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+J 
+
+
+A 
+
+NEW SYSTEM, 
+
+OR, AN 
+
+G 
+
+A N A L Y S I S 
+
+O F 
+
+ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY. 
+
+
+VOL. 
+
+
+I. 
+
+
+
+
+A 
+
+
+NEW SYSTEM, 
+
+» * 
+
+OR, AN 
+
+ANALYS I S 
+
+O F 
+
+ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY: 
+
+& 
+
+Wherein an Attempt is made to divefl: Tradition of Fable; 
+
+and to reduce the Truth to its Original Purity. 
+
+In this WORK is given an HISTORY of the 
+
+BABYLONIANS, CANAANITES, LELEGES, 
+
+CHALDEANS, HELLADIANS, DORIANS, 
+
+EGYPTIANS,. ION IAN S, PELASGI: 
+
+ALSOOFTHE 
+
+SCYTHE, I ETHIOPIANS, 
+
+INDO-SCYTHA, PHENICIANS. 
+
+♦ 
+
+The Whole contains an Account of the principal Events in the firft Ages, from the 
+Deluge to the Dispersion : Alfo of the various Migrations, which enfued, and 
+the Settlements made afterwards in different Parts : Circumftances of great Confe- 
+quence, which were fubfequent to the Gentile History of Moses. 
+
+VOL. I. 
+
+THE SECOND EDITION. 
+
+By JACOB BRYANT, 
+
+Formerly of King’s College, Cambridge ; and Secretary to his Grace the late Duke 
+of Marlborough, during his Command abroad; and Secretary to him as Matter 
+General of His Majetty’s Ordnance. 
+
+^ rnmrnm i—————ww n—i>p——a—» 
+
+LONDON: 
+
+Printed for T. PAYNE, Mews-Gate; P. ELM SLY, in the Strand; 
+B. WHITE, in Fleet-street; and J. WALTER, Charing-cross. 
+
+M.DCC.LXXV. 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+V 
+
+
+( V ) 
+
+
+PREFACE. 
+
+ft 
+
+ft 
+
+3STct<p£, KCil [JLSfJLVCHT omifeiv' CtgQgCX, TCLVTOi TOJV <po£VOt)V. 
+
+Epicharmus. 
+
+ft 
+
+I T is my purpofe in the enfuing work to give an account 
+
+of the firft ages ; and of the great events, which hap¬ 
+pened in the infancy of the world. In confequence of 
+this I {hall lay before the Reader, what the Gentile writers 
+have faid upon this fu-bjed, collaterally with the accounts 
+given by Mofes, as long as I find him engaged in the general 
+hiftory of mankind. By thefe means I {hall be able to bring 
+furprifing proofs of thofe great occurrences, which the facred 
+penman has recorded. And when his hiftory becomes more 
+limited, and is confined to a peculiar people, and a private 
+difpenfation , I fhall proceed to fhew, what was fubfequent 
+to his account after the migration of families, and the dii- 
+perfion from the plains of Shinar. When mankind were 
+Vol. I. b multiplied 
+
+* 
+
+
+
+
+
+vi PREFACE. 
+
+« 
+
+9 
+
+♦ 
+
+I 
+
+% 
+
+4 \ 
+
+l 
+
+multiplied upon the earth, each great family had by 1 divine 
+appointment a particular place of deftination, to which they 
+retired. In this manner the firft nations were conftituted, 
+and kingdoms founded. But great changes were foon ef¬ 
+fected ; and colonies went abroad without any regard to their 
+original place of allotment. New eftablifhments were foon 
+made; from whence enfued a mixture of people and lan¬ 
+guages. Thefe are events of the highefl confequence : of 
+which we can receive no intelligence, but through the hands 
+of the Gentile writers. 
+
+It has been obferved by many of the learned, that fome 
+particular family betook themfelves very early to different 
+parts of the world ; in all which they introduced their rites 
+and religion, together with the cuftoms of their country. 
+They reprefent them as very knowing and enterprizing : 
+
+and with good reafon. They were the firft, who ventured 
+
+* 
+
+upon the feas, and undertook long voyages. They fhewed 
+tb~ir fuperiority and addrefs in the numberlefs expeditions, 
+which they made, and the difficulties, which they furmount- 
+ed. Many have thought that they were colonies from 
+Egypt, or from Phenicia; having a regard only to the fettle- 
+ments, which they made in the weft. But I fhall fhew 
+hereafter, that oolonies of the fame people are to be found 
+in the mo ft extream parts of the eaft: where we may ob¬ 
+serve the fame rites and ceremonies, and the lame tradi¬ 
+tional hiftories, as are to be met with in their other fettle- 
+ments. The country called Phenicia could not have fuf- 
+
+3 KstTet 3-eiov S'v^.qvoti j ypncry.ov. Eufebii Chron. p. io. See alfo Syncellus. 
+
+liced 
+
+
+
+PREFACE. 
+
+
+• • 
+
+
+Vli 
+
+
+W 
+
+ficed for the effecting all, that is attributed to thefe mighty 
+adventurers. It is neceflary for me to acquaint the Reader, 
+that the wonderful people, to whom I allude, were the de- 
+
+s 
+
+fcendents of Chus ; and called Cuthites, and Cufeans. They 
+Hood their ground at the general migration of families: 
+
+
+but were at laft fcattered 
+were the firft apoftates 
+
+
+the face of the earth 
+
+
+They 
+
+
+from the truth ; yet great in worldly 
+
+
+wifdom. They introduced, wherever they came, many ufe 
+
+to, as a fuperior order of be 
+
+
+ful arts ; and were looked 
+
+
+mgs 
+
+
+up 
+
+
+: hence they were ftyled Heroes, Dasmons, Heliadse, 
+Macarians. They were joined in their expeditions by other 
+nations; efpecially by the collateral branches of their fa¬ 
+mily, the Mizraim, Caphtorim, and the fons of Canaan. 
+Thefe were all of the line of Ham, who was held by his pofte- 
+rity in the higheft veneration. They called him Amon: 
+and having in procefs of time railed him to a divinity, they 
+worlhiped him as the Sun : and from ’this worfhip they were 
+
+
+ftyled Amonians 
+
+
+This 
+
+
+ppellation, which will 
+
+
+in the courfe of this work : and I am autho- 
+the ufe of it from Plutarch ; from whom we may 
+
+not uncommon among the fons of Ham. 
+
+
+nually o< 
+rized in 
+infer, that 
+
+He Ipecifies particularly in refpeCt to the Egyptians, that, 
+when any two of that nation met, they ufed it as a term of 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+honour 
+
+nians. 
+
+
+their a falutations, and called 
+
+
+another Amo 
+
+
+This therefore will be the title, by. which I fhall 
+
+
+choofe to diftinguifh the people, of whom 
+fpeak of them collectively 
+
+
+when 
+
+
+for under this denomination 
+
+
+included all of this family ; whether they 
+
+
+yptian 
+
+
+a Aiyv7mw*-*'zcrpos 
+
+
+9 
+
+Ifis et Oiiris. p. 355* 
+
+
+b 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+• * c 
+
+Vili 
+
+
+
+
+
+or Syrians, of Phenicia, or of Canaan. They were a people,, 
+who carefully preferved memorials of their anceftors ; and 
+of thofe great events, which had preceded their difperfion. 
+Thefe were defcribed in hieroglyphics upon pillars and obe- 
+lifks : and when they arrived at the knowledge of letters, 
+the fame accounts were religioufly maintained both in their 
+facred archives, and popular records. It is mentioned of 
+Sanchoniathon, the mold ancient of Gentile writers, that he 
+obtained all his knowledge from fame writings of the Amo- 
+nians. It was the good fortune of Sanchoniathon , fays 3 Philo 
+Biblius, to light upon fo??ie a7icient Amonian records , which had 
+been preferred in the innermofi part of a temple , and known to 
+very few . Upon this difcovery he applied himfelf with great di- 
+ligence to make hwifelf wafer of the contents ; and havings by- 
+divefimg the?n of the fable a7id allegory , with which they were 
+ohfcured,^ obtained his purpofe , he brought the whole to a con - 
+clufo7i . 
+
+1 fhould be' glad to give the Reader a ftill further infight 
+into the fyftem, which I am about to purfue. But fuch is 
+the fcope of my inquiries, and the purport of my determi¬ 
+nations, as may poflibly create in him fome prejudice to my 
+defign : all which would be obviated, were he to be carried 
+flep by ftep to the general view, and be made partially ac¬ 
+quainted, according as the fcene opened. What I have to 
+exhibit, is in great meafure newand I fhall be obliged to 
+
+
+} r O Ss cruyMccfcov to:c cctto t&v clS'utwv IvpY&eiviv ct7ro%pv<pots AMMOTRE0N. 
+
+yea.uya.cn avS.Aiyivo.c^ a S tf* r,v 'urcccri yv&^ifxccy tvv ycSncnv, cc7rccvrcov xvroi venture' 
+'}ica 'tzAgs e?rtkti$ t>i 'zzrgccyuctTSict tcv kcct apya.3 /txt■ tcl$ ccAAriyopiccs ex7roJ''a)v 
+
+•or cr.jc-xyzyo^ ir,v Eufcb. Pncp. Evang. L. I. c. 9. p. 32* 
+
+
+
+
+run- 
+
+
+
+P R E F A C E. 
+
+
+IX 
+
+
+run counter to many received opinions, which length of time, 
+and general alfent, have in a manner rendered facred. What 
+is truly alarming, I jfhall be found to differ not only from 
+fome few hifforians, as is the cafe in common controverly ; 
+but in fome degree from all: and this in refpedf to many of 
+the moft eflential points, upon which hifforical precifion has 
+been thought to depend. My meaning is, that I muff fet 
+afide many fuppofed fabts, which have never been contro- 
+
+v 
+
+verted : and difpute many events, which have not only been 
+admitted as true; but have been looked up to as certain 
+seras, from whence other events were to be determined. All 
+our knowledge of Gentile hiffory muff either come through 
+the hands of the Grecians ; or of the Romans, who copied 
+from them. I fhall therefore give a full account of the Hel- 
+ladian Greeks, as well as of the Ibnim, or Ionians, in Alia : 
+alfo of the Dorians, Leleges, and Pelafgi. What may appear 
+very prefumptuous, I fhall deduce from their own hiffories 
+many truths, with which they were totally unacquainted ; 
+and give to them an original, which they certainly did not 
+know. They have bequeathed to us noble materials, of which 
+it is time to make a ferious ufe. It was their misfortune not 
+to know the value of the data, which they tranfmitted, nor 
+the purport of their own intelligence. 
+
+It will be one part of my labour to treat of the Phenicians, 
+whole hiffory has been much miffaken: alfo of the Scythians, 
+whole original has been hitherto a fecret. From fuch an 
+elucidation many good confequences will, I hope, enfuc : as 
+the Phenicians, and Scythians have hitherto afforded the 
+ufual place of retreat for ignorance to fhelter itfelf. It will 
+
+therefore 
+
+
+
+X 
+
+
+PREFACE. 
+
+
+therefore be my endeavour to fpecify and diftinguifti the va¬ 
+rious people under thefe denominations; of whom writers 
+have fo generally, and indifcriminately fpoken. I fhall fay 
+a great deal about the ^Ethiopians, as their hiftory has never 
+been compleatly given: alfo of the Indi, and Indo-Scythae, 
+who fee m to have been little regarded. There will bean 
+account exhibited of the Cimmerian, Hyperborean, and Ama¬ 
+zonian nations, as well as of the people of Colchis : in which 
+
+the religion, rites, and original, of thofe nations will be 
+
+■ 
+
+pointed out. I know of no writer, who has written at large 
+of the Cyclopians. Yet their hiftory is of great antiquity, 
+and abounds with matter of confequence. I fhall therefore 
+treat of them very fully, and at the fame time of the great 
+works which they performed : and fubjoin an account of the 
+Leftrygons, Lamii, Sirens, as there is a clofe correfpondence 
+between them. 
+
+As it will be my bufinefs to abridge hiftory of every thing 
+fuperfluous, and foreign ; I fhall be obliged to fet afide many 
+ancient lawgivers, and princes, who were fuppofed to have 
+formed republics, and to have founded kingdoms. I cannot 
+acquiefce in the ftale legends of Deucalion of Theffaly, of 
+Inachus of Argos, and TEgialeus of Sicyon: nor in the long 
+line of princes, who are derived from them. The fuppofed 
+heroes of the firft ages in every country are equally fabulous. 
+No fuch conquefts were ever atchieved, as are afcribed to 
+Oftris, Dionufus, and Sefoftris. The hiftories of Hercules, 
+and Perfeus, are equally void of truth. I am convinced, and 
+hope I fhall fatisfa<ftorily prove, that Cadmus never brought 
+letters to Greece : and that no fuch perfon exifted as the 
+
+
+7 
+
+
+Grecians 
+
+
+
+PREFACE. 
+
+
+xi 
+
+
+Grecians have defcribed. What I have faid about Sefoftris 
+and Oftris, will be repeated about Ninus, and Semiramis, 
+two perfonages, as ideal as the former. There never were 
+fuch expeditions undertaken, nor conquefts made, as are at¬ 
+tributed to thefe princes : nor were any fuch empires confti- 
+tuted, as are fuppofed to have been eftablifhed by them. I 
+make as little account of the hiftories of Saturn, Janus, Pe- 
+lops, Atlas, Dardanus, Minos of Crete, and Zoroafter of 
+Badtria. Yet fomething myfterious, and of moment, is con¬ 
+cealed under thefe various characters : and the inveftigation 
+of this latent truth will be the principal part of my inquiry. 
+In refpeCt to Greece, I can afford credence to very few events, 
+which were antecedent to the Olympiads. I cannot give 
+the leaft afient to the ftory of Phryxus, and the golden fleece. 
+It feems to me plain beyond doubt, that there were no fuch 
+perfons as the Grecian Argonauts : and that the expedition 
+of Jafon to Colchis was a fable. 
+
+After having cleared my way, I fhall proceed to the 
+fources, from whence the Grecians drew. I fhall give an 
+account of the Titans, and Titanic war, with the hiftory of 
+the Cuthites and ancient Babylonians. This will be accom¬ 
+panied with the Gentile hiftory of the Deluge, the migration 
+of mankind from Shinar, and the difperfton from Babel. The 
+whole will be crowned with an account of ancient Egypt; 
+wherein many circumftances of high confequence in chro¬ 
+nology will be ftated. In the execution of the whole there 
+will be brought many furprizing proofs in confirmation of 
+the Mofaic account: and it will be found from repeated evi¬ 
+dence, that every thing, which the divine hiftorian has tranf- 
+
+mitted. 
+
+
+
+PREFACE. 
+
+
+• • 
+
+
+Xll 
+
+
+mitted, is moft affuredly 
+
+
+And though the nations, who 
+
+
+preferred memorials of the Deluge, have not perhaps Rated 
+
+
+tely the time of that 
+
+
+yet 
+
+
+will be found the 
+
+
+grand epocha, to which they referred ; the higheft point,-to 
+which they could afcend. This was efteemed the renewal 
+of the world ; the new birth ©f mankind ; and the ultimate 
+
+
+r 
+
+
+Gentile hiftory 
+
+
+yft 
+
+
+may perhaps be difcernible 
+
+
+of the antediluvian fyftem 
+
+
+but 
+
+
+has been thought 
+
+
+that 
+
+
+y few, and hardly perceptible. It 
+Ciialdaic, and Egyptian accounts exceed not 
+3 of the Deluge, but the sera of the world : and 
+
+
+t? 
+
+
+nly 
+
+
+ond th 
+
+
+ly carried the chronology of the latter be 
+
+
+term of his artificial 4 period 
+
+
+upon enquiry 
+
+
+we diall find the chronology of this people very different 
+from the reprefentations, which have been given. 
+
+
+This will 
+
+
+flic 
+
+
+by 
+
+
+Egyptians themfelves 
+
+
+the per for 
+of the far 
+as well as 
+borrowed 
+
+
+and precife account, exhibited by the 
+yet overlooked and contradicted by 
+
+receive it. Something 
+
+
+hand 
+
+
+we 
+
+
+Abyden 
+
+him. 
+
+
+om 
+
+
+great moment: 
+
+kJ 
+
+
+and will afford 
+
+
+be attempted in refpedt to Berofus ; 
+Polyhiftor, and Apollodorus, who 
+
+ies contained matter of 
+le wonderful difcoveries. 
+
+
+Their hifto 
+
+
+from that which has preceded. 
+Deluge was the grand epocha of every 
+
+
+lent kingdom. It is to be obferved 
+
+
+when colonies 
+
+
+ftory 
+
+
+fettlement, they ingrafted their antecedent 
+
+
+fubfequent events of the 
+
+
+And 
+
+
+Ho makes it exceed tne rera of the Mofaic creation 1336 years. See Marlham’s 
+
+
+Canon. Chron. p. i. 
+
+
+2 
+
+
+thofe 
+
+
+
+PREFACE. 
+
+
+XI! 1 
+
+
+tliofe days they could carry up the genealogy of their princes 
+to the very lource of all; it will be found, under whatever 
+title he may come, that the firft king in every country was 
+Noah. For as he was mentioned firft in the genealogy of 
+their princes, he was in aftertimes looked upon as a real mon- 
+arch; and reprefented as a great traveller, a mighty con¬ 
+queror, and fovereign of the whole earth. This circumftance 
+will appear even in the annals of the Egyptians : and though 
+their chronology has been fuppofed to have reached beyond 
+that of any nation, yet it coincides very happily with the 
+accounts given by Mofes. 
+
+In the profecution of my fyftem I fhall not amufe the 
+Reader with doubtful and folitary extracts ; but coiled: all, 
+that can be obtained upon the fubjed:, and ftiew the univerfal 
+fcope of writers. I fhall endeavour particularly to compare 
+facred hiftory with profane, and prove the general affent of 
+mankind to the wonderful events recorded. My purpofe is 
+not to lay fcience in ruins ; but inftead of defolating to build 
+up, and to redify what time has impaired: to diveft, mytho¬ 
+logy of every foreign and unmeaning ornament; and to dis¬ 
+play the truth in its native fimplieity : to {hew,, that all the 
+rites and myfteries of the Gentiles were only fo many me¬ 
+morials of their principal aneeftors and of the great occur¬ 
+rences, to which they had been witneffes. Among thefe me¬ 
+morials the chief were the ruin of mankind by a flood and 
+the renewal of the world in one family. They had. fymbo- 
+lical reprefentations, by which thefe occurrences were com¬ 
+memorated : and the ancient hymns in their temples were 
+to the fame purpofe. They all related to. the hiftory of 
+
+
+Vol. I 
+
+
+c 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+xiv PREFACE. 
+
+the firft ages; and to the fame events, which are recorded 
+by Mofes. 
+
+Before I can arrive at this effential part of my enquiries, 
+I muft give an account of the rites and customs of ancierrt 
+Hellas; and of thole people, whom I term Amonians. This 
+I muft do in order to fhew, from whenee they came: and 
+from what quarter their evidence as derived. A great deal 
+will be faid of their religion and rites : alfo of their towers, 
+temples, and Puratheia, where .their worfhip was performed. 
+The miftakes likewife of the Greeks in refpedt to ancient 
+terms, which they ftrangely perverted, will be exhibited in 
+many inftances : and much true hiftory will be afcertained 
+from a detedion of this peculiar mifapplication. It is a cir- 
+cutnftance of great confequence, to which little attention 
+has been paid. Great light however will accrue from exa¬ 
+mining this abufe, and obferving the particular mode of 
+error: and the only way of obtaining an infight muft be by 
+an etymological procefs, and by recurring to the primitive 
+language of the people, concerning whom we are treating. 
+As the Amonians betook themfelves to regions widely fe- 
+parated; we fhall find in every place, where they fettled, 
+the fame worfhip and ceremonies, and the fame hiftory of 
+their anceftors. There will alfo appeargreat fimilitude in 
+the names of their cities and temples : fo that we may be 
+--allured, that the whole was the operation of one and the 
+fame people. The learned Bochart faw this; and 
+for grantedj that the people were Phenicians, he attempted 
+to interpret thefe names by the Hebrew language ; of which 
+he fuppofed the Phenician to have been a dialed:. His de- 
+
+9 
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE. 
+
+
+xv 
+
+
+fign was certainly very ingenious ; and carried on with a 
+wonderful difplay of learning. He failed however : and of 
+the nature of his failure I fliall be obliged to take notice. 
+It appears to me, as far as my reading can afford me light, 
+that moft ancient names, not only of places, but of perlans, 
+have a manifeft analogy. There is like wife a great corre¬ 
+spondence to be obferved in terms of feience; and in the 
+titles, which were of old bellowed upon magillrates and 
+rulers. The lame obfervation may be extended even to 
+plants, and minerals, as well as to animals; efpecially to 
+thofe, which were efteemed at all facred. Their names 
+feeitt to be compofed of the feme, or ftmilax, elements ; and 
+bear a manifeft relation to the religion in ufe among the 
+Amonians, and to the Deity, whom- they adored. This Deity 
+was the Sun : and moft of the ancient names will, be found 
+to be an aftemblage of titles, bellowed upon that luminary. 
+
+there will appear a manifeft correlpondence between 
+them : which circumftance is quite foreign to the fyftem of 
+Bochart. His etymologies are deftitute of this collateral evi¬ 
+dence : and have not the leaft analogy to- fupport them. 
+
+I 
+
+In confequence of this I have ventured to give a lift of feme 
+Amonian terms, which occur in tile mythology- of Greece ; 
+and in the hiftories of other nations. Moft ancient names 
+
+
+
+feem to have been compofed? out of thefe elements : and into 
+the fame principles they may be again refolved by an eafy, 
+and fair evolution. I fubjoin to thefe a fhort interpretation : 
+and at the feme time produce different examples of names, 
+and titles, which are thus compounded. From hence the 
+Reader will fee plainly my method of analyfis 5 . and the bafts 
+of my etymological enquiries. 
+
+c 2 As 
+
+♦ ► 
+
+
+
+
+As my refearches are upon fubje<£ts very remote, and tlie 
+hiftories, to which I appeal, various ; and as the truth is in 
+great meafure to be obtained by deduction; I have been 
+obliged to bring my authorities immediately under the eye 
+of the Reader. He may from thence be a witnefs of the 
+propriety of my appeal; and fee that my inferences are true. 
+This however will render my quotations very numerous, and; 
+may afford fome matter -of difcouragement, as they are prin¬ 
+cipally from the Greek authors. I have however in moft 
+places of confequence endeavoured to remedy this incon¬ 
+venience, either by exhibiting previoufly the fubftance of 
+what is quoted ; or giving a fubfequent tranflation. Better 
+
+days may perhaps come ; when the Greek language will be 
+
+% 
+
+in greater repute, and its beauties more admired. As I am 
+principally indebted tp the Grecians for intelligence, I have 
+in fome refpedts adhered to their orthography, and have ren¬ 
+dered ancient terms, as they were exprelfed by them. In¬ 
+deed I do not -fee, why we fhould not render all names of 
+Grecian original, as they were exhibited by that people, in- 
+ftead of taking our mode of pronunciation from the Romans. 
+
+I fcarce know any thing, which has been of greater detri¬ 
+ment to ancient hiftory, than the capricioufnefs of writers in 
+never exprefling foreign terms, as they were rendered by the 
+natives. I fhall be found however to have not afted up uni¬ 
+formly to my principles ; as I have only in fome inflanees 
+copied the Grecian orthography. I have ventured to abide 
+by it merely in fome particular terms, where I judged, that 
+etymology would be concerned. For I was afraid, however 
+
+this method might appear, and warrantable, that it would 
+ieem too novel to be univerfally put in practice. 
+
+My 
+
+
+
+
+xvn 
+
+
+P 
+
+
+R 
+
+
+E 
+
+
+F 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+C 
+
+
+E. 
+
+
+My purpofe Fas been throughout to give a new turn to an¬ 
+cient hiftory; and to place it upon a furer foundation. The 
+mythology of Greece is a vaft affemblage of obfcure traditions, 
+which have been tranfmitted from the earlieft times. They 
+were defcribed in hieroglpyhics, and have been veiled in alle¬ 
+gory : and the fame hiftory is often renewed under a different 
+.fyftem, and arangement. A great part of this intelligence 
+
+
+has been derived 
+
+
+us 
+
+
+from the 
+
+
+by which means it 
+
+r. We 
+
+
+has been rendered ftill more extravagant, and ftrange. 
+find the whole, like a grotefque pidture, blazoned high, and 
+glaring with colours, and filled with groups of fantaftic ima¬ 
+gery, fuch as we fee upon an Indian fcreen : where the eye is 
+painfully amufed; but whence little can be obtained, which 
+is fatisfadtory, and of fervice. We muft however make this 
+diftindtion, that in the allegorical reprefentations of Greece 
+there was always a covert meaning, though it may have 
+
+
+efcaped our difcernment 
+
+
+fhort we muft look upon 
+
+
+cient 
+
+
+ythology as being yet in a chaotic ftate 
+
+
+where 
+
+
+the mind of man has been wearied with roaming over the 
+crude confidence without ever finding out one fpot, where it 
+could repofe in fafety. Hence has arifen the demand, 'srs <rw. 
+
+
+which has been repeated for ages 
+
+
+my hope, and my 
+
+
+prefumption, that fuch a place of appulfe may be found : 
+where we .may take our ftand ; and from whence we may 
+have a full view of the mighty expanfe before us: from whence 
+alfo we may defery the original defign, and order, of all 
+thofe objedts, which by length of time, and their own re- 
+motenefs, have been rendered fo confufed and uncertain. 
+
+
+PLATES. 
+
+
+
+V, ' 
+
+
+
+
+P L A T E S. 
+
+
+VOL. 
+
+
+First 
+
+
+With the Pages, whioh th e y are to face. 
+
+
+
+HR EE reprefentations of Mount Argceus^ called 
+Mount Argau y near Tyana and Caefarea Taurica 
+
+
+by 
+
+
+• ^ 
+
+which it appears to have been an hollow and inflated moun¬ 
+tain. Taken from coins of Patinus, Seguinus, and others. 
+
+To front Page 315 
+
+
+II 
+
+
+’Temple of Mithras in the mountains of Perfia 
+
+
+Chii 
+
+
+rriinar and the plain of the Magi, from Le Bruyn. Vol. 2d. 
+Plate 158. 
+
+Temples in the rock near the lame plajri, from Le Bruyn. 
+
+
+Plate 166, 167. 
+
+
+III. 
+
+
+P- 224 
+
+
+Petra Mithree , or Temple of Mithras , in the fame region : 
+
+
+from Thevenot. Part 2d. e. 7. 
+
+
+p • 232 
+
+
+IV. 
+
+
+The fip of Ifs with the Ark and Paterae , from Pocock 
+
+
+Egypt* Plate 42. 
+
+A fecond Defcription of the fhip of IBs, &c 
+
+
+P 
+
+
+5 
+
+
+V. 
+
+
+Temple of Mithras Petraeus from Le Bruyn. Plate 158. 
+
+p . 294. 
+
+VI. A 
+
+
+
+
+
+VI. 
+
+* 
+
+A reprefentation of two ancient Fire-Towers: the 
+Torone „ from Goltzius. Plate 24.. 
+
+
+at 
+
+
+The other of Cronus in Sicily, from Partita. In Monte 
+
+
+Pelegrino, iaxis quadratis. 90. 
+
+Ancient Triainae from Vaillant, Paruta, and others 
+
+
+VII. 
+
+
+p. 410 
+
+
+Of his Thermuthis five Ob Bajilifcus gyftiaeus : The royal 
+and lacred Serpent of Egypt, together with a pxieft worfhip- 
+ing: copied from the curious fragments fent over by the Hon. 
+Wortley Montague, and depofited in the Britifh Mufeum. 
+
+0 
+
+Alfo reprefentations of the ferpent Canuphis, or Cneph. 
+
+f. 478 
+
+VIII. 
+
+t 
+
+Serpentine Deity of Perfia fimilar to Gneph in Egypt, from; 
+Kaempfer and Le Bruyn. Alfo Serpentine devices from China, 
+Perfia, and Egypt. ^.488, 
+
+
+IX. 
+
+
+The Head of Medufa from a gem in the collection of his 
+
+
+Grace the Duke of Marlborough 
+
+
+P- 5 
+
+
+X. 
+
+
+• ■ 
+
+
+Two Heads from Goltzius.—Upon the Taft page 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+
+R 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+D 
+
+
+
+C 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+L 
+
+
+# 
+
+TleiQag <T ggr; xetevOog, othriQeir) yctg offYidsi. 
+
+
+Parmenides 
+
+
+T 
+
+
+HE materials, of which I propofe to make ufe in the 
+following enquiries, are comparatively few, and will 
+
+
+be contained within a fmall compafs. 
+
+
+They are fuch, as 
+
+
+are to be found in the compolition of moft names, which 
+occur in ancient mythology j whether they relate to Deities 
+
+then reverenced ; or to the places where their worfhip was 
+
+% 
+
+introduced. But they appear no where fo plainly, as in the 
+names of thofe places, which were fttuated in Babylonia and 
+
+
+Egypt. 
+
+
+From thefe parts they were, in procefs of time. 
+
+
+transferred to countries far remote; beyond the Ganges eaft- 
+ward, and to the utmoft bounds of the Mediterranean weft ; 
+wherever the fons of Ham under their various denominations 
+
+
+either fettled 
+
+
+traded 
+
+
+For I have mentioned, that this 
+
+
+* 
+
+people were great adventurers ; and began an extenftve com 
+
+
+merce in very early times 
+
+
+They got footing in many parts 
+
+
+they founded 
+
+
+Vol 
+
+
+which were famous 
+
+B 
+
+
+their day. 
+
+They 
+
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+2 
+
+
+They likewife erected towers and temples : and upon head¬ 
+lands and promontories they railed pillars for fea-marks to 
+diredt them in their perilous expeditions. All thefe were 
+denominated from circumftances, that had fome reference 
+to the religion, which this people profeffed ; and to the an- 
+ceftors, whence they fprang. The Deity, which they ori¬ 
+ginally worfhiped, was the Sun. But they foon conferred 
+his titles upon fome of their anceftors : whence arofe a mixed 
+worfhip. They particularly deified the great Patriarch, who 
+was the head of their line ; andL worfhiped him as the foun¬ 
+tain of light: making the Sun only an emblem of his in¬ 
+fluence and power. They called him Bal, and Baal : and 
+there were others of their anceftry joined with him, whom 
+they fly led the Baalim. Chus was one of thefe : and this 
+idolatry began among his fons. In refpedt then to the names, 
+which this people, in procefs of time, conferred either upon 
+the Deities they worfhiped, or upon the cities which they 
+founded ; we fhall find them to be generally made up of 
+fome original terms for a bafis, fuch as Ham, Cham, and 
+Chus : or elfe of the titles, with which thofe perfonages were 
+in aftertimes honoured. Thefe were Thoth, Men or Menes, 
+Ab, El, Aur, Ait, Ees or Ifh, On, Bel, Cohen, Keren, Ad, 
+Adon, Ob, Oph, Apha, Uch, Melech, Anac, Sar, Sama, Sa- 
+
+We muft likewife take notice of thofe common 
+names, by which places are difHnguifhed, fuch as Kir, Caer, 
+Kiriath, Carta, Air, Col, Cala, Beth, Ai, Ain, Caph, and 
+Cephas. Laftiy are to be inferted the particles Al and Pi $ 
+which were in ufe among the ancient Egyptians. 
+
+Of thefe terms I fhall firft treat $ which I look upon as fo 
+
+many 
+
+
+maim. 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+3 
+
+
+m^ny elements, whence moil names in ancient mythology- 
+have been compounded; and into which they may be ealily 
+refolved : and the hiftory, with which they are attended, will, 
+at all times, plainly point out, and warrant the etymology. 
+
+
+HAM or CHAM. 
+
+
+T ^HE firft of the terms here fpecified is Ham; at dif¬ 
+ferent times, and in different places, exprelfed Cham, 
+Chom, 1 * Chamus. Many places were from him denominated 
+Cham Ar, Cham Ur, Chomana, Comara, Camarina. Ham, 
+by the Egyptians, was compounded Am-On, Apuv and 
+
+A| (/.[AM. He is to be found under this name among many 
+
+nations in the eaft; which was by the Greeks expreiled 
+Amanus, and * Omanus. Ham, and Cham are words, which 
+imply heat, and the confequences of heat: and from them 
+many words in other languages, fuch as 3 4 K ctvpcL, Caminus, 
+
+Camera, were derived. Ham, as a Deity, was efteemed the 
+* Sun: and his priefts were ftiled Chamin, Chaminim, and 
+Chamerim. His name is often found compounded with 
+other terms, as in Cham El, Cham Ees, Cam Ait: and was 
+in this manner conferred both on perions arid places. From 
+
+
+1 Called alfo Chumus. Lilius Gyraldus Ipeaks of the Phoenician God Chumus. 
+Syntag. i. p. 7. 
+
+* Of Amanus, and Omanus, fee Strabo. L. 11. p, 779. and L. 15. p. 1066. He 
+calls the temple 'hgov Oy.ava. 
+
+3 Et Solem et calorem HSH Chammha vocant (Syri.) Selden de Diis Syr'is. 
+Syntag. 2. c. 8. p. 247. 
+
+4 The Sun in the Perfic language, Hama. Gale’s Court of the Gentiles. Y. 1. 
+c. 11. p. 72. 
+
+
+B 2 
+
+
+hence 
+
+
+
+4 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+hence Camillus, Camilla, Camella Sacra, Comates, Cami- 
+fium, 5 Camirus, Chemmis, with numberlefs other words,, 
+are derived. Chamma was the title of the hereditary 6 prieft- 
+efs of Diana : and the Puratheia, where the rites of fire were 
+carried on, were called Chamina, and Chaminim,. whence 
+came the Caminus of the Latines.. They were facred hearths,, 
+on which was preferved a perpetual fire in honour of Cham. 
+The idols of the Sun were called- by the fame 7 name for it 
+is faid of the good king Jofiah, that they brake down the al- 
+tctrs of Baalim in his prefence ; and the'Chaminim (or images of 
+Cham) that were oti high above them , he cut down . They were 
+alfo fly led Chamerrm, as we learn- from the prophet 8 9 Zepha- 
+niah. Ham was efteemed the Zeus of Greece, and Jupiter of 
+
+Latium. 9 Aju.ju.as, o Zsws, AgifOTeXei. 10 Aju.ju.gy yctg Aiyv 7 fjiotr 
+K<x,?\e 3 (rt 70 V A ict. Plutarch fays, that of all the Egyptian 
+
+
+5 Camifene, Chamath, Chamane^Choma, Chom, Cuma,. Camas, Camelis, Cam* 
+balidus, Comopolis,. Comara, &c. All thefe are either names of places, where 
+the Amonians fettled or are terms, which Have a reference to their religion and 
+worfliip. 
+
+6 Plutarch. Amatorius. Vol. 2. p. 768.. 
+
+7 2 Chron. c. 34. v. 4.. Clpov biooQxg'l Kcujjav wgQa'otyopevetv.. Plutarch. Ills* ct 
+Cfiris. Vol. 2. p. 374. 
+
+8 I will cut off the remnant of Baal frcm this place , and the name of the Chammerim 
+with the priefts . Zephaniah. c. 1. v. 4. From hence we may in £bme degree infer, 
+who are meant by the Baalim. 
+
+9 Hefychius. 
+
+
+10 
+
+
+Herodotus. L. 2. c. 42 
+
+
+Ham fub Jovis nomine in Africa diu cultus. Bochart. Geog. Sac. L. 1. c. 1. p. 5. 
+
+Afj.fj.wva, AiQvzs t ov Aioc. r sr^ocxa.yopsuacri 3 x.cu btco Tiftcocrr xca ya.g v.a.1 •S’azij-os 6 v 
+' 1 015 Aczv.edcx.ifJ.ovix.oi'i eyr&ccXXoov (pwcri 3 
+
+AiQum xe/aT»<pope, xsxAuBz Mccvti. 
+
+
+L Pynd. Pyth. Ode. 4. v. 2S. SchoL 
+
+
+names 
+
+
+> 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+S 
+
+V 
+
+names, which feemed to have any correfpondence with the 
+Zeus of Greece, Amoun or Ammon was the moffc peculiar, 
+and adequate. He fpeaks of many , people, who were of this 
+
+opinion 
+
+M 
+
+OVOflOC T 
+
+into 
+
+
+
+E77 S's TCtiV 7T0?<h(*») VO[JU?OVTCt)V ihov AiyV7TTl0lS 
+
+log eivcu top Afjisv, o Trc&gctyovTes fjfieig A[XfLoovot As- 
+
+From Egypt his name and worfhip were, brought 
+: as indeed were the names of almoft all the Dei- 
+
+
+there worfhiped. 11 2ye<3W <5s koli ncurrc*. ret ovvofjLOLTec 
+
+
+®soov £% A iyv 7 TTis £?\Y\kv^£ sg Tqy HKhoL^oL- Almoft all the names 
+of the Gods in Greece were adventitious , having been brought 
+thither from Egypt. 
+
+
+C H IT S* 
+
+Chus was rendered by the Greeks Xvtrog, Chufiis ; but 
+more commonly Xeyorog : and the places denominated from 
+him were changed to Xgv<n), Chrufe; and to Chrufopolis. 
+His name was often compounded 13 Chus-Or, rendered by 
+the Greeks XgvtJ'wg, Chrufor, and Chrufaor; which among 
+
+TT Plutarch. Ifis et Ofiris. vol. 2. p. 354. Zeus was certainly, as thefe writers' 
+fay, a title given to Ham : yet it will be found originally to have belonged to his 
+father; for titles were not uniformly appropriated. 
+
+Herodotus. L.. 2. c. 49. Speaking afterwards of the people at Dodona, he 
+
+fays, "srcAAtf opt os*. BTruSovTo eye tvs A.iyu7TT& ccwiycofxsvcc t cc ovrofx.oc.Tcc 
+
+tcc t cor &eoQv t ojv cc AAeor, Z^iovvas S'e v^epov 'zzroAAw bvtuQopto. c. 52.. It was a long\ 
+time before they had names for any of the Gods ; and very late before they were acquainted 
+with Divnufiis \ which Deity , as well as all the others , they received from Egypt. See 
+alfo 1. 2. c. 59. 
+
+13 Sanchoniathon apud Eufebium prodit JEgyptiorum K vnep efie Phcenicum 
+A ycSoS'ccifx.opccy veh fecundum Mochum,.. See notes to Iamblichus by. 
+
+Gale. p. 301. 
+
+2 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+6 
+
+* 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+the Poets became a favourite epithet, continually bellowed 
+upon Apollo. Hence there were temples dedicated to him, 
+called Chrufaoria. Chus, in the Babylonifh dialect, feems to 
+have been called Cuth ; and many places, where his pofle- 
+rity fettled, were hiled 14 Cutha, Cuthaia, Cutaia, Ceuta, 
+Cotha, and compounded 15 Cothon, He was fometimes ex- 
+prefled Cafus, Ceffus, Calius ; 
+lified. 
+
+Chus was the father of all thofe nations, ftyled 16 Ethio- 
+
+4 
+
+pians, who were more truly called Cuthites and Cufeans. 
+They were more in number, and far more widely extended, 
+than has been imagined. The hiftory of this family will be 
+the principal part of my inquiry. 
+
+
+and was ftill farther diver 
+
+
+CANAAN. 
+
+Canaan feems, by the Egyptians and Syrians, to have been 
+pronounced Cnaan: which was by the Greeks rendered 
+Cnas, and Cna, Thus we are told by Stephanus Byzantinus, 
+that the ancient name of Phenicia was Cna. Xros, &Toog r j 
+
+Q>qiviky\ zkolXsitq. to sQvixov Xvouog, The fame is faid by Philo 
+
+
+14 Chufiftan, to the eaft of the Tigris, was the land of Chus : it was likewife 
+called Cutha, and Ciffia, by different writers. - 
+
+A river and region ftiled Cutha, mentioned by Jofephus, Ant. Jud. L. 9. c. 14. 
+n. 3. the fame which by others has been called Cufhan, and Chufiftan. 
+
+15 The harbour at Carthage was named Cothon. Strabo. L. 17. p, 1189. Alfo 
+an ifland in that harbour. Diodorus Sic. T. 3. p. 168. 
+
+16 yiovcrov y.ev ovS'ev e^Xcc^ev 0 itgopos. AiQlottss ycc^ cop ygifer* en tcgu vvv viro lau- 
+
+t m* re xcci rcov ev rr\ Acria^jccvroov^ XOT 2 AIOI hclAqvptou. Jofephus Ant. Jud. 
+L. 1. c. 6. §. 2. 
+
+
+Biblius 
+
+
+
+
+Biblius from Sanchoniathon. 17 Xva ra 7 rgcaT& (JLeTovofJLCL<r 8 svTog 
+Qomnog. And in another place he fays, that Iliris, the fame 
+as" Oliris, was the brother to Cna. 18 
+
+
+Ic rigig 
+
+
+u$£X<pog X^cc 
+
+
+the purport of which is conformable to the account in the 
+fcriptures, that the Egyptians were of a collateral line with 
+the people of Canaan; or that the father of the Mizraim and 
+the Canaanites were brothers. 
+
+
+MIZRAIM. 
+
+This perfon is looked upon as the father of the Egyp¬ 
+tians ; on which account one might expedfc to meet with 
+many memorials concerning him : but his hiftory is fo veiled 
+under allegory and titles, that no great light can be obtain¬ 
+ed. It is thought by many learned men, that the term, Miz¬ 
+raim, is properly a plural; and that a people are by it lig- 
+nified rather than a perfon. This people were the Egyp¬ 
+tians : and the head of their family is imagined to have been 
+in the lingular Mifor, or Metzor. It is certain that Egypt 
+by Stephanus Byzantinus is amongft other names {tiled My- 
+
+which undoubtedly is a miftake for Mvcrctgu., the land 
+of Mufar or Myfar. It is by 19 Eufebius and Suidas called 
+
+17 Eufeb. Prfep. Evang. L. 1. c. 10. p. 39. 
+
+13 Sanchoniathon apud eundem. Ibid. 
+
+See Michaelis Geographia Plebraeor. Extera. p. 2. 
+
+* 9 O 7 r pcoros oiMcrctz nrnv M sq^pccictv %&pccv y yrroi Aiyu7r f riv 9 eCetaaev 
+
+er ecu t>i MEufeb. Chron. p. 17. 
+
+M eq-'pcc'ivi of the LXX. 
+
+Jofephus calls the country of Egypt Meftra. Tr.v yctg A ljvtttoi' MergW'* xcu 
+M tvs Aiyv 7 TTiu$ d'ZD-ccvTcccy ot return? cty-wres, -xaAvjjLzP. Ant. Jud. JL. i. 
+c. d. §« 2. 
+
+Meftraia, 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+
+8 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+Meftraia, by which is meant the land of Metzor, a dif- 
+
+^ N 
+
+ferent rendering of Myfor. Sanchoniathon alludes to this 
+perfon under the name of 20 M icrcag, Mifor ; and joins him 
+with Sydic : both which he makes the fons of the Shepherds 
+Amunus, and Magus. Amunus, I make no doubt, is Amun, 
+or Ham, the real father of Mifor, from whom the Mizraim 
+are fuppofed to be defcended. By Magus probably is meant 
+Chus, the father of thofe worfhipers of fire, the Magi: the 
+father alfo of the genuine Scythas, who were ftiled Magog. 
+The Canaanites like wife were his offspring : and among 
+thefe none were more diftinguilhed, than thofe of Said, or 
+Sidon. It mull be confeffed, that the author derives the 
+name from Sydic, j.uftice : and to fay the truth, he has, out 
+of ancient terms, mixed fo many feigned perfonages with 
+thofe that are real, that it is not eafy to arrive at the truth. 
+
+
+NIMROD. 
+
+* 
+
+It is laid of this perfon by Mofes, that he was the fon of 
+Cufh. 21 And Cufh begat Nimrod : he began to be a ?nighty one 
+in the earth : he was a mighty hunter before the Lord : where¬ 
+fore it is faid , even as Nimrod , the mighty hu?iter before the 
+Lord. A?id the beginning of his kingdom was Babel. His hif- 
+tory is plainly alluded to under the character of Alorus, the 
+
+
+ao 
+
+
+.Aphid Eufcb. Pr^p. Evan. L. i. c. io. p.. 36. 
+ierapolis of Syria was called Magog, or rather t 
+
+
+It was alfo 
+
+
+called Bambyce. Code (Syria) habet—Bambycen, qua: alio nomine Hierapolis. 
+vocatur, Syris vero Magog. Plin. HifL Nat. L. 5. §. 19. p. 266. 
+
+9. Hence called c itvrnyc,^ kcli V 
+
+Chronicon Paichaie. p. 2S. 
+
+fir ft 
+
+
+Gcnefts. c. 10. v. 
+
+
+o 
+
+G 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+firft king of 22 Chaldea; but more frequently under the 
+
+
+title of Orion 
+
+
+of a 
+wild 
+
+
+This perfonage is reprefented by 
+
+
+gigantic make ; and as being continually in purfuit o 
+23 beads. The Cuthite Colonies, which went wedward 
+
+
+carried with them memorials of this their ancedor 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+named many places from him : and in all fuch places there 
+will be found fome peculiar circumdances, which will point 
+out the great Hunter, alluded to in their name. The Gre¬ 
+
+
+cians generally dyled him 24 NsSfaxT, Nebrod : hence places 
+called by his name are expreffed Nebrod, Nebrodes, Ne- 
+briffa. In Sicily was a mountain Nebrodes, called by Strabo 
+
+It was a famous place for 
+
+
+in the plural 
+
+
+Ng^w<5>] OpY] 
+
+
+hunting; and for that reafon had been dedicated to Nimrod. 
+
+4 
+
+The poet Gratius takes notice of its being docked with wild 
+beads : 
+
+26 Cantatus Graiis Acragas, vidtasque fragofurm 
+Nebrodem liquere ferae. 
+
+And Solinus fpeaks to the fame purpofe : 27 Nebrodem da- 
+
+
+12 ttgcoTov yeve&Gti B cccritecc AA wpov ev BXocAcTa/or. Eufeb. Chron. 
+p. 5. ex Apollodoro. The fame from Abydenus. Eufeb. Chron. p. 6 . 
+
+Ev t ots ctq-gois T 8 sgctvd £tcc^ccv (t qv N eSpoof"), kccl xo&Auaiv Qgiojvcc. Cedrenus. 
+
+p- 14. 
+
+E yevvv^v cTg sc cci a?Ao$ ex tvs £uA vs tb Hv/jl (Xaft), Xous ovojulolti 9 0 g~ 1 > 
+
+eyewvae tgv N e€pcoS 9 Tiyocvrcc^ tgv tvv Ba£vAa)viccv XTiacti'Tct^ cv Atyvcriv 01 Yleocrcu 
+
+VTCC) 7C0CI ySVOfJL&VGV tV T GlS CC^gOlS TB GVTLVCC XCtA'dCTlV ClglOOVCC. Chroni- 
+
+
+CL7T0 
+
+
+8 fo) 0 i 
+
+
+con. Pafehale. p. 36. 
+
+2J Homer. OdyfT. A. v. 571. 
+** Chronicon* Pafch. p. 36. 
+
+
+
+
+Strabo. L. 6. p. 421. 
+
+26 Gratii Cyneget. v. ^27. 
+
+27 Solinus de Situ Orbis. c. iju 
+
+VOL. I. 
+
+
+c 
+
+
+mse 
+
+
+
+IO 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+mae et hinnuli pervagantur. At the foot of the mountain 
+were the warm baths of Himera. 
+
+The term Nso£0£, Nebros, which was fubftituted by the 
+Greeks for Nimrod, fignifying a fawn, gave occafion to many 
+
+allufions about a fawn, and fawn-fkin, in the Dionufiaca, 
+
+♦ 
+
+and other myfteries. There was a town NebrifTa, near the 
+mouth of the Baetis in Spain, called by Pliny Veneria ; 28 In¬ 
+ter aeftuaria Baetis oppidum NebrifTa, cognomine Veneria. 
+This, I fhould think, was a miftake for Venaria ; for there 
+were places of that name. Here were preferved the fame 
+rites and memorials, as are mentioned above ; wherein was 
+no allufion to Venus, but to Nimrod and Bacchus. The 
+ifland, and its rites, are mentioned by Silius Italicus. 
+
+“ 9 Ac NebrifTa Dionufaeis confcia thyrfis, 
+
+Quam Satyri coluere leves, redimitaque facra 
+Nebride. 
+
+The Priefls at the Bacchanalia, as well as the Votaries, 
+were habited in this manner. 
+
+30 Inter matres impia Maenas 
+Comes Ogygio venit laccho, 
+
+Nebride facra praecin&a latus. 
+
+Statius defcribes them in the fame habit. 
+
+31 Hie chelyn, hie flavam maculofo Nebrida tergo. 
+
+Hie thyrfos, hie pledtra ferit. 
+
+The 
+
+13 Plin. Nat. KifL L. 3. c. 1. 
+
+2,9 Silius Italicus. L. 3. v. 393. 
+
+30 Seneca CEdipus. Aft 2. v. 436. 
+
+** Sylvas. L. 1. carm. 2. v. 226. 
+
+Dionyfius of the Indian Camaritse : 
+
+Z CtifJLCLTCC) KOU N eGgl^CCS ZlTL q*nQeG<Tl $Ct?iO»T6$j 
+
+El tot teyov v. 703. 
+
+
+At 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+11 
+
+The hiftory of Nimrod was in great meafure loft in the 
+fuperior reverence ftiewn to Chus, or Bacchus : yet there is 
+reafon to think that divine honours were of old paid to him. 
+The Family of the Nebridas at 3 * Athens, and another of the 
+lame name at Cos, were, as we may infer from their hiftory, 
+the pofterity of people, who had been priefts to Nimrod. He 
+leems to have been worlhiped in Sicily under the names of 
+Elorus, Pelorus, and Orion. He was likewife ftyled 33 Belus : 
+but as this was merely a title, and conferred upon other par- 
+fons, it renders his hiftory very difficult to be diftinguifhed. 
+
+
+TITLES of the DEITY. 
+
+
+Theuth, Thoth, Taut, Taautes 
+
+
+5 
+
+
+the fame title diverli 
+
+
+fied j and belong to the chief god of Egypt. Eufebius fpeak 
+
+
+of him as the fame as Hermes 
+
+
+3 + 
+
+
+GwvQ 
+
+
+AAg£ 
+
+
+a 
+
+
+
+®Cd@ 
+
+
+* 
+
+Ov AiyV 7 CTl 0 l fJLEV 
+
+
+'Egpnv cTs EA Kqves fjt,sTS<ppa<rciv 
+
+
+From Theuth the Greeks formed ©EOS ; which, with that 
+nation, was the moft general name of the Deity. Plato in his 
+treatife, named Philebus, mentions him by the name of 
+
+
+At the rites of Ofiris, Ka/ yccg ve£pt^ccs 'zrePiX'CcQx 7 TT 0 VTcct (c* Aiyv7rrioi) xca Srup- 
+crbs (pop'scri ?6tA. Plutarch. Ifis & Olir. p. 364.. 
+
+3Z Arnobius. L. 5. p. 185. edit. 1651. Ceres fefia, oras ut venit Atticas—Ne- 
+bridarum familiam pellicula cohoneftavit hinnulse. 
+
+' 33 Nimrod built Babylon 5 which is laid to have been the work of Belus. Ba£u- 
+Aojy *—eipyrat viro Etymologicum Magnum. 
+
+Arcem (Babykmis) Rex antiquiflimus condidit Belus. Ammian. Marcellinus. 
+L. 23. 
+
+Here was a temple, ftyled the temple of Belus. 
+
+54 Eufebius. Prcep. Evang. L. x. c. 9. p. 32. L. 1. c. 10. p. 36. p. 40. 
+
+C 2 
+
+
+r 
+
+
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+I 2 
+
+
+?5 
+
+
+®sv@ 
+
+
+He was looked upon 
+
+
+great benefactor, and the 
+
+
+iirft cultivator of the Vine 
+
+
+3 ! n gOOTOg ©&$ S& 0 L 1 ) $g£ 7 TCLVYlV STU (ZoTgVV CtysigSlV. 
+
+He was alfo fuppofed to have found out letters : which 
+
+
+likewife attributed 
+
+
+Hermes. 37 A 7ro Mi (reap Ta 
+
+
+>£, os ivgS rqv TOOV 'WgUTUV ^Ol^SlCaV ygCL(pty. -'EAAi^S£ S's *E^- 
+
+smT^eeroLV. Suidas calls him Theus ; and fays, that he was 
+the fame as Arez, ftyled by the Arabians Theus Arez, and fo 
+
+
+mv 
+
+
+orfhiped at Petra. ®£V<rctgY\g 
+
+
+®sog Agng, sv TIstp 
+
+
+Tar )S AgctEioeg. Inftead of a ftatue there was A idog [JLsXoig, tbt^ol- 
+yoovog, aTWWTOS, a black, fquare pillar of ftone, without any 
+
+
+Ait 
+
+
+Ltion. It was the fame Deity which the 
+: worfhiped under the name of Theut- 
+Theutates ; whofe facrifices were very cruel, as we 
+
+
+figure, or reprefent 
+Germans and Celt? 
+
+
+from 
+
+
+-,s 
+
+
+Et quibus immitis placatur fanguine diro 
+
+
+Theutates. 
+
+
+A B. 
+
+
+Ab Ecnifies a father, Emilar to 3^ of the Hebrews. 
+
+O * 
+
+
+It is 
+
+
+often found in compoEtion, as in Ab-El, Ab-On, Ab-Or. 
+
+
+* ^ 
+
+
+V* 
+
+
+37 
+
+
+See alfo the Phcsdrus of Plato : t ctrvv 'ziepi Nawpaw tws Aiyvyrlu x tA. 
+
+
+Anthologia. 
+
+
+E. i. 91. L. 1. 29. 
+
+
+Euicb. Praep. Evang. L. i.c, 10. p. 36. from Sanchoniathon. 
+
+
+.Lucan. L. 1. v. 444-. 
+
+
+AUR, 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+*3 
+
+
+AUR, OUR, OR. 
+
+
+Aur, fometimes exprefled Or, Ur, and Our, lignifies both 
+light and lire. Hence came the Orus of the Egyptians, a 
+title given to the Sun. 39 Quod folem vertimus, id in Hebraso 
+eft Ur ; quod lucem, et ignem, etiam et Solem denotat. 
+It is often compounded with the term above, and rendered 
+Abor, Aborus, Aborras: and it is otherwife diverfified. This 
+title was often given to Chus by his defcendants; whom 
+they ftiled Chuforus. From Aur, taken as an element, came 
+Uro, Ardeo; as a Deity, oro, hora, o 'Is^oy, 'I sgsvg. Zeus 
+was ftiled Cham-Ur, rendered by the Greeks ; and 
+
+under this title was worfhiped at Halicarnaflus. He is fo 
+called by Lycophron. 40 H p.oQ ucLTcadoov S-ycr^Aa Kwyu^ Asoov. 
+
+Upon which the Scholiaft obferves ; (Kw^y^) 6 Zevg zv 
+
+'A XlKOlgVCLU‘U> TlfJLCLTOU . 
+
+
+
+
+El, Al, HA, fometimes exprefted Eli, was the name of the 
+true God ; but by the Zabians was transferred to the Sun : 
+whence the Greeks borrowed their 'HA tog, and HsA log. El, 
+and Elion, were titles, by which the people of Canaan dif- 
+
+
+39 Selden de Diis Syris : Prolegomena, c. 3. 
+*° Lycophron. v. 459. Scholia ibidem. 
+
+
+It is alfo compounded with Cham, as in Orchamus, a common Babylonifh 
+
+
+pellation. 
+
+Rexit Achasmenias urbes pater Orchamus ; ifque 
+Septimus a prifei nuneratur origine Beli. 
+
+
+•P- 
+
+
+Metamorp 
+
+
+tinguifhed 
+
+
+
+14 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+♦ 
+
+tinguifiied their chief Deity. 41 VivsTcu rig EAiow, zclK# psvog 
+
+v-^ig-og. This they fometimes ftill farther compounded, and 
+made Abelion : hence infcriptions are to be found 4i DEO 
+ABELLIONL El according to Damafcius was a title given 
+to Cronus. 43 Qoivizsg zca Zvgoi tov K govov HA, zcu B^A, zou 
+
+BoKctQrjV eTrovofJLOt^Ti. The Phenicians mid Syrians name Cronus 
+
+Eel, and Beel, and Bolathes. The Canaanitifh term Elion is 
+a compound of Eli On, both titles of the Sun : hence the 
+former is often joined with Aur, and Orus. 44 Elorus, and 
+Alorus, were names both of perfons and places. It is fome¬ 
+times combined with Cham : whence we have Camillus, and 
+Camulus : under which name the Deity of the Gentile world 
+was in many places worfliiped. Camulus and Camillus 
+were in a manner antiquated among the Romans ; but their 
+worfhip was kept up in other countries. We find in Gruter 
+
+an infcription 45 DEO CAMULO : and another, CAMULO. 
+SANCTO. FORTISSIMO. They were both the fame 
+
+Deity, a little diverfified ; who was worshiped by the He- 
+
+trurians, and efteemed the fame as Hermes.. 46 Tufci Camil- 
+
+♦ 
+
+41 Eufebii Pr?ep. Evang. L. i. c. 10. p>. 36, 
+
+41 Gruter. V. 1. 37. n. 4, 5, 6. 
+
+43 Damafcius apud Photium. C. 242. 
+
+44 A A wps?, Alorus, the fir ft king who reigned. Syncellus. p. i£L 
+
+‘AA/a, Halia, was a feftival at Rhodes in honour of the Sun, to whom that Ifland 
+^was facred. "PoS'ioi t cl A A tec TifAcoo-tv. Athen^us. L. 13. p. 561. The firfi: inha¬ 
+bitants were f iled Heliadae. Diodorus Sic. L 5. p, 327. And they called the 
+chief temple of the Deity r AA iov y Halion. Euftath. ad Horn. OdyfT. Z. They 
+came after a deluge, led by Ochimus, Macar, and others. 
+
+45 Gruter. Infcript. xl. g. and lvi, 11. 
+
+46 Macrobii Saturn. L. 3. c. 8. 
+
+9 
+
+
+him 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+15 
+
+r the Deity, but the 
+minifter and attendant had the fame name : for the priefts 
+of old were almoft univerfally denominated from the God, 
+whom they ferved, or from his temple. The name appears 
+to have been once very general. 47 Rerum omnium facrarum 
+adminiftri Camilli dicebantur. But Plutarch feems to con- 
+
+9 
+
+fine the term to one particular office and perfon. 48 Toy V 7 tY\-- 
+gsTBVTct tw 'legca T8 A tog apqndoiXY) 'arouSa. Xeye<r$ou KapAAoy, 
+
+«£ K.CLI 70V 'EgfAilV 370eg SVIOl 700V 'E 7\XY\VOOV K OLfJLlXXOV 0070 7f\g 
+
+hcucovi&g 'Wgocrriyagevov. He fuppofes the name to have been 
+given to Hermes on account of the fervice and duty enjoined 
+him. But there is nothing of this nature to be inferred from 
+the terms. The Hermes of Egypt had nothing fimilar to his 
+correfpondent in Greece. Camillus was the name of the chief 
+God, Cham-El, the fame as Elion, o thj visrog. He was fome- 
+
+times exprefled Cafmillus; but ftill referred to Hermes. 
+4sr KaoyuAAos 6 'Egpqg zgiv^ oog ig-ogei Aiownofroogog. The Deity 
+
+El was particularly invoked by the eaftern nations, when 
+they made an attack in battle : at fuch time they ufed to 
+cry out E ^T^ and Al-Al. This Mahomet could not well 
+bring his profelytes to leave off: and therefore changed it to 
+Allah ; which the Turks at this day make ufe of, when they 
+
+% 
+
+. 47 Pomponius Lsetus. 
+
+Camilla was in like manner attendant on the Gods. 
+
+Caelitum Camilla expedtata advenis. Ennius in Medo, ex Varrone deLing. Lat. 
+p. 71. Edit. Dordrechti. 1619. 
+
+48 Juba apud Plutarchum in Numa. Vol. 1. p. 64. 
+
+49 Scholia in Apollon. Rhodium. E. 1. v. 917. So Camoena was rendered Caf- 
+
+mcena. v 
+
+fhoufc 
+
+
+lum appellant Mercurium. And not only 
+
+
+
+16 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+fhout in joining battle. It was however an idolatrous invo¬ 
+cation, originally made to the God of war; and not un- 
+known to the Greeks. Plutarch fpeaks of it as no uncom¬ 
+mon exclamation ; but makes the Deity feminine. 
+
+49 KXvQ' AAAAA, 7T0'h£fJL% S-vyctTeg. 
+
+Plence we have in Hefychius the following interpretations ; 
+
+* 
+
+cxXcxXaiei, S 7 tivikic>js w/si. AXaXcty [jlo s, sinvmog v^Lvog. EAs- 
+
+Asu, S 7 ripwvifi[/>ct wotefjuxov* It is probably the fame as Vsn in 
+Ifaiahj 50 How art thou fallen , Halal , thou fon of Sehor. 
+
+O N and EON. 
+
+On, Eon, or Aon, was another title of the Sun among the 
+Amonians : and fo we find it explained by Cyril upon Ho- 
+fea: Hr Je £?iv 6 'HAto?: and fpeaking of the Egyptians in 
+
+the fame comment, he fays, Se e?i irctf clvtoiq 6 'HA log. 
+The Seventy likewife, where the word occurs in Scripture, 
+interpret it the Sun ; and call the city of On, Heliopolis. 
+
+51 Kca eSiaxsy ccjtoj rr,v A<teveQ §vyctT£g<x. UsTspgri 'Isgswg 'HA/a- 
+
+TtoXBoeg. Theophilus, from Manetho, fpeaks of it in the fame 
+manner : 51 Hr, fjTig Bfiv 'HAjottoA^. And the Coptic Penta¬ 
+teuch renders the city On by the city of the Sun. Hence it 
+was, that Ham, who was worfhiped as the Sun, got the name 
+
+
+49 
+
+50 
+S» 
+
+51 
+
+
+De A mo re Fraterno. p. 4S3. 
+Ifaiah. C. 14. v. 12. 
+
+
+Gcnefis. C. 41. v. 45. and Exodus. C. 1. v. 
+Theophilus ad Autol/cum. L. .3. p. 392. 
+
+
+
+11. 
+
+Iablonfliy. L. 2. c. 1. p. 
+
+
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+*7 
+
+
+of Amon, and Ammon ; and was ftyled Baal-Hamon. It is 
+
+% 
+
+faid of Solomon, that he had a vineyard at 53 Baal-Hamon ; a 
+name probably given to the place by his Egyptian wife, the 
+daughter of Pharaoh. The term El was combined in the 
+lame manner ; and many places facred to the Sun were ftyled 
+El-on, as well as El-our. It was fometimes rendered Eleon; 
+from whence came Yj\iog y and y\Kiov. The Syrians, Cretans, 
+and Canaanites went farther, and made a combination of the 
+terms Ab-El-Eon, Pater Summits Sol, or Pater Deus Sol; 
+hence they formed Abellon, and Abelion before mentioned. 
+Hefychius interprets A(ssAjov, 'HAfoy' A?sA joz/, 'HXiomov. 
+
+Voftius thinks, and with good reafon, that the Apollo of 
+Greece, and Rome, was the fame as the Abelion of the Eaft. 
+5+ FortalTe Apollo ex Cretico A^eXiog* nam veteres Romani 
+pro Apollo dixere Apello : ut pro homo, hemo ; pro bonus, 
+benus; ac limilia. The Sun was alfo worlhiped under the 
+title Abaddon ; which, as we are informed by the Evange- 
+lift, was the fame as Apollo; or, as he terms him, AttoA- 
+
+51 Canticles, c. 8. v. n. 
+
+Mention is made of Amon, Jeremiah, c. 46. v. 25. Nahum, c. 3. v. 8. 
+
+It was fometimes compounded •, and the Deity worlhiped under the titles of 
+Or-On : and there were temples of this denomination in Canaan. 
+
+Solomon fortified Beth-Oron the upper, and Beth-Oron the nether. 2 Chron. 
+c. 8. v. 5. 
+
+As Ham was (tiled Hamon, fo was his fon Chus, or Cuth, named Cuthon and 
+Cothon - 9 as we may judge from places, which were denominated undoubtedly from 
+him. At Adrumetum was an ifland at the entrance of the harbour fo called : 
+Hirtius. Afric. p. 798. Another at Carthage, probably fo named from a tower 
+or temple. 'TCttotcsivtcci S'e t >? ccx.go7roAet 61 tz /JLZve$ 9 kcli 0 KflGON* 
+
+Strabo. L. 17. p. 1189. 
+
+5 * Volf, de Idol. Vol. 1. 1 . 2. c. 17. p. 391. 
+
+Vol. I. D 
+
+
+p 
+
+
+Xvuv : 
+
+
+
+I 
+
+
+18 RADICALS. 
+
+Kvttv : ss O vofJLct avTw 'EEgoufi A £a<T<IW, e? rp EAAiiw/rjj 
+
+AttoA?^^. 
+
+
+
+Another title of Ham- or the Sun was Ait, and Aith : a 
+term, of which little notice has been taken ; yet of great 
+confequence in refpedt to etymology. It occurs continually 
+in Egyptian names of places, as well as in the compofition of 
+thofe, which belong to Deities, and men. It relates to -fire, 
+light, and heat; and to the confequences of heat. We may 
+in fome degree learn its various, and oppofite lignifications 
+when compounded, from ancient words in the Greek lan¬ 
+guage, which were derived from it. Several of thefe are enu¬ 
+merated in Hefychius. AlOou, ^jlbXouvoli. A iQstv, KCfJEiv. A *- 
+
+QolXoev (a compound of Aith El), kbzolv[J,bvov. AiQivos, ko/ttvos . 
+AiOov, 7\ct[A,7Tgov. AiQmvcc (of the fame etymology, from Aith- 
+On) {josKclvcl , TrvgcaSri. 56 Aidog, KctVfjoa.. The Egyptians, when 
+they confecrated any thing to their Deity, or made it a fym- 
+bol of any fuppofed attribute, called it by the name of that 
+attribute, or 57 emanation : and as there was fcarce any thing, 
+but what was held facred by them, and in this manner appro- 
+
+
+55 
+
+
+Apocalyps. c. 9. v. 11. 
+
+
+56 The Sun’s difk ftylcd AiGs*^ : 
+
+r l7T7reveav eAix.nS'ov Ja ov 7 ro\ov AlOOni AI 2 KO/. Nonnus. L. 40. v. 371- 
+
+AiQiqttcuS' ct Z\icwo'ov. A rczKgecov* aAAoi t qv oivov . aAAo/ twv AgTEfJUv. Hely- 
+chius. Altered to A<Go7ra yrcuS^cc by Albertus. 
+
+57 The Egyptian Theology abounded with pcrfonages formed from thefe ema¬ 
+nations, who according to Pfellus were called Eons, 'ZooyB*, A Scores. See Iambli- 
+chus, and Plellus, and Damafcius. 
+
+priated j 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+
+RADICALS, 
+
+
+*9 
+
+
+t 
+
+
+priated; it neceflarily happened, that feveral objects had often 
+
+* 
+
+the fame reference, and were denominated alike. For not only 
+men took to themfelves the facred titles ; but birds, beafts, 
+fifties, reptiles, together with., trees, plants, ftones, drugs, and 
+minerals, were fuppofed to be under fome particular influ¬ 
+ence ; and from thence received their names. And if they 
+were not quite alike, they were however made up of elements 
+very flmilar. Ham, as the Sun, was ftiled sS Ait; and Egypt, 
+the land of Ham, had in confequence of it the name of Ait, 
+rendered by the Greeks A snot : E;£Ai^ A iyv7TTog) xou A egioc, 
+
+Kou UoTct^ioty kcu AiQiottkx,, Kou 59 AETIA. One of the moll 
+ancient names of the Nile was Ait, or Azrog. It was alfo a 
+
+
+name given to the Eagle, as the bird particularly facred to 
+the Sun : and Homer alludes to the original meaning of the 
+word, when he terms the Eagle 60 Atsrog oudoov. Among the 
+parts of the human body it was appropriated to the 61 heart: 
+for the heart in the body may be efteemed what the Sun is 
+in his fyftem, the fource of heat and life, affording the fame 
+animating principle. This word having thefe two fenfes 
+was the reafon why the Egyptians made a heart over a vafe 
+
+
+of burning incenfe an emblem of their country 
+
+
+62 
+
+
+AiyV7TT0V 
+
+
+
+5S *Stephanus 
+
+59 Scholia on Dionyfius. v. 239. 
+authors. 
+
+
+
+Vv hat it alluded to, may be feen from other 
+
+
+60 Homer. Iliad. O. v. 690. O evGeg/xoSy xai Hefychius, 
+
+H 0 , j cctof'ict. Etymolog. Magnum ex Ori'one, in Athribis. 
+
+They exprefs it after the manner of the Ionians, who always deviated from the 
+original term. The Dorians would have called it with more propriety Ath. 
+
+** Horus Apollo. L. x. c. 22. p. 38 . 
+
+
+D 2 
+
+
+
+4 
+
+
+
+20 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+h ygcttpovreg, SvfjuoLTrigiov KcuofJLSvov col iyga.q>i}<n 9 mi eitCLvu KAP- 
+
+AIAN. This term occurs continually in compofition. Athyr, 
+
+* 
+
+one of the Egyptian months, was formed of Ath-Ur. It was 
+alfo one of the names of that place where the fhepherds re- 
+
+fided in Egypt; and to which the Ifraelites fucceeded. It 
+
+♦ 
+
+flood at the upper point of Delta, and was particularly 
+
+facred to Ur, or Orus : and thence called Athur-ai, or 
+
+% 
+
+the place of Athur. At the departure of the fhepherds it 
+
+was ruined by King Amofis. 6 J K.CLTS<rm"fye $e ty)v A Qvgiav 
+Afjioocrig. 
+
+As Egypt wa3 named Aith, and Ait ; fo other countries, 
+in which colonies from thence fettled, were fliled Ethia and 
+Athia- The fons of Chus founded a colony in Colchis; and 
+we find a king of that country named Ait; or, as the Greeks 
+expreffed it, Aiqnis : and the land was alfo diftinguifhed by 
+that charadteriftic. Hence Arete in the Orphic Argonautics, 
+fpeaking of Medea’s returning to Colchis, expreffes this place 
+by the terms y\Oscl KqA^wj/ 
+
+6+ 'ftwrgog T£ tofMV, mi eg r}@ect KoAyaw. 
+
+It is fometimes compounded Ath-El, and Ath-Ain ;. from 
+whence the Greeks formed 65 A^Aa, and A @Yivct> titles, by 
+
+6-5 Clemens Alexandrihus from Ptolemy Mendefius. Strom. L. 1. p. 378. 
+
+It was called alfo Abur, or Abaris, as well as Athur. In after times it was re¬ 
+built •, and by Herodotus it is ftiled Cercafora. By Athuria is to be underftood 
+both the city, and the diftridt which was part of the great Nome of Heliopolis.. 
+
+6+ Orphic. Argonaut, v. 1323-. 
+
+65 Athenagorae Legatio. p; 293-. 
+
+Proferpine {Kopec) was alfo called Athela. Ibid;. 
+
+which. 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+21 
+
+
+which they diftinguifhed the Goddefs of wifdom. It was 
+looked upon as a term of high honour, and endearment. Ve¬ 
+nus in Apollonius calls Juno, and Minerva, by way of re- 
+fpedt, H Qsicci : 
+
+
+66 
+
+
+H Qsica, rig £svgo voog , %g£ioo ts-, fcopigei ; 
+
+
+Menelaus fays to his brother Agamemnon, 67 T i<pQ’ xrug, H Osie, 
+
+Kogvrtrecti ; And 68 Tims (jloi , HQsiyi xspcthr}, $ev£ siKYiKsdccg, are 
+the words of Achilles to the fhade of his loft Patroclus.- 
+H Qeiog in the original acceptation, as a tide, hgnified Solaris, 
+Divinus, Splendidus : but in a fecondary fenfe it denoted any 
+
+thing holy, good and praife-worthy. 69 AAAa [jliv H Oeiov kolXso) 
+
+Kcct vo<r<piv some, fays Eumseus of his long abfent, and much 
+honoured mafter. I ’will call him good , and noble , whether he 
+be dead or alive. From this ancient term were derived the 
+rjflog and rfiixoi. of the Greeks. 
+
+I have mentioned, that it is often found compounded, as 
+in Athyr : and that it was a name conferred on places, where 
+the Amonians fettled. Some of this family came in early 
+times to Rhodes, and Lemnos : of which migrations I fhall 5 
+hereafter treat. Hence one of the mod ancient names of 
+75 Rhodes was Aithraia, or the Ifland of Athyr; fo called 
+from the worfhip of the Sun: and Lemnos was denominated 
+
+
+66 Apollonius Rhodius. L. 3'. v. 52. 
+
+67 Homer. Iliad. K. v. 37. 
+
+6S Homer. Iliad. 'R v. 94. 
+
+69 Homer. Odyff. S. v. 147. 
+
+Ath-El among many nations a title of great honour. 
+1 Z Plin. Nat. Hift.. L. 5. e. 31. 
+
+
+Aithalia, 
+
+
+
+22 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+Aithalia, for the fame reafon from Aith-El. It was parti¬ 
+cularly devoted, to the God of lire ; and is hence ftyled Vul- 
+cania by the Poet: 
+
+71 Summis Vulcania furgit 
+Lemnos aquis. 
+
+
+Ethiopia itfelf was named both 71 Aitheria, and Aeria, from 
+Aur, and Athyr : and Lefbos, which had received a colony 
+of Cuthites, was reciprocally ftyled 73 iEthiope. The people 
+of Canaan and Syria paid a great reverence to the memory of 
+Ham : hence we read of many places in thofe parts named 
+Hamath, Amathus, Amathufia. One of the fons of Canaan 
+feems to have been thus called : for it is faid, that Canaan 
+was the father of the 74 Hamathite. A city of this name 
+flood to the eaft of mount Libanus ; whofe natives were the 
+Hamathites alluded to here. There was another Hamath in 
+
+
+Cyprus, by the Greeks exprefted A fjiciO&g, of the fame original 
+as the former. We read of Eth-Baal, a king of 75 Sidon, who 
+
+was the father of Jezebel; and of 76 Athaliah, who was her 
+
+6 
+
+daughter. For Ath was an oriental term, which came from 
+Babylonia and Chaldea to Egypt; and from thence to Syria 
+
+
+and Canaan. 
+
+
+Ovid, though his whole poem be a fable, yet 
+
+
+copies the modes of thofe countries, of which he treats. On 
+
+
+71 Valerius Flaccus. L. 2. v. 78. The chief city was Hephasftia. 
+
+74 Univerfa vero gens (.ZEthiopum) ./Etheria appellata eft. Plin, L. 6 + c. 30. 
+
+73 Plin. L. 5. c. 31. 
+
+74 Genefis. c. 10. v. 18. c. 11, v. 2. 
+
+
+75 1 Kings, c. 16. v. 31. 
+2 Kings, c. 11. v. 1. 
+
+
+
+5 
+
+
+
+^3 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+this account, fpeaking of an Ethiopian, he introduces him by 
+the name of Eth-Amon, but foftened by him to Ethemon. 
+
+77 Inftabant parte finiftra 
+Chaonius Molpeus, dextra Nabathaeus Ethemon. 
+
+Ath was fometimes joined to the ancient title Herm ; which 
+the Grecians with a termination made 'Egfjurjg. From Ath- 
+Herm, came ®sg[j,ca, ©spiJLog^ ©spfActivoo. Thefe terms were 
+fometimes reverfed, and rendered Herm-athena. 
+
+A D. 
+
+Ad is a title which occurs very often in compoiition, as 
+in Ad-Or, Ad-On ; from whence was formed Adorus, Adon, 
+and Adonis. It is fometimes found compounded with it- 
+felf: and was thus made ufe of for a fupreme title, with 
+which both Deities and kings were honoured. We read of 
+Hadad king of 78 Edom : and there was another of the fame 
+name at Damafcus, whofe fon and fucceffor was (filed 79 Ben- 
+hadad. According to Nicolaus Damafcenus, the kings of 
+Syria for nine generations had the name of So Adad. There 
+was a prince Hadadezer, fon of Rehob king of 81 Zobah : 
+
+
+77 Ovid Metamorph. L. 5. V..162. 
+
+So in Virgil. Comites Sarpedonis ambo,. 
+
+Et clarus Ethemon Lycia comitantur ab alta. 
+
+Or, Clarus et Ethemon. JEneis. L. 10. v. 126. 
+
+78 1 Kings, c. 11. v. 14. Adad the fourth king of Edom. Gen. c. 36. v* 35. 
+79 ' 1 Kings, c. 20. v. 1. 
+
+80 Nicolaus Damafc. apud Jofephum Antiq.. L. 7. c. 5. 
+
+8x 2 Samuel, c. 8. v. 3, 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+and Hadoram, fon of the king of 8i Hamath. The God 
+Rimmon was ftiled Adad : and mention is made by the Pro¬ 
+phet of the mourning of Adad Rimmon in the valley of 
+83 Megiddo. The feminine of it was Ada : of which title 
+mention is made by Plutarch in fpeaking of a 8+ queen of Ca¬ 
+l' ia. It was a facred title, and appropriated by the Babylo¬ 
+nians to their chief 35 Goddefs. Among all the eaftern 
+nations Ad was a peculiar title, and was originally conferred 
+upon the Sun: and if we may credit Macrobius, it fignified 
+Opie, and was fo interpreted by the Aftyrians : 36 Deo, quem 
+fummum maximumque venerantur, Adad nomen dederunt. 
+Ejus nominis interpretatio lignificat unus. Hunc ergo ut 
+potifiimum adorant Deum.—Simulacrum Adad infigne cer- 
+nitur radiis inclinatis. I fufpeft, that Macrobius in his re- 
+prefentation has miftaken the cardinal number for the ordi¬ 
+nal ; and that what he renders one , fhould be jirjl or chief. 
+We find that it was a facred title ; and when fingle, it was 
+conferred upon a Babylonifh Deity : but when repeated, it 
+muft denote greater excellence : for the Amonians 
+formed their fuperlative by doubling the pofitive : thus Rab 
+was great,; .Rabrab fignified very great. It is indeed plain 
+from the .account, that it muft have been a fuperlative ; for 
+
+
+
+i Chron. c. iS, v. io. 
+
+Zechariah. c. 12. v. 11. 
+
+There was a town of this name in Ifrael. Some fuppofe that the Prophet al¬ 
+luded to the death of Jofiah, who was (lain at Megiddo. 
+
+Plutarch. Apophthegmata. p. 1 So. One of the wives of Eiau was of Canaan, 
+and named Adah, the daughter of Elon the Hittite. Gen. c. 36. v. 2. 
+
+85 Ad\x, 7]i'ov‘/f kcu u~ro Hpct. Hefychius. 
+
+Macrobii Saturnalia. L,. i. c. 23. 
+
+
+2 
+
+
+he 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 25 
+
+■ 
+
+he fays it was defigned to reprefent what was efteemed fum- 
+imim maximumque, the moft eminent and great. I fhould 
+therefore think, that Adad in its primitive fenfe iignified 
+7 TgwT 0 $ y and 7rgU)TSVM : and in a fecondary meaning it de¬ 
+noted a chief, or prince. We may by thefe means rectify a 
+miftake in Philo, who makes Sanchoniathon fay, that Ado- 
+dus of Phenicia was king of. the country. He renders the 
+name, Adodus : but we know for certain that it was expref- 
+fed Adad, or Adadus, in Edom, Syria, and Canaan. He 
+moreover makes him (SoL<TiXsvg King of the Gods : but 
+
+it is plain, that the word Adad is a compound : and as the 
+two terms, of which it is made up, are precifely the fame, 
+there fhould be a reciprocal refemblance in the tranflation. 
+If Ad be a chief, or king ; Adad fhould be fuperlatively fo, 
+and fignify a king of kings. I fhould therefore fufpeCt, that 
+
+in the original of Sanchoniathon, not fiu.viXzvs ®soov> but /3 a- 
+ffiAsvg (ZoKrfcecav was the true reading. In fhort Ad, and 
+Ada, fignified jirfty tt^wtos ; and in a more lax fenfe, a prince, 
+or ruler : Adad therefore, which is a reiteration of this title, 
+means tt^wtos twv or 7T^ootsvovtmv j and anfwers to the 
+
+moft High, or moft Eminent. 
+
+Ham was often ftyled Ad-Ham, or Adam contracted; 
+which has been the caufe of much miftake. There were 
+many places named Adam, Adama, Adamah, Adamas, 
+
+
+87 Adamantis fluv. Gangeticus. 
+
+Adam was fometimes found reverfed, as in Amad, a Canaanitifh town in the tribe 
+of Afhur. Jofhua. c. 19. v. 26. There was a town Hamad as well as Hamon in 
+Galilee : alio Amida in Mefopotamia. 
+
+VOL. I. 
+
+
+E 
+
+
+Adamana, 
+
+
+
+26 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+Adamana ; which had no reference to the protoplaft, but 
+were by the Amonians denominated from the head of their 
+
+EES and I S. 
+
+Ees, rendered As and Is, like ws of the Hebrews, related 
+to light and fire ; and was one of the titles of the Sun. It 
+is fometimes compounded Ad-Ees, and Ad-Xs; whence 
+came the Hades of the Greeks, and Atis and Attis of the 
+Afiatics ; which were names of the fame Deity, the Sun. 
+Many places were hence denominated : particularly a city 
+in Africa, mentioned by 82 Polybius. There was a river 
+S9 Adefa, which paffed by the city Choma in Alia minor. 
+It was moreover the name of one of the chief, and moft an¬ 
+cient cities in Syria, faid to have been built by Nimrod. It 
+was undoubtedly the work of fame of his brotherhood, the 
+fons of Ghus, who introduced there the rites of fire, and the 
+worfhip of the Sun ; whence it was ftyled Adefa, rendered 
+by the Greeks Edefla. One of the names of fire, among 
+t-hofe in the Eaft, who worfhip it, is 90 Atefh at this day. 
+The term As, like Adad before mentioned, is fometimes 
+
+* 8 Polybius. L. 1. p. 31. 
+
+Atis in Phrygia, and Lydia, was reprefented with a crown of rays, and a tiara 
+fpangled with ftars, tw x<x.T<x<fix.7ov toh aq-^ois rtccpctv. Julian. Orat. 5.. p. 179. 
+
+89 Podalia, Choma,. prsefluente Adefa. Plin. L. 5. c. 17. 
+
+It was compounded alfo Az-On. Hence A&vtx in Sicily near Selinus. Diodori 
+Excerpta. L. 22. 
+
+90 Herbert’s Travels, p. 316. He renders the word Attafh. 
+
+Hyde of the various names of fire among the Perfians ; Ya, Adur, Azur, Adifh, 
+Atelh, Hyr. c. 29. p. 358. Ateih Pereft is a Prieft of fire. Ibid. c. 2 9. p. 366. . ' 
+
+compounded 
+
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+27 
+
+
+compounded with itfelf, and rendered Afas, and Azaz 
+
+
+by 
+
+
+the Greeks expreffed A£cl£q<; and 
+
+
+91 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+In the very 
+
+
+place fpoken of above, the Deity was worfhiped under the 
+name of Azizus. The Emperor Julian acquaints us in his 
+hymn to the 9Z Sun, that the people of Edeffa poffeffed a re¬ 
+gion, which from time immemorial had been facred to that 
+
+
+luminary : that there were two fubordinate Deities, Moni- 
+mus and Azizus, who were elteemed coadjutors, and affef- 
+fors to the chief God. He fuppofes them to have been the 
+fame as Mars and Mercury : but herein this zealous emperor 
+failed ; and did not underhand the theology, which he was 
+recommending. Monimnas and Azizus were both names of 
+the fame God, the Deity of Edefla, and 91 Syria. The former 
+is undoubtedly a tranflation ,of Adad, which fignihes fJLOvas, 
+
+
+or 94 unitas : though 
+
+
+primus 
+
+
+Azizus is a 
+
+
+
+have before fhewn, more properly 
+ication of a like term, being 
+
+
+compounded with itfelf; and was of the fame purport as 
+Ades, or Ad Ees, from whence the place was named. It 
+
+
+was a title not unknown 
+
+
+Greece ; for Ceres was of old 
+
+
+called Azazia ; by the Ionians Azefia. Hefychius obferves 
+
+
+A$ 
+
+
+Proferp 
+
+
+alfo had this name 
+
+
+In 
+
+
+the fame author we learn that a£a, aza, lignified acrSoAo?, 
+or fun-burnt : which {hews plainly to what the primitive 
+
+
+91 Aziz, lightning * any thing fuperlatively bright, analogous to Adad and Rab- 
+rab. Hazazon Tamor, mentioned 2 Chron. c. 20. v. 2. 
+
+91 Orat. 4. p. 150. 
+
+95 Azaz, and Afifus, are the fame as Afis and Ifis made feminine in Egypt 5 who 
+
+# 
+
+was fuppofed to be the filler of Ofiris the Sun. 
+
+94 Tnv MONA A A tbs avS'pocs ovo^ct^eiv A 7 roAAwra. Plutarch. Ifis & Ofiris. 
+
+
+P* 354 * 
+
+
+
+word 
+
+
+
+28 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+word 95 related. This word is often found combined with 
+; as in Aforus, and Eforus, under which titles the Deity 
+
+
+96 
+
+
+Syria, 
+
+
+Sicily, and Carthage : of the lail 
+
+
+° r ; 
+
+was worshiped in 
+city he was fuppofed to have been the founder. It is often 
+
+compounded with El, and II; and many places were from 
+
+♦ 
+
+thence denominated Alefia, Elyfa, Eleufa, Halefus, Elyfus, 
+Eleufis, by apocope Las, Lafa, Lsefa, Lafaia ; alfo Lifla, Lif- 
+fus, Liflia. Sometimes we meet with thefe terms reverfed ; 
+and inftead of El Ees they are rendered Ees El: hence we 
+have places named Azilis, Azila, Afyla, contracted Zelis, 
+Zela, Zeleia, Zelitis ; alfo Sele, Sela, Sala, Salis, Sillas, Silis, 
+Soli. All thefe places were founded or denominated by peo¬ 
+ple of the Amonian worfhip: and we may always upon in¬ 
+quiry perceive fomething very peculiar in their hiftory, and 
+fituation. They were particularly devoted to the worfhip of 
+the Sun ; and they were generally fituated near hot fprings, 
+or elfe upon foul and fetid lakes, and pools of bitumen. It 
+
+is alfo not uncommon to find near them mines of fait and 
+
+% 
+
+nitre ; and caverns fending forth peftilential exhalations. 
+
+
+95 Hence came alfo, aftare, of the Romans. 
+
+Jezebel, whofe father was Ethbaal, king of Sidon, and whofe daughter was Atha- 
+
+liah, feems to have been named from Aza-bel j for all the Sidonian names are com¬ 
+pounds of facred terms. 
+
+96 Places, which have this term in their compofition, are to be found alfo in Ca¬ 
+naan, and Africa. See Relandi Paleftina. Vol. 2. p. 597. Jofeph. Ant. L. 8. c. 2. 
+Hazor, the chief city of Jahin, who is foiled king of Canaan, ftood near Lacus Sa- 
+mochonites. Azorus near Heraclea in Theffaly, at the bottom of Mount CEta. 
+
+Hazor is mentioned as a kingdom, and feemingly near Edom and Kedar. Jeremiah, 
+c. 49. v. 30. 33. 
+
+97 Hazor in Sicily ftood near Enna, and was by the Greeks rendered A <rawgc? 9 
+
+and Acrertopoy. Azor and Azur was a common name for places, where Puratheia 
+were conftrudted. See Hyde. Relig. Perf. c. 3. p. 100. 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+29 
+
+
+The Elyfian plain near the Catacombs in Egypt flood upon 
+the foul Charonian canal: which was fo noifome, that every 
+fetid ditch and cavern was from it called Charonian. Alia 
+Proper comprehended little more than Phrygia, and a part 
+of Lydia ; and was bounded by the river Halys. It was of 
+a mo ft inflammable foil ; and there were many fiery erup¬ 
+tions about Caroura, and in Hyrcania, which latter was 
+ftyled by the Greeks xexoivfJLeVYi. Hence doubtlefs the region 
+had the name of 98 Afia, or the land of fire. One of its moft 
+ancient cities, and moft reverenced, was Hierapolis, famous 
+for its hot 99 fountains. Here was alfo a facred cavern, ftyled 
+by IDO Strabo Plutonium, and Charonium ; which fent up 
+peftilential effluvia. Photius in the life of Ifidorus acquaints 
+us, that it was the temple of Apollo at Hierapolis, within 
+whole precindts thefe deadly vapours arofe. 1 Ey "Ib^olttoXbl 
+
+tyis ®gvyia.g 'Isgov yjv AsroAAwj/o?, utto Ss top volop noLTa£oL<nov 
+
+V 7 CSKsno , - 9 ■coJoc<ri[JLh$s ccvoL 7 ruocx,g 7 rccgs’X t O[j[,evov. He fpeaks of this 
+cavity as being immediately under the edifice. Four caverns 
+of this fort, and ftiled Charonian, are mentioned by * Strabo 
+in this part of the world. Pliny fpeaking of fome Charonian 
+
+
+9 * 
+
+
+The country” about the Cayfter was particularly named Afia. 
+Aerie? bvAbi\aoovi K av^piv <xfJL(pi peeB g>a. Homer. Iliad. B. v. 46f . 
+
+
+Of thefe parts fee Strabo. L. 13, p. 932. 
+
+99 'lepctwroAis—S-epfxtov uS'ctToov 'aroAAcur tztAwS tierce., cctto t 3 tepee 'zzroAAa. e%eiv. 
+
+Stephanus Byzant. 
+
+100 c l € pa7ToA /^ 07r3 tcc SrspfAct vS'cctcc^ xcci to riAoT ( Wk ; or 3 ccpiCpco T&apx&o^oT^QyLCL? 
+
+two, t'xpvTcc. Strabo. L. 13. p. 933. 
+
+Damafcius apud Photium in Vita Ifidor. c. 242. 
+
+* At Hierapolis, Acharaca, Magnefia, and My us. Strabo. L. 12. p. S68. 
+
+tv y to nAarcjr/ovj kcu olKtob tvo AuTfAfr , ttcci veoov PJA btoovos tb xcti 
+JH xcti to XAPfiNION avTpov virtpiei petrov t& aAcw> Srccvy.izq-'cv tyi (pucrgi. 
+
+
+Strabo. L. 14. p. 960. 
