PI. I. THE PANTHEON: REPRESENTING THE FABULOUS HISTORIES OF r ■# THE HEATHEN GOBS, • . 4 / •' AND *• . THE MOST ILLUSTRIOUS HEROES OF ANTIQUITY ; IN’ A SHORT, PLAIN, AND FAMILIAR METHOD, BT JVAT OF DIALOGUE. FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS. 4 By ANDREW TOOKE, a . m . LATE PROFESSOR OF GEOMETRY IN GRESHAM COLLEGE* AND MASTER OF THE CHARTER-HOUSE SCHOOL. - * - A NEW EDITION, Revifed, Cor retted. Amended, and Illufirated with Twenty-fevcn New Cuts, and a complete Index • LONDON: PRINTED IN THE YEAR MDCCXCIV READER* I T is confefled that there are already many books publifhed on the pre- fent fubjedt, two or three of which are in our own tongue ; and thofe, without doubt, will by fome men be thought enough. But fince this ean be the opi¬ nion but of a few, and thofe unexpe¬ rienced people, it has been judged more proper to regard the advice of many grave perfons of known fkiil in the Arr of Teaching ; who, though they mult acknowledge that Goodwin in his Anti¬ quities , ha$ done very well in the whole, yet cannot but own that he has been, too fhort in this point ; that Rojfe alfo, though he deferves commendation for his Mythology , is yet very tedious, and as much too large ; and that Galtruchius as De Affigny has tranflated and difhed him out to us, is fo confufed and art- lefs in his method, as well as unfortu¬ nate in his corredliona, that it in no¬ wife anfwers the purpofe it was de~ figned for; and hereupon this Work was recommended to be tranflated, be- m ** a a ing IV TO THE ing firft well approved, by learned Gen~j tlemen, as is above-mentioned, for itsj cafy Method and agreeable PJainnefs.i Befides, it having be«m written by fb learned a per/bn, and that for the vifc .of io great a prince, and fo univerfally: received in our neighbour-nations as to have fold feveral impreflions in a fhort time, there was no room to doubt of its beimr well received here. As for the quotations out of the Latin Poe s, it was canfidered a while whether they ihould be tranflated or not ; but it was at laft judged proper to print them in -JLngUjh, either from thofe who had al¬ ready rendered them well, or, wheret they could not be had, to give a new •tranllation of them; fo that nothing! of the whole Work might be out ofl the reach of the young fcholar’s un-j derftanaing, for whofe benefit chiefly, I „as this verfion was intended, fo in this! lad impreffion, care has been taken,I not only to move the Citations to the! ends of the Pages, which before lying! in the body of the difcourfe, and I making part of it, the lenfe was great-1 iy interrupted, the connection clifturb-l .ed., and thereby a confufion olt-timesl -created! TO THE C5J ' V I -i f 5 treated in the undcrflandings of fome f the young fcholars into w hofe hands t was put, by Inch an undue and im~ >roper mixture of Engli/Io and Latin , of ofe and Vcrfe : but farther, to make it til more plain and familiar, and there- y better fuited to their capacity, and i inore proper for their ufe, fuch ambi- t |guous expreilions and obfcure phrafes lave been removed, and fuch perplexed periods rectified, as had been found to Icitufe either mifunderftanding of the [jauthor’s meaning, or to lead the fcholar into barbarifm, in rendering any part jof it into Let in , when fuch tranflations |have been impofed as a talk. And, laftly, a complete and fignificant Index, |inftead of a verbal one before, has been, added to this impreflion, whereby any (thing material in the whole Book may be readily found out ; the ufefulnefs of which need not be mentioned here, fince the want of it in all former editions has been hitherto fo much (and fo juftly) plained of by mod; of thole Mailers who have made ufe hereof in their fchools. Andrew Tooke, Charter-houfe, ^ 'June 30. 1713 CONTENTS (The approach of the Pantheon Page x PART i: __ 9 £ the Celeftial or Heavenly Gods lie Celeftial GoddefTes s 'i PART. II. ,^f the Terreflrial or Earthly Gods he Terreflrial GoddefTes 'he GoddefTes of the Woods 'he Nymphs Tihe Inferior Deities 10 137 166 207 221 22 6 ii PART. III. f the Marine Gods, or Gods of the Sea he Monflers of the Sea . - . • PART IV. f the Infernal Deities he Fates Tie Furies - - 'he Judges of Hell he mofl famous of the condemned in Hell ?lhe Monfters of Hell he Elyfian Fields.. FART V. f - v- « '1 PART VIj f the Adfcriptitious Gods., Heroes n Appendix of the Virtues have been deified* ■* 229 237 ^43 254 ; 2 59 * 260 267 - 27 2_ if the. Subordinate and, Miscellaneous Deities 274. Demi Gods, and 299 and Vices which . - - 337 ; .v • v OF THE GODS «F THE HEATHENS CHAi>. L % The approach to the F antheon* ‘The Original of Idolatry. P A'LIEO PHIL US. V/Sfort of building is that before us, of \ \ fo unufual a figure ? For I think it is rounds jnlefs the diftance deceives my fight. Myflagogus* You are not deceived. It is a place veil deferving to be vifited in this the Queen of fities. Let us go and view it before we go to any ither place. P. What is itfe name ? M- The bahu tons Pantheon. That is*, the 'Temple f the Heathen Go.dr, which the fupcrflitious folly f all mefl hath feigned, either through a grofs ig- lorande of the true and only Goi), or through a eteltable contempt of him. P. What ivas the occafion of the feigning fo pany Gods ? A Mo Many a # * Q/ Gods of the Heathens . ikf. Many caufes may be afligned for it; but thefe a four were the principle ones, upon which, as upon fo many pillars, the whole frame of the fabric depends. 1. The firft caufe of idolatry was the extremef folly b and vain glory of men , who liaVe denied to him, who is the inexhaufted fountain of all good, the honours, which they have attributed to muddy Hreams : digging c as the holy prophet complains, to them,'elves broken and dirty cijlerns , and negleeti?ig and for fa king the mo/i pure fountain of living waters • It ordinarily happened after this manner d : If any I one did excel in flature of body ; if he was en- 5 dued with greatnefs of mind, or noted for clear- nefs of e wit, he firfc gained to himfelf the admi¬ ration of the ignorant vulgar ; which admiration was by degrees turned into a profound refpedt; till at length they paid him greater honours than men ought to receive, and aferibed the man into the! number of the gods ; whilft the more prudent were| either carried away by the torrent of the vulgar opinion, or were .unable, or at leafl afraid, to ref ft it. 2. 'Ibe fordid flattery of fubje&s toward their princes was a fecond caufe of idolatry. For, to gratify their vanity, to flatter their pride, and to foothe them in their felf-conceit, they ere£!ed altars,^ ■and fet the images of their princes on them ; to which they offered incenfe, as they did to their Gods f ; and many times alfo while they were yet| living. 3. A third caufe of idolatry was an s ir?? moderate^ love of immortality in manj , who fludied to attain a Vid. Etifeb. Da&ant Clem. Auguil Plat. Cic. b Sap£ xiv. 14. c Jercm. ii. 13 d Diodor, lib i*». Plutarch, in I.y " fand. c Val. Max. 1 . 8. c. ult. Cic.de rep. apud Aug 3. de civ cap. 15. f Athen. lib. 6 . Deipnofoph. cap 6 . de Demetri JPoliorcete fiuetM m Julio, c. 76, & $4. g PonUO, 1 # J c. Of the Gods of the Heathens • 3 Tit, by leaving effigies of themfelves behind them ; agining that their names would be Hill preferved om the power of death and time, fo long as they ved in brafs, or, as it were, breathed in living fta- es of marbleafter their funerals. 4. b prepoflerous de..re of perpetuating tlje we¬ aries of excellent and ufefnl men to future ages , was e fourth caufe of idolatry. 1 For, to make the emory of fuch men eternal, and their names im~ ortal, they made them Gods, or rather called hem fo. P. But who was the firfl contriver and affierter ►f falfe Gods ? M. k Ninus, the firftking of the Affiyrians, was, s it is reported j who, to render the name of his 'ather Belus, or Nimrod, immortal, worfhipped im with divine honours after his death, p. When and in what manner do they fay that happened ? M. I will tell you. When Ninus had con- uered many nations far and nsar, and built the ity called, after his name, Nineveh; he in a public affembly of the Babylonians, extolled his fa¬ ther Belus, the founder of the city and empire of Babylon, beyond all meafure, as his manner was: and reprefented him not only worthy of perpetual honour among all pofterity, but of an immortality alfo among the Gods above: then he exhibited a llatue of him that was curioufly and neatly made, • * # # to which he commanded them to pay the fame re¬ verence that they would have given to Belus alive; and, appointing it to be a common fanfhuary to the miferable, Jie ordained, that if at anytime an offender (hould fly to this ftatue, it ihould not be law¬ ful to folxe him away from thence to punifhment A 2 Thi. h Thucydid. 1 . 7. Plutarch. Apophth. Lacan. 4. Cic. J. I>eor. 1. Sap. 14, 15. i Vid, Annul. Salian, anno sooo. m Ez e ch. & in Ofcu.ni, de nut. kHier. 4 Of the Cods, o f the hica then t* This privilege eaflly procured fo great a vehexU* tion to the dead prince, that he was thought more than a mail; and therefore was created a God , and called Jupiter ; or, as others write, Saturn of Ba¬ bylon ; where a moil magnificent temple was erected to him by his foil, and dedicated, with variety of lacriflces, in the two-thoufandth year of the world, which was the lait year but one of the life of ISToah, And from thence, as from a peflilentiah head, the facrilegious plague of idols palled, by aj kind of contagion, into other nations, and difperfedj itfelf every where about. j p. What ! did all other nations of the world, worfhip Belus ? j AT. All indeed did not worfliip Belus : hut, af~, ter this beginning of idolatry, feveral nations form-1 rxl to themfelves feveral gods; receiving into that! number net only mortal ^nd dead men, but brutes alio; and, which is a greater wonder, even the molt mean and pitiful inanimate things. For it is evi-j, dent, from the authority of innumerable writers, that the Africans xvorfhipped the heavens as a God; ; the Perftans adored fire, water, and the winds; the \ Libyans, the fun and moon; the Thebans, fheepjj and weafels ; the Babylonians of Memphis, a whale ; { the inhabitants of Mendes, a goat; the Theflalians, i fiorks; the Syro-Phcfcnicians, doves; the Egyp-;i tians, dogs, cats, crocodiles, and hawks; nay, leeks, \t onions, and garlic. Which moil fenfelefs folly | 1 Juvenal wittily expofes. 4 P. But certainly the ancient inhabitants and;!' wife citizens of Rome did not fo fottifhly re- ceive thofe images of vain Gods, as thofe bar-1 barous nations did, to whom they were fuperior,. not ; 1 OsfanHas grtitet quibus I:etc nafeuntur in Lorlis numitia . R'Jigious nations lure, and blefs’d abodes. Where evVy orchard is o’er-run with Gods. Juv, iib. v. ver. #r v*. r 4 : • • I •» • « l •??> ft I; 0 /" the Gods of the Heathens. 5 at in arms only and humanity, but in v/it and udgment. A /. You are miftaken, Sir, for they exceeded yen thofe barbarians in this fort of folly. P. Say you fo ? M. Indeed* For they reckoned among their ods, and adored, not only beads and things void of all fenfe; but, which is far greater madnefs, hey worlhippedalfomurderers, adulterers, thieves, 'drunkards, robbers, and fuch like pells of man- ind. P. How many and what kinds: of Gods did the Romans worfhip ? AT. It is fcarce pofiibfe to recount them;' when, elides their own country Gods and family Gods, [all flrange Gods that came to the city were made free of it. Whence it came to pafs, in time, that, when they faw their precindls too narrow to con¬ tain fo many, neceility forced, them to fend their Gods into colonies,, as they did their men. But rhefe things which I curforily tell you, you will fee more conveniently and pleafantly by and by, with your own eyes, when you come into this Pantheon with me; where we aye now at the door. Let us enter. . .* sr. » -V :v W 1 U i h m !'* -. r#.' \ m *. CHAP. II. The Entrance into the Pantheon. A Di/Iri- billion of the Gods into feveral Clajfes . G OOD God \ ■what a crowd of dead deities is here, if all thefe are deities whofe figures fee painted and deferibed upon the walls ! M. This is the fmalleft part of them. For the ery waf-s of the city, although it be fo large, luch lefs the walls of this temple, cannot contain, ven their titles. Al F. Were # 0 / the Gods of the Heathens . P. Were all thefe Gods of the fame order an: dignity ? j M .. By no means. But as the Roman Peopii were diflributed into three ranks ; namely, of m fena tors or noblemen, knights or gentlemen, plebeian iv. 1 . x, a “ Luftratum genitrix divino corpus odore “ Unxit, & ambrofia cum dulci nedtare mixta “ Contigit os, fecitque Deum, quem turba Quirjni “ Nuncupat indigetem, temploque, arifque recepit.” His mother then his body purify’d. Anoints with facred odours, and his lips In nedtar mingled with ambrolia dips; So deify *d; which Indiges Rome calls, Jionour’d with altars, lhrincs, and fellivals. Ldetam. 1. 24 8 Of the Gods of the Heathens f fometimes called b Minutl , Hefei, and MifctUanem but more ufually c Semones , whofe merits Were! not fufHcient to gain them a place among the cell leftial Gods ; yet their virtues were fuch, that thegjj people thought them fuperior to mortal men. They*; were called d Patellarii , from certain fmajl e diihes,| in which the ancients offered to the Gods theii|| facrihces ; of which f Ovid makes mention. p To thefe we ought to adjoin the Gods called! £ A T ovetifiles, which the Sabines brought to Rome! by the command of king Tati us; and which wereff fo named, as fome fay, becaufe they. h were latefl j of all reckoned among the Gods; or becaufe they| were 1 prelidents over the changes, by which thel things of this world fubfift. Circius bel-ieves theni;| to have been the f range Gods of conqitered nations ,*j|| whereof the numbers were fo vaft, that it was " thought lit to call them all in general k Nonvenf/es , left they ihould forget any of them. And, laftly, to •this clafs alfo mult we refer thofe Gods and God- * defies by whofe help and. means, as 1 Tully fays, men are advanced to heaven, and obtain a place among the Gods; of which fort are the principal Virtues, as we fhall particularly fhew in its pro¬ per place. CHAP; I • b Horat. 1 . 3, carm, c Semcnes vulgo dicebantur quad Semi- timr.-ies, antiqui enim hotj:incm dicebant bemouem. Ap Guther. 1 . i. cap. 4. de jur. man. JLipf. 1 . 2. ant. letSh 2. 18. d Plautus in Cillcl. e Fulgent. Placid ad Chalcid. f Fcrt tnijfos Veji<£ pur a patella cibos . Ovid. Faft 1 . 6 » To Vefta’s deity with humble mefs. In cleanly difh ferv’d up, they now addrefs. g Liv. 1 . 8. Varro de I.ingua Lat. h Quod novifTimi om¬ nium inter Ueos numerati lint, i Novitatuni pradldes, quod omnia novitatc conitent aut redintegrentur. Apud GyraU Synt. X . k Arnob.. 3. ;;dv, Gent^s. 1 De Nat. Deor. I. 2, > . * ; I »■ **• • "tt. If’- I* v •J. ■H • ./• r. i i % -I sr t . f 4 •• w 4 b . Of the Gods of the Heathen 's . 9 CHAP. III. View of the Pantheon. ■ A more commodi¬ ous Divi/io?i of the Gods . Caft my eyes very eurioufly every where' about me, and yet I do not fee the three claftes |of the Gods which you have juft now deferibed. I ikf. Becaufe there is made here another and more 1 convenient divifton of them, which we will follow- alfo, if you pleafe, in our difeourfe. P. How can I deny myfelf that moft ufefuh |pleafure which I lliall reap from your con vena¬ tion ? M. You fee that the three claftes which I men- |tloned to you are here divided into fix, and painted upon the feveral parts of the Pantheon, i. You fee the celeftial Gods and Goddeftes upon an arch- 2 * The ter reft rial, upon the wall on the right- Ihand. 3. The marine and river Gods, upon the • wall of the left. 4. The Infernal, on the lower apartment by the pavement-., y. The Miimti, or Semones, and Milcellanei, before you. 6. The Adfcriptitii and Indigetes,- behind you. Our dif~ courfe fhall likewife confift of fix parts ; in each* of which I fhall lay before you whatfoever I have found moft remarkable amongft the beft authors - upon this fubjedl, if fo be you can bear with my talkativenefs. P. Sir, you jeft when you call if talkativenefs ^ Can any difeourfe be more pleafant to me ? Tip. Then, fince it- pleafes you, let us fit down- er. a while: and fince the place is free from all- company, we will take a deliberate view of the whole army of Gods, and infpe&'them one afteir another, beginning, as is fit, with the Celeftial, A 5 - and- to geth in IO Of the Gods of the Heathens .. is and To with Jove, according to the diredtion of th poet ra . CHAP. IV. Sect. I. Of the Celeftial Deities/ Jupiter, His Image • Mm r I THE Gods commonly called the Gelefiai s 1 are thefe that follow : Jupiter, Apollo Mars, Mercury, and Bacchus. The Celeflia Goddefies are Juno, Vella, Minerva or Pallas Venus, Luna, and Bellona. We will begin wit! Jupiter, the king of them all. P. Where is Jupiter ? M. Look up to the arch. You may eafily kno\ liim by his habit; He is n the father of Gods am king of men, whom you fee fitting on a throne of ivory and gold, under a rich canopy, with a beard, holding thunder in his right-hand, which he brandifhes againfl the giants at his-feet, whom he formerly conquered. His fceptre, they fay, is made of cyprefs, which is a fymbol of the eter¬ nity of his empire, becaufe that wood is free from corruption °. On his fceptre fits an eagle, either becaufe he was brought up by it p , or heretofore an ea^le, refling upon his head, portended his reign; or becaufe in his wars with the giants q , an eagle brought him. his thunder, and thence received the title of fupiter's Hrmour-bearer r . He wears gol¬ den fhoes, and an embroidered- cloak, adorned with various flowers and figures of animals; which Diony fms m Ab Jo'veprlncipium mufce-: Jonh omnia plena* From the great father of the Gods above My mufe begins; for all is full of Jove. Virg. Eclog, 3. ’ n Divum pater atque hominum rex. Virg. JEn, I. Paulan. in Ellace. Lucian de Sacrif. o Apud'Laert. 1 . 8. p Majro. ap. Com. q Serv. in JEn, 2, r Jovis Armiger, Vir. JEn, 5. 1C. I Ir M l* r» ' '4 Of the Gods of the Heathens . ir ionyfius the tyrant, as is faid, took from him n Sicily, and giving him a woolen cloak inflead f it, faid, 5 That that would he 77 iore co 7 ivenie?it for im in all feafons % fnce it was warmer in the winter y 71 d much fighter in the fummet Yet let it not eem a wonder to you, if by chance you Ihould ee him in another place in another drefs: for he s wont to be decked in feveral fafhions, according o the various names he affumes, and according to he diverfity of the people amongft whom he is orfhipped. Particularly you will fmile when r ou fee him among the c Lacedaemonians without ars; whereas the Cretans are fo liberal to him in his particular, that they give him four. So much Iffor the figure of Jupiter. For if it were my defign o fpeak of his flatue, I fhould repeat here what Verrius fays, that his face upon holidays ought to e painted with vermilion ; as the flatues of the reft f the Gods alfo ufed to be fmeared with ointments, nd adorned with garlands, according to an obfer- ation of Plautus x . Jr*. Was the power of darting thunder and light-- ing in the hands of Jupiter only ? M, The y Hetrurians teach us, that this ower was committed to nine Gods ; but to hich of them it does not plainly appear. Some, efides Jupiter, mention Vulcan and Minerva; here the plirafe, Mmervaies ma?iubice, fignities hunder, (as the books of thofe ancient Hetrufci |called ftrokes of thunder mantihias), becaufe the. oxious conflellation of Minerva is the caufe of tempefls in the vernal equinox. z Others fay, that thunder was alfo attributed to Juno,-to Mars,, land to the South-wind; and they reckon up feveral kinds of thunders ; P'ulndiuPy Peremptalia , Pejlifera , A 6 Popularia , s Cicero de Nat. Deor. 1 . 3. t Plut. de Ofir. & Ifid. 11 Ap, Guthcr. de Jur. Man. Plin. ]. 33. cap. 7. x In Afinar. y Plin, 1 * 1. c. 51. Serv. 1. & 2. JEn. 2 Serv. 8. ^En. a Plin. b c * 43 * 5* : Amm. Marcel. I. ■%* ■ 12 Of the Gods of the Rea thefts. Popularia , Pcrverfa, Refiovativa y OJlentatoria, Clara] Fa miliaria y Bruta , Confiliana . But die Romans commonly took notice of no more than two ; the b Diurnal thunder, which they'attributed to Jupi¬ ter ; and the c Notdurnal, which they attributed to Summanus, or Pluto. Now let us go. on to Jupi¬ ter’s birth. Sect. II- Jupiter 1 s defcetit and education. P. "1'f THO were Jupiter’s parents ? W At.. One anfwer will not fully fatisfy this one queftion, fince there is not one Jupiter., but many, who. are fprnng from different families. a Phojewho are [killed i?i the Heathen mythology reck - on up three Jupiters ; of which the frjl arid fecond •were born m Arcadia* 'Ihe father of the one was jEther, from whom Proferpine and Liber are faid to be horn. fhe father of the other was Ccelus ; he is faid to have begot Alincrva . Phe third was a Cretan, the Son of Saturn , whofc tomb is yet extant i?i the i/ 7 e of Crete*. But Varro reckoned 1 up three hund¬ red Jupiters f : and others reckon aimoffc an innu¬ merable company of them; for there was. hardly •any nation which did not worffiip a Jupiter of their own, and luppofe him to be born among themfelves. But of all thefe, the moft famous Jupiter, accord¬ ing to the general opinion, is he whole mother yras Ops, and whofe father was Saturn ; to whom therefore all that the poets fabuloufly wrote about the other Jupiters, is ufually aferibed. P. Where and by whom was this Jupiter edu¬ cated ? AI. He was educated where he was horn, that is, upon the mountain Ida in Crete; but by whom, the variety of opinions is wonderful s . For fomfc affirm,. . _ . , _ 1 _ , . . _ _ m , — |.... »"l b Ktpou/vjfloXice vuK.'rtgjfctty xigctvvofioXio. r,u,t(>iKtx.. c Ex Guthcr. de jur. Man. lib. I. e. 3. d Tully de Nat. Deor, L 3. e Apud Auguft. de Civic. f Eu£eb«.C«f. 1 . a-pr^ep, Evang> g Vid. Nat. Com. in Jove. Of the Gods of the Heathens.. *3* ffi'rm,. that he was educated by the Curetes and- orybantes, fome fay by the nymphs; and fome y Amalthsea, the daughter of MelilTus king of rete. Others,, on the contrary, have recorded,, hat the bees fed him with honey. Others, that goat gave him milk. Not a few fay that he was. ourilhed by doves; fome by an eagle ; many by a ear. And further, it is the opinion of feme onceming the aforefaid Amalthpea, that fhe was ot the daughter of MelilTus, as we now mention- d; but the very goat which fucklcd Jupiter, yliofe h horn, it is faid, he gave afterxvards to his urfes ; with this admirable privilege, that wholo- ver polTefTed it, fhould immediately obtain every :hing that he deli red. They add betides, that at- er this goat was dead, Jupiter took her Ikin and- nade a fhield of it, with w T hich he lingiy combat-- d the giants; whence that fhield was called rom a Greek word which fignifies a Jhe-gcat; which at lull he reltored to life again,, and, giving^ ler a new Ikin, placed her amongit the celellial^- onftellations.. Sect. Ill* Exploits of fupke?\ . 'T'irTHKN Jupiter was grown a- man, what V V did he perform worthy of memory P AT. He overcame in war the Giants and the itans, (of whom we fhal! fay more when we peak of Saturn); and alfo delivered his father iaturn from impriibnment; but afterwards depofed im from the throne, and banifhed him, because e formed a confpiracy againfl himand then vided the paternal inheritance with his two bro— ers, Neptune and Pluto ; as more largely will e lliewn in its proper place, when we fpeak of* acli of them apart. In fine, he fo affiflcd and bliged all mankind by the great favours 3 *e did. ’1. h Cornu Am althaea;, i A?ro r£s x'iyos«- 54 Of the Gods of the Heathens • did, that he not only thence obtained the name of k Jupiter, but he was advanced alfo to divine ho¬ nours, and was efteemed the common fit her both of Gods and men. Anion ff ft foine of liis moft illuftrious O actions, we ought to remember the dory of Lycaon. For, when Jupiter had heard a report concerning the wickednefs and great impiety of men, it is faid, that he defeended from heaven to the earth, to know the real truth of it ; and that, being come into the houfe of Lycaon, king of Arcadia, where he de¬ clared liimfelf to be a-God, whilft others were pre¬ paring facrilices for him, Lycaon derided him : Nor did he ftop here ; he added an abominable wicked¬ nefs to his contempt ; and being deftrous to try whether Jupiter was a God as he pretended, he kills one of his domeftic fervants, and roafts and boils the he ill of him, and lets it on the table as a banquet for Jupiter; who, abhoring the wretch’s barbarity, 1 hrccl tlie palace with lightning, and turned Lycaon into a wolf. P. Are there no exploits of his ? M. Yes, indeed 1X1 ; but they are very lewd and difhonourable: I am almoft afhamed to mention them. For, was there any kind of lewdnefs of which he was not guilty, or any mark of infamy that is hot branded upon his name ? I will only mention a few actions of this fort among many. 1. In the lhape of a crow”, he ruined his lifter Juno, who was born at the fame birth with him,, deluding her with promil'es of marriage: And how many women does that pretence delude even now ? 2. He violated tliechaftity of Danae, the daugh¬ ter of Acrifms, king of the Argives, though her father had fhut her up in a tower, becaufe the oracle had foretold that he Ihould be (lain by his grandfon; fe Jupiter, quafi juvans pater. Cic. a. .de Nat. Deor. 1 Ovid, Met. 1 . I. m Apollon. 4. Argon, n Loroth. 2, Metasn* I Of the Gods of the Heathens «v 15" grandfon: For, changing Kimfelf into a ° fliower of gold, he flid down through the roofs and tiles of [ the place into the lady’s lap. And, indeed, what S place is there fo fortified and guarded into which ! love cannot find a pafTage ? Is there any heart fo hard and ftubborn, that money ,cannot foften it ? What way is not fafe, what pafTage is not open,. what undertaking is. impoflible p , to a God who turns himfelf into money to make a purchafe ? 3. He corrupted q Leda, the wife of Tendarua king of Laconia, in the fimilitude of a fwan : Thus a fair out-fide often veils the fouleft temper, and is a beautiful cover to a mofl deformed mind. 4. He abufed r Antiope, the wife of Lycus, king of Thebes, in the likenefs of a fatyr. 5. He defiled s Alcmena, the wife of Ampby- trion, in her hufband’s abfence, in the likenefs of Amphytrion himfelf. 6. He inflamed c fEgina, the daughter of ./Efo-- phus, king of.Boeotia, with love in the fimilitude of fire, (a lively reprefentation of his crime), and. robbed her of her chaflity. 7. He deflowered u Clytoris, a virgin of Thef-- falia, a great beauty, by turning himfelf into, what ? O ridiculous ! into an ant. And many times, indeed, it happens,, that great mifchiefs. arife from very fmall beginnings.. 8. He^debauched x Galiflho, the daughter of Ly- caon, king of Arcadia, counterfeiting, which is - very ftrange, the modefty and countenance of Diana. And yet he did not protect her from the difgrace that afterwards followed.. For as fhe began to grow big, and wafhed herfelf in the foun¬ tain with Diana and the other nymphs, her fault, was difcovered, and herfelf fhamefully turned away o Ovid. 4. Met. p Converfo in pretium Deo Horai. 3. carm, 4 Arat. in phsnom. r Ovid. 6 . Metam. s Idem ibid. t Idem ibid. u Arnob. ap, Gyr, x Bocat, lib. 5 . de Gen. Deorum, cap. 49t i r tS Of the Gods of the Heathens-„ ; away by Diana firft, then changed by Juno into if Bear. But why do I fay fhamefully ? when her- dilgrace was taken away by Jupiter, who advanced this bear into heaven, and made it a conflellation * which by the Latins is called Urfa Major , and bj the Greeks, He lice. ; 9. He feat an 7 eagle to fnatch away the pretty boy Ganymede the fon of Xros, as- he hunted.upon the mountain Ida. Ox* rather he himfelf, being changed into an eagle r .took him in his claws, andi carried him up to heav en. He offered the fame;; violence to Afleria, the daughter of Cceus, a young, lady of tlie greatefl modefty, to wliom z he appear-; ed in 'the fnape of an eagle - 7 and when he had ra.; vifhed her, he carried'her away in his talons. 10. He undid n Europa, the daughter of Agenor, king of Phoenicia, in the form of a beautiful white!, bull, and carried her into Crete with him. See howf many feveral beads a. man refemblcs, who has once; put ofF his mode fly! And by how many various- fables this one truth is represented, that the very) Gods, by pvadfice of impure lull, become brutes !j The bull, in reality, was the'fhip upon which Bull Was- painted, in which Kuropa was away. In like manner, the liorfe Pegaius that was painted upon Belie rephon’s blip, and the rani which was painted oil that of Phryxus and Helle, created ample matter of fief ion for the poets. But to return to our fable: Agenor immediately ordered 5 his fon Cadmus to travel, and fearch every where for his filler Huropa; which he did, but could no¬ where find her. Cadraas dared not to return with¬ out: her, becaufe c , by a fentence not lefs unjud tO,: I "* J "" ‘ ' “ r ' --- T - * - * — — — - — Sm 7 v i r g* 5 - -^En. Ovid. Mctam. 10. z Fulgent. Flan. a Ovid. 4 . Metain. b Ovid. 3. Mctam.. c C.um pater ignarus Cadmo perquircre raptam Imperat, & pocnanx, fi non invenerit, addit Jtxilium, fa< 5 io piu« &, iccleratus eodem. Id. ib. Bid * Of the Gods of the Heathens . *t him than kind to his filler, his father Iiad ba¬ iled him. for ever unlefs he found her. Where- ,re he built the city qf Thebes, not far from the ountain Parnaffus : and whereas it happened that is companions that were with him were devoured y a certain lerpent whilft they went abroad to :tch water, he, to avenge their death,, flew that rpent; whofe teeth he took out, and, by the ad-, ice of Minerva, fowed them in the ground ; and ddenly a harveft of armed foldiers lprouted up, ho quarrelling among themfelves, with the fame peed that they grew up, mowed one another down .gain, excepting five only, by whom that.coun¬ ty was afterward peopled*. At length Cadmus nd his wife Hermione, or Harmonia, after much xperience and . many proofs of the inconflancy of fortune, were changed into ferpents. He is faid :o d have invented fixteen of the letters of the reek alphabet: cc t /3, y, s, i, r t) x, v, o, p, er, >r, v 9 _ hich in the time of the judges of Ifrael, he rought out of Phoenicia into Greece; two hun- red and fifty years, after this,. Palamedes added our more letters, namely, c y

P 1 .^. c. 29. Cref. ip. 24* e Bo chart. %, p. Gcogr. l8 Of the Gods of the Heathens . I by nation a Kadmonitc, as his name intimates: c the number of theft- mentioned by IVTofes c . Whic Kadmonites were the fame with the f Hivites, vvh, polTefTed the mountain Hermon, and were themji alfo called (hr/non ri : And fo it came to pafs, th '7 the wife of Cadmus had the name of Htr?notnui\ Hei'/iisr, from the fame mountain. And why:j it faid, that Cadmus’s companions were convert*.J into ferpents, unlefs becaufe the word hcvaiis the Syriac language lignifies a ferpent ? Moreoveii another word, of a double ftgnification in the fhn:M language, occaiioned the fable, that armed fo Idl'd ers fp routed from the teeth of the ferpent: For- j e the fame word lignifies both fe*penis teeth br..-xcn /pears, with which h Cadmus fir ft anne.;| his foldiers in Greece, being indeed the invento:| of brafs ; infomuch that the ore, of which Aral's ijl made, is from him even now called Cadmia. Astjl the five foldiers, which are faid to furvive all lh|| reft of their brethren, who fprouted up out of th|| teeth of the ferpent, the fame Syriac word ligniji fies 1 Jive and alfo a man rcaayjor battle , according as it is differently pronounced. Hj Sect. IV. 2S/a 7?ies of Jupiter* || P. T T O W many names has Jupiter ? m 11 M* They can hardly be numbered, iijjl many were the names which he obtained, ertfeil from the places where he lived or was worflnp|| ped, or from the things that he did. The molrj remarkable I will here let down alphabetically. | The Greeks called him k Hmr/1071 or Hei 7 // 77 /ov M which name fignifies finely . He obtained thill name firft in Libya, where he was worflapped un -9 der the figure of a ram ; becaufe, when Bacchus 3 wall # e Gen. 15. ip. f Idem cum Hevxis, Bochart ibid. g Hy* gin. c. 2 . 4. h Plin. 1 . 34. c. 1. 10. i Bochartus ut fuprl k Arenarius Aftpo; ab Arena, Piut. in Oiir. V. Curt. I. 4. Of the Gods of the Heathens . as athirfl in the fabulous deferts of Arabia, and plored the afliflance of Jupiter, Jupiter appear— |d in the form of a ram, opened a fountain with is foot, and difcovered it to him. But others give is reafon, becaufe Jupiter in war wore a helmet hofecreft was a ram’s head. The Babylonians and Aifyriaiis, whom he go- erned, called him 1 Belus , who was the impious .uthor of idolatry ; and becaufe of the uncer- ainty of his defcent, they believed that he had either father nor mother ; and therefore he was bought the liijt of all Gods : In different places .nd languages he was afterwards called Beef Baal, eelphegor , Bcehzebub , and Bc/xe/uen.. Jupiter was called In Ca/ntolinu <•, from the Ca- itoline hill, upon the top whereof he had the firfl temple that ever was built at Rome ; which Tarquin the elder firfl vowed to build, Tarquin the Proud built, and Horatius the conful dedicat¬ ed. He was befides, called 'farpciu.s, from the Tarpeian rock, on which this temple was built. He was alfo flyled 11 Optimus Maxi??ms, from his power and willingnefs to profit all men. He is alfo called ° There is in Nero’s coins an image of him fitting on his throne, which bears in its rightrhand thunder, and in its left, a fpear, with this infcription, Jupiter Cujlos . Anciently, in fome forms of oaths, he was com¬ monly called p Diefpiter) the father of tight ; as we fhall farther remark prefently under the word Lapis 3 1 Berof* 1 . 4. Eufcbius, I. I. prsep. Evang. Hier. I. in Cl'cam, m O Capitoline, quern, propter beneficia, populus Romanus- Optimum, propter vim. Maximum appellavit. Tull, de Nat'*. Deorum I. n Pliu.JLiv. Plut. Tacit 19. o Apul. de mundo. Senec. a, qu.nat. p CJuafi diei pater. Var. ,d.e Lingua Eatina,. <20 Of the Gods of the Heathens .. Lapis ; and to the fame purpofe he was by tlie Crd; tans q called dire which one Ineral took from the other in battle. Fulminatory or y Ceraurtius * in Greek Kep*uvio $ 9 is piter’s title, from hurling thunder, which is ought to be llis proper Oifice, if we believe the nets* •• In Lycia they wofIhipped him under the a name G vagus , tgeLTproij \_GrapJios~\ and Genitor » In yEgium, about the fea-coails, he is faid to have a temple with the name of b Homogynus • At Prsenefte he was Called lm per at or * c There s a rrtofl famous ftatue 6f him there, afterwards inflated to Rome* He was called Latialis , d becaufe he was wor- ipped in Latium, a country of Italy ; whence the -atin feftivals are denominated, to which all :ofe cities of Italy tefortedwho deli red to be par¬ sers of the folemnity, and brought to Jupiter eral oblations; particularly a bull was facrifi* 4 \d at that time* in the common name of them all* [hereof every one took a part. The name Lapis > or, as others write, Lapideus , |as given him by the Romans, who believed, that oath f made in the name of Jupiter Lapis was ie moil folemn of all oaths. And it is derived |ther from the Hone which was prefented to Sa* turn JEn« 6, |x Tertiaque drma fcatri fufpendet capta Quirino. And the third fpoils fliall grace Eeretrian Jove, y Serv. ibid. j z Herat. 3. Carm. and Virgil JEn. 1. --*——O qui res hominumque Deumque .iEternis regis imperils, & fulminc terres. O King of Gods and men, whofe awful hand Difperfes tbundet* on the feas and land ; Difpenfing all with abfolute command. |a Lycophton. b Virg. 1. r. & 4. JEn. Paufan, & Hefych. Liv. 6. |d Cic. pro Milone, 86. Dion. 1 . 4. c Latin® Ferue. f Juramentum per Jovcm Lapidem om* ft fandUffimum, Cic. 7. Epift. Of the Gods of the Heathens . .turn by his wife Ops, who faid it was Jupiter; J which fenfe 5 Eufebius fays, that Lapis reigned k Crete; or from the ftint-ftone which, in makin bargains, the fwearer held in his hand, and faid 46 If knowingly I deceive, fo let Diefpiter, faving th 46 city and the capitol, call me away from all that’ 44 good, as I caft away this ftone h ;” whereupon he threw the Hone away. The Romans had anothei form, not unlike to this, of making bargains ; whic it will not be amifs to mention here: 1 iC If with ev; 46 intention I at any time deceive, Upon that dajj 44 O Jupiter, fo ftrike thou me, as I fhall this day 44 ftrike this fwine; and fo much the more ftrikt 44 thou, as thou art the more able and ikilful to 44 do it:” whereupon he flruck down the fwine. In the language of the people of Campania, h< is called Lucetius , from ///at; and among the La. tins k , Dicf/nto , from dies.. Which names an given to Jupiter, 1 becaufe he cheers and comforts us with the light of the day as much as with lift itfelf; or becaufe he was believed to be the cauft of light m . The people of Elis ufed to celebrate him by th title of n 'iiartiui* He was alfo called ° Mufrarws y becaufe he drovi away the flies: for when Hercules’s religious exer eifes were interrupted by a multitude of flies, li thereupon offered a facrifice to Jupiter ; which be ing finiilied, all the flies flew away. B \z t-'! , V. g In Chron. h Si feiens lallo, me Diefpiter, falva urbe, areeque, bonis e;i czat, ut ego hunc lapidem. Fcft. ap. I.il. i Si dolo malo aliqnando fallam, tu IIlo die, Jupiter, me lie k S*ito, ut ego hunc p or cum hodie feriam; tantoque mag is feriif to uagis po.tes, pollefque. Liv. 1. i. 1-. Scrv. y.JEn. , 1 e^uod 110s die ac luce quafi vita ipfa afficcret aC juvaret. A11I Gel. | m Feftns. n 'A puos z tvs, Jupiter pngnax. Plut. ic Pyrrb $ *A Kiftvnf, mufcarumabadlor. Paufan. $. Eliac. Of the Gods of the Heathe?is* 23 c was named hTicephorus p , that is, carrying ory ; and by the oracle of Jupiter Nicephorus Emperor Adrian was told, that he Ihould be moted to the empire. Livy often mentions him; many coins are extant, in which is the image Jupiter bearing vi t t* -X. V I *-V I > L 4_ f ' ' £T± J i-JiO caption, Jovi confer vat art orb is t 4t ‘ confervator of the world.” The Augurs called 1 " him V'onans a»id Ft/fez;?. nd the emperor Augultus dedicated a temple to im fo called ; wherein was a ilatuc of Jupiter, to /Inch a little bell was fattened c . He is alfo called 'aovfcTtS [BroutainsJ by Orpheus ; and by Aupelehis Tunitrt/alis , the thunderer : aiid an it.fciipti.on is :o be feen upon a Hone at Rome, fovl lir^ntonti. ^ frioculus ToilphtX's.o; £ 7 / / aphthalmos J, was alfo n epithet given him by the Grecians, who thought hat he had three eyes; with one of which he ob- w jerved the allairs of heaven, with another the af- iiirs of the earth, and with the third lie viewed he lea-affairs. There was a flatuc of him of this ind in Priamus’s palace at Troy ; which, besides he two ufual eyes, had a third in the forehead. h Fejovis or I’cjufilter , and Hi dins that is Little iipiter , \vas his title when he was de cribed vith- ut his thunder, viewing angrily fhort fpenrs which e held in his hand : the Romans accounted him a atal and noxious deity; and therefore tlupy wor- nipped him only that he might not hurt them. Agrippa dedicated a pantheon to fit titer Ultor , ie yJvenger^ fit Rome, according to 1 Pliny. He was like wife called k X\rns or Hofjd tails ^ ofpitable; becaufe he was thought the author 'f the laws and cultoms concerning hofpitality. R Wit CISCO d Cic. de Nat. 1 . 1. e Dio. 1 . 5. f Ap. UI. Gyr. Synt. 2. p. 82* £ Paufan. ap. eundem. h Uic. dc Nat. Dcor. 5. Ovid, in pft. I.5. i Plin. 36. 15. k Scrv. in X. JEn. pro Dciot. Hut. ipi, Dcmoit. Or. delegation. 2,6 Of the Gods of the Heathens . Whence tlie Greeks call prefents given to Grangers JTenia, as the Latins call them Lautia. Ziu$ ‘[Z eusj is the proper name of Jupiter, b caufe he gives life to animals. Sect. V. The fgnification of the fable, and zvhat u underfood by the name of Jupiter , P. OU have told me the dreams of the poets about Jupiter ; now, pray Sir, let me knoiv what the hiftorians and mythologifts affirm concern ing him. AT. Very willingly. ™ Jupiter was king of Crete, and, according to Eufebius, cotemporary with the patriarch Abraham. This Jupiter depofed his fa¬ ther, and afterwards divided by lot the kingdom with his two brothers Neptune and Pluto. And, becaufe the eaflern part of the country was by lot given to Jupiter, the weflern to Pluto, and the maritime parts to Neptune ; they took occafiun from hence to feign, that Jupiter was the God and king of the heavens, Neptune of the fea, and Pluto of hell. Nay, Jupiter’s name was fo honoured by pofterity, that all kings and princes were from him called Jfrees, and the queens Junones , from Juno the wife of Jupiter. Concerning the mythologies, or the interpreters of fables, I ffiall only make this observation. There is in thefe kind of things fuch a vaft diver iity of opinions among them ; and, which is jet %vorfe, the accounts that many of them give are fo vague and trifling, fo incongruous to the very fable which they pretend to explain, that I think it better to write nothing from them, than to trouble the reader with thofe things that will no probably fatisfy him ; which, when I cannot ef¬ fect, I will ixafs the bufinefs over in filence, ai 1 A tro ; fyor.s Phurnut. de J.*ve. m Apud Salian. in Ann, 8 c Epitome Turfellinh Of the Gods of the Heathens* 27 ^aeave it to every one’s diferetion to devife his own ^interpretations. For it is better that he hnnfelf hoidd be the author of his own miflake, than to be ed into it hy another; becaufe a ilij> is more toler¬ able and eafy when we ourfeives fall down, than Ivlien others violently pvilli us down at unawares : yet, whenever the place requires that I muft give $ny expohtion of thele Fables, in order to difeover feme meaning that is not repugnant to common jenfe, I will not be wanting in my duty. By the Jprefent fable, I may julUFy my words; for obferve ‘|pnly, how various are mens opinions concerning ijthe lignification of the name Jupiter ^ and you may guefs at the reft. The natural philofophcrs many times think that Tl Heaven is meant by the name of Jupiter ; whence ^nany authors exprefs the thunder and lightning, 'Which come from heaven, by thefe phrafes : Jove onenite . fulgent &cc. and in this fenfe 0 Virgil ufed he word Olympus . p Others imagined that the air, and the things that are therein contained, as thunder, lightning, *ain, meteors, and the like, are fignified by the fame name. In which fenfe q Horace is to be un- lerfto.od, when he fays juh Jove, that is, in the peu air. Some, on the contrary, call the air Juno , and he lire Jupiter ; by which the air being warmed becomes lit for the generation of things. r Others gain call the iky 'fupr-s omnipo f entis Olympt, N cnu «vhile the gates of heaven unfold. JEn . 10. p Theocr. iLcJ. <■ q Jacet fub Jove frigido; id eft. fub Dio # vtcv r:v Ai's. •d. 1, r JLucret. 1 . 1. Hor 4 2*8 Of the Gods of the Tieathcns* Virgil lias elegantly expreficd in the fecond book .of his Georgies s . r Euripides thought fo, when he faid, that the fky ought to be called Jttmmus Dens, 44 the great Gud.' ? u Plato’s opinion was different ; for he thought •that the fun was Jupiter: and v Homer, together with the aforefaid Euripides, thinks that he is fate: which fate is, according to x Tully’s definition, 44 The caufe from all eternity why fuch things as 4-4 were already pah were done ; and why fuch things 44 as are doing at prcfcnt be as they are ; and why 44 fuch things as are to follow hereafter fhall follow 44 accordingly.” In fhort, others by Jupiter under¬ hand the y foul of the world; which is diffufed not only through all human bodies, but likewife through all the parts of the univerfe, as z Virgil poetically deferibes it. I do not regard the moral {igniiicationof the fable; that would be an cndlefs labour, and is no part of our prcfcnt bufmefs. It is free, as 1 faid above, for every % 0 s l< Turn pater omnipoteus fcecundi.s imbribus iuther “ Conjugis in premium htt;e doicendit, £: omnes “ Magnus alit, nut^no conmiiflus corpore, feetm--.” Tor then th’Almighty Jove defcends, and pours Into his buxom b:idc bis fruitful Ihow’rs. And, mixing his large limbs with bet ’s, be feeds Her births with kindly juice, and foilers teeming feeds, t Apt d Cic. tie Nat. u In Ph:ed. -v Odyfl*. 24. x Airctna rerum caufa, cur ca qint preterict int f:»6la but *. ik on, cure infant, fiant; & ea, qurc cox.l*cqucntur,futura Tint. Cic. i.ch -jQivinat. y A rat. init. Aftron. • v. “ Omluni a c. terras, campofquc liquentes, ts l.ucentemqiu globum l.uiue, l itaniaque aflra, “ Spiritus ictus alit, totamquc infuia per artns tl Aleusagitat molem, ik magno le corpore mi feet.” •———The heaven and earth’s compacted frame, .And flowing waters, and the Harry frame. And both the radiant lights, one common foul Iiifpires, and feeds, and animates the whole. 'I his active mind, infus’d through all the fpacc, ^Unites and ming'cs with the mighty rnafs, JEn, C- E I 1 JM. ID Of the Gods of the Heathens• 2g every one to think what he pleafes, and, according to the proverb, to abound in his own fejife. CHAP. V. Sect. I. Apollo. His Image . * P. "O UT what is that a beardlefs youth with long hair, fo comely and graceful, who wears a laurel crown, and- thines in garments embroidered •with gold, with a bow and arrows in one hand and a harp in the other ? M. It is the image of Apollo, b who is at other times defcribed holding a iliield in one hand, and i the Graces in the other. And, bccaufe he has a 1 threefold power, in heaven, where he is called Sol; in earth, where lie’ is named Liber Pater ; and in hell, where he is fly led /Jpolio ; he is ufually paint¬ ed with thefe three things, a harp, a fliield, and ar¬ rows. The harp fhews that he bears rule in hea¬ ven, where all things are full of harmony : the Iliield deferibes his odice in earth, where he gives health and fafety to ter reft rfal creatures ; his ar¬ rows /hew his authority in hell; for lie fends whom-- foever he i trikes with them into hell. Sometimes he is painted with a crow and a hawk Hying over his head ; a wolf and a laurel- tree on one fide, and a fwan and a cock cn the other ; and under his feet graihoppers creeping. The crow is facred.to him, becaufe he foretells the jweather, and thews the different changes of it by the clearuofs or hoarfenefs of his \«bice. The fwan is like wife endued with divination; c becaufe, fore- teeing his happinefs in death, he dies with finging B 3 and a Horat. ad Cullitnach. b Porphyr. de folc. c Cygni non fine confa Apollini dicati funr, quod ab eo divinationem habere vide- 2:1 cur, quia praividentes quid in morteboni fit, cum cantu cc volun- moriuntur. Tull. Quaj ft. Tufc 1. 3 ° 0 / rf je G°d s °f t& e Heathens. and pleafure. The wolf is not unacceptable to him, not only becanfe he fpared his flock when he was a flieplierd, but becaufe the furioufnefs of heat is ex- prefled by him ; and the perfpicuity and fharpnefs of his eyes mofl fitly reprefent the forefight of pro¬ phecy. The laurel tree is of a very hot nature, always flourifhing, and conducing to divination and poetic raptures ; and the leaves of it put under the pillow, was faid to produce two dreams. The hawk has eyes as bright as the fun; the cock foretells his riling ; and the grafhoppers fo entirely depend on him, that they owe their rife and fubfiflence to his heat and influence. Sect. II. Defcejit of Apollo. P. "WITTHAT family was Apollo born of? M. You fhall know after you have firft heard how many Apollos there were. P. Hoxv many ? M . Four. The firft and mofl: ancient of them was born of Vulcan ; the feconcl was a Cretan, a fon of one of the Corybautes ; the third was born of Jupiter and Latona ; the fourth was born in Ar¬ cadia, called by the Arcadians Nomicis. d “ But “ though,” as Cicero fays, “ there were fo many “ Apollos, yet all the reft. of them are feldom men- “ tioned ; and all that they did is aferibed to one ec of them only, namely, to him that was born of cc Jupiter and Latona.” P. In what place was Apollo the fon of Latona horn ? M. I will tell you more than you afk ; they fay die tiling was thus: Latona, the daughter of Cceus the Titan, conceived twins by Jupiter ; Juno, in- cenfed at it, font the ferpent Python againfl her ; and * d Atque cum tot Apollines fuerint, reliqui omnes filcntur om- refque res aliorum gefttc ad unum Apollinem, Jovis St Latona hlium ? referuntur. Cic. 3. de Nat. Deor. Of the Gods of the HeatJje'ns and Latona, to efcape the ferpent, c flea into the iihnd of Delos $ where fhe brought forth Apollo and Diana at the fame birth. 4 Sect. III. yddlions of sJpolto. Y what means was Apollo advanced to the __ highcit degree of honour and worfhip ? M. By thcfe four efpecially : By the invention of phyiic, mulic, poetry, and rhetoric, which is af- cribed to him 5 and therefore he is fuppofed to pre- fide over the mufes. It is faid, that he taught the arts of foretelling events, and ihooting with ar¬ rows ; when therefore he had benefited mankind infinitely by thcfe favours, they worihipped him as a God. f Hear how glorioufly he himfelf repeats his accomplifhments of mind and nature, where he magnifies himfelf to the flying nymph whom he paiiionately loved. P. What memorable things did he perform ? M. Many, but efpecially thefe : B 4 1. He c Hcfiod. f -“ Ncfcis, temcraria, nefeis “ Qncm fugias, idecque fitgis- “ Jupiter eft genitor. Per me quod critquc, fuitque, “ Efiquc patet. Per me concordant carmina nervis ; “Cert a quid cm noftra, eft zioflra tamer* una fagitta “ Ccrtior, in vacuo qitaa vulnera pciftorc fecit. “ Inventum Mcdicina meum cfi. Oj-iferque per erbem “ Dicor. &l Tierbarum eft fubjedta potentia nobis.’* Stop thy raih flight, flay lovely nymph, *tis l ; No common wretch, no barb’rous enemy. Croat Jove’s my father. I alone declare What things paft, prefent, and what future are. By me the untaught ruflic fweetly lings, 1 fol'tcft notes compofe to founding firings. My {hails firike fure; but one, alas! was found A furer, my uapra&is’d heart to wound. Phvfic’s divine invention’s all my own. And I a helper through the world am known : All herbs I throughly knew, and all their ufe ; I'Heir healing virtues, and their baneful juice. Ovid . JMlctam, X. Of the- Gods of the Heathens, x. He deftroyed all the Cyclops, the forgers af Jupiter’s thunder-bolts, with his arrows,, to revenge the death of fEfculapius his foil,, whom Jupiter had killed with thunder, becaufe by the help of his phyiic he revived the dead. Wherefore, for this a cl Apollo was call down from heaven, and depriv¬ ed of his divinity,, expefed to the calamities of the world, and commanded to live in banithment upon the earth : In this dill refs h he v/as compelled by want to look after Admetus’s cattle ; where, tired with, pleafure, to pafs away his time, it* is faid, that he iirft invented aiid formed a harp.. After this, Mercury got'an opportunity to drive away a fetv of the cattle of his herd by Health; for which, while Apollo complained and threatened to punifh him, unlefs he brought the fame cattle back again, his harp was alfo Holen from him by Mercury i; fo that he ceuld not forbear turning his anger into laughter. 2. He raifed the walls of the city of Troy, by the mulic of the harp alone ; if we may believe the k poet. ' . Some fay 1 that there was a Hone upon which Apollo only laid down his harp, and the Hone, by the touch of it, became fo melodious, that when¬ ever it was Hruck with another Hone, it founded like a harp. 3. By misfortune he killed Hyacinthus, a pretty and ingenious boy that he loved. For, whihi . Hyacinthus and he were playing together at quoits, Zephyrus was enraged becaufe Apollo was better beloved g Lucian. Dial. Mort. - li Panfan. in Eliac. i- Her. 1. Carin. Ic m “ Ecce, cruor qui fufus humo fignaverat herbas, “ Dofiuic eiTe cruor, Tyrioque nitentior oflro “ Flos oritur, formamque capit, quam lil«a; fi non “ Purpureas color his, urgentcus eflet in illis.” Behold tiie blood which late the grafs hud dy’d, Was now no blood, from whence a flower full blown. Far brighter than the Tyrian fear let /hone. Which feem’d the fame, or did refembie right A lily, changing but the red to white. Ovid* Met. IO* n -- £ lmmufque l’upremum “ Hoc petit a fuporis, ut tempore lugcat ornni. u Ingemuit IrifKfque Deus, lugebere nobis, “ -Lugeb.ifque alio.^, aderiique dolentibus, inquit/* Implores that he may never ceale to mourn ;• Phoebus fighing, T for thee will mourn, Hourn thou for others,, hearfes itifl adorn*. Ovid* Met, loj. 3 4 Of the Gods of the Heathens, but remains always fiourifliing, always pure There is a Rory about this virgin tree, which bet¬ ter deferves our admiration than our belief.- A cer¬ tain painter was about to draw the picture of Apol¬ lo upon a table made of laurel wood; and it is faid, p that the laurel would not fuller the colours to hick to it, as though the dead wood was fenfible, and did abhor the picture of the impure deity, nG lefs than if Daphne herfelf was within* 5. He courted alfo a long time the nymph Eoli- na, but never could gain her ; for hie chofe rather to throw herfelf into the river and be drowned, than yield to his lafeivious flames. Nor did her invin¬ cible modefly lofe its reward. She gained to her¬ felf an immortality by dying fo ; and, facriiicing her life in the defence of her virginity, hie not only overcame Apollo, but the very powers of death. She became immortal. 6. Leucothoe,-the daughter of Orchamus king of Babylon, was not fo tenacious of her cliaflity ; for hie yielded at lah: to Apollo’s defires. q Her father could not bear this difgrace brought on his family, and therefore buried her alive, r Apollo was greatly grieved at this and though he could not o Liban. in Progymn. p Paufan. 1 . 7. q. . . ——---“ defodit altc £l Crudus homo, tumulumque taper gravis addit arena:.” Intcrr’d her lovely body in the earth. And on it rais’d a tomb of heavy fand, "Whofe pond’rous weight her riling might with (land, r “ Netware odorato lparfit corpufquc locumque, “ Multaque conqucflus, tanges tamen xthera dixit. “ Protinus inbutum cceltfli nedhire corpus Delituit, terramque luo madefecit odorc; tc Virgaque per, glebas, fenfim radicibus ad is, “ Thurea furrexit, tumulumque cacuminc rupit.” He mourn’d her lofs, and fprinkled all her hearfe "With balmy nc< 5 lar and more precious tears, yhen faid, Since fate-does here our joys defer, Tfr -J 5 Of the Gcds of the Heathens. 3.5 II not bring her again to life, lie poured nectar upon "if the dead body, and thereby turned it into a tree * that drops frankincenfe. -Thefe amours of Leucc- ' thee and Apollo had been difeovered to her father ■4 by her filter Clytie, whom Apollo formerly loved, c! but now defeited ; which ilie feeing, pined away, with her eyes continually looking up to the fun, and jj at laft was changed into a s flower called San-flower, U cr Heliotrope * 3 7. Apollo was challenged in mufic by Murfyas 3 a proud lnuiician; and when he had overcome him, r Apollo flayed him, bccaufe he had dared to con- ; tend with him, and afterwards converted him into H 4 y :j the river of the fame name in Phrygia. 1 8. Eat Midas king of Phrygia, having fooliflily i determined the victory to the God Pan, when J Apollo and he fang together, u Apollo ft retched his ears to the length and lhape of affes ears. I Midas endeavoured to hide his dilgrace as well as {he could by his hair : But however, fince it was (impoffible to conceal it from his barber, he ear- i neftly begged the man, and prevailed with him by j great promifes, not to divulge what lie faw to any iperfon. But the barber was not able to contain. fo wonderful a fecret longer ; wherefore w he went B 6 - and Thou flial! afeend to heav’n, and blefs me there : Her body ftraight, embalm’d with heav’nly art. Hid a fweet odour to the ground impart, Aud from the grave a beauteous tree arife, That cheers the gods with pleafmg facrifice. Ov*. JWd. 4- £ Ovid. JVTetam. 4.. t Ovid. Faff. 6. u -partem damnatur in uiuni; “ Indniturque uures lente gradientis afwIIiV* Funilh'd in the offending part, he beai'S Upon his fcull a flow-pac’d aiVs cars. jMtsi. 1 . 6 . v/-•“ fecedit humumque “ liffodit, Sc domini qualis cofifpcxerit aures, “ Voce refert parva.” Met am. 1 . 15. He dug a hole,- and in it, whifpering, faid, What monffrous ears Iprov.t from king Midas head J 36 Of the Gods of the Heathens * and dag a hole, and putting his mouth to it, whik pored thefe words. King Midas has aj/es ears ; then filling up the ditch with the earth again, he went away : but, O wonderful and ft range ! the reeds that grew out of that ditch, if they were moved by the lead blafl of wind, did utter the very fame words which the barber had buiied in it 5 to wit, King Midas has the cars of an aj's x . Sect. IV. Hawes of Hpollo. A S the Latins call him So/, becaufe there is but one fun, 10 fome think the Greeks gave him the name H hollo y for the fame reafon: though O 2 others think that he is called Hpolio, either be- canfe 3 ie drives away difeafes, or becaufe he darts vigoroufly his rays. Pie is called a Cy nth ins, from the mountain Cj r n- tlnis, in the iiland of Delos j from whence Diana alio is called Cj nthm. And he is named Delius from the fame ifland, becaufe he was born there. Or, as b fome fay, bo caufe Apollo (who is the fun), by liis light makes all things manifeft ; for which reafon he is called c Phan a us. He is named Dcdphmius ; d becaufe he killed the ferpent Python, called Del phis 5 or eife, becaufe when Caflilius, a Cretan, carried men to the plan¬ tations, Apollo guided him in the fhape of a dol¬ phin. lbs title Delphic us comes from the city Delphi in Boeotia, x Avrcs aflnmas habet rex Midas. y Ab « particula privativa, & quemadmodum Sol, quod iit It Jus, (Jhryfip. apud Gyr. z Synr. 7. p. 219. a-ro 40 Of the Gods of the Heathen j% P. Wko were the wife 771 e?i of Greece f M. Thefe feven, to whofe names I adjoin die places of their nativity 5 Shales of Miletus , Solon of /IthenSj Chile of Lacedeemoji , Pittacus of Myti - lene , Bias of Prie/ie, Cleohulus of Linrli, and Peri- under of Corhith, I will add fome remarkable things concerning fome of them. Thales was reckoned amongft the wife men, bo caule he was believed to be the fir ft that brought O geometry into Greece. He fir ft obferved the courfes of the times, the motion of the winds, the nature of thunder, and the motions of the fun and the ftars. Being afked what he thought the moft diffi¬ cult thing in the world? he anfwercd, ‘lo hnoiv one's fe If ; which perhaps was the occalion of the advice written on the front of Apollo’s temple, to thofe that were about to enter, x Know thyfelf 9 for there are very few that know theinfelves. When Solon viiited Croefus the king of Lydia, the king fhewed Lis vaft treafures to him, and ai'k- ed him wliether he knew a man happier than he ? “ Yes,” fays Solon, “ I know Tellus, a very poor “ but a very virtuous man at Athens, who lives in “ a little tenement there, and he is more happy than “ your majefty: For neither can thefe tilings make 44 us happy which are fubjefl to the changes of tlie times , nor is any one to be thought truly happy “ ^ill he dies.” y It is faid, when king Croefus was afterwards taken prifoner by Cyrus, and laid upon the pile to be burnt, he remembered the faying of Solon, and often repeated his name ; fo that Cyrus afked why he cried out, Solon, and who the God was whofe aftiftance he beggV ? Crcefus faid, 46 I find now by “ experience that ro be true which heretofore he i( faid to me and fo he told Cyrus the ftory; who, hearing it, was fo touched with the fenfe of the x a’saorov Nofce teipfum. JLaert * y Plutarch, Herodotus, Of the Gods of the Heathens . eft ithe viciffitucle of human affairs, that he p refer vcd -/ICrcefiis from die fire, and ever after Iiaci him in ■reat lion our. j Chilo had this faying continually in his month, d' Define nothing too muck , Yet, when his ion had got • the victory at the Olympic games, the good man died ■ with joy, and all Greece honoured his funeral. _< Bias, a man no lefs famous for learning than no- .jbility, prelerved liis citizens a long time : 44 And \ il when at laft, 5 ’ a fays Tully, 46 his country Priene *; 44 was taken, and the red of the inhabitants, in their . 44 efcape, carried away with them as much of their goods as they could one advifed him to do the j funic: but he made aufwer, 44 b It is what I do ai- 44 ready : for all the things that are mine I carry with me.” He often laid, 44 c That friends ihouid 44 remember to love one another fo as perfons who , 44 may fometimes hate one another.” Of the rell nothing extraordinary is reported. % • Sixr. V. 7 he JigniJication of the Fable . Apollo mcu;:s the Sun. VERY one agrees, that by d Apollo the fun is to be underdood: for the four chief proper- v| ties aferibed to Apollo were the arts of prophefving^ vj of healing, of darting, and of muiic ; of all which, ‘‘j we may dud in the fun a lively rep refen tati on and d image. Was Apollo famous for his fkiill in pro- S :x pheiying and divination ? and what is more agree¬ able to the nature of the fun, than by its light to diipel darknefs, and to make manifed hidden and concealed truth? Was Apollo famous for his know- Pledge of medicine and his power of healing? Sure- nothing in the world conduces more to the health |l7 I ^ z Ne quid minium cupias, Plin. 1 . 7. c. 32. a Dc Aniicitia, | L i'go vero facia, nam omnia mea mccum porto. Val. Max. h c> 2- c Amicos ita amare oporteret ut aliquando clfciit oiuw* t-Uirt. d Cicero, de Nat. Dcor. 3. 42 Of the Gods of the Heathens . health and preservation of all things than the fan's heat and warmth : And therefore thofe herbs and plants which are mo ft expo feci to its rajs, arc found to have moffc power and virtue. Thirdly, is Apollo fkilful in darting or fhooting ? And are r.ot the fun’s rays like fo many darts or arrows flint from his body to the earth ? And, laflly, how well does Apollo’s lkill in mufc agree to the nature of the fun, which, being placed in the midft of the planets, makes with them a kind of harmony, and all together, by their uniform motion, make as it were, a concert of muflc ? And becaufe the fun is thus placed in the midfl of the feven planets, the poets alTert, that the infir ament which Apollo pi ays on is a harp with feven. firings. Belides, from the tilings facrificcd to Apollo c , it appears that lie was the fun : the firffc of which things was the olive, the fruit of which fo loves the fun, that it cannot be nourifhed in places difhmt from it. 2. The laurel f , a tree of a hot nature, always flourifhing, never old, and conducing not a little towards divination ; a..J therefore the poets are crowned with laurel. 3. Among animals, fwans s are ofibred to him ; becaufe, as was oh- ferved before, they have from Apollo a faculty ot divination ; for they, fo refeeing their happinefs in death, die finging and pleafed. • 4. Griflins alfo and crows were facred to him for the fame reafon ; awl the hawk, which has eyes bright and piercing ft the fun ; the cock, which foretells his riling ; and the gralhopper, a ilnging creature : Whercibr it was a cufloni among the Athenians to fallen golden grafhoppers to their hair in honour of A- pollo. And efpecially, if ‘ we derive the name of fa* tona , the mother of Apollo and Diana, from the Greek o (1 c Thoocr. in Here, f Aerius. g Cic. Tnfcul- I. h Thucyd. ScJiol. Arift. i Vid. Lib Gyr. 1. in A,poll. Of the Gods of the Heathens . • 43 Ipfcreek xuySxvai \Jantha?io “ to lie hid”], it will fig- I'fjrify, that before the birth of A polio and Di ana, Jnjthatis, before the production of the fun and moon, things lay involved in darknefs : From whence ' :*thefe glorious luminaries afterwards proceeded, as ’ 'put of the womb of a mother. [ £ But, notwithllanding all this, feveral poetical [ jfables have relation only to the fun, and not to -^Apollo. And of thofe therefore it is ncceiiary to L Etreat apart. t i CHAP. VI. N. His Gene a t \ ; \ r 20 HIS glorious Sun, which i Huh rates all things ■ j | with his light, is called Sol , as k Tally fays, • p fiber becaufe he is the ONLY heave niy body that is ■}'of that nmgnitude ; or becanfe, when he rlfes , he pets till the other heavenly bodies , and ONLY appears \jjdwfclf Although the poets have faid that there were five Sols, and Tully reckons them up ; yet j whatever they delivered concerning each of them ,|feverally, they commonly apply to one, who was Sthe fon of Hyperion, and nephew to /Ether, begot- r|tsn of an unknown mother. f The Perfians call the fun 1 Mithra , and, ac~ I counting him the greatefi: of their Gods, worihip I him in a cave. His itatue bears the head of a lion, § on which a turban, called tiara , is placed ; and it I is clothed with Perfian attire, holding with both I hands a mad bull by the horns. m Thofe that defired | to become his prieils, and underhand his myheries, I did ^ ~ m ~ w ^ ^^^.--.-—^^ k Vcl quia Solus cx omnibus fideribus tantus eft ; vcl quia cam exortus eft ; obfeuratis omnibus, Solus apparet. Cic. de Nat. Dev orum, I. 2. Sc 3. I Hefych. & JLacSiant. Gram, apud JLil. Gyr. m Buris, 7. Hift. an. Athene 44 Of the Gods of the Heathens• did fir ft undergo a great many hardfliips, difgracei, ilripes, colds, heats, and other torments, before they could attain to the honour of that employ men. And, behold the Jiolinefs of their religion! it w;; not lawful for the kings of Perfta to get drunk, but upon that cl ly in which the fact dices were offend to jMitf' ru 11 . Tiie Egyptians called the fun ° Horns ; whence comes the name of thofe parts called 7j- rw, hour , f , into which the fun divides the day. They repn. fell ted his power by a feeptre, on the top of wiiich an eye was placed by which they fignify* that the fun fees every thing, arid that all tilings are fan by his means. Tire he p [force were thought to be the daughters of Sol and Chronis, who early in the morning pn> pare the chariot ami the horfes for their father, and open the gates of the day. Sect. II. /letions of SoL N O other aclions of Sol are mentioned, but bis debaucheries nncl love intrigues between him and his miftreder ; whereby he obfeured tile honour of his name : The moil remarkable of which are tliefe that follow : i. He lay with Venus in the id and of Rhodes; when q it is faid the heavens rained gold, and the earth clothed itfclf with roles and lilies ; from •whence the ifland was called r Rhodes . 2. Of Clymene he begat one fon named Phaeton, and fe- veral daughters. 3. Of Necera, he begat Pafipliai, and of Parce, Circe. To omit the reft of his brood, of more obfeure note, according to my method, I ihall lay fomctlimg of each of tliefe 5 but full, (fince I have mentioned Rhodes), I will fpeak a little 1 n Greg. Naz^anz. Orat. 1. in Jul. o Pint & Oiir. p Homer, Iliad & OdyJI'. 4 Plutarch. Boccat. 1. 4. c. q Pindar in Olymp^ r ’A va -rov qs^v a Rofa* 4 - Of the Gods of the Heathens. 45 f'jpttle of the Rhodian ColofTus, which was one of the l feven wonders of the world, and of the other fix. i' j ^ ttt err*7 r 7 r . 7 77 SrcT. III. d'he fc-vcn wonders of the world. P. were tliofe feven "wonders of the } \%r world ? i M- They are thefe that follow. .> 1. The CololTus at Rhodes s , a fhitue of the fun, jjeveaty cubits high, placed acrofs the mouth of the S arbour : a man could not grafp his thumb with oil 1 his arms. Its thighs were flretched out to fuch 4 difiance, that a large Ihip under fail might eafily Aais into the port between them. It was twelve ■w tliofe feven "wonders of the 1. f fears making, and cofl three hundred talents It I flood fifty years, and at lafl was thrown down by an earthquake. And from this colois the people • Rhodes were named Coloffeti/cs : and now every , ffiiae of unufual magnitude is called colojfus . •,] 2. Tiie temple of Diana at Ephefus, was a work ‘ of the -greateft magnificence, which the ancients Vprodigioufly admired u : two hundred and twenty 1 years were fpent in finifiling it, though all Alia .■Jfc’as employed. It was fupported by one hundred and twenty-feven pillars fixty feet high, each of i ’hich was railed by as many kings. Of thefe illurs th ir ty-fe ven-were engraven. The image of Goddefs was made of ebony, as we learn from iitory. 3. The maufoleum, or fepulchre of Maufoleus ing of Caria x , built by his queen Artemifia, of !e purefl marble ; and yet the workmanfhip of ^ was much more valuable than the marble. It as, from north to fouth, fixty-three feet long, al¬ oft four hundred and eleven feet in compafs, and S Plin. 34. c. 3 7. 3 s. ^d. hnglifh money. * Plin. lib. 36. c. 3. t A Rhodian talent is worth 322 I u Pirn. 1 . 7. c. 38. I. lO.c. 40. j f 6 ’ Of the Gods of the Heathens . and twenty-five cubits (that is, about thirty-fivj feet) high* furrounded with thirty-fix columns, tnat xvere beautified in a wonderful manner : and from this maufcleum all other fumptuous fepulchres art called by the fame name. 4. A ftatue of Jupiter, in the temple of the city y Olympia, carved with the greateft art by Phidias, out of ivory, and made of a prodigious fize. 5. The walls of the city of Babylon (which was the metropolis of Chaldea z ), built by queen Semi, nun is, whofe circumference was fixty miles, and| rheir breadth fifty feet ; fo that fix chariots 'irjioi- foned her hufband, a king of tlie Sarniatians ; for which fhe was banifhed by her fubjects, and fly- c -“ Die) is tamen iTje repugn at, ct Propofitum-que pi emit, fiagratejue cupidine currus.** In vain to move hi-* ion the father aim'd ; I fc with ambition's hotter fire inflam'd, Hi" fire’s irrevocable proniife claim’d, cl “ Occupat ifie Ievtm juvcnili corpore currum, “ Statque fuper, mauibufquc datas comingere habenas ct Gaudct,.<& invito grates ngit inde parenti.” Now Phaeton, by lofty hopes poflfefs’d. The burning feat with joyful vigour prefs’d; With nimble hands the heavy reins lie weigh’d, •And thanks uiiplcafmg to his father paid. Ovid, JSZctam* I. c Ovid. Mctam. 14, ♦ Of the Gods of the Heathens « 49 jjrr into Italy, fixed her feat upon the promontory ircasum, where /he fell in love with Glaucus, a eri-o-ocL who at the fame time loved Scylla : Circe ^ 7 •/ ..burned her into a fea-monftcr, by poifoning the ^water in which /lie ufed to wafh. She entertained lylles, who was driven thither by the violence of onus, with great civility, and redored his com- .mions unto their former fhapes ; whom, accord- g to her ufual cu/lom, flic had changed into hogs, ears, wolves, and the like beads. Ulylfes was mied againft her affaults, fo that /lie fet upon him vain. It is faid that /he drew down the very irs from heaven : whence we are plainly inform- cl, that voluptuoufnefs (whereof Circe is the cm- 1cm) alters men into ravenous and filthy beads ; hut even thofe who, with the ludrc of their wit Ind virtue, /hine in the world as dars in the fir- ; *** * ^anient, when once they addidl ihemfclves to ijbfcene pleafures, become obfeure and inconfider- '’’hie, falling, as it were, headlong from the glory f heaven. f Pafiphae was the wife of Minos king of Crete, he fell in-love with a bull, and obtained her dc- re by the adi dance of Dcedalus, who for that £>ur- ofe inclofcd her in a wooden cow. She brought >rth a Minotaur, a monder, one part of which was ike a man, the other like a bull flow the occa- on of this fable, they fay, was this : Pafiphae vecl a man whole name was Taurus, and had vins by him in Daedalus’s ho uie ; one of whom as very like her hufband JMinos, and the other he its father. But however that is, the Minotaur us /hut up in the labyrinth that Dcedalus made y the order of king Minos. This labyrinth was place diverfified with very many windings and iniings, and crofs paths running into one ano- I C ther. W M * wt 11 vain. V w W . I f Ovid. Mctam. 14 ■*- • — - ■ —» m ■ 1 ■ ■ ■ » . + — —- .» » g Serv. ap. Boccat. 1 . 4 5 ° ther. Of the Gods of the Heathens . How this Minotaur was killed, and h oj •whom, I fhall fhew particularly in its place in the hiflory of Thefeus- h Daedalus was an excellent artificer of Athens ; who firft, as it is faid, invent, ed the axe, the faw, the plumb-line, the auger, and glue ; he alfo firft contrived mails and yards for ihips : Belides, he carved flatues fo admirably, that they not only feemed alive, but would never Hand flill in one place ; n.ay, would fly away unlefs they were chained. This Hasdalus, together with lea. rus his fon, was Unit up by Minos in the labyrinth which he had made, becaufe he had aflifled the amours of Pafiphae ; whereupon he made wings for himfelf and his fon with wax and feathers of birds. Faflening tliefe wings to his fhoulders, he flew out of Crete into Sicily; at which time Icarus, in his flight, neglecled his father’s advice, and oh. ferved not his due courfe, but out of a juvenile wantonnefs flew higher than he ought ; whereupon the wax was melted by the heat of the fun, and the wings broke in pieces ; and he fell into the fea, which is fince, i according to Ovid, named the Ice- rian Sea from him. To thefe children of the fin we may add his niece and his nephew Byblis and Caunus. Byblis was fo much in love with Caunus, though lie was her brother, that fhe employed all her charms to entice him to commit inceft ; and when nothing would overcome his modety, fhe followed him fo long, that at lafl being quite opprefled with forroW and labour, fhe fat down under a tree, and Hied fuch a quantity of tears k , that fhe was converted into a fountain. CHAP. h Ovid. Metarn. 1 . 8. Paufan. in Attic, i u Icarus Icariis nomina fecit aquis.’* Ovid. Trift. Icarian feus from Icarus "were call'd, k “ Sic lachrymis confumpta fuis Phcebeia Byblis X. <4 ri. \\r Of the Gods of the Heathens. 5 * C PI A P. VII. Sect. I. Mercury. His Image and Eirlh. P. tlfHO is that young man ! , with a cheer* ful countenance, an honeft look, and lively eyes ; who is fo fair without paint; hav mg wings fixed to his hat and fhoes, and a rod in his hand, which is winged, and bound about by two .ferpents ? M • It is the image of Mercury, as the Egyptians paint him ; whole face is partly black and dark, and partly clear and bright ; becaufe fometimes he converfes with the celeliial, and fometimes with the infernal Gods. He wears winged flioes, (cal¬ led talar in) / wings are alfo faftened to his hat, called pet of us) ; becaufe, fince he is the meffenger of the Gods, he ought not only to run, but to iij. P. Of what parents was he born ? M. m His parents were Jupiter and Main, the daughter of Atlas ; and for that reafon, perhaps, hey ufed to offer facrifices to him in the month of May. They fay that Juno fuckled him a while in his infancy ; and once, while he fucked the milk very greedily, his mouth being full, it ran out of it upon the heavens ; which made that white flream 'which they call 11 the milky way. C 2 Sect* “ Vcrtitur in foritem, qui nunc quoqUe valHbus imis “ Nomen habet doming:, nigraque fub dice manat.” Ov. Met* Thus the PJicebean Byblis, fpent in tears. Becomes a living fountain, which yet bears Her name, and, under a black oak that grows In thofo rank vallies, plentifully flows. Sam/ys, 1 Galen ap. Nut. Com. i. 5. m Hcfiod. in Theogon. Her. 1 * n Via ladlea quam Gra.-ci vocanc GaHxiam* tfr ® a luvSlc. Maciob. 6 c Suidas, i 2 Of the Gods of the Heathens „ Sect. II. fhe Offices a?id Vitalities of' Mercury. P. IIAT were Mercury’s offices and quali- M. He had many offices. i. ° Thc.firft and chiefcft of them was to carry the commands of Jupiter; whence he is commonly called the me fen* jrer of the Gods. 2. He fwept the room where tlic Gods fupped, and made the beds, and underwent many other the like fervile employments. Hence lie was fliled p Camillus , or Cafmillus , that is, art in - jerior fervant of the Gods ; for anciently q all boys and girls under age were called Camilli and r Ca- inilltc : and the fame name was afterwards given to the young men and maids, who s attended the priefls at their facrificcs : though the people of Bccotia % inflead of Camillas, fay Cadmilh/s ; per¬ haps from the Arabian word Chodam , to ferve ; or from the Phoenician word Chadmcl , Go.Ts few ant , or minifer facer. 3. u lie attended upon dyir.g perfons, to unloofe their fouls from the chains of the body, and carry them to hell. He alfo reviv¬ ed and placed into new bodies tliofe fouls which had completed their full time in the Ely flan fields. x Alin oft all which things Virgil compriies in feven verfes. His w w Mercury’s offices and quali- o Lucian dial. Rlaire ct jVIercurii p Stat. Tullian -• de Vocab. rcriuri. q Serv. in 12. /En, r Pacuv. in Media. Dion. Halicarn. 1 . 2. Mac rob. Saturn. 3. s Bochart. Georg. 1 . 1. c. 2. t Sophocl. in Ocdip. u Horn. Odylf. 24. x . A RE any of his actions recorded in hiflorj’? - 2 E*. iV/. Iges, feveral j and fucli as, in my judg¬ ment, c “ Pacts armorum, fu peris imifque Dcorum, “ Arbiter, alato qui pede caipit iter.’* Ovid. Fail. I. 5. Thee wing’cl-foot ali the Gods, both high and low. The arbiter of peace and war allow. c ‘ A tlar.tis Teg tine Nepo«, commune profimdis “ Kt fuperis numen, qui fas per limen utrumque 44 Sclu- hahes, geminoque facis compendia mundo.** I’air .Masa’s fon, whole pow’r alone doth reach Heaven’s brijrhteft towers, and hell’s darkeft beach, * O * * A common God to both, can jarring worlds appeafe. Glaiulinn tic Rapt Prof. C Lcxic. JLut. in hoc verbo. d Homer in Hymn is. O'" ib: G > If of to: Ff ■ ithem. 55 1 ft t m ent, do not much deferve to be remembered. However, the following account is moll remark¬ able. He had a fon by his filler Venus, called f Hcrma - iphrodituti who was a great hunter. In thole woods * where he frequently hunted, a nymph called Sal~ |mads lived, who greatly admired, and fell in love Jwith him; for he was very beautiful, but a great |woman hater. She often fempted the young man, |but was often repulfed ; yet fire did not defpair. |She lay in ambufh at a fountain where he uiually ^ came to bathe ; and, when he was in the water, lhe £-alfo leaped in. to him: flit* could not, however, 3 overcome his extraordinary modefly. Thereupon, n. it is faid. Hie prayed to the Gods above, that the j :bodies of both might become one ; which was granted. Hermaphrodittis was amazed when lie I'iiuw this change of his body ; and deli red, that, for his comfort, fome other perfon might be like him. f He obtained his requefl ; for s whofoever walked $jhinifelf in that fountain (called Salrnci-cis, in the S country of Caria) became an hermaphrodite, that is, had both fexes. I am unwilling to omit the fol¬ lowing itory. a A herdfman, whofe name was Battus , faw Mer- fj* • * * cury Healing Admetus’s cows from Apollo their rj keeper. When Mercury perceived that his theft k was difeovered, he went to Battus, and defired £that he would fay nothing, and gave him a deli- I cate cow. Battus promiled him fecrecy. Met- ? cury, to try his fidelity, came in another fhape to i him, and alked him about the cows ; whether he \ k\v them, or knew the place where the thief car¬ ried them ? Battus denied it ; but Mercury preffed km hard, and promifed that he would give him both a bull and a cow if he would difeover it. C 4 Witl f /. c. Mcrcurio Venus nam 'Ep^n; efl Mercurius, & A $ao$.*r/i g Ovid. Mctam. 1. 4 . 5 ^ Of the Gods of the Heathent. With this promife he was overcome ; whereupop. Mercury was enraged, and laying a fide his dilgiuil, turned him into a Rone called .Index* This uory Ovid deferibes in very elegant verfe }l . The ancients tiled to let up Hatties where the roads croiled : thefe itatues they called indices, be. caufe, with an arm or Unger held out, they I'levcd the way to this or that place. The Romans placed fome in public places and highways ; as the ^Vt 1 Io¬ nian s did at their doors, to drive away thieves; and they called thefe itatues Herman from Mercury, v/hofe Greek name was Hermes ; concerning which if crime it is to be obferved, 1. Thicfe imapes have neither 1 hands nor feet; • I and from hence Mercury was called Cyllenius , end • by contraction k Cyliius ; which words arc (lerivJ from a Greek word Hgnilying a man without hauls or feet - and not from Cyl/ene, a mountain in Arca¬ dia, in which he is educated. 2. A purfe was ufualJy hung to a flatue of Mer¬ cury, 1 to fignify that he was the God of Gain or Profit, and presided over merchandifing ; in which, becaufe many times things are done by fraud and treachery, they gave him the name of Bolins. 3.. Tiic Romans ufed to join uiie flatu.es of Mer¬ cury h t£ At Buttu«, poft*jiiam eft merccs £cminata, Sub ilih “ Aljmtibu-*, inquir, cranr ; & crant lub montibua illis. “ Rilk .Arlani iades ; Ale niihi, perfide, prodis, ; “ Ale niihi prodis, ait ? perjm-.ique pcclora vert it “ In duram nlicem, qui nunc qu. qne dicitur index.” Butius, on th* double proilbr, ttl b him, There, Beneath thofe hills, beneath thofc hills they wire. Then Hirrmes, laughing loud. What knave I lay. Ale to myfelf, my he If to me In-tray ? Then to a touckftcne turn’d Ids perjur’d breaft, V/liofe nature now is in that name exprefb’d. i Sunt .A.-t hic y.ui Herod. 1. 1 , k i. c mium & pedum expert*. hil. Oynddus. 1 Alacreb. £c apud hip. . lvtf- SuiJ- if * Of the Crods of the Heathen <7 cury* and Minerva together; and thefe images they called m Her//iathe?rc, and facrificeel to both deities upon one and the fame altar. Thofe who had eleap- cd any great danger, always olio rod fact bices to Mercury : 11 They offered up a calf, and milk, and honey, and efpecially the tongues of the facrifices, which, with a great deal of ceremony, they call into the fire, and then the facriiice was linilhed. It is faid that the Megarenfes firlt ufed this cere¬ mony. CHAP. VIII Sect. I. Bacchus. Ills Image. M. TT THY do you laugh, Palceophilus ? Y V T. Can any body forbear laughing, who fees that filthy, fhainclcis, and immode/1 Goa, placed next to Mercury, ° with a naked body, a red lace, lafeivious looks, in an effeminate pod Lire, dif- | pirited with luxury, and overcome with wine. His fwoln cheeks refemble bottles ; his great belly, fat , ;breafb, and his diftended fvvelling paunch, reprefent i *a hogfliead, rather than a God to be carried in that l • chariot. f: M. That is no wonder ; for it is Bacchus him- felf, the Go.l of wine, and the capful?’ anu emperor \ of drunkards. He is crowned with ivy and vine J. leaves, ancl has a thryfus in fie id of a iceptre, •|which is a javelin with an iron head, encircled by ,-pvy or vine leaves, in his hand. p He is carried in ;ua chariot, which is fometimes drawn by timers and jdions, and fometimes by lynxes and panthers : and, C- 5 like ni Cicero. n Paufan. in Attic. Ovid. MV tarn. 4 . Calliftrat, Homer. o- Huripides in Bac«.his. p Ovid, de Arte Amancli, Anibph, Scholiaft, in JPiututn* Strabo, 1 . 26. Ovid. Ale turn. 3* *4. • 5 * Of the Gods of the Heathens • like a king, he has his guards, q who are a drunken band of fatyrs, demons, nymphs that prefide over the wine-prelTes, fairies of fountains, and prieftdles, Silenus oftentimes comes after him, fitting on an afs that bends under his burden. jP. But what’s here ? This Bacchus has got horns, and is a young man without a beard: J have heard that the inhabitants of Elis paint him like an old man with a beard. IVl, It is true. He is fometimes painted an old man, and fometimes a fmootli and beardlefs boy, as r Ovid and s Tibullus deferibe him. I fhall give you the reafon of all thefe things, and of his horns, mentioned alfo in Ovid % before I make an end of this fable. Sect. II. Defcc?it of Bacchus, r PHE birth of Bacchus was both wonderful and *** ridiculous, if the poets may be heard; as they mud, when the difeourfe is about fables. They tell us, that when Jupiter was in love with Scmele, it railed Juno’s jealoufy higher than it ever was before. Juno therefore endeavoured to deftroy her ; and, in tiie fliape of an old woman, via ted Semele, wifiied her much joy from her acquaint¬ ance q Cohors Satyrorum, Cobaloruxn, Eenarum, Naiad uni, atquc Baccharum. r-“ Tibi inconfumpta juventa ? Tu pure arternus, ru formoiiflimus alto 4t Confpiceris ctelo, tibi, cum line curnibus adftas, “ Virgincum caput eft.** •-Still dofi: thou enjoy Unverified youth ? Eternally a boy Thou’rt icon in heaven, whom all perfections grace; And, when unhorn’d, thou haft a virgin’s face, s “ Solis acterna cfi. Phcebo Bncchoquc juventa.” Phoebus and Bacchus only have eternal youth, t “ Accedant capiti cornua, Bacchus eris.” Clap to thy head a pair of horns, and Bacchus thou fiialt !>?* Of the Gods of the Heathens' 59 tance with Jupiter, and advifed her to oblige him, wiien he came, by an inviolable oath, to grant her a requeft ; and then, fays fhe to Semele, ajk him to vome to you as he is Mem, 1, 3, dr ank arc is canM.r 62 Of the Gods of the Heathen's . 1 Didsryansh:/s , which iignifies cither that he un¬ born twice, oh Scmele and of Jove ; or the dosLle gate which the cave had in which he was broujlii up • or perhaps it means that keep fccrets ; but whatever is in the head ccm< : into the mouth, and then burfls 211 forth, as fails* it would out or two doors. IHonyJius or i)ionyJ vi n , from his father Jupiter, or from the nymphs called Nyjh •, by whom he v;u nurfecl, as they fay ; or from a Greek word iiani- lying 0 to prit h, becaufe Ire pricked cjs father's iide with -his horns when lie was born ; or from Ink. ter’s lameueis, p who limped when .Bacchus was in his thigh; or from an 21 land among the Cyclades, called Uia or Naxos, which was dedicated to him when he married Ariadne; or, ktllhp, from the city of Nyfa, in which. Bacchus reigned. q Embus, or Evshus. For, in the war of the giants, when Jupiter did not fee Bacchus, lie thought that he was killed, and cried out, r Jon! or becaufe, when he found that Bacchus had overcome the giants, by changing himielf into a lion, he cried out again, s Wed/. done, Jon. 1 Even?, from the acclamations of the Bacchan¬ tes, who were therefore called Event tes. Euchiits , u becaufe Bacchus fills his glafs plenti¬ fully, even up to the brim. w Eleleus and Elsu f, from the acclamation where¬ with tliey animated the foldiers before the fight, or en- 1 Area i]iXieo y i. e. ncr. Carm. 1. r. h ©»/«^/3*s, Var. do l.ing. Lat. i Diod. 1. 5. Rift. & Orof. 1. a. Hor. Bp. 2. k Ovid. Faftorum. 3 , 1 Dion, de Situ Orbif. Vide Nat* Com, Of the Gods of the Heathens . s^iid called him Ofirh . Let Bacchus have honour, Recallfe he invented the art of planting vines : but •Jet him not refufe to die a is of Napulia its praifes, :\vho, by gnawing vines, taught the art of pruning them. ' ?. He invented m commerce and merchandife* band found out navigation, when he was king of Nphomicia. >?. $ ¥ • 2. Whereas men ivandercd about unfettled, like o * thealls, n he reduced them into fociety and union : ■ijle taught them to worihip the Gods, and was ex- Jcellciit in prophefying. 4. He fuhdued India and many other nations, on an elephant : 0 he vicloriouily fubdued ''E.pvpt, Syria, Phrygia, and all the call ; where he [ civded pillars, as Hercules cl *d in the Weil : He | iiric invented triumphs and crowns for kings. 5. Bacchus was deilrous to reward Midas the Ling of Phrygia (of whofe afs’s ears we fpake be- fibre), becaufe he had done foine for vice to him ; and bid him a lie what he would. Midas deli red, that whatsoever lie touched mi Hit become geld. • O O 1P Bacchus was troubled that Midas afked a gift |Hh:it might prove ib deftrudlive to liimiclf; how- 4ever, he granted his requell, and gave him the jj power he deli red. Immediately whatever hiidas I touched became gold ; nay, when he touched his ,I meat or drink, they alfo became gold : when there¬ fore he faw that he could not efcane death by hun- | ger or dark, he then perceived that he had foolifh- 17 W ft- is I? I m Idem, ibid. n Ovid. Faflorrm, Kuripid. in Beech, o Dib- Syuip. Eurip. ia Baeeii. ITorodot. Euterpe. s Vide Nut. Com.].: Of the Gods of the Heathens . *7 ¥ ' 4 Bk 4 d f m a e variety of places and nations. They were cele- ruted on Hated days of the year, with the greateft ligion, or rather with the ranked profanenefs nd impiety. Ofcophorio s were the Hr ft facrifices offered up to ' acchus : they were firft inftituted by the Phccni- jans; and when they were celebrated, the boys, irrying vine leaves in their hands, went in ranks raying, from the temple of Bacchus to the chapel f Fallas. The c Tricterica were celebrated in the winter, y night, by the Bacchas, who went about armed, inking a great noife, and foretelling, as it was be- eved, things to come. Thefe facrifices were in- ’tied trieterica , becaufc Bacchus returned from his [ndian expedition after three years. \ The u Epilernea were games celebrated in the ime of vintage (after that the prefs for fqueezing lie grapes was invented). They contended with ne another, in treading the grapes, who fhould boneft prefs cut moil muft ; and in the mean time hey fung the praifes of Bacchus, begging that the nuft might be fwcet and good. v Cansphoi'ia , among the ancient Athenians,* r ere performed by marriagable virgins, who car- ied golden bafleets filled with the firft-fruits of the- ear. w N"everthelefs, fome think that thefe facri— ces were inftituted to the honour of Diana ; and hat they did not carry fruit in the bafket, but pre- cats wrought with their own hands, which they aicred to this Ooddefs, to teftify that they were Iciirous to quit their virginity, and marry. Abutunu were feafts celebrated in honour oi 7 lacchus, fetting forth liow greatly men are x decei¬ ved 1 s Paufan. jn Att. t Ovid. Fad. &. Mctamorph. 9. 11 Sc’.o- in Ai itlpphan. v Demarat. in Certam Dionyf. w l>o- ^'h. Sydor., apud Nat Com. x A decipiondo, ab o’.n'xra&i, lal.fi- ^w.aiuut; A.r a-rugHc. Vide Nar. Com. li: Bac. Ou. 68 Of the Gods of the Heathens. ed by wine. Thefe feflivals were principally ferved by the Athenians. slmbrqfia y were feflivals obfervecl in January, month facred to Bacchus : for which reafon i)\k month was called Lauvus , or Ltnai, be can if f wine was brought into the city about that t!n. 2 But the Romans called thefe fcails from Bruxuiy one of the names of Bacchus amor; them : and they celebrated them twice a-year, the months of February and Augnft. yilfc were dcflroyed bj' God, becaufe they looked with too much curiofity into the ark of the covenant, b Again, the poets feign, that Bacchus was angry with the Athenians, becaufe they defpifed his ib- lemnities, and received them not with due re 1 peel, when they were firfl brought-by Pcgafus out of Ba?- otia into Attica : whereupon he afflicled them with a grievous difoafe in the focret parts, for which there was no cure, till, by the advice of the oracle, they performed the reverences due to the God, ami erected Phalli, that is, images of the afflicted parts to his honour ; whence the feafts and facrifices cal¬ led PLcidica were yearly celebrated among the A- thenians. This fable is limilar to the hiflory of the Philiflines % whom God punifhed with the emerods for their irreverence to the ark ; and who, on confulting the diviners thereupon, were told, that they could noways be cured, unlefs they made . golden y Nonnius Vof. ap. Bochart. hi Can. z Horn. Iliad- 4 $- a Paufan. in Achaic. b Ariflot. Schol. in Acarn. a6t 3. Seen. I> c l Sam. v. 4 Of the Gods of the Heathens. 73 olden images of emerods, and confecratecl them to o 1 OB. ■s I ¥ m jECT. VII. Ihe moral Se?ife of the Fable . the Symbol of Wine . Bacchus t Nt rlNE and its effects are underftood in this fable of Bacchus. Let us begin with the birth of Jacchus. When I imagine Bacchus in Jupiter’s high, caufing him to limp, it brings to my mind he representation of a man that is burthened and overcome with drink ; who not only halts, but eels and Humbles, and madly rufhes wherever the orce of the wine carries him. Was Bacchus taken out of the body of his mo- hcr Semele, in the midft of thunder and light— bing ? fo, after the wine is drawn out of the butt, jit produces quarrels, violence, noife, and confufion. Bacchus was educated by the Naiades, the nymphs f the rivers and fountains 5 whence men may learn 0 dilute their wine with water. But Bacchus is an eternal boy 5 and do not the joldell men become children by too much drink ? oes not excels deprive us of that reafon which diflinguifhes men from boys ? Bacchus is naked, as he is who has loft his fenfes J drinking: he cannot conceal, he cannot hide any hing. d Wine always fpeaks truth 5 it opens alJ he fecrets of the mind and body too ; of which let oah be a witnefs. The poet fays c Bacchus has horns ; and from tnence we may learn that Bacchus makes as many iorned as Venus. D Nor Let us begin with the birth of I A II Si -.1 * i h 1 » 1 r J d In vino veritas, b -74 Qf the Gods of the Heathens . Nor does f wine make men only forget their cares and troubles, but it renders s even the meam-il people bold, infolent, and fierce, exercifing their fury and rage againft others, as a mad ox gores ■with its horns. 1 know very well that it was the opinion of lome, that Bacchus was faid to be horn, ed, becaufc the cups out of which wine was drank were formerly made of horn h . He is crowned with ivy; becaufc that plant (b ing always green and ilouriflung, and as it wee young) by its natural coldneis, a Ullages the heat occaiioned by too much wine. He is both a young and an old man ; becaufe sis a moderate quantity of wine incieafes the ft r eng of the body, fo excefs of wine deft toys it. Women only celebrated the facrifices of Enc chus ; and of them, thgfe only who were enragi •and intoxicated, and had abandoned themfelvest all forts of wickednefs. Accordingly, wine eft urinates the rnoft mafeuline minds, and difpofe them to luxury. It begets anger, and {firs up nit to madnefs: and therefore lions and tigers draw di chariot of Bacchus. The men and women both celebrated the Bac chanalia in maiks: it is well that they were a ill am ed of their faults ; their modefty had not quit left them ; fonre remains of it were yet hid unde * * thole difguifes, which would otherwife have bee utterly loft by the impudence of the ill words an aflions which were heard and feen on thofe occa i iioirs. And does not wine malic and difguife ti ftrangdy i' “ Cura fugit, mr.lto diluiturque mere.” Full bowls expel all grief, diffolve al care, g “ Tunc veniunt rifus, tunc pauper cornua fumit.** By wine and mirth the beggar grows a king, h Porphyr, in •% Carm, Korat. unde quail I.il. Gyrald. 4 Of the Gods cf the Heathens. 75 .rangely? Does it not make men beads, and turn me into a lion, another into a bear, and another to a fwine or an afs ? I had almofl forgot to tell you, that Bacchus is ometimes merry, and fometimes fad and morofe : or, indeed, what cheriihes the heart of man fo ucli as wine ? What more delightfully refrefh.es >c fpirits and the mind, than tliat natural neclar, hat divine medicine, which, when wc have takeji, our griefs are pacified, our for rows abated, ar.d lothing but clieerfulnefs appears in our countc- ance. The vine is fo beneficial to this life, as to make me fuppofc, k that the happincfs of one confids in he enjoyment of the other 5 but they do not con¬ dor, tliat if wine be the cradle of life, yet it is the rave of reafon ; for if men conftantly fail in the d fca of claret, their fouls are oftentimes drown- |J in it. It blinds them, and leads them under arknefs, efpecially when it begins to draw the arkles and little ftars from their eyes. Then, the \01\y being drowned in drink, the mind floats, or He is flranded. Thus, too great love of the vine > pernicious to life ; for from it come more faults !ian grapes, and it breeds more mifehiefs than utters. Would you fee an indance of what you ad? Obfcrve a drunken man: O bead ! See how is head totters, his hams fink, his feet fail, his : ands tremble, his mouth froths, his cheeks are abby, his eyes fparkle and water, his words are nmtelligible, his tongue faulters and flops, his hroat fends forth a nafty loathfome flench. But D 2 what i “ Tunc dolor curru, rogaque frontis abeft.” Our furrows* flee, we end our grief and fears, No thoughtful wrinkle in our face appears. 0 vid dc Artc A nxr.d: b In vitc homiuis vitam efie dicercs. Of the Gods of the Heathens . what do I fay ? it is not my bufinefs now to tell truth, but fables* CHAP. IX. Sect. I. Mars. His Image . P. \ S far as I fee, we mufl tarry in this place JLX all night. M. Do not fear it: for I fiiall not fay fo much of the other Gods as I have faid of Bacchus ; and efpeciallyT hope that Mars, whofe image is next, will not keep us fo long- i J . Do you call him Mars y that is fo fierce and four in his afpedt ? Terror is every where in his. looks, as well as in his drefs : he fits in a chariot' drawn by a pair of liorfes, which are driven by 2 diftradted woman ; he is covered with armour, and brandifiies a fpear in his right hand, as though he breathed fire and death, and threatened every body with ruin and deftrudtion. M. It is Mars liimfelf, the God of %var, whom! have often fecn on liorfeback, in a formidable man¬ ner, with a whip and a fpear together. A dog was confecrated to him, for his vigilance in the purfuit of his prey; a wolf, for his rapacioufnefs and perfpi- cacity; a raven, becaufe he diligently follows armies when they march, and watches for the carcafcs oi the {lain ; and a cock, for his wakefulnefs, where-, by he prevents all furprife. But, that you may under (land every thing in that pidture, obferve, that the creatures which draw the chariot are not liorfes, but Fear and Terror. Sometimes Difcord goes before them in tatter’d garments, and Cla¬ mour and Anger go behind. Yet fome fay that Fear and Terror are fervants to Mars ; and accord¬ ingly) Of the Gods of the Heathens, 77 jngly he is 119? more 1 awful and imperious in his Commands than, they are m ready and exa£l in thei r bedience ; as we learn from the poets. P, Who is the woman that drives the chariot ? M- She is Be lionet^ the 11 goddefs of war, and the :ompanion of Mars ; or, as others fay, his lifter, r wife, or both. She prepares for him his cha- iot and horfes when he goes to fight. It is plain hat fhe is called Be Ilona from helium • She is itherwife called Due Ilona , from due Hum, or from :he Greek word \helone ], a needle , whereof s is faid to be the inventrefs. Her priells, the ellonarii, facrificed to her in their own blood : hey 0 hold in each hand naked fwords, with which [hey cut their fhoulders, and wildly run up and 'own like men mad and poHefted ; whereupon people thought that (after the facrificewas ended) •hey were able to foretell future events. Claudian introduces Bellona combing fnakes i and another D 3 poet 1 “ Fer galeam, Bellona, mihi, nexufque rotarum : “ Tcnde, Pavor, Frana ; rapidos, Formido, jugales.” My helmet let Bellona bring : Terror, my traces fit ; And, panic Fear, do thou the rapid driver fit. Claud, in Ruf. m — - < { fsevit medio in certamine Mavors, “ Coelatus ferro, triftefque ex ;ethera Dircc, “ Ft feifla gaudens vadit aifeordia palla, “ cum fanguineo fequitur Bellona flagcllo.** Mars in the middle of the filming* fliield Is grav’d, and ftrides along the liquid field. Fhe Diras come from heav’n with quick defeent : And Difcord, dy’d in blood, with garments rent. Divides the preis : Her fteps Bellona treads. Who fhakes her iron rod above their heads. n o*i* i . Virg. JEh. g. Sums, 1 . 4. Statius, Theb. I. 7. o Scdtis humeris & traque manu diftri&os gladiou exerentes, currunt, efferuntur, in- an T lu ”t* hadlantius, 1 . 1. c. I %, p Juven. Sat. 4. Lucan. 1. Eutrop. 1 1 facie*m quatiens, & flavum fanguine multo.” “ Sparfa * 7 S Of the Gods of the Heathens . poet deferibes her fhaking a burning torch, with her hair hanging loofe, ftainecl and clotted with blood, and running through the midft of the ranks of the army, and uttering horrid fhrieks and dread, ful groans. O m . Before the temple of tins Goddefs there flood a pillar called Bcllica , r over which the herald threw a fpear when he proclaimed war. Sect. II. Defcent of Mars. ARS is faid to be the foil of Jupiter and Ju- no, though, according to Ovid’s flory, he is the child of Juno only : for, fays he, Juno great¬ ly wondered how it was polliblc that her hufband Jupiter had conceived Minerva, and begot her him- fell', without the concurrence of a mother (us v.e llia -11 fee in the hiflory of jViinerva) ; as foon, however, as her amazement ceafed % flie, being defirous of per¬ forming the like, went to Oceanus to afk his ad- O 1 vice, whether flie could have a child without her hulband’s concurrence. She was tired in her jour- ney, and fat down at tire door of the goddefs Flo¬ ra 5 who, underflanding the occafion of her jour, ney, defired her to be of good heart ; for flic had in her garden a flower, which, if flie only touched with the tips of her fingers, the fmell of it would make her conceive a fon presently. So Juno v/r.5 carried into the garden, and the flower fhewn her: flie touched it, and conceived Mars, who after* wad ct u Sparfa enmam, roedias acies Beilona pererrat* Stridct Tartarea nigro Tub pedlorc Diva “ Dethifcrum murmur.Sil. lib. 5 * Her torch Bellona waving through tlie air, Sprinkles with clotted gore her flaming hair. And through both armies up and down doth flee, Whilft from her horrid breafl ’i'ifiph.one A dreadful murmur lends. r Alex, ab Alexandra, 1 . 8. c. IZ* s Honieri Hind 5. tleflod. in Theog. **» • . ► *r • s J / ♦- -'J t ‘i Of the Gods o f the Heathens - 7 O' ■ard took to wife c Merio or Nferione, (which word in the Sabine language dignifies u valour and irenpth) ; and from her die Claudian family for¬ merly derived the name of Nero . s4* SECT. III. Names of Mars . % •f>% i •i i *•>! * ■» * K • ■ 'ti * s % *i‘. % 4 , ^ , ^ * • • I' * j* :* • • ..*• J , S 4 H IS name, w Mars, fets forth the power and in¬ fluence he has in war, where he prefides over tne iojdiers : and his other name*, flavors, fliews, that all great exploits are executed and brought about through his means. O . The Greeks call him y A***;, £ArrsJ ; cither from the dcftru£bion and daughter which he caufes ; or from tiie 2 iilcnce which is kept in war, where ac¬ tions, not words, arc neccilary. But from what- fnover words tliis name is derived, it is certain that thou- famous names Hi cop a pus and Arcopagita are derived from Ares. The Areopagus, Apmrrccyo:, (that is, the hill or mountain of Mars'), was a place at Athens, in which, when Mars was accufed of mur¬ der and inceft, as though he had killed Halirothius, Neptune’s fon, and debauched his daughter Al- eippa, he was forced to defend himfelf in a trial before twelve Gods, and was acquitted by fix voices ; from which that place became a court, wherein were tried capital caufes, and the things belonging to religion. :i The Areopagit® were the. ranges, whole integrity and good credit was • fo jrcat, that no perfon could be admitted into their xcicgv, unlcfs, when he delivered in public an ac¬ count of his life pafl, lie was found in every part 13 4. thereof 1 VHe d<; la Cerda in Vir^ilii, J£,n. 1 . 3 . u Virrutcm cz robur fignificat. w Quod maribus in bc!Jo prrefic. x QmxI nu^rnu vertat. Var, dc Lang I .at. 3.* y Am rev uipt.v toller*., vd c'va.;puv, inferficere. C'ic. dc Natura. Dcor. 5. Piuirnut. z Ab “ 15l)1 b & sj cj loquor, 6 t;sv -tu ■zT'iXt'xy av kiyuiy cts.?.’ siycjv xpux. rjuod m fjyllo neceilaria non fint verba fed lucila. Suidus, i?uuilu:. bi Atnc. a. Budaius in Puudedt:. ult.de len* 8 « Of tie Gods of the Heathens . thereof blamelefs. And, that the lawyers who pleaded might not blind the eyes of the judges by their charms of eloquence, they were obliged to plead their caufes without any ornaments of fpeech; if they did other wife, they were immediately com¬ manded to be blent. And, left they jfhould be moved to compaflion by feeing the miferablc con¬ dition of the prifoners, they gave fentence in the dark, without lights, not by words, but in a paper; whence, when a man is obferved to fpeak very little or nothing at all, they ufed proverbially to fay of him, that b “ He is as blent as one of the judges in the Areopagus.” His name Gradivus comes from the ftatelinefs in c marching, or from his vigour in d brandilhing his fpear. He is called §>j/.irinus c from curis , or quiris , fig. nifying a Jpear ; from whence comes fecuris, qiuifi fe?nicuris , a piece cf a fpear *. And this name was afterwards attributed to Romulus, f becaufe he w'as efteemed the fon of Mars ; from whence the Romans were called §>uirites. E Grudinins is the name of Mars when he rages, and §>uirinus when he is quiet. And accordingly there were two temples at Rome dedicated to him ; one within the city, which was dedicated to Mars Quirinus, the keeper of the city’s peace ; the other without the city, near the gate, to Mars Gradivus, the warrior, and . the defender of the city againft all outward enemies. The ancient Latins applied to him the title of lj Salifubfiuus , or Dancer , from falio ; becaufe his temper is very inconflant and uncertain, inclining fome- b Areopagita taciturnior. Cic. ad Attic. 1. I. c A gradi- endo. d A -zffo rou Kpothxtvuv, /. e. ab haftas vibrationc. c Scrv. in vEneid. f Idem. Ibid. g Pacuv. in Nonu* b Mars belli communis eft. Cic. 1. 6 . ep. 4 . Of the Gods of the Heathens . Sr fo me times to this fide, and fometimes to that, in wars ; whence we fay, 1 that the iffue of battle is uncertain, and the chance dubious. But we mufi not think that Mars was the only God of war : fc for Bellona, Victoria, Sol, Luna, and Pluto, ufe i t0 be reckoned in the number of martial deities. [It was ufual with the Lacedemonians to fliackle Ithe feet of the image of Mars, that he fhould lot fly from them : and amongft the Romans, the jpriefts Salii were inflituted to look after the facri- iices of Mars, and go about the city dancing with itheir fhields. He was called 1 Eny alius, from Enyo , that is, | Bellona, and by fuch like names ; but it is not worth [my while to infill upon them longer. Sect. IV. Aft ions of Mars . TT is flrange that poets relate only one action of this terrible God ; and even that deferves to be concealed in darknefs, if the light of the fun lad not dilcovered it, and if a good kernel was ot contained in a bad fhell. The ftory of Mars nd Venus’s adultery, from whence Hermione, a tutelar deity, was born, was fo publicly known, that m Ovid concludes that every body knows it. Sol had no fooner difcovered it, but he immedi- tely acquainted Vulcan, Venus’s hufband, with is wife’s treachery. Vulcan hereupon made- net of iron, whofe links were fo fmall and ender that it was invifible, and fpread it over the bed of Venus, and the lovers were caught |in the net. Vulcan calls all the gods together D 5 to k Vide .Lil Gyr i Servius in iEneid. 1 Plutarch in Pelopida. m “ Fabula narrator, toto notiflima ccelo, Mulcibcris capti Marfque Venuf^ue dolis 5 ti , ») The 8 2 Of the Gods of the Heathens. to the fliew, who jeered them extremely. And, after they had long- been expofed to the jell and hifles of the company, Vulcan, at the requcil of [Neptune, unloofes their chains, and gives them their liberty : but Aledlryon, Mars’s favourite, fuf. fered the punilhment that his crime deferved ; be- came when he was appointed to watch, he fell afleep, and gave Sol an opportunity to flip into the chamber. Therefore Mars changed him into a cock 11 , which to this day is fo mindful of his old fault, that lie conftantly gives notice of the ap¬ proach of the fun by his crowing. Sect. V. fhe fgnijication of the foregoing Falk. L ET us explain this fable. Indeed, when a Venus is married to a Vulcan, that is, a very handfome woman to a very ugly man, it is a great occafion of adultery. But neither can that diilio- nefly, or any other, efcape the knowledge of the Sun of Rightcoufnefs, although they may be done in the obicurefl darktiefs. Though they be witluhe utmoft care guarded by the truflicfl pimps in the world 5 though they be committed in the private!! .retirement, and concealed with the greatefl art; they will at one time or other be expofed to botli the celeftial and infernal regions, in the brightest light; when the offender fhall be fet in the midft, bound by the chains of their confcience, by that fallen Vulcan who is the inlfrument of the terrors of the true Jupiter ; and then they fhall hear and fuller the fentence that was formerly threatened to David in this life : fhou did/} this thing fecrctly ; hut I *;will do this thing before all If rad 7 and before the fun . 2 Sam. xii. 12. But The fable’s told through heaven far and wide. How Mars and Venus were by Vulcan ty’d» n Greece A/UxT?wyy, i. c. G alius,- * V Of the Gods of the Heathens • #3 But let us return again to Mars, or rather to the fon of Mars, Tereus, who learned wickednefs from his father’s example ; for , as the proverb fays, cz bad father makes a had child. Sect. VI. fhc Story of 'Tereus the Son of Mars. r fl TEREUS was the fon of Mars, begotten of the • 1 T EREUS was tile foil of Mars, begotten of the nymph Biftonis. 0 He married Progne the. daughter of Pandion king of Athens, when lie hinifelf was king of Thrace. This Progne had a. filter called Philo uela, a virgin in inodelty and ibeauty inferior to none. She lived with her fa¬ rther at Athens. Progne, being dciirous to fee her differ, afked Tereus to fetch Philomela to her : he \ complied, and went to Athens, and brought Phi- f-lomela, with her father’s leave, to Progne. Upon “fthis occafion, Tereus falls defpcratcly in love with '.V f, ■V? 1 •5 I V. •i « / — •H } ,j Philomel a: and as they travelled together, becaufft y/hc refnfed to comply with his dclires, he over¬ powered her, and cut out her tongue, and threw her into a gaol lie returning afterwards to his [wife, pretended, with the grenteft aifurance that [Philomela died on her journey : and, that this ■ftory might appear true, he fhed many tears, and !put on mourning. But p injuries whet the wit, and defire of revenge makes people cunning : for Phi¬ lomela, though file was dumb, found out a way to tell her lifter the villainy of Tereus. The way die uncovered the injuries done to her was this : She defenbed the violence Tereus offered her as well as ilie could, in embroidery, and fends the work folded up to her filler; who no fooner viewed it, but fhe boiled with rage, and was io tranfported 13 6 wit lx. 0 Ovid. Me tarn. 6. P—-“ Grande dolor 13 “ Ingonium eft, miferifejue venu folertia rebus.” X)tfire of vengeance makes th’ invention quick,, When miferable, help with craft we leek.. 84 Of the Gods of the Heathens . with paflion, that flie could q not fpeak, her thoughts being wholly taken up in contriving how fhe fhould avenge the affront. Firfl, then, (he haftened to her filler, and brought her home with¬ out Tereus’s knowledge. Whilft they were medi¬ tating revenge, her young fon Itys came embracing his mother; but they carried him alide into the re¬ mote parts of the houfe, and flew hint while r he hung about Progne’s neck, and called her mother: when they had killed him, they cut him into pieces, and dreffed the flefh, and gave it Tereus for fupper, who s fed heartily on his own flefh and blood ; and when after fupper he fent for his fon Ttys, r Prognc told him what Ihe had done, and Philomela lliewed him his foil’s head. Tereus, incenfed with rage. 7 O' rufhed on them both with his drawn fword : but they fled away, and fear added wings to their flight j fo q “ Et f'lnirum potuifle !) filet ; dolor ora repreflit, “ Verbaque quaerenti iatis indignantia linguad “ Defuerant, ncc Acre vacat : led fafque nefafque ** Confufara ruit, posnaque in imagine tota ell.” She held her peace, ’tis ilrange : grief ftruck her mute, No language could with fuch a palfion fuit,. Nor had Ihe time to weep; right, wrong were mixt, In her fell thoughts, her foul on vengeance fixt. r “ Et Mater, mater, clamentem & colla petentem, “ Enfe ferit.” -He Mother, mother, cries ; And on her clings, whilfl by her fword he dies, s “ Vefcitur, inque fuam fua vifeera congerit alvum.’* ■ — ■ » . - -- - -* - does cat. And his own fielh and blood docs make his meat, t “ Intus habes quod pofeis, ait. Circumfpicit illc “ Atque ubi fit, quserit; quairenti, iterumque vocanti, Profiluit, Ityofque caput Philomela cruentum w Mifit in ora patris.” Thou hall, faid Ihe, within thee thy defire. He looks about, afics where. And while again He afks and calls, all bloody with the flain. Forth like a fury Philomela flew. And at his face the head of Itys threw- PJ.Ttc VJJ. Of the Gods of the Heathens. Si fo that Progne became a fwallow, and Philomela a nightingale. Fury gave wings to Tereus himfelf: he was changed into a whoopo (uppa ), which is one of the filthieft of all birds ^ and the Gods out of pity changed Itys into a pheafant. Sect. VI I. She Sacrifices of Mars . T O Mars u were facrificed, the wolf for his fiercenefs ; the horfe, for his ufsfulnefs in war ; the woodpecker and the vulture, for their rapacity; the cock for his vigilance,, which virtue foldiers ought chiefly to have ; and grafs, becaufe it grows in towns that the war leaves without an in¬ habitant, and is thought to come up the quicker in fuch places as have been moiftened with human blood. Among!! the molt ancient rites belonging to Mars, I do not know a more memorable one than the following : x Whoever had undertaken the con¬ duct of any war, hs went into the ve/try of the temple of Mars , andfirfi fie oak the an cilia {a fort of holy Jhields ), afterwards the fpear of the iniage of Mars itfelf; and find. Mars , watch . TP M. CHAP. X. Sect. I. The Celejiial Goddefs Juno. . Her Image and Defcent . OU have viewed the five celeftial Gods ; "Y now look upon the celeftial Goddefles that follow them there in order. Firft obferve Juno riding in a y golden chariot drawn by peacocks, di- n inguifhed by a feeptre which fhe holds in her hand. ft n Virgil. JEn. 9. x Qui belli allicujus fufeeperat curam, facrarium Martis ingreflus, primo ancilia conimovebat, poft hafl<* am fimulacri ipflus ; dicens, Mars, •vigila. Servius. y Ovid. Mctani. a. Apuleius, 1 . 10. 86 Of the Gods of the Heathens » hand, and wearing a crown that is fct about with rofes and lilies. She is the queen of the Gods j ancT both the z filler and wife of Jupiter. Her father was a Sa¬ turn, and her mother Ops : fhe was born in the if]and Samos, where fhe lived till flic was mar¬ ried. P. Really fhe carries a very majeflic look. How- bright, how majeflical, how beautiful is that face, how comely are all her limbs \ How well does a feeptre become thofe hands, and a crown that head! How much beauty is there in her fmiles ! How much gracefulnefs in her breafl ! Who could refill fuch charms, and not fall in love when he fees fo many graces ! Her carriage is flately, her dreis ele¬ gant and fine. She is full of majelty, and worthy of the greatefl admiration. But what pretty darn- f el is that which waits upon her, as if die were her fervant ? M. It is Iris b , the daughter of Thaumas and Ele£lria, and fider to the Harpies. She is Juno ? s meffenger, as Mercury is Jupiter’s ; though Jupi¬ ter and the other Gods, the Furies, nay, fometimes men have fent her on a medage. Becaufe of her fwiftnefs, fhe is painted with wings ; and flic rides on a rainbow, as c Ovid fays. It is her office, beddes, to unloofe the fouls of women from the chains of the body,, ao Mercury unlocfes thofe of men We have an example of this in Dido, who laid violent hands on herfelf; for when fhe was almod dead, Juno lent Iris to loofe her z .-“ Jovifque Et foror Sc conjux.”--- Virg. Ain. I. a Apohon. Argon, r. b Virg. JF.r,. %. Norm. ao. Idem. 31. Horn. Iliad. 23. c “ EfFngit, Sc remcat per quos modo vcncrat arcus.” On the fame bow flic went fhe foon returns. Ovid. Met. Of the Gods of the Heathens . 87 her foul from her body, as d Virgil largely deferibes it in the Fourth book of the -ZFneid. But herein Jris differs from Mercury; for where¬ as he is lent both from heaven and from hell, Ihe 'is lent from heaven only c . He oftentimes was em¬ ployed in meffages of peace, whence he was called the f Peacemaker: But Iris was always lent to pro¬ mote ft rife and diffenlion, as if ihe was the Goddefs of difco'rd; and therefore fome think that her t name was given her from the contention which fie perpetually creates ; though others fay ilie was called h iris, becaufe ihe delivers her melTage by fpeech, and not in writing, SfiCT. II. 'T’he Children and Difpofitioji of Juno. P. 7 HAT children had Juno by Jupiter? W M. Vulcan, Mars, and Hebe ; i although fome write that Hebe had no other parent than Juno 5 44 44 41 1C (4 4 ( 44 4 ( “ Turn Juno omnipotens Iongum miferata dolorcm, Diflicdclque obitus, Irini demifit Olympo ; Qu.'e IaiSlant*mi animum, nexofque refolverot artus, Krgo Iris croceis per ccelum rofeida pennis, Miile trahens varios adverfo lole colores, Devolat, Sc. fupra caput aftitit. Hunc ego diti Sacrum juffa fero, teque ifto corpore folvo : Sic ait, Sc. dextra crinem fecat, omuis Sc. ana DiJapfus color, atque in ventos vita receflit.” Then Juno, grieving that fhe fhould fufhun A death fo lingering, and fo full of pain. Sent Iris down to free her from the ftrife Of lab’ring nature, and difiolvo her life. Downward the various goddefs took her flight. And drew a thoufand colours from the light : Then flood about the dying lover’s head. And faid, I thus devote thee to the dead ; This offering to th* infernal gods I bear. Thus while fhe fpoke, fhu cut the fatal hair : The ftruggling foul was loos’d, and life diffolv’din air. e hlchod. in Theog. f aipiivocrojos } i. e. Pacificator. Vid, Scrv. in JEneid. 4. g"l^j quad Contentio. Servius, h r 0 £££ leu dee. Caprotinct , becaufe s on the nones of July, that is, on the 7th day, maid-fervants celebrated her fcfcUal together with feveral free women, and offered faen- fices to Juno under a wild fig tree (capr [ficus ), m memory o In Corinth. p Dorotli. 1. 2 . Met. in Corinth. r Mucrob. in Sat. Arte Amaudi, Var. de JLat. & Paui’.m. q Ptf'.ii m. 8 Plutarch &. O v r i from her fpear c called curis in the language of the old Sabines. The matrons- were under flood to be under their guardianfhip ; whence, fays u Plutarch, the fpear is facred to her; and many of her xiatues lean upon fpeai's ; and fhe herfelf is called spirit is and Cur it is. Hence fprings the cuflom, that the bride combs her hair with a fpeai* t Feilus. u la Romulu. f)2 Of the Gods of the Heathens. x fpear found flicking in the body of a gladiator, and taken out of kirn when dead ; which fpear was called hetfta ce Hour is. Cingula , y from the girdle which the bride wore when ilie was led to her marriage ; for this girdle was unloofed with: Juno’s good leave, who was thought the patronefs of marriage. Dominduca and Interduca , z from bringing home the bride to her huiband’s houfe. Egcriu y a becaufe fhe promoted, as they believed, the facility of the birth. Februalis , Februata Februa 1 or Fchrula , b beenufe they facrificed to her in the month of February, c Her feflival was celebrated on the fame day with Pan’s feafts, when the Luperci, the priefts of Pan the god of fhepherds, running naked through the city, and d ftriking the hands and bellies of breed* ing women with Juno’s cloak (that is, with the fkin of a goat), c purified them ; and they thought that this ceremony cauFed to the women fruitfulnefs and eafy labours. -All forts of purgation in any facrifices were called februn ; and the animals facri¬ ficed to Juno f were a white cow, a fvvine, and a fheep. The goofe alio, and the peacock, were fa- cred to her. Fluonta 9 s becaufe fhe aflifled women in their courfes. Hoplofmia , that is, 11 armed completely, as flie was worshipped at Elis ; and from hence Jupiter is cal¬ led Hoploff/iius, Juga, x Crinis nubentium comebatur hafta celibari, quas fcilicet in corpora gladiaroris ftetiflet abjedti occiCque. Arnob contra Gentry. y A cingulo. Mai'ian. de Nupt. z A ducenda uxorc in domum mariti. Auguft, de Civit. 7. a Quod earn partui egerendo opitulari crederent. Feftus. b Ex Sext. Pomp, c Cum EupcrcaJibus. d Ovid. Faftorum %, e Februabant, id eft purgabant. Cic. Phil. 2. f Virg. JEn. 4. Idem. 8. g Ovid. ibid. Quod, fluoribus men- ftruiij adeft, h Idl. Gyrald. Of the Gods of the Heathens . 93 j Juga, becaufe fhe is the G-oddefs of marriages, k flreet in Rome, where her altar flood, was cal- ] e d Jugcirius from thence: and anciently people nfed to enter into the yoke of marriage at that al¬ tar. She is alfo by fome called Socegena , becaufe 1 jhe aflifts in the coupling the bride and bride¬ groom. Lac'rna , from the temple of Lacinium, built and dedicated to her by m Lacinius. Lucinci , and Lucilia y either from n the grove in which fhe had a temple, or from the light of this world, into which infants are brought by her. 0 Ovid comprifes both thefe fignifications of Lucian in a diflich. Moneta y p either becaufe fhe gives wholefome counfel to thofe who confult her, or becaufe fhe was believed to be the goddefs of money. (1 Nuptial is : and when they facrificed to her un¬ der this name r , they took the caul out of the vic¬ tim, and call it behind the altar ; to fignify, that there ought to be no gall of anger between thofe who are married together. Qpigcna , becaufe fhe gives s help to women in la¬ bour. Far the nos , the virgin ; or c Parthe?iia , virginity ; and fhe was fo called, as w we are told, from hence: There was a fountain among the Argivi called Ca- nathus , i Et Grace Zvytx, a jugo et conjugo. Serv. JE n. 4. k Feftus.- 1 Quod nubentes aifociet. m Strab. 1 . 6. i-iv. I, 24. n A luco vel luce. Var. de Ling. Lat. o “ Gratia Lucina, dedit hacc tibi nomina Lucus, “ Vel quia principium tu, dea, lucishabes.” Lucina, hail, fo nam’d from thy own grove. Or from the light thou giv’ft us from above. Fajl. 1 . 3. P Vel quod reddat monita falutaria, vel quod fit Dea moneta:, id eft, pecuniae, Liv. 1 , 7. Suid. Ovid. Epiit. Parid. q Grace Vcc^nXia. x Eufeb. 3. Pr.-ep. Evang. Plut. ill Sympof. . s Opcm in partu laborantibus fert. Lil. Gyrald. t Pindar, in Hymn, Olymp, w Paufan. in Corinth. Of the Gods of the Heathens . nathus , where Juno wafhing herfelf every year, was thought to recover her virginity anew. Peifefia , that is, perfeft : For x marriage \va 5 efteemed the perfection of human life, and unmar. ried people imperfedt. Wherefore ihe did net be¬ come perfect, nor defeive that name, till ihe mar. ried Jupiter. Populonci , or Populo?iia , y hecaufe people pray to her ; or becaufe they are procreated from marriage, of which Ihe is a goddefs. And for the fame reafon ihe was called 7 Pro. fiuha : Neither indeed were any marriages lawful, unlefs Juno was hrffc called upon. Regina, queen : and this title ihe gives herfdf, a; we read in a Virgil. Sofpita h , becaufe all the women were fuppofei to be under her fafeguard; every one of which had a Juno, as every man Had his genius. Unxia was another of her names, c becaufe the polls of the door were anointed where a new- married couple lived ; whence the wife was called * Uxor . Sect. IV. The Signification of the Fahh\ Juno the Air. TF we regard Varro’s account, by Juno was lig- nified c earth, and by Jupiter the heavens. By the marriage of which two, that is, by the com¬ mixture x Jul. Pollux. 1 . 3. Apud Grxcos codem fenfu Juno vocabaiur, •rtXua,, conjugium ipfum <7i\uo; y quod vitam humanum rcto perfedtam. Vide Scholiaft. Pindar. Od. 9. Verne. y Aug. de Civit. < 5 . Macrob. Saturn. 6. 2 Seneca in Medea. a ** Aft ego, qu;e Divum incedo Regina, Jovifque lc Et foror &: conjux.*’- JEn. I. But F who walk in awful ft ate above : The majeftyof htaven, fifter and wife of Jove, b A fofpitando. Cic. Nat. Deor. c Ah unguendo. hi!. Gyrald. d Quaft unxor, ab ungendis poftibus. Of the Gods of the Heathens - 95 fixture of the influences of the heavens with the fapours of the earth, all things almoit are gene- fated. But if we believe the Stoics, by Juno is meant ie air; for that, as Tully fays, f lying between the |arth and the heavens, is confecrated by the name Juno ; and what makes this conjecture more Irobable, the Greek s names of Juno and the Hir 1 we great affinity and likenefs. Juno is called Jupiter’s wife ; becaufe the air, being naturally ‘old, is warmed by Jupiter, that is, by fire. She called Hifrza 1 ; becaufe fhe is the air herfelf, or, ules in the air : and hence arifes the flory that f uno is bound by Jupiter with golden chains, iron nvils being hung at her feet. Hereby the ancients ignified, that the air, though naturally more like ire, yet it was femetimes mingled with earth and rater, the heavieft elements. And, as I mentioned before, every woman had Juno, and every man had a genius ; which were heir tutelar or guardian angels k . CHAP. XI. Sect. I. Minerva or Pallas. Her Image. _ * . T^HIS is a threatening Coddefs, and carries nothing but terror in her afpe£l. M. It is Minerva, who derives her name, as fome :hink, 1 from the threats of her ftern and fierce look. P. But why is fhe clothed with armour rather an with womens clothes ? m What means that head- 1 Aer interjedhis inter ccelum .A£/v 73 copy, a vibranda haft a. in JEn, i. 100 Of the Cxods of the Heathens » Therefore when the Grecians befieged Troy, the; found m that it was impoffible to take the city uii. lefs the Palladium was taken out of it. This bu. finefs was left to Ulyffes and Diomedes, who u n . dertook to creep into the city through the common r e wers, and bring away this fatal image. When they had performed this, Troy was taken without any difficulty. 11 Some fay it was not lawful for any per Con to remove that Palladium, or even to look upon it. Others add, that it was made o: wood, lo that it was a wonder how it could move the eyes and fhake the fpear. Others, on the con. trary, report, that it was made of the bones ofPe. lops, and iold to the 1 rojans by the Scytiir.im. They add, that /Eneas recovered it, after it had bee: taken by the Greeks from Diomedes, and carried it with him into ° Italy, where it is laid up in the temple of Veka, as a pledge of the {lability of the Roman Empire, as it had been before a token o: the fecurity of Troy. And, laflly, otlicrs write, ilj-i there were two Palladiums, one of which Diomede took, and another /Eneas carried with him. Parthcnos , i. c. 'The Virgin, was another of mi* nerva’s names: from whence p the temple at Athens, where fhe was moil rcligioufly worflipped, was call- ♦»d Parthenon : For Minerva, like "V efla and E/im.?. was a perpetual virgin ; and fucli a lover of cki- tity, that Ihc deprived Tirefias of his fight, be caufc he faw her bathing in the fountain of Hui con : q But Tirefias’s mother, by her humble pc tions, obtained, that, fince her foil had loft the eyes of his body, the fight of his mind might be brighter and clearer, by having the gift of prophecy. y Ovid, indeed, afligns another caufe of his "blind nefs] in Ovid. Faft. 5. n Ferv. in JEn. 2. Clem, in Protrep. p Homer in Hymn, ad Vcncrem. r Idb. Metam. Ilerodian. 1 . 1. Pint, in P-'- r ~ o Dion. Hai. 1. As- q Homer. Odyfl. 1 .p IOX Of the Gods of the Heathens • c (s to wit, when Jupiter and Juno in a merry iloute made him judge ; becaufe, when he killed ihe Terpen t, he had been turned into a woman, nd after feven years, when he killed a he ferpent, ,j W as again turned into a man, he pronounced 'or 1 uniter , wherefore Juno deprived him of his \ ** * ght. There is another illuflrious inflance of the chaf- itr of Minerva ; s when Neptune had enjoyed the eautiful Medufa (wliofe hair w r as gold) in her cmple, flic changed into fnakes that hair which id tempted him; and caufed thofe that looked non her thereafter to be turned into Hones. Her name fritonia was taken from the lake c Tri- n, where fire was educated , as we may alfo learn om u Lucan, who mentions the love which Pallas cars to this lake: Or from vptrv, or rfivuv, \_friton J ; word which, in the old Boeotian and ./Eolic lan- uage, iigniiles a head; becaufe ihe was born of head. Yet before we leave the lake Tri- n, let me tell you the ceremonies that were per- rmed upon the hanks of it in honour of Minerva. A great concourfe of people out of all neighbour- g towns afiembled to fee the following perform- "ice: All the virgins came in fevcral companies, rired with clubs and Hones ; and a fign being giv- r, they afihulted each other : flic -who was fLrH died was not cileeined a virgin, and therefore her upitcrs E bodv ! h:it. Com. 1 . 7. c. l 3 . t Paufan. in Pceot, 1 . o. ^ “ Hanc et Pallas a mat, patrio quod vcrticc nata n Tcrrarum primam Lybicn (tram prc::ima ccelo eft, “ Ut prohat ipic calor) terigir, ftaguique quieta. “ Vultusvklit aqua, pofuitque in margine plautas, *' - ! ; c dclecba, Tritonida uiait, ab unda.” 1 r.:s Pi.Uas loves, born <-f the brain of love, Hrit on .Libya trod, (the lieat doth prove 1 ‘tis land next hcav’n) ; flic, landing by the lldfij. hvr face within the quiet water fpy’d, •bai gave hcrfrlf from the lov’d pool a name. 1 “ Tritonin.”-Herod, in Mein. 102 Of the Gods of the Heathens. body was difgracefully thrown into the lake j But fhe who received, the mofl and the deep eft wounds, and did‘not give over,, was carried home in triumph in a. chariot, in the midft of the acclamations and praifes of the whole company. »E zyarif, y \_Ergatif, oper aria, workwotnan, was her \ nante am on g the S ami an s, her wo v i'tippers; becaufe fhe invented ieveral arts, especially the art of fpinning, as we learn from the 2 poets: thus*' the diftalF. is aferibed to her, and Sometimes is call, e.d b Minerva r becaufe {lie was the inventrefs of it. Although Minerva fo much excelled all others in fpinning,, yet Arachne,. a young lady of Lydia, very fkilful at. fpinning, challenged her in this art, though it proved her ruin ; for the goddef* tore her work, and ftruck her forehead with a c fpokc of the wheel.. This difgrace drove W into defpair,. fo that fhe hanged: herfelf *, where, fore Pallas, out of companion, brought her agaii to life, and turned her into a fpider d , whicl continues ft ill employed in fpinning. The art cl ‘building, efpesiaily of callies, was Minerva’s ini v ention: y Ex Hcfych. Tfid.l. 10. a Ovid. Mctam. 6. Virgil. iEreid. 7, Thcocrit. Eclr.g. 34. a “ Nam ilia colo calathifquc Mincrv.ii ” Furmhicas aflVcta munus.” Ovid. jMctsn T»> Valias’ arts her bunds were never train’d, b ** Cui tolerare colo viiarn Ccmiique Minerva.*’ Vir^. £3. By th’ fpinfter’s trade (lie gets her livelihood. c - 4 ‘ Eronteni percuffet Arachne- : u Non tnlit infelis, laqueoque animofa ligavit Gutturu : pendeiHcmquc Pallas miferata levavit; Atqucy.ua, Vive quidem, pende tamcn, impioba, dixie Arachne thrice, upon the forehead iniote; "Whofe gieat heart brooks it riot : /-.bout.her throat A rope ihe ties; remorieful Pall 15 fluid Her falling weight: l.ive, wretch.: yet hang, (he laid. d -■“ lit antkpaus ex erect aranca telas.’ 5 And, j.oiv a fgidtr lurn’u, ihe ftiii fplr.s oiu Itfewn# U u • I ‘■5 Of the Gods of the Heathens, i'-p; vent!on ; and therefore flie was believed to profit 1*0 over them. She is called A In flea ; becaiife, fays Pliny, c the dr.v-*oii3 or fer peats in her (lucid, which, in Read of h'iir, e:i co nip ailed the Gorgon’s herd, rung and refounded, if the firings of an harp or cittern near tluin were touched. But it is more likely that jhc was fo ntimed, becaufe ihc invented the pipe ; uj)on which, when the played by the river fide, and fuv in tlie water how much her face was /’welled in id cl c formed by blowing it, (he was moved with indignation, and threw it afidc, faying, f “ 'idle * f.vectuefs of the mufic is too dear, if purcliafed “ with fo much lofs.” t r Glaunopis was another of her names ; becaufe ha* eyes, like the eyes of an owl, were grey or iky- coloured, that is, of a green colour mixed with white. Others think that ilie was not called lb from the colour of her eyes, but from the terror and formidubleaefs of her mien ; for which reufon, lions and dragons arc alio called Ghiucii and CufL She was allb called Pylori* , from a h Greek wordy figuifying a gate : for as the image of Mars was letup in die lbburbs, fo her cihgy or picture v/ts placed on tire city-gates, or doors of houfes ; where- Ly they fignified, that we ought to ufe our \ve:i- p.Ku aoroad to keep the enemy from entering our towns: but in the town we mull ufe die allUiaaeo f ^ A" • oi nthuiva, not of Mars ;• that is, die Rate ought: K u to 4 r .* ■d c IXiTL i cR iMulioa, tjuod Rraomc; in (jus Oo;p>»:e :id Nlus ci ti’.usitu rciou.tbant. I*.in. Nut. Hiifc. I. 34. a ti. 1 -I proem liinc, n *n oil n:ihi tibia tarn i, Wl visit vul us Palhi. in amnt l'uo-d’ -Way .ht.'t ..rt not Jo much woril., Ihc cry cl, -•’carpipj, v.-hm ihe 1 k.i i i' :h’ :i: jam . clpy cl. " ha aims ocuh.s i! <0Lu.i ; l 1 aufan. in .-\rtic. h A -.ra a ymai. -Ii-ifjiu:. in Iiu:ncnkl. ty - — « *—— • i* -x :ro j .£04 Of the Gods of the Heathens. to be governed at home by prudence, conn hi, a J aw a w SECT. IV. fhe fig n if lea i ion of the If ah Ie. Pa!f the fymhol of IVif dun and Chef ity. Y tills f!ory of Minerva, 1 the poets intended to A 3 reprefent wifdom, that is, true and fkihal .knowledge, joined wltli clifcrcet and prudent my. jiers. They hereby figniiieri alfo the underftand- .ing of the nobleft arts, and the accompli ihments of the mind 5 the virtues, and efpccially chattily, -iMor, indeed, without renfon. For, 1. Minerva is faid to be born out of Jupiter’s brain ; becaufe the wit and ingenuity of man did not invent the ufcful fcieuccs, which, for the tool of man, v/cre derived from the brain of [ u pi ter; ' * * that is, from the inexhaviftible fountain of the di. vine wifdoiT), from wlience not only the arts ml fciences, but the blcfiings of wifdom and vivt r.e alfo proceed. 2. Pallas was born armed; k becaufe a wife r.iz\\ foul, being fortified with wad cm and virtue, i-j in¬ vincible : he is prepared and armed againf: fojlir.-t: in dangers lie is intrepid, in erodes iinbobe ; n calamities impregnable. Tires J “ thousb the Ir.r c i O < * 41 of Jupiter fvveats in foul weather, yet as J-ip:ur reputation and eflcem from outward beauty and Jin cry, but from inward honour and virtue. For . vidiom joined with inodefly, though clothed with rags, fends forth a glorious (liming luftre : flic has i. ns much beauty in tattered garments as -when flic f is clothed with purple, and as much majesty wlien die fits on a dunghill as when fhe is placed on a tiirone : fhe is as beautiful and charming when joined to the infirmities and decays of old age, as v.lien fhe is united to the vigour and comclincfs of youth. 5. She invented and cxercifcd the art of fpin- ring: from hence other virgins, if they would pre- [ f.n've their chaflity, may learn never to indulge idlcnefs, hut to employ themfelves continually in | home fort of work ; after the example of n Lucre- tin, a noble Roman princefs, who was found late |'at night fpinning among her maids, working, and fitting in the middle of the room, when the young •gentlemen came thither from the king. 6. As the fpindle and the diilafF were the in¬ vention of Minerva, fo they are the arms of every virtuous woman. When fhe is furniilied with AJ r* 4 ^ ^ • ft |tiiele, me will defpife the enemy of her honour, and ^drive away Cupid from her with the greateft eafe: f for which reafon thofe inllruments were former¬ ly carried before the bride when fhe was brought holier hufband’s houfe ; and fomewhere it is acuf- om j at the funeral of women, to throw the diflaff md fpindle into the grave with them. ft !• As loon as Tirellas had feen Minerva naked, pic loft his fight : Was it for a puniihment, or for E 5 a n Livy, I. x. o Bcllof. lib, ult, c. 13 . xo6 Of the Cods of the Heathens* «- r % • :> reward ? Surely lie never faw tiling? fo aoiuei,* before; for then he became a prophet, and kne>- future tilings long before they were a'ited ; vdiidi is an excellent precept to us, That he who hy once beheld the beauty of true wifcloni ckadv. may, without repining, lore his bodily fghr, n:.J want the view of corporeal things ; lincc he be¬ holds the things that are to come, and enjoys the O ^ v f contemplation, of eternal heavenly things, wind are not visible to the eye. 8. An owl, a bird feeing in the dark, was if cred to Minerva, and painted upon her Jmaar. which is the reprefentation of a wife man, win., fcattering and difpelling the clouds of ignoranu and error, is cl car-fig a ted when others are iku blind 9. What can the Palladium mean, an image- wich gave fecurity to thofe cities in winch it v,r.« placed, unlefs that tliofe kingdoms ilovinhii and p.roiper where wifdom presides ? It.is fuppefed n have fallen down from heaven, that we may u:> derfland (what, we find.confirmed by the feripture) p That every good and perfect gift comes from aho r a and de/bends from the Fa c her of Lights . To this I. add the infer!ption which was heret fore to be feen in the temple of Minerva, written in golden letters,. among the Egyptians : q / am what u , what /hall he, what hath been ; my vrJ hath been unveiled by none :■ Fhe fruit • which l hau b 7' ought forth is this , the fun is horn . Which are words, as I think, full of myllerics,- and containing a. great deal of fenfe : Let every one interpret them according to his xniud. CHAP c* p Epift. Jac. i. 17. q Ego fum qurc funt, qrs crunt, quae fucrunt : Velum meum rcvelavit nemo. Quern .'^0 frustum peperi, Sol eft natus. Vide Eil. Oyrald. Synt. r PI. TXL Of the Gods of the Heathens. 107 G H A P. XII. o o ECT. I. Vexus. JY?/' InWV" s # T URN jour eyes iiov: to a fvcct object, _ and view that Goddefs in whofe coun¬ tenance all graces fit and play, and difeover all their charms. You fee a pleafantnefs, a mirth, a joy, in every part of her face : you fee a thonfand pretty beauties and delights fporting wantonly in }ier fnowy bofom. Obferve with what a becoming pride ihe holds up her head and views herfelf, where ihe finds nothing but joys and foft delights. She is clothed with a r purple mantle, glittering with diamonds. By her fide hand two Cupids, and round her are the three Graces, and after follows die lovely beautiful Adonis, who holds up the GoddelYs train. The chariot in which Ihe rides is made of ivory, finely carved, and beautifully painted and gilt, and is drawn by fvvans and doves, or fwallovvs, as "Venus directs, when Ihe pleafes to ride in it. P. Is that Venus the Goddefs of love, the pa- tronefs of ftrumpets, the vile promoter of impu¬ dence and lull, infamous for fo many whoredoms, rapes, and in cells ? M. Yes; that is Venus, whom, in. more honour¬ able terms, men ftile the Goddefs of the Graces^ the author of elegance , beauty , neatnefs , delight , and cheerfulnefs : But in reality Hie is, as you fay, an impudent ilrumpet, and the miflrefs and president of obfeeni ty. P . Why then is file fo beautifully painted ? Why is her drefs fo glorious? Why is not her chariot. E 6 rather* r Philoftrat. L % Imag. Ovid. Metam. ij. Ovid. 1 . 6. IIo-- ,Tst * 3. Ovid, Metam. jo. Sappho Poet* io8 Of the Gods of the Heathens . rather drawn by Twine, or dogs, or goats, than hy fv/ans or doves, the pureft and chafteU: of biro..? infernal and black fpirits are attendants more Tuiu able to her than the Graces- M. What do you fay ? Blind fooiilb men formerly to ercdt altars, and deify their vices ; dun¬ hallowed the greateft impieties with frankineer.iV, • — • / and thought to afeend into heaven by the Heps oi' their iniquities. But let us net inveigh agair.H {]<■: manners of men, but rather proceed in our flory of Venus. You will in other places fee her painted, Tome- times like a young virgin riling from the Tea, real riding i:i a Thell ; again, like a woman, holding the fhell in her hand, her head being crowned with rofes. s Sometimes her picture has a lilver Icckin^- glafs .in its hand, and on its feet are golden fa-nibs and buckles. In the pictures of the Sicyorhans jhe holds poppy in one hand, and an apple in the other. They confecrated to her the thighs of all facrifices except Twine: for Venus, though fhehcr- felf be filthy and unclean, abominates fwinc for their uncleannefs ; or rather, becaufe a boar killed Adonis her gallant. * At Elis fhe was painted treading on a tortoife ; ihewing thereby that vir¬ gins ought not to ramble abroad ; and that mar¬ ried women ought to keep lilence, love their own home, and govern their family. She wore a girdle or belt, called cefltts (from which Tome derive inceflus , incell), in which all kinds of pleafures, de¬ lights, and gratifications, were folded up. • u Some gave her arrows, and make Python, or Suada, the Goddefs of eloquence, her companion. Sect. s Philoflrat. in Imagin. Paufan. in Corinth, prrcc. connub. Sc lib. de Ifid. & Oiir. ilmir). in IVTedea. Ex Pliumitt. t Plat, in u Horn. Iliad. 14* Of the Gods of the Heathens . io 9 Sect. II. d he T)cfce?it OJ Venus. ,4 # E learn from fcveral authors, x that there \'Jf were four Venules, born of different pa- iviits ; but tliis Venus, of whom we fpeak, was the molt eminent of them, and had the beauties as v.'t'il as the blcmi flies of the other commonly aferib- ei! to her. y She fprang from the froth of the fea ; whhb froth was made when they cut orf the fecrets ofCxvlus or his fon Saturn, and threw them into the lea. z Hence file was by the Greeks called A.hrjdite ; though others think Ihe was fo named from the mn.ilnefs with which lovers abound. a As foon as (lie was born, ihe was laid, like a pearl, in a shell in dead of a cradle, and was driven by Ze- pnyrus upon the ill and Cyprus, where the Hours jy/'-rw] received her, and took her into their bo- baas ; educated, accomplifhed, and adorned her ; and when ihe came to age, carried her into heaven, and prefen ted her to the Gods^ who, being taken her beauty, all defired to marry her : but at hit ihe was betrothed to Vulcan, and' afterwards married to him. Sect. III. Names of Venus . QVE is called Venus, fays Tully, b becaufe all G things are iubject to the laws of love, or are [produced and begotten by love: or elfe, as c others lay, her name is given her becaufe fhe is eminent¬ ly beautiful; for Ihe is the Goddefs of Beauty : or, hilly, Ihe is fo called, becaufe flie d was a ft ranger or x Cic. de Nat. Deer. y Heflod. Theogon. z Ex ipuma; vcl ut alii dicunt, ’A tto you cc(ppcuvuv, infanirc. Ex Euhyid. Phurnut. a Horn. in Hymn, ad Venc- rem * b A ven ion do, quod ad omnes res veniat, vei quod p r cr.m omnia proveuiant ac progignautur. c Venus I"-' 1 venufta. Paufan. in Attic. d Venus a veniendo, adventitia, fie Gra corum dodtriua adventitia & trar.fmarina vocabatur. Cic. Offic. I I . no Of the Gods of the Heathens', r, 7 - - * or foreigner to the Romans ; for /lie was foil wr, r _ (hipped by tlic Egyptians, and from the hkyptb.;, /lie was tran(luted to the Greeks, and from tutu to the Romans. si mica *e resio.£ \JIcto:ra~\ was a name given hr by the Athenians, c becaufe (he joins lovers Uyc ther: and this Greek word is nfcd both in a good and bad iignification, fignifying both a fvcaihuut and a /trumpet. sir mat a ; bccaufe f when the Spartan very; fallied out of their towns, befieged by the i'Jeii'; nians, anti beat them, their hufbands, who we-c ignorant of it, went out to tight and me: their wives returning from the purfuit : the menbJiey. ing them enemies, made themfelves ready to iigir, but the women /hewed, both by words and cited.-, that they were their wives-; and for this rc.iij:i a temple was dedicated to Venus Arinata. Tlie Sidonians called her 5 s/fiat le, or Dea Syria, (which Goddcfs, others think, was the moon 7 and wor/liipped her in the figure of a flar. slpatin ict ; that is, h the deceiver : for neither h any tiling more deceitful than a lover, nor air thing more fraudulent than love, which flatters our eyes, and pleafes us,, like rofes in their fin eft co¬ lours, but leaves a thorn in the heart; it torments the mind, and wounds the confidence. She was called by the Remans 1 Barb at a ; bc¬ caufe, when the Roman women were fo troubled with a violent itching that all their hair fell oir, they prayed to Venus, and their hair grew again; where- c 'Era/ffl», id eft, focia, amicos Sc amicz ; jungerct Feftus ci Apol. & Hcfych. f Paufan. in Lucan &c in Attic, g Epiph. contra Haeref. Eufcb. I. de Praep. Evang. h Ab ' A.TOLTu.co i fallo. Lucian, de Dea. Syr. Strabo* 1. IL i Serv. Macrob. Suidas, & alii. Of the Gods of the Heathens. HI thereupon they made an image of Venus with a cj:nb, anci gave it a beard, that fhe might have Ml* of both foxes, and be thought to preildc orcr the generations of both. That this might be expreiied more plainly, the upper moft part of the jjnao-c reprefented a man, and the lower part of it a woman w Cy/'risj Cypria and Cyprognna 7 becaufs fhe w <15 ordupped in the bland of Cyprus. Cyt.heris and Cythercfti from tlie iiland of k Cydierea, whither ]};e was Jirfl carried in :i fea-fhell. . There was a temple at Rome dedicated to Hr as Caha ; 1 bccaufe when the Gauls polledled. that citv, ropes for the engines were made with the womens hair.. Cluriana, from m Cl no, an old word, to fghi ; bc'ttuife hrr image was fet up in the place in which the peace was concluded betwixt :hc Romans and Sabines. F.ryciria , from the mountain r ‘ Eryx in the iiland of Sicily 5 upon which firneas built a Jplcndid and famous temple to her honour, bccaufe flie was Iris mother. 0 Horace makes mention of her under this mime. p She is properly called Rideas, and Homer calls her q a lover of laughing : for fhe is faid r to have been born laughing, and from thence called the Go chiefs of mirth. Horte-njis ; becaufe fhe looks after the production f 01 k Feflus. 1 Ladlant. lib. i. Divin. Inflitut. m Vegetiusde re militari. n Plin. 1 . 15. Polyb. I, 1-, Serv. JE n. 1. o “ Sive tu mavis, Erycina ridens, “ Quam Jocus circumvolat j the?n feel: the dark . Whence the Egyptians tvor- iliipped a Venus called 2 Scoteia , a Goddefs to haul ?nired in the night ; that is, in marriage. Meretrix ; a becaufe die taught the women in Cyprus to proflitute themfelves for money. b JMigonitis ii guides her power in the manage¬ ment of love. Therefore Paris, after he had mixed embraces with Helena, dedicated the firil temple s "Virg. iTn. i. & Scrv. Hoi at! us f.cpe. t “ Orta Jalo, fufeepta lolo, patre edita Ccelo.” Heaven gave her life, the fea a cradle gave, And earth’s wide regions her with joy receive, u Plin. 35. c. 10. Alex, ab Aleq. Clitipho £cLcucippe. x Nigra & tenebrofa, a ,««.«£, j. c. niger, quod onnic axon? •pis am at tenebras. Paufan in Arcad. y Find. Od. 9. Pyrrh. ex Hefyc. 2 'Zkotuu, xcu vukh %«.v> r W\ Dea admiranda a no< 5 tu Sc tenebris. Kurip. in Hippol. a Hetft. & Scrv. b A t utyvvut } i. e, niil'ccc. Pauhxb JLacon. Of the Gods of the Heathens . ta € Venus Migonitis ; and d Virgil ufes a like ex- predion, fpeaking of the affairs of love. She is called Murcia in Livy and Pliny, quaji Myrtea : becaufe the myrtle was facred to Venus 5 and her temple upon the Aventine mountain at Rome was anciently called Marcus* P aphid, from the city Paphos in the ill and' of Cyprus, where they facrificed flowers and frank- incenfe to her. And this is mentioned by e Virgil. This image had not a human fliape : but, as f Ta¬ citus fays, “ It was from the top to the bottom of “ an orbicular figure, a little broad beneath ; the “ circumference was fmall, and fharpening towards foi mi ligno proftanc. Tertul. in Apol. i Anib^h fbrmem_coluerant lapitlem. Arnob. contra Ccntes, lib 6. k Quafi corda vertens. 1 “ Ttmjpla jubet fieri Vencri, quibus ordine faclis, “ Inde Venus verfn nominr. cordc tenet. Pith r i cmples arc rais’d to Venus; whence the name, Fr< m changing minds, of Veriicor.dia came. m- ’Ectj^^ab; quod veitat homines. Paui’ari Attic. h —•— u Patrium temcrafTe cubile.” Ovid. 4« To have defil'd her father’s bed-. Of the G oils of the Heathens. 1 I J , in U o-Iv difinal bird of the night, who, 11 confcious of her guilt, never appears in the day-time, but fecks to conceal her ihame, and cover it by dark- DL'Jf, being driven from tli£ fociety of all birds. Who does not abhor the fame fuel of My rrha, vdiich was contrived and committed by the encou¬ ragement and afillance of v'ci.us? She committed i;;ced with her own lather by the ailifrance of Gy- naras her old muTc ; but lier 13n proved her ruin ; B for lhe was turned into a tree, which always, as in were, bewails its impurity, and fends forth drops like tears. V/hy Ihould I mention the Propaetides, the chiefs of Urumpets, who denied that Venus was a (ioddefs ? They were the fir ft proftitutes ; and 9 were afterwards turned into Hones. Wiiy ibould I let before you Pygmalion,, a fla- tunry ? who, coniidering tlie great inconveniencies of marriage, had reiblvcd to live finglc ; but after¬ wards making a moll elegant and artificial image of Venus, lie fell fo much in love with his ow:i work- i) C< culprv ‘‘ Coi ipt-vicum, 3i*ccniquc fu $it ; t/ncbrifque pudorexn Cclat, iSc a ciUiClio cX|-.dlilur a i c tore.” trl.i nfdc-ns <,.f her Iha.ue, avoicis the light, A:m r.ri-. in fhrond her guilfy JicacI 1:1 night, l • •• .« • ' , <» 'I'M', •, ^ . •>/•»• • J ‘ - * i*lt ti «'*t t vv Ci.Uii 4 0 u r f U qiu.iiiji:..:n ankl.t vote res cum coiyorc fcnJTus, -at t.ar.cP, <-z kin 1 ;!; mniKiur ex avDorc giitfrc. ’I L.j: h ,'xrSc %vitl: i'h: • \> o ihc lui'K J t i 11 \e c \ ing, the have.* bitter tears, which trickle frt ni her tree. Ovid. I\Tct. IO p-“ prt» quo fuu Nun)ink' i r A “ f Yirora, cum A.rnu), \ rinui i: vulgnffe fenuitwr ; *' e quv i.i'dor ccflir, Jaiu'idfque irrfuruit mis, ‘‘ !n r';;idum j'urvo filieem dilcriniint* veiiref’ 0\id. Met. IO* d a fir/t that ever gave the mi d va*- for hirt, A' ]u* iuturion, isrg ci by Vcnu-.’ he ; i u. 'o*‘k' tluboMcn'c!, m »dedy {.fuse, k-’i'crt at length to litdw differ ire fluae. v \ - 116 Of the Gods of the Heathens . workmanfhip, that he begged of Venus to turn into a woman, and enliven the ivory. His wifhes were granted ; and he begot of this image Paphos from whom the q ifland Paphos had its name. And here it will not be abfurd briefly to relate the ftories of Pyramus and Thifbe, Atalanta and Hippomenes, Paris and Helena, three couple of moff unfortunate lovers. Pyramus and Thifbe were both inhabitants of the city of Babylon ; equal in beauty, age, condi¬ tions and fortune. They began to love each other from their cradles. Their lioufes were contigu¬ ous ; fo that their love arofe from their neighbour¬ hood, grew greater by their mutual play, and was perfected by their lingular beauty. This love in- creafed with their years; and when they were mar¬ riageable, 'they beggedtheir parents con fen t; which was refufed, becauie of fome former quarrels be¬ tween the two families. And that the children might not attempt any thing againfl their parens will, they were not permitted to fee each other cr to fpeak together. What could Pyramus do ? or how could Thifbe bear this? there was a partition- wall between both lioufes, in which wall there v.as a fmall chink, never vants. This crevice difeovered by any of the r the lovers found, and here. Their words and their fighs went through, but kiiTes could not pafs ; which, when they pare- q-“ tic quo tenet infulr. nomen.’* Oviu. Met. ic- whom the ifland does its name receive. T u Quid r.on fentit anv>r ? -I’lam primi vidiflis, am antes, “ Kt vocisfcciflis iter ; turrecuu* per illucl “ Munnure blanditiiu mini,no trat.fire folebant.** This, for fo many ages undefcryM, (What cannot love find out !) the lovers fipy’d ; By ■which their whifp’ring; voices foftly trade, .'7 ad Pafilon’s amVou'5 embattles crnvev’d Ovid. M--‘. Of the Gods of the Heathens. riy Buf: cc f they s printed on each lide of the wall, what a fatal rapture in their hearts did this fmall breach in the wall produce ! for their love was too great to be confined to fuch narrow bounds : the next night therefore they refolved to enjoy that li¬ berty abroad which they could not receive at home by efcaping into a neighbouring wood, where they agreed to meet under the fliade of a large mulber¬ ry-tree, which flood clofe to a fountain. When night came on, Thifbe deceives her keepers, and efcapes firfl, and flies into the'wood ; for love gave her wings. When flie came to the appointed place, 1 a lionefs came frefli from the {laughter of fome cattle to drink at the fountain. Thifbe was fo frightened that flie ran into a cave, and in her flight her veil fell from her head ; the lionefs, re¬ turning from the fountain, found the veil, and tore it with her jaws fmeared with the cattles blood. Afterwards came Pyramus, and fees the print of a wild beak’s foot in the gravel, and by and by finds the veil of Thifbe bloody and torn. Pie immedi¬ ately imagining that flie was killed and devoured by the beaft, prefently grew diflrafbed, and haltcn- ed to the appointed tree ; and when he could not Ibid Thifbe, lie threw liimfelf upon his fword, and died. Tliifbe in the mean time recovered from her fright, and came to the mulberry-tree ; where. when fie came near fhe fees u a man expiring. At ft rfl s 1 partique dederc Oicnla quifque fua non pervenientia contra.” i'hcir kiffes greet he fcnfelefs flones with lips that cannot meet. f -venit ecce recenti “ Creuc Iecena bourn fpumantes oblita ridlus, '■ Depofitura fitini vicini fontis in unda.” ^ hen, lo, a lionefs, with blood befmear’d, Approaching to the well-known fpring, appear’d, n-tremebunda videt pulfare cruel) turn ■Membra folum.” fa 4 Il8 Of the Gods of the Heathens » ' firffc flic was amazed, and flopped, and went ] J: i c ; : frighted. But when fhe knew v who it was, jl, c ran into the embraces of her dying lover, mim-kd her tears with his blood ; and, folding her arr.w about him, being almoil diffracted with grief, j]. e lamented the misfortune that robbed >er of h,* r lover, w called upon him to anfwer if lie could, when his Thifbe called him ; but he was ip .'{.ch¬ iefs, and, only looking up to her, expired : Ar.:l r.n-.y Thifbe was almofl dead with grief. She tore L.r cheeks, and beat her breafts, and rent her hair, and fhed a deluge of tears upon his cold face: nor fcom- ed to mourn, till Ihe perceived her veil, bloody and torn, in Py minus’s hand. She then underllood the occafion of his death : and with all her flrength l!:e draws the fword cut of the body of her lover, and ftrikes it deep into her own ; and falling accident¬ ally on him, gave him a cold kifs, end hrearlml her lad breath into his bofom. The tree was warm¬ ed with the blood of thefe unfortunate lovei s, lo that it became fenfible of their misfortune, ami mourned. Its berries, which were before while, became —in great furprife, Blood rocking-earth, and trembling limbs, Ihc fpie«. v “ Si-d pofhjuam remorata lacs cognovit, amorcs.’ But when a nearer view confirm’d her fear, '3’hat ’twas her Fyramus. lay wth’ring there, v.’ “ Pyrame, rcipondc, tua te cr.rifiima 'I hifhe c< Nominat; erhaudi, \ ulrulVpie attolle jaecntee. “ Ad n onion ’i’hiibcs, f.cuius in mortc gravatos *■' Pyranms erc:cit, vifaque recondidit ilia.” She kill’d his lips: and when ihe found them cold. No longer could from wild complaints with-hold. What Itrange mifchance, what envious defiiny. Divorces dear Pyramid from me? Thy Thifbe calls—O Py ramus reply ! Can Pyramus be deaf to Thifbe’s cry ? When Thifbo’s name the dying lover heard, liis half-clos’d eyes for one iafe look lie rear’d : Which, having inatch’d the blefling of that fight, Refign'd iliemfelves to evcrlafting night. Of the Gods of the Heathens . •became firfl red with grief, and bluflicel fox- the death of Pyramus ; when Thifbe alfo died, the b-rrics then became black and dark, as if they had put on mourning. In the next place, hear the dory of Atalanta and JJkpomencs, She was the daughter of king Schre- nC u3, or Casncus. It was doubted whether her beauty or fwiftnefs in running were greater. When jbe confultcd the oracle whether flic could marry or no, die received this anfwer, That marriage would be fatal to her. Hereupon the virgin hid kifclf in the woods, and lived in places remote from die converfation of men. But the more flie avoided them, the more eagerly they courted her. Her difdain inflamed tlieir deli res, and her pride gained their adoration. At lad, when die faw die could not othenvife deliver herfdf from the im¬ portunity of her lovers. Hie made this agreement with them : “ You court me in vain, (fays die) : *• lie who overcomes me in running diall be my huiband ; but tliey who are beaten by me fhall differ death : I’ll be the victor's pri/.e, but the “ vaiiquiihed’s punifhmcnt. If thefe terms pi cafe, “ come, go with, me into the field.” They x all agreed to thefe conditions ; they drove to outrun her, but were all beaten and put to death, accord¬ ing to the agreement; fullering the lofs of their lives for the fault of their feet. Yet the example of thefe gentlemen did not deter Hipj^omenes from un¬ dertaking the race. He entertained hopes of win¬ ding the victory ; becaufe Venus had given him [three golden apples gathered in the gardens of the defperides, and alfo told him how to ufe them. ■Hippomcnes brifkly r fet out and began the race ; M when he faw that Atalanta overtook him, he threw x “ Venit ad banc legem temeraria turba procerum.’* All Jut mad wooers take the terms propos'd. J 2 & Oj the Gods of the Heathens . threw down a golden apple : the beauty of it ei.. ticed her, fo that flic y went out of her way, f 0 j. lowed the apple, and took it up. Afterwards lie threw down another, and fi> e Hooped again to reach it; and again a third ; f 0 that while Atalanta was blined in gathering them up, Hippomenes reached the goal, and took the lady, as the prize of his vi&ory. But how inconflant is Venus ! and how bale is ingratitude ! Hippomenes being drunk with low, (rave not due thanks to Venus, but was forgetful of her kindnefs. The Goddefs refen ted it; and inflamed them with fuch flrong impatient defircs, that in their journey they dared to fatisfy their paflions in a temple ; for which facrilege they wore immediately puniihed, for they were turned into lions. Laffly, let Paris and Helena come upon the Rage. Paris was the foil of Priamus king of Troy, by Hecuba. His mother, when fhe was biglniiid, dreamed that fhe brought forth a burning torch; and afking the oracle the interpretation of it, was cnfwcrcd, That it did portend the burning of Troy, and that the fire fhoiild be kindled by that boy that fj-,c had in her womb. Therefore, as focn as the child was born, by the command of Priamus, he was expofed upon the mountain Ida, where the, ihepherds brought him up privately, and cclntuiei him, and called him Fans. When he arrived at maturity, many excellent endowments and qualities ilione in him; he gave fuch great to¬ kens of lingular prudence and equity in de*l ciding controverfics, that when a di Her cnee arofe among the Goddcfles, they referred it to his judgment to be determined. The Gcddcfi Dii- y 41 Dcclinat curfus, aurumque volubile tollit. She, greedy of the thin mg fruits, ftepsback To catch the rolling gold. Of the Gods of the HeatlDcns. iix : phcordia was the occafion of the contention ; for, jecaufe all the Gods and Goddefles, cxcejit her- ; € !f, were invited to the marriage of Peleus, fhe vns angry, and refolved to revenge the difgrace ; dien, "therefore, they all had met and fat down at able, (he came in privately, and threw down ijou the table an apple of gold, on which was this iibription, a Let the faireft take it . Hereupon rofe a quarrel among the Goddelies ; for every one lought herlelf the handfomefl. But at lad all i/» others yielded to the three fnperior Godde/Ies, B ly, to fi- s ; ris all a ry " no th u- ed m er o- ed th ch he of ie, b- e- e- X 2 * Of the Gods of t 7 oe Heathens - whereupon that fatal war between the Grecian and Trojans broke out, in which Troy, the me¬ tropolis of all Aha, was taken and miferably burnt, in the year of the world 2871. There were killed eight hundred iixty-eight tlioufand of the Greci¬ ans ; among whom Achilles, their general, loft his life, by the treachery of Paris himfelf. There were (lain fix hundred feventy-fix thoufand of the Tro¬ jans, from the beginning of the war to the betray¬ ing of the city, ("for it was thought that /Eneas and Antenor betrayed it) ; among whom Paris him¬ felf was killed by Pyrrhus or Philottetes ; and his brother Heftor b , the pillar of his country, was killed by Achilles. And when the city was taken and burnt, king Priamus, the father of Paris and He&or, at once loll all his children, Hecuba his ciueen, his kingdom, and his life. Helena, after Paris was killed, married his brother Deiphobv.s; yet fhe at laft betrayed the caftle to the Grecians, and admitted Menelaus into her chamber to kil Deiphobus ; whereby it is faid Ihe was reconcile! .to the favour of Menelaus again. But thefe thing: belong rather to hiltcry than fable, to which k us return. 4 Sect. IV. Venus's Companions, Hynieiiceus, the Cu> pids, the Graces , Adonis, T ’SHE. firfl of Venus’s companions was the G Hymeneus. He prelided over marriage, a was the proteftor of virgins- He was the fon 0 Bacchus and Venus Urania, born in Attica, wher he ufed to refeue virgins carried away by thieves and reftore them to their parents. He was of very fair complexion ; crowned with the amarac or fweet marjoram, and fometimes with rofes; .one hand he carried a torch, in the other a veil b Patna; Cojumep. Of the Gods of the Heathens. 12J flame colour, to reprefent the blufhes of a vir- in. Maids newly married offered facrifices to im, as they did alfo to the Goddefs Concordia. Cupid was the next of Venus’s companions. He icalled the God of love ; and c many different pa- =nts are afcribed to him, becaufe there were many jupids. Plato d fays he was born of Penia the ‘oddefs of poverty, and Porus the fon of Counfel id Plenty. e Hefiod relates, that he was born of haos and Terra. Sappho derives him from Ve- is and Coelum. Alcseus fays he was the fon of ite and Zephyrus. Simonides attributes him to lars and Venus; and Alcmaeon to Zep>hyrus and ora. But whatever parents Cupid had, this is ain, he always accompanies Venus, either as a n or as a fervant f . The poets fpeak of two Cupids. One of which an ingenious youth s, the fon of Venus and Ju- ter, a celeflial deity : the other an obfcene de- uchec, the fon of Nox and Erebus, (Hell and ight), a vulgar God, whofe companions are runkennefs, Sorrow, Enmity, Contention, and ch kind of plagues ; one of thefe Cupids is call- trosy and the other A?iteros . Both of them are vs, and naked, and winged, and blind, and arm- with a bow and arrows, and a torch. h They ve two darts, of different natures; a golden r h which procures love, and a leaden dart, iich caufes hatred. 1 Anteros is alfo the God io revenges flighted love. Although this be the youngefl of all the Gods heaven, yet his power is fo great, that he is eemed the Itrongeft of them ; for he fubdues F 2 them Philoftrat. in Icon. Yj de Nat. Com. & Lil. Gyrald. Plato in Phredro. in ^ iCocr ' 10 Idyll, d Plato in Sympof. f Cic. de Nat. Deor« h Pint, apud Stobream. Pauian. in Bceot. Plut. in 1 24 Qf the Gods oj the Heathens* them all. Without his afliftance his mother V*> nus is weak, and can do nothing, as flic herklfi confeflcs in Virgil. P. But why is Cupid naked? M\ He is naked, becaufe the lover lias notli::n of Ids own, but deprives himfelf of ail that A for his millrefs’s fake : he can neither cover nor conceal any thing from her : of which Sampihji j } a witnefs : for he difeovered to Ids beloved mi it rtfs even the lecret on which his fafety depended ; and here his underflanding was blinded before his eyes, Another fays, that Cupid is naked, } becaufc lov¬ ers delight to be lo. | Cupid is a boy ; hecaufe lie is void of judgment. His chariot is drawn hy lions ; for the rage and fiercenefs of no creature is greater than the extra. He is blind becaufe a lover does not fee the faults of his bckv-l ed object, nor confider in bis mind the rnikhiel proceeding from that paflion. He is winged, be-l caufe nothing flies fwifter than love : it is \vf] known, that lie who loves to-day may hate to-mor¬ row i the fpace of one day often fees love ;.n averiion in their turns, reigning in the fame per- fon : nay, Amnon, king David’s fon, both 3 cu and hated the fame woman in a Ihor.ter fpace o. time k . Laitly, he is armed with arrows , bctaule he Hr ikes afar oil'. vagancc and madnefs of violent love. i tc Nate, mere vires, mca magna potentia, foIu £ .” iTiicid^ Thou art my ftrength, O fon ! and jpovv’r alone. • 1 “ Qu- re nuda Venus, nudi pinguntur am ores ? “ Nuda quibus placeat, nudos dimittat oportet.” v.'hy’s Venus naked, and the loves are fo \ Thole that love nakednefs fliould naked go, a 2 Sam. xiii. * Of thi Gods of the Heathens . 3 2'j * The Graces, called 1 Charites , were three fiflers y iie daughters of Jupiter and Eurynome, or Euno- Wi ss Orpheus fays ; or, as others rather fay, the laughters of Bacchus- and Venus. The ill'll ■was D tjloi jn ftghd'*', from her cheerfulnefs, her beauty her worth ; becaufe kindnefs ought to be per¬ formed freely and generoihly. The fecond, n dhc~ h, from her perpetual verdure \ becaufe kindnefs slight never to die, but to remain frefh always in :he receiver’s memory. The third, ° Kuphrofyne , from her cheerfulnefs ; becaufe we ought to be free ind cheerful, as well in doing as in receiving a indnefs. Thefc fillers were painted naked (or in tranfpa- ent and loofe garments), young and merry, and 1 virgins, with hands joined. One was turned om the beholder, as if ihe was going from him ; ie other two turned their faces as if they were ming to him: whereby we underdand, that, when ie kindnefs is done, thanks are twice clue ; once hen received, and again when it is repaid. The races are naked ; becaufe kindnefles ought to be ne in fincerity and candour, and without difguifo. iiey are young, becaufe the memory of kind- lies received ought never to grow old. They are ig>ns, becaufe kindnefles ought to be pure, with- it expectation of requital 5 or, becaufe we ought ver to give or receive a bale or iminodcft kind- lS * i heir hands are joined, becaufe p one good rri requires another : there ought to be a perpe- d intercourfe of kindnefs and afliftance amoBit ends. F 3- Adonis rn Ayl-at-' ■i-cfii-.i: a'ra x^-gets, i. e. a gaudio. •ft, Jjilcnoor, honeftas, vcl dignitas. n ( 11 am ' ,;it Mu fa: Eonun), id eft, Viriditas Sc Concinnira®, a Vl,eo * > o id efr, JL.'Utitia Sc Urbanitas, !< ; 0{1 * in Theogon. p Xapt; ;s«piv rufiu. i. e. Gratis ltiani pant, m Adas:. 4 126 Of the Gods of the Heathens. Adonis was the fon of Gynaras king of Gyp and Myrrha. As he was very handfome, Vena took great delight in him, and loved his company When he hunted, a boar goared his groin v tufks, and killed him. Venus bewailed his ckf with much forrow and concern ; and changed hi blood, which was fhed on the ground, into tli flower anemone, which ever lince has retained tl: colour of blood* And while die ran to nihil bin being led by his dying voice, file pricked her ico with a thorn ; and the blood which came fro thence fell on the rofe, which before was whit being hereby made red. Some add another pleafant conceit. They faj that when Venus and Proferpina contended befo Jupiter which fhould have Adonis, Jupiter refe red them to Calliope, whom he appointed to judg4 : of their quarrel. Calliope gave this fcutcnc That Adonis fhould ferve Venus every year' months, and wait upon Proferpina the other The or.caning of which fable is this : Venus is t earth, and her Adonis is the fun. She reigns wi him fix months, attired with beauteous flowe and enriched with fruit and corn ; the other months the fun leaves us, and goes as it were live with Proferpina. Laflly, from Adonis comes the proverb, q M\ siis's gardens ; by which are fignifled all thofe thin that are line and gay, but ufelefs and.trifling. Sect. VI. *l'he Explasiation of the Fable. Hmorovfnefs of He?ius. HPldE, Graces, Cupid, and Adonis, are Venn companions, whereby is deferibed tnat u n e vernable appetite and inclination which is in $ towards obfeene pleafures. • W' o Adoaidis Marti, in Adag» Of the Gods of the Heathens, 12'/ i. She is called the Goddefs of beauty and Cornell f - ficfi ;; becaufe beauty Is the great eft fomenter of impure defires. She, fitting on a frail corporeal throne, fubdues the foul. She by her flattery and enticement fleals from the affections, and drives away virtue, and bafely enflaves the whole man. The Cythereans worfliipped Venus armed. Beau¬ ty needs no weapons : file who poffeffes that is fuf- ficiently armed. Anacreon ingenioufly tells us, that Nature gave women beauty, that they might ufe it inflead of fpears and fhields, and conquer with greater fpeed and force than either iron or fire can. Helena, Phryne, and innumerable others, are witnefTes of this truth. One lady, when flie was bound to the flake to be floned, with the light¬ ning of her eyes difarxned her executioners : ano¬ ther, when her crime was proved, and though fhe had often offended before, when fhe tore her gar¬ ments, and opened her breafl, fhe flopped the judge’s mouth; and when her beauty pleaded her caufe, • every body acquitted her. • 2. Beauteous Venus rides in a chariot, as it were to triumph over her fubdued enemies, whom love, rather than force, has conquered. She has her arnbuilies, but they are compofed of pleafure and enjoyment : fhe fkirmifhes with delights, and not with fire and bullets. The wounds fhe gives are bloodlefs and gentle : fhe ufes no other flames than what flie kindles with her eyes, and draws the ar¬ rows which fhe fhoots from no other quiver. And it fhe fights thus,, it is no wonder that fhe makes - the enemy fly to her rather than from her. 3. She wears a crown, becaufe fhe is always vic¬ torious. Beauty never wants fuccefs j becaufe flie fights at leifure,. conquers in time of peace, and triumphs with her eyes. Thunder is contained even in her filence, and lightning in her look. . e ** e * zes the breafl, florms the mind, and takes it captive with one affault,. nay, wifh one look. E 4, Beauty 1*28 Of the Gods of the Heathens • Beauty fpeaks without a voice, forces us wither,? violence, ties us down without fetters* a nd chujnii ns without witchcraft; and in her to fee is ro o«cr. come, and to be icon is to triumph. Augufh:ingiiitque malis.” She by her huiband. Tons, and daughters, fits Aehildlefs widow, waxen Itiif with woes. * 3 * Of the Gods of the TTeatJoens, length fhe was turned into marble, which, becaufe of this misfortune, fheds many tears to this duv. The rallies of the country of Lycia, in Alia, alfo experience the anger of Latona with their ruin; for when flie wandered in the fields very big with twins, the heat of the weather, and the toil of hr journey, brought fuch a drought upon her, that flic altnoft fainted with thirfl. At lafl, difcoverir.g a for in g in the bottom of the valley, file ran to it with great joy, and fell on her c knees to drink the cool waters ; but the neighbouring clowns hinder¬ ed her, and bid her depart. She earneftly begged leave, and they as furlily denied it : fhe did not defire, d fhe faid, to muddy the flreams by wafh- h gelidos potura liquored.” To quench her thirft with the refrefhing ftream. ci “ Quid prohihetis aquas? ulus communis aquarum eft. It (C In on ego ni llros Quus tamcn ut detis, fupplex pefo. Abluere hie artus, lafiaraque membra parabani : Sed relcvare fitim. Caret os liumore loquentis. “ Et fauces arent, vixque eft; via vocis in illis. Hauftus aqua; miiii neeftar erit, vitanique fatebor Acccpifte - --- Quern non blanda Dose potuiffent verba movere ? Hi tamcn orantem perftant prohibere ; minaf'que, I^i procul abfeedat, conviciuque infuper addunt. Nec fat is eft ; ipfos etiam pedibufque manuque Turbavere lacus, imoque e gurgite mollem Hue illuc limum iaku movere maligno.** Whv hinder you, faid fhe. &< K Ci Ci Ci ci fti ci The ufe of water, that to all is free ? The fun, aii-, water, nature did not frame Peculiar : a public gift I claim ; Yet humbly I entreat it not to drench My weary limbs, but killing thirft to quench. My tongue wants moifture, and my jaws are dry 5 Scarce is there way for fpeech. For drink 1 die. Water to me were neiflar. If I live, *Tis by your favour. . With whom would not fuch gentle words prevail l But they, perlifting to prohibit, rail 5 m PI. X. era ■s cr j _ 4 i -I « E 3 F 5 Q t?4r»ra *T* *,« ►- ara r^4i if- - ; BQ 03 I sraosac: ccara C?» P»- 9 C 3 .insca^i t^CsiOto, mi /3CJ. »2*>: «i. «>^i fTZAtm ►. IfCSIi rraca#i 3C ^' --//. * ^ p > k\3< 'Iff - /I vi! ,l «rr- ME 'III V, L/ 4 . pG»t kd*t WWOll Von ISS Q» 1*1«« 'i%r r r *•; rj i.-V tv . fe»x> ♦ T»i v S..JT 'ft n« II >1 f. * 1 1 !? * |J iiu *? • /. ! •. • i* * * pHUll.h*. 'S, ■**,••.*.•• T= ' -Vafr-A-* ! ! 1 : i. -.V=V -—'K MV. 7 •; K.*.v if*? &* % 4 v <• • '7; t '/. //• K'x’ - .'Sv - •] It J's s3§i. ’r*.V ;VV I.v I • *.•• r • f ••// 'SsF?5i* nok m -. * i >; » its ir- *jm u - -- — - •»n * a- » i r- tr r_* _ . >=a rrara* '> »: rz 4 ITTJ .- n< *'» rra ..34 r "* C** ^124^ ix tx* a •: a^i»ijpai^rar 3 fa*r*r 5 ra u . ••. ... Ola ^ rti 1*^ r-.-3 ^_-.. '■ Mk — ► ^'* J wi.=*rai.-.urim.nrr»n^r»j k a«,« i.if. « 3 iSU r» ^ HJ rja nt 13 « ^ K* KUwa^'ii •'W r«f“ 4 » 3 < *=■ .44 ncrirTJ rw F 3 * rr» ■ -«< •-• *ra rr< ra IT 3 K 33 fr=i * 22 . * 2 * ► 3 - -t* k- 3 i. 2 -w 1 fi i^i* ■ —4 r?3 ix 1^1 «• «• » **>^1 • *?4 »ctj »^4 ^j «i j—« !? 4 CS* 7 * l^fVJ »TM.T- rriK-j • t.. . •*.-., ~** .T* Cat* n *4 k >4 rui>^i'm v kWl ^ 131 ^ <3 r -3 r~j rra r=a c * ~~ a ^ r^*. ij r^ t^i 1 ►’•nr-jni k3».*»w ^ 1 jtTjil 7 * r ^ *'•* rv *?l»? *”« .**4 i'*»— 1 »t. ,r< •; ^ ^ • —J «-» »^1 ».-. , r ^ ! * r **^ * ^ --^ .Bi* rr—. #Tn IX "J-*”i»"• »x_* • ^1 —1 • —. *■*•«., * ”* * '■•• 'I »**» * '•* ■ •‘V X * ^ " rra ^ • t -4 rv iju ira 3 !*• t~Xj r^t '■*«*»» 3 r># #—4 rN»; ■• ■*» X • -*• • » !*4 •’ c»r4rrj»^«rs j» aiZ** 2 ;>:*r v »^* j.-. c-.c^^r-^tx,,r ( r-. r-.» r=j ,^s ri..- J r-4.'fi tJ 124 * iTJ r—~ ^*4 «N CT4*3» • -*- 12 / »^J » T, k i-i xj, rr. r —• »—^ ■ '« '-J r—^ I - *. ;—j r-j ■ Xm UK Ltl r3 citj( 3< v--u -? j »ais. *»/5a rrj*4*k cr^ it; .—«• .^4 13 c*«*air V—■ > ?3 R3l J T4 - ! % 4 » Pj »TJ | » r# ► Z# • p ^ 4 1 _ i . m4 > .4 • :*m • ^ 1 ^ v P>4 f—J ^^3 r2^ /#i ^ ^ ► 3# I cr^i 1^4 l ^ 9 Jj ■ Z ^ P .«# 9 • j# » _* 4 • - ^ » # ^ 4 ^4 1 ;*j » ^4 9 -"L^ ■ 1 ^4 #T9 d ^iTJrr#iij$T ^24 ^^UC 3 t 2 tt r .23 l*vfra v^> rjy *_ 2 ^.r< , r *^;o i~r. r<»Ti -'zj rr. rx* i-Xj ir*»z. m iz. rzj #« *z> »r*r?Qu C“ 1 *• *^*—4^ 1 " *3*2. f- 2 . i"*- ►'•-»'« •-.»:*» .'j »r. w c«»■'* r^ w-*.* —. xj »Vi »~i >^ . -,»-«*^-)na ‘ ' -'• -< » '•• •—>•'. —« —' > . ^ t n » A.X. »’■»'* 4 r. j n^i r^j r^r "•*-#TJ FTJri 3h*»f3j i^cart t.' kTJ * - J •“* 7 *^ >X XJ t r-, . « I '•J . "*J . -^j » 7 . . • ■ 7 . ITj »"^r 7 < k 4 »—• «— « »^-* * , *«s.« ».•.►'•<>-”.« '* ».*- - — •’■*'■ - -- >,‘««xa -- f —J *r- »-'•► —■ * -*• ■ \». .~* **0 • 23t w *U3 4 ** »~i I'll.*- r-l d » -~ ’ . ■ irtinsi *T» Of the Gods of the Heathens.. I 3 3 ing herfelf in them, but only to quench her thirft, now Ihe was almoft choaked with drought. They regarded not her entreaties, but with many threats endeavoured to drive her away; and, led: fhe fhould drink, they leaped into the water, and mudded the ftream. This great inhumanity moved the indig¬ nation of Latona : who, not able to bear fuch bar¬ barous treatment, curfed them, and faid to them, c May ye ahvays live in this water. Immediately they were turned into frogs, and leaped into the ' muddy waters, where they ever after lived. CHAP. XIV. Aurora. % M. Tl THO do you think that flately F Goddefs y V is > that is drawn in a chariot of gold by white horfes ? P. Is it not Aurora, the daughter of Terra and Titan, the filler of the Sun and the Moon, and the mother of the Stars and the Winds ? I fancy fo ; becaufe her countenance fhines like gold, and her fingers are red like rofes ; and 5 Homer defcribes Aurora after that manner. M. Your obfervation is very right; it is, as you fay, Aurora, whom the h Greeks call by another name : The place with threats command her to forfake ; Then with their hands and feet diflurb the lake ; And, leaping with malicious motions, move The troubled mud; which, rifing, floats above 5 ! c “ Eternura ftagno, dixit, vivatis in iftb ; “ Eveniunt optata Dese.’* Still, faid fhe, may ye in this water dwell; And, as the Goddefs wilh’d, it happ’d. f Virg. .ZEneid. 6, Theocr* in Hyla. Apollon. 1 . 1. g Hymn, in Vener. h Greece dicitur Ueog undb £ous and Heous : Latinis nominatur Aurora, quafi Aurea. Efl: enim ut inquit Orpheus in Hymnis, ’AOfitf T traves, itl eft. Nuncia. *34 Of the Gods of the Heathen /. - : you have named her parents right; vet 5 Tome fay, that £he was the daughter of Hyperion and Thia, or elfe Pallas, from whom the poets alfo called her PaUasitias. > j P, Does liiflory relate nothing done hy her ? M Yes ; k hie by force carried two beautiful young men, Cephalus and Tithonus, into heaven, Cephalas married Procris, the daughter of the king of Athens. When Aurora could by no per. fuaiion move him to violate his marriage-vow, ih e carried him into heaven; but even there file could not lliake his conftancy: therefore file fent him again to his v/ife Procris, difguifed in the habit of a merchant; who, being defirous to try her fidelity to her abfent hufband, tempted her, witli much courtfhip and many prefents, to yield to bis clefires; and when flic almoft confcnted, he cad off his dif- guife, and chid his wife for her inconftancy. She was greatly afhamed, and hid herfelf ; in the woods; but afterwards-was reconciled to her hufband, and gave him an arrow, which never miffed the mark, which flic had received from Minoc. When Co phalus had tliis arrow, he fpent his whole time in hunting and purfuing wild heads. 1 Procris fuf- pecting that her hufband loved Tome nymphs, went before and lay in a bnfh, to diicover the truth; but when fhe moved carelefsly in thehufh, her lmibaud heard the ruffling, - and thinking that fome wild be all was there, drew his bow, ancLfhot his wife with his unerring arrow. Tithonus was the fon of Lacmedon, and-brother of Priamus : ra Aurora, for his lingular beauty, car¬ ried him up to heaven, and married him ; and in- fiead of a portion, obtained from the Fates immor¬ tality for him ; and fhe had Memnon by him ; hut fhe forgot to afk * the Fates to grant him perpetual youth; i Hofiod* in Theogon. k Ovid. Metam. 7 . Paufan. in .Lacoa* 1 Ovid. Metam*-7* • ja Hoxatius, Heathen. **r- jouth; fo that he became fo old and decrepid, that ? like an infant, lie was rocked to deep in a cradle* Hereupon he grew weary of life ; and wifhing for death, a/ked Aurora to grant him power to die. She faid that it was not in her power to grant it ; but that fhe would do what Ike could ; n and there¬ fore turned her hufhand into a gralbopper, which they fay moults when it is old, and grows young again. - P. And what became of Memaon ? M. Memnon went to Troy, to affift king Priam; where, in a duel with AchiNes, he was killed; ° and in the place where he fell, a fountain arofe, which every year,. on the fame day in which hb died, fends forth blood inftead of water. But as his body lay upon the funeral-pile to be burnt* it was changed into a bird by his mother Aurora’s interceffion; and many other birds of the fame kind dew out of the pile with him, which, from hi name, were called Aves Menmonue ; thefe dividing them delves into two troops, and furioufly fighting with their beaks and claws, with their own blood ' appended the ghoft of Memnon, from whom they iprung. J There was a flatue of this Memnon made of ‘ black marble, and fet up in the temple of Serapis at Thebes, in Egypt, of which p they relate an in¬ credible ftory: for it is .faid, that the mouth of this, flatue, when firft touched by the rays of the rifin°\ fun, font forth a fweet and -harmonious found, as though it rejoiced when its mother Aurora came but at the fetting of the Sun, it fent forth a low melancholy tone, as though it lamented its mo. tber’s departure. And thus I have told you, Palceophilus, all things which s in Pi^ V r d ’ 9 * o Ovid. Metam. 13. ® PWofopb. raises, Chil. 6 . p JLucian* 1 3 6 Of the Gods of the Heathens . which a I thouglit ufeful concerning the cek-fthj Gods and GoddelTes. P. How much am I indebted to you for tin? my xnofi kind friend ? But what now? Are you going away ? Will you not keep your word ? Dij you not promife to explain all the images in the fabulous Pantheon ? M. Never trouble yourfelf; what I undertake I will furely perform. But would you have us flay here all day without our dinner ? Let us dine, and we will foon return again to our buiinefs. Come, you flin.ll dine with me in my houfe. P. Lxcufe me. Sir ; I will not give you that trouble, I had rather dine at my o wn inn. M. What do you talk of trouble ? I know no perfon whofe company is more obliging and grate¬ ful. Let us go, 1 fay : you are not your o*f. xnaltcr to-day. Obey then. Pv 1 do lo ;—I wait upon you. PART I Date X\ Ql % rntj ^csaonsa • • - • • # • iCfj 7/ /£:~- JsSi * ii'^jjin:-' ■"" /*s .« f <;*-/: .V >//.*« ■i/v:- -WPV- *• > '•» ' •, -*. . ■ s' ••. - . ; : v-:. -V'»w . J .- V~*S.W } r Jr=?v. ■ I .... i'.’i .v> w r»lf« f-V to v>- ii" r- : V—* % # v. ■k • ^r-^7 _ t ' 7. r * . -/ : r * "*? * •' •-.... ••.* v.-.V.•%•■. ••■ ' '* vv';: :.v.* • •■• W at-V;. . . ' k”- j .1; - T :-.r- ,;i_ r3»«»-zr y/^-+r v ■*vc _• • • * '- ■ ^ : *• - —• — r_ £ •>$:> ,*V • V r *- sv. ; “• ’.'jo a .cxao; Bert r -jft sacsjEsr**? //// r-n 12a h* i :« <21b£iK2lCI^ .i^iao^kaoir.. .^«t=afr-=5L5SG ?«aa«.< - F- - I a ‘=J<3 A b2< lidO' ra r3 »a p * zu »zj ^ >--3i »ai frC&a *ia ra i3>- - --a ►:=* *--=a a «a Fza&siacaa * =a ’~^* ► 2-<* *:r** *aa k?v *ra k=j &‘ ’* «-3 ► "zr^fc^r# *3rj »^s rrJ ac«r»ZicrJk3P>^’ 3 »_=■ ;*r«i .^i acfl cr 3»^**2 PART II. Of the Terrestrial Deities. CHAP. I. !ect. I. Saturn. His Image , Family, and Ac¬ tions. \ Ik TOW certainly, fince we have dined fo well, you will fpeak and I fiiall mind :tter. Come on : Whereabouts will you have me 10k? M . Look at the wall on the right : upon that all, which is the fecond part of the Pantheon, as dl as of our difcourfe, .you fee the Ter reft rial eit.ies divided into two forts ; for fame of them habit both the cities and the fields indifferently, md are called in general a the terrejlrial Gods ; >ut the others live only in the countries and the r oods, and are properly called b the Gods of the mdsm We will begin with the firft* Of the terrejlrial Gods (which are fo called be- •aufe their habitation is in the earth), the moll ce¬ lebrated are Saturn, • Janus, Vulcan, .iEclus, and domus. The terreftrial Goddefles are Vefta, Cy- iele, Ceres, the Mufes, and Themis; they are equal number to the celeftial Gods and Goddeftes. We f Tcrreflrcs urbes & campos promifcuc incolunt. ■ h:i autem fylveftres rure tantum, et in fylvis dcgunt. *38 Of the Gods Jo the Heathens. whofi We will begin with the eldeft, Saturn, image you fee there.- P . Is that decrepid wrinkled old man c Saturn with a long beard and a hoary head ? His lb oulder* are bowed like an arch, and his jaws are hollow and thin 5 his eyes are full of corruption, and his cheeks funk, his nofe flat, his forehead full of fur. rows, his chin turning up, his lips black and blue, his little ears flagging, and his hands crooked; 1 his right hand holds a rufly fey the, and his left hand a child which he is about to devour. M. It is indeed Saturn, the fon of Terra (0: Vefta) and Coelum, c Ccelus, or Ccelius, f whowi the fon of idither and Dies, and the oldeft 0] all the Gods.. This Coelum (according to theflorj’ married his own daughter Vefla, and begat manj children of her, the mofl eminent of which m\ Saturn, whofe brothers were the Cyclops, C'cc: nus, Titan, s the hundr6d-handed giants, and di, vers others ; his lifters were Ceres, Tethys, andO] or Rhea (whom he afterwards married). Thef’fi ters perfuaded their mother Vefla to exclude Tit or Titanus the eldefl fon, and to appoint Saturn hai| of his father’s kingdom. When Titan faw thefts refolution of his mother and lifters, he would no ftrive againft the ftream, .but voluntarily quitte. his right, and transferred it upon Saturn, unde condition that he fhould not bring up any mal children, that fo, after Saturn’s death, the king dom might return to the children of Titan. P. Did Saturn accept that condition ?• ikT. He not only accepted, but fmcerely kepti whilft he could 5 but at laft his deligu was prevent ed : for when his wife Ops perceived that her hm hand devoured all her male children,. when i broil*! c VIrg. JEncid. 7 . e Grace dicitur a^tx.vo;. Placid. in Thebaid. 1. 6 d Martian, apnd I/dlium. G yr; f Nonn. lib. 21, Diouyf U g- Centimani, Qj the Gods qf the Heathens, s 59 brought forth the twins Jupiter and Juno, ihe fent only Juno to him, but fent Jupiter to be nurfed in mount Ida, by the priefteffes of Cybele, who were called Curetes , or Coryha?itcs, It was their cuftom to beat drums and cymbals while the facrilices were oflered up \ and the noife of them hindred Saturn from hearing the cries of Jupiter. By the fame trick ihe alfo faved Neptune and Pluto from her devouring hufband. P, Was this artifice ever difeovered to Saturn ? M, Yes ; and he demanded the boy of Ops ; but Ops wrapped up a ftone in fwaddling-cloaths, and delivered that to her hufband,. to be devoured in- ftcad of Jupiter ; and Saturn fw alio wed it down in a moment. P. What did Titan do when he faw himfelf cheated, and the agreement broken ? M, To revenge the injury done to him. he raif- ed forces and brought them againfl Saturn ; and making both him and Rhea prisoners, he. bound them, and fhut them up together in h hell, where they lay, till Jupiter a few years after overcame the Titans, and fet his father and mother.again at liberty „ P. I fuppofe that Saturn remembered this kind- nefs, and favoured Jupiter afterwards. M On the contrary, he flrove to take away his life; i becaufe he heard by an oracle that he fbould be driven out of- his kingdom by a fon, as in reali¬ ty he was afterwards : for Jupiter depofed him from the throne, and expelled him. from the kingdom, becaufe he had confpired to take away his life. k Eelides this, when he found Saturn, almoft drunk, with mead, he bound him and gelt him, as Saturn had gelt his father Coelum before with, his fickle. P. And' h In Tartaro. i -Enn, in Euemero.* -heb. 8 , Claud, .fie raptu Proferpinx... 140 Of the Gods of the Heathens. P - And whither did Saturn go after he had loft his kingdom ? M. Into Italy, 1 II which was anciently called -SYu turaia from him. He lived there with King T-_ O nas ; and that part of Italy in which he lay hhf, was afterwards called Latium, and the people Ir- tin}, as m Ovid obferves. King Janus made Saturn partner of his kingdom : upon which n Saturn re¬ duced the wild people (who wandered up and down before like beads ) to civil fociety, and joined them to each other, as it were, in chains of brafs, that is, by the brafs money which he invented : and therefore on one fide of the money was damped iliip, 0 bccaufe Saturn came thither in a Iliip; and on the other fide was /lamped a Janus Bifrons. But although tlic money was brafs, p }'et this was the golden age in which Saturn lived, when (as q the poets, who magnify the happinefs of that age, would per/uade us) the earth, without the labour of ploughing and fowing, brought forth its fruits, and all things were common to all ; there were no differences nor contentions among any, for every thing happened according to every body’s mind, r Virgil hath given an elegant defeription of this happy n 1- I V,‘rr. JEn. T. Cyprian, de Idolorum Vanitate. m “ lade efiu genti 111 an At Saturnia 11 omen ; II Dicla ftu’t l.atium terra, latente Deo.” Fail. 1 . 1 . 'Fhc name Salurnia thence this laud did bear. And Lutiatn too, becanfe he Iheltcr’d here. T) Diodor. Eibliorh. 1 . 5. o “ At bona poftcritas puppim dgnavit in sere, from v thence; ts name V ulcan, and gave the Titans when Are taught them to mow. But l * - though others affirm, that this city had it x from tliat fickle which Ceres had from ' C( a Compofuit, lcgefque dedit. I.atiumquc vocari A-laluit, his quoniam latuijfTct tutus in oris : “ Aureaque, ut perhibent, illo fub rege fuere “ S.-ucula, fie placido populos in pace regebur.** Then Saturn came, who lied the pow’rs of Jove, Hohb’d of his realms and banifh’d from above : The nan difpers’d on hills to tov.n he brought, 'Ihe law r s ordain’d, and civil cufloms taught; And I .all ut;i call’d the land, where laft he lay From hip undutcous fon, and Ills ufurping fway ; With his mild empire peace and pier ty came ; And hence the gulden times deriv’d their name. 5 Signabat nullo limitc feflbr ht>nu’.m.” The clclver made nor bound, nor balk. t “ Nec fignare quidem aut partiri limitc campum “ Fas cm.’* V No fences parted fields, no marks, nor bounds, Diftinguiih’d acres of litigious grounds.’* v Saturuus didtus eft a. Salu y ficut a Petin Portunus, & a JVebtu N'.ptuiius. Feftus, Servius in AEneid. 7. Lipf. Saturnal. 3 . J * a J* GrsecS dkitar Agerntw, Apoiloda. 4. Argon. Amor. I. Georg. 1. 8 f 242 Of the Gods of the Heathens. But others fay, the town had its name becaufe fi was crooked and hollow like a fekle. Indeed, Si¬ cily is fo fruitful in corn and paflure, that the poets jufUy imagined that the fickle was kept there. 2. Again, Saturnus is derived from that y fulnefs which is the efFedf of his bounty when he fills the bellies of the people with provifions ; as his wife was called Ops , z becaufe Jhe helps the hungry. 0 . thers affirm that he is called Saturn , a becaufe he is fatisfed with the years that he devours ; for Sa¬ turn and time are the fame. 3. Laftly, others think that this name is given him, becaufe he is b the for?ner of the 7 nind ; be- caufe he creates fenfe and underllanding in the minds of men, and perfects them with precepts and prudence. Sect. III. ‘The Sacrifices cmd Fefivals . Satiirjialia, M EN only were facrificed to Saturn, becaufe he was delighted, as they thought, with human blood; wherefore the gladiators were plac¬ ed under his protedlion, and fought at his feafls, c The Romans efieemed him an infernal God, as Plutarch fays, becaufe the planet Saturn is malig¬ nant and hurtful ; yet he is commonly reckoned a terreftrial God. Thofe who facrificed to him had their heads bare, and his priefts wore fcarlet gar¬ ments. On his altars were placed wax tapers light¬ ed, becaufe by Saturn men were reduced from the darknefs of error to the light of truth. The feafts d Saturnalia, in.the Greek language y A faturando, quafi faturet populos annona. ' 2 Quod Hfurientibus opem ferat. a Quod ipfe fatureiur annis quos ipfe devorat. Cic. de Nat. Deor. 2. b ^a- turnus quafi fator you, id eft, qui men tern, fenfumque creat. Ap- pollophan, apud Fulgent. c Macrob. SaturnaJ. 1. c. 10. Tertull. de Teitunon, Acini. & de-Pallio, -d Halicam. !.3. Of the Gods of the Heathens . 143 [ Cronia ], were inflituted either by Tullus king of the Romans, or, if we believe Xivy, by Sempronius and Minutius the confuls. e Till the time of Julius Gsefar they were fmifhed in one day, on the nineteenth of December ; but then they be- g, m to be celebrated in three days, and afterwards ■ m f 0U r or five, by the order of Caligula: and fome write, that they have lafted feven days : and from hence they called tliefe days f the firfl, the fecond\ and the third fejlivals of Saturn , &c. And when thefe days were added to the feaft, the fir ft day of celebrating it was the feventeenth of December. Upon s thefe feftival days, 1. The fenate did not fit. a. The fchools kept holiday. 3. Prefents were fent to and fro amongft friends. 4. It was un¬ lawful to proclaim war, or execute any offenders * 5, Servants were allowed to be jocofe and merry towards their mafters ; as we learn from h Aufo- nius. 6. Nay, the mafters waited on the fer- vants, who fat at table, in memory of that liberty which all enjoyed in ancient times in Saturn’s reign, where there was no fervitude. 7. Con¬ trary to the cuflom, i they wafhed them- as foon as they arofe, as if they were about fitting down to table. 8. And laftly, k they put on a certain feftival garment, called fyjithefs , like a cloak of purple or fcarlet colour 5 and this gentlemen only wore. Sect. c I.ipf. Sat. 1. Dion. J. 59. & 60. Suet, in Calig. Cic. ad Attic.. 13. Epift. 50. f Prima, fecunda, tertia. Saturnalia. g Martial. 7. Epigr. -27. Plin. 8* Epig. ?• Mart, paflim. Dio. I. 50. Athen. 14. Sen. Ep. . h “ Aurea mine revocet Saturni fefta December : “ Nunc tibi cum domino ludere, verna, licet.” Eel. de Men* December now brings Saturn’s merry feafts, When mafters bear their fportive fervants jefts. i Tertul. apudbipf. k Petron Arbiter. 144 Of ^ je Go Us of the Heathens . Sect. IV. 'The Hzjlorical Senfe of the Fable . Bv Saturn is meant Ho ah . A LTHOUGPI it is generally fa id that 1 Saturn was Nimrod, the founder of the empire fus, 1. 3. c. 1. 3. Gcnefis xi. / terrre, Gcnefis ix. -2,0. r Vir Brachiorum. 11 Gen. xlvi. 33. RomaiKc, Ep. Sat. m Bochart. in fuo Phalcg. 1 . r. n PJato in Politicise o Vir p Jofil v. 4. q Job xxii. 8 . s 2 Sam. xvi. 17. t Exod. x. x AureJ. Victor de Origine Genus y Mu-crob. Saturnal. I. c. 6. JLuciau. ifl Of the Gods of the Heathens • 14 j 5. As Noah curfed his fon Ham, he c an fe he fa tv his father’s nakednefs with delight \ y Saturn made a law, that v/hofoever faw the Gods naked fhould be punifbed. 6. Plato-fays, 2 that Saturn and his wife Rhea , and thofi with them , were horn of Ocean us and 'Thetis : and thus Noah, and all that were with him, were, in a manner, new-born out of the waters of the de- luge by the help of the ark. And if a fliip was damped upon the ancient coins a becaufe Saturn came into Italy in a fhip, furely this honour be¬ longed rather to Noah, who in a Ihip preferved the race of mankind from titter defiruclion. 7. Did Noah foretel the coming of the flood? fo did Saturn foretell b that there fhould be great quantities of rain, and an ark built, in which men, birds, and creeping things, fliculd all fail together. 8. Saturn is fetid to have devoured all his fons but thefe three, Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto. So Noah, the pallor and prophet, and as it were, the father of all mortals, may be laid to have condemn¬ ed and ddtroyed all men 5 c becaufe he foretold that they would be dell toyed in the flood. For, in the Scripture-phrafe, the prophets are laid to do the thing which they foretel Jhall he done hereafter . J bus when the d prophet fays, TV he71 1 cojne to de~ n ray the city , he means, TV hen J come to foretel that the cityJh Quid he defrayed . But as Saturn had three fons left to him. not devoured, -fo Noah had three ^ G Sem, y Callimachus in Hymn. z Kpovoc xca 'Via. otrat feirce. •mmy* y - hi eft, Satumu5-& Rhea et qui cum iilis fuere ex Oceu.no St 'ii.t-tide rati perhibentur. Plato, in Timx*c. z 1 ’h‘tarch. in 'V&fuuxois. Kfsjyog -srposnftatvuv uric Qui fyny, dec. id eft, Saturnus prsenunciai magnam imbrium vim iu- W am,.& fabricandara efle arcam, & in ea cum voJucribus, leo- ^•ous, atque jumentis efle navigandum. h Alex. Polyphift. aptid Cyril, contra Julian. 1 . 1. c Hebrews xt. 7. d JEzek. xliii. 2. 146 Of the Gods of the Heathens . Sem, Cham, and Japhet, who were not defir oyed in the flood. Furthermore, thefe reafons may perfuade us that Noah’s fon Cham is Jupiter : 1. His Hebrew name Ha 7 /i is by many called Cham ; from whence it is plain the Egyptians had the name a [ \A?noun ,*] and the Africans, Jl? 7 imo?i or Hamm on. 2. Cham was the youngefl fon of Noah, as Jupiter was of Saturn. 3. Jupiter is feigned to be G Lord of the heavens ; thus Cham had Africa, which country is efleemed nearer the heavens than other countries, becaufe it has the planets vertical. 4. Jupiter gelded his father ; which ftory Teems to be taken from the twenty-fecond verfe of the ninth chapter of Genefls; where it is written, And Ham fcivo the 7 iakednefs of his father, and told , or, a 7 id c?/t off'; f for fo it might, by miflakc, be read in the Hebrew tongue, by altering only one or two vowels. Japhet is the fame with Neptune ; s for as Nep¬ tune had the command of the fea, fo the illancls and pcninfulas fell chiefly to Japhet’s lot. But how fhall we prove that Sem v/as Pluto? What carried him into hell ? Not his piety and holinefs, by which he excelled his brothers, and glorified his own name ; but perhaps becaufe he was fo holy, and fo great an enemy to idolatry, that the idolaters hated him whilfl he lived, aid endeavoured to blacken his memory when lie died, by fending him to the Stygian darknefs, and put¬ ting into his hand the lceptrc of hell. SliCT. e Callimach. Hymn, ad Jovcm. Lucan. 2. 9. f Et nunciavit, vajagged, pro quo facile le*i potuit vajagcod, id eft, abfeidit ; turn maxime cunr vocalia pumfla nulladum crat fubicripta confonantibus. g Laclantius tie ialfa Religione, 1 . 1. c. r. Of the Gods of the Heathens, 147 Sl'CT. V. Hphilofophical Sc?ife of the Fable, turn-, 1'inie, Sa - rf^HE Greek h words fignifying Satur/i and Time J[_ differ only in one letter ; from whence it is plain, that by Saturn, Time may be meant. And on this account 1 Saturn is painted devouring his children, and vomiting them up again : as indeed Time devours and confumes all things which.it has produced : which at length revive again, and are as it were renewed. Or elfe, Days, Months, and Years, are the children of Time, which he conflantly devours and produces a-new. Sometimes he is painted in the midft of nvo young boys and two girls 5 and Time is fur- rounded by the different feafons of the year, as pa¬ rents are by their children. Laftly, as Saturn has his fey the, fo has Time too, with which he mows down all things; neither can the hardefl adamant witliftand its edge. CHAP. II. Sect. I. Janus. His Image. P. f~'\ Strange ! What is this ? An image \ with two faces and only one head ? M. It is fo ; and by thole faces he fees the things placed both before and behind him. It is Janus, the k two-faced God ; holding a key in his li^ht- hand, and a rod in Iris left. Beneath his feet ycu fee twelve altars. If he could lay afide that rod G 2 and What is this ? An imase O 1 1 ? h K oovo;, Sr tun;us, XF cyes * Ttmpus, i Cicero. t0i '- Urph. in Hymn, act Saturn. Jiifchyl. in Eumen h Citrous X)cus, Ovid. de Nut. I 4'3 Of the Gods of the Heathens . and key, perhaps, according to his cuftom, lie would exprefs to you the number three hundred with one hand, and the number fix ty-five by the other ; by differently moving, bending, and weav¬ ing his fingers. o o P. I do not thoroughly underfiand your mean¬ ing- I\f. Yon will prefently clearly and perfectly un¬ derhand both what I fay, and what you fee with your eyes. Stay a little till I explain the four moft remarkable names of this God ; for in fo do¬ ing I lha.ll not only explain this picture, but alfo tell you whatever things are neceffary concerning Janus in this place. Si'CT. IT. Names and Actions of fanus s giv from.n word fignifying to go or pafs through. From whence it is faid, that n thoroughfares are called in the plural number, fani ; and the gates before the doors of private houfes, fanuce - A place at Home was called fa?ii, ° where there were three images of Janus. In this jplace ufurers and credi¬ tors always met to pay and receive money. And this place is mentioned both by p Tully and n Ho¬ race . As lie is painted with two faces, fo he is called by Virgil r . Efrons , and by Ovid s Biceps ; bccaufc 1 Atnob. cont. Gentes m Janus quafi Eanus ab euncio. n Unde fir, ut tranfitiones pervias Jam (plurali numcro), fonf- quc in liminibus profanaium cedium Jamue diccrer.tur. Cic. a.dc Nat. Djor. 3 . o Acron. in Horat. 1- 2 . Sal 8 . p Viri optimi ad medium Janum iedentes. Cicero, de Ofiic. a. Dcmpfter. in Faralip. q Imus Sc fummus Januf- Kont. 1. ep. 1 . r Virg. -iEneid. ic. . “ Jane Biceps anni tacite iabentis imago, u £oius dc fuperis, qui tua tergu vidcs.” *1* i-Ojr Of the Gals of the Heather . f . faw he 1 A') ah the Or el fe L tO be vine ipal /». v-f - " fo great was his prudence, that thing's pa ft and thofe which were future, hscauf- by Janus the world was though meant, viewing with its two faces the p quarters of it, the eaft and weft. Pie is feribed c with four faces, from the four quarters or the world, becaufe he governs them by his courfcl and authority : or becaufe, 'as he is Lord of the day, with his two faces he obferves both the morn¬ ing and the evening ; as u .Horace fays. When Romulus kiacr of the Romans msd L v league with Tatius kina: of the Sabines, they let un O O ' v x an image of Janus Bifrons, intending thereby to re- prefent both v nations between which the peace was concluded ; Naraa afterwards built a temple? which had double doors, and dedicated it to that fame Janus. When Falifci, a city of Hetruria, was taken, x there was an image of Janus found with four faces ; whereupon the temple of Janus had four gates. But of that temple we fhall fpcak by and bye. Re was called furn-ley ^ or Click-bearer \Clavir* gtrl, from the rod and keys in his hands. He held the rod, bccaufe he was the y guardian of the ways ; and the key, for thefe reafons : i. He was the inventor of locks, doors, and gates, which are cz.lledjar/ua’, after his name ; and G 3 him- Thott double pate, the Aiding year dofr {hew ; 'I he only God that thine own back can view. t Quadrifrous. 13 “ Ma*utine pater, feu Juno, libentior audis, “ Unde homines operum primes vitzeque labores “ h'/tituent.**- Janes, if you pleafe, grave two-fac’d father. Or c]jl: blight God o’ the morning, chonfe you w ••q dai it the lives and toils of mortal men. v ~fhcciuut fiimilacrum Jani Bifrotitis quad gd imagincm, cud- l3 -'popjJorinu. Servhi*. in ./Enetd. 12. x Capris FalifcU ir.- ’■iMum c it fimuiacrum J.’.ni Quadrifontis. Serving in 7. ^ifncid. > H.c lmali chapels in his temple. c The confuls were among the Romans, inaugurated in the temple c. Janus ; who were from thcncc faid d to open iL year . Upon the kalends of January (and, as Ik- crob ins fays, on the kalends of March,J, a r.cv. laurel was hung upon the ftatue of Janus, and th old laurel taken away ; of which cuilorn. e OvJ Tnakcs mention. P. Was this done becaufe he was the inventor of laurel garlands. jSI. Pliny did not think fo, but believed this caftcm was cccaiioned becaufe Janus rules over the 3-car: f fhe Jlatzie, fays he, of fauns, which was de die aid z Grtcce Gazettes. a *• Anncruro, nltidiquefator rulclierrlmc xnv.-du” Gay founder of the world, and .>f onr years. Mart. 1 . IC. Tp b Var. lib. Human, bidon. Apcllin. Carin. 7. 1 bat. c. 12. c Sidon. ibid. d Ayicrire annum. Vide l.exicog. e “ X.aurca f! iminibu°, qua: ti.to perftitit anno, u Tollittir, & frondcs fum in honore novae.’* Faft.h The laurel that the former year did grace, T* a froth and verdant garland yields his place, f Qu od Janus Geminus a Nunia Rege c icatus digitis ita h" ratis ut trecentorum quinquaginta qninque (fexag inta quinque,;. legunt) durum nota, per figniiicationem anni, temporis rcvi. 1' Deum indicarct. Plimus. Vide etiam Athen. 1 . 34. c. 7. & I* ' Gyr. Of the Gods of the Heathens. 151 hy Numa, had its fingers fo co???pofcd as to fignifiy the number ofi three hundred fix ty-five days ; tojhenx) ihut Janus ivas a God } by his knowledge ofi the yea?' and time , and ages. s He had not thefe figures def- crib'wd on his hand, but had a peculiar way of numbering them, by bending, ft retching, or mix¬ ing his fingers ; of which numeration many are the opinions of authors. 3. He holds a key in his hand, becaufe he is, as it were, the h door through which the prayers of man¬ kind have accefs to the Gods. For in all the facri¬ fle es, prayers were firft offered up to Janus. And Janus himfelf gives the fame realbn, 1 as wc find in Ovid, why before men facrificcd to any of the other Gods, they firft offered facrifice to him. But Fed:us gives another reafon why prayers and fz- crifices were in the firft place offered to Janus: vi*z. becaufe men thought that all things took their be¬ ing from Janus, therefore they firft made their fup- plications tohim as to a common father. For though the name k fiatleer is given to all the Gods, yet Janus was particularly called by this name. He firft built temples and altars, J and inftituted reli¬ gious rites j. and m for that reafon among others , G 4 in g Tiraq. Lil. Gyr. Apulcii 2. Ape]. < 5 cc. h Arr.ob. contra Gcntes. j- ~ £; Cur quemvis aliornm numina placem, u Jane, tibi primum thura mcrumqwe fero ? “ Ut pmTis aditum per me, qui limina fervo, Ad quofeunque voles, inquit, habere Deos.” Faf:. 1 , 2 . Why is*t that, though I other Gods adore, I firft in 11 ft Janus’ Deity implore ? Becaufe I hold the door by which accefs Is had to any God you would acidreis. k Quod fuerit omnium primus a quo rerum omnium fadium pu- tabant initium : Ideo ei fupplicabant velut parenti. Feftus, 1 . 3. in verbo Chaos. 1 Virg. TEncid. 8. Juvenal. Sat. 6. Serviu-. in 2 Georg. m Proptere aque in omni facri/icio percirfu ^ ei prtefatio pnemittJrur, farque illi vk vinum prrshbatur Fab PUi\ f r. de Ant. Pat, Of the Gods cf the Heathens •. cr, as 11 Pliny writts, in all facrifices they begin their rites by o fir is* bread, corn, and n vine , to Janus , before any ihlfi is offered to any othc?~ deity . Frankincenfe waV> never o.Tered to him, though Ovid mentions it; which therefore he infers either by poetical li¬ cence, or only in refpetl to the facrifices vrliidi were in Life in his time. F they did tint fieri fee with fra?: ihicenfc in tie fiij.’tes of the frojasis. Neither does Homer in the leall mention frankinccnfc in any place when* he fpeeks of facrifices ; which fo exad an author would never have omitted, if it had been in ufr, Neither do I find a Greek word that properly fig- liilies thus ; for Sv Jy \JTkuon 1, or s v ,cv [ fhuio?i\, fig- nifies net only thus, but any odoriferous fmelL He was alfo called Patricias and Glujlus, or P'atuhiciut and Clujiusy from ° opening and fhutting-; for in the time of war Janus’s temple was open, but (hut in time cf peace. This temple was founded by Romulus and Taiius ; and, as I faid before, Numa ordained that it fhonld be opened when the Ro¬ mans waged war, but lliut when they enjoyed peace. It was open in time of war, becaufe a fpiling of hot water arofa out of the place where this temple Hands, when Roinulus fought with the jSabin.cs, and forced the enemy to march away; therefore in war they opened that temple, hoping for the fame or the like affiflance ; or it may b rather, p becaufe they who go to war ought to think of peace, and v/ilh for a quick, return into their native country. Ovid mentions both thefe latter names of Janus in c i) Iliads tempoiiBus Thure nen fupplicaturn. PJm. I. c. 1 . Vide Deruplt. in Paralip. o A patimdo vel patcfaciei do <>' fjaudi’ndo. Scrvhis. in i. ,/Eneid. Claud, de Hon. 6. Conf. P iScrv. in ./Eneid 7. Of the Gods of the Heathejis • I 53 • n a n difticli; and Virgil deferibes r the manner and occafion of opening his temple, and alio the s con- Ifequences of ihutting it again. It is remarkable, I that within the fpace of feven hundred years this f. temple of Janus was fhut only c thrice: once by G 5 Numaj- t* •fl r \ it u r a n “ Nomina ridebis, mode namque Parulcius idem, • Et modo facriftco Ciufius ore vocor.’* The prieft this moment me Patulcius calls, and them Next moment me he Ciufius names again, r tC Sunt geminse belli portas (fie nomine dicunt} il Rciigionc fa eras Sc fievi formidine Martis. ■' Centum asrei claudunt vedtes xternaque ferri Robora ; nee cuftos abfiftit limine Janus. Has uhi certa fedet patribus fententia pugnx, Ipfc Quirinali trabca cindluqne gabino I: (ignis, refc-rat ftridentia limina conful/* Two gates of feed, (the name of Mars they bear. And i'till arc worfliipp’d with religious fear. Before his temple ftand ; the dire abode And the fear’d iffues of the furious God, Arc fenc’d with brazen bolts; without the gates 'i he weary guardian Janus doubly waits. Then when the facred fen ate votes the wars, 'Hie Roman toilful'rheir decree declares. And in his robes the founding gates unbars. !I Afpera turn pofitis initefeent Ixcula btllrs : Cana iidef, & Volta, Remo cum fra’re Quirinus* Jura dabunt : dirx ferro Sc compagibus arcLis Claudcntur belli portae. Furor impius intus, Sa;va fudens fnper arma, Sc centum-vindlus ahenia Poft tergum nodis, from it horridus ore crucnto.’* Then dire debate and impious war (ball ceafc. And the ftern age-be fofrened into- peace : Then banifh’d faith fhall once again return. And Veftal fires in hollow temples burn ; And Remus with Quirinus fhall fufutin The righteous laws, and fraud and force reftrafn, janus himfelf before his fane fhalb wait. And keep the dreadful ilfuesof his gate "With bolts and iron bars. Withiirremains ImpnTon'd.Fury, bound in brazen chains; High on a trophy rais’d of ufelefs arms He fits, and threats the world with vr.in alarms, bX*iv, J, Orcf. 1 . cap. zx. Pi o r 1 . $ 5 . a u it u u j 44 Of i ^ e Gods of the Heathens, Numr.; the fecond time by the con fills Marcus Attilius, and Titus Manlius, after the Cartha;i. nian war; and, ladly, by Augaftus, after the vie, tory at Aflium. Sect. III. Nn Explanation of the Fable. Janus ih: emblem of Prudence . IN this dory of 11 Janus (whom fome call Noah; fome, Ogyges; fome a pried, a pliilofopher, and a divine ; and fome an ancient king of Italy, who was the founder of the town Janiculum'); we may behold the rep re fen tat ion of a verv prudent perfon ; whole wifdom conjijls v in tie r;. nenzbrance of things pqft, and in the fGref ft rf things to conic . The prudent man ought, then- fore, to have, as it were, two faces ; that, accord- ing to his natural fagacity of mind and ripencis of judgment, obferving both things pad and future,! he may be able to difeern the caufes and begin, nings, the progrefs, and, as it were, the forerun- rung accidents of all things : that he may be able to draw likenefles, to make companions, to ob- ferve confequences, and perceive futurities ; and, by a wife connedtion of caufes and events, be able to join things prefent with things to come, and things future with things pad. The prudent perfon has the key of all things: nothing is fo obfeure, that his unde rft an ding can¬ not comprehend ; nothing is fo fecret and private, that his condderation and care cannot detedl and lay open ; nothing fo hard and intricate, that his quicknefs and dexterity cannot explain and un¬ fold. With this key he examines all the ways ei budnefs, and finds which are the mod proper 5 k u JVTunft. Cofm. 2. Fab. 9. PiiSt. v In prastentcru ' 1 snemcria & provxdentia futtirorum, Tul, de Sene&ute. n. xm. Of the Gods of the Heathens. *S$ fees the difpofition of times, and the exigencies of affairs 5 he removes the difficulties and the bars that lie in his way ; he publifhes as much as is ufe- ful, and conceals clofely whatfoever will be hurt¬ ful to him. With this key he lays open for him¬ felf a paffage into the friendfhip of others ; he in- ilnuates himfelf into the inward receffes of their breafts ; he learns their molt fecret counfels, their moil referved thoughts ; he rcfolves mytteries, and penetrates things unknown : and feeks, and finds, and views objects the mo ft remote from the com¬ mon fenfe of the world. Janus firtt inftituted altars, temples, and facri- fices. Thus it is a fign of the highcft prudence and under handing to pay due homage to the Almighty, to reverence his power, to propagate his worffiip^ and magnify his glory. And as men offered fir it to Janus in all facrilices, becaufe of his exemplary holinefs and piety, fo how much the more worfhip men pay to God, fo much the more honour fhall the/ receive both from God and men ; as the pre¬ cepts and examples in the holy Scripture abundantly teflify. CHAP. III. t * % t Sect. I. Vulcan. * • P. Heavens ! I think I fee a blackfmith among the Gods. •„ : M. Very.true : he is both a fmith and a God, by name Vulcan . He has a fliop. in the ifland Lera* nos, where he. exercife§ his trade, and where, though he is a God himfelf, he made Jupiter’s thunder, and the arms of the other Gods. . P. If he was a' God, what misfortune drove him to the forge, and tied him to fuch a-natty employ¬ ment ? G 6 Mn Kin 156. Of the Go of the Heathens . M. His deformity, I believe. x He was born of Jupiter and Juno, fome fay of Juno only ; and be¬ ing contemptible for his deformity,, he was coil down from heaven into the ifland'Lemnos, (whence he is called Lctnniusf: he broke his leg- with the fall ; and if the Lemnians had not caught him when he fell, he had certainly broke his neck : he has ever lines been lame. In requital of their kindnefs, he fixed his feat among them, and fet up the craft of a frnith, teaching them the manifold ufes of fire, and iron ; and from foftening and polilhing iron, * lie received the name Mulciber or Mule fen This nafty deformed frnith, which you will won¬ der to hear, obtained in marriage the moft beauti¬ ful Goddefs Venus ; and not long after, when lie caught her and Mars committing adultery, he link¬ ed them together with chains, and expofed them to the laughter of all the Gods. He defired might¬ ily to marry Minerva ; and Jupiter confentcd, yielding up the virgin to the will of this nafty wretcjjht. But fhe refilled his attempts ; and in the flruggle his nature fell from him upon the earth, and produced the monfler Krichthonius , Erichtheus, or J Erichthonicus, who was a boy with dragon’* feet ; to hide the monftrous deformity of which, he firll invented chariots. Jupiter (as I faid) con- fented.that Vulcan lliould marry Minerva, if he could overcome-her modelly. For, .when Vulcan made arms for the Gods, Jupiter gave him leave to ehoofe out of the Goddefles a wife, and he cliok Minerva : but he admonilhed Minerva at the fame time to refufe him, and prefer .we her virginity, as Jhe did admirably, well. At x Fhurnut dc Nat. Deor. y A mulccndo Hefiod. JLucian. de Sacrific. Virg* jferro, yide Imtan. 1 . h Of the Gods of the Heathens* *'57 At Rome were celebrated the Hitlcani? z feafl.3 in honour of Vulcan ; at which they drew ani¬ mals into the fire to be burnt- to death. The Athe¬ nians instituted other leads- to his honour, called Chalcea . A temple, betides, was dedicated to him upon the mountain a JE tna, from which he is fometimes named JEitueus. This temple was dogs lat.they could difcern whether the per*, fons that came thither were chafte and religious,, or whether they were wicked ; they ufed to meet, and flatter, and follow the good, efteeming them the acquaintance and friends of Vulcan their maf¬ ter ; but they barked and flew at the bad, and ne¬ ver left' off tearing them until they had driven them , b whofe fenfe of fmelling was fo away. P. I have heard, unlefs I'am miflaken, that this Vulcan, by Jupiter’s command, made a living, wo¬ man. Is it true ?* M. It is a comical thing to expert truth in fables. It is indeed feigned, that the firft woman: was fafhionecl by the hammer of Vulcan, and tliat. every God gave her fome.prefent ; whence fhe was called Pandora . Pallas gave Her wifdom, Apollo the art of mufic, Mercury the. art of eloquence, Venus gave her beauty, and the reft of the Gods gave her. other accomplifhments. c They fay alfo,. that when Prometheus ftole fire frem heaven, to animate the man which he had made, Jupiter was- incenfed, and fent Pandora to Prometheus with a fealed box; but Prometheus would not receive it. Ke fent her with the fame box again to the wife of Epimetlieus, the brother of Prometheus; and ihe, out of a curiofity natural toiler fex, opened. it, 2 Ita ditftus avro *rr>; tgt&'g *crt xtiovos, ex cor.ter.tione Sc terra* Vide Virg. Georg. 3. a Var. ap. Lijt. b Pullux, 1 . ^ud Lil Gyr, c Paufajj, m At. 15 8 Of the Gods of the Heathens. it ; which as foon as flie had done, all forts of dif, eafes and evils, with which it was filled, flew among mankind, and have infefted them ever fin.ee. And nothing was left in the bottom of the box but Hope. Sect. II. fhc Cyclops , fern)ants to Vulcan . are P. TX 7 HAT black, nafly, one-eyed fellows VV thofe. Af. They are Vulcan’s fervants, and work with him in the fhop. They are called d Cyclops, be- caufe they had but one eye, which was in the mid¬ dle of their foreheads, cf a circular figure. Nep¬ tune and Amphitrite were their parents. And the e names of three of them were Brontes , Stero and Pyracmon : befides, there were many more whofe names are not mentioned, who all exercifed f the art of fmithcry under Vulcan, as v/e are taught by Virgil. pes, Sect, d A kukXos circulus, & oculus. e “ Ferrum exerccbant valto Cyclopes in antro, “ Brontefquc, Steropefque, & nudus membra Py *acxnon.” On their eternal anvils here he found The brethren beating, and the blows go round. Yirg. f -« Alii ventofis foiiibus auras “ Accipiunt redduntque : alii ftrxdentia tingunt 4< ./Era lacus gemit impofitis incudibus antrum. ** 11!i inter fele nuilta vi brachia tollunt “ In numerum, verfantque tenaci forcipe ferrum.” One ftirs the fire, and one the bellows blows. The hilling fled is in the fmilhy drown’d : The grot with beaten anvils groans around ; By turns their arms advance, in equal time ; They turn the glowing mafs with crooked tongs ; The fiery work proceeds with ruiUc longs, Of the Gods of the Heathen t - Slct* III- Cacus and Cceculus , fo?is of Vulcati a?id Polyphemus . C ACUS was the vilett of rogues ; his name was given him s from his wickednefs• He tor¬ mented all Latium with his fires and robberies ; living like a beatt in a difmal cave. He Hole Her¬ cules’s oxen, and dragged them backwards by their tails into his cave, that fo the tracl of their feet might not difeover this repofitory of his thefts. But Hercules palling by, heard the lowing of the oxen in the cave ; broke open the doors ; andfetz- ing the villain, 11 put him to death. 1 His cave was fo dark, that it admitted not the leak ray of light. The floor of it was red with the blood per¬ petually llied upon it ; and the heads and limbs of the men he had murdered were fattened to the polls of the doors 1 Ccecu- g “ A 'To ru xaxa y a malo. h- lC Cacuni in tenebris incendia vana vomentem “ Corripif, in nodum complcxus ; & angit inhaerens “ Eh'fos oculos, dc ficcum fanguinc guttur. Virg. JEn. 8. Tiic monitor fpucing fruitiefs flames lie found ; He fqueez’d his thn at, he wreath’d his neck around, And in a knot his crippled members bound : Then from the lockets tore his burning eyes ; Roll’d on a heap the breathlcfs robber lies, i “ Hie fpeluuca fuit vafto fubmota reccflu “ Semihomini* Caci; facies quam dira tegebat fc Solis inaceeiTam radiis; .femperqnc recenti “ Caidc tepebat humus ; foribus affixa fuperbis “ Ora virum trifli pendebant pallida tabo. “ H«ic xnonflro Vulcanuserat pater : illius atros “ Ore vomensignes magna fc mole ferebat.” ! Twas onoe a robber’s den, inclos’d around "With living ftone, and deep beneath the ground. The mcnfler Cacus, more than half a bead. This hold, impervious to the fon, pofTefs’d ; The pavements ever fcul with human gore; Heads, and their mangled members, hung the doer. Vulcan this plague begot; and, like his Sire, black clouds he belch’d, and dames of livid fir*. z€o Of the Gods of the Heathens. Caeculus alfo lived by plunder and robbery. He was fo called from the fmallnefs of his eyes, (it is thought the noble fnniily of the Czsc'ilii at Rome derived their original from him). Whilfl his mo¬ ther fat by the lire, a fpark flew into her lap : here¬ upon (he grew big with child, and within the ufml time Hie brought forth this fon ; who was after¬ wards the founder of tlie city PreencRe. k Others fay that the fhepherds found Casculus unhurt in the midlt of the lire as feen as he was born ; from whence he was thought, to be the fon of Vulcan. To tlicfe fervants and fons of Vulcan, add the flicpherd Polyphemus, a monftcr not- unlike them, born of Neptune. For he had but one eye in his forehead', like the*Cyclops ; and lie procured his.liv¬ ing by murders and robberies, like Cacus and Cm cu¬ ius. 1 Tliis monfler drew two of Ulyfles’s comps- niens lc Virg. TEncid. 7 . 1 “ Vifecribass miferorum, & futigmne vrfeitur atro,. “ Vkli cg< met, duo cie numcro corpora roftro “ Prcnfa rnar.u magna, medio rcfispim-s. in anrro, et Frangcrct ad faxum ; fanicque afperfa natarcr.t “ Idmira : vidi, atro cum membra ftuentia tabo “ Mandcret 8c tepidi tremcrent fub dentibus artus. “ Haud impunc quidexn ncc taliapafTus UfyfTts, “ Oblitufque fisi eft Ithacus difcriminc tar.to Nam flnuil cxpletus dapibus, vinoque fepxlltus “ Ccrvicem ir.fltxam poftiit; jacuirque per antrum “ Tnimenfum, faniem erudtai.s, ac fruftra cruento et Per fommimeommixta mero : nos magna precati “ Numina, fortitique vices, una undique circum- <£ Fundimur, 8c telo lumen terebramus acr.to • “ Ingens : quod torva folam fub fronte latebat, “ Argolici clypei aut Phaebca lampadis ir.ftar-'* Virg. J£&, 3 . The joints of flaughter’d wretches are his food, And for his wine he quaffs the {beaming blood : Thefe eyes beheld, when with his fpacious hand He feiz’d two captives of our Grecian band ; Stretch’d on his hack, lie dafh’d againft the ftones Their broken bodies and their cracking bones. Of the God's of the Heathens . i6t inons into his den in Sicily, and devoured them- He thought too, that the reft of Ulyftes’s fervants could not clcape his. jaws. Hut Ulyfles made him. (irunk with wine, and then with a firebrand quite put out his fight, and efcaped. Hide an 7 Slot. IV. fhc Signification of the Fa hie. a fyinhol of two forts of Fire. r _ J‘^HAT’by Vulcan is underftood fire, the name | itfelf difeovers, if we believe m Varro, who fays that the word Hide an us is derived from the force and violence of fire : and therefore he is paint¬ ed with a blue hat, n which is a fymbol of the ce- Icflial or elementary fire, which is by nature clear and unmixed ; whereas the common fire that is ufed on earth is weak, and wants continual fuel to fupport it ; and therefore Vulcan is faid to be lame. ° He is faid to have been caft dow* from heaven, becaufe the lightning comes, from the clouds ; and to have fallen into Lemnos, becaufe lightning often falls into that ill and. But let. us a little confider the flames of love; fan V/ifli fpouting blond the purp’c pavement fw’ms. While the dire glutton grinds the trembling limbs. Not unreveng’d Ulyffcs bore their fate, Nor thoughtlcfs of his own unhappy Rate. Fur, gorg’d with flcfh, and drunk with human wine, While fa ft afletp the grant lay fupinc ; . Snoring aloud, and belching from his maw His.undigeftcd foam and morfcls law; We pray, we caft "the lots; and then furround 'J lie monftrous body, ftretch’d along the ground ; bach, as he could approach him, lends a hand ’i o bore his eye-ball with a flaming brand : Beneath hi» frowning. f< reheat! lay his c) e, for only one did this vail frame fupply ; Btu: time a globe fo large, his front is fill’d, Nike the fun’s dulk, or like the Grecian fhiclc?. m Vulcanus quafi Volicanus, quod ignis per cerem volitat-; vcl 1 vi ac violentia ignis. Var. ap. I_iJ. Gyrald. n 8 . Eufeb. de l\rxp. Evang. o Scrv. ib. 1 62 Of the Gods of the Heathens. for Vulcan married Venus. If you wonder, there¬ fore, why fo fair, fo delicate, fo beautiful a Goddefs, fhould be a wife to fo deformed and black a God, you mull fuppofe that Vulcan is the fire, and Venus the flame : And is not the union between fire and flame very proper ? But this fire is kindled in hell, and blown by the Cyclops : and thofe who are addi&cd to venery are fet on fire with thefc flames ; for when a flame, kindled by the eyes of a beauteous woman, fets the breafl on fire, how violent is the combuftion, how great the havock, how certain the deftru&ion I Hence comes the lover’s anguifli : deadnefs and faintnefs overfpread his face, his eyes are dull and heavy, his cheeks meagre and wan 5 liis countenance puts on the palenefs of allies, which are fatal arguments of a fpreading fire within, that confumes and preys up¬ on the interior parts. But when Impudence has blown the coals, fo that Modefty can put no fur¬ ther Hop to the rage and violence of this flame; when this hellifh offspring breaks forth, and by degrees gathers ftrength, how does it fpread, rage,! and increafc ! With what fury and violence does it bear down and deftroy every thing ! By this flame Scmcle was confirmed ; Hercules’s ftrenefii * was an eafy prey to it ; and hereby the flrongeii towers and mofl flately palaces of Troy were con- fumed and reduced to a flies. Have you given yourfelf up to Venus ? She will make you a Vulcan : fhe will make you filthy, nafiy, and as black as hell : fhe will darken your under/banding, though you are in the midfl of fire: for the fire of Venus gives no light, but brings die greatefh darknefs ; it freezes and ftupifies the foul, while the body is thawed and melted into plen- ftires. How fad is the fate of an effeminate man : His toil and labour is like the work of Vulcan: foi }ic, who defperately loves a woman, takes a burn- 4 T 1 . 33 V. Of the Gods of the Heathens . 163 jng iron into his breafl ; liis houfe is a forge ; he labours and toils to foften her temper, more than Vulcan fweats to fafhion the hardeft fteel 5 he ne- ^le£ls the care of himfelf, to make her fine and handfome. Again, how many eflates are melted in Lull’s furnace ! How many pofTeflicns reduced to afhes, till nothing but drofs is left, and the no¬ bility and honour of their families difappear and vaaifli in fmoke I No fuel can fatisfy this fire ; the heat of it ne¬ ver decreafeth, it never cools ; for Venus blows it with fighs, kindles it with tears, and foments it with proud difdain and coldnefs. Her kindnefs is cruelty, her pride is enfnaring. What wonder is it then, that fo many Vulcans, not only in Lem¬ nos, but every where, make thunder at this forge, which will fall on their own heads : by which they are call headlong from heaven to earth, that is, from the highefl degree of happinefs to the lowed: vale of mifery ! from which fall comes lainenefs never to be cured. Thefe are the effects of the love of Venus. If you will believe me, p I believe the poet, who, in a witty epigram, fays the fame thing. CHAP. IV. zEolus. L ET us now blow out the fire with the' wind, and bring up fEolus after Vulcan : for he who Hands next him is q ^Eolus the Go cl of winds,, begotten by Jupiter, of Acella or Segelta, the daughter of Hippota; from whence he is named Hip- p 'T r.vs jv A Ovji ezStiie.jg rrov Cupid is Vulcan’s fon, Venus his wife. No wonder then he goes lame all his life. 1 Ovid. Metam, ir. j 64 Of the Gods of the Heathens, Hippo fades. He dwelt in one of thofe feven iflands, which from him are called JEolice^ and fometimes Hiilcanise. He r was a fkilful aflronomer, and an excellent natural philofopher ; he underflood more particularly the nature of the winds : and becaufr. from the clouds of fmoke of the /Eolian if]ands, lie foretold winds and tempeils- a great while before they arofe, it was generally believed that they were under his power, and that he could raife the winds or flill them as he pleated. And from hence he was fly led emperor and king of the winch, (the children of Aflreeus and Aurora). 5 Virgil deferibea r Palcephat do incredihiT. Var. Strab. ap. Serv. s “ Nimboruni in patriam, loca fa:?.; furentiLus Auflils, “ JEoliam venit : Hie vafto rex Aiolus antro Cl Eudlantcs ventos, tempeflatefque fonoras u Imperio premit, ac vinclis & carcere froenat. ct Illi indignantes, magno cum murmure, montis “ Circum clauftra fremunt : celfa fedet AloIus arce, tf Sceptra tenens, mcllitque animos & temperat iras, “ Ni faciat maria, ac terras, ccelumque profundum, “ Quippc ferant rapidi fee uni, vcprantquc per auras. ct Scd pater oninijvtens fpeluncis abdidit atris, “ Hoc mettiens, molemque, & montes infuper altos u Impofuit, rcgemque dedit, qui focdcre certo 64 Et premere, &Jaxas feiret dare jufius habenas/* Thus rag’d -ihe Goddefs, and, with fury fraught^ The refUef> regions of the ftorms fhe fought; Where, in a i'pacious cave of living ficonr. The tyrant TEolus, from his airy throne. With* pow’r imperial curbs the ihuggling winds,. And founding tempefts‘in dark prifons binds. . This way and that, th’ impatient captives tend. And, prefting for rcleafe, the mountains rend ; High in his hall th’ undaunted monarch Hands, And fliakes his feeptre, and their rage commands : ~ Which did he not, their unrefilled fway Would fweep the world before them in their way •» Earth, air, and fea.% throt gh empty fpace would /oil. And heaven would fly be fine the driving foul. In fear of this the father <:f the Gods 1 Confin’d their fury to thefe tlaik abodes, > Aiid lock’d them Lfe, opprcJkld with mountain loads; J fmpob’d Of the Gods of the Heathens . *6S defcribes Juno coming to him at his palace, of which iie cives a defcription in beautiful verfe. CHAP. V. Mom us. w HO is this man, and what is his name ? M. Ho you expetSh a man among the Gods ? The name of this God is Momus : 1 which word in the Greek tongue fignifies a jefler, a mock - ir, a mimic ; for that is his bufinefs. He follows no employment, but lives an idle life ; yet nicely obferves the actions and fayings of the other Gods; and when he finds them doing amifs, or neglecting their duty, he cenfures, mocks, and derides them with the greateft liberty. Neptune, Vulcan, and Minerva, may witnefs the truth of this. They all contended which of them was the molt Ikilful. artificer ; whereupon Neptune made a bull, Minerva a houfe, and Vulcan a man. They made Momus judge between them ; but he chid them all three. He accufed Neptune of im¬ prudence, becaufe lie placed not 'the bull’s horns in his forehead before his eyes ; for then the bull might give a ftronger and furer blow. He blamed Minerva, becaufe her houfe was immoveable, fo that it could not be carried away, if by chance it was placed among ill neighbours. But lie faid that Vulcan was the moil: imprudent of them all, be¬ caufe he did not make a window in the man’s * breaft, that he might fee what his thoughts were ; whether he defigned-fome trick, or whether he in¬ tended what he fpoke. P. Wha Impo&’d a king with arbitrary fway, To look their fetters, or their force al Wf, t itvftof irriforem fignificat. 164 Of the Gods of the Heathens, Hippotades - He dwelt in one of thofe fev'en iflands, which from him are called JEolicc 9 and fomc-times Hide a n ia?. He r was a fkilful aflrononier, and an excellent natural philofopher ; he underflood mor-i particularly the nature of the winds : and becaufe. from the clouds of fmoke of the ALolian iflands, he foretold winds and tempefls- a great while before they arofe, it was generally believed that they were under his power, and that he could raife the winds cr flill them as he pleafcd. And from hence he was ft y led emperor and king of the luhias, (the children of Aflreeus and Aurora), s Virgil deferibea r Palaepfiat de iccredibil; Var. Strab. ap. Serv. s “ Nimborum in patriam, loca fa;**: furentxbus Auflxis, “ ./Eoliam venit : Hie vafto rex Aeolus antro Ci .Ludlantcs ventos, tempeftatefque fonoras ** Imperio premit, ac vinclis Sc carcere freenat. “ Illi indignantes, magno cum murmure, montis “ Circum clauftra fremunt : celfa 1‘edct ^Eolus arcc, ct Sceptra tenens, mcllitque animos & temperat iras, “ Ni faciat maria, ac terras, ccelumque profundum, “ Quippc ferant rapidi fecum, vcsramque per auras. u Scd pater omnipetens fpeluncis abdidit atris, 11 Hoc metuens, molemque, Sc monies infuper altos ** Impofuit, rcgemquc dedit, qui focdcre certo Ci lit premere, &Jaxas feiret dare juflus habenas.” Thus rag*d Goddefc, and, with fury fraught^. The reflleG regions of the ftorrr.s flie fought; Where, in a fpacious cave of Jiving fcone. The tyrant TEolus, from liis airy throne, With* pov/’r imperial curbs the Uruggling winds,- And founding tempefls in dark prifons bifida. > This way and that, th’ impatient captives tend. And, prcflxng for rclcafe, the mountains rend ; High in his hall th’ undaunted xronarch ftands, And flxakcs his feeptre, and their rage commands z ~ Which did he not, their unreflfied fvvay Would fweep the world before them in their way ;* Earth, air, and feas, through empty fpace would jo$. And heaven would fly bdoic the driving foul. In fear of this the hither of the Gods 1 Confin’d their fury to tlicfc dailc abodes, {• Acd lock’d them fiife, op p felt’d with mountain loads ; 3 Impos’d I Of the Gods of the Heathens . 1 6$ l. (»yr. I. Strabo. Vis ° mriis ad aras & . focos r crt!ne *-” Cic. de Nat. * W penutem, domunf G, * co • no “ iue not wine. k The meded.y of this Goddefs was fo ex¬ traordinary, that no man ever faw her except her liufband, or fcarce heard her name ; where¬ fore, her facrifices were performed in private, 1 and all men were excluded from the temple. From the great privacy obferved by her votaries, the place in which her facrifices were performed was d A fzvrvp, mater, dcrivantur ftvrpwa, Cybeles facra, et jtnrfu* •lav, facra ea celeb rare. Ccel. Rhod. 1 . viii. c. 17. c Bona quod omnium nobis ad vidtum bonorum caufa fit. .La- beo apud JL.il. Syntag. 4. p. 143. f Fauna quod animantibus favere dicatur. g Fatua a fando y quod infantes non prius vocem emittere credc- rentur quam terram ipfam attigiffent. h Sext. Clod. ap. lladlant. i Plut. in Probl. k ju-ven. Sat. 9. 1 (i Sacrse Bonre maribus nr*n adeunda Des," .No men admitted were to Cybele’s rites. Tib. X. Eleg. 6. Of the Gods of the Heathens . ■^as called m Opertttm , and the facriflees themfelves were fly led n Opertanea ; and for the fame reafon Pluto is by the poets called ° Opertus. Silence was obferved iti a moll peculiar manner in the facriflces ? of Bona Dea, as it was in a lefs degree in all other facriflces, according to the do£lrine of the Py¬ thagoreans and Egyptians, who q taught that God was to be word tipped in filence ; becaufe, from thence, at the firfl creation, all things took their beginning. To the fame purpofe Plutarch fays, “ i Men. were our: mailers to teach us to fpeak, but “ we learn filence from the G-ods. From thefe we. “ learn to hold our peace, in their rites and initi- li ations.” She was called s Ichva Mater, from the mountain; Ida in Phrygia or Crete, for die was at both places highly honoured : as alfo at Rome, whither they brought her from the city Pellinus in Galatia, by a remarkable miracle. For when the fhip in which Hie was carried flopped In the mouth of the Tiber, the Veilal Claudia (whofe fine drefs and free be¬ haviour made her modefty fufpe&ed) eafily drew the fhip to ihore with her girdle,. where the God- flefs was received by the hands of virgins, and the citizens went out to meet her, placing cenfers with frankincenfe before their doors : and when they H 3, had m Cic. ad Atttcum. 1. & in Paradox!*. n Plin. 1 , 10. c. 56. 0 “ Nolle domos Stygias, arcanaque Pit is Open!.’* To hear hell’s fee ret counfels, and to know Dark P'uto’s rites and myfteries belo w, Lucian. 1 . 9. p “ Hinc mater cultrix Cybele, Cory ban tiaque tera, “ fdteumque nonius : hinc fida Hlentia faerts, “ £t fundi curruin Dominse fubiere leones.’* ./Eneid. 1. 3, Here Cybele, the mother of the Gods, With tickling cymbals charm’d the fdican woods; hhe fee ret rites and ceremonies taught, And to the yoke the fuvage lions brought.. <1 Ap. De la Cerda in /Lnejd. 3. r Loquendi magi/lros homines habemus, racendi Deus ; ab illis filentium accipientes iti witiatiojiibus & myfterii?.. Piut. de JLcquac. s Luc. 1 . 74 Of the Gods of the Heath an. had lighted the frankincenfe, they prayed that 4- would enter freely into Rome, and be favourable to it. And becaufe the Sibyls had prophefied tb.at Idcea Mater fhould be introduced by the bell; n.mi among the Romans, 44 the fenate r was not a little 44 buhed to pafs a judgment in the cafe, and rcfolvc 44 who was the belt man in the city. For every - • J 44 one was ambitious to get the vidlory in a difmite 44 of that nature ; more than if they hood to be 44 elected to any commands or honours by the voices 44 either of the fenate or people. At lafl, the le '* 4 nate refolved, that P. Scipio, the foil of that i4 Gneus who was killed in Spain, a young gentle ' 4 man who had never yet been quudtor, was the 44 befh man iu the whole city.” She was called Pcflimtntiti , u from a certain field Tipf mvinv* #\f linr irniii n t* -• M1 J lLsx.xj W into which an image of her fell from heaven ; from which fall v the place was called Pejim/s, and the Goddcfs Pcjjinuntia . And in this place firlf the Phrygians began to celebrate the lb orifices Qi'via to this Goddcls, near the river G :1 4 -/ *’ lus, from whence her pricks were called x GcMl r.s I lb all tell you, after I have obferved, that when tliefe priefts deli red that a great refpedt and ado¬ ration fhould be paid to any thing', they pretertfd that it fell from heaven; and they called the h images a,*?«?* r Diopite^, that is, ft-nt jtohi fuptUi Of which fort were the y on die. the paHadiv/e, m: the ef}rvies of this Goddcfs concerning which v.: now fpcak. C r ’ / ^ o - t Hai?d parvre rei indicium fenatum tenebat, qui vir cptinu: in civitate < fiet; verum certe vidloriam cjus rei fihi quiiquc ltd let, quam ulla imperia, honortfve, fu/Tragio feu patrtiin, l*u p'.i'' j delator. Patrcs cor.icripti P. Scipionem Cnei iiliuin cjus qMi Hilpania occidebar, pdolcfcentem, nondinn quadlorem, jucbcavc _ _ a 1 _ . ’ • . • • r-T- T 1 I* 7 ’ T mnt ic tota civitate virum optimum efie. v $.rrc -rtf s-rsrtiv, a cudeiido. x Felt us. U plciUHl. >■ 1 v Hci id. I. ]' Of the Gods of the Heathens . *75 Sect. III. fhe Sacrifices of Cyhcle . » £R facriflces, like the facrifices of Bacchus, z were celebrated with a confufed noife of times, pipes, and cymbals ; and the facrificants horded as if they were mad : they profaned both the temple of their Goddefs, and the ears of their hearers, with their filthy words and actions. The fallowing rites were peculiarly obferved in her fa- crificcs. a Her temple was opened not by hands, but by prayers : none entered who had tailed gar¬ lic: the prieffs facriliced to her fitting, and touch¬ ing the earth, offered the hearts of the victims. And, laftly, among the trees, the box and the pine were facred to her 5 the box, becaufe the pipes ufed in her facriflces were made of it ; b the pine, for the fake of Atys, Attes, or Attincs, a boy that Cybele much loved, and had made him preftdent of her rites upon condition that he always prefer¬ red his chaftity inviolate. But he forgot his vow, and loft that virtue. c Wherefore the offended Goddefs threw him into fuch a madnefs, that he emafculated himfelf, (though d Lucian fays that Cybele did it) ; and when lie was about to lay vio¬ lent hands upon himfelf, fhe in pity turned him into a pine. But take notice that there was a true Atys, the ion of Croefus king of Lydia. He was born dumb: but when he faw in the fight a foldier at his fa¬ thers back, with a fword lifted up to kill him, the ft rings of his tongue, which h incited his fpeech, burft-; and by fpeaking clearly, he prevented his- father’s deft ru£l ion. H 4 Sect. 2 Apuloi. 8. Mctam. Claud. 2. de Raptu. a Serv. in 6 -ffincid. A then. ap. I>il. Gyrald. p. 143. uyraU. Synt. 4. p. 143. La&am. in p. 8. Theb. . ^ crv ; i n ASncid. c Auguft. 7. do Civj'ate Dri. G Lucian, de Dea Svra. l.il. i ^]6 Of tht Gods of the Heathens, Sect. IV. fhe Priefls of Cyhele . T e just now told you,- that her priefls were call. ed Galli , from a river of Phrygia of that name: inch was the nature of the water of that river, that whofoever drank of it immediately grew mad to iuch a degree as to caflrate himfelf. This is cer. tain, that the Galli were callrated,.and from thenci called Semi'viri : as often as tuey facrificcd, theyfu. rioufly cut and flailed their arms with knives; am tlience all furious and mad people were called gd /antes. f B elides the name of Galli , they were alfc called Curetes , Coryhantes, fclchhics, Cahiri , am Jdeei DaCiyli. Some fay that thefe priefls wen different from the Galli : but becaufe molt peopli believe them to be the fame, and fay that the were all priefls of Cybele, therefore I will fpe fomething of each of them. The Curetes were either Cretans, or /Etolian: or Eubceans, and had their names from 5 {having io that Curetes and Detonfl lignify almofl the fa: thing. For they fhaved the hair of their hem before, but wore hair behind,, that they might m be taken (as it has often happened) by the for locks by the enemy ; or perhaps they were call' Curetes, ll hecaule they -were habited in long veil like young maidens ; or, lallly, i becaufe they edi cated Jupiter in his infancy. Her priefls were alfo called Coryhantcs; becauj in the facrilices of their Goddefs, they tolled tin heads and danced, and butted with, their foreheaj like rams, after a mad falhion. Thus, when tli initiat c Lib Gyr. p. 141. f Var. apud Norm, in verbo Caf g *\v?o T 7 u Kvousy a tonfura Curetes dicebantur. h *Arfo K cpa; y a puella quod pudlartun llolam induebant. i *A ^ro a.quoi$y ab educatione juvenuiu, quod Jovcm fantein aluiffe ptrhibemur. Strabo. ♦ - ■ j'L JCV 3 T. Of the Gods of the Heathens . jyy initiated any one into their facrifices, k they placed him in a chair, and danced about him like fools. Another name of her priefls was 'Telchines. Thefe were famous magicians and enchanters ; and they came from Crete to Cyprus, and thence into Rhodes ; which latter ifland was called "Te./chines from them. 1 Or, if we believe others, they were deferving men, and invented many arts for the good of the public : for they HrH fet up the Ha¬ tties and the images of the Gods~ The Cabiri , or Caheri , fo called from Cabiri., mountains of Phrygia,. m were either the fervants of the Gods, or Gods themfelves, or rather dae¬ mons, or the fame with the Corybantes ; for peo¬ ple’s opinions concerning them are different. The Idsei Da&yli n were the fervants and affiH- ants of Magna Mater; called Ideci from the moun¬ tain Ida, where they lived; and Da£lyli y o from the fingers ; for thefe priefls were ten, like the fingers : p they ferved Rhea every where, and in every thing,, as if they were' fingers to her. Yet many affirm that there were more than C H A P* VIII. % Sect. I. . Ceres. Her Image . have fa id enough, dear Sir, of Cybele r , pray tell me what that tall majeflic lady is that Hands there, r beautified with yellow hair^, and crowned, with a turbant compofed of the ears H 5 of k Asm r» xo£wfluy, a comih 119 ferlendo 8 c Bcuvuv incedendo.. Strabo, 1 . i. Plato in Euthid. 1 Strabo, ibid. m Idem ibid. n Sophocl. apud JL.il. Gyr. o Digit! enim Grace dicuntur XaxruXei. p JuliPoI. X . q Strabo. Died. ap. Gyr. r Ovid. 4. Faft, Arnobius wetra Geatcs, Martian. I, dc Nupt, 1*$ Of the Gods of the Heathens . of corn ; her bofom fwclls with breads as white n: fnow. Her right-hand is iilled with poppies and ears of corn, and in her left is a lighted torch. Sect. II. ‘The Explanation of the Image. M. TT is Ceres, my Pala?ophilus, s the daughter •** of Saturn and Ops ; v/hofe lingular beauty made the Gods tliemfelves her lovers and admirers. Her brothers Jupiter and Neptune fell in love with her, and debauched her. t She had Proferpina In Jupiter. And by Neptune it is uncertain whether die had a daughter or a horfe : for, u as fome fay. when die avoided the purfuits of Neptune, who followed her. Hie call lierfelf among a drove of mares, and immediately put on the diape of a mare; which Neptune perceiving, he made liimfell a horfe ; and from her he begot the horfe Anon. y Ovid himfelf is of this opinion : and from hence I fuppofe the dory comes which x Paufanias relates. Upon the mountain iEleus in Arcadia, an altar was dedicated to Ceres ; her image had the body of a woman, but the head of a horfe ; it remained en¬ tire and unhurt in the midft of lire. Yet others have told us, that Ceres did not bring forth a horfe, but a daughter : y the Arcadians thought it a wick¬ ed thing to call this daughter by any other name than z the Lady , or the Great Goddefs , which were the ufual names of her mother Ceres. Ceres was greatly afhamed of this difgrace : fie exceedingly lamented the lofs of her honour ; and teftified her forrow by the mourning cloaths which a Heliod. in Theogon. t Idem ibid, n Prod, in Georg. Virg. v ** Et te flava comas frugum mitiflima mater, “ Senfit equum- The gold-hair 1 d gentle Goddefs Ceres knew Thee in a horfe’s fhape. x i'aufanias in Arcad/ y Idem ibid, 2 Atff’Trofvcc.Do niina, & Magna Dea. Of the Gods of the Heathens+ *79 p A c afterwards wore, (whence fhe was named Ma- lum, iM 5 X«ivr, Nigra f She retired into the dark j recedes of a cave, where ihc lav fo privately that none of the Gods knew where ihc was, till Pan the God of the woods difeovered her by chance, and I t3 ]ci Jupiter ; who, fending the Fates to her, per- funded her at laft to lay afide her grief and rife out of the cave: which was a happy and joyful thing I for all the world ; for in her abfence a great in¬ fection reigned throughout all forts of living crea¬ tures, which fprang from the corruption of the fruits of the earth and the granaries every where. P. But why were the fruits of the earth cor¬ rupted in her abfence ? M. Why ? Do you not know that Ike is the God- ! defs of the fruits, and that her very name is deri¬ ved b from her care in producing or preferving the fruits of the earth ? And have you not heard that ihe firil invented and taught the art of tilling the earth, and fowing corn, and all pulfe (except beans),, and of making bread therewith ; whereas before they ate only acorns ? This you may learn from c Ovid ; who tells us that Ceres was the hr ft that made laws, provided wholefome food, and taught the art of husbandry, of plowing and fowing : for I before her time the earth lay rough and unculti¬ vated, covered with briars and unprofitable plants. ■Where there were no proprietors of land, they ne¬ glected to cultivate it; when no body had any ground H 6 of b Ceres dicitur quafi Geres a gerendis friidtib-us : aut quafi e- vel ab antiquo verbo Ccreo, quod idem elt ac Crco, qui.-d cundaruai frugum creatrix fit Sc altrix. Cicero 2. de Nat. Deo: * ^hten. de prof. rel. c. jg. Scaliger & Servius in 1 . Georg. Cal- nruacli. Hymn, in Cer. Plin. 7. c. 50. c egat them of the nymph Mnexnofyne, who afterward brought them forth upon the mountain Pierius. Some affirm that they had other parents 5 and b ancient writers fay, that they lived before Jupiter, and were the daugh¬ ters of Cesium. They are called the daughters of Jupiter and Mnemofyne, (which in Greek fignifies memory'), becaufe all fludents and fcholars ought not only to have great ingenuity, but ready me¬ mories. Sect. e Cor i nt. apiul Lil. Gy raid. p. 560. Orph. in I-Iyinn. Muf. i Ilefioh in Theo.>. g Tzetzes, Cliil. 6 . Hid. co h -Mull np. Lii. Gyr. Jfl. XMU-J- 187 Of the Gods of the Idea the ns. Sect. II. 'The Plumes of the Tlifes. t j'HE Ivfufcs, or Tvlufe, were formerly called Mo- L Jf and were fo named from a 1 Greek word i\\?X figailies to inquire ; became men, by inquiring 01 them, learn the tilings of which they were be¬ fore ignorant. But others fay that they had their name from k their rcfemblance, becaufe there is a iimilitude, and an affinity and relation between, all fie fcleiices ; in which they agree together, haul .are tinited with one another. Wherefore the Mufes are often painted with their hands joined, dancing in a ring ; in the middle of them fits Apollo, their commander and prince. The pencil of nature de- ion bed them in that manner upon the agate which Pyrrhus, who made war againfl the Romans, wore ia a ring: for in it was a reprrfcntation of the nine Mufes, and Apollo holding a harp ; and thefe figures were not delineated by art, but by the 1 fpontaneous handywork of nature ; and the veins of the done were formed fo regularly, that every Uafc had her particular difllnftion. Sect. III. j the proper Homes cf the Ivlt.fs . P . T THAT v/ere tiie proper names of each of V V the Mufes ? hi. They had each of them a name derived from f.r.ne particular accomplishments of their minds or todies. ire fir ft, Calliope , was fo called m from the fvvect- r.ci-j o[ her voice ; Ihe prefides over rhetoric, a:id is eileemed the moll excellent of all the nine. The fecond, Clio, is fo named from n glory. For Die 1 At? -ry f/.uircu > id eft, nb incpiircvdo. Ib a to in Cratylo. k cititii oy.oeeacfA, id eit, limiter.. Caifiodor. ‘ * 1 37. c. i. m At-? t;?> }.r.; otn; a iuavitatc \ocb. '■ At a ray xXsay, a tlorla »'c. j^ra:n ‘»(-fr.:irum qu:is mernurat. — .‘C-.. iiO. i. *88 Of the Gods of the Heathens . fhe is the hiflorical Mufe, and takes her name fro the famoufnefs of the things fhe recoids. The third,. Erato, has her name ° from love, be caufe ilie figns of amours, or becaufe learned men are beloved and praifcd by others. She is alfo cal¬ led Sal tat r lx ; for die firil invented- the art of dan ing, over which fhe predded. She was alfo the inventrcfs of poetry. The fourth, fhall a, from p her gaiety, briJknefs, and pleafantry ; bccaufe fhe fings pleafantly and wantonly. Some infcribe to her the invention of comedy, others of geometry. The fifth, JMelpomeiiCy from q the excellency of her fong, and the melody fhe makes when flic fingj. She is fuppofed to preikie over tragedy, and to have invented fonnets. The fixth, Terpfchore , has her name from r the pleafure fhe takes in dancing, becaufe fhe delights in balls. Some call her Citbariftria* The feventh, Euterpe , or Euterpia , from s the fweetnefs of her finging; Some call her fibicina: becaufe, according to them, fhe prefldes over the pipes : and fome fay logic was invented by her. The eighth, Po/j hytnnia , or Poly?n?iia , or Pclym - tieia, from 1 her excellent memory \ and there!ere the invention of writing hiitory is attributed to her, •wliich requires a good memory. It was owing to her, u “ that the fongflers add to the verfes that they Si fing, hands and fingers, which fpeak more than “ the o *A 73 tou sDv]aiy ab amors. Ovid, dc Arte, 1 . i . p 'A to ^ tacita, uno verbo geftus 3c actio.. ^Of the Gods of the Heathens . F t the tongue : an expreflive filence ; a language < without words •, in fhort, gefture and adlion.” The ninth, v Urania , was f© called, either becaufe (be fings of divine tilings ; or becaufe through her aifiHance men are praifed to the Ikies ; or becaufe, j,v the faiences, they become converfant in the Contemplation of things celeftial. Bahufius, a modern poet, has comprifed the names of thefe nine Mufes in a x diflich : that is, he has made the nine Mufes to Hand, which is fomething ftrange, but upon eleven feet. Perhaps [you will remember their names better when thejr [are thus joined together in two verfes. •Sect. IV. The names common to all the Mufes . XITHAT names have the Mufes common to ** them all ? M. The mofl remarkable are. Helicon ides, or Hcliconiades , from the mountain idiccn in Bocotia. ParnaJJides, from the mountain Parnaflus in [Phocis, which has two heads ; y where, if any lerfon flept, he prefently became a poet. It was mcicntly called Larnajjus, from Larnace, the ark >f Deucalion, which refled here ; and was named Varnajfus, after the flood, from an inhabitant of this mountain fo called. Cither ides, or Cither aides, from the mountain Ci- • her on, where they dwelt. domdes , from the country Aonia. Pie rides , or Pierici, 2 from the mountain Pierus, ir Pieria, in Thrace 5 or from the daughtersi'of Pie- rius v tf^avtf, a Caelo. I p °Iynmeia, Erato, Clio, atque Thalia, Melpomene, Euterpe, Terpfichore, Urania.’* v P^ - Bah. 4 * I* ; 1 emus in .Proajmio. z Idem ibid. 1^0 Of the Gods of the Heathens . rius and Anippe, who daring to contend with ti if Mufes, were changed into pyes. Peg a/ides and Hippocrcnides , from the fanou; fountain Helicon, which by the Greeks is c.liel a Hippocrene , and by the Latins h Cahallinus ; bath which words fignify the hoefe's fount am ; it wa; alfo named Pegafeius , from Pegafus the wingej horfe, c who flriking a ftone in this place witli hj s foot, opened the fountain, d and the water of it became vocal. _AgnnippideSy or Aganippe. Cajlalidcs , from foot of Parnahus. n & %anippece, from the fountai; 1 the fountain Caflalius at the P Sect. V*. The Hu viler of the Tvlufcs. . 1 T 7 HAT was the number of the Mufes i* * * M. Some write c that they were but three in the beginning ; becaufe found, out of which all fnging is formed, is naturally threefold ; cither made by the voice alone; or by blowing, as in pipes; or by flriking, as in citterns or drums. Or it may be becauf c there arc three tones of the voice or other infh'uments, the bale, the tenor, and the treble. f Or bccaufe three is the moil perfect ot numbers; for it agrees to the perfons of the God head. g Or, laflly, becaufe all the fcienccs are ch- ilributed into three general parts ; philofophy, rhe¬ toric, and mathematics ; and each three parts are fuhdivided into three other parts ; philofopliy into logic, ethics, and phyfic ; rhetoric into the de- monflrative, deliberative, and judicial kind ; 'ma¬ thematics into muiic, geometry, and arithmetic: whence' a Ab Isrzs’o; equus, Sc y.n jy?? fon>. b CalKilbui -i Caballus, id eft, equus. c Ovid. 5. Metaro. cl Sidonius ApolHn. e Var. apud Auguft. Ctuforin. de Die iiat.ili. g Phv.rnnt. dc DJeortun N;d" r? - Of the Gods of the Heathens . 191 whence it came to pals, that they reckoned not only three Mufes, but nine. Others give us a different rcafon why they arc nine. h When the citizens of Sicyon appointed three fkilful artificers to make the ftatues of the three Mufes, promifing to clioofe thofe three Ha- tue.i out of the nine -which they liked befi, they were all fo well made that they cold not tell which to choofe ; fo that they brought them all, and plac¬ ed them in the temples ; and Hefiod afterwards af- jigaed to them the names mentioned above. P, Were they virgins ? M. 1 Some affirm it ; and others deny it, who reckon up their children. But, however, let no one dcfpife the Mufes, unlefs he defign to bring dcftruttion upon himfclf by the example of Tha- mjras or Thamyris : k who being conceited of his own beauty and fkill in fin gin g, prefumed to chal¬ lenge the Mufes to ling, upon condition that if he was overcome they fhould punifh him as they plcaf- cd. And after he was overcome, he was deprived t once both of his harp and his eyes, a CHAP. X. Themis, Astraea, Nemesis. * P. nPHE.SE. three Goddefies, I fee, contrive and confult together of affairs of great moment. M. I fuppofe fo ; for their bufinels is almofi the fame ; the fame function is incumbent upon each of them. But, however, let us infpeft them all iingly. 7 he mis h Var. ibid, ex Lil. Gyi*. p. 261. i Plato ap. eundem. Vi.le Nat. Corn. k Homer. Iliad. 2. Hut. dc Alufieu. rs^<2, Of the Gods of the Heathens. fhemis , the firfl of them, 1 is the daughter 0 { Cloelum and Terra. According to the nullification of her name, her office is to inftruCt mankind to do things honeft, juft, and right. n Wherefore her images were brought and placed before thole who were about to fpeak to the people, that they might be admonifhed thereby to fay nothing in public but what was juft and righteous. Some fay ° file fpoke oracles at Delphos, before Apollo; though p Homer fays, that file ferved Apollo with neCtar and ambrofia. There was anotlier Themis, of whom Juftice, Law, and Peace, are faid to be born. Heftod, by way of eminence, calls her q Mo. defy becaufe (lie was afliamed to fee any thing that %vas done againft right and equity. Eufebius calls her Carjsicnta ; r becaufe by her verfe and precepts flie directs every one to what is juft: by whom he means a different Carmenta from the Roman Carmenta, who was the mother of Evander, otherwife called % Ihe7?iix Nicofratay a prophetical lady, s She was worftupped by the Romans, becaufe fhe prophefiecl; and was called Carmenta , either 11 from the verfe in which flie uttered her predictions, or u from the madnefs which feemed to poffefs her -when fhe pro- phefied. To this lady an altar was dedicated near ! the gate Carmentalis, by the capitol; and a temple ; was alfo built to her honour upon this occafion. ! The fen ate forbade the married women the ufeof i litters or fedans ; they combined together, and re- folved that they would never bring children unlefs tlieir hufbands refeinded that ediCf: they kept to this 1 Hefiod. in Theogon. m tBz/xis enim fignificat fas. n Ex Lil. Gyr. o Ex Ovidii JVIetam. 1 . i. p Hymn, in Apollinem. q id eft, pudibundum. Hefiod. in Theogon. r Quod carminibus edicftifquc iuis prajeipiat unicuique quod juftum eft. Eufebius, L 3. Prrep. Evang. s Solimis in deferiptione Roirue. t A Carmine. Ovid. Fait. « Quaficarens mente. v Vide Ovid, in Faitis, 1 . 3. Of the Gods of the Heathens . 19 j this agreement with fo much refolution, that the ieiiate was obliged to change their fentence, and yjeld to the women’s will, and allow them all fe- j a n3 and chariots again- And when their wives conceived and brought forth fine children, they erecied a temple in honour of Carmenta. djircca, x the daughter of Aurora and Aftrasus 'the Titan, (or, as others rathere fay, the daughter !of Jupiter and Themis), was efleemed y the prince oi’jufuce. The poets feign, that in the golden age ihe descended from heaven to the earth ; and, being offended at lafl by the wickednefs of mankind, 2 (lie returned to heaven again, after all the other iQods had gone before her. She is often dire&ly called by the name of fuf- ■tiiia , as particularly by a Virgil. And when Ihe had returned into heaven again, ihe was placed [where we now fee the conilellation b Virgo. The parents of Netnefis were c Jupiter and Ne- ceflity, or, according to others, INfox and Oceanus. She was the Goddefs that rewarded virtue and pu- nifhed vice ; and flic taught men their duty ; fo that fixe received her name d from the diflribution that fixe made to every body. Jupiter enjoyed her, as the ftory fays, in the ihape of a goofe 5 c after which fhe brought forth an egg, which ihe gave to a ihepherd whom file met, to be carried to Leda, I Leda x Hcliod. in Thcogon. y Jufi.it ire antiftita. 2 “ Viet a j.icet pictas, Sc vivgo cade madentes “ Ultima ('cclcltum terras Aflrsea reliquit.” A:1 duty d : es, and weary M Juilice flies From bloody earth at lait, and mounts the flues. a-extrema per illos * “ Jidtitia excedens terris vefligia fecit.” Virg. Georg. 1. 2 . Juilice lait took her flight from lienee : and here Ihe prints of her departing fleps -appear, t) lsocc.it, 1. 4 . General. Dcor. c Paufan. in Arcade ** Awo ro&> ixcc$-u izs , tyty-y,ye. The Latins called him limns and Incubus , the k ht mare; p beeaufe he ufes carnality with all •'features. I 2 And P Slav omne, quo* :x omu.mm piocorum con^reflu cum Pc - IC ' J ‘ r natus Samiu . ;» dome:. in Hymn. o Phui nutiiiti f Abineundo patiim cum omnibus animalibus. Serv. in yF.>: , 190 Of the Gods of the Heathens . And at Rome he was worfhipped, q and called Jape reus and Lyceus . To his honour a temple was built at the foot of the Palatine hill ; and feftivab called Lupercalia were inflituted, in which his priefts the Luperci ran about the city naked. Sect. II. fhe Defcent of Pan . H IS defcent is uncertain ; but the common opinion is, that he was born of Mercury and Penelope, r For when Mercury fell violently in love with her, and tried in vain to move her, at lafl, by changing himfelf into a very white goat, he obtained his delire, and begat Pan of her, when fhe kept the Iheep of her father Icarius in the mount Taygetus. Pan, after he was born, s was lapt up in the fkin of a hare, and carried to heaven. But why do I here detain you with words ? Look at his image. Sect. III. fhe I??iage of Pan . . TS that Pan ? t that horned half-goat, that rc- fembles a bealt rather than a man, much lefs a God ; whom I fee deferibed with a fmiling ruddy face, and two horns ; his beard comes down to hi: brea/t; his /kin is fpotted, and his legs and thigh covered with long hair; he has the tail and the fee: of a goat ; his head is crowned ; and he holds crooked Half in one hand, and in the other a pip of uneven reeds, with the mu/ic of which he can cheer even the Gods themfelves. O ridiculou Deity ! fit only to terrify boys ! M. Believe me, he has frighted the men too For when the Gauls, under Brennus their leader, made an irruption into Greece, and were juftahoui to plunder the city of Delphos, Pan in the nigfo fright P q Judin, L 43. 5 Homer in Hvmn. r Hefiocl in Euterpe, t Lucian in Bacch. *97 Of the Gods of the Heathens. frightened them f o much, that they all betook theinklves to flight when nobody, purfued them, Whence we proverbially fay, that men are in u pa - f., nicjairs , when we fee them affrighted without a caufe. Mow hear what the image of Pan flgnifles. Pan, thcv fay, is a fymbol of the univerfal world, as I intimated before : v in his upper part he refembles a man, in his lower part a beaft, becaufe the fu- perior and celeilial part of the world is beautiful, radiant, and glorious ; as is the face of this God, whole horns refemble the rays of the fun and the horns of the moon. The rednefs of his face is like the fplcndour of the iky ; and the fpotted fkin that he wears is an image of the fliarry firmament. In his lower parts he is ihaggy and deformed ; which reprefents the ihrubs, and wild beaffs, and trees of the earth below* His goat’s feet fignify the fo- liditj of the earth ; and his pipe of feven reeds, that ccleffial harmony which is made by the feven planets. He has a fliepherd’s hook, crooked at the top, in his hand, which flgnifles the turning of the year into itfclf. Sect. IV . A&iotis qf Pan . UT what mean thofe young ladies that _ dance about him ? M. They are nymphs who dance to the mufic of his pipe; x which inftrument Pan firff invented. You’ll wonder when you hear the relation which the poets tell us of this pipe ; viz. y as oft as Pan blows it, the dugs of the iheep are filled with milk. I 3 For u Tcrrorcs Panici eoriirn funt qui fine caufa perterrentur. Pau- fanias, Plutarchus. v Servius in Eclog. i. x “ Pan primus calamos cera coniunpcre plures “ Inaituit.” . . . Ihn taught to join with wax unequal reeds. }' Orpheus in Hymn. Ibicus, Eoet.i Grrecu Vlrr. Ed. ' » igS Of the Gods of the Heathens . For he is the God of the fhepherds and hunter^ the captain of- the nymphs, the prefident of the mountains 'and of a country life, and the z guar, dian of the Docks that graze upon the mountains. Although his afpcdl is fo deformed, yet when ht changed liimfelf into a white ram, he plcafed tnd tratihed die moon, a as it is reported : the nymph V,cho fell alfo in love with him, and brought him a daughter named 1 ranges ; who b gave Medea the medicines (they fay) with which hie charmed ji- fon. c He could not but pleafe Dry ope ; to gau whom, he laid ahde, as it were, his divinity, and became a lhcphcrd. But he did not court the nymph Syrinx with fo much fucccfs : for he ran away to avoid fo filth}- a lover ; till coming to a ri¬ ver (where her flight was Hopped), fhe prayed the Naiades, the nymplis of the waters, becanfe Hie could not efcape her purfuer, to change her into a bundle of reeds juft as Pan was laying hold of her, a who therefor3 caught the reeds in his arms iu- Head of her. c The winds moving theft reeds back 7. “ Pan curat oves, oviumquc magittros.” Virg. lid. Pan loves the fhepherds, and their Hocks he feeds, a “ Munerc fie nivcolar.a:, fi credere dif>n,iim et', • k Pan Dcus Arcadia; cuptam tv, Luna, fefclht.** Virg. Geui fa '. •• ’Twas thus with ileoces milky white, (if we May trull report) Pan, God of Arcady, Did bribe thee, Cynthia ; ncr didft thou difdain, When call’d in woody (hades, to cr.fe a lovers pain, b Thenstct. Poeta Gipjcus. c Homer, in Hymn, d “ Hie fe lr.utarent liquidas orafle furores: “ Pannque cum prenfam libi jam Syrt.iga put arc t* “ Gorpore pro nymphee calamos trivific paluftres.” Met. 1 . 1 , When, that (he might avoid a luttful rape, i She bogg’d her fitter nymphs to change her fiiapc; Pan thought h’ had hugg’d his mitt refs, when indeed He only hugg’d a trufs of mocrifli rccd. c ‘* Dmnque jbi fufpirat, motos in ajundine venlos vk Jtffecitte iQnum tenuem fiaulcmque querenti. C! .\ Of the Gods of the Heathens . 199 Backward and forward occalioned mournful but mufical founds ; which Pan perceiving, cut them dovvn, and made them reeden pipes. But f Lucre- tins afcribes the invention of thefe pipes, .not to Pan, but to fome countrymen, who had obferved o;i Pome other occalion the whittling of the wind through reeds. In the facrihces of this God s they offered to him milk and honey in a ttiepherd's- bottle. He was more efpecially wor/liipped in Ar¬ cadia ; for which reafon he is fo often called 11 Pan Dais Arcadia . Some derive from him i Hifpania, Spain, for¬ merly called Iberia ; for he lived there when he returned from the Indian war, to which lie went vdth Bacchus and the Satyrs, 14 CHAP, Arte nova voeifque Deum dulcedine captum *' Hoc mi hi concilium tecum, dixiife, manebit ; “ Atque ita dilparibus caiamis compagine ceric “ Inter *c juncUs nomen tenuille pueilre/’ He fl;dis ; his fighs the tolling reeds return l-i loit tmall notes, like one that Teem’d to mourn The new hut plealaut notes the Gods furprife ; Vet this fliail make us friends at lull, he cries : -o he his pipe of reeds unequal fram’d With wax; and Syrinx, from his miftrefs nam’d. i-“ Zephyri cava per calamorum iibil.i primum ’• Agreftes docuere cavas, inflare cicutas ; “ Inde minutatim dulces didicere querelas. Tibia qua$ fundit digitis pullata canentum : A\ia per nemora ac iylvas faltufque reperta, u Her loca paftorum defertu, atque otia Dia.” Lucr. Anil whilft. Toft ev’ning gales blew o’er the plain*. And fliook the founding reeds, they taught the fwams: And thus the pipe was fram’d, and tuneful reed ; And while the tender flocks fecurcly feed, 'The h annlefs fhepherds tun’d their pipes to love. And Amaryllis founds in ev’ry grove, g Thcocr. in Viator. h Virg. 3 - Georg. 4 Eel. i Lii. Gyr. 300 Of the Gods of the Heathens, C II A P. XII. Sylvan us. A LTHOUGH many writers confound the Syh vani, Fauni, Satyri, and Sileni, with Pan, yet many diftinguiih them ; we will therefore treat •ef them feparately, and begin with Sylvanus. That old man is Sylvanus whom you fee placed next to Pan, with the feet of a goat and the k face of a man, of little ihature ; 1 he holds cyprefs in his hand it retched out. He is fo called from Syhec } the woods ; for he prefides over them. in He might¬ ily loved the boy Cypariffus, who had a tame deer .In. v/hich he took great pleafure. Sylvanus by trhance killed it; whereupon the youth died for grief. n Therefore Sylvanus changed him into a cyprefs tree, and carried a branch of it always in his hand, in memory of his lofs. There were many other Sylvani, who endeavour¬ ed as much as they could to violate the chaRity of women. St. Auftin fays, ° “ That they and the 4 * Fauni (commonly called hicuhi), were often- 41 times wicked to women ; defiring and enjoying “ their embraces.” And Varro fays, that they were mifehievous to pregnant women. C II A P. jk /Elian. Hift. Varia. 1 Martin, de Nupti.s. in Servius in Virg. ./Eneul. ct Georg, n “ Kt tent ram a nulice fere ns, Sylvanc, cupreflum. ” A tender cyprefs plant Sylvanus bears, o lios cum Faunis (quos vulgo Incub os vocant), impiobo* fq't nitbfe mulic l ibus, et earum appetifle et peregifle concubit .iiff. de Civlfite Dei,, 1. x.5. c. 23. 201 Of the Gods of the Heathens CHAP. XIII. SlLENUS. 'T’HAT old fellow who follows next, with a flat nofe and a bald head, with large ears, and a finally flat, gore-bellied body, is Silenus ; l'o call¬ ed p from his jocular temper, bccaufe he perpetu- alljjefts upon people. He lits upon a q faddle- backed afs, but when he walks he leans upon a ftafF. He was Bacchus’s fofler-father, his maker, and his perpetual companion ; and confequently rd- moit always drunk, as we find him defcribed r in the flxth eclogue of Virgil. The cup which he snd Bacchus ufed was called Cantharus ; and the kafl with which he fupported himfelf s Firtila : this be ufed when he was.fo drunk, as it often happen¬ ed, that he could not fit on, 1 but fell from bis afs. I 5 The p a?o rn ni eft, dictcria in Jiliqueai dieexe. JEA izn. 3 Var. Hi(t. c. io. q Pando afello. r “ Siienum pueri fornno videre jaccntem, " InSlatum licftcrno venas, ut temper, laccho ; ‘‘ Ssrta procal tanturn capiti dtlapfa iaccbant, " gravis attrita pendebat cantharus anfa.” ——Two tetyrs, on the ground. Stretch d at their cafe, their fire Silenus found :■ Dos’d with his fumes, and heavy with his load. They found him fnoiing in his dark abode ; His rofy wreath was dropp’d not long before, £orne by the tide of wine, and floating on the floor. Ihs empty can, with ears half worn away. Was hung on high, to boaft the triumph of the day. I “ Quinque fenex ferula titubantes ebrius artus ‘ Suftinct, ct pando non fortiter hceret afello.” Ovid. Met.-4* His ftaff does haidiy keep him on his legs ; >Vlien mounted on his afs, fee how he fwags. t “ Ebrius ecce fenex pando delapfus afello • Clamarunt Satyri, Surge, age, furge, pater. De Art. Am. : ! ie Soker’s drunk, front’s afs he’s got a fall daddy, rife, again the Satyrs bawl. 1 202 Of the Gods of the Heathens . The Satyrs were not only conflant companion; of Silenus, but were afliftant to him : for they held him in great efteem, and honoured him as their father ; and u when they became old, they weic called Sileni too. And concerning Silenus’s afs, they fay that v he was tranflated into heaven, and placed among the {tars'*, becaule in the Giants wars, Silenus rode on him, and helped Jupiter very much, * But when Silenus was once taken, and aiked achat was the befl thing that ctfiild befal man ? lie, after a long lilence, an five red, “ It is beft for all “ never to be born ; but, being born, to die very vC quickly.” Which exprefiion Pliny reports al- moft in the fame words, y “ There have been ma. ny who have judged it very happy never to have been born, or to die immediately after one’s birth.” CHAP. XIV. fhe Satyrs. B E.HOLD ! z thofe are Satyrs who dance in Inf- civious motions and poftures under the fiiadeof that tall and fpreading oak : they have heads arm¬ ed with horns, and goats feet and legs, crocked hands, rough hairy bodies, and tails not much fliorter than horfes tails. There is no animal in nature more falacious and libidinous than theft Gods. Their a name itfelf Ihews the hlthinefs of their nature: and Paufanias gives a proof of it, by relating u Paufanias in Atticis. v Aratus in Phienomen. >: Koo atus qu'ultuirn ejfet hominibus opt imum . s refpomlit, Omn • l us r[l e optimum nofci\ cf juitos qnam citijjime iulerire. Plat. :n; Confoiatione A pul. y Multi ext here qui not: mj'ci of to uni conferunt , uut quarn ritijjbue uboleri. Plin. in Praetat. )• ?• z Paufan. in Atticis. a Satyrus derivator- a-rtc, re- :: vcrctro. P».fcb. in Prsep, Evunp, ibid. Of the Gods of the Heathen#. 20$ relating a ftory of fome mariners who were drove upon a defart ifland by florin, and faw themfelves furrounded by a flock of Satyrs : the fcamen were frightened, and betook themfelves to their fhips ; and the Satyrs left the men, but they feized the women, and committed all manner of wickednefs with them. CHAP. XV. 'T’he Fauns. T -HE Fauns, which you fee joined with the Sa¬ tyrs, differ from them in the name only ; at lead they are not unlike them in their looks ; b for they have hoofs and horns, and are c crowned with the branches of the pine. When they meet drunken perfons, they ftupify them (as it is faid) with * their looks alone. The boors of this country call them the c Rural Gods ; and pay them the more refpedl, becaufe they are armed with horns and nails, and painted in terrible fhapes. Faunui , or Fatuellus , f was the £on of Picus king of the Latins. s He married his own filler, whole name was Fauna or Fcituclla : he confecrated and made her prieflefs, after which fhe had the gift of prophecy. Hiftory likewife tells us, * that this Faunus was the father and j^rince of the other Fauns and the Satyrs. h His name was given him from his fkill in prophefying ; and from thence al- fo Fatus fignifies both perfons that fpeak rafhly and incorifideratelfy and enthufiqfts : becaufe they I 6 who ~~ - 1 * “ M “- ‘ - - -- - 1 • i ■ — b Ovid. Faftorum 2. c Idem in Epiffola Oenones. tl Idem in Epiftola Phedras. e Dii Agreftes. Virgil, Georg, i. f Servius 7, iEneid 6 . g Nat. Comes, lib. 5, b Faunus cUcitur a fatale feu vaticinando. Ser. ^Sccid *7. IfzcL Hi ip. Epifcopuc. 20 4 the Gods of the Heathens . who prophefy, deliver the mind and will of an- other, and fpeak things which they often do not under ft and. CHAP. XVI. Priapus. p. TJX A r What means that naked G-od with | | his fickle, behind the trunk of the tree ? why does he hide the half of his body fo ? M. The painter was modeft, and therefore paint¬ ed but half of him, becaufe he is a ftiamelefs and obfeene deity : his name is Priapus . I am attain¬ ed to tell the ftory of him, it is fo very filthy; and therefore I fhall fay only that he was the fon of Venus and Bacchus, born at Lampfacus ; where his mother, hating his deformity, and the difpro- portion of his members, rejected him. Yet he pleafed the women of Lampfacus fo well, that their hufbands banifhed him from the city, till by the oracle’s command he was recalled, and made God of the gardens, and crowned with gar¬ den herbs. He carries a fickle in his hand, to cut off from the trees all fuperfluous boughs, and to drive away thieves, and beafts, and mifehie- yous birds ; from whence he is called Avijlupor . Therefore his image is ufually placed in gardens; as we may learn from 1 Tibullus, k Virgil, and Horace. d “ Promofifque rubor cuftos ponatur n hortis 4 ‘ Arceat ut fseva falce Priapus aves.” With th’ fwarthy guardian God our orchards grace, With this ftiff fickle he the birds will chace. k “ Et cuftos. fnrum atque avium cum falce faligna *+ Hellefpontiaci fervet tutela Priapi.” Georg. J. 4 Befides the God obfeene, who frights away. With his lath fword, the thieves and birds of prey. Of the Gods of the Heathens. 20 5 ft 1 Horace. He is called Hc!lefp07itiacus by the poets ; becaufe the city of Lainpfacus, where he was borrr, was fituated upon the Hellefpont. All agree that he was very deformed; and they fay that this was the occaiion of the deformity of this God : When Juno faw Venus was big with child, /lie was jealous ; nd therefore, under pretence of affifting her in her labour, fhe fpitefully mifufed her, fo that the young child was fpoiled and deformed ; and from jii< deformity called Priapus , Phallus , and Fafci- num ; all which three names favour of obfeenity; though by fome m he is called Bonus Hec?non , or Ge» rsiLs. Indeed Juno’s touch was not neceffary to make the child monflrous; for can any beautiful offspring be expected from a fot and a courtefan ? CHAP. XVII. Arist^eus. I T E is called Hr\/lceus whom you fee bulled in that nurfery of olives, fupporting and im¬ proving the trees. He is employed in drawing oil from the olive, which art he firfl invented. He alfo found out the ufe of honey, and therefore you fee fome rows of bee-hives near him. n For which two profitable inventions the ancients paid him di¬ vine honours. He was other wife called Nomius and Hgraus, and£ was* 1 “ Olim truncus eram ficulnus, inutile lignum, “ Cum fuber inccrtus fcamnum faceretne Priapurrr, “ Maluit eife Deum. JDeus inde ego furum aviumque *' Maxima formido.’* Hot. Sat. Till artifts doubting, which the log was good For, ftool or God ; refolv’d to make a God ; So I was made ; my form the log receives ; A mighty terror I to birds and thfeves* Vide Phurautium. n Paufanias iifAr cadre i.*» 206 Of the Cods of the Heathens . was the fon of ° Apollo by Cyrene, or, as Cicero fays, the fon of Liber Pater, educated by the Nymphs, and taught by them the art of making oil, honey, and cheefe. He fell in love with Eu- rydice the wife of Orpheus, and purfued her into a wood, where a ferpent flung her to death. The Nymphs hated him fo much for this, that they de- flroyed all his bees, to revenge the death of Eury¬ dice. This lofs was exceedingly deplored by him; and afking his mother’s advice, he was told by the oracle, that he ought by facrifices to appeafe Eu- rydice. Wherefore he facrihced to her four bulls and four heifers, and his lefs was fupplied ; fur ftiddenly a fvvarm of bees burfl forth from the car- cafes of the bulls. CHAP. XVIII. Terminus., jP. T> UT pray what is that ftone, or log, placed there ? It is fo far off that I cannot diftiu- guifh whether, of the two it is. M. It has a place among the rural Gods, be- oaufe it is a God itfelf* i J . A God, do you fay ? Surely you jeft, Sir. M.. No , it is not only a God, but a God greatly honoured in this city of Rome. They tall him minus, and the boundaries and limits of mens eftates are under his protection. His name, and the divine honours paid to him by the ancients, are mentioned by p Ovid, by Tibul¬ lus s o Apollonius in Vcrron, I. 6 . p “ Termine, five lapis, five es defertus in agro “ Stipes ab antiquis t li quoque nomen babes.” Terminus, whether flump or ftone thou he. The azxclents gave a Godhead too to thee. Ovid. F.ift. '< pi.xx: Of the Gods of the Hcathe?ts . 207 las % and Seneca r . The flatue of this God i was either a fquare ftone, or a log of wood plain¬ ed; which they ufually perfumed with ointment, and crowned with garlands. Aftd indeed the Lapides Terminales (that is-, land-marks) were efteerned facred : 1 fo that who¬ ever dared to move, or plough up, or transfer them to another place, his head became devoted to the Diis Terminalibus, and it was lawful for any bo¬ dy to kill him. And further, though they did not facrifice the lives of animals to thole Hones, becaufe they thought it was not lawful to ftain them with blood, yet they offered wafers made of flour to them, and the firfl-fruits of corn r and the like : and upon the laft day of the year they always offered ieffivals to> their honour, called ‘ Terminalui. Now we pafs to the GoddefTes of the woods* G H A P. XIX. 'The Goddefs of the Woods.. Diana. P. TT is very well. Here comes a Goddefs u taller A than the other GoddefTes, in whefe virgin- looks we may eafe our eyes, which have been tired with the horrid fight of thofe monflrous Deities. Welcome,. Diana ; v your hunting habit, the bow 151 : } q “ Nam veneror, lea ftipcs habet clefcrtus in agris, “ .‘j'eii \ctus in tnviis liorida lerta lapis.” For I my adoration freely give. Whether a Hump forlorn my vows receive, Oi a befiower’d llone my worfnip have. r “-Ntillus in campo facer l< Divifit agios arbiter populis lapis.” Hippol. Adt. The facred land -mark then was quite unkrov. n. s Arnobius c- ntr.i gentes, 1 . 1- Clemens A .c.\. Str mi. 7, t Dion. Ikdicarn. 1 , 2, n Virgil. AZneid. 1 . X. v Idem. ibid. :2o8 Of the Gods of the Heathens• in youf hand, and the quiver full of arrows which hangs down from your fhoulders, and the lkin of a cleer faftened to your breaft, difeover who you are, x Your behaviour, which, is free and eafy, but mo- deft and decent; your garments, which are hand- fome, and yet carelefs, fhew that you are a virgin. Your y name fliews your modefty and honour. I *wifh that you who are the talleft of the Goddtfles, z to whom women owe their ftature, would im¬ plant in them alfo a love of your chaftity. For I know you hate, you abhor, the converfation of men, and fly from the very light of them. Yet re- je£t the temptations of delight, and abhor the charming witchcraft of pleafurewith all your heart. Adtaeon, the fon of Ariftceus, that famous* huntf. man, a fatally learned this, when he imprudently looked upon you when, you were naked in the fountain : you deferred not the punifhment of his impurity for a moment ; for fprinkiing him with the water, you changed him into a deer, to be af¬ terwards torn in pieces by his own dogs. Farther honour is due to you, becaufe you are the moon, b the glory of the ftars, and the only Goddefs c who obferved perpetual chaftity. Nor am I ignorant of that famous and defervir.g action which you did to avoid the flames of Ai- pheus, d when you haflily fled to your nymphs, who were all together in one place, and befmeared both yourfelf and them -with dirt, fo that when he came he did not know you ; whereby your honeft deceit x Paufan. in Arcadicis. y "Agr/p/s, ab ccgrtfivs perfc&us, pitdicitiam intcgritatemque Dianse indicat. Strabo, i. 14. z Homer. OdyiT. 20. a Ovid. 4 Metam. b Aftrorum decus. Virg. ^ELneid. 9. c “ Sternum telorum Si. virginitatis amorem Intemerata colit.” Virg. uEneid, n -Herfelf untainted (till, k Hunting and chaftity fhe always lov’d, d Paufauias ip Pofter. £liac« Of the Gods of the Heathens . 209 deceit fucceeded according to your intentions ; and the dirt, which fouls every thing elfe, added a new lu/he to your virtue. Welcome once again, O d guar¬ dian of the mountains ! by whofe kind afiiftance women in child-bed are preferved from death. M. So ! Palaeophilus, you have thus long cheat¬ ed me ? P. What, I cheated you ? M. Yes, you ; you have fo dexteroufly conceal¬ ed your knowledge, and endeavoured to make me believe fo long that you are ignorant and tinfkilful in the mythology of the heathens. p. I am as unfkilful as I pretended. You may believe me, when 1 fwear that I am altogether ig¬ norant of thefe things that you teach me. Nor can you fuppofe otherwife, from thofe things which 1 now repeat about Diana ; for, from a boy, I have loved this Goddefs for her modefty; and out of re- fpecc to her I learnt thofe few things which you heard me fpeak. I am wholly blind, and beg that by your afiiftance you would guide me. I fpeak fincerely, I am a mere frelli man. M. You can fcarce make me believe fo. But, however, I will verify the old proverb, f and teach one that knows more than myfclf. I will begin frern the word you lad mentioned. Diana is called £ I’rlformis and Tei'gsnihia . Fird, bee a ufe though die is but one Goddefs, yet fhe hath three different names, as well as three differ¬ ent oflic in the heavens, die is called Luna ; on c “ Monlium cuftos, ncmoramque Virgo, Qjire laborantes utcro paellas i'ur vocata audis adimilque let ho “ Diva triformis.” Qjic-cji of ilii? mountains and the groves ! iioic hand the teeming pain removes, i'Ofe aid the tick and weak implore, A -‘‘d thrice invoke thy threefold power. **ii> Mim rvam. g Cicero de Nat. Deor. Hor. Carm. 1. 2 IQ Of the Gods of the Heathens . the earth, (lie is named Diana : and, in hell, fhe U ftyled Hecate , or Frofcrpina. In the heavens, ih e enlightens every thing by her rays ; on the earth, flie keeps under her power all wild beads by her bow and her dart ; and in hell, lie keeps all the ghofes and fpirits in fubjeclion to her by her power and authority. Thefe feveral names and offices are comprifcd in one ingenious 11 diftich. But although Luna, Diana, and Hecate 9 are commonly thought to be only three different names of the fame God. defs, yet 1 Helio cl eflccms them three dill in cl Gi ii- deifes. Secondly, becaufe ihe has, as the poets fur, three heads; the head of a horle on the right iide, of a clog on the left, and a human head in the midfl: whence fome call her k thne-hcaded, or the - faced. And 1 others aferibe to her the likenef of a bull, a dog, and a lion. m Virgil and n Claud.an alfo mention her three countenances. Thirdly, ac¬ cording to the opinion of fome, flic is called trifiv* mis, ° bacaufo the moon hath three feveral phaks or fhapes : the new moon appears arched round with a circle of light ; the half-moon fills a fciui. circle with light ; and the full moon fills a whole circle or orb with its fplendo»;r. But let us era- mine thefe names more exa£lly. li “ Terret, luflrat, agit ; Proferpina, Luna, Diana; “ Ima, fuprema, feras; iccptro, l'ulgore, fa dtta,” Demplter. in Pural.r. i Orpheus in Argon. k Tgi atv he or. 2. vc I. <1 Quod luce aliena fplendeat, unde Grasce dicitur 'Stkwn a creXsc-? >: ‘ v j eft, lumen novum. Id. Ibid. 1 Servius in Jlsnekl 2. Philocr. Spartian. in Imp. Caracal. ^ A poll. Argonaut. 4. Plin. 1. 2. c. p. 1 212 Of the Gods of the Heathens . e minus ; becaufe the moon darts her rays or arrows afar off. c She is faid to he the daughter of Ceres by Jupiter ; who being caff out by her mother, and cxpofed in the ffreets, was taken up by ilwp- herds and nonrifhcd bv them : for which reafon u ffie was worfhipped in the ffreets, and her ffatiie was ufually fet before the doors of the houfes; whence fhe took the name Propyfcca. Others de- rive her name from [ Hckuton ], centum: be¬ caufe they facriliced a hundred victims to her : v or becaufe, by her edift, thofe who die and are not buried, wander an hundred years up and down hell. However, it is certain lhe is called TWscb, a triviis , from the ffreets ; for lhe was believed to prefide over the ffreets and ways, fo that they fa- crificed to her in the ffreets ; x and the Athenians ^every new moon made a fumptuous fupper for her there, which was eaten in the night by the poor people of the city. y They fay that fhe was ex- ceffive tall; her head was covered with frightful fnakes inftead of hair, and her feet were like fer- pents. 2 She was reprefented encompaffed with dogs, becaufe that animal was facred to her ; and Hefychius fays, that lhe was fometimes reprefent¬ ed by a dog. We are told that fhe prefkled over enchantments ; and that a when fire was called fe- ven times, fhe came to the facriffces : as foon as thefe were finifhed, fa feveral apparitions appeared, called from her Hceatara . She was called by the Egyptians c Buhaflis ; her feafts were named Buh after a ; and the city where they were yearly celebrated was called Bub afts. Brum t Hcfiod. in Theorem. . « • • • . u “ Nocturniique Hecate triviis ululata per urbes.” ;<•; And Kccate by night ador’d with fliricks. v Paufau in Atticis. x Ariftophanes in Pluto. y la. dan. Pfcudoph. z Apnd Gyrald. Apollin. h Argonaut. b Ovid. 9 c Apollin 3 Argon Of the Gods of the Heathens . 21 3 Srlmo is another of the names of Hecate and Dz- 0 na s which is derived from d the cry, which fhe gave when Hpolio or Mai's offered violence to her when fhe was a hunting. She was called Lticina and Opts, becaufe c fhe helps to bring the children into the world, which good office (as they fay) fhe firfl performed to her brother 4 polio : for as foon as fhe herfelf was born, /lie a/Med her mother Latona , and did the office of a midwife ; f but was fo affrighted with her mo¬ ther’s pain, that fhe refolved never to have chil¬ dren, but to live a perpetual virgin. She is called Chitone and Chitonia , 5 becaufe wo¬ men after child-birth ufed firfl to facrihce to Juno , and then offer to Diana their own and their chil¬ drens clothes. She was named Diftynna , not only from the h nets which fhe ufed, i (for fhe was an huntrefs, and the princcfs of hunters ; for which reafon all woods were dedicated to her,) but alfo becaufe k Britomar - tis the virgin, whom flic hunted, fell into the Nets, and vowed, if fhe efcaped, to build a temple for Di- cnu. She did efcape, and then confecrated a tem¬ ple to Diana Diety 1171a . Others relate the ftory thus : When Britomar tis , whom Diana loved be¬ caufe fhe was an huntrefs, fled from Minos her lover, and call herfelf into the fea j fhe fell into the filler-mens nets, and Diana made her a Goddcfs. And fince we are talking of hunting, give me leave to add, that the 1 ancients thought that Diana left off cl A Bptftxv, fremo, ira exardefro. e Quod infantibus'm * :cem venientibus opem feral:. Aug. de Civitat. 4. c. 1. 1 Callitnrich. Hymn, in Dian. g ^ireSvfj, quail tunicata, a 7 /rwy > tunica ; folcbant enim feeminaj partus laboribus pcrfunclse .1 un°nt facrificare ; fuas autcin &. infanuum veiles Dianas conie- cr, : r( j. Synip, c. ult. h Ketia enim %tK.ruc& y dicuntur. 1 5 vid * plac. k Schol. Ariftoph. •bro-Jams in Anthol. cx Schol. Pindari. <214 Of rf je Gods of the Heathens. ©if hunting on the ides of Auguft : therefore u\- that time it was not lawful for anyone to hunt; but they crowned the dogs with garlands, and, by the light of torches made of Hubble, they hung up the hunting inftruments near them. We ihall only adjoin to what has been fiivL the two ftories of Chione and Meleager. Chione was the daughter of Djedaliou, the fon ©f Daedalus : Hie was deflowered by Apollo and Mercury, and brought forth twins, namcl r Vh:lam- men, a Ikilful muiician, the fon of Apoito ; ard Autolyclius the fon of Mercury, who proved a fa¬ mous * n juggler and an artful thief. She was fo far from thinking this a Hiame, that Hie grew very proud ; nay, openly boalfed, n that her beauty had charmed two Gods, and that Hie had two fon; by them. Beiides, Hie was ° fo bold as to fpeak fcorn- fully of Diana’s beauty, and to prefer herlVlt be¬ fore her : but Diana punifhed the infolence oi tmb boaHer : for Hie fnot an arrow through her tongue, and thereby put her to filence. Me- m “-Furtum ingeniofus ad orrmc, “ i’.* r erc afiuerat, patriae non degener artis. “ (.'.anulda tie nigris,. St de candentibus atra.” Ovid. Mel. II Cunning in theft, and wily in all flights, "Who-could with fubtilty deceive the fight. Convert:nr white to black, and black to white. n “-Sc uepcrilVc duos, 6c diis placuifie duobus. That (he two Jons had brought, by having pleas’d two Gods. © “-Sc prreh. :*re Diana? “ .ntinuii, f.icji •:, i .pc dex culpavit. At illi “ Ira it ro:: n’ota ci, fadbifque placabimus, inquit. “ Ncc n.Cia, ni'vivit cornu, nervufque lagittain “ \i: no- . n writ am traiccit arundine angiiam.’' SI.-: to Dana's J;cr fa c prefer, Ai d kill this boar or to drive him out of the count /. Tne virgin talantn was am Lf :ig the hunters., and gave the hoar the fir ft v/ound ; and loon after Meleager kkk f him. 1 le vrJu.'d Atalanta more who wound::; him, Man lie liimkli who killed him ; 11 and therefore offered. her the bo ark Ikiu. But the uncles of h_. ulc :gcr were enraged that the hide was given to a ftranger, and violently took it from her 7 whereupon Meleager killed them. As foon as his mother Althaea un- il.'i flood that Meleager had killed her brothers, fhe fought revenge like a mad-wom.in. In Althaea’s dumber was a billet, v\hicli, when Meleager vv.is joru, r the Fates took and threw into the fire ? fay- •< T \ j) Ovid. Mctam. S. *c ms an imv;: d clo r nt. clo/cl/ lays. rd by meiervirg it prolongs his days. 2 lo Of the Gods of the Heathens. laying, tne new-born infant fhall live as long as thh flick remains unconfumed. The mother fnatched it out of the fire, and quenched it, and laid it in a clofet. But now moved with rage, fhe goes to her chamber, and fetching the flick, s (be threw it into the fire ; atid as the log burned, Meleager, though abfent, felt fire in his bowels which con- fumed him in the fame manner that the wood was confumed ; and when at lafl the log was quite re¬ duced to allies, and the fire quenched, Meleager at the fame time expired, and turned to duff. CHAP. XX. Pales. r j~ 1 HAT old lady which you fee c furroundcd witn fhepherds, is Pales the Goddeis of fhcpherd> and paflures. Some call her Magna Mater , and VcJIa. To this Goddefs they facrihced milk and wafers made of millet, that flie might make the paflures fruitful. They inflituted the feafls called Pal ilia , or Parilia , to her honour, which were obferved upon the eleventh or twelfth day of the kalends of May, by the fhepherds, in the field, on the fame day in which Romulus laid the fourth, tion of the city. Thcfe feafls were celebrated to appeafe this Goddefs, that fhe might drive ava the wolves, and prevent the difeafes incident t cattle. The folemnities obferved in the Palilia feafls were many; the fhepherds placed little heap of flraw in a particular order, and at a certain di fiance “ -Dcxtraquc averfa trementi, “ Funercum torrem rnedios coniecit in ienes.’^ _ mJ ’ la ftantius, 1. 1. c. 2 a. “h uu - s 01 calves and bran It raw oft I’ve hel vVirh burnt purgations in a hand well fillh J iirjce o’er the liames, in order rang'd, T\ A « 1 1 1 1 • . _ 03 218 'Of the Gods of the Heathens . flowers and pretended that they offered facrifu# to her, that the plants and trees might flouriih. Ovid follows the fame fiction; and relates, x that Chloris, an infamous nymph, was married to Ze- phyrus, from whom fhe received the power over ail the flowers. But let us return to Flora and her games. Her image, as we find in Plutarch, was expofed in the temple of Caflor and Pollux, dref- fed in a clofe coat, and holding in her right-hand the flowers of beans and peafe. y For while tliefc fports were celebrated, the officers or aediles, feat- tered beans and other pulfe among the people. Thefe games were proclaimed and begun by found of trumpet, as we find mentioned in z Juvenal. Then the lewd women came forth in public, and fhewed tricks naked. Strange ! that fuch fikhinefs fhouldl be called Flores , and fuch games Flo rail a, I CHAP. XXIX. I Feronia. I T^Eronia, the a Goddefs of the woods, is jufilyl placed near Flora the Goddefs of flowers: fliel is called Feronia, from the care fhe takes in b pro -1 ducing and propagating trees. The higher place! is due to her, becaufe fruits are more valuable than! flowers, and trees than fmall and ignoble plants.! It is faid fhe had a grove facred to her under the! mountain Scira&e: this was fet on fire, and the! neighbours were refolved to remove the image ofl Feronial x Ovid, in Faftis. y Val. Max. 1 . i. c 5. I f?-“ Digniflima certe I * £ Florali matrona tuba.*’- Juv, Sat. 6 . I -A woman worthy, fure I Of Flora’s feftal strumpet. I a Virg. 7 ^n. b Feronia a ferendis arboribus dids. I Of the Gods of the Heathens * Zl Q ; er onia from thence, when on a fudden the grove )eca me green again. c Strabo reports, that tliofe iho were infpired by this Ooddefs ufed to walk iare-foot upon burning coals without hurt. Though nan y believed that by the Goddefs Feronia Virtue |- 0 n]y mesnt, by which fruit and flowers were pro¬ ceed. CHAP. XXIII Pomona. Omona is the Goddefs, the guardian, the pro¬ ficient, not of the d apples only, but of all the [rpit and the produ&s of trees and jDlants. As you '.c file follows after Flora and Feronia in order, i&t in the greatnefs of her merit fhe far furpafles lem; and has a prieft who only ferves her, called lamen Po?no?ialis. P, What toothlefs hag is that which is fo obfe- juious to Pomona? f M, It is not an old woman, but a God. I do not onder that you are deceived, lince in this difguife e deceived Pomona herfelf. Wlieii fhe was very ufy in looking.after her gardens and orchards with eat care, and was wholly employed in watering dfccuring the roots, and lopping the overgrown anches, c Vertumnus, a principal God among the tomans (called fo becaufe he had power to turn imfelf into what i'hape he pleafed), was in love r ith Pomona, and counterfeited the fhape of an 'd grey-headed woman. He f came leaning on a K 2 ftaff c Georg. 1 . 5. d Pomona a pomis dicitur. e ^ eriummxs a vertendo. quod in quas vellet figuras fefe vertcre Rerat. J'! Innitens haculo, pofitis per tempora cams.” ''uh Grcy-hair’d temples, leaning on a ’ On). Met . 14. k azo Of the Gods of the Heat7jc?is> ftafF into the gardens, admired the fruit and beauty of them, and, commending her care about them,! he faluted her. He viewed the gardens ; and fror the obfervations which he had. made, he began to difcourfe of marriage, telling her that it would ad to the liappinefs even of a God to have her to wife, Obferve, fays he, the trees which creep up tlii wall: how do the apples and plumbs flrive which ill all excel the other in beauty and colour! where¬ as, if they had not g props or fupports, which, liki hufbands hold them up, they would perifh and de cay. All this did not move her, till Vertumnu; * changed liimfelf into a young man; and then lb began alfo to feel the force and power of love, am fubmitted to his wifhes. C H AP, ? 44 At fi ftaret, ait, cadebis fine palmite truncus, " Nil przeter frondes, quare petcretnr, haberet; • 44 Hxc queque, quie junefta vitis requielcit in ulmo, “ Si non juruTa.foret, terrae acclinata jaceret: " Tu tamen excmplo non tangeris arboris hujus.” Yet, faith he, if this elm fliould grow alone, Krtce.pt for fhade, it would be priz'd by none : And fo this vine in am’rous foldings wound, If but disjoin’d, would creep upon the ground : Yet art not thou by fuch examples led. But flmnn’ft the pleafure bf the bridal bed. u 4 4 4 1 *4 44 In juvencm redditi Sc ai.tiia demit Inftrumenta libi ; talifque apparuit illi, Qualis ubi oppufitas nitidifiima Solis imago Evicit iiubcs, nullaque ob ft ante reluxit, Vimque parat, fed vi non eft opus, inque figura Capta Dei Nympha eft. Sc mutua vulncra fen fit; 57 \gain liimfelf he grew ; V J ^ ^ Th' infirmities of heatlefs age depos’d. And fuch liimfelf unto the nymph difclos’d ; As when the fun, fubduing with his rays The muffling cloud, his golden brow difplays. He force prepares ; of force there was no need, Struck with his beauty, mutually they bleed; Of the Gpdj of the Heathens . mt CHAP. XXIV. fhe Nymphs. N OW obferve that great company of neat, pretty, hgndfome, beautiful, charming vir- Igins, who are very near the gardens of Pomona. (Some ran about the woods, and hide themfelves in [the trunks of the aged oaks; fome plunge them- 'elves into the fountains, .and fome fwim in the ri¬ vers. They are called by one common name h\ r ymphs 9 k becaufe they always look young, or 11 becaufe they are handfome. Yet all have their [proper names befides ; which they derive either from lie places where they live, or the offices they per¬ form : they are efpecially diftributed in three biles, ce left ia l , ter ref rial, and marine Nymphs. The celeftial Nymphs were ’tliofe genii, thofe "ouls and intellects, 1X1 who guided the fpheres of the :eavcns, and difpenfed the influences of the liars to he things of the earth. Of the i err eft rial nymphs fome prefide over the roods, and were called Dryades , from a Greek orch» whi k 7 ?. * I .u* •' 4 Of the Gods- of the Heathen*. 223 tfuftc. Innumerable were the nymphs of Bac¬ chus ; who were called by different names, Bacchce f Baflar’des, JLloides , and Yhyades. Hunting Nymphs attended upon Diana ; and fea-nymphs, called He- * reiths, waited upon Tethys 5 and b fourteen very beautiful Nymphs belonged to Juno : out of all which I will only give you the hiftory of two. Arethufa was one of Diana’s Nymphs : her vir¬ tue was as great as her beauty. The pleafantnefs of the place invited her to cool herfelf in the wa¬ ters of a fine clear river. Alpheus, the God of the river, affumed the fhape of a man, and arofe out of the water. He firfL faluted her with kind words., and then approached near to her ; but away fhe flies, and he follows her ; and when he had almofl overtaken her, fhe was diffolved with fear, with the affiflance of Diana, whom fhe implored, into a foun¬ tain. c Alpheus then refumed his former fhape of water, and endeavoured to mix his with her ft ream* but in vain ; for to this day Arethufa continues her flight, and by her paffage through a cavity of the earth d fhe goes under ground into Sicily. Alpheus alio follows by the like fubterraneous paffages, till at laft he unites and marries his own flreams to thofe of Arethufa in that ifland. Echo c was a nymph formerly, though nothing of her but her voice remains now ; and even when K 4 fhe h “ bis feptem prteftanti corpore Nymphx.” JEucid. 1 . 1. .twice luvcn, the charming (laughters of the main. Around my peribn wait and bear my train. c led enim cognofcit amatas A ran is acjuas; politoque viri quod fumpferat, o *' Vertitur in proprias, ut fe ill: milccat, mi das.” the river his beloved waters knew; And putting off th’ affumed fhape of man, He!.ures h:s own, and in a current ran. (! Virgil. _ 3 Cn. 3. r “ Corpus ad hue Echo, non vox erat. Sc tamcn- ufutn Garrula non aliu-m, uuara nunc habet, oris habebst. 0 v. Jtfet. 5 224 Of the Gods of the Heathens, was alive, flie was fo far deprived of her fpecch f that fhe could only repeat the laft words of thofc fentences which fhe heard, s Juno infli&ed this pa- niihment on her for her talkativenels ; for when ihe came down to difeover Jupiter’s amours with tile Nymphs, Echo detained her very long with her tedious difeourfes, that the nymphs might have an opportunity to efcape and hide themfelves. This Echo by chance met NarciiTus rambling in the woods 5 and ihe fo admired his beauty, that ihe fell in love with him. She difeovered her love to him, courted him, followed him, and embraced the proud youth in her arms; but he broke from her embraces, and haftily fled fi*om her light: where¬ upon the defpifed Nymph hid herfelf in the woods and pined away with grief, h fo that every part of her f “ RecUlere cle multis ut verba noviflima pofiet,” r..,. *r. * • *■ • * * • •» « She was a Nymph, though only now a found; Yet of her tongue no other ul'e was found, Than now die has, which never could be more, Than to repeat what die had heard before, g “ Feccrat hoc Juno, quia cum deprendere pofiet ** Sub Jove feepe fuo Nymphas in monte jacentes, “ Ilia deam longo prudens fermone tenebat, “ Dum fugerent Nymphae.” This change impatient Juno’s anger wrought. Who, when her Jove die o’er the mountains fought. Was oft by Echo’s tedious tales milled. Till the Ihy Nymphs to caves and grottos ded. h “ Vox tantum, atque ofla fuperfunt: “ Vox manet: ofla. ferunt Iapidis traxifle figuram ; “ Inde latet fylvis, nulloque in monte videtur, “ Omnibus auditur : fonus eft qui vivit in ilia,’* Her flefh confumes and moulders with defpair. And all her body’s juice is turn’d to air ; So wond’rous are the eifedls of reftlefs pain, That nothing but her voice and bones remain. Nay, ev’n the very bones at laft are gone. And metamorphos’d to a thoughtlefs (tone : Yet ftill the voice does in the wood furvive; The form’s departed, but the found’s alive. Of the Gods of the Heathens . £'25 her but her voice was confirmed ; and her bones were turned into flones. Narciflus met with as bad a fate : for though he would neither love others nor admit of their love, yet he fell fo deeply in love with his own beauty, that the love of himfelf proved his ruin. His thirit led him to a ! fountain whofe waters were clear and bright as filver. When he Hooped down to drink, he faw his own image : he flaid gazing at it, and was wonderfully pleafed with the beauty of it, in- fbmuch that he fell paffionately in love with it. A k little water only fcparated him from his beloved cbjcft. He continued a *long time admiring his own beloved pidlure, before he difcovered what it was that he fo paffionately adored ; but at length m the unhappy creature perceived, that the torture he fuffered was from the love of his own felf. In a word, his paffion conquered him, and the power of love was greater than he could refill; fo that by i “ Fons crat illimis nitidis argenteus uadis.” OviJ. Met . 1 . 3. There was, by chance, a living fountain near, Whofe unpolluted channel ran fo clear. That it feem’d liquid iilver. | k “ Exigua prohibetur aqua”—— A little drop of water does remove. And keep him from the objedl of his love. - *-“ Sed opaca fufus in herba " Spedfat inexpletomendacem lmnine formam,. Perque oculos perit ipfe fuos. —■—He lies extended on the fliady grafs. Viewing with greedy eyes the pidlur’d face, And on himfelf brings ruin. m-— “ Flammas, inquit, moveoque, feroque: " Quod cupio raecum eft: inopem me copia fecit. 0 utinam a noltro fecedeve corpore poffem! " Votum in amante novum eft, vellem quod amamus abeflet.V' My love does vainly on myfelf return, And fans the cruel flames with which I burn. The thing defir’d I ftill about me bore, And too much plenty has confirm’d me poor. 0 that I from my much lov’d felf could go ; 0 ftrange requeft, yet would to Ood ’twere fo $ ■ 2 a,6 Q/* Gods of the Heathens . degrees n he wafted away and consumed j and atlaft by the favour of the Gods, was turned into a daf¬ fodil, a flower called by his own name. Now let us proceed to the inferior rural deities., as they muft not be entirely neglected. CHAP. XXV. The Inferior Rural Deities r T’HE images of thefe Gods and Goddeifes are fo fmall that we cannot difcern their figures: wherefore I will only recount their names. And, flrft, Rufina , The Goddefs to whofe care all the part? of the country are committed. Colima , She who reigns over the hills. Vallonia, who holds her empire in the valleys. Hipp o na , o who prefides over the horfes and. ftables. p This was the name alfo of a beautiful woman, begotten by Fulvius from a mare. Bubona , who hath the care of the oxen. Seta, q who takes care of the feed whilft it lies buried in the earth. She is likewife called r Sege- tia ; becaufe fhe takes care of the blade as foon as it appears green above the ground. Rufcina is the Goddefs of weeding. She is in¬ voked s when the fields are to be weeded. Occator is the God of harrowing. He is wor¬ shipped 1 when the fields are to be harrowed. So toe n-• «* attenuates am ore 4t Liquitur, Sc. c£eco paulatim carpitur igne. ,> No vigour, .'trength, or beauty does remain, But hidden flarne.s confume the wafting l'wain. o Ab yrsrcf. i. e. equus. Apuleius Afin. aur I. 3. P Tertulian. Apol. q A ferendo no men habet Seia j.ut r Segetia, a Segete. Plin. U 8. s Cum runcantur agii. t Cum occantur agri, Serv. in Georg, 1, Piin. 1 , 18. c. Of the Gods of the Heathe?is. ' xz*/ Sat or and Sctrritor are the u Gods of fowing and raking. To the God Rohigus were celebrated feltivals called Robigalia, wliich were ufually obferved upon the 7th of May, to avert the v Halting of the corn. Stercutius , Stercutus ,, or Sterculius , called like-* wife Sterquilius and Picumnus, is the God who hrd invented the art of x dunging the ground, Profcrpvia is the Goddefs which prefides over the corn y when it is fprouted pretty high above the earth. We fhall fpeak more of her when we difcourfe concerning the infernal Deities. Nodofus, or JSfodoius , is the God who takes care of the 2 knots and the joints of the llalks. Volujia is the Goddefs which takes care to fold the blade round the corn before the beard breaks out; which a foldings of the blade contain the beard, as pods do the feed. Patelina takes' care of the corn b after it is broken out of the pod and appears. The Goddefs Flora prelides over the ear when it c blofloms : Lactura or La&ticina , who is next to Flora, pre« fides over the ear when it begins d to have milk : And Matura takes care that the ear comes to a juft maturity. iiojlilina was worfhipped, that the ears of the corn might grow e even, and produce a crop pro-, portionable to the feed fown. K 6 < Tutelina 9 u ha diefti a ferendo id 1 farriendo . v-Ad avertendama fatis rubigmem. x Ita dici tur a Jlercore , Cum fuper terram feges proferpferit . z Prajponitur JSfodis Geniculifque culmerum. a Folliculorum mv 0 Inert s prseficitur. b Cum fpica patet poftquam foliculis emerfit. c Cum Jlorefcit. d Laftefcere. e Ab hojlire , quod veterum lingua fignificabat idem quod.' Auguftjnus de Cfcvitate jam laudatus. 2^8 Of the Gods of the Heathens . ' futelina , or futulina^ hath the tutelage of corn when it is reaped. Pbilutnnus invented the art of f kneading and baking the corn. Mellona invented the s art of making honey. And Fornax is efteemed a Goddefs ; becaufe, be¬ fore the invention of grinding the wheat, the bread- corn was parched in a furnace. Ovid h makes men¬ tion of this Goddefs. Thefe mean deities are hut the refufe of the Gods. Let us leave them, and turn our eyes to the left-hand wall in this Pantheon, where we fhall fee the Gods of the fea. PART f A philandoy id eft, condenfando & farinam fubigendc. Vid, Serv. in ALneid. 9. g Artem mellificii excogitavit. h “ Tada Dea eft Fornax, Ireti fornace coloni “ Orant vires temperet ilia fuas.” A Goddefs.Fornax is; and her the downs adore. That they may’ve kindly batches by her pow’r. Fs]t. 1 . 6 . PART III. Of the Gods of the Sea CHAP. I. Sect. I. Neptune. His name and Defcent,. P. r T^HIS is a glorious and beautiful fcene. Are thefe the Gods of the waters ? Are thefe the marine Gods, whofe numerous companions are carried all over the liquid plains of the fea in fhells ? M. Thefe are the Gods, the prefidents, the princes, of the vaft finny regions, and the modera¬ tors of the flowing waves. P. And who is that king, with black hair and blue eyes, who holds a fceptre in his right-hand like a fork with three prongs, and is fo beautifully arrayed in a mantlfe of azure, clafping his left hand • round his queen’s wa'ifl ? He Hands upright in his chariot, which is a large fcallop-fhell drawn by fea-horfes, and attended by odd kind of animals,, which refemble men in the upper parts, and fifti in the lower.. M: It is Neptune, whofe name is derived by the change of a few letters from the word * nubo> which fignifi.es to cover , becaufe the fea encompafles, em- * A nubendQ) quod mare terras obnubat.. Varro. *3° Of the Gods erf the Heathens . embraces, and as it were covers the land. Or, <13 others believe, he is fo called from the Egyptian word neptherty which fignifies the coafls and pro¬ montories, and other parts of the earth which are wafhed by the waters. So that b Tully, who de¬ rives Neptune a jianclo , from fwimming, is either miflaken, c or the place is corrupt. It is Neptune, I fay,, the governor of the fea, the father of the rivers and the fountains, and the Ton of Saturn by Ops. His mother preferved him from the devouring jaws of Saturn, who, as we remark¬ ed above, ate up all the male children that were bo rn to him, by giving Saturn a young foal to eat in his (lead. In the Greek he is called [p 0 . feidon\ becaufe he fo binds d our feet, that we are not able to walk within his dominions, that is, on the water. When he came of age, Saturn’s kingdom was di¬ vided by lot, and the maritime parts fell to him. He and Apollo, by Jupiter’s command, were forced to ferve Laomedon, in building the walls of Troy; becaufe he and fome other Gods had plotted againft Jupiter. Then he took c Amphitrite to wife, who refufed a long time to hearken to his courtfhip, and comply with his defjres ; but atlaft, by the aflift'ance of a dolphin, and by the power of. flattery, he gained her. To recompenfe which kindnefs, the dolphin was placed among the flars, and made a conftellation. Neptune had two other wives befides, viz. Solaria , fo named from fahttn , the fea, f or the fait water toward the lower part and bottom of the fea. And Venilia , fo named from b Tullius’de Nat. Deor. 1 . 2. . c Lipllus. and Bochar. tu?. d Qui. wow 'Str/u.oVf-. hoc eft, pedibus vincu¬ lum injicit, ne pedibus aquas ambulemus. Plato in Cratyl. e Dicitur a.u.tpirft'rn a. ir^^cx, r» a circ unite r undo, terram mare circumterat. Auguftinus de CiVtate Dei.. Of the Gods of the Heathenu 2 3 %-■ from veniendo , becaufe the fea goes and comes with the tide ; it ebbs and flows by turns. Sect. II. H&ions of' Neptune .. T HE poets tell us, that Neptune produced a £ horfe in Attica out of the ground, by h ftria king it with his trident ; whence he is called Hip- pins and i Hippodromus , and is eftfcemed the prefi- dent over the hcrfe-races. At his altar in the cir¬ cus of-Rome, .games were inftituted, in which they reprefented k the ancient Romans by violence car¬ rying away the Sabine virgins. His altar was un¬ der ground ; and he was facriftced unto by the name of 1 Corf us, God of counfel ; which for the moll part ought to be-given - privately,. and there¬ fore the God Confus was worfhipped in an obfeure and .private place. The folemn games m Confualia , which were celebrated in the month of March* were inftituted in honour of Neptune, whofe other name was,.as I have faid, Confus . At the fame time the horfes left working, and the mules were adorned with garlands of flowers. Hence alfo it comes that the chariot (as you fee) of Neptune is drawn by Hippocampi, or fea-horfes, as well as fometimes by dolphins. Thefe fea-horfes lud the tails of. flfhes, and only two feet, which were like the fore-feet of a horfe, according to the defeription given of him. in n Statius; and this is the. g Sephocl. in Oedip. h' “ TcrculTa magno tellure tridente.” With this huge trident having (truck the ground. Virg. Georg. 1 / i. i Ab t 7 r 44 Triplici telo jubet ire jugales: 44 Illi fpumiferos glomerant a peeftore fhnftus, 44 Pone natant, delentque pedum veftigia caqda.” Achil. 1. I. Shaking his trident, urges on his deeds, Who with two feet beat from their brawny breafts The foaming billows; but their hinder parts Swim, and go fmooth againft the curling furge Homer, in Hymn , Sit. Ital. 1, z. q- 44 Tumida sequora placat 44 Collecflafque fugat nubes, folemque reducit. JEneid. 1. z« —-—He fmooths the fea, Difpels the darknefs, and reftores the day. -“ sequora poftquam 44 Profpiciens genitor, Cceloque inve&us aperto, 44 Flecftit equos, curruque volans dat lora fecundo. 44 Subfidunt undee, tumidumque fub axe tonanti Sternitur sequor aquis, fugiunt vafto sethere nimbi. -Wherc-e’er he guides His finny courfers, and in triumph rides. The waves unruffie, and the fea fubfides. 234 Q/* the Gods of the Heathens . received from fEneas, with which (he afterwards killed herfe]f. Neptune y endued Periclimenus, Neftor’s brother, with the fame power, who was afterwards killed by Hercules in the ihape of a fly: for when he fought again ft Neleus, a fly tormented him and flung him violently; when Pallas difcovered to Hercules that this fly was Percilimenus, he killed him. Neptune gave the fame power to Metra, Me fin, or Meftre, the daughter of Erichthon fhe obtained this reward from him becaufe he had debauched her, by which power z fhe was enabled to fuccour her father’s infatiable hunger. For the fame caufe Caenis,. a virgin of Theflaly obtained the fame, or rather a greater power from Neptune; for he gave her power to change her fex, and made her invulnerable. She therefore turned; herfelf into a man, and was called Cteneus ; Hie fought againft the Centaurs, till they had over- whelmed her with a vaft load, of trees, and buried her alive a ; after which fhe was changed into a bird of her own name. CHAP. II. % Triton", and the other Marine Gods . r T v RiTON was the foil of Neptune by Amphi-j trite: he was his father’s companion and c trumpeter. Down to his navel he refembles a man, y Homer, in Odyft'i 1. n. x “ Kune equa, nunc ales, motlo hos, modo fervus abibat, Prxbebat qne avido non julta alimenta parent!.'* 0 vid. Met- 1. :• Now hart-like, now a cow, a bird, a mare, She fed her father with ill-purehas’d fare, a Ovid. Mctam. U Iicfiod. in Xheogon. 2 . Stat. 6 . Tlicb. c-Virg. itr- 1 I Of the Gods of the Heathens . 2.3:5 nian, but his other part is like a fifh. His two i f ee t are like the fore-feet of a horfej his tail is cleft and crooked like a half-moon ; and his hair re- fembles wild parfley. Two princes of Parnaffus Virgil and f Ovid) give mofl elegant defcriptions of him. Qceanus , another of the fea-Gods, s was the foil of Ccelum and Vefta II , who by the ancients was called the father, not only of all the rivers, but of the animals, and of the very Gods themfelves ; for they imagined that all the things in nature took their beginning from him. It is faid he begot of his wife Tethys three thoufand fons 7 the moll emi¬ nent of which was,. Nereus % d Apollon. Argon. 4 . c “ Hunc vehit immams Triton, & cserula concha “ Extenons freta ; cui laterum tenus hifpida nanti “ Frons hominem pra;fcrt, in pridim delinit alvus, ** Spumea pedifero fubpedtore murmurat unda.”' Him and his martial train the Triton bears. High ou his poop the fea-green God appears; Frowning, he feems his crooked fhell to found. And at the blad the billows dance around. An hairy man above the waift lie fhews ; \ A porpoife tail beneath his belly-grows, 5 And ends a fifli: his breads the waves divide, And froth and foam augment the murm’iing tide. 1“ Condemn Tritona vocat, conchaque fonanti “ infpirare jubet, fhufhifque 8c flumina figno “ jam revocare da to. Cava buccina fumitur iIJi. Tortilis in latum, quee turbine crefcit in imo: Buccina voce repletfub utroque jacentia Phcebo.” Old Ti iron rifi^j from the deep lie fpies, ^ hole fliouldei^rob’d with native purple rife, And bids him his loud founding /hell infpirc. And give the floods a figrr.l to retire. He his wreath’d trumpet takes (as given in charge) Hun from the turning bottom grows more large : I his when the Numen o’er the ocean founds, Ihe eafl and wed, from fliore to ffiore, rebounds. % Hehod. in Tjieogon. h Orph, in Hymn. Hefiod, Ibid. JE/l. 10 . Met. I. / ' Voluptatum illecebris men- hte\nt edc & ftatU dlxnovere - Cicero, Paradox. 1 . de Se- , e * z Homeri Odyfll Apollon, 3. Argo 4 b Myro Prain. 1 . 3. Rernm. Me flan. £,40 Of the Gods cf the Heathens . that the lower parts of her body were turned info the heads of dogs, being extremely^grieved that ih e had loft her beauty, fhe caft herfelf headlong into the fea, where fhe was turned into a rock, that oc. cafions many ftp p-wrecks to happen there. Thr rock is ftill feen in the fea, and divides Italy fr or Sicily, between Medina, a city of Sicily, and Khe- gium (now called Reggio ), in Calabria. It is fai to be fur rounded with dogs and wolves, which de vour the perfons that are caft away there. But hereby is meant only, that, when the waves by violent ftorm are dallied againft this great rock, the noife a little refembles the barking of dogs and the howling of wolves. P. You fay that Scylla was the daughter 0 Phorcus ; but was Ihe not rather the daughter 0 Nifus king of Megara. ilf. No; that Scylla was another woman: for Scylla, c the daughter of king Nifus, was in lov with Minos, who belieged her father in the city 0 Megara. She betrayed both her father and lie country to him, by cutting off the fatal lock 0 purple hair, in which were contained her father’ and her country’s fafety, and fent it to the befieger Minos gained the city by it; but detefted Scylla’ perfidy, and hated her: die could not bear this mis fortune, and was changed into a lark. Nifus her father was likewife changed into a fparrow hawk, which is called Hifus after his name; and this fpar row hawk, as if fhe yet fought to punifh his daugh ter’s great bafenefs, ftill purfues the lark with great fury to devour her. Charybdis is a vaft whirlpool in the fame Sicilian fea, over againft d Scylla, which fwallows down whatfoever comes within its circle, and vomits it up again. They fay that this Charybdis was for i * c Paufonlas in Attic. d Virg. Georg. 5 , Of the Gods of the Heathens '; I lCr ly a very ravenous woman, who hole away iHerculcs’s oxen; for which theft Jupiter ilruckJher dead with thunder, and then turned her into this [gulph. You will find an elegant del crip ti on of jieic two monitors, Scylla and Charybdis, in c Vir- P. What do thefe fables of Scylla and Charybdis Ircprefent to us ? *M. They reprefent to us luft and gluttony, mon- rous vices, which render our voyage through this oriel extremely hazardous and perilous. Lull, IK Scylla, engages unwary paltengers by the beauty mdpomp of her outfide ; and when they are en- :angledin her fnares, fhe tortures, vexes, torments, md difquiets them with rage and fury, which ex- :eeds the madnefs of dogs, or the ravenoufnefs of volves. Gluttony is a Gharybdis, a gulph, a whirl¬ pool, that is infatiahle; it buries families alive, 'devours eflatcs, confumes lands and treafures, md lucks up all things: they are neighbouring rices; and, like Scylla and Charybdis, are but little L dill amt c" Dextrum Scylla lutus, iaevurn implacafa Charybdis " Oblidit, atque imo Barathri ter gurgite vaftos 11 Sorbet in abruptum fludtus, rurfulque fub auras “ hrigit alternos. Sc fulcra verberat unda. At Scyliam ccecis cohibet fpelunca latcbris Ora extantem, Sc naves in faxa trahentem. Hrinja hominis facies. Sc pulchro pedtore virgo Pube tenus; poftrema immani corpore pifeis, " Dclphinum caudas utero commiifa luporum.’* U It U Far on the right her dogs foul Scylla hides : Charybdis roaring on the left prelldes, And in her greedy whirlpool fucks the tides : ihen fpouts them from below; with fury driv’n. '■ticid, 1. % o The waves mount up, and wafh the face of heaven: But Scylla, from her den, with open jaws JJe linking veflel in her eddy draws, 1 fien dailies on the rocks: a human face. And virgin bol'om, hides the tail's difgrace. Her parts obfeene below the waves defeend, 'hth dogs inclos’d, and iti a dolphin end < 9 / the Gods of the Heathens. diftant from each other ; nay, they are fcldom f e parate, but ad with united forces: for you will r.o cafily find a man who is greatly addiftecl to ih luxury of eating and drinking, that is net alfo {lave to the luxury of concupiiccnce, and. buiov.r.v. ed with the forbidden filth of bafe pleafure.% nul wholly given up to do the molt vile and iropudea luffs. _ . But it is now time to confidet* the place m whit the wicked are tormented eternally ; or rather, t. call down our eyes upon it, in the lower apa rimer; of this Pantheon, where the infernal Gods ari painted: we will only take a tranfitory view o this feene, lince it will be very unplcafant to fh long in fo doleful, fo iad a place. PART IV. Gf the Infernal Deities. C II A P. I. A View cf Held. Wondrous ! What a horrid End difmnl ^ fpe£tacle is here ! M. You mufl imagine that we are now in the onfines of hell. Prithee come along with rue ; I ill be die fame friend to you which the'* Sibyl was oiEneas. Nor lhall you need a golden bough to relent to Proferplne. The padage that leads to efe infernal dominions was a wide dark cave, rough which you pafs by a ilcep rocky defeent, 11 you arrive.at a gloomy grove, and an. unnnvi¬ able lake called b Avevnus, from whence fuch loifonous vapours arife, that no birds can fly over t, for in their flight they fall down dead, being rifoned wi:h the ftcnch of it.. This is c Virgil’s feription of thofe regions- L 2 P. But 3 Virgil. yRneid. 6. b fcvemus dicitur quafi eccp/os, id eft, line avihus; quod null as rtucres lacuni ilium, ob lethiferum haiitum, prietervolare falvse fat. c - “ Spclunca alta fuit, vaftoque immanis hiat:i, )( ^ f ru;;ca, tuta lacu nigro ncmorumque tenebri*. M ^i ia ni ruper haud ullre poterant impune volantcs u hndcre iter pennis: talis fefe halitus arris hiucibus eifundens fupera ad eonverxa ferebat: hk locum Graii di&crunt nomine Avernum. ,, JEn. £° D te.i 241 Of the Gods of the Hen then x. F. But what monfters are thofe which I ft placed at the very entrance of hell ? M. Virgil will tell you d what they are. The are thofe fatal evils which bring dellruTtion an •death upon mankind, by the means of which tl inhabitants of thefe dark regions are greatly merited; and thofe evils are care, for row, difeafe old age, frights, famine, want, labour, lleen, death, fling of confcience, force, fraud, ft rife, war. CHAP. II. Charon. The Rivers of Hell. Cerbou F . *^TlTTHO 1S t ^ rit na fty> °ld, decrcpid, long y bearded fellow ? or what is his name M. H Deep was the rave, And downward as it went, From the wide mouth, a rocky rough defeent; And here th’ acccfs a gloomy grove defends; And thcic the unnavigable lake extends; O'er whofe unhappy waters, void of light, No bird prefumes to lleer his airy flight: Such deadly flenches from the depth arife. And ftcaming fulphur which infetfts the fkies. Hence do the Grecian bards their legends make. And give the name A vet nos to the lake. d “ Veftibulum ante ipfum, primifqv.ein faucibus Orci, Liuftus &. ultrices pofuerc cubilia Cura;; “ Pallentefque habitant Morbi, triftifque Seneiflus, 1 4 ‘ Et Metu% & malefuada Fames, Sc turpis Egeftas, “ (Terribiles vifu forma;), Lethumque, Laborque. ■“ Turn confanguines Lethi Sopor, Sc mala mentis “ Gaudia, mortiferumque adverlb in limine Bellum, 44 Fcrrcique Eumenidum thalami, Difcordia dement 44 Vipereum crinem vittis innexa enteritis.” Juft in the gate, and in the jaws of hell. Revengeful Cares and fullen Sorrows dwell; And pale Difeafes, and repining Age, Want, Fear, and Famine’s unreflfted rage, I Hero Toils and Death, and Death's half brother Sleep, (Forms terrible to view) their centvy keep: With anxious plcafures of a guilty mind. Deep Frauds before, and open Force behind ; The Furies iron-beds and Strife that fltakes. Her hilling trefles, and unfolds her tnakes. Of the Gods of the Heathens . 24 y 7 J. He is the ferryman, of hell: his c name is Ckiron, which word denotes the ungracefulnefs of j,is ?!hect. In- the Greek language he is called- u , [ Porthmeus j, that is port it or ^ ferry-?nan. You Tee his image painted by the pencil ; hut you may read a mere beautiful and elegant picture of him drawn by the pen of * Virgil. P. Why does he tarry with his boat here ? M. To take and carry over to the other fide of the lake the fouls of tlie dead, which you fee flock¬ ing on the fliores in troops j yet he takes not all pri iiifcuoufly who come, but fuch only whofe ba¬ ilies are buried when they die ; for the g unburied wander about the fhores an hundred years, and tae:i are carried over : but fir ft they pay Charon his fare, h which is at leaf! a halfpenny* L 3 P, Thofe o. e Charon, quafi Acharon, id. eft, line gratia, ab a non. Sc x«f‘r jratia i“ Portitor has horrendus aquas Sc flumina fervat 11 Terribili fqualore Charcn : cui piurima mento “ Canities xnculta jacet: flant lumina fiamma. “ Sordidus ex humeris nodo dependet amitdus. “ Ipfc ratem conto fubigit, veiifque miniflrat, “ Etfcnuginea fuvechat corpora cymba, " Jamfenior: fed cruda Deo virdii'que fenedtus.” There Charon Hands, who rules the dreary coafis; A iordid CJod ; down from his hoary chin A length of beard defeends, uncomb’d, unclean • His eyes like hollow furnaces on fire; * A girdle foul with greafe binds his obfeure attire. Ho fpreads his canvas, with his pole he fleers. The freights of flitting ghofts in his thin bottom bears. He look’d in years, yet in his years were feen. A youthful vigour and autumnal green. J " Centum errat annas, volitant haic littora circum : Turn demum admifii ftagna exoptata revifunt,” A hundred years they wander on the fhore; length their penance done, are wafted o’er, u Lucian do I,uCl. Of the Gods of the Heathens ; P. Tfrofe three or four rivers ' (if my eyes c ] c not deceive me) muft be palled over by the dead' mufl they not ? JVI. Yes \ the hr ft of them -is Achn-on , ' which receives them when they come hr ft. This Acheron was the fon of Terra or Ceres, born in a cave, and conceived without a father ; and becanfe lie cguH mot endure light, k he ran down into hell, and was changed into a river, whofe waters are extreme^ bitter. The fecond is Styx, which- is a lake rather than a river, 1 and was formerly the daughter of Ocea- nus, and the mother of the- Goddefs Vidloria Acheron. When Vi&oria was on Jupiter’s fideir his war againft the Giants, fhe obtained this pre¬ rogative for her mother, that no oath fvvorn amon^ the Gods by her name lhould be ever violatedfoi if any of the Gods broke ah oath fworn by Styx, they were banifhed from the nedlar and the table of the Gods m a year and nine days. This is the Stygian lake, by which n when the Gods fwore thej ©bicrvccl their oath mo ft fcrupuloufly. The third-river, Cocytu. c,, flows out of Styx wit! a lamentable groaning, noife,. and imitates tin howling, and increafes the' exclamations of tlii damned. Next comes 0 Phlegethon, or PuriphIegetho7i; f< called, bccaufe it 1 wells with waves of fire, ar.d si its.ftreams are iiames.. Wliei i Plato in Phxdone. 3c Panfan. in Atticis. 1 Hcliod. in Thco&on. m Scrv. in JEneiil. 6 . ii “ Tjii mjrs iurr.ve tin:cut &. fallcre inimen.” ' v ’J'hc iacred dream v.hich heaven’s imperial Hate Atlefls in oaths, and fears to violate. , o A ft guides wealth. The reafon why he is fo called fo is, becaufe all our wealth comes from the lowed and molt inward bowels of the earth ; and becaufe, as Tully writes, *' all the natural powers and faculties of the earth ax*e under his di¬ rection ; for all things proceed from the earth, and return thither again. The name \_Hacles~\ by which he is called among the Gneks , s ftgnifies dark, gloomy , and me¬ lancholy \ or elfe, h as others g.uefs, invifihle ; becaule he fits in darknefs and obfeurity; his habitation is melancholy and lonefome, and he feldom appears to spen view. He is likewife called 1 Hgeflaus, becaufe he leads people to the infernal regions ; and fometimes k plijiits, becaufe it was never known that Pluto laughed. His name Ftbruus, comes from the old word fe-- huo, to purge by facrifee , becaufe purgations and luftrations were ufed at funerals; whence the month of 1 February receives alfo its appellation ; at which time, efpecially the facrifices called Fe- brua, were offered by the Romans to this God. He is called Orcus or Urgus, and Ouragus , as fome fay, m becaufe he excites and haftens people to their L 5 ruin^ To th* lhades you go-a downhill eafy way ;, But to return, and re-enjoy the day. That is a work, a labour-- e nxa-r*? divitiae. i Tcrrena vis omnis ac natura ipfi dedicata credebatur. Tull, de- |Katt. Deor. 2 . quafi ati$7 j«, id eft, triftis, tenebrofum. h Aut. quail etogetjos, quod videri minime pofiit; aut ab a pri- Vftnte, Sc videre. Socrates ap. Plut. Phurnut. Gaza. ap. Lil.Gyr* 1 Ilctoct ayr.i, cum qui agrnen chiudit ; lTmili i;io J : luto puitrcmum human;*: vitas a Odum excipit: Guthr. 1. i. do Tin*. Man. % f n. (Aiod niorte quietens cundlis a Herat. Feftus, o Ouafi f.iinmus .Djorurn maniuin. Aug. dc Civit. "Dei. 1, j) --O iraximt’ noftis . “ Arbiter, umbrarumque potens,. cui noltra labor ant “ Stamina qui iiuem ennetis Sc lcmiim preebes, *' Nafccridique vices aUcrna morte rependis, “ Oci vitam lcthmnque ivgis.”—Claud, dc* ftaptu Piof: r p> Great prince o’ th* gloomy regions ot the dead, From whom we luuirly move our wheel and thread ; . O i' Nature's growth and cijd thou halt the lway. All mortal-; birth with death thou dolt repay Who clcit command h.m both. r Of the Gods of the Heathens . * 5 * CHAP. IV. Plutus. nnHOUGH Plutus be not an infernal God, yet I as his name and office were very like and •agreeable to Pluto, I will take this occalion to lay* ljjnething of him: for they are (both of them) Gods of riches, which are the root of all evil, and which nature, our common parent, hath placed near hell ; and indeed there is not a nearer way to Lull than to hunt greedily after riches. This Plutus was the fon of q Jafon, or Jafus, by Cores : he was blind and lame, injudicious, and mighty timorous. And truly thefe infirmities are jiilHy aferibed to him: for if he was not blind and injudicious, he would never pals over good men and heap his treafures upon the bad. He is lame 5 becaufe great efhatos come {lowly. He is fearful o.nd timorous ; becaufe rich men watch their trea*. lures with a great deal of fear and care. C II A P. V. Sect. I. Proserpine. A/, HE who fits next to Pluto is the queen of hell, r the infernal Juno, s the Lady, (as the Greeks commonly call her) and the moll beloved v.ke of Pluto, c the daughter of Ceres and Jupi- Hr. She is called both Proferpme and Lihcru. Ju- Mtci' her father begat her when he was difamifcd O c; in the ihape of a bull; and after die was be 111 and L 6 err own. r ‘ - r.'jfl. in Tlico^on. 1 'm. /Llrt-id. 6. .^-.crctvji, id ell Doniiua. iiiviiud ii: Thco^on, Fauf. in Arc ad. zyz Ofthe Gods of the Heathens „ g rown up, u he debauched her himfelf in the fhape of a dragon: v whence it came to pafs that in the myft erics of the Sabazia, a golden fnake, folded in a circle, was produced, which, when any were ini, tiated, was ufually put into their bofoms, and re¬ ceived again when it flid dow T n from them below. P • But by v/hat fate became Proferpine the wife of this black God ? M. In this manner : When all the GoddcfTes re- fufed to marry Pluto becaufe he was fo deformed, he was vexed at this contempt and fcorn, and trou¬ bled that he was forced to always live afinglelife; wherefore in a rage he feated himfelf in a chariot, and a role on a fudden : from a den in Sicily, x he law a company of very handfome virgins gathering flowers in the fields of Enna, (a beautiful place ii- tuated about the middle of the ifland, and there¬ fore called the navel of Sicily.) One of them, Pro¬ ferpine, pleafed him above the reft, for lhe furpaf- fed them all in beauty. He became raging with love, and carried her with him from that place, and on a fudden. he funk into the earth near Syracufe. In the place where he defeended, a lake arofe: and y Cicero fays, the people of Syracufe keep yearly ieftivals, to which great multitudes of both fexes Hock. P - O, poor lady I I am troubled at her misfor¬ tune; her unhappinefs moves my companion. But what followed ? Mm The Nymphs, her companions, were grie- voufly affrighted, and fled away to any place where they could expert fafety. In the mean time Ceres the mother of Proferpine comes, who by chance was abfent when her daughter was flolen ; ihe feeks her daughter among her acquaintance a long time, but. in vain. She therefore in the next place kindles u Arnob. J. 5. x Cic. in Verrcm. v Eufebins Prsep. Evan. X Cic. in Vexrejji. Of the Gods of the Heathens. 2^5 kindles torches by the flames which burft forth- from the top of the mountain ./Etna, and goes with them to feek her daughter throughout the whole world: neither did Ihe give over her vain labour, till the Nymph Arethufa fully aflured her that Pro- ferpirie was Itoleu by Pluto, and carried down into his kingdom. She then in great anger lialien¬ ed and expoftulated with z Jupiter concerning the violence that was offered to her daughter. Iu fhort, Jupiter promifed to reflore Proferpir.e pgair^ if flie had not yet tailed any thing in hell. Ceres went joyfully down ; and Proferpine, full of tri¬ umph and gladnefs, prepared to return into this world, when Afcalaphus difcovered that he faw Proferpine while Ihe walked in Pluto’s orchard pluck a pomegranate, and eat fome grains of it; whereupon Proferpine’s journey was immediately flopped. Ceres, her mother, amazed at this new mifchance, and incenfed at the fatal difcovery of Afcalaphus, turned him into an owl, a bird of an ill omen, and unlucky to all that fee it; but at lail, by the importunity of her prayers to Jupiter, Ihe extorted this favour from him, that he Ihould give leave a that Proferpine might live half the year at lealt with her in heaven, and the other half, below in hell with her hufband. Proferpine after¬ wards loved this difagreeable hufband fo much, that fhe was jealous, and changed Mentha, who was his miflrefs, into mint, an herb of her own 9 4 name.. Sect*. 2 Servtus in X. Georgic. a “ Ei Dea regnorum numen commune duorum,. “ Cum matte eft toi.idem, totidem cum conjuge menres.” m Ovid. Met am. 5. fhe Goddefs now in either empire fways ; Sb months with Ceres, fix with Pluto ft ays. 254 Of the Gods of the Heathens . 1 Sect. II. Hu Explanation of the Fable . P. "\ 7 ~OU have told a very pretty ftory ; pray _jj_ what is the fignification of it ? M. The fignification of it is this: b Ceres is the Earth, and her daughter Proferpine the fertility oi the earth, or rather the c feed by which it isie:t : k, which feed lies buried in the ground in the winter, but in the fummer breaks forth and becomes fruit. Thus Proferpine (the emblem of the feed) lies \yA{ the year in hell, and the other hair in heaven. Others explain this fable, fo as by it to fignify the Moon, which is hid from us in the hemii’phcre ui of the countries beneath us, as long as it ihincs to us in our own. Some believe that Hecate is the fame with Pro¬ ferpine ; and if you are willing to follow their opi¬ nion, you mu ft call to mind what I have laid be¬ fore when I difeourfed of Diana. Let us now turn our eyes toward the tribunal of Pluto, where you fee, in that difinal picture, con¬ tinual trials, and all perfons, as well the a confers as the offenders, that have been formerly wicked in their lives, receive their deaths impartially from the tliree Fates : after death they receive their con¬ demnation impartially from the three judges; and after condemnation, their punifhment impartially from the three tormenting furies. CJ C H A P. VI. 4 7he Fates. P. "\T 7 HERE are thofe Fates ? And from did they defeend? M. Thofe three old ladies are the M. their garments e old ladies are the are made of ermine whom FatC3: vhhe b Var. a pud. Auguftinvun de Civit. Dei. 7 . c Euftb. 1 . de Fnep. Evang. d Catullus in Epith. Thct Parr. Of the Gods of the LTcathens . 2 55 Biiiow, and bordered with purple. They were horn cither of & Nox and Erebus, or of f Neceflity, or of the e Sea, or of that rude and indigeftcd niafs which the ancients called Chews. They are called \fiii Latin; becaufe, as ,l Varro thinks, they (iilbibute good and bad tilings to perlons at their hnth; or, as the common and received opinion is, 'becaufe they fpared nobody. They are likewife railed Fcituw, Fate ; and arc three in number, 'becaufe they order the pafl, prelent, and future time. “ Fate,” lays 1 Tully, “ is all that which “ God hath decreed and refolved ill all come to pafj, and which the Grecians call “ f Pvnar?nc?ic.~\ It is, fays m Ghryfippus, a per- “ pet ml, certain, and unavoidable leries and chain “ of things, wrapping and infolding up itftlf in an “ order of confequences which compofe tlie feveral *• links, and follow one another to all eternity.” 1 r: Tatum is derived from, the word far7, to p?o- mw.ee or declare ; becaufe, when any one is born, ti.cfe three fillers pronounce what fate will befall- iiim ; as wc fee in the llory of Meleager. V. What are their names and offices? PL The name of one is 0 Clotho • the fecond is -•died p Lac he/is ; the third q Fltropos y becaufe ike is f. HcIhkI. in Thcogon. f Halo, tie Rcpubl. 1. 10 . r ticophron. 1 . I'-'.'c.L' dhuntur a partu, quod nafeentibus liominibus bonrr ir -' conferrc cenicanlur. , «fit a parcendo per antiphraiin, quod nemini parcant. Servius .'l.ivAl i. !: Ivncbius in Prsep. Evr.ng. 1. 6. I i-il ai:u in Fatum id oirme quod a Den conftitutum & deiig?>a- t'-fii cd ut cvcuiat, quod Gncci. ctf*sef/niw appellant. Tullius do hto & Divinat. r. m Eimarmcne lcmpiterna qmedam eft Sz. indcclinabilis rciuin u ' r ,r s & catena, lefe volvcns £t irnplicans per reternos conibquenti;*; wes e quibus connexa eft. Boot, in Top. II ^ : r - «-p* Lib Gyr. ■ o A verbo id eft. neo. 0 A^yzw, for dor. l ! Ab «t:iivativa particula, et «rg:«rftrvclto, quod verti &. flccfli nc~ r • * . < 4 1 Of the Gods of the Heath e?ir. is unalterable, unchangeable. Thefe names tic Grecians give them : r The Romans call them Noth;. Decima , and Ivlorta . To them is entrufled the management of the fa- tal thread of life : for Clotho draws the thread be¬ twixt her fingers; Lachefis turns about the wheel; and Atropos cuts the thread fpun with a pair of feiffars. That is, Clotho gives us life, and brings us into the world ; Lachefis determines the fortunes that fhall befall us here ; and Atropos concludes our lives : s one fpeaks^ the other writes, and the third fpins. CHAP. VII. The Furies. p. A ND what are thofe monflers called that jL have the faces of women ? their looks are full of terror ; they hold lighted torches in their hands; fnakes and ferpents lafh their necks and fhoulders. M. They are the Furies, called in Latin fome- times Fur ice ; 1 becaufe they make men mad by the flings of confcience which guilt produces. I hey are alfo called u Direr, y Eumenides , and x Canes , and were the offspring of y Nox and z Acheron : but their proper names are FlleRo^ Ti/iphone, and Me- gara : a and they are efteemed virgins ; becaufe, fince they are the avengers of all wickednefs, no¬ thing can corrupt and pervert them from inflifling the punifhment that is due to the offender. P. Why are there only three Furies ? r Cefen. Vind. ap. Lil. Gyr. r Una loquitur, altera feribit, tertia filia ducit; Serv. in jEneid. t Quod fceleratos in furorpm agant. u Virg. JEneid- 3 ' v Ibid. 8. x Ibid. 4. y Ibid. 6 . z Ibid 12. a Suidas & Orph. in Hymn. 4 Of the Gods of the FTeathens* O r ST ]\[. Becaufe tliere are three b principal paffions df the mind, Anger, Covetoufnefs, and Lull, by which mankind is chiefly hurried into all forts of v.ickednefs : for Anger begets revenge, Covetoul- ncfs provokes us to get immoderate wealth by right or wrong, and luft periuades us to purfue our plea- fares at any rate. Indeed fome add a c fourth i H ury, called L[//o, that is, rage and madnefs ; but fhe is eafily reduced the other three : as alfo JLri/nysj a name common to diem all. P. What is the oilice of the Furies? M. They are appointed to obferve and punifh the crimes of all men, and to torment the conferences of fecret offenders : , whence they are commonly alio intitlcd, d u the Goddeifes, the difeoverers and “ revengers of evil a£bions.” They punifh and tor¬ ment the wicked, by frightening and following them with burning torches. You fee the picture of them there, and you will find them beautifully tdtfcribed in the twelfth Book of Virgil’s fEneids. P. What did the Poets intend by thefe Furies ? M. Only, fays Cicero, that they who have done any wicked and unlawful thing are tormented and affrighted, not with the blows and the burning torches of the Furies, as it is in the Fable, but with the flings of their'owu evil confciences. dor, f fays he. Jj 1 ^ K * or * 2 P- Gjn _ c Eurip. in Ilerculc furente. d Dcxipecul atrices et vindices l'acinorum. e “ Dicuntur geminse peites, cognaminc Dirce, “ Quas ct Tartaream Nox intexnpefta MegxramJ u Duo eodernque tulit partu, paribufque revinxit f Serpen turn ipiris, ventofafque addidit. alas.” ■Deep in the difnial regions void of light, 1 wo daughters at a birth were born to Night-: l} wle m th eir brown mother, brooding on the care, j-ndu cl with windy wings to licet in air, JVith ferpents girt alike'/ and crown’d with hilTujg hair. In he a v" n thq JDiVrv call’d. * Sua cn?m quemquc ii,.us ct fans terror rnaxime voxat;. furnn l Of the Gods of the Heathens . he, i!:i ad coelom mittum imomnia AumeO • '> uate.- tho fiicnt lioufe of Sleep ador*» ; ['' I iv’r) tins, lli.it of lir.r.iparcnt born j r \"- c vdions through tranlparci.t hern urile, - hrou).»i j:oiifh’d iv’ry path deiuduuj lies. '■-J/'vid. it. Merain. Vir^. ^iucid 6.. J ihraer Odyfi* >. tur i£n. & 3Etna keeps his heads. y “ /Hgeon qualis centum rui brarhia diennt, “ Centenafque mantis quinquaginta orilms ignem “ Pecloribufquc arfifib: Jovis cum fulniina centra “ Tot paribus firepe et ciypcds, tot ftringerent enfes.” And as y'Egeon, when with heaven he ft.rove, .Stood oppolne in arms to mighty Jove, J\ lov’d all his hundred hands, pi evok’d to war, Delyhl the lorky lightning from alar: At fifty mouths his flaming breath expires. And flafh for flafli returns, and fires for fires ; In his right hand as many fwords he wields. And takes the thunder on as many fhields. v. Homed Ilias i. a Callimachus in Lavacr. Ddi. b Virgil. /Ericid. 6, Of the Gods of' the Heathens. 263 Otlius and Ephialtes (which, though his wife had them to Neptune, yet were they called y^Ioidcc^ from their reputed father) : they went in their father Almus’s dead, and affifled the Giants ; but the fame fete attended them, and they alfo fufFered the punifnnent of then- rafhuefs in hell. fey us was the fon of e Jupiter and Elara, horn in aLhterraneous cave, in which Jupiter hid his mo¬ ther, fearing the anger of Juno. She brought forth a child of fo prodigious a bulk, that the earth was rent that lie might have a paflage out of the cave ; 2nd from thence he was believed to be the fon of the earth. Juno afterwards perfuaded this Giant to r.ccrfc Latona of adultery, whereupon Jupiter ft ruck him with thunder down into hell 5 d and there he lies fr.retched out, and covers nine acres of ground with his body : a vulture continually gnaws his liver, which grows again every month. To thefe wc might add the Titans, c the foils of Terra and Cesium ; the chief of whom was Tita- 11113, Saturd’s cldelt brother, who made war againfl Jupiter, becaufe Jupiter ufurped the kingdom which v:r.s due to him by hereditary right. In this war Titanus c Apol. 1 . <1 Ntcnon & Tityum lerrcc omniparent is alumnum Cerncrc crat; cui tota novem per jug-era corpus '* Porrigitur, roltroque immanis vultur ad unco Inimortale jeeur tumlens, foecundaque pcenis Viiccra, rimaturque epulis, habitatque Tub alto “ Pcclorc, nec ftbris requies datur uila renatis.” Virg. AEn. 6. There Tityus tortur’d lay, who took his birth from hcav’n, his nuriing from tlie fruitful earth; Here Jus gigantic limbs, with large embrace, Infold nine acres of infernal fpace : A rav’nous vulture in his open fide Kcr crooked beak and cruel talons try’d; the growing liver digg’d the breaft, ihe growing liver ft ill fupply’d the fealt: J'ill arc the entrails fruitful to their pains. Hi immortal hunger laiis, th* immortal food remains, e ^LichyL in Promctlieo. ■ Of the Gods of the Heathens. "Titanus and his party were beaten, and afterward, -call down into hell. Sect. III. Other famous Offenders . P HLEGYAS, king of the Lapithre in Thaiialia, was the father of the Nymph Coronis. When he heard that Apollo had debauched his daughter, he went in anger and fired the temple of Apollo at Delphi ; for which the enraged God (hot him through the body with an arrow, and indicted oa him the following punifiiment : a great ftone hangs over his head, which he imagines every moment will fall down and crulh him to pieces : thus hefi perpetually fearing what will never come to pals, which makes him frequently call out to men fto obferve the rules of juftice and the precepts of re- «oj.j Ixion was the fon of this Ph'legyas. He hilled his own filler, and obtained his pardon from the Gods, who advanced him to heaven : his profperity made him wanton, fo that he attempted to violate the chaftity of Juno. This infolcnt attempt was dii- covered to Jupiter, who fent a cloud in the i’napeof Tuno, which the deceived lover embraced, and from’thence tliofe moil hers the Centaurs were born: hereupon he was thrown down to the earth again: where, hecaufe he boaited every-where that he had familiarly known the queen of the Gods, he was ft ruck with thunder down into hell, and tied fall to a wheel which turns about continually. Salmoneus was king of Elis. Iiis ambition was not fatisfied with an earthly crown, for he deiired di¬ vine honours : and that the people might eileem him a God, he built a brazen bridge over the city, and drove his chariot upon it ; imitating -* - W f “ Difeite uiftitiam monitx, «Sc non temnere Divos.'” Virg* it-h. Learn juftice hence, and dont’t defpife the Gods. Of the Gods of the Heathens . 265 by this noife Jupiter’s thunder. He threw down I lighted torches, andthofe who were ftruck by them vere taken and killed. Jupiter would not fufFer lb 1 great infolence; therefore threw the proud man from his ftage headlong into hell, where /Eneas, 1 when he vifited the infernal regions, faw him pu¬ nched, as Virgil relates. Sifyphus was a famous robber, killed by Thefeus : ft lie is condemned in hell, to roll *a great and un¬ wieldy Hone to the top of a high hill; and as oft as the hone almoft touches the top of the mountain, it rolls down again. The Bolides were fifty virgin fillers, fo called from their grandfather Belus; named alfo Danaides from their father Danaus, who married them to the fifty fons of his brother. The oracle foretold that Danaus fhould be fiain by his fort-in-law ; wherefore he commanded his daughters to provide daggers, and on their wedding-night to kill their hufbands. All the daughters performed their pro- mifes, and killed their huibands; but Hypermneftra fpared Lynceus her hufband, who afterwards killed Danaus, and took his kingdom. This great impiety was thus puniflied : kThey were condemned to draw water out of a deep well, and full a tub that (like a fieve) is full of holes : the water runs out of the tub as fall as it is put in, fo that they are tormented with an unprofitable labour without ;nd. M 'Tantalus f>“ Vidi crudcles dantem Salmonea pcenas, “ Dum flamraas Jovis Sc fonitus imitalur Olympi. JEru 6. Salmoi eus J uttering cruel pains I found for emulating Jove; the rattling found Of manic thunder, and the glittering blaze Of p'/ oted lightnings, and their forked rays. , r d Argon. i Ingens &; non exfuperabile Saxura. Virg'. Afliduas repettnt quas perdunt Bolides undas.” T1 Ovid. Met. 4. 1 Sle ? hourly ietch the water that they ipiijU 0.66 Of the Gods of the Heathens • Vfantahts is another remarkable criminal. He was the 1 fon of Jupiter by the Nymph Plota. He -invited all the Gods to a feaft, to get a plain and clear proof of their divinity : when they came, he killed and quartered his own fon Pelops, and boil ed him, and fet the joints before them to eat. A 1 the Gods abftained from fuch horrid diet, excep Ceres, who ate one of the child’s ihoulders. Af. terward the Gods fet Mercury to recal him t life, and gave him an ivory lhoulder inftead of tli fhoulder which Ceres had eaten m . This Pelops \va the hufband of Hippodamia, of whom Atreus an Thycftes were born : the latter whereof was ba nifhed, becaufe he corrupted his brother Atreus’ wife ; and when he was recalled from bamfhment •he ate up thofe-children that he had by her: fo Atreus killed them, and brought them in diihes t the table, where he and Thyefl.es dined together It is faid that the Sun was not able to endure fi horrible a light, hut. turned his courfe hack agai to the eafl. But as Tantalus’s crime was grate: fo was his punifhment; n for he is tormented witl eternal hunger and thirft in the midft ofplcnty bG • of meat and drink : he Hands in water up to hi lips, but cannot drink it; and meat is placed ju: to his mouth, which he cannot take hold of. 0 Ovii mentions the punifhment of Tantalus, but another reafon for it; namely, becaufe he divulgi the fecrets of the Gods to men. But this was b part of his punifhment; for p over his head hail m .Pindar, in Oiyn»p< 1 Eufeb. Frxp. Evaug. n Homer. OdyfT. II. o “ Querit acuas in aquis, & poma fugacia captat „ Tantalus : hoc illi garrula lingua dedit.” Half-drowivd he thirfts, the dangling apples fvving From’s gaping chaps: this comes of prattling, p , Hunc fuper atra filex, jaanjam lapfura cadcnti Imminet ailixnilis.” Virg. JE* 1, Of the Gods of the He a the 11 s\ 26 7 a weight y ft one, which he, with horror and dread, expeds Ihould fall on him and dafh. out his brains every moment. Now this fable of Tantalus reprefents the con¬ dition of a mifer, who in the midft of plenty fuf- fers want, and wants as much the things which he has as thofe which *he has not; as Horace rightly fays, q where he applies this fable of Tantalus to the real wants of the covetous man. CHAP. XI. MojiJiers of Hell . THERE are many ftrange pictures of thefe in« fernal monfters j but the moll deformed are the Centaurs, who were the ancient inliahitants of Theffalia, and the fir ft who tamed horfes and ufed them in war. Their neighbours, who iirft faw them on horfeback, thought that they had partly the members of a man and partly the limbs of a horfe. But the poets tell us another It cry: for they fay that Ixion begat them of a cloud, which he believed to be Juno ; from whence they are cal¬ led Nubigena in Virgil, JEn. 6. ; and Bacchus is hud to have overcome them. Gcryon , becaufehe was the king of the three iflands which t are called £alearides> r is feigned to have M 2. three a mafly ft one, Keady to drop hangs o’er his eurfed head, q “ Tantalus a labris fitiens fugientia captat " Flumina. Quid rides ? mutato nomine, de tc “ Fabula narratur.” (Serna. 3. though Tantalus, you’ve heard, does ftand chin-deep ia v/ater, yet he cannot get a lip: all on’t would be true, and the tale told of vou. v-uliu, yet ne cannot get pt which you fmile : now a v * here the name chang’d, a * 1 ricornorem 5: orporem & tergeminum fuille. *68 Of the Gods of the Heathens . three bodies : or it may be becaufe there were three brothers of the fame name, whofe minds and afFe&ions were fo united, that they feemed to be goJ verned and to live by one foul. They add, that Geryon kept oxen which devoured the flrangcri that came to him: they were guarded by a doj with two heads, and a dragon with feven. Her, cules killed the guards, and drove the oxen after- .ward away. . > : The Harpies w r ere fo called s from their rapacity . they were born of Oceanus and Terra, witli th ! faces of virgins and the bodies of birds; tbei hands were armed with claws, and their habitatio: was in the iflands. Their names were, Hello, Ocj pctc> and Celeno which laft brought forth Zepl.V IUS (the weft wind), and Balius and Xanthus tin horfes of Achilles. Virgil gives us an 1 horrid de feription ©f thefe three fillers. To the three Harpies add the three Gorgons Medttfa , Stheno , and Euryale , who were the daugh¬ ters of Phorcus and Cete. Inftead of hair, theid heads were covered with vipers ; which fo terrifiei the beholder, that they inllantly turned him ini t A e?0ZJcc.Z,u, rapio. “ At fubito horrifico lapfu de montibus ad fun t Harpyse; magnis quatiunt clangoribus alas : Sive De?e, feufunt Dine, obfeoenasque volucres. Triitius haud illis monftriun eft nec fasvior iilla Peilis ira Deum Stygiis fefe extulit undis. Virginei volucrum vultus, feediflima ventris Profuvies uncaeque manus, pallida temper Ore fame.” When from the mountain tops with hideous cry And clatteriug wings, the filthy Harpies fly ; Monfters more fierce offended heaven ne’er lent, From hell’s abyfs, for human punifliment : With virgin faces, hut with breafts oblcene Foul paunches, and with ordure ftill unclean; .With claw's ior hands, and looks for ever leap. <4 44 44 44 44 4 i Of the Gods of the Heathens . 269 a {lone. Perhaps they intended to rexorefent by this part of the fable the extraordinary beauty of thefe {Hers, which was fuch, that whofoerer faw them were amazed, and flood immoveable like flones. There were other Gorgons, betides, born of the fame parents, who were called La mice, or Jlw/ju/c£\ ' 8 They had only one eye and one tooth, common to them all : they kept this tooth and eye at home in a little veflel, and Hie who went abroad 11 fed them. v They had the faces of women, and alfo the necks and breafls - 7 but below thej were covered with feales, and had the tails of ferpents. They ufed to entice men, and then de¬ vour them. Their breafls were naked, and their bofoms were open. They looked on the ground as it were out of modefty. Thus they tempted men jtodifcourfe with them; and when they came near, thefe Lamise ufed to fly in their faces and flrangle them, and tear them to pieces barbaroufly. And what more plainly exprefles the devilrfh arts of wicked women, againft whom the Scriptures cau¬ tion us in thefe words, x cc The fea-monflers draw | out the breaft, they give fuck?” Others only men- non one Lamia, who was a mo ft beautiful woman 1 Jupiter debauched her, and Juno through jealoufy [deprived her of the children that lhe bore. She ecauie diftrafted with grief, and devoured other copie s children in their cradles, lhe Chwuvra y is a monfter z which vomits fi lie has the head and breaft of a lionefs, beliy of a goat, and the tail of a dragon, as it : ex prcfied a in a known verfe, and deferibed by M z Ovid. I b !’ p h r l in Promcth. v Dion. Hift. Libya;. • nmuc mid a vc rant inammam. Laincntat. iv. 3. ;• Uiuv.s, Rcrum Llbyoarum. 1 . 2. ' ^ !n -^ Iliad. 14. Hefiod. in Theog. , ieo, poftrema draco, media inde eapella. _• <- head anil breaft refemblc his ; r!:s '' U: ' a goat's, hi? tail a dragon’s Is._ S' *- rO Of the Gods of the Heathen *. * Ovid. A volcano in Lycia occafioned this F'tbie for in the top of the mountain were lions, in tin middle (which was pallure) goats lived, and the bottom of it abounded with ferpents. c Selhro- phon made this mountain habitable, and is JV therefore to have killed the Chimcsra. The monfter Sphinx was begotten of d Typhc and Echidna. She had the head and face of a your V woman, the wings of a bird, and the body and fee of a dog. She lived in the mountain Sphirciu alia ul ted all pafTcngers, and infefted the countr about Thebes ; infomuch that the oracle of Apoli was confultcd concerning her; and anfwcr w: made, that unlefs fomebody did refolve tlie ridel of Sphinx, there would be no end of that gren ' evil. Many endeavoured to explain it ; butwa overcome, and torn in pieces by the ir.oril Creon at that time was king of Thebes; who-nm _ _ ^ ^ a 4 _ _ « 4 t « » /» i liflied an edi£t through all Greece, in which, if an« one could, explain the riddle of Sphinx, lie prr»*ni" fed that he would give him to wife his own iifie Jocalta. The riddle was this : c What animal * i that which goes upon four feet in the morning u upon two at noon, and upon three at night? Oedipus, encouraged with the hopes of the rewrud undertook it, and happily explained it ; fo that th Sphinx was enraged, and caft herfelf headlong iror a rock and died. Pie fa id that the animal wa. man, who in his infancy creeps upon his hands an feet, and fo may be laid to go on four foot ; vJie he grows up, lie walks on two feet ; but when a T) “ Quocpie Chi.nxra jugo, iiudii-> ir. pan hr.-. J ** Peel us Sc ora lex- caud.uo d racer, is hafccbrm” ——Arid o'er the craggy lop Chimera dwells, with lion’s face ami mane, A goat's rough body, and a dragon’s train, c Paufan. in Corinth. cl Vide Natal. Corn, e Quidnana anixual mane ^uadrupes, mcridifc.bipee, veiperi.tnf« cil'ct ? * Of the Gods of' the Heathens • 2 * 2' g ro ws old, he ufes the fupport of a ftafF, and fo ma y be faid to walk on three feet. This Oedipus was the fon of Laius s king of Thebes. Soon after his birth, Laius commanded a foldier to carry his fon Oedipus into a wood, and then deftroy him, becaufe it had been foretold bv the oracle that he fhould be killed by his own fon : bat the foldier was moved with pity towards the child, and afraid to imbrue his hands in royal blood: wherefore he pierced his feet with a hook,, •and hung him upon a tree to be killed with hun¬ ger. One of the hicpherds of Polybius king of Co¬ rinth found him, and brought him to the queen ; who, becaufe (he had no children, educated him as her own fon, and from h his fivollen feet called him Oedipus. Tills Oedipus, when he came to age, knew that king Polybius was not his father, and therefore refolved to find out his parents ; confult- ingthe oracle, he was told that he fliould meet his father in Pbocis. In bis journey he met feme puf- feogers, among whom was his father, but he knew him not.; a quarrel arofe, and in the fray he by chance killed his father. After this he pro¬ ceeded on his journey, and arrived at Thebes,, where he overcame Sphinx, and for his reward married Jocafla, whom he knew not to be his mother then, but difeovered it afterward. He had By her two fons, Etcocles and Polynices ; and two daughters, Antigone and Ifmena. * When after¬ ward he found by clear proof that he had killed bis father and married his mother, he was feized. with fo great madnefs,. that he pulled out his own- eyes, and had killed himfelf, if his daughter Anti¬ gone (who led him. about after he was blind) had. not hindered him.. M 4 K t codes R Suit. i. Thcb. Plutarch. ./Titian. &. alii. 1 Puerum Oedipum vocavit a rum ore pedum. cthtJ * ~ h »' Mem fignificat. 1 Scaeia Oc dip, cnim. t umeo 0 /* Gods of the Heath c?is. Eteocles and Polynices, the fons of Oedipus an< Jocafta, k fucceeded their father in the government; j they agreed to reign each a year by turns J Ihteocles reigned the flrft year, and then refuted to j adroit, his brother Polynices to the throne: where-f upon a war aroie, and the two brothers in a duel* killed each .other. Their enmity lafled longer than| their lives; for when their bodies were placed on* the fame pile to be burnt by the fame fire, the flames refufed to unite, but divided themfelves into two parts. CHAP. XII Ihe EhYSlUM. r ’pHERE is a place in the infernal dominion abounding with pleafure and delights, which is called the Klyjluv.: ,* 1 becaufe thither the fouls c the good come after they are loofed from the chains of the body, when they have been purged from the light offences that they have contracted in this world. m Alneas received this account from one of the inhabitants of it, as Virgil tells us, n whode- fqribea k Stat. Then. 1 *A zfo rrr,c p , folutione ; quod animat piorum corporci: fclutse vincuiis, loca ilia petant poftquam purgatse funt a lcvior:- hus noxis quas contraxerant. m “ Ouifquc fuos patimur manes; exintje per amplum JVTittiixu’r Elyiium Sc pauci lseta arvatenerous.*' All have their manes, and thofe manes bear : 1 The few whoTe cleans’d m thofe abodes repair, > And breathe in ample fields the foft Elyiian air. J n ; Devenere locos lcetos, 8c amcena vireta “ Fortunatorum nemorum fedefque beatas: ** Lavgior hie campos jether quoque lunjina veftit * k - Purpureo. folemque fuum fua fidera norunt.” ' ’ ’ Thtfc r * d Of the Gods of the Heathens. 2 bribes this place as abounding with all the delights that the moll pleafaut plains, the moft verdant gelds, the moft ftiady groves, and the flneft and moft; temperate air can produce. CHAP. XIII. fhe Rivet' LETHE. ' rpHERE is* a river in hell called Lethe , 0 from | the forgetfulnefs it caufes. For if any body drinks this water, he immediately forgets all things pall: fo that when the fouls of the pious have [pent many ages in the Elyfian fields, p they drink the water of Lethe, and are believed to pafs into new bodies and return into the world again, and it isnecefiary that they forget both the pleafures that they have received in Elyfium, and the miferies which they heretofore endured in this life, that they may willingly return into this miferable life again. Thefe fouis went out from Elyfium by that ivory gate which you fee painted in the lower part of this wall 5 and, if you pleafe, we will go through this gate, and leave thefe infernal regions, to view more beautiful, though not lefs ridiculous, images of the other Gods. P. I will attend you with pleafure. M 5 PART Thefe holy rites perform’d, they took their way Vi here long extended plains of plealure lay. Ihe fields are verdant, and with heaven may vie, With tether veiled, and a purple Iky The blifsful feats of happy fouls below. Stars of their own, and their own fun they know. 1 Aaro fas, ab oblivione P l ' ——- Animte quibus altera fato Corpora debentur, Lethaei ad fiuminis undam ” Securos latices &. longa oblivia potant.” ““— Souls that by Fate Are doom’d to take new fhapes, at Lethe’s brink draughts fecur«. and long oblivion drink. PART V. Of the Dii Minorum Gentium; OX THE Subordinate Deities CHAP. I. 'Xhe Penates,. Af -XT° W ’ ^ et us-view the fifth di- vifion of this fabulous Pantheon, in which the inferior or fubordinate Gods are con¬ tained : the Latins generally called them DiiMino - rum Gentium , arid fometimes Semones r Minuti , P/f- ieti f and Patellar it*. P. Thofe deities appear to be painted without confufion, in very good order, and. very diftin&lj. M . They are fo 5 and if we confider how in. finite the number of them was, it is plain. tha ! the Romans had almoft as many Gods as then are things. And, indeed*how great are the num« her of Gods who preiide over inconfiderable things, iince there are three Gods to keep one door ! Firfl, the God Ferculus looks after the door, theGoddefa Cardua after the hinges, and Limentius after th. 1-2. x Amob. ex. Var. $> y Epiftol. i. 10. z A gignendo feu genentlo, nam geno pro gigno olim dicebatur. Aug. de Civitate Dei 7. Cicero de .Oratore, a, St de Inven- tione a Cenforin. de Dre Nat. 3. S Ifidor. 3 . Etymol. c. ult. c Dsemones dicuntur « cxtficay exterreo, aut> patefacio» Ewfe bius. Of the Gods- of the Heathens *79 bable, from the prudent and -wife anfwers which they gave when they were confulted as oracles,, tffence fome think, that illuftrious men, whofe /iciions in this life, gain them univerfal praife and- applaufe, after their deaths become demons : by which demons is to be underffood, f as Plutarch, fays, beings of a middle kind ; of a greater dignity, than man, but of a nature inferior to the gods. Sect. II. ‘their linages. T HE images of the Genii refembled for the molt part the form ? of a ferpent, according to* b Perfius and his- commentators. Sometimes alfo> they were deferibed like a boy* or a girl, dr an old man; and crowned with the leaves of the plain- tree i which was a tree facred to the Genii. Sect. III. Sacrifices offered to the Genii . W INE and flowers were offered up.in the fa~ crifices to the Genii,, and that efpecially ly people on their birth-days, as we may learn from, k Peifius and Horace *. To thefe flowers and wine they d Vel quafi 'Sa. 7 TfAons > id eft, periti rerumque preefeii, nam re«» fponfa dabant conl'ulentibus. Ilidor. &c Etymol. S.. e Socrates ex Hef. ap. Plat. Ibid. f Lib. de Orat, g Statii Theb. 5. ^ J h “ Pinge duos angues; pueri, facer eft locus, extra- “ Meriete.- Paint here two fnakes; let no youth dare Defile thofe walls that facred are. Vide la Cerdre Commentar. in -< 3 ilneid.. i Platanus putabatur arbor genialis.. k “ Fundo merum Genio.”- To Genius confecrate a cheerful glafs. J ( “ —--piebant 1 Poribus Sc vino Genium memorem brevis cevi,. Cura fcciis operum Sc pueris Sc conjuge fida.” Ep. 1. 3. Their wives, their neighbours, and their prattling boys, ^erc call'd 5 all tailed of their fportive joys: The? 1 280 Of the Gods of the Ileafttens* they added incenfe, parched bread, and corn ftretf- ed with fait. ra Sometimes alfo a fovv wasfacrificeri; though Cenforius writes, that it was not ufual to facriftce to the Genii with the blood and flaughtei of any thing, fince we ought not to take life iron, other creatures 011 that day on which we received it. SECT. IV. fheir Offices. r p , HE Genii were appointed the continual guar- dians, overfeers, n and fafe keepers of the men (as 0 womens guardians and protestors were called Ju 7 io 7 ics 9 from their cradles to their graves. Thev likewife carried the prayers of men to the gods, and interceded for therm . Whence fome call them PrafHtes , or chief governors , p becaufe the} r are let over the management of all things. To every perfon q were afligned two Genii, 3 bonus Genius , and a mains Genius : l ' Horace calh them a white and a black one. We are told by b Va¬ lerius Maximus, that when Caflius fled to Athens, after Antony was beaten at Altitun, there appear¬ ed to him a man of a large feature, of a black Avar- thy complexion, with long hair and a nafty beard. Caflius a Iked him who he was ? and the apparition anfwered, I a? 7 i your evil Genius . Virgil is thought by his c Commentator, Servius, to mean thefe two Genii, by the word manes . Of thefe two Genii, the good one, which is given to every one at his birth, They drank, they danc’d, they fung, made wanton fport, Enjoy’d themfelves, f?*r life they knew was fhort. m Flat, in AnI. Palaeph. Eel. 5. Hor. Carm. 3. n Arrian, in Epithet. o Polit. Mifcell._c. 99. p Quod prwfint gerundis omnibus. Martianus de Nupt. 2. q Plut. de Ifide St ©fir. r Genium album Sc nigrum. Horat. Epift. 2. s Interrogates quifquam efiet, refpondit ie efie Kctxo^uifMivx. Val. Max.. I. 1. c. 7. t Quifque fuos pjitimur manes. Virg. SF+n, 6. Vide JServmO’ in loc. Of the Gods of the Heathens . 2&I •jjrth, conftantly incites him to the practice of vir¬ tue and goodnefs; whereas the bad one prompts jijni to all manner of vice and wickednefs. Npr were, they affigned to men only: for feveral countries had their Genii, who therefore were cal-, led the u Deities of the place . Nay, v Genii were allotted to all lioufes, and doors, and flables, and hearths: and becaufe the hearths were ufually co¬ vered with Hates or bricks, therefore the God of ihe hearths was called JLateranus: but of thefe enough. Let us now proceed to the other inferior p • deities. CHAP. IV. The Nuptial Gods a?id GoddeJJes* FIVE deities were fo abfolulely neceffary to all *- marriages, that none could be lawfully folem- nized without them. They were x Jupiter per - \fiftus or adult us y Juno perfefia or adult a, Venus+ Smda, and Dia/ia : Befides which, feveral inferior Gods and Goddeffes were worfhipped at all mar¬ riages . y Jugatinus joined the man and the woman toge-. ther in the yoke of matrimony* Domiducus 2 guided the bride into the bride¬ groom’s houfe. Domitius was worfhipped, that the bride might be a kept at home, to look after the affairs of the fa-. mily. Manturna was worfhipped that the wife might never u Nunaeu loci. Virg. /En. 7. trud. in Symm. Laterculis extrui foci folebant. Lil, Synt. r x Minores & Plebeii Dii. v A jugo matrimonii di&us. Aug. de Civit* Dei. 4. x Quod ipoufim in fponli doraum duceret. Idem, Ibid. &. 1 C« (J, a fponfam domi teneret. * 2.8 2 Of the Gods of the Heathens never leave "her hulband, but in all conditions o| life b abide with him. | Then the Goddefs Virgincnfs, and alfo the GodJ defs Chixia Juno, c was invoked when the virgin’! snrdle was unloofed. Priapus , or Mutcnus , was alfo reckoned one of the nuptial Gods,, becaufe in lxis filthy lap the bride; was commanded to fit, according to a very religious? and modiih cuftom, forfooth ! | Percunda, or Parc undo., was alfo worshipped; S$ Auguflin, mentioning her, advifes us to d Spare the! modefly of human nature. 1 ^Viriplaca reconciles hufbands to their wivesj A temple at Rome was dedicated to her, whitherl the married couple ufually repaired when any! quarrel arofe between them; and there opening! their minds freely to each other without paflionJ they laid afide all anger,, and returned home toge-1 ther friendly* 1 The Goddefs Matuta, r according to the opinion! Qf feme, was the daughter of Cadmus, whom the! Greeks call Leucothea , or l?io . e The maid-fervants: were not fuffered to edine within her temple; but the married women admitted one of them, and af¬ terwards bulleted her. Mothers prayed to this Goddefs to fend bleffings on their lifter's children, but never prayed to her for their own : and there¬ fore, while they were prefent at her facrifices, they carried not their own, but their lifter's children in their arms. The Goddefs Mena alfo prefided over women; h and was the fame with the. 1 moon. And b Ut cum mr.ritofemper ronneret. c Augufi. Ibiu. cl Ut parcatur humanre verccumliae. Ibid, c A plticamlo viro. Val. iVJaw 1. c. T * 5 Ovid. Met. v Vint, in Camille, & Qurefi:, Rom. h A rncnftr.uis- i.Etiam Grasce luna dlcitur. $ ■2&S affair * CHAP. V. Tie Gods prejldlng over W^orne/i with Child• THREE Gods aflifted pregnant women when 1 their afiiftance was afked. Pilumnus was one of the Gods of children : be j v;as 10 called from the peftle, 1 which the ancients pounded their corn with before they made their bread, or ni becaufe he keeps off thofe mis Tor tune S' which attend children. Intercidona was the Gcddefs who fir ft taught the art Q of catting wood with a hatchet to make fires * D jt ven \7 was worfhipped as a Goddefs,. becaufe {lie invented brooms, °by which all things are brufhed clean, and thofe diftempers prevented that proceeded from naftinefs. The Sylvan Gods, who were always hurtful to pregnant women, were driven away by thofe Dei¬ ties, and. the mifehief they invented was prevented*. For as neither the trees, p fays St. Auguftin are cut down without an axe, nor bread made without a peftle, nor things preferved clean without a brtxfh ; fo, fince thofe inftruments are thought figns of good houfewifery, it was fiippofed that thefe wild un« dean Gods would never dare to enter into the chamber of a, breeding woman,, CHAP. h A Ftbruo, id eft, purofo. 1 A pile*, in (^uod mala :ib infantibus pellit. Servius. U Ah intercifiune fecuris. A fc.Qp i - qiii bu $ v.c i r 1 m t. p A»gUiU n. d e Civi t Dei. ?, Of the Gods of the Heathens . And k Februa was employed in the fame Je was fo called for the fame reafon. 84 Of the Gods of the Heathens . CHAP. VI. Gods and Goddcjffe r prefuhng over I-Vqjkzti in Labour . a r T" 1 RESE Godd c fie s afDited women in travail, and promoted tlie happy birth of the child, jj Juno L7icina ( i whofe image was thus formed;? One hand was empty, and ready as it were to re¬ ceive the new-boni babe : the other hand held a lighted torch, by which that light of life was hgni- fled, which, all enjoy as foon as they are born. Dia?ia : (though r fome make no difference be¬ tween her andLucina). Timaeus fpeaks very hand- fomely, s when he relates that Diana’s temple was burnt the fame night in which Alexander was bora: 4 t It is, fays he, no wonder (he was abfent from her * houfe, when her affifiance was neceffary at the * birth of Alexander.’ She is called Solvizona; for when women lay in the firft time, they loofed their zoan, or girdle, and dedicated it to Diana. Kgeria is fo called, u from calling forth the birth. Profa , Prorfa y or Porri?na y (who was called alio Pojiverta and Hnteverta ), looked after the birth of the child : v it was in her power to make the birth eafy and regular, or difficult and prepoflerous. Manage 7 ieta x preiided alfo over the infant, both before and after his birth. Laflly, the Goddefs Latona y of whom we have fpoken in her place.. It was thought that fhe very much loved a dunghill-cock, becaufe a cock was prefent when fbe brought forth Diana and Apollo; and q Nat. Comes, r Catull. Carm. ad. Bian. 12. s Cicero de nat. Deor. 1. I. t The or. Idyll. .1 y u A jjartu egerendo. v Geil. c. 19. Plutarch. Rom. 1. 25 . x ./Eliani varia Hiftbria. .T<> Of the Gods of the Heathens . 285 and from hence fome imagine that the prefence of acock is neceflary at thefe occafions. tfixii Dii , fo called y from Jlriving , becaufe the mother and the child druggie at that time : The mo¬ ther ftruggles through pain, and the child that it may come into the world. CHAP. VII. ftc Deities prefiding over Infants at the ( Time of their Birth , and after . T HESE Deities prefided over children in the time of their birth, and afterward. fanus, who I opened z the door of life to them. 0 fs 9 who a affifted them when they came into the world. Nnfcio or Natio , a Goddefs fo called from a La¬ tin word b fignifying to he horn . Cnnia, c who attends the cradle, and watches the infants while they lie and fleep.^ Camcena , d who lings the deftinies. Vagit anus 7 or Vatic anus , e who takes care of them when- they cry. Levana, f from lifting them up from the ground. ?For when a child was born, the midwife conftant- ly laid the child on the ground ; and the father, or, in his abfence, fomebody appointed by him, lifted it from the ground ; and from thence toilette liberos fignifi.es to educate children . Ruminct, who milks the bread for the child. h Ruma is an old word fignifying a hreajl . Potinia i who gives the infants drink. .. Kduca, V Ab enitendo, quod eniteretur cum mater, turn foetus. Aufon. hil 12. /. Qui aperiret vitoe jarnia.ni. 2 Quce opem ferret. A nafcendo. Auguftin. de Civitate* 1 . 4. c. S Sc 11. t Qure cunis prceeit. cl A canendo. e A vagiendo. f A levando. g Var. de vita pop. Rom 2. h Anguft, 1 . 4. c. S. i A potando. k Ab edendo. 1 Ab offibus. m A came. Vide Macrob. Saturn. 1 . I. c. a. n A nono die, qui fuit dies Iuftricus. Vide Macrob. Feftuir:: voce lujtricus, o A itando. p A fando. q Ab avertcndc pavc-re- r Auguft. 1 . 4. c. XI. sldeni, 1 . 4. c. iC. • *r Of the 'Gods of the Heathens. 287 Strenua encourages us to t behave ourfelves fire- jiaoiifly and bravely upon all occalions. Simula urges and flimulates us on to extraordi- aary a£lions. Horta is the Goddefs u who exhorts us to under¬ take noble enterprises. Her temple at Rome flood ahvays'open:.and fome call her Hora . Quies had her temple without the city; and v fuppofed to be the donor of peace and quiet- uefs. Murcia renders men * lazy, idle, and dull. Adcona , or Abcona, protefls us fo, that we have power to go in and out in fp.fety. I Vibilia brings wanderers into the way again. Vacini a protedls the idle and lazy. Fejfonia recreates and xefreflies the weary. The Goddefs Mcditrina has her name from ? % healing ; and her facrifices were called Meditrinalia , in which they drank new and old wine inltead of phyfi c. The Goddefs Vitulci is fo called from z leaping r joy: flie is the Goddefs of mirth., which miti¬ gates the toils of life. The Goddefs Vdlupia,, from a pleafurc ; for from ter we receive it. Orbona was worfhipped, that Ihe fhould not leave [parents b deftitute of children. Pellonia was thought to have great power c in Iriving -away the enemy. Plumeria was worihipped, that from her we ight .learn to d call accounts. Sent!a t Varro, lib. 4. de Ling. lat. u Pint. Quceft. Rom. 14. v Aug. 4. 1 6 . x Murcidos reddit. Ideui, Ibid, y A medendo, Var. St Feftus. 2 A vitulando, id eft, laetitia geftienda. a Voluptate. b Oibos liberis. c A neikadis hoftibu?. d A nuroeraixlO; a£8 Of the Gods of the 'Heathens . Sctitia was worfhipped, that we might imbibe j and honourable c fentiments. jingerona was the Goddefs that removed t! f anguifhes of the mind, or elfe was fo named from the fquinancy. When the cattle of the Roma were almoft wholly deftroyed by this dife&fc, rhe offered vows to her, and (he removed the plague. Hares Mai'tia was one of the companions Mars, and was worfhipped by thofe who obtain an inheritance. i 1 I Stata , or Statua Mater , was worfhipped in t forum, that it fhould not be burnt, or fuffer d mage by frequent fires, which happened there the -night. The Goddefs Lamerna was the proteclrefs thieves, who, from her were named Lamer niorm h they worfhipped her, that their defigns and ii trigues might be fuccefsful. 1 Her image was a he a without a body. The God jlvercuticus was thought to k repel an prevent misfortunes. Coff us fuggefted good 1 counfel in the manag anent of affairs. Gatins made men m circumfpe£f, acute, and wifi Volnmnus and Volumna were fo named, becau through their means men n were willing to folio things that are good. Hon or his 9 the God from whom they begged ho nours. uAlius Locutius was worfhipped on this oc cafion^ ° a common foldier reported, that inth night he heard a voiee fay, ‘The Gauls are com ing . INFo body minded what he faid, becaufe b 6 wa e A fentiendo Feft. Jul. Model!. f Ut pelleret angores enimi. g Ut ?rceret anginam. h Feft. id. ibid. i Scalig. in Feft. k Ab averruncando, id eft, avertendo mala. 1 A coniulendo. m Quod homines cautos redderefr. n A volendo, quod ejus conillio bona velient. 9 Auguft. 1 . 2. c. 21 Valer. Maximus. Of the Gods of the Heathens* 289 ffas a poor fellow. After the Gallic war, Camil- jus advifed the Romans to expiate their offence in negle&ing this no£turnal voice which forewarned them of the Gallic war, and the enfuing diftruc- tion, and a temple was thereupon dedicated in Via Nova to Aius Locutius. Among the Ethiopians, or the Aflyrians and Per- Oans, Pcena and Beneficiu?n 9 (Punifhment and Fa¬ vour), were reckoned in the number of the Gods, For the former was efieemed the diflributer of evil., the other the difpenfer*of good things. ' CHAR IX. * Toe Gods ajfigned to the feveral Parts of the human bodies . /V PARTICULAR God was aligned and aferibed ^ to every member of the body of man. The head was facred to q Jupiter, the breafl Neptune, the waifl to Mars, the forehead to Ge¬ nius, the eye-brows to Juno, the eyes to Cupid, the ears to Memoria, the right-hand to Fides, the back and the hinder parts to Pluto, the loins to Venus, the feet to Mercury, the knees to Miferi- |cordia. the ankles and foies of the feet to Thetis, and the fingers to Minerva. The aftrologers aflign the parts of the body to the celefUal conllellations in another manner, thus : ' The head they aflign to Aries, the neck to Taurus, the ihoulders to Gemini, the heart to Cancer, the neaft to Leo, the belly to Virgo, the loins to Li- )ra, the fecrets to Scorpio, the thighs to Sagitta- ms, the knees to Capricorn, the legs to Aquarius, >nd the feet to Pifces. N CHAP. q Sen ins in Georg. t Firmec.Sc Manillas apud Lil. Gy*. Synt, X, 33 ° Of the Gods of the Heathens K r- I K- CHAP. X. The Funeral Deities. chief of the funeral Deities is libitum ,* .A whom fome account to be the fame as Ve¬ nus, fxnce her name is derived s from luft or con . cupifcence : but others think that Ihe^ was Profer. pine. In her temple all things neceffary for funer¬ als were fold or let. Libitina fometimes lignifies the grave, and Libitinarii thofe men who were em¬ ployed in burying the dead. Porta Libitina, at Rome, was that gate through which the dead bo¬ dies were carried to be burnt ; and Rationes Lib - it bice y Suetonius, lignifies thofe accounts which we call the bills of mortality , or the weekly bills . PART! O’’- > S ( y, s Ita di< 5 ta a libitu vel libidinc. ♦ PART IV Of the Dii Indigetes and Adfcriptitii , the Semi-Dei and Heroes. C II A P. I. M r'B^HIS now is the lafl divifion of the fabul- 1 ous Pantheon, in which you fee exactly defcribed the images of the Indigetes or Semi-Dei, and the Heroes. I told you at firft who the Dii Adfcriptitii -and the Indigetes were, and from whence they were fo called. P. I remember it perfectly, and will be attentive to hear a further account of them. M, The Semideiy [ Hemitheoi~\ or demi gods, were thofe w r ho had human bodies, facred minds, and celeftial fouls : they were born in this world for the good and fafety of mankind. a Labeo, in St Aguf- tine, diftinguiihes them from the Heroes. He thinly that Heros was one of Juno’s Ions, and that the name Heros is derived from 'Bp* [Hera], Juno’s name in the Greek language. b Others think that the word comes from |>rn], the earth ; becaufe man¬ kind owe their original to it. c Others, again, think tt comes from t p MS [_eros~\, love ; for heroes are the moft illuflrious prcdudl of love, and are themfelves, as Hierocles ohferves, full of love. But others think, that this name is derived from £ ereo ] to N 2 plead 5 a Lib. 10 . c. 21 . c Via*; in Cratylo* b Interpr. Hoaaeri apud. 2al» Gyr. fynt. 1 Of the Gods of the Heathens . plead; and is given them, becaufe heroes are very elegant, and moft powerful and lkilful in rhetoric. Or, laftly, it is thought that the word comes fromi *0ib [arete], virtue ; for heroes are endued with many virtues, But let us fpeak particularly con¬ cerning‘fome of thefe heroes, of whom the moil famous was Hercules. Jm. CHAP. II. Sect. I. PJercules. His Birth . * ir T"'HERE were many Hercules’s ; but (as d Tull fays) the famous actions of them all ar aferibed to him who was the fon of Jupiter by Alcmena, the wife of Amphytrio king of 1 hebes. When Amphytrio was abfent, e Jupiter put o his fhape and drefs, and came to Alcmena 3 \vh thinking that her hufband was returned, entertain ed the deceitful God both at a table and at bed 5 and had by him a fon, whofe limbs were fo large, his conilitution fo rebufl, and every part of his bod fo full of vigour, that Jupiter was forced to joi three Nights together, and employ them all in pro clucing a fon of fuch marvellous llrength. Befor O 0 \ this adultery, Alcmena had conceived a fon by he hufband. This fon and Hercules were twins ; hi name was Jphiclus : f he was wonderfully fwift ii running. When Juno had difeovered Jupiter’s adultery fb 1 d De Nat. Deo rum, 1 . 2, e Natalis Comes. Lil. Gyr. f “ Nam fuper extremas fegetum carrebat ariftas ** Nec ficcos iru< 5 tus lsedebat pondere plants*.” Or£h. in fyn* He over Handing corn would run, and ne’er In his fwift .motion bruife the tender ear. Of the Gods of the Heathens* 293 fee began to hate Hercules fo violently, that fhc endeavoured with might and main to ruin him, fi’ril, fhe obtained an edicl from Jupiter, which flie endeavoured to turn to his utter definition ; for die wife of Sthcnelus king of Mycenae was big with Euriftheus at the fame time when Alcmena was big with Hercules- Jupiter ordained, that whichfoever of the two children was born firft, he fhould be fuperior to the other : Juno accelerated Euriftheus’s birth ; fo that he was born after feven months, and came unto the world before Hercules. Again, die fent two vipers to deftroy him when he lay crying in the cradle : but it was in vain ; for the valiant infant grafped them in his hands till they peri fried by his grafp, g as we are told by Ovid. 1 At length, by the meditation of Pallas, Juno was reconciled to the noble youth, and h.t him fuck her tails : but he fucked with fuch violence, that he hurt her breads ; wherefore fhe put him away, and forac of her milk was fpilt 5 but it was not loft, for it fell upon the Iky and made the milky 'way, which is in Greek called y**.*&« [Galaxia~\> Some of it pafled through the clouds and fell upon the earth ; and where it fell, lilies fprang up ; from whence foine call thofe flowers 1 the rofes of funo . Sect. II. Humes of Hercules % t jE had two proper names, Hercules and Slid-- X des y but his furnames are innumerable. His parents called him k Hhides, from his extraor¬ dinary ftrength becaufe he greatly excelled all mankind iji ftrength# N 3 He g “ Tene ferunt geminos preflifTe tenaciter angues. Cum tener in cunis jam Jove dignus eras? 5 ’ Ov. Epift You kill’d two ferpents with your infant-hand/ Which then deferv’d Jove’s feeptre to command, h Eumolph, 1. de Myfteriis. i Rofce Jununia?*. I/il, CyT' k Ab AA.*jj robur. • *94 Of the Gods of the Heathens . He was afterwards called Hercules , 1 from tlie glory which Juno caufed him- For her hatred and unkindnefs toward him was the great means of the increafe of his glory : Becaufe when (lie expofed him to the greateft dangers, fhe made his glory and honour molt illuftrious ; and by enjoining him fo many labours, fhe only exercifed his patience and courage. The furnames I choofe rather to omit, becanf it is plain that he derived them either from th places where his mighty fates were done, or fro the actions that he performed with applaufe an honour ; which I will carefully and diftin&ly re count : they are called Hercules^s labours ; fo grea was the pains, and fo infinite the toil of them. 4 'r f 2 m Sect. Ill, fhe labours of Hercules* H ERCULES was fubje£ted to Euriftheus, no only by the edict of Jupiter and unkindnef f J only by the edict of Jupiter and unkindnef: of Juno, but belides, the oracle of Apollo at Delpho advifed and perfuaded him to fubmit himfelf, an obey Eurifteus’s commands ; and efpecially to un dergo willingly the twelve labours which his mafte fhould lay upon him. Hercules obeyed the fates and ferved Euriftheus twelve years ; and perform ed the moft dangerous and difficult commands wit! a fuitable courage and fuccefs. Some fay that Her cules ferved him voluntarily, and performed thef difficult talks, to fhew how great love he bore Eu riftheus. Though Hercules performed an infinit number of great and memorable .actions, twelv are efpecially celebrated : and thofe twelveare com prifed in as many Latin m verfes, tranftated out o the Greek. Tb \ ro 1 % * ! I s I t r I I i* * f k 1 Juno Grset.e dicicur y.on & h'Kiq's gloria; unde nomen Hercu¬ les. m €< Prima Cleotiici tolerata seruinna leonis. 14 Proxima Lernseam ferro & face contudit hvdram. Of the Gods of hie Heathens . 29 £ The particular account of thefe twelve is this. I. He tore in pieces, with his nails, n the lion irl the wood of Nemaea, which fome fay fell from the orb of the moon, and was invulnerable by any weapon. This place was alfo named Gleone y from whence the lion w;as alfo called Cleoneus. This was the fir ft labour of Hercules. He ikinned the lion, and with the fkin he made him a ftiield and breaft~ plate. II. There was a hydra, n ferpent, in the lake Lerna, in the field of Argos, that had feven heads ; fome lay nine, others fifty. When any of thefe heads were cut off, another inftantly fprang up in the place of it r unlefs the blood which iffued from' the wound was flopped by fire. Iolaus the fon of Ipiiiclus procured for him lighted brands from the neighbouring wood ; and with them Hercules' ilauached the blood iffuing from the wounds he. N 4 made " Mox Erymantlieum vis tertio perculit aprum. " *'£ripedis quarto tuiit r.urca cornua cervi. “ Slymphalidas pcpulit volucres difcrimine quinto* “ Threiciam fexto fpoliavit Amazona Baltheo. M Scptiraa in Augcse flabulis impenfa laboris. " Otlava expulfo numcratur adorca tuuro. “ In Diooiedeis victor jam nona quadrigis, “ Geryone extinclo clecimam dat Iberia palmarn. u Uydecinuim mala Hefpcridum diftradta triumphum> *’ Cerberus extremi iuprema eft meta laboris.” —- — The Clcor.ian lion firft he kills. With fire und fword then Lerno’s peft he quells. Of the wild boar he clears th* Er’manthean fields. The brafs-foot flag with golden antlers yields.. He Stympha clears of man devouring birds. And next the- bouncing Amazon ungirds. The ftables of king Augeas he cleans, TIic Cretan bull he vanqmfhes and chain?,. Diomede’s horfes hiui then* conqu’ror own. Then he brings low three-headed Geryon. Hefperian apples next his name advance, And his laft labour Cerberus unchains, n Eurip in Hercule InfoRi Of the Gods of the Heathens . made. This feafonable affiftance was not forgot- ten; for when Iolaus was grown to decrepid age Hercules °by his prayers relfored his youth to him again. III. He bound the wild boar, whole fiercenefs and bignefs were equally admirable, in the moun¬ tain Erymanthus of Arcadia ;_and afterward brought it to Euriftheus. IV. He was ordered to bring to Mycenae a hind whofe feet were brafs and horns gold. Nobody j dared to wound her, becaufe ihe was confecrated to Diana; nor could any body out-run her: yet Hercules hunted her a year on foot, and catched her, and brought her away on his Ihculdcrs. j V. He partly killed and partly drove away the birds called Stymphalides , from the lake Stympha- lus, which ufed to feed upon man’s flefh. VI. He defeated the army of the Amazons, and took from Hippoly te their queen the fineft belt in the world. VII. He, in one day, cleanfed the liable of Au- geas, by turning the courfe of a river into it. This liable had never been cleanfed, although three thoufand oxen flabled in it thirty years. Whence, when we exprefs a work of immenfe labour and toil in proverbial fpeech, we call it cleanjing the Jiahle of Huge as, VIII. He tamed a great bull that did innume¬ rable mifehiefs to the ifland of Crete, and brought him bound to Euriftheus. . He overcame Diomedes, the moll cruel ty¬ rant of Thrace, who fed his horfes with the flelli of his guefls. Hercules bound him, and threw him to be eaten by thofe horfes to which the ty¬ rant expofed others. X. He overcame in war Geryon King of bpam, who 4 Ovid. Mct-am, 1 . 9. Of the Gods of the Seathensi * %97 who had three bodies : we faw him before in hell* He took like wife his bay oxen, who ate man’s fiefh, and brought them into Italy, when he had killed the dragon with feven heads, and the two-headed dog who guarded them. XI. He killed the dragon who watched, and then carried away the golden apples in the gardens of the Hefperides from whence perhaps he is called p Melius : and apples were offered up in his facri- {ices. When, in Boeotia, no bull (or fheep) could be procured at the time of facriiice, they took an ' apple, and lluck it into four ftraws, which repre¬ feat cd four legs, and two others inflead of horns,, and again another for a tail, and offered Hercules this apple in (lead of a victim. XII. Laftly, he was commanded by Euriftheus i to go down into hell, and bring away from thence the dog Cerberus. This he performed without de¬ lay, and hound the three-lieaded monfler in a triple chain; and by force brought.with him up to the earth the dog, who ftrove and refilled in vain. When Cerberus faw the light he vomited, and from thence the ppifonous herb q wolf’s-bane. Iprang* • Tliefe are the twelve labours of Hercules, - P. Pray, Sir, let me a little interrupt you now,., as I want you to fatisfy fcruples : Why could not Juno, his • enemy, hinder his birth ? Secondly, I know that many mention more .than twelve labours of Hercules,. . What you call an interruption, Palaeophilus ? is both feafonable and acceptable to me ; becaufe it recalls a thing to my memory that .1 had forgot . and gives me an oceahon of mentioning fomething which ought not to be omitted. Know, .therefore, that Juno designed to kill him in his mother’s? womb, or elfe deftroy him immediately after hi5 I’J 5 bimh P. a Ay Greece fign'ficAt nvdmu romr.rj , { i Aconir.m 298. Of the Cods of the Heathens a birth ; and to perform it* contrived a plot: but Ale- mena’s fervant Galanthis prevented it ; for fhe cheated. Juno, and told her that Alcmena had brought forth a fon. Juno believed her ; and think¬ ing that her contrivances were ineffectual, fhe de- filled ; and then Alcmena brought forth Hercules without trouble. But the deceit of Calanttiis was punifhed, for fhe was turned into a r weafel ; and becaufc Galanthis offended by her mouth, therefore the weafel brings forth her young at her mouth with great pain and anguifh. As for the labours of Hercules, I confefs that they were more than twelve (though thefe princi¬ pally were called Hercules''s labours .) If you pleafe, we will continue our account of him thus : XIII. He vanquifhed the enormous giant A11- tceus, the fon of the earth, who was above fixty- four cubits high. He was barbarous to all {gran¬ gers j for he forced them to wreftle with him, and then choaked them. Hercules threw this giant down thrice, and perceived that he recovered new ftrength as oft as he touched the earth \ wherefore be lifted him in his arms from the ground, and pinched and fqueezed him till he burfl and died. XIV. Bufiris the tyrant ufed to facrifice all the llrangers which he caught to his father Neptune, till Hercules facrificed both him and his fon upon the fame altar* XV. He killed the giants Albion and Bergion, who intended to Hop his journey ; and when in the fight his arrows were confumed, fo that he wanted arms, s he prayed to Jupiter, and obtained from him a fhower of Hones, with which he defeated and put to flight his adverfaries. This, they fay, happened in that part of France, x which was an¬ ciently ar Mufteh. Groe; dicitur. a Cato in Orig. t Mela, i. 36, Geor&, 4 Of the Gods of the Heathens . 299 ciently called Gallia Narhonenfs ; which place is called u the Stony Plain . XVI. When Atlas was weary of his burden. Her* cules took the heavens upon his own flioulders. XVII. He overcame the robber Cacus, who fpit fire, and ftrangled him. XVIII. He ftiot the eagle that devoured the li¬ ver of Prometheus as he lay chained to the rock. XIX. He flew Theodamus the father of Laom- edon becaufe he denied to give him vidtuals : but he took Hylas with him, and was very kind to him. * XX. He delivered v Helione, daughter of Lao- medon king of Troy, from the whale (to which fea- monfterflie wasexpofed) in this manner : he fudden- ly railed a bank in the place where Helione was to be devoured, and x ftood armed before it ; and when the whale came feeking his prey, Hercules leaped into his mouth, and Aiding down into his belly, he fpent three days in tearing the monfter’s belly : but at length he burft through fafe, and loft: his hair. Laomedon after this broke his word, and- refilled to give Hercules the reward he promifed ; wherefore he took by force, and pillaged the city of Troy ; giving to Telamon, who firft: mounted the wall, the .Lady Helione as a part of the booty. XXI. He overcame Achelous, the fon of Ocea- nus and Terra fthey fought for Deianira, who was betrothed to them both), though Achelous firft: turned himfelf into a ferpent, then into a bull ; for plucking one of his horns off, he obliged him to yield. Achelous purchafed his horn again, giving Amalthea’s horn in its Head. The meaning where¬ of is this : Achelous is a river of Greece, whofe courfe winds like a ferpent ; its ftream is fo rapid, that it makes furrows where it flows, and a noife like the roaring of a bull, (and indeed it is com- N 6 mon u Campus Lapideus. S- Audrsetus Tcnccli in Navig. Prop. v Ovid. J 2. * Of the Gods of the Heathens* mon among the poets to compare a river to a bull.) This river divided itfelf into two ftreatns but Her¬ cules with banks forced it into one channel, i. c . he broke off one of the horns or ftreams. The lands thus drained become fertile ; fo that Hercules is faid to have recieved the horn of plenty. XXII. Deianira was daughter of Oeneus king of JEtolia. Hercules carried her to be married, and they were flopped by a river : but the Centaur Nef- fus proffered to carry Deianira over upon his back. ISTelTus, when {he was over, endeavoured to raviih her 5 which Hercules obferving while he fwam, (hot him with an arrow,. When Neffus was dying, he gave Deianira his bloody coat, and told her, if a iiufband wore that coat, he would never follow un¬ lawful amours. The credulous lady long after ex¬ perienced the virtue of it far otherwife than fhe expelled : for Hercules, who had furmounted fo many and fo great labours, was at length overcome by the charms of Omphale queen of Lydia : he fer* •vecl her, and changed hi3 club into a diftafF, and his arrow into a fpindle. His love alfo to Iole y daughter of Eurytus king of Oechalia, brought on him deftruftion. For his wife Deianira being de¬ fir ous of turning him from unlawful amours, lent him Neflus’s coat to put on when he went to facri- iice ; which drove him into fuch dlflra&ion, that he burned himfelf on the pile lie had railed, a*** was accounted among the number of the Gods* , _ _ - - - - — — t _ - — - C H A P. III. * ^ Jason.. T ASON, fon of iEfon king of-Theflalia and Alci- rnede, was an. infant.when his father died,, fo .that his uncle Felias adminiilered.the government When he came to age, he demanded • pofle Ox on cf *e crown ; but Felias ad vifed .him to go to Colchis,. Of the Gods of the Heathens . 3bl¬ under pretence of gaining the golden fleece though: his intention was to kill him with the labour and danger of the journey. p. What golden fleece was that ? M. It was the hide of a ram of a white or a •• purple colour, which was given to Phryxus, fon, of Athamas and Nephelct by his mother. Phryxus and his filler Helle,. fearing the dciigns of their ftep-mother Ino, got on this ram to fave thcmfelves by flight. But while they fwam over the narrow- eft part of Pontus, Helle, affrighted at the tolling of the waves, fell down ; whence the fea was na¬ med the Hclleffront . Phryxus was carried over fafe, and went to fEta king of Colchis, a coimtry of Afla, near the Pontus, where he was kindly receiv¬ ed, and facriliced the ram to Jupiter, or Mars, who afterwards placed.it among the conflellations. Only his hide or fleece was hung up in a grove fa«. cred to Mars. It was called the golden fleece 9 be- caufe it was of a golden colour, and guarded by- bulls that breathed fire from their noflrils, and by avail and watchful dragon, as a facred and divine pledge, and as a thing of the greatelf importance., P. Did Jafon carry away the fleece ? M. Yes. He went on board a fhip called Hrgc 9 from the builder of that name ; and choofing forty- nine noble, companions, who from the fliip were called Argoriautev , (among whom were Hercules, Orpheus, Caflor, and Pollux), in his voyage he v;~ filed Hipfyphile queen of Lemnos, who had twins by him. Then after a long voyage, and many dan-, gers, he arrived at Colchis, and demanded the gol¬ den fleece of king fEta ;. who granted his requell, on condition that he tamed the bulls w r ho guarded it, wliofe feet were of brafs, and who breathed fire *, and killed the dragon, and fowed his teeth in the ground; and, lallly, destroyed the fbldie>s vdiich fprung from the ground where thefe teeth 302 Of the Gods of the Heathens were Town. Jafon undertook the expedition on thefe conditions, and was delivered from manifeft de« ftru&ion, by the afliftance of Medea the king’s daughter, who was in love with him. For obfer- ving her directions, he overcame the bulls, laid 2 the dragon adeep, carried away the fleece, and fled by night, carrying Medea with him, whom he ah terwards married. P. What did king iEta do then ? M. He purfued them \ but Medea, to flop hh purfuit, tore her brother Abfyrtus (who went with her) in pieces, and fcattered his limbs on the road. When her father faw the torn members of his fon, he Hopped to gather them up : fo Jafon and the Argonautae returned to their own country, where Medea by her charms reftored Jafon’s father, the old decrepid ^Flfon, to youth again ; though fome fay that i£,fon died before their return. The daugh¬ ters of Pelias were fo affeCted by this miraculous cure, that (defiring that their father might recieve the like benefit) they were eafily induced, through miftaken duty and unlkilful kindnefs, to tear their father in pieces ; foolilhly and ridicloufly hoping that he, like JEfon, would become young again. After this Jafon hated Medea, and divorcing him- felf from her, he married Creufa, the daughter of Creon king of Corinth ; and Medea, to revenge his perfidy not only murdered the two children that Ihe had by him, in his own fight ; but in the next place, inclofing fire in a little box,. Ihe fent it to Creufa, who opened the box, and, by the fire which burll out of it, was burnt, together with the whole court. After fhe had done this, the admi¬ rable forcerefs flew by magic art to Athens. Some write, that Ihe was again reconciled to Jafon. But what has been faid is enough for this Hero * let us proceed to another, which flaall be Thefeus. CHAP* Of the Gods of the Heathens » 3*3 CHAP. IV. Theseus. p, T7T7 HO were the parents of Thefeus ?. VV M* TEthra was his motherland /Egexis king of Athens his father. Minos king of Crete made war againfl JEgeus, becaufe the Athenians had difhonourably and barbaroufly killed his fon, who carried the prize in the games from them all. When he had banilhed the Athenians, he impofed this fevere condition upon them, that they fhoulA fend feven of the moll noble youths of their coun¬ try into Crete by lot every year. In the fourth year the lot fell upon Thefeus, which mightily grieved and troubled his father fEgeus. Thefeus went on board a fhip, whole fails and tackle were black; and received this command from his father, if by the propitious Providence of heaven, he efca- ped the dangers, and did return fafe unto his own* country again, that then he fhould change his black fails into white ones, that his father, being allured of his fafety by that lignal, might be fenfible o£ that happinefs as foon as might be. P . And what was the event of that voyage ? Af. The event was fortunate to Thefeus, but very Unfortunate to his father /Egeus : for when The-* feus came to Crete, he was Ihut up in the laby¬ rinth ; but he flew the Minotaur, and efcaped out of that inextricable prifon by the help of Ariadne. After this he fet fail for Athens in the fame mourn¬ ful fhip in which he came to Crete $ but forgot to change his fails* according to the inftru&ions which his father had given him; fo that when his father beheld from a watch-tower the fhip returning with black fails, he imagined that his fon was dead, and himfelf headlong into the fea 5 which was af¬ terwards 3^-4 Of Gods of the Heathens > terwards called y the Mgean Sea r ixom his name and defliny. P. Who was that Ariadne ? ]VJ. She was the daughter of Minos king of Crete, She was violently in love with Thefeus, and deli¬ vered him 2 out of the labyrinth by the means of a thread* She followed him in his return to the ill and of Naxus, and there Thefeus per.fidioufly and ungratefully left her. Rut Bacchus pitied her mi- fetable condition, and married her, and gave her crown that was illuminated with feven ftara, which, he had before received from Venus. This crown was called Gnoffci Cor o?i u ; and Ariadne her* felf was furnamed Gnojjis , from the city of that name in Crete. After the death of Ariadne, the fame was carried among the liars, and made a con- ilellation in the heavens. It was thought that Diana caufed the death of Ariadne, becaufe (lie preferved not her virginity. P, What great adlions did Thefeus perform? M. His adlions were fo famous, that they ac¬ counted him one of the Herculefes. For. x. He. killed the Minotaur.. 2* He overcame the Cen¬ taurs. 3. He vanquifhed the Thebans. 4. He de¬ feated the Amazons. 5. He went down into hell,, and returned back into the world again., P. Why did he go down into hell ? M. He and Pirithous, his moll intimate friend, the lawful fon of Ixion, which he had by his wife, agreed never to marry any woman except Jupiter’s daughters. Thefeus married Helena the daughter: of Jupiter and Lcda, and none of Jupiter’s daugh¬ ters remained on earth for Pirithous ; wherefore they both went, down' into hell to Heal Proferpine away from her hulband Pluto. As foon as they entered hell, Pirithous was unfortunately torn in pieces y mave. z. Propert. i. 3. Elcg. 17 Of the Gods of the Heathens* 3»5 pieces by the dog Cerberus ; but Thefeus came alive into the palace of Pluto, who fettered him, and kept him till Hercules was feat into hell by Eurif- thtus to refeue him. P. And who were thofe Amazons that you men¬ tioned juft now ? Af. They were women animated with the fouls and bravery of men; a military race inhabiting that part of Scythia which is wafhed by the river Ta- nais. They were called Ania%o?is , a either becaufe they cut off one of their breads, or b becaufe they lived together without the fociety of men. They were a nation of women; who, that the country might have inhabitants, and not be depopulated when the prefent race of women died, admitted the embraces of the neighbouring men, and had children by them: they killed the boys at their birth, but brought up the girls : they cut ofF their right bread, that they might more conveniently ufe their hands in (hooting their arrows and brandifh- ing their weapons againd their enemy. Thefe fe male warriors, by their frequent excursions, became podbUors of a great part of Ada ; when Hercules, accompanied with Thefeus, made war upon them, and defeated them; and taking Hyppolyte their .queen prifoner, gave her in marriage to Thefeus. Thefeus had by Hippolyte his fon Hippolytus, who was very beautiful, and mightily addicted to bunting, and a remarkable lover of chadity : for when e Phaedra his depmother, (the daughter of king Minos, whom Thefeus had preferred to her bfter Ariadne) folicitcd him to commit wickednef: when he was a grown man, he refufed to comply. This repulfe provoked her fo much, that when her bufband returned, (he accufed him wrongfully, as if he had offered to ravifh her. Thefeus gives ear to s J Ao a prrvativo, et mamma. » Ab fimul, et vivc-re. c Ovid, in Ep. Phcedr- 3°5 Of the Gods of the Heathens ; to this wicked woman, and believes her untruth againft his fon Hyppolytus; who perceiving it, fled away in his chariot. Tn his flight he met feveral monflrous fea-calves, which frighted his horfes fo that they threw him out of his feat, his feet were entangled in the hamefs^ apd he was dragged through the thickets of a wood, and miferably torn to'pieces. ^Efculapius afterwards, at the req of Diana, reftored him to life again. But he how, ever left Greece, and came into Italy; where changing his name, he called himfelf Virbhis , d ht caufe he had been a man twice. Phaedra was gnaw; with the flings of her own confcience, and hanged herfelf. And not long after, Thefeus being ba. nifhed from his country, ended an illuflrious with an ohfcure death# CHAP. Castor and Pollux P. TT 7 HO are thole two handfome, beautiti ▼ * young men that tide upon white horfes j ]VI. They are twin brothers, c the fons of ]up terandLeda; their names are Cajior and Pollux P. What Leda was that ? M. The wife of Tyndarus king of Lacom whom Jupiter loved, but could not fucceed in hi amour till he changed himfelf into a fwan ; f whr fwan was afterwards made-a conftellation. In thi form he gained the mutual love of Leda, by tb fweetnefs of his iinging; and flying into her boforn as it were, that he might fecure himfelf from th violence of an eagle which purfued him,, he enjoy ° . pn d Quod vir bis effet. f Maml. Allron x. e Piiid. in Pythag, Of the Gods of the Heathens-, S ~ T aJlicr, though file was then big with child by her hufhand. Leda brought forth two eggs, which were hatched* and produced the twin-brothers which you fee. P. You mean, that one came out of one egg, and the other out of the other egg. Mi No; out of the egg which Leda had conceiv¬ ed hy Jupiter, came Pollux and Helena, who fprang from divine feed, and were therefore im¬ mortal. But out of the other, which Hie conceived by Tyndarus her hulband, s came Caftor and Cly- temneftra; who were mortal, becaufe they were begotten by a mortal father. Yet both Caftor and Pollux are frequently called 'Tyndavidce by the. poets, as Helena is alfo called Tyndarts , from the fane king Tyndarus. P. What memorable aflions did Caftor and Pol¬ lux perform? M. They both accompanied Jafon when he failed to Colchis ; and when he returned from thence, re¬ covered their lifter Helena from Thefeus, who had ilolen her, by overcoming the Athenians that fought for him, to whom their clemency and hu¬ manity was fo great after the defeat, that the A- thenians called them h the fons of ‘Jupiter ; from whence white lambs were offered upon their al¬ tars. i But although they were born bot^i at the fame birth, and, as fome think, out of the fame egg, yet their tempers were different. P • What end had they ? M, Caftor being t^as fome fay) a mortal perfon, was killed by Lynceus : whereupon Pollux prayed to Jupiter to reftore him to life again, and confer an g i Sat. Hor. h A tErxvpot, id eft, Jovis filii, Horn, in Hymn* Caftor gandet ecuis: ovc prognatus eodem, Hugnis: quot capitum vivunt, totidem in ftudiorum “ Millia.” As mcury men, fo many their delights. 3 ° 8 Of the Gods of the Heathens . an immortality upon him: but this could not be granted. However, he obtained leave to divide hh immortality betwixt himfelf and his brother Ca¬ ftor : and thence it came to pafs, k that they lived afterwards by turns every other day; or, as others' lay, every other fortnight. After the death of Caftor, a kind of pyrrhick, or dance in armour,j was inftituted to his honour: which was performed by young men armed, and called ^ Caftor'$ dance . At length they both were tranflated into tliei heavens, and made a conftellation, which is (till called Gemini ; and when one of them rifes, the other fets. • Sailors efteein thofe ftars lucky and profperous to them, m becaufe when the Argonauts were driven by a violent tempeft, two lambent flames fettled upon the heads of Caftor and Pollux, and a calm immediately enftied,'and from thence a virtue more than human was thought to be lodged; in thefe youths : but if only one flame appeared, they called it Helena ; and it was efteemed fatal and' deftrudtive to mariners. There was a famous temple dedicated to Caftcyr and Pollux in the forum at Rome; for it was be¬ lieved, that in the dangerous battle of the Romans with the Latins, they afiifted the Romans, tiding upon white horfes. From hence came that form of fwearing by the temple of Caftor, which women only ufed, faying, n Jlhcajlor: whereas when men fwore, they ufually fwore by Hercules ; ufing the words, ° Hcreuhy Kerch , k Sic fratrem Pollux alterna morte redemit, “ Itque reditque viam.” Virg. Andd. 6- Thus Pollux, offering his alternate life. Could free his brother. They did daily go By turns aloft, by turns defeend below. i Pi in. 1 . 7. c. 5. 7. up. Nat. Com m Hor. 1 . 3. Car®» n ./ix alter, xfcklepol, id eft, per cedem Caitoris St l ;, oUvvc,s. o Pafiim apud Ter cut. Plant. Cicer. < 3 ce. Of the Gods of the Heathens . 3^9 farde, Hercules , Mehcrcules , Mehercide . But both men and women fvvore by the temple of Pollux, tiling the word Edepol, an oath common to them both, P. But what became of Clytemneftra ? M* Clytemneftra was married to Agamemnon, whom, after his return from the liege of Troy, fee killed, by the help of ^Sgiftheus, (with whom in the mean time fee lived in adultery) : fee attempt¬ ed alfo to kill his fon Oreftes ; which ftie had done, Pjfhis lifter Eledlra had not delivered him at the very point of deftrudtion, fending him privately to Strophius king of Phocis ; where, after he had lived twelve years, he returned into his own country, and (lew both Clytemneftra and /Egiftlieus. He killed alfo Pyrrhus in the temple of Apollo ; becaufe he had carried away Her mi one the daughter of Mene- laus, who was iirfl betrothed to Oreftes. Where¬ fore the Furies tormented him 5 neither could he obtain deliverance from them, till he had expiated his wickednefs at the altar of Diana Taurica, whi¬ ther he was conduced by Fy]rides his friend, his perpetual companion, and his partner in all his dangers ; q wliofe friendfeip v as fo clofe and facred, that either of them would die for the other. P. Who was that Diana Taurica ? M. The Goddefs Diana, that was worfeipped in Taurica Cherfonefus, or Cherronefus, a peninfula fo called from the Tauri, an ancient people of Scy¬ thia Eui'opsea. r This Goddefs was worfeipped with human victims ; the lives and the blood of men were facrifced to her. When Oreftes came thither, Iphigenia his lifter, the daughter of Aga¬ memnon, was prieftefs to Diana Taurica; fee was made prieftefs on the following occalion: Agamemnon, king of the Argivi, was by the com- p Sophocl. in EIed3:r. Euripid. in OrcJf. r Euripid. in Iphig, in Taur. q Cicero dc amicitia. glQ Of the Gods of the Heathens. 1 •common coirfent of the Grecians, appointed gene-, ral in their expedition againft Troy ; and, as I laid before, after the war was ended, and Troy taken, was killed when he returned home by his own wife Clytemneflra. This Agamemnon killed a deer bj chance, in the country of Aulis, which belonged to Diana 5 the Goddefs was angry, and caufed i'nch aj calm, that for want of wind the. Grecian fhips; bound for Troy were fixed and immoveable : here - 1 upon they confulted the foothfayers : who anfwered, s That they mull fatisfy the winds and Diana with fome of the blood of Agamemnon. Wherefoi Ulyfies was forthwith fent away to bring Ipliigenia the daughter of Agamemnon, from her mother b a trick, under the pretence of marrying her to A- chilles. And whilft the young lady flood at the altar to be facrificed, the Goddefs pitied her, and fubflituted a hind in her flead, and fent her into Taurica Cherfonefus ; where, by the order of kin Thyas, fhe prefided over tliofe facrifices of the God defs which were folemnized with human blood. 5 And when Orefles was brought thither by the inha bitants to be facrificed, he was known and preferved by his fifler> After which Thyas was killed, and the image of Diana, which lay hid among a bun die of flicks, was carried away ; and from hence Diana was called Fafcefis, from ffc is , a bundle , CHAP. VI. Perseus. "pERSEUS was the fon of Jupiter by Danae, the '*■ daughter of Acrifius, t who was Unit by her father in a very flrong tower, where no man could come s JSurip. in Iphig. in Taur. t Paufan. in Corinth, Of the 'Gods of the Heathens • 31! fountain. But afterwards, while he drank at th fountain Pyrene in Corinth, where Belleropho: prepared himfelf for his expedition again!! t'iv Chimaera, he was by him taken and kept. Bellerphon’s fxrft name was Hipponeus ; >'be caufe he firft taught the art of governing horfe: with a bridle. But when he had killed Bellcrus, king of Corinth, he was afterwards called Bcllero- phonies. This Bellerophon, the fon of Glauctt king of Ephyra, was equally beautiful and virtu- ous y he refilled all the temptations whereby Sthe- nobtea. x Strabajl, 8 y Ita did;us ab e^uis frssno regindil Of the Gods of the Heathens . 3 j 3 nobsea, the wife of Prcetus, enticed him to commit adultery; his denial provoked her fo, that in re¬ venge fhe accufed the innocent flranger to her huf- Band. Prcetus, however, would not violate the laws of hofpitality with'the blood of Bellerophon ; but fent him into Lycia, to his father-in-law Jo- bates, with letters, which deli red him to pnnilh Belleroplion as his crime deferved. Jobates read the letters, and feat him to fight again!! the So- Irmi, that he might be killed in battle : but he ealily vanquiflied them ; and, in many other dan¬ gers to which he was expofed, he always came off conqueror. At Jaft he was fent to kill the Ghimaera; which he undertook and performed, when he had procured the horfe Pegafus by the help of Nep¬ tune. z Wherefore Jobates admired the bravery of ,the youth, and gave him one of his daughters to wife, allotting himalfo a part of his kingdom. Sthc- nob;ea killed herfclf when fine heard this. This # happy fuccefs fo tranfported Bellerophon, that lie endeavoured to fly upon Pegafus to heaven : for kich Jupiter finking him with madnefs, he fell from his horfe into a field called Altilts Ccwipus, becaufe in that place Bellerophon wandered up aid down blind to the end of his life : was placed among the ffars. Some fay that this was the occafion of the fable of the Chimtera r here was a famous pirate, who 11 fed to fail in a |hip on whofe prow was painted a lion, on the fieri). dragon, and in the body of the ihip a goat de- [cribed ; and this pirate was killed by Bellerophon, 11 a long-boat that was called Pegafus, From the etters which Bellerophon carried to Jobates, comes the proverb Belltrophon's Letters ; when any ,ne carries letters which he imagines are wrote in O his but Pegafus z Homeri Ilias. hV-Y.t Vr(<£, a Ab 'AXiw, erro. 'ygtt{tpoTlc Nymp C oronis. He improved the art of phyfic, whit was before little underflood : and for that reafe they accounted him a god- c Apollo Ihot tin ISTympli his mother when file was with child o] him, becaufe file admitted the embraces of ano ther young man after he had enjoyed her. But In repented after he had killed her, and opening he body, took out the child alive, and delivered bin to be educated by the phyfician Chiron, f whotaugii him his own art. The youth made fo great a pr> grefs in it, that becaufe he reflored health to tin feck, and fafety to thofe w r hofe condition was de: perate, he was thought to have a power of recr.l ing the dead to life again. Whereupon Pluto, t:i king of hell, s complained to Jupiter very inucl that his revenue was dimimihed and his fubjccl taken from him by means of iEfculapius ; and lent c Lucian, in Jove. Trag. e Homer in Hymn. b Cicero Leg. 2, Corn. Cdi’. f Ovid* Met. t • *> IM. XXV. Of the Gods of the Heathens. 3*5 !engtli> by his perfuafion, Jupiter killed him with a ftroke of thunder. He wears a crown of laurel, h becaufe that tree is powerful in curing many difeafes. By the knots in his ilafF is fignifted the difficulty of the ftudy of ohjfic. He hath dogs painted about him, and dogs in bis temple ; becaufe many believe that he was born of uncertain parents, and expofed, and after¬ wards nourifhed by a bitch. 1 Others fay, that a goat which was purfued by a dog gave fuck to the forfaken infant ; and that the fliepherds faw a lam¬ bent frame playing about his head., which was the prognokication of his future divinity. After that, the Cyrenians ufed to offer a goat to him in the fa- crifices; either becaufe he was «ourifhed by a goat as was faid, k or becaufe a a;oat is always in a it- ' O - ver; and therefore a goat’s ccnkittitlnn is ver 7 con- irary to health. 1 Plato fays that they tded to fa- irifice dunghill-cocks to him, which k deemed the moil vigilant of all birds ; for of all virtues, prin¬ cipally wakefulnefs is neceilary to a phyiician. P. Where was he particularly worthippc.d ? M. At PLpidaurus m iird, where he was'born : af¬ terward ac Rome 5 beca.rfe when Ire was lent for thither, he delivered the city hom a dreadful pc- ,ftikiice. For which rcc.fon n a temple was dedica¬ ted to him in an illvnd in the nicuth of the '1 iber* where he was work ipped under the form of a great ferpent; for when the Homans came to Ifpiclanrus to tranfport the god from thenea, 0. great ferpent entered into tire f ip : and they believ ing it to be ^fcuhipius, broufd t it h* T k-we with them. O- ther.s tell the ilovy thus : When the Romans were received by the people of Fpidaurus with all kind- O 2 nefs> b iue Feftum. i La61 ant. dc falf. icli kidym. 1. 3 . a piul. Nat. hv. 1. 45 . 5c. 1. 10 , I lori Epitome, 1. II. Sueton. in Claud, c. 2 heus hole Celeilial fire, and bore it down from hcffveii : The fatal prefent brought on mortal race An army, of difeafes ; death began With vigour then to mend his halting pace. And found a mod compendious way tv) man. s Ilcfiod in Theogon. t Menander Po.Gtrn a. In Theoej\ or. Carm. l#< Of the Gods of the Heathens* 319 Prometheus had been ferviceable to Jupiter, for he discovered to Jupiter his father Saturn’s con- fpiracy, and prevented the marriage of Jupiter and Thetis, which he forefaw would be fatal ; where-* fore Jupiter fufFered Hercules to flioot the eagle, and let Prometheus at liberty. This perhaps is the meaning of the fable. Pro-" metheus (whofe name is derived Y from a word de¬ noting forejight and providence ) was a very prudent perfon; and becaufe he reduced the men that were before rude and favage to the precepts of huma¬ nity, he was feigned from thence to have made men out of the dirt; and becaufe he was deligent in obferring the motions of the liars from the moun¬ tain Caucafus, therefore they laid that he was chained there. To which they added, that he dole fire from the Gods, becaufe he invented the wav of finking fire out of the hint; or was the fird that difeovered the nature of lightning. And, laftly, becaufe he applied his mind to his dudy with great care and folicitude, x therefore they imagined an eagle preying upon his liver continually. P, You fa id jud now that he was the father of Deucalion : Did you mean him who repaired the race of mankind, which was almod extinct ? Af, Yes, I mean the fame Deucalion. When he reigned in Theflaly, there was fo great a deluge, that the whole earth was overflowed by it, and all mankind entirely dedroyed, excepting only Deuca¬ lion and Pvrrha his wife. Thofe two were carried 4 •/ m a fliip upon the mountain Parnaflus ; and when the waters were abated, they confulted the oracle of Themis, to know by what means mankind fliould again be redored. The oracle anfwered, that man¬ kind would be redored, ."W’TTTHO is he that fuHains the heavens upon yV h* s flioulders ? M. It is Atlas king of Mauritania, the fon of Japetus, and brother of Prometheus ; who was forewarned by an oracle, that he fhould be almoft ruined by one of the fons of Jupiter, and therefore refolved to give entertainment to no Hranger at all. At laH Perfeus (who was begotten by Jupiter) tra¬ velled by chance through Atlas’s dominions, and defigned in civility to vifit him. But the king ex¬ cluded him the court; which inhumanity provoked him y ** --—S;ixa k ‘ Mifia viri manibus faciem traxcre virorum : tl Et de fssmmeo reparata eit feemina jatflu. “ Inde Genus durum fames,— — —■ — -- Et documcnta damus qua limns origine nati.’* — — — — —And of the (tones Vhoie thrown by man the form of men endue, And thofe were wo.ncn which the wo-nan threw lienee we a hardy race, inur'd to pain ; Our actions our original proclaim. Ov. Met. 3. Of the Gods of the Heathens . 321 him fo much, that putting his fhield which he car¬ ried with him before the eyes of Atlas, and {hew¬ ing him the head of Medufa, he turned him into the mountain of his own name : which is fo high,, that it is believed to 2 touch the heavens. Virgil makes mention of him a in the fourth Book of his ./Eneids. The reafon why the poets feigned that Atlas fuftained the heavens • on his {boulders was this : Atlas was a very famous aftronomcr, and the fir ft perfon who underfloocl and taught the dodlrine of the fphere ; and on the fame account the poet tells us that his daughters were turned into ftars. P. How many daughters had he, and what were their names ? Mn By his wife Pleione b he had feven daugh¬ ters, whofe names were Ele&ra, Haley one, Cehtno, Mam, After ope, laygcte, and Me rope, and were call¬ ed by one common name, Pleiaacs : And by his wife -dithra c he had feven other daughters j and their names were Ambrofta, Endora, Pafttheo, Coro - »h, Plexaris, Pylho, and Tyc'he. And thefe were called by one common name, Hyades . P. Why were thefe latter daughters called Hy - adcs ? O 5 M. from z Herodotus in Melpomene. a “-Jamque volans apieem Sc latcra ardua cernit “ Atlantis dun, Coelumque vertice fulcit : 11 Atlantis cindium aflidtie ctii nubibus atris Pituferura caput, Sc vento pulfatur & imbri: “ Nix humeros infufa tegit; turn flumina mento “Precipitant fenis, Sc giacie riget horrida barba.” Now fees- the top of Atlas as he flies, Whofe brawny back fupports the Harry Ikies : Atlas, whofe head, with piny foreits crown’d, h beaten by the winds, with foggy vapours bound ; Snowi; hide his fhoulders : from beneath liis chirr * founts of rolling ftreams their race begin, h 0vic f faftornm 5 c Aratus in A Axon. 3 22 Of the Gods of the Heathens . M\ From d a word which in fhe Greek lan A ftgnifies to rain, becaufe when they rife or fet they caufe great rain : and therefore the Latins called them c Suculee (that is, /xt»///*?} ; becaufe the continu¬ al rain that they caufe, makes the roads fo muddy that they feem to delight in dirt like fwine. f Ci¬ thers derive their names from Hyas their brother, who was devoured by a lion : his lifters were fo immoderately ailbcted and grieved at his death, that Jupiter in companion changed them into feven ftars, which appeared in the head of Taurus. And they are juftly called Hyades % becaufe fhowers of tears flow from their eyes to this day. P. Why were the daughters firft mentioned call¬ ed Pleiades ? s M. Their name is derived'from a Greek word lignifying h failing. For when thefe ftars arifo, they rife in 1 the fpring-time, the Romans call them Ver¬ gil ice ; although others, think that they are called Pleiades k from their number, becaufe they never appear lingle but altogether, except Merope, whe* is fcarce ever feen, for Ihe is alhamed that lhemar-i l tied vSifyphus, a mortal man, when all the reft oft the lifters married Gods. 1 Others call this obfeure ftar Electra,, becaufe fhe held her hand before her eyes, and would not look upon the deftru&ion of Troy. Tlie Hyades were placed among the ftars becaufe they bewailed immoderately the death of their. i • * •( b bW/o 'out, id ft ft, pUiere. Navita quas Hyades grams ab imbre vocat.” T'rom ram the tailors .call them Hyales, e Suculx, cjaemadmoiain eas Grxci vocant ws*-, id eft, fnc Aulus Cell. 1 . 13. o. o **• him thofc who greatly excelled in ftrength were called AchilUs ; v and ail argument is called /kbit eui;i , when 310 object can weaken or di ip rove it, ' Thetis his mother had heard from an oracle, that lie fhould he killed in the expedition againft Troy, On the other hand, C?.lchr.s the diviner had deck red, that Troy could net be taken without him. By the cunning of Ulylles, he was forced to go : fo when his mother Thetis hid him in a boarding fchool (?’// oy/uccco) in the ill and Scyros (one of the Cyclades), in the habit of a virgin, among the daughters of king Lycomede?, Ulyffes dilcovered the trick : for he went tliither in the difffuiie of a O merchant, and brought with him feveral goods to feil : the king’s daughters, as is the temper of v/o men, began to view and handle curioufly the brace lets, the glaffes, the necklaces, and other female or naments. But Achilles, on the contrary, laid hold of the targets, fitted the helmets to his head, b:*an- diflied the fwords, and placed them to his fide. Thus Ulyfles plainly diicovered Achilles from among the virgin: 5 Apoll. 4 Argon . y Al> a pnv. oC I a brum ; it Apoll, 1 , 3, Kurip. in Iplug* qnafi fine labro. v Gell. 1 2, c, it. Of the Gods of the Heathens . 3*7 virgins, and compelled him to go to the war, after that Vulcan, by Thetis’s entreaty, had given him impenetrable armour. Achilles at Troy killed He&or the fon of Priamus, and was killed himfel € by Paris by a trick of Polyxena. x And all the Nymphs andMufes are faid to have lamented his death. This Polyxena was the daughter of Priamus king of Troy, a virgin of extraordinary beauty. Achilles by chance faw her upon the walls of the city, fell in love with her, and defired to marry her : Pria- mus confented : they met in the temple of Apollo to folemnize the marriage ; where Paris, the bro¬ ther of He£tor, coming in privately, and lurking behind Apollo’s image, fuddenly iliot Achilles with an arrow in that part of his foot in which only he was vulnerable. After this Troy was taken ; and the ghoft of Achilles demanded fatisfailion for the murder, and the Grecians appeafed him by offer¬ ing the blood of Polyxena. CHAP. XL. Ulysses, U LYSSES was fonamed, becaufe when his mo¬ ther was travelling, as fome fay, in the iflancL. of Ithaca, or as others fay, Bosotia, fhe fell down oil- the y road and brought him into the world. He was the fon of Laertes and Anticlea. His wife was Penelope, a Lady highly famed for her prudence and x Lycophron. in Alexand, via; quod in ipfa via cjus mater iter faciens, lapfi it.Yide Nat* Com. Stlicmmim in OdyfT, * y Greece 'Odwcrtvs ab a ilium vc- 3 2 8 Of the Gods of the Heathens . and virtue. He was unwilling that the Trojan war lhould part him and his dear wife ; wherefore, to avoid the expedition, he pretended to be mad, join¬ ing different beafts to the fame plough, and low¬ ing the furrows with fait. But this pretence was dete&ed by Palamedes, who threw his infant-ion into the furrow whilftUlyfles was ploughing, to fee whether Ulyffes would fuffer the plough-fhare toj wound him or no. When he came where his fon lay, he turned the plough another way for fear of hurt¬ ing him. This action fhewed him to be by no means mad : and his father confequently lent him to the war. He was of infinite fervice to the Greck^hj removing the obftacles which prevented them from taking the town they then befieged. He obtained the arrows of Hercules from Philo&etes, and brought them againft. Troy. He brought away the alhes of Laomedon, which were preferved upon the gate Scaea in Troy. He Hole the Palladium from the fame city. He killed Khcefus king of Thrace and took his horfes, before they had taken the wa¬ ter of the river Xanthus. In which things the deftiny of Troy was wrapped up : for if the Tro¬ jans had preferved them, the town could never have been conquered. Afterward he contended with Ajax, the fon of Telamon and Helione (who was the ftouteft of all the Grecians except Achilles), before judges, for the arms of Achilles. The judges were perfuaded by the eloquence of Ulyffes $ gave fentence in his favour, and alligned the arms to him. This dis¬ appointment made Ajax mad ; whereupon he kill¬ ed himfelf, and his blood was turned into the violet. When UlyiTes departed from Troy to.return home, he failed backward and forward twenty years ; for contrary winds and ill weather hinder¬ ed him from coming home. In which time, 1. He put Of the Gods of the Heathens • 3^9 put out the eye of Polyhemus with a firebrand 5 anc! failing from thence to iEolia, he obtaind from /Eolus all the winds which were contrary to him and put them into leathern bags. His companions believing that the bags were filled witb money and not with wind, intended to. rob him , wherefore, when they came almoft to Ithaca, they untied the bags and the wind gufhed out and blew him back to iEolia again. 2. When Circe had turned his companions into beafts, he firit fortified himfelf againfl her charms with the antidote that Mercury had given him, and then ran into her cave with his fword drawn, and forced her to reftore to his com¬ panions their former fhapes again. After which Circe and he were reconciled, and he had by her T^leginus. 3. He went down into hell, to know his future fortune from the prophet Tirefias. 4, When he failed to the iflands of the Syrens, he flopped the ears of his companions, and bound himfelf with ftrong ropes to the flap’s mall ; where¬ by he avoided the dangerous fnares into which by their charming voice they led men. 5. And la Illy after his flap was broken and wrecked by the waves, he efcaped by fwimming, and came naked and alone to the port of Phasacia, where Naufica the daughter of king Alcinous, found him hid among the young trees, and entertained him civilly : and when his companions were found, and the lhip re¬ fitted, he was lent afleep into Ithaca, where Pallas awaked him, and advifed him to put on the habit of a beggar. Then he went to his neat-herds, where he found his fon Telemachus ; and from thence he went home in a difguife. Where, after lie had received feveral affronts from the wooers of Penelope, by the afliltance of the neat-herds and liis fon, to whom he difeovered himfelf, he fet up- w them, and killed them all 5 and then received I'W Penelope. Penelope, 33 ® Q/* the Gods of the Heathens . 1 Penelope, the daughter of Icarus, was a rare an ill perfect example of chaftity. For though it wasl generally thought that her hufband UlyfFes wasl dead, fince he had been abfent from her twenty! years, neither the defires of her parents, nor thejj folicitations of her lovers could prevail on her4 to marry another man, and to violate the promifesi of conftancy which (he gave to her hufband when! he departed. For when many noblemen courted! her, and even threatened her with ruin unlefs (he! declared which of them lliould marry her, fhe de-| fired that the choice might be deferred till fhe bads finifhed that needle-work about which fhe was then! employed: but undoing at night what fhe had! worked by day, fhe delayed them till Ulyfles re -1 turned and killed them all. Hence came the pro-j verb, 2 “ to weave Penelope’s web that is, to la*jj bour in vain, when one hand deflroys what the] other has wrought. \ V i CHAP. XIII The) Orion. P.TTTHAT was the birth of Orion ? * * M. Modefty will hardly let me tell however, I will conceal nothing from you. fay that he was born from the urine of Jupiter] .Neptune and Mercury ; for when they travelled together they were benighted, and forced to lodge in a poor man’s cottage, whole name was Hircu r He entertained them handfomely as the mean net; o z “ Penelopes tclam texer'* id cO:, inanem operam Cumc v<-. Vid. Krafiji. Ada". Of the Gods of the Heathens . 33 * tf his condition would fuffer. Their entertainment pleafed them fo well, that they promifed to grant •whatever he afked. He faid, that he promifed his wife, when fhe died, never to marry again, and yet that he extremely defired to have a fon. This pious defire pleafed the Gods : and they confented to his sequeft j and moiltened the hide of an ox (on which they were entertained) with their urine, commanding him to bury it ten months : after which he dug it up, and found it a new horn child which from this occafion he called Urion , or Orion . Orion, when young, was a conllant companion of Diana ; but becaufe his love of the Goddefs ex¬ ceeded the bounds of modefty, or becaufe, as fome fay, he extolled the ftrengtli of his body very in¬ decently, and boafted that he could out-run and (ubdue the wildeft and fierceft beafts, his arrogance grievoufiy difpleafed the Earth ; wherefore fhe fent a fcorpion which killed him. He was afterward carried to the heavens, and there made a conftel- lation ; which is thought to predict foul weather when, it does not appear, and fair when it i3 vi¬ able : whence the poets call him . a tempejious or ftormy Orion . c CHAP. XIV. Osiris, Apis, and Serapis. O SIRIS , Apisy and Seraph , are three different names of one and the fame God ; therefore they are not to be feparated in our difeourfe. OJiris was the fon of Jupiter, by Niobe the daugli- a Nimbofus Orion, Virg. 2 E*n. nam eptve* fignificat turbo, movjec^ ^nde etiarx^ ipie nomen fiunpiilVe a uoimullis judicatur. 33 2 Of the Gods of the Heathens . ^daughter of Phoroneus. He was king of the Ar- gives many years : but he was ilirredup by the de- lire of glory to leave his kingdom to his brother ./Egialus ; wherefore he failed into Egypt, to feek a new name and new kingdoms there. The Iigyp, tains were not fo much overcome by his arms, as obliged to him by his courtefies and great kindnefs towards them. After which he married Io the daughcer of Inachus, whom Jupiter formerly turn¬ ed into a cow, as we faid above : but when by her diffraction {he was driven into Egypt, her former lhape was again reflored ; and fhe married Ofiris, and iuftrufted the Egyptians in letters : wherefore both fhe and her hufband attained to divine ho¬ nours, and were thought immortal by that peo¬ ple. But Ofiris fhewed that he was mortal, for he was killed by his brother Typhon. Io (afterward call¬ ed Jfiij fought him a great while ; and when fhe had found him at lafl in a cheft, fhe laid him in a monument in an ifland near to Memphis, which ifland is encompafTed by that fad and fatal lake the Styx. And becaufe when fhe fought him fhe had ufed dogs, who, by their excellent virtue of fmel- ling, might difeover where he was hid, thence the ancient cuflom came, b that dogs went firft in an anniverfary proceflion in honour of Ifis. And the people carefully and religioufly worfhipped a God with a dog’s head, called Hnub is ; which God the poets commonly call c Barker ; a God half a clog, a dog half a d man. He is alfo called e Hermanubis; becaufe his fagacity is fo great, that fome think him to be the fame with Mercury. But let us re¬ turn to Ofiris and Ifis. After the body of Ofiris was interred, there ap¬ peared b Ex Gyr. Synlagm. 9. c Latratorcm, iemicanem Bcmn. Vsrg. JEn. 8. d Semihominern canem. Ovid. Met am. 9, Lucan. Scduli. ■ 6 Plut. ii: Ofiridc. Sirv. in J 3 C, n. 8. * Of the Gods of the Heathens • 333 peared to the Egyptians a ftately beautiful ox: the Egyptains thought that it was Ofiris ; wherefore they worfhipped it, and called it Apis , which in the Egyptian language fignifi'es an ox. But becaufe his body after his death was found fhut up in a f cheft, he was afterward from thence called So - rapis, and by the change of a letter Scrapis ; as we (hall fee more clearly, and particularly by and bye, when I have obferved what Plutarch fays, that Ofiris was thought to be the fun. His name comes from ns , which in the Egygtian language fignifies much , and iris an eye ; and his. image was a fceptre, in the top of which was placed an eye. So that Ofiris fignifies the fame as srcXX^Sax^y [ ’ polyphthal - wos~\, many eyed : which agrees very well to the fun, who feems to have fo many eyes as he hath rays, by which he fees and makes all things vi- fible. Some fay that Ifis is Pallas, others Terra, others Ceres, and many the ipoon - 7 for fhe is painted fometimes s horned, as the moon appears in the in- creafe ; and wears black garments, becaufe the moon fliines in the night. In her right-hand fhe held a cymbal, and in her left a bucket. Her head was crowned with the feathers of a vulture ; for among the Egyptains that bird is facred to Juno : and therefore they adorned the tops of their porches with the feathers of a vulture. The priefls of Ills, called after her own name IJiaci y h abftained from the fteih of fwine and fheep ; they ufed no i fait to their meat, leafl they ihould violate their chaflity. k They fhaved their heads \ 1 they wore paper fhoes and f 7.opcs fignificat arcam, in qua invent urn eft illius corpus inclufum. £ Ke aoip pus, id eft, cornigera affingebatur, ad Iunce crefcentis fimilitudincm, Sc ptsXaMfaXoy, nigris, veftinus induta, quod luna, hceat in tenebris. Vide Servium, ,/E.n. 8. h Lilian, lib. de anim H-erodot. 1 . 2. i Plut. Symp. 5.C. xo. k Ccel, Rhodigia. 5» c. 12. 1 Herodot. 1 . X. 334 O/* the Gods of the Heathens * * and a m linen veil, becanfe Ills flrfl taught the ufc of flax ; from whence Ihe is called n Linegera , and alfo 0 Inachis from Inachus her father. By the name of IJis is ufually under flood wifdom. And accordingly, upon the pavement of the temple, there was this inscription : p “I am every thing that ** hath been, and is, and lhall be ; nor hath any “ mortal opened my veil.” By the means of this Ills, q Iphis,, a young vir¬ gin of Crete, the daughter of Lygdus and Telethufa, was changed into a man. For when Lygdus went a journey, he commanded his wife, who was then big with child, if Ihe brought a daughter, that flic fliould not educate her, but leave her expofcd in the fields to perifh by want. Telethufa brought forth indeed a daughter, but was very unwilling to lofe a child; therefore fhe drelied it in a boy’s habit, and called it 2 phis > which is a common name to boys and girls*- The father returned from his journey, and believed both his wife and his daugh¬ ter, who perfonated a fon ; and as foon as fhe was marriageble, her father who Hill thought that fhe was a man, married her to the beautiful Ianthe. They went to the temple to celebrate the marriage. The mother was mightily concerned ; and as they were going file begged the favourable affiflance of Ifis, who heard her prayers, and changed the vir¬ gin Iphis into u mo ft beautiful young man. Now let us come to Seraphis and Apis again. Though Serapis , of whofe name we give the etymology before, was the God of the Egyptians; yet he was worfhipped at Greece, r and efpccialiy at ^^ | 1 — | | - — . — M ^— _ ■ ■ ■ — 1 1 m m Claud. 4 Hon. conf. n Ovid de Ponto Eh I- o Poropert. 1, I. &. a. p tiu.i vra's to an) cv, XMt t, JEfculapiu .r, and fometimes Ofiris. His name was reckoned abominable by the Grecians ; u for all names of feven letters, * \_bcptagram~ jnatf, are by them efteemed infamous* Some fay that Ptolemy the fon of Lagus procured the effigies of him at Pontus, from the king of Sinops, and de¬ dicated a magnificent temple to him at Alexandria. Eufebius calls him v Pi'ince of evil dcmo?is . A flafk was placed * upon his head : and near him a creature with three heads ; a dog’s on the right- fide, a wolf’s on the left-fide, and a lion’s head in the middle. A fnake with his fold encompaffed them, whofehead hung down into the God’s right- hand, with which he bridled the terrible monfter. There was, befides, in almofl all the temples where Serapis and His were worfhipped, an image which prefied its lips with its finger. Varro fays, the meaning of this was, that no one fhould dare to fay that thefe Gods lmd been men formerly ; and the laws inflicted death upon him who faid that Ser¬ apis was once a mortal man. Apis, of whom we fpake fomething above, >' was king of the Argivi ; and being transported from ihence into Egypt, became Serapis, or the greatefb of all the Gods of Egypt. After the death of Ser¬ apis, the ox that we mentioned a little before fuc- ceeded in his place 2 Pliny deferibes the form and quality of this ox thus : “ An ox,” fays he, ct in “ Egypt, is worfhipped as a God. They call him “ Apis' . He is thus marked : their is a white {hilling H fpotupon his right-fide, horns like the moon in its “ increafe. s Publ. Victor. Porphyrins. x Maerob. in Sa.turr.al. Z Plin. in Hi ft. Nat. lib. S. t Taottl c , 1 . 20. Plut de Ofiride* v Prep. Evangelic a. lib. 4* y Angult de Givitate Dei. lib. 18. c. 40, 33 6 Of the Gods of the Heathens • i Ct t c cc IL 44 increafe, and a node under its tongue, which 44 they call cantharis . His hodyf faj/s Herodotus 44 was all black : in his forehead he had a white, 44 fquare, fhining figure ; the effigies of an eagle on 44 his back ; and befides that cantharis in his mouth 44 he had hair of two forts in his tail.” But Pliny goes on : 44 If he lives beyond an appointed period 44 of time, they drown him in theprieft’s fountain; 44 then the priefts fhave their heads, mourn and 44 lament, and feek another to fubftitute in his 44 room. When they have found one, he is brought 44 by the priefts to Memphis. He hath two cha- 44 pels, which they call chambers ; which are the 44 oracles of the people. In one of which he fore 44 tels good, in the other ill. He gives anfwer in 44 private, and takes meat from them that ccnfuk 44 him. He refufed meat from the hand of Germa- 44 nicus Csefar, who died not long after. He afts, 44 for the moft part, in fecret ; but when he pi cafes 44 to appear publicly, the officers go before and 44 clear the way ; and a flock of boys attend him, 44 finging verfes to bis honour. He feems to un- 44 derftand things, and to expe6t worihip. Once 44 a-year a cow is fhewn unto him, who hath her 44 marks (though different from his) ; and this cow 44 is always both found and killed the fame clay. So far Pliny. To which /Elian adds, 44 That the 44 cow that conceived Apis, conceives him not by 44 bull, but by lightning.” b Cambyfes king of Af fyria gave no credit to thefe trifles ; and ftruck Apis in the thigh with his fword, to fhew by the wounds bleedrng that he was no God : but his facrilege did not pafs (as they pretend) unpunifhed. CL iC AP- APPENDIX OF THE VIRTUES and VICES WHICH HAVE BEEN DEIFIED. Of the Goddesses that inahe the Gods. THOSE Goddefles (whofe images are finally ■*- and all painted in one picture) are the Virtues ; by whofe favour not only the Dii Ad- feriptitii, but all the other Gods befides, were advanced to heaven, and honoured with the ut~ moll veneration. You fee fome vices among them (for they too had altars dedicated to them), which like fhades, increafe the lull re of the Vir¬ tues ; whofe brightnefs is doubled by the reflection of the colours. To both of them there are adjoin¬ ing fome Gods, either favouring or oppofing them, I fhall fay fomething briefly of them according to my defign. CHAP. I. Sect. I. The Virtues, and Good Deities. 'HE. ancients not only worshipped the feveral fpecies of Virtues, but alfo Virtue herfelf, as Goddefs. Therefore firft of her, and then of |he others. P Sect* 3 3 Of the Gods of the Heathens Sect. II. V irtue and Honour. T 7 IRTUE derives her name from vzr, becaufe * virtue is the mofl manly ornament. a She cftccmed a G-oddefs, b and worlhipped in the habit of an elderly matron fitting upon a fquare Hone. ° M. Mareellus dedicated a temple to her j and placed another near it, that was dedicated to Ho¬ nour : the temple of Virtue was the paffage to the temple of Honour ; by which was fignified, that by virtue alone true honour is attained. The priefts frierificed to Honour with bare heads, and we ufunb ly uncover our heads when we fee honourable an worthy men ; and fince honour itfelf is valuabl and eilimable, it is no wonder if fuch refpeft fliewn in celebrating its Sacrifices. Sect, III. Faith. I pIDES had a temple at Rome near the Capitol which d Numa Pompilus (as it is faid) firf confccrated to her. c Her facrifices were performe without daughter, or bloodfhed. The heads an^ hands of the priefts were covered .with a white cloth when they facrificed ; becaufe faith ought t J be dole and fecrct. Virgil calls her f Cana Fide* either from the candour of the mind from whenc i fidelity proceeds, or becaufe Faith is chiefly obier ved by aged perfons. The fymbol of this God defs was a white dog ; which is a faithful creatur s Another fymbcl of her was two hands joined, o two young ladies fhaking hands. For h by givm the right-hand, they engaged their faith for thei future friendlhip. * Sect, ■ a CiceronisQuceft. Tufc. a. b Anguft. 4. de Civitate Dei, c. 1 /: Liv. 1. 2. d Cicero de Officiis. e Dion. Halicarn. 1. • v Servius in iEncul. 1. and 8 . g Statius, Thebaid. Dcxtra data fidem futurse amicitise fancibant. Liv. 1 . 42. 339 Of the Gods of the Heathens* Sect. IV. Hope. H OPE had a temple at Rome in the herb-mar¬ ket, which was unfortunately burnt down with lightning. 1 Giraldus fays, that he hath feen her effigy in a golden coin of the emperor Adrain. She was deferihed in the form of a wo¬ man Handing ; her left-hand lightly held tip the Ikirts of her garments ; foe leaned on her elbow, and in her right-hand held a plate, on which was placed a cibcrium (a fort of cup), ffiaped like a flower, with this infeription, S PKS P. R. V he Hope of the people of Rome . We have already re¬ lated in what manner Hope was left and preferved in the bottom of Pandora’s box. Sect. V. Justice. JUSTICE was deferibed like a virgin, with a J piercing ftedfaii eye, a lev ere brow, her afpect awful, noble, and venerable. Amongft the Egypt¬ ians, Alex-nder fays, that ffie lias no head ; and that her left-hand was fire tolled forth and open, file Greeks called her slf'craa, as we fra cl before. Sect. VI. Piety. pIETY had a chapel dedicated to her at Rome, by Atilius, the duumvir, in the place where that woman lived who fed her mother in prifon, with the milk of her breads. The dory is this : iv u The mother was puniflied with imprifonment; her daughter, who was an ordinary woman, then gave fuck ; ffie came to the prifon frequent¬ ly, and the gaoler always fearchcdhcr to fee that “ ihe carried no food to her mother : at lad ffie was * found giving fuck to her mother with her breads. This extraordinary piety of the daughter gained P 2 “ tliC u <( u << i Syntagm. 1. z. k PIjn. Hi ft. Nr.t, 1 , 7. c. 30 T 340 Of the Gods of the Heathens» “ the mother’s freedom ; and they both were after- “ wards maintained at the public charge while they lived, and the place was confecrated to the “ Goddefs Piety.” There is alike example in the 1 Grecian hiftory, of a woman, who by her breads nouriftied Symon her aged father, who was impri. foned, and fupported him with her own milk. Sect, VII. Mercy. HE. Athenians crewed an altar to Miferic or die , Mercy 5 ,a where was firft eftablifhed an afy. lum, a place of common refuge to the miierable and unfortunate : it was not lawful to force any one from thence. When Hercules died, n his kindred feared fome mifehief from thofe whom he had afflicted ; wherefore they erected an afylum, or temple of mercy, at Athens. ! Sect. VIII. Clemency. N OTHING memorable occurs concerning the Goddefs Clemency, unlefs that there tv as temple erected to Cle? 7 ie 7 itia C&faris, the Clemency o j Cafur, as we read in Plutarch 0 . Sect. IX. Chastity. ' PWO temples at Rome were dedicated to Cha- llity ‘y the one to P udicitici Patricia, which flood in the ox-market ; and the other to Pndicia Plebeian built by Virginia the daughter of Aulus: for when fhe, who was horn of a patrician family, T had married a plebeian, the noble ladies were mightily incenfed, and banifhed her from their 1a- crifices ; and would not fuffer her to enter into the temple of Pudicitia, into which Senatorian fami¬ lies were only permitted entrance. A quarrel arofe hereupon among the women, and a great breach was I Valerius Maximus, lib. 3. m Paufan. in Attic. Serv. in JEu. 8. o In Vita Csefaris. p Eiv. h i c Of the Gods of the Heathens . 341 was made between them: hereupon Virginia drove by fome extraordinary action to blot out the dis¬ grace which fhe had received ^ and therefore flic built a chapel in the long ftreet where fhe lived, and adorned it with an altar, to which he invited the plebeian matrons ; and complaining to them that the ladies of quality had nCed her fo barba- roufly, “ I dedicate,” lays lire Suet, in Tib. v Liv. 11. £- 7;- z Pint, in Ci nv.r.- Of the Gods of the Heathens. 343 * W J J There was a gate at Rome called Porta Salutaris becaufe it was near to the temple of Stilus. Her image was the figure of a woman fitting on a throne, and holding a bowl in her right-hand. ' o o Near her altar flood a fnake twining round it, and lifting up his head toward it. The Auguvium Sa « Jut is was heretofore celebrated in the fame plac which was intermitted for fome time, and renewed again by Auguflus. c It was a kind of divination by which they begged leave of the Gods that the people might pray for peace ; as though it was un¬ lawful to pray for it before they had leave. A day in every year was fet apart for that purpofe, upon which none of the Roman armies might either march or engage,- Sect. XV. Fidelity. YJTDE.LITY d fays St. Auftin, had her temple L and her altar, and facrifices were performed to her. They reprefented her like a venerable matron fitting upon a throne, holding 0 a white rod in her right-hand, and a great horn of plenty in her left. * Sect. XVI. Liberty. A S the Romans were above all things careful of their liberty, efpecially after the expulfion. of the kings, when they let themfelves at liberty, f fo they built a temple to liberty, among the num¬ ber of their other Goddeffes. And Cicero tells us, that Glodius confecrated his houfe to her. Sect. XVII. Money. I HE Romans invoked Pecunia that they might be rich : P4 as a and G oddefb, wor (hip¬ ped b Macrob. Saturn, i.k. r. c Dion. 1 . 27. Aug. Pelican. Mafcel. d Aug. dc Civ. Dei, 1 . 4. c. 1 3 . f Lii. Gjrakf. Synt. c. 12. e Caduceusc" 344 Of the Go.Is of the Heathens . ped the God JEfculanus, and his fon Hrgentinus , that they- might have plenty of brafs and filver. They efteemed iEfculanus the father of Argentinus, be- caufe brafs-money was ufed before filver. “ And AUSANIAS and x Plutarch fay that there **■ were temples dedicated to Fame, y She is finely and delicately deferibed by Virgil? in the fourth book of his iEneids. u *• —- — Furor, abruptis, ceu liber, habenis “ Sanguineum late tollit Caput : oraque mille “ Vulneribus confofla cruenta cuffide velat. “ Hreret detritus Ifevce Mavortius umbo Innumerabilibus telis gravis, atque flagranti “ Stipite dextra minax terris incendia portat.' Diibrder’d Rage, from brazen fetters freed, Afcends to earth with an impetuous 1‘peed : Her wounded face a bloody helmet hides. And her left arm a batter’d target guides : Red brands of fire, iupported in her right, The impious world with flames and ruin fright, v Paufanias in Atticis. x Plut. in Ca.niiioi y “ Fama, malum quo non aliud velocius ullum, “ Mobilitate viget, virefque acquirit eundo, 4 ‘ Parva metu primo ; mox fefe attollit in auras, -t Iogrediturque folo, &c caput inter nubila condit. ** Illam Terra parens, ira irritata Deorum “ Extremam, ut perhibent, Caeo Enceladoqucfororem Progenuit, pedibus celerem Sc pernicibus alis: “ Monftrum horrendum, ingens, cui quot funt corpore plumte. “ Tot vigiles oculi fubter, mirabile di&u “ Tot linguce, totidem ora fonant, tot fubrigit aurer. 4t Nodle volat cceli medio, terreeque per umbram, “ Stridens nec dulci declinat lutnina fomno. “ Luce fedet cullos aut fummi calmine tcdli, “ Turribus aut altis, & magnas territat urbes, “ Tam fi<5ti parvique tenax, quam uunciaveri.” Fame, the great ill, from fmall beginnings grow?. Swift from the Firft, and ev’ry moment brings New vigour to her flight, new pinions to her wings’ Soon grows the pigmy to gigantic lize; Her feet on earth, her forehead in the Ikies. Enrag’d againft the Gods^ revengeml Earth, Produc’d her laft of the Titanian birth.- 5v.ii i Of the Gods of the Heathens . 349 Sect. IX. Fortune. iL TTIHY was Fortune made a Goddefs, ” fays * * 2 St Auguftine, “ fince file comes to the u good and the bad without any judgment?” She is fo blind, that without diflindfcion flie runs to any body ; and many times fhe paffes by thofe that ad¬ mire her, and flicks to thofe thatdefpife her : fo that a Juvenal had reafon to fpeak in the manner he does to her. Yet the temples that have been con- fecrated to her, and the names which fhe has had, are innumerable5 the chief of them I will point out to you. She was fly led Hureci, or Regia Fort ana : and b an image of her fo flyled was ufually kept in the emperor’s chamber ; and when one died, it was re¬ moved to the palace of his fucceffor. She was worfhipped in the Capitol under the Swift is her walk, more fwift her winged liafte ; /ifmonftrous phantom, horrible and vaft : As many plums as raife her lofty flight, So_many piercing eyes enlarge her light: Millions of op’ning mouths to Fame belong, „ And ev’ry mouth is furnifli’d with a tongue, And round with lift’ning cars the flying plague is hungv She fills the peaceful univerfe with cries ; No flumbers ever clofe her wakeful eyes : By day from lofty tow’rs her head flie fliews. And fpreads through trembling courts- difaltrous news. With court-informers haunts, and royal fpies. Things done relates, not done flie feigns, and mingles truth with lies. Talk.is her bufmefs, and her chief delight, To'tell of prodigies, and caufe affright, z Aug. de Civit. 1 . 1. c. 18. a “ Nullum numen abeft fi fit prudentia; fed tc “ Nos facimus, Fprtuna, Deam, cceloque loGanm?.” Sat. a*. Fortune is never worfliipp’d by the wife. But flie, by fools fet up, ufurps the Ikies. V> Spart, in Scvcro Cyr. Syntagm. 3^o Of the Gods of the Heathens* c title of Lonciy and in the Efouik'a unlcr tin title of A*ala. Servius Tullius had i\ his court a ch i pci dedi¬ cated to d Lor tuna Barb at a : Ike was called Brivis or Farvoy in the fame place. She is alio called L\cca , blind . Neither is flic only, fays e Cicero, blind lierfelf, but Ihe many times makes tliofe blind that enjoy her. In fome inscriptions Ihe is • called f Confervatrix . The pr&etcr Q^Fulvius Flaccus, in Spain, when the lad battle was fought with the Celtiberi, vow- O 7 ed a chapel to s Foitun.i Fque/lris •; becaufe he in the battle commanded the bridles- to be taken olV the horfes, that they might run upon tlie enemy with the greater force and violence; whercb}* he got tlie victory. Fors Fortune#, or h Forth For tan a, was another of her names ; and ihe was woriliipped by thofe who lived without any art or care at all. She had a chapel near the temple of Vemu, where die was called » Alafcula, and k Virilis MaJ- culiiui . She was called 1 Mulicbris , becaufe - the mother and the wife of Coriolanus faved the city of Rome. And when her image was con fee rated in their pre- fence,. 111 it fpoke thefe words twice, “ Ladies , you “ have dedicated me as you fhGuld doV n Yet it was not lawful for all matrons to touch tlrs image, hut for thofe only who had not been married twice. Mammofoy either from her fhape, or becaufe fhe fupplies us with plenty. Servius Tullius dedicated a temple to For turn Obfequals y becaufe fhe obeys the willies of men. The c Plin. Se Cic. d Piut. in Queft. e Ue Amicitia. f Ap. Gyr. Synt. 15. g Vide Livium, i. 41, 4 : * 11 Confide eandem Livium, 1 . 27- i Plutarch de Port. Reman, k Ovid. Fafcor. 1 . 4. 1 Dion. 1 . 8. m Rite me, Matrons;, dedica&is. Avguftin. 1 - 4. c. 19. Val. Max* 1 . 2. c b» n Serv> in 4-dnaeul S. Of the Gods of the Heathens .. 35* The fame prince wor/hipped her, and built her cha¬ pels, where /he was called by thefe following titles: Primigenia , o becaufe both the city and tjie eiru pire received their origin from her. Privater, or p Prc.pria : fhe had a chapel in the court, which that prince ufed fo familiarly, that Die was thought to go down through a little win¬ dow into his houfe. Her temple at Prasnefte, q from whence Ihe was called Prccncjlina , was more famous and notable than all the reft, becaufe very true oracles were ut¬ tered there. Domitian confecrated a chapel to r For tuna Re- dux:. In ancient inferiptions fhe is named s Stata. To 1 Virgo For tuna the little coats of the young cirls were d refen ted. O | a Laftly, fhe was called « Vifcata or Vifcofi, be- caufe we are caught by her as birds are caught by bird-lime; in which ienfe Seneca fays, v KindncJJ'es arc bird-lime . Sect. X. Fever. TjTfBRIS (Fever) had her altars and temples in the palace, x She was worfhipped, that flic Ihould not hurt ; and for the fame reafon they wor- fhipped all the other Gods and Gocldeifes of this kind. Fear and Palcncfs were fuppofed to he Gods, y and worlhipped by Tullus Koitilius, z when in the battle o Plutarch. p 4 bid, q Liv, I.'52. Sucton. in Domit. c. 15. ~ Mart, 1 .-8 s Apud Gyraid. t A'nobius 2. adverfus Gtntcs n Plutarch, dc Qucert. v Bencficia lunt vilcofa. Scnccr. dc Bcneficii--. Cic. 3. de Nat. dc 2 Liv. 1 , 1. y AcguIUn, 1# 4 c. r?* * - * 3 5 2 Q/* the Gods of the Heathens . battle between the Romans and the Vejentes it was told him that the Albans had revolted, and the Romans grew afraid and pale ; for in this doubtful conjuncture he vowed a temple to Pallor and Pavor. The people of Gadara a made Poverty and Art Goddeffes ; becaufe the fiifl whets the wit for the difeovery of the other* JAeceJJity and Violence had their chapel upon the Acro-Corinthus, but it was a crime to enter into it. M. Marcellinus dedicated a chapel to Tempeflus, without the gate of Capena, after he had efcaped a fevere tempeft in a voyage into the ifland of Sicily. SiiCT. XI. Silence. B OTH the Romans and Egyptains worfhipped the Gods and GoddetTes of Silence. The La- tins particularly worfhipped b Angeronia and Tacit a whole image (they fay) flood upon the altar of the Goddefs Volupia, with its mouth tied up and lcril¬ ed: c becaufe they who endure their cares with li- lence and patience, do by that means procure to themfelves the greatell pleafure. The Egyptains worfhipped Harpocratis as the God of filence, d after the death of Ofiris. He was the Ion of Ills. They offered the firfl-fruits of the lentils and pulfe to him. They confecrated the tree Perfe to him, becaufe the leaves of it were fhaped like a tongue, and the fruit like a heart. He was painted naked, and the figure of the boy crown¬ ed with an Egyptain mitre, which ended at the points as it were in two buds ; he held in his left- hand a horn of plenty, whilfl a figure in his right- hand was upon his lip, thereby commanding filence. And therefore I fay no more \ neither can I bet¬ ter a. Arrian apud Gyr. Syntagem. I. 4. b Macrobius Sat. Plut. inNumo. Plin. I. 3. c Quod qui fucs angores (unde Angeronia di<£la ell) aequo animo ferunt, per- *eniunt ad maximum Yoluptatem. d Epiph, 3. contra Kercfes. Of the Gods of the Heathens, 353 ter be lilent than when a God commands me to be fo ; how vain have I been, and troublefome to you Palseophilus ! I acknowledge my fault, and /hall fay no more for lhame. P. But I muft not be filent; for, cleared Sir, your extraordinary civility to me, as well as your great merit, commands me at all times to fpeak and write of yon with honour, and to exprefs my grati¬ tude as much as I can that way, ifl am not fo able to do it another. * A N I N D E X Preferring to nil the principal Matters con tained in this Book. 2-i 5 A ABEON^ 4 , or Alcona, was a guardian Goddefs to grown pcrfons Page 287 ylbfyrtus torn to pieces by his filter Medea 302 ykhelous turns Himfelf into a ferpent, then into a bull 5 in which ihapehe is conquered by Hercules 299 Acheron , one of the infernal rivers 2 -i 5 udchi//cs y his birth, 325. And education, ibid* In¬ vulnerable, fave only in the foot 326. Hid by his mother to prevent his going to Troy, and dii- covered by UlyfTes, ibid\ Kills Hedtor, and is himfelf killed by Paris 327 ^cdia/it 7, one of the titles of Venus 1J 2 sdconitum, wolf-bane, grew fil'd out of the vomit of Cerberus 297 j 4 £ttcQT 7 , tuined into a deer by Diana, and torn in pieces by his own dogs jidoniS) Venus’s gallant, killed by a boar, and by Ve¬ nus turned into the (lower anemone 126 jddrqflcea, the fame with Ncmejis , one of tlie God- defles of Juilice 19 r yldfcriptitii Dii\ Gods of the lower rank and dignity 7 JHacuSj one of the infernal iudges * 259 2 Ec 112, Ana- dyo?nene % ibid. A pa Lurid, A mat a, AJlarte> Names and titles of Venus 1 ic Ammon or Hammon, one of Jupiter’s names 18 Amphioti builds the walls of Thebes by the mufic of his harp, 324. This fable explained 32$ Amphytrite^ Neptune’s wife 230 Andromeda delivered by Perfeus from a fea raonfter 311 Ancilia f holy fhields kept in the temple of Mars 86 Angerona , a tutelar Goddefs to adult perfons 288 Angeronia , one of the Goddeffes of lilence 352 An teens , a giant overcome by Hercules 298 AntcroS) one of the names of Cupid 123 Anteverta , Pq/ivertex Prorjd , Projci , or Porrima, a tutelar Goddefs to women in labour 284 Antbia and Argiva , titles of Juno 90 Antiope debauched byjupiter in the fhape of a Satyr 15 Anubis , an Egyptain God with a dog’s head 332 Aonides , the Mufes fo called , 189 Apaturia , a title of Venus, no. Feftivals folemnly kept in honour of Bacchus, called alfo Ambrofia and AJco/ia 67, 68 Apis, a god worfhipped by the Egyptains under the fhape of an ox, 331. A defeription of him 335 Apol/o , his image defcribed, 29. His parentage, 30 Place of birth, and admirable endowments, 31. His memorable actions, ibid. What was meant by the fable of Apollo 41 Arachne turned into a fpider by Minerva 102 Ares 9 Mars fo called by the Greeks 79 Areopagus , Mara’s hill, fo called, becaufe Mars was there tried for inceft and murder, 79. Capital crimes always tried there ibid . Areopagitce, judges of the greatell: integrity ibuL Arethufa , one of Diana’s Nymphs courted by Al- pheus, 223. Difcoversto Ceres that Pluto carried away Proferpine, 253. Is turned into a fountain, whofe INDEX. 357 ibid. 205 11 o 3J2 *S 3 68 who fc water mixes with the ftream of the river Alpheus in Sicily 2 23 Argiva, one of the names of Juno 90 ArgonautSy Jafon’s companions, that went with him to fetch the golden ileece 301 Argentinus , one of the Gods of wealth 44 Argus , fent by Juno to keep Io, 89. Is killed by Mercury 5 turned into a peacock by Juno Ariadne , married to Thefeus, and afterwards to Bac¬ chus, by whom fhe was made a conftellation 304 Arion, an admirable mulician, robbed and thrown into the fea, 325. Carried fafe to land on the back of a dolphin Ar if}ecus , one of the rural Gods Armatdy a title of Venus Art worfhipped as a Goddefs Afcalaphus turned into an owl Afcolio , games in honour of Bacchus Afieria carried away by Jupiter in the fliapc of an eagle 16 AJIeropey one of the daughters of Atlas 321 AJlrcca , the princefs of Juftice 193, 339 Atalanta and HippomeneSy two unfortunate lovers. their hiftory, 119. Are both turned into lions 130 Athena , one of the names of Minerva 99 Athamas murders his own fon Eearchus 236 Atlas fuftains the heavens on his fhoulders, 320. Is relieved by Hercules, who holds them for him, 299 His parentage, ibid . His children, 321. Is turned into a mountain by Perfeus, ibid % The meaning of this fable Atreus kills and feeds upon his own child 266 AtropoSy one of the Fates 255 Atysy Alttes, or ^dttinesy a favourite of Cybele, e- mafculates himfelf J75 Atys y the fon of Croefus, born dumb, and reflored to his fpeech by a fright ibid. AvemuSy a lake on the borders of hell 244 AverruneuSy a tutelar God to adult perfons 288 AugeaSy his liable contains three thoufand oxen, and yet cleanfed in one day by Hercules 296 Avl/iupu'y one of the titles of Priapys 204 3 Ai urea, ibid. INDEX. 358 INDEX. jfurca, a title of Fortune Slurorci y her difcription, 133. Her defcent, ibid. Carries Cephalus andTithonus into heaven jiutolycus , a molt notorious thief B 349 *34 21 a 0 46 6 s 7 > 69 ^ 1.. -^:i — 0 S Becl,BeeIphegor, Beelzebub, Bcfzemcn, Be - j /«j*, names of Jupiter jpi Babylon , the walls of it, one of the feven wonders of j the world 46; Bacchus deferibed, 57. His birth, 58. His names, 6si His exploits, 64. The feveral facrifices offered to him, 66. The hiltorical meaning of the fable of Bacchus, 70. The moral fenfe of it 7}? Bacchanalia , feftival-s in honour of Bacchus 69 Bacchce , prielteffes of Bacchus, 66. Nymphs of Bac¬ chus 22V Barbata, one of the titles of Venus, no. And one * of the titles of Fortuna 3 j0 1 Baffarides , Nymphs of Bacchus c.23 1 Battus, turned by Mercury into a Hone, called Indix j6p Belides , fifty daughters of Danaus, who all exeept one killed their hufbands on the wedding night, 26j : T The punifnment they fuffer for it in hell ibid, Bellcrophon , his parentage and chaftity, 312, Expofed for it to many dangers, which he efcapes from, 313 Catches Pegalusj on his back dellroys the Chinue- ra, for which king Jobates gives him his daughter in marriage, ibid. This fucccfs makes him info^ lent, for which Jupiter ilrikes him with madnefs, in which miferable condition he dies ibid, Bcllerophoti's Letters, thofe which any man carries to his own prejudice ibid. Bcllcruss king of Corinth, killed by Bellerophon 312 Belli ca, a pillar before the temple of Bellona, over w'hich the herald throw's a fpear when he proclaims war l ft i 1 fy £ n 1 n D 1 * Bellona, the Goddefs of war, 77. Her offices Belus , king of Affyria, the fir ft who worfhipped idol, 3. One of the names of Jupiter Bencficium , worfhipped by the Ethiopians Berecynthia Matcn , one of the titles of Cybele Berg ion, a giant flain by Hercules / L ibid. an 171 2q8 Eib/is I N D E X. 359 $iblis falls in love with her brother Caunus, 50 Dies for grief, and is turned into a fountain ibid. Biceps and Efrons , two names of Janus 148 Biformus , Br if ecus , Bromius , Bimeler, Bimat or, and Eugenes , names of Bacchus 61 iter of Erymanthia, tamed by Hercules 297 Botina, a Nymph, drowns herfelf, but is afterwards made immortal 34 Iterf Z>£77, one of the titles of Cybele, 172. And of Fortuna 351 Daemon, one of the titles of Priapus 205 Briareus , one of the giants that warred again/! hea¬ ven 262 Brevis, one of the titles of Fortune 350 Brimo *and Bubajlls , names of Hecate or Diana 212, 213 Britomartis made a Goddefs 213 Brontaios, one of Jupiter’s titles 25 Brutna , one of the names of Bacchus 68 Brumalia, feflivals in honour of Bacchus ibid. Bubona a Deity prefiding over oxen 226 ito// of a prodigious fize and fiercenefs, tamed by Hercules ; 296 Bulla, a golden ornament worn about the necks of the Roman youth 277 Butieca, one of Juno’s names 90 Bujiris , a cruel tyrant, that offered human facrifices to his father Neptune, killed by Hercules, and fa- crificed to Neptune 29S C 177 312 F^ydBlRI, priefts of Cybele ^ Cabaltinus Fons , the Mufes fpring Cacus, the fon of Vulcan, 159. Proves a moft no¬ torious robber, and -is killed by Hercules 299 Cadmus banifhed, 17. Builds the city of Thebes $ invents the greatell part of the Greek alphabet 5 fows the teeth of a dragon in the ground, from whence armed men fpring up $ marries Hermio- ne \ both he and/lie are turned into ferpents, ibid\ The meaning of this fable Ibid. Caducous , Mercury’s wand, deferibed 54 Caeca, one of the titles of Fortuna 350 Qxculus, a robber, Vulcan’s fon 159 Cevn is 360 INDEX. 256 1 201 3 9 274 Ccenis , a woman that turned herfclf into a man 2^ Ca lendaris, Ca protin a, Cither onia , CV/rij*, Curitis., and Cinxia , names and titles of Juno 90, 91, 92 Calijla , debauched by Jupiter in the iliape of Diana, 1;; Turned into a bear, and makes a conitellation 36 Calliope , one of the Mufes 1&7 Calumny worfhipped as a Goddcfs 346 Cambyfes punilhed for wounding Apis with a fword 336 Cam ill us, Cafmillus , or Cadimillus , one of the names of Mercury 52 Camilli and Ca milIce, all boys and girls under age fo called ibid, Cammccna , a tutelar Goddefs to infants 287 Catiephoria , facrifices offered to Bacchus 67 Canes , a name of the Furies 256 Canopus , an Egyptain God, who fights with Ignis, the God of the Chaldeans, and vanquiflies him Cantharus , Silcnus’s jug, described Capitolinas, a title of Jupiter Cardua , an houfehold Goddefs Car men ta (one of them), the fame vvitli Themis, 192 Another, a famous prophetefs of Rome ibid. Carna , or Carnea , a tutelar Goddefs to new-born in¬ fants 286 Ca/Jiope or Cqffiopeia , made a condellation 312 Cajlalidcs , the Mufes fo called 390 Ciijlor and Pollux, twins, their birth, 306. Their actions, 307. Share immortality between them, 308 Are made the conilellations Gemini ibid, Catius , a tutelar God to adult perfons 288 Cclceno , one of the Harpies, 268 $ and one of the daughters of Atlas 321 Celejlial Gods, thofe of the highefb dignity, 6. Ce- Teflial Nymphs 221 Centaurs , half men and half horfes, 267, Overcome by Thefeus 304 Centipcda , one of the titles of Jupiter 23 Cephalus , carried by Aurora into heaven, 134. Mar¬ ries Procris, ibid. Kills her unawares ibid . Ceraumus , one of the titles of Jupiter 21 Cerberus , a defeription of him, 247. Conquered and brought up from hell by Hercules 297 Cera I N D £ X. 3& L Ceres , her image defcribed, 177- The ufcful arts ftie taught men 179 Chalcea, feitivals in honour of Vulcan 157 Charities , the three Graces, their defcent, 125. A defcription of them ibid. Charybdis , a ravenous woman turned into a gulf, 240. The meaning of this fable 24? Charon , the ferryman of hell, a defcription of him, 245. His office ibid. Chajlity worfhipped as a Goddefs 340 Chimtera, a ft range roonfler, defcribed, 2 69. Killed by Belierophoriy 270, and 310. The meaning of the fable of the Chima*ra ibid. Chione contemns Diana’s beauty, and is thcrcfoic fhot through t'ne tongue 214 Ch/oris married to Zcphyrus 21? Chiron , the Centaur, his parentage, excellently {kil¬ led in phyiic, 316. Teaches this art to /LTcuJapi- us, 317. Appointed tutor to Achilles, ibid\ Wounded by one of Hercules’s arrows, ibuL Tranflated into the heavens, and made the con- ftellation Sagittarius ibid. Circe , a very famous forcerefs, banifhed for poifoiling' her hufband, 48. Falls in love with Glaucus, and turns her rival Scy-lla into a fea-monfter, 49. Turns the companions of Ulyfles into bcafts, and reftorcs them again to their former fliapcs, ibid. The meaning of this fable Cith^v rides, or Cytheriades, the Mufcs Co called Claucina, one of the names of Venus Claviger, one of the titles of Janus Claufius , or Clujius , one of the names of Janus Clemency worshipped as a Goddefs Clio , one of the Mufes Titie turned into a fun-flower llotho, one the Fates ia y one of the titles of Venus ■ eath wordiipped as a Goddefs, its defeription ecirna , one of the Fates )enianira ) the wife of Hercules, occafions his death 3C0 L’liuSy Dclphicus , Dc/pbirioeus , D idyrrucu r, names of Apollo 37 ?los y at firft a woman, then a floating ifland, after¬ wards a fixed one, called alfo Ortygia 130 sucalioity king of Theflaly, reftorc's the race of man¬ kind deilroyed by a deluge, 3 1 9, 32s. The-mean- ing of this fable - 3 2-0 r evcm 7, a tutelar Goddefs to breeding women 28 ianciy her image deferibed, 207. The-fame with the moon, 209. Her temple at Ephefus, one of the feven wonders of the world, 45. One of the nup¬ tial Goddeifes 28 c Whana Lucina , a tutelar Goddefs to women in labour 284 Wiana Taurica, a Goddefs to whom men and wo- I men were offered in facrihce 309 Wpicfyrma, one of the names of Diana 213 ^)ics and Diefpitcr , names of Jupiter it majorum Gentium^ the Tuperior Deities 6 U minorum Gentium, the fubordinate Deities, 7, 274 ii Indigetcs, and uddfeript itii } Gods that once were men 7, 29 1 ii Funcruniy the Gods prefiding over the dead 290 indymene and Dindyrney names of Cybele, 171 lomedcsy a tyrant of Thrace, fubdued by Hercules, 296 tony ft us or Dionyfus , names of Bacchus 62 i° n yjiiiy feffivals in honour of Bacchus 69 irtCy the names of the Furies 256 is } one of the names of Pluto 240 Qja Sift ' and given for food to his liorfes 3*4 N D E X. 2 5 9 ! 221 ibid. 2 *4 Difcord worfhipped as a Goddefs ^4) Dodona's grove 20 Dodonceus, a name of Jupiter ibid. t)olius , a name of Mercury jg •Domiduca, one of the titles of Juno ^2 Domiducus and Domitius, two of the nuptial Gods 281 Domino, or De/poina, one of the titles of Proferpine 251 ! Doris, a fea nymph 222 Dreams, by what paffage falfe ones, and by what j ways true ones, are conveyed to men 2-9 Druids, priells among the Gauls 221 Dry odes, Nymphs of the woods ibid. E. J^CHO debauched by Pan, ic,8. Pines away for love of Narciffus 224 Educa , or Edufa , a tutelar. Goddefs to new-born in¬ fants 2861 Egeria , one of Juno’s titles, 72. Alfo a tutelar God- 1 defs to women in labour , 2S4 EleSira, one of,the daughters of Atlas 321 E lie ins, a name of Jupiter 20 Jileus, E/e/eus, Eleutherius , names of Bacchus 62, 63! Eloides, Nymphs of Bacchus 22I Eleujinia, one of the names of Ceres, 183. Major a facrifices to Ceres 5 Minora to Proferpina ibidi Elyfian fields deferibed 272 Empufce, the Gorgons, a defeription of them 269I Jtndymion , a gallant to the moon 21 fl Envy worfhipped as a Goddefs 343 Enyalius, one of the titles of Mars 81 Epbialtes, one of the Giants that warred againft hea¬ ven 2 6 - Epilencea, facrifices offered to Bacchus 6' ■Epi/ltophia , a name of Venus Ji. Equejlris, one of the titles of Fortune 3 Si Erato, one of the Mufes 188 Ergatis, one of the names of Minerva ioj ErichthoneuSy Erichtheus , or Erichthonicus, the fon of j Vulcan J 5 l Erifichtbon punifhed with perpetual hunger, fo that 1 he devours his own flelh. iSI 'Erinnysj a common name to the Furies 2jl £ro\ j i, 35 ; 38: 10 ErSnrtysj a common name to the Furies I N I> E y -*W 0 36- Eros, one of the names of Cupid f.rycinci, a name of Venus Et codes and Po/ynices , brothers who bore fucli mu¬ tual hatred, that they killed each other, 272. 'They are put on the fame funeral pile to be burnt, and the flame divides Euibns, Evehus, Evan , and End:ins, names of Bac¬ chus Eumen-idcs, the names of the Furies F.'iphro/yne, one of the Graces Europa carried away by Jupiter in the fhape of a white bull Furyale, one of the Gorgons* Euterpe, or Eutcrpia , one of the Mufes F. ^3 1 11 ibid. 62 256 16 26S 188 ■ TpAB AR 17 E Calender, the fir ft day of June 286 1 Fabulin 'is, a tutelar Goddefs to infants ibid. Faith worshipped as a Goddefs 33ft Fame worshipped as a Goddefs 348 Fa/celis, a title of Di.ana Taurica- 310 Fafcinum , one of the names of Priapus 205 Fates, a defciiption of the three, 254- Their de« feent, 255. Their names and offices ibid. Fauns , the fame as Satyrs , rural Gods 223 Faunusy or Eatuellus, the hufband of Fauna or.Fa-* tuella *, both were /killed in prophecy 203 . Fauna and Fatua, names of Cybele, J 7 2 , ‘ Fear worfhipped as a Goddefs 353c Fever worfhipped as a Goddefs • ibid. ibid. 223 283 : Fcbruus , one of the names of Pluto 249 : Februa, facrifices offered to appeafe the ghoft of departed friends, ibid. Alfo one of the nuptial Goddeffes- 283 : Fcbruaiify Februa/a, Februa , Februla , and Eluonia, names and titles of Juno 92 : Ferculus , one of the houfehold Gods 274 Feretriusy a name of Jupiter 20 Feronia , a Goddefs of the woods 218 Ferula, the walking-ftaff of Silenus 201 Feffonia, a tutelar Goddefs to adult perfons 287 ~ Fidelity worfhipped as a Goddefs 343 . Women Pornonalisy a prieft that ferves P^omona only 219 • Q. 3 . " Flora,;. 92 : 274 20 2l8 201 287 • 343 - K INDEX. S°k‘ Flora, the Goddefs of flowers, defcribed, 21’/. One of the Goddelfes of corn 22j, Flora/es , or Floralia, feafls in honour of her 2 j p Florida , one of Juno’s titles 90 Flavin les , Nymphs of the rivers 222 Fornax, one of the God defies rf corn 2:8 Fortune , vorfhippeJ as a Goddefs 3^9 Fors, Fortuna , or F01 tis Fort ana , names of Fortune, 347, 53C Fraud wor/liipped as a Goddefs 347 Fnlgens and Fulminatory names of Jupiter 2i, 25 Funeral Deities 290 2 r “ / O I M 9 ° ^ *■> -‘•"'I 2 : 3 } 3-191 2 9 8| 19 o\ 10 Fraud wor/liipped as a Goddefs 34/] Fulgent and Fulminatory names of Jupiter 21, 2 J Funeral Deities 290] Furies, a de/cription of the three, 2 to. Their defeent, I ibid. Why three in number, ibid. 1 he o (lice of them, j 257. What is meant by the fable of the Furies d/d ,| F//ry worfliipped as a Goddefs- 347! G. Q. ALAN THIS turned into a weafel 298 Gnlaxia , the milky way in the heavens j why fo called 293 Galli, the priefls of Cybele, their mad behaviour, 171. The reafon of their name, and the otFices they were employed in .174 ctfcq. Ganymede carried from mount Ida to heaven by Jupiter in the fhape of an eagle 16 Gates , in the palace of Soranus ; one of ivory, through which falfe dreams pafs ; the other of horn, through which true vifions come 259 Gemini , one of the conflellations of heaven, the fame with'Caftor and Pollux 308 Gen it or, Gragos , and Grap/ios , names of Jupiter 21 Genii, the guardian angels of men* 278.. Sometimes the fame with the Dares, ibid, or with the Dee- mens. ibid. Their images, 279. Sacrifices and the offerings to them, ibid. Bonus Genius w r or- fhipped as a God 280 Gc-nitvc, one of the names of Priapus 205 i rental Day , the birth-day; Genial Bed, the marriage- bed; Genial Life . a life of fenfuality and pleafure 27S Geryon , a moniter with three bodies, 267. Over¬ come by Hercules 297 Giants endeavoured to depofe Jupiter, but are de- flroycd by him 261 2 59 308 n t j* K 280 205 297 261 Glaucojpi*) I N D E X. 3^7 140 23 &' 141: 3° 1 Gtaucopis, one of the titles of Minerva. Glaucus , a filherman, made a fea God Gnoffis, one of the names of Ariadne Golden age defcribed by Virgil and Ovid Golden fleece, a defcription of it Gordons, the names and defcription of them 26S, 269 Grace*, three fillers, their defeent, 125. A dc- feription of them Grace-cap filled with wine and water, and,drank off to the Bonus Genius Gradivus , one of the titles of Mars. Greek letters, by whom invented ibid 344 80 17 2 49 r 288 32Z 22t 3 S 2 268. 34 ^ ibid,. 21X. H.. JGj^HDES, one of the names of Pluto Hrercs 9 Martin , a tutelar Goddefs to adult perfons Ha Icy one, one of. the daughters- of Atlas Hamadryades, Nymphs of the woods Harpoc rates, the-God.of Silence Harpies, their names, and a defcription of them Health worfhipped as a Goddefs Hebe , the Goddefs of Youth, her birth and office, 88. Difgraces herfelf by an unlucky fall, and is turned, out of her office. Hecate, wliy Diana was called by this name 2x0, Helena, the. moft beautiful virgin in the world, rx»ns away with Paris, 1212 After his death marries his brother Deiphpbus, 122. She betrays him to Menelaus, and fo becomes reconciled to him Helicon , the Mufes mount Heliconides, or Heliconiades, the Mufes fo called Hell defcribed ^ * Helte drowned in that fea which from her is finee called the He lief pout Heilejpontiacus, one of the titles of Pr^apus Heraui, facrifices offered to Juno Hercules, his birth, 293. His names, 293. His labours, 296. His death Herculc, Hcrcle, Hercules, an oath taken only by men, whereas women ufed the oath JE.cn,'lor 30S Hernne, 'ftatues of Mercury fet up for the dirc&ictv of paffengers and-travelleis 5^ Her/nap hrodUus ibid\ S IZ i £y -43 01 3 205 90 .v o jW 0 > o J 9 INDEX. 368 Hermapht oditus- and Salmq/is, made into one per* fon, called an Hermaphrodite Hermatherue , images ultd among the Romans Hermes , one of Mercury’s names Hermione , the dau ghter of Mars and Venus, 8r. Promifed to Orclies, but married to Pyrrhus Hejione , the daughter of King Laornedon, deliver* ed from a iea-monfler by Hercules He/per, Hcfperus , or He/per ugo , the brother of At¬ las turned into an evening liar He/per ides , the three daughters of Hefperus, ibid. In tlieir garden golden apples grew, over which a dragon kept watch. Hercules deftroys the dragon, and takes away the fruit Hind with brazen feet and golden horns, hunted and caught by Hercules IJi/pius and Hippodrovius , names of Neptune Hippocampi , fea-horfes that drew Neptune’s cha¬ riot, defcribed Hippccrene , the Mules fountain Hippocrenides , the Mufes fo called H/ppolytus, the fon of Thefeus, of exemplary chaf- rity, is killed by a fall from his chariot, and re- (lored to life by ALlculapius 305, TJippolyte , Queen of the Amazons, her army de¬ feated by Hercules Htppomene and , j upiter’s intrigue with her, 88. She is turned into a cow, Ibid. After her death worfliipped by the Egyptians, and called IJis 33^ lolaus , an old man reftored to his youth again 296 lo/Cy Hercules falls in love with her 300 Iphiclus , the fon of Amphitryo and Alcmena 292 Iphigenia is carried to be facrificcd to Diana Tau- rica y but is fpared, and made her prieftefs 310 Iphisy a beautiful virgin, turned into a man, and marries Ianthe 334 Iris r the fervant of Juno, her parentage and offices, 86. Never fent but to promote ftrife and diflention 87 fringes , the daughter of Pan . 198 IJis, a Goddefs worfliipped by the Egyptians, call- ed alfo Io _ 332, 333 Judges of hell,, their names and characters 259, 260 Juga, one of Juno’s titles 93 Jugattnus , one of the nuptial Gods 2S1 Juno violated by Jupiter in the fliape of a crow 1 , 14. Pier image deferibed, 85. Her birth and parentage, 86. Where born, ibid. Her children, 87. Herfeveral names, 90. Jealoufy her notorious fault, 88. The fignification of the fable of Juno 94 Juno Infer nd , a name of Proferpina 25 t Juno Lucindy a tutelar Goddefs to women in labour 284 Juno Cinxipy Perjedldy or ^Idultdy one of the nup¬ tial Goddefles 281, 282 JujiotieSy the guardian angels of women 280 Jutioniusy one of the titles of Janus 15Q Jupitery many of them, and of different patentage, 12. The moft famous the fon of'Saturn, ibid. A defeription of his image10. Where born, and by whom educated, 12. His war with the Giants, 13. His fliameful debaucheries, 14. His fe- *iana, 213. A tutelar Goddefs to new-born infants • 2S5 Op Sy one of thfc names .of Cybele' 170 Orbonay a tutelar Goddefs to adult perfons 28-7 Orcus, or OurnguSy names of - Pluto 249 Oreades and Oreftiodcs , Nymphs of the hills • 222 Grefics kills his mother Clytemneftra and her gallant -fEgifthus, 309. And afterwards Pyrrhus, for marrying his fvveetheart Hermione ibid. Orgyay feafls in honour of Bacchus* 6 g* Alfo facri¬ fices to Cybele 174 Orioriy his flrange birth, 331. Killfed for his arro¬ gance by a fcorpion, and made a conftellation ihuh Orpheus y his parentage, hh amazing fkill in mufic, 324 \ whereby he overcomes the Sirens, 238 \ and brings Earydice Ins wife from* hell, but lofes her • again, 324. Refol ves never to marry, for which he is 35 2 Pales , the Goddefs of fhepherds 2t6 Palilia, or Parila , facrifices offered up to Pales, ibid. Pallas , one of the names of Minerva 99 Palladium, an image cf Minerva that fell from hea¬ ven ibid. Pallaniias, one of the names of Aurora 334 the chief of the rural Gods, 195. His defeent, 196 'I'he defeription of his image, ibid. The meaning of the fable of Pan, 197. His a ftrikes off Medufa’s head, and therewith turns At¬ las into a rock. At length he, Andromeda, and his mother Cafftopeia, are made conftellations 312 Pcric/imenus, one that could transform himfelf into • any lhape, 234. Killed by Hercules in the ftiape of a-fly ibid* PeJjinuntia , a Goddefs whole image was only a fliape- lefs lione, 113. One of the names of Cybele 174 Phtfdra folicits her ion Hippolytus to wickcdnefs, but in vain 305 Phaeton , the fon of Sol, obtains leave to drive the chariot of the fun for one day, 47. Overthrows it, and thereby fets on-fire the heavens-and the earth Is by Jupiter It ruck dead for it by thunder into • the river Po, ibid. His lifters turned into poplar- trees, ibid. The meaning of this fable ibid. Phalli , images fet up in honour of Bacchus 7 2 Pha!lu\. one of the names of Priapus 2 Cf Phallic a , feafts In honour of Bacchus 7- Pbamvus , one of Apollo’s names 36 Pbilammon , a famous lutanifi: 214 Phlegcthofly *8 I N D E X. 3 7F Phlegethon, or Pcriph/egethon , one of the infernal ■ ‘ / rivers Phleyyas burns the temple of Apollo, and is re markably puniihed for it in hell Phorcus , or Phorcys , one of Neptune’s fons Phofphones', the mo min e liar Piccus Pncr y the title of Harpocrates the Ood of 247 ' 264: 232 323 Silence Picutnnus , a rural God Pie rules, or Pieria , the Mufes fo called Piety worihipped as a Goddefs Pilumnus one of the Gods of corn, 228. A. tutelar God of breeding women Perithous , the intimate friend to Thefeus, torn to oho 227 389- 339 * 2S3 3°4 23> 24 8 Wh y ihuL 321 ibid. pieces by Cerberus 3°4. Pijlot *, P/uviusPrudator, names of Jupiter 23, 24 Plcbcii Dii, Gods of the lowed order 8 Pleiades- feven daughters of Atlas, 322. Why they had this name ibid 1 Plcione , the wife of Atlas 321 Pleocaris , one of the daughters of Atlas ibid. Pluto , the king of hell, deferibed, 248. Steals away Proferpine, 248, 252. His feveral names, 249 His office and power 25O' Plulus , the God of riches, deferibed 251. Podohrius , the fon of ./Efculapius 316- Fceru 7, accounted a Deity by the Ethopians 2S9 Pollux and Cajlor , twins, their birth, 306. Their ac¬ tions, 307. They (hare immortality between them, and are made the conftcllation Gemini 30S Polyhymnia , Po/jmnia , or* Polymncia, one of the Mufes 1 38 Pvlynices and Eteocler, two brothers who killed each other, 272. An inflance of their itreconcileable hatred ibid', Polyphemus , the fon of Neptune, a great robber 160 Po/yxena marries Achilles, and alter his death is fa- crificed to appeafe his ghoft 327. Pomona, the Goddefs of fruits, 219. Courted and married by Vertumnus 220 Pontja.j one of the titles of Venus 112 Porta « 3 So I N X> £ X. Porta Libltina , a gate at .Rome through which fu¬ nerals pa fled Porthmcus and Portltor , names of Charon Portumnus , one of the fea Gods, the fame with Pa- 290 O A 236. 2 30 2 1 ^ 285 352 2 N I 200 Icsawn Pofeidon . one'of Neptune^s names Potamidcs , Nymphs of the rivers Potina. a tutelar Goddefs to new-born infants ' Poverty worlhipped as a Goddefs Prcetic/iina , one of Fortune’s titles Prcc/liles , the fame with Genii , the guardian-angels of mankind Priapnr, the God of the gardens, a defcriptlon of his image, 2.Q4. His birth and deformity, /£/is, or Sorci/is , an Egyptian God* the fame with Apis, 333. Where, and in what manner w'Or- • flapped # 334 Servator, Safer , Stator, Stab i/it or, names and titles of Jupiter _ _ 23, 24 Silence , the God and Goddeffes of it worfhipped by the Romans 35 2 Silcnus , Bacchus’s companion, deferibed 201 Sirens, fea-monffers, a defeription of them', 237. O- vercomc by Orpheus, and turned into llones, 238 -The explication of this fable of the Sirens 241 Sifc/huS) I N D E X. o ® s* w o 93 c liow puihihed in hell for his notorious rob¬ beries 2 ~6 Socigcna, one of J-uno’s titles Sul, one of Apollo’s names 36 Scsinus, the God of ilecp, deferibed 259, 260 Sphinx propounds a riddle, which Oedipus refolvcs, 270. IDeftroys hcrfelf ibid. Apulia Opima , thofe fpoils which, in battle, one Ge¬ neral takes from another 20, 21 Stalo, or Statna Mater , a tutelar Goddefs to adult perfoils 288 State, one of the titles of Fortune 351 Statani/s, or Siciilinus, a tutelar Goddefs to infants 286 Siallio turned into an evet or newt 383 Stercjitus , S*li rent ins, Sterculius, or Sterquilius, a ru¬ ral God, whofiriL taught how to improve ground by dungkig it 227 'Stercufius, one of the names of Saturn 141 Stbeno, one of the Gorgons 268 Sthenob'x.i endeavours to entice Bcllerophon to adulte¬ ry, but is rejecled, 313, and therefore kills herfelf ibid\ Slimula and Siren ua, tutelar GoddeiTesto adult perfons 287 Sivmphalities , birds that feed on human fleili, dc- Aroyed by Hercules 296 Styx, one of the infernal rivers 246 Suada , one of the nuptial Goddefles '281 Sue a Ice, the daughters of Atlas called alio Ilyadcs 323 Sutnmanus, a name of Pluto 25c Sun, why called Sol in Latin, 43 ; and by the Per- fians Mil hr a , ibid. By the Egyptians named Ho - rus , 44. His defeent, 43. His amours one of the Gods of the woods Synthejis, a cloak worn only by gentlemen 6’>’ » j* .• See Siren s . flies from Pan, and is turned into a bundle 44 200 3 43 of reed s T 3 S3 IT, one of the Godd^ffes of Silence 352 Tantalus kills and d relies his own fon Pelops, 266.. His punifliment for it'in hell, ibid . The meaning cf this fable ' 267 Tauriceps , INDEX. 3 8 4 Gt S2I 176 ibid. 85 Tauriceps Tavr/formis, names of Bacchus Toygete^ one of the daughters of Atlafc 4 Te/cbines , priefts of Cybele 4 Tetegonus , the ion of Clydes by Penelope < Telcthufa y the mother of Iphis 33.4 Tetnpcjias worihipped as a Goddefs 252 Tereus marries Progne,and falls in love with herfifter Philomela, 83. Debauches her on the road, and to prevent difco very cuts outlier tongue, ibid. She in¬ forms Progne of his villany by needle work, ibid. Progne, to revenge this injury, drefles Itys, and makes his father Tereus feed on him for fupper, 84. Progne is hereupon turned into a fwallow, Philomela into a nightingale, Terms into a whoo- poo, and ltys into a pheafant ? erminus, one of the rural Gods, 206. A deferip- tionof his image, 207. His facrifices called Tcr- tnina/ia ibid. *TerpJichore , one of the Mufes 188 Terrcjlrial Gods and GoddeiTes, their names 137 4 Terr c/I,rial Ny m phs 221 Thalia, one of the Graces, 125. Alfo one of the Mufes 188 Theodainas killed by Hercules. 299 Thefeus , his parentage, 303. His intimate friendfhip with Pirithous, 304. Goes to hell, and returns fafe from thence, ibid. His other adventures, 30 j, 3°6 Thcfmophoria^S acridces offered to Ceres 184 Tbijbe and FyramuSy two moil unfortunate lovers, their dory 116 Thydes , Bacchus’s companions, 60. His nymphs 223 Thyas, king of Taurica Cherfonefus, killed by his fubjedls 310 Thyonceus and Trtumphus , names of Bacchus 64 Tigellus , Tonans y Tonitrualis, Trioculus, and Trioph- thalmus , names and titles given to Jupiter 23, 25 Tirefeas, how he came to lofe his fight, -ioo. He is amply made amends for that lofs by receiving the . gift of prophecy tbid. Tifiphone , one of the Furies .256 titans make war onTupitur, and arefubdued 263 Tithonus y I N D E X. 2S4 iSz 39 *35 ior 213 299 34 * 228 3 2r 3°7 * Tithonus marries Aurora, obtains immortality, but growing extremely weak and decrepid, is at laft turned into a grafshopper • 134, *3$ Tityus , one of the Giants that warred againft hea¬ ven 263 Trieterica , facrifices to Bacchus 67 Triformis , or Tcrgejnina , titles of Diana 2O9 Triptolemus educated by Ceres, who every night co¬ vered him with fire, 181 • Sent by her to teach men the ufe and improvement of corn Tripos in Apollo’s temple Triton , Neptune’s foil, defcribed V ritonia , one of the names of Minerva Trivia , one of the names of Hecate or Diana tTroy, the walls of it built by the mufic of Apollo’s harp, 32. Deftroyed by Hercules Truth worfliipped as a Goddefs Tutelina , or Tutulina , one of the Goddefles of corn Tycbe, one of the daughters of Atlas Tyndaris , one of Helena’s names Tyndaridce , the children of Tyndarus $ Helena, Cly- temneftra, Caflor, and Pollux ibid Typhous, or Typhon 7 one of the Giants that warred again It heaven 261 V 7 y~j 4 CUNd? 7 a tutelar Goddefs to adult perfons 287 * Vagitanus , or Vaticanus , a tutelar God to new¬ born infants 185 Va//onia % the Goddefs of the valleys 226 Vejovis , Vejupiter, Vedias , names given to Jupiter 25 Venetia 7 one of Neptune’s‘wives 230 Venus , her image defcribed, 107. Her defcent, 109- And marriage, 110. Her feveral names, ibid. Her A&ions, 114. Her companions, 122. One of the nuptial Goddefles, 281. An explanation of the fable of Venus 126 Vergilice, feven of the daughters of Atlas, called Plei¬ ades Verticordia , a title of Venus 114 Vertumnus courts and obtains Pomona, 219, 220. Can transform himfelf into any fhape 233 Vefcii Diij Gods of the loweft rank and order 8 K Ve/per, I N D E X. 5386 l^efper, or Vefperugo , the brother of Atlas, turned into the eve run g-ft a r 328 '■VeJIa the Elder, the oldeft of the Goddefies, 166, A defcription of her image, 167. She is the fame with the Earth. ibid\ 'VeJIa the Vounger, the fame with the element Fire, ibid\ Explanation of the fable of Vefta 160 VeJIa, why round tables were fo called 168 VtJIal Fire , how preserved perpetually among the Romans 167 Yibilia, a tutelar Goddefs to adult perfons 287 Vines firft: planted by Bacchus, 65’. The art of prun- ibiii. 352 to 34 1 282 3 Si 282 3 3 5 ‘ 287 238. His va- ing them fir ft taught by an a fs .Violence worfhipped as a Goddefs Virginia , daughter of Aulus, dedicates an altar Pudicitia Plebeia Viriplaca , one of the Nuptial GoddefTes ■Virgo, one of the titles of Fortune VirginenJis , one of the nuptial Goddefies Virilis , one of the titles of Fortune Virtue wonhipped as a Goddefs . Vijcata, or Vifcofa , one of the titles of Fortune Vi tula, a tutelar Goddefs to adult perfons XJlyJfes, hisdefcent, his marriage with Penelope, 327. Preferves himfelf from the Sirens, rious adventures 328 et fee. 'UnJerJla tiding worfhipped as a Goddefs 341 Unxia , one of the.titles of Juno 9 j. Volumnus and Vulumna , tutelar Deities to adult per¬ fons 2SS Volupia, a tutelar Goddefs to adult perfons 2S7 Vo/ujia , one of the Goddefies of corn 227 Urania , one of the Mufes 189 Vulcan, a defcription of him, 155. His birth andde- feent, 1 56. His employment ibid. Courts Miner¬ va, but is rejedled j marries Venus, who is falfe to his bed, ibid . Makes the firft woman, who is called Pandora, 157. His children, 159. His fervants, 138. The fignification of the fable of Vulcan 16,1 Yulcania 3 fealts celebrated in honour of Vulcan 157 3^7 INDEX. W. JjrALLS of Baby! on one of the wonders of the rr world 46 Wonders of the World, feven particularly fo called 45 Wife Men of Greece, their names and characters 40, 41 X. ~\ 7 ~ANTHUS, one of the horfes of Achilles, his -A defeent* Xenia , all prefents made to ft rangers called fo Z. r-f AGREUS, one of the names of Bacchus dZ-J Zephyr us, his defeent Zeus } one of Jupiter’s names 268 26 70 26S 2-J