by their art. Thefe towers were 
erected likewife for Purait, or Puratheia, where the rites of 
fire were performed: but Purait, or Puraitus, the Greeks 


,0 Strabo. L. 8. p. 572. 

* 

fri Many places were denominated from After; fueh as Afteria, Afterion, Afteris, 
Aftrsea, Aftarte. See Steph. Byzantinus. A p~epiov^ 'zetoA/s ©£T)aA<as -—n vuv r hpe¬ 
nce. Idem. A q-epw, * A>?A os, xccl £ Kgn-rn, eycctAeiro. Hefy chius. A>?Ao$ A <pegiti. 
Callimach. H. in Delon, v. 37. and 40. Afteria fignifies the ifland of After. 

L. 8. p. 572. 




The Analysis oe Ancient Mythology. 50*7 

d 

S 

changed" to IlgotTog ; and gave out that the towers were built 
for 53 Proetus, whom they made a king of that country. 

I imagine, that not only the common idea of the Cyclo- 

pians was taken from towers and edifices ; but that the term 

KyxA&nJ/, and KwfAwjn?, Cuclops, and Cuclopis, fignified a 
building or temple ; and from thence the people had their 

name. They were of the fame family as the Cadmians, and 
Phcenices; and as the Hivites, or Ophites, who came from 
Egypt, and fettled near Libanus and Baal Hermon, upon the 
confines of Canaan. They worfhiped the Sun under the 
fymbol of a ferpent: hence they were ftyled in different 
parts, where they in time fettled, Europians, Oropians, Ano- 
pians, Inopians, Afopians, Elopians; all which names relate 
to the worfhip of the Pytho Ops, or Opis. What may be 
the precife etymology of the term KmAwvJ/, Cuclops, I can¬ 
not prefiime to determine. Cuclops, as a perfonage, was 

faid to have been the fon of s4 Ouranus and the earth : which 
Ouranus among the Amonians was often ftyled Ccel, or 
Ccelus j and was worfhiped under the forementioned em~ 

55 Paufanias mentions the apartments of the daughters of Proetus. L. 2. p. 169. 
But the daughters of Proetus were properly the virgins who officiated at the Pu- 
rait, the young priefteftes of the Deity. 

The Sicilian Cyclopes were three, becaufe there were three towers only eredted 
upon the iflands called Cyclopum Scopuli ; and that they were light-houies is ap¬ 
parent from the name which ftill remains : for they are at this day ftyled Faraglioni, 
according to Fazellus. The Cyclopes of Tiryns were feven, as we learn from 
Strabo-, becaufe the towers probably were in number lb many. From this circum- 
ftance we may prefume, that the ideas of the ancients concerning the Cyclopians 
were taken from the buildings, which they eredted. 

54 The Cyclopian buildings were alfo called Ouranian. Kv KKonnia. t ygauct 
•repeal. Euripid. Eledtra. v. 1158. 

T t t 2 


blem 



508 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 

blem of a ferpent. Hence the temple of the Deity may have 
been originally called Cu-Cosl-Ops, Domus Cceli Pythonis ; 
and the priefts and people Cucelopians. But whatever may 
have been the purport of the name, the hiftory of thefe per- 
fonages is fufficiently determinate. 

There was a place in Thrace called ss Cuclops, where 
fome of the Cyclopian race had fettled : for many of the 

Amonians came hither. Hence Thrace feems at one time to 

* 

have been the feat of fcience ; and the Athenians acknow¬ 
ledged, that they borrowed largely from them. The natives 
were very famous ; particularly the Pierians for their mulick, 
the Peonians for pharmacy, and the Edonians for their rites 
and worlhip. Thofe, who went under the name of Cyc¬ 
lopes, probably introduced architecture ; for which art they 
feem to have been every where noted.. There was a foun¬ 
tain in thefe parts, of which Ariftotle takes notice, as of a 
wonderful nature. 56 Ey ds K vzhwfyi Toig ygrjvdtov bs'iv, 

'v$C*)g S’fcOV, 6 TY) fJLBV 0^/£l KOiOotgOV, ZOU S'lCLQOLVBSy ZOLl TOig CtXhOig 

opcoiov' or civ ds 'UTLYi n £ooov £% ctvThs, 'Wctgct'fcpirifJLCt. hotcpOeigsTou. In 

the region of the Cyclopians of 'Thrace is a fountain , clear to the eye, 
ajid pure , and in no wife differing from co?m?ion water : of which 
however if an animal drinks, it is immediately poifoned. There 
is another account given by Theopompus ; who fpeaks of the 


55 Both Cuclops, and Cuclopes, was the name of a place. We may therefore, 
I think, be pretty well allured, that the Cyclopians were from hence denominated. 
And as facred places had their names from the Deity > to whom they were dedicated, 
it is very probable, that the Cuclopian towers were named from Ccelus Ops, the 
Deity there worfhiped: for I have fhewn, that this people were the reputed children 
of Ouran us, and Coelus. 


56 Ariftoteles de mirabil. aufculu p. 732. 




The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 509 

people by the name of the Chropes, which is a contraction 

♦ 

for Charopes. He fays, that even going into the water was 
fatal. 57 ®so7ro[JL7Tog Ifogsi KgYjVYiv sv Ting SgcLKYjg, 'fjg Tag 

/\8C roLuevag TJTogarggnf^v- pLSTctXXcurTBiv. Theopompus mentions a 
fountain among the Charopes of 'Thrace , in which if a pejfojt at¬ 
tempts to bathe , he imniediately lofes his life . 1 have taken notice 

of this hiftory, becaufe we find, that the perfons who are 
called 58 Cuclopes by one writer, are ftyled Char-opes by an- 
other, and very juffcly : for the terms are nearly of the fame 
purport. The Charopes were denominated from a temple, 
and place called Char-Ops, or Char-Opis, locus Dei Pythonis: 
and the Cyclopes were, as I have before fuppofed, denomi¬ 
nated from Cu-Ccel-Ops, or Cu-Ccel-Opis, the temple of the 
fame Deity. They were both equally named from the Ophite 
God, the great object of their adoration, and from the temple, 
where he was worfhiped. 

The head of Medufa in Argolis is faid to have been the 
work of the 59 Cyclopians. This feems to have been an an¬ 
cient hieroglyphical reprefentation upon the temple of Ca- 
phifus. It was ufual with the Egyptians and other Amo- 
nians to defcribe upon the architrave of their temples fome 
emblem of the Deity, who there- prefided. This reprefen¬ 
tation was often an eagle, or a vulture; a wolf, or a lion; alfo 
an heart, or an eye. The laft, as I have fhewn, was com- 

S7 In excerptis apud Sotionem. See not. Meurfii in Antigonum Caryftium. p. 183. 
?8 Of the Cyclopians of Thrace fee Scholia in Euripid. Oreft. v. 966. Ki/xAwttss, 
©paxoccw e 0 res. Alfo Scholia in Statii Theb. L. 2. p. 104. 

59 rictpct cPe rz iz^ov th KwpiGG'd MgA; 0 y t Z 3 ‘e 7 rzMU€iw Kztpoc At?. KlooA (pet gw 

eivcu nett t3to egyov. Paufan. 1 .. 2. p. 156. Ky(piGGos 7 Dorice KctqucrGoi, vcl Kct- 

(pivot: from Caph-Ifis,. Petra Dcas Ifidis. 


mon 



5 *© 


♦ 

The Analysis of Ancsent Mythology; 


xnon to the temples of 0 Ofiris, and was intended to fignify 
the fuperintendency of Providence, from whom nothing was 
hid. *■ Among others the ferpent was cfteemed a moft falu- 
tary emblem : and they made life of it to (ignify fuperiour 
(kill, and knowledge. A beautiful female countenance fur- 
rounded with an affemblage of ferpents was made to denote 
divine wifdom, which they ftyled Meed, and Meet, the M YjTig 
of the Greeks. Under this charadteriftic they reprefented 
an heavenly perfonage, and joined her with Eros, or divine 
Love : and by thefe two they fuppofed that the prefent mun¬ 
dane lyftem -was produced. Orpheus (peaks of this Deity hi 
the mafculine gender: 


61 


K ou NLqTis, 'urgmog ysveroog, xca E^w? 'Gro\vT£g7rqg. 


On this account many ancient temples were ornamented with 
this curious hieroglyphic: and among others the temple of 
Caphifus ** in Argolis. Caphifus is a compound of Caph-Ilis, 
which fignifies Petra Ifidis, and relates to the fame Deity as 
Metis. For we mu ft not regard fexes, nor difference of ap¬ 
pellations, when we treat of ancient deities. 


** A g<rw p,ev xcti vs 'nroAsju.aro^s Mjjti. 

UoiVTQpVYlS, yeVSTWg 'nrCLVTOOVf 'GroXVUWjJL £ 






OLIJJLOV 


I have 




Ox 


HeAiB, 05 'uravT etyoga, -x.au 'sra.v t vircuosei. Homer. OdylT. L. A. v. 108. 
Orphic Fragment. 6. v. 19. the fame as Phanes, and Dionufus. Frag. 8. v. 2 


Schol. ibid. 


6z 


Hence the ffcream and lake of Cephifus in Bceotia were ftyled uJ'o.toc. xcu Xifjwn 
K.r\(purtriS'os : by the ancient Dorians exprefied Kct<p-IatS'o$ ) from Katp-Iais. 

63 Orphic Hymn. 31. v. 10. 

6+ Hymn. 10. v. 10. Metis was the fame as Pan. 

Meed-Ous, whence came MesTao-a, is exactly analogous to Cotinoufa, Sirenoufa, 


£ 


Aithoufa, 



The Analysis of Anci&nt M|tholo®y.. 511- 

I have taken notice that the Cyclopians o£ TWace were ftyled 

5 which name they muft have reeeWed from their 
rites, and place of worftiip. Char-Opis figniflte the' temple 
of the Python, or lerpent: and we find that it\as fituated 
near a poifonous pool. It was facred to the Sim :\and there 
were many temples of this name in 65 Egypt, and otHy coun¬ 
tries. The Sun was called Arez ; and the lion, whiclrWas an 
emblem of the Sun, had the fame denomination : andVhere 
is reafon to think, that the device upon Champian temWes 
was fometimes a lion. Homer undoubtedly had feen the fierce 
figure of this animal upon fome facred portal in Egypt; 
which he often alludes, when he fpeaks of a Charopian lion. \ 

66 A^etqi t’, czgyoTegoi r$ 2v££ r yQXgOTroi te Aeovts$. 

The devices upon temples were often efteemed as talifmans, 
and fuppofed to have en hidden, and falutary influence, by 



Aithoufa, Alphioufa, Ampeloufa, Anthemoufa, Pithecoufa,, Scotoufa, Arginoufa, 
Lampadoufa, Amathoufa, Ophioufa, Afteroufa,. Acheroufa, Peloufaand fignifies 
the temple, of Metis, or Divine Wifdom. After-Ous was a temple on Mount Cau- 
cafus : Amath-Ous, the fame in Cyprus : Ampel-Ous, a temple in Mauritania : 
Alphi-Ous, in Elis : Achor-Ous, in Egypt: all dedicated to the Deity under dif¬ 
ferent titles. 

65 Aeonr/o/s t cl tcxiv legoov Srupcofxccra. xoafx&criv (oz Aiyv 7 TTioi). Plutarch. 
Ifis et Ofiris. p. 366. 

66 Odyff. A. v. 610. It is a term, which feems to have puzzled the commen¬ 
tators. Xa^oTrc/j eTTZTrAttKTixo/, <po€epoi. ScholiafL Ibid. It was certainly an Amo- 
nian term: and the Poet alluded to a Charonian temple. 

Ths nv jttfaAa/) jjucc jjlgv ^ccpottolo A sorrow Hefiod.. Theogon. v. 321. 
Homer in another place mentions, 

Avkmv x,A ccfyyvi ^apo7roov re Aeovrocr • Hymn, eis lAvrepct Srscov. v. 4.. 

As a lion was from hence ftyled Charops, fo from another temple it was named 

Charon, ^iocpccv* 6 A ew. Hefych. Achilla is ftyled A^/xjjTns Xa/>o>r, Lycoph. 

* 

v. 260. a martial Charonian Lion. 


which 



5 1 2 


The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 


which the budding was preferved. In the temple of Mi¬ 
nerva at Tegea was fome fculpture of Medufa, which the 
-Goddefs wasTaid to have given, avctKoarov eg rov 'UTqlvtcl %£0- 

vov BIVOLI (w 'WoKtv ); to preferve the city from ever being taken in 
war . It was probably from this opinion that the 68 Athe- 

mans had the head of Medufa reprefented upon the walls of 

their acropolis : and it was the infigne of many cities, as we 

% 

may find from ancient coins. The notion of the Cyclopes 
framing the thunder and lightning for Jupiter arofe chiefly 
from the Cyclopians engraving hieroglyphics of this fort 
upon the temples of the Deity. Hence they were reprefented 
as perfons. 


* 9 'Ol Z tyl fhgOVTYjV T sfrovuv, TSV^CCV rs KSgOtWOV. 

The Poets confidered them merely in the capacity of black- 
fmiths, and condemned them to the anvil. This arofe from 
the chief Cyclopian Deity being called Acmon, and Pyrac 
mon. He was worfhiped under the former title in Phrygia ; 
where was a city and diflridl called Acmonia, mentioned by 
Alexander 70 Polyhiftor. The Amazonians paid the like re¬ 

verence : and there was a facred grove called Acmonium 


* 7 .Paufan. L. 8. p. 6g6. 

68 Paufan. L. i. p. 49. 

69 Hefiod. Theogon. v, 141. Scholia. Apollon. L. 1. v. 730. 

Kux,/\oo7res tots A*)' fJLtv S'ldozcai figovTWy kccl cl^^octtyiv^ xca Ttegccvvov* Appollo- 

dorus. L. 1. p. 4. 

70 See Stephanus. A xy.ovtct 'zzroAtf &pvyict$. jctA. He ftyles Acmon A k{aovcl 

tcu M ccveus. Manes was the chief Deity of Lydia, Lycia, and Perils and the fame 

% 

as Menes of Egypt. 

There was a city Acmonia in Thrace. Ptol. L. 5. p. 13S. 


upon 




( ?tirr't' 4 1 '/V. v/v r raOi 


Medusa . 


?vm a 


^y^vjn m M //is <?f —< 

//,/, (&jha cm //it ^uKc • of 3 £amt.jb on o in g-m 


































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 513 

♦ 

A 

upon the 71 Thermodon, which was held in great repute. 
He was by fome looked upon as the offspring of Heaven ; by 
-others worfhiped as Ouranus, and Ccelus, the heaven itfelf: 
and Acmonides was fuppofed to have been his 7 * fon, whom 
Ibme of the mythologifts made the ruling ipirit of the earth. 
Hence Simmias Rhodius introduces Divine Love difplaying 
his influence, and faying, that he produced Acmonides, that 
mighty monarch of the earth, and at the fame time founded 

the fea. 73 Asacrcrs [jls tov Fas rs fiagvregvs Aveucr A tcpoviStW}. 
%otv aAa idgcaroLVTOL. 

Acmon feems to have been worfhiped of old at Tiryns, 
that ancient city of Greece, whofe towers were faid to have 
been built by the Cyclopians. For Acmon was the Cyclo- 
pian Deity ; and is reprefented by Callimachus as the tutelary 
God of the place,, though the paffage has been otherwife in- 

74 T ot-og- yag as* T igvvQiog AKpuav 

".Es'tyXg 'nr§0' 'GTVhSM. 



71 E nett ahho A.x.jjt.oviov ether os 'zzreot ©sofj.ctS'ovTct. Steph. Byzant. ApolTonius 
takes notice of Ahcreos A x/xonoio. L. 2. v. 994. Here Mars was fuppofed to have 
married Harmonia the mother of the Amazonians. 

74 Acmonides is reprefented as a patronymic; but there is reafbn to think that 
it is an Amonian compound, Acmon-Ades, Acmon the God of light,, the fame as 
Ccelus, Cronus, and Ofiris. Acmon and Acmonides were certainly the fame per- 
fon : A Kfjicov' Kgopos J Oupctvos, Hefych. Ax./xovif'ys i 0 Xag>wr, ma Ovgctros. ibid. 
He was the Cydopian God, to whom different departments were given by the my¬ 
thologifts. Charon Cyclops is mentioned by Lycophron. v. 659. above quoted. 

73 Simmise Rhodii IlTepuyut. Theocritus. Heinfii. p. 214. 

74 Caliimachi Hymn, in I>ianam. v. 146. 

Vol. I. Uuu 


The 



5 i A - The Analysis oe Ancient. Mythology, 

4 

/ 

The term has commonly been looked upon as an adjedtive ; 
.and the paflage has been rendered Talis Tirynthius indefef- 
ius, which is fcarce fenfe. Callimachus was very knowing 
in mythology, and is here fpeaking of the Cyclopian God 
Acmon, whom he makes the &sog 'Z/Tg 07 ruXcaog i or guardian 
Deity of the place. It was the fame God, that was after¬ 
wards called Hercules, and particularly ffcyled Tirynthius, 
to whom Callimachus here alludes under a more ancient 


name. 


As the Cyclopians were great artifts, they probably were 
famous for works in brafs, and iron : and that circumftance 
in their hifiory may have been founded in truth. The IHsei 
Dadtyli were Cyclopians : and they are faid to have firft 
forged metals, and to have reduced them to common 75 ufe ; 

m 

the knowledge of which art they obtained from the fufipn 
of minerals at the burning of mount 76 Ida. Whether this 
was an eruption of fire from the internal part of the moun¬ 
tain, or only a fire kindled among the forefts, which crowned 
its fummit, cannot be determined. It was an event of an- 


75 AeoeTuAoi U'caoi KpHTccee?. Apollonius Rhod. L. 1. v. 1129. 

The Scholiaft upon this Poet takes notice of only three; of which one was? 
Acmon : 


KeA/us, £.a.fx.i/ccfjL£iievs t e fj.eyas, xcci viregGtos A x.f*.ccv x 
Ol 'GTgtoTOt 'STO^IV/LOITIOS 'HtyCCl^OlO 

Evgov tv ypsiriai va.ira.tg io£vto. cri<Enpov, 

Esmvp t weytcoc. r, 5 cat upnrpeires egyov tS'ei^a.v, 

; verfes are quoted from the ancient author, 6 tmv QopcoviS'a. ovvBet?. 

Diodorus Siculus, L. i. p. 333. fays, that fome made the Idtei Daftyli ten in 


number; others an hundred. 

75 Clemens Alexand. Strom. L. 1. p. 401. 


Strabo. L. 10. p. 725. 



cient 



The Analysis of Ancient Mythology,. 515 

% 

cicnt date; and admitted, as a remarkable epocha, in the 
mo ft early feries of chronology. From this event the Cure- 
tes, and Corybantes, who were the fame as the 77 Idaei D.ac- 
tyli, are fuppofed to have learned the myftery of filling and 
forging metals. From them it was propagated to many 
countries weft ward, particularly to the Pangaean mountains, 
and the region Curetis, where the Cyclopians dwelt in 
Thrace : alfo to the region Trinacia and Leontina near iEtna, 
which they occupied in Sicily. 

Thus have I endeavoured to fhew the true hiftory 78 and an¬ 
tiquity of this people : and we may learn from their works, 
79 that there was a time, when they were held in high efti- 
mation. They were denominated from their worfhip : and 
their chief Deity among other titles was ftyled Acmon, and 
Pyracmon. They feem to have been great in many fciences : 
but the term Acmon iignifying among the Greeks an anvil, 

the Poets have limited them to one bafe department, and 

♦ 

77 Strabo. L. 10. p. 7x5. They are by Tatianus Affyrius fpoken of as the 
Cyclopes j and the fame invention attributed tothem. XaAxev eiv KuxAc*>7r£$ (eJt- 

S'a^ccp). p. 243. 

Fabricam ferrariam primi excogitarunt Cyclopes. See Hoffman. Ferrum. 

7 ? KwAw7t£S 5 ©paxixcv eQpoS) ai to Kvx.Xwttos ( 3 cc<ri\eu$ &toos ovofJLcJ^ofA.evot Aez- 

ores Se ccvtgov ev ry K upriTiS'i* wav Ss API 2 TOI TEXNITAI. Schol. in Euripid. 

• • 

Oreft. v. 966. 

Mention is afterwards made r ccv gx. rn; K&gnnf'os KvxA&>7racn'. The Curetes wor- 
fhiped Cronus : fo that Cronus and Cuclops were the fame. See Porphyry de 
Abilin. L. 2. p. 225. 

79 They are faid to have made the altar upon which the Gods were fworn, when 
the Titans rebelled againft Jupiter. Scholiaft upon Aratus. p. 52. In memorial 
of this altar an Afterifm was formed in the Sphere, denominated fiooy.o?, ara. 


conftdered 



516 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 

confidered them as fo many blackfmiths. And as they re- 
iided near J£tna, they have made the burning mountain their 

J 

forge: 

*° Ferrum exercebant vaflo Cyclopes in antro, 

Brontefque, Steropefque, et nudus membra Pyracmon, 

& 

*° Virgil i£n. L. 8. v. 424. 


* 



END OF THE FIRST VOLUME. 


4