+
+
+hollows 
+
+
+
+3° 
+
+
+RADICAL'S* 
+
+
+hollows in Italy* fays that the exhalations were infupport- 
+able. 3 Spiracula vocant, alii Charotieas fcrobes, tUortiferum 
+fpiritum exhalantes. It may appear wonderful 5 but the 
+Amonians were determined in the lituatioii both, of their 
+
+
+cities and temples by thefe ft range phenomena, 
+efteemed no places fo facrecL, as thofe, where 
+
+
+
+They 
+were 
+
+fiery eruptions, uncommon fleams, and fulphuresoUs exha¬ 
+lations. In Armenia near 4 Comana, and Camilena, was the 
+temple of 5 Anait, or fountain of the Sun. It was a Per-fic 
+and Babylomfh Deity, as well as an Armenian^ which was 
+honoured with Pur&theia, where the rites 'of hre Were pa*r-- 
+ticularly kept up. The city itfelf was named Zela : and 
+dole behind it was a large nitrous lake. In fhort, from the 
+Amcinian terms, Al-As, came the Grecian cxAog, czXctg, ; 
+as from the fame terms reverled (As-El) were farmed the !La~ 
+tine Sal, Sol, and Salum. Wherever the Amonians found 
+places with thefe natural or preternatural properties, they 
+held them facred, and founded their temples near them. 
+
+
+3 Plin. H. N. L. 2. c. 93. Spiritus lethales alibi, aut fcrobibus emiili, aut ipfo 
+loci fitu mortiferi: alibi volucribus tantum, ut Sorafte vicino urbi traftu: alibi 
+praster hominem casteris animantibus : nonnunquam et homini; ut in Sinueffano 
+agro, etPuteolano. Spiracula vocant, alii Charoneas fcrobes, mortiferum fpiritum 
+exhalantes. Strabo of the fame: QufjiCgiu 9 nsrctp vv Aopvov sq~i oir^Kouov legov 5 
+XAPfiNION A eyofj.evovj oA$ 0 p*tfs z^ov cc,7ro(popccs. L. 14. p. 943. 
+
+4 'AvravTct vv ret tcov Ylepaoov legcc xcu Mv^oi kcli Ag^enoi TerifjLVXacn' tcc 
+tvs Avccit&qs S'ict(pepovTU)$ Apixzvioi. Strabo. L. n. p. 805. 
+
+5 Anait fignifies a fountain of fire * under which ilame a female Deity was wor- 
+fhiped. Wherever a temple is mentioned dedicated to her worfhip, there will be 
+generally found fome hot ftreams either of water or bitumen : or elfe fait, and ni¬ 
+trous pools. This is obfervable at Arbela. Tlepi A/>£wA<x s<?t xca ^v/xvrpicts 
+'zvo?u$ e<6’ v t's yucpBcc ‘Bnryfij jcc u tcc r&vpoc^ xcci to tvs A vcctccs (or AvcuritPos) tegov* 
+Strabo. L. 16. p. 1072. 
+
+Of Anait fee Strabo. L. 11. p. 779. L. 12. p. 838. L. 15. p._ 1066. 
+
+Selenoulia 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+3i 
+
+
+6 Selenoufia in Ionia was upon a fait lake, facred to Artemis. 
+In Epirus was a city called Alefa, Elifla, and Lefa : and 
+hard by were the Alefian plains : fimilar to the Elyfian in 
+Egypt: in thefe was produced a great quantity of foflil 6 7 fait. 
+There was an Alefia in Arcadia, and a mountain Alefium 
+with a temple upon it. Here an ancient perfonage, JEputus, 
+was faid to have been fuffocated with fait water : in which 
+hiftory there is an alluiion to the etymology of the name. 
+It is true that Paufanias fuppofes it to have been called Ale- 
+iia from Rhea having wandered thither ; 8 S'lot ty)V uXriv, 00 g 
+<pCL<n y KdXovfJLBVov rrjV 'Feag : but it was not aXrj, but dXctg, and 
+
+aXog> fal ; and the Deity, to whom that body was facred, 
+from whence the place was named. And this is certain from 
+another tradition, which there prevailed : for it is faid that 
+
+in ancient times there was an eruption of fea water in the 
+
+■ 
+
+temple : 9 ©ccXourcrrig h uvctQouvs&cu jcvfjui sv Tca'lsgca t«tco Xoyog 
+Sfiv OLgyctioq. Nor was this appellation confined to one par¬ 
+ticular fort of fountain, or water : but all waters, that had 
+
+9 
+
+any uncommon property, were in like manner facred to 
+Elees, or Eefel. It was an ancient title of Mithras and Ofiris 
+in the eaft, the fame as IO Sol, the Sun. From hence the 
+
+6 Strabo. L. 14. p. 951* 
+
+7 E<r< Ha* AAwa-ior tvs H7 reipy D tree tz rvyv'JTca cchcts. Stephanus Byzantinus. 
+
+8 Paufanias. L. 8. p. 618. 
+
+9 Athanafius, who was of Egypt, fpeaks of the veneration paid to fountains and 
+
+waters. AAA 01 'Gtotqcijcbs icca xgvvcts, kcu tstccvtcov Atyv7rTtoi t ovSoop tcogtz- 
+
+nrifwiKoicrti kcu &€& ccvctyopewdari* Oratio contra Gentes. p. 2. Edit. Commelin. 
+
+It was an obfolete term, but to be traced in its derivatives. From Ees-El came - 
+AavXoVy Afylum: from Kl-Ees, Elis, ElifTa, Eleufis, Eleufinia Sacra, Elyfium,. 
+Elyfii campi in Egypt and elfewhere. 
+
+7 priefls 
+
+
+
+3 ^ 
+
+
+RADICAL S. 
+
+
+priefts of the Sun were called Soli and Solimi in Cilicia, Selli 
+in Epirus, Salii at Rome, all originally priefts of fire. As 
+fuch they are defcribed by Virgil: 
+
+Turn Salii ad cantus incenla altaria circum. 
+
+
+In like manner the Silaceni of the Babylonians were wor- 
+fhipers of the fame Deity, and given to the rites of fire, which 
+accompanied the worfhip of the Sun. 
+
+The chief city of Silacena was Sile or Sele, which were 
+eruptions of fire. Sele is the place or city of the Sun. When¬ 
+ever therefore Sal, or Sel, or the fame reverfed, occur in the 
+compofition of any place’s name, we may be pretty certain 
+that the place is remarkable either for its rites or fituation, 
+and attended with fome of the circumftances " above-men¬ 
+
+
+tioned. Many inftances may be produced of thofe denomi 
+nated from the quality of their waters. I: 
+larus of Italy every thing became petrified, 
+lias in India would fuffer nothing to fwim. 
+
+
+In the river 5 * Si- 
+The river 13 Si- 
+u The waters of 
+
+
+the I4 Salafti in the Alps were of great ufe in refining gold. 
+
+
+Of thofe places called Lafa many inftances might be produced. The fountain 
+at Gortyna in Crete was very facred, and called Lafa, and Lyfa. There was a tra¬ 
+dition, that Jupiter when a child was walhed in its waters : it was therefore changed 
+
+L. 8. p. 658. 
+
+In Judea were fome medicinal waters and warm fprings of great repute, at a place 
+called of old Lafa. Lafa ipfa eft, quae nunc Callirrhoe dicitur, ubi aquae calidas in 
+MareMortuum defluunt. Hieron. in Ifaiam. c. 17. 19. 
+
+HpwS'vs tois Kara. KaAAippw Srep/mois sne^riro. Jofephus de B, J. L. I. c. 33. 
+
+Alefa, urbs et fons Sicilise. Solinus. c. 11. The fountain was of a wonderful 
+nature. 
+
+- 1 Strabo. L. 5. p. 385. 
+
+,} Strabo. L. 15. p. 1029. 
+
+,+ Strabo. L. 4. p. 314. 
+
+
+to j\ov(7oc . Paufanias fays, v^oop ^fV^poTccTcv 'utccps^btcli 'uroTcifiA&iv. 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+r 
+
+
+RADICALS. 33 
+
+.The fountain at 15 Selinus in Sicily was of a bitter faline tafte. 
+Of the fait lake near 16 Selinoufia in Ionia I have fpoken. 
+The fountain Siloe at Jerufalem was in fome 
+Ovid mentions Sulmo, where he was born, as noted for its 
+18 cool waters : for cold ftreams were equally facred to the 
+Sun as thofe which were of a contrary nature. The fine 
+waters at ZEnon, where John baptized, were called 19 Salim. 
+The River Ales near Colophon ran through the grove of 
+Apollo, and was efteemed the coldeft ftream in Ionia. 20 AAi^j 
+
+'llroTa.fj.og Tpvy/goTctTos toov sv I wvict. In the country of the Ala- 
+zonians was a bitter fountain, which ran into the 21 Hypanis. 
+Thefe terms were fometimes combined with the name of 
+Ham ; and exprefled Hameles, and Hamelas ; contracted to 
+Meles and Melas. A river of this name watered the .region 
+
+o 
+
+of Pamphylia, and was noted for a moll cold and pure 22 water. 
+The Meles near Smyrna was equally admired. 23 2[J,vgvctioig Js 
+'uroT&pog MsXrig' v$cag e?i mKhizov, mi (nrYihouov S7ri Toug 'snj- 
+
+
+
+15 Strabo. L. 6. p. 421. 
+
+16 Strabo. L. 14. p. 951. Here was a cavern, which fent forth a molt pefti- 
+lential vapour. Diodorus Sic. L. 4. p. 278. 
+
+17 Voyages de Monconys. Parte 2de. p. 38. 
+
+18 Sulmo mihi patria eft, gelidis uberrimus undis. 
+
+Ovid. Triftia. L. 4. Eleg. 9. v. 3. 
+
+19 John. c. 3. v, 23. Hr efg xoct looccwmsv Aivcov sYyvs fo de¬ 
+
+nominated by the ancient Canaanites. 
+
+Paufanias. L. 7. p. 535. The city Arles in Provence was famed for medi¬ 
+cinal waters. The true name was Ar-Ales, the city of Ales : it was alfo called Ar- 
+El-Ait, or Arelate. 
+
+* 
+
+11 Herodotus. L. 4. c. 52. 
+
+11 Paufanias. L. 8. p. 659. 
+
+43 Paufanias. L. 7. p. 535. 
+
+VOL. I. P 
+
+
+youg. 
+
+
+
+34 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+youg 
+
+
+The Melas in Cappadocia was of a contrary quality. 
+It ran through a hot, inflammable country, and formed many 
+
+fiery pools. 24 Kou tolvtcl ft* e?i tol sXjo 'urz'JTctyz 'vrvgi\Y}7nroc. 
+In Pontus was Amafus, Amafia, Amafene, where the region 
+abounded with hot waters : 25 c Tt£^k.£ITCU cTs Trig twv A[jloutswv 
+
+TO. TS S'g^a vS&TOL TUV <&&£ri[JLOV£lTCt!V y Vyi£lVOL tTcpoSgOt. 
+
+It is wonderful, how far the Amonian religion and cuftoms 
+were carried in the firfl ages. The ancient Gfermans, and 
+
+Scandinavians, were led by the fame principles ; knd founded 
+
+% 
+
+their temples in fituations of the fame nature, as thofe were, 
+which have been above defcribed. Above all others they 
+chofe thofe places, where were any nitrous, or faline waters. 
+26 Maxi me autem lucos (or lacus) fale gignendo fsecundos Ccelo 
+propinquare, precefque mortalium nufquam propius audiri 
+firmiter erant perfuafi ; prout exemplo Hermundurorum do- 
+cet teftis omni exceptione major 27 Tacitus. 
+
+
+SAN, SON, Z A N, Z A A N, 
+
+The moft common name for the Sun was San, and Son; 
+exprefied alfo Zan, Zon, and Zaan. Zeus of Crete, who 
+was fuppofed to have been buried in that Ifland, is faid to 
+have had the following ihfeription on his tomb: 
+
+Strabo. L. 12. p. 812. 
+
+Strabo. L. 12. p. 839. 
+
+2-6 Gafpar Brechenmaker. § 45. p. 57. 
+
+“ 7 Tacitus. Annal. L. 13. c. 57. 
+
+From this ancient term As, or Az, many words in the Greek language were de¬ 
+rived : fuch as ct^ofxoct y veneror *, &egfJLov 5 ocaSc^os y 
+
+aZfiomsy <xi t~Y)gan ex, &scopicc$. Hefychius. 
+
+
+
+I 
+
+
+R 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+D 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+C 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+L 
+
+
+S. 
+
+
+35 
+
+
+2 S 
+
+
+L* 
+
+
+*X2(5s (jLsyccg ksitou Zqlv, ov At« tciKXYi<riC3<ri. 
+
+
+The Ioniaris expreffed it Zi^r, and Z) *\m, Hefychius tells us 3 
+
+
+that the 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+called Xccwg by the Babyl 
+
+
+It is to 
+
+
+be' obferved that the Grecians in foreign words continually 
+omitted the Nu final, and fubftituted a Sigma. The true 
+Babylonifh name for the Sun was undoubtedly %a.wv> often- 
+
+
+was the fame 
+
+
+Zauaii of 
+
+
+times expreffed Xccocv, Soari. It 
+the Sidoniaris ; under which name they worfhiped Adonis, 
+or the Sun. Hefychius fays, Z OLVumg, Ssog Tig sv Siibovi. 
+Who the Deity was,- I think may be plainly feen. It is 
+mentioned by the fame writer, that the Indian Hercules, by 
+which is always meant the chief Deity, was fly led Dbrfanes j 
+
+o 'H£a;cA)f£ ft 'ccg' I v$oig. The name Dorfanes is an 
+
+
+og<r'OLvr\g, o 
+abridgment of Ador 
+the lord of light. It 
+
+
+Ador 
+
+
+that is Ador 
+
+
+Was a title conferred upon Ham 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+alfo upon other's of his family; whom I" have before men 
+tioried' to have been colle&ively called the Baalim. Analo 
+
+
+namm 
+
+
+this they Were likewifo called the Zaanim, and 
+arid'a temple was erected to them by the ar 
+
+
+Canaanites, which was from them riamed 19 Beth-Zaananim 
+There Was alfo a place called Sanim in the fame countfy 
+
+
+*8 
+
+
+Cyril, contra Julianum. L. io. p. 342. And Iamblich. in vita Pytha- 
+
+
+
+Za^ K porn. Ladtantii Div. Inftitut. L. 1. c. 11. p. 53. 
+
+Zar, Z tvs. Hefychius. 
+
+* 9 Jofhua. c. ig. v. 33. Judges, c. 4. v. 11. Alfo Tzaanan. Micah. c. 1. v. 11." 
+Solis Fons. 
+
+
+F 2 
+
+
+rendered 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+36 
+
+rendered Sonam 3 °, XcavctpL, by Eufebius; which was undoubt¬ 
+edly named in honour of the fame perfons : for their pof- 
+terity looked up to them, as the Heliadae, or defcendants 
+of the Sun, and denominated them from that luminary* 
+According to Hefychius it was a title, of old not unknown 
+in Greece; where princes and rulers were ftyled Zanides, 
+'ZjCLVi$sg> 'HysfjLovsg. In 31 Diodorus Siculus mention is made 
+of an ancient king of Armenia, called Barfanes ; which fig— 
+nifies the offspring of the Sun. We find temples erected to 
+the Deity of the fame purport; and ftyled in the fingular 
+Beth-San : by which is meant the temple of the Sun. Two 
+places occur in Scripture of this name : the one in the tribe 
+of Manaffeh ; the other in the land of the Philiftines. The 
+latter feems to have been a city; and alfo a temple, where 
+the body of Saul was expofed after his defeat upon mount 
+Gilboa. For it is faid, that the Philiftines 351 cut off his head y 
+and Jtripped off his armour—and they put his armour in the 
+houfe of AJhtorethy and they faflened his body to the wall of 
+Bethfan. They feem to have fometimes ufed this term with 
+a reduplication : for we read of a city in Canaan called 
+33 Sanfanah y by which is fignified a place facred to the moll 
+illuftrious Orb of day. Some ancient ftatues near mount 
+Cronius in Elis were by the natives called Zanes, as we are 
+
+
+30 Relandi Pal^ftina. V. 2. p. 983. 
+
+3 * Diodorus Siculus. L. 2. p. 90. 
+
+3 “ 1 Samuel, c. 31. v. 9, 10. 
+
+P Jofhua. c. 15. v. 31. 
+
+told 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+37 
+
+
+% 
+
+told by Paufanias 
+
+
+KaKovvTca Js mo 
+
+
+S7ri’YJj)glM 
+
+
+They were fuppofed to have been the ftatues of 
+
+
+but 
+
+
+Zan was more properly the 
+
+
+and they were the ftatues 
+
+
+of perfons, who were denominated from him. One of theie 
+perfbns, flyled Zanes, and Zanim, was Chus : whole poffce- 
+rity fent out large colonies to various parts of the earth. 
+Some of them fettled upon the coaft of Aufonia, called in 
+later times Italy ; where they worshiped their great anceftor 
+under the name of San-Chus. Silius Italicus fpeaking of 
+the march of fome Sabine troops, fays, 
+
+
+35 Pars Sancum voce canebant 
+Audtorem gentis. 
+
+Ladlantius takes notice of this Deity. 36 TEgyptii Ifidem, 
+Mauri Jubam, Macedones Cabirum—Sabini Sancum colunt. 
+He was not unknown at Rome, where they ftyled him Zeus 
+Piftius, as we learn from Dionyfius of Halicarnaffus : 37 Ev 
+
+-1 egc*) A log ov 'P oo(jlouoi Xcuytcov There are in 
+
+Gruter infcriptions, wherein he has the title of Semon pre¬ 
+fixed, and is alfo flyled Sandius. 
+
+
+34 Paufanias. L. 5. p. 430. 
+
+Zara, Zora, Hcara* all names of the fame purport, all ftatues- of the Sun, called 
+Zan, Zon, Zoan, Xoan. 
+
+35 Silius Italicus. L. 8. v. 421. 
+
+36 Laftantius, de F. R. L. 1. p. 65. 
+
+Fit facrificium, quod eft proficifcendi gratia, Herculi, aut Sanco , qui idem deus 
+eft. Feftus. 
+
+37 Dionyfins HalicarnafT. Antiq. Rom. L. 4. p. 246. St. Auftin fuppofes the 
+name to have been San£tus. Sabini etiam Regem fuum primum Sancum, five, ut 
+aliqui appellant, Sandtum, retulernnt inter deos. Auguftinus de Civitate Dei. L. 
+18. c. 19. The name was not of Roman original5 but far prior to Rome. 
+
+S A N C T O. 
+
+
+
+3p3 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+38 SANCTO. SANCO. 
+
+SEMONI. DEO. FIDIO. 
+
+SACRUM. 
+
+Semon. (Sem_-On) figniftes Coeleftis Sol. 
+
+Some of the ancients thought that the foul of man was a 
+divine emanation ; a portion of light from the Sun. Hence 
+probably it was called Zoan from that luminary ; for fo we 
+find it named in Macrobius. 39 Veteres nullum animal fa> 
+
+4 
+
+crum in finibus fuis efie patiebantur; fed abigebant ad 
+fines Deorum, quibus facrum eflet: animas vero facratorum 
+hominum, quos Grseci Z12ANAS vocant, Diis debitas sefti« 
+mabant. 
+
+D I, DIO, DIS, DUS. 
+
+
+Another common name for the Deity was Dis, Dus, and 
+
+
+the like 
+
+
+alog 
+
+
+Deus, and Theos of other 
+
+
+The Sun was called Arez in the eaft, and compounded Dis 
+
+
+
+and Dus 
+
+
+which fignifies Deus 
+
+
+is mentioned by Tertullian 40 . Unicuique 
+et civitati fuus Deus eft, ut Syria: Aftarte, Arabia Dyf 
+
+
+Sol. The name 
+etiam provincia 
+
+
+38 Gruter. Infcript. Vol. I. p. 9 6. n. 6 . 
+
+Semoni Sanco Deo Fidio. n. 5. 
+
+Sanco Fidio Semo Patri. n. 7. 
+
+Sanco Deo Patr. Reatin. facrum. n. 8. 
+
+From San came theLatine terms, fanus, fano, fandtus, fancire. 
+
+Voffius derives San or Zan from *UW, fsevire. De Idol. T. i. c. 22. p. 168. 
+
+39 Macrobii Saturn. L. 3. c. 8. p. 282. 
+
+Hence perhaps came £aeiv and Zjiv, to live: and £wor s animal: and hence the title 
+of Apollo ZwroJW/ip. 
+
+i! Tertullian. Apolog. c. 24. 
+
+IO 
+
+
+Helychius 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+39 
+
+
+4 
+
+Hefy chius fuppofes the Deity to have been the fame as Dio- 
+
+nufus. A vtrctgw top Aiwwrov Na^ocrsuot (mKamp), cag Ic nScagog. 
+There was a high mountain or promontory in 41 Arabia, de¬ 
+nominated from this Deity : analogous to which there was 
+one in Thrace, which had its name 42 from Duforus, or the 
+God of light, Oxus. I took notice, that Hercules, or the 
+chief Deity among the Indians, was called Dorfanes : he had 
+alio the name of Sandis, and Sandes ; which fignifies Sol 
+
+
+Deus. 43 B rihov (ASP top A ict tv^op, Xapfyp ts top 'HgaxKsa, 
+
+JCOLl AVOUTlSct TY\V A tpgQ&TWy KOU CL T'wAWff CLKhHg skolKhp. Aga- 
+thias of the people in the eaft. Probably the Deity Bendis, 
+whofe rites were fo celebrated in Phrygia and Thrace, was a 
+compound of Ben-Dis, the offspring of God. The natives 
+of this country reprefented Bendis as a female ; and fuppofed 
+her to be the fame as 44 Selene, or the moon. The fame 
+Deity was alfo mafculine and feminine : what was Dea Luna 
+in one country, was Deus Lunus in another. 
+
+
+K U R, KTPO 2, CURA. 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+was likewife named Kur, Cur, K vgog 
+
+
+45 
+
+
+Kvgop 
+
+
+41 j&BG'a.pn (lege Ll&<racpns) a-xo7re Aos xcu xogvtyy v-^nXoToc.Tn Apa£/as’ StpyTca S' caro 
+tb ©gos <Ps htgs 'ZxictQct Apcc^i xai /^oc^ccpyivots Ttpcoopcevos. Stephanus Byz. 
+
+Aw, Dous, is the fame as Deus. /lous-Agris^ Deus Sol. 
+
+4i A&awfov x,ctAeofxevov ovpo$. Herod. L. 5. c. 17. 
+
+43 Agathias. L. 2. p. 6 2. 
+
+44 To OVOfX.CC T&TQ ®pCC7tOV f} BSrcT/S* Q'JTCO KUI Opccxos Sr£0?l0y3 fX£TCC TOOV 'ZETOAAfcU' 
+
+S^A vvris ovofxccToov xcti r rrjv B ev£iv ttiv S’eov cLvcc 7 repL^ctvTo$. 
+
+YlABTWvn t e* xou E v(ppoavv>i 3 B evS'is *re KpccTcucc. 
+
+Ex Proclo. See Poefis Philoiophica. Edit. H. Steph. p. 91. 
+
+45 Plutarch. inArtaxerxe, P. 1012. 
+
+
+
+40 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+yag kolKziv Ylegcctg T ov 'H Xiov. Tlie like is to be found in 
+Hefychius. Kt>£ 0 ? &7T0 ra 'HAia* rov yctg f\hiov Ilshat Kt>- 
+gov Xsyacri. Many places were facred to this Deity, and 
+called Cura, Curia, Curopolis, Curene, Curelchata, Curefta, 
+Cureftica regio. Many rivers in Perils, Media, Iberia, were 
+denominated in the fame manner. The term is fometirhes 
+exprelfed Corns : hence Corulia in Scythia. Of this term I 
+lhall fay more hereafter. 
+
+COHEN or CAHEN. 
+
+% 
+
+i 
+
+Cohen, which feems among the Egyptians and other A mo- 
+mans to have been pronounced Cahen, and Chan, lignilied 
+a Prieft; alfo a Lord or Prince. In early times the office 
+of a Prince and of a Prieft were comprehended under one 
+character. 
+
+46 Rex Anius, Rex idem hominum, Phcebique Sacerdos. 
+
+This continued a great while in fome parts of the 47 world ; 
+efpecially in Alia Minor; where even in the time of the Ro¬ 
+mans the chief prieft was the prince of the 48 province. The 
+term was fometimes ufed with a greater latitude ; and de¬ 
+noted any thing noble and divine. Hence we find it pre- 
+
+46 Virgil. ^Eneis. L. 3. v. 80. 
+
+Majorum enim hsec erat confuetudo, ut Rex efiet etiam Sacerdos, et Pontifex : 
+unde hodieque Imperatores Pontifices dicamus. Servii Scholia ibidem. 
+
+47 c Oi S'* Izgtis to txxclKcuqv fjLBv Svvol<^cu T.vts vactv. Strabo. L. 12. p. 851. It is 
+fpoken particularly of fome places in Afia Minor. 
+
+48 Pythodorus, the high prieft of Zela, and Comana in Armenia was the king 
+of the country. Hr 0 le^evs xvpios tcdv 'srxv tmv. Strabo. L. 12. p. 838, 
+
+9 
+
+
+fixed 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+41 
+
+
+fixed to the names both of Deities and men; and of places 
+denominated from them. It is often compounded with 
+Athoth, as Canethoth ; and we meet with Can-Ofiris, Can- 
+ophis, Can-ebron, and the like. It was fometimes expreffed 
+Kun, and among the Athenians was the title of the ancient 
+priefts of Apollo ; whofe pofterity were ftyled Kvvvrfou, Cun- 
+
+nid 2 e, according to Hefychius. K vvviicu, ysvog sv A@rivy><nv, e% 
+
+ov 6 'I egevg ts K vvvib A7To7\Xwvog. We find from hence, that 
+
+Apollo was ftyled K vvviog, Cunnius. K vvviog, AftoKhmog S7ri - 
+
+Qsrov. Hence came xvveiv, 7rgo<rxvvstv, 7rgo<rxvvri<rig, well known 
+terms of adoration. It was alfo expreffed Con, as we may 
+infer from the title of the Egyptian Hercules 49 . T ov 'H^a- 
+
+kXyiu <pY)(ri xoltol Tqv A iyv7mwv iiOLXsxrov KQNA A eyetrQou. It 
+feems allb to have been a title of the true God, who by 
+50 Mofes is ftiled Konah, rup. 
+
+We find this term oftentimes fubjoined. The Chaldeans, 
+who were particularly poflefied of the land of Ur, and were 
+worfhipers of fire, had the name of Urchani. Strabo limits 
+this title to one branch of the Chaldeans, who were literati, 
+and obfervers of the heavens ; and even of thefe to one led: 
+only. Efi is xou twv ’Ka.hiouwv toov A^ovo^jlikoov ysvr) ttA sica. 
+kou ya.g 51 Ogyrivoi Tivsg 7rgo<r<x,yogsvovTcu. But ^ Ptolemy fpeaks 
+
+O 
+
+49 Etymologicum Magnum. 
+
+K upcc£if$ T 1 otreiSuv A 0 wrier iv gT///-xTo. Hefychius. 
+
+10 Genefis. c. 14. v. 19. H 3 p p’Sy 
+
+Sabacon of Ethiopia was Saba Con, or king of Saba. 
+
+51 Strabo. L. 16. p. 1074. 
+
+sz Ptolem. Geogr. Lib. 5. cap. 19. p. 165. He places very truly the Orcheni 
+upon the Sinus Perlicus : for they extended fo far. 
+
+ncLgotKenou ry epnpuu AoccSia, t\ XaA<?cc<a Idem. L. 5. c. 20. p. 167. 
+
+Vol.I. G 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+
+42 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+of them more truly as a nation; as does Pliny likewife. He 
+mentions their flopping the courfe of the Euphrates, and di¬ 
+verting the flream into the channel of the Tigris. 53 Eu- 
+phratem prseclufere Orcheni, &c. nec nifi Pafitigri defertur 
+in mare. There feem to have been particular colleges ap¬ 
+propriated to the aflronomers and priefls in Chaldea, which 
+were called Conah; as we may infer from 54 Ezra. He ap¬ 
+plies it to focieties of his own priefls and people ; but it was 
+a term borrowed from Chaldea. 
+
+The title of Urchan among the Gentile nations was ap¬ 
+propriated to the God of fire, and his Si priefls ; but was af- 
+fumed by other perfons. Some of the priefls, and princes 
+among the Jews after the return from captivity took the 
+name of Hyrcanus. Orchan, and Orchanes among the Perfic 
+and Tartar nations is very common at this 56 day; among 
+whom the word Chan is ever current for a prince or king. 
+Hence we read of Mangu Chan, Cublai Chan, Cingis Chan. 
+Among fome of thefe nations it is exprefled Kon, Kong, and 
+King. Monfieur de Lifle, fpeaking of the Chinefe, fays, 
+* 7 Les noms de King Che, ou Kong-Sfe, fignifient Cour de 
+
+5J Plin. H. N. L. 6. c. 27. 
+
+s * Ezra. c. 5. v. 6. c. 4. v. 9—17. 
+
+ss The priefts in Egypt, among other titles, were called Sonchin, five Solis Sa- 
+
+cerdotes, changed, to in the lingular. Pythagoras was infitrufted by a Son- 
+
+chin, or prieft of the Sun. It is mentioned as a proper name by Clemens Alexandr. 
+
+Strom. L. 1. p. 536. And it might be fo : for priefts were denominated from the 
+Deity, whom they ferved. 
+
+s6 See Obfervations upon the Ancient Hiftory of Egypt, p. 164.. 
+
+” Defcription de la Ville de Pekin, p. 5. He mentions Chao Kong. p. 3. 
+
+Prince 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+43 
+
+
+Prince en Chine. Can, ou Chan en langue Tartare iignifie 
+Roi, ou Empereur. 
+
+P E T A H. 
+
+* 
+
+Of this Amonian term of honour I have taken notice in 
+a treatife before. I have fhewn, that it was to be found in 
+many Egyptian s8 names, fuch as Petiphra, Petiphera, Peti- 
+fonius, Petoffris, Petarbemis, Petubaftus the Tanite, and Pe- 
+tefuccus builder of the Labyrinth. Petes, called Peteos in 
+Homer, the father of Mneftheus the Athenian, is of the fame 
+original : 59 T ov yotg TlsTqv, tov 'urcLTsgct. M.eve<r$etts y ra g-goiTsv- 
+
+<rctvTog si$ Tgoioiv, <pctvegoo$ Aiywrjiov vtt cLefeacn cl ;ctA. All the 
+great officers of the Babylonians and Perffans took their names 
+from fome facred title of the Sun. Herodotus mentions 60 Pe- 
+tazithes Magus, and 61 Patiramphes : the latter was charioteer 
+to Xerxes in his expedition to Greece : but he was denomi¬ 
+nated from another office - y for he was brother to Smerdis, 
+and a Magus ; which was a prieft of the Sun. This term is 
+fometimes fubjoined, as in Atropatia, a province in 6z Media $ 
+which was fo named, as we learn from Strabo , 63 CL7ro ts At^o- 
+
+sS See Obfervations and Inquiries, p. 163. 
+
+59 Diodorus Siculus. L. 1. p. 25. 
+
+60 L. 3. c. 6x. 
+
+61 T 
+
+.L. 7. c. 40. 
+
+Pataecion is mentioned by Plutarch de audiendis Poetis. P. 21. 
+
+Patiramphes is for Pata-Ramphan, the prieft of the God Ramphan, changed to 
+Ramphas by the Greeks. 
+
+Ram-Phan is the great Phan or Phanes, a Deity well known in Egypt. 
+
+62 Alfo in Afampats, a nation upon the Mteotis. Plin. L. 6 . c. 7. 
+
+63 L.. 11. p. 794. He fpeaks of it as a proper name ■, but it was certainly a title 
+and term of office. 
+
+G 2 
+
+
+7TCLT3 
+
+
+
+44 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+ffccm riyspovog. In the accounts of the Amazons likewife 
+this word occurs. They are faid to have been called Aor- 
+pata, or according to the common reading in Herodotus, Oior- 
+pata j which writer places them upon the Cimmerian Bofporus. 
+
+^Tag < 5 s Afjux^ovctg Sjtv&oci OiogncLTa.' Svvoltcu $e to 
+
+HVO^OL T8T0 KOLT 'E TA.CtS'd yX(XKT<TOLV CLvfyoKTQVOl' 0 10 £ yVL% KCO\B- 
+
+«<n r ov qlvSpcl, to $£ <etoltol KTsivsiv . This etymology is founded 
+upon a notion that the Amazons were a community of wo¬ 
+men, who killed every man, with whom they had any com¬ 
+merce, and yet fubfifted as a people for ages. I fhall here¬ 
+after Ipeak of the nations under this title ; for there were 
+more than one: but all of one family; all colonies from Egypt. 
+The title above was given them from their worfhip: for 
+Oiorpata, or, as fome MSS. have it, Aor-pata, is the fame as 
+f 5 Petah Or, the prieft of Orus ; or in a more lax fenfe, the 
+votaries of that God. They were AvfyoxTOVQi ; for they facri- 
+ficed all ftrangers, whom fortune brought upon their coaft: 
+fo that the whole Euxine lea, upon which they lived, was 
+rendered infamous from their cruelty : but they did not take 
+their name from this circumftance. 
+
+One of the Egyptian Deities was named Neith, and Neit; 
+and analogous to the above her priefts were ftyled 66 Pateneit. 
+They were alfo named Sonchin, which fignifi.es a prieft of the 
+
+Sun: 
+
+Herodotus. L. 4. c. no. 
+
+6s Aor, is of the Chaldeans. 
+
+66 Proclus in Timasum. L. 1. p. 31. 
+
+See Iablonfky. L. 1. c. 3. p. 57. 
+
+Clemens Alexand. Strom. L. 1. p. 356. 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+45 
+
+
+Sun: for Son, San, Zan, are of the fame iignification ; and 
+Son-Chin is 'Zot.vog isgevg. Proclus fays, that it was the title 
+of the priefts ; and particularly of him, who preftded in the 
+
+college of Nefth at Sais. 
+
+
+BEL 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+BAAL. 
+
+
+Bel, Bal, or Baal, is a Babylonifh title, appropriated to the 
+Sun ; and made ufe of by the Amonians in other countries ; 
+particularly in Syria and Canaan. It iignified K vgiog, or Lord, 
+and is often found compounded with other terms; as in Bel- 
+Adon, Belorus, Bal-hamon, Belochus, Bel-on; (from which 
+laft came Bellona of the Romans) and alfo Baal-fhamaim, 
+the great Lord of the Heavens. This was a title given by 
+
+the Syrians to the Sun : 67 Toy 'HA*oy BssAcra^y /caAamy, 6 e£i 
+
+
+We 
+
+
+may 
+
+
+'Ufa.pa. Kvgiog O vgcwx, Zet>£ cTs 'urctg 'EAAiocn. 
+
+from hence decipher the name of the Sun, as mentioned be¬ 
+fore by Damafcius, who ftyles that Deity Bolathes : 6g QoiviKsg 
+
+aca Xvgoi Toy K^oyoy HA, kou Bio A, BoAa^y S7rovo[JLoi£&<n. 
+
+What he terms Bolathes is a compound of Bal-Ath, or Bal- 
+
+
+It is remarkable that the worlhipers of Wifhnou or Viftnou in India are now 
+called Petacares, and are diftinguifhed by three red lines on their foreheads. The 
+priefts of Brama have the fame title, Petac. Arez, the priefts of Arez or the Sun. 
+Lucs Viecampii Hift. Million. Evangel, in India, 1747. c. 10. § 3. p. 57. 
+
+67 Eufebius. Prsep. Evang. L. 1. c. 10. p. 34. 
+
+68 Damafcius apud Photium. c. 243. 
+
+Belus primus Rex Afiyriorum, quos conftat Saturnum (quern eundem et Solem 
+dicunt) Junonefnque coluilfe. Servius in Yirg. iEnekL L. 1, 
+
+
+Athis ; 
+
+
+
+46 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+Athis; the fame as Atis, and Atifh of Lydia, Perils, and 
+other countries. Philo Biblius interprets it Zeus : Damafcius 
+fuppofed it to mean Cronus ; as did likewife Theophilus : 
+
+‘ 9 E HOI fJLBV (TbSoVTOU TOV K gOVQV, KOU T3T0V OLVTOV OVOfJLCL^iSTl B7]X, 
+
+mi BaA, fj,c/.Kig- 0 L oi oimvTsg Tot ctvctToXim /tAf^tarct. This di- 
+verfity amounts to little : for I fhall hereafter fhew, that all 
+the Grecian names of Deities, however appropriated, were 
+originally titles of one God, and related to the Sun. 
+
+KEREN. 
+
+Keren fignifies in its original fenfe a horn : but was al- 
+
+O o 
+
+ways efteemed an emblem of power ; and made ufe of as a 
+title of fovereignty, and puiflance. Hence it is common 
+with the facred writers to fay 70 My horn Jhalt thou exalt — 
+
+71 his horn Jhall be exalted with honow - 72 the horn of Moab is 
+
+cut off: and the Evangelift 73 fpeaks of Chrift as a horn offal- 
+ovation to the world. The Greeks often changed the nu final 
+into figma: hence from keren they formed %£gctg, KSgavrog : 
+and from thence they deduced the words /e^aro?, xgocTsgog : 
+alfo x.oigctvog y Kgeoov, and Kct^vov ; all relating to ftrength and 
+ejninence. Gerenius, Yegwiog, applied to Neftor, ’.s an A mo- 
+11 i an term, and fignifies a princely and venerable perfon. 
+
+69 Theoph. ad Antolycum. L. 3. p. 399. Mi; yn’a)crx.ovres, fJL'tne ns Kpovos 5 
+
+haiTe t is ecfiv 0 Idem. 
+
+70 Pfalm 92. v. 10. 
+
+71 Pfalm 112. v. 9. 
+
+% 
+
+7Z Jeremiah, c. 48. v. 25. 
+
+73 I^uke. c. 1. v. 69. 
+
+
+7 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+47 
+
+
+The Egyptian Crane for its great fervices was held in high 
+honour, being facred to the God of light, Abis (ty» aw) or, as 
+the Greeks exprefled it, Ibis ; from whence the name was 
+given. It was alfo called Keren and Kerenus ; by the Greeks 
+Te^avoSy the noble bird, being mo ft honoured of any. It 
+was a title of the Sun himfelf: for Apollo was named Cra- 
+
+neiis, and 74 Carneiis ; which was no other than Cereneiis, 
+
+% 
+
+the fupreme Deity, the Lord of light: and his feftival ftyled 
+Carnea, Kag^gia, was an abbreviation of K.sgeveict, Cerenea. 
+The prieft of Cybele in Phrygia was ftyled Carnas ; which 
+was a title of the Deity, whom he ferved ; and of the lame 
+purport as Carneus above. 
+
+O P H. 
+
+% 
+
+Oph fignifies a lerpent, and was pronounced at times and 
+exprefled, Ope, 75 Oupis, Opis, Ops ; and by Cicero 76 Upis. 
+It was an emblem of the Sun and alfo of time and eter¬ 
+nity. It was worfhiped as a Deity, and efteemed the fame 
+as Oftris ; by others the fame as Vulcan. Vulcanus JEgyp- 
+tiis Opas di£tus eft, eodem Cicerone 77 tefte. A ferpent was 
+alfo in the Egyptian language ftyled Ob, or Aub : though 
+
+74 Paufanias. L. 3. p. 2 39 - 
+
+• Callimachus.. Hymn to Apollo. V. 71. He mentions Minerva K octvcctct, Cranaea;- 
+L. 10. p.. 886. 
+
+Among the Romans this title in later times was exprefled Granus and Grannus :• 
+hence in Gruter Infcriptions, P. 37. n. 10, 11, 12. APOLL.INI GRANNO. 
+
+75 The Dorians exprefled it Outtis. Palsephatus. p. 78.. 
+
+76 Cicero de Nat. Deor. L. 3. 23. 
+
+77 Huetii Demonftratio.- p. 83. 
+
+
+
+
+
+4 # 
+
+
+R 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+D 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+C 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+L 
+
+
+S. 
+
+
+it may poftibly be only a variation of the term above. We 
+are told by Orus Apollo, that the baiilifk or 'royal ferpent 
+was named Oubaios t 78 Ov£a.ios, 0 e?iv 'E Khrpifi Ba<nA(07£0£. 
+It fhould have been rendered Oy(? 0 £, Oubus ; for Ov&ouos is a 
+poffeflive, and not a proper name. The Deity fo denomi¬ 
+nated was efteemed prophetic : and his temples were applied 
+
+
+- to as oracular. This idolatry is alluded to by Mofes, 79 who 
+in the name of God forbids the Ifraelites ever to enquire of 
+thofe demons, Ob and Ideone : which fhews that it was of 
+great antiquity. The fymbolical worfhip of the ferpent was 
+in the firft ages very extenflve ; and was introduced into all 
+the myfteries, wherever celebrated : 80 Ila^ct 7 rctVTi Toov vovu- 
+
+7TCLg VfJUV @£MV 0<£I2 C TVfJL^oKoV fJLEyCC XOLl fJLVg-riglOV OLVQi- 
+
+yga.<p£Tou. It is remarkable, that wherever the Amonians 
+
+
+founded any places of worfhip, and introduced their rites, 
+there was generally fome ftory of a ferpent. 
+
+
+There 
+
+
+was a 
+
+
+legend about a ferpent at Colchis, at Thebes, and at Del¬ 
+
+
+phi 
+
+
+likewife in other places. The Greeks called Apollo 
+
+
+himfelf Python, which is the fame as Opis, Oupis, and Oub. 
+
+
+78 Orus Apollo. C. I. p. 2. 
+
+Some have by miftake altered this to Ovgouov. 
+
+
+79 
+
+
+Leviticus, c. 20. v. 27. 
+
+
+Deuteronomy, c. 18. v. 11. Tranflated a charmer , or a confulter with familiar fpi- 
+rits , or a wizard , or a necromancer . 
+
+Tunc etiam ortae funt opiniones, et fententiae ; et inventi funt ex eis augures, et 
+magni divinatores, et fortilegi, ct inquirentes Ob et Ideoni, et requirentes mortuos. 
+Selden deDiis Syris. Synt. 1. c. 2. p. 48. from M. Maimonides in more Nebuchim. 
+
+
+So 
+
+
+Juftin Martyr’s fecond Apology, p. 6 . 
+
+
+Of ferpent worfhip fee Eufebius. P. E. L. i. c. io. p. 40, 41. And dementis 
+Alexand. Cohort, p. 14. Arnobius. L. 5.. JE-lian. L. 10. c. 31. of the Afp. 
+Herodotus. L,. 2. c. 74. 
+
+IO 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+RADICALS* 
+
+
+49 
+
+
+
+The woman at Ender, who had a familiar fpirit, is called 
+81 aw, Oub, or Ob ; and it is interpreted Pythonilfa. The 
+place, where fhe refided, feems to have been named from the 
+worlhip there inftituted : for Endor is compounded of En- 
+Ador, and fignifies Fons Pythonis, the fountain of light, the 
+oracle of the God Ador. This oracle was probably founded 
+by the Canaanites ; and had never been totally fupprefled* 
+In ancient times they had no images in their temples, but in 
+lieu of them ufed conical ftones or pillars, called Ba nvKia ; 
+
+under which reprefentation this Deity was; often worlhiped. 
+His pillar was alfo called 82 Abaddir, which fhould be expref- 
+fed Abadir, being a compound of Ab, and Adir ; and 
+means the ferpent Deity, Addir, the lame as Adorus. It 
+was alfo compounded with On, a title of the fame Deity : 
+and Kircher fays that Obion is bill among the people of 
+Egypt the name of a ferpent. 3W, Ob Mob, Python, vox 
+ab JEgyptiis fumpta 5 quibus Obion hodieque {erpentem fo- 
+nat. Ita 83 Kircher. The fame alfo occurs in the Coptic 
+lexicon. The worihip of the ferpent was very ancient among 
+the Greeks ; and is faid to have been introduced by Ce- 
+
+
+
+
+
+"S 
+
+
+81 i Samuel, c. 28. v. 7. IT7J73. 
+
+8i It is called Abdir, Abadir, and Abaddir by Prilcian* He fuppofes the done 
+
+Abaddir to have been that which Saturn fwallowed inftead of his fon by Rhea. 
+
+* 
+
+Abdir, et Abadir BarruAos. 1 . x. and in another part* Abadir Deus eft. Dicitur ct 
+hoc nomine lapis ilie, quem Saturnus dicitur devorafte pro Jove, quem Grceci Rue- 
+tvXov vocant. 1. 2. 
+
+85 Bochart. Hierozoicon. 1 . 1. c. 3. p. 22. 
+
+Macrobius. Saturnalia. 1 . 1. c. 10. p. 162. 
+
+Vol. I. . H tuiflei 
+
+
+# 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+5 ° 
+
+tuiffe aram Cecropem dicit. But though fome reprefent 
+Opis as a diftindt Deity ; yet 85 others introduce the term 
+rather as a title, and refer it to more Deities than one : Cal¬ 
+limachus, who expreffes it Oupis ; confers it upon Diana* 
+
+♦ 
+
+and plays upon the facred term : 
+
+f 
+
+86 Ov7n, oivcurcr svcam. 
+
+It is often compounded with Chan ; and exprelled Cano¬ 
+pus, Canophis, Canuphis, Cnuphis, Cneph : it is alfo other- 
+wile combined; as in Ophon, Ophion, Oropus, Orobus, Ino- 
+pus, Afopus, Elopus, Ophitis, Onuphis, Ophel. From Ca- 
+neph the Grecians formed Cyniphius, which they ufed for an 
+epithet to Ammon : 
+
+l 7 Non hie Cyniphius canetur Ammon, 
+
+Mitratum caput elevans arenis. 
+
+worfhip I fhall fpeak more at 
+
+large in a particular treatife. 
+
+
+On the fubjedt of ferpen 
+
+
+8s The father of one of the goddefies, called Diana, had the name of Upis.. Cicero 
+
+de Natura Deorum. 1 . 3. 23. 
+
+% 
+
+It was conferred upon Diana herfelf, alfo upon Cybele, Rhea, V'efta, Terra, Juno*. 
+Vulcan was called Opas. Cicero deNat. Deor. 1 . 3. 
+
+Ops was efteemed the Goddefs of riches : alfo the Deity of fire : 
+
+Q. 7 ri ctvcLcxact^ •w'Vjicc. ‘L&poQ'jgo $ 9 'zrug 'wgo t cov Srugcav. Hefy chius. 
+
+T yv ApTSfJLiv ©pax.65 B evfeictv 9 Kpvres cTg vvccv 9 . Axk€<Pou/xq viol S'e Outtw (jccts- 
+
+Ayer/.) Palsephatus. c. 32. p. 78.. 
+
+56 Callimachus. Hymn to Diana, v. 204- 
+! 7 Sidonius Apollinaris.. Carm. 9. v. 19,0*. 
+
+
+AIN. 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+
+AIN. 
+
+Ain, An, En, for fo it is at times exnreffed, fhmiiies a 
+
+J s 7 x J O 
+
+fountain ; and was prefixed to the names of many places, 
+which were fituated near fountains, and were denominated 
+from them. In Canaan near the fords of Jordan were fome 
+celebrated waters ; which from their name appear to have 
+been of old facred to the Sun. The name of the place was 
+88 iEnon, or the fountain of the Sun; the fame, to which 
+people reforted to be baptized by John: not from an opi¬ 
+nion, that there was any fandtity in the waters ; for that no¬ 
+tion had been for ages obliterated : and the name was given 
+
+o * o 
+
+by the Canaanite : but 89 Joh?i baptized in JEnon 1 ^ear to 
+Salim , becaufe there was much water there : a?id they came , and 
+were baptized. Many places were ftyled An-ait, An-abor, 
+Anabouria, Anathon, Anopus, Anorus. Some of thefe were 
+fo called from their fituation : others from the worfhip there 
+eftablifhed. The Egyptians had many fubordinate Deities, 
+which they efteemed fo many emanations, a7roppo/a/, from 
+their chief God ; as we learn from Iamblichus, Pfellus, and 
+Porphyry. Thefe derivatives they called 9 ° fountains, and 
+
+58 Aivuv efyu$ T& XccAeift. Eufcbius de locorum nominibus in facra Script. Ain 
+On, fons folis. Salem is not from Salem, peace, but from Sal, the Sun, the Sol 
+
+4 
+
+of the Latines. Salim, Aquae lolis - 9 alfo Aquse falfse. 
+
+59 St. John. c. 3. v. 23. 
+
+90 Pythagoras ufed to fwear by t^t^ooctvu <z&ctyciv o&vvcls cpuaecos. See Stanley of 
+the Chaldaic Philofophy, and Selden de Diis Syris. Synt. 2. c. 1. p. 135. 
+
+K cli 'uxwyn Tjvycov, kou Tmycov 'meigxs ct 7 rctacov. Oracle concerning the Deity, 
+quoted in notes to Iamblichus. p. 299. 
+
+0 - «* 
+
+H 2 fuppofed 
+
+
+
+5 2 
+
+
+It ADI C A. L S., 
+
+
+fuppofed them to be derived from the Sun ; whom they 
+looked upon as the fource of all things. Hence they formed 
+Ath-El, and Ath-Aain, the 91 Athela, and Athena of the 
+Greeks. Theie were two titles appropriated to the lame 
+perfonage, Divine Wifdom ; who was fuppofed to fpring 
+from the head of her father. Wherever the Amonian reli¬ 
+gion was propagated, names of this fort will occur ; being 
+originally given from the mode of worfhip eftablifhed 9 *. 
+Hence fo many places flyled Anthedon, Anthemus, Ain- 
+fhemefh, and the like. The nymph OEnone was in reality 
+a fountain, Ain-On, in Phrygia; and facred to the fame 
+Deity: and agreeably to this fhe is laid to have been the 
+daughter of the river 93 Cebrenus. The ifland iEgina was 
+named 94 OEnone, and OEnopia, probably from its worfhip. 
+As Divine Wifdom was fometimes expreffed Aith-Ain, or 
+A Owu .; fo at other times the terms were reverfed, and a 
+Deity conftituted called An-Ait. Temples to this Goddefs 
+occur at Ecbatana in Media : alfo in Mefopotamia, Perils, 
+Armenia, and Cappadocia; where the rites of fire were par¬ 
+ticularly obferved. She was not unknown among the an¬ 
+cient Canaanites for a temple called Beth-Anath is men- 
+
+
+9 * Athenagor. Legatio. p. 293. 
+
+91 The Amonians dealt largely in fountain worfhip: that is in the adoration of 
+fubordinate demons, which they fuppofed to be emanations and derivatives from, 
+their chief Deity. They called them Zones, Intelligences, Fountains, &c. See 
+Pfellus and Stanley upon the Chaldaic Philofophy. p. 17. c. 3. 
+
+See Proclus on the Theology of Plato. L. 5. c. 34. p. 315. 
+
+9J Edita de magno flumine Nympha fui. Ovid. Epift. 5. v. 10. 
+
+Some make her the daughter of Cebrenus ^ others of the. river. Xanthus. 
+
+949 Plim N. H. L. 4. c. 12. 
+
+210 
+
+
+tioned 
+
+
+
+RAD 
+
+
+
+
+tioned in the book of 9ir Joihua. Of thefe temples, and the 
+Puratheia there eftablifhed, accounts may be feen in many 
+parts of Strabo. 
+
+I have mentioned, that all fprings and baths were lacred 
+to the Sun : on which account they were called Bal-ain; the 
+fountains of the great Lord of Heaven - y from whence the 
+Greeks formed BoAolvbiol : and the Romans Balnea. The 
+fouthern leas abounded formerly with large whales : and it 
+is well known that they have apertures near their noftrils, 
+through which they fpout water in a large ftream, and to 
+a great height. Hence they too had the name of Bal- 
+Ain, or Ralaenag. For every thing uncommon was by the 
+Amonians confecrated to the Deity, and denominated from 
+his titles. This is very apparent in all the animals of 
+Egypt. . 
+
+The term O vgcx.vos, Ouranus, related properly to the orb 
+of the Sun ; but was in aftertimes made to comprehend the 
+whole expanfe of the heavens. It is compounded of Our- 
+ain, the fountain of Orus ; and fhews to what it alludes, by 
+its etymology. Many places were named Ees-ain, the re- 
+verfe of Ain-ees, or Hanes : and others farther compounded 
+Am-ees-ain, and Cam-ees-ain, rendered Amifene, and Ca- 
+mifene : the natural hiffories of which places will generally 
+authenticate the etymology. The Amonians fettled upon 
+the Tiber : and the ancient town Janiculum was originally 
+named 96 Camefe y and the region about it Camefene : un- 
+
+
+
+
+
+Jolhua. c. 19. v. 3?- 
+** Macrobius. Sat. L x~ c. 7. p. 151*. 
+
+
+doubtedly 
+
+
+
+54 
+
+
+RADICALS 
+
+
+doubtedly 
+
+
+from 
+
+
+the fountain Camefene, called afterward 
+
+
+Anna Perenna, vvhofe waters ran into the facred pool 
+micius : and whofe priefts were the Camceme. 
+
+I am fenfible, that fome verv learned men do no 
+
+
+approve of terms 
+them in Ath-ain 3 
+examples : and 
+
+
+not quite 
+thus reverfed, as I have exhibited 
+
+
+Bal-ain, Our 
+
+
+Cam-ain, and 
+
+
+u 
+
+
+e m 
+
+
+fag 
+
+as it is termed, 
+inftances 
+Ain -Ro 
+
+
+it is efteemed a deviation from the common 
+brew language ; where the governing word, 
+
+there are many 
+
+fuch as Ain-Shemefh, Ain-Gaddi, Ain-Mifhpat, 
+
+
+comes fir ft. Of this 
+
+
+Oron 
+
+
+&c. alfo Beth-El, B 
+But. with fubmiflion 
+
+
+Dag 
+
+
+Beth-Aven 
+
+
+does not affedt the 
+
+
+tymolog 
+
+
+laid before the Reader : for 
+
+
+not deduce them from the Hebrew. And though there may- 
+have been of old a great fimiiitude between that language, 
+
+
+and thofe of Egypt, Cutha, and 
+
+
+yet they were 
+
+
+different tongues. There was once but one language among 
+
+
+the fons of 
+
+
+98 
+
+
+Up 
+
+
+the difperfion of mankind, this 
+
+
+was branched out into dialedts ; and thofe again were fub 
+
+
+divided : all which varied every age 
+
+
+refpedt 
+
+
+one another ; but each language differed from itfelf more 
+
+
+and more continually. 
+
+
+therefore impoftible to reduce 
+
+
+the whole of thefe to the mode, and ftandard of any 
+
+
+97 Fontis ftagna Numici. Virg. JfLn. 1 . 7- 150. 
+
+Egeria eft, qus prabet aquas, Dea grata Camoenis. Ovid. See Plutarch Numa. 
+
+98 It is my opinion that there are two events recorded by Mofes, Gen. c. 10. 
+throughout; and Gen. c. 1 1. v. 8. 9. One was a regular migration of mankind in 
+general to the countries allotted to them : the other was a difperfion which related 
+to fome particulars. Of this hereafter I ftiall.treat at large. 
+
+7 Befides 5 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 55 
+
+Befides, the terms, of which I fuppofe thefe names to be 
+formed, are not properly in regimine ; but are ufed adjec- 
+tively, as is common almoft in every language. We meet in 
+the Grecian writings with 99 'EAAj^ot fgourov, 'EAAacSa cTiaAs/i- 
+
+tov, £<r£e<rev ‘EAAaJa (puvriv. Alfo voccrov S^sAav, yvvottxci {acc - 
+
+gov, Us^trrjV fgctrov, vccvtyiv fyopov, £%vQy\v oifjiov. Why may we 
+not fuppofe, that the fame ufage prevailed in Cutha, and in 
+Egypt ? And this practice was not entirely foreign to the 
+Hebrews. We read indeed of Beer-fheba, Beer-lahoiroi, &c. 
+but we alfo read of 100 Baalath-Beer, exactly fimilar to the 
+inftances, which I have produced. We meet in the facred 
+writings with Beth-El, and Beth-Dagon : but we fometimes 
+find the governing word postponed, as in Elizabeth, or temple 
+of Eliza. It was a Canaanitifh 1 name, the fame as Elifa, 
+Eleufa, Elafa of Greece and other countries. It was a com¬ 
+pound of El-Ees, and related to the God of light, as I have 
+
+
+99 Nao-or ’S.ixeXctv. Theocritus. Idyll, i.v. 124. 
+
+Twcaxac. ts S'mcc&to y.cc^ov* Homer. II. £ 1 - v. 58. 
+gs oi/xor, aSa/rav ets egy/Aiccv. JEfchyl. Prometh. v. 2. 
+To give inftances in our own language would be needlefs. 
+
+
+400 Jofhua. c. ig. v. 8. Baalath-Beer, the well or fpring of Baal-Ath. 
+
+1 The Jews often took foreign names-, of which we have inftances in Onias, Hyr- 
+
+eanus, Barptolemaeus, &c. 
+
+Solinus, c. 25. mentions in altar found in North Britain, infcribed to Ulyfles ; but 
+Goropius Becanus very truly fuppofes it to have been dedicated to the Goddefs 
+
+Eliffa, or Eliza. 
+
+Ab Elifta Tyria, quam quidam Dido autumant. Velleius Paterculus. L. 1'. 
+Elifa, quamdiu Carthago invidta fuit, pro Dea culta eft. Juftin. L. 18. c. 6. 
+The worfhip of Elifa was carried to Carthage from Canaan and Syria : in thefe 
+parts fhe was firit worlhiped; and her temple from that worfiiip was called 
+
+Eliza-Beth.. 
+
+
+before 
+
+
+
+S& 
+
+
+& 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+d f 
+
+
+c 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+L 
+
+
+s. 
+
+
+before fliewn. It was ^made a feminine in aftertimes : and 
+
+* • 
+
+was a name a flume d by women of the country fly led Phe- 
+nicia, as well as by thofe of Carthage. Hence Dido has this 
+as a fecondary appellation j and mention is made by the 
+Poet of Dii morientis * Elizas, though it was properly the 
+name of a Deity. It may be faid, that thefe names are fo¬ 
+reign to the Hebrews, though fometimes adopted by them t 
+and I readily grant it; for it is the whole, that I contend 
+for. All, that I want to have allowed, is, that different na¬ 
+tions in their feveral tongues had different modes of colloca¬ 
+tion and expreflion: becaufe I think it as unreafonable to 
+determine the ufage of the Egyptians and ancient Chal¬ 
+deans by the method of the Hebrews, as it would be to re¬ 
+duce the Hebrew to the mode and ftandard of Egypt. What 
+in Jofhua, c. 19. v. 8. is Baaleth, is, 1 Kings, c. 16. v. 31. 
+Eth-baal: fo that even in the facred writings we find terms 
+of this fort tranfpofed. But in refpedt to foreign names 
+efpecially of places, there are numberlefs inftances flmilar to 
+thofe, which I have produced. They occur in all hiflories 
+
+of countries both ancient and modern. We read of Phar- 
+
+# 
+
+beth, and Phainobeth in Egypt : of Themifkir, and 3 Tigra- 
+
+nocerta 
+
+
+Sarbeth or Sarabeth is of the fame analogy, being put for Beth-Sar or Sara, 
+
+cj?co5 Kvgiy, or ; as a feminine, anfwering to the houfe of our Lady. A?ra 
+
+opes £a£«£a8a. Epiphanius de vitis Prophetar. p. 248. See Relandi PaJjeftina. 
+p. 984. 
+
+3 Damafcus is called by the natives Damafec, and Damakir. The latter fignifies * 
+the town of Dama or Adama: by which is not meant Adam, the father of man¬ 
+kind ; but Ad Ham, the Lord Ham, the father of the Amonrans. Abulfeda ftyles 
+Damafcus, Damakir. p. 15. Sec or Shec is a prince. Damafec fignifies principis 
+Ad-Am^ (Civitas). From a notion however of Acfarna fignifying Adam, a ftory 
+
+p re vailed > 
+
+
+
+S7 
+
+
+
+nocerta, which fignifies Tigranes’ city* in Cappadocia, and 
+Armenia. Among the eaftern nations at this day the names 
+of the principal places are of this manner of conftrudtion ; 
+fuch as Pharfabad, Jehenabad, Amenabad : fuch alfo Indo- 
+ftan, Pharftftan, Moguliftan, with many others. Hence I 
+hope, if I meet with a temple or city, called Hanes, or Ura¬ 
+nia, I may venture to derive it from An-Ees, or Ur-Ain, 
+however the terms may be difpofed. And I may proceed 
+farther to fuppofe that it was denominated the fountain of 
+light; as I am able to fupport my etymology by the hiftory 
+of the place. Or if I fhould meet with a country called 
+Azania, I may in like manner derive it from Az-An, a foun¬ 
+tain facred to the Sun; from whence the country was 
+named. And I may fuppofe this fountain to have been fa¬ 
+cred to the God of light on account of fome real, or im¬ 
+puted, quality in its waters : efpecially if I have any hiftory 
+to fupport my etymology. As there was a region named 
+
+
+prevailed that he was buried at Damafcus. This is fo far ufeful, as to fliew that 
+Damafec was an abbreviation of Adamafec, and Damakir of Adama-kir. 
+
+t 
+
+♦ 
+
+Alfo Kugecrx.a.gTci, the city of Kuros, the Sun. Stephanus Byzant. Manakarta, 
+AaJWoc^Ta, ZaJ^coeap-ai. See Bochart. notse in Steph. Byzantinum. p. 823. 
+
+Vologefakerta. Plin. L. 6. p. 332 . 
+
+There was No-Amon in Egypt, and Amon-No. Guebr-abad. Hyde. p. 363. 
+Ghavrabad. p. 364. Atefh-chana, domus ignis, p. 359. An-Ath, whofe temple in 
+Canaan was ftyled Beth-Anath, is found often rcverfed, and ftiled Ath-An * whence 
+came Athana, and A 0 w'<x of the Greeks. Anath fignified the fountain of light, 
+and was abbreviated Nath and Neith by the Egyptians. They worfhiped under 
+this title a divine emanation, fuppofed to be the Goddefs of Wifdom. The Athe¬ 
+nians, who came from Sais in Egypt, were denominated from this Deity, whom 
+they expreffed Ath-An, or AGjjpw, after the Ionian manner. Tws 'uroAecos (^cciTcav) 
+Geos cLg%yyos e^iv, Aiyv 7 rrtq~i /xev tbvg^cc Ntfi'G 3 E AAnn^t cos 6 exeircov Aoyos y 
+
+A Qwct. Plato in Timseo. p. 21. 
+
+VOL. I. 
+
+
+X 
+
+
+Azania 
+
+
+
+58 RADICALS. 
+
+Azania in Arcadia, the reader may judge of my interpreta¬ 
+tion by the account given of the excellence of its waters., 
+
+$ A£caua, (ASgog tyis: A^KccS'tctg — e?i xgqwi Tt\g A feviccg, r&z 
+
+ysv<roi[jLevh}g Ta uS'ctrog noisi (XYih rqv o<r^v ra oivs avs^sS-otu 
+Hanes in 5 Egypt was the reverfe of Azan ; formed however 
+of the fame terms, and of the fame purport precifely. 
+
+In refpedt to this city it may be objected, that if it had 
+fignified, what I fuppofe, we fhould have found it in the fa- 
+cred text, inftead of Dan, expreffed twr py. If this were true, 
+we mu ft be obliged to fuppofe, whenever the facred writers 
+
+found a foreign name, compofed of terms not unlike fome in 
+their own language, that they formed them according to 
+their own mode of expreflion, and reduced them to the He¬ 
+brew orthography. In fhort, if the etymology of an Egyp¬ 
+tian or Syriac name could be poflibly obtained in their own 
+language, that they had always an eye to fueh etymology 
+and rendered the word precifely according to the Hebrew 
+manner of writing and pronunciation. But this cannot be al¬ 
+lowed. We cannot fuppofe the facred writers to have been 
+fo unneceflarily fcrupulous. As far as I can judge,, they ap¬ 
+pear to have adted in a manner quite the reverfe. They 
+feem to have laid down an excellent rule, which would have, 
+been attended with great utility, had it been univerfally fol¬ 
+lowed : this was, of exhibiting every name,, as it was expref- 
+fed at the time when they wrote, and by the people, to : 
+whom they addreffed themfelves_ If this people through 
+
+4 Stephanus Byzantinus. 
+
+s Ifaiah. c. 30. v. 4. 
+
+Of Hanes I fhall hereafter treat more fully. 
+
+
+length 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+59 
+
+
+length of time did not keep up to the original etymology in 
+their pronunciation, it was unnecefiary for the iacred Pen¬ 
+men to maintain it in their writings. They wrote to be 
+derftood: but would have defeated their own purpodfe, if 
+they had called things by names, which no longer exifted. 
+If length of time had introduced any variations, thole 
+changes were attended to: what was called Shechem by Mo- 
+fes, is termed f or by the \ Apoftle, 
+
+
+A PH A, APHTHA, PTH A, PTHAS. 
+
+Fire, and likewife the God of fire, was by the Amonians 
+ftyled Apthas, and Aptha; contracted, and by different au*> 
+thors exprefled, Apha, Pthas, and 1 * Ptha. He is by Suidas 
+fuppofed to have been the Vulcan of Memphis, <£0a£, a 
+
+
+6 Genefis. c. 34. v. 4. John. c. 4. v. 5. It is called Hvyoop by Syncellus. p. 100. 
+
+7 The fame term is not always uniformly exprefled even by the facred writers. 
+They vary at different times both in refpedt to names of places and of men. 
+
+
+What 
+
+
+Adts 
+
+
+Balaam the fon of Beor, Num¬ 
+
+
+bers, c. 22. v. 5. is called the fon of Bofor, 2 Peter, c. 2. v. 15. 
+
+Thus -Quirinus or Quirinius is ftyled Curenius, Luke. c. 2. v. 2. and 
+put for Eleafar, Luke. c. 16. v. 20. and John. c. 11. v. 2. 
+
+
+BesA^eCaA, Matthew, 
+y. 24. is Bethabara of John, c. 1, v. 28. 
+
+
+So ISethbara in Judges, c. 7,' 
+
+
+Almug, a fpecies of Cedar mentioned 1 Kings, c. 10, v. 11. is ftyled Algum in 
+
+
+2. Ghron. c. 2. v. 8. 
+
+
+Mofes, Gen. c. 10. v. 12. is Caine of Ifaiah 
+
+
+Is not Ghalno as Carchemijh ? c, 10. v, 9. Jerubbaal of Judges is Jerubbefeth, 2. 
+Samuel, c. 11, v. 21. Ram, 1 Chron. c. ?. y. 10. is Aram in 
+Ruth, c. 4. v. 19. Hefron begat Ram, 
+
+
+Matth 
+
+
+Percufiit Dominus Philiftim a Gebah ad Gazar. 2 Sam. c. 5. v/25. 
+
+ad Gazarah. 1 Chron. c. 14. v. 16. 
+
+
+Gibeon 
+
+
+I 2 
+
+
+Hmifog 
+
+
+
+6o 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+'H Qoufog 
+
+
+2 
+
+
+Msfjupirctig 
+
+
+And Cicero makes him the 
+
+
+fame Deity of the Romans. 9 Secundus, (Vulcanus) Nilo 
+natus, Phas, ut ^Egyptii appellant, quern cuftodem efle 
+^Egypti volunt. The author of the Clementines defcribes 
+
+
+■TO 
+
+
+him much to the fame purpofe. 10 Aiyvimoi bs opoioog 
+7rvg iSicl hotAejiTcd smXe<rav, b s^r\VBV&Tou 'Htpouzog. 
+
+
+11 Huetius takes notice of the different ways, in which this 
+name is exprefied: Vulcano Pthas, et Apthas nomen fuifle 
+fcribifc Suidas. Narrat Eufebius Ptha iEgyptiorum eundem 
+effe ac Vulcanum Grsecorum: Patrem illi fuifle Cnef, rerum 
+opificem. However the Greeks and Romans may have ap¬ 
+propriated the term, it was properly a title of ia Amon : and 
+
+lamblichus acknowledges as much in a 13 chapter, wherein 
+
+* 
+
+he particularly treats of him. But at the fame time it re- 
+
+
+* lamblichus fays the fame: 'EA Xyivbs sis *H<pau<rov fJterccXoifJiCctvBcri tov 
+
+lamblichus deMyfter. Se£t. 8. c. 3. p. 159. 
+
+9 Cicero de Natura Deorum. L. 3. c. 22. 
+
+Au< 5 lor Clementinorum. Horn. 9. p. 687. Cotelerii. 
+
+,x Huetii Demonftratio Evan. p. 88. 
+
+It is fometimes compounded, and rendered Am-Apha; after the Ionic manner 
+cxprcffed Hby lamblichus H Koct aAAwr Se t cc^iv 'zu-go^ccrlei 3 -sov H jxx(p. 
+Se£t. 8. c, 3. p. 158. 
+
+Hemeph was properly Ham-Apha, the God of fire. 
+
+It was alfo rendered Camephis, K afjwcpis and K ctf 4 jf}(pti 7 from Cam-Apha. Stobaeus 
+from Hermes. 
+
+By Afclepiades, Ka/4or K K.ccjjlti(Piv tovv\?uqv eivoa q,wiv olvtov tov 
+•ror vbv tov vonr&v. Apud Damafcium in vita Ifidori. Photius. 
+
+53 lamblichus. Se£t. 8. c. 3. p. 159. 
+
+Hence a’TTTw, incendo: alfo Aptha, an inflammation, a fiery eruption. 
+
+AcpSa, t) ev ^ofxccTi Z^xcoo-ts, Hefychius. 
+
+A<p 0 AsyzTctt e^ccvQvfiutrcov eiJ>G 5 >cA. Etymolog. Mag. 
+
+
+lated 
+
+
+
+R 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+D 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+C 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+L 
+
+
+S. 
+
+
+61 
+
+
+lated to fire : and every place, in the compofition of whofe 
+name it is found, will have a reference to that element, or to 
+its worlhip* 
+
+There was a place called Aphytis in Thrace, where the 
+Amonians fettled very early; and where was an oracular 
+temple of Amon. 14 t\ Acpvrcig , nohig ngog rp n a.K- 
+
+Ayiv p ©gccxqg, a,7ro A<pvog t mg E<r^(S Js f) voXig pca/- 
+
+T&iov Thi Au.fJ.wvog. Aphyte^ or Aphytis x is a city hard by P al¬ 
+ien e in Ihrace^ fo called from one Aphys^ a native of thofe parts. 
+"This city had once an oracular temple of Ammon. 
+
+It flood in the very country called Phlegra, where the 
+
+
+There 
+
+
+was a 
+
+
+worfhip of fire once particularly prevailed, 
+city Aphace; alfo a temple of that name in Mount Libanus, 
+facred to Venus Aphacitis, and denominated from fire. Here 
+too was an oracle: for moft temples of old were fuppofed to 
+
+
+that 
+
+
+be oracular. It is defcribed by Zofimus, who lays, 15 
+near the temple was a large lake made by art, in fhape like a 
+flar. About the building, and in the neighbouring ground,, 
+there at times appeared a fire of a globular figure, which 
+burned like a lamp. It generally fhewed itfelf at times, 
+when a celebrity was held : and he adds, that even in his 
+time it was frequently feen. 
+
+All the Deities of Greece were a7ro<r7rour[jLctTct 3 or derivatives 
+formed from the titles of Amon, and Orus, the Sun. Many of 
+them betray this in their fecondary appellations ; for we read 
+
+
+*4 
+
+
+*5 
+
+
+Stephanus Byzantinus. 
+Zofimus. L. 1. p. 53. 
+
+
+See Etymolog. Magnum, Apha 
+
+
+not 
+
+
+
+62 
+
+
+R 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+D 1 
+
+
+C 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+L 
+
+
+S. 
+
+
+A pi 
+
+
+inly of Vulcan, but of Diana being called 
+
+
+16 
+
+
+Aph 
+
+
+and in Crete Dictynna had the fame name 
+
+
+chius obferves, Afiaia, q Aiktvvvcc. Caftor and 
+
+
+a, and 
+Hefy- 
+c were 
+
+
+flyled 17 
+Arcadia. 
+
+
+Acper-Kigtoi : and Mars lB Aphseus was worfhiped in 
+Apollo was likewife called 19 Acpqroog : but it was 
+
+
+properly the place of worfhip ; though Hefychius otherwife 
+explains it. Aphetor was what the ancient Dorians expref- 
+fed Apha-Tor, a fire tower or Prutaneum the fame, 
+which the Latines called of old Pur-tor, of the like fignifi- 
+cation. This in aftertimes was rendered Praetorium : and 
+
+
+the chief perfons, who officiated, Praetores. 
+
+
+They 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+originally priefts of fire ; and for that reafon were called 
+SI Aphetae : and every Praetor had a brazier of live coals car¬ 
+ried before him, as a badge of his office. 
+
+
+AST, A S T A, E S T A, HESTIA. 
+
+Aft, Afta, Efta, fignified fire, and alfo the Deity of that 
+element. The Greeks exprefled it 'Esm, and the Romans, 
+
+Vefta. Plutarch fpeaking of the facred water of Mumicius 
+
+
+x6 Paufanias. L. 2. p. 180. 
+
+17 Paufanias. L. 3. p. 242. fuppofed to be named from races. 
+
+18 Paufanias. L. 8. p. 692. or A (pveio^ as fome read it. 
+
+In like manner 3t.cc* ApBctia, 'Extern- Stephanus Byzantinus. 
+
+19 Cselius Rhodig. L. 8. c. 16. Aq>nrco^ 0 tv rois (pots Sreos. Auftor Anti- 
+quus apud Lilium Gyraldum. Syntag. 7. 
+
+Thefe towers were oracular temples * and Hefychius exprefly fays, A <pnToptict 9 
+fxctvT&cc* Apwropos, 'GjgoqMrevoifTos. Hefychius. Afpnrogos AttoAA&m'o*. Iliad. L. 
+I. v. 404. ngcpmevoPTos kqu fJLocvrtvojj&m. Schol. ibid. 
+
+** See Hoffman. JLexic. 
+
+IO 
+
+
+
+
+R 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+i> 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+G 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+L 
+
+
+S. 
+
+
+&3 
+
+
+Being difcovered by the priefteffes of this Deity, calls them 
+
+
+the virgins of “ Heftia. Eft a and Afta fignified alfo a facred 
+hearth. In early times every diftridt was divided according, 
+to the number of the facred hearths ; each of which confti- 
+tuted a community, or parifh. They were in different parts 
+ftyled Turatheia Empureia, Prutaneia, and Pretoria: alfo 
+** Phratriai, and Apaturia : but the moft common name was 
+Afta. Thefe were all places of general rendezvous for 
+people of the fame community. Here were kept up perpetual 
+fires : and places of this fort were made ufe of for courts of 
+judicature, where the laws of the country, Qepig'cx.t, were 
+explained, and inforced. Hence Homer fpeaking of a perfom 
+not worthy of the rights, of fociety, calls him ** A<pgYiTc*>g, 
+
+ctOspieog, cLvsziog. 
+
+The names of thefe buildings were given to them from 
+the rites there pradtifed; all which related to fire. The 
+term Afta was in aftertimes by the Greeks exprefled,, Afy, 
+Aftu ; and appropriated to a city. The name of Athens 
+was at firft Aftu ; and then Athenae, of the fame purport : 
+for Athenae is a compound of Ath-En, Ignis fons in which 
+
+
+11 Plutarch. Numa.. Vol. i. p. 68. ''Y'Soop hgov cciro^-zt^xi • Tzrapfyei'ois. 
+
+Nec tu aliud Veftam, quam vivam intellige flammam. 
+
+Ovid. Fafti.. L. 6. v. 291. 
+
+§>pctTopcc$ y tws acuTy}$-FA$Te%'OVTcc$ ^paT^ias? avyysveis* Hefychius. 
+
+& 7 rccT&gicc 3 eoprn A 0 wwo-<r.- Hefychius. Apaturia is compounded of Apatour, a 
+fire-tower. Ehrator, is a metathefis for PharrTor, from Phur, ignis. So Pnetor 
+and Pr^torium are from Pur-tor of the fame purport. The general .name for all of 
+them was Purgoi,. ftill with a reference.to fire. 
+
+X4 Iliad.. A. v. 63. 
+
+Diodorus Siculus.. L. 1. p. 24*. 
+
+
+name 
+
+
+
+64. 
+
+
+R 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+D 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+C 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+L 
+
+
+S. 
+
+
+name 
+the c 
+
+
+there 
+
+
+is 
+
+
+reference both to the guardian Goddefs of 
+
+
+ty 
+
+
+and alfo to the perpetual fire preferved within 
+
+
+precincts. The God of fire, Hephailtus, was an Egyptian 
+compound of Apha-Alfus, rendered by the Ionian Greeks 
+Hephaeftus. 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+26 
+
+
+Camcenas of Latium, who were fuppoled 
+
+
+have 
+
+
+fhewn the facred fountain to the Veffals, were probably the 
+original prieftefles, whofe bufinefi it was to fetch water for 
+
+
+luftrations from that ffrearn 
+
+
+Ain is the fountain 
+
+
+of the Sun: and the Camoense were named from their at¬ 
+tendance upon that Deity. The Hymns in the temples of 
+this God were fung by thefe women : hence the Camoenas 
+were made prefidents of mufic. 
+
+Many regions, where the rites of fire were kept up, will 
+be found to have been named Alfa, Helfia, Helfiasa, He- 
+phselfia j or to have had cities fo * 7 called. This will appear 
+from the hilfories of Thefialy, Lycia, Egypt, Lemnos; as 
+well as from other countries. 
+
+From Alfa and Elba come the terms j£ftas, JElfus, dEftuo, 
+A?v, 'Efia, *E etoLgeiv, 
+
+
+Plutarch. Numa. p. 62. 
+
+* 7 In Syria was Aftacus, or the city of Chus : and Aftacur, the city of the Sun. 
+In other parts were Aftacures, and Aftaceni, nations : Aftacenus Sinus; Aftaboras; 
+Aftabeni; Aftabus and Aftafaba in Ethiopia ; Aftalepha at Colchis; Afta and 
+Aftea in Gedrofia; Afta in Spain, and Liguria ; Afta and regio Aftica in Thrace. 
+Doris named Heftheotis. Strabo. L. g. p. 668. 
+
+Fla* 'Peccs, a ye ttpurccveicc \eXoy t xjx.S' > 
+
+Pindar. Nem. Ode xi. v. 2. 
+
+
+SHEM, 
+
+
+
+'1 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+65 
+
+
+SHEM, SHAME N, SHEMESH. 
+
+Shem, and Shamefh, are terms, which relate to the hea¬ 
+vens, and to the Sun, iimilar to cdi», D'ntr, of the He¬ 
+
+brews. Many places of reputed fan&ity, fuch as Same, Sa¬ 
+mos, Samothrace, Samorna, were denominated from it. 
+Philo Biblius informs us, that the Syrians, and Canaanites, 
+lifted up their hands to Baal-Samen, the Lord of Heaven ; 
+under which title they honoured the Sun : 18 T ctg ysigag ogs- 
+
+yeiv Big Egctvag it^og rov 'HA<ov* tutop y&g, <p»)cr*, &£op svofjuipv 
+
+fjLovov , OTPANOT KTPION BAAASAMHN mXznsg. Ephe- 
+
+fus was a place of great fan&ity : and its original name was 
+** Samorna ; which feems to be a compound of Sam-Oran, 
+Cceleftis Sol, fons Lucis. We read of Samicon in Elis, 
+
+30 E&puXM) with a facred cavern: and of a town called 
+
+31 Sarnia, which lay above it. The word 2s[Ji,vog was a con¬ 
+traction of Semanos, from Sema-on ; and properly fignified 
+divine and celeftial. Hence ersfJLveu Sscu, crsfAVY) Koga.* An¬ 
+cient Syria was particularly devoted to the worfhip of the 
+Sun, and of the Heavens ; and it was by the natives called 
+Shems and Shams : which undoubtedly means the land of 
+Shemefh, from the worfhip there followed. It retains the 
+
+Philo apud Eufeb. Prcep. Evang. L. i. c. io, 
+
+Arabibus Sol Talos, et Samafa. Lilius GyralcL Syntag, 7. p. 280. 
+
+* 9 Stephanus Byzant. 
+
+30 Paufanias. L. 5. p. 386. 
+
+31 Paufanias. L. 5. p. 387, 388. 
+
+
+VOL. I. 
+
+
+K 
+
+
+name 
+
+
+
+66 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+name at this 31 day. In Canaan was a town and temple, 
+
+it 
+
+called Beth - Shemefh. What fome expreffed Shem and 
+Sham, the Lubim feem to have pronounced Zam : hence the 
+capital of Numidia was named Zama, and Zamana, from 
+Shamen, Coeleftis. This we may learn from an infcription 
+in 33 Reineccius. 
+
+JULIO. PROCULO. 
+
+P R ~JE F. URB. PATRON O. 
+
+COL. B Y Z A C E N JE. ET. PA 
+TRONO. COLON. JE L I JE. 
+
+34 ZAMANA. R E G I JE. 
+
+* 
+
+Ham being the Apollo of the eaft, was worshiped as the 
+Sun : and was alfo called Sham and Shem. This has been 
+the caufe of much perplexity, and miftake : for by thefe 
+means many of his pofterity have been referred to a wrong 
+line, and reputed the fons of Shem ; the title of one brother 
+not being diftinguifhed from the real name of the other. 
+
+
+3t Abulfeda. Tab. Synas. p. 5. Syria Scham appellata. Dividitur Syria in quin- 
+que praefedturas, quarum unicuique nomine proprio nomen, Al Scham, foil. Syria?, 
+commune datur. Excerptum ex Ibn Ol Wardi. p. 176. 
+
+Abulfeda fuppofes, that Syria is called Scham, quafi finiftra. It was called Sham 
+for the fame reafon that it was called Syria. 'Xupos yoLoi the fame-as Xeigio*. 
+
+Perfe Xvgv Deum vocant. Lilius Gyraldus. Syntag. 1 . p. 5. Xugia. Srscc y i. e. 
+Dea Coeleftis. Syria is called at this day Souriftan. Souris from Sehor, Sol, Xti- 
+pios of Greece. 
+
+35 Reineccii Syntagma. Clafs. 6. cxxii. p. 458. 
+
+34 El-Samen was probably the name of the chief temple at Zama •, and com- 
+prifed the titles of the Deity, whom the Numidians worfhiped. El Samen fignifies 
+Deus Coeleftis, or Coelorum : which El Samen was changed by the Romans to 
+JElia Zamana. 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+67 
+
+Hence the Chaldeans have by fome been adjudged to the 
+line of 35 Shem: and Amalek, together with the people of 
+that name, have been placed to the fame account. His ge~ 
+nealogy is accordingly reprefented by Ebn Patric. He 
+makes him the fon of Aad, and great grandfon of Shem. 
+36 Fuitque Aad films Arami, filius Shemi, filius Nose. The 
+author of the Chronicon Pafchale fpeaks of 37 Chus, as of 
+the line of Shem : and Theophilus in his treatife to Auto- 
+lycus does the fame by 38 Mizraim. Others go farther, and 
+add Canaan to the 39 number. Now thefe are confefiedly 
+the immediate fons of + ° Ham : fo that we may underftand, 
+who was properly alluded to in thefe pafiages under the 
+name of Shem. 
+
+
+M A C A R. 
+
+
+This was a {acred title given by the Amonians to their 
+Gods ; which often occurs in the Orphic hymns, when any 
+Deity is invoked. 
+
+
+35 'Lreor ot XaAJ\*/oi cc7ro tb xccrocyovrca^ a xca 6 A SpctotfA* Syncelli 
+Chronograph, p. 98. 
+
+36 Eutychii five Ebn Patricii Hift. Vol. 1. p. 60. 
+
+37 Ex vy}$ (putos tb Xous ovofJictTii o A/Sio-^. Chron. Pafchal. p. 36. 
+
+58 c E«£os <Pe vies ts — ovofxcLTi pcceifjt. Theophilus ad Autolyc. L. 2. 
+
+
+
+370 . 
+
+
+39 Alii Shemi filium faciunt Canaanem. Relandi Palseftina. V. i. p. 7. 
+
+40 The fons of Ham; Cufh and Mizraim, and Phut, and Canaan* Genefis. 
+
+
+
+10. v. 6. 
+
+Ham is the father of Canaan. Genefis. c. 9. v. 18, 22. 
+
+From Sam, and Samen, came Summus 5 and Hercules Summanus j Samabethi, 
+Samanaei, Samonacodoma. 
+
+
+K 2 
+
+
+KAt )fa 9 
+
+
+
+68 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+41 KAy$/, Mazug II oucui, titvoztqvb, OojSs A vzcagsv. 
+
+41 KAt>$/, M otKctg, noLV&egiLts zyuv ouuovtov oppct. 
+
+Many people affirmed to themfelves this title ; and were 
+fly led 43 Ma.zctgsg> or Macarians : and various colonies were 
+
+fuppofed to have been led by an imaginary perfonage Macar, 
+
+* 
+
+or 44 Macareus. In confequence of this we find, that the 
+
+■ 
+
+moft ancient name of many cities and iflands was Macra, 
+Macris, and 4S Macaria. The Grecians fuppofed the term 
+Macar to fignify happy ; whence Ma zagsg -Sso 1 was inter¬ 
+preted sv$cu[JLovzg : but whether this was the original purport 
+of the word, may be difficult to determine. It is certain 
+that it was a favourite term : and many places of fan£tity 
+
+41 Orphic. Hymn. 33. 
+
+4Z Orphic. Hymn. 7. So EaG~ M aMetp^ to Hercules, and to Pan. KAu8; M <zKap % 
+to Dionufus. Alfo M cckccp N vgeus. KAdG/, Majcaj, (pcovcov , to Corybas the Sun. 
+
+45 Me?i 7 rov cT o 7 rAo 76 poov M cotctpoov yeveaiv xgtcnv tb* 
+
+Orphic. Argonaut, v. 42- 
+
+44 Diodorus Siculus. L. 5. p. 327, 328. 
+
+We read of Macaria in the Red Sea. Plin. L. 6. c. 29. 
+
+'ToTvgxjziov xai M cocaptcL. Diodorus Sic. L. 3. p. i 7 3 * 
+
+45 Cyprus was called Maxctf/a, with a town of the fame name. Ptolem. 
+
+Lefbos Macaria. Clariffima Lefbos; appellata Lana, Pelafgia, Aigeira, Aithiope, 
+
+Macaria, a Macareo Jovis nepote. Plin. L. 5. c. 31. and Mela. L. 2. c. 7. p, 209. 
+
+*Qggqv AsgSos <x.vco M (xxctpos q; evroi eegyei. Homer- Iliad. D. v. 544. 
+
+Rhodes called Macaria. Plin. L. 5. c. 31. 
+
+A fountain in Attica was called Macaria. Paufanias. L. 1. p. 79. 
+
+Part of Thrace, Macaria. Apollonius Rhod. L. 1. v. 1115. 
+
+A city in Arcadia, M ccKccpiut. Steph. Byzant. 
+
+~Mcc>tctpi a king of Lefbos. Clement. Cohort, p. 27.. 
+
+An ifland of Lycia, Macara. Steph. Byzant. 
+
+The Macares, who were the reputed fons of Deucalion, after a deluge fettled in 
+Chios, Rhodes, and other iflands. Diodorus Sic. L. 5. p. 347. 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+
+
+were denominated from it. Macar, as a perfon, was by fome 
+efteemed the offspring of 46 Lycaon : by others the fon of 
+47 ff£olus. Diodorus Siculus calls him 48 Macareus, and 
+fpeaks of him as the fon of Jupiter. This term is often 
+found compounded, Macar-On : from whence people were 
+denominated McLKOLgoovsg, and 49 Moucgmsg > and places were 
+called M OLZgoev. This probably was the original of the name 
+
+given to Iflands, which were ftyled Ma/ca^ow vyi&gi. They 
+were to be found in the Pontus Euxinus, as well as in the 
+Atlantic. The Acropolis of Thebes in Boeotia was in like 
+manner called 50 M cuccLgoov vrid'og^ It was certainly an Amo- 
+nian facred term. The inland city Oaffs flood in an Egyp¬ 
+tian province, which had the 51 fame name: fo that the 
+meaning muff not be fought for in Greece. This term was 
+fometimes expreffed as a feminine, Macris, and Macra : and 
+by the Grecians was interpreted longa y as if it related to ex- 
+
+
+46 Paufanias. L. 8. p. 602-. He fpeaks of Macaria the daughter of Hercules. 
+L. 1. p. 80. 
+
+47 Paufanias. L. 10. p. 896. 
+
+48 Diodorus. L. 5. 
+
+v. 544 - 
+
+49 Oi 'Xctvrot, e$ 'zzrporeooy eteycv Mxxpoovczs. Strabo. L. 12. 
+
+Sanni, 'Xxvi'oi, means Heliadne, the fame as Macarones. near Colchis, 
+
+at wv Uccvvoi. Stephanas Byzant. 
+
+- 50 The fame as the Cadmeum. Mccx.cc.rcov vyo-of, £ ccxpo 7 toAis tgcp> ev Eoicoricc ©>?- 
+Ccov to 'zz-cthccioVy o F la.ppc€vt<f h ?. Suidas. 
+
+Diodorus Siculus. L. 5..p. 347. Maxocpcov vmoi near. Britain and Thule. Scho¬ 
+
+lia in Lycophron. v. 1200. 
+
+‘AiL timv ’Mccxocgoov vvcroij t00/ Tgreg tov ccpiq-ov- 
+
+Zwra, &ecov (Zcca-iAnct) 'Pew t bxs t evi 
+Of the Theban Acropolis, Tzetzes in Lycophron. v. 1194.. 
+
+51 Herodotus. L. 3. c. 16. 
+
+
+p. 347. • M clxclo o K pivonta. Schol. in Homer.. Iliad, fl. 
+
+
+tent,. 
+
+
+
+7 o 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+tent. It was certainly an ancient word, and related to their 
+theology : but was grown fo obfolete, that the original pur¬ 
+port could not be retrieved. I think we may be allured 
+that it had no relation to length. Euboea was of old called 
+Macris ; and may be looked upon as comparatively long: 
+but Icarus, Rhodes, and Chios, were likewife called fo ; and 
+they did not project in length more than the iflands in their 
+s * neighbourhood. They were therefore not denominated 
+
+from their figure. There was a cavern in the Acropolis of 
+
+# 
+
+Athens, which was called Macrai, according to Euripides. 
+
+53 II '.go<r£oppov uvTgov, ds Moucgag 
+
+The fame author fiiews manifeftly, that it was a proper 
+name ; and that the place itfelf was ftyled Macrai. This 
+was a contraction for Macar-Ai, or the place of Macar : 
+
+54 M cMgcu h z<i bksi kskKy)[jlsvo$. 
+
+All thele places were for a religious reafon fo denominated 
+from Macar, a title of the Deity. 
+
+M E L E C H. 
+
+Melech, or, as it is fometimes exprefied, Malech, and Mo¬ 
+loch, betokens a king ; as does Malecha a queen. It was a 
+
+Macra, a river in Italy. Plin. L. 3. c. 5. 
+
+SJ Euripides in lone. v. 937. E 'zzrgoaSopp&s 'Grergccs 
+
+Maxpas kclXbci yv$ clvoly,tbs AxGicTcs. Ibid. 
+
+Paufanias informs us that the children of Niobe were fuppofed to have been here 
+flain in this cavern. 
+
+Euripides ibid. Alfo in another place he mentions 
+
+Kexpo7ro$ A vTgccy kcu Mazepas 'GrerpnpetyeiS. 
+
+6 
+
+
+title 
+
+
+
+RAD ICALS. 
+
+
+7 1 
+
+title of old given to many Deities in Greece ; hut in after 
+times grew obfolete, and mifuiiderftbod: whence it was often 
+changed to psiAr^og, and which fignifted the 
+
+gentle, fweet, and benign Deity. Paufanias tells us, that 
+Jupiter was ftyled M siXiy/iog, both in 55 Attica, and at 56 Ar¬ 
+gos : and in another part of his work he fpeaks of this Deity 
+
+6 
+
+under the fame title, in company with Artemis at Sicyon. 
+57 Es'; S's Xsvg MeiAiystog, zctt Agrz^Lig ovofJLOL^pfJLsvri TLolt^oool. 
+
+He mentions, that they were both of great antiquity, placed 
+in the temple before the introduction of images : for the one 
+was reprefented by a pyramid, and the other by a bare pil¬ 
+lar : II<Js o MsiXi'yiog, gcJs ziovi st zol<t [ABvy] . He 
+
+alfo fpeaks of fome unknown Gods at Myonia in Locris, 
+
+called ®soi : and of an altar with an infcription of 
+
+the fame purport, sS (3oofJLog ©gw v M siX^ioov. 
+
+Rivers often had the name of Melech. There was one in 
+Babylonia, generally exprefled Nahar Malcha, or the royal 
+ftream : thefe too were often by the Grecians changed to 
+M stXi'fcoi. The foregoing writer gives an inftance in a 59 river 
+of Achaia. Malaga in Spain was properly Malacha, the 
+royal city. I take the name of Amalek to have been Ham 
+60 Melech abbreviated : a title taken by the Amalekites from 
+
+
+ss Z^iocSacri cTs Toy Knyiac-ov / 3 &y.os tq'iv cto^ytios A/of. 
+
+
+Paufanias* 
+
+
+L. i. p. 9- 
+
+s6 Paufanias. L. 2. p. 154. 
+
+57 Paufanias. L. 2. p. 132. 
+
+58 Paufanias. L. 10. p. 897. 
+
+59 Paufanias. L. 7. p. 573. 
+
+60 The country of the Amalekites is called, the land of Ham. 1 Chronicles, c. 
+
+
+4. v. 40. 
+
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
++1 *> 
+
+the head of their family. In like manner I imagine 61 Mal- 
+chom, the God of the Sidonians, to have been a contraction 
+of Malech-Chom, fiounXevg 'H Xiog : a title given to the Sun ; 
+but conferred alfo upon the chief of the Amonian 6x family. 
+
+A N A C. 
+
+% 
+
+Anac was a title of high antiquity, and feems to have 
+been originally appropriated to perfons of great ftrength, 
+and ftature. Such people in the plural were ftyled Ana- 
+kim ; and one family of them were to be found at 63 Kir- 
+jath-Arba. Some of them were likewife among the Caphto- 
+rim, who fettled in Paleftina. Paufanias reprefents Afterion, 
+whofe tomb is faid to have been difcovered in Lydia, as a 
+fon of Anac, and of an enormous fize. 6 * E ivou ds A pegiov 
+
+fjLBV AvcctcTog' Avclktol $s rV Trainee—osrot stpavr) to c kb^ib- 
+yonoL Bg mziVy oog eg'iv olv^oowb’ bttbi dia ^BysOog hk spiv ovoog 
+
+61 i Kings, c. 11. v. 33. 
+
+61 I will cut off the remnant of Baal from this place, and the name of the Cha- 
+merims with the pHefts ; and them that worfhip the hoft of heaven upon the houfe 
+tops, and them that worfhip, and that fwear by the Lord, and that fwear by Mai - 
+cham. Zephaniah. c. i. v. 4. 
+
+63 Judges, c. 1. v. 10. Jofhua. c. 15. v. 13. Deuteronomy, c. 2. v. 21. Jolhua. 
+c. 11. v. 22. and c. 13. v. 12. 
+
+The priefts at the Eleufinian myfteries were called Avccx.roreM^oa. Clement. 
+Alex. Cohort, p. 16. 
+
+64 Paufanias. L. 1. p. 87. It was in the ifland Lade before Miletus. The au¬ 
+thor adds, when the bones were difcovered. Auny.cc Se Xoyos n?\.Bev bs tss me AAys 
+Fwfycra ra yicvcrcccpes uvea y.ev rev vsyepov —xtA— x.ca ^Bipcccppov re moretyov Clxeecvev 
+ex.ee Aovv. 
+
+See Cicero de Nat. Deor. L. 3. of Anaces, A rcocres. T as A 10$ xovgB* Avatytas 01 
+A^nvcaei 'zz-poav'yopzvcrctv. Plutarch. Numa. 
+
+ay 
+
+
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+73 
+
+
+old eS'o^sv. We may from hence perceive that the hiftory of 
+the Anakim was not totally obliterated among the Grecians. 
+Some of their Deities were ftyled ccvctKTsg' others oLvoLKTogsg^ 
+
+and their temples ouloutTOgia.. Michael Pfellus fpeaking of he¬ 
+resies, mentions, that fome people were fo debafed, as to 
+worfhip Satanaki : 6s A utov S s fj-ovov £7Tiy£iov Xoltolvolki svfspvi- 
+
+£ovroci . Satanaki feems to be Satan Anac, foocEoXos fictGriXsvg. 
+
+Necho, Nacho, Necus, Negus, which in the Egyptian 
+and Ethiopic languages Signified a king, probably was an 
+abbreviation of Anaco, and Anachus. It was Sometimes ex- 
+prefted Nachi, and Nacchi. The buildings reprefented at 
+Perfepolis are faid to be the work of Nacki Ruftan ; which 
+Signifies the lord, or prince Ruftan. 
+
+Z A R, and S A R. 
+
+Sar is a rock, and made ufe of to fignify a promontory. As 
+temples were particularly erected upon Such places, thefe 
+eminences were often denominated Sar-On, from the Deity, 
+to whom the temples were facred. The term Sar was often¬ 
+times ufed as a mark of high honour. The Pfalmift repeat¬ 
+edly addrefles God as his Rock, 66 the Rock of his refuge ; 
+
+the Rock of his Salvation. It is alfo ufed without a meta- 
+
+* 
+
+phor, for a title of refpedt: but it feems then to have been 
+differently expreffed. The facred Writers call that lordly 
+people the Sidonians, as well as thofe of Tyre, 67 Sarim. The 
+
+65 Michael Pfellus. p. io. 
+
+66 Pfalm 28. v. 1. Deuteron. c. 32. v. 15. Ifaiah. c. 17. v. 10. Pfalm 78. v. 35. 
+It is often ftyled Selah. 
+
+67 Ifaiah. c. 23. v. 8. 
+
+Vol. I. L name 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+74 
+
+name of Sarah was given to the wife of Abraham by way of 
+eminence; and fignifies a 68 lady, or princefs. It is conti¬ 
+nually to be found in the compofition of names, which relate 
+to places, or perfons, efteemed facred by the Antonians. We 
+read of Serapis, Serapion, Serapammon : alfo of Sarchon, and 
+Sardon ; which is a contraction for Sar-Adon. In Tobit 
+mention is made of 69 Sarchedonus ; the fame name as the 
+former, but with the eaftern afpirate. The Sarim in Either 
+are taken notice of as perfons of high 70 honour: the fame 
+dignity feems to have been known among the Philiftim, by 
+whom it was rendered 71 Sarna, or Sarana : hence came the 
+71 Tyrian word Sarranus for any thing noble and fplendid. 
+In the prophet Jeremiah are enumerated the titles of the 
+chief princes, who attended Nebuchadnezzar in his expedi¬ 
+tion againft Judea. Among others he mentions the 73 Sar- 
+fechim. This is a plural, compounded of Sar, and Sech,. 
+rendered alfo Shec, a prince or governor.. Sar-Sechim figni- 
+lies the chief of the princes and rulers. Rabfhekah is nearly 
+of the fame purport: it lignifi.es the great prince; as by Rab- 
+fares is meant the chief 7+ Eunuch ; by Rabmag, the chief of 
+the Magi. Many places in Syria and Canaan have the term 
+Sar in compofition ; fuch as Sarabetha, Sariphaea, 
+
+
+
+6S Gencfis. c. 17. v. 15. 
+
+69 Tobit. c. 1. v. 22. 
+
+70 Either, c. 1. v. 16. 
+
+71 Jofhua. c. 13. v. 3. Judges, c. 16. v. 5. 
+
+71 Oftrum Sarranum. 
+
+73 Jeremiah, c. 30. v. 3*. 
+
+74 Ifaiah. c. 37. v. 4. Jeremiah, c. 39. v. 3. 
+
+
+1 Samuel, c. 29. v. 7. 
+
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+75 
+
+
+Sardis, the capital of Croefus, was the city of Sar-Ades, the 
+fame as Atis, the Deity of the country. 
+
+
+High 
+
+
+75 
+
+
+groves, or rather hills with woods of ancient oaks, 
+
+
+were named Saron ; becaufe they were facred to the Deity fo 
+called. Pliny takes notice of the Saronian bay near Corinth, 
+and of the oaks which grew near it. 76 Portus Ccenitis, Sinus 
+Saronicus olim querno nemore redimitus; unde nomen. Both 
+the oaks and the place were denominated from the Deity 
+Sar-On, and Chan-Ait, by the Greeks rendered and 
+
+Koirsms, which are titles of nearly the fame purport. 
+
+
+Saron 
+
+
+was undoubtedly an ancient God in Greece. 77 Lilius Gyral- 
+dus ftyles him Deus Marinus : but he was properly the Sun. 
+Diana, the lifter of Apollo, is named 78 Saronia : and there 
+were Saronia facra, together with a feftival at 79 Troezen; in 
+
+
+which place Orus was fuppofed to have been born. 
+
+
+80 
+
+
+£lgov 
+
+
+ysvsvQoLi <r<pi<nv ev yy nsTguTov. Orus was the fame as Sar-On, 
+the Lord of light. Rocks were called Saronides, from hav- 
+
+
+75 It is fometimes expreffed Saronas. 
+
+Eft et regio Saronas, five £pv,uo$. Reland. Palaeftina. p. i S8. Any place facred 
+to the Deity Saron was liable to have this name : hence we find plains fo called in 
+the Onomafticon of Eufebius. *0 ^ctpoov — rj qltto cpvs Ox€cop ein r wlTiQsoictS'cc 
+
+76 Plin. L. 4. c. 8. 
+
+77 Lilius Gyraldus. Syntag. 4. p. 170. from Paufanias, and Ariftides in The- 
+miftoclem. 
+
+78 'Xa.pojvtccy Agrepus' A%auoi. Hefych. She was by the Perfians named Sar-Ait. 
+
+Apts/llis* oi riepacti. Ibidem. 
+
+79 Paufanias. L. 2. p. 189. 
+
+80 Paufanias. L. 2. p. 181. 
+
+81 Callimachus calls the ifland Afterie xotxov aetpov . A 'wovtoio xuxgu vet- 
+pov. This by the Scholiaft is interpreted x.aA vvtcov' but it certainly means a Rock. 
+Hymn, in Delon, v. 225. 
+
+L 2 ing 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+76 
+
+ing temples and towers facred to this Deity: juft as groves of 
+oaks were, of which I took notice above. This interpre¬ 
+tation is given by 82 Hefychius ; and by the Scholiaft upon 
+the following verfe of Callimachus, 
+
+83 H 'W'oKhut.g V7T£i/sgQs ZcLguvifrctg vygog I ccoov 
+Heigev. 
+
+As oaks were ftyled Saronides, fo likewife were the ancient 
+Druids, by whom the oak was held fo facred. Hence Dio¬ 
+dorus Siculus fpeaking of the priefts of Gaul, ftyles them 
+
+8+ ^iMccxpoi, SsoXoyoi — 'nregi'fjoog r 1pw{ jlsv01 , ds 2 APONIAA 2 
+
+ovofjL.a.£&<n. This is one proof out of many how far the Amo- 
+nian religion was extended : and how little we know of Drui- 
+dical worflhip, either in refpedt to its eflence or its origin. 
+
+r 
+
+U C H. 
+
+Uch, T;', expreffed alfo Ach, Och, Op^a, was a term of 
+honour among the Babylonians, and the reft of the progeny 
+of Chus ; and occurs continually in the names of men and 
+places, which have any connexion with their hiftory. I have 
+fhewn in a former Ss treatife that the fhepherds who ruled 
+in Egypt were of that race ; and that they came from Baby¬ 
+lonia, and Chaldea. Eufebius informs us, that their national 
+title was 86 TKovvog ; or, as it was undoubtedly expreffed by 
+
+Sap&mJ'es 'Zrjerpxi} 7i cci cPitx, 'zvccAcciotatcl xe%$vuiati <Ppve$. Hefych. 
+
+?3 Callimachus. Hymn, to Zeus. v. 22. 
+
+8+ Diodorus Siculus. L. 5. p. 308. 
+
+85 See Obfervations and Inquiries upon ancient Hiftory. p. 196. 
+
+Eufebii Praep. Evang. L. 10, c. 13. p. 500. 
+
+the 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+77 
+
+
+the people themfelves, T jcxovcrog, Uc-Cufus. It is a term 
+taken notice of by Apion, and Manethon ; and they fpeak of 
+it as a word in the facred language of the country, which 
+fignified a king; 87 Yx. kcxM iegav yT^uxr '<r ctv fi&cnAsa c rquaivei, 
+I wonder that this word has been paffed over with fo little 
+notice; as it is of great antiquity; and at the fame time of 
+much importance in refped; to etymology. Uc-Cufus figni- 
+fied the royal or noble Cufean : and as it was a word in the 
+facred language of Egypt, we may from hence learn what 
+that language was; and be allured that it was the primitive 
+language of Chus, the fame as the ancient Chaldaic. It was 
+introduced among the Mizraim by the Auritse, or Cuthites, 
+together with their rites, and religion : hence it obtained the 
+name of the facred language. Diodorus Siculus affords 88 evi¬ 
+dence to the fame purpofe: and it is farther proved by Helio- 
+dorus ; who fays that the facred characters of Egypt, and 
+thofe of the Cuthites in Ethiopia were the 89 fame. This term 
+occurs very often atnong the titles, of which the Babylonifh 
+names are compofed ; fuch as Ochus and Belochus. Among 
+the Egyptians it is to be found in Acherez, and Achen- 
+cherez ; which are the names of two very ancient princes. 
+Acherez is a compound of Ach-Ares, Magnus Sol ; equivalent 
+to Achorus, another name of the fame Deity, aflumed in like 
+manner by their kings. The latter was fometimes expreffed 
+90 Aachor, Achoris, Ochuras, Uchoreus : which are all the 
+
+87 Jofephus contra Apion. L. i. c. 13. p. 445. 
+
+88 Diodorus Siculus. D. 3. p. 144. 
+
+89 Heliodori <£Ethiopica. D. 4. p. 174. 
+
+93 Achor, Srtos Clement. Alexandr. Cohortatio. p. 33. 
+
+fame- 
+
+* 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+7 ' 8 
+
+fame name diverfified in different ages, and by different writ¬ 
+ers. As priefts took the titles of the Deities whom they ferved, 
+Lucan has very properly introduced a prieft of Egypt under 
+the name of Achoreus : 
+
+91 quos inter Achoreus, 
+
+Jam placidus fenio, fradtufque modeftior annis. 
+
+The name of Ofiris feems to have been Uc-Sehor, and 
+Uc-Sehoris. According to Hellanicus, if a perfon had in 
+Egypt made enquiry about the term Ofiris, he would not 
+have been underftood : for the true name was 92 Ufiris. Philo 
+Biblius from Sanchoniathon calls the fame Deity 93 Iiiris ; 
+and adds, that he was the brother of Cna, or Canaan; and 
+the inventor of three letters. I <ngig, toov Tgioov ygotfjL[JL(x.TCiov 
+
+svgsrrig, aJgA <pag Xvcl rs ^oiviitog. I take Ifiris, and Ufiris, as 
+well as Ofiris, to be all Uc-Sehoris foftened, and accommo¬ 
+dated to the ears of Greece. 
+
+The Sun was ftyled El-Uc, which the Grecians changed 
+to Avaog , Lucos ; as we learn from 94 Macrobius. He was 
+
+alfo ftyled El-Uc-Or, which was changed to A vxoogsvg ; and 
+El-Uc-Aon, rendered Lycaon 95 , Avxctoov. As this perfonage 
+
+was 
+
+91 Lucan. L. 8. v. 475. 
+
+92 Ka/ y&p 'tov Ocrigiv EA /Xccvikos TV/prr eipnxev ctKnxoevca cciro twv ‘Ieoeoov heyo- 
+fjjcvov. Plutarch. Ifis etOftris. Vol. 1. p. 364. 
+
+91 Eufebius. Prsep. Evang. L. 1. c. 10. p. 39. 
+
+9 * Annum quoque vetuftiilimi GrsECorum AvKctCccvrct appellant top cc7ro ts AT- 
+KOT 5 id eft Sole. &c. Macrob. Saturn. L. 1. c. 17. p. 194. 
+
+95 Lycaon was the fame as Apollo*, and worlhiped in Lycia: his priefts were 
+ftyled Lycaones : he was fuppofed to have been turned into a wolf. Ovid Metam. 
+L. 1. v. 232. Apollo’s mother Latona was alfo changed to the fame animal. 'H 
+A/jtccj A/?Aop ??A 0 g jiAeTGc,€ct??iXG(x. ei$ Au?c ov. Scholia in Dionyf. v. 525. 
+
+
+People 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+79 
+
+
+the fame as El-Uc, Avzoc 
+
+
+was fabled of him 
+
+
+was turned into a wolf. The caufe oF this abfurd notion 
+arofe from hence : every facred animal in Egypt was difbin- 
+guifhed by fome title of the Deity. But the Greeks never 
+confidered whether the term was to be taken in its primary, 
+or in its fecondary acceptation : hence they referred the hi- 
+ftory to an animal, when it related to the God, from whom 
+the animal was denominated. A vzo$ y Lucos, was, as I have 
+fhewn, the name of the Sun : hence, wherever this term oc¬ 
+curs in compoiition, there will be commonly found fome re¬ 
+ference to that Deity, or to his fubfkitute Apollo. We read of 
+96 Avzlh ATo'hXwvoc i-Bgov : of 97 Lycorus, a fuppofed foil of 
+Apollo : of 98 Lycomedes, another foil : of 99 Lycofura, the 
+fir ft city, which the Sun beheld. The people of Delphi were 
+of old called 100 Lycorians : and the fummit of Parnaflus, 
+1 Lycorea. Near it was a a town of the fame name; and 
+
+both 
+
+
+People are faid to have been led to Parnaflus by the howling of wolves ; Avxvv 
+oop’jycti*. Paufanias. L. 10. p. 811. 
+
+The Hirpi were worfhipers of fire and were conduced to-their fettlement In 
+Campania by a wolf. Strabo. L. 5. p. 383. 
+
+In the account given of Danaus r and of the temple founded by him at Argos, is a 
+ftory of a wolf and a bull. Paufan. L. 2. p. 153. The temple was ftyled AttqA- 
+
+tepov Avoirs. 
+
+96 Paufanias above: alfo Apollo A vxccto^ and Ai/xg/y?. Paufan. L. 1. p. 44. 
+L. 2. p. 152, 153. 
+
+97 Paufanias. L. 10. p. 811. 
+
+955 Paufanias. L. 7. p. 530. 
+
+99 Paufanias. L. 8. p. 678. 
+
+Oi ZSe?\<poi to 'ztrpmov Avxccps.s excttevTo. Scholia in Apollon. Rhod. L. 4. 
+
+v. 1489. 
+
+Stephanus Eyzant. and Strabo. L. 9. p. 64c. faid to have been named from 
+wolves. Paufanias. L. 10. p. 811. 
+
+A vxwgsicLy 'ZccA is AeA tv * tl/jlcctcci 0 AttoAAw^. Etymolog. Magnum. 
+
+Thefc: 
+
+
+
+8o 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+both were facred to the God of light. From Lucos in this 
+fenfe came lux, luceo, lucidus, and Jupiter Lucetius, of the 
+Latines : and Twyyog, ?\Wfcvict, Kvyysvu), of the Greeks : alfo 
+Avz<x.£otg, and a fj,<piXvxog, though differently expreffed. Hence 
+it was, that fo many places facred to Apollo were fly led 
+Leuce, Leuca, A vuict, Leucas, Leucate. 
+
+Mox et Leucatse nimbofa cacumina montis, 
+
+Et formidatus nautis aperitur 3 Apollo. 
+
+Hence alfo infcriptions + DEO LEUCANIiE : which term 
+feems to denote, Sol-Fons, the fountain of day. The name 
+Lycophron, Auzocpgctiv, which fome would derive from A vx.og, 
+a wolf, fignifies a perfon of an enlightened mind. Groves 
+were held very facred : hence lucus, which fome would ab- 
+
+furdly derive a non lucendo, was fo named from the Deity 
+there worfhiped : as was 'Aifxog, a word of the fame purport 
+among the Greeks. 
+
+This people, who received their theology from Egypt and 
+Syria, often fuppreffed the leading vowel; and thought to 
+atone for it by giving a new termination : though to fay the 
+truth, this mode of abbreviation is often to be obferved in 
+the original language, from whence thefe terms are derived. 
+Kvgog, the name of Cyrus, feems to have fuffered an abridg- 
+
+Thefe places were fo named from the Sun, or Apollo, ftyled not only Avxos y but 
+A vxocpevs and : and the city JLucoreia was efteemed the oldeft in the 
+
+world, and laid to have been built after a deluge by Lycorus the fon of Huamus. 
+Paufan. L.. 10. p. 811. 
+
+'‘Twos <&oi£oio At ixcopeioio K cttpccupos. Apollon. L. 4. v. 1489. 
+
+A uKcopeioto, ccvtl T8 ZleA Scholia. ibid. It properly ftgnified Solaris. 
+
+J Virgil. TEneid. L. 3. v. 274. 
+
+* Gruter’s Infcriptions. Vol. 1. p. mlxxxii. n. 8. 
+
+6 
+
+
+ment 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+§i 
+
+ment of this nature. It was probably a compound of Uch- 
+Ur, the fame as Achor, and Achorus of Egypt, the great lu¬ 
+minary 
+
+people of confequence took to themfelve-s fome {acred title. 
+But as Aneith was abbreviated to Neith, Acherez to Che- 
+rez ; fo Achorus was rendered Chorus, Curus. Thus far is 
+manifeft, that Curus fignified the Sun. 5 'O jaev ouv 
+
+a7ro Kvga TrcxXcas ovofjLOL etrysv' stceivu <5g cl%o t« 'H^ia 
+
+yeve<r()oLi cpcuri' K vgov yag kolKsiv Tlegcas tov 'HA iov : Ctefias 
+likewife informs us that the name of Cyrus had this fignifi- 
+cation. 6 Kca TiGejcu to ovofjiot olvtz olito HAi8 : He was de- 
+
+nommated Cyrus fro?7i the Sun > which was fo called . It was the 
+fame as Or us : and according to Strabo it is fometimes fo ex- 
+prefled ; as we may infer from a river of this name, of which 
+he fays, 7 'Ex.ctlheiTO <5g 'urgoregov Ko^o?. We find it fometimes 
+rendered K vgig y Curis : but ftill with a reference to the Sun, 
+the Adonis of the eaft. Hefychius explains K vgig> o A Soovig. 
+
+In Phocis was s Kyppa, Currha, where Apollo K vppuiog was 
+honoured; which names were more commonly exprefied 
+K/ppa, and K ippouog. The people of Cyrene are faid by P a - 
+
+
+, the Sun. In ancient times all kings, priefts, and 
+
+
+M X. 4- « 
+
+
+5 Plutarch, in Artaxerxc. p. 
+
+6 Ctefias in Perficis. 
+
+So Hefychius. Tov ycco hA iov oi Tleccrcti K vpov A ey&aiv* Henc 
+<nASL>f» -ibid, alfo Kvpo efecna. 
+
+7 Strabo, fpeaking of the river Cur, or Cyrus. L. 11. p. 764. 
+
+
+Quid 
+
+
+Martial 
+
+
+Phocaicas Amphiffa manus, fcopulofaque Cyrrha. 
+Kippavy BTTLveiov AeA <puv. Paufan. L. 10. p. 817. 
+
+
+Lucan. L. 3. v. 172. 
+
+
+VOL. I. 
+
+
+M 
+
+
+lasphatus 
+
+
+
+8 % 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+laephatus to have been originally Ethiopians or Cuthites. 
+They, as well as the Egyptians, worshiped the Sun under the 
+title of Achur, and Achor : and like them efteemed him the 
+9 $sos a, 7 ro[JLViQg. From the God Achur we may infer that 
+
+
+which 
+
+
+com 
+
+
+their country was at firft called Acurana ; 
+pound of Achur-Ain, and betokens the great fountain of 
+
+
+Acurana was abbreviated to Curane and Curene; 
+
+and Heaven 
+
+
+light. 
+
+but was always fuppofed to relate to the 
+Hence the Greeks, who out of every obfolete term formed 
+perfonages, fuppofed Cyrene to have been the daughter of 
+
+
+the fupreme Deity. . 10 Ku^M], 'GToTug A 
+
+
+K VMVYjS 
+
+
+There 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+fountain 
+
+
+'Yp/soog. The city Cyrene in Libya was denominated fro?n Cy 
+
+rene , the daughter of the moft High. 
+here of great fanctity, which was in like manner denomi¬ 
+nated from the Sun. It was called 11 K VfiYj 'orvyri, which 
+
+
+9 Cyrenaici Achorem Deum (invocant) mufcarum multitudine peftilentiam ad- 
+ferente^ quce protinus intereunt, poftquam litatum eft illi Deo. Plin. L. io. c. 28. 
+See alfo Clement. Alexand. Cohort, p. 33. 
+
+Some late editors, and particularly Harduin, not knowing that Achor was wor- 
+fhiped at Cyrene, as the S'tos have omitted his name, and transferred the 
+
+hiftory to Elis. But all the ancient editions mention Achor of Cyrene; Cyrenaici 
+Achorem Deum , &c. I have examined thofe printed at Rome, 1470, 1473. thofe 
+of Venice, 1472, 1476, 1487, 1507, 1510. thofe of Parma, 1476, 1479, 1481. one 
+at Brefcia, 1496. the editions at Paris, 2516, 1524, 1532. the Bafil edition by 
+Froben, 1523 : and they all have this reading. The edition alfo by Johannes Spira, 
+1469, has Acorem, but with fome variation. The fpurious reading, Elei myagrum 
+
+Deum , was, I imagine, firft admitted into the text by Sigifmund Gelenius, who 
+
+% 
+
+was milled by the fimilarity of the two hiftories. Harduin has followed him blind¬ 
+ly, without taking any notice of the more ancient and true reading. 
+
+10 Stephanus Byzantinus. See alfo Scholia on Callimach. Hymn. in Apoll. v. 91.* 
+
+11 'OiS^ B7T0J K VfViS T*TY,yV\S efwaU’TO f TxTtXoL<J(TOLl 
+
+ZioofieeS} 'ujwKivnv £ s vocttous A£s*A lv evouov* 
+
+Callimachus. Hymn, in Apoll. v. 88. 
+
+terms 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+terms are equivalent to Kur-Ain 
+
+
+and Achur 
+
+
+83 
+
+of the 
+Pliny 
+
+
+Amonians, and fignify the fountain of the Sun. 
+proves, that this was the purport of the terms, when he de 
+
+
+fcribes this part of the world. 12 Cyrenai'ca, eadem Tripoli 
+tana regio, illuftratur Hammonis oraculo — et Fonte Solis 
+The like account is to be found in Pomponius Mela 13 . Am- 
+
+
+monis oraculum, fidei inclyt 
+
+
+lant. 
+
+
+As Achor was 
+
+
+; et fons, quern Soli 
+which related to the 
+
+
+14 
+
+
+ppel 
+
+
+we 
+
+
+find it often compounded with £lv. On, another name of that 
+Deity, from whence was formed Acharon. 
+
+
+This 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+ac- 
+
+
+true name of the city in Paleftine, called in Scripture, 
+cording to our verfion, IS Ekron. It was denominated from 
+Achor, the God of flies, worfhiped alfo under the name of 
+Baal-zebub with the fame attribute. The Caphtorim 
+
+
+brought the worfhip of this God from Egypt 
+
+
+where was 
+
+
+called Acharon; fo denominated from the Deity of the 
+
+
+country 
+
+
+This 
+
+
+and the rites pra£tifed in 
+
+
+vicinity 
+
+
+11 Plin. N. H. L. 5. p. 249. 
+
+X3 L. 1. c. 8. p. 43. 
+
+14 Juftin, fpeaking of the firft fettlement made at Cyrene, mentions a mountain 
+Cura, which was then occupied. Montem Cyram, et propter amaenitatem loci, et 
+propter fontium ubertatem occupavere. L. 13. c. 7. 
+
+15 Conformably to what I fay, Ekron is rendered Anxccgcov by the Seventy^ 
+
+i Samuel, c. 6. v. 17. 
+
+So alfo Jofephus Antiq. Jud. 1 . 6. c. 1. p. 312. 
+
+In Achore vefligia Accaronis : Selden de Dijs Syris. Syntag. 6 . p. 228. 
+
+Qv £ Yirr,a-H(jL Miuav Sreov ATotctpwv. Gregory Nazianz. Editio Etonenf. 1610^ 
+Pars fecunda cont. Julianum. p. 102. 
+
+In Italy this God was ftyled by the Campanians, f H^a)cAw Attqjulvios. See Cle¬ 
+mens. Cohort, p. 33. 
+
+The place in Egypt, where they worfhiped this Deity, was named Achoris 5 un¬ 
+doubtedly the fame, which is mentioned by Sozomen. 1 . 6. c. 18. 
+
+M 2 are 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+8.4- 
+
+are mentioned in a beautiful fragment from fome Sibylline 
+poetry, but when, or by whom compofed, is uncertain. 
+The verfes are taken notice of by Clemens Alexandrinus, 
+and what is remarkable, are certainly quoted long before the 
+completion of what is portended. However the purport 
+may perhaps be looked upon rather as a menace, than a pro- 
+
+** I<H, §■£&> TglToChOLlVOL, [JLSVSig £771 y^VfJLCLtn N £ 1 X 3 , 
+
+Movvr), [xcuvccg, ao;c5W, S7n uctdoig AyjzgovTog. 
+
+The Deity was likewife called Achad, and Achon : and 
+many cities and countries were hence 17 denominated. Aeon 
+in Paleftine is faid to have been fo named in honour of Her¬ 
+cules, the chief Deity in thofe 18 parts. 
+
+I have mentioned, that Ham, ftyled alfo Cham, was 
+looked up to as the Sun : and worfhiped by his pofterity. 
+Hence both his images and priefls were ftyled Chamin: and 
+many princes aftumed this title,, juft as they did that of 
+
+
+
+16 Clemens Alexand. Cohort, p. 44. 
+
+He quotes another, where the fate of Ephefus is foretold : 
+
+Ttttzcc eT 4 ’ 01/j.oo^gis Ecpscros Tt^icuBacc map q%Qo&i$ 9 
+
+Kcci ISblOV ^WT&CTCt T OV 8 X.ST L I'CtieTCLOVTa. 
+
+There is a third upon Serapis and his temple in Egypt: 
+
+K«.z aV} X€pci7rt 5 Az0bs ctpy&g eiriwipievt 'ZetoAAbs, 
+
+K Sicry mToofAcc fiieyic^cv ev Aiyvyrlco TgiTcc^ctivy. 
+
+The temple of Serapis was not ruined till the reign of Theodofius. Thefe three 
+famples of Sibylline poetry are to be found in Clemens above. 
+
+* 7 Achad was one of the firft cities in the world. Genefis. c. 10. v. 10. 
+
+Nifibis city was named both Achad and Achar. See Geographia Hebraeorum 
+Extera of the learned Miehaelis. p. 227. 
+
+18 Stephanus Byzant. 
+
+
+Crus, 
+
+
+
+
+Orus, and Arez. His pofterity efteemed themfelves of the 
+Solar race, by way of eminence : and the great founder of 
+the Perfic Monarchy was ftyled Achamin, rendered by the 
+Greeks Ay(oufJLevqs , Achgemenes : and all of his family after¬ 
+wards had the title of A ^ou^svioi, and A%0ii(JLevi$0Li 3 from the 
+fame pretenfions. They all of them univerfally efteemed 
+themfelves the children of the Sun ; though they were like- 
+wife fo called from their worfhip. Hence Lutatius Placidus 
+in his Scholia upon Statius interprets the word Achgemenidge 
+by 19 Solis Cultores. This may ferve to authenticate my ety¬ 
+mology, and fhew, that the term is derived from Cham, the 
+Sun : but the purport of it was generally more limited, and 
+the title confined to the royal race of the Perfians ; who- 
+were looked upon as the offspring of the Sun. The Cu~ 
+thites of Ethiopia Africana had the lame high opinion of 
+themfelves : hence Calafiris in Heliodorus invokes the Sun as 
+his great anceftor. 20 E 7 n/£S/£Ai}<rp<w fJLCtgTvg 6 rifjLcav 
+
+*H Xiog’ and Chariclea in another place makes ufe of a like 
+
+invocation : 21 'H?us, TsvoigyoL •m’goyovuv qf/MV, O, Sun , the 
+great fource of my anceftry - The Amonians, who fettled at 
+Rhodes, ftyled themfelves 'HTuaJcu, the 22 Solar race. Thofe, 
+who fettled upon the Padus, did the 23 fame. Hyde men¬ 
+tions a people in Diarbeker called 2 * Chamfi ; and fays, that 
+
+
+19 Lutatius Placidus upon Statius. Theb. 1 . i. v. 718. 
+
+Heliodori iEthiopica. 1 . 4. p. 175. 
+
+Heliodori iEthiopica. L. 10. p. 472. 
+
+2,1 Diodorus Siculus.. L. 5. p. 327. 
+
+2,3 Apollonius Rhod. of the Heliad^e. L. 4. v. 604. 
+
+24 Chamfi, feu Solares, funt Arabice Shemfi vel Shamfi; 
+
+Hyde Religio Vet. Perf. p. 523. and 575. 
+Cham being pronounced Sham, and. Shem,. has caufed fomeof his pofterity to be 
+referred to a wrong line,. 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+86 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+the meaning of the word is Solares; and the fame in purport 
+
+as Shemli and Shamfi of the Arabians. 
+
+The term Yx, of which I have been treating, was obfolete, 
+and fcarce known in the times when Greece moft flourifhed: 
+yet fome traces of it may be found, though ftrangely per¬ 
+verted from its original meaning. For the writers of this 
+nation, not knowing the purport of the words, i 
+found in their ancient hymns, changed them to 
+limilar in found ; and thus retained them with a degree of 
+religious, but blind, reverence. I have {hewn, that of El- 
+Uc they formed Avxog, Lucus ; which was acknowledged to 
+be the name of the Sun : of El-Uc-Aon, Lycaon : of El-Uc- 
+
+Or, Lycorus and Lycoreus : 
+
+H xiQoigiv, ri ro%a. Avxoogeog snecc <I>o;£a. 
+
+So from Uc-Ait, another title of the God, they formed He- 
+catus, and a feminine, Hecate. Hence Nicander {peaks of 
+Apollo by this title : 
+
+a6 'E £oy,svos rgi7ro$s(rcri 'nragct ¥LXctgioig 'E xaroio. 
+
+
+
+And Herophile the Sibyl of the fame Deity : 
+
+27 Moigcw zyyvcr C E xoltu ty\; tot AvouiTogtyQ. 
+
+The only perfon who feems knowingly to have retained 
+this word, and to have ufed it out of compoiition, is 28 Ho- 
+
+
+Callimachus. Hymn to Apollo, v. 19. 
+
+26 Nicander Alexipharmica. v. 11. 
+
+27 Paufanias. L. 10. p. 827. 
+
+2S It is however to be found in Euripides under the term o%o$. Thefeus fays to 
+Adraftus : 
+
+E?e cP eAccvveis Ittjql •wpos Qv\£ccs Supplices. v* 1 
+
+
+mer. 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+87 
+
+mer. He had been in Egypt; and was an admirer of the 
+theology of that nation. He adhered to ancient 29 terms 
+with a degree of enthufiafm; and introduced them at all 
+hazards, though he many times did not know their meaning. 
+This word among others he has preferved; and he makes 
+ufe of it adverbially in its proper fenfe, when he defcribes 
+any body fuperlatively great, and excellent. Thus he fpeaks 
+of Calchas as far fuperior to every body elfe in prophetic 
+knowledge, and ftyles him ctgifog : 
+
+30 KaAp^as ©SfogiJrj)g (HoavoftdKoav 0 p£ cLgifog, 
+
+'Og y$Y) tcc r sovTot , roc r strc'opsva, 'ur^o r sovtol. 
+
+So on the Trojan fide Helenus is fpoken of in the fame 
+31 II 'EXevog oiuvonoXuv oy ugifog. 
+
+
+
+So 
+
+
+32, 
+
+
+&00KY1UV op^ ccgig-ov, 33 AitoqXom op£ agifog, and 34 T vyiag 
+
+
+X kvt or0[j,oov op£ ctgig-og. 
+
+
+In 
+
+
+Uc 
+
+
+of the 
+
+
+Greeks. Callimachus abounds with ancient Amonian terms. He bids the youncr 
+
+
+Minerva 
+
+
+"2,vv t’ SuccyogicLi ovv t’ euypiccai^ aw t cc/\ct/\uyctis . 
+
+
+Lavacr. Palladis. v. 139. 
+
+From Uc-El came Euclea Sacra, and Evx?io$ Zeu$. EuxAeicc, A precis. 
+
+EuxAos, Aios tepevs , M zyczgois kcci ev K QpwBcp* Hefychius, lb amended by Al- 
+
+bertus and Hemfterhufius. 
+
+30 Iliad. A. v. 69. 
+
+31 Iliad. Z. v. 76. 
+
+32 Iliad. P. v. 307. 
+
+33 Iliad. O. v. 282. 
+
+34 Iliad. H. v. 221. It occurs in other places: 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+5 
+
+
+Aeucrastl 
+
+
+
+88 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+In thefe and in all other inftances of this term occuring in 
+Homer, it is obfervable, that it is always in the fame accep- 
+
+the fame word, OLgifog. It is 
+
+■ 
+
+indeed to be found in the poetry afcribed to 35 Orpheus : but 
+as thofe verfes are manifeftly imitations of Homer, we muft 
+not look upon it as a current term of the times, when that 
+poetry was compofed : nor was it ever, I believe, in common 
+ufe, not even in the age of Homer. It was an Amonian 
+term, joined infeparably with another borrowed from the fame 
+people. For ugifog was from Egypt, and Chaldea. Indeed 
+moft of the irregular degrees of comparifon are from that 
+quarter ; being derived from the Sun, the great Deity of the 
+Pagan world, and from his titles and properties. Both agsioov 
+and ugifog were from the Arez of the eaft. From Bel, 
+
+and Baaltis, came fishTiwv, and /^sAt ig'og : ctfJLBivuov is an in¬ 
+flection from Amon. From the God Aloeus came Xu>iog y 
+hoo'trsgog, and A wi?og : from xsgsv changed to jcegag, xsgctrrog, 
+
+were formed Kge<r<rct)p, Kgsurcuv, xgarsgog, and zgccngrog. 
+
+
+tation, and uniformly precedes 
+
+
+A evcrcret) 07root oy] ctoic^ct yjerr ct}A<poTZpoicri yevriTcti. Iliad. T. v. no. 
+
+Tjs t 5 ccp tmv ctoic^os env 9 o-v jxoi evys?re 9 . M vex* Iliad. B. v. 761. 
+
+Alfo Odyff. ©. v. 123. and fl. v. 428. 
+
+55 In the Hymn to Silenus that God is called 'XiX.vvoov 0apices. And in the 
+poem de Lapidibus, the Poet {peaking of heroic perfons mentions their reception 
+in heaven : 
+
+
+A/LCMfJMTOl zlics 01X01. 
+
+
+Xa/poi'Tas c Fef-oLVTQ S’&yyeveoov 0% otpi^us* 
+
+
+Hymn 35. v. 2. and riegiAiBwv, Proem, v. 14. 
+
+
+PHI* 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+89 
+
+
+PHI. 
+
+
+Phi Agniftes a mouth; alfo language, and fpeech 
+
+
+It is 
+
+
+ufed by the Amonians particularly for the voice and oracle 
+of any God ; and fubjoined to the name of that Deity. 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+chief oracle in the Arft ages was that of Ham, who was wor 
+fhiped as the Sun, and ffciled El, and Or. Hence thefe oracle 
+
+
+are in 
+
+
+fequence called Ampi, Omph 
+
+
+Alph 
+
+
+Elphi, Ur 
+
+
+phi, Orphi 
+the voice. 
+
+
+made to Agnify, in the book of 36 GeneAs 
+
+
+command of Pharaoh. From Phi 
+
+
+this 
+
+
+
+a king: 37 O QctgpLUiv 'ur.otg A iyV7r]io,ig ft acra < rqy.cuvei 
+
+
+ceptation came <pty ou, (pYifJJ), (pccris, fama, fari, 
+
+ita farier inftt. I imagine that the term Pharaoh itfelf is 
+compounded of Phi-Ourah, Vox Ori, live Dei. It was no 
+unufual tiling among the ancients to call the words of their 
+prince the voice of God. Jofephus informs us that it Agnifted 
+
+: and 
+
+Ouro in the.Copto-Arabic Onomafticon is faid to Agnify the 
+fame : but I fhould think, that this was only a fecondary ac¬ 
+ceptation of the original term. 
+
+Phi is alfo ufed for any opening or cavity : whence w f e And 
+the head of a fountain often denominated from it; at leaft 
+the place, whence the fountain iffued forth, or where it loft 
+itfelf. And as all ftreams were facred, and all cavities in the 
+earth looked upon with a religious horrour, the Amonians 
+called them Phi-El, Phi-Ainon, Phi-Anes ; rendered by the 
+Greeks Phiale, Phanon, Phanes, Phaneas, Paneas. The chief 
+
+
+36 Genefis. c. 45. v. 21. 
+
+37 Jofephus. Antiq. Jud. 
+
+Vot. I. 
+
+
+L. 8. c. 6 
+
+
+N 
+
+
+foimtaii 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+
+90 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+fountain of 
+
+
+fome miles diftance 
+
+
+at 38 Paneas. 
+called Phia 
+
+
+Jordan loft itfelf underground, and rofe 
+iftance. It funk at Phiale, and rofe again 
+iny fpeaks of a place of this fort at 39 Memphis, 
+
+
+and. as he 
+
+
+imagines 
+
+
+from 
+
+
+% 
+
+
+ure : 
+
+
+but 
+
+
+was undoubtedly a covert aquasducft, by which fome branch 
+
+
+of the river was carried 
+
+
+The Nile itfelf is faid 
+
+
+be loft 
+
+
+underground near its fountains; and that place alfo was called 
+Phiala. 40 Phialam appellari fontem ejus, mergique in cuni- 
+culos ipfum amnem. There was alfo a fountain of this 
+name at 41 Conftantinople. Sometimes it occurs without the 
+afpirate, as in Pella, a city of Paleftine, named undoubtedly 
+from its fountains : for Pliny calls it Pellam aquis 42 divitem.. 
+
+Mines were held facred ; and like fountains were denomi¬ 
+nated from iEnon, and Hanes, thofe titles of the Sun. In 
+
+
+Arabia near Petra was a mine, worked by condemned perfons,. 
+which was named 43 Phinon, and Phasnon. Epiphanius men¬ 
+tions 44 (pocvY](nct jusTctAAcc, or the mines of Hanes ; to which 
+Meletius a bifhop of the Thebais was condemned. 
+
+
+A I. 
+
+Ai, and Aia, ftgnifies a diftridl or province ; and as moft 
+provinces in Egypt were infular, it is often taken for an 
+
+38 See Relandi Palseftina, Vol. i. c. 41. p. 265. 
+
+39 Plin. L. 8. c. 46. 
+
+40 Plin. E. 5. c. 9. 
+
+41 Eup'JTctT71 $lCC/\-n T 1 $ ICLOririSoZ eXTOfJM clkcyis. 
+
+Paulus Silentiarius. Part. 11. v. 177. See Relandus above. 
+
+4-1 Plin. L. 5. c. 18. 
+
+43 Athanafii Epift. ad folitariam vitam agentes. p. 65S. 
+
+44 Epiphanius adverfus Hseres. L. 2. tom. 2. p. 719. 
+
+
+iftaild. 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+9i 
+
+
+ill and 
+
+
+parts 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+of much the fame 
+
+
+purpor 
+
+
+betokened any 4S region or country 
+
+
+by 
+
+
+' of the Greeks, and 
+was from hence that fo many places have been reprefent 
+
+
+
+plurals, and 
+
+
+found to terminate 
+
+
+at 
+
+
+fuch as Athenai, Thebai, Pherai, Patrai, Amyclai, Therap 
+
+
+nai 
+
+
+Celaenai 
+
+
+There are other 
+
+
+roncia, Coroneia, Eleia. In others it was rendered fhort ; as 
+in Oropia, Ellopia, Ortygia, Olympia, ./Ethiopia, Scythia, 
+Camia, Icaria. It is likewife found expreffed by a Engle 
+letter, and ftill fubjoined to the proper name : hence we meet 
+with /Etna, Arbela, Larifla, Roma, Himera, Hemera, Nufa, 
+
+
+may 
+
+
+.Nyffa, Patara, Arena, 46 Cabafa, and the like. We 
+from hence prove, and from innumerable other inftances, 
+that among the people of the eaft, as well as among other 
+nations, the word in regimine was often final. Thus the 
+land of Ion was termed Ionia : that of Babylon, Babylonia : 
+from AITur came Affyria : from Ind, India : from Lud, Lu- 
+dia : in all which the region is fpecified by the termination. 
+To fay Lydia tellus, Aflyria tellus, is in reality 47 redundant. 
+In the name of Egypt this term preceded, that country being 
+jftyled Ai-Gupt, AiywrTO£, the land of the Gupti, called af¬ 
+terwards Cupti, and Copti. 
+
+
+45 See the learned Profeflor Michaelis in his Geographia Extera- Hebraeor. p. 
+
+' 134 , 135 - 
+
+40 The Ionians changed this termination into v. Hence Arene, CamiiTene, Cy- 
+
+rene, Arface, Same, CapifTene, Thebe, &c. 
+
+47 Colchis was called Aia limply, and by way of eminence: and probably 
+Egypt had the fame name, for the Colchians were from Egypt. Strabo men¬ 
+tions Iccaovos -ztrXvv t ov Aixv, 1 . i. p..38. and Apollonius ftyles the country of 
+C olchis Aia. 
+
+A tcc ye fJLVv eTt vuu fjuevei e / u.7r£4'o!’, vtwvoi ts 
+
+T«> T ccnPpwt’y as oaye y.aQi^-aTo vcciefxsv Ajar. L>. 4 * v » 2 77* 
+
+N 2 
+
+
+Common 
+
+
+
+92 
+
+
+RADICALS* 
+
+
+Common Names relating to Places.. 
+
+
+As to the common names, which are found combined 
+with additional terms, in order to denote the nature and fi- 
+tuation of places; they are for the moft part fimilar to thole 
+in the ancient Chaldaic, and admit of little variation. 
+
+
+Air is a city : 
+chofia, Arachotu 
+
+
+often exprefled Ar, and Ara 
+
+
+Hence Ara 
+
+
+Aracynthus, Arambis, Aramatha (A 
+
+
+Ham-aith) Archile, Arzilla, Arthedon: all which were cities 
+or elfe regions, denominated from them. 
+
+Kir, Caer, Kiriath, are words of the like purport. We 
+read in the Scriptures of Kiriath Sepher, Kiriath Arba, Ki 
+
+
+riath J 
+Cartha 
+
+
+im. It was in fome parts pronounced Kirtha, and 
+Melicartus, the Hercules of the Pheriicians and 
+
+
+Cretans, was properly Melech-Carta, the Deity of the’p! 
+
+
+The city of Tig 
+
+
+in Armenia was called Tig 
+
+
+One name of Carthage was Kaw^i', from Car-Chadon, the 
+
+
+fame as Adon 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+alfo called Garthada from Cartha 
+
+
+Ada, the city of the queen or Goddefs, who was by the Ro¬ 
+mans fuppofed to be Juno, but was properly the Amonian 
+Elifa. Caer among many ancient nations ligniiied a city, or 
+fortrefs ; as we may learn from the places called Carteia, 
+Carnaim, Caronium, Caroura, Carambis. Among the Bri¬ 
+tons were of old places exactly analogous, fuch as Caerlifle, 
+CaerdifF, Caerphilly, Caernarvon, and Caeruriah in Cornwall. 
+
+Kir and Caer are the fame term differently expreffed. In 
+Scripture we meet with Kir Harefh, and Kir-Harefeth. 
+Ifaiah. c. 16. v. 7. and v. 11. and Kir Moab, c. 15. v. 1. and 
+Kir Heres, of the fame purport as Kir Harefh, is mentioned 
+
+by 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+93 
+
+
+by Jeremiah, c. 48. v. 31. Upon the Euphrates was Cer- 
+cufium, and Carchemifh. In Cyprus was Kironia, rendered 
+K egcdvia. by 48 Ptolemy ; whofe true name was Kir-On, the 
+city of the Sun j where was a temple to Our-Ain, flyled 
+Urania. Kir-On was often rendered Cironis, Coronis ; and 
+the Deity Coronus and 4 ? Cronus. By thefe means the place 
+was fubflituted for the Deity, and made an objeft of wor- 
+fliip. Of this abufe I fhall often /peak. Artemis was pro¬ 
+perly a city, Ar-Themis, the fame as Thamuz of Egypt. 
+What was called Artemis, and Artemifium, was in lome 
+places reverfed, and expreffed by Kir fubjoined : hence The- 
+mifcir, and Themifcura in Pontus. 
+
+Col, Cal, Calah, Calach, fignify~ properly an eminence,, 
+like the Collis of the Romans : but are often ufed for a for- 
+trefs fo lituated. We fometimes meet with a place flyled 
+abfolute Calah : but the term is generally uled in compoli- 
+tion, as Gala Nechus, Cala-Anac, Cala-Chan, Gala-On, 
+Cala-Es, Gala-Ait, Cala-Ur, Cala-Ope, Cala-Ham, Cala- 
+
+Amon, Cala-Adon : whence came the names of people and 
+places flyled s ° Callinicus, Calachene, 51 Colon®, Gales, Ca- 
+lathe, Galiflas, Calathufa, Calauria, Colorina, Caliope, Ca- 
+lama, Calamos, sz Calamon, Calymna, Calydnus, Calycad- 
+
+48 Lib. 5. c. 14. 
+
+49 Coronus is to be met with in Greece. He is mentioned as a kins; of the I.a- 
+pithte, and the fon of Fhoroneus : and placed near mount Olympus. 
+
+eSctcnteuae Kopcovos, 6 $ogurecos. Diodorus. L. 4. p. 242. 
+
+50 Upon the Euphrates. 
+
+51 A city in Parthia. 
+
+Calamon or Cal-Amon, was a hill in Judea ; which had this name given to it 
+by the Canaanites of old. Cyril mentions cL(p^cfxevoi rives euro tb OPOT 2 KccAa- 
+y.oovos, in Epiftola ad Calofyrium. 
+
+
+2 
+
+
+ITUS l 
+
+
+
+94 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+. nils ; all which were places in Phrygia, Bithynia, Aflyria, 
+Libya, denominated from their fituation and worfhip. 
+
+Comah is ufed for a wall : but feems to be fometimes 
+taken for thofe facred inclofures, wherein they had their Pu- 
+ratheia : and particularly for the facred mount, which flood 
+in thofe inclofures. From Comah came the Greek 
+a round hill or mound of earth ; called alfo Taph and ra.<pog ; 
+and thence often miftaken for a tomb : but it was originally 
+a high altar. 
+
+By Gib is meant an hill. Gibeon was the hill of the Sun : 
+faid to be famous for its fprings. Gibethon is a compound 
+of Gib-Ethon or Ath-On, titles of the fame Deity. Nadab 
+the fon of Jeroboam was flain by Baafha at Gibethon of the 
+53 Philiflines. 
+
+m 
+
+Har and Hor fignify a mountain; ogog of the Greeks. 
+
+Tin feems to have fignified a facred place, for facrifice ; a 
+kind of high altar. The Greeks generally expreffed it in 
+compofition, Tig' hence we read of Opheltis, Altis, Baaltis, 
+Abantis, Abfyrtis. It was in ufe among the ancient Hetru- 
+rians and other nations : hence came the terms Aventinus, 
+Palatinus, s+ Numantinus, &c. It feems to be the fame as 
+Tan in the eafl, which occurs continually in compofition, as 
+in Indos-tan, Mogolis-tan, Pharfis-tan, Chufis-tan. Tin 
+alfo fignified f re. 
+
+Tor is an hill or tower. Many places in Greece had it in 
+their compofition ; fuch as Torone, Torete, Toreate : alfo in. 
+
+55 i Ivings. c. i 5 . V. 27 . 
+
+In Canaan was a well known region called Palaeftine. 
+
+SoTan-agra, Tan-is, is Tyndaris. 
+
+Tin in lb me languages fignified, mud, or foil. 
+
+Hetruria, 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+95 
+
+
+Hetruria, Torchonium. Turzon in Africa was a tower of 
+the 55 Sun. It was fometimes exprefTed Tar, hence Tarcu- 
+nia, Taracena, Tarracon in Spain, Tarne (Tar-ain) which 
+gave name to a fountain in Lydia; Taron (Tar-On) in Mau¬ 
+ritania. Towers of old were either Prutaneia, or light- 
+houSes, and were fly led Tor-Is : whence came the Turris of 
+the Romans. Sometimes thefe terms were reverfed, and the 
+tower was called Aftur. Such a one was near fome hot 
+Streams at no great distance from Cicero’s Villa. It is thus 
+defcribed by Plutarch : Ag-vgct—yoogiov 'urctgaXiov K ucegoovos. 
+The river too was called Attura. There was alfo a place of 
+this name oppoSite to the island Lefbos, undoubtedly deno¬ 
+minated from the like circumstances in its Situation ; as may 
+be learned from Paufanias, who had feen it. T<&0£ cltto 
+
+'urnywv ctvegyp[ jlbv ov (jlsKolv ai£ct ev Afvgoig' rctJe Ag-vgct 
+
+ct7rc/.VTizgv sfi AsctSb* 7\ovTgoc sg'i sv rp Arczgvsi xaAovfjLsvw. 
+
+Caph, Cap, and Cephas, Signify a rock ; and alfo any 
+promontory or headland. As temples ufed to be built upon 
+eminences of this fort; we Sind this word often compounded 
+with the titles of the Deity there worshiped, as Caph-El, 
+Caph-El-On, Caph-Aur, Caph-Arez, Caph-Is, Caph-Is- 
+Ain, Caph-Ait ; whence came Cephale, Cephalonia, Capha- 
+reus. Capita, Cephifus, CapiSTene, Cephene, Caphyatte, Ca- 
+patiani. In Iberia was a wonderful edifice upon the river 
+Bcetis, mentioned by Strabo, and called Turris Capionis. It 
+was a Pharos, dedicated, as all fuch. buildings were, to the 
+Sun : hence it was named Cap-Eon, Petra Solis. It feems to 
+
+have been a marvellous Structure. Places of this fort, which 
+
+■ 
+
+5S Ptolemy. L. 4. p. 112. 
+
+8 had 
+
+
+
+96 RADICALS. 
+
+had towers upon them, were called Caphtor. Such a one 
+was in Egypt, or in its 56 vicinity : whence the Caphtorim 
+had their name. It was probably near 57 Pelufium, which 
+they quitted very early for the land of Canaan. 
+
+Diu fometimes, but fparingly, occurs for an ifland ; and is 
+generally by the Greeks changed to Dia, Aioc. The purport 
+of it may be proved from its being uniformly adapted to the 
+fame object. The Scholiaft upon Theocritus takes notice 
+that the ifland Naxos was called Dia : 58 A idv Tr\v vvv xaAa- 
+
+{ASVYjV N dl^ov ; and he adds, "5 roKXdi cTs xou eTSgou sicri vy}<toi 
+
+A ICtl KCLhHfJLBVdl , rfTS 'GTgQ 77)£ KgY)TY)$ Kdl J] 'TSTSgl M^Aoy, Kdl 1$ 
+
+'urz^i A[*iogyoVy kou tj^ Kew ^(sppovrifrog, kou j5 XlsXo7rovvif](n}. 
+
+All thefe were iflands, or peninfular regions. 
+
+BETH. 
+
+Beth is a houfe or temple ; as in 59 Beth-El, Beth-Dagon, 
+Beth-Shemefh, Beth-Oron, or Beth-Or-On, &c. &c. It is 
+fometimes fubjoined, as in Phar-beth, and Elifa-beth; the 
+latter of which is the houfe of 60 Elifa, the fame as Elufa of 
+Idume, and Eleufa of Egypt. Beth was in different coun- 
+
+56 See Amos. c. 9. v. 7. 
+
+57 Jeremiah, c. 47. v. 4. fpeaks of the ifland of Caphtor in Egypt. 
+
+53 Theocritus. Idyll. 2. v. 45. Scholia. 
+
+It is flill common in the Arabian Gulf, and in India; and is often exprefled 
+Dive, and Diva ; as in Laedive, Serandive, Maidive. Before Goa is an ifland called 
+Diu kcct 
+
+59 Ba/ 0 »A, 0/x.os ©gy. Hefychius. 
+
+Bou 0 >?A, Sreios vetos. Suidas. 
+
+60 Elifa, called Eliza, Elefa, Eleafa, EAeacra. 1 Maccab. c, g . v. 5. and c. 7. 
+v. 40. often contracted, Lefa, Lafa, &c. 
+
+tries 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+97 
+
+
+tries exprefled Bat, Bad, Abad. Hence we meet at this day 
+with Pharfabad, Aftrabad, Amenabad, Mouftafabad, lahena- 
+bad in Perfia, India, and other parts of the eaft. Balbec in 
+Syria is fuppofed to be the fame as Balbeth, the temple of 
+
+
+Balj or the Sun. 
+
+
+There 
+
+
+are 
+
+
+fay 
+
+
+s 
+
+
+61 
+
+
+Dr. Pocock, many cities 
+
+
+in Syria, that retain their ancie?it names. Of this Balbeck , or 
+rather Balbeit , is an infance ; which fgnifies the houfe or temple 
+of Baal. Gulielmus Tyrius, fo called from being bifhop of 
+Tyre, who wrote of the Holy war, alludes to Baalbac, under 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+name 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+62 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+Balbeth. He lived in the eleventh century, 
+and died anno 1127. According to Iablonfky, Bee and Beth 
+are of the fame meaning. Atarbec in Egypt is the temple of 
+Atar or Athar ; called Atarbechis by 63 Herodotus, 
+fame is Athyr-bet, and ftyled Athribites (Abgsi&Trf 
+6+ Strabo. The inner recefs of a temple is by Phavorinus 
+and Hefychius called Barnjs, BsTrjg, B sng, fimilar to n’2 
+among the Chaldeans. It was the crypta or facred place, 
+where of old the everlafting fire was preferved. Hefychius 
+obferves, Bsrqg, to OL7eoKgv<pov (xegog tb 'I egs. Bet-Is fignifies 
+
+the place of fire, which was in the inner recefs of every 
+temple. 
+
+It is faid of Horapollo by Suidas, that he was a native of 
+Phainubuth in Egypt, belonging to the nome of Panopolis : 
+
+-Q^a^roAAwj/ < PouvvSvQeoog xocpurig tb Holvok No^b. Phainu¬ 
+buth is only Phainabeth varied, and fignifies the place facred 
+
+
+6 ' Pocock’s Travels. Vol. 2. p. 106. 
+
+Gulielmus Tyrius. L. 21. c. 6 . p. 1000. 
+
+Herodotus. L,. 2. c. 41. 
+
+* 4 Strabo. L. 17. p. 116^, 
+
+Vol. I. O to 
+
+
+
+RADIO A L S. 
+
+to Phanes; which was one of the moft ancient, titles of the 
+Deity in Egypt. 
+
+
+
+G A U, exprefled C A U, C A, and C O. 
+
+«• 
+
+Gau likewife is a term, which fignifies a houfe ; as we learn 
+from Plutarch. The great and decifive battle between Alex¬ 
+ander and Darius is generally laid to have been fought at 
+Arbela. But we are allured by this writer, that it was de¬ 
+cided at Gaugamela 65 . He fays, that Gau fignified in the 
+language of the country a houfe : and that the purport of 
+the word Gaugamela was the houfe of a camel. This name, 
+it feems, was given to the town on account of a tribute ex¬ 
+acted for the maintenance of a camel, which had faved the 
+life of fame king, when he fled from battle : and the realbn 
+why die victory of Alexander was adjudged to Arbela, arofe 
+from its being more famous than the other place : for Gau¬ 
+gamela was not of fufficient repute: therefore the honour of 
+this victory was given to Arbela, though it was according to 
+feme five hundred, according to others fix hundred ftadia 6a 
+
+
+65 Tccvra fj&v bv EearocrBem ic^oowxev' ty}v s jj&yccKw yccygiv Torsos £\ccpuov bx ev 
+AvC^Aois—— aAAct ev Tctvyafi.y\ois ysvzvQai cui'BTreazv* cnryaivziv <Pe (pccarw oixov Ka- 
+
+fu/Aa tw S'iccPisk.ov. Plutarch. Vita Alexand. Vol. 1. p.683. 
+
+Strabo fays the fame. E^i y€v bv tottos eTricniyo^Bros^ xcu tbvo/jlcc' yeBeg ynvsvBev 
+yap eq^i Ka/vcwAy oixos. L. 16. p. 1072. 
+
+06 'O/ yev tu orvVyccx.^'CcvTes Ag^/acrn^ on e^oc xoetibs q-ufrjs cc 7 re^Bi y ot cT'g 
+
+*ra ot; €s 'wevrccxoaiBS. 
+
+A A Act ev TctuyctywAois ycto yereaQat mv yct%rn’ TS'pos tco 'uroTccyw A syei 
+
+TlToAeyouos xctt Ap^o&Aos* tuoAiS cPg bx vv nra F ccvyayy)\cc^ a ?Act xcayy yeyctfiriy bFs 
+avoycc^os 6 2 £upG$ 0 B$t US a xonv r { Su to ovoy.cc 
+
+
+% 
+
+Arrian. Expedit. Alex. L. 6. p. 247. 
+
+
+from 
+
+
+
+RADICA LS. 
+
+
+99 
+
+
+from the field of battle. I have not now time, nor is it to 
+my purpofe to enter into a thorough difcuflion of this point: 
+I will only mention it as my opinion, that Arbela and Gau- 
+gamela were the fame place. The king alluded to is faid by 
+67 Strabo to have been Darius the foil of Hyftafpes. But is it 
+credible, that fo great a prince, who had horfes of the fa¬ 
+mous breed of Nyfa, as well as thole of Perils and Arabia, 
+the moft fleet of their kind, fhould be fo circumftanced in 
+battle, as to be forced to mount a camel, that could fcarce 
+move fix miles in an hour : and this at a time when the 
+greateft difpatch was neceflary ? This author gives a different 
+reafion for the place being thus denominated. He fays, that 
+it was allotted for the maintenance of a camel, which ufed to 
+bring the king’s provifions from Scythia, but was tired and 
+failed upon the road. I know not which of the two circum- 
+ftances in this fhort detail is moft exceptionable; a king of 
+Perfia’s provifions being brought to Babylon, or Suihan from 
+Scythia ; or a tired camel having fuch a penfion. The truth 
+is this : the Grecians mifinterpreted the name, and then 
+forged thefe legendary ftories to fupport their 6S miftake. 
+Had they underftood the term, they would have been con- 
+fiftent in their hiftory. Gau, and, as it was at times expref- 
+fed, Cau, certainly fignifies a houfe, or temple : alfo a cave, 
+or hollow ; near which the temple of the Deity was founded. 
+For the Amonians ere<fted moft of their facred edifices near 
+
+
+67 Strabo. L. 16. p. 1072. 
+
+68 Strabo acknowledges the miftakes of his countrymen in this refpeft.— risAAct 
+
+♦ 
+
+fuisv er 5 tea /otw ovtcc Xey&criv 01 Ao^puoi 
+fj.vQo?ioyix$. L. 8. p. 524. 
+
+
+'SvfygcMpSi?} cruvTsQgoc. //.u €i'Qt t« C.C& t>-;5 
+
+
+O z 
+
+
+caverns 3 
+
+
+
+IOO 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+caverns, and deep openings of the earth. Gaugamela was 
+not the houfe of a camel, as Plutarch and Strabo would per- 
+fuade us, notwithftanding the ftories alledged in fupport of 
+the notion : but it was the houfe and temple of Cam-El, the 
+Deity of the country. Arbela was a place facred to Bel, 
+called Arbel, ba nx of the Chaldeans. It was the fame as Beth 
+Arbel of 69 Hofea : and Gaugamela is of the fame purport, re¬ 
+lating to the fame God under different titles. The Gre¬ 
+cians were groffy ignorant in refpeft to foreign events, as 
+Strabo repeatedly confeffes : and other writers do not fcruple 
+to own it 7 °. Lyffmachus had been an attendant upon Alex¬ 
+ander during the whole feries of his conquefts in Alia: there 
+had been nothing of moment tranfadled ; in the fuccefs of 
+which he had not partaken. Yet even in his days, when he 
+
+the accounts of thofe great adtions had 
+been fo mifreprefented, that when a hiftory of them was read 
+in his prefence, they feemed quite new to him. It is all very 
+fine, fays the prince ; but where was I when all this hap¬ 
+pened ? There was a feries of events exhibited, with which 
+the perfon moft interefted was lead: acquainted. We may 
+
+All thy fortrejfes Jhall be J'polled , as Sbalman /polled Beth Arbel in the day of battle . 
+
+.The mother was dajhed in pieces upon her children. Hofea. c. 10. v. 14. Ar in this 
+place does not fignify a city; but TJtf, the title of the Deity : from whence was 
+derived hpo-, of the Greeks. The Seventy, according to fome of their beft copies, 
+have rendered Beth Arbel ontov Ispo-Bxct A, which is no improper verfion of Beth- 
+Aur-Bel. In fome copies we find it altered to the houfe of Jeroboam •, but this is a 
+miftake for Jero-Baal. Arbelus is by fome reprefented as the firft deified mortal. 
+Cyril contra Julian. L. 1. p. 10. and L,. 3. p. no. 
+
+There was an Arbela in Sicily. Stephanus, and Suidas. Alfo in Galilee; fitu- 
+ated' upon a vaft cavern. Jofephus feized and fortified it. Jofephi Vita. p. 29. 
+
+70 Plutarchus in Alexandra. 
+
+
+was king of Thrace, 
+
+
+then 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+101 
+
+
+then well imagine, that there exifted in the time of Plutarch 
+many miftakes, both in refpedt to the geography of countries 
+very remote, and to the 71 language of nations, with whom the 
+
+Romans were little acquainted. The great battle, of which 
+
+% 
+
+we have been fpeaking, was confeffedly fought at Gaugamela. 
+Ptolemy Ceraunus, who was prefent, averred it; as did Arif- 
+tobulus: and it has been recorded by Plutarch and others. It 
+is alfo adjudged to Arbela by perfons of equal credit: and 
+it mu ft certainly have been really there tranfadfced : for not- 
+withftanding the palliating excufe of Plutarch, it is utterly 
+incredible in refpedt to fo great a victory, that the fcene of 
+adtion fhouid be determined by this place, if it were fixty, 
+or, as fome fay, feventy miles out of the way. But in reality 
+it was at no fuch diftance. Diodorus Siculus fays, that 
+Alexander immediately after the victory attacked Arbela, and 
+took it: and found in it many evidences of its being a place 
+of confequence. 72 &a^ctg r3$ TSTshevTYiKQTccg sorgSaAs Toig 
+
+A^'o r]?\Qig, Kca 'sroAAfly {jlsv avgsv ol$Qqvicw r^g Tgotprig, ova o7\iyov 
+
+•<5s }C 0 (?^L 0 V j K&l yOL^OLV fioL^QLglKYfl^ OLgyVglU $£ T&XCCV TO. ch< 7 %lAl«. 
+
+The battle was fought fo near the city, that Alexander was 
+afraid of fome contagion from the dead bodies of the enemy, 
+which lay clofe by it in great abundance. 
+
+I have mentioned, that Gaugamela was the temple of 
+Cham-El, or Cham-Il. This was a title of the Deity brought 
+from Chaldea to Egypt; and from thence to Greece, Hetru- 
+ria, and other regions. The Greeks out of different titles, 
+
+71 See Strabo. L. x x. p. 774. L. 15. p. 1006. L. 1. p. 41. p. 81. 
+
+See alfo Philo Biblius apud Euleb. P. E. L. 1. c. xo. p. 34. Iamblichus. § 7. c. 5. 
+71 Diodorus Siculus. L. 17. p. 53S. He makes no mention of Gaugamela. 
+
+o and 
+
+
+
+102 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+yeiog 
+
+
+and combinations, formed various Deities; and then invent¬ 
+ed different degrees of relation, which they fuppofed to have 
+fubfifted between them. According to Acufilaus Cham -11 
+was the Son of Vulcan, and Cabeira. 73 A %&<rt?wcog h 6 Ag- 
+
+stc KaSsigw tcou 'H (poLisra KapiAov As yei. He was by- 
+others rendered Camillus, whofe attendants were the Ca- 
+milli; and he was efteemed the fame as Hermes of Egypt. 
+74 Statius Tullianus de vocabulis rerum libro primo ait dixiffe 
+Callimachum, Tufcos Camillum appellare Mercurium, &c. 
+
+0 
+
+Romani quoque pueros et puellas nobiles et inveftes Camillos 
+et Camillas appellant, Flaminicarum et 
+
+
+ftros 
+
+
+Flaminum praemini- 
+
+# 
+
+fpeaks to the fame purpofe. 75 Mercurius He- 
+trufca lingua Camillus dicitur. The reafon of the attend¬ 
+ants being alfo called Camilli was in confequence of a cuf- 
+tom among the ancients of conferring generally upon the 
+
+The Ca¬ 
+milli were commonly young perfons of good family 
+
+% 
+
+learn from Plul 
+of Jupiter, or 
+the fame : 75 K Oil rov 
+
+
+priefts the title of the Deity, whom they ferved 
+
+
+we 
+
+
+
+and were to be found in the temples 
+for Zeus and Hermes were originally 
+
+
+V7TYIgSTXVTa, TCti I Sfi 
+
+
+A log CL{JL<piQcX.?\Y) 
+
+
+SVIOl TCjOV 
+
+
+'urcuScL 7\eys<r(hxi KcquiAAoj/, cog y.cci rov 'E xrug 
+'EAA^wv Kay-iAAo^ onto Trig S'lcczoviccg nr^orriyo^BVOV. He men¬ 
+tions 'EgfJLW —KcqufAAop ano rqg SicucovioLg, and fuppofes that 
+Camillus had the name of Hermes from the fimilarity of his 
+office, which was waiting upon the Gods. But the Chal- 
+
+
+7? Strabo. L. io. p. 724. 
+
+74 Macrobius. Saturn. L. 3. c. 8. p. 284, 
+
+.* 75 Servius in Lib. 11. iEneid. v. 558. 
+
+?6 Plutarch in Numa. p. 64. 
+
+deans 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+103 
+
+
+deans and Egyptians from whom thefe titles were borrowed, 
+efteemed Hermes as the chief Deity, the fame as Zeus, Bel, 
+and Adon. They knew nothing of Mercurius pedifTequus, 
+nor Hermes the lacky. They ftyled their chief God Cam- 
+11 , or Camillus, and his priefts had the fame title. He did 
+not borrow it from them; but they received it from him. 
+The name is fometimes expreffed Camulus : and the Amo- 
+nians, who travelled weftward, brought his rites and worfbip 
+into the weftern parts of Europe : hence there are infcrip- 
+tions to be found inferibed 77 Camulo Sandto Fortidimo. He 
+tvas fometimes taken for Mars : as we may learn from an in- 
+
+fcription in Gruter. 
+
+# 
+
+78 MARTI CAMULO. 
+
+Ob Salutem Tiberi Claud. Csf. Gives Remi pofuerunt. 
+
+
+Such is the hiftory of this Deity; whofe wordiip was better 
+known in the more early ages ; and whofe temple was ftyled 
+Gau-Camel, by the Greeks rendered Gaugamela. I make 
+
+
+doiibt but that Arbela was the fame pla 
+
+
+for places had 
+
+
+the Deity worfhiped had titles. Arbela 
+city, and Gaugamela the 79 temple j 
+
+
+both 
+
+
+as many names as 
+was probably the 
+facred to the fame Deity under different names 
+
+It is remarkable that Syncellus, fpeaking of Venephres 
+King of Egypt, fays, that he built th'e pyramids of 80 Cochone;. 
+which are the principal pyramids of that country. Eufebius 
+
+
+77 Gruter. P. lvi. n. 11. vol. i. 
+
+78 Gruter. Vol. i. p. lvi. 12. alfo p. xl. 9. 
+
+79 Or elfe Beth-Arbel was another name of the fame temple,. 
+
+Syncellus. p. 55* 
+
+
+before 
+
+
+
+104 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+before him had taken notice of the fame hiftory : 81 OvsvBQgW, 
+£<p h 6 Kifjiog nvL't&ryz rqv yygctv, og non rag Uugctfufotg 'aregi 
+
+K.o'g^v^v Yiysigsv. Venephres was a prince in whofe time hap¬ 
+pened a famine in the land of Egypt. He was the fame , who 
+built the Pyramids about Cochone. Now Go-Chone, analogous 
+to Beth-El, Beth-Shan, Beth-Dagon, fignifies the temple of 
+the Deity; the houfe of the great king, or ruler : for fuch is 
+the purport of Con, and Conah. Hercules, the chief Deity 
+of Tyre, and who was alfo highly reverenced in Egypt, was 
+fiyled Con. 82 T ov 'HganXrjV <pi)<n nooroi t w Aiyv7TTioov bioChsnjov 
+
+Koova XsyscrQon. From hence we find, that it was a facred 
+Egyptian title. According to fome readings the place is ex- 
+prefled Cocome ; which is of the fame purport. Co-Chome, 
+the fame as Cau-Come, fignifies the houfe of Chom, or the 
+Sun ; and feems to betray the purpofe, for which the chief 
+pyramid was erefted : for it was undoubtedly nothing elfe 
+but a monument to the Deity, whofe name it bore. Ac¬ 
+cording to 83 Herodotus the great pyramid was built by 
+Cheops; whom others called Chaops. But Chaops is a fimilar 
+compound ; being made up of the terms Cha-Ops, and fig¬ 
+nifies oucog YlvQoovog, domus Opis Serpentis. It was the name 
+of the pyramid, which was eredted to the Sun, the Ophite 
+Deity of Egypt, worshiped under the fymbol of a ferpent. 
+Analogous to Cau-Come in Egypt was a place in Ethiopia, 
+
+
+1 Eufebii Chron. p. 14. 
+tL Etymologicum magnum. 
+
+8j Herodotus. L. 2. c. 124. 
+
+% 
+
+called 
+
+* 
+
+
+
+RADIO ALS. 
+
+
+105 
+
+
+called * 4 Cufcha: doubtlefs fo named from Chus, the great 
+anceftor, from whom the Ethiopians were defcended. 
+
+The Sun was ftyled by the Amonians, among other titles, 
+Zan; as I have before fhewn : and he was worshiped under 
+this denomination all over Syria, and Mefopotamia; efpecially 
+at Emefa, Edefia, and Heliopolis. One region was named 
+Gauzanitis from a city Gauzan, the Gofan of the 85 Scrip¬ 
+tures. Strabo calls it 86 Cha-Zene, and places it near 
+
+Adiabene. Gauzan, or Go-zan, is literally the houfe of the 
+Sun. I once thought that the land of Gofhen in Egypt was 
+of the fame purport as Culhan ; and have fo mentioned it in 
+a former 87 treatife. So far is true : the land of Gofhen was 
+the land of Cufhan, and poffeffed by the fons of Chus : but 
+the two terms are not of the fame meaning. Gofhen, or 
+Gofhan, like Gauzan in Mefopotamia, fignifies the temple of 
+the Sun: hence it was as a city rendered by the Greeks He¬ 
+liopolis. Artapanus, as we learn from Eufebius, expreffes it 
+Caifan, K carctv. Go-Shan, Gau-Zan, Caifan, Cazena, all de¬ 
+note a place facred to the Sun ; and are fuch variations in 
+rendering the fame term, as muft be expected in an interval of 
+fifteen hundred years, and from different tranfcribers. This 
+luminary was alfo called Abor, the parent of light; and his 
+temple Cha-Abor, and Cho-Abor, contradted Chabor, and 
+Chobar. Of this name both a city and river were to be 
+found in Gauzanitis ; as well as in Sufiana, and other parts : 
+
+R4- Geog. Nubienfis. p. 17. 
+
+Mrchaelis Geog. Kebraeorum Extera. p. 154. 
+
+2 Kings, c. 17. v. 6. and c. 18. v. 11. alio 1 Chron. c. 5. v. 26. 
+
+S6 Strabo. L. 16. p. 1070. 
+
+* 7 Obfervations upon the Ancient Hiflory of Egypt.' p. 175. 
+
+VOL. I. P 
+
+
+for 
+
+
+
+
+for rivers often took their names from fome temple, or city, 
+by which they ran. The temple at Dodona was of old called 
+Cha-On, or houfe of the Sun; as we may infer from the 
+country having the name of Chaonia : for Chaonia is the land 
+of Chaon. The priefts and inhabitants were called 88 Chaones 
+from their place of worfhip : and the former had alfo the 
+name 89 of Selli, which fignifies the priefts of the Sun. In 
+Arcadia, near the eruption of the river Erafinus, was a moun¬ 
+tain clothed with beautiful trees, and facred to Dionufus. 
+This alfo was called 90 Chaon, the place of the Sun ; and was 
+undoubtedly fo named from the ancient worfhip : for Dio¬ 
+nufus was of old efteemed the fame as Oftris, the Sun. There 
+
+
+was alfo a place called 91 Chaon in Media, and Syria ; Chao- 
+nitis in Mefopotamia ; and in all thefe places the fame worfhip 
+
+
+prevailed. 
+
+
+So Caballis, the city of the Solymi, was named 
+
+
+from Ca-bal, the place of the god Bal, or Baal. 
+
+
+It is 
+
+
+men 
+
+
+tioned by Strabo. 
+
+
+In like manner Caballion, in Gallia Nar 
+
+
+bonenfis, is a compound of Ca-Abelion, a well-known Deity, 
+
+
+whofe name is made up of titles of the Sun. 
+
+
+The priefts of 
+
+
+this place were ftyled 9 ‘ Salies ; the region was called 
+undoubtedly from Cha-Our, (t)») fome temple of Ur, erected 
+
+
+by the Amonians, who here fettled. 
+
+
+Canoubis in Egypt was. 
+
+
+ss Strabo. L. 7. p. 505. So alfo Herodotus and Paufanias. 
+
+?9 2eAA ci} 01 /Icof'zjvciioi* Steph. Byzantinus*. 
+
+a.fA.(pi Se 2gAA 01 
+
+So; vainer uTrotyvTcct. Homer. Iliad [ 7 . v. 234. 
+
+90 Paufanias. L. 2. p. 166. 
+
+9T It is called Chau-On, by Steph. Byzantinus, from Ctefias. 
+
+X&P* M yficcs. Kt nr: cl* €r ttputu Uepcriycooi'. Chau-On is oixos 
+
+
+the houfe 
+
+
+of the Sun, which gave name to the diflrift. 
+
+
+9i Strabo. L. 4. p. 270. and p. 282. 
+
+
+a com 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+
+RADI CALS. 
+
+
+107 
+
+
+compound of 
+
+
+Noubis 5 Cabafa in the fame country. 
+
+
+Ca-Bala; called by many Bela, the Befeth of the Scrip¬ 
+tures, a Goddefs well known in Egypt. She had a temple 
+
+
+in Canaan called 93 Beth Befa. Cuamon 
+
+
+Efdraelon, is 
+
+
+a compound of Cu-Amon, the plac 
+
+
+or houfe of Am on 
+
+
+9+ 
+
+
+K vauoovog 
+
+
+There 
+
+
+was a 
+
+
+temple 
+
+
+Cuamites ; and a perfonage denominated from 
+
+
+Attica called 
+
+it. The hi- 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+ftory of the place, and the rites in time grew obfolete ; 
+Paufanias fuppofes, that the name was given from ^vccp^og, 
+
+95 Hotcpsg ovb'sv syw A sysiv, sits TTgoiTog 
+
+
+Cuamos, a bean 
+
+K VOLUL&g S<T7tilgSV 
+
+
+have not authority for the fuppoft 
+
+
+but it feems probable that this temple was ereEled to the 77 ie 7 nory of 
+fome p erf on , who firf fowed beans 
+
+
+And here it 
+take notice of a circumftance, of which I mull 
+
+
+proper 
+
+
+to 
+
+
+put 
+
+
+reader in mind; as it is of great confeq 
+
+
+to¬ 
+
+
+wards decypherin'g 
+
+
+mythology of 
+
+
+times 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+Grecians often miftook the place of worfhip for the Deity 
+worlhiped : fo 1 that the names of many Gods are in reality 
+the names of temples where they were adored. Artemis 
+was Ar-Temis, the city of Themis, or Thamis; the Tha- 
+muz of Sidon and Egypt. This the Greeks expreffed A^ts- 
+
+uig , and made it the name of a Goddefs. 
+
+
+city and temple of 
+
+
+Sun in Cyp 
+
+
+Kir-On was the 
+and other places. 
+
+
+They changed this to Kironus, which they contracted 
+
+
+and out of it made a particular God 
+
+
+Cha-Op 
+
+
+they formed a king Cheops j from Cayller, the lame as Ca 
+
+
+9 ? 
+
+
+94 
+
+
+i Maccab. c. 9. v. 62, 64 
+Judith, c. 7. v. 
+
+
+O 
+
+
+95 Paufanias. 1 . i. p. 91 
+
+
+P 2 
+
+
+After 
+
+
+
+xo8 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+After, they fancied a hero, Cayftrius ; from Cu-Bela, Cy- 
+bele; from Cu-Baba, Cybebe. Cerberus, the dog of hell, 
+was denominated from Kir- Abor ; as I (hall hereafter 97 ihew. 
+
+I have mentioned Caucon, or Caucone in Egypt : there 
+was a place of the fame name in Greece. It was originally 
+facred 4:o the Sun; and the priefts and inhabitants were 
+called Caucones. Inftead of Con, which ftgnifies the great 
+Lord; the Greeks fubftituted a hero 98 Caucon, who was 
+fuppofed to have ftrft introduced thofe Orgies, pra<ftifed by 
+the MeiTenians. It was properly a temple of the Sun ; and 
+there was another of the fame name in Bithynia, and from 
+thence the country was called Cauconia. I fhall hereafter 
+treat at large of Cuthite colonies, which went abroad, and 
+fettled in different parts. One of the firft operations when 
+they came on fhore was to build temples, and to found cities 
+in memory of their principal anceftors, who in procefs of 
+time were worfhiped as Deities. A colony of this people 
+fettled at Colchis, which they called Cutaia", from the head 
+of their family, ftyled both Chus and Cuth. We may infer, 
+that they built a temple which was called Ca-Cuta : and 
+from which the region was alfo denominated : for it is cer- 
+
+
+97 There were many places and temples of Baal, denominated Caballis, Cabali, 
+Cabala, Cabalia, Cabalion, Cabalifia, &c. which are mentioned by Pliny, Strabo, 
+Antoninus, and others. Some of them were compounded of Caba: concerning 
+which I fhall hereafter treat. 
+
+98 Paufanias. L. 4. p. 282. 
+
+Strabo mentions Caucones in Elea. L. 8. p. 531. The Caucones are alfo men¬ 
+tioned by Homer. OdylT. T . v. 366. 
+
+Caucane in Sicily was of the fame purport, mentioned by Ptolemy L. 3. c. 4. 
+
+99 Apollonius Rhodius ftiles it Cutais : K vtcci^qs yaws. L. 4. v. 512. 
+
+6 
+
+
+tain, 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+109 
+
+
+tain, that it has that name at this 100 day. Cocutus, which 
+we render Cocytus, was undoubtedly a temple in Egypt. It 
+gave name to a ftream, on which it flood ; and which was 
+alfo called the Charonian branch of the Nile, and the river 
+Acheron. It was a foul canal, near the place of Sepulture, op- 
+poftte to Memphis, and not far from Cochone. Cocutus was 
+the temple of Cutus or Cuth : for he was fo called by many 
+of his pofterity. A temple of the fame was to be found in 
+Epirus, upon a river Cocutus. Here was alfo a river Ache¬ 
+ron, and a lake Acherufta : for a colony from Egypt fettled 
+here ; and the ftream was of as foul a nature as that near 
+
+Memphis. 1 P si Se mi Kqoxvtos v cLT&g7rss‘CL r Tov • 
+
+Juno is by Varro ftyled Covella. 2 Dies quinque te kalo, 
+
+Juno Covella ; Juno Covella, dies feptem te kalo. Here, 
+as in many inftances, the place of worfhip is taken for the 
+perfon, to whom the worfhip is dire&ed. Covella is only a 
+variation for Cou-El, or Co-El, the houfe or region of the 
+Deity, and fignifies heavenly. It is accordingly by Varro 
+
+100 See De Lifle’s curious map of Armenia and the adjacent parts of Albania, &c. 
+
+1 Paufanias. L. i. p. 40. 
+
+There was a river Acheron in Elis. Strabo. L. 8. p. 530. And the fame rites 
+were obferved in honour of the j^viccypos^ that were praftiled in Cyrene. Clement. 
+
+Cohort, p. 33. 
+
+In Pontus was a river Acheron. EvQcc 3 e kcci 'uiorccfxB A^epcvros ectcriv. 
+
+Apollon. Argonaut. L. 2. v. 745. alfo cck^cc A^epdaicc. The like to be found 
+near Cuma in Campania : and a ftory of Hercules driving away flies there alfo. 
+'PwfJLcttoi <Pe ct7T0fjLViu (S-u'dcri). dementis Cohort. Ibid, 
+
+1 Varro de Ling. Lat. Lib. 5. p. 49. altered to Novella by fome, contrary to 
+the authority of the bell MSS. See Scaliger’s notes, p. 81. Edit, anno 1619. 
+Dordrechti. 
+
+See Selden de Diis Syris. Syntag. 2. c. 2-. p. 174. In vetuftioribus excufls de Re 
+Ruftica non Novella, fed Covella legitur. Covella autem Cceleftis, five Urania 
+interpretation 
+
+interpreted 
+
+
+
+ua 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+interpreted Urania, O vgotvioi : whence Juno Covella mu ft be 
+rendered Cceleftis. From the fubftantive, Cou-El, the Ro¬ 
+mans formed Coel, heaven ; in aftertimes exprefled Coelus, 
+and Ccelum. I fay, in aftertimes: for they originally called 
+it Co-el, and Co-il, and then contracted it to Gael. Hence 
+Aufonius in his Grammaticomaftix mentions a paflage to this 
+purpole. 
+
+Unde Rudinus ait Divom domus altifonum Ccel : or as 
+Ennius, to whom he alludes, has rendered it, according to 
+the prefent MSS, altifonum 3 Coil. He fometimes fubjoins 
+the Latine termination : 
+
+
+Coilum profpexit fteilis fulgentibus aptum. 
+
+Olim de Coilo laivum dedit inclytus lignum. 
+
+Saturnus, quern Coilus genuvit. 
+Unus erit, quem tu tollas in Coirila Coili 
+Templa. 
+
+
+Coelus in aftertimes was made a Deity : hence there are 
+inferiptions dedicated 4 Coelo JEterno. The ancient Deity 
+Celeus, mentioned by 5 Athenagoras, and faid to have been 
+worfhiped at Athens, was the fame as the above. 
+
+
+3 Enrm Annal. L. i. 
+
+4 The Perfians worfhiped Ccelus which Is alluded to by ITerodotus, when he 
+
+fays, that they facrificed upon eminences : T ov) tuuvt <x ts Ov^olvh /lice xaAe- 
+
+ovtzs. L. i. c. 13 i* To the fame purpofe Euripides j 
+
+'Ogees tov tcv cf arjrUoov cciQepcc^ 
+
+Tov y'/\v T&epi<~ e^ovB vygezis ev a.yx.vXcus ^ 
+
+'T'dTcv yofxi^e Zj/j'cXj tov xyov 
+
+Clement. Alexand. Strom. L. 5. p. 717. Plutarch, p. 369. p. 424. 
+
+Afpice hoc fublime candens, quem invocant omnes Jovem. Cicero de Natura. 
+Deor. L. 1. 
+
+5 AAA ABm'ctioi prJcv KeAsoF, yccu ^leyaveipccv iSpvvicu ©cHs. Athenag. Legat. p. 290. 
+
+Many 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+hi 
+
+
+Many places and regions, held facred, and called Coel by 
+the Amonians, were by the Greeks rendered /iO/Aa, cava. 
+Hence we read of Ko*A») A oucs^cufjuav, KotA^ HAi£, and the 
+
+like. Syria was by them ftyled K oi?c/) } the hollow : but the 
+true name was Coela, the heavenly or facred. It was fo de¬ 
+nominated from the Cuthites, who fettled there, on account 
+of the religion eftablifhed. Hence it was alfo named Shem, 
+and Shama ; which are terms of like purport, and fignify di¬ 
+vine, or heavenly’. It is a name, which it retains at this 
+day ; as we are informed by 6 Abulfeda, and others. Elis 
+Coela was the moft facred part of Greece ; efpecially the re¬ 
+gions of Olympia, Cauconia, and Azania. It was denomi¬ 
+nated Elis from HA, Eel, the Sun : and what the Greeks 
+
+
+rendered KojAr), of old meant 7 heavenly. Hence Homer 
+ftyleth it peculiarly 8 HAida Jjtar, Elis the facred. As Coele 
+Syria was ftyled Sham, and Sama ; fo we find places, which 
+have a reference to this term, in Elis. A town of great an¬ 
+tiquity was named 9 Samicon, which iignihes Cceli Dominus. 
+Here was alfo a temple of Pofeidon Samius, furrounded with 
+a grove of olives ; and there were feftivals obferved, which 
+were called Sarnia. There was likewife of old a city named 
+Sama, or Samos : which Strabo imagines, might have been fo 
+named from its high fituation : for high places were called 
+
+
+6 Abulfeda.. Tabula Syrice. p. 5. 
+
+Naflir Ettufeus. p. 93. apud Geog. vet. 
+
+7 The city Argos was in like manner called K oiXov. ricAAa.K/5 to Agyc$ K 01- 
+A ov (pncri 5 Koi^cc 7 reg ev E7 nyovots* To KOIAON A oyos by, oiyjwovt sti .— st i v~ou 
+ev OctpLvga,, AgyeYKoiXu* Scholia in Sophoc.. CEdipum Colon. 
+
+s Iliad. B. v. 615. 
+
+9 Strabo. L. 8. p. 529, 
+
+r Sarnia. 
+
+
+
+
+
+I I 2 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+10 Samia. It certainly Iignifi.es in fome degree high; but 
+the true meaning of Sama was heavenly, fimilar to Sam, 
+Sham, Shamem, of the eaftern nations. Hence Same, Sa¬ 
+mos, Samothrace, Samacon, were denominated on account of 
+their fandtity. Strabo fuppofes, that the city Samos in Elis 
+was iituated in the Samian plain : it therefore could not well 
+have this name from its high fituation. It is moreover in- 
+conliftent to fuppofe regions called /£ 0 JAa, or cava, to have 
+been denominated from Sama, high. In fhort both terms 
+have been miftaken : and Coilus in the original acceptation 
+certainly fignified heavenly : whence we read in Hefychius, 
+as alfo in Suidas, KojoAjos, o 'I sgsvg. By which we learn, 
+that by Coioles was meant a facred or heavenly perfon ; in 
+other words, a prieft of Coelus. In Coioles there is but a 
+fmall variation from the original term ; which was a com¬ 
+pound from Coi-El, or Co-El, the Ccelus of the Romans. 
+
+Concerning the term Ccel in Ennius, ” Janus Gulielmus 
+takes notice, that this poet copied the Dorians in uling abbre¬ 
+viations, and writing Ccel for Coelus and Coelum. But herein 
+this learned perfon is miftaken. The Dorians were not fo 
+much to be blamed for their abbreviating, as the other Greeks 
+were for their unneceffary terminations, and inflexions. The 
+more fimple the terms, the more ancient and genuine we 
+may for the mofh part efteem them : and in the language of 
+the Dorians we may perceive more terms relative to the true 
+mythology of the country, and thofe rendered more fimilar 
+to the ancient mode of expreflion, than are elfewhere to be 
+
+10 Strabo. L. 8. p. 534. 
+
+11 Janus Gulielmus iLaurenbergius, Antiquarius. 
+
+
+found. 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+found. We muft therefore, in all etymological inquiries, 
+have recourfe to the Doric manner of pronunciation, to ob¬ 
+tain the truth. They came into Greece, or Hellotia, under 
+- the name of Adorians ; and from their fimplicity of manners, 
+and from the little intercourfe maintained with foreigners, 
+they preferved much of their ancient tongue. For this there 
+may be another additional reafon obtained from Herodotus ; 
+who tells us, that they were more immediately defcended 
+from the people of the 11 eaft. The ancient hymns, fung in 
+the Prutaneia all over Greece, were 13 Doric : fo facred was 
+their dialed; efteemed. Hence they cannot but afford great 
+help in inquiries of this nature. What was by others ftyled 
+
+they exprehed A Qolvol : Cheops they rendered Chaops : 
+
+Zeen, Zan: Xa^aya : Mr^, May: Menes, Manes: 
+
+Orchenoi, Orchanoi: Neith, Naith : Lj«<ro$, Ixvicrog : He- 
+phaeftus, Hephaftus : Caiete, Caiate : Demeter, Damater : all 
+which will be found of great confequence in refped to ety¬ 
+mology. And if they did not always admit of the termina¬ 
+tions ufed by their neighbours ; they by thefe means pre¬ 
+ferved many words in their primitive ftate: at leaf! they 
+were nearer to the originals. They feem to have retained 
+the very term, of which I have been treating. It was by them 
+ftiled Xa*, Cai ; and fignified a houfe, or cave : for the firfl 
+
+
+11 ^cuvolccto ctv eovrzs oi t gov A cogieotv fiyepioves Aiyv 7 moi iQccyevees. Herod. L. 6 . 
+c. 54. 
+
+Of their original and hiftory I fhall hereafter give a full account. 
+
+13 Ottoctcl J'g ad&criv ey FlpuTccrei^ (pwri fj.zv e^iv ccvtcov fi Acapios. Paufanias. 
+L. 5. p. 416. 
+
+Q_ 
+
+
+VOL. I, 
+
+
+houfes 
+
+
+
+U 4 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+houfes in the infancy of the world are fuppofed to have been 
+
+14 . They expreffed it Cai, Caia, Caias, fimr- 
+
+
+caves or grottos 
+
+
+lar to the cava, cavus, and cavea of the Romans. When 
+thefe places were of a great depth, or extent, they were 
+
+A cavern of 
+
+; of 
+
+
+looked upon with a kind of religious horror, 
+this fort was at Lacedaemon, with a building over it 
+
+
+which in aftertimes they made ufe to confine malefadtors. 
+It was called Kcuafe, or as the Spartans expreffed it, Kcuafrag, 
+
+the houfe of death. JS Kaioc^g cfscrfJLteTiigiov — to Aolkb- 
+
+ciciifJLOVioig. Cai fignified a cavern : Adas, which is fubjoined, 
+was the Deity, to whom it was facred, efteemed the God of 
+
+He was by the lonians expreffed Ades, 
+
+Hence 
+The 
+
+
+the infernal regions. 
+
+
+and Hades; and by other nations Ait, and Atis. 
+thefe caverns were alfo ftyled K aiBTsg, and K oubtoi. 
+author above quoted gives us the terms varioufly exhibited : 
+
+
+l6 KuiST0l. -'Ch 0L7T0 TOOV <TSlTfJLMV pOOJQJLOl K OLISTOI A eyov/ou . K 001 
+
+Kcutzooig to $s<r[jLooTYigiov svtsvQsv , to 'urcLgct Acuceticupovioig, ttyi- 
+A ottov, Hefychius renders it in the plural, and as a neuter : 
+
+fcaiCLTOtj ogvyfJLOLTcc. Whether it be compounded Cai-Ait, Cai- 
+Atis, or Cai-Ades, the purport is the fame. The den of Cacus 
+was properly a facred cave, where. Chus was worfhiped, and 
+
+
+14 Turn primum fubiere domos j domus antra fuere. 
+
+Ovid. Metamorph. L. i. v. 121. 
+
+
+75 Strabo L. 8. p. 564. 
+
+It is mentioned by Thucydides : Es top Ka/aJ'av, £7rep tss KcL.K&gy&s zjjJIclXXziv 
+eico&eto'oC'V (ox A a xtSctiysvioi.) L. 1. c. 134. 
+
+It is expreffed Keccfa? by Paufanias; who fays that it was the place, down which 
+they threw Ariftomencs, the Meffenian hero. L,. 4. p. 324. 
+
+
+
+Strabo. Ibidem. 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+11 5 
+
+the rites of fire were 17 pradtifed. Cacus is the fame name as 
+Gufcha in Ethiopia, only reverted. The hiftory of it was obfo- 
+lete in the days of Virgil ; yet fome traces of it ftill remained. 
+Strabo fays, that many people called thefe caves, Kwci. 
+
+I-s Ej hoi jcoogg (jlciXXgv rex. roiexvrcx. x q iXoo [jlolt ex. Xsysrdcu <pouriy. 
+
+Hence he very truly explains a paffage in Homer. The poet, 
+fpeaking of Thefeus, Dryas, Polyphemus, and other heroes of 
+the Mythic age, mentions their encountering with the moun¬ 
+taineers of Theffaly; whom he ftyles <py)fisg ogsvymi : 
+
+19 Ka^TifOi ^ kzivoi znyfoviuiv rgoupsv ctvSgcdP, 
+
+K exgri^oi [j.bv scray, xca sccx.grizoig s^evyopro 
+
+<$>Y)griV 0g£<T*gex)0l<Tl. 
+
+Og£(ryooog lignified a perfon, who lived in a mountain habi¬ 
+tation : whofe retreat was a houfe in a mountain. Co, and 
+Coa, was the name of fuch houfe. Strabo fays, that this term 
+is alluded to by Homer, when he ftyles Lacedaemon “ Aa^g- 
+
+Sff.ip.QVOL KYiroo&WCLVy for it was by many thought to have been fo 
+called 07 i account of the caverns. From hence we may fairly 
+conclude, that sanreiosercrcx. was a miftake, or at leaf!: a variation, 
+
+for 11 xcaercLScrrcL, from Cai-Atis j and that Co, “ Coa, Caia, 
+were of the lame purport. 
+
+17 Huic monftro Vulcanus erat pater: illius atros 
+
+Ore vomens ignes, magna fe mole ferebat. Virgil. JEn. L. 8. v. 198. 
+
+,s Strabo. 1 . 8. p. 564. 
+
+19 Iliad. A. v. 266. 
+
+10 Iliad. Ij. v. 581. 
+
+OdylT. A. V. I. *Qd''l%ov KOIAHN AcaceSoci^ovcc KHT£ 1 E 2 SANT. 
+
+11 Strabo fays as much, "O/JV, on 01 cctto roov areicry.o)v {.co^u 01 K.ouer01 A eyovrea. 
+L S. p. 564. 
+
+Hence the words cove, alcove, and perhaps to cover, and to cope. 
+
+O 2 
+
+
+But 
+
+
+
+116 RADICALS. 
+
+But this term does not relate merely to a cavern ; but to 
+temples founded near fuch places : oftentimes the cave itfelf 
+was a temple. Caieta in Italy near Cuma, called by Diodo¬ 
+rus KcaqTy], was fo denominated on this account. It was a 
+cave in the rock, abounding with variety of fubterranes, cut 
+out into various apartments. Thefe were of old inhabited 
+by Amonian priefls : for they fettled in thefe parts very 
+early. It feems to have been a wonderful work. " 3 A vsooys 
+
+t bvtbvQsv <T7rYihoLicL V7r£gfJL£ye0r) } tczTouaocs (jLByaXcic, kcu tsroAy- 
+tsXbh; S'sdeyfJLBVX. In thefe -parts were large openings m the 
+earth , exhibiting caverns a great extent \ which afforded ivery 
+ample , and fuperb apartments. Diodorus informs us, that 
+what was in his time called Caiete, had been fometimes ftyled 
+Aiete : by which we may fee, that it was a compound 
+and conlifted of two or more terms, but thefe terms were not 
+precifely applicable to the fame objed. Ai-Ete, or Ai-Ata, 
+was the region of Ait, the Deity to whom it was facred. 
+Colchis had the fame name ; whence its king was called 
+Aietes : and Egypt had the fame, expreffed by the Greeks 
+" 5 A snot, Aetia. Aiete was the diftrid: Caiete was the cave 
+and temple in that diftrid j where the Deity was worfhiped. 
+
+In Boeotia was a cavern, into which the river Cephifus de- 
+
+
+*3 
+
+
+Strabo, 1 . 5. p. 357. 
+
+
+3,4 Koctcc £e <&og[Aicts tvs ItczAiccs Aivtvv tov vvv Kccivtw 'z&goo'ccyopeuofj.evov. L. 4. 
+p. 259. 
+
+ive an air of truth to his narration, makes Caieta the nurfe of iEnea3. 
+According to Strabo it was fometimes expreffed Cai Atta ; and gave name to the 
+bay below. Kai tov y.era%v koAttqv exeivoi 'K.ccicct.o^v covo/ulcco-clv. L. 5. p. 366. 
+
+35 Scholia Euftathii in Dionyfii -z vegivyv'riv. v. 239. and Steph. Byzantinus* 
+fiiyvirros* 
+
+
+
+
+fcended, 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+117 
+
+
+fcended, and was loft. It afterwards emerged from this gulf, 
+and palled freely to the fea. The place of eruption was 
+called An-choa, which ftgnifies Fontis apertura. The later 
+
+
+Greeks exprefted it Anchoe 
+
+
+z6 
+
+
+KaAgiTaj <T 0 roTtog A 
+
+
+££1 cfe OjXi^vvfJLQg. The etymology, I flatter myfelf, is 
+
+plain ; and authenticated by the hiftory of the place. 
+
+From Cho, and Choa, was probably derived the word 
+'Koinog , ufed by the apoftle. 17 'O ‘W’gttTog ocpOgcinrog stc yr\g 
+
+
+
+OVgOLVZ 
+
+
+O log 0 Xoi 
+
+
+'Koitcog' 6 dsvTsgog <x.v@gc*)7rog 0 Kvgtog 
+
+xog, kqu. roiovroi 61 ’Koinoi. Hefychius obferves, 'Koixog isrriXL- 
+
+vog , yviivog. From hence we may perceive, that by Cho was 
+originally meant a houfe or temple in the earth. It was, as 
+I have fhewn, often exprefled Gau, and Go ; and made to 
+flgnify any houle. Some nations uled it in a ftill more ex¬ 
+tended fenfe ; and by it denoted a town, or village, and any 
+habitation at large. It is found in this acceptation among 
+the ancient Celts, and Germans, as we learn from Cluverius. 
+
+Apud ipfos Germanos ejufmodi pagorum vernaculum voca- 
+bulum fuit Gaw ; et variantibus dialedtis, gaw, gew, gdw, 
+
+
+gow 
+
+
+hinc 
+
+
+Brifgaw, Wormefgaw, Zurichgow, Turgow, 
+Nordgaw, Andegaw, Rhingaw, Hennegow, Weftergow 
+
+
+l6 
+
+
+Xacr/xa S'e yzwriQev~—‘-€£'e^oL r TO 'tov 'z&QTccy..ov 
+
+
+h 
+
+
+KCLT& /iccgUfJLVCCV TK A QXpiSoS THIV CCVCC - KcC/\€lTCCl cC 0 T07TG$ A?CtA. Strabo 
+
+L. 9. p. 623. 
+
+
+An cliia 
+
+
+by Pliny. N. H. L. 4. c. 7. As both the opening, and the 
+ftream, which formed the lake, was called An-choe ^ it fignified either fons fpe- 
+luncae, or fpelunca fontis, according as it was adapted. 
+
+47 1 Corinthians, c. 15. v. 47, 48. 
+
+a3 Cluverii Germanise Antiq. L. 1. c. 13. p,gi. 
+
+
+3 
+
+
+Ooftergow. 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+ii 8 
+
+Ooftcrgow. The ancient term Tlvgyoz, Purgos, was properly 
+Pur-Go ; and fignified a light-houfe, or temple of fire, from 
+the Chaldaic Pur. 
+
+PARTICLES. 
+
+Together with the words above mentioned are to be found 
+in compofition the particles A 1 and Pi. Al or El, for it is 
+difierently expreffed in our characters, is ftill an Arabian 
+prefix : but not abfolutely confined to that country ; though 
+more frequently there to be found. The Sun was call¬ 
+ed Uchor by the people of Egypt and Cyrene ; which the 
+Greeks expreffed A’yoo^ Achor. He was worfhiped with 
+the fame title in Arabia, and called Al Achor. Georgius 
+Monachus defcribing the idolatry, which prevailed in that 
+country before the introduction of the prefent religion, men¬ 
+tions the idol Alachar. Many nations have both expletives 
+and demonftratives analogous to the particle above. The 
+pronoun Ille of the Romans is fomewhat fimilar : as are the 
+terms Le and La of the French : as well as 11 and El in other 
+languages. It is in compofition fo like to HA, the name of 
+
+'HAiO£, the Sun, that it is not always eafy to diftinguifh one 
+from the other. 
+
+The Article Pi was in ufe among the ancient Egyptians, 
+and Cuthites, as well as other nations in the eaft. The na¬ 
+tives of India were at all times worfhipers of the Sun ; and 
+ufed to call themfelves by fome of his titles. Porus, with 
+
+29 Bayeri Additamenta to Selden de Diis Syris. p. 291. 
+
+Achor near Jericho. Jofhua. c. 15. v. 7. 
+
+whom 
+
+
+
+
+ren- 
+
+
+whom Alexander engaged upon the Indus, was named from 
+the chief objedt of his worfhip ms*, Pi-Or, and P’Or ; 
+dered by the Greeks II agog, Porus. Pacorus the Parthian 
+was of the fame etymology, being a compound of P’Achorus, 
+
+
+the Achor of Egypt: as was alfo the 
+potamia, mentioned by Ptolemy. E 
+
+
+ty Pacoria in Mefo- 
+thc Grecian 'urvp was 
+
+
+of Egypt 
+
+
+Chaldaic original ; and of the fame compoii- 
+
+
+Ur) as the words above : for 31 Plato informs 
+
+
+extindt 
+
+
+'Drug, zvvs 
+
+After the race 
+country came under the dominion of the Grecians, the 
+ftiil continued to make ufe of this prefix ; as did othe 
+
+
+:, were efteemed terms of foreign importation 
+of the Egyptian kings was 
+
+
+that 
+
+
+na- 
+
+
+which were incorporated with 
+
+
+They adapted 
+
+
+not 
+
+
+ly to words in their own language ; but 
+
+
+thofc ol 
+
+
+there 
+
+
+other countries, of which they treated. Hence 
+to be found in their writings, 33 1 Ji^svg, Ih{j,agTVg y EE 
+
+'Ufi o"W|U.ct, 'uriXa.Qs, Pidux, Picurator, Pitribunus : alfo names 
+of perfons occur with this prefix j fuch as Piterus, Piturio, 
+
+
+Pionius the martyr, alfo Pior, Piammon, Piambo 5 who 
+all mentioned by ecclefiaftical 34 writers, as natives of 1 
+
+
+?0 Ptolem. Lib. 5. c. 18. p. 164. 
+
+31 Plato in Cratylo. p. 410. 
+
+Sec Kircher’s Prodromus Copticus. p. 180. and p. 29.7. 
+
+35 Ibidem, and Jamefon’s Specilcgia. c. 9. § 4. 
+
+Pionius. Euieb. Hift. Ecclefiaft. L. 4. p. 174. 
+
+Pior Monachus ASgyptiacus* Socratis Hift. Ecclef. p. 238. 
+
+Piammon* Sozomen* H. E. P. 259. 
+
+Piambo, or P’ambo. Socratis Ecclef. II. p. 268-. 
+
+It was iometimes expreflcd Po, as in Pocmon Abbas,, in Evagrius. 
+
+In Apophthcgmat. Patrum. apud Cotelerii monumcnta. Tom. 1. p. C36. 
+
+Baal Peor was only Pi-Or, the Sun : as Priapus was a compound of Peor-Apis, 
+contracted. 
+
+
+8 
+
+
+country. 
+
+
+
+I 20 
+
+
+R 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+D 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+C 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+L 
+
+
+S 
+
+
+country 
+
+
+Tliis article is fometimes expreffed Pa 
+
+
+as in 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+name of Pachomius, an abbot in Egypt, mentioned by 35 Gen- 
+nadius. A prieft named Paapis is to be found in the Ex- 
+
+
+rpta from Antonius 36 Diog 
+
+
+in Photiu 
+
+
+Thei 
+
+
+e were 
+
+
+particular rites, flyled Pamylia Sacra, from 37 Pamyle 
+
+
+Egypt 
+
+
+Deity 
+
+
+We may infer from Hefych 
+
+
+they were very obfcene: IloiocfjLvXrjg, Aiyv7f}iog ®sog H^id7ru^g 
+
+
+Hades, and Pi-Ades was a common title of the 
+
+
+and the 
+
+
+early times was current in Greece ; where I hop 
+pie teftimony of the Amonians fettling. 
+
+
+
+was 
+
+
+give an 
+
+termed Melech Pi-Adon, and Anac Pi-adon : but the Greek 
+
+
+of Pi-Adon formed YIqu&oov 
+
+
+for 
+
+
+inconceivable, how 
+
+
+very ignorant they were in refpedt to their ancient theology. 
+Hence we read of 'urouduov AriTag, 'srouSuv 'Zwog, 'srou^oov AsroA- 
+
+A wag ; and legends of 'UTcufioov olOolvoltuv ; and of 'srctiJW, who 
+were mere foundlings ; whofe fathers could never be afcer- 
+tained, though divine honours were paid to the children. 
+This often puzzled the mythologifts, who could not account 
+for this fpurious race. Plutarch makes it one of his inqui¬ 
+ries to lift out, 38 Tig 6 II otifcav rccpog 'Wotgcc Xa.X%i$ev<ri ; Pau- 
+
+fanias mentions 39 AfJupiKvx.% 'Woufioov @w(J.og : and in another 
+
+
+35 Gennad. Vitas illuftrium virorum. L. 7. Pachomius, a fuppofed worker of 
+many miracles. 
+
+3G Antonius Diogenes in Photius. Cod. 166. 
+
+37 Plutarch. Ifis et'Oliris. V. 1. p. 355. 
+
+Paamyles is an affemblage of common titles, Am-El-Ees with the prefix. Hence 
+the Greeks formed MeliiTa, a facred name: as of Ham El-Ait, they formed Me- 
+litta, the name of a foreign Deity, more known in Ionia than in Hellas. 
+
+38 Plutarch : Quseftiones Grsecae* v. p. 296. 
+
+39 Paufanias. L. 1. p. 83. Amphilucus was a title of the Sun* 
+
+
+place. 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+I 21 
+
+
+'place 
+
+
+40 
+
+
+B OJfJLOl <fe ®£Ct)V TS OVOfJLOL^OUSPOOP OLyVOOfM, ECU 'H^ 
+
+
+TIAIAQN T8 ©screws 
+
+
+<$>OLhr)fl 
+
+
+From this miftake 
+
+
+arofe fo many boy-deities ; among whom were even Jupiter 
+
+
+and Dionufus 
+
+vssg, Y) §soXoyi 
+
+
+A vtov top A ict 
+
+
+II OLl^OLC 
+
+
+According to the theology of the Greeks 
+
+
+even Jupiter and Dionufus are fyled boys, and young perfo?is. 
+One of the moft remarkable paflages to this purpofe is to be 
+found in the antiquary above quoted ; who takes notice of a 
+certain myfterious rite performed by the natives of Amphiffa 
+in Phocis. The particular Gods, to whom it was performed. 
+
+
+were ftyled Avotxrss TtrouSeg 
+
+
+4 * 
+
+
+Ay overt Jg eoli TeXsrnv ot All 
+
+
+epiTTstg t oov Apcletoop EOLh&pLBVm II oiib'oov. 'O irtvsg de ©sgm etTiv 
+
+61 APctKTsg TLoufeg, ov ecltcc t cjlvtol zgty. st^pezvov. The people of 
+
+udmphijfa perform a ceremony in honour of perfons , fyled Slnacles 
+
+or Royal Boys ; but who thefe AttaEles Paides were , is 
+
+
+Paides 
+
+
+tell : n 
+mation 
+
+
+of great 
+
+
+fhort the author could 
+
+
+could the priefts afford him any fatisfadtory infor 
+
+
+There 
+
+
+many inftances in Paufanias of this 
+
+
+ture : where divine honours are paid to the unknown children 
+of fathers equally unknown. 
+
+Herodotus tells us, that, when he difeourfed with the 
+priefts of Thebes about the kings, — reigned in 
+
+
+40 Paufanias. 1 . 1. p. 4. in like manner, t atqoi tmv x.ou A/We«s ttcliAv' 
+
+Paufanias. 1 . 9. p. 754. 
+
+41 Proclus in Platonis Parmenidem: See Orphic Fragment of Gefner. p. 406. 
+
+A twofold reafon may be given for their having this charadter : as will be fhewn 
+
+hereafter. 
+
+Paufanias* 1 . 10. p. 8*6. Many inftances of this fort .are to be found in this 
+writer. 
+
+
+VOL. I. 
+
+
+R 
+
+
+Egypt; 
+
+
+
+122 
+
+
+RADICALS* 
+
+
+Egypt; they defcribed them to him under three denomina¬ 
+tions, of Gods, of heroes, and of men. The laffc fucceeded 
+to thofe above, and were mere mortals. The manner of fuc- 
+ceflion is mentioned in the following words : 43 Uigwutv efC 
+
+ntgoofjuog yeyovevou — koli ovts eg &eov, ovre eg 'H^wa a.ve$ri<roLV 
+
+£ 
+
+avT 3 g (oi Aiyv 7 moi.) There are many fbrange and contra¬ 
+dictory opinions about this 44 paflage ; which, if I do not de¬ 
+ceive myfelf, is very plain ; and the purport of it this. Hf- 
+
+w 
+
+ter the fabulous accounts , there had been an uninterrupted fuc- 
+ceffion of Piromis after Piromis : and the Rgyptians referred none 
+of thefe to the dynafiies of either the Gods or Heroes , •who were 
+fuppofed to have firfi pojfejfed the country . From hence I think 
+it is manifeft, that Pi-romis fignifies a man. Herodotus in¬ 
+deed fays, that the meaning of it was KcCKog xdyoiQogj a per- 
+fon of a fair and honourable chara&er : and fo it might be 
+
+taken by implication ; as we fay of a native of our own 
+country, that he is a true, and ftaunch 4S Englifhman : but 
+the precife meaning is plain from the context; and Piromis 
+certainly meant a man. It has this lignification in the Cop¬ 
+tic : and in the 46 Prodromus Copticus of Kircher, Ihgoopu, 
+
+Piromi, is a man ; and feems to imply a native. Pirem Racot 
+
+* « 
+
+Herodotus. 1 . 2. c. 144. 
+
+44 See Reland, Difiertatio Copt. p. 108. 
+
+Jablonfky Prolegomena in Pantheon JEgyptiacum: p. 38. Alfo WefieMnge. 
+Notes on Herod. 1 . 2. c. 143. 
+
+45 This was certainly the meaning: for Plato* fpeaking of the native Grecians 
+
+in oppofition to other nations, ftyled Bmakes ufe of the very expreffion : 
+JTIoAA?? fter £ "Ee<pw, co K e€ys 9 tv r, sveiai 'zzcu ayccBoi J'e kcu tcl 
+
+7wv fiagScLgoov ytw. In Phtedone. p. 96. 
+
+46 Kircher. Prodromus Copticus. p. 300 and p. 293. 
+
+is 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+123 
+
+
+is an Alexandrine, or more properly a native of Racotis called 
+Rafchid, and Rofetta. Pirem Romi, are ^ Romans. 
+
+By means of this prefix we may be led to underftand what 
+is meant by Paraia in the account given by Philo from Sancho- 
+niathon : who fays, that Cronus had three fons in the region 
+of Paraia : 48 Eygm^crai/ c is aca bv Uotgctia, Kgovw Tgsts 'sr&itTes. 
+Paraia is a variation of P’Ur-aia; and means literally the land 
+of Ur in Chaldea; the region from whence ancient writers 
+began the hiftory of mankind. A crocodile by the Egyptians 
+was among other names called 49 : and the name is re¬ 
+
+tained in the Coptic, where it is exprefTed s ° Pi-Souchi. 
+
+This prefix is fometimes exprefled with an afpirate, Phi: 
+and as that word fignifies a mouth, and in a more extenfive 
+fignification, fpeech and language, it fometimes may caufe 
+a little uncertainty about the meaning. However, in moft 
+places it is fufficiently plain. Phaethon, a much miftaken 
+perfonage, was an ancient title of the Sun, a compound of 
+Phi-Ath-On. Bacchus was called Phi-Anac by the Myfians, 
+rendered by the poets 51 Phanac and Phanaces. Hanes was a 
+title of the fame Deity, equally reverenced of old, and com- 
+
+
+47 Kircher. Prod. p. 293. 
+
+Sanchoniathon apud Eufeb. Prsep. Evang. I. 1. c. 10. p. 37. 
+
+49 Damafcius : Vita Ifidori, apud Photium. Cod. ccxlii. 
+
+50 Jablonfky : Pantheon Egypt, v. 2. 1 . 5. c. 2. p. 70. 
+
+51 Aufonius. Epigram. 30. 
+
+Kircher fays, that Pi in the Coptic is a prefix, by which a noun is known to be 
+mafculine, and of the fingular number : and that Pa is a pronoun poffeffive. Pa- 
+romi is Vir meus. It may be fo in the Coptic : but in ancient times Pi, Pa, Phi, 
+were only variations of the fame article: and were indifferently put before.all 
+names : of which I have given many inftances. See Prodromus. Copt. p. 303. 
+
+
+R 2 
+
+
+pounded 
+
+
+
+I 24 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+pounded Ph’ Hanes. It fignified the fountain of light: and 
+from it was derived Phanes of Egypt: alfo <paum, tpavsig, cpa- 
+
+vsgog : and from Ph’ain on, Fanum. In fhort thefe particles 
+occur continually in word. s, which relate to religious rites, 
+and the ancient adoration of fire. They are generally joined 
+to Ur, by which that element is denoted. From P’Ur Tor 
+came Prastor and Praetorinm, among the Romans : from 
+P’Ur-Aith, Purathi and Puratheia among the Afiatics. From 
+P’Ur-tan, 'GrgvTctveig, and 'UTgVTCivsia. among the Greeks of Hel¬ 
+las : in which Prutaneia there were of old facred hearths, 
+and a perpetual fire. The ancient name of Latian Jupiter 
+was P’ur, by length of time changed to Puer. He was the 
+Deity of fire ; and his minifters were ftyled Pueri: and be- 
+caufe many of them were handfome youths feledted for that 
+office, Puer came at length to fignify any young perfon. Some 
+of the Romans would explain this title away, as if it re¬ 
+ferred to Jupiter’s childhood : but the hiftory of the place 
+will ffiew that it had no fuch relation. It was a proper name, 
+and retained particularly among the people of Praenefte. They 
+had undoubtedly been addidted to the rites of fire ; for their 
+city was faid to have been built by Caeculus, the fon of Vul¬ 
+can, who was found in the midft of fire : 
+
+Vulcano genitum pecora inter agreflia Regem, 
+
+Inventumcpue focis. 
+
+They called their chief God Pur: and dealt particularly 
+in divination by lots, termed of old Purim. Cicero takes 
+
+5Z Virgil JEneid. 1 . 7. v. 679, 
+
+
+notice 
+
+
+
+o 
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+12 5 
+
+
+notice of this cuftom of divination at Prasnelte ; and defcribes 
+the manner, as well as the place : but gives into the com¬ 
+mon miftake, that the Purim related to Jupiter’s childhood. 
+He fays, that the place, where the procefs was carried on, 
+was a facred inclofure, 53 is eft hodie locus feptus religiofe 
+propter Jovis Pueri , qui latdens cum Junone in gremio For¬ 
+tunes mammam appetens, caftiflime colitur a Matribus. This 
+manner of divination was of Chaldaic original, and brought 
+from Babylonia to Praenefte. It is mentioned in Either, c. 3. 
+v. 7. They calt Pur before Haman, that he might know the 
+fuccefs of his purpofes againft the Jews. Wherefore they call 
+thefe days Purim after the najne of Pur s+ . c. 9. v. 26. The 
+fame lots of divination being ufed at Pramelte was the occa- 
+lion of the God being called Jupiter Pur. This in aftertimes 
+was changed to Puer : whence we find inferiptions, which 
+mention him under that name ; and at the fame time take 
+notice of the cuftom which prevailed in his temple. In¬ 
+feriptions Jovi Puero, and Fortune Primigeniae Jovis 53 Pueri 
+are to be found in Gruter. One is very particular. 
+
+56 Fortunas Primigenias Jovis Pueri D. D, 
+
+Ex SOR TE compos fatSlus 
+
+Nothus Ruficana: 
+
+L. P. Plotilla. 
+
+
+Cicero de Divinatione. 1 . 2. 
+
+54 See alfo v. 28, 2q, 31, and 32. 
+
+55 Gruter. Infcript. lxxvi. n. 6. 
+
+56 Ibid, lxxvi. n. 7. 
+
+BONO DEO 
+PUERO POS- 
+
+P O R O. 
+
+Gruter. Infcrip. p. Ixxxviii. n. 13. 
+
+a That 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+i 26 
+
+That this word Puer was originally Pur may be proved from 
+a well known paflage in Lucretius : 
+
+57 Puri fepe lacum propter ac dolia curva 
+Somno devindti credunt fe attollere veftem. 
+
+Many inftances, were it neceflary, might be brought to this 
+purpofe. It was a name originally given to the priefts of the 
+Deity who were named from the Chaldaic Ur : and by 
+the ancient Latines were called P’uri. At Prsenefte the name 
+was particularly kept up on account of this divination by 
+58 lots. Thefe by the Amonians were ftyled Purim, being at¬ 
+tended with ceremonies by fire ; and fuppofed to be effected 
+through the influence of the Deity. Praenefte feems to be a 
+compound of Puren Efta, the lots of Efta, the Deity of fire. 
+
+Thefe are terms, which feem continually to occur in the 
+ancient Amonian hiftory : out of thefe moft names are com¬ 
+pounded ; and into thefe they are eafily refolvable. There 
+are fome few more, which might perhaps be very properly 
+introduced : but I am unwilling to trefpafs too far, efpe- 
+cially as they may be eafily taken notice of in the courfe of 
+this work. I could wifh that my learned readers would af¬ 
+ford me fo far credit, as to defer palling a general fentence, 
+till they have perufed the whole : for much light will accrue ^ 
+
+
+57 Lucretius. 1 . 4. v. 1020. 
+
+58 Propertius alludes to the fame circumftance: 
+
+Nam quid Praeneftis dubias, O Cynthia, fortes? 
+
+Quid petis fEaei mcenia Telegoni ? L. 2. eleg. 92. v. 3. 
+
+What in the book of Hefter is ftyled Purim, the Seventy render, c. 9. v. 29. 
+(f-pypxi. The days of Purim were ftyled {pgegxi. Ty LaAejtrw xvrwv tlxXbvt au 
+
+c - IO - The additamenta Grsca mention, t*v TvgoKei/uLewv zir <5 -oXyv 
+t mv typypxi, inftead of (p&gx 1 and n&pxi : from P’Ur and Ph’Ur, ignis. 
+
+
+IO 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+
+RADICALS. 
+
+
+127 
+
+
+and frefh evidence be accumulated in the courfe of our pro¬ 
+cedure. A hiftory of the rites and religion, in which thefe 
+terms are contained, will be given ; alfo of the times, when 
+they were introduced ; and of the people, by whom they 
+were diffufed fo widely. Many portions, which may appear 
+doubtful, when they are firft premifed, will,. I hope, be 
+abundantly proved, before we come to the clofe. In refpedt 
+to the etymologies, which I have already offered and con- 
+lidered, I have all along annexed the hiftories of the perfons 
+and places fpoken of, in order to afcertain my opinion con¬ 
+cerning them. But the chief proof, as I have before faid, 
+will refult from the whole ; from a uniform feries of evidence, 
+fupported by a fair and uninterrupted analogy. 
+
+
+O F 
+
+
+
+( 129 ) 
+
+
+
+O F 
+
+
+
+
+AAA OL, @201, TOOV fJOSV [JLCtVlYlV CL7T STg S’fy &T2 yAwCTO'JQ?, 
+
+E# <T OTIOOV fC^OLTOOV XCLdoLgYlV OySTSV<TOCT6 'BTlJ/IJV. 
+
+Kat (Ts, f uroXv[jLVi}5‘r}y tevmhsvs 'urcx.gQsvs, (jlqvtci, 
+
+Ai rrbfjLou, oov Sspig s?iv e<pY)[/,egioi<nv cucasiv, 
+
+Hs^ts TtTOLg svtrs&Yjs sAastr evqmv ag^a. 
+
+Empedocles. 
+
+
+I T may appear invidious to call to account men of learn¬ 
+ing, who have gone before me in inquiries of this na¬ 
+ture ; and to point out defeats in their writings : but it is a 
+talk which I muft in fome degree take in hand, as the beft 
+writers have in my opinion failed fundamentally in thefe re- 
+fearches. Many in the wantonnefs of their fancy have 
+yielded to the moll idle furmifes ; and this to a degree of 
+licentioufnefs, for which no learning nor ingenuity can atone. 
+
+Vol. I. S It 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+130 ETYMOLOGY. 
+
+It is therefore fo far from being injurious, that it appears 
+abfolutely neceflary to point out the path they took, and the 
+nature of their failure; and this, that their authority may 
+not give a fandtion to their miflakes : but on the contrary, if 
+my method fhould appear more plaufible or more certain, 
+that the fuperiority may be feen upon comparing; and be 
+proved from the contrail. 
+
+The Grecians were fo prepofTeffed with a notion of their 
+own excellence and antiquity, that they fuppofed every an¬ 
+cient tradition to have proceeded from themfelves. Hence 
+their mythology is founded upon the groffefl miflakes : as all 
+extraneous hiftory, and every foreign term, is fuppofed by 
+them to have been of Grecian original. Many of their 
+learned writers had been abroad; and knew how idle the 
+pretenfions of their countrymen were. Plato in particular 
+faw the fallacy of their claim. He confefles it more than 
+once : yet in this article nobody was more infatuated. His 
+Cratylus is made up of a moft abfurd fyflem of etymology. 
+r9 Herodotus exprefly fays, that the Gods of Greece came in 
+great meafure from Egypt. Yet Socrates is by Plato in this 
+treatife made to derive Artemis from to agTSfAes, integritas : 
+Pofeidon from 'Srocn $£<r[/.ov, fetters to the feet: Heflia from 
+ovg'ioLj fubflance and efTence : Demeter, from difroixrct w? ^r\r 
+diftributing as a mother : Pallas from 'UTolXT^biv to vibrate, or 
+
+dance : Ares, Mars, from ctppev, mafculum, et virile: and the 
+word Theos, God, undoubtedly the Theuth of Egypt, from 
+
+59 Herodotus. L. 2. c. 4. and L. 2. c. 52. 
+
+ETreira Se xporu ^sAAa fjsASanros sttuBivto (01 r EAA>;j'gs) ex tvs Aiyv7TTH octtixo- 
+yS.vix- t<x EvOfjiccTcc t (ay ©eo;r. 
+
+Sseiv, 
+
+
+
+ETYMOLOGY. 
+
+
+131 
+
+$esiv 7 to run 6o . Innumerable derivations of this nature are 
+to be found in Ariftotle, Plato, 61 Heraclides Ponticus, and 
+other Greek writers. There is a maxim laid down by the 
+Scholiaft upon Dionyfius ; which I fhall have occafion often 
+to mention. 6 * E 1 to qvo^jlol, ov griTsiv 'EKXyiV 1 kw 
+
+£TV£JLo 7 \o r yiCLV uvTB. If the term be foreign , it is idle to have re~ 
+courfe to Greece for a folution. It is a plain and golden rule, 
+
+pofterior in time to the writers above, which however com¬ 
+mon fenfe might have led them to have anticipated, and fol¬ 
+lowed : but it was not in their nature. The perlon who 
+gave the advice was a Greek, and could not for his life abide 
+by it. It is true, that Socrates is made to fay fomething 
+
+60 So $gui&mv from (Pccti/jlgov, AttoXT^qov from >j 'xzro^a-is' £uovu(to§ quad <P i§&~ 
+iva-os from J'iS'gi and owqs, and otvos from oieadcu. Kgovos y quad ^povB x,opo$. T>j 0 l>v 5 
+to vQ&fjievGVi with many more, Plato in Cratylo. 
+
+JEgyptus 'urcx.goL to cay as nmeumv. Euftath. in Odyff. L. 4. p. 1499. 
+
+e * Pofeidon, npo&v tcl eifmv. Tifiphone, Tbtgov (paw, Athene quad cl§clvclto$. 
+Hecate from Ikcltov centum. Saturnus, quad facer vbs. See Heraclides Ponticus, 
+and Fulgentii Mythologia. 
+
+See the Etymologies alfo of Macrobius. Saturnalia. L. 1. c. 17. p. 189. 
+
+M^crccr quad ofj& uaca. Plutarch, de Fraterno Amore. v. 2. p. 480. A 1 euroiacv 
+xcu (piActS'eAcpictv . 
+
+n ctcri(pct7iy £ix to tvx'ti cpxiveiv tx i+xvrtix. Plutarch. Agis and Cleomenes. v. 2. 
+p. 799. 
+
+6z Euftathius on Dionydus : 'uregwyna-is. 
+
+XJt Jofephus re£te obfervat, Grsecis fcriptoribus id in more eft, ut peregrina, et 
+barbara nomina, quantum licet, ad Gr^cam formam emolliant: lie illis Ar Moabi- 
+tarum eft: Apeo7roA/s; Botfra, Bvpcrct *, Akis ? A y %&$ m 9 Aftarte, A ‘Tpoxpxm torrens 
+Kifon, Xe///.appo$ t gov Kiacroov ; torrens Kedron, tcop Ket talia doers? 
+
+Hoi'/c. Bochart. Geog. Sacra. L. 2. c. 15. p. in. 
+
+We are much indebted to the learned father Theophilus of Antioch : he had 
+great knowledge; yet could not help giving way to this epidemical weaknefs. He 
+mentions Noah as the fame as Deucalion, which name was given him from calling 
+people to righteoufnefs : he ufed to fay, xaAe 1 u/xxs 6 S'gos * and from hence, 
+
+it feems, he was called Deucalion. Ad Autol. L. 3. 
+
+S 2 
+
+
+very 
+
+
+
+132 
+
+
+ETYMOLOGY. 
+
+
+very like the above 
+
+
+63 
+
+
+YH 
+
+
+'UfoXXu. 01 'EAAi ysg ovo 
+
+
+para, otK'Kus tz mi 01 V 7 ro Toig B ctg£agoig oixansg, 'srotgx tow 
+
+B xp£agoov etXqtpcLcri 
+
+
+si Tig 
+
+
+
+TOLVTOL XOLTOL 
+
+
+cpWVY)V, 6 eg SOlKOTOCg 
+
+
+TvyyoLVSi 
+
+
+oicrdct 
+
+
+0L7T0P01 
+
+
+[W 
+
+I 
+
+
+SKSlVYjV, S 
+
+
+am 
+
+
+v EAAj^ 1kyiv 
+
+Tig TO OVOpLQO 
+
+fenfble that the 
+
+
+
+Grecians in ge?ieral , 
+
+
+and especially thofe , who are fubjeEls to fc 
+
+
+
+reigners> have received into their language ?nany exotic terms : 
+any pe?~fo?i Jhould be led to feek for their analogy or meatzing in 
+the Greek tongue , and not in the language^ fro??i whence they pro¬ 
+ceeded^ he would be grievoufy pussssled. Who would think, 
+when Plato attributed to Socrates this knowledge, that he 
+
+
+would make him continually adt 
+
+
+contradiction 
+
+
+Or 
+
+
+that other 64 writers, when this plain truth was acknowledged 
+fhould deviate fo fhamefully ? that we Ihould in after time 
+be told, that Tarfus, the ancient city in Cilicia, was denomi 
+
+
+nated from Tccgcrog, a foot 
+
+
+that the 
+
+
+Nile fignified vq 
+
+
+lAv; 
+
+
+
+
+and that Gader in Spain was Trie hie, 
+
+
+The anc 
+by the ear: 
+
+
+their etym 
+
+
+were guided folely 
+
+
+this they have been implicitly copied by 
+
+
+moderns. Inquire of Heinlius, when 
+
+
+Thebes, that an- 
+
+
+from 
+
+
+city in upper Egypt, was named ; and he will tell you 
+son, Teba, 65 ftetit: or aik the good bifhop Cumber- 
+d, why Nineve was fo called, and he will anfwer from 
+
+
+Schindler, that 
+
+
+compound of “ Nin-Nau 
+
+
+a 
+
+
+6; Plato in Cratylo. p. 409. 
+
+
+e 4 s 
+
+
+uidas, Stephanus, Etyinolog. Euftathius, &c. 
+
+
+So Coptus in Egypt, from 7 to 7 rten\ 
+
+Cj See Callimachus, voL 2. Spanheim’s not. in Hymn, in Del. v.. 87. p^438. 
+
+65 Cumberland’s Origines. p. 165. fo he derives Goflien in the land of Egypt 
+from a ihower of rain. See Sanchon. p. 364. 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Jon inhabited. But is it credible, or indeed poffible, for thefe 
+cities to have been named from terms fo vague, cafual, and 
+indeterminate ; which feem to have fo little relation to the 
+places, to which they ate appropriated ; or to any places at 
+all ? The hiftory of the Chaldeans is of great confequence : 
+and one would be glad to know their original. They are 
+properly called Ghafdim: and are very juftly thought to have 
+been the firft conftituted nation upon earth. It is faid of 
+the patriarch Abraham, that he came from the city Ur of the 
+Chafdim. Whence had they their name? The learned 
+Hyde will 67 anfwer, that it was from Chefed, their anceftor. 
+Who was Chefed ? He was the fourth fon of Nahor, who 
+lived in Aram, the upper region of Mefopotamia. Is it faid 
+in hiftory, that he was the father of this people ? There i.3 
+no mention made of it. Is it faid that he was ever in Chal¬ 
+dea ? No. Is there the leaft reafon to think, that he had 
+any acquaintance with that country ? We have no grounds 
+to fuppofe it. Is there any reafon to think, that this peo¬ 
+ple, mentioned repeatedly as prior to him by ages, were in 
+reality conftituted after him ? None. What then has in¬ 
+duced writers to fuppofe that he was the father of this peo¬ 
+ple ? Becaufe Chefed and Chafdim have a remote ftmilitude 
+in found. And is this the whole ? Abfolutely all that is or 
+can be alledo-ed for this notion. And as the Chafdim. are 
+
+O 
+
+mentioned fome acres before the birth of Chefed ; fome would 
+
+O 
+
+have the paftagc to be introduced proleptically ; others fup¬ 
+pofe it an interpolation ; and would ftrike it out ot the fa- 
+cred text: fo far does whim get the better of judgment, that 
+
+
+67 Hyde de Religione veterum Perfarum. c. 2. p. 75. 
+
+
+even 
+
+
+
+134 - 
+
+
+ETYMOLOGY. 
+
+
+even the written word is not fafe. The whole hiftory of 
+Chefed is this. About fifty years after the patriarch Abra¬ 
+ham had left his brother Nahor at Haran in Aramea, he re¬ 
+ceived intelligence, that Nahor had in that interval been blefted 
+with children. 68 It was told Abraham^ behold Milcah , Jhe 
+alfo hath bom children to thy brother JSf ah or ; HuZy Buz y Kemuel 
+and Chefed: of thefe Chefed was the fourth. There occurs 
+not a word more concerning him. 
+
+It is moreover to be obferved, that thefe etymologifts differ 
+greatly from one another in their conceptions ; fo that an un¬ 
+experienced reader knows not whom to follow. Some de¬ 
+duce all from the Hebrew, others call in to their afiiftance 
+the Arabic, and the Coptic ; or whatever tongue or dialect 
+makes moll for their purpofe. The author of the Univerfal 
+Hiftory, {peaking of the Moabitifh Idol Chemofh, tells us, 
+69 that many male it come from the verb wwn, majhajh , to feel: 
+but Dr. Hyde derives it from the HrabiCy Khamujh, which fg~ 
+nifes gnats, (though in the particular dialeEl of the tribe Hodail) 
+fuppofng it to have been an afronomical talifman in the fgure of 
+a gnat : and Le Clerc , who takes this idol for the Sun , from 
+Comojha , a rooty in the fame tongue, fguifymg to be fwift. T here 
+is the fame variety of fentiment about Silenus, the com¬ 
+panion of Bacchus. 70 Bochart derives his name from Silan, 
+fhnp, and fuppofes him to have been the fame as Shiloh, the 
+
+68 Genefis. c. 22. v. 20. 
+
+69 Univerfal Hiftory. vol. 1. b. 1. p. 286. notes. 
+
+70 Bochart. Geograph. Sacra. L. 1. c. 18. p. 443. 
+
+Sandford de defcenfu Chrifti. L. 1. § 21. 
+
+See Gale’s Court of the Gentiles, vol. 1. b, 2. c. 6. p. 68. 
+
+
+7 
+
+
+Mefiias. 
+
+
+
+ETYMOLO GY. 
+
+
+*35 
+
+
+Meflias. Sandford makes him to be Balaam the falfe pro¬ 
+phet. 71 Huetius maintains that he was afTuredly Mofes. It 
+is not uncommon to find even in the Tame waiter great un¬ 
+certainty : we have fometimes two, fometimes three, etymo¬ 
+logies prefented together of the fame word : two out of the 
+
+three muft be groundlefs, and the third not a whit better: 
+
+% 
+
+otherwife the author would have given it the preference * 
+and fet the other two afide. An example to this purpofe we 
+have in the etymology of RamefTes, as it is explained in the 
+71 Hebrew Onomafticum. RamefTes, tonitruum vel expro- 
+bratio tineze; aut malum delens five diffolvens ; vel confrac- 
+tionem diflolvens, aut confra£tus a tinea—civitas in extremis 
+
+
+finibus JEgypti. A fimilar interpretation is given of Berodach 
+
+
+king of Babyl 
+
+
+Berodach: creans contritionem. vel eledtio 
+
+
+filius interitus, vel vaporis tui; five frumentum 
+
+
+puritas nubis, vel vaporis 
+
+
+Rex Babyl 
+
+
+It muft be acknowledged of Bochart, that the fyftem, upon 
+which he has proceeded, is the moft plaufible of any : and he 
+
+
+has fhewn infinite ingenuity, and learning 
+
+
+He every where 
+
+
+fupport his etymologies by fome hiftory of the pi 
+
+
+concerning which he treats, 
+names of places, which feem 
+tiquity, are too often deduce 
+later date : from events in 
+
+
+:h he treats. But the misfortune is, that the 
+which feem to be original, and of high an- 
+often deduced by him from circumftances, of 
+n events in after ages. The hiftories, to 
+
+
+later date •, from events in after ages. The hiftor 
+which he appeals, were probably not known, when the 
+try or ifland received its name. He likewife allows l 
+
+
+He likewife allows himfelf 
+
+
+71 Huetius. Demonft. p. 13S. 
+
+71 Hebrsea, Chaldtea, &c. nomina virorum, mulierum. populorum. Antverpife, 
+1565. Plantin. 
+
+a great 
+
+
+
+ETYMOLOGY. 
+
+
+136 
+
+a great latitude in forming his derivations : for to make his 
+terms accord he has recourfe not only to the Phenician lan¬ 
+guage, which he fuppofes to have been a dialed; of the He¬ 
+brew ; but to the Arabian, Chaldaic, and Syriac, according 
+as his occafions require. It happens to him often to make 
+ufe of a verb for a radix, which has many variations, and dif¬ 
+ferent fignifications : but at this rate we may form a fimili- 
+tude between terms the moft diffimilar. For take a word in 
+any language, which admits of many inflections, and varia¬ 
+tions, and after we have made it undergo all its evolutions, it 
+will be hard, if it does not in fome degree approximate. But 
+to fay the truth, he many times does not feem to arrive even 
+at this : for after he has analyfed the premifes with great la¬ 
+bour, we often find the fuppofed refemblance too vague, and 
+remote, to be admitted : and the whole is effected with a 
+great firain and force upon hiftory, before he brings matters to 
+a feeming coincidence. The Cyclops are by the belt writers 
+placed in Sicily, near Mount 73 ./Etna, in the country of the 
+Leontini, called of old Xuthia ; but Bochart removes them 
+to the fouth well point of the ifiand. This he fuppofes to 
+have been called Lelub, AiAv£aiov, from being oppofite to 
+Libya : and as the promontory was fo named, it is, he thinks, 
+probable that the fea below was ftiled Chec Lelub, or Sinus 
+Lcbub : and as the Cyclops lived hereabouts, they were from 
+hence denominated Chec-lelub, and Chec-lub, out of which 
+the Greeks formed 7+ K vxKmttbs. He derives the Siculi firffc 
+
+75 Pliny. L. 3. c. S. 
+
+/Etna, qure Cyclopas olim tulit. Mela. L. 2. c. 7. 
+
+7+ Bochart. Grog. Sacra. L. 1. c. 30. p. 560. 
+
+8 
+
+
+from 
+
+
+
+ETYMOLOGY. 
+
+
+r 37 
+
+
+from 75 feclul, perfection : and afterwards from b'Dfcyx, Efcol, 
+pronounced, according to the Syriac, Sigol, a bunch of grapes. 
+He deduces the Sicani from 76 Sacan, near : becaufe they 
+were near their next neighbours : in other words, on account 
+of their being next to the Pceni. Sicani, qui Siculorum Pcenis 
+proximi. But according to the bed; accounts the Sicani were 
+the moffc ancient people of any in thefe parts. They fettled 
+in Sicily before the foundation of Carthage ; and could not 
+have been named from any fuch vicinity. In fhort Bochart 
+in moft of his derivations refers to circumftances too general ; 
+which might be adapted to one place as well as to another. 
+He looks upon the names of places, and of people, rather as 
+by-names, and chance appellations, than original marks of 
+diftindtion : and fuppofes them to have been founded upon 
+fome fubfequent hiftory. Whereas they were moft of them 
+original terms of high antiquity, imported, and affumed by 
+the people themfelves, and not impofed by others. 
+
+How very cafual, and indeterminate the references were 
+by which this learned man was induced to form his etymo¬ 
+logies, let the reader judge from the famples below. Thefe 
+were taken for the mod; part from his accounts of the Grecian 
+idands ; not indudrioufly picked out; but as they cafually 
+prefen ted themfelves upon turning over the book. He de¬ 
+rives 77 Delos from Sm, Dahal, timor. 78 Cynthus from tajn, 
+Chanat, in lucem edere. 79 Naxos from nicfa, facrificium ; 
+
+
+75r Bochart. Geog. Sacra. L. i. c. 30. p. 565, 566. 
+
+76 Ibidem. 
+
+77 Ibidem. L. 1. p. 406. 
+
+78 Ibidem. 
+
+
+79 Ibidem, p. 412. 
+
+Vol» L 
+
+
+T 
+
+
+or 
+
+
+
+E T Y M O L O G YV 
+
+or elfe from nicfa, opes. 80 Gyarus from acbar, foftened. to, 
+acuar, a moufe, for the ifland was once infefted with mice. 
+Si Pontus in Aha Minor from N 3 tJD, botno, a piftachio nut. 
+Sz Icaria from icar, paftures: but he adds, tamen alia etymo- 
+logia occurrit, quam huic prasfero no 'tt, Icaure, five infula 
+pifcium. 81 Chalcis in Euboea from Chelca, divifio. 8+ Seri- 
+phus from reflph, and reftpho, lapidibus ftratum. 85 Patmos 
+from D7£t33, batmos, terebinthus ; for trees of this fort, he 
+fays, grew in the Cyclades. But Patmos was not one of the 
+Cyclades : it was an Aftatic ifland, at a confiderable diftance. 
+s<s Tenedos is deduced from Tin Edom, red earth : for there 
+there were potters in the ifland; and earth was probably red. 
+s? Cythnus from katnuth, parvitas: or elfe from KJ3U, gubna, 
+or guphno, cheefe : becaufe the next ifland was famous for 
+that commodity : Ut ut enim Cythnius cafeus proprie non 
+dicatur, qui e Cythno non eft, tamen recepta 
+Cythnius dici potuit cafeus a vicina Ceo. He fuppofes 
+Egypt to have been denominated from 88 Mazor, an artificial 
+fortrefs ; and the reafon he gives, is, becaufe it was naturally 
+fecure. Whatever may have been the purport of the term, 
+Mizraim was a very ancient and original name, and could 
+have no reference to thefe after conflderations. The author 
+of the Onomafticum therefore differs from him, and has tried 
+to mend the matter. He allows that the people, and coun¬ 
+try, were denominated from Mazor, but in a different ac¬ 
+ceptation : from Mazor, which flgnifled, the double preffure 
+
+80 Bochart. Geog. Sacra. L. 1. p. 415. Sl P. 388. Sx P. 381. 
+
+83 L. 1. p. 435. 84 P. 414- 85 P- 381. 86 P. 385. 87 P. 40S. 
+
+or. from. Mazor, anguftire. ss Ibidem, p. 258^ 
+
+of 
+
+
+
+
+ETYMOL OGY. 
+
+
+3 39 
+
+
+of a mother on each fide% preffionem matris geminam, 
+i. e. ab utraque parte. Upon which the learned Michaelis 
+obferves ; 90 quo etymo vix aliud veri diffimilius fingi poteft. 
+
+In the theology of the Greeks are many ancient terms, 
+which learned men have tried to analyfe, and define. But 
+they feem to have failed here too by proceeding upon thofe 
+fallacious principles, of which I have above complained. In 
+fhort they feldom go deep enough in their enquiries; nor con- 
+fider the true character of the perfonage, which they would 
+decipher. It is faid of the God Vulcan, that he was the 
+fame as Tubalcain, mentioned Genefis. c. 4. v. 22: and it is 
+a notion followed by many writers : and among others by 
+Gale. 91 Firft as to the name (fays this learned man) Vojfius , 
+de Idolat. L. 1. c. 36, Jhews us y that Vulccmus is the fa?ne as 
+c Tuhalcamus y o?ily by a wonted^ and eafy mutation of B into and 
+cafling away a fyliable . And he afterwards affeCts to prove 
+from. Diodorus Siculus, that the art and office of Vulcan ex¬ 
+actly correfponded to the character of Tubalcain, 9S who was 
+an infiruSlor of every artificer in brafs and iron. Upon the 
+fame principles Philo Biblius fpeaking of Chrufor, a perfon of 
+great antiquity, who firft built a fhip, and navigated the feas; 
+who allb firft taught hufbandry, and hunting, fuppofes him 
+to have been Vulcan ; becaufe it is farther faid of him, 93 that 
+he firft manufactured iron. From this partial refemblance 
+to Vulcan or Hephaftus, Bochart is induced to derive his 
+
+99 Simonis Onomafticon. 
+
+90 Michaelis Spicilegium Geographic Hebrcor. Exterc. p. 158. 
+
+91 Gale’s Court of the Gentiles, vol. 1. b. 2. p. 66 . 
+
+91 Genefis. c. 4. v. 22. 
+
+9J Philo apud Eufebium. Praep. Evan. L. 1. c. 10. 
+
+T 2 
+
+
+name 
+
+
+
+140 
+
+
+ETYMOLOGY. 
+
+
+name from *m tsro, Chores Ur, an artificer in 9+ fire. Thefe 
+learned men do not confider, that though the name, to which 
+they refer, be ancient, and oriental, yet the charadter, and 
+attributes, are comparatively modern, having been intro¬ 
+duced from another quarter. Vulcan the blackfmith, who 
+was the mafler of the Cyclops, and forged iron in Mount 
+
+i£tna, was a character familiar to the Greeks, and Romans. 
+
+* 
+
+But this Deity among the Egyptians, and Babylonians, had 
+nothing fimilar to - this defcription. They efteemed Vulcan as 
+the chief of the Gods the fame as the Sun : and his name is a 
+facred title, compounded of Baal-Cahen, Belus fandtus, vel 
+Princeps ; equivalent to Orus, or Oiiris. If the name were 
+of a different original, yet it would be idle to feek for an 
+etymology, founded on later conceptions, and deduced from 
+properties not originally inherent in the 
+
+ing to 95 Hermapion he was looked upon as the fource of all 
+divinity, and in confequence of it the infcription upon the 
+portal of the temple at Heliopolis was 'H <pcu?w tw ©socv 
+IloLTgi. To Vulcan the Father of the Gods . In fhort they, 
+who firft appropriated the name of Vulcan to their Deity, 
+had no notion of his being an artificer in brafs or iron, 
+or an artificer in any degree. Hence we muft be cautious 
+in forming ideas of the ancient theology of nations from 
+the current notions of the Greeks, and Romans ; and 
+more efpecially from the defcriptions of their poets. Po- 
+lytheifm, originally vile, and unwarrantable, was rendered 
+
+9+ Bochart. Geograph. Sacra. L. 2. c. 2. p. 706. 
+
+3 \iaicelhnus. j ^. 22. c. 15. He was alio called Eloiis. EA wos r H<pcaq-os 7ra.gcc 
+
+A copievenv. Kefych. The Latine title of Mulciber was a compound of Melech 
+Aber, Rex, Parens lucis. 
+
+
+perfonage. Accord- 
+
+
+3 
+
+
+ten 
+
+
+
+ETYMOLOGY. 141 
+
+ten times more bafe by coming through their hands. To 
+inftance in one particular : among all the daemon herd what 
+one is there of a form, and character, fo odious and con¬ 
+temptible, as Priapus ? an obfcure ill - formed Deity, who 
+was ridiculed and difhonoured by his very votaries* His 
+hideous figure was made ufe of only, as a bugbear to frighten 
+children ; and to drive the birds from fruit trees ; with whofe 
+filth he was generally befmeared. Yet this contemptible 
+God, this fcarecrow in a garden, was held in high repute at 
+Lampfacus, and efteemed the fame as 96 Dionufus. He was 
+likewife by the Egyptians reverenced as the principal God ; 
+no other than the Chaldaic 97 Aur, the fame as Orus and 
+Apis : whofe rites were particularly folemn. It was from, 
+hence that he had his name : for Priapus of Greece is only a 
+compound of Peor-Apis among the Egyptians. He was 
+fometimes ftyled Peor fingly ; alfo Baal Peor ; the fame with 
+whofe rites the Ifraelites are fo often 98 upbraided. His tem¬ 
+ples likewife are mentioned, which are ftyled Beth Peor. In 
+fhort this wretched divinity of the Romans was looked upon 
+by others as the foul of the world : the firft principle, which 
+brought all things into light, and being. 99 Hg’JtjTros 6 ko cTjU-o?, 
+v) 0 'S-r^oss'ws O.VTU Aoyog. The author of the Orphic hymns 
+
+
+96 TlfJLCLTCLl cTg TxTctpCC AcLJJL^COtYlVOlS Q YlglCCTTOt^ 0 CCVTOS GOV Ti) A/CI Athena? US* 
+
+
+L. 1. p. 30. 
+
+97 
+
+
+To ocycLXfx.cc Vlpimrhi^ r« v.cu •vrcto AiyvirTiois. Suidas*. 
+
+9S Numbers, c. 25. v. 3. Deuteronomy, c. 4. v. 3. Jolhua. c. 22. v. 17 
+Kircher derives Priapus from HS Pehorpeh 3 os nuditatis. 
+
+99 Phurnutus de natura Deorum, c. 17. p. 205. 
+
+
+
+142 
+
+
+ETYMOLOGY. 
+
+
+ftyl es him 100 Tlporroyovop—ysv scrip {Jt.Qutot.gw, §py\T 03 P t au/dgcMsw* 
+'The jlrjl born of the world y from whom all the immortals ■> and 
+mortals were defended. This is a character which will hereafter 
+be found to agree well with Dionufus. Phurnutus fuppofes 
+Priapus to have been the fame as Pan, the fhepherd God : 
+who was equally degraded, and mifreprefented on one hand, 
+and as highly reverenced on the other. 1 I croog <T cu ovrog aoa 
+
+6 HgiY\7rog siy \, xab' ov 'urgosicriv stg <pceg rot 'utol vtol * toov agyyuw 
+
+<T sicri AcafJLOvwp. Probably Pan is no other than the God Pria- 
+piiSy by whofe means all things were brought into light. They are 
+both Deities of high 2 antiquity. Yet the one was degraded to 
+a filthy monfter ; and of the other they made a fcarecrow. 
+
+
+X 00 
+
+
+Orphic Hymn 5. to Protogonus, the fame as Phanes, and Priapus. See 
+verfe 10. 
+
+1 Phurnutus. c. 17. p. 204. 
+
+1 riof AiyuTrTiQuri Se riacv fA.iv ag^yuoTocToi, xcti Toov o’ktcu t cov 'zzrgMTWV X?yo~ 
+
+fjjcv&ov Qeoov. Herodotus. 1 . 2. c. 145. 
+
+Albse Julim Infcriptio. 
+
+P R I E P O 
+P A N T H E O. 
+
+
+Gruter. v. 1. p. xcv. n. t. 
+
+
+D IS 
+
+
+
+( i+3 ) 
+
+
+
+D 
+
+
+
+
+
+E R T A T 
+
+
+
+O N 
+
+
+UPON THE 
+
+
+Helladian and other Grecian "Writers 
+
+
+E vQct uruT^ai vvktos re, mi yi[jlolto$, si<ri keKsvOwv. 
+
+
+Parmenides. 
+
+
+I T may be proper to take fome previous notice of thole 
+writers, to whofe afliftance we mu ft particularly have re- 
+courfe ; and whofe evidence may be moft depended upon, 
+in difquifttions of this nature. All knowledge of Gentile 
+antiquity muft be derived to us through the hands of the 
+Grecians : and there is not of them a ftngle writer, to whom 
+we may not be indebted for fome advantage. The Hella¬ 
+dian s however, from whom we might expert moft light, are 
+to be admitted with the greateft caution. They were a 
+bigotted people, highly prejudiced in their own favour ; and 
+fo devoted to idle tradition that no arguments could wean 
+them from their folly. Hence the fureft refources are from 
+Greeks of other countries. Among the Poets, Lycophron, 
+
+10 Callimachus, 
+
+
+144 
+
+
+DISSERTATION upon the 
+
+
+Callimachus, and Apollonius Rhodius. are principally to be 
+cHeemed. The laft of thefe was a native of Egypt; and the 
+
+other two lived there, and have continual alluiions to the 
+antiquities of that country. Homer likewife abounds with 
+a deal of myfterious lore, borrowed from the ancient Amo- 
+nian theology; with which his Commentators have been often 
+embarraffed. To thefe may be added fuch Greek writers of 
+later date, who were either not born in Hellas, or were not 
+fo deeply tinCtured with the vanity of that country. Much 
+light may be alfo obtained from thofe learned men, by whom 
+the Scholia were written, which are annexed to the works of 
+the Poets abovementioned. Nonnus too, who wrote the 
+Dionyliaca, is not to be neglected. He was a native of Pa- 
+nopolis in Egypt, 1 E k tj Yhxvog r f\g Aiyv 7 TT 8 yeysvnfJLevos ; 
+and had opportunity of collecting many ancient traditions, 
+and fragments of myfterious hiftory, which never were known 
+in Greece. To thefe may be added Porphyry, Froclus, and 
+Jamblichus, who profeffedly treat of Egyptian learning. 
+The Ids and Ofiris of Plutarch may be admitted with pro¬ 
+per circumfpeCtion. It may be faid, that the whole is Hill 
+an enigma : and I muft confefs that it is : but we receive it 
+more copioufly exemplified ; and more clearly defined ; and 
+it muft neceftarily be more genuine, by being nearer the 
+fountain head : fo that by comparing, and adjufting the va¬ 
+rious parts, we are more likely to arrive at a folution of the 
+hidden purport. But the great refource of all is to be found 
+among the later antiquaries and hiftorians. Many of thefe 
+
+
+Agathias. L. 4. p. 133. 
+
+
+are 
+
+
+
+H elladiam and other Grecian Writers. 145 
+
+are writers of high rank \ particularly Diodorus, Strabo, 
+and Paufanias, on the Gentile part: and of the fathers The- 
+ophilus, Tatianus, Athenagoras, Clemens, Origenes, Eufe- 
+bius, Theodoretus, Syncellus ; and the compiler of the Fafti 
+
+Siculi, otherwife called Chronicon Pafchale. Moft of thefe 
+
+6 
+
+were either of Egypt or Alia. They had a real tafte for an¬ 
+tiquity ; and lived at a time when fome infight could be 
+obtained : for till the Roman empire was fully eftablilhed, 
+and every province in a ftate of tranquillity, little light could 
+be procured from thofe countries, whence the mythology of 
+Greece was derived. Thu native Helladians were very li¬ 
+mited in their knowledge. They had taken in the grofs, 
+whatever was handed down by tradition ; and afiumed to 
+themfelves every hiftory, which was imported. They more¬ 
+over held every nation but their own as barbarous ; fo that 
+their infuperable vanity rendered it impoflible for them to 
+make any great advances in hiftorical knowledge. But the 
+writers, whom I juft now mentioned, either had not thefe 
+prejudices ; or lived at a time, when they were greatly fub- 
+fided. They condefcended to quote innumerable authors, 
+and fome of great antiquity ; to whom the pride of Greece 
+would never have appealed. I had once much talk upon 
+this fubjedt with a learned friend, lince loft to the world, 
+who could ill brook that Herodotus, Thucydides, Xeno¬ 
+phon, fhould be difcarded for Clemens, Origen, or Eufebius ; 
+and that Lyfias and Demofthenes fhould give way to Liba- 
+nius and Ariftides. The name of Tzetzes, or Euftathius, he 
+could not bear. To all which I repeatedly made anfwer ; 
+that it was by no means my intention to fet alide any of the 
+Vol. I. u writers. 
+
+
+
+146 DISSERTATION upon the- 
+
+writers, he mentioned ; whofe merits, as far as. they extended, 
+I held in great veneration. On the contrary 1 fhould have 
+recourfe to their affidance, as far as it would carry me : But 
+I mud at the fame time take upon me to weigh thofe me¬ 
+rits ; and fee wherein they confided ; and to what degree 
+they were to be truded. The Helladians were much to be.; 
+admired for the fmoothnefs of their periods, and a happy 
+collocation of their terms. They die wed .a great propriety 
+of didion-; and a beautiful arrangement of their ideas.: and 
+the whole was attended with a rhythm, and. harmony, no 
+where elfe to be found. But they were at the fame time 
+under violent prejudices : and the fubjedfc matter of whidfi 
+they treated * was in general fo brief, and limited, that very 
+little could be obtained from it towards the hidory of other 
+countries, or a knowledge of ancient times. Even in refpe<£fc 
+to their own affairs, whatever light had been derived. to 
+them, was fo perverted, and .came through fo dim a medium, 
+that it is difficult to make ufe of it; to any determinate and 
+falutary purpofe. Yet the beauty of their compofition has. 
+been attended with wonderful c influence. Many have been 
+fo far captivated by this magic, as to give an implicit 
+credence to all that has been tranfmittedand to facrifiee 
+their judgment to the pleafures of the fancy. 
+
+It may be faid, that the writers, to whom I chiefly appeal 
+are in great meafure dry, and artlefs, without any grace and 
+ornament to recommend them. They were likewife poderior 
+to the Helladians ; confequently farther removed, from the 
+
+* See Theophilus ad Autolycurn. L. 2. p. 35.7* 
+
+
+times 
+
+
+
+Helladian and other Grecian Writers. 147' 
+
+times of which they treat. To the fir ft objection I anfwcr, 
+that the mod dry and artlefs hiftorians are in general the mod 
+authentic. They who colour and embellifh, have the leaft 
+regard for the truth. In relpedl to priority, it is a fpecious 
+claim ; but attended with no validity. When a gradual dark- 
+nefs has been overfpreading the world, it requires as much 
+time to emerge from the cloud, as there palled, when we were 
+linking into it: fo that they, who come later, may enjoy a 
+greater portion of light, than thofe, who preceded them by 
+ages. Belides, it is to be conlidered, that the writers, to whom 
+I chiefly appeal, lived in parts of the world, which gave them 
+great advantages. The whole theology of Greece was de¬ 
+rived from the eaft. We cannot therefore but in reafon fup- 
+pofe, that Clemens of Alexandria, Eufebius of Casfarea, Ta- 
+ti-anu s of Aftyria, Lucianus of Samofata, Cyril of Jerufalem, 
+Porphyry of Syria, Froclus of Lycia, Philo of Biblus, StTrabo 
+of Amafa, Paufanias of Cappadocia, Eratofthenes of Cyrene, 
+muft know more upon this fubjedfc than any native Helladian. 
+The like may be faid of Diodorus, Jofephus, Cedrenus, Syn- 
+cellus, Zonaras, Euftathius; and numberlefs more. Thefe 
+had the archives of ancient 3 temples, to which they could 
+apply : and had traditions more genuine, than ever reached 
+Greece. And though they were pofterior theirfelves, they 
+appeal to authors far prior to any Helladians : and their works 
+
+are crowded with extracts from the moft curious and moft 
+
+* 
+
+ancient 4 hiftories. Such were the writings of Sanchoniathon, 
+
+
+3 See Philo Biblius apud Eufeb. P. E. L. i. c. 10. p. 32. He mentions apply¬ 
+ing to a great number of authors, in Phenicia. 
+
+4 rio/\i\vp e^egevniG-ccjJievos v Aw? tw 'ztcc.d 'HAAjic*'. 
+
+Philo apud Eufeb. Proep. Evang. L. 1, c. ix. p. 32. 
+
+
+U 2 
+
+
+Berofus, 
+
+
+
+14.8 DISSERTATION upon the 
+
+
+Elerofus, Nicolaus Damafcenus, Mocus, Mnafeas, Hieronymus 
+JEgyptius, Anion, Manethon, Abydenus, Apollodorus, Afclc- 
+piades, Artapanus; from whom later writers borrowed large¬ 
+ly. We are beholden to Clemens 5 , and. Eufebius, for many 
+evidences from hidorians, long fince loft; even Eudathius 
+and Tzetzes have refources, which are now no more. 
+
+
+It muft be after all confefTed, that thofe, who preceded, 
+had many opportunities of information, had they been will¬ 
+ing to have been informed. It is faid both of Pythagoras 
+and Solon, that they redded for fome time in Egypt: where 
+the former was inftrudted by a Son-chen, or pried of the 
+Sun. But I could never hear of any great good that was 
+the confequence of his travels. Thus much is certain; 
+that whatever knowledge he may have picked up in other 
+parts, he gat nothing from the Grecians. They, who pre¬ 
+tended mod to wifdom, were the mod deditute of the blef- 
+d ng. 6 A A Act 'uroig aAA oig, MhAsPotpevo?, (jlovqv 'Utr&goL tw cra- 
+
+<; pQ£>v * ’EXKr\v*w su'ypv 'zzrsvia. cacpiccs kcu ojkoqvl (rwomavroov. 
+
+And as their theology was before very obfcure, he drew over 
+it a myderious veil to make it tenfold darker. The chief of 
+the intelligence tranfmitted by Solon from Egypt contained a 
+fatire upon his own country. He was told by an ancient 
+
+
+
+5 Clemens Alexandrinus Strom. L. 1. p, 356. 
+
+6 Eufebii Prasp. Evang. L. 10. c. 4. p. 471. 
+
+T/ to(p$\rjG-e II vQxyoga.v ra A^utccj xoll 'Hpctx^e&s ^/?Aa/. 
+
+Theophilus ad Autol. L. 3. p. 3S1. 
+Plato in Tim^o. Clemens. Strom. L. 1. p. 426. 
+
+Cl 2c?AtoJ'3 ^cAwi^ EAA vvc$ azi 'uicciSes jctA. 
+
+
+
+did 
+
+
+
+Helladian and other Grecian ‘Writers. 149 
+
+did not underftand their own. Eudoxus likewife and Plato 
+were in Egypt9 and are faid to have refided there fome time : 
+yet very few things of moment have been tranfmitted by 
+them. Plato had great opportunities of rectifying the hi- 
+ftory and mythology of Greece : but after all his advantages 
+he is accufed of trifling fhamefully, and addicting himfelf to 
+fable. 8 HhctTwv <Jg, 0 iojccav roov 'EAAj^coj/ trocpwrourog yzys- 
+
+vr\<rQca , sis 'sro<njv (pXvctgiuv Yet all the rites of the 
+
+Helladians, as well as their Gods and Heroes, were imported 
+from the 9 eaft : and chiefly from JO Egypt, though they were 
+unwilling to allow it. Length of time had greatly impaired 
+their true hiftory 9 and their prejudices would not fuffer them 
+to retrieve it. I fhould therefore think it by no means im¬ 
+proper to premife a fhort account of this wonderful people, 
+in order to fhew whence this obfcurity arofe 9 which at laft 
+prevailed fo far, that they in great meafure loft fight of their 
+origin, and were involved in myftery and fable. 
+
+The firft inhabitants of the country, called afterwards Hel¬ 
+las, were the fons of Javan9 who ieem to have degenerated 
+very early, and to have become truly barbarous. Hence the 
+beft hiftorians of Greece confefs, that their anceftors were 
+not the firft inhabitants 9 but that it was before their arrival 
+
+3 Theophilus ad Autolycum. L. 3. p. 39c. 
+
+9 See Eufebius. Fraep. Evang. L. 10. c. 4. p. 460. and c. 5. p. 473. alio Clemens 
+Alexand. Strom. L. 1. p. 361. Diodorus Siculus.. L. 1. p. 6 2, 63. and p. 86, 87. 
+
+xo KolGoAb Sz q,a.rji tb? 'EAAni'a? tb? Aiyvimcov C H oojcts 
+
+TS? xca Oe&$. L. 1. p. 20. See here a long account of the mythology of Egypt 
+being tranfported fto Greece * and there adopted by the Helladians as their ov/n, 
+and ftxangely fophifticated. 
+
+
+in 
+
+
+
+I ISO 
+
+
+DISSERTATION upon the 
+
+in the pofieffion of a people, whom they Style " Bxgficigoi, or 
+Barbarians. The Plelladians were colonies of another family: 
+and introduced themselves fomewhat later. They were of 
+the race, which I term Amonian ; and came from Egypt and 
+Syria: but .originally from Babylonia. They came under 
+various titles, all taken from the religion, which they pro- 
+fefied. Of thefe titles I Shall have occafion to treat at large ; 
+and of -the imaginary leaders, by whom they were fuppofed 
+to have been conducted. 
+
+As Soon as the Amonians were Settled, and incorporated 
+with the natives, a long interval of darknefs enfued. The 
+very union produced a new language : at Icaft the ancient 
+Amonian became by degrees fo modified, and changed, that 
+the terms of Science, and worfhip, were no longer under- 
+ftood. Hence the titles of their Gods were mifapplied : and 
+the whole of their theology grew more and more corrupted ; 
+fo that very few traces of the original were to be difeovered. 
+In Short, alinofi: every term was mifeonftrued, and abufed. 
+This Is sera of darknefs was of long duration: at laft the Afia- 
+tic Greeks began to beStir themfelves. They had a greater 
+correspondence than the Helladians : and they were led to 
+exert their talents from examples in Syria, Egypt, and other 
+countries. The Specimens, which they exhibited of tfieif 
+
+
+liTtc&'iccto; y,zi b:- o 'zsipi nn OsA .OTronwe fywnvj on r uypo t ecv r £AA;)iwi< 
+
+o.v.yguv crjTVi' BacictcoL* /t t ; v-cti v ervy.ir ctr* cc id A A as 3 coctg voice Tjccp^ccpoov 
+
+
+to nroL?.cao\'. Strabo. L,. 7. p. 521. 
+
+
+r -i 
+
+
+'O'Si 
+
+
+s p.irct'c 
+
+
+t’j vps:-c; 
+
+
+
+
+T!;fopompus in Trirarmo. 
+
+
+oifs&P'.ztetTrTxt} tv p ixvf Sv eqc&czTw 'EAAtfcr/r i^opv 
+
+
+genius, 
+
+
+
+Helladian and other Grecian Writers. 151- 
+
+genius, were amazing : and have been juftly efteemed a 
+ftandard for elegance, and nature. The Athenians were 
+greatly affe&ed with thefe examples. They awoke as it were 
+out of a long and deep fleep : and as if they had been in. the 
+training of fcience for ages, their firft efforts bordered, upon 
+
+perfection. In the fpace of a century, out of one little con- 
+
+■ 
+
+fined diftriCfc,.. were produced a group of worthies, wbo at all 
+times, have been the wonder of the world: fo that we.may 
+apply to the nation in general, what was fpokcn of the fchool 
+of a philofopher : cujus ex ludo, tanquam.ex Equo Trojano, 
+meri Principes exierunt; But this happy difplay of parts did 
+not remedy, the evil, of which. I have complained. They 
+did not retrieve any loft annals : nor were any efforts made 
+to difpel the cloud,, in which they were involved. There 
+had been, as I have reprefented, a long interval ; during 
+which there muft have happened great occurrences : but few 
+of them had been tranfmitted to pofterity j;and thofe handed 
+down by tradition,, and. mixed with inconftftency and fable. 
+It is faid that letters were brought into Greece very early by 
+13 Cadmus. Let us for a while grant it ; and inquire what 
+was the progrefs.. They had. the ule of. them fo. far, as to 
+
+
+13 How uncertain they were in their notions may be teen from what follows. 
+Alii Cadmum* alii Danaum, quidam Cecropcm Adienienfem, vel Einum The- 
+banum, et temporibus .Trojanis Palamedem Argivum, memorant fedecim literarum 
+formas r mox alios >;r et prsecipue Simomdem creteras invcnifTe. Ulius Gyraldus de 
+Baetis...Dialog, i. p. 13. Edit. Lugd. Bat. 1696.. 
+
+
+Tore 6 IT IctAapoiSns eupe rcc 'youixu.ccrct ru a/\£a£;;Ty 5 /?> y^ q x. /./»>- r, 
+
+0 9 7T, D, 5, T, V rsrfOaeGr.xe. cf € K CfS'yOS.O MiAjJCT/05 . £T €pX. ypoLfXfJiccrcC T piX 9 <p ? 
+
+rr-pos roLVTa,. '£tpuovi$n$ o Keics ttgGxrtQvxe n xut o:. Tm^jxpy.QS Se 6 ^ugccK&criQS 
+
+t/w<x 5 4 : qvtojs eir^q^nacty, rx xE Eufebii Ghron. p. 33. L 13. 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+put 
+
+
+
+152 
+
+
+p 
+
+
+DISSERTATION 
+
+put an infcription on the pediment of a temple, or upon a 
+pillar, or to fcrawl a man’s name upon a tile or an oyfter- 
+ftiell, when they wanted to banifh, or poifon him. Such 
+fcanty knowledge, and fo bafe materials, go but a little ivay 
+towards fcience. What hiftory was there of Corinth, or of 
+Sparta ? what annals were there of Argos, or Mefiena; of 
+Elis, or the cities of Achaia ? None : not even of 14 Athens. 
+There are not the leaft grounds to furmife, that any Engle 
+record exifted. The names of the Olympic vicftors from' Co- 
+rcebus ; and of the priefteftes of Argos, were the principal 
+memorials, to which they pretended : but how little know¬ 
+ledge could be obtained from hence. The laws of Draco in 
+the thirty-ninth Olympiad were certainly the mo ft ancient 
+writing, to which we can fecurely appeal. When the Gre¬ 
+cians began afterwards to beftir themfelves, and to look back 
+upon what had pafled ; they collected whatever accounts 
+could be 15 obtained. They tried alfo to feparate, and ar¬ 
+range them to the beft of their abilities ; and to make the 
+various parts of their hiftory correfpond. They had ftill 
+fame good materials to proceed upon, had they thoroughly 
+underftood them : but herein was a great failure. Among 
+
+
+
+
+Oj yccp jJLivoi’ izroipct t ois aAAc;? EAAjjc tiv njxstotBc tcc 'out pi TVS ccrctypccipvs^ <2 A A 
+
+
+b'fe 'TzoLpct t 01 $ A0 mcciois^ by ecu t c0orcts eivcc* A eyb<jt 9 xcci ‘gtoliSsizS eiripce?^^ uf'sv tci- 
+3tov lugMT'KeTcci yevo/jjerov. Jofephus contra Apion. L. 1. p. 439. Their hiftorians 
+were but little before the war with the Perfians : dodtrina vero temporum adhuc 
+longe recentior — hinc tenebrre fuperioribus feculis, hinc fabulse. Marfham* 
+
+
+Chron. Canon, p. 14. 
+
+15 The Arundel Marbles are a work of-this fort, and contain an account of 1318 
+years. They begin from Cecrops, and come down to the j 60th Olympiad. So that 
+this work was undertaken very late, after the Archonfhip of Diognetus. 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+He.lladian and other Grecian Writers. 
+
+
+the Vc 
+which 
+
+
+traditions handed down they did 
+
+
+153 
+
+confider. 
+
+
+related 
+
+
+their 
+
+
+introduced from other 
+
+
+ntry, and which had been 
+
+
+16 
+
+
+parts 
+
+
+Indeed they did 
+
+
+chufe 
+
+
+to diftinguifh, but adopted all for their own ; taking the 
+merit of every ancient tranfa&ion to themfelves. No people 
+had a greater love for fcience 
+tafte in 
+
+
+; nor difplayed a more refined 
+compofition. Their ftudy was ever to pleafe, and 
+
+
+to raife admiration 
+
+
+Hence they always aimed 
+
+
+mar 
+
+
+vellous ; which they drefied up in a moft winning; 
+
+
+the fame time they betrayed a feeming v< 
+
+But their judgment was perverted 
+
+
+for 
+
+
+tiquity 
+
+
+attended with little regard for the 
+
+
+*7 
+
+
+this vene- 
+They had 
+
+
+
+ral 
+
+
+high opinion of themfelves and of their country in 
+: and being perfuaded, that they fprang from the ground 
+which they flood ; and that the Arcadians were older than 
+
+
+moon 
+
+
+they refled fatisfied with this, and looked no far- 
+fhort they had no love for any thing genuine, no 
+defire to be inftruCted. Their hiftory could not be reformed 
+
+
+ther. 
+
+
+but by 
+
+
+acknowledgment, which their pride would not 
+
+
+fuffer them to make. They therefore devoted themfelves to 
+an idle mythology : and there was nothing fo contradictory 
+
+
+16 See Diodorus above, p. 19, 20. 
+
+17 T;s e •mctp > czvrecv crvfygctcpecov ycSoi p ccS'icos^ otl ev fieCcticos eiS'o'res cruveypcttyov 9 
+
+ct»C cos exctcyoi t ecu 'wpccyyccrcov sixcc^outo ^ 'Tzr^eiov yev S'icc t cov /3j?A icou a>\n\es 
+
+gAeJ%Bc7i, x.ai evcti'TKOTccTcc 'zcreoi t cov ccvrcov A eysiv ex gxvbcti jctA. Jofephus contra 
+Apion. vol. 2. L. x. c. 3. p. 439. 
+
+‘Oyoico 5 Se tBt co (E (pope?) KccAA^jSgrjjs xcu Oeo7roy.7ros xcctcc t nv riA.ixiccv yeyovores 
+cLir^ncroLV rrcov < rzrcc?^cucov. yajQcov' fiy.SiS cTg t yiv zvocvticcv tbt 01 s xgiciv e^ovres^ xcci Tcv 
+ex ttis ccrccygct(pw$ 'wovov uiro^ccvres^ t nv 'tzra.crccv £7ny.e?ieicc.v e7roi>icrocy.e$cc t>?s ap^cao- 
+?ioyicc$. Diod. L. 4. p. 209. 
+
+VOL. I. 
+
+
+X 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+
+i54 
+
+
+DI 3 SERTAT ION upon the 
+
+and abfurd, but was greedily admitted, if fandtified by tra¬ 
+dition. Even when the truth glared 
+turned from the light ; and would not be undeceived. 
+Thofe, who like Euemerus and Ephorus had the courage to 
+dident from their legends, were deemed atheifls and apo- 
+fiates ; and treated accordingly. Plutarch more than once 
+infills that it is expedient to veil the truth, and to drefs it up 
+in ,s allegory. They went fo far as to deem inquiry a 
+15 crime ; and thus precluded the only means, by which the 
+truth could be obtained. 
+
+Nor did thefe prejudices appear only in refpedt to their 
+own rites, and theology, and the hiflory of their own nation ; 
+the accounts which they gave of other countries, were always 
+tindtured with this predominant vanity. An idle zeal made 
+them attribute to their forefathers the merit of many great 
+performances to which they were utterly flrangers : and fup- 
+pofed them to have founded cities in various parts of the 
+world, where the name of Greece could not have been known: 
+cities which were in being before Greece was a flate. Where¬ 
+
+
+in their very faces, they 
+
+
+18 Plutarch de Audiendis Poetis. 
+
+See Strabo’s Apology for Fable. L. i. p.. 35, 36. 
+
+19 JTJAwr ye cT rj art ay-oiGn e^ r raj^ m nv ewou t cov vt rep ts ©./b ex, <i ttccXclib /xe— 
+
+fjvBevQfJisvcoi'. Arrian. Expedit. Alexandri. L. 5. 
+
+Plerodotus puts thefe remarkable words into the mouth of Darius : Er 9 a yao t 1 
+Sei ^su-f os AeyecrOcc/j Aeyecrdco* ra y&Q cc’jt& yj\i^fxeQcc y qj ts evSofxevDi y xcci qi tyi 
+<xA*?6wj5i Sioc%pscofx£vci. L. 3. c. 72. We may be allured that thefe were the author’s 
+own fentiments, though attributed to another perfon : hence we muft not wonder if 
+his veracity be fometimes called in queftion : add to this, that he was often through 
+ignorance miftaken : rio?Aa to.y ^HpoS'orav sA(M ctveQcov) tgov AtyvTTTiccTccov vtt 
+ayvoicLi gv I'eucrprtvoy. Jofephus contra Ap. L. c. 14. p. 444. 
+
+
+ever 
+
+
+
+Helladian and other Grecian Writers. 155 
+
+ever they got footing, or even a tranfient acquaintance, they 
+in their deferiptions accommodated every thing to their own 
+preconceptions ; and expreffed all terms according to their 
+own mode of writing, and pronunciation, that appearances 
+might be in their favour. To this were added a thoufand 
+filly ftories to fupport their pretended claim. They would 
+perfuade us that Jafon of Greece founded the empire of the 
+Medes ; as Perfeus of the fame country did that of the Per- 
+fians. Armen us a companion of Jafon was the reputed fa¬ 
+ther of the Armenians. They gave out that Tarfus, one of 
+the moft ancient cities in the world, was built by people 
+from 30 Argos : and that Pelufium of Egypt had a name of 
+Grecian 11 original. They too built Sais in the fame coun¬ 
+try : and the city of the Sun, ftyled Heliopolis, owed its ori¬ 
+gin to an 33 Athenian. They were fo weak as to think that 
+the city Canobus had its name from a pilot of Menelaus, and 
+that even Memphis was built by Epaphos of 3 * Argos. There 
+furely was never any nation fo incurious and indifferent about 
+truth. Hence have arifen thofe contradictions and incon- 
+fiffencies, with which their hiffory is 35 embarrafled. 
+
+It may appear ungracious, and X am fure it is far from a 
+pleating talk, to point out blemifhes in a people of fo refined 
+
+Toreros €7na:ttfs.0TciTV tztoA/s KiXncixs — s<z~i olitoiym A pyetcov. Steph. Byzan- 
+tinus, and Strabo. L. 16. p. 1089. 
+
+2-1 S^octto TO'zzrjjAa. Strabo. L. 17. p. 1155. 
+
+According to Marcellinus. it was built by Peleus of Theflaly- L. 22. c. 16. p. 264. 
+
+Diodorus. L. 5. p. 328. 
+
+Diodorus. L. 5. p. 328. built by Adtis. 
+
+2,4 Apollodorus. L. 2. p. 62. Clemens. L. 1. Strom, p. 383. from Ariftippus. 
+
+15 See Jofephus contra Apion. L. 1. c. 3. p. 439. 
+
+X 2 
+
+
+a turn 
+
+
+
+156 
+
+
+DISSERTATION upon the 
+
+
+a turn as the Grecians, whofe ingenuity and elegance have 
+
+Nor would I engage in a difplay of 
+
+
+been admired for ages. 
+
+
+this kind, were it not neceffary to fhew their prejudices and 
+miftakes, in order to remedy their failures. On our part we 
+have been too much accuftomed to take in the grofs with 
+little or no examination, whatever they have been pleafed to 
+tranfmit: and there is no method of difcovering the truth, 
+but by fhewing wherein they failed ; and pointing out the 
+
+By unraveling the 
+clue we may be at laffc led to fee things in their original ftate; 
+and to reduce their mythology to order. That my cenfures 
+are not groundlefs, nor carried to an undue degree of feve- 
+rity, may be proved from the like accufations from fome of 
+their belt writers : who accufe them both of ignorance and 
+
+
+mode of error; the line of deviation. 
+
+
+forgery. ' Hecatsus of Miletus acknowledges, tkr+ the tra¬ 
+ditions of the Greeks 'were as ridiculous as they we?~e numerous : 
+27 and Philo confeffes that he could obtain little biteiligence from 
+that quarter: that the Grecians had br'ought a mifl upon learn¬ 
+ing ; fo that it was impojfble to difcover the truth. He there¬ 
+fore applied to people of other countries for information ; from 
+
+
+whom o?ily it could be obtained . Plato ~ s owned that the mo 
+
+
+
+genunie 
+
+
+2,6 Oi yap E?t?wvtov A oyoi 'zd-oAAo* xai yzho:ot 3 cos e/xoi (pxivovrai. Apud Jambli- 
+chum. See notes, p. 295. 
+
+47 rioAur avToi Birnyov Tutpov^ cos fjjyj paS'toos tivgl avvopav nra xaT aA^Ge/a*' ^-zvoyBva. 
+He therefore did not apply to Grecian learning : Ov ttiv rzra.p 'EAAwcrij c Psacpcovos 
+yag xat (piXoveixoTBpoi' V7r evicov yattiov y n izrpcs aA auvTB%taa» Philo 
+
+apud Eufeb. P. E. L. 1. c. ix. p. 32. 
+
+See the fame writer of their love of allegory, p. 32. 
+
+rjAaxtoP ax apvsiTai t a xccAA^cc eis (pihocrocpiav 'wctgct 7wv- (2ctpCaooov b/xtto - 
+feu&aBxu Clemens Alexand. Strom. L. 1. p. 355. 
+
+
+KAgTTTOS 
+
+
+
+Helladian ajid other Grecian Writers.. 157 
+
+genuine helps to philofophy were borrowed from thofe , who by the 
+Greeks were ftyled barbarous: and 19 Jamblichus gives the true 
+reafon for the preference. "The Helladians y fays this writer, 
+are ever wavering and unfettled in their principles , and are 
+carried about by the leaf impulfe. 'They want feadinefs: a?id if 
+they obtain any falutary knowledge , they cannot retain it : nay 
+they quit it with a kind of eagernefs : a?td whatever they do ad¬ 
+mit , they new mould and fafoion , according^ to fome 7 iovel and 
+uncertain tnode of reafoning. But people of other countries are 
+more determinate in their principles , and abide more uniforttily 
+by the very terms , which they have traditionally received. They 
+are reprefented in the fame light by Theophilus: 30 he fays, 
+that they wrote merely for empty praife y and were fo blmded with 
+vanity that they neither difcovered the truth theirfelv.es , nor en¬ 
+couraged others to purfue it. Hence Tatianus fays with great 
+truth, 31 that the writers of other countries were firatigers to that 
+va?iity , with which the Grecians were inftidled; that they were 
+
+
+KAe7rlas tws (ZczpQccps <pi\ocro^icts 'EM«ra5. Clemens Alexand. Strom. L. 2. p. 428-. 
+Clemens accufes the Grecians continually for their ignorance and vanity : yet 
+lemens is faid to have been an Athenian, though he lived at Alexandria. He fa,- 
+crificed all prejudices to the truth; as far as he could obtain it. 
+
+
+-9 
+
+
+$>ucr€i yctg EAA mts Siai reoTpo7roi^ Kott ccTlovTBj (pepwrcci r &r clvt ctyri ^ 8 Ssv e^ovre 
+
+
+SgfJLCL BV ecCVTOl?^ 8^’ 07rBp S'B^OOVTCCL 'TJJOL^CL T IVCOV ^LCtCpvKcClPiOVTes' aAAct KCU T8TD 0 
+
+ct(pBVTB9 7 zt(Xvtcc kcltcl tw clt'cctqv k'jp€(?i?ioyica/. piBToc,7r?^ctTi&0’U B ctoSccpoi cPg /xovi/xoi 
+tois nBeaiv ovKcti to/s hoyois (BeGcaoos to/5 ccvtois Jamblichus. fe£t. 7. 
+
+C. 5 • P- I 55- 
+
+30 Ao§w 5 yccp news kcli jjlcctglih 'zstccvtbs outoi epocoBev t£5, ovts ccvtoi to a. A>?0£5 
+
+eyvctHTccVj btb fxsv aAA 85 £7 ti tw cthtj&ecccv- 'ztrgoBTpe^ccvTo, Theophilus ad 'Autol- 
+
+
+L. 3. p. 382. 
+
+3x Ilccp ’ fJLtV <?€ TVS X.BVoSo^KX.9 0 IfJLBpO 5 8>C £$V 3oyjA.CCTQ0V £ £ 'WOnuJ^lCUS 8 JC CCTCC%0CO- 
+
+fief)*. Tatianus contra Graecos. p-. 269^ 
+
+
+more. 
+
+
+
+15 8 
+
+
+DISSE RTAT ION upon the 
+
+
+mo?~e Jtmple , and uniform , and did' not encourage themfelves in a. 
+ajfe&ed variety of notions. 
+
+In refpedt to foreign hiflory, and geographical knowledge 
+the Greeks in general were very ignorant \ and the writers 
+
+
+who, 
+
+
+in 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+the miftakes 
+fure more fe 
+
+
+thofe 
+
+
+Roman Empire, began to make 
+t with infuperable difficulties from 
+
+
+had 
+
+
+u Don 
+
+L 
+
+
+the hiftoria 
+
+
+writers 
+
+
+preceded. I know no cen- 
+;ft than that, which Strabo has palled 
+d geographers of Greece ; and of its 
+fpeaking of the Aliatic nations he af- 
+
+
+fures us, that there never had been 
+
+
+any 
+
+
+tranfmitted 
+
+
+of them, upon which we can depend 
+
+
+Some of thefe 
+
+
+3Z T&s ysv tbs Sc MxorcrxyBTxs exxKvi^ vx s^ovres xxptScos A eye tv Tzrspi xutojy 
+
+&Ser 9 xxnrep 'zvgos MxacrxyBTxs t ov Kvgd uroXeyov i^oohvtbs aAA x sre 'urepi tot cop 
+bSbis 'zzrpos xXvOeixv bSbv ) vie tx tstxXxix tgov riepcroov^ vre t cov M ‘*iSnccov 9 n 
+
+"Xvpixx soVy BS xpixveiTo y£yxXr,v <Six tuv Tool' (rvTygxpeoov xttXotvtx xxi tvv pi- 
+
+A oyjjQixt*. 'Occovres yxp tvs (pxvspoos yvQoypxpvs BuS'oxiyvvTxSj a»$n<rxv xxi 
+Txrxge^eavxL tm ypxpyjv tiS'bixv, exv ev iq-ogixs a%yy.xTi Xeycoo-iv, x ynSeiroTB etSov 9 
+fxwTe nxvaxv y n v tux^x ye BiSorcov (txottbvtbs' Si xvto Se ynvov toto 5 on xxpoxaiv 
+yjSbixv t'Xfi-) xxi Srxuy.x^xiv. 'PxSicos S'° xv t is 'Hg-iqSu xxi 'Qyvou- ucncp-evaeiv npcooXo- 
+yvcrt, xxi t ois t gxyixois IIowtxis , n Krrwia, re? xxi 'HpoSoTro^ xxi EAA xvlxu 9 xxi 
+aAA ois t oiHTQis* OuSe t ois Tsegi AA e^xvS'cv S'e avSypx^xaiv pxSiov txti^bvbiv tois ttoX- 
+A ois' xxi yxp out oo pxSrdpydo'i Six re tyiv So^xv AA e^xvSpv y xxi S'ix to tyiv q~gxTeixv 
+Tzrpos txs exyxmxs yeyovevxi tyis A <nxs 'sroppu x<p 'ny.Gov' to Sv tl roppu} SvaeXeyxrov . 
+
+Strabo. L. n. p. 774. 
+
+Grscis Hiftoricis plerumque poetics fimilem efie licentiam. Quinftilianus. 
+
+
+L. 11. c. 11. 
+
+
+Quicquid Gracia mendax 
+
+
+Audet in Hiftoria. 
+
+
+Juvenal. 
+
+
+Strabo of the ancient Grecian Hiftorians : ZSei Se t cov tztxXxicov i^opigov xxveiv 
+
+r < r\ e _ 
+
+
+O'jTtof* cos yn cyoX oyvyevcov acpoSgx. 01 yxp vecoTspoi TxtoXXxxis voyitSf 
+Xeyetv . L. 8. p. 545. 
+
+
+XXI TXVXVTIX 
+
+
+UarTBs yevyxo 01 ^rept AXe^x v S' gov to $rxvyx<?ov xvn t aA*j085 x.tT'qSb^ovtxi 
+
+
+y.xXXov. Strabo. L. 15. p. 1022. 
+
+
+fays 
+
+
+
+Helladian and other O recian Writers. 159 
+
+fays this judicious writer, the Grecians have called Saecs , and 
+others Mafjagetce, without having the leajl light to determine 
+them. And though they have pretended to give a hijlory of 
+Cyrus, and his particular wars with thofe, who were called Maf- 
+fagetce, yet nothmg precife and fatisfaSlory coidd ever be ob¬ 
+tained ; not even in refpeSl to the war . There is the fame uncer¬ 
+
+tainty in refpeEl to the aticient hijlory of the Perfians, as well as 
+to that of the Medes, and Syrians : JHe can meet with little that 
+can be deemed authentic, on account of the weahiefs of thofe who 
+wrote, and their uniform love of fable. For finding that writ¬ 
+
+ers, who profeffedly dealt in fiFlion without a7iy pretenfions to the 
+truth, were regarded ; they thought that they Jlooidd make them 
+writings equally acceptable, if in the fyflem of their hijlory they 
+were to hitroduce circumftances, which they had neither fee?i 71 or 
+heard, nor received upon the authority of aiioihcr perfoti ; pro¬ 
+ceeding merely upoii this prmciple, that they fieould be 77iof likely 
+to pleafe people s fancy by having recowfe to what was marvelloiis 
+and new. Oil this account we may more fafely trufi to Plefod 
+and Homer, wheit they prefent us with a lifi of Dc7?iigods and 
+Heroes, and even to the tragic poets, thwi to Ciefias, Herodotus , 
+and Hellanicus, and writers of that clafs. Pveti the gc7ierality 
+of hiforians, who wrote about Alexattder, are 7tot fafely to be 
+trufied: for they fpeak with great co77fide7ice, relymg upon the 
+glory of the monarch, whom they celebrate, anid the 7~e?uotenefs 
+of the coimtries, in which he was e7igaged ; eve?i at the extrernities 
+of Afa at a great difia?ice from us, and our concerns. This 
+7~enders the7?i ve7y fecure. For what is referred to a cliff ance is 
+difficult to be cotifuted. In another place fpeaking of India, 
+he fays, that it was very difficult to arrive at the truth : for 
+
+7 the 
+
+
+
+160 DISSERTATION upon the 
+
+the 33 writers , who muji necejfarily be appealed to , were in con¬ 
+tinual oppojition , contradiEled one another, Hnd how y fays 
+
+Strabo, could it be otherwife : for if they erred fo pamefully 
+when they had ocular proof, how could they fpeak with certainty , 
+where they were led by hearfay f In another place 3 * he ex- 
+cufes the miftakes of the ancient poets, faying, that we muft 
+not wonder if they fometimes deviated from the truth, when 
+people in ages more enlightened were fo ignorant, and fo 
+devoted to every thing marvellous and incredible. He had 
+above given the poets even the preference to other writers : 
+but herein his zeal tranfported him too far. The hr ft writers 
+were the poets : and the mifchief began from them. They 
+hrft infedted tradition ; and mixed it with allegory and fable. 
+Of this Athenagoras accufes them very juftly; and fays, 
+35 that the greatefl abiifes of true knowledge ca7ne from them. / 
+tnffij fays this learned father, that we owe to Orpheus , Homer , 
+and Hefiod y the fSlitious names and genealogies of the Pagan 
+Dce?nons y whom they are pleafed to Jlyle Gods ; and I ca?i pro- 
+
+
+33 AAAac exaq~o 5 sKctfa Ta.vcx.vTia. Xiyii -sroAAax/s’ o7rn de tosv opacrderTCiJv sra 
+
+< PiocfpegovTctij t i Sel vofju^fiv 'Tjjtgi tcou ukoyis •, Strabo. L. 15. p. 1006. 
+
+See alfo L. 771, 2, 3, 4. And Diodorus Siculus. L. 1. p. 63. Of Herodotus 
+and other writers : C E KSaioos 'z&poKgivavTes t tjs co\r$Eia$ to 'z&ccoccSo^o^oyeiv* 
+
+34 O u Sr ecu puccc? ov cT v ’ g ivoii T&epi ra Q/j.wp 3 ' tccu yap tb$ etl veojTepvs ekeivb tzqKKcl 
+
+ctyvoEiv 5 xai te parr oXoyEiv. Strabo. L. 7. p. 458. 
+
+35 *&ypK.i Optpect kcci 'Qpwpov x.cu HaioSov etvoci t&$ ovouoltcl kou yevvwSovTas tols 
+
+V7r ccvtoov ?ieyo/j£voL9 S-so/s’ pLctpyrvpii Se kcci 'HgoS'oTOS — 1 • HcnoSov yap occci 'Ojj.wpov 
+?jA IY.IVW TETpcocoaioiai ETEai Sokboo pcEv id- pea Cute pis yevEa^ccij xccl ou 'VjTs.Eioat* Ovtol 
+Se 2icnv 0 01 T&oiriG-avTes Sreoyonwv EAA wai^ v,at toicti Srsoicri t a$ E7roouvpuccs Sou t£? 3 xcct 
+TtpLUS za; TEypi'as Sie?iQVTe$y x.ai eiSeoc ccvtoov awpcwu glut £$* cll' <Se eixoves ptMirto 
+
+axrXou^i'K.w tccci ygatyotfy v.ai avSpiccvT 07 roiWTncn waccv^ sSe evopu^ovTo. Athenagorce 
+JLegatio. p. 292. See Herodotus. L. 2. c. 53. 
+
+
+IO 
+
+
+duce 
+
+
+
+Helladian and other Grecian Writers. 161 
+
+dues Herodotus for a witnefs to what I crjfert. He informs u$> 
+that Homer and Hejiod were about four hundred years prior to 
+himfelf ; and not more. Thefe , fays he> were the perfons who 
+firfi framed the theogony of the Greeks , and gave appellations to 
+their Deities ; and dif ingulfed them according to their fever al 
+ranks , and departme?its. They at the fame time deferibed them 
+under different appearances : for till their titne there was not i?i 
+Greece any reprefentatio7i of the Gods , either in fculpture or paint¬ 
+ing ; not any fpecimen of the Jlaluary s art exhibited : ?io fuch 
+fubjlitutes were in thofe times thought of. 
+
+The ancient hiftory and mythology of Greece was partly 
+tranfmitted by the common traditions of the natives : and 
+partly preferved in thofe original Doric hymns, which were 
+univerfally fung in their Prutaneia and temples. Thefe were 
+in the ancient Amonian language ; and faid to have been in¬ 
+troduced by 36 Pagafus, Agyieus, and Olen. This laft fome 
+reprefent as a Lycian, others as an Hyperborean : and by 
+many he was efteemed an Egyptian. They were chanted by 
+the Purcones, or priefts of the Sun : and by the female Hie¬ 
+rophants : of whom the chief upon record were 37 Phaennis, 
+38 Phaemonoe, and Baso. The laft of thefe mentions Olen, 
+as the inventor of verfe, and the moft ancient prieft oi 
+Phoebus. 
+
+
+36 Paufanias. L. io. p. 809. Clemens mentions Ayvtecc Srup^pov r 7 » 'Egwu Co¬ 
+hort. p. 44. 
+
+f Ocrcc fj&v a.S’dcriv tv tw Tlpurccysi^^ (paw fxtv e<^iv ccur&v rj A&pnou Paufanias, I ; . 
+p. 416. 
+
+37 Paufanias. L. 10. p. 828. of Phaennis and the Sibyls. 
+
+32 Paufanias. L. 10. p. 809. of Phsemonoe and ancient hymns. 
+
+
+Vol. L 
+
+
+Y 
+
+
+Q,Kr,y 
+
+
+
+I 62 
+
+
+DISSERTATION upon the 
+
+
+39 Qhhrfl <T og ysvsTO 'nrgcarog <I>o<£o*o 'nrgocpa.Ta.?, 
+
+II gooTog S' aLgyotiwv stsuv tsxtyivolt ccoiSxv. 
+
+♦ 
+
+* 
+
+% 
+
+0 
+
+Thefe hymns grew by length of time obfolete; and fcarce 
+intellig 
+
+tated, by Pamphos, Rhianus, Phemius, Homer, Bion Pro- 
+connefius, Onomacritus, and others. Many of the facred 
+terms could not be underftood, nor interpreted ; they were 
+however 40 retained with great reverence : and many, which 
+they did attempt to decipher, were mifconftrued and mif- 
+applied. Upon this bails was the theology of Greece found¬ 
+ed : from hence were the names of Gods taken : and various 
+departments attributed to the feveral Deities. Every poet 
+
+: and every variety, 
+however inconfiftent, was admitted by the Greeks without 
+the lead: hefitation : 41 <E >V(rsi yoig 'EAAy^ veoTgonoi — •HTQ^fiv 
+
+UTCLXcti7Tuigog Trig ctKridaiotg £ r)Tr)<rig . ‘The Grecians , fays Jam- 
+blichus, are naturally led by novelty : The invejligation of truth 
+is too fatiguing for a Grecian. From thefe ancient hymns 
+and mifconftrued terms 4i Pherecydes of Syrus planned his 
+
+
+had fomething different in his theogony 
+
+
+ible. They were however tranflated, or rather imi- 
+
+
+Paufanias. L. io. p. 809, 810. 
+
+40 Jamblichus de Myfter. Se6t. vii. c. 5. p. 156. 
+
+In like manner in Samothracia the ancient Orphic language was obfolete, yet 
+they retained it in their temple rites : E cr%yx.a,o-i efa t ujocXui<xv iS'iccv S'iccXzktov 01 Au- 
+'To^ai’es (tv 'XccfJt.oQgctx.y)', ns 'utoWcl sv roas Sruaictis \x e^pi ts vuv t upyTou. Diodorus. 
+L. 5. p. 322. 
+
+41 Jamblichus de Myfter. Seffc. 7. c. 5. See notes, p. 295. 
+
+41 Clemens Alexandrinus. Strom. L. 5. p. 676. 
+
+Such was Ariftasas Proconneftus : Avng yons ei ms aAAa?. Strabo. L. 13* 
+
+IQ 
+
+
+
+
+Helladian and other Grecian Writers. 163 
+
+Hilary of the Gods : which, there is reafon to think, was the 
+fource of much error. 
+
+Such were the principles which gave birth to the mytho¬ 
+logy of the Grecians ; from whence their ancient hiflory was 
+in great meafure derived. As their traditions were obfolete, 
+and filled with extraneous matter, it rendered it impoilible 
+for them to arrange properly the principal events of their 
+country. They did not feparate and diflinguifh ; but often 
+took to themfelves the merit of tranfacdions, which were of 
+a prior date, and of another clime. Thefe they adopted, 
+and made their own. Hence, when they came to digeft their 
+hiftory, it was all confufed : and they were embarraffed with 
+numberlefs contradictions, and abfurdities, which it was 
+impoilible to 43 remedy. For their vanity, as I have fhewn, 
+would not fuffer them to rectify their miftakes by the au¬ 
+thority of more ancient and more learned nations. It is well 
+obferved by Tatianus 44 Aflyrius, that where the hifloiy of 
+times pajl has not been duly adjujledy it is impojjible to arrive at 
+the truth z and there has been no greater caufe of error in writ - 
+
+than the endeavouring to adopt> what is groundlefs a?td in - 
+confiflent. Sir Ifaac Newton fomewhere lays it down for a 
+
+
+43 Thus it is faid in Eufebius from fome ancient accounts, that Telegonus reigned 
+in Egypt, who was the fon of Orus the fhepherd ^ and feventh from Inachus : and 
+that he married 16 .** Upon which Scaliger afks : Si feptimus ab Inacho, quomodo 
+16 Inachi filia nupfit ei ? How could 16 be married to him when fhe was to him in 
+degree of afcent, as far off as his grandmother’s great grandmother , that is fix re ¬ 
+moves above him. See Scaliger on Eufebius. ad Num. cccclxxxi. 
+
+44 Ylccp 9 6i$ yctg otcrvvctp'TWTos e^iv fi tom ^p^ovoov uvctygcL(pYi 9 'z&ctpcc tbt ots &0€ t cl tv* 
+ic-ooicc* a A yQeveiv <tvvccrov % t i yoop to ccmov t yi* ev t& ygcctpeip rar Aczvrjs, U y.v to cruv- 
+
+ecTrlsiy t a yyj aA?? 9 ?? ^ Tatianus. p. 269. 
+
+
+Y 2 
+
+
+rule 
+
+
+
+164 
+
+
+DISSERTATION upon the 
+
+rule never to admit for hiftory, what is antecedent to letters. 
+For traditionary truths cannot be long preferved without 
+fome change in themfelves, and fome addition of foreign cir- 
+cumftances. This accretion will be in every age enlarged ; 
+till there will at laft remain fome few outlines only of the 
+original occurrence. It has been maintained by many, that 
+the Grecians had letters very early : but it will appear upon 
+inquiry to have been a groundlefs notion. Thofe of the an^- 
+cients, who considered the matter more carefully, have madfe 
+no fcruple to fet afide their 45 pretenfions. yofephus in par¬ 
+ticular takes notice of their early claim ; but cannot allow 
+it: They , 46 fays this learned hiftorian, who would car?y the. in-- 
+troduElio?i of letters among the Greeks the highejl , very gr-avely 
+tell us y that they were brought over- by the Phenicians$ and Cad¬ 
+mus. Yet after all they cannot produce-a fngle fpeelmen either 
+from their facred writings , or from their popular records , which 
+favours of that a7itiquity. Theophilus takes notice of thefe 
+difficulties; and Shews that all the obfcurity, with which the 
+hiftory of Hellas is clouded, arofe from this deficiency of 
+letters. Fie complains, that the 47 Helle?ies had left Jigbtof 
+
+the 
+
+
+45 Nuv fjMv o'fe tsotb sis 'EAAu^s v tmv A cov 'z&xpvXBe. StdcccrKctAicc re v-ou ygcttyV' 
+Clemens Alexand. Strom. L. 1. p. 364. 
+
+46 c O/ pjAv &V oco^ccqtoltYiv ctvTtov rw. 2£gna , iv street SrsAcvTSS^ 'uretpet $otvntcov nett K ctSpas 
+
+o'SfjjrjvQVTui pactBetv. Ov parry. &S' B 7 t skuvb tb Suvctiro t is ccv Sst^cu auy^opaSvvp 
+
+avccypatyry tv ispois y bt tv S vpaocriots a.uxQ»pacts 1. Jofeph. cont.. Apion. L. 1. 
+
+47 Tav Si TVS CtAr}BeLCt$ 1^-Q^lOOP EAAjJl t.SS 8 fJJcfJLV't)VTCLi TZTgCOTQV paSV SlX TV VBCOq^l MJ- 
+
+TB5 to-'v yoctpapactToov tvs buttsi picts y.ero^BS yeyevvaBctt* xett ccvtci ofJLoXoy'dcn 5 (peter- 
+ytovrss Tct ygetpayurez IvpvoBcci^ 01 pair cayro XaAcf'a/wr^ 0/ Se Tsrctp Aiyv 7 mcov 5 ctAAo* 
+S ecu utto SSUTSpov^ G ' Tl £ 7 rlczicv 9 Kctt nsrloet&Gris T&£pt Ssb pen 'woispaerot tvv pavitetv^ 
+
+aAAct 'srept pactToux* x.ctt ctvxtyiXxv rzrgctypacLToov. Theoph. ad Autol. L. 3. p. 400, 
+
+
+Plutarch! 
+
+
+
+Hell ad ian and other Grecian Writers. 
+
+
+165 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+rea *- 
+
+
+the truth ; and could not recolleEl any genuine hifiory. 
+fon of this is obvious : for they came late- to the knowledge of let¬ 
+ters in comparifon of other nations. This they confefs , by attri¬ 
+buting the invention of the?ji to people prior to them]'elves ; either 
+to the Chaldeans , or the Egyptians : or elfe to the Phoenicians. 
+TLnother caufe offailure , which relates to their theology , and fill 
+greatly prevails , is owing to their not making a proper difquiftion 
+about the -true objeSl of worjhip : but asnufing themfelves with 
+idle, and* unprofitable fpeculations . 
+
+Notwithftanding this deficiency, they pretended to give a 
+lift of Argive princes, of which twenty preceded the war of 
+
+
+4-8 
+
+
+Troy. 
+
+
+But what is more extraordinary, they boafted of a 
+
+
+feries of twenty-fix Kings at Sicyon, comprehending a fpace 
+of one thoufand years, all which kings were before the time 
+of 49 Thefeus and the Argonauts. Among thofe, who have 
+given the lift of the Argive kings, is 50 Tatianus Aflyrius, 
+who advifes every perfon of fenfe, when he meets with thefe 
+high pretenfions, to confider attentively, that there was not a 
+fingle vouche r, not even a tradition of any record , to authenticate 
+thefe hifiories : for. even Cadmus was ssiany ages after. It is ccd- 
+
+
+Blutarch allures us, that Homer was not known to the Athenians till the time of 
+Hipparchus, about the 63d Olympiad, yet fome writers make him three, fome four, 
+fdme five hundred years before that sera. It is fcarce poffible that he fhould hare- 
+been lb unknown to them if they had been acquainted with letters. 
+
+48 Eufebius. Chrcn.. p. 24. 
+
+49 Eufebius. Chron. p. 19. Syncellus. p. 14?, 152. 
+
+The kings of Sicyon were taken from Caftor Rhodius. 
+
+50 K«i ypn tov cruviSi’cti kcctcc. 'wacm a/i^tCsia;^ ot< x arc cl tjji' JbAAsirwt' ~a- 
+
+paSocrtv Bch’ i'<5~o^ias tis dv r muo avrois aya.yoex.Cpi j’ KoctPja'JS yap — yeta nr 0 A Acts yi~ 
+
+vtas. jc.A. Tatianus Aflyrius. p. 274. 
+
+fcai n> 
+
+
+
+166 
+
+
+DISSERTATION upon the 
+he Helladians had no tendency to learning, till 
+
+
+tain, that the 
+
+they were awakened by the Asiatic Greeks : and it was 
+then lome time before letters were in general ufe; or 
+hiftories, or even records attempted 
+
+
+any 
+
+
+if letters had been 
+
+
+current, and the materials for writing obvious, and 
+
+
+com 
+
+
+ufe, how comes it that we have not one fpecimen older 
+
+
+than the reign of 
+
+
+And how is it poflible, if the Gre 
+
+
+It is faid of Pythagoras, s ' that according to Hippo- 
+
+
+cians had any records, that they fhould be fo ignorant about 
+fbme of their moft famous men ? Of Homer how little is 
+known ! and of what is tranfmitted, how little, upon which 
+we may depend ! Seven places in Greece contend for his 
+birth : while many doubt whether he was of Grecian origi¬ 
+nal. 
+
+botrus he was of Samos: but Ariftoxenus, who wrote his 
+life, as well as Ariftarchus, and Theopompus, makes him a 
+Tyrrhenian. According to Neanthes he was of Syria; or 
+elle a native of Tyre. In like manner Thales was faid by 
+Herodotus, Leander, and Duris, to have been a Phenician : 
+but he was by others referred to Miletus in Ionia. It is re¬ 
+ported of Pythagoras, that he vifited Egypt in the time of 
+Cambyfes. From thence he betook himfelf to Croton in 
+Italy : where he is fuppofed to have relided till the laft year 
+of the feventieth Olympiad : confequently he could not be 
+above thirty or forty years prior to the birth of .ZEfchyius, 
+and Pindar. What credit can we give to people for hiftories 
+many ages backward; who were fo ignorant in matters of 
+
+
+Sl Clemens Alexand. L. i. p. 352. and Diogenes Laertius, from Dicasarchus, 
+and Heraclides. 
+
+
+importance, 
+
+
+
+Helladian and other Grecian Writers. 
+
+
+167 
+
+
+importance, which happened in the days of their fathers ? 
+The like difficulties occur about Pherecydes Syrius \ whom 
+Suidas ftyles Babylonius : neither the time, when he lived, 
+nor the place of his birth, have been ever fatisfaftorily 
+proved. Till Eudoxus had been in Egypt the Grecians did 
+not know the fpace of which the true year conlifted. 
+52 AAA* YiyvoBtro r stag 6 sviolvtoq 'urctgoi roig 'EAAiocnj/, dog mi 
+
+
+
+aAAo. 'UTXsico. 
+
+Another reafon may be given for the obfcurity in the Gre¬ 
+cian hiftory, even when letters had been introduced among 
+them. They had a childiffi antipathy to every foreign lan- 
+
+: and were equally prejudiced in favour of their own. 
+This has paffed unnoticed ; yet was attended with the moft 
+fatal confequences. They were milled by the too great de¬ 
+licacy of their ear ; and could not bear any term which ap¬ 
+peared to them barbarous, and uncouth, 
+they either rejected foreign 53 appellations ; or fo modelled 
+and changed them, that they became in found and meaning 
+effentially different. And as they were attached to their 
+own country, and its cuftoms, they prefumed that every 
+thing was to be looked for among themfelves. They did 
+
+
+On this account 
+
+
+Strabo. L. 17. p. 1160. 
+
+» ./Elian mentions, that the Bull Onuphis was worfhiped at a place in Egypt, 
+which he could not fpecify on account of its afperity. /Elian de Animalibus. 
+
+L. 12. c. 11. 
+
+Even Strabo omits fome names, becaufe they were too rough, and diffonant, 
+
+O u AS7 m <Ps T(f)v sQrcor t tx. ovoy.ccTct Tct isj cx.Acx.ice. cT’icc tjjv cxu.cc T tiv ctroTruxv 
+
+T»S £ X,<porc &5 CtOTWl'. L. 12 . p. 1123. 
+
+
+not 
+
+
+
+*68 .DISSERTATION upon the 
+
+not confider, that the titles of their Gods, the names of 
+cities, and their terms of worfhip were imported : that their 
+ancient hymns were grown obfolete z and that time had 
+wrought a great change. They explained every thing by the 
+language in ufe, without the leaf! retrofpedt or allowance : 
+and all names and titles from other countries were liable to 
+the fame .rule. If the name was difl'onant, and difagreeable 
+to their ear, it was rejected as barbarous : but if it was at all 
+fimilar in found to any word in their language, they changed 
+it to that word ; though the name were of Syriac original; 
+or introduced from Egypt, or Babylonia. The purport of 
+the .term was by thefe means changed : and the hiftory, 
+which depended upon it, either perverted, or effaced. When 
+the title Melech, which Signified a King, was rendered 
+M sihryog and M siXiyjog ti fweet and ge?ttle , it referred to an 
+idea quite different from the original. But this gave them 
+no concern : they ftill blindly purfued their purpofe. Some 
+legend was immediately invented in confequence of this mif- 
+prifion, feme ftory about bees and honey, and the miifake 
+was rendered in feme degree plaufible. This is a circum- 
+ftance of much confequence ; and deferves our attention 
+greatly. I fliall have occafion to fpeak of it repeatedly ; 
+and to lay before the reader fome entire treatifes upon the 
+fubjebt. For this failure is of fuch a nature, as when de¬ 
+tected, and fairly explained, will lead us to the folution of 
+anany dark and enigmatical hiftories, with which the mytho¬ 
+logy of Greece abounds. The only Author, who feems to 
+have taken any notice of this unhappy turn in the Grecians, 
+
+9 
+
+
+is 
+
+
+
+Helladian and other Grecian Writers. 169 
+
+is Philo Biblius. s+ He fpeaks of it as a circumftance of very 
+bad confequence, and fays, that it was the chief catife of 
+error and obfeurity : hence, when he met in Sanchoniathon 
+with ancient names, he did not indulge himfelf in whim¬ 
+sical folutions ; but gave the true meaning, which was the 
+refult of fome event or quality, whence the name was im- 
+pofed. This being a fecret to the Greeks, they always took 
+things in a wrong acceptation; being milled by a twofold 
+fenfe of the terms, which occurred to them : one was the ge¬ 
+nuine and original meaning ; which was retained in the lan¬ 
+guage, whence they were taken: the other was a forced 
+fenfe, which the Greeks unnaturally deduced from, their own 
+language, though there was no relation between them. The 
+fame term in different languages conveyed different and op- 
+pofite ideas : and as they attended only to the meaning in 
+their own tongue, they were conftantly 5S miftaken. 
+
+It 
+
+
+54 Merct txvtcc 'arAaviH' C EAA>7<7* cx.iricx.rcci (o<f>zA<av) A yexp ^oltccioos ccvtcc 
+^oAAa^ws J N iEcf , £/Aa/xg0a 5 aAAct nrgcg rcx9 cxvQis rsrocp^y.oo^cxG rcou ev rois 'z&ga.ypxouTiv 
+cvofActroov' a. 7 reg at C EAA mss ctyvoyvj'ocvrts^ aAAws e^eS'e^ccvro^ *zzrA co’Y)vevT& tv czpLtpi* 
+
+CoAicc r cov ovofxccrcov. Philo apud Eufebium. P. E. L. i. c. x. p. 34. 
+
+55 Bozrah, a citadel, they changed to ( 2 vpacc , a fkin. Out of Ar, the capital of 
+Moab, they formed Areopolis, the city of Mars. The river Jaboc they exprefled 
+Io Bacchus. They did not know that Diu in the eafi: fignified an ifland : and there¬ 
+fore out of Diu-Socotra in the Red-Sea, they formed the ifland Diofcorias : and 
+from Diu-Ador, or Adorus, they made an ifland Diodorus. The fame ifland So¬ 
+cotra they fometimes denominated the ifland of Socrates. The place of fountains 
+Ai-Ain, they attributed to Ajax, and called it A lcxvtos ccxpoomoicvy in the fame 
+Sea. The ancient frontier town of Egypt, Rhinocolura, they derived from pG, 
+p tvos 9 a nofe; and fuppofed that fome people’s nofes were here cut off. Pannonia 
+they derived from the Latin pannus, cloth. So Nilus was from n? <Al>>: Gadeira 
+quafi Tvs S'etpcc. Necus in Egypt and Ethiopia fignified a king : but fuch kings 
+
+
+Vol# L 
+
+
+Z 
+
+
+they 
+
+
+
+170 DISSERTATION upon the 
+
+It may appear ftrange to make ufe of the miftakes of 
+any people for a foundation to build upon: yet through 
+thefe failures my fyftem will be in fome degree fupported : at 
+lead from a detection of thefe errors I hope to obtain much 
+light. For as the Grecian writers have preferved a kind 
+of uniformity in their miftakes ; and there appears plainly 
+a rule and method of deviation, it will be very poffible, 
+when this method is well known, to decypher what is co¬ 
+vertly alluded to ; and by thefe means arrive at the truth. 
+
+•» 
+
+If the openings in the wood or labyrinth are only as chance 
+allotted, we may be for ever bewildered : but if they are 
+made with defign, and fome method be difcernible, this cir- 
+cumftance, if attended to, will ferve for a clue, and lead us 
+through the maze. If we once know that what the Greeks 
+in their mythology ftyled a wolf, was the Sun ; that by a 
+dog was meant a prince, or Deity; that by bees was hgnified 
+an order of priefts ; thefe terms, however mifapplied, can 
+no more miflead us in writing, than their refemblances in 
+fculpture would a native of Egypt, if they were ufed for em¬ 
+blems on ftone. 
+
+Thus much I have been obliged to premife : as our know- 
+ledge mull come through the hands of the 56 Grecians. I 
+
+am 
+
+they have turned to vex.vc&$: and the city of Necho, or Royal City, to Ndcotto/us 
+and 'Ne , >cpo 7 roAt?, 
+
+Lyfimachus in his Egyptian hiftory changed the name of Jerufalem to c iepocrvAcc : 
+and fuppofed that the city was fo called becaufe the Ifraelites in their march to 
+Canaan uied to plunder temples, and fteal facred things. See Jofephus contra Ap. 
+L. 1. c. 34. p. 467. 
+
+56 I do not mean to exclude the Romans: though I have not mentioned them 3, 
+as the chief of the knowledge., which they afford, is the produft of Greece. How¬ 
+ever 
+
+
+
+Helladian and other Grecian Writers. 171 
+
+am fenfible, that many learned men have had recourfe to 
+other means for information : but I have never feen any fpe- 
+cimens, which have afforded much light. Thofe, to which 
+I have been witnefs, have rather dazzled than illuftrated ; 
+and bewildered inftead of conducting to the truth. Among 
+the Greeks is contained a great treafure of knowledge. It 
+is a rich mine ; which as yet has not been worked far be¬ 
+neath the furface. The ore lies deep, and cannot be obtained 
+without much induftry and labour. The Helladians had the 
+beft. opportunities to have afforded us information about the 
+antiquities of their country : of their negligence, and of their 
+miftakes I have fpoken ; yet with a proper clue they may 
+ftill be read to great advantage. To fay the truth, there is 
+fcarce an author of them all, from whom fome good may 
+not be derived. 
+
+What has been wanting in the natives of Greece, has 
+been greatly fupplied by writers of that nation from other 
+countries, who lived in after-times. Of thefe the principal 
+have been mentioned; and many others might be added, 
+who were men of integrity and learning. They were fond 
+of knowledge, and obtained a deep infight into antiquity : 
+and what is of the greateft confequence, they were at¬ 
+tached to the truth. They may fometimes have been mif- 
+taken in their judgment: they may alfo have been deceived : 
+but ftill truth was the fcope at which they aimed. They 
+
+
+ever it muft be confeffed, that we are under great obligations to Pliny, Marcellinus, 
+Arnobius, Tertullian, Ladtantius, Jerome, Macrobius; and many others. They 
+contain many neceflary truths, wherever they may have obtained them. 
+
+Z 2 
+
+
+have 
+
+
+
+I7 2 
+
+
+DISSERTATION upon the 
+
+have accordingly tranfmitted to us many valuable remains, 
+which, but for them, had been buried in oblivion. There 
+are likewife many pagan authors, to whom we are greatly 
+indebted ; but efpecially to Strabo and Paufanias ; who in 
+their different departments have afforded wonderful light. 
+Nor muff we omit Jofephus of Judea ; whofe treatife againffc 
+Apion muff be efteemed of ineftimable value : indeed all 
+his writings are of confequence, if read with a proper al¬ 
+lowance. 
+
+I have mentioned, that it is my purpofe to give a hiftory 
+of the firft ages ; and to fhew the origin of many nations, 
+whofe defcent has been miftaken; or elfe totally unknown. 
+I fhall; fpeak particularly of one great family, which dif- 
+fufed itfelf over many parts of the earth ; from whom the 
+rites and myfteries, and almoft the whole fcience of the Gen¬ 
+tile world, were borrowed. But as I venture in an unbeaten 
+track, and in a wafte, which has been little frequented ; I 
+fhall firft take upon me to treat of things near at hand, be¬ 
+fore I advance to remoter difcoveries. I fhall therefore fpeak 
+of thofe rites and cuftoms, and of the nations, where they 
+prevailed; as I fhall by thefe means be led infenfibly to the 
+difcovery of the people from whom they were derived. By 
+a fimilarity of cuftoms 
+
+obfervable in different countries, it will be eafy to fhew a re¬ 
+lation, which fubfifted between fuch people, however widely 
+difperfed. They will be found to have been colonies of the 
+fame family ; and to have come ultimately from the fame 
+place. As my courfe will be in great meafure an uphill 
+
+labour, I fhall proceed in the manner, which I have men- 
+
+io tioned 5 
+
+
+, as well as by the fame religious terms. 
+
+
+
+Helladian and other Grecian Writers* 
+
+
+173 
+
+
+tioned ; continually enlarging my profpedt, till I arrive at the 
+point I aim at. 
+
+It may be ’ proper to mention to the reader that the fol¬ 
+lowing treatifes were not written in the order, in which they 
+now Hand ; but juft as the fubjedt matter prefented itfelf be¬ 
+fore me. As many, which were ftrft compofed, will occur 
+laft, I have been forced to anticipate fome of the arguments, 
+as well as quotations, which they contained, according as I 
+found it expedient. Hence there will be fome few inftances 
+of repetition, which however I hope will not give any great 
+difguft : as what is repeated, was fo interwoven in the argu¬ 
+ment, that I could not well difengage it from the text, where 
+it occurs a fecond time. 
+
+There will alfo be found fome inftances, where I differ 
+from myfelf, and go contrary to pofttions in a former treatife. 
+
+being fuch as 
+
+But I think it 
+
+
+Thefe arc very few, and of no great moment ; 
+would probably efcape the reader’s notice, 
+more ingenuous, and indeed my ftridt duty, to own my mif- 
+takes, and point them out, rather than to pafs them over in 
+iilence ; or idly to defend them.. 
+
+
+SOME 
+
+
+
+( *75 ) 
+
+
+
+
+SOME NECESSARY 
+
+LES and OBSERVATIONS 
+
+
+IN RESPECT TO 
+
+
+ETYMOLOGICAL I N QU IRIES; 
+
+AND FOR 
+
+The better underftanding the Mythology of 
+
+Greece. 
+
+
+W E muft never deduce the etymology of an Egyptian 
+
+or oriental term from the Greek language. Eufta- 
+thius well obferves, E i jSa to ovo^lc t, a ^Y] fyreu/ EA- 
+
+KrjMKW STV[j,o?\cyi<zv avrs. 
+
+We fhould recur to the Doric manner of expreffion, as 
+being neareft to the original. 
+
+The Greeks adopted all foreign hiftory ; and fuppofed it 
+to have been of their own country. 
+
+They miftook temples for Deities , and places for per- 
+
+fons. 
+
+They 
+
+
+176 RULES and OBSERVATIONS 
+
+
+They changed every foreign term to fomething fimilar in 
+their own language : to fomething limilar in found, however 
+remote in meaning, being led folely by the ear. 
+
+They conftantly miftook titles for names : and from thefe 
+titles multiplied their Deities, and Heroes. 
+
+All terms of relation between the Deities to be disre¬ 
+garded. 
+
+As the Grecians were miftaken ; it is worth our while to 
+
+
+obferve the mode of error, and uniformity of miftake. 
+
+
+By 
+
+
+attending to this we may bring things back to their pri¬ 
+mitive ftate ; and defcry in ancient terms the original mean¬ 
+
+
+ing. 
+
+We muft have regard to the oblique cafes, efpecially in 
+nouns imparafyllabic, when we have an ancient term tranf- 
+mitted to us either from the Greeks, or Romans. The no¬ 
+minative in both languages, is often abridged : fo that from 
+the genitive of the word, or from the pofTefTive, the original 
+term is to be deduced. This will be found to obtain even 
+in common names. From veteris we have veter for the true 
+term: from fanguinis we have fanguen: and that this is right 
+we may prove from Ennius, who fays : 
+
+
+S7 O ! pater, O ! genitor, O ! fanguen diis oriundum. 
+s l Cum veter occubuit Priamus fub marte Pelalgo. 
+
+
+So mentis, and not mens, was the true nominative to men 
+tis, menti, mentem : as we may learn from the fame author. 
+
+
+57 Ennu Annales* L. 2« 
+sS Ibidem, L. 1. 
+
+
+Iftic 
+
+
+
+Helladian and other Grecian Writers. 
+
+
+177 
+
+
+S9 
+
+
+Iftic eft de foie fumptus ignis, ifque mentis eft 
+
+
+In like manner Plebes was the nominative 
+Plebem. 
+
+
+Plebi and 
+
+
+Deficit alma Ceres, nec plebes pane potitur. Lucilius. 
+
+All the common departments of the Deities are to be fet 
+afide, as inconfiftent, and idle. Pollux will be found a judge ; 
+Ceres a law-giver; Bacchus the God of the year; Neptune 
+a phyfician ; and iEfculapius the God of thunder : and this 
+not merely from the poets : but from the beft mythologifts 
+of the Grecians ; from thofe, who wrote profefiedly upon 
+the fubjeCt. 
+
+I have obferved before, that the Grecians in foreign words 
+often changed the Nu final to Sigma. For Keren, they wrote 
+K egcis : for Cohen, K ocr]C : for Athon, A Qoo$ : for Boun, B as : 
+for Sain, Sais. 
+
+People of old were ftyled the children of the God, whom 
+they worfhiped : hence they were at laft thought to have 
+been his real offspring ; and he was looked up to as the 
+true parent. On the contrary Priefts were reprefented as 
+fofter-fathers to the Deity, before whom they miniftered ; 
+and Priefteffes were ftyled riQwcu, or nurfes; and alfo the 
+daughters. 
+
+Colonies always went out under the patronage and title of 
+fome Deity. This conducting God was in alter times fup- 
+pofed to have been the real leader. 
+
+Sometimes the whole merit of a tranfaCtion was imputed to 
+
+59 Apud Ennii fragmenta. 
+
+A a this, 
+
+
+Vol. r. 
+
+
+
+i 7 B 
+
+
+DISSERTATION upon the 
+
+this Deity folely; who was reprefented under the charadter of 
+Perfeus, Dionufus, or Hercules. Hence inftead of one per- 
+fon we muft put a people : and the hiftory will be found 
+confonant to the truth. 
+
+As the Grecians made themfelves principals in many great 
+occurrences, which were of another country; we muft look 
+abroad for the original, both of their rites and mythology ; 
+and apply to the nations, from whence they were derived. 
+Their original hiftory was foreign ; and ingrafted upon the 
+hiftory of the country, where they fettled. This is of great 
+confequence, and repeatedly to be conftdered. 
+
+One great miftake too frequently prevails among people, 
+who deal in thefe refearches, which muft be carefully avoid¬ 
+ed. We ftiould never make ufe of a language, which is mo- 
+
+O O J 
+
+dern, or comparatively modern, to deduce the etymology of 
+ancient, and primitive terms. Pezron applies to the mo¬ 
+dern Teutonic, which he ftyles the Celtic, and fays, was the 
+language of Jupiter. But who was Jupiter, and what has 
+the modern Celtic to do with the hiftory of Egypt, or Chal¬ 
+dea ? There was an interval of two thoufand years between 
+the times, of which he treats, and any hiftory of the Celtae : 
+and there is ftill an interval not very much inferior to the 
+former, before we arrive at the asra of the language, to which 
+he applies. 
+
+It has been the cuftom of thofe writers, who have been 
+verfed in the Oriental languages, to deduce their etymolo¬ 
+gies from roots; which are often fome portion of a verb. 
+But the names of places and of perfons are generally an af- 
+iemblage of qualities, and titles ; fuch, as I have exhibited 
+
+
+in 
+
+
+
+Helladian and other Grecian Writers. 179 
+
+in the treatife above : and I believe were never formed by 
+fuch evolutions. The terms were obvious, and in common 
+ufe ; taken from fome well known chara<£teriftics. Thofe, 
+who impofed fuch names, never thought of a root: and pro¬ 
+bably did not know the purport of the term. Whoever 
+therefore in etymology has recourfe to this method of in- 
+veftigation, feems to me to a£t like a perfon, who fhould 
+feek at the fountain head for a city, which flood at the mouth 
+of a river. 
+
+
+
+
+A a 2 
+
+
+A SHORT 
+
+
+
+( *8i ) 
+
+
+
+A 
+
+SHORT ACCOUNT 
+
+OF THE 
+
+) 
+
+HELLADIAN S, and their Origin; 
+
+In order to obviate fome Objections. 
+
+A S I have mentioned, that the Helladians came from 
+
+Egypt, and the eaft ; it may be proper to obviate an 
+objection, which may be made to the account, I give ; as if 
+it were contradictory to the tenor of the fcriptures, as they 
+are in general underftood. Greece, and the illands of 
+
+O 1 
+
+Greece, are continually fuppofed, from the account given by 
+Mofes 610 , to have been peopled by the fons of Japhet ; and 
+there is fcarce any body, either ancient or modern, who lias 
+touched upon this fubjeCt, but has imagined Javan to have 
+been the fame as Ion, the fon of Xuth, from whom the Ioni- 
+ans were defcended. This latter point I fhall not controvert 
+
+60 Genefis, c. io. v. 5. 
+
+at 
+
+
+i 82 fiort Account of the Helladians. 
+
+at prefent. In refped to the former, the account given in 
+the fcriptures is undoubtedly mod true. The Tons of Japhet 
+did people the dies of the Gentiles ; by which is meant the 
+regions of Greece and Europe, feparated in great meafure 
+from the Afiatic continent by the intervention of the fea. 
+They certainly were the fird inhabitants of thofe countries. 
+
+But the Helladians, and the lonians, were not of this race. 
+
+% 
+
+They came afterwards ; and all their bed; writers agree, that 
+when their anceftors made their way into thefe provinces, 
+they were podefied by a prior people. Who thefe were is 
+no where uniformly faid : only they agree to term them in 
+general B oc*£otpoi, or a rude, uncivilized people. As my 
+fydem depends greatly upon this point ; to take away every 
+prejudice to my opinion, I will in fome degree anticipate, 
+what I fhall hereafter more fully prove. I accordingly fub- 
+mit to the reader the following evidences ; which are com¬ 
+paratively few, if we confider, what might be brought to this 
+purpofe. Thefe are to fhew, that the Helladians were of a 
+different race from the fons of Japhet : and that the coun¬ 
+try, when they came to it, was in the poffefilon of another 
+people : which people they diftinguifhed from themfelves by 
+the title of B agEccgoi. 
+
+E jta.Tcx.ios ovp 6 MiAjjcnos 'ursgi Trig II sXo^’ovPYj<ns $>ri<riv, 
+
+e %&$ov cTs ti kou 
+
+t) <rvpL7rcc<roL 'EA Xag xcltqikioc, Ba gSocgwv vkyi^olto to 'utolKoliov. 
+Strabo. L. 7. p. 321. 
+
+Em h fjfjuap af)(ouoTBgoi B ol§£oi§qi. Plato in Cratylo. 
+
+Vol. 1. p. 425. 
+
+
+oTi OjT^q toov 'EAA rywv wzyitolv otVTt)v B ccg£a.go 
+
+
+IlaAa; 
+
+
+
+A fort Account of the Helladians. 183 
+
+
+TlctXou Tt)g vvv tcaX&fjLsvrig 'EXXaJog Bag^agoi Toe 'UToXXa 
+teKYjTocv. Paufanias. L. 1. p. 100. 
+
+A gmfriav Bag&agoi w£i)<rav. Scholia Apollonii Rhod. L. 3. 
+v. 461. 
+
+Diodorus mentions, AOrivausg — a 7 roimg XaiToov row At- 
+yv 7 ms. L. 1. p. 24. 
+
+Again; Tsyovsvai ds zaf T&oy j ]ys(J.ovMV Tivocg Aiyv 7 TTisg 'nragot 
+Toig AOqvaioig, Ibidem. 
+
+Africanus having fpoken of the Egyptian rites, fays, 'Or; 
+ts A@Y)Vcaxg twv avToov AiyvTtTioig aToXavsiv siKog riv, avroimg 
+
+sxsivoov oLKovo&fjLZvug, 00g <pa<riv aXXoi ts, mi sv tm T gimpYjVca 
+
+®£ 07 ro{JL 7 rog. Apud Eufeb. Prsep. Evan. L. 10. c. 10. p. 491. 
+Concerning perfons from Egypt. 
+
+Ks/c^o*^, A lywrTiog m, Juo yXucrcrag 1wigrotTo. Cedrenus. 
+p. 82. 
+
+Kstf£o\p, Aiyvniog to ysvog, wzity) Tag A 6 wag. Scholia 
+Ariftoph. Pluti. 
+
+'£lg cl's olto 2 a sag 'uroXsuog AiyvitTiag , 
+
+
+Msra tov koltol Elyvyov k.olt anXvGrp.ov sxsivov, 
+O K S/Cgo^l/ 'uragsysyovsv AQr\vaig t r\g 'EXXao^g. 
+
+
+J. Tzetzes. 
+
+
+Chil. 5. hiE. 18. 
+
+
+KsKgo^v, Aiyumiog to ysvog, wtcriTs Tag Adtrivag. St 
+Paufanias mentions AsXsya a<puco[/£Vov s§ A lywms. 
+
+
+Suidas. 
+
+
+L. 1. 
+
+
+P- 95 - 
+
+Erectheus from Egypt. Kai Tov Egsyfsa. XsysTi to ysvog 
+
+AiyvTTTiov ovTa. Diodorus. L. 1. p. 25. 
+
+Triptolemus from thence, who had been the companion oi 
+Ofiris. Diodorus. L. 1. p. 17. He gave the Athenians 
+
+6 laws. 
+
+
+i 
+
+
+
+184 
+
+
+A Jho?~t Account of the Helladians. 
+
+laws. Porphyry mentions Toov A@YjVY}<ri voftoO stoop T^tttoAs- 
+fjiov. Abftinent. L. 4. p. 431. 
+
+It is faid, that Danaus was a native of the city Chemmis ; 
+from whence he made his expedition to Greece. A CLVCLog 
+
+Xe (JLjULiTris . Herodotus. L. 2. c. 91. 
+
+Navem primus ex iEgypto Danaus advexit. Pliny. L. 7. 
+
+He brought a colony with him. Asyan Ss rovg 
+
+
+c. 
+
+
+5 6 - 
+
+
+'sre^i Aolvolov ogfjLYi@£na,g o^oiojg £X.£i6ev> fcil. A lyvitTs. Dio¬ 
+
+dorus. L. 1. p. 24. 
+
+All the heads of the Dorian race from Egypt. QolivoiolTq 
+av sovTzg 61 tojv A oogisccv i Y/z^lqvbq Aiyv7TTioi iQctysvesg. Hero¬ 
+dotus. L. 6. c. 53. 
+
+The Lacedaemonians efteemed themfelves of the fame fa¬ 
+mily as the Caphtorim of Paleftine : hence they furmifed, 
+that they were related to the Jews. 1 Maccabees, c. 12. 
+v. 20, 21. Jofephus : A. J. L. 12. c. 4. p. 606. Perfeus 
+was fuppofed to have been a foreigner. 'fig Js 0 Tlsgo'suv 
+
+7 \oyog Xzysrou, oivrog 6 Ilsgcrsvg swv A<r<rvgiog sy£vsT0 'EAAj^.. 
+Herodotus. L. 6. c. 54. 
+
+It is faid of Cadmus, that he came originally from Egypt, 
+in company with Phoenix. ¥Loc$[JLog xou onto ©/jSwy toqv 
+
+Aiyv7TTiCfjv. Eufeb. Chron. p. 15. 
+
+Eufebius in another place mentions the arrival of Cadmus 
+with a company of Sait®. They founded Athens, the prin¬ 
+cipal city of Greece : alfo Thebes in Bceotia. They were of 
+Egypt ; but he fays, that they came laft from Sidon. It is in 
+a paffage, where he fpeaks of a former race in Attica before 
+thofe of Egypt called Sait® : IlAr^ run (U,£TOLxr)<rccnMV vgsgov 
+
+BXBl Xcifroov, XOU KCLTQlKWrCLVTM T.Y]V TY)g 'EAAct frog [JU)Tg07r0?UV 
+
+A Ot,vols, 
+
+
+
+A Jhort Account of the Helladians. 185 
+
+A Qy)Vclg, xcti rag 0i 'Jooig. XiSoovimv yctg srot cltolkoi sh ICaJjua 
+
+ra Ayr]VOgog. Chron. p. 14., The ancient Athenians wor¬ 
+shiped Ills : and were in their looks, and in their manners 
+particularly like the Egyptians. Ka* Tcug ifacag, aou roig 
+
+nfacnv o^LQiQTaTxg sivou roig Alyvmimg. The whole of their 
+polity was plainly borrowed from that country. Diod. Sic. 
+L. 1. p. 24, 25, 26. 
+
+It is faid by Sanchoniathon, that Cronus, in his travels 
+over the earth in company with his daughter Athena, came 
+to Attica; which he bellowed upon her. Eufeb. P. E. 
+Lib. 1. c. 10. p. 38. 
+
+This is not unlike the account given by the Scholiaft upon 
+Lycophron concerning Cecrops : from whence the legend 
+may receive fome light. E kQuv ccg (0 K SKgo^) olto Xa,sug 
+
+tJToKsoog AiyvKTki r ccg AQr\vocg <rvvmi<rs. Xocig fa koct AiywrTisg 
+
+rj AQnvoc Xeysrca, dog q>Y\<n Xocga%. Lycoph. v. 111. Schol. 
+
+Hence it is, that almoft the whole of the mythology of 
+Greece is borrowed from Egypt. Ka 0 oAa fa } <poc<n> mg C EA- 
+
+7\Y\vag s^idioc^s&ou T3g BTKpccvsg'ctTsg AiyvTTioov 'H gooocg rs, noci 
+
+©£a?. Diodorus. L. 1. p. 20. All their rites and ceremo¬ 
+nies from the fame quarter. 
+
+EL ocvriyvgiocg fa ago,, koci 'ur0ctg, koli 'urgocrccywyocg 'urgooroi 
+
+ca/Ogoo7Toov Aiyuitnoi sicnv, oi ’vroi^a^si/oij xou 'urccgcc tstoov 'E?v- 
+
+Aj Y\vsg {JcepccOriKoccn. Herod. L. 3. c. 58. 
+
+’E7TSITCC %gOV3 "SToAAB <hgA$om>£, stvOovto {oi 'EAAljygff) ZK Trig 
+
+A lyvTTs ocTtiKoycevoc toc ovvopcccroc tuov ®zoov . Herod. L. 2. c. 52. 
+See alfo L. 2. c. 4. 
+
+Kca 'WCLVTCL TOC OVVO^JCOCTOC TOOV SSOOP gj AiyVKTZ ST^ihvfa £g 
+
+Vol, I. B b ty\V 
+
+
+
+i86 
+
+
+A Jhort Account of the Helladians. 
+
+Tty c EAAaJa. Herod. L. 2. c. 50. Hence it is faid that the 
+Corybantes with their mother Comba came and fettled at 
+Athens : K0//.SW B 7 CTOCTOK.H fisrct. {jLtjTsgog. Nonni Dionyf. 
+
+L. 13. And that the priefts at Athens, ffyled Eumolpidas, 
+were from Egypt. Diodorus Siculus. L. 1. p. 25. One of 
+the Egyptians, who brought thefe rites to Greece, is men¬ 
+tioned under the name of Melampus : as the Egyptians are 
+in general under the character of Melampodes. 'EAAjth yocg 
+
+MsA cc^L 7 tsg es"iv, 0 s^tjytiTccfjLSPog ts Aiopvtb opopct, kou Tty 
+
+$vticlVj x.cu Tty 'uro{JL7rr\v T3 cpctXXa. Herod. L. 2. c. 49. He 
+is likewife faid to have firft introduced phyflc: by which this, 
+only is meant, that phyflc too came from. Egypt. 
+
+To the fame purpofe may be confulted Lucian de Suria 
+Dea. U^roi y~t)V ctp$gcd7rcdv AiyvnTioi kt7\. Eufebius. P., 
+Evan. Lib. 10. c. 4. p. 469. and c. 5. p. 473. Clemens 
+Alexand. 1 . 1. p. 361, 381. Diodorus Siculus. L. 1. p. 20. 
+p. 62, 63. and p. 86, 87. Tatianus Affyrius. p. 243, 274. 
+Thucydides. L. 1. c. 2, 3.. 
+
+
+A NEW 
+
+
+
+A 
+
+
+« 
+
+
+
+OR, AN 
+
+
+
+
+B b 2 
+
+
+
+( 189 ) 
+
+
+
+
+O P 
+
+
+
+AND OF 
+
+ETYMOLOGICAL TRUTHS 
+
+THENCE DEDUCIBLE, 
+
+Exemplified in the Names of Cities, Lakes, and 
+
+Rivers. 
+
+E / tsfa xou 'GroTccfJLOig t^oj, ij xut oopeXeiocv, co<r7feg AiyvT- 
+noig 'srgog r ov NgjAov, y\ kclto, xaXAog, dog ©sTTctXoig 'urgog IIji- 
+vsiqv , r) kcltcl psysOog, oog Xxvflcag 'nrgog rav Ig-gov, v /cam 
+[jlvQov , dog AiTooXoig 'srgog t ov Ayshooov. Max. Tyrius. 
+Difiert. viii. p. 81. 
+
+A S the divine honours paid to the Sun, and the ado¬ 
+ration of fire, were at one time almofl univerfal ; 
+there will be found in moft places a fimilitude in 
+the terms of worfhip. And though this mode of idolatry 
+took its rife in one particular part of the world; yet as it was 
+propagated to others far remote, the ftream, however widely 
+
+dififufed. 
+
+
+190 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+diffufed, will Hill favour of the fountain. Moreover, as people 
+were determined in the choice of their holy places by thofe 
+preternatural phenomena, of which I have before taken 
+notice ; if there be any truth in my fyftem, there will be uni¬ 
+formly found fome analogy between the name of the temple, 
+and its rites, and fituation: fo that the etymology may be 
+afcertained by the hiflory of the place. The like will ap¬ 
+pear in refpect to rivers and mountains ; efpecially to thofe, 
+which were efteemed at all facred ; and which were deno¬ 
+minated from the Sun, and fire. I therefore flatter myfelf, 
+that the etymologies, which I fhall lay before the reader, will 
+not ftand Angle and unfupported ; but there will be an ap¬ 
+parent analogy throughout the whole. The allufion will 
+not be cafual, and remote, nor be obtained by undue in¬ 
+flexions, and diftortions : but however complicated the name 
+may appear, it will relolve itfelf eafily into the original 
+terms ; and when refolved, the truth of the etymology will 
+be afcertained by the concomitant hiftory. If it be a Deity, 
+or other perfonage, the truth will appear from his office, and 
+department; or with the attributes imputed to him. To 
+begin then with ancient Latium. If I fliould have occa- 
+fion to ipeak of the Goddefs Feronia, and of the city deno¬ 
+minated from her, I fliould deduce the name from Fer-On, 
+ignis Dei Solis : and fuppofe the place to have been addidted 
+to the worfiiip of the Sun, and the rites of fire. I accord- 
+ingly find from Strabo and Pliny, that rites of this fort were 
+practifed here : and one cufiom, which remained even to 
+the time of Auguftus, confified in a ceremony of the priefts, 
+who ufed to walk barefoot over burning coals, 1 TvfJivoig yctg 
+
+Strabo. L. 5. p. 346. 
+
+
+-srocr; 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 191 
+
+'srocrf h'isfyoccny avQgouaccv, kcu cr7ro$i<zv fj.sycx.Xriv* The priefs 
+’with their feet naked walked over a large quantity of live coals 
+a?id cinders. The town flood at the bottom of Mount So- 
+radte, facred to Apollo : and the priefls were flyled Hirpi. 
+Aruns in Virgil, in his addrefs to Apollo, takes notice of 
+this cuflom. 
+
+* Summe Deum, magni cuflos Sora<£lis, Apollo, 
+
+Quern primi colimus ; cui pineus ardor acervo 
+Pafcitur, et medium freti pietate per ignem 
+Cultores multa premimus vefligia pruna ; 
+
+9 
+
+Da, Pater. 
+
+The temple is faid to have been founded on account of a 
+peflilentiat 3 vapour, which arofe from a cavern: and to 
+which fome fhepherds were conducted by (A VKog) a wolf. 
+Were I to attempt the deciphering of Ferentum, I fhould 
+proceed in a manner analogous to that above. I fhould fup- 
+pofe it to have been named Fer-En , ignis , vel Solis fons, from 
+fomething peculiar either in its rites, or fituation. I accord¬ 
+ingly find, that there was a facred fountain, whofe waters 
+w^ere flyled Aquse Ferentinae,— cui numen etiam, et divinus 
+cultus tributus 4 fuit. Here was a grove equally facred, men¬ 
+tioned by 5 Livy, and others ; where the ancient Latines 
+ufed to hold their chief afTemblies. As this grand meeting 
+■ufed to be in a place denominated from fire, it was the caufe 
+
+a Virgil. JEn. L. xi. v. 785.. 
+
+3 Servius upon the foregoing paffage. 
+
+4 Cluver. Italia. L. 2. p. 719. 
+
+5 Livy. L. 1. c. 49. Pompeius Feflus. 
+
+8 - 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+
+192 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+of thofe councils being called 
+
+
+The fountain 
+
+
+which ran through the grove, arofe at the foot of mount 6 Al 
+banus, and afterwards formed many 7 pools. 
+
+The ancient Cuthites, and the Perfians after them, had 
+great veneration for fountains, and ftreams j which alfo pre 
+
+vailed among other 
+
+
+fo 
+
+
+have been at one time 
+
+
+almoffc 
+
+
+fal 
+
+
+Of 
+
+
+this regard among the Perfians Hero¬ 
+dotus takes notice : 8 XeEonrau 'UTotoi[jlxs tuv 'GroLVTM (JLcthiS'ct,: 
+Of all thmgs in nature they reverence rivers moft. But if thefe 
+
+
+rivers wer 
+
+
+attended with 
+
+
+any 
+
+
+faline quality 
+
+
+with any fiery eruption, they were adjudged 
+
+
+be Bill 
+
+
+d ever diftinguilhed with fome title of the Deity. 
+
+Other na~ 
+untains ; but 
+
+
+facred ; ar ^ 
+
+The natives of Egypt had the like 
+
+
+fays 9 Athanafius, reverenced 
+
+
+ajid fc 
+
+
+above 
+
+
+peopli 
+
+
+the world the Egypt , 
+
+
+ans held them in the 
+ne . Julius Firmicus 
+gives the fame account of them. 10 iEgyptii aquas beneficium 
+percipientes aquam colunt, aquis fupplicant. From hence 
+
+
+higheft ho?iour , and ejleemed them as di 
+
+
+6 Not far from hence was a diftri< 5 t called Ager Solonus. Sol-On is a compound 
+of the two moil common names given to the Sun * to whom the place and waters 
+were facred. 
+
+7 Dionyfxus Halicarnafienfis. JL. 3. 
+
+s Herodotus. L. 1. c. 138. 
+
+Qv'dai Sc Koa vS 'clti Kca uvsfJLQicriv (d/ Tlepacu.) Herodotus. L. r. c. 131. 
+
+Ridetis temporibus prilcis Perfas fluvium coluifTe. Arnobius adverfus Gentes. 
+L. 6. p. 196’. 
+
+9 AAA a 'zroTay.&s you ypm'oc.^ yen 'tjtccvtojv f*cc/\iq~ct oi Aiyuvriioi TzgoTeTipaiycco /, 
+ucti $rey$ ccvaycpivycn. Athanafius adverfus Gentes. p. 2. 
+
+jKiyvjTTiOL vSam SruBm' kccitgl piev <zirctcri yccivov tois A.iyu7TTiot$ to v^oqo. 
+
+goed. V. 2. p. 223. Edit. Salmurii. 
+
+*° Julius Firmicus. p. j. 
+
+
+Lucian. Jupiter Tra 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 193 
+
+the cuftom pafied weftward to Greece, Italy, and the extre¬ 
+mities of Europe. In proof of which the following infcription 
+is to be found in Gruter : 
+
+11 Vafcanise in Hifpania 
+
+FONTI DIVING. 
+
+How much it prevailed among the Romans we learn from. 
+
+Seneca. 11 Magnorum fluviorum capita veneramur-co- 
+
+luntur aquarum calentium fontes 5 et quaedam ftagna, qus 
+vel opacitas, vel immenfa altitudo facravit. It mattered not 
+what the nature of the water might be, if. it had a peculiar 
+quality. At Thebes in Ammonia was a fountain, which was 
+faid to have been cold by day and warm at night. H k^vy\ 
+13 KCtXstTOU T8 ix. It was named the fountahi of the Sun. 
+In Campania was a fountain Virena ; which I fhould judge 
+to be a compound of Vir-En, and to fignify ignis fons, from 
+being dedicated to the Deity of fire on account of fome par¬ 
+ticular quality. I accordingly find in 14 Vitruvius, that it 
+was a medicinal fpring and of a ftrong vitriolic nature. The 
+Corinthians had in their Acropolis a ,s Pirene, of the fame 
+purport as Virena, juft mentioned. It was a beautiful foun¬ 
+tain facred to Apollo, whofe 16 image was at the head of the 
+water within a facred inclofure. We read of a Pyrene, which 
+
+
+13 Gruter. Infcnpt. Vol. i. p. xciv. 
+
+IX Senecce Epift. 41. 
+
+,J Herodotus. L. 4. c. 18 r. The true name was probably Curene, or Curane. 
+
+14 Vitruvij Architect. E. 8. p. 163. 
+
+15 Pliny. L. 4. c. 4. p. 192. Ovid. Metamorph. L. 2. 
+
+Paufanias. L. 2. p. 117- S'n x.ccl A ircAhojvos ayaAwa 'izrpos t* TT etovrr-y 
+
+xca f z*jeptQo\os e~iv. 
+
+Pirene and Yirene are the fame name. 1 
+
+
+VOL. I. 
+
+
+C c 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+
+19+ The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+was a fountain of another nature : yet of the fame etymo¬ 
+logy, however differently expreffed. It was a mountain, and 
+gave name to the vaft ridge, called Saltus Pyrenafi. It is 
+undoubtedly a compound of 17 Pur-ain, and fignifies a foun¬ 
+tain of fire. I fhould imagine without knowing the hiftory 
+of the country, that this mountain once flamed ; and that 
+the name was given from this circumftance. Agreeably to 
+this I find from Ariftotle de Mirabilibus, that here was former¬ 
+ly an eruption of fire. The fame is mentioned by Pofidonius 
+in Strabo: and alfo by Diodorus; who adds— 18 Ta ogY) 
+
+hoc. To <rv(jJosEr,}Cog iChrfityca Ylv^iyouct. "That the mountains from 
+he?ice had the name of Pyrencei. Mount fiEtna is derived very 
+truly by Bochart from Aituna, fornax ; as being a refervoir of 
+molten matter. There was another very ancient name, In- 
+effus ; by which the natives called the hill, as well as the city, 
+which was towards the bottom of it. The name is a com¬ 
+pound of Ain-Es, like Hanes in Egypt; and fignifies a foun¬ 
+tain of fire. It is called Ennefia by Diodorus ; who fays, that 
+this name was afterwards changed to i£tna. He fpeaks of 
+the city ; but the name was undoubtedly borrowed from the 
+mountain, to which it was primarily applicable, and upon 
+which it was originally conferred : 19 Kou ty±v vvv ovtruv A vtvy\V 
+
+£KTy]<ravTo, 'Urgo tuts m?\S[JL£Vi)v 'Evvricrio’.v. Strabo expreffes the 
+name Innefa, and informs us more precifely, that the upper 
+part of the mountain was fo called. Oi ha 20 A itvoliqi 'nrccpci- 
+
+
+17 Pur, Pir, Phur, Vir : all fignify fire. 
+,s Diodorus Siculus. D. 5. p. 312. 
+
+19 Diodorus Siculus. L. xi. p. 57. 
+
+2-0 Strabo. L. 6. p. 412. 
+
+
+^(ea^<rot»Tss 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. ' 195 
+
+ywgri<rcLVTsq rr\v L mpaLV koAb f/,evt\v , TY\g A iTvqg og&ivnv, m^roLv. 
+
+Upon this the people withdrawmg themfel c ves went and occupied 
+the upper part of Mount JRtna , which was called Innefa. The 
+city Hanes in Egypt was of the fame etymology ; being de¬ 
+nominated from the Sun, who was ftyled Hanes, Ain-Es, fons 
+ignis live lucis. It was the fame as the Arab Heliopolis, 
+called now Matarea. Stephanus Byzantinus calls the city 
+Inys : for that is manifeftly the name he gives it, if we take 
+
+away the Greek termination. 5,1 I vv<T(Tog, 'UToXig Aiyv7irTs : but 
+Herodotus from whom he borrows, renders it Ienis. It 
+
+would have been more truly rendered Dorice Ianis ; for that 
+
+was nearer to the real name. The hiftorian however point; 
+
+it out plainly, by faying, that it was three days journey 
+
+from * 3 mount Callus : and that the whole way was through 
+
+the Arabian defert. This is a lituation, which agrees with 
+
+no other city in all Egypt, except that, which was the 
+
+Onium of the later Jews. With this it accords precifely. 
+
+There feem to have been two cities named On from the 
+
+worlhip of the Sun. One was called Zan, Zon, and Zoan, 
+
+in the land of Go-zan, the 14 Golhen of the fcriptures. The 
+
+other 
+
+
+
+
+Stephanus fays, that it was near mount Ca'fius : but Herodotus exprefly tells 
+
+
+us, that it was at the diftance of three days journey from it. 
+
+
+A 7T0 T CIVTYIS moc €f*7T0glCC TCC, S7TI SwA CCGtTWS [j IrjVHTB ’WO/\lOy Ttf A . 
+
+Herodotus. L. 3. c. 5. 
+
+23 TocPe fxerct^v I nvias 'zb , qKig $ 9 yea 'KccatB re you tvis 'XegSwidcs A i/yvi&y 
+
+sov By oA tyov cc A A’ oaov em Tgeis oS'ov^ ccvu^gov S'enoos. Hero¬ 
+
+dotus. ibidem. 
+
+24 Go-zan is the place or temple of the Sun. I once thought that Golhen, or, 
+as it is fome times exprelfed, Gozan, was the fame as Cufhan ; but I was certainly 
+miltaken. The diftridl of Golhen was indeed the nome of Cufhan : but the two 
+
+
+C c 2 
+
+
+words 
+
+
+
+196 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+other was the city On in Arabia ; called alfo Hanes. 
+
+
+They 
+
+
+were within eight or nine miles of each other: and are both 
+mentioned together by the prophet zs Ifaiah. For his princes 
+
+
+■were at Zoan ; and his awbajfadors casne to Hanes. The name 
+of each oi theie cities, on account of the fimilarity of wor- 
+fhip, has by the Greeks been tranflated " 6 Heliopolis ; which 
+has caufed great coniufion in the hiftory of Egypt. The 
+latter of the two was the Ianis, or Icivi<rog y of the Greeks ; fo 
+called from Hanes, the great fountain of light, the Sun : who 
+was worfhiped under that title by the Egyptians and Ara¬ 
+bians. It lies now quite in ruins, clofe to the village Ma- 
+tarea, which has rifen from it. The fituation is fo pointed 
+out, that we cannot be miftaken : and we find moreover, 
+which is a circumftance very remarkable, that it is at this 
+day called by the Arabians Ain El Sham, the fountain of 
+the Sun ; a name precifely of the fame purport as Hanes. 
+Of this we are informed by the learned geographer, D’An- 
+ville, and others ; though the name by different travellers is 
+
+
+expreffed with fome variation. * 7 Cette ville prefque enfe- 
+velie fous des ruines, et voifine, dit Abulfeda, d’un petit lieu 
+nomme Matarea, conferve dans les geographies Arabes le 
+
+
+words are not of the fame purport. Gofhen is the fame as Go-£han, and Go-zan, 
+analogous to Beth-fhan, and fignihes the place of the Sun. Go-fhen, Go-fhan, Go- 
+zan, and Gau-zan, are all variations of the fame name. In refpedt to On, there 
+were two cities fo called. The one was in Egypt, where Poti-phera was Prieft. 
+Genefis. c. 41. v. 45. The other flood in Arabia, and is mentioned by the Seventy: 
+Clv 9 i] eq-iv 'HAiBTroAf?. Exodus, c. 1. v. 11. This was alfo called Onium, and 
+Hanes, the Iiinifus cf Herodotus. 
+
+Ifaiah. c. 30. v. 4. 
+
+16 See Obfervations upon the Ancient Hiftory of Egypt, p. 124. p. 137. 
+
+* 7 D’Anville Memoires fur i’Egypt. p. 114. 
+
+
+nom 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+197 
+
+
+nom d’ Am-Siems, ou de fontaine du Soleil. A like ac 
+
+
+count is 
+
+
+given 
+
+
+by Egmont and 
+
+
+2,8 Hay man ; though they 
+exp refs the name Ain El Cham : a variation of little con- 
+fequence. The reafon, why the ancient name has been laid 
+
+
+afide by thofe who refide there, is undoubtedly this. Bo- 
+chart tells us, that fince the religion of Mahomet has taken 
+place, the Arabs look upon Hanes as the devil: 19 proinde 
+ab ipfis ipfe Daemon own vocatur. Hence they have abo- 
+lifhed Hanes : but the name Ain El Cham, of the fame pur¬ 
+port, they have buffered to remain. 
+
+I have before taken notice of an objection liable to be made 
+from a fuppofition, that if Hanes fignified the fountain of 
+lights as I have prefumed, it would have been differently ex- 
+preffed in the Hebrew. This is a ftrange fallacy ; but yet 
+very predominant. Without doubt thofe learned men, who 
+have preceded in thefe refearches, would have bid fair for 
+noble difcoveries, had they not been too limited, and biaffed, 
+in their notions. But as far as I am able to judge, moft of 
+thofe, who have engaged in inquiries of this nature, have 
+ruined the purport of their labours through fome prevailing 
+prejudice. They have not conffdered, that every other na¬ 
+tion, to which we can poffibly gain accefs, or from whom 
+we have any hiftory derived, appears to have expreffed fo¬ 
+reign terms differently from the natives, in whofe language 
+they were found. And without a miracle the Hebrews muff 
+have done the fame. We pronounce all French names dif- 
+
+
+28 Travels, vol. 2. p. 107. It is by them expreffed Ain-el Cham-, and appro¬ 
+priated to the obelifk : but the meaning is plain. 
+
+29 Bochart. Geog. Sacra. L. 1. c. 35. p. 638. 
+
+ferently 
+
+
+
+198 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+ferently from the people of that country: and they do the 
+fame in refpe£t to us. What we call London, they exprefs 
+Londres : England they ftyle Angleterre. What fome call 
+Bazil, they pronounce Bal: Munchen, Munich: Mentz, May- 
+
+: Ravenfpurg, Ratifbon. The like variation was ob- 
+fervable of old. Carthago of the Romans was Carchedon 
+among the Greeks. Hannibal was rendered Annibas : Af- 
+drubal, Afdroubas : and probably neither was confonant to 
+the Punic mode of exprejfiion. If then a prophet were to 
+rife from the dead, and preach to any nation, he would 
+make ufe of terms adapted to their idiom and ufage ; with¬ 
+out any retrofpeft to the original of the terms, whether they 
+were domeftic, or foreign. The facred writers undoubtedly 
+obferved this rule towards the people, for whom they wrote ; 
+and varied in their expreffing of foreign terms ; as the ufage 
+of the people varied. For the Jewifh nation at times dif¬ 
+
+
+fered from its neighbours, and from itfelf. 
+
+
+We 
+
+
+may 
+
+
+be 
+
+
+morally certain, that the place, rendered by them Ekron, was 
+by the natives called Achoron ; the Accaron, A KKOLguv, of 
+Jofephus, and the Seventy. What they termed Philiftim, was 
+Peleftin : Eleazer, in their own language. they changed to 
+Lazar, and Lazarus : and of the Greek (rvvsfyiov they formed 
+Sanhedrim. Hence we may be certified, that the Jews, and 
+their anceftors, as well as all nations upon earth, were liable 
+to exprefs foreign terms with a variation, being led by a na¬ 
+tural peculiarity in their mode of fpeech. They therefore are 
+furely to be blamed, who would deduce the orthography of 
+ancient words from the Hebrew ; and bring every extra- 
+
+It requires no great infight into 
+
+
+all 
+
+
+neous term to that teft. 
+
+
+that 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 199 
+that language to fee the impropriety of fuch procedure. Yet 
+
+M 
+
+no prejudice has been more 30 common. The learned Mi- 
+chaelis has taken notice of this 31 fatal attachment, and {peaks 
+of it as a ftrange illufion. He fays, that it is the reigning in - 
+jluen%a , to which all are liable , who make the Hebrew their prin¬ 
+cipal Jludy. The only way to obtain the latent purport of 
+ancient terms, is by a fair analyfis. This mu ft be diicovered 
+by an apparent analogy; and fupported by the hiftory of the 
+place, or perfon, to whom the terms relate. If fuch helps 
+can be obtained we may determine very truly the etymo¬ 
+logy of an Egyptian or Syriac name ; however it may appear 
+repugnant to the orthography of the Hebrews. The term 
+Hanes is not fo uncommon as may be imagined. Zeus was 
+worfhiped under this title in Greece, and ftyled Zst>s A ivt) 7 iog. 
+The Scholiaft upon Apollonius Rhodius mentions his temple, 
+and terms it 32 A 105 Ampin isgov, d pLvqpiovevei kou Aeoov ev we- 
+
+giTThu, kou Ar}[Xo<rbsvng sv XifJLsiri. It is alfo taken notice of by 
+Strabo, who fpeaks of a mountain Hanes, where the temple 
+flood. 33 M.syig’oy <5s ogog sv olvty} A ivog (lege Aivrig), ev p to ts 
+
+A Log Ampin iegov. Tlie mountain of Zeus Aineftus muft 
+have been Aines, and not Ainos ; though it occurs fo in our 
+prefent copies of Strabo. The Scholiaft above quotes a verfe 
+from Heftod, where the Poet ftyles the Deity A ivr\iog. 
+
+JivO’ oiy ewgs<r()i]V A ivy] ip v^ifJLsS'ovn. 
+
+30 See page 59. notes. 
+
+31 Differtation of the influence of opinion upon language, and of language upon 
+opinion. Se£t. vi. p. 67. of the tranflation. 
+
+3Z Scholia upon Apollonius. L. 2. v. 297. 
+
+33 Strabo. L. 10. p. 700. 
+
+
+6 
+
+
+Ainei’us, 
+
+
+
+2,00 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Aine'fus, and Ainefius are both alike from Hanes, the Deity 
+
+
+of Egypt, whofe rites may be traced in various ] 
+were places named Aineas, and Amelia in Th 
+
+
+There 
+
+which 
+
+
+of the fan 
+prefix Ph 
+
+
+orig¬ 
+
+
+inal. 
+
+
+This title 
+- Deity fo 
+
+
+fometimes with 
+
+
+theologifts thought to have been of the higheft antiquity 
+They efteemed him the fame as 3+ 
+
+
+Ouranus. and Dionufus 
+
+
+and went fo far as to pive him 
+
+
+from hi 
+
+
+power, and to de- 
+The Grecians from Phanes formed 
+
+3 6 
+
+
+■&0LVC/.10S, which they gave as a title both to 36 Zeus, and 
+
+
+Apollo. In this there was nothin 
+
+
+rdinary, for they 
+
+
+were both the fame God 
+
+
+called Ag 
+
+
+north of Italy was a diftridt 
+
+
+Pifanus. The etymo 
+
+
+of this name 
+
+
+are re¬ 
+
+
+fame as that of Hanes, and Phanes ; only the terms 
+verfed. It fignifies ignis fons : and in confirmation of this 
+etymology I have found the place to have been famous for 
+its hot ftreams, which are mentioned by Pliny under the 
+
+inia was certainly 
+rount of its foil, and 
+well known ; which 
+
+
+name of Aquas Pifana. Cuma in Camp 
+denominated from Chum. heat, on accnn 
+
+
+fituation 
+
+
+Its medicinal 38 waters 
+
+
+were called Aqua Cumana. The term Cumana is not formed 
+merely by a Latine infledtion ; but confifts of the terms Cu- 
+
+
+34 Orphic. Frag. 7. 
+
+35 Oi Sreohoyoi — ev ye tu ttju Snfj.i 3 gyix.Yiv otiTiccv ccrvfjA’Vuccv. Orphic. 
+
+Fragment. 8. from Proclus in Timaeum. 
+
+36 Xv ixot *Z,evs 0 €>ocrouos weis. Eurip. Rhefas. v. 355. 
+
+Qolvouos AvroAAcdr ev Hefych. 
+
+37 Pliny. L. 2. c. 106. p. 120. 
+
+A UTpct t e ccpe^/ei to pscopiov Srepf&X) yv$tv xuToptxrx xviovtx. Jofephi Antiq. 
+
+L. 18. c« 14. 
+
+
+JO 
+
+
+mam. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+
+201 
+
+
+main, and fignifies a hot fountain ; or a fountain of Chum, 
+or Cham, the Sun. The country about it was called Phle- 
+gra ; and its waters are mentioned by Lucretius. 
+
+40 Qualis apud Cumas locus eft, montemque Vefevum, 
+Oppleti calidis ubi fumant fontibus au<ftus. 
+
+Here was a cavern, which of old was a place of prophecy. 
+It was the feat of the Sibylla Cumana; who was fuppofed to 
+have come from 41 Babylonia. As Cuma was properly Cu- 
+man ; fo Baiae was Baian ; and Alba near mount Albanus 4 % 
+Alban : for the Romans often dropped the n final. Pifa fo 
+celebrated in Elis was originally Pifan, of the fame purport 
+as the Aquae Pifiinae above. It was fo called from a facred 
+fountain, to which only the name can be primarily appli¬ 
+cable : and we are aflured by Strabo 43 T r\v KgY\VY\v TLctolv ei- 
+
+that the fountain had certainly the name of Pifan. I 
+have mentioned that Mount Pyrene was fo called from being 
+a fountain of fire : fuch mountains often have hot ftreams in 
+their vicinity, which are generally of great utility. Such we 
+find to have been in Aquitania at the foot of this mountain, 
+which were called Thermse Onefie ; and are mentioned by 
+Strabo, as 44 ®sg[j.oc zol 7 \Xi?u nzror i[awtcctz v& xrog. What in 
+one part of the world was termed Cumana, was in another 
+rendered Comana. There was a grand city of this name in 
+
+40 Lucretius. L. 6 . 
+
+41 Juftin Martyr. Cohort, p. 33. 
+
+4i Mount Albanus was denominated Al-ban from its fountains and baths. 
+
+43 Strabo. L. 8. 545. 
+
+44 Strabo. L. 4. p. 290. Onefa fignifies fobs ignis, analogous to Hanes. 
+
+Vol. I. D d Cappadocia, 
+
+
+
+202 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology* 
+
+
+Cappadocia, where flood one of the nobleft Puratheia in Afia* 
+The Deity worfhiped was reprefented as a feminine, and 
+flyled Ana it, and Anais ; which latter is the fame as Hanes. 
+She was well known alfo in Perils, Mefopotamia, and at Eg- 
+batana in Media. Both An-ait, and An-ais, fignifies a 
+fountain of fire. Generally near her temples, there was an 
+eruption of that element; particularly at Egbatana, and Ar- 
+bela. Of the latter Strabo gives an account, and of the 
+fiery matter which was near it. 45 EE egl A^SflAoc zou 
+
+AY)[AY)Tgictg 'sro?us m siQ’ jq ra volqQol 'zaryiyy), zou tol (or ury- 
+
+gsict), zoli to Trig Avaiotg hgov. 
+
+I fhould take the town of Egnatia in Italy to have been 
+
+♦ 
+
+of the fame purport as Hanes above mentioned : for Hanes 
+was fometimes exprefled with a guttural, Hagnes ; from 
+whence came the ignis of the Romans. In Arcadia near 
+mount Lyceus was a facred fountain ; into which one of the 
+nymphs, who nurfed Jupiter, was fuppofed to have been 
+changed. It was called Hagnon, the fame as Ain-On, the 
+fount of the Sun. From Ain of the Amonians, expreffed 
+Agn, came the dyvog of the Greeks, which fignified any thing 
+pure and clean} purus five caflus. Hence was derived 
+dyvziov^ 'UTYiya.iov' ciyvoaov , zxOotgov’ dyvr \, zotOoi^a : as we may 
+learn from Hefychius. Paufanias flyles the fountain 46 Hag' 
+
+
+no 
+
+
+but it was originally Hagnon, the fountain of 
+
+
+hence we learn in another place of Hefychius, dyyo7ro7\zi^c/. 
+
+
+45 Strabo. L. 16. p. 1072. fee alfo L. 11, p. 779. and 1 .. 12. p. S38. likewile 
+Plutarch in Artaxerxe. 
+
+46 Paufanias, L. S. p* 678. 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 203 
+
+to V 7 ?o YjXix &£gs<&cti. The town Egnatia, which I men¬ 
+tioned above, flood in campis Salentinis, and at this day is 
+called Anazo, and Anazzo. It was fo named from the rites 
+of fire : and that thofe cuftoms were here pradtifed, we may 
+learn from fome remains of them among the natives in the 
+times of Horace and Pliny. The former calls the place by 
+contraction 47 Gnatia : 
+
+Dein Gnatia Nymphis 
+Iratis extrudta dedit rifumque, jocumque ; 
+
+Dum flammis fine thura liquefeere limine facro 
+Perfuadere cupit. 
+
+Horace fpeaks as if they had no fire: but according to 
+Pliny they boafted of having a facred and fpontaneous ap¬ 
+pearance of it in their temple. 48 Reperitur apud audtores in 
+Salentino oppido Egnatia, impofito ligno in faxum quoddam. 
+ibi facram protinus flainmam exiflere. From hence un¬ 
+doubtedly came alfo the name of Salentum, which is a com¬ 
+pound of Sal-En, Solis fons ; and arofe from this facred fire 
+to which the Salentini pretended. They were Amcnians, 
+who fettled here, and who came laft from Crete. 49 Tag de 
+
+XocXsvTivBg K^ryrwy a.noix.&s <pouri. Innumerable inftances of 
+this fort might be brought from Sicily: for this ifland 
+abounded with places, which were of Amonian original. 
+
+A1 Horace. L. i. Sat. 5. v. 97. 
+
+4S Pliny. L. 2. c. no. p. 123. 
+
+49 Strabo. L. 6. p. 430. 
+
+The ancient Salentini worfliiped the Sun under the title of Man-zan, or Man- 
+zana: by which is meant Menes> Sol Feftus in V. Oftobris. 
+
+
+D d 2 
+
+
+Thucydides, 
+
+
+
+204 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Thucydid 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+her Greek writers, call them Pheni 
+
+
+cians 
+
+
+ro 
+
+
+£2 mow Js kcu < 3 ?omx.£g 'urepi 'urocr&v uev Xi%sXiotv 
+
+
+But 
+
+
+they were a different people from thofe, whom he fuppofes. 
+Befides the term Phenician was not a name, but a title : 
+which was affumed by people of different parts ; as 1 dial! 
+fthew. The diftrid, upon which the Grecians conferred it, 
+could not have fupplied people fufHcient to occupy the many 
+regions, which the Phenicians were fuppofed to have pof- 
+feffed. It was an appellation, by which no part of Canaan 
+was called by the ancient and true inhabitants : nor was it 
+ever admitted, and in ufe, till the Grecians got poffeflion of 
+the coaft. It was even then limited to a finall trad: ; to the 
+coaft of Tyre and Sidon. 
+
+If fo many inftances may be obtained from the weft, 
+many more will be found, as we proceed towards the eaft; 
+from whence thefe terms were originally derived. Almoft 
+all the places in Greece were of oriental etymology ; or at 
+leaft from Egypt. I fhould fuppofe that the name of Me¬ 
+thane in the .Peloponnefus had fome relation to a fountain, 
+being compounded of Meth-an, the fountain of the Egyptian 
+Deity, Meth, whom the Greeks called M Y)Tig, Meetis. 
+
+
+5 1 
+
+
+Kcu M rfcig 'urguTog yevsTwg, kou Egwg 'uroTwra^ng, 
+
+
+50 Thucydides. L. 6. c. 2. p. 379. 
+
+51 Orphic. Fragment. 6. v. 19. from Proclus. p. 366. 
+
+divine wifdom, by which the world was framed: effceemed the fame as 
+Phanes, and Dionufus. 
+
+Avr0$ re 0 Aiovug-o^ x<xt few, xca Hpixe7ra,io$» Ibidem p. 373. 
+
+— IgwmvzTcci) $(>)$} 'ZqoqS'qtvp, from Orpheus : Eufebii Chronicon.’ 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+205 
+
+
+We learn from 52 Paufanias, that there was in this place a 
+temple and a flatue of Ills, and a ftatue alfo of Hermes in 
+the forum ; and that it was fituated near fome hot fprings. 
+We may from hence form a judgment, why this name was 
+given, and from what country it was imported. We find 
+this term fometimes compounded Meth-On, of which name 
+there was a town in 53 Meflenia. Inftances to our purpofe 
+from Greece will accrue continually in the courfe of our 
+
+work. 
+
+One reafon for holding waters fo facred arofe from a no¬ 
+tion, that they were gifted with fupernatural powers. Jam- 
+blichus takes notice of many ways, by which the gift of di¬ 
+vination was to be obtained. s+ Some , fays he, procure a pro¬ 
+phetic fpirit by drinking the facred water , as is the pra&ice of 
+Apollos priefi at Colophon. Some by fitting over the mouth of the 
+cavern , as the women do , who give out oracles at Delphi. Others 
+are infpired by the vapour , which arifes from the waters ; as is 
+the cafe of thofe , who are priefieffes at Branch idee. He adds S5 f 
+in refpeSl to the oracle at Colophon , that the prophetic fpirit was 
+fuppofed to proceed from the water. 'The fountain , from whence 
+it flowed , was in an apartment wider ground and the priefl 
+went thither to partake of the emanation. From this hiftory of 
+
+
+5i IcrcTo; svravQx 'legov, cct ayxt^y.a, xai svn t»s ayopccs E gy.a — yxi Sregy.cc, Aa- 
+rpcc. Paufan. L. 2. p. 190. 
+
+53 Paufanias. L. 4. p. 287. 
+
+54 'OH'’ vS'ccp -zsr iovtes, xx.Qa.7rep 0 ev KoS.oipuvi 'legevere KAo^/h. O iSe ‘yoyiois r xrxga.~ 
+xahny.evoi, a.i ev AeAtpois SreaTn'Qvc-ca. ’OH’ ejj uSxruv ury^oyevoi, xahaireg a.1 e>> 
+
+Ylgoq.miS'es. Jamblichus de Myfteriis. Se£t. 3. c. it. p. 72. 
+
+55 'TcSe ev KoAofpou'i y.avreiov oyoAoyencu 'urctpcc. nzTccai Six 6S cctos p^gvy-XTi£eiv" ena.i 
+
+yap ■xjrvynv ev cixx xctrayei-?, xxi x tt ai/rus izrieiv rnv ripotpnmv. Jamblichvts. ibid; 
+
+the 
+
+
+
+206 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+the place we may learn the purport of the name, by which 
+this oracular place was called. Colophon is Col-Oph On, 
+tumulus Dei Solis Pythonis, and correfponds with the cha¬ 
+racter given. The river, into which this fountain ran, was 
+facred, and named Halefus ; it was alfo called ss Anelon : 
+An-El-On, Fons Dei Solis. Halefus is compofed of well 
+known titles of the fame God. 
+
+Delos was famed for its oracle ; and for a fountain facred 
+to the prophetic Deity. It was called 56 Inopus. This is a 
+plain compound of Ain-Opus, Fons Pythonis. Places named 
+Afopus, Elopus, and the like, are of the fame analogy. The 
+God of light, Orus, was often ftyled Az-El ; whence we 
+meet with many places named Azelis, Azilis, Azila, and by 
+apocope, Zelis, Zela, and Zeleia. In Lycia was the city 
+Phafelis, fituated upon the mountain 57 Chimaera ; which 
+mountain had the fame name, and was facred to the God of 
+fire. Phafelis is a compound of Phi, which in the Amonian 
+language is a mouth or opening; and of Azel above men¬ 
+tioned. Ph’Afelis fignifi.es Os Vulcani, five apertura ignis ; 
+in other words a chafm of fire. The reafon why this name 
+was impofed may be feen in the hiftory of the place s8 . Fla- 
+grat in Phafelitide Mons Chimaera, et quidem immortali die- 
+
+ss Paufanias. L. S. p. 659. AveXovros tb er K oXvpson xcci ‘EXsysitov r i ttqmtcu -yin 
+
+XpOTtfTO. ClS'&XFI. 
+
+56 Callimachus : Hymn to Delos. 
+
+Strabo. L. 10. p. 742. 
+
+57 Pliny. L. 2. c. 106. p. 122. 
+
+5S Pliny above, 
+
+O Tl r Z*JVp eq-'iv gj yvs QoCTTvXlS'oS BU A UX.ICL cc^dVCLTOV y KCLl OTi CC& XOZlBTXl B7TI 
+
+kcci iVKTctj Kcct %iA£0att\ Ctefias apud Photium* clxxiii. 
+
+to bus. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+207 
+
+
+bus, et nodtibus flamma. Chimera is a compound of Cham- 
+Ur, the name of the Deity, whofe altar flood towards the 
+top of the 59 mountain. At no great diftance flood Mount 
+Argaius, which was a part of the great ridge, called Taurus. 
+This Argaius may be either derived from Har, a mountain ; 
+or from Aur, fire. We may fuppofe Ar-gaius to fignify 
+Mons cavus : or rather ignis cavitas , five Vulcani domusj a 
+name given from its being hollow, and at the fame time a 
+refervoir of fiery matter. The hiftory of the mountain may 
+be feen in Strabo ; who fays, that it was immenfely high, 
+and ever covered with fnow ; it flood in the vicinity of Co- 
+mana, Caftabala, Czefarea, and Tyana: and all the country 
+about it abounded with fiery 60 eruptions. But the moft fa- 
+tisfadtory idea of this mountain may be obtained from coins, 
+which were ftruck in its vicinity ; and particularly 61 defcribe 
+it, both as an hollow, and an inflamed mountain. 
+
+In Thrace was a region called Paeonia, which feems to 
+have had its name from P’Eon, the God of light 6 \ The 
+natives of thefe parts were ftyled both Peonians, and Pie- 
+rians ; which names equally relate to the Sun.. Agreeably to 
+this Maximus Tyrius tells us, that they particularly wor- 
+fhiped that luminary : and adds, that they had. no image ^ 
+
+
+59 
+
+
+TIuvt^j caoi <frc;vixcv Icf 05 ^jjaryvv vS/JiCVTcu, 
+
+
+Aiirv re McccrG'iy.vTcto poor, /re Nbrrnus.. L. 3. 
+
+60 Strabo. L. 12. p. Si2. For the purport of Gaius ? .domus vel cavitas^ See Ra¬ 
+dicals. p. 97. 
+
+61 Patinae Numifmata Imperatorum. p-. 1S0. 1 . 194. 
+
+6z He was called both Peon, and Peor : and the country from him Peonia and 
+Pieria. The chief cities were Alorus 5 Aineas., Chamfa 5 Methone : all of oriental 
+etymology. 
+
+but 
+
+
+
+20~8 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+but infiead of it ufed to fufpend upon an high pole a difk of 
+metal j probably of fine gold,-as they were rich in that mine¬ 
+ral : and before this they performed their 63 adoration. 
+
+There is an apparent analogy between the names of places 
+farther eaft; whofe inhabitants were all worfhipers of the 
+Sun. Hence moft names are an afiemblage of his titles. 
+Such is Cyrreftia, Chalybon, Comana, Ancura, Cocalia, Ca- 
+byra, Arbela, Amida, Emefa, Edefia, and the like. Emefa 
+is a compound of Ham-Es : The natives are faid by Fefhis 
+Avienus to have been devoted to the Sun : 
+
+
+Denique flammicomo devoti pe&ora Soli 
+Vitam agitant. 
+
+Similar to Emefa .was Edefia, or more properly Adefa, fo 
+named from Hades, the God of light. The Emperor Julian 
+ftyles the region, 'legov sj oumos Tco 'HAjw 65 yyigiov. This 
+city was alfo from its worfhip ftyled 66 Ur, Urhoe and Ur- 
+choe j which laft was probably the name of the 67 temple. 
+
+There were many places called Arfene, Arfine, Arfinoe, 
+Arfiana. Thefe were all the fame name, only varied in dif- 
+
+
+65 Tlcticvss o-e€uai rev riPuov* ccycc^y.cc S'e tfA/u YIcliovikov S'lax.os (3 pcl%,vs vyrsp jxcocps 
+§yAa. Maximus Tyrius. DilTert. 8. p. 87. 
+
+Of the wealth of this people, and of their fkill in mufic and pharmacy. See Strabo. 
+Epitom. L. 7. 
+
+64 Rufus Feflus Avienus. Defcrip. Orbis. v. 1083. 
+
+65 Juliani Cratio in Solem. Orat. 4. p. 150. 
+
+lepoovToa cTe ccvtoi (RJ'eaavvoi) tco ^A/w* t btov yap 61 BTr^cogioi aeS&a'iy $0/- 
+
+rntGoy (pcovy RAccyccSocAoy xaA vi>res. Herodian. L. 3. 
+
+66 EdefTeni Urchoienfes—Urhoe, ignis, lux, &c. Theoph. Sigefredi Bayeri 
+0 Hift. Ofrhoena. p. 4. 
+
+67 Urchoe fignifies Ori domus, vel templum 5 Solis JEdes. 
+
+Ur in Chaldea is by Ptolemy called Orchoe. 
+
+9 ferent 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 209 
+
+ferent countries : and they were confequently of the fame 
+purport. Arfinoe is a compound of arez-ain, Solis fons: 
+and moft places fo denominated will be found famed for 
+fome fountain. One of this name was in Syria : 68 AgtfivoY) 
+
+'uroXig zv 'Evgica, £7 r; (iam KBiyosvr). cmo ie fisvg Kgqvag sgsv~ 
+ysTou 'wXBiQvotg—cap oov y\ 'uroXig oovofjictg'cai. Arfinoe is a city m 
+Syria , fituated upon a rifing ground , out of which ijfiue many 
+jlreams ; from hence the city had its name. Arfine, and Ar- 
+fiana in Babylonia had 69 fountains of bitumen. Arlene in 
+Armenia was a nitrous lake : 70 A^cri f]VY\ XifjcvY) — vnpng. Near 
+Arfinoe upon the Red Sea were hot ftreams of bitter 71 wa¬ 
+ters ; and Arfinoe near 1Z Ephefus had waters equally bitter. 
+
+There were many people called Hyrcani ; and cities and 
+regions, Hyrcania: In the hiflory of which there will be 
+uniformly found fome reference to fire. The name is a com¬ 
+pound of Ur-chane, the God of that element. He was wor- 
+fhiped particularly at Ur in Chaldea : and one tribe of that 
+nation were called Urchani. Strabo mentions them as only 
+one branch of the 73 literati j but 74 Pliny fpeaks of them as 
+
+68 Etymologicum magnum. The author adds, apcca ycig to wot iaa.i, as if it 
+were of Grecian original. 
+
+69 Marcellinus. L. 23. p. 287. 
+
+70 fiv tccci Qcovitiv xaAycrj—■-e<j-7 cTe virpiTis* Strabo. L. 11. p. 801. 
+
+71 YigcoTQv fj.€v CL 7 T Agaivow nxrctpctQeovTt TW < 5 s e^i(X.v mreipov &epfj(.cc,'ztrhetoaiv ccvhois 
+
+ex 'srSTpys eis SrctAccrlocv S'tyQstrati. Agatharchides de Rubro mark p. 54. 
+
+E irat ctAAyv rxjoAiv Apmvoyv' eirct Srepjjttnv vS'ctroov exCcAct$ y rmxpoov xca alAfJLVgoovl 
+Strabo. L. 16. p. 1114. 
+
+7X Some make Ephefus and Arfinoe to have been the fame. See Scholia upon 
+Dionyfius. v. 828. 
+
+73 Strabo. L. 16. p. 1074. See Radicals, p. 41. 
+
+74 Pliny. L. 6. c. 27. Euphraten praeclufere Orcheni: nec nifi Pafitigri defertur 
+ad mare. 
+
+Vol, I, E e a people* 
+
+
+
+210 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+a people, a tribe of the Chaldeans. Here was the fource of 
+fire-worfhip : and all the country was replete with bitumen 
+and fire. There was a region 75 Hyrcania inhabited by the 
+Medes ; which feems to have been of the fame inflammable 
+nature. The people were called Hyrcani, and Aftabeni : 
+which latter fignifies the fons of fire. Cellarius mentions a 
+city Hyrcania in 76 Lydia. There were certainly people 
+ftyled Hyrcani ; and a large plain called Campus Hyrcanus 
+77 in the fame part of the world. It feems to have been a 
+part of that parched and burning region called fcxTOMSKOLVfJLevr), 
+fo named from the fires, with which it abounded. It was near 
+Hierapolis, Caroura, and Fofla Charonea, all famed for fire. 
+
+It may feem extraordinary ; yet I cannot help thinking, 
+that the Hercynian forefl: in Germany was no other than the 
+Hurcanian, and that it was denominated from the God Ur- 
+can, who was worfhiped here as well as in the eaft. It is 
+mentioned by Eratofthenes, and Ptolemy under the name of 
+$gV[JLOS O gzwiog, or the forefl: of 78 Orcun; which is undoubt¬ 
+edly the fame name as that above. I have taken notice, 
+that the name of the mountain Pyrene fignified a fountain 
+
+
+75 Ptolemy Geog. 
+
+Ifidorus Characenus. 
+
+76 Cellarii Geog. Vol. 2. p. 80. 
+
+
+Geog. Vet. vol. 2. p. 7. 
+
+
+• / 
+
+
+Strabo. L. 12. p. 868, 869. and L. 13. p. 929—932 
+
+
+E Se ti t ttyctreisL TecppuSm t ow 'utbSimv. 
+
+Strabo fuppofes that the Campus 1 -Iyrcanus was fo named from the Perfians, 
+
+
+as alfo Kvdb 
+
+
+eSiou near it, but they feem to have been fo denominated ab origine. 
+
+The river Organ, which ran into the Meander from the Campus Hyrcanus, was 
+properly Ur-chan. Ancyra was An-cura, fo named, a fonte. Solis: xvgos yctp o 
+r.Puos. All the names throughout the country have a correfpondence; all relate 
+either to the foil, or the religion of the natives ; and betray a great antiquity. 
+
+
+75 Ptolemy. Geog*. L. 2. c. II. 
+
+9 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+
+The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+211 
+
+
+of fire, and that the mountain had once flamed. There 
+was a Pyrene among the Alpes 79 Tridentini, and at the foot 
+of it a city of the fame 80 name ; which one would infer to 
+have been fo denominated from the like circumftance. I 
+mention this becaufe here was the regio Hercynia, where 
+the Hercynian foreft Sl commenced, and from which it re¬ 
+ceived its name. Beatus Rhenanus in his account of thefe 
+parts fays, that there was a tradition of this mountain Py¬ 
+rene once 81 burning : and conformably to this notion it is 
+ftill diftinguifhed by the name of the great 83 Brenner. The 
+country therefore and the foreft may have been called Or- 
+cunian upon this account. For as the worfliip of the Sun, 
+the Deity, of fire, prevailed greatly at places of this nature, 
+I make no doubt but Hercynia, which Ptolemy exprefies 
+OgxvvioL, was fo named from Or-cun, the God of that ele¬ 
+ment. 
+
+We muft not be furprifed to find Amonian names among 
+the Alpes ; for fome of that, family were the firft who pafled 
+them. The merit of great performances was by the Greeks 
+
+79 Mentioned in Pliny’s Panegyric : and in Seneca; confolatio ad Helv. L. 6. 
+Ariftotle in Meteoris. 
+
+80 Here was one of the fountains of the Danube. Icy os re yap rzrora uos ao^a- 
+
+uevos ex* KeA rcov y.ai Tlvpnvns 'sr&A/o* peei, /meant' mv JLvptoirnv. Herodotus. 
+
+L. 2. c. 33. 
+
+8x See Cluverii Germania. 
+
+Sa Beatus Rhenanus. Rerum Germanic. L. 3. 
+
+85 It is called by the Swifs, Le Grand Brenner: by the other Germans, Der 
+grofs Verner. 
+
+Mount Caenis, as we term it, is properly Mount Chen-Is, Mons Dei Vulcani. It 
+is called by the people of the country Monte Canife : and is part of the Alpes Cot- 
+tise. Cluver. Ital. vol. 1. L. 1. c. 32. p. 337. Mons Geneber Jovii. 
+
+E e 2 
+
+
+generally 
+
+
+
+212 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient’ Mythology* 
+
+
+generally attributed to a fingle per foil. This paflage there¬ 
+fore through the mountains is faid by fome to have been 
+the work of Hercules : by others of Cottus, and H Cottius. 
+From hence this particular branch of the mountains had the 
+name of Alpes Cottias ; and the country was called Regio 
+Cottiana: wherein were about twelve capital Ss cities. Some 
+of that ancient and facred nation, the Hyperboreans, are faid 
+by Pofidonius to have taken up their relidence in thefe parts. 
+
+86 T«? 'T7reg£og£xs —oiksiv nrs^i rag AA7 rsig rr\g It aXiag, Here 
+inhabited the Taurini: and one of the chief cities was Cornus. 
+Strabo ftyles the country the land of 87 Ideonus, and Cottius. 
+Thefe names will be found hereafter to be very remarkable. 
+Indeed many of the Alpine appellations were Amonian ; as 
+were alfo their rites : and the like is to be obferved in many 
+parts of Gaul, Britain, and Germany. Among other evidences 
+the worfhip of His, and of her facred fhip,. is to be noted ^ 
+which prevailed among the Suevi. sg Pars Suevorum et Hidi 
+facrificat: unde caufa et origo peregrino facro, parum -com- 
+peri; nifi. quod lignum ipfum in modum LiburnaJ figuratum 
+docet advedtam religionem. The fhip of His was alfo re- 
+
+
+u See Marcellinus. L. 15. c. 10. p. 77. and the authors quoted by Cluverius; 
+Italra^Antiqua above. 
+
+They are ftyled iWvreis 'XxvTiai by Procopius •, Rerum Goth. L, 2. 
+
+Marcellinus thinks, that a king Cottius gave name to thefe Alps in the time*; 
+of Auguftus, but Cottius was the national title of the king; as Cottia was of the; 
+
+nation ; far prior to the time of Auguftus. 
+
+♦ 
+
+** 5 Pliny. L. 3. c. 20. Cottianas civitates duodecim. 
+
+86 Scholia upon Apollonius. L. 2. v. 677. 
+
+* 7 Thtoov J' hcu 7) tb Ic hovvB XsyofjLtvYi yv^ kcci w tb Kst tib. Strabo. L. 4 .. 
+p. 312. 
+
+* s Tacitus de Moribus Germanorum. 
+
+
+verenced 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+213 
+
+
+verenced at Rome : and is marked in the 89 calendar for the 
+month of March. From whence the myftery was derived, we 
+
+
+may learn from 
+
+
+Navigium Ifidis iEgypt 
+
+
+Hence we find, that the whole of it came from Egypt 
+
+
+like is fhewn by 91 LaCtantius 
+
+
+purpofe 
+
+
+The 
+
+b r i ng 
+
+
+
+
+innumerable proofs, were I not limited in my progrefs. I 
+may perhaps hereafter introduce fomething upon this head 
+if I fhould at any time touch upon the antiquities of Britain 
+and Ireland; which feem to have been but imperfectly known. 
+Both of thefe countries, but efpecially the latter, abound 
+with facred terms, which have been greatly overlooked. I 
+will therefore fay fo much in furtherance of the Britifh Anti¬ 
+quarian, as to inform him, that names of places, efpecially of 
+hills, promontories, and rivers, are of long duration ; and 
+
+change. The fame may be faid of every thing, 
+
+as temples, towers, 
+
+
+fuffer 
+
+
+which was efteemed at all facred, fuch as 
+and high mounds of earth ; which in early times were ufed 
+for altars. More particularly all mineral and medicinal wa¬ 
+ters will be found in a great degree to retain their ancient 
+names : and among thefe there may be obferved a refemblance 
+
+
+molt parts of the world 
+
+
+when names have 
+
+
+determinately affixed, they are not eafily effaced. The Gre¬ 
+cians, who under Alexander fettled in Syria, and Mefopota- 
+mia, changed many names of places, and gave to others in¬ 
+flections, and terminations after the mode of their own court 
+
+
+
+
+Gruter. Vol. i.p. 138. 
+
+
+90 Fulgentius : 
+
+
+Mytholog. L. j. c. 25. p. 655. 
+
+91 'Lad anti us de faifa -Relig. -Vol. x. L. i. c. ii. p. 47. 
+
+To thefe inftances add the worflnp of Searur, and Thuthj called Thautates,. Sec 
+
+
+Cluverii Germania L. x. c. 26. p. 188, and 1S9. 
+
+8 
+
+
+try, 
+
+
+
+214 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+try. But Marcellinus, who was in thofe parts under the Em¬ 
+peror Julian, allures us that thele changes and variations were 
+all cancelled : and that in his time the ancient names pre¬ 
+vailed. Every body, I prefume, is acquainted with the 
+hiftory of Palmyra, and of Zenobia the queen ; who having 
+been conquered by the emperor Aurelian, was afterwards led 
+in triumph. How much that city was beautified by this 
+princefs, and by thofe of her family, may be known by the 
+ftately ruins, which are ftill extant. Yet I have been allured 
+by my late .excellent and learned friend Mr. Wood, that if 
+you were to mention Palmyra to an Arab upon the fpot, he 
+would not know to what you alluded : nor would you find 
+him at all more acquainted with the hiftory of Odaenatus, and 
+Zenobia. Inllead of Palmyra he would talk of Tedmor ; and 
+in lieu of Zenobia he would tell you, that it was built by Sal- 
+mah Ebn Doud, that is by Solomon the fon of David. This 
+is exactly conformable to the account in the fcriptures : for it 
+is faid in the Book of Chronicles, 9Z He alfo (Solomon) built 
+Tadmor in the wildernefs . The Grecian name Palmyra, probably 
+of two thoufand years handing, is novel to a native Arab. 
+
+As it appeared to me neceftary to give fome account of the 
+rites, and worfhip, in the firft ages, at lead; in refpedt to that 
+great family, with which I fhall be principally concerned, I 
+took this opportunity at the fame time to introduce thefe ety¬ 
+mological inquiries. This I have done to the intent that the 
+reader may at firft fetting out fee the true nature of my 
+lyftem; and my method of inveftigation. He will hereby be 
+able to judge beforehand of the fcope which I purfue ; and of 
+
+
+91 a Chronicles, c. 8. 
+
+
+v. 4. 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+The Analysts of Ancient Mythology. 215 
+
+the terms on which I found my analyfis. If it fhould ap¬ 
+pear that the grounds, on which I proceed, are good, and my 
+method clear, and warrantable, the fubfequent hiftories will 
+in confequence of it receive great illu fixation. But {hould it 
+be my misfortune to have my fyftem thought precarious, or 
+contrary to the truth, let it be placed to no account, but be 
+totally fet afi.de : as the hiftory will fpeak for itfelf; and may 
+without thefe helps be authenticated. 
+
+
+
+O F 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+O F 
+
+• a 
+
+WO R S H IP paid at C AVE RNS, 
+
+AND OF 
+
+The Adoration of Fire in the firft Ages. 
+
+
+A S foon as religion began to lofe its purity, it degene¬ 
+rated very fall: and inftead of a reverential awe, and 
+pleafing fenfe of duty, there fucceeded a fearful gloom, and 
+unnatural horror, which were continually augmented, as fu- 
+perftition increafed. Men repaired in the firfb ages either to 
+the lonely fummits of mountains, or elfe to caverns in the 
+rocks, and hollows in the bofom of the "earth ; which they 
+thought were the reiidence of their Gods. At the entrance 
+of thefe they raifed their altars, and performed their vows. 
+Porphyry takes notice, how much this mode of worihip pre- 
+Vol. I. F f vailed 
+
+
+21 8 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+% 7 rriXoutx. 
+
+
+vailed among the firft nations upon the earth : 1 
+
+TOlVVV KCil CLVTgOL TW V <TJTCtXCU07OCT00V , 'UTglV JlOU VOLZg £7TIVOt]<TOU , 
+
+-9 soig aq>o<nzvToov mi zv K^tjo {jlzv K^h^toov An, zv Agm$ict < 5 s 
+
+
+AsAioj/yj, Kcti Uocvi zv Avzzua, xcti zv Na^o Aiowtrca. When in 
+procefs of time they began to eredt temples, they were ftill 
+determined in their htuation by the vicinity of thefe objedts, 
+which they comprehended within the limits of the facred 
+enclofure. Thefe melancholy recedes were efteemed the 
+places of the higheft fandlity : and fo greatly did this notion 
+prevail, that in aftertimes, when this pradtice had cealed, ftill 
+the innermoft part of the temple was denominated the cavern. 
+Hence the Scholiaft upon Lycophron interprets the words 
+'urctg uvTgoL in the poet, * Ts? zcrwroiTxg Tonsg rs van. The 
+cavern is the innermoft place of the temple. Paufanias fpeaking 
+of a cavern in Phocis fays, that it was particularly facred to 
+Aphrodite. 3 A<pgo$iTH] <T syzi zv c r?niAaw Tipux.g. In this 
+
+
+1 Porphyry de Antro Nympharum. p. 262. Edit. Cantab. 1655. 
+
+He fpeaks of Zoroafter, AvroOpvzs gtt7i?\.cciov zv tois tv 7\yi<j iqv opbgl tug Hepcri- 
+
+o OS CCVUTIgOVt KCCl 1zniyccs UflcgCOCTCCyTOS Zl$ 'TlfJLW T d 'WCCVTOQV 'uTGMT'dy KOCl ’ZUCCTgOS 
+
+p. 254. 
+
+
+Clemens Alexandrinus mentions Tj&gctQpwv ^opiccTct TZpctrzicts ZfJLirXzcc. 
+ratio ad Gentes. 
+
+
+Cohor- 
+
+
+A vrpcc piir.v S'iy.cliw* os TrctXcuov^ kcli (TimXcuct^ tw xoGfAu xaQiegHv. Porphyry de 
+Antro Nymph, p. 252. There was oftentimes an olive-tree planted near thefe ca¬ 
+verns, as in the Acropolis at Athens, and in Ithaca. 
+
+Aurap £7 Tt XPCtTCG XifJLtVQS T OLVUtyuWoS EA CCt&y 
+
+A yxpQi ^ ccvtvg Avrpov. Homer, de Antro Ithacenfi. Odyfll L. E. v. 346. 
+
+* Lycophron. v. 208. Scholia. 
+
+3 Paufanias. L. 10, p. 898. I imagine, that the word caverna, a cavern, was de¬ 
+nominated originally Ca-Ouran, Domus Cceleflis, vel Domus Dei, from the flip- 
+pofed fandlity of fuch places. 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+cavern 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 219 
+
+cavern divine hcmours were paid to Aphrodite. Parnaffus was 
+rendered holy for nothing more than for thefe unpromifing 
+circumftances. Te^oTr^swijs 0 Ua.gva.a'iros, eyyv ctvrgoiTs zou olTIKol 
+" jrwgict 'VipLWfJLZVOL TSy kcli ctyi^svofJisvoL 4 '. 'The mountain of Par- 
+najfus is a place of great revereticey having many caverns , and 
+other detached fpots highly honoured , and fanElified. At Tamar us 
+was a temple with a fearful aperture, through which it was 
+fabled that Hercules dragged to light the dog of hell. The 
+cave itfelf fee ms to have been the temple ; for it is faid, 
+
+5 E 7 Tt Ttj outgo. N otog eix,ct(rfJ,svos <T? rqTtata). Upon the top of the 
+pronio?itory Jlands a temple in appearance like a cavern. The 
+lituation of Delphi feems to have been determined on account 
+of a mighty chafm in the hill, 6 ovtog r gy.<rp.d\oq sv tw T 07 rw : 
+and Apollo is faid to have chofen it for an oracular fhrine, 
+on account of the effluvia which from thence proceeded. 
+
+7 Ut vidit Paean vaftos telluris hiatus 
+
+w 
+
+Divinam fpirare fidem, ventofque loquaces 
+Exhalare folum, facris fe condidit antris, 
+
+Incubuitque adyto : vates ibi fadius Apollo. 
+
+Here alfo was the temple of the 8 Mufes, which flood 
+
+4 Strabo. L. 9. p. 638. 
+
+TLl'QcC 'ZxTQZgQeV'd 
+
+2 Tvyvov 2 i£uAA>js sq-iv o'nctiTXgiav 
+
+r poovco BepeQpcp cvT^ocrypecpes reyhs. Lycophron of the Sibyls cavern near the 
+promontory Zofterion. v. 1278. 
+
+? Paufanias. L. 3. p. 5. 275. 
+
+6 Scholia upon Ariftophanes : Plutus. v. g. and Euripides in the Orcftes, v. 164, 
+
+7 Lucan. L. 5. v. 82. 
+
+* M&aoov yag yv 'legov zvrctvfyct 'ztrspi rryv cwcej 7 tvQyv tb vccptocTte, Plutarch, de Pyth. 
+Oracul. Yol. 1. p. 402. 
+
+F f 2 clofe 
+
+
+
+220 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+clofe upon a reeking ftream. But what rendered Delphi 
+more remarkable, and more reverenced, was the Corycian 
+Gave, which lay between that hill and Parnafius. It went 
+under ground a great way : and Paufanias, who made it his 
+particular bufinefs to vifit places of this nature, fays, that it 
+
+9 Ay- 
+
+Th ere 
+
+in Cilicia, mentioned 
+
+
+was the mofi extraordinary of any which he ever beheld , 
+Tgov K oogvxiov (T 7 ry)XoLicav , u>v -s/Joy, •$-gas a%iov /xaTusra. 
+were many caves ftyled Corycian : one 
+
+
+by Stephanus Byzantinus from Parthenius,who {peaks of a city 
+
+
+of the fame name 
+
+
+Hag y to Koqpvkiov avrgov N uu<p 
+
+
+aria 
+
+
+yccg'ov Ssapct. Near which city was the Corycian cavern , facred 
+
+
+to the 
+
+
+iphs , which afforded a fight the mofi 
+
+
+
+am 
+
+
+ijhing 
+
+
+Samacon 
+
+
+Elis, and. 
+
+
+There 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+There was a place of this fort at IO 
+like the above, confecrated to the nymphs 
+like wife medicinal waters, from which people troubled with 
+
+I 
+
+and 
+
+
+eous, and fcrofulous diforders, found great benefit 
+mentioned the temple at Hierapolis in 11 Phrygia ; 
+
+
+the chafin within its precindts, out of which there iflued a 
+peftilential vapour. There was a city of the fame name in 
+lz Syria, where flood a temple of the higheft antiquity : and 
+in this temple was a fifiure, through which, according to the 
+tradition of the natives, the waters at the deluge retired. 
+Innumerable inftances might be produced to this purpofe 
+from Paufanias, Strabo, Pliny, and other writers. 
+
+
+9 Paufanias. L. io. p. 877. 
+
+Paufanias. L. 5. p. 387. Sama Con, Coeli vel Coeleftis Dominus. 
+
+Srrabo. L. 12. p. 869. L. 13. p. 934. Demeter and Kora were worlhiped at 
+the Charonian cavern, mentioned by Strabo: "X.ctpooviov ccvt^qv &ocvf/.ctc^Qv t* q,vcrss~ 
+L. 14. p. 961. 
+
+Lucian de Dea Syria. 
+
+
+it 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+221 
+
+
+It has been obferved, that the Greek term KoiXog, hollow, 
+was often fubftituted for Coelus, heaven: and, I think it will 
+appear to have been thus ufed from the fubfequent hiftory, 
+wherein the worfhip of the Atlantians is defcribed. The 
+mythologifls gave out, that Atlas fupported heaven: one 
+reafon for this notion was, that upon mount Atlas flood a 
+temple to Coelus. It is mentioned by Maximus Tyrius in one 
+of his differtations, and is here as in many other inflances 
+changed to KOiXog, hollow. The temple was undoubtedly a 
+cavern : but the name is to be underftood in its original ac¬ 
+ceptation, as Coel, the houfe of God ; to which the natives 
+paid their adoration. This mode of worfhip among the At¬ 
+
+
+lantians betrays a great antiquity ; as the temple feems to 
+
+
+have been merely a vafl hollow in the fide of the mountain ; 
+
+
+and to have had in it neither image, nor pillar, nor ftone, nor 
+any material objedt of adoration : 13 Eg 'i ds ArA ccg ogog koiXov, 
+
+S7rt£i/M)g thJ^Aoy. - Taro A&vcav kcci Isgov, kou -9 sog, tcui og- 
+
+
+aog , Kou ayaA^tce.. "This Atlas (of which I have bee?i fpeaking) 
+is a moimtain with a cavity , and of a tolerable height , which the 
+natives efleem both as a temple, a?id, a Deity: a?td it is the great 
+objeEl by which they fwear ; and to which they pay their devotio?is. 
+The cave in the mountain was certainly named Co-el, the 
+houfe of God j equivalent to Coelus of the Romans. To this 
+the people made their offerings : and this was the heaven 
+which Atlas was fuppofed to fupport. It feems to have been 
+no uncommon term among the Africans. There was a city 
+in Lybia named Coel, which the Romans rendered Coelu. 
+
+
+*3 
+
+
+Maximus Tyrius. Difiert. 8. p. 87- 
+
+
+T h cy 
+
+
+
+222 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+
+They would have exprefled it Coelus, or Ccelus; but the 
+name was copied in the time of the Punic wars, before the 
+s final was admitted into their writings. Vaillant has given 
+feveral Ipecimens of coins ftruck in this city to the honour of 
+fome of the Roman 14 emperors, but efpecially of Verus, Corn- 
+modus, and Antoninus Pius. 
+
+Among the Perfians moft of the temples were caverns in 
+rocks, either formed by nature, or artificially produced. They 
+had likewife Puratheia, or open temples, for the celebration 
+of the rites of fire. I fhall hereafter fhew, that the religion, 
+of which I have been treating, was derived from the fons of 
+Chus : and in the ancient province of Chufiftan, called after¬ 
+wards Perfis, there are to be feen at this day many curious 
+monuments of antiquity, which have a reference to that wor- 
+fhip. The learned Hyde fuppofes them to have been either 
+15 palaces, or tombs. The chief building, which he has taken 
+for a palace, is manifeftly a Puratheion ; one of thofe open 
+edifices called by the Greeks, 'Y '7rcuQgoi. It is very like the 
+temple at Lucorein in upper Egypt j and feems to be ftill 
+entire. At a glance we may perceive, that it was never in¬ 
+tended for an habitation. At a diftance are fome facred 
+grottos, hewn out of the rock ; the fame, which he ima¬ 
+gines to have been tombs. Many of the ancients, as well as 
+of the moderns, have been of the fame opinion. In the 
+front of thefe grottos are reprefentations of various cha¬ 
+racters : and among others is figured, more than once, a 
+
+'* Vaillant: Numifm. JErea Imperator. Pars prima. p. 243, 245, 285. and elfe- 
+where. 
+
+15 Hyde, Religio Veterum Perfarum. c. 23. p. 306, 7, 8. 
+
+
+princely 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Z2T3 
+
+
+princely perfonage, who is approaching the altar, where the 
+
+■ 
+
+facred fire is 16 burning. Above all is the Sun, and the 
+figure of a Deity in a cloud, with fometimes a facred ban¬ 
+dage, at other times a ferpent entwined round hs middle, 
+fimilar to the Cnuphis of Egypt. Hyde fuppofes the figure 
+above to be the foul of the king, who {lands before the altar: 
+but it is certainly an emblem of the Deity, of which we 
+have a fecond example in Le 17 Bruyn, copied from another 
+part of thefe edifices. Hyde takes notice,, that there were 
+feveral repetitions of this hiftory, and particularly of perfons, 
+folem et ignem in pariete delineatos intuentes : yet he forms 
+his judgment from one fpecimen only. Thefe curious fam- 
+ples of ancient architecture are defcribed by 18 Kaempfer, 
+19 Mandeflo, 510 Chardin, and 11 Le Bruyn. They are like- 
+wife taken notice of by 2,1 Thevenot, and Herbert. In re- 
+fpeCt to the grottos I am perfuaded, that they were temples. 
+
+
+and not tombs. 
+
+
+Nothing was more common; among the 
+
+
+Perfians, than to have their temples formed out of rocks. 
+Mithras e Petra 13 was in a. manner a proverb. Porphyry 
+
+
+16 See PLATE ii, iii. 
+
+17 Le Bruyn. Plate 153. 
+
+See the fubfequent plate with the characters of Cneuplns,. 
+
+,3 Ksempfer. Amocnitates Exotica, p. 325.. 
+
+,9 Mandeflo. p. 3. He mentions the facred fire, and a ferpent. 
+
+~° Sir John Chardin. Herbert alfo deicribes thefe caverns, and a ferpent, and 
+wings ; which was the lame emblem as the Cneuphis of Egypt, 
+
+5,1 Le Bruyn’s Travels. Vol. 2. p. 20. See plate 117, nS, 119, 120. Alfa p, 
+
+15 s * *59> l66 > l6 7- 
+
+Thevenot. Part 2d. p. 144, 146. 
+
+Ol tcc tb M/O^b fjLU~vpioc ^wccpcc^L^ovTes A ey'dciv ex 'ujerpa.s yeyevna-Qxi ccuror D 5 ecu 
+£T7r>jAaior JcaABcrx t ov TQTroy. CumTryphone Dialog* p. 168, 
+
+
+allures 
+
+
+
+224 
+
+allures 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+that the Deity had always a rock, or cavern for 
+
+where the name of 
+
+Juf- 
+
+
+all 
+
+
+
+cavern. 
+
+
+his temple : that people, in 
+Mithras was known, paid their worship 
+tin Martyr fpeaks to the fame 25 purpofe : and Lutatius Pla- 
+cidus mentions that this mode of worlhip began among the 
+
+
+Perlians 
+
+
+PerfzE 
+
+
+fpel 
+
+
+coli folem primi inveniffe di 
+
+
+cuntur. There is therefore no reafon to think that thele 
+grottos were tombs ; or that the Perlians ever made rife of 
+fuch places for the fepulture of their kings. The tombs of 
+27 Cyrus, 28 Nitocris, and other oriental princes, were within 
+the precindts of their cities : from whence, as well as from 
+the devices upon the entablatures of thele grottos, we may 
+be allured that they were deligned for temples. Le Bruyn 
+indeed fuppofes them to have been places of burial; which 
+is very natural for a perfon to imagine, who was not ac¬ 
+quainted with the ancient worlhip of the people. Theve- 
+not alfo lays, that he 29 went into the caverns, and faw fe- 
+veral Hone coffins. But this was merely conjectural : for the 
+
+
+34 He fpeaks of people, TIocvtccott& tov M $pxv eyvooa’ca , y J'lct crirvAcav t 
+
+263. 
+
+2,5 Juftin Martyr fupra. 
+
+a6 Scholia upon Statius. Thebaid. L. i. v. 720. 
+
+Seu Perfei de rupibus Antri 
+Xndignata fequi torquentem cornua Mithran. 
+
+27 Plutarch. Alexander, p. 703. and Arrian. L. 6. p. 273. 
+
+18 Herodotus. L. 1. c. 187. 
+
+29 Thevenot. Part. 2d. p. 144, 146. 
+
+Some fay that Thevenot was never out of Europe : conlequently the travels 
+which go under his name were the work of another perfon: for they have many 
+curious circumftances, which could not be mere fidtion. But there were two per¬ 
+ilous of this name : and one of them was a celebrated traveller. 
+
+
+fiercer. Porphyry de Antro Nympharum. p. 
+
+
+IO 
+
+
+things 
+
+
+
+JM.0LC.lt. 
+
+
+
+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+
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+
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+
+fc4?* =: = 
+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+*vj' = =? 
+
+* '\ ' ~~ 7Z> 
+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+225 
+
+
+things, to which he alludes, were not in the fhape of cof¬ 
+fins, and had undoubtedly been placed there as cifterns for 
+water, which the Perfians ufed in their nodturnal luftrations. 
+This we may in great meafure learn from his own words : 
+for he fays, that thefe refer voir s were fquare, and had a near 
+refemblance to the bafons of a fountain. The hills, where 
+thefe grottos have been formed, are probably the fame, 
+which were of old famous for the ftrange echoes, and noifes 
+heard upon them. The circumftance is mentioned by Cle¬ 
+mens Alexandrinus 3 °, who quotes it from the writers, who 
+treated of the Perfic h-iftory. It feems that there were fome 
+facred hills in Perfis, where, as people palled by, there were 
+heard fhouts, as of a multitude of people : alfo hymns, and 
+exultations, and other uncommon noifes. Thefe founds un¬ 
+
+
+doubtedly proceeded from the priefls at their midnight wor- 
+fhip : whofe voices at that feafon were reverberated by the 
+mountains, and were accompanied with a reverential awe in 
+thofe, who heard them. The country below was called, 
+
+tgo:/ Maytoz/, the region of the Magi. 
+
+The principal building alfo, which is thought to have 
+been a palace, was a temple j but of a different fort. The 
+travellers above fay, that it is called Iftachar : and Hyde re¬ 
+peats it, and tells us, that it fignifies e rupe fumptum, feu 
+rupe conftans faxeum palatium : and that it is derived from 
+the Arabic word fachr, rupes, in the eighth 31 conjugation. 
+I am forry, that I am obliged to controvert this learned man’s 
+
+
+30 Clemens Alexandrinus. L. 6. p. 756. 
+
+31 Hyde de Religione Yet. Perfar. p. 306. 
+
+G g 
+
+
+-VOL. I. 
+
+
+opinion, 
+
+
+
+226 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+% ^ 
+
+opinion, and to encounter him upon his own ground., about 
+a point of oriental etymology. I am intirely a ftranger to 
+the Perfic, and Arabic languages ; yet I cannot acquiefce in 
+his opinion. I do not think, that the words e rupe ftimp- 
+tum, vel rupe conflans faxeum palatium, are at any rate ma¬ 
+terials, out of which a proper name could be conftru<fted. 
+The place to be fure, whether a palace, or a temple, is built 
+of ftone taken from the quarry, or rock : but what temple 
+or palace is not ? Can we believe that they would give as a 
+proper name to one place, what was in a manner common to 
+all ; and choofe for a chara&eriftic what was fo general and 
+indeterminate ? It is not to be fuppofed. Every fymbol, 
+and reprefentation relates to the worfhip of the country: and 
+all hiftory fhews that fuch places were facred, and fet apart 
+for the adoration of fire, and the Deity of that element, 
+called Ifta, and Ella. 3 * Ifta-char, or Efta-char is the place 
+or temple of Ifta or Efta ; who was the Heftia, 'E riot, of the 
+Greeks, and Vefta of the Romans. That the term originally 
+
+related to fire we have the authority of Petavius. 33 He- 
+braica lingua ignem fignificat, Aramaea fctntt’N, qua voce 
+
+ignem a Noemo vocatum Berofus prodidit : atque inde for- 
+
+taflis Grteci 'Esrias originem deduxerunt. Herbert therefore 
+
+with great propriety fuppofes the building to have been the 
+
+temple of 34 Anaia, or Ana’fs ; who was the fame as Hanes, 
+
+as well as Heftia. Procopius, fpeaking of the facred fire of 
+
+the Perfians, fays exprefly, that it was the very fame, which 
+
+3i See Radicals, p. 62. 
+
+93 Petavius in Epiphanium. p. 42. * 
+
+34 Herbert’s Travels, p. 13S. 
+
+in 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 227 
+
+in aftertimes the Romans worshiped, and called the fire of 
+Heftia, or Vefta. 35 Taro to ■s rvg, 07 reg 'E gricnv emXovno, 
+kou ecrsGovro ev r oig vgsgoig ’^govoig 'Pwpxiof. This is further 
+proved from a well known verfe in Ovid. 
+
+36 Nec tu aliud Veftam, quam vivam intellige flaramam. 
+
+Hyde renders the term after Kaempfer, Ifta : but it was more 
+commonly exprefled Efta, and Afta. The Deity was alfoftyled 
+Aftachan, which as a mafculine fignified Sol Dominus, five 
+Vulcanus Rex. This we may infer from a province in Par- 
+thia, remarkable for eruptions of fire, which was called 37 Afta- 
+cana, rendered by the Romans Aftacene, the region of the 
+God of fire. The ifland Delos was famous for the worfhip 
+of the fun : and we learn from Callimachus, that there were 
+traditions of fubterraneous fires burfting forth in many parts 
+of it. 
+
+38 Oyxos dwav kolt etpXs^ag , sttsi 'arsgixcciso T>rvgi* 
+
+Upon this account it was called 39 Pirpile ; and by the fame 
+poet Hiftia, and Heftia, fimilar to the name above. 40 'I s'iy] 
+w vi]<rwv, sv£$riy). The ancient Scythae were worfhipers of fire : 
+
+Procopius. Perfic. L. i. c. 24. 
+
+36 Ovid. Fait. L. 6 . v. 291. 
+
+37 Similis eft natura Naphtha, et ita adpellatur circa Babylonem, ec in Aftacenis 
+Parthise, pro bituminis liquidi modo. Pliny. L. 2. c. 106. p, 123. 
+
+4 
+
+58 Callim. H. to Delos, v. 201. 
+
+39 Plin. L. 2. c. 22. p. 112. He fuppofes the name to have been given, igne 
+ibi primum reperto. 
+
+40 Callimachus. H. to Delos, v. 325. 
+
+G g 2 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+
+228 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology'* 
+
+and Herodotus defcribes them as devoted to Hiftia 41 . TXatr- 
+
+hovtols 'lew [jlsv [ACiXt£ From hence, I think, we may know 
+for certain the purport of the term Iftachar, which was a 
+name given to the grand Pureion in Chufiftan from the Deity 
+there worshiped. It Hands near the bottom of the hills with 
+
+the caverns in a widely extended plain : which I make no 
+
+% 
+
+doubt is the celebrated plain of the magi mentioned above 
+by Clemens. We may from thefe data venture to correct a 
+miftake in Maximus Tyrius, who in fpeaking of fire-worfhip 
+among the Perfians, fays, that it was attended with accla¬ 
+mations, in which they invited the Deity to take his repaft 4 *. 
+Uvg, (JscnroTa, e<rQi£. What he renders B(rOis 3 was undoubtedly 
+'Efts, Heftie, the name of the God of fire. The addrefs was, 
+£2 IIy£, JscnroTa 
+
+is changed to O Fire, come, and feed. 
+
+The ifland Cyprus was of old called 43 Ceraftis, and Ce~ 
+raftia ; and had a city of the fame name. T his city was more 
+known by the name of Amathus : and mention is made of 
+cruel rites pra&ifed in its ^temple. As long as the former 
+name prevailed, the inhabitants were fly led Ceraflas. They 
+were more particularly the priefts, who were fo denominated 5 
+and who were at laft extirpated for their cruelty. The poets 
+
+
+E g-is : O mighty Lord of fire, Heftius: which 
+
+
+41 Herodotus, L. 4. c. 69. 
+
+
+41 K ou Sru&cri Tlepaca 9 67ti^cdbvt^ ccjtm t yjy'uivpos t po^,vjy^ e7ri?^eyovT€$, flip 
+
+zaQi'e. Maximus Tyrius. DiiTert. 8. p. 83. 
+
+43 
+
+
+See Lycophron. v. 477. and Stephanus. K v 7 rpcs,. 
+
+K egctcr'if'os eis ^Qorcc K u?rp?. Nonni Dionyf. L. 4. 
+
+** Hofpes erat csefus. 'Ovid. Metamorph. L. 10. v. 22S. 
+
+
+imagining. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+229 
+
+imagining, that the term Ceraftas related to a horn, fabled that 
+they were turned into bulls. 
+
+* 45 Atque illos gemino quondam quibus afpera cornu 
+
+Frons erat, unde etiam nomen traxere Ceraftas. 
+
+% 
+
+There was a city of the fame name in Euboea, expreffed Ca- 
+ryftus, where the ftone 46 Albeftus was found. Of this they 
+made a kind of cloth, which was fuppofed to be proof againft 
+fire, and to be cleanfed by that element. The purport of 
+the name is plain ; and the natural hiftory of the place affords 
+us a reafon why it was impofed. For this we are obliged to 
+Solinus, who calls the city with the Grecian termination, 
+Caryftos ; and fays, that it was noted for its hot ftreams : 
+47 Caryftos aquas calentes habet, quas E?\A07nas vocant. We 
+may therefore be affured, that it was called Car-yftus from, 
+the Deity of fire, to whom all hot fountains were facred. El- 
+lopia is a compound of El Ope, Sol Python, another name of 
+the fame Deity. Caryftus, Ceraftis, Cerafta, are all of the 
+fame purport : they betoken a place, or temple of Aldus, or 
+Afta, the God of fire. Cerafta in the feminine is exprefly the 
+fame, only reverfed, as Aftachar in Chufiftan. Some places 
+had the fame term in the compofition of their names, which 
+was joined with Kur ; and they were named in honour of 
+the Sun, ftyled Curos. He was worfhiped all over 
+
+
+Ovid. Ibidem. 
+
+46 Strabo. L. io. p. 684. 
+
+47 Solinus. cap. 17. Pliny takes notice of the city Caryftus. Euboea—Urbibus 
+clara quondam Pyrrha, Oreo, Gerasfto, Caryfto, Oritano, &c. aquifque calidis, 
+qua: Ellopia: vocantur* nobilis. L. 4. c, n. 
+
+
+
+230 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Syria ; and one large province was hence named Curefta, 
+and Cureftica, from Kvg c E?og, Sol Heftius. 
+
+In Cappadocia were many Puratheia ; and the people fol¬ 
+lowed the fame manner of worftiip, as was pradtifed in Per¬ 
+ils. The rites, which prevailed, may be inferred from the 
+names of places, as well as from the hiftory of the country. 
+One city feems to have been denominated from its tutelary 
+Deity, and called Caftabala. This is a plain compound of 
+Ca-Afta-Bala, the place or temple of Afta Bala; the fame 
+Deity, as by the Syrians was called Baaltis. Afta Bala was 
+the Goddefs of fire : and the fame cuftoms prevailed here, as 
+at Feronia in Lafium. The female attendants in the temple 
+iifed to walk with their feet bare over burning 4E coals. 
+
+Such is the nature of the temple named Iftachar ; and of 
+the caverns in the mountains of Chufiftan. They were fa- 
+cred to Mithras, and were made life of for his rites. Some 
+make a diftindfcion between Mithras, Mithres, and Mithra : 
+but they were all the fame Deity, the w Sun, efteemed the 
+chief God of the Perfians. In thefe gloomy recedes people, 
+who were to be initiated, were confined for a long feafon in 
+the dark, and totally fecluded from all company. During 
+this appointed term they underwent, as fome fay, eighty 
+kinds of trials, or tortures, by way of expiation. 50 Mithra 
+
+
+4S Ei' to<s Kas-'afaAcis e^t to tws Tie pan as AorepuScs lepov, oVa (pan Tas lepeiccs 
+yvpcvots tois 'zvocri JV ocvQpoLKictv (2ctS'i^etv <x.7rc&£i$. Scrabo. L. 12. p. 811. 
+
+49 MiGgas 0 £A*os 'zarctpcc riegcrctts . Hefych. 
+
+MiBpws 0 'ujptoTo* tv TIepcrcus <3>eos. Ibidem. 
+
+Mithra was the fame. Elias Cretenfis in Gregorii Theologi Opera. 
+s ° Elias Cretenfis. Ibidem. In like manner Nonnus fays, that there could be no 
+initiation : A ^pi9 & Tas oySoyKovra, xoAaa'S/s'zjrapeAGo/. InNazianzeni Steliteutic. 2 . 
+
+i o apud 
+
+
+
+T|ie Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 231 
+
+♦ 
+
+apud Perfas Sol efle exiftimatrur : nemo vero ejus facris ini- 
+tiari poteft, nili per aliquot fuppliciorum. gradus tranfierit. 
+Sunt tormentorum ii Ixxx gradus, partim inteniiores.—Ita 
+demum, exhauftis omnibus tormentis, facris imbuuntur. 
+Many 51 died in the trial: and thofe, who furvived were often 
+fb crazed and fhaken in their intellects, that they never re¬ 
+turned to their former date of mind. 
+
+Some traces of this kind of penance may be ftill perceived 
+in the eaft, where the followers of Mahomet have been 
+found to adopt it. In the hiftory given by Hanway of the 
+Perfian Monarch, Mir Maghmud, we have an account of a 
+procefs limilar to that above; which this prince thought 
+proper to undergo. He was of a four and cruel difpolition, 
+and had been greatly dejeCted in his Ipirits ; on which ac¬ 
+count he wanted to obtain fome light and afliftance from 
+heaven. 31 W^ith this intent Maghmud undertook to perform the 
+fpiritual exercifes which the Indian Mahommedans, who are 
+more addicted to them than thofe of other countries y have intro¬ 
+duced into K.andahar. ‘This fuperfitious practice is obferved by 
+fhutting the??ifelves tip fourteen or fifteen days in a place where 
+no light enters. The only nourijhment they take is a little bread 
+and water at fun fet. During this retreat they employ their 
+time in repeating inceffantly with a firong guttural voice the 
+word Hou, by which they denote one of the attributes of the 
+Deity. Thefe continual cries y and the agitations of the body y 
+with which they are attended\ naturally unhinge the whole frame . 
+When by fafling and darknefs the brain h diftemper.ed , they 
+
+
+51 K Oil T076 A 017T0V £{JLUB(Tl CCVTCV TO. TgAg&)T6£>3£ 5 SctV £W>7. NonnUS fupra. 
+
+51 Account of Perfia by Jonas Hanway Efq. Vol. 3. c. 31, 32. p. 206.. 
+
+
+
+
+2-2,2 .The Analysis of Ancient Mythology'. 
+
+fancy they fee fpeSlres and hear voices.. Thus they take pains to 
+co?ifirm the diftemper , which puts them upozz fuch trials . 
+
+Such was ■ the painfd exercife which _ NLaghmud undertook i?t 
+Junuary this year ; and for this ptirpofe he chofe a fubterra- 
+neous vault. In the beginning of the next month , whezi he came 
+forth,. . he was fo pale , disfigured , and emaciated , that . they 
+hardly knew him. But this was not the worft ejfteEl of his de¬ 
+votion.' Solitude , often dangerous to a melancholy tu?~n of 
+thought , had under the cir cumft ances of his inquietude , and the 
+ftrangezzefs of his penance, impaired his reafozt. He became reft- 
+lefs, and fufpicious, often ft anting. In one of thefe fits he 
+determined to put to death the whole family of his prede- 
+cefior Sha Huflein ; among whom were feveral brothers, 
+three uncles, and feven nephews, befides that prince’s chil¬ 
+dren. All thefe, in number above an hundred, the tyrant 
+cut to pieces with his own hand in the palace-yard, where 
+they were aflembled for that bloody purpofe. Two fn\all 
+children only efcaped by the intervention of their father, 
+who was wounded in endeavouring to fcreen them. 
+
+The reverence paid to caves, and grottos, arofe from a no- 
+
+ft 
+
+tion that they were a reprefentation of the 53 world ; and that 
+the chief Deity whom the Perfians worshiped proceeded 
+from a cave. Such was the tradition, which they had re- 
+ceived; and which contained in it matter of importance. 
+Porphyry attributes the original of the cuftom to Zoroafter, 
+whoever Zoroafter may have been : and fays, that he firffc 
+confecrated a natural cavern in Perfis to Mithras, the creator 
+
+53 E ikqvcc (pepov TS5 GTryXous T3 Kecrwy. Porphyry de Antro Nymph, p. 254. 
+
+and 
+
+
+L 
+
+
+
+Plate HI. 
+
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+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+2 33 
+
+
+and. father of all things. He was followed in this practice 
+by others, who dedicated to the Deity places of this 5i na¬ 
+ture ; either fuch as were originally hollowed by nature, or 
+made fo by the art of man. Thofe, of which we have fpe- 
+cimens exhibited by the writers above, were probably en¬ 
+riched, and ornamented by the Achaimenidse of Perils, who 
+fucceeded to the throne of Cyrus. They are modern, if 
+compared with the firft introduction of the worfhip : yet of 
+high antiquity in refpeCl to us. They are noble relics of 
+Perlic architecture, and afford us matter of great curiolity. 
+
+
+54 Mst cl S'e t&tqv Toy *Zcogocc<^pyv tcgccTticravTOS Ttou Tcrcog otAAois S'i otvrpcov Kctt <77r>j- 
+P\.guc*)v 9 eiT bv ccvT0(pva)v 9 tire upo 7 rotyTGW , tccs Ti AgT<xs ccirof t^ovcti. Porph. de Aritro 
+Nymph, p. 108. The purport of the hiftory of Mithras, and of the cave from 
+whence he proceeded, I fliall hereafter fhew. Jupiter was nurfed in a cave, and 
+Proferpine, Kopv Kocr/*y, nurfed in a cave: caaccvroos xoa £ A»j uvrng ev ocvrota rgzcpet 
+
+TYiV K QgY)V fAZTCt ’NvjJ.CpO)V* XCCl OcAAcC T0KXUTCC 'ZSToAAct BUpyjTSl Tff € 7 HC 0 V TCC T COV SrZQ- 
+
+A oycov. Porph. ibid. p. 254. 
+
+
+VOL. I. 
+
+
+H h 
+
+
+O F 
+
+
+
+C 2 35 ) 
+
+
+
+OF THE 
+
+O M P H I, 
+
+AND OF 
+
+The WORSHIP upon HIGH PLACES. 
+
+T HE term Omphi. is of great antiquity, and denotes an 
+
+oracular influence, by which people obtained an in¬ 
+fight into the fecrets of futurity. I have taken notice, with 
+what reverence men in the firft ages repaired to rocks, and 
+caverns, as to places of particular fandtity. Here they 
+thought that the 
+either by a voice, or a dream, or fome other preternatural 
+
+token. Many for the fame purpofe worshiped upon hills, 
+
+♦ 
+
+and on the tops of high mountains j imagining that they 
+hereby obtained a nearer communication with heaven. Hence 
+we read as far back as the days of Mofes, concerning the 
+high places in 1 Canaan. And under the kings of Ifrael and 
+Judah, that the people made their offerings in high places. 
+We are particularly told of Pekah, the fon of Remaliah, that 
+
+Leviticus, c. 26. v. 30. 
+
+H h 2 be 
+
+
+Deity would mofl likely difclofe himfelf 
+
+
+’ Numbers, c. 22. v. 41. 
+
+
+
+236 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+he walked in the way of the " kings of Ifrael ; yea*, and made his 
+fans to pafs through the fre accordmg to the abominations of the 
+he at keen—and he facrifced and burnt incenfe in the high places , 
+and 071 the hills, a?id tmder eveiy green tree. And many 
+times when a reformation was introduced under fome of the 
+
+wifer and better princes, it is ftill lamented by the facred 
+
+■ • 
+
+* 
+
+writer, that 3 the high places were not taken away : the people 
+
+* « ^ ^ 
+
+fill offered , and burtit incetife 071 the high places. It is obferv- 
+able, when the king of Moab wanted to obtain an anfwer 
+from God, that he took Balaam the prophet, and brought 
+
+0 
+
+him to the 4 high places of Baal. And finding that he could 
+not obtain his purpofe there, he carried him into the field of 
+Zophim unto the top of Pifgah : and from thence he again 
+removed him to the top of Peor : In all thefe places he ereEled 
+feven altars ; and offered a bullock and a ra 77 i 071 every 5 altar . 
+It is faid of Orpheus, that he went with foine of his difci- 
+
+am • 
+
+pies to meet Theiodamas, the fon of Priam, and to partake 
+in a facrifice, which he every year offered upon the fummit 
+of a high 6 mountain. We are told by Strabo, that the Per- 
+fians always performed their worfhip upon hills. 7 TLegcrcu 
+
+TOIVVV ■ 
+
+* 
+
+* 2 Kings, c. 16. v. 3, 4. 
+
+3 1 Kings, c. 22. v. 43. 2 Kings, c. 12. v. 3. c. 15. v. 4— 35 * 
+
+* There were two forts of high places. The one was a natural eminence ; a hill 
+or mountain of the earth. The other was a factitious mound j of which I fhali 
+hereafter treat at large. 
+
+5 Numbers, c. 22. v. 41. and c. 23. v. 14—28. 
+
+6 Preface of Demetrius Mofchus to Orpheus de Lapidibus : QsioS'ccfj.cc.vri t»- 
+
+rJfucc/JiB Grwwrncrev Opcpeus x/rA, 
+
+7 Strabo. L. 15. p. 1064. 
+
+Tiep trees eiri ret u^Aotccto: t cov opscav Srutricxs Herodotus. L. 2. c. 131. 
+
+
+Some 
+
+
+
+The Analysis Of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+237 
+
+
+toivvv otyctKu.0LTot kou 
+
+
+fiaufss 
+
+
+8 Y ifrgVOVTOU 
+
+
+Svsrt <J) 
+
+
+g SV V 
+
+
+4t)A 
+
+
+CO 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+Qvgavov Yiyov^JL£yoi Aid, 
+
+2 ople of Cappadocia and 
+
+
+obferved the like 
+
+
+method of worfhip : and of all facrifices, wherever exhibited 
+upon high places, none perhaps ever < 
+
+
+quailed in magnifi 
+
+
+cence that, which was offered by Mithridates upon his war 
+with the Romans. He followed the Perfic modes of wor¬ 
+fhip, as well as the mixed rites of the Chaldeans, and Sy¬ 
+
+
+rians. Hence he chofe one of the higheft mountains in his 
+dominions : upon the top of which he reared an immenfe 
+pile, equal in fize to the fummit on which it flood : and 
+there he facrificed to the God of armies. 8 E$yg rco 'Et^oltim 
+
+An ‘TjrcLTgiov $yc nctp, S7ri og&s thJ/iqAa Kogv<pr\v ueiiovct a.7\7\Y]V 
+
+£7ririQsig. The pile was raifed by his vaffal princes : and the 
+offerings, befides thofe cuflomary, were wine, honey, oil, 
+and every fpecies of aromatics. The fire is faid to have 
+been perceived at the diftance of near a thoufand ftadia. 
+The Roman poet makes his hero choofe a like fituation for 
+a temple, which he eredted to Venus ; and for the grove 
+which he dedicated to the manes of his father. 
+
+
+Turn vicina aftris Erycino in vertice fedes 
+Fundatur Veneri Idaliae : tumuloque Sacerdos,, 
+Et lucus, late facer, additur Anchifeo. 
+
+
+Some nations inftead of an image worshiped the hill as the Deity : E7 re<pvfju<ra.p c T*e 
+
+7 tou A a ctycthfAccrcc 01 'ZB'gcoroi ccv^^ttol xopu(p.ct$ opoou^ OA vjjjttqv^ xml I< 5 W 3 xcu st tl. 
+ccAAo opos 'zrAyicrict^ei tw Qupccvaj. Maximus Tyrius Difiert. 8. p. 79, 
+
+z Appian de Bello Mithridaticc. p. 215. Edit. Steph. He by an hyperbole 
+makes the pile larger than the apex onwhich.it flood.. 
+
+9 Virgil. L. 5. v,. 760. 
+
+lit 
+
+
+IO 
+
+
+
+23 & The Analysis oe Ancient Mythology. 
+
+♦ 
+
+In Japan mo ft of their temples at this day are conftru<fted 
+upon eminences ; and often upon the afcent of high moun¬ 
+tains. They are all, 10 fays Kaempfer, moft fweetly feated : 
+A curious view of the adjacent country, a fpring and rivulet 
+of clear water, and the neighbourhood of a grove with plea- 
+fant walks, being the neceflary qualifications of thofe fpots of 
+ground, where thefe holy ftrudtures are to be built: for they 
+fay, that the Gods are extremely delighted with fuch high 
+and pleafant places. 
+
+This practice in early times was almoft univerfal; and - 
+every ” mountain was efteemed holy. The people, who pro- 
+fecuted this method of worfhip, enjoyed a foothing infatua¬ 
+tion, which flattered the gloom of fuperftition. The emi¬ 
+nences, to which they retired were lonely, and filent; and 
+feemed to be happily circumftanced for contemplation and 
+prayer. They, who frequented them, were raifed above the 
+lower world ; and fancied, that they were brought into the 
+vicinity of the powers of the air, and of the Deity who refided 
+in the higher regions. But the chief excellence, for which 
+they were frequented, was the Omphi, exprefled opcpr) by the 
+
+Greeks, and interpreted 11 ®sict /cTqjdW, vox divina, being 
+efteemed a particular revelation from heaven. In fhort they 
+were looked upon as the peculiar places, where God deli- 
+
+
+10 Hift. Japan. Vol. 2d. book 5. c. 3. p. 417. 
+
+11 17 0 . 1 ' Se CpOS TW ZllOb opos C VOfACL^ZTOtl, iTTtt fc'03S ViV 'TOlS •WOL^OttOlS L> QVTl T W 
+
+tv S-uaict? 'zroiei<r§ctt. Melanthes de Sacrifices. See Natalis Comes. L. 1. 10. 
+
+I2, OfA<p>ij Sreict Hef/ch. It was fometimes exprefled without the afpi- 
+
+rate, : hence the place of the oracle was ftyled Ambon, oty£ocv. cci 
+
+peer ocvcc€ care is roov occov. Hefych. 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+vered 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+2 39 
+
+
+vered his oracles. 
+
+
+Hermaeus in Plutarch expreffes this 
+
+
+0 {JL<pig, omphis; and fays, that it was the name of an Egyptian 
+Deity: and he interprets it, I know not for what reafon, 
+
+
+for what reafon 
+
+
+13 BVSgysTM. The word truly rendered was Omphi or Amphi 
+the oracle of Ham; who, according to the Egyptian theology 
+
+
+was the fame 
+
+
+the Sun, or Oliris 
+
+
+He was likewife re¬ 
+
+
+vered as the chief Deity by the Chaldeans; and by moft 
+
+
+the eaft 
+
+
+He was ftyled both Ham, and Cham : and 
+
+
+his oracles both Omphi and Omp 
+
+
+nfeq 
+
+
+the mountains, where they were fuppofed 
+
+
+ce of thi 
+delivered 
+
+
+came 
+
+
+denominated Har-al-Omp 
+
+
+which al-ompi by 
+
+
+the Greeks was changed to 0\VfJL7ro$ y Olympus 
+
+
+mountain was called opog OAvfJL7r 
+
+
+and the 
+
+
+There were many of this 
+
+
+name 
+
+
+The Scholiaft upon Apollo 
+
+
+reckons 
+
+
+up 
+
+
+14 - 
+
+
+fix 
+
+
+but there were certainly more, befides a variety of places fly led 
+
+
+upon the fame account 15 Olympian 
+
+
+They were all looked 
+
+upon 
+
+
+11 Top Ofj.(piv euejysTW o 'Eppicttos cpvcri ^hAsi/ spy.nvzvoy.evoif . Plutarch. Ifxs et Ofiris. 
+Vol. 1. p. 368. 
+
+14 OAu^.7ro/ eicnv jcA. Scholia upon Apollonius Rhodius. L. 1. v. 598. 1 
+
+15 Many places ftyled Olympus and Olympian. 
+
+In Lycia : OA(jf47res [xeyccAv ts-oAu, xcct opos o[ acow fj.ov . Strabo. L. 14. p. 982. 
+OAu^t7r« -nroAis iMupias. Stephanus Byzantinus. 
+
+In Cyprus : A^aOosVcAfs, kcclooos OAv/47rcs. Strabo. L. 14. p. 1001.' 
+
+HcTg caipwpeia. ■kaKh'tou OAu^ttos. Strabo. Ibidem. 
+
+Jofephus mentions the temple of Olympian Zeus at Tyre. Antiq. Jud. L. 8. c. r.' 
+At Megara in Greece: Tg^eros OKufxrmiov . Paufanias. L. 1. p. 97. 
+
+In Elis : ‘H OKvjj.tuo. -zcrpmov Kpovios Aopos eAg^STo. Scholia upon Lycophron.' 
+v. 42. 
+
+I n Attica : Nccos Kpovu, xau Pea? y xca 'iSfAevos ryv £7nx^.yiatv OAuftTrias. Paufan.' 
+
+L. 1. p. 43- 
+
+In Achaia : A<o s OAvao rta vxos. Paufan. L. 2. p. 123. 
+
+At 
+
+
+
+24-0 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+upon to be prophetic ; and fuppofed to be the residence of 
+the chief Deity, under whatever denomination he was fjpeci- 
+
+fied, which was generally the God of light. For thefe.oracles 
+
+# 
+
+no place was of more repute than the hill at Delphi, called 
+Omphi-El, of the oracle of the Sun. But the Greeks, who 
+changed Al-omphi to Olympus, perverted thefe terms in a 
+manner ftill more ftrange : for finding them fomewhat fimilar 
+in found to a word in their own language, their caprice im¬ 
+mediately led them to think of a navel, which they 
+
+fubftituted for the original word. This they did uniformly 
+in all parts of the world ; and always invented forne ftor-y to 
+countenance their miflake. Hence, whenever we meet with 
+an idle account of a navel, we may be pretty fure that there 
+is fome allufion to an oracle. In refped: to Delphi, they 
+prefumed that it was the umbilicus, or center of the whole 
+earth. The poets gave into this notion without any difficulty: 
+Sophocles calls it 16 0[JL<pCL\K ^olvtsiol : and Euripides 
+avers that it was the precife center of the earth : 
+
+
+At Delos : OAt//47re/or 5 to 7 to$ ev A??Au. Stephanus Byzantinus. E^z xcti 'ajoXis 
+
+Tl(X,fJL(puKlCtS* 
+
+Lybia was called Olympia. Stephanus Byzant. 
+
+The moon called Olympias: C H yap AiyuTmois xypiws OAvpwnccs 
+
+uaXeircu. Eufebii Chron. p. 45. 1 . ig. 
+
+The earth itfelf called Olympia by Plutarch, who mentions ms Tvs QAvy.7rias hpov 
+in Thefeus, by which is meant the temple of the Prophetic Earth, 
+
+Many other inftances might be produced. 
+
+Sophocles : CEdipus Tyrannus. v. 487. 
+
+Of^tpaKov egiGpofJCB X 0 avos. Pind. Pyth. Ode. 6. v, 3. 
+
+Oo^iTcav Fas op/Ltpa^oy Pind. Pyth f Ode i iv 
+
+
+O vreeg 
+
+
+
+The; Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 24 1 
+17 Onwg fjL£<rdv opycChov yag 
+
+KCLTB'Xei fofAQS. 
+
+4 
+
+Livy, the hiftorian, does not fcruple to accede to this no¬ 
+tion, and to call it 18 umbilicum orbis terrarum. Strabo fpeaks 
+of it in this light, with fome hefitation. 19 T rjg 'E ?J\ct$og bv ■ 
+
+fjLscrw TlfiS 251 Trig (rvf/. 7 rcL<rrg -ENOMI 20 H S'ri kou oikx- 
+
+fjisvrig‘ KCLi skolKbvolv Trig yr\g OMOAAON. Varro very fenftbly 
+refutes this idle notion in fome ftridtures upon a paflage 
+in the poet Manilius to the purpofe above. 
+
+O, fandte Apollo, 
+
+Qni umbilicum certum terrarum obtines. 
+
+Upon which he makes this remark : Umbilicum didtum aiunt 
+ab umbilico noftro, quod is medius locus lit terrarum, ut um¬ 
+bilicus in nobis: quod utrumque eft falfum. Neque hie 
+locus terrarum eft medius : neque nofter umbilicus eft homi- 
+nis medius. Epimenides long before had faid the fame : 
+
+
+17 Euripides in lone. v. 233. 
+
+’Meao^ccXoz 'E<r/a. v, 461. 
+
+18 Titus Livius. L. 38. c. 47, 
+
+19 Strabo, L. 9. p. 642. 
+
+ao Varro de Ling. Lat. L. 6. p. 68. 
+
+Paufanias gives this account of the omphalus at Delphi. T ov S'e vtto 
+7Ca.XBiu.evov o/JityccXov 'me7roinfj.evov thto eivui to zv fieaco yn' Tucccrni ccvtqi 
+
+Xeysaiv 61 AeXcpoi' S'sixpvtou tz xect TIX sp tco von* r itqliv 00fs.zv 05. Paufan. 
+
+L. 10. p. 835. 
+
+It is deferibed by Tatianus, but in a different manner. Et> tco t z/jlzvZi tb An - 
+Tori & xccXeiTcci t is ojACpocAos. ' 0 $s ofxfpotXos Tctcpos zc^iv /Aiqvugh. p, 251. Gratio con¬ 
+tra Grrccos. 
+
+
+
+VOL. i. 
+
+
+O VTS 
+
+
+
+242 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+21 
+
+
+Ovts yctg ycuYis pc strog o^LpcxXog, ov$s SaActcnn^. 
+
+
+But fuppofing, that this name and character had’ Tome rela¬ 
+tion to Delphi, how are we to account for other places being 
+called after this manner? They could not all be umbilical: 
+.the earth cannot be fuppofed to have different centers: nor 
+could the places thus named be always fo fituated, as to be 
+central in refpeCt to the nation, or the province, in which 
+they were included. Writers try to make it out this way : 
+yet they do not feem fatisfied with the procefs. The con¬ 
+tradictory accounts fhew the abfurdity of the notion. It 
+was a term borrowed from Egypt, which was itfelf an Om- 
+phalian region. Horus Apollo not knowing the meaning of 
+this has made Egypt the center of the earth : 21 A iyv7TTiuv 
+yy] fJLStrr) TY}G oiftspiEVYjg. Paufanias mentions an Omphalus in 
+the Peloponnefus, which was faid to have been the middle of 
+
+He feems however to doubt of this circum * 
+
+
+that country. 
+
+fiance, as he well may 23 . Oy 'nroppw e?iv 6 KoChapevos 
+O [Ji(paXo$, n.£Ko7rovvyi<rs os 'urovrrjg [jt,s<rov, si Jiq tcc once Bigwan. 
+
+Sit no great dijiance is a place called the Omphalus^ or navel ; 
+
+•which is the center of the whole Peloponnefus , if the people here tell 
+us the truth. At Enna in 2+ Sicily was an Omphalus : and the 
+
+
+# 
+
+21 Plutarch. r urepi XeXonr. 
+
+12 Horus Apollo. § 21. p. 30. Edit. 1729. 
+
+3,3 Paufanias. L,. 2. p. 141. It is ipoken of Phliuns, far removed from the center 
+
+
+of the Peloponnefus. 
+
+24 This omphalus was near the Plutonian cavern- 
+
+
+Diodorus. L. 5. 
+
+
+T gl$ cT €7Tl X.aAAfcf'flS fW0*8 J i ^OC.fJL€S OJJL(pCL?^QV E vws. 
+
+Callimachus : Hymn to Ceres. Cicero in Verrem, 4. c. 48. 
+
+
+ifland 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+243 
+
+
+ifland of Calypfo is reprefented by Homer as the umbilicus 
+of the fea. The Goddefs refided as Niotra zv otptpigVTp, o@i f 
+opcpothog zzi •S’aAacrtn}?. The .dEtolians were ftyled umbili¬ 
+cal ; and looked upon themfelves as the central people in 
+Greece, like thofe of Delphi. But this notion was void of 
+all truth in every inftance, which has been produced ; and 
+arofe from a wrong interpretation of ancient terms. What 
+the Grecians ftyled Omphalus was certainly Ompha-El, the 
+fame as Al-Ompha; and related to the oracle of Ham or the 
+Sun: and thefe temples were Prutaneia, and Puratheia, with 
+a tumulus or high altar, where the rites of fire were in an¬ 
+cient times performed. As a proof of this etymology, moft 
+of the places ftyled Olympian, or Omphalian, will be found 
+to have a reference to an oracle. Epirus was celebrated for 
+the oracle at Dodona : and we learn from the ancient poet, 
+Reianus, that the natives were of old called Omphalians : 
+
+
+*z6 
+
+
+Xvv ts Tlot§etvcuot, mi ctpvpovzg Opcpothirieig. 
+
+
+There was an Omphalia in Elis ; and here too was an 
+
+
+oracle mentioned by 17 Pindar and Strabo : aS Trji/ os emcpot - 
+vsiolv ztrgzv (13 OXvp7not) s£ otg’gyg Jia to pot vtsiov tb OXvpTis 
+
+A log. The place derived all its lujlre originally fro?n the ora¬ 
+cular temple of Olympian fove. In this province was an an- 
+
+
+15 Homer. OdyfT. L. A. v. 50. 
+
+16 Stephanus Byzantinus. The natives were alfo ftyled Pyrrhidse, and the 
+country Chaonia from the temple Cha-On, oikos nAfw. 
+
+17 Pindar. Olymp. Ode. 7, 
+
+18 Strabo. L. 8. p. 542. 
+
+
+I i 2 
+
+
+cient 
+
+
+
+244 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+
+cient city 19 Alphira; and a grove pf Artemis 39 Alpheionia, 
+and the whole was watered by the facred river Alpheus.. All 
+thefe are derived from El, the prophetic Deity, the Sun; 
+and more immediately from ]iis oracle, Alphi. The Greeks 
+deduced every place from fome perfonage : and Plutarch ac¬ 
+cordingly makes Alpheus 31 'Eis too? to ysvog cn<p Yiht% KOLTciyav- 
+
+Toov, one of thofe, who derived their race from the Sun. 
+The term Alphi, from whence the Greeks formed Alphira, 
+Alpheionia, and Alpheus, is in acceptation the fame as Am- 
+
+
+phi. 
+
+
+For Ham being by his pofterity efteemed. the Sun, or 
+
+
+El , and likewife Or, the fame as Orus ; his oracles were in 
+confequence ftyled not only Amphi, and Omphi, but Alphi, 
+Elphi, Orphi, Urphi. 
+
+I have taken notice of leveral cities called Omphalian, and 
+have obferved, that they generally had oracular temples : 
+but by the Greeks they were univerfally fuppofed to have 
+
+
+been denominated from a navel. 
+
+
+There 
+
+
+was a place called 
+
+
+
+* Omphalian in Thelfaly : and another in Crete, which had 
+
+
+By Livy called Aliphira. L. 32. c. 5. 
+
+In Mefienia was a city Amphia. n0A1rp.cz em A c(pv u^iAs Ktipevov. Paufan. 
+L. 4. p. 292. The country was called Aid phi a. 
+
+30 AAtpsiowcts Aptspi^o^ 71 AAfys&ans czAcros. Strabo. L. S. p. 528;. 
+
+?T Plutarch, de Fluminibus. AA (peios. 
+
+Alpheus, faid to be one of the twelve principal and moft ancient Deities, called 
+crvpCcopoi j who are enumerated by the Scholiaft upon Pindar. E copoi S'l^upoi : 
+rros JAios Ttcct TloaeiScoro$ tctA. Olymp. Ode. 5. 
+
+3X Stephanus Byzant. OpcpczAiov. Tt was properly in Epirus, where was the oracle 
+of Dodona, and whofe people were ftyled OpcpxAmsts above. 
+
+
+6 
+
+
+a celebrated 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+245 
+
+
+a celebrated 33 oracle. It is probably the fame that is men¬ 
+tioned by Strabo, as being upon mount Ida, where was the 
+city Elorus. Diodorus fpeaks of this oracle, named Om- 
+phalian ; but fuppofes that the true name was OjU.<paAo£, om¬ 
+phalus : and fays, that it was fo called (ftrange to tell) be- 
+caufe Jupiter, when he was a child, loft his navel here, which 
+dropped into the river Triton : 3+ A 7to t«T8 tots crvpJoOLVTog 
+
+Ofipaihov 'urgotrcLyogsvQrjVou to giov : from this accident the 
+place had the name of Omphalus , or the navel. Callimachus in 
+his hymn to Jupiter dwells upon this circumftance : 
+
+35 E VTB ®£VCL<; CL7tE?\£l7t£V S7tl K^VOOCrtTOlO cpegiSTY), 
+
+Xev 'UToute^ >7 N v[jl<py) crs (®£vca $ £<tolv syyvdi Kvwc ttb) 
+'T&rctKt t 01 'trscrs, A cnpoov^ out opopotAos, zvQev skbivo 
+O pupctAiov pL£T£7tsiTcc 'uteSqv mMaa KvS'oovsg. 
+
+Who would imagine, that one of the wifeft nations that 
+ever exifted could reft fatisfied with fuch idle figments : and 
+
+O 
+
+how can we account for thefe illufions, which overfpread the 
+brighteft minds ? We fee knowing and experienced people 
+inventing the moft childifti tales ; lovers of fcience adopting 
+them; and they are finally recorded by the grave hiftorian : 
+
+j ^ 
+
+all which would not appear credible, had we not thefe evi¬ 
+dences fo immediately tranfmitted from them. And it is to 
+
+in regard to their reli¬ 
+gion ; and to their mythology, which was grounded there- 
+
+33 Ofx(pcc/^ior y TQ 7 ro$ Kpwtjjs. Steph. Byzant. Et - * £v K or.'rixcis oceai x.cci holt' 
+epLe en EAoooos 'ZuoXtt. Strabo. L. io. p. 843. Eluros, UK 
+
+34 Diodorus Siculus. L. 5. p. 337. 
+
+35 Callimachus. Hymn to Jupiter, v. 42. 
+
+upon. 
+
+
+be oblerved that this blindnefs is only 
+
+
+
+246 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+■upon. In all other refpe&s they were the wifeft of the fons 
+of men. 
+
+We meet in hiftory with other places fly led Omphalian. 
+The temple of Jupit.er Ammon was efteemed of the higheft 
+antiquity, and we are informed that there was an omphalus 
+here ; and that the Deity was worfhiped under the form of 
+a navel. Quintus Curtius, who copied his hiftory from the 
+Greeks, gives us in the life of Alexander the following 
+ftrange account, which he has embelliftied with fome co¬ 
+louring of his own. 36 Id, quod pro Deo colitur, non ean- 
+dem eftigiem habebat, quam vulgo Diis Artifices accommo- 
+darunt. Umbilico maxime fimilis eft habitus, fmaragdo, et 
+gemmis, coagmentatus. Hunc, cum refponfum petitur, na- 
+vigio aurato geftant Sacerdotes, multis argenteis pateris ab 
+utroque navigii latere pendentibus. The whole of this is an 
+abufe of terms, which the author did not underftand, and 
+has totally mifapplied. One would imagine that fo impro¬ 
+bable a ftory, as that of an umbilical Deity with his filver 
+bafons, though patched up with gold and emeralds, would 
+have confuted itfelf. Yet Schottus in his notes upon Cur¬ 
+tius has been taken with this motly defcription : and in op- 
+pofition to all good hiftory thinks, that this idle ftory of a 
+navel relates to the compafs. Hyde too has adopted this 
+notion ; and proceeds to fhew, how each circumftance may 
+be made to agree with the properties of the magnet. 37 Ilia 
+nempe Jovis effigies videtur femiglobulare quiddam, uti eft 
+compaftus marinus, forma umbilici librarii, feu umbonis, tan- 
+
+36 Quintus Curtius. L. 4. c. 7. p. 154. Varior. 
+
+57 Hyde of tin- Umbilicus. Relig. vet. Perfarum. Appendix 3. p. 527. 
+
+
+quam 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+247 
+
+
+quam svQsop quoddam. adoratum, propter ejufdem divirmm 
+auxilium : utpote in quo index magneticus erat, ftcut intus 
+exiftens quidam deus, navigiorum curfum in medio cequore 
+dirigens. Thefe learned men were endowed with a ready 
+faith : and not only acquiefce in what they have been told, 
+but contribute largely to eftablifh the miftake. The true 
+hiftory is this. Moft places in which was the fuppofed oracle 
+of a Deity, the Grecians, as I have before mentioned, ftyled 
+Olympus, Olympia, and Olympiaca: or elfe Omphale, and 
+Omphalia, and the province yueiov O [JL<paXiov. Thefe terms 
+
+
+were thought to relate to a navel 
+
+
+but, if fuch an interpreta¬ 
+
+
+tion could have been made to correfpond with the hiftory of 
+any one place, yet that hiftory could not have been reiterated; 
+nor could places fo widely diftant have all had the fame re¬ 
+ference. What was terminated opupaXo; was 38 Omph-El, the 
+oracle of God, the feat of divine influence : and Al-Omphi 
+was a name given to mountains and eminences upon the 
+lame account. An oracle was given to Pelias in Theflaly : 
+and whence did it proceed ? from the well wooded ompha¬ 
+lus of his mother Earth.. 
+
+39 <Jg 61 xgvosv 
+
+Ft VKIVM fJLOLVTSVptCX. SvfAW 
+
+
+58 That Olympus- and Olympia were of Egyptian original is manireft from Euie- 
+bius; who tells us, that, in Egypt the moon was called Olympias : and that the Zo¬ 
+diac in the heavens had anciently the name of Olympus. 'H yap SsAwi'n 'ma.o At- 
+
+yv-rrlicns OAv^mca *.<x.tencu, Ace to hcctcc. paivct -zjeoiTrote'.v tov ’Zm&cckov xux - 
+
+Aov, ov qi'TjjolKcl.ioi cxjjtkv OATMnON sxaAar. Chronicon. p. 4- 5 - The reaion 
+
+given is idle : but the faft is worth attending to. 
+
+Olympus was the fuppofed praeceptor of Jupiter. Diodorus. L. 3. p. 206. 
+
+39 Pindar. Pyth. Ode 4. p. 241. 
+
+
+
+24 S 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Flag a fj.s<rov opupaihov 
+
+EvbsvbgOlO pqQsV [A.&T£gOg. 
+
+In other words, it proceeded from the ftately grove of Heftia, 
+
+where ftood an oracular temple. 
+
+* 
+
+In refpedt to the omphalus of Ammon, which Curtius lias 
+tranllated umbilicus, and garniflied with gold and jewels, the 
+whole arifes from a miftake in terms, as in the many inftances 
+before. It was Omphi El, the oracle of Ham, or the Sun : 
+and the fhrine, from whence it was fuppofed to proceed, was 
+carried in a boat. The Paters, reprefented as fo many lilver 
+bafons, were in reality the interpreters of the oracle. They 
+were the priefts, who in the facred proceffions walked on 
+each fide, and fupported both the image and the boat, in 
+which it was carried. They are laid to have been eighty in 
+number; and they pretended to bear the Deity about, juft 
+as they were by the divine impulfe directed. The God, fays 
+Diodorus Siculus, is carried about in a flip of gold by eighty 
+of his p?-iejls. They bear him upon their Jhoulders , and purfue 
+their %vay by inflinEl, juf as the divine automaton chances to di- 
+reEl them. Thefe perfons, who thus officiated, were pro¬ 
+bably the fame as the Petiphars of the ancient Egyptians, 
+but were called Paters by the Greeks. It was a name, and 
+office, by which the priefts of Delphi, and of many other 
+places belides thofe in Egypt, were diftinguiffied : and the 
+
+
+4 ° E? VI VrCOS 'ZrrepKpepZTCCl V7T0 'lepOOV Oy^QYIXOVTCL (J BcOs). OUTOI S’B €7Tt TCOV 
+
+tOfJOOV <p6t0i'TSS TOV $T£21' TITOOCCy'dCTiV CX.VT0fJ.CC760% Q7T& CCyOl TO T’S V6VfA.CC TYIV ToOpBiCZV. 
+
+Diodorus. L. 17. p. 528. 
+
+It is obferv'able, that this hiftorian does not mention an omphalus : but fays, that 
+it was a ftatue, ^qccvov 0 which was carried about. 
+
+
+term 
+
+
+
+The Analysis oe Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+249 
+
+
+term always related to oracular interpretation. Hence Bo- 
+chart defcribes thefe priefts, and their function very juftly. 
+41 Paters, Sacerdotes Apollinis, oraculorum interpretes. Pa- 
+tor, or Petor, was an Egyptian word ; and Mofes fpeaking of 
+Jofeph, and the dreams of Pharaoh, more than once makes 
+ufe of it in the fenfe above. It occurs Genefis. c. 41. v. 8. 
+13. and manifeftly alludes to an interpretation of that divine 
+intercourfe, which the Egyptians flyled Omphi. This was 
+communicated to Pharaoh by a dream : for the Omphi was 
+elleemed not only a verbal refponfe, but alfo an intimation by 
+4i dreams. (pfljuuj Sefa, 8 -sia xtyS'm — ovsiga <pcurct<rpictja. 
+
+Hefychius. So it likewife occurs in Eufebius ; who quotes a 
+paffage from the oracles of Hecate, wherein the Gods are 
+reprefented, as infenlibly wafted through the air like an Om- 
+phean vilion. 
+
+43 Tag <5s fJL£<rag [Asrarouriv srs^s^awTotg a.Y}T0iig 
+Nocnpi 'urvgog Seioio 11 ANOMOEAS y\vt ONEIPOTX. 
+
+Thefe Omphean viiions were explained by Jofeph ; he inter¬ 
+preted the dreams of Pharaoh : wherefore the title of Pa- 
+tor is reckoned by the Rabbins among the names of Jofeph. 
+There is thought to be the fame alluiion to divine interpre¬ 
+tation in the name of the apoftle Peter : IIst^os, 0 ZTtihvw, 
+
+
+41 Bochart. Canaan. L. i. c. 40. 
+
+
+41 
+
+
+Ofj.cpVy Sretx, c eq*iv oveco. Schol. on Homer. Iliad. B. v. 41. 
+
+
+43 Eufeb. Prsep. Evang. L. 5. p. 194. 
+One title of Jupiter was Ilctvoy.cpcuQs. 
+Er 0 e& n ctvoptipcaoo *Z,yivl pefeaxov A %cc 
+
+
+Homer 
+
+
+Metamorph 
+
+
+v.198. 
+
+
+K k 
+
+
+0 S7n 
+
+
+VOL. I. 
+
+
+
+2$Q 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+o STnyivttvrmv, 
+
+
+Hefych. Petrus Hebraso fermone agnofcens 
+
+
+notat. Arator. Fromthefe examples we may, I think, learn 
+that the prieft was ftyled Petor* and Pator : and that it was 
+the place, which properly was called Patora. The Coloflal 
+ftatue of Memnon in the Thebais was a Patora, or oracular 
+image. There are many infcriptions upon different parts of 
+it ; which were copied by Dr. Pocock 44 , and are to be leen 
+in the ffrfb volume of his travels. They are all of late date 
+in comparifon of the ftatue itfelf; the antiquity of which is 
+very great. One of thefe infcriptions is particular, and re¬ 
+lates to the Omphi, which feems to have frightened away 
+fome ill-difpofed people in an attempt to deface the image : 
+
+
+45 
+
+
+SXVfJLYjVOLVT OTl &CLV 
+
+
+©giOTara vvKToeg ofjupqv S7Tt M e^vovog y\K.Qqv 
+
+
+One of the moft famous oracles of Apollo was in Lycia : 
+and in confequence of it the 
+in Achaia was of the fame purport. I fhould imagine, that 
+the place where Balaam the falfe 46 prophet refided, was 
+
+of the fame nature ; and that by Pethor and Pethora was 
+
+* 
+
+meant a place of interpretation, or oracular temple. There 
+was probably a college of priefts ; fuch as are mentioned to 
+have exifted among the Amonians : of whom Balaam had 
+been by the king of Moab appointed chief Petor, or prieft. 
+It feems to have been the celebrated place in Arabia, fa- 
+
+
+place was named Patara. Patra 
+
+
+44 Pocock’s Egypt, p. icS. Plate xlii. 
+
+45 Pocock. Plate xxxix. p. 105. 
+
+46 He fent mefTensers to Balaam the fon of Beor to Pethor. 
+
+
+v 
+
+
+
+Numbers, c. 22. 
+
+
+4 
+
+
+mous 
+
+
+
+4 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+251 
+
+
+mous in after times for the worlhip of Alilat, and called by 
+the Romans 47 Petra. 
+
+The cuftom of carrying the Deity in a fhrine, placed in a 
+boat, and iiipported by prielts, was in ufe among the Egyp¬ 
+tians, as well as the 48 Ammonites. It is a circumftance, 
+which deferves our notice ; as it appears to be very ancient, 
+and had doubtlefs a myfterious allufion. We have three cu¬ 
+rious examples of it among 49 Bifhop Pocock’s valuable fpe- 
+cimens of antiquity, which he collected in thofe parts. He 
+met with them at Luxorein, or s ° Lucorein near Carnac in 
+the Thebai’s ; but mentions not what they relate to : nor do I 
+know of any writer, who has attended to their hiftory. The 
+accounts given above by Curtius, and Diodorus, are wonder¬ 
+fully illuftrated by thefe reprefentations from Egypt. It is 
+plain that they all relate to the lame religious ceremony \ and 
+very happily concur to explain each other. It may be 
+>yorth obferving that the originals, whence thefe copies were 
+taken, are of the higheft antiquity : and probably the moft 
+
+
+47 We learn from Numbers, c. 22. v. 36. and c. 31. v. 8. that the refidence of 
+Balaam was in Midian, on the other fide of the river to the fouth, beyond the bor¬ 
+ders of Moab. This feems to have been the fituation of Petra; which was either 
+in Midian or upon the borders of it: fo that Pethor, and Petra, were probably the 
+fame place. Petra is by the Englifh traveller, Sandys, faid to be called now 1 
+Rath Alilat. 
+
+Petra by fome is called a city of Paleftine : TleTgct 'zsroA/s n«Aa/<r/w. Suidas. 
+But it was properly in Arabia, not far from Idume, or Edom. See Relandi Pa- 
+keftina. p. 930. and Strabo. L. 16. 
+
+43 The Ammonites were a mixed race; being both of Egyptian and Kthiopic : 
+original: A iyv7mccv xcti A i(iio7rcov ccttoikoi. Herod. L. 2. c. 42. 
+
+49 Pocock’s Egypt. Vol. 1. Plate, xlii. 
+
+50 Luxorein, by Norden called Lucorein. It was probably erected to the Sun 
+and Ouranus , and one of the firft temples upon earth. 
+
+
+K k 2 
+
+
+early 
+
+
+
+252 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology^ 
+
+early fpecimens of fculpture in the world. Diodorus men¬ 
+tions, that the fhrine of Ammon had eighty perfons to attend 
+it : but Dr. Pocock, when he took thefe copies, had not 
+time to be precifely accurate in this article. fn his fpeci¬ 
+mens the greateft number of attendants are twenty : eighteen 
+fupport the boat, and one precedes with a kind of fceptre 
+another brings up the rear, having in his hand a rod, or ftaff, 
+which had undoubtedly a myffic allufion. The whole feems 
+to have been emblematical ; and it will be hereafter fhewn,. 
+that it related to a great prefervation, which was moft reli- 
+gioufly recorded ; and became the principal fubjedt of all 
+their myfteries. The perfon in the fhrine was their chief 
+anceftor, and the whole procefs was a memorial of the de¬ 
+luge ; the hiftory of which mull have been pretty recent,-, 
+when thefe works were executed in Egypt. 
+
+From the fhrines of Amon abovementioned we may derive 
+the hiftory of all oracles ; which from the Deity, by whom 
+they were fuppofed to be uttered, were called Omphi and 
+Amphi, as I have fhewn : alfo Alphi, Elphi, Orphi, Urphi, 
+from El, and Orus. The Greeks adhered religioufly to an¬ 
+cient terms, however obfolete and unintelligible. They re¬ 
+tained the name of Amphi, though they knew not the mean¬ 
+ing: for it was antiquated, before they had letters.. That it 
+originally related to oraculaF revelation is plain from its be¬ 
+ing always found annexed to' the names of places famous on 
+that account; and from its occurring in the names of men,, 
+renowned as priefks and augurs, and fuppofed to have been 
+gifted with a degree of foreknowledge. We read of Am- 
+phiaraus, Amphilochus, Amphimachus, perfons reprefented 
+as under particular divine influence, and interpreters of the 
+
+7 will 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+will of the Gods. Amphion, though degraded to a harper, 
+was Amphi-On, the oracle of Apollo, the Sun: and there 
+was a temple, one of the ancient vnoufigct, dedicated to him 
+and Zethus, as we may read in Paufanias. Mopfus, the di¬ 
+viner, is ftyled A fMrvziding 3 Ampucides : which is not a patro¬ 
+nymic but a title of the oracular Deity. 
+
+
+I* Ev@ct Kca AfJL7rv%i§w ctvrca svi ripctn Mo^ov 
+N YiheiYjs bKs 'uroTp.og' ctfievxsct <T a <pvysv carctv 
+M ctvrorvvctig* & yctg rig ct7rorgo7riY) Suvoltoio. 
+
+
+Idmon, the reputed fon of Abas, was a prophet, as well 
+
+
+Mopf 
+
+
+us 
+
+
+he was favoured with the divine Omphe, and like 
+
+
+the former ftyled Ampucides 
+
+
+
+E v@ct [jlbv caret nrct^Bry^B xctroupOi&ca Svo cpwrctg, 
+A{JL7TVKl$W ifytdVCt, JCvSsgVIQTIQgCL TB Ticpvv* 
+
+
+What his attainments were, the Poet mentions in another 
+place. 
+
+
+53 
+
+
+
+
+A^ctvrog nrcag voQog qXvQs Kctgrsgog I< 5 ]u, 
+
+
+Toy p v7TQ}cvtr<rct[ASVY} tbkbv AwoAAww olvcucti 
+AuJoPomov rjrcLgct kv^oc (psgsrgiog Avriocvsipct. 
+
+
+Tco kou MANTOSTNHN sicogs 
+
+
+§Er<pctrov OM$HN 
+
+
+To fay the truth, thefe fuppofed prophets were Deities, to 
+whom temples were confecrated under thefe names ; or, to 
+
+
+51 Apollonius Rhodius. L. 4. v. 1052. 
+
+Mopfus was the fon of Ampycus. Hygin. Fab. C. cxxviii. By fome he is fa id 
+to have been the fon of Apollo. Apollo and Ampycus were the fame. 
+
+531 Orphic. Argonaut, v. 720. 
+
+£ 3 Ibid. v. 185* 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+■ - * • • • * • - * — - ' j . . 
+
+
+- - "t 
+
+
+254- 
+
+
+
+proper ly, they were all titles, which related to 
+one God, the Sun. That they were reputed Deities is plain 
+
+. - • - ' .. / " A x - - 
+
+from many accounts. Dion Cafllus {peaks of A 
+
+oracles mentioned by 
+
+J 
+
+
+and the three 
+
+
+
+
+t 
+
+
+X *• . 
+
+
+
+Juftin Martyr are 54_ (jlolpt.sioc—.A fJotpiXo^s A coiomns, kou Uvdss. 
+We have a flmilar account from Clemens Alexandrinus. 
+55 Airiyr)<roci t^jup you Trig otXXrig [jlolvt i x,y\$ , fjuxXXop Ss (JLCtPiXY)g, too 
+
+OL'Y^OL ^ng-fipcc, TOP KXoiglOP, TOP n vQlOPy TOP A[A(pl0Lg£00, TOP 
+
+• # % 
+
+A [JLpiXo’yop. The Amphicfluons were originally prophetic 
+
+
+perfonages, who attended at the temple at Delphi. 
+
+
+Hefy 
+
+
+chius obferves; AyupucTVQVBg—'GTSgiouiQi AsXcpwp, rsTuXoLyo^cu, 
+ispo[/.py)[jLQveg. Minerva, heavenly wifdom, is by Lycophron 
+ftyled 56 Amphira ; which is a compound of Amphi-Ur, the 
+divine influence, or oracle of Orus. Of this name there was 
+a city near Olympia in Elis : for many places were in this 
+manner denominated, on account of their being efteemed the 
+feat of prophecy. In Bhocis was the city Hyampolis : and 
+clofe to it 57 Amphifla, famous for the oracle of an unknown 
+
+Goddefs, the daughter of Macaria. Amphryfus in Bpeotia 
+
+• • 
+
+was much famed for the influence of 58 Apollo : and Amphi- 
+mallus in Crete was well known for its 59 oracle. Amphiclea 
+
+
+54- 
+
+
+Martyr 
+
+
+Amphilochus was the God of light and prophecy. Plutarch mentions Apitpi- 
+
+eiccy in the treatife 'z&epi (Spcc^eoos TipLcop&fJLZvoov. p. 563. 
+
+55 Cohortatio. p. 10. 
+
+56 Lycophron. v. 1163. 
+
+57 Paufanias. L. 10. p. 896. 
+
+58 Hence the prophetic Sibyl in Virgil is ftyled Amphryfia vates. Virgil. JEn. 
+L. 6 . v. 398. 
+
+59 Plin. L. 4. c. 12. Strabo. L. 10. Called 
+
+
+Mallus 
+
+
+jaccvtbiov cc^s 
+
+
+OI 
+
+
+in 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 255 
+
+in 60 Phocis had Dionufus for its guardian Deity, whofe orgies 
+were there celebrated ; and whofe fhrine was oracular. 
+
+I imagine, that this facred influence under the name of 
+Amphi is often alluded to in the exordia of Poets ; efpecially 
+by the writers in Dithyrambic meafure, when they addrefs 
+Apollo. . Taken in its ufual fenfe circum) the word has 
+
+no meaning: and there is otherwife no accounting for its be¬ 
+ing chofen above all others in the language to begin hymns of 
+praife to this Deity, who was the principal God of prophecy. 
+We have one inflance of it in the Nubes of Ariflophanes : 
+
+61 A [JL<pl fJLOl OLVTS OLVOL?; 
+
+ArjKis, Kuj iQiclv 
+
+'Y'fylKSgCtTCL 'GTSTgCLV. 
+
+Periander is mentioned as beginning a hymn with a like ex¬ 
+ordium : Afitpi ctvQig otvoucra : And Terpander has nearly 
+
+the fame words : 6z A fjtcpi (jloi oivQig OLVoui(f bkolty^oXov . Apollo 
+
+was fo frequently called A (Jtcpi otvct^, that it was in a manner 
+
+# * • • 
+
+looked upon as a neceffary procemium. Suidas obferves, 
+clvolktiZeiv' to 'nrgooi{JUct£ziv : And Hefychius, A fjicp iou /clkt ot, 0Lgyj\ 
+
+vo[jl% Much the fame is told us in the Scholia 
+
+upon the paffage above from Ariflophanes : 63 M 1[jlsitou ds (A^j- 
+pocpavrig) am AiOvgct^wv r a, 'urgooi^iu.' (rvvzyyjg' yag yj>wrcu 
+
+TauriQ As^si* dio OL^JLQioLVOutTag avTzg /caAacn. However, none 
+
+* 
+
+60 A eyerca cfe vtto tcov A/j.(pr/.?^eieu)v fj.ccvTLv ts aCtrri tov Qeor tbtoi', ’kcu 
+
+voaois ‘Kctbiq-oLvoLL — pofxctPTsvs & 6 iepevs eq~i. Paufanias. L. io. p. 8 S 4. The city 
+was alfo called Ophitea. 
+
+61 Ariftophanes. Ne^gAa/. v. 595. 
+
+6z See Scholia to Arifloph. v. 595. 
+
+63 Ibidem, 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+
+256 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+of thefe writers inform us, why this word was fo particularly 
+ufed: nor tell us, what was its purport. In the fhort hymn^ 
+afcribed to Homer this term is indudrioudy retained : and the 
+perions who compofed them, have endeavoured to make fenfe 
+of it, by adopting it according to the common acceptation. 
+
+
+6 S 
+
+
+A.UL$l [JLOl 'EgfJLSlUO (piKov yovov SVPSTTS, Mzxrct. 
+A[JL<pl AlOWBgOOV ShlKOW l$Sg y SC T^STS, Mat TOLl, 
+
+Aucpi Aioovvtrov SspshYig egiKvfrsog viov 
+
+MV3/)(rO[JLGU. 
+
+
+Thefe hymns were of late date, long after Homer; and 
+were introduced in Ionia, and alfo in Cyprus and Phenicia, 
+when the Grecians were in podedion of thofe parts. They 
+were ufed in the room of the ancient hymns, which were 
+not underdood by the new inhabitants. One of them is con- 
+fefledly addreded to the Goddefs called Venus Ourania in 
+
+Cyprus 
+
+Goddefs upon the dated fedivals at Salamis. 
+
+Xougs, Ssdy XoCKoLfJuvog svKTifjLsvqg psfeis(rce, 
+
+K cli 'Gra.trrig K megs' ( 3 o<r $ 5 ipsgosweep oeoitiw, 
+
+Avroeg syw xsv ersio acu cth?\Y)g ct.Qi$r\g 
+
+
+• and was defigned to be fung by the pried of that 
+
+
+65 We meet with the like in the Orphica. 
+
+A jm(pi (Ps ftccvTSicts eS'caw r zzro?iV7reipoi’ct$ opy&s 
+© ngooV} O icovwv tb. Argonautica. v. 33. 
+
+So in Pindar. KeA ccSeovrt jjsv ctfxcpi K ivupc&v. Pyth. Od. 2. p. 203. 
+
+We have the fame from the Tripod itfelf. 
+
+A pL(pi cfg xcu KA ocprd fjictvTZvfxccTcL QoiSs. Apollo de defe&u Ora- 
+
+culor. apud Eufebium. Praep. Evang. L. 5. c. 16. p. 204. 
+
+f? Hymn to Venus of Salamis. See Homer Didymi. Vol. 2. p. 528. 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 257 
+
+We may perceive from what has been faid, that the word 
+Amphi was a term of long {landing; the lenfe of which was 
+no longer underftood: yet the found was retained by the 
+Greeks, and ufed for a cuftomary exclamation. In refpedl 
+to the more ancient exordia above quoted, efpecially that of 
+Terpander, I take the words to be an imitation, rather than 
+a tranflation, of a hymn fung at Delphi in the ancient Amo- 
+nian language : the found of which has been copied, rather 
+than the fenfe, and adapted to modern terms of a different 
+meaning. I make no doubt but that there were many ancient 
+hymns preferved in thofe oracular temples, which were for a 
+long time retained, and fung, when their meaning was very 
+imperfedlly known. They were for the moft part compofed 
+in praife of Ham, or the Sun : and were fung by the Ho- 
+meridas, and Iamidse. They were called after his titles. Ad, 
+Athyr, Amphi, which the Grecians expreffed Dithyrambi. 
+They were ftrains of joy and exultation attended with grand 
+proceflions : and from the fame term dithyrambus was de¬ 
+rived the fygicifJiJoQs of the Greeks, and the triumphus of the 
+Romans. We are informed, that triumphs were firft infti- 
+tuted by 67 Bacchus, who was no other than Chus : the hif- 
+tory therefore of the term mull be fought for from among 
+the Cufeans. That it was made up of titles is plain from 
+its being faid by Varro to have been a 68 name ; and one that 
+
+A 
+
+# 
+
+The names of the facred hymns, as mentioned by Proclus in his 
+were riccicere? 9 /\$upajj.€os 9 AJWIs B ccx%or 9 Ttt oiacctcl^ EEuxt 
+
+Photius. c. 236. p. 983. 
+
+67 Diodorus. L. 5. p. 213. 
+
+68 Idque a S' pta{jt&ta Graeco, Liberi Patris cognomento, Varro de Lingua Lat. 
+L. 5. p. 58. 
+
+V 0L1 h L 1 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+
+258. 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+was given by the Amonians- among other perfonages to Dio- 
+nufus.: for they were not in this point uniform. Diodorus 
+takes notice that it was a name, and conferred upon the per¬ 
+ron fpoken of: 69 &gijX[/JoQV. Js ctvrov. QVopLOLtrbwou <povn : 'They fay y 
+that .- one of the titles given, to Dionufus was Thr iambus. Ham- 
+in the very ancient accounts, of Greece is. called Iamus, and 
+his. pr iefts la raids. His oracle in. confequence of this was 
+ftyled Iamphi, and Iambi, which was the fame term as Am- 
+phi, of which we have been, treating. From the name Iambi 
+came the meafure I ctfoog Iambus, in which oracles- were of 
+old delivered. H^m among the Egyptians was called ?a Ti- 
+thrambo, which is the fame name as the Thriambus of Dio¬ 
+dorus. There is a remarkable paffage in. the Scholia upon 
+Pindar concerning Ham, under, the name of Iamus, and alfo. 
+qoncerning his temple, which is reprefented. as oracular.. 
+
+71 - M pLvreiov. W & Ohuputict,,. ou. oLgyyryog: ysyavsv. lupog, ry. bict 
+ef/.7tv§uVifjLavTSiCL i yycu ps'ggi.Tn vvv. ot lupuSou: yguvrui. There 
+was, in Olympia , an ancient temple efleemed. a-famous feat ojpro¬ 
+phecy , in , which-Iamus' is fuppofed- to have firf preftded-% and 
+
+where the will of the Deity- was made - manifef by the• facred- fire 
+upon the j altar, t this,hind of divination is Jlill carried on by-a fet 
+of priefs, who. are called Iamidce. locpLog. otgyyyog was in 
+
+the : Deity.: and, his. attendants, were the 7Z Iamidas, 
+
+6?1 Diodorus Siculus. L. 5. p. 213. 
+
+70 Epiphanius advcrfus Hsref. L. 3. p. 1093. 
+
+71 Pindar. Olympic Ode vi. p. 53,. 
+
+Ianp,fuppofed by Pindar to have been. the. fon-.of Apollo ; but he. was the fame 
+as Apollo, and Oliris. He makes Apollo afford him the gift of prophecy : 
+
+Er9* 01 OUTTCLat 
+
+Gtetcrccypov S'i^v^ov fJLOLVTOGUvuh -C AttoA Awy). Ibid,..p». 53. 
+
+71 Of the Iamidze, fee Herodotus. L. 5. c. 44. L. 9,. c. 33. 
+
+KaAA/cr t cop IctpuSeoov /xa^r*r. 
+
+7 
+
+
+
+perfons 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 259 
+
+perfons of great power and repute. ov %Sfo&Oxhettov 
+
+‘EAA olvo; ysvog Ictj/.iS'cav. Pindar. Iamus was immortal, and 
+
+was therefore named odeutGLTQs. 
+
+73 K OU XCtTcupCL[JU%£V /'ttASJcDw fJUV' 
+
+~XgQVM (TV{JL7T0W71 [JUXTYlg 
+
+aQclvoltqv. 
+
+
+From hence we may be affured, that he was of old the real 
+Deity of the place. 
+
+I have mentioned, that in the facred proceflions in early 
+times the Deity ufed to be carried about in a fhrine ; which 
+circumftance was always attended with fhouts, and exclama¬ 
+tions, and the whole was accompanied with a great con- 
+
+• The ancient Greeks fly led thefe celebri¬ 
+ties the proceflion of the 74 P’omphi, and from hence were 
+derived the words 7 ST 0 fM 7 TYi , and pompa. Thefe originally re¬ 
+lated to a proceflion of the oracle : but were afterwards made 
+
+
+courfe of people 
+
+
+rife of to defcribe any cavalcade or fhow. In the time of 
+Herodotus the word feems in fome degree to have retained 
+its true 
+
+
+
+being 
+
+
+by him ufed for the oracular in¬ 
+fluence. He informs us that Amphifutus' was a diviner of 
+Acharnan-; and that- he came to Pififtratus with a commiffion 
+
+
+from heaven. By this he induced that prince to profecute a 
+fcheme which he recommended. 75 BvrccvCd Ssir) 'uro[X 7 TYi 
+
+
+^£<i)fXBV0g 'Gretgtga.TOU' UsiTigPOLTW AA^/A£>T0£. ©£ LY) 'tjfo [JLTTYi 
+
+is a divine revelation, or commiffion. Ham was the Hermes 
+
+
+73 Pindar. Ibidem, p. $x. 
+
+74 Pi is. the ancient Egyptian prefix. 
+
+75 Herodotus. L. j, c. 62. p. 30. 
+
+L 1 2 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+
+260 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology* 
+
+of the Egyptians, and his oracle, as I have fhewn, was fly led 
+Omphi : and when particularly fpoken of as the oracle, it 
+was expreffed P’omphi, and P’ompi, the 'ETOjU.JOj of the 
+
+Greeks. Hence Hermes had the name of < sro^L 7 roLiog J which 
+was misinterpreted the meffenger, and conductor : and the 
+Deity was in confequence of it made the fervant of the 
+Gods, and attendant upon the dead. But 'rjTo^.Trociog related 
+properly to divine influence ; and / W' 0 fjL 7 Ti] was an oracle. An 
+ox, or cow, was by the Amonians efteemed very facred, and 
+
+P 
+
+oracular : Cadmus was accordingly faid to have been directed 
+
+'uro[A.7rri fioog. 
+
+76 E vdcc koli zvvoiohx) 'urovL7r$ ftoog, YiV 61 Ato/NAgm 
+
+£l 7 ra.crs uctvTo<rvvri<n 'UTgoriyriTsigccv 0J0/0. 
+
+Many places were from the oracle ftyled P’ompean : and 
+fuppofed by the Romans to have been fo named from Pom- 
+peius Magnus ; but they were too numerous, and too remote 
+
+to have been denominated from him, or any other Roman. 
+
+% 
+
+There was indeed Pompeise in Campania; but even that 
+was of too high antiquity to have received its name from 
+Rome. We read of Pompeise among the Pyrenees, Pompion 
+in Athens, Pompelon in Spain, Pompeditha in Babylonia, 
+Pomponiana in Gaul. There were fome cities in Cilicia 
+and Cappadocia, to which that Roman gave the name of 
+Pompeiopolis : but upon enquiry they will be found to have 
+
+
+76 Apollonius Rhodius. L. 3. v. 1180. 
+
+An ox or cow from being oracular was ftyled Alphi as- well as Omphi. Hence 
+Plutarch fpeaks of Cadmus : 'Or < pcc.cn to ctXcpcc 'urctvTcov •mpo r ra£ l oa. S'lgc to $aivix&$ 
+tnro) xateiy tov fov. Sympof. Quseft. 9. 3. 
+
+
+been 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+261 
+
+
+been Zeleian cities, which 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+fo that the 
+
+
+
+mans only gave a turn to the name in honour of their own 
+countryman, by whom thefe cities were taken. 
+
+Befides the cities hyled Pompean, there were pillars nam- 
+in like manner ; which by many have been referred to 
+
+
+ed 
+
+
+fame perfon. But they could 
+
+
+have been 
+
+
+by 
+
+
+him. 
+
+4 
+
+may 
+
+
+nor were they erected to his memory : as I think we 
+learn from their hihory. There are two of this de¬ 
+nomination hill remaining at a great dihance from each 
+other: both which feem to have been raifed for a religious 
+
+
+Alexandria 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+purpofe. The one hands in Egypt at 77 
+other at the extream point of the Thracian Bofporus, where 
+
+
+communication between the Propontis and the 
+ne fea. They feem to be of great antiquity. 
+
+
+their 
+
+
+balis witnelfes at this day : the lhaft and fuperhrudture is of 
+later date. The pillar at the Bofporus hands upon one of 
+
+
+the Cy 
+
+
+rocks 
+
+
+and its parts 
+
+
+we may jud 
+
+
+Wheeler, betray a difference in their 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+re from 
+repaired 
+
+
+the time of Auguhus 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+infcription was added by 
+
+
+the perfon, who erected the column, and who dedicated the 
+whole to that Emperor. 
+
+79 DIVO. CAESAR I. AU GUSTO. 
+
+E. . CL.. . ANDIDIUS. . . 
+
+L.FCL. ARGENTO... 
+
+We may learn from the infcription, however mutilated, that 
+
+
+77 In infula Pharo. Pliny. L. 3 6 . c. 12. 
+
+
+Wheeler’ 
+
+Wheeler, 
+
+
+x • 
+
+Sandy’s Travels, p. 32. 
+
+
+this 
+
+
+
+262 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+this pillar was not the work of Pompeius Magnus; nor could 
+it at all relate to his hiftary: for the time of its being rebuilt 
+was but little removed from the age in which he lived. The 
+original wqrk mud; have therefore been far prior. The pil¬ 
+lar in Egypt is doubtlefs the fame, which was built upon the 
+ruins of a former, by Softratus of Cnidos, before the time of 
+Pompeius : fo that the name muft have been given on ano¬ 
+ther account. The infcription is preferved by 80 Strabo. 
+
+2 122TPATOS KNIAXOS 
+
+AEHIOANOT2 
+
+» # « « 
+
+0EOIS 20THP2XN 
+
+* • * > 1 • • 
+
+t n e p t a n 
+
+v « 
+
+HAaiZQMENdN. 
+
+The narrow ftreight into the Euxine fea was a palfage of dif¬ 
+ficult navigation. This was the reafon, that upon each fide 
+there were temples and facred columns erected to the Deity 
+of the country in order to obtain his affiftance. And there is 
+room to think, that the pillars and obelifks were made ufe of 
+for beacons, and that every temple was a Pharos. They feem 
+to have been erected at the entrance of harbours ; and upon 
+eminences along- the coafts in moll countries. The pillars of 
+Hercules were of this fort, and undoubtedly for the fame pur- 
+pofe. They were not built by- him; but ereded to his ho¬ 
+nour, by people, who worihiped him, and who were called 
+Herculeans. Sl E Qo$ yotg 'urcO\cuov V7n)gt;s to Ti@s<r&cu toiztzs 
+
+
+80 Strabo. L. 17. p. n 4I . 
+Strabo. L. 3. p. 259, 
+
+
+
+
+81 
+
+
+
+d 
+
+
+TffE Analy 
+
+
+of AncFent Mythology 
+
+
+263: 
+
+
+crg&g, xct&&7r2g of 'Pioytvoi tyjv g-rihtba. sQ-s&av, Tty siri- 7M 'm i 6g$LL(a 
+
+
+KgifjLSVW, mgycv ti. Ka/ 
+
+
+tisKtigog Xsyo[Xsvog UTvgyog dnr 
+
+
+K2tfa. 1 - T’p Tctvfy) gypibi. For it was a cuftom , fays Strabo, among 
+the ancients to ere£f this fort of land-?narks^ fitch as the pillar at 
+R'hegium near the foot of Italy : which is a kind of tower , and 
+was raifed by the people of Rhegium at fh'e freight , where the 
+
+
+faff age was to Sicily 
+
+
+DireEtly oppofte food another building of 
+
+
+the fa?ne fort\ called' the tower of Pelofus. Such Pillars were by 
+
+. / * - 
+
+the Iberians flyled Herculean, b'ecaufe t-hey were' {acred to 
+Hercules ; under which title they worshiped the chief Deity. 
+Some of thefe’ were 1 near Gadesy and Onoba 82 , Kar OvoQolv 
+
+TYjg I £r)gictg others- were erected- ftill- higher, on the coafl of 
+Lulitania. This can fed an idle difp'ute between Eratofthenes, 
+Dieasarchus, and 83 others, in order to determine, which were 
+the genuine pillars of Hercules : as if they were not all equal¬ 
+ly genuine y all denominated from the Deity of the country. 
+Two of the moft celebrated flood upon each fide of the Me¬ 
+diterranean at the noted" paffage called fretum Gaditanum, 
+Karra, roc aK^a. r% 'UTof^xa. That ori the Mauritanian fide was 
+called Abyla, from Ab-El, parens Sol: the other in Iberia 
+had the name of 84 'Galpe : .- This was : an obelifc or tower, 
+and a compound of Ca-Alpe, and fignifies the houfe, or ca¬ 
+vern of the fame oracular God-: for- it'was built near a cave : 
+
+
+8i Strabo. L. 2. p. 258. 
+
+83 Strabo. Ibidem. On-Ob. Sol 5 Pytho. Onoba, regio Solis Pythonis. 
+
+84 Strabo calls the African pillar'Abyluea; which is commonly rendered Abila. 
+
+cfe v 7 r€/\aSov nrtiv KaATrm'* ^ccct t nv A&vKvkqc >ctA. Ibidem. Ab-El-Uc., 
+
+and Ca-Alpe. 
+
+Calpe is now called Gibel-Tar, or Gibralter- which name- relates to the hill, 
+where of old the pillar flood. 
+
+and 
+
+
+
+
+264 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+and all fuch receffes were efteemed to be oracular. At places, 
+of this fort mariners.ufed to come on fhore to make.their of¬ 
+ferings ; and to inquire about the fuccefs of their voyage. 
+They more efpecially reforted to thole towers, and pillars, 
+which flood at the entrance of their own havens. Nobody, 
+fays 85 Arrian, will venture to quit his harbour without pay¬ 
+ing due offerings to the Gods, and invoking their favour. 
+Helenus in Virgil charges iEneas, whatever may be the con- 
+iequence, not to negledt confulting the oracle at Cuma. 
+
+sc Hie tibi ne qua mors fuerint dilpendia tanti, 
+
+Quamvis increpitent focii, et vi curfus in altum 
+Vela vocet, pohifque iinus implere fecundos, 
+
+Quin adeas vatem, precibufque oracula pofeas. 
+
+upon this ac¬ 
+count ; and the iailors feem to have undergone lome fevere dif- 
+cipline at the altar of the God, in order to obtain his favour. 
+
+87 A refit), 'ZzroXvvoofJLS, nr 0 Ay A Air e , rig Js re vctvrrig 
+’Efj,7ro^og Aiyaioio 'srctgY)XvQe vr\i Searr) ; 
+
+&TQ 0 peyaAoi [juv £7ri7rmanv onyrou, 
+
+’Xgeiu <T or]i rcLyrzov xyei nrKoov, aAAa ra Aa/pq 
+
+ODteeg ereiXxno, mi 8 nroCKiv xvQig eEqrocv, 
+n giv fxeyxv n reo fioopov viro 'urfyyyriv sXi^xi 
+'Pqrropepoi. 
+
+
+The illand Delos was particularly frequented 
+
+
+s A A A. a 7 ro My.evof y.ev aS'eis xvxy»Txt, y.v 3 -vaxs ron Oeois, xcu Tzrxoxxa^scrxs 
+avrue / 3 o» 6 cs. Arrian upon Epiftecus. L. 3. c. 22. 
+
+* 6 Virgil. iEneis. L. 3. v. 153. 
+
+* 7 Callimachus. Hymn to Delos, v. 316. 
+
+
+
+
+O, ever 
+
+
+
+
+M 
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 265 
+
+w 
+
+O, ever crown’d with altars, ever bleft. 
+
+Lovely Afteria, in how high repute 
+Stands thy fair temple ’mid the various tribes 
+Who ply the ^Egean. Though their bufinefs claims 
+Defpatch immediate ; though the inviting gales 
+Ill brook the lingering mariners’ delay: 
+
+Soon as they reach thy foundings, down at once 
+Drop the flack fails, and all the naval gear. 
+
+The {hip is moor’d : nor do the crew prefume 
+To quit thy facred limits, till they have pafs’d 
+A painful penance : with the galling whip 
+Lafh’d thrice around thine altar. 
+
+
+This ifland was greatly efteemed for its fan£tity, and there 
+ufed to be a wonderful concourfe of people from all nations 
+continually reforting to its temple. The priefts in confe- 
+quence of it had hymns compofed in almofl: all languages. 
+It is moreover faid of the female attendants, that they could 
+imitate the fpeech of various people : and were well verfed 
+in the hiftories of foreign parts, and of ancient times. Ho¬ 
+mer fpeaks of thefe extraordinary qualifications, as if he had 
+been an eye-witnefs : 
+
+
+88 II go$ Jg rods [JLsyct &&vfjL0L y otb kXbo$ zttot oAsirca. 
+K&gou AqTuadW, 'E^ccrio^eAsTsw &egcc7 tolipou, 
+
+'A IT B7TBI OLV 'W'^OOTOV {JLSV AToKhtoV VfJLVY\(TW<nV y 
+
+AvTig <T OLV AyiTOO TS , K.OLI AgTSfJUV lOJ(SOLlgY)V, 
+
+
+s ° Homer. Hymn to Apollo, v. 156. 
+
+Helen is faid to have been a mimic of this fort. 
+
+
+MVY )( fOL[JLBVCU 
+
+
+VOL. I. 
+
+
+M m 
+
+
+
+266 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+M pij<rcL(jt,evcu owtyuv rs 'uroihouwv, i$e yvvcwccav, 
+'Y{jlvov a.si$8<riv, SeKyzcri S's tpvti avQgonrw. 
+
+II OtVTOOV (T CLV@gCi07rO0V <pU>V&g, KCU K gOfJ&OLhlOLZVV 
+
+Mt(Jt.ei<&cu ureter cpoiiyjg dg ksv avTog sKccg'ov 
+
+<P@syy£c&ciij droo cr<pt kolXyi <rvvccgqgev aoidij. 
+
+# 
+
+The Delian nymphs, who tend Apollo’s fhrine. 
+When they begin their tuneful hymns, firfl: praife 
+The mighty God of day : to his they join 
+Latona’s name, and Artemis, far fam’d 
+For her fleet arrows, and unerring bow. 
+
+Of heroes next, and heroines they flng. 
+
+And deeds of ancient prowefs. Crowds around. 
+Of every region, every language, ftand 
+
+eaflng 
+
+Vers’d in each art, and every power of fpeech. 
+The Delians mimick all who come : to them 
+All language is familiar : you would think 
+The natives fpoke of every different clime. 
+
+Such are their winning ways : fo fweet their fong. 
+
+
+
+In mute applaufe, footh’d with the pi 
+
+
+The offerings made at thefe 
+kinds, but particularly of liba 
+
+
+
+ufed to be of 
+cakes, which were 
+
+
+rally denominated from the temple where they were pre 
+
+
+fented 
+
+
+A curious infcription to this purpofe has b 
+
+
+ferved by Spoil and Wheeler, which belonged to forne 
+
+
+lifk 
+
+
+temple upon the Thracian Bofporus. It was found 
+Afiatic fide, nearly oppofite to the Pompean pillar, of 
+
+
+which I before took notice. 
+
+
+The Deity, to whom it was 
+
+
+io 
+
+
+infcribed 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+infcrihed, was the fame as that above ; but called by another 
+title, Aur, and Our, ma; rendered by the Greeks 89 O vgiog ; 
+and changed in acceptation fo as to refer to another element. 
+
+
+90 Ovgiov 'urgvpvYig Tig oJijyijnj^a kclKz iTca 
+
+Z Yjvct, Kara 'urgoTovuv Wiov ezwsTotcrcLg. 
+
+Bit S7n K vavectg fiivag fyofjLog, evfici Ylocrsifroov 
+
+¥Lct[JL7rvMV SlXKTTSl KVfJLCL 'GTOLgOL *v}/ CtfiClQ01g , 
+
+Bits holt Alyctix nsrons 'GrXa.K.oc, vog-ov sgsvvpg, 
+
+N eioj-ca, rep h (Qoihoev i {jctizct 'Rrctgcf£;ootvM. 
+
+Toj/ Jg ya.g evcumrrrov olsi §bov Avtitolt^s 'urcug 
+XtyiTb QnXwv cvyoi&tig crvuJooKov sunKoirig, 
+
+
+Great Urian Jove invoke to be your guide : 
+Then fpread the fail, and boldly fbem the tide. 
+Whether the ftormy inlet you explore. 
+
+Where the furge laves the bleak Cyanean fhore. 
+Or down the Egean homeward bend your way. 
+Still as you pafs the wonted tribute pay. 
+
+An humble cake of meal: for Philo here. 
+Antipater’s good foil, this fhrine did rear, 
+
+A plealing omen, as you ply the fail. 
+
+And fure prognoftic of a profperous gale. 
+
+
+The Iapygian promontory had a temple to the fame God, 
+whofe name by Dionylius is rendered 'T giog. 
+
+
+89 To tegov tb (Du £> ib cc-TTE^st a.7ro to B’J^arT/3 ox.’ yivovTC&i cTe /u.i/\icc It~. 5 ca« 
+
+^ c T l 'T^’otcctov to c^GfjLoc tb V[ovT& ‘KcL?&fssi>Gv. Anon, Deicript. Ponti Euxini. 
+
+90 See Spon and Wheeler’s travels, p. 209. 
+
+
+Mm 2 
+
+
+QvXct 
+
+
+
+268 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+f 1 &vKcl r Ir) 7 rvyiuv TeTctvvarfjLeva,, petrcp 'Ygioio 
+Uct^cxAiag, 'Ygm, t 0Q1 (rvgsrcu 'A Sgictg dA^. 
+
+* 
+
+The more difficult the navigation was, the more places of 
+fan&ity were ereded upon the coad. The Bofporus was 
+efteemed a dangerous pafs ; and upon that account abound¬ 
+ed with Cippi, and altars. Thefe were originally mounds 
+of earth, and facred to the Sun ; upon which account they 
+were called Col-On, or altars of that Deity. From hence is 
+derived the term Colona, and KoAwwj. It came at laft to 
+denote any nees or foreland ; but was originally the name of 
+
+a facred hill, and of the pillar which was placed upon it. 
+To fay the truth there was of old hardly any headland, but 
+what had its temple or altar. The Bofporus in particular 
+had numbers of them by way of fea-marks, as well as for 
+facred purpofes: and there were many upon the coaft of 
+Greece. Hence Apollonius lays of the Argonauts : 
+
+
+T~ < 3 g vi(T(rofjt.svoi<riv A$oo avereKhs h.qXwy). 
+
+In another place of the Bofporus 
+
+? 3 Qouverctu nsgoev fopot Booto^h, jjJg koXwvqu 
+M VtflOLU 
+
+
+91 Dionyfius 'zcregwyus. v. 3 So. 
+
+** Apollonius Rhodius. L. 1. v. 601. 
+
+93 Apollonius Rhodius. L. 1. 1114. 
+
+In another place. 
+
+T B BiQuVMV GLUTYl XTSCCTLCTCcLTO yctlY f, 
+
+'Meacp €7n PiiSotiB 'z&fo^octfj G’X07re?icv ts KoXoovyi;. 
+
+Apollon. Rhod. L. 2. v. 790. 
+
+The 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 269 
+
+The like, occurs in the Orphic Argonauts, where Peleus 
+is pointing out the habitation of the Centaur Chiron : 
+
+94 £1 cpiXoi, ctQgerre <rnQ7nr\g 'UT^yovroL xoXoovov ,. 
+
+Msg'o'co svi 'nrgqwvi koltcl(T/aov , evOci Je Xstgoov 
+N cusi svi <r7cr\hvyyi) frucuoTurog KsvTOLVgodv. 
+
+Thefe Colonse were facred to the Apollo of Greece : and 
+as they were fea-marks and beacons, which flood'on emi¬ 
+nences near the mouths of rivers, and at the entrances of 
+harbours,, it caufed them to be called oogiot, oi^sa, and ogfJLou 
+Homer gives a beautiful defcription of fuch hills and head¬ 
+lands, and of the fea-coaff projebfed in a beautiful landfcape 
+beneath, when in fome ravifhing poetry he makes all thefe, 
+places rejoice at the birth of Apollo : 
+
+95 nourca. cJe vkottiou roi afrov, kou 'srguovsg oucgai 
+
+T A&0Z/ OgSUV, 'ffOTCLfJLOt. O' dKot Jg 'UrgOgSOVTSS, 
+
+Aktcu.t sig dchx xs/JhifxzvoLij vsg rs S-ctAatrcri^. 
+
+In that happy hour 
+
+The lofty cliffs, that overlook the main, 
+
+And the high fummits of the towering hills,. 
+
+Shouted in triumph : down the rivers ran. 
+
+In pleafing murmurs to the diflant deep. 
+
+The fhelves, the fhores, the inlets of the fea, 
+
+Witnefs’d uncommon gladnefs. 
+
+Apollo from this circuinftance was often called £7r<x.KTiog, or 
+the tutelary God of the coafl : and had particular offerings 
+upon that account. 
+
+94 Orphic. Argonaut, v. 375. 
+
+95 Homer's Hymn to Apollo. 
+
+
+H$ 1 <r [juxt ct 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+96 Hsi<rfjL&Ta 0’ d^ct,[JL£Poi TxTogcrvvopsv legot naXa. 
+Zrjn Hclvo^olm , koli swcuctiw AttoAAww. 
+
+
+It was not 
+
+
+
+upon rocks and eminences, that thefe 
+
+
+Cippi and Obeliiks were placed by 
+
+
+They were 
+
+
+to be found 
+
+
+their 
+
+
+
+es. where for 
+
+
+many 
+
+
+flock or ftone ferved for a reprefentation of the Deity 
+
+
+They 
+
+
+were fometimes quite fhapelefs ; but generally of a conical 
+
+
+£ 
+
+
+<?ure 
+
+
+of which we meet with many inftances 
+
+
+Clemens 
+: and 
+
+
+Alexandrinus takes notice of this kind of 97 worfhip: 
+Paufanias in defcribing the temple of Hercules at Hyettus in 
+98 Boeotia, tells us that there was no ftatue in it, nor any 
+work of art, but merely a rude ftone after the manner of the 
+
+
+£rft ages. 
+
+Pallas. Pa 
+rudi palo, 
+little better than 
+
+
+Tertullian gives a like defcription of 
+
+
+Attica 
+
+
+Phry 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+quas fine eftigie 
+
+
+informi Ipecie proftant. J 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+100 
+
+
+poft 
+
+
+fometimes happens that ao-ecl 
+
+
+96 Orphic Argonaut, v. 1295. 
+
+Sophocles calls the fea coaft 'zz-txPocCcopuos cckti^ from the numbers of altars. CEdi- 
+pus Tyrannus. v. 193. 
+
+The like province was attributed to the fuppofed fitter of Apollo, Diana: Ju¬ 
+piter tells her, 
+
+V.CCL jttsT ccyviccis 
+
+Ecrcr/i xki hifjLeveaaiv smuKoiros. 
+
+And in another place : 
+
+Tpis S'exct tgi 'ZG‘To/\isQpcc tccci &w, svcc Tlupyov OTTCtCrO-OO. 
+
+Callimachus. Hymn to Diana. 
+
+Tlorvioty Aifj.evooco7re^ %ccipe y <Pzpct(ct. Ibid. v. 259. 
+
+917 yz c&xpi£co$ 7 iv<x.i t c&$ tgov ctyccXuctTcov cr^eTBiS) xtovccs louvres 01 rsrccXcctoi 
+
+ZaeSoi 1 T&T&S, vs cityiS'pvfj.oLTct tb ©sa. Clemens Alexand. L. 1. p. 418. 
+
+O vtos y%t czyczApcaros cruv t A/ 0 # S'e ccpys xccrcc to ccp^ccioy. Paufan. 
+
+L. 9. p. 757 - 
+
+Alfo of the Thelpians: K cci c(pionv ctycc^ijxcc Tuct^ccioTccTOif e~iv ccgyog A tQcs. p. y 6 i 0 
+99 Tertullian adverfus Gentes. L. 1. c. 12. 
+
+Kczi to f*zp 'S'C&puxs c H^s 'zopOTBpov ?)v ctccvis. dementis Cohort, p. 40. 
+
+
+trees 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+271 
+
+
+trees bear a faint likenefs to the human fabric : roots like- 
+wife and fprays are often fo fantaftic in their evolutions as to 
+betray a remote refemblance. The ancients feem to have 
+taken advantage of this fancied fimilitude, which they im¬ 
+proved by a little art; and their firft efforts towards imagery 
+were from thefe rude and rotten materials. Apollonius 
+Rhodius in his account of the Argonauts gives a defcription 
+of a monument of this fort, which was by them erected in a 
+dark grove upon a mountainous part of 1 Bithynia. They 
+raifed an altar of rough ftones, and placed near it an image 
+of Rhea, which they formed from an arm or flump of an 
+old vine. 
+
+
+E<rxe Js ti ?i£ugov svnog ufittete, evrgepov 
+Ugayvv yegavfrgvov, to fiev ex. 7 u.fiov opgu T*Te7\oiTo 
+Auifiovog seeing iegov figerug' sjstrs <T A gycag 
+Evxocrfioog , xui dg fiiv erf oxgvoevTi KoAoovca 
+
+'l$gv<ruv, (pqyouriv eur^epeg uxgoTUTyviv 
+*A 1 pa re 7tuvuoov 7ruvv7re^TUTui eppt^cavTo. 
+
+Bufiov rf uv ye^uSog 'uragevriveov, ufipi ds pvKKoig 
+Xre-^ufievoL $gvivoi<ri &vi)7roAirig efisKovro. 
+
+A dry and wither’d branch, by time impair’d. 
+Hung from an ample and an aged vine. 
+
+Low bending to the earth : the warriors axe 
+
+Lopt it at once from the parental ftem. 
+
+% 
+
+This as a facred relick was configned 
+To Argus’ hands, an image meet to frame 
+Of Rhea, dread Divinity, who ruled 
+
+1 Apollonius Rhodius. L. 1. v. 1117. p. 115; 
+
+
+r\ 
+
+
+v 7 { r > 
+
+y h- .3 
+
+
+
+272 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Over Bithynia’s mountains. With rude art 
+He fmooth’d and fafhion’d it in homely guife. 
+
+Then on a high and lonely promontory 
+Rear’d it amid a tall and Stately grove 
+Of ancient beeches. Next of ftones unwrought 
+They raife an altar ; and with boughs of oak 
+Soft wreaths of foliage weave to deck it round. 
+
+Then to their rites they turn, and vows perform. 
+
+The fame circumfiance is mentioned in the Orphic Argonau- 
+tics a ; where the poet fpeaks of Argus, and the vine branch 5 
+
+
+AfiQiTrteJtes sgvog 
+
+A(JL7T£Xx XVCLhsqg 0%£L Cf.7T£K£^<TS 
+
+Hscrcrg <T e'7ns‘ot,u,svuog* 
+
+
+0 
+
+The Amazonians were a very ancient people, who wor¬ 
+shiped their provincial Deity under the character of a fe- 
+
+l. They 
+
+
+male, and by the titles of Artemis, Oupis, Hipp 
+
+
+firfl built 
+chus 3 
+
+
+pie at Ephefi 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+rding 
+
+
+the image of the Goddefs was formed of the flump of 
+
+
+beech 
+
+
+Xoi kou Afjict^ovihg '&oX£[jL8 smQVfJUtpeigoLi 
+Eh hots 'WccppoChiri Epstrzs figsTcig l$gv<rcx.vTo 
+23 <f tyyw v7ro 'urgsp.vcy , tsXstsp Ss rot hgov ’ 
+
+Avtcu <T, Ov7n avourtroi, 'srgvXiv ugynr\(ravTQ, 
+
+
+c Orphic Argonaut, v. 605. 
+
+Pliny, L. 16, mentions fimulacrum vitigineum. 
+
+
+n^JJLVOV 
+
+
+Hym 
+
+
+■5 
+
+
+ry yy ^rptfAvov. Hefych 
+
+YJpsfAVfctcrcci, expi^coarcci 
+
+
+7 } TO CCfJi 7 r£?VB T&pQ$ 
+
+
+Ibidem.' 
+
+
+Inflead 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology* 
+
+
+273 
+
+
+Inftead of an. imagfe made of a ftump, the poet Dionyfius 
+
+fuppofes a temple to have been built beneath the tfunk of a 
+decayed tree. 
+
+E v$cx. @syj 'utots vy\ov A(jlci£ovi$£$ rsTv^ovro 
+
+n gefJLVb) V 7 T 0 'UTTBKeqg, 'GTSglOO'TlQV av^occrt $CtV[JL 0 l. V. 827. 
+
+It is obfervable, that the Chinefe, as well as the people of 
+
+♦ 
+
+Japan, ftill retain fomething of this cuftom. When they meet 
+with an uncouth root or fpray of a tree, they humour the ex¬ 
+travagance ; and by the addition of a face give it the look of 
+a Jofs or Bonzee, juft as fancy directs them. 
+
+The vine was efteemed facred both to Dionufus, and Bac¬ 
+chus ; for they were two different perfonages, though con¬ 
+founded by the Grecians : indeed the titles of all thofe, who 
+were originally ftyled Baalim, are blended together. This 
+tree had therefore the name of Ampel, which the Greeks ren¬ 
+dered AjU7rgAo£, from the Sun, Ham, whofe peculiar plant 
+it was. This title is the fame as Gmphel before mentioned, 
+
+A m a 
+
+and relates to the oracular Deity of the Pagan world ; under 
+which character Ham was principally alluded to. The Egyp¬ 
+tian and Aliatic Greeks had fome imperfect traditions about 
+Ham, and Chus : the latter of which they efteemed Bacchus. 
+And as the term Ampelus did not primarily relate to the 
+vine, but was a facred name transferred from the Deity, 
+they had fome notion of this circumftance : but as it was their 
+cuftom out of every title to form a new perfonage, they have 
+fuppofed Ampelus to have been a youth of great beauty, and 
+one whom. Bacchus particularly favoured. Hence Nonnus 
+introduces the former begging of Selene not to envy him 
+this happinefs. 
+
+Vol. I. N n Mjj 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+274 
+
+5 Mr) <p@ov£<rr)e, on B oucfcog (ptXorriroL *pvKct<r<r£i. 
+
+'Otti vsog ysvo{jur\v } on non <pi\og et^u A vcas. 
+
+The worfhip of Ham was introduced by the Amonians in 
+Phrygia and Afia Minor: and in thofe parts the Poet makes 
+Ampelus chiefly converfant. 
+
+6 HJ/j yocg &gvyir\g V7ro foigoth Kzgog ctQvgm 
+Ay.TfsAog r)S%r)TQ vsorgeepeg sgvog Egarruv. 
+
+He fpeaks of his bathing in the waters, and riflng with frefh 
+beauty from the flream, like the morning ftar from the oceam 
+
+7 UolktocAm 'urogz kcu era tsov ereXotg, opgct (pavsiri 
+AfjL7rs7\og avTz7\h(jov, cits (pootrpogog — 
+
+Kocrpicrsi erso naXhog ohov UoucrooMov 
+
+In all thefe infiances there are allufions to a hiflory, which 
+will hereafter be fully difeufled. Ovid feems to make Am¬ 
+pelus a native of Thrace pand fuppofes him to have been the 
+ion of a fatyr by one of the nymphs in that country : 
+
+* Ampelon intonfum, Satyro Nymphaque creatum, 
+
+Fertur in Ifmariis Bacchus amafle jugis. 
+
+But however they may have mifiaken this perfonage, it is 
+certain that in early times he was well known, and highly re¬ 
+verenced. Hence wherever the Amonians fettled, the name 
+of Ampelus will occur: and many places will be found to have 
+been denominated from the worfhip of the Deity under this 
+
+5 N.onni Dion. L. 11. p. 306. 
+
+6 Nonni Dion. L. 10. p. 278. 
+
+7 Nonni Dion. L. 11. p. 296.. 
+
+8 Ovid. Fall. L. 3. v. 409. 
+
+facred 
+
+
+
+2 75 
+
+
+t 
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+facred 
+
+
+We learn from Stephanus Byzantinus 
+
+
+that 
+
+
+ac- 
+
+
+rding to Hecatceus in his Europa , Ampelus was the name of 
+
+
+Lig 
+
+
+There was likewife a promontory in the difriEt of 
+
+
+Tor one called Ampelus : a like promotitory m Samos : another 
+
+
+Cyrene. Agrcetas mentions two cities there 
+
+
+upper , and a 
+
+
+of that 
+
+
+name. 
+
+
+There was likewife a harbour in Italy Jo 
+
+
+called. We read of a city 9 10 Ampeloefla in Syria, and a na 
+tion in Lybia called Ampeliotse : AptyreXioorcu he sQvog A 
+Suidas. Alfo' Ampelona in Arabia : and a promontory Am 
+
+
+pelufia near Tingis in Mauritania 
+
+
+thefe places, how 
+
+
+ever diftant, the Amonians had made fettlements 
+
+
+Over 
+
+
+againft the illand Samos flood the facred promontory, Mycale 
+in Ionia. This too was called Ampelus, according to Hefy- 
+chius, as the paffage is happily altered by Albertus, and others. 
+A pi'K&'Kog, p.YfygLVY), kou cucgct ogxg. From the 
+
+words nyav ogag one might infer, that Ampelus was no un¬ 
+common name for a mountain in general; lb far is certain 
+that many fuch were fo denominated : which name could not 
+relate to otpaxeKogy the vine ; but they were fo called from the 
+Deity to whom they were 11 facred. Many of thefe places 
+
+
+9 A/XTreXoSy 'zeroA/s tyis Aiyv^iKYis 'Ekcltclios eq~ L ctxocc Topcevautov A/a~ 
+
+7reAos AeyofjLtvn* erepex. ctxpcc tvs Xccjab' xcu aAAu ev K upvvTi. Aypoirccs cTs 
+
+S'vo uroXzis (pvcriy t nv fAtv ccvcoy tvv S'e kcctco' S'e vcou IraA/as ctxpcty kcci A iujiv. 
+Stephan. Byzant. 
+
+KclAsltcu JAW bv Kan cotpcc Tis AfA7Tt\o$* Strabo of Samos. L. 14. p. 944. 
+
+10 Ampelufia called K eorhis 00tpov. Ptolemy. L. 4. fo named according to Strabo 
+olivo Kcorecovy or KcoraicoVy not far from a city Zilis, and Cota. See Pliny. L. 5 . 
+c. 1. 
+
+Promontorium Oceani extimum Ampelufia. Pliny. L. 5. c. 1. 
+
+Ampelona. Pliny. L. 6. c. 28. 
+
+XI A7ro A/xweAB ctxgYiS eiri K ccvotcf pccinv Herodotus. L, 7. c. 123. 
+
+AfA 7 reAo$ cocgoc, in Crete. Ptolemy. See Pliny. L. 4, c. 12. 
+
+N n 2 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+
+n 
+
+
+76 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology-. 
+
+
+were barren crags, and rocks of the fea, ill fuited to the cul¬ 
+tivation of the 11 vine. And not only eminences were fo called, 
+but the ftrand and fhores alfo for the lame reafon : becaufe 
+
+
+were altars, and pillars to this God. Hence we read 
+
+
+Hefychius : Au,7ts7\og — ouyicthog — K vgrpctioig anyiaCKog 
+
+
+By 
+
+
+Jlmpelus is fignified the fea ft 
+of Cyrene fignifies the fea fieore . 
+
+
+Slmpelus among the peoplt 
+
+
+From what has been faid, we may be allured, that Am 
+
+
+pelus, and Omphal 
+
+
+the fame term originally 
+
+
+how 
+
+
+ied afterwards, and differently appropriated 
+
+
+They 
+
+
+are each a compound from Omphe; and relate to the 
+
+
+Deity. Ampelus at Mycale 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+confelledly 
+
+
+fo denominated from its being a facred 13 place, and abound¬ 
+ing with waters, by which people, who drank them, were 
+fuppofed to be infpired. They are mentioned in an ancient 
+oracle quoted by Eiifebius 1+ : Ev A tfvfJtMV yvuhoig Mvxo&wnov 
+
+EN0EON vfug. I have mentioned that all fountains were 
+
+but elpecially thole which had any preter- 
+
+
+efteemed facred 
+
+
+quality, and abounded with exhalations 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+univerfal notion that a divine energy proceeded from thefe 
+
+and that the perfons, who relided in their vicinity. 
+
+
+effluvia 
+
+
+of this 
+
+
+were gifted with a prophetic quality 
+ture from the divine influence, with which they were fup¬ 
+pofed to abound, the Amonians ftyled Ain Omphe, live fontes 
+
+
+In Samos was A fxyreXoc, cotpx.' e~i Se sx. euotvo;. Strabo. L. 14. p. 944. 
+Some places were called more limply Ampe. 
+
+See Herodotus of Ampi in the Perfian Gulf. L. 6. c. 20. 
+
+A/A 71 of Tzetzes. See Cellarius. 
+
+,} MvxaPws xpptov tepor. Herodotus. L. 1. c. 148. 
+
+14 Prasp. Evang. L. 5. c. 16, 
+
+IO 
+
+
+Oraculi, 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 277 
+
+• l 
+
+Oraculi. Thefe terms, which denoted the fountain of the 
+prophetic God, the Greeks contracted to NvjW.<pi), a Nymph: 
+and fuppofed fuch a perfon to be an inferior Goddefs, who 
+preiided oyer waters.* Hot fprings were imagined to be more 
+immediately under the infpeCtion of the nymphs : whence 
+Pindar ftyles fuck fountains 15 N vpipctv The 
+
+temple of the Nymph® lonides in Arcadia flood clofe to a 
+fountain of great 16 efficacy. The term Nympha will be found 
+always to have a reference to 17 water. There was in the 
+fame region of the Peloponnefus a place called N v[JL<pct$, Nym¬ 
+ph as ; which was undoubtedly fo named from its hot fprings : 
+
+18 Kar appeireu yctg uJcm——N vpcp&sx for Nymphas—aboimded 
+with waters . Another name for thefe places was Ain-Ades, the 
+
+
+15 Pindar. Olyrnp. Ode 12. 
+
+Nuutpat eio-tv sv tu qjgeocTi. Artemidorus, Oneirocrit. L. 2. c. 23. 
+
+16 Noftl j/cov £C?IV isgov £ 7TI TJJ 'STTiyr..’— ?lBOfXBVOli J'g Sv T7I 1TTT)yn y.X/XCCT60V T£ KCtl 
+
+(tAyniJ-oLTusv 'stuvtcov <«jwaT«. Paufanias. L. 6. p. 5x0. 
+
+17 NufUpixac, and A UTgct, are put by Hefychius, as fynonymous. 
+
+Omnibus aquis Nymphce funt prasfidentes. Servius upon Virgil. Eel. 1. 
+
+Thetis was ftyled Nympha, merely becaufe Hie was fuppofed to be water. The- 
+
+tidem dici voluerunt aquam, unde et Nympha didfta eft. Fulgentij Mytholog. c. 8. 
+p. 720. 
+
+18 Paufanias. L. 8. p. 670. 
+
+Young women were by the later Greeks, and by the Romans, ftyled Nymphse; 
+but improperly. Nympha vox, Grcecorum N vp<px, non fuit ab origine Virgini 
+five Puellte propria: fed folummodo partem corporis denotabat. iEgyptijs, ficut 
+omnia animalia, lapides, frutices, atque herbas, ita omne membrum atque omnia 
+corporis humani loca, aliquo dei titulo mos fuit denotare. Hinc cor nuncupabant 
+Ath, uterum Mathyr, vel Mether: et fontem faemineum, ficut et alios fontes, no¬ 
+mine Ain Omphe, Grasce vu^.(pv, infignibant: quod ab iEgyptijs ad Graecos deri- 
+
+vatum eft. Hinc legimus, -nr vyn, v.a.1 rto')ci[j.cs yvvn , vvpaptjv <ts xaAatrx 
+
+jctA. Suidas. 
+
+
+flap’ Afi/irai ois r) ts A.10 5 p-nm^ N uy.q>ti. Ibidem. 
+
+
+fountain 
+
+
+
+278 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. . 
+
+fountain of Ades, or the Sim : which in like manner was 
+changed to N ouoL$sg 3 Naiades, a fpecies of Deities of the fame 
+clafs. Fountains of bitumen in Sufiana and Babylonia were 
+called Ain-Aptha, the fountains of Aptha, the God of fire : 
+which by the Greeks was rendered Naptha, a name given 
+to 19 bitumen. As they changed Ain Omphe to Numpha, 
+a Goddefs; they accordingly denominated the place itfelf 
+NvfJLcpsiov, Nymph^um : and wherever a place occurs of that 
+name, there will be found fomething particular in its circum- 
+ftances. We are told by 20 Pliny, that the river Tigris, being 
+flopped in its courfe by the mountains of Taurus, lofes itfelf 
+under ground, and rifes again on the other fide at Nymphasum. 
+According to Marcellinus it feems to be at Nymphasum, that 
+it finks into the earth. Be this as it may, this, he tells us, 
+is the place where that fiery matter called naptha iffued : 
+from whence undoubtedly the place had its name. 21 Bitu¬ 
+men nafcitur prope lacum Sofingitem, cujus alveo Tigris vo~ 
+
+19 Naptha is called Apthas by Simplicius in Categoric. Ariftotelis. Kai o AfyQcts 
+<^B^ercci 'zo-opptoQei' tb 'zuvpos eifos. The fame by Gregory Nyflen is contracted, and 
+called after the Ionic manner : oocnreg o xcztefJLevos e^cc7rreTca* Liber de 
+anima. On which account thefe writers are blamed by the learned Valefius. They 
+are however guilty of no miftake ; only ufe the word out of compofition. Ain- 
+Aptha, contracted Naptha, was properly the fountain itfelf: the matter which pro¬ 
+ceeded from it was ftyled Apthas, Pthas, and Ptha. It was one of the titles of the 
+God of fire, called Apha-Aftus, the Hephaftus of the Greeks : to whom this.inflam¬ 
+mable fubflrance was facred. 
+
+See Valefii nota^ in Amm. Marcellinum. L. 23. p. 285. 
+
+Epirus was denominated from the worfliip of fire: and one of its rivers was 
+called the Aphas. 
+
+10 Pliny. L. 31. p. 333. 
+
+Marcellinus. L. 23. p. 285. 
+
+% 
+
+ratus, 
+
+
+ai 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 279 
+
+ratus, fluenfque fubterraneus, procurfis fpatiis longis, emergit. 
+Hie et Naptha gignitur fpecie picea. In his pagis hiatus 
+confpicitur terras, unde halitus lethalis exfurgens, quodcunque 
+animal prope conffftit, odore gravi confumit. There was an 
+ifland of the like nature at the mouth of the river Indus, 
+which was facred to the Sun, and fly led Cubile 22 Nympha- 
+rum : in qua nullum non animal abfumitur. In Athamania 
+was a temple of the Nymphs, or 23 Nymphasum; and near it 
+a fountain of fire, which confumed things brought near to it. 
+Hard by Apollonia was an eruption of bituminous matter, 
+like that in Afiyria : and this too was named 24 Nymphaeum. 
+The fame author (Strabo) mentions, that in Seleucia, fly led 
+Pieria, there was a like bituminous eruption, taken notice of 
+by Pofidonius ; and that it was called Ampelitis: 25 T y\v Afj.7re- 
+
+XlTYjU yt)V OLfQttArwfoly Tf]V SV XsXBVKSlCL Tl) HlSglO. fJLSTU.7O^£V0[JiSVi): 
+
+The hot ftreams, and poifonous effluvia near Puteoli and lake 
+Avernus are well known. It was efteemed a place of great 
+fandlity; and people of a prophetic character are faid to have 
+here refided. Here was a 26 Nymphceum, fuppofed to have 
+been an oracular temple. There was a method of divination 
+at Rome, mentioned by 27 Dion Cafflus, in which people 
+
+** Pliny. L. 6. p. 326. 
+
+, 3,3 Strabo. L. 7. p. 487. See Antigoni Caryftii Mirabilia. p. 163. 
+
+ZL El' T >1 'XJUZCXs 'T GOV AlTOWocViCtTGOV V. CiX'c -T Ctl Tl Nu /J-Cf CttZV' UierrcC S'e e^L 'TZTUD OLVCC - 
+
+cTiJ'hctgc' mr auTySe ngnvau peycn ^Aiccpn ccct^ccAth. Strabo. L. 7. p. 487. 
+
+2,5 Strabo. Ibidem. L. 7. p. 487. He fuppofes, that it was called Ampelitis from 
+czjuire/iof, the vine : becaufe its waters were good to kill vermin, Ako; tvs q,t}eipiccaw 
+au 7 re?vy. A far-fetched etymology. Neither Strabo, nor Pofidonius, whom h-e 
+quotes, considers that the term is of Syriac original- 
+2,0 Philoftrati vita Apollonii. L. 8. c. 4. p. 416. 
+
+a? Dionis Hiltoria Romana. Johannis Rofia: Antiq. L. 3. c. u, 
+
+7 
+
+
+formed 
+
+
+
+2 S.O 
+
+
+T®te Analysis d<f Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+formed their judgment of future events from the fleam of 
+lighted frankincenfe. The terms of inquiry were remarkable : 
+for their curiofity was indulged in refipe<Et to every future con¬ 
+tingency, excepting death and marriage. The place of divina¬ 
+tion was here too called sS Nymph®um. Paufanias takes no¬ 
+tice of a cavern near Plat®a, which was facred to the Nymphs 
+of Cith®ron: Js rijtf xogvcpris, sp y tqv @uo{jlqv 'nroisnai, 
+
+'W’BVTB 5TB JCOU &BXCL VTFOK&TaJoCtVtl FCcdlBS NTM<J>f2N 
+
+sgriv uvTgov KiOcttgwidm —MANTETE20AI Js rctg N vupccg 
+
+to agyrtiov clvtoQi eysi Xoyog. We find that the Nymphs 
+
+of this place had been of old prophetic. Evagrius mentions 
+
+# 
+
+a fplendid building at Antioch called Nymph®um, remarkable 
+* 9 Na^aaTW^ 'UtKbtoo, for the advantage of its waters. There 
+was a Nymph®um at Rome mentioned by Marcellinus. 
+
+30 Septemzodium celebrem locum, ubi Nymph®um Marcus 
+condidit Imperator. Here were the Therm® Antonian®. As 
+from Ain Ompha came Nympha; fo from A1 Ompha was 
+derived Lympha. This differed from Aqua, or common wa¬ 
+ter, as being of a facred, and prophetic nature. The ancients 
+thought, that all mad perfons were gifted with divination ; 
+and they were in confequence of it ftyled Lymphati. 
+
+From what has preceded, we may perceive that there once 
+exifted a wonderful refemblance in the rites, cuftoms, and 
+terms of worfliip, among nations widely feparated. Of this, 
+as I proceed, many inftances will be continually produced. 
+
+I have already mentioned, that this fimilitude in terms, and 
+
+
+18 
+
+
+Paufanias. L. 9. p. 718. 
+
+%9 Evagrius. L. 3. 
+
+30 Marcellinus. L. 15. c. 7. p. 68 
+
+
+c. 12. 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+Thi Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 281 
+
+■ 
+
+the religious fyftem, which was fo widely propagated, were 
+owing to one great family, who fpread themfelves almoft uni- 
+verfally. Their colonies went abroad under the fanCtion and 
+direction of their priefts ; and carried with them both the 
+rites and the records of their country. Celfus took notice of 
+
+9 
+
+this ; and thought that people payed too little attention to 
+memorials of this nature. He mentions particularly the ora¬ 
+cular temples at Dodona, at Delphi, at Claros, with thole of 
+the Branchidse and Amonians : at the fame time palling over 
+many other places, from whofe priells and votaries the whole 
+earth feemed to have been peopled 31 . Ta psv U7ro rr\g YlvOiotc, 
+
+10 AwJWwv, KAos^a, y\ sv y\ sv Appeal iog, v7ro pv - 
+
+guav rs aAAwi/ d-£07rgQ7rcav 'urgosigripevct, vcp" m £7rieiKoog 'utolvci yi) 
+}tcLTcajci<&Y), tqlvtcx, psv ovS'svi Aoyw TiOsvrca. As colonies went 
+abroad under the influence, and direction of their tutelary 
+Deities ; thofe Deities were ftyled 'H yspovzg, and A^yy\ysrou : 
+and the colony was denominated from fome facred title of the 
+God. A colony was planted at Miletus ; of which the con¬ 
+ducting Deity was Diana. 3:1 2s yag 'UT 0 iqcrcC] 0 N^Asy? 'Hyspovviv. 
+This Goddefs is ftyled <3roAy7rToAj£, becaufe this office was 
+particularly aferibed to her: and fhe had many places under 
+her patronage. Jupiter accordingly tells her : 
+
+33 T gig Sena, roi 'STToA/s^a, kxli sh ha 'urvgyov oTrcurvoo* 
+
+31 Celfus apud Originem. L. 7. p. 333. 
+
+See alfo Plutarch, de Oraculorum defeftu, 
+
+52 Callimachus'. Hymn to Diana, v* 226* 
+
+33 Callimachus, ibid, v. 33* 
+ricAAas <Pe &vvy) 'fcroAfas. 
+
+
+VOL. I. 
+
+
+O o 
+
+
+Thrice 
+
+
+
+282 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+M 
+
+Thrice ten fair cities fhall your portion be. 
+
+And many a {lately tower. 
+
+likewife was called O iKTi^g and A gyyiysTYjg, from be- 
+ing the fuppoled founder of cities ; which were generally built 
+in confequence of fome oracle. 
+
+<T e(T7ro{jL£Vot •nroAsotg fos{JL£T$r)<rcu/T.o 
+Av@gu7rot * OoiEos yctg ctsi •nroXisu'cn piXrj^si 
+K TiZppsvcus' avTos S's Sspsthiot <&oi%og vpouveti 
+
+’Tis through Apollo’s tutelary aid. 
+
+That men go forth to regions far remote. 
+
+And cities found : Apollo ever joys 
+In founding cities. 
+
+What colony, fays 35 Cicero, did Greece ever lend into iEto- 
+lia, Ionia, Alia, Sicily or Italy, without having firft confulted 
+about every circumftance relative to it, either at Delphi, or 
+Dodona, or at the oracle of Ainmon. And Lucian fpeaks 
+to the fame purpofe. 36 Ovts 'uroteczg ads Tsiysoc- 
+
+'GTzgidooCKhovTa - 'nrgiu cu br, Mclvtzom olksu'ou Sfcctg'ot. 
+
+People would not •venture to build cities , nor even ?'aife the walls y 
+till they had made proper enquiry among thofe , who were prophe¬ 
+tically gifted , about the fuccefs of their operations . 
+
+3+ Callimachus. Hymn to Apollo, v. 56. 
+
+35 Cicero de Divinatione. L. i. 
+
+36 Lucian. Aftrolog. v. i. p. 993. 
+
+
+
+PAT O R 
+
+
+
+( * 8 3 ) 
+
+
+
+✓ 
+
+
+
+
+Cannot help thinking that the word noiTYig, pater, when 
+ufed in the religious addrefles of the Greeks and Ro¬ 
+mans, meant not, as is fuppofed, a father, or parenl ; but re¬ 
+lated to the divine influence of the Deity, called by the peo¬ 
+ple of the eaft, Pator, as I have 1 {hewn. From hence I 
+fhould infer, that two words, originally very diftiinfl, have 
+been rendered one and the * fame. The word pater, in the 
+
+
+acceptation, might be applicable 
+
+
+for 
+
+
+was fuppofed to have been 
+
+
+father of all the Gods, and 
+
+
+was therefore fo entitled by the ancient poet Sulpit: 
+
+3 Jane pater, Jane tuens, Dive biceps, biformis, 
+O, cate rerum fator, O, principium Deorum. 
+
+
+But when it became a title, which was bellowed upon Gods 
+of every denomination, it made Jupiter animadvert with 
+
+
+See in the former treadle, infcribed 0 /x<pn. 
+
+Are not all the names, which relate to the different ftages of manhood, as 
+well as to family cognation, taken from die titles of prlefts, which were originally 
+
+ufed in temples; fuch as Pater, Vir, Virgo, Puer, Mater, Matrona, Patronus, 
+Prater, Soror, AS'e^tpos, K&pos ? 
+
+3 Verfes from an ancient Choriambic poem, which are quoted by Terentianus 
+Maurus de Metris, 
+
+O o 2 fome 
+
+
+
+284 The Analysis of Anci&nt Mythology, 
+
+fome warmth upon the impropriety, if we may 
+Lucilius : 
+
+
+credit 
+
+
+4 Ut nemo fit noftrum, quin pater optimus Divom eft 
+Ut Neptunus pater, Liber, Saturnus pater. Mars,. 
+Janus, Quirinus, pater,, omnes dicamur ad unum. 
+
+r 
+
+
+And not only the Gods, but the Hierophantce in moft tem¬ 
+ples ; and thofe priefts in particular, who were occupied in 
+
+the celebration of myfteries-, were ftyled Patres : fo that it 
+
+■ 
+
+was undoubtedly a religious term imported from Egypt, the 
+lame as Pator, and Patora, before mentioned. I have taken 
+
+
+g of the word 
+
+
+notice, that the Paterae of Curtius were the priefts of Ha- 
+mon : but that writer was unacquainted with the true mean- 
+
+well as with the pronunciation, which 
+been penultima produdta. The worfhip of 
+
+ancient, fo it was the 
+It was at firft the pre- 
+
+
+feems to h 
+
+
+Ham 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+was the moft 
+
+
+mod; univerial of any in the world. It 
+vailing religion of Greece ; and was propagated over all the 
+fea coaft of Europe : from whence it extended itfelf into the 
+
+
+inland provinces 
+
+
+was eftablifhed in Gaul and Britain ; 
+
+
+and was the original religion of this ifland, which the Druids 
+in aftertimes adopted. That it went higl 
+
+
+1 in 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+evident from Aufonius, who takes notice of 
+his time. He had relations, 
+and denomination : and who 
+
+
+exiftin 
+
+
+m 
+
+
+who were priefts of this order 
+
+compli- 
+
+
+on 
+
+
+that 
+
+
+mented by him in his ode to Attius Patera f Rhetor 
+
+
+4 Lucilii Fragmenta. 
+
+* Ode of Aufonius to Attius. Patera Rhetor in ProfelTorum Burdigalenfium 
+commemoratione. Ode io. 
+
+
+Tu 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 285 
+
+T11 BoiocaiTis ftirpe Druidarum fatus. 
+
+Si fama non fallat fidem, 
+
+Beleni facratum ducis e templo genus-, 
+
+Et inde vobis nomina, 
+
+Tibi Paterae : fic miniftros nuncupant 
+Apollinares Myftici. 
+
+Fratrij Patrique nomen a Phaebo datum, 
+
+Natoque de Delphis tuo. 
+
+He mentions, that this worihip prevailed particularly in 
+
+Armorica ; of which country his relations were natives. 
+
+■ 
+
+? Nec reticebo Senem, 
+
+Nomine Phoebicium, 
+
+Qui Beleni iEdituus, 
+
+Stirpe fatus Druidum 5 
+Gentis Armoricae. 
+
+Belin, the Deity, of whom he fpeaks, was the fame as 7 Bel 
+and Balen of Babylonia, and Canaan ; the Orus and Apollo 
+of other nations. Herodian takes notice of his being wor- 
+fhiped by the people of Aquileia ; and fays, that they called 
+him Belin, and paid great reverence, efteeming him the fame 
+as 8 Apollo. 
+
+The true name of the Amonian prlefts I have fhewn to 
+
+have been Petor or Pator ; and the inftrument, which they 
+
+\ 
+
+6 Aufonius. Oct: 4. 
+
+7 He is called Balen by JEfchylus. Perfe. p. 156. EaAjjv, cc^ccios BaAmv 
+
+8 B eKiv cfe xaAyer; tztgv' creCsat Ss v'uregtpvcioh A7roAAcora Siycci g06AorT£$. Hero¬ 
+dian. L. 8. of the Aquileians. 
+
+Infcriptio vetus Aquileia reperta. APOLL 1 NI. BELENO. C. AQJJI- 
+LEIENS. FELIX. 
+
+o held 
+
+
+
+s86 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+held in their hands, was fiyied Petaurum. They ufed to 
+dance round a large fire in honour of the Sun, whofe orbit 
+they affedted to defcribe. At the fame time they exhibited 
+other feats of activity, to amufe the votaries, who refbrted to 
+their temples. This dance was Ibmetimes performed in ar- 
+mour, efpecially in Crete: and being called Pyrrhic was 
+fuppofed to have been lo named from Pyrrhus, the fon of 
+Achilles. But when was he in Crete ? Befides it is faid to 
+have been-pradtifed by the Argonautic heroes before his time. 
+It was a religious dance, denominated from fire, with which 
+it was accompanied. 
+
+V 
+
+9 Afjupi <5e $ouo[JLevois evgvp yogov sgyir&vTQ, 
+
+KaAOZ/ I Y]7TCUY\Qv\ I)Q7r CttyOVCL <& 0 & 0 V 
+
+Me A no^EVoi. 
+
+It was originally an Egyptian dance in honour of Hermes ; 
+and pradtifed by the Pataras or Priefts. In Ibrne places it 
+was efteemed a martial exercife ; and exhibited by perfons in 
+armour, who gave it the name of Betarmus. We have an 
+inftance of it in the fame poet. 
+
+z ° h vsoi Ogpvog avcayy 
+
+XmigQVTsg ~By\Tol^qv svottXiov ogyritravTo, 
+
+Kai (Tcucscc %i<pss<r<rip v7reKTV7rov. 
+
+BriTa^og, Betarmus, was a name given to the dance from the 
+fcemple of the Deity, where it was probably firfl pradtifed. It 
+
+v Apollonius Rhodius. Argonautic. L. 2. v. 703. 
+
+*° Apollonius Rhodius, L. 1, v* 1135. 
+
+
+IO 
+
+
+IS 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 287 
+
+is a compound of Bet Armes, or Armon, called more pro¬ 
+perly Hermes, and Hermon. Bet and Beth, among the Amo- 
+
+% 
+
+nians denoted a temple. There is realon to think that the 
+circular dances of the Dervifes all over the eaft are remains 
+of thefe ancient cufloins. In the firft ages this exercife was 
+effceemed a religious rite, and performed by people of the 
+temple, where it was exhibited : but in aftertimes the fame 
+feats were imitated by ropedancers, and vagrants, called Pe- 
+tauriftae, and Petauriftarii ; who made ufe of a kind of pole, 
+ftyled petaurum. Of thefe the Roman writers make frequent 
+mention ; and their feats are alluded to by Juvenal : 
+
+” An magis obledtant animum jactata petauro 
+
+Corpora, quique folent rectum defcendere funem ? 
+
+Manilius likewife gives an account of this people, and their 
+activity ; wherein may be obferved feme remains of the ori¬ 
+ginal inftitution 1 
+
+Ad numeros etiam ille clet cognata per artem 
+Corpora, quae valido faliunt excuffa petauro : 
+Membraque per flammas orbefque emiffa flagrantes, 
+Delphinumque fuo per inane imitantia motu, 
+
+Et viduata volant pennis, et in aere ludunt. 
+
+I have fhewn, that the Paterae, or Priefts, were fo denomi¬ 
+nated from the Deity ftyled Pator; whofe ihrines were 
+named Patera, and Petora. They were oracular temples of 
+the Sun ; which in aftertimes, were called Petra, and afcribed 
+
+II Juvenal. Sat. 14. v. 265. 
+
+11 Manilius. L. 5. v. 434. 
+
+
+to 
+
+
+
+288 
+
+
+The Analysis of .Ancient Mythology, 
+
+
+to other Gods. Many of them for t'he fake of mariners were 
+eredied upon rocks, and eminences near the fea : hence the 
+term 'WSTgct) petra, came at length .to fignify any rock or 
+flone, and to be in a manner confined to that meaninor. But 
+
+CD 
+
+in the firft ages it was ever taken : in a. religious fenfe ; and 
+related to the fhrines of Ofiris, or the Sun, and to the oracles, 
+which were fuppofed to be there exhibited. Thus Olympus 
+near Pifa, though no rock, but a huge mound, or hill 
+(' 3 II spi yotg r.ov Kgonov AO<2>ON cayzrca ret OAy^wr/a) was of 
+old termed Petra, as relating to oracular influence. Hence 
+Pindar fpeaking of Iamus, who was fuppofed to have been 
+conducted by Apollo to Olympia, fays, that they both came to 
+the Petra Klibatos upon the lofty Cronian mount : there Apollo be- 
+ftowed upon Iamus a double portion of prophetic knowledge . 
+
+7* 'Ikovto cT zaJ/jjAo/o Tlergav 
+
+AA iScltov KgHVlit, 
+
+Ev(f ot u>7rcare §ri<roLVgov 
+
+A Jv(jlov MANTOSTNAS. 
+
+
+The word HA^aro^ Elibatos, was a fa\ 
+
+
+term with 
+
+
+Homer, and other 
+
+
+tra. 
+
+
+They do 
+
+
+poets 
+
+
+and is uniformly joined with 
+feem to have known the purport of 
+
+
+yet they adhere to it religioufly, and introduce it wherever 
+they have an opportunity. HA<S(X7 os is an Amonian com- 
+
+
+* 3 Phavorinus. 
+
+% 
+
+H 0 ?\upL 7 ricc 'TirgcoTov Kgovios A o<po$ eA eySTcx. Scholia in Lycophron. v. 42. 
+
+u^tretpes Kqqviov ts vcticov A o(pot\ Pindar. Olymp. Ode 5. p. 43. 
+u Pindar. Olympic Ode 6. p. 52. 
+
+Apollo was the fame as Iamus 5 whole prielts were the Iamidse^ the moll ancient 
+
+order in Greece* 
+
+% 
+
+pound 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+289 
+
+
+pound of Eli-Bat, and lignifi.es folis domus, vel 15 templum. 
+It was the name of the temple, and fpecified the Deity there 
+worlhiped. In like manner the word Petra had in great 
+meafure loft its meaning; yet it is wonderful to obferve how 
+induftrioully it is introduced by writers, when they fpeak of 
+facred and oracular places. Lycophron calls the temple at 
+Elis 16 Aevga.v M 0 Ath do g 'BTSTgoiv : and the Pytho at Delphi is 
+
+by Pindar llyled Petraefia: 17 Exe* TlsTgcte<r<ra.s eXuvvuv her 
+
+ex. Ylvdmos. Orchomenos was a place of great antiquity ; 
+and the natives are faid to have worlhiped Petra, which were 
+
+fuppofed to have fallen from 18 heaven. At Athens in the 
+Acropolis was, a lacred cavern, which was called Petrae Ma¬ 
+crae, Petrae Cecropiae. ; 
+
+
+19 Axas tqivWj oi&ol Ksk^otiols 'urer^us, 
+
+UgOfEoppOV OLVTgQV, ds MoUCgC&S KM?^<rXO[JLBV. 
+
+0 
+
+I have fhewn that people of old made ufe of caverns for 
+aces of worfhip: hence this at Athens had the name of 
+Petra, or temple. 5:9 It is faid of Ceres, that, after Ihe had 
+wandered over the whole earth, Ihe at laft repofed herfelf 
+upon a ftone at Eleufis. They in like manner at Delphi 
+fhewed the petra, upon which the Sibyl Herophile at her 
+
+
+
+17 It is a word of Amonian original, analogous to Eliza-bet, Bet-Armus, Bet- 
+Tumus in India, Phainobeth in Egypt. 
+
+16 Eycophron. v. 159. here they facrificed O/xCo/c o. 
+
+17 Pindar. Olymp. Ode 6. p. 51. 
+
+* 8 ' Tcc$ fjcev cP',i ttergcts o't^scri Tg v.cci rw ETtcxAr* qcco~iv cc*’T ccs 'zzreanv sk 
+
+Ta cvgccvs. Paufanias. L. 9. p. 786. 
+
+19 Euripides in lone. v. 935. See Radicals, p. 67. Macur. 
+
+Clemens Alexand. Strom. L. 1. p. 358. 
+
+
+VOL, I. 
+
+*« 
+
+
+
+
+
+I 
+
+
+290 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+firlt arrival fat 21 down. In fhbrt there is in the hidory of 
+every oracular temple fome legend about a done j fome refe¬ 
+rence to the word Petra. To clear this up it is necedary to 
+obferve, that, when the worfhip of the Sun was almod uni- 
+verfal, this was one name of that Deity even among the 
+Greeks. They called him Petor, and Petros and his temple 
+was dyled Petra. This they oftentimes changed to XiOog ; 
+fo little did they underdand their own mythology. There 
+were however fome writers,, who mentioned it as the name 
+of the Sun, and were not totally ignorant of its meaning.. 
+This- we may learn from the Scholiad upon Pindar. 22 Ylegi 
+
+§s tb HA/8 01 $v<rucoi <panv, oog XiQog mXsirai 6 ‘iiXiog. Kou 
+Ava^ayogs ysvo[/svov Eygw/Jijy [/.aQrfCW, Tier gov sigrjtcsvai tqi& 
+'HA/oy ha rm '&goit£i[JLsvoov. 
+
+
+r G yag Max agios, kzk ovsih^oo rvygag, 
+
+Aios 'urstpvmg, 005 Xsyztn, TavraXog, 
+
+KogVQYiS VTVSgTSKhOVTa- hsifJLOUVOQV IIETPON, 
+
+A sgi 'srorecroUy mi tivsi. tglvtw hxqv. 
+
+The fame Scholiad quotes a limilar padage from the lame 
+iter, where the Sun is called Petra,. 
+
+
+23 MoXoif/,1 rav ovgavs [/.strait 
+
+Xflovos rs t eTafJtspu.it aioogri[joa<rL ursTgav, 
+
+AXvrstri yggvtrsaig- tpsgofasvav. 
+
+If then the name of the Sun r and of his temples, was among' 
+
+11 Paufanias. L. 10. p. 825. 
+
+11 Schol. in Pindar. Olymp. Ode i. p. 8: 
+
+Z3 Schol. in Pindar. Olymp. Ode i. p. 8 . 
+
+the 
+
+
+
+The: Analysis ©e Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+291 
+
+
+the ancient Grecians ’Petros, and Petra; we may caifily ac¬ 
+count for that word fb often occurring in the accounts of his 
+worfhip. The Scholia above -will ijaoreover lead us to dif- 
+cover, whence the flirange notion arofe about the famous 
+Anaxagoras of Clazom.ense j who is faLd to have prophelied, 
+that a ftone would fall from the Sun. All, that he had 
+averred, may be feen in the relation of the Scholiaft above : 
+which amounts only to this, that Petros was a name of the 
+Sun. It was a word of Egyptian original, derived from 
+Petor, the fame as Ham, the Iamus of the ancient Greeks. 
+This Petros fome of his countrymen understood in a different 
+fenfe ; and gave out, that he had foretold a ftone would drop 
+from the Sun. 
+
+accomplifhed : and in confequence of it pretended to fhew at 
+dEgofpotamos the very 24 ftone, which was faid to have fallen. 
+The like ftory was told of a ftone at Abydus upon the Hel- 
+lefpont: and Anaxagoras was here too fuppofed eo have been 
+
+
+Some were idle enough to think that it was 
+
+
+the prophet 
+
+
+»S 
+
+
+In Aby.di gymnaho ex ea caufa colitur ho- 
+
+
+dieque modicus quidem (lapis), fed quem in medio terrarum 
+cafurum Anaxagoras prasdixiffe narratur. The temples, or 
+Petra here mentioned, were Omphalian, or Oracular : hence 
+they were by a common miftake fuppofed to have been in 
+
+
+the center of the habitable globe. They were alfo H Kifiotroi 
+YlsTgcti : which Elibatos the Greeks derived from fiouvea de- 
+feendo ; and on this account the Petra were thought to have 
+
+We may by this clue unravel the 
+
+
+fallen from the 
+
+
+Sun. 
+
+
+14 Diogenes Laertius : Vita Anaxagoras. 
+
+%5 Pliny. L. 2. c. 58. p. 102. 
+
+2,6 HXz£aT.or 'zerergetv they conftrued A iQov a,® aAjs Scttrou.zvGv, 
+
+
+P 
+
+
+p 
+
+
+2 
+
+
+niyfferknu 
+
+H 
+
+
+
+292 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+myfterious {lory of Tantalus ; and account for the punifh- 
+ment, which he was doomed to undergo. 
+
+17 Kogu <F sXev 
+
+A TOtP V7rSg07TK0P, 
+
+Tap 01 'sr'a.Trig v7rsgnge[jL0L<rs i 
+
+KagTSgQP CLVTCd Kidop, 
+
+Top ast (jlsvoipup &e<poCha$ / 3 «Awf 
+
+!Lv<pgo<rvpcts oharai. 
+
+The unhappy Tantalus 
+From a fatiety of blifs 
+Underwent a cruel reverfe. 
+
+He was doom’d to lit under a huge ftone, 
+
+Which the father of the Gods 
+Kept over his head fufpended. 
+
+Thus he fat 
+
+In continual dread of its downfal, 
+
+And loft to every comfort. 
+
+It is faid of Tantalus by fome, that he was fet up to his chin 
+in water, with every kind of fruit within reach : yet hungry 
+as he was and thirfty, he could never attain to what he want- 
+ed; every thing, which he caught at, eluding his efforts. 
+But from the account given above by 18 Pindar, as well as by 
+19 Alcaeus, Aleman, and other writers, his punifhment con¬ 
+fined in having a ftone hanging over his head; which kept 
+
+Pindar. Olympic. Ode i. p. 8. 
+
+a8 Tor vyrep xepaAas Tcti^raAa AiOor. Pindar. Ifthm. Ode 8- p. 482. 
+
+19 AAxa/25, kou AA yfxccv A Sov (pettrw i7raiu)peicrfjcct TccrraAw. Scholia upon Pin- 
+dar. Olymp. Ode 1. p. 8 . 
+
+him 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 293 
+
+him in perpetual fear. What is ftyled was, I make no 
+
+doubt originally Petros; which has been mifinterpreted a 
+ftone. Tantalus is termed by Euripides clkoXcltos TY]v yKoooro'OLV , 
+a man of an ungovernable tongue ; and his hiftory at bottom 
+relates to a perfon who revealed the myfteries, in which he 
+
+* 
+
+had been 30 initiated. The Scholiaft upon Lycophron de¬ 
+fer ibes him in this light; and mentions him as a prieft, who 
+out of good-nature divulged lome fecrets of his cloifter ; and 
+was upon that account eje&ed from the. fociety 31 . 'G TcavToChog 
+
+svTe^g tcca $so<T£7rTtt£ ip 'Isgevg, nou (piXctvQgurnet, tol rwv Ssoov 
+
+jxvg-^icx. roig cty,VY)Toig vgsgov sikmv, e%sSxrj6r\ tx iegx aoLTOLKoyx. 
+
+The myfberies, which he revealed, were thofe of Ofiris, the 
+Sun : the Petor, and Petora of Egypt. He never afterwards 
+could behold the Sun in its meridian, but it put him in mind 
+
+m 
+
+of his crime: and he was afraid that the vengeance of the God 
+would overwhelm him. This Deity, the Petor, and Petora 
+of the Amonians, being by the later Greeks exprefled Petros, 
+and Petra, gave rile to the fable above about the ftone of Tan- 
+talus. To this folution the fame Scholiaft upon Pindar bears 
+witnefs, by informing us, 31 that the Sun was of old called a 
+ftone : and that fome writers underftood the ftory of Tantalus 
+in this light; intimating that it was the Sun, which hung 
+over his head to his perpetual terror. 33 Em* olkxxti t ov XiOov 
+
+.£7Tl T8 falx - KCU £7TYlU>gSi<r$0Ll CLVTX (-T OLVTCCXx) TO r t AlOV V(p 8 
+
+(3gijU.o.T8c9’ai, kcu KOLTcnTTYiTcrstv. And again, Ylsgi <Ts ts faix 
+
+30 Tltvs^ to Topevjjicc^ xou Qoytct'fxctvQccve criyy;. Antholog.. 
+
+31 Scholiaupon Lycophron. v< 152; 
+
+Scholiaupon Pindar. Olymp. Ode 1. p. S’. 
+
+u Pindar. Scholia. Ibidem.. 
+
+
+
+2 9 4 
+
+
+The A-nahysts ot Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+m (pv<riJtoi AsyacrLv 0 cog hti&og (it ftiould he nr.sTg.u) kclKs tract o rfaog. 
+
+Some underjtand , what is faid in the hijiory about the ft one ^ as 
+■ relating to the Sun : and they fuppofe that it was the Sun , which 
+
+« s 
+
+hung over his head to his terror and' confufton. "The naturalijis 
+fpeaking of the Sun often call him a flojte> or petra. 
+
+s 
+
+By laying all thefe circumftanc-es together, and comparing 
+
+
+them, we may,' I think 
+
+
+nly find out wherein the mifi 
+
+
+take confifted; but like wife explain the grounds, from whence 
+the miftake arole. And this clue may lead us to the detec¬ 
+tion of other fallacies, and thofe of greater conlequence. We 
+may hence learn the reafon, why fo many Deities were ftyled 
+
+
+IT BTP: 
+
+
+Petrasi. We read of 34 M tOgccg^ 6 Seog £jc isrsTgcLG 
+
+
+Mithras the Deity out of the rock ; whole temple of old was 
+
+
+ally a rock 
+
+
+The fame worfhip Teems to have pre 
+
+
+vailed in fome degree in the weft; as we may judge from an 
+ancient infeription at Milan, which , was dedicated 35 Her- 
+culi in Petra. But all Deities were not fo worih.-ip.ed : and 
+the very name Petra was no other than the iaered term P c e T 
+tora, given to a cavern, as being efteemed in the jfieft ages ian 
+oracular temple. And fome reverence to places of this fort 
+
+was kept up a long time. We may from hence underhand the 
+
+% 
+
+reafon of the prohibition given to fome of the early profelytes 
+to Chriftianity, that they fihould no more 36 ad petras vota 
+reddere: and by the fame light we may polfibly.explain that 
+
+
+35 
+
+
+Martyr, ad Tryphonem. p. 168. The rites of Mithras 
+Gruter. Infcript. p. xlix. n. 2. 
+
+
+Patrica 
+
+
+36 Indiculus Paganiarum in Confilio Leptinenfi ad ann. Chrifti 743. 
+
+
+Hoffman 
+
+
+Nullus Chriftianus ad fana 5 vel ad Petras vota reddere praefurnat. 
+
+5 
+
+
+paffage 
+
+
+
+
+\ .*1 •• • ■ 
+:•■•• **•-« i 
+
+• .- ; •• 1 : -. *r;i**itj*«*.l .* 
+
+• • T 4 I> 41 4 ■ | 
+
+‘ i, f - 
+
+*'M*H •«««•«>? ■ » '**•«■?••• •* ^ V 
+
+
+
+
+r «•**••.»* I II,,. 1« 
+
+
+
+
+l(lriiiirir«ijit*uii!jiiii»n{illirinti<tiim'iiill 
+
+
+fiikliii«ihi(!?VHiiiil i im«itf'.i->iiiii»sn» t »iVrtl:ihiilllMtiniivl^i 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Mithras IPetraeus AW/t/iS' r 
+
+
+o/M. 
+
+
+. ?/ 7 tv // _S C - ffarffijn . 
+
+
+i? 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 295 
+
+% 
+
+paflage in Homer, where he fpeaks of perfons entering into 
+Gompadls under oaks and rocks, as places of 37 fecurity. The 
+oak was lacred to Zeus, and called Sar-On : and Petra in its 
+original fenle being a temple, it muff be looked upon as an 
+afylum. But this term was not confined to a rock or cavern: 
+every oracular temple was ftyled Petra, and Petora. Hence 
+it proceeded that fo many Gods were called Ssoi Uargouoi, 
+
+and UotTgwoi, Pindar fpeaks of Pofeidon Petraios ; 38 Ila* IIo- 
+T siS'oLVog UsT^cas : under which title Neptune was worfhiped 
+by the Theftalians hut the latter was the more common title. 
+We meet in Paufanias with Apollo Patroiis, and with 39 Z svg 
+
+MeiXrfctog, and Agrsfjug Ilar^wa; alfo 40 Bacchus riar^wo^, 
+Zeus Patroiis, and Vefta Patroa, together with other inftances. 
+
+
+e^iv viro 
+
+
+c 
+
+
+£ 
+
+
+Homer 
+
+
+X. v. 126. 
+
+
+1 
+
+JKtQw/x'j'rcuj J'wfjLTiyopoiy 67 n tb A<9b oiavuv t£?. Hefychius. 
+38 Pindar. Pyth. Ode 4. p. 248. 
+
+
+TIeTgctioi TtfJi.ex.roii TlocreiJ'wv nrapx. ©STi'aAo.'S. Scholia ibidem. 
+
+39 Zeus was reprefented by a pyramid : Artemis by a pillar. TlupccpuS'i Se 0. Mc-i- 
+Pu^to;, fi cTe 5 uovi ee^iv.erucccrfj.svtu Paufan. L. 2 . p. 132. 
+
+40 Paufanias. L. 1. p. 104. 
+
+According to the acceptation, in which I underftand the term, .we may account 
+for fo many places in the eaft being ftyled Petra. Perfis, and India, did not abound 
+with rocks more than Europe : yet in thefe parts, as well as in the neighbouring 
+regions, there is continually mention made of Petra : i'uch as Uerpo. 'XicripctQpB in 
+Sogdiana, Petra Aornon in India, tyiv t» Ofu (risTg’ar), 01 <fe Apiocfxec^B . Strabo.. 
+L. 11. p. 787. Petra Abatos in Egypt: nsrpcc Narrate in Arabia. Many 
+places called Petra occur in the hiftory of Alexander: 'EAen; < 5 g x<xt Tier pen epvpu'as 
+vcpof'px ex. nrpoS'oo-ens. Strabo. L. 11. p. 787. They were in reality facred emi¬ 
+nences, where of old they worfhiped ; which in aftertimes were fortified. Every 
+place ftyled Arx and AxporroXis was originally of the fame nature. The fame is to 
+be obferved of thofe ftyled Purgoi. 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+296 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+♦ 
+
+The Greeks, whenever they met with this term, even in 
+regions the moft remote, always gave it an interpretation ac¬ 
+cording to their own preconceptions; and explained -9 soi 
+
+IIccTgwoi, the oracular Deities, by Dii Patrii, or the Gods of 
+the country. Thus in the Palmyrene infcriptiori two Syrian 
+Deities are characterized by this title. 
+
+
+4* 
+
+
+ATAIBOAn K A I MAAAXBHAI2 
+
+
+IIATPfhOIS 0 E O I 2. 
+
+
+Cyrus in his expedit 
+making vows 'E gri 
+
+
+gainffc the Medes 
+
+
+n OLTP 
+
+
+Aii YIoltp 
+
+
+prefented a 
+
+K-ou roig oCK 
+
+
+Sboic 
+
+
+But the Periians, from whom this hiftory is pre¬ 
+fumed to be borrowed, could not mean by thefe terms Dii 
+
+
+Patrii : for nothing could be 
+
+
+ceffary than to fay 
+
+
+of a Perlic prince, that the homage, which he payed, was 
+to Perfic Deities. It is a thing of courfe, and to be taken 
+for granted :; unlefs there be particular evidence to the con¬ 
+trary. His vows were made to Mithras, who was ftyled by 
+the nations in the eall Pator ; his temples were Patra, and 
+
+
+and his feftivals Patrica. 
+
+
+count of the Petra, when he reprefents 
+
+
+Nonnus gives a proper 
+
+
+as 
+
+
+Omph 
+
+
+or 
+
+
+oracular 
+
+
+43 Ofipeuip 'ursgi Hergy 
+
+vr\7ticLyo.io yog&g i^vcrccro Baxv 
+
+
+At Patara in 
+
+
+was an oracular temple : and Patras in 
+
+
+41 
+
+
+41 Y 
+
+
+43 
+
+
+Gruter. Infcript. lxxxvi. n. S 
+enophon. K uoyTlcci^eiix. 
+
+
+Nonnus. Dionyfiac. L. g, p. 266 
+
+6 
+
+
+Achaia 
+
+
+
+* 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 297 
+
+Achaia had its name from divination, for which it was fa¬ 
+mous. Paufanias mentions the temple, and adds, 44 II^o <5s 
+
+T8 I sg8 Trig spi 'tSTYfyn - jlccvtsiov h svtolvQol sgriir 
+
+ct’^'SvJ'eg. Before the temple is the fountain of Demeter—and in 
+the temple an oracle , which never is known to fail. 
+
+The offerings, which people in ancient times ufed to pre- 
+fent to the Gods* were generally purchafed at the entrance 
+of the temple ; efpecially every fpecies of confecrated bread, 
+which was denominated accordingly. If it was an oracular 
+temple of Alphi, the loaves and cakes were ftyled 45 Alphita. 
+If it was expreffed Ampi, or Ompi ; the cakes were Om- 
+pai 46 O pL7rou : at the temple of Adorus 47 , Adorea. Thofe 
+made in honour of Ham-orus had the name of 48 Homoura, 
+Amora, and Omoritae. Thofe facred to Peon, the God of 
+light, were called 49 Piones. At Cha-on, which fignifies the 
+
+44 Paufanias. L. 7. p. 577. 
+
+45 AA<£ITON 5 to cctto vEccs xv an# rsre^v^fAevov clXz'jcov. Hefychius. 
+
+AXcpiToc pLeAin xcci eAa./co SeSeuptevot . Hefych. 
+
+46 OMnAI, SrufJLctToti xou /xeA/Tx SsSBvfxevoi. Hefychius. 
+
+OMIIIAj 'tjtccvtoSolttcl t pwyctXici. Ibidem. 
+
+If it was expreffed Amphi, the cakes were Amphitora, Amphimantora, Amphi- 
+mafta : which fcem to have been all nearly of the fame compolition. 
+
+AM$A 2 MA, 4 ai< T a olvc P eA xioo /ZeCpey pierce. Ibidem. 
+
+47 Fine flour had the facred name of Ador^ from Adorus the God of day, an 
+Amonian name. 
+
+48 r OMOTPA 3 trepiiSocXis ecpQ>i^ pieAi e%uo-(z., xca ancrccpiov. Hefych. 
+
+AMOPA 5 aepuSaAis e(p$v xivv pieXm. Ibidem. 
+
+'OMOPITASj ccpros ex f 5 rup& Siypnpiev* yeyovcos. Ibid. 
+
+Alfo AfJLopQi’Tcus Amorbitse. See Athenfeus. L. 14. p. 646. 
+
+49 PHONES., 'zzrActxBvTg?. Hefychius. 
+
+Pi-On was the Amonian name of the Sun : as was alfo Pi-Or 3 and Pe-Or. 
+
+VOL. I. Q-q houfe 
+
+
+
+298 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+houfe of the Sun , 50 Cauones, Xotvoopsg. From Pur-Ham, and 
+
+Pur-Amon, they were denominated Puramoun, 51 UvgotpjLsv. 
+From Ob-El, Pytho Deus, came 51 Obelia. If the place 
+were a Petra or Petora, they had offerings of the lame fort 
+called Petora,. by the Greeks exprefied S3 YliTvgctj Pitura. 
+One of the titles of the Sun was El-Aphas, Sol Deus ignis. 
+This Elaphas the Greeks rendered Elaphos, BXacpog 5 and 
+fuppofed it to relate to a deer : and the title El-Apha-Baal, 
+given by the Amonians to the chief Deity, was changed to 
+gAapjjSoAof, a term of a quite different purport. El-aphas, 
+and El-apha-baal, related to the God Oliris, the Deity of 
+
+light : and there were facred liba made at his temple, Emilar 
+to thofe above ; and denominated from him EAccpo/, Ela- 
+phoi. In Athenzeus we have an account of their compoE- 
+tion, which confifted of fine meal, and a mixture of felamum 
+and honey. J* EAa <pog 'urXcucxg J/a fourog koli psKirog kc/.i 
+
+crjtrctfjLH. 
+
+One fpecies of facred bread, which ufed to be offered to the 
+Gods, was of great antiquity, and called Boun. The Greeks, 
+who changed the Nu final into a Sigma, exprefled it in the 
+nominative fiag ; but in the accufative more truly boun, 
+
+
+5 ° 
+
+
+51 
+
+
+XATfiNAX) ctor&s eXaicp ccvcc(pvpa$€vTcc$ x,giBtv&s. Suidas. 
+
+
+Puramous 
+
+
+L. 
+
+
+I 7 TPAMOTS, a cake. Hv o nupctfj&s 'xzrupee toi$ ctXcuox Z7Tiviy.iQv. Artemidorus* 
+
+c. 74. Kcu 6 (PiccygvTrvriacLS sco ehc&pc€ctve tov 'wvpctfj&VTcc.. Schol. 
+
+
+Ariftoph. c l 7 T 7 re/s. 
+
+
+
+
+2 Meurfius on Lycophron. v. 593. and Hefych. 1 1 
+OBEAIAI, placenta. Athenseus. L. 14. p. 645. 
+
+
+Nw Srucrco t a I 7 ITTPA. Theocritus. Idyl. 2. v. 33. 
+ft Athenzeus. L, 14. p. 646, 
+
+
+Hefychius 
+
+
+
+299 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+\ 
+
+Hefychius {peaks of the Boun, and defcribes it, etS'og '&£[/.- 
+
+fJLCLTog zsgXTCt syovrog ; a ki?id of cake with a rep ; ~efentatio?t of 
+two horns. Julius Pollux mentions it after the fame manner : 
+(3&V, siJog 'UTspupizrog zeganra. B’govrog ; a fort of cake with horns. 
+Diogenes Laertius, fpeaking of the fame offering being made 
+by Empedocles, defcribes the chief ingredients, of which it 
+
+was compofed ; 55 Bay slug's — sz pcsXiTog zcti ctKcpiitoov. He of¬ 
+fered up one of the facred liba , called a boun , which was made of 
+fine flour and honey . It is faid of Cecrops, 56 isrgcdTog (2>&v Suva's : 
+He firfi offered up this fort of fweet bread. Hence we may 
+judge of the antiquity of the cuftom from the times, to which 
+Cecrops is referred. The prophet Jeremiah takes notice of 
+this kind of offering, when he is fpeaking of the Jewiih wo¬ 
+men at Pathros in Egypt, and of their bafe idolatry ; in all 
+which their hufbands had encouraged them. The women in 
+their expoftulation upon his rebuke tell him : Since we left 
+off to burn incenfe to the Queen of heaven , and to pour out drink- 
+offermgs unto her , we have wanted all things : and have been con- 
+ftuned by the fword and by the famine. A?td whe?i we burnt in¬ 
+cenfe to the Queen of heaven , and poured out drink-offerings unto 
+her , did we make her cakes to worfhip her , and pour out drink- 
+offerings unto her without our 57 men f The prophet in another 
+place takes notice of the fame idolatry. sS Tdhe childreti gather 
+
+^ Diogenes Laertius: Vita Empedoclis. L. 8. 
+
+56 Some read eQctvfJLctve. Cedrenus. p. 82. Some have thought, that by ( 2 uv 
+
+was meant an Ox : but Paufanias fays, that thele offerings were 'izre/u.^otrcc : and 
+moreover tells us ; otto vet TBTOjr fJtev n^ioocrep eStv Swa<. Cecrops facrificcd 
+
+nothing that had life . Paufan. L. 8. p. 600. 
+
+57 Jeremiah, c. 44. v. 18, 19. 
+
+55 Jeremiah, c. 7. v. 18. 
+
+
+Q q 2 
+
+
+woody 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology; 
+
+
+
+wood, and the fathers kindle the fire , and the women knead their 
+dough, to make cakes to the kd£ueen of heaven. The word in-thefe 
+inftances for faered cakes is O’J'D, Gunim. The Seventy 
+tranflate it by a word of the fame purport, X&vwvctg, Chauo- 
+nas ; of which I have before taken notice : 59 olvsv roov 
+
+OLvllgWV fjfJLCdV £7T 0 IY)<T OLfJLBV CtVTrj Xotvoovag. KT\. 
+
+I have mentioned, that they were fometimes called Petora, 
+and by the Greeks Pitura. This probably was the name of 
+thofe liba, or cakes, which the young virgins of Babylonia, 
+and Perils, ufed to offer at the fhrine of their God, when 
+they were to be firfl: proftituted : for all before marriage were 
+obliged to yield themfelves up to fome ftranger to be de¬ 
+flowered. It was the cuftom for all the young women, 
+when they arrived towards maturity, to flt in the avenue of 
+the temple with a girdle, or rope, round their middle ; and 
+whatever paflenger laid hold of it was entitled to lead them 
+away. This practice is taken notice of, as fubflfting among 
+the Babylonians, in the epiftle afcribed to the prophet Jere¬ 
+miah ; which he is fuppofed to have written to Baruch, v. 43 . 
+
+'A 1 os yvvonK.£g 'Wegi Qb'Jlbvoli c ryoiviu. ev roug otioig By kolQy\vtoli 
+
+SvyMrou’ca too MTTPA* orctv Js rig ctvrocv ci<psXKV@£i<7ci vita 
+
+rivcg rttjy 'UTccga.TrogBVotjLsvcijv Koiprify, ty\v 'UtXy^tiov ovsiS'i^bi, on 
+
+ek rfiooToii, oeCTrBg uvTi), ovtb to <ryyiviov cx.vrr,g S'lBppctyr). 
+This is a tranflation from an Hebrew, or Chaldaic, original; 
+and, I ihould think, not quite accurate. What is here ren- 
+
+
+59 Jeremiah, c. 51. v. 19. I have fomethimes thought, that this was a mi flake 
+.for CD’J’O, Bunim. 
+
+So alio c. 7. v. 1$. Xat»»r«5 rv q-pccria. tb O ypccvv. Chau-On, domus vel tem- 
+plum Solis. 
+
+dered 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 301 
+
+dered ywouzsg, fhould, I imagine, be 'ura.fsvoi• and the pur¬ 
+port will be nearly this. The virgins of Babylonia put girdles 
+about their waif ; and in this habit ft by the way fde , holding 
+their Pitura or facred offerings over an urn of incenfe : and whe?i 
+any one of them is taken itotice of by a fir anger , and led away by 
+her girdle to a place of privacy ; upon her return fhe upbraids 
+her next Jieighbour for not being thought worthy of the like ho- 
+7iour ; and for having her ozone not yet broken , or 60 loofed. It 
+was likewife a Perlian cuftom : and feems to have been uni- 
+verfally kept up, wherever their religion prevailed. Strabo 
+gives a particular account of this practice, as it was obferved 
+in the temple of Anait in Armenia. This was a Perlian 
+Deity, who had many places of worfhip in that part of the 
+world. Not o?ily the 7nen atid 77iaid fervants , lays the author, 
+
+are in this 7?ian7icr profituted at the fht'me of the Goddefs , for 
+m this there would be nothmg extraordinary : 61 A A A x a a 1 
+
+SvycLTEgag 01 s7n<pctvs?ccToi ts eQvzg. ctvisg&cri 'vmffevzg, dig vo[Xog 
+
+syiy Ka.TOL7ro^sv^EiG'citg 'uroKvv "ggovov 'ura.ga, ry 0sw piera tolvtol 
+bGocQoLi 'urgog yct^ov' ova ocTOL^iHvrog rtj toiolvty) <rvmzsiv ovhvog. 
+
+But people of the firf fafhio7i m the 7iatio?i ufe to devote their 
+own daughters m the fatne Tnanner ; it bemg a religious mf i- 
+tution , that all yoimg virgins ffall m ho7iour of the Deity be 
+
+profituted , and detai7icd for foitze tijne in her te?7iple : after 
+
+% 
+
+% 
+
+60 Herodotus mentions this cuftom, and ftyles it juftly aur^t^os Ton v:ucw. He 
+fays, that it was pradtifed at the temple of the Babylonifh Deity Mclicta. L. i. 
+c. 199. 
+
+61 Strabo. L. n. p, S05. AnaYs or Anait called Tana is in this paflage : they are 
+the fame name. 
+
+The fame account given of the Lydian women by Herodotus : Ts-oprsusm yap 
+dyrtxa-cis. L. 3. c. 93 : all univerfally were devoted to whoredom. 
+
+6 which 
+
+
+
+3^2 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+which they are permitted to be given in marriage . IVor is any 
+body at all fcrupulous about cohabiting with a young wo?na?i af¬ 
+terwards y though Jhe has been in this manner abufed . 
+
+The Patrica were not only rites of Mithras, but alfo of 
+Ofiris ; who was in reality the fame Deity. We have a cu¬ 
+rious infcription to this purpofe, and a reprefentation, which 
+was .firft exhibited by the learned John Price in his obferva- 
+tions upon Apuleius. It is copied from an original, which 
+he faw at Venice : and there is an engraving from it in the 
+Edition of Herodotus by 6x Gronovius, as well as in that by 
+63 Weffelinge : but about the purport of it they are ftrangely 
+miftaken. They fuppofe it to relate to a daughter of My- 
+cerinus, the fon of Cheops. She died, it feems : and her fa¬ 
+ther was fo affe&ed with her death, that he made a wooden 
+image of a Cow, which he gilt; and in it interred his daughter. 
+Herodotus lays, that he faw the image, which Mycerinus 
+made ; and that it alluded to this hiftory. But notwithftand- 
+ing the authority of this great author, we may be allured, 
+that it was an emblematical reprefentation. And in refpeCt 
+to the fculpture above mentioned, and the characters therein 
+exprelfed, the whole is a religious ceremony, and relates to an 
+event of great antiquity, which was commemorated in the 
+rites of Oiiris. Of this I fhall treat hereafter : at prefent it 
+is fufficient to obferve, that the facred procefs is carried on 
+before a temple ; on which is a Greek infcription, but in the 
+provincial characters ; E v$ov H&TgiKriv 'E ogTYjV <Psgoo. How can 
+
+EogTr) riar^xio relate to a funeral ? It denotes a feftival in 
+
+61 Herodotus. L. 2. c. 129. p. 138. 
+
+65 Hercd. Ibid. 
+
+9 
+
+
+honour 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology.. 303 
+
+v 
+
+honour of the Sun, who was ftyled, as I have fhewn, Pator j 
+and his temple was called Patra: from whence thefe rites 
+were denominated Patrica. Plutarch alludes to this Egyp¬ 
+tian cuftom, but fays, that the image was the reprefentation 
+of a bull. He fuppofes the ceremony to relate to Ills, and to 
+her mourning for the lofs of her fon. Speaking of the month: 
+Athyr he mentions 6 + Bbv (hasggvrrov fJLsXcivi fivtrcrivcd'ure- 
+
+gl&CLhOVTSg £7Tl 'STSV&Sl TY)S ©28 ^£IHVV3<TIV (01 AiyV7TTl0l). 'The 
+Egyptians have a cujiom in the jnonth udthyr of ornamenting a 
+golden image of a bull j which they cover with a black robe of the 
+finejl linen. "This they do in commemoration of Ifs , and her grief 
+for the lofs of Orus. In each of the figures, as they are re- 
+prefented above in the fculpture, there appears deep filence, 
+
+and reverential awe : but nothing, that betrays any forrow in 
+
+% 
+
+the agents. They may commemorate the grief of Ifis ; but 
+they certainly do not allude to any misfortune of their own : 
+nor is there any thing the leaf! funereal in the procefs. The 
+Egyptians of all nations were the moft extravagant in their 
+65 grief. If any died in a family of confequence, the women 
+
+ufed by way of fhewing their concern to foil their heads 
+
+% 
+
+with the mud of the river ; and to disfigure their faces with 
+filth. In this manner they would run up and down the 
+ftreets half naked, whipping themfelves, as they ran : and the 
+men likewife whipped themfelves. They cut off their hair 
+upon the death of a dog; and fhaved their eyebrows for 
+a dead cat. We may therefore judge, that fome very ffcrong 
+
+6+ Plutarch. Ifis et Ofiris. p. 366. The fame hiftory is alluded to in each of the 
+ceremonies. The Cow was an emblem of Ifis., as the Bull was of Ofiris, and Orus. 
+
+65 Herodotus. L. 2. c. 05, 86. 
+
+fymptoms 
+
+
+
+304 The Analysis of A ncient Mythology. 
+
+fymptoms of grief would have been exprefied, had this pic- 
+
+♦ 
+
+ture any way related to the fepulture of a king’s daughter. 
+Herodotus had his account from different people : one half 
+he confeffedly 66 disbelieved ; and the remainder was equally 
+incredible. For no king of Egypt* if he had made a repre- 
+fentation of the facred 67 animal, durff have proftituted it for 
+a tomb : and, as I have before faid, 'Eogrri EE argucr) can never 
+relate to a funeral. 
+
+66 Tccvrct cm A Gotten <£?\.v>ipeovT£c. Herod. L. 2. c. 13 r . 
+
+67 The ftar between die horns fhews that it was a reprefentation of* the Deity, 
+and the whole a religious memorial. 
+
+
+v 
+
+
+A N 
+
+
+
+( 3 °S ) 
+
+
+
+A N 
+
+
+A C C O U N T 
+
+OF THE 
+
+GODS of GREECE; 
+
+To {hew that they were all originally one God, 
+
+the Sun. 
+
+
+A S I fhall have a great deal to fay concerning the Gre¬ 
+cian Theology in the courfe of this work, it will be 
+neceffary to take fome previous notice of their Gods ; both 
+in refpedt to their original, and to their purport. Many 
+learned men have been at infinite pains to clafs the particu¬ 
+lar Deities of different countries, and to point out which were 
+the fame. But they would have faved themfelves much la¬ 
+bour, if, before they had bewildered themfelves in thefe 
+fruitlefs enquiries, they had confidered, whether all the Dei¬ 
+ties, of which they treat, were not originally the fame : all 
+from one fource ; branched out and diversified in different 
+parts of the world. I have mentioned, that the nations of 
+Vol. I. R r the 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+the eaft acknowledged originally but one Deity, the Sun : 
+but when they came to give the titles of Orus, Ofiris, and 
+Cham, to fome of the heads of their family ; they too in 
+time were looked up to as Gods, and feverally worshiped as 
+the Sun. This was pradtifed by the Egyptians : but this 
+nation being much addidted to refinement in their worfhip, 
+made many fubtile diftindlions : and fuppofing that there 
+were certain emanations of divinity, they affedted to particu¬ 
+larize each by fome title ; and to worfhip the Deity by his 
+attributes. This gave rife to a multiplicity of Gods : for 
+the more curious they were in their difquifitions, the greater 
+was the number of thefe fubftitutes. Many of them at firft 
+were defigned for mere titles : others, as I before mentioned, 
+were ctTroppo/af, derivatives, and emanations : all which in 
+time were efteemed diftindt: beings, and gave rife to a moft 
+inconftftent fyftem of Polytheifm. The Grecians, who re¬ 
+ceived their religion from Egypt and the eaft, mifconftrued 
+every thing which was imported ; and added to thefe ab- 
+furdities largely. They adopted Deities, to whofe pretended 
+attributes they were totally ftrangers; whofe names they 
+could not articulate, or fpell. They did not know how to 
+arrange the elements, of which the words were compofed. 
+Hence it was, that Solon the Wife could not efcape the bit¬ 
+ter, but juft, cenfure of the prieft in Egypt, who accufed 
+both him, and the Grecians in general, of the grofleft puer¬ 
+ility and ignorance. 1 £1 XoXoov, XoT^oov, EAA rives S5“£ 'UTou&sg 
+
+ast, yzgoov Je 'EAA^y sx sg-i, vsoi ts ^vy^ag vjroLVTsg' ovfrefjuav 
+
+* Cyril contra Julian, p. 15. It is related fomewhat differently in the Timaeus of 
+Plato. Vol. 3. p. 22. See alio Clemens Alexandr. Strom. L. 1. p. 356. 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 307 
+
+ya£ bp iotvToig s^srs -sr oCKoliolv $o%otv, ov$s juccB-yifu.ee , uro- 
+
+Kiov ov$£V. The truth of this allegation may be proved both 
+from the uncertainty, and inconfitftency of the ancients in 
+the accounts of their Deities. Of this uncertainty Hero¬ 
+dotus takes notice. 2 E vQbp$s syevsTo emzog roop S-sgm, blts <T 
+
+ctsi ricroLv 'UTctPTsg , onotoi <5e nvsg ra. siSsol, an rfKiZBUJTo ov 
+
+'tirgiu tb mi "xfisg, cag znreiv A oyw. He attributes to Homer, 
+and to Hefiod, the various names and diftinctions of the Gods, 
+and that endlefs polytheifm, which prevailed. 3 'Ovtoi <5s sin, 
+
+61 'oroiYicroLvTsg Ssoyopiav ‘EAA^tn, mi tqkti ®eoi<ri rotg £7rcavvfJLiotg 
+
+$ovTsg, mi r ifj.ag rs mi rsyQictg frishovTsg, kou bi$bol olvtup enj^- 
+
+vctPTsg. This blindnefs in regard to their, own theology, and 
+to‘ that of the countries, from whence they borrowed, led 
+
+them to mifapply the terms, which they had received, and 
+to make a God out of every title. But however they may 
+have feparated, and diftinguilhed them under different per- 
+fonages, they are all plainly refolvable into one Deity, the 
+Sun. The fame is to be obferved in the Gods of the Ro¬ 
+mans. This may in great meafure be proved from the cur¬ 
+rent accounts of their own writers, if we attend a little 
+
+♦ 
+
+clofely to what they fay: but it will appear more manifeft 
+from thofe, who had been in Egypt, and copied their ac¬ 
+counts from that country. There are few characters, which 
+
+2 L. 2. c. 53. The evidence of Herodotus muft be efteemed early, and his 
+judgment valid. What can afford us a more lad account of the doubt and dark- 
+nefs, in which mankind was inveloped, than thefe words of the hiftorian ? how 
+plainly does he Ihew the neceflity of divine interpofition 5 and of revelation in 
+confequence of it! 
+
+3 Herodotus. L. 2. c. 53. 
+
+
+R r 2 
+
+
+at 
+
+
+
+308 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+at firft fight appear more diftindt, than thofe of Apollo 
+and Bacchus. Yet the department, which is generally ap¬ 
+propriated to Apollo, as the Sun, I mean the conduct of the 
+year, is by Virgil given to Bacchus, or Liber. He joins him 
+with Ceres, and calls them both the bright luminaries of the 
+world. 
+
+4 Vos, O, clariftima Mundi 
+Lamina, labentem Ccelo qui ducitis annum. 
+
+Liber, et alma Ceres. 
+
+5 Quidam ipfiim folem, ipfum Apollinem, ipfum Dionyfium 
+eundem efte volunt. Hence we find that Bacchus is the Sun 
+or Apollo; though fuppofed generally to have been a very 
+different perlonage. In reality they are all three the fame; 
+each of them the Sun. He was the ruling Deity of the world : 
+
+6 'HA<£ -s rafyEi/sTog, 'STolvolioXs, ygvceopelyee. 
+
+He was in Thrace efteemed, and worfhiped as Bacchus, or 
+Liber. 4 5 * 7 In Thracia Solem Liberum haberi, quern illi Seba- 
+dium nuncupantes magna religione celebrant: eique Deo in 
+colie 2 Zemiflo asdes dicata eft fpecie rotunda. In fhort all the 
+Gods were one, as we learn from the fame Orphic Poetry: 
+
+4 Virgil. Georg. L. i. v. 6. 
+
+Liber is El-Abor contradted: Sol, Parens Lucis. 
+
+5 Scholia in Horat. L. 2. Ode 19. 
+
+* Orphic. Fragment, in Macrob. Sat. L. 1. c. 23. 
+
+7 Macrob. Sat. L. 1. c. 18. 
+
+He is called by Eumolpus Aq^pocpccvn Aiovvcrov ev ctKTiveerai vzrvpctynrov : apud Eufeb. 
+P. E. L. 9. c. 27. 
+
+s ZemifTus is the Amonian Sames, or Samefh, analogous to Beth-Shemeflh in the 
+Scriptures. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 309 
+
+9 ‘Eig Z svg, Big Ai’t^s, Big 'HA<o?, Big Aiovvtrog, 
+
+*E ig Ssog bv 'srocvTstrcri. 
+
+r 
+
+Some Deities changed with the feafon. 
+
+10 H sXiov <5s SsgBg, [jlstok w grig <T dSgov law. 
+
+It was therefore idle in the ancients to make a difquilition 
+
+about the identity of any God, as compared with another ; 
+
+# 
+
+and to adjudge him to Jupiter rather than to Mars, to Venus 
+rather than Diana. 11 T op Ovigiv 61 pcBV XsgcL7rii/ } oi$e Aiovvcrov , 
+
+01 Js nAarowa, nvsg Js A*a, 'sroAAoi Ss Hava v sv 0 (jlikokt 1 . Some , 
+
+fays Diodorus, think that OJiris is Serapis \ others that he is Dio- 
+nufus ; others Jlill that he is Pluto : many take him for Zeus , or 
+Jupiter ; and not a few for Pan. This was an unneceffary 
+embarraffment: for they were all titles of the fame God: there 
+being originally by no means that diversity, which is imagined, 
+as Sir John Marlham has very juftly obferved. 12 Neque enim 
+tanta 'GroXvQsoTYig Gentium, quanta fuit Deorum 'uroXvoovvyAa. 
+It is faid above that OfLris was by fome thought to be Ju¬ 
+piter, and by others to be Pluto. But Pluto among the beft 
+theologifts was efteemed the fame as Jupiter; and indeed 
+the fame as Proferpine, Ceres, Hermes, Apollo, and every 
+other Deity. 
+
+9 Orphic. Fragment. 4. p. 364. Edit. Gefher. 
+
+See Stephani Poefis Philofoph. p. 80. from Juftin Martyr. 
+
+10 Macrob. Saturn. L. 1. c. 18. p. 202. He mentions Jupiter Lucetius, and 
+Diefpater, the God of day ^ and adds : Cretenfes tt\v rifxepctv vocant. The Cretans 
+call the day Dia. The word dies of the Latines was of the fame original. 
+
+11 Diodorus Siculus. L. 1. p. 22. 
+
+L* Chronolog. Canon, p. 32. 
+
+6 
+
+
+nAarwy, 
+
+
+
+3io 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+UXhtm, n eg<re<pQVY) f Anptmig, Kvvgis, E pares 
+
+
+Tpitmss, N rigevs, Trfivg 
+
+
+K.V m oyclityis 
+
+
+JZg(JLYlS 'Hpctlfos TS fChVTOS, Um 
+
+
+
+
+Apts (jus 
+
+
+
+Emegyos AftoKhw 
+
+
+There were to be fure a number of ftrange attributes, which 
+by fome of the poets were delegated to different perfbnages: 
+but there were other writers, who went deeper in their re- 
+fearches ; and made them all center in one. They fometimes 
+reprefented this fovereign Deity as Dionufus: who according 
+to Aufonius was worfhiped in various parts under different 
+titles ; and comprehended all the Gods under one character. 
+
+
+IJ Hermefianax. 
+
+It may be worth while to obferve below, how many Gods there were of the fame 
+titles and departments. 17 eaovios' Aicvuaios. Hefychius. Pteonia Minerva. Plu¬ 
+tarch. de decern Rhetoribus. 
+
+Y 1 u?lccijj.oov % 'HpccxAvs* Hefychius. 
+
+Ivrvg 'mcx.vrcdi^ Aox.?w 7 rie 9 JWttoto: Tlouccu . Orphic. H. 66 . 
+
+Tloaei^i^ Ic&rpos evTnvoo. Clement. Cohort, p. 2 6 . 
+
+Olen, the moft ancient mythologift, made Elithyia to be the mother of Eros : lb 
+that Eilithyia and Venus mu ft have been the fame-.; and confe quently Etfana. 
+
+Mmepcc UpcoTo$ E/A &viuv uvou. Paufan. L. 9. p. 762. 
+
+Adonim, Attinem, Ofirim ct Horum aliud non efle quam Solem. Macrobius 
+Sat. L, 1. c. 21. p. 209. 
+
+Janus was Juno, and ftyled Junonius. Macrob. Sat. L. 1. c. 9. p. 159. 
+
+Lunam; eandem Dianam, eandem Cererem, eandem Junonem, eandem Proler- 
+pinam dicunt. Servius in Georgic. L. 1. v. 5. 
+
+Aftarce, Luna, Europa, Dea Syria, Rhea, the fame. Lucian, de Suria Dea. 
+
+K eioi Api^ctiov Toy cvrrov xcu A/cc xou Att^AAoj vofjuZpvTts. xtA. Athenagoras. 
+p. 290. 
+
+'HAios, "Zevs. Sanchoniathon. Eufeb. P. E. Lib. 1. c. 10. p. 34. 
+
+
+C HA tos 9 K povos. Damafcius apud Photium. c. 242. 
+
+9 
+
+
+Ogygia 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 31 i 
+'* Ogygia me Bacchum vocat; 
+
+Ofyrin -®gyptus putat: 
+
+Myfi Phanacem nominant: 
+
+Dionyfon Indi exiftimant: 
+
+Romana Sacra Liberum; 
+
+Arabica Gens Adoneum , 
+
+Lucanianus Pantheon. 
+
+Sometimes the fupremacy was given taPan, who was efteemed 
+Lord of all the elements. 
+
+
+* 5 Tlotvcx. zexXea, fCgcx.TSgovT$o(JUov, xoer[/.oio t s <rv{JL7roiv, 
+
+OvgoLvav, rjS'e SaAao'o'ai', n 5g yflovex. 'nra.yJZcvnXsia.v, 
+
+K on clOolvoltov , r&$e yoLg (jlsXyi sg'i rex. Ylex.vog, 
+
+K.Q(Tfj.oKgctToog, cLV%vToty epocsertpoge, zctg7rip.e YLouctv^ 
+
+Avrgoyoegsg , cx.gv [juqv is , AAH0H2 ZET2 'O KE 
+
+PA2TH2. 
+
+More generally it was conferred upon Jupiter 
+
+16 Z svg efiv cuOrig, Xsvg <Je yr], Zsvg <T O vgcxvog' 
+
+Xevg roi rex. 'urex.vra. 
+
+Pofeidon, God of the fea, was alfo reputed the chief God 
+
+
+* 4 Aufon. Epigram. 30. 
+
+See Gruter for inferiptions to Apollo Pantheon. Dionufus was alfo Atis or Attis. 
+A lower ov Tives A.tuv 'Zvpoacc.yopeus'jfycti Sre?\&cnv. dementis Cohort, p. 16. 
+
+15 Orphic. Hymn. 10. p. 200. Gefner. 
+
+Tlccp* Aiywrlioiat TJccv fj&v ccc^cciotcctos, xccl tcov oxtoo tcov 'rzrpcoTsov A €*yof/.€vcov 
+
+®euv. Herodotus. L. 2. c. 145. Priapus was Zeus : alfo Pan, amd Orus : among 
+the people of Lampfacus efteemed Dionufus. 
+
+16 Euphorion. 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+312 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+the Deity of Fire. This we may infer from his priefl. He 
+was flyled a Purcon, and denominated from him, and ferved 
+in his oracular temples ; as we learn from Paufanias, who 
+fays, 17 HocrsiJwPi <T VTr^sTrji/ sg tcl [jloliitsv[A,c(, roc sivou, II vgjccavct. 
+He mentions a verfe to the fame purpole. Xvv Js Ts Uvpjccav 
+Ufx<pin 0 X 0 g rihVT3 E,vvo<riyoti3. P’urcon is Ignis vel lucis do- 
+minus : and we may know the department of the God from 
+the name of the prieft. He was no other than the fupreme 
+Deity, the Sun : from whom all were fuppofed to be derived. 
+Hence Pofeidon or Neptune, in the Orphic verfes, is, like 
+Zeus, flyled the father of Gods and men. 
+
+18 K XvQi> YlocrsiS'oLOV - 
+
+Ovgotvicav, Moucctgoov ts ®euv 'UT&Tsg, Y)$s kou 
+
+In the neighbourhood of Tyre and Sidon the chief Deity went 
+by the name of 19 Ourchol, the lame as Archel and Arcles of 
+Egypt; whence came the HgocKXrig, and Hercules of Greece 
+and Rome. Nonnus, who was deeply read in the mythology 
+of thefe countries, makes all the various departments of the 
+other Gods, as well as their titles., center in him. He defcribes 
+him in fome good poetry as the head of all. 
+
+co A^jo^itup 'H gcLKXeg, Avct% 'urvgog, 
+
+*T;a Xgov& AvkcxJoolvtol $vu$skol[awqv sXirtrcav, 
+
+17 L. 10. p. S05. 
+
+13 Orph. Hymn, in Pofeidon. 16. p. 208. 
+
+19 Selden de Diis Syris. p. 77. and additamenta. He was of old ftyled Arcles in 
+Greece; and fuppofed to have been the fon of Xuth. KoBos-vtcti A^jcA 01 Xl fid 
+' 7 zrx;J x E*. Plutarch. Quteftiones Grsecse. v. 1. p. 296. 
+ao Nonnus. L. 40. p. 1038. 
+
+
+t J.7T7[’svwy 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+3i3 
+
+
+'iKTevuv bKiky\$qv oKov tstoXov quQq7Ti harm, 
+
+K.vk7\qv ay Big (jlstu kvkKqv — 
+
+OfjJogov ccysig <psgsmg7rov, btc s voohvi <Jg yctiy 
+
+H eguris Yiyov egevyerou OLgS'fJiov ssgTYjg. - 
+
+Bj^Aos S7t EvtpgriTcto, AiEvg HejchYipevog A^cav, 
+
+A7Tig stpvg Ng;A«o£, Agcvfy Kgovog, A<r<rvgiog Zevg.-— 
+
+Ens %oiga.7rig e<pvg Aiyvniog , oLvecpaXog ! 7,evg , 
+
+El Xgovog, Bl <&OLs()uV 'GFQhVtoVVfJLOg, bits tv M I0gng, 
+
+HEAIOS BABTAONG2, ev 'EAAa,<3i AEA$OS 
+
+AnOAAQN. 
+
+All the various titles, we find, are at laft comprifed in Apollo, 
+or the Sun. 
+
+It may appear ftrange, that Hercules, and Jupiter, or whom¬ 
+ever we put for the chief Deity, fhould be of all ages. This 
+mull have been the cafe, if they were the fame as the boy of 
+love, and Bacchus ever young; and were alfo the reprefen - 
+tatives of Cronus, and Saturn. But the ancients went far¬ 
+ther ; and defcribed the fame Deity under the lame name 
+in various ftages of life : and 41 Ulpian fpeaking of Dionufus, 
+fays that he was reprefented of all ages. Kca yag 'sraiJa, 
+
+kou 'BTgeo'EvTWy kou avftgoi ygoupaTiv clvtov. But the mofl extra¬ 
+ordinary circumftance was, that they reprefented the fame 
+Deity of different fexes. A bearded Apollo was uncommon ; 
+
+11 In Demofthenem Kccrcc M Tlav 0-^/ifj.cc ruegiriQeoc(rn’ cturu. P. 647. See 
+alfo Macrob. Sat. L. i. c. xS. 
+
+Autqv rev A icc Kcu rov A lowrov njctiS'cn xc&i rsas fi SrsoAoyict kol Ae/* Proclus upon 
+Plato’s Parmenides. See Orphic Fragments, p. 406. 
+
+Vol. I. S f 
+
+
+but 
+
+
+
+314 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+but Venus with a beard muft have been very extraordinary. 
+Yet fhe is faid to have been thus exhibited in Cyprus, under 
+the name of Aphroditus, AQgo&ros : “ 'orcaycaviav avfyog ty\v 
+©sop s crp^ij| (JictT 1 c0- ou sv Kv 7 Tgcp. The fame is mentioned by Ser- 
+vius : 23 Eft etiam in Cypro iimulacrum barbate Veneris, 
+corpore et vefte muliebri, cum fceptro, et natura virili, quod 
+A (p^ob'nop vocant. She was alfo looked upon as prior to 
+
+Zeus, and to moft other of the Gods. 24 A pgobiTr) ov fjoopop 
+
+A Qqpotg, mi ‘Hgag, olXKol mi AIOS e?i nrgso-gvTsgot. The 
+
+Poet Calvus fpeaks of her as mafculine : 25 Pollentemque 
+
+Deum Venerem. Valerius Soranus among other titles calls 
+Jupiter the mother of the Gods. 
+
+26 Jupiter omnipotens, Regum Rex ipfe, Deumque 
+Progenitor, Ge?ietrixque Deum ; Deus unus et idem. 
+
+Synelius fpeaks of him in nearly the fame manner. 
+
+
+“.Hefychius. The paflage is differently read. Kufter exhibits it Atpgochros. 
+'O «Te tcc rare pi ApicSdVTa, yeypctpcoS Flouatv , as a.vS'gct me Srsoi' Sa^f^aria-Qai ev Kv- 
+
+
+Trpu (pncrtv. 
+
+Servius upon Virgil, iEneid. L. 2. v. 632. 
+
+Scholia upon Apollon. Rhod. L. 3. v. 52. TW kccXu/jczvcov M oipcov eivcu 
+'nxgzaZv'rtpctv. In fome places of the eaft, Venus was the fame as Cybele and Rhea, 
+the Mother of the Gods: TIzpi ms ^oopcts tccvtvs o-e€yai ptev cos S7tl 'utccv mv Acppo- 
+S'imv 3 cos fjcvTSpcc Srecov, 'uTOi’Kitux.is Ticci ey^copiois ovof+cco-i tet pocrctyopevovres. Ptol. 
+
+
+Tetrabibl. L. 2. 
+
+i5 Apud Calvum A6lerianus. Macrob. Sat. L. 3. c. 8. Putant eandem marem 
+elfe ac foeminam. Ibidem. 
+
+Apud Auguftin. de Civitate Dei. L. 4. c. 11. and L. 7. c. g. 
+
+The author of the Orphic verfes fpeaks of the Moon as both male and female. 
+
+At kcu ?iei7rof*€wi 3 £b;Ai >s ts tlou ccpmv. Hymn 8 . v. 4 . 
+
+Deus Lunus was worlhiped at Charrae, EdefTa, and all over the eaft. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+3*5 
+
+
+'Zsj’&Tqg, cry <T s<r<ri [jur\TYig 
+£y <T ctptrwy crv Jg @y}Kvs. 
+
+
+And the like character is given to the ancient Deity Mfl77£. 
+
+18 A gritiv [jlsv mi S-yjXvg epvg, f uroXvoow{j.s Miyn. 
+
+In one of the fragments of the Orphic poetry there is every 
+thing, which I have been faying, comprehended within a very 
+fhort compafs. 
+
+
+a 3 
+
+
+Zsvg ctgTw yeveTo, Zevg ct^goTog s7tKstq N V(jL<pr), 
+
+Zevg 'arvQfi.w yourig re mi ovgctvs agrsgosnog 
+Zevg 'GTovts p<£a, Zevg 3<> 'HAio?, 3 XgAijwj, 
+
+Zsvg BamAsy?, Zevg uvrog cwramoy ctg w yiysve@Xog 
+Ka; M y\tis 3 'STgoorog ysvsriag, mi Egwg 'uroXvTsg7rrig. 
+TIolvtci yotg ev Zyjvog pcsyaAw r cl$s area pern tesnou. 
+
+'Ey fcgocrog , iig Acupoov, yevsTcci pt eyag ctgyog oLttclvtmv 
+
+
+Whom he meant under the title of Zeus, he explains after 
+wards in a folemn invocation of the God Dionufus. 
+
+V KsfcXvOt Ty}Xs7rog% Sivqg sXimvyEoc kvkKov 
+Oy gcrncag ?go<pciXiy%i 'Wsgi$gofJt,ov ousv sAitrcrwv, 
+
+
+17 Synefius. Hymn 3. p. 2 6. Edit. H. Steph. 
+
+The Orphic verfes 'z&egi (pucrecas are to the fame purpofe. 
+
+Ylctvrwv fxev c tv 'zeretTvp, fjLYiTYigi rpocpoi} TjS'e t iQvvos* Hymn 9. v. 18. 
+
+Orphic Hymn 31. v. 10. p. 224. 
+
+19 Orphic Fragment. 6. p. 366. Gefner’s Edit, from Proclus on Plato’s Aid- 
+biades. See alfo Poefis Philofophica H* Stephani. p. 81. 
+
+30 Jupiter Lucetius, or God of light. Macrob. Sat. L. 1. c. 15. p. 182. 
+
+3 * Orphic Fragm. 7. p. 371. See Poefis Philofoph. H. Stephani. p. 85. 
+
+Orpheus of Protogonus. 
+
+llocoToyoy\ Hgnc£7raje 3 Sreooy 'zua.re^ yy^e xar mg. Hymn. 51. p. 246. 
+
+s f 2 
+
+
+AyAaa 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+
+$ T 6 
+
+
+Ay7\ds ZET, AIONT2E, 'nra.Tsg 'utopth, 'nrctreg ouric, 
+'HA;£, 'Gr&yysvsTog, 'srocvcuoT^.s, ^vrsocpsyyeg. 
+
+As vve have feen how the father of the Gods was diverli- 
+fied ; it may be worth while to hear what the fuppofed mo¬ 
+ther of all the Deities fays of her titles and departments, in 
+
+
+Apuleius. 
+
+
+3 * 
+
+
+Me primigenii Phryges PeEinuntiam nominant 
+
+
+Deum Matrem : hinc Autochthones Attici Cecropiam Mi- 
+
+: illinc Hudluantes Cyprii Paphiam Venerem: Cretes 
+
+
+nervam 
+
+
+fagittiferi Didtynnam Dianam. Siculi trilingues Stygiam Pro- 
+ferpinam : Eleulinii vetuEam Deam Cererem. Junonem 
+alii : alii Bellonam : alii Hecaten : RhamnuEam alii: et qui 
+nafeentis dei Solis inchoantibus radiis illuftrantur iEthiopes, 
+Ariique, prifeaque dodtrina pollentes ZEgyptii, ceremoniis 
+me prorfus propriis percolentes, appellant vero nomine Re- 
+ginam lEdem. 
+
+Porphyry acknowledged, that Vefta, Rhea, Ceres, Themis, 
+
+
+Priapus, Proferp 
+
+
+Bacchus, Attis, Adonis, Silenus, and. 
+
+
+the Satyrs, were all one and the 33 fame. Nobody had 
+
+
+mined the theology of the 
+
+
+phyry 
+
+
+He was a determined Pag 
+
+
+more deeply than Por- 
+l : and his evidence in 
+
+
+this point is unexceptionable. The titles of Orus and OEris 
+
+
+being 
+
+
+Dionufus, caufed him in time to partake of 
+
+
+the fame worEiip, which was paid to the great luminary : and 
+as he had alfo many other titles, from them fprung a multi- 
+
+
+Apuleii Metamorph. L. n. p. 241. 
+
+Porphyr. apud Eufebium Prsep. Evang. L. 
+
+'Ti/j.cctccl *zc tocdx nvois 6 ripiccvTos j 6 cc'jtqs 00v to) Athenseus. L. 1 
+
+
+3. c. ir. 
+
+
+P- 3° 
+
+
+plicity 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 317 
+
+& 
+
+plicity of Deities. 34 Morichum Siculi Bacchum nominarunt: 
+Arabes vero eundem Orachal et Adonseum : alii Lyasum, Ere- 
+binthium, Sabazium 3 Lacedgemonii Scytidem, et Milichium 
+vocitarunt. But let Dionufus or Bacchus be diverlified by 
+ever fo many names or titles 3 they all in refpe<3: to worfhip 
+relate ultimately to the Sun. 35 Sit Oliris, lit Omphis, Nilus, 
+Siris, live quodcunque aliud ab Hierophantis ufurpatum no¬ 
+men, ad unum tandem Solem , antiquillimum Gentium numen, 
+redeunt omnia. 
+
+3i Janus Gulielmus Laurenbergius. 
+
+35 Selden de Diis Syris. p. 77. 
+
+
+P H OE N I X 
+
+
+
+P H OE N I X and PHOENICES. 
+
+
+A S there has been much uncertainty about the purport 
+
+and extent of thefe terms ; and they are of great con- 
+fequence in the courfe of hiftory ; I will endeavour to Plate 
+their true meaning. Phoinic, or Poinic, was an Egyptian, 
+and Canaanitifh term of honour ; from whence were formed 
+
+$>oiviKeg, QoiviKosiG of the Greeks, and Phoinic, Poini- 
+cus, Poinicius of the Romans ; which were afterwards 
+changed to Phoenix, Punicus, and 1 Puniceus. It was origi¬ 
+nally a title, which the Greeks made ufe of as a provincial 
+name: but it was never admitted as fuch by the people, to 
+whom it was thus appropriated, till the Greeks were in pof- 
+feflion of the country. And even then it was but partially 
+received: for though mention is made of the coaft of Phoe- 
+nice, yet we find the natives called Sidonians, Tyrians, and 
+a Canaanites, as late as the days of the Apoftles. It was an 
+honorary term, compounded of Anac with the Egyptian pre¬ 
+fix ; and rendered at times both Phoinic and Poinic. It fig- 
+
+1 In all ancient accounts of the Romans the term was exprefled Poini, and Poi- 
+nicus. Poinei ftipendia pendunt. Poinei funt folitei fos facrificare puellos. En¬ 
+nius. Annal. 7. Afterwards it was changed to Poenus, and Punicus. 
+
+a Simon the Canaanite. Matth. c. 10. v. 4. Alfo the woman of Canaan. Mat¬ 
+thew. c. 15. v. 22. 
+
+n. nified 
+
+
+320 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+nified a lord or prince : and was particularly affumed by the 
+fons of Chus and Canaan. The Myfians feem to have kept 
+neared to the original pronunciation, who gave this title to 
+the God Dionufus, and called him Ph’anac. 
+
+3 Ogygia me Bacchum vocat, 
+
+Olirin ^Tgyptus putat, 
+
+Myfi Phanacem. 
+
+It was alfo conferred' upon many things, which were ef- 
+teemed princely and noble. Hence the red, or fcarlet, a 
+colour appropriated to great and honourable perfonages, 
+was ftyled Phoinic. The palm was alfo ftyled Phoinic, 
+<Pom£j : and the ancients always fpeak of it as a ftately and 
+noble tree. It was efteemed an emblem of honour ; and 
+made ufe of as a reward of vidtory. Plurimarum palmarum 
+homo, was a proverbial expreffion among the Romans, for a 
+foldier of merit. Pliny fpeaks of the various lpecies of 
+palms ; and of the great repute, in which they were held 
+by the Babylonians. He fays, that the nobleft of them were 
+ftyled the royal Palms ; and fuppofes, that they were fo 
+
+called from their being fet apart for the king’s ufe. But 
+
+& 
+
+they were very early an emblem of royalty : and it is a cir- 
+cumftance included in their original name. We find from 
+Apuleius, that Mercury, the 4 Hermes of Egypt, was repre- 
+fented with a palm branch in his hand : and his priefts at 
+Hermopolis ufed to have them ftuck in their 5 fandals, on 
+
+3 Aufonius. Epigram. 25. Ph’Anac, the Great Lord. 
+
+4 Apuleius. L. 11. p. 246. 
+
+5 Zachlas adeft iEgyptius, propheta primarius*-et cum di6to juvenem quem- 
+
+piam Jintei's amiculis intecStum, pedefque palmeis baxeis indutum^ et adufque deralo 
+capicej-producit in medium. Apuleius. L. 2. p. 39. 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 321 
+
+the outilde. The Goddefs 6 Ifis was thus reprefen tecj,: and 
+we may infer that Hermes had the like ornaments; which 
+the Greeks miftook for feathers, and have in confequence of 
+it added wings to his feet. The Jews ufed to carry boughs 
+of the fame tree at fome of their feilivals ; and particularly 
+at the celebration of their nuptials : and it was thought to 
+
+have an influence at the birth. Euripides alludes to this in 
+
+« * 
+
+his Ion; where he makes Latona recline herfelf againft a 
+Palm tree, when fhe is going to produce Apollo and Diana. 
+
+7 7T0t§ (xJogOKOfJL&V 
+
+Evdcc Ko^bv^oltol crsfJLv sto'gsvrctTQ 
+A arw. 
+
+In how great eftimation this tree was held of old, we may 
+learn from many paflages in the facred writings. Solomon 
+fays to his efpoufed, 8 how fair and how p leaf ant art thou , O 
+jL,ove, for delights ! thy fature is like a Palm tree. And the 
+Pfalmift for an encouragement to holinefs fays, 9 that the 
+righteous fhall flourifh like the Palm tree : for the Palm was 
+fuppofed to rife under a weight; and to thrive in proportion 
+to its being 10 depreiled. There is poilibly a farther alluiion 
+in this, than may at firft appear. The ancients had an opi- 
+
+* Pedes ambrofios tegebant folece, palm as vidtricis foliis intextae. Ibid. Lib. 11. 
+p. 241. 
+
+7 Euripides in lone. v. 920. 
+
+8 Cantic. c. 7. v. 6 . 
+s Pfalm. 92. -v. 12. 
+
+■*° Plutarch. Sympohac. L. S. c. 4. 
+
+Adverfus pondera refurgit. Gellius. L. 3. c. 6 . 
+
+Vol. I. T t nion 5 
+
+
+
+322 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+nion, that the Palm was immortal : at leaft, if it did die, it 
+recovered again, and obtained a fecond life by renewal. 
+Hence the Hory of the bird, flyled the Phoenix, is thought 
+
+
+to have been borrowed from this 
+the fpecies of Palm, Hy led Syagr 
+
+cepimus, cum 
+
+
+fay 
+
+
+»i 
+
+
+cum Phcenice Ave, quas putatur 
+argumento nomen accepifie, iterum mori. 
+
+
+Pliny, in defcribing 
+Mirum de ea ac- 
+ex huj us Paimse 
+et renalci ex fe- 
+
+
+
+
+pfa 
+
+
+Hence we find it to have been an emblem of immor 
+
+
+tality among all 
+
+
+facred and prophane. The blefied 
+
+
+in heaven are reprefented in the Apocalypfe by 
+
+
+12 
+
+
+St. John, 
+
+Handing before the throne in white robes with branches 
+of Palm in their hands. The notion of this plant being an 
+emblem of royalty prevailed fo far, that when our Saviour 
+made his laft entrance into Terufalem, the people took 
+
+
+branches of Palm trees, and accoHed him 
+
+
+mg 
+
+
+*3 
+
+
+Hof 
+
+
+blejfed is the King of XfraeL 
+
+
+prince, cry 
+
+
+The title of Phoinic feems at firH to have been given to 
+
+
+but 
+
+
+procefs of time it was 
+
+
+perfons of great Hature : 
+
+ferred upon people of power, and eminence, like ctvcc 
+ctvcLKTsg among the Greeks. The Cuthites in Egypt were 
+
+
+
+and 
+
+
+Hyled Royal Shepherds, BccnA sig Iloi[JL£V6g, and had therefore 
+the title of Fhoenices. A colony of them went from thence 
+
+
+to Tyre and Sj 
+
+
+hence it is faid by many writers, that 
+
+
+Phoenix came from Egypt 
+
+
+Ty 
+
+
+People 
+
+
+confider 
+
+
+
+
+Pliny. Hift. Nat. L. 13. c.4. 
+
+
+'Ucov c KAiy to (pvrov^ ctywpcov tb ov. Juliani Imp. Orat. 5. 
+
+
+%% 
+
+
+Revelation, c. 7. v. 9. 
+
+
+
+
+&iv catToov 
+
+
+
+
+John. c. 12. v. 13. 
+
+
+6 
+
+
+ang 
+
+
+♦ 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+323 
+
+
+ing this, have been led to look for the fhepherds’ origin in 
+Canaan ; becaufe they were fometimes called Phcenices. 
+
+They might 
+they 
+
+
+well have looked for them in Greece 
+
+
+for 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+equally fly led 
+
+
+Hellenes 
+
+
+Phoenicia 
+
+
+which the Greeks called was but a fmall part of Ga¬ 
+
+lt was properly a flip of fea-coafl, which lay within 
+
+
+naan 
+
+
+the jurifdidtion of the Tyrians and Sidonians, and fignifies 
+
+
+Ora Reg 
+
+
+or 
+
+
+rding to the language of the country 
+
+
+the coaft of the Anakim 
+
+
+was a lordly 
+
+
+from a ftately and auguft people 
+
+
+All the 
+
+
+and derived 
+ives of Ca¬ 
+
+
+naan 
+
+
+feem to have aflumed to themfelves great honour. 
+The Philiftines are fpoken of as 15 Lords, and the merchants 
+
+
+of Tyre as Princes : 
+often alluded to in the Scripture 
+calls them the princes of the fea 
+
+
+whofe grandeur and magnificence are 
+
+Scriptures. The prophet Ezekiel 
+
+
+16 
+
+
+"Then all the princes of 
+
+
+the fea pall come down from their thrones , and lay away their 
+
+
+robes 
+
+
+and put 
+
+
+
+their broidered garme?its 
+
+
+fpeaks to the fame purpofe 
+
+
+
+Ty 
+
+whofe trajficke 
+
+
+that 
+
+
+17 Who hath taken this 
+y, whofe merchants are pi 
+
+
+And Ifaiah 
+
+pel 
+
+
+the honourable of the earth f The fcrip 
+
+
+nt!\ Sa- 
+
+
+nm 
+
+PIE 
+
+
+term by which they are here diftinguifhed is c 
+but the title which they aflumed' to themfelves was 
+
+
+or 
+
+
+Ph 
+
+
+the Phoenix of the Greeks and Ro 
+
+
+,+ 'Ex.xcctJ'ex.ctTV S'wa^etcc JloifASvss EAAwg« Syncellus. p. 61. 
+
+15 The Lords of the Philiftines * and the Princes of the Philiftines. 1 Samuel. 
+
+•c. 29. v. 2, 3, 4. 
+
+16 Ezekiel, c. 16, v. 16. 
+
+Ifaiah. c. 23. v. 8. 
+
+Ezekiel, c. 28. v. 2. 
+
+
+T t 2 
+
+
+mans. 
+
+
+
+324 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+mans. And as it was a mere title, the facred writers of the 
+old Teftament never make ufe of it to diftinguifh either the 
+people or country. This part of Canaan is never by them 
+called Phoenicia : yet others did call it fo ; and the natives 
+were Ityled Phoenices before the birth of Homer. But this 
+was through miftake : for it was never ufed by the natives 
+as a provincial appellation. I have Ihewn, that it was a title 
+of another fort, a mark of rank and preeminence : on this 
+account it was affumed by other people ; and conferred upon 
+other places. For this reafon it is never mentioned by any 
+of the facred writers before the captivity, in order to avoid 
+ambiguity. The Gentile writers made ufe of it; and we fee 
+what miftakes have enfued. There were Phoenicians of va¬ 
+rious countries. They were to be found upon the Sinus 
+18 Perilous, upon the Sinus 19 Arabicus, in Egypt, in 20 Crete, 
+in 21 Africa, in 22 Epirus, and even in Attica. 23 ^oivucsg — 
+
+lS Herodotus brings the Phoenicians from the Mare Erythr^um j by which be¬ 
+moans the Sinus Perficus. L. 7. c. 89. L. 1. c. 1. 
+
+39 Philo, mentioning the march of the Ifraelites towards the Red lea, and the. 
+Amalekites, adds * v6/jloytou ccurr,v <f 'oivikss. De V. Mofis. Vol. 2. p. 115. 
+
+QomvLtov xcfifjiv, in Edom. Procopius. Perlic. L. 1. c. ig. 
+
+3,0 Phoenicus, in Crete. Steph. Eyzant. 
+
+ai A (Ppoi <1 >01VIXSt. Gloffe. 
+
+Kccrcc B sfjgooTov Strabo. L. 7. p. 499. 
+
+Mount Olympus in Lycia was ftyled, by way of eminence, Phoinic. OAm/x7tos 
+fxtya. A*? xai ogog ofJLwvvfJLov* 0 xcct Strabo. L. 14. p. 982. 
+
+Bochart fuppofes, Phoenic and Phcenices (^oivikbs) to be derived from Beni Anac, 
+changed to Pheni Anac, i. e. the fons of Anac : but how can this be applicable to 
+a mountain or to the Palm tree ? I am happy however that in a part of my ety¬ 
+mology, and that a principal part, I am countenanced by that learned man, 
+
+Bifhop Cumberland derives it from Anac torquis. Orig. p. 302. 
+
+Hefychius. 
+
+
+ysvo$ 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+3-2-5 
+
+
+ysvog Ti A@r}Vr)<Ti. ‘There is a race of people called Phcenicia?ts 
+among the 2+ Athenians. In fhort, it was a title introduced at 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+Sidon, and the coaft adjoining, by people from Egypt 
+who the people were, that brought it, may be known from 
+feveral paflages in ancient hiftory : but particularly from an 
+extract in Eufebius. 
+
+
+15 <&oivit; kou K ad'fjiog, clko roov Ai- 
+
+yVKTlOQP £%S\@0VT£S £1$ 77)!/ %VglCLV, TvgS KOU <TlK£V0V, 
+
+Phcenix a?id Cadmus , retiring from Thebes m Egypt towai'ds the 
+coaf of Syria^ fettled at Tyre and Sidon , and reig?ied there. 
+
+
+is faid, that 26 Belus carried a colony to the fame parts 
+
+
+It 
+
+and 
+
+
+from what part of the world 27 Belus muft be fuppofed to 
+have come, needs not to be explained. Euripides ftyles Ce- 
+pheus the king of Ethiopia, the fon of Phoenix : and Apollo- 
+dorus makes him the fon of Belus : hence we may infer that 
+Belus and Phoenix were the fame. Not that there were any 
+ftich perfons as Phoenix and Belus, for they were certainly 
+titles: and under the characters of thofe two perfonages, Co¬ 
+lonies, named Belidae and Phoenices, went abroad, and fettled 
+in different parts. Their hiftory and appellation may be 
+traced from Babylonia to Arabia in Egypt : and from thence 
+to Canaan, and to the regions in the weft. It were there¬ 
+fore to be wifhed, that the terms Phoenix and Phoenicia had 
+never been ufed in the common acceptation ; at leaft when 
+the difcourfe turns upon the more ancient hiftory of Canaan. 
+
+
+A city and mountain in Bceotia called Phcenice : the natives Phcenicians. 
+Strabo.. L. 9-p. 629. 
+
+Chrom p. 27. 
+
+3,6 Syncellus. p. 126v from Eufebius. 
+
+* 7 BwA 0$ £7T HvCppVTCCQ. >CTA. NoiUUlS. 
+
+
+When 
+
+
+
+326 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+% 
+
+When, the Greeks got poileffion of the coaffc of Tyre, they 
+called it Phoenicia : and from that time it may be admitted as 
+a provincial name. In confequence of this, the writers of 
+the new Teftament do not fcruple to make uie of it, but al¬ 
+ways with a proper limitation; for the geography of the 
+Scriptures is wonderfully exa6t. But the Greek and Roman 
+writers often fpeak of it with a greater latitude ; and include 
+Judea and Paleftina within its borders : and fometimes add 
+Syria, and Idume. But thefe countries were all feparate, and 
+diftindl; among which Phoenicia bore but a fmall propor¬ 
+tion. Yet fmall as it may have been, many learned men have 
+thought, that all the colonies, which at times fettled upon 
+the coaft of the Mediterranean, were from this quarter : and 
+that all fcience was of Phoenician original. But this is not 
+true according to their acceptation of the term. Colonies 
+did fettle; and fcience came from the eaft : but not merely 
+from the Sidonian. I fhall fhew, that it was principally ow¬ 
+ing to 7 a prior and fuperior branch of the family. 
+
+
+ADDENDA. 
+
+Of the PALM TREE. 
+
+P HOENIX was a colour among horfes. They were ftyled 
+
+Phoenices, and 18 Phoeniciati, from the colour of the Palm 
+tree, which they refembled ; and upon the fame account 
+had the name of Spadices. This, according to Aulus Gel- 
+
+lius. 
+
+
+~ 3 Eochart. Hierozoican. L,. 2. c. 7. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+327 
+
+
+1'ius, was a term fynonymous with the former. 29 Rutilus, et 
+Spadix Phcenicii (TvmvufJLog, exuberantiam fplendoremque fig— 
+nificant ruboris, quales funt frudtus Palmae arboris, nondum 
+
+
+foie incodti : unde fpadicis et Phoenicei nomen eft. 30 Spadix 
+<r?rad*$, avulfus eft a Palma termes cum fru&u. Homer, de 
+fcribing the horfes of Diomedes, fays, that the one was Phoe 
+
+or of a bright Palm colour, with a white fpot in his fore 
+head like a moon. 
+
+
+mx 
+
+
+31 
+
+
+'Og to fjLev aAAo rotro!/ cpoivi $ »jy, sv <Jg 
+Abvkov crr)[JL stbtvutq *nrs§n§oyov y\vtb ^vr]. 
+
+
+Upon this the Scholiaft obferves, $>oivuasg to rpoi nvp- 
+
+pog. The horfe was of a Palm colour, which is a bright red. 
+We call fuch horfes bays ; which probably is a term of the 
+fame original. The branch of a Palm tree was called Bai in 
+Egypt: and it had the fame name in other places. Baia, 
+Bai'cc, are ufed for Palm-branches by St. John. r ~ T a fictict ruv 
+
+<&oivi%oov. And it is mentioned by the author of the book of 
+
+% 
+
+Maccabees, that the Jews upon a folemn occafion entered the 
+temple 33 Mgra. ouvsTsug mi fioiiuv. And Demetrius writes 
+
+to the high prieft, Simon, 34 Tov gcscpcLvov tov ^vorsv mi r» )V 
+
+B olivy)V) cl 0 L 7 Tsf£ihocvs , KSKopLUT^LsQcL. Coronam auream et Bai- 
+nem, qua; mififtis, accepimus. The Greeks formed the word 
+
+
+19 Gellius. L. 2. c. 26. 
+
+30 Gellius. Ibidem. 
+
+31 Iliad d > . v. 454. 
+
+}Z John. c. 12. v. 23. 
+
+33 1 Maccab. c. 13. v. 51. 
+
+34 1 Maccab. c. 13. v. 37. 
+
+* 
+
+* 
+
+* * 
+
+
+
+
+328 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+j3aiVfl from the Egyptian Bai. The Romans called the fame 
+colour Badius. 3S Varro, fpeaking of horfes, mentions, 
+
+Hie badius, ille gilvus, ille murinus. 
+
+As the Palm tree was fuppofed to be immortal; or at leaft, 
+if it did die, to revive, and enjoy a fecond life, the Egyptians 
+
+gave the name of Bai to the foul: 36 Es*i [xsv yctg to fiou 
+
+35 Varro apud Nonium Marcellum. 
+
+36 Horapollo. L. 1. c. 7. p. 11. 
+
+
+
+O F 
+
+
+
+( 3 2 9 ) 
+
+
+
+OF THE 
+
+
+
+I Have before taken notice, that the term Cahen denoted a 
+
+Prieft, or Prefident: and that it was a title often con¬ 
+ferred upon princes and kings. Nor was it confined to men 
+only: we find it frequently annexed to the names of Dei¬ 
+ties, to fignify their rule and fuperintendency over the earth. 
+From them it was derived to their attendants, and to all per- 
+fons of a prophetical or facred character. The meaning of 
+the term was fo obvious, that one would imagine no mif- 
+take could have enfued : yet fuch is the perverfenefs of hu¬ 
+man wit, that we find it by the Greeks and Romans con- 
+ftantly mifapplied. They could not help imagining from 
+the found of the word, which approached nearly to that of 
+nvm and canis, that it had fome reference to that animal : 
+and in confequence of this unlucky refemblance they con¬ 
+tinually mifconftrued it a dog. Hence we are told by 1 iElian 
+
+1 ^Elian de Animalibus. L. 7. c. 60. 
+
+He cites Hermippus and Ariftotle for vouchers. 
+
+VOL. I. 
+
+
+U u 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+
+330 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+and 1 Plutarch not only of the great veneration paid to dogs 
+in Egypt, and of their being maintained in many cities, and 
+temples; in which they certainly exceed the truth : but we 
+are moreover allured, that the people of Ethiopia had a dog 
+for their king : that he was kept in great ffcate ; being fur- 
+rounded with a numerous body of officers and guards ; and 
+in all relpe&s royally treated. Plutarch fpeaks of him, as 
+being 3 arsp,voog 'GTgocrx.vvofjLSvog, worshiped with a degree of re¬ 
+ligious reverence. The whole of this notion took its rife 
+from a milinterpretation of the title above. I have men¬ 
+tioned, that in early times Cahen was a title univerfally con¬ 
+ferred upon priefls and prophets: hence Lycophron, who 
+has continually allufions to obfolete terms,.calls the two di¬ 
+viners Mopfus and Amphilocus, Kvi/ctg. 
+
+4 A oicuSs psiQguv Ilvga,[jL% 'urgog sn^oXaug- 
+Avroarovoig <rq>oiyou<ri Asgcava KTNE2 
+A{jLY)QsvTeg oujQJLcc£z<n A ohtOiov fioca/. 
+
+Upon which the Scholia!! obferves ; K,vvsg , oi M&vrsig : by 
+Cunes are meant Diviners: and again K wocg ArtoKhoovog Tag 
+
+fAOL’JT'sig si7f£jv. The Poet by ’K.vvctg means the minijiers and pro¬ 
+phets of fApollo. Upon this the learned 5 Meurlius oblervesj 
+that Lycophron had here made ufe of a term imported from 
+
+
+a E flVCC.1 (pctOrlV AjQl 07 TCe)V 9 XU60V ( 3 cCG'l^VBl^ XCtl ( 2 ccaL?\.€VS r Zt7^0(TCCy0pBVBTCCl^ v Xcti 
+IcOcc XCCL 'TlfXCCS €^€s Qct(y l7\£(*yv. A.vS'pGS TTgCtO'G'&G'lVj CCTTfP riyS/XOCTl *ZD’Q?lSGOV 'ttpOCT'* 
+
+r/xfiy xcli agx&o-iv. Plutarch, adverfus Stoicos. Yol. 2. p. 1064. 
+
+3 Ibid. 
+
+
+4 Lycophron. v. 439. 
+
+
+
+Egypt: 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+33i 
+
+
+Egypt : fo that, I think, we cannot be miftaken about the 
+purport of the word, however it may have been perverted. 
+
+The name of the Deity Canouphis, expreffed alfo-Canu- 
+P h is, and Cnuphis, was compounded with this term. He 
+was reprefented by the Egyptians, as a princely perfon, with 
+a ferpent entwined round his middle, and embellifhed with 
+other charaCteriftics, relating to time and duration, of which 
+the ferpent was an emblem. Oph, and Ouph, lignified a 
+ferpent in the Amonian language: and the Deity was termed 
+Can-uph, from his ferpentine reprefentation. The whole 
+fpecies in confequence of this were made facred to him, 
+and ftyled Canyphian. To this Lucan alludes, when in 
+fpeaking of the Seps he calls all the tribe of ferpents Ciny- 
+phias peftes : 
+
+6 Cinyphias inter peftes tibi palma nocendi. 
+
+
+Canuphis was fometimes expreffed Anuphis and Anubis : 
+and, however rendered, was by the Greeks and Romans 
+
+
+fpoken of as a dog 
+
+
+leaft they fuppofed 
+
+
+m 
+
+
+to have had a dog’s head, and often mention his 7 barking 
+But they were milled by the title, which they did nofun- 
+derftand. The Egyptians had many emblematical per 
+
+
+fonag 
+
+
+fet off with heads of various animals 
+
+
+particular 
+
+
+and affections 
+
+
+well 
+
+
+o reprefent 
+denote the 
+
+
+various attributes of their Gods. Among others was this 
+
+
+6 Lucan. Pharfalia. L. 9. 787. 
+
+7 Aufa Jovi noftro latrantem opponere Anubim. Properc. L. 3. El. 11. 
+
+S'B £~tV C X.UV07T oA/T VOfJLQSy KCU K VVCOV nSTOAtSy BV Yl Avt£l$ TlfAUTOCty KCCi 7 Oti 
+
+Ttvai Ti/JLWy aiTis t btocktcci t is ispct . Strabo. L. 17. p. 1166. 
+
+U U 2 
+
+
+canine 
+
+
+
+332 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+canine figure ; which I have no reafon to think was appro¬ 
+priated to Canuph, or Cneph. And though upon gems and 
+marbles his name may be fometimes found annexed to this 
+character ; yet it mu ft be looked upon as a Grecian work, 
+
+9 
+
+and fo denominated in confequence of their miftaken notion. 
+For we mu ft: make a material diftin&ion between the hie- 
+roglyphics of old, when Egypt was under her own kings ; 
+and thofe of later date, when that country was under the 
+government of the Greeks : at which time their learning was 
+greatly impaired, and their ancient theology ruined. Horus 
+Apollo allures us, if any credit may be given to what he 
+fays, that this canine figure was an emblem of the earth : 
+8 OucauevYiv ypa<povrsg yvvoyetpoChov £ooy g otcpxtr t . Whe?t- they would 
+defcribe the earthy they paint a Cwiocephalus. It could not 
+therefore, I fliould think, in any degree relate to Canuphis. 
+The fame 9 writer informs us, that under the figure of a dog, 
+they reprefented a priefl: or facred fcribe, and a prophet ; 
+and all fuch as had the chief management of funerals : alfo 
+the fpleen, the fmell, fneezing ; rule and government, and a 
+magiftrate, or judge : which is a circumftance hard to be 
+believed. For as hieroglyphics were defigned to diftinguifih, 
+it is fcaree credible, that the Egyptians fhould crowd to¬ 
+gether fo many different and oppofite ideas under one cha¬ 
+racter, whence nothing: could well enfue but doubt and con- 
+
+
+fulion. Befides, I do not remember, that in any group of 
+
+
+£*’7 
+
+
+OIKOTMENHN, v ypa 
+
+Vfjl* I,. I. c. 14. p. 26. 
+
+
+Y) 7C0~ 
+
+
+9 'lepoypcc/j.piccrecc. re y) •mPbtymW} Y) 0G-^pr,o m .v 9 >1 '&■ t a. g ptov ^ yi cPi- 
+
+Q'dfoy.zvQt ypz<psw 9 kvvk C > 6 oygcc'py<riv. JL* i. c. 39. p. 52. 
+
+ancient 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+3 33 
+
+
+ancient hieroglyphics the figure of a dog occurs. The mean¬ 
+ing of this hiftory, I think, may be with a little attention 
+made out. The Egyptians were refined in their fuperftitions, 
+above all the nations in the world : and conferred the names 
+and titles of their Deities upon vegetables, and animals of 
+every fpecies : and not only upon thefe, but alio upon the 
+parts of the human body ; and the very pafiions of the mind. 
+Whatever they deemed falutary, or of great value, they dif- 
+tinguiihed by the title of Sacred, and confecrated it to feme 
+10 God. This will appear from words borrowed from Egypt. 
+The Laurel, Laurus, was denominated from Al-Orus : the 
+
+
+berry was termed bacca from Bacchus : Myrrh, Myppa, was 
+from Ham-Ourah: Cafia from Chus. The Crocodile was 
+called Caimin and Campfa : the Lion, El-Eon : the Wolf, 
+El-Uc : the Cat* Al-Ourah : from whence the Greeks formed 
+Aewr, Twitoq, caXagog. The Egyptians ftyled Myrrh, Baal ; 
+balfam, baal-famen j Camphire, Cham-phour, Ka.[JL<p&gtt. of 
+
+j opium, Ophion. The fweet reed of Egypt was 
+named 11 Canah, and.Conah by way of eminence: alfo “ Can- 
+Ofiris. Cinnamon was denominated from Chan-Amon 
+Cinnabar, 
+
+
+
+Kivvcdzotgig 
+
+
+from Chan-Abor: the facred beetle 
+
+
+Cantharus, from Chan-^thur. The harp was ftyled Cin- 
+
+10 E CO yetp T'dS AiyU7TTl&$i Cl7TSp X.OU S'Sl<rt£<Xi/y-Ql , eq-'0£'TCl €ici f uTCCV70n r CJA'jJi 7015 
+
+
+OYPANOV 
+
+
+0V0fJLCC(7tV £15 XQpZV- STn^PCxjpLSl'SS* ' CT^sf oV y<XP TO. liS 
+
+Lucian, de imaginibus. 
+
+See Obfervations on Ancient-Hiftory. p. 1C6*. 
+
+Solebant autem iEgyptii fibi fuifque Deorum patriorum nomina-.plerumque im- 
+ponere.*— Moremque hunc gens ilia fervare perrexit, poftquam falutari luce Evan¬ 
+gel ica diu fruita eftet. Jablonfky. v. 1. L. 1; c. 5. p. 105. 
+
+IX It is pofiibly alluded to in Plalm 80. v. 16. and in Jeremiah, c. 6 . v. 20. 
+Plutarch. Ifts et Ofiris. p. 365. ’Xerar-tpis* 
+
+
+12 
+
+
+
+334 
+
+
+The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+nor, and was fuppofed to have been found out by Cinyras: 
+which terms are compounded of Chan-Or, and Chan-Arez ; 
+and relate to the Sun or Apollo, the fuppofed inventor of 
+the lyre. Priefts and magiftrates were particularly honoured 
+with the additional title of Cahen : and many things held 
+facred were liable to have it in their compofition. Hence 
+arofe the errour of Horus Apollo; who having been in¬ 
+formed, that the ancient Egyptians diftinguilhed many 
+things, which were efteemed holy, by this facred title, refer¬ 
+red the whole to hieroglyphics ; and gave out that they were 
+all reprefented under the figure of a dog. And it is pofiible, 
+that in later times the Grecian artifts, and the mixed tribes 
+of Egypt, may have exprefied them in this manner; for 
+they were led by the ear; and did not inquire into the la¬ 
+tent purport of the 13 theology tranfmitted to them. From 
+hence we may perceive, how little in later times even the 
+native Egyptians knew of their rites and hiftory. 
+
+Further accounts may be produced from the fame writer in 
+confirmation of what I have been faying. He not only men¬ 
+tions the great veneration paid by the Egyptians to dogs, but 
+adds, that in many temples they kept Jivvozepahoi, a kind of 
+baboons, or animals with heads like thole of dogs, which were 
+wonderfully endowed. By their alliftance the Egyptians 
+found out the particular periods of the Sun and Moon. Thele 
+
+13 The purport of the term Cahen, or Cohen, was not totally unknown in Greece. 
+They changed it to xon$ 9 and kows ; but ftill fuppofed it to fignify a prieft. K oiv^ 
+tepsvs K o Kc$<xipoofJLZvos (poveoc. Hefychius. Ko/araf /Wrak Ibid. 
+
+It was alfo ufed for a tide of the Deity. Rouxs, c crpoYyvXos A iQos-, fcilicet B cu- 
+tu\os> Mofcopulus. p. 5. TheBsetulus was the moft ancient reprefentation of the 
+Deity. See Apollon. Rhod. Schol. ad D. i. v. gig. 
+
+did 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 33,5 
+
+<3id not, like other animals, die at once, but by piece-meal ; 
+£0 that one half of the animal was oftentimes buried, while 
+the other half J^lurvived. He moreover allures us, that they 
+could rtead and write: and whenever one of them was intro¬ 
+duced into the facred apartments for probation, the priefl 
+prefented him with a ,s tablet, and with a pen and ink, and 
+by his writing could immediately find out, if he were of the 
+
+true intelligent breed. Thefe animals are faid to have been 
+
+% 
+
+of infinite ufe to the ancient Egyptians in determining times 
+and feafons : for, it feems, they were in fome particular func¬ 
+tions the moft accurate, and punctual of any creatures upon 
+earth. 16 Per sequino^tia enim duodecies in die urinam red- 
+dere, et in no£te 17 compertus (Cunocephalus), sequali inter- 
+ftitio fervato, Trifmegifto anfam dedit diem dividendi in duo- 
+decim partes sequales. Such is the hiftory of thefe wonderful 
+18 animals. That Apes and Baboons were among the Egyp¬ 
+tians held in veneration is very certain; The Ape was facred 
+to the God Apis ; and by the Greeks was rendered Capis, 
+
+
+*4 
+
+
+Ou, y.cJix , 7rr.prct Aoittx (^mx ev vp rjpec jxicl TeAevrcc^ arcej xxi t&7'ss a A Act fxeocs 
+c&VTcov xxb exx~nv r.uepxv vgxohjxevov tnro tcov Ifp *cav &cc.7TTecrQcu. xtA. 
+
+Ecos S' ay xt etsS'of/JttTLovTCL xcci Svo 'zzrXvfGoQcoaiv r.y.epxi 9 tot e oAcs ccTrovrricncei. Ho 
+rapollo. L. i. c. 14. p. 2. 
+
+15 Eis lepcv eireiScev 'ztrpooTcc xoyjcrQy KvvoxecpxAos^ SzAtov xvtco TixpxTi^ncriv 0 r Ig- 
+xxi <t?£q;viov 9 xai fxsAuv, f wei^cc^ > cov^ ei ex ms eiric^xfxEv'ns e^i o-vfyevsixs ypxjx- 
+
+fxccrxy xxi ei ypcxpei. Horapollo. L. 1. c. 14. p. 28. 
+
+16 Horapollo. L. 1. c. 16. p„ 30. AooSbxxtis ms ’r,fxepxs xctff exx^viv ooiccv upei* 
+ToSe CC.V 70 xxi r xts Svai vo^i 'Zcroisf .. XT' A. Speaking of the two Equinoxes. 
+
+17 Hoffman : Cunocephalus. 
+
+Voffius de Idol. Vol. 2. L. 3. c. 78.. 
+
+18 What Orus Apollo attributes to the Cunocephalus, Damafcius (in Vita Ifi- 
+dori) mentions of the cat. Photii Bibliotheca, c. 242. p. 1049. 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+
+33 6 
+
+and 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+19 Ceipis. The Baboon was denominated from the Deity 
+Babon, to whom it was equally facred. But what have 
+thefe to do with the fuppofed Cunocephalus, which, accord¬ 
+ing to the Grecian interpretation is an animal with the head 
+of a dog ? This chara<fteriftic does not properly belong to any 
+fpecies of Apes ; but feems to have been unduly appropriated 
+to them. The term Cunocephalus, K.vvotcs<poiAog> is an Egyp¬ 
+tian compound : and this ftrange hiftory relates to the priefts 
+of the country, ftyled Cahen; alfo to the novices in their 
+temples ; and to the examinations, which they were obliged 
+to undergo, before they could be admitted to the priefthood. 
+To explain this I mu ft take notice, that in early times they 
+built their temples upon eminences, for many reafons ; but 
+efpecially for the fake of celeftial obfervations. The Egyp¬ 
+tians were much addicted to the ftudy of aftronomy; and they 
+ufed to found their colleges in upper Egypt upon rocks and 
+hills, called by them Caph. Thefe, as they were facred to 
+the Sun, were further denominated Caph-El, and fometimes 
+Caph-Aur, and Caph-Arez. The term Caph-El, which often 
+
+19 By Strabo expreffed Kenro$ 9 who fays^ that it was reverenced by the people 
+at Babylon oppofite to Memphis. L. 17. p. 1167. Kznrov Se BaSuAcor; 01 xcctcc 
+
+'Me/yupiv (cre£y <rt.) 
+
+2,0 Babun, Ba£ur, of Hellanicus Leibins. Athenaeus. L. 15. p. 680. called Be- 
+bon, BtCojv, by Manethon. Plutarch. Ifis et Ofiris. p. 371. 376. Babon was 
+th ought to have been the fame as Typhon : by fome efteemed a female, and the 
+wife of that perfonage. Plutarch, ibid. 
+
+The Ape and Monkey were held facred, not in Egypt only, but in India; and 
+likewife in a part of Africa. Diodorus Sicul. L. 20. p. 793, Maffeus retentions 
+a noble Pagoda in India, which was called the monkeys Pagoda. Hiftoria Ind. 
+L. i . p. 25 : and Balbus takes notice of Peguan temples, called by the natives Va- 
+relle*; in which monkeys were kept out of a religious principle. See Balbi 
+Itinerarin 
+
+
+6 
+
+
+occurs 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 337 
+
+occurs in hiftory, the Greeks uniformly changed to Kepa?v>5, 
+Cephale: and from Cahen-Caph-El, the facred rock of 
+Orus, they formed ■’KwofCspaXY), and ’K.vvox.sqxx.Xog ; which they 
+fuppoled to relate to an animal with the head of a dog. 
+But this Cahen-Caph-El was certainly fome royal feminary 
+in upper Egypt; from whence they drafted novices to fup- 
+ply their colleges and temples. Thefe young perfons were 
+before their introduction examined by fome fuperior prieft; 
+and accordingly, as they anfwered upon their trial, they 
+were admitted or refufed. They were denominated Caph- 
+El, and Cahen-Caph-El, from the academy, where they re¬ 
+ceived their firfl; inffrudtion : and this place, though facred, 
+yet feems to have been of a clafs fubordinate to others. It 
+was a kind of inferior cloifter and temple, fuch as Capella in 
+the Romifh church ; which, as well as Capellanus, was de¬ 
+rived from Egypt : for the church in its firffc decline bor¬ 
+rowed largely from that country. That there was fome par¬ 
+ticular place of this fort fituated upon a rock, or eminence, 
+may, I think, be proved from Martianus Capella : and more¬ 
+over that it was a feminary well known, where the youth of 
+Upper Egypt were educated. For in defcribing the fciences 
+under different perfonages, he gives this remarkable account 
+of DialeCtica upon introducing her before his audience. 
+
+~ r Hsec fe educatam dicebat in JEgyptiorum Rupe ; atque in 
+
+Parmenidis exinde gymnaffum, atque Atticam demeaffe. 
+
+• » 
+
+2,1 Martianus Capella. L. 4. fub initio, 
+
+Aftronomia is made to fpeak to the fame purpofe. Per immenfa fpatia feculorum, 
+ne profana loquacitate vuigarer, iEgyptiorum claufa adytis occulebar. Martianus 
+Capella. L. 8 # 
+
+Vol. I. 
+
+
+X x 
+
+
+And 
+
+
+
+338 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+♦ 
+
+And Johannes Sarifburienfts Teems to intimate, that Parme¬ 
+nides obtained his knowledge from the fame quarter, when 
+he mentions 12 in Rupe vitam egiffe. In this fhort detail we 
+have no unpleaftng account of the birth of fcience in Egypt; 
+and of its progrefs from thence to Attica. It is plain, that 
+this rupes iEgyptiaca could be nothing elfe but a feminary, 
+either the fame, or at leaft ftmilar to that, which I have before 
+been defcribing. As the Cunocephali are faid to have been fa- 
+cred to Hermes, this college and temple were probably in the 
+nome of Hermopolis. Hermes was the patron of Science, and 
+particularly ftyled Cahen, or 23 Canis: and the Cunocephali are 
+faid to have been worftiiped by the people of that 2 * place. 
+They were certainly there reverenced: and this hiftory points 
+out very plainly the particular fpot alluded to. Hermopolis 
+was in the upper region ftyled Thebais : and there was in 
+this diftridt a tower, fuch as has been 25 mentioned. It was in 
+aftertimes made ufe of for a repofttory, where they laid up the 
+tribute. This may have been the rupes fEgyptiaca, fo famed 
+of old for fcience ; and which was the feat of the Chance- 
+phalim, or Cunocephalians. 
+
+
+a2, Johannes Sarifburienfis Metalogie. L. 2. p. 787. Editio Lugd. Bat. anno 1639.. 
+
+He fpeaks of Parmenides, as if he were a native of Egypt: and feems to have un- 
+derftood, that Parmenides took up his refidence in the Egyptian feminary, in order 
+to obtain a thorough knowledge in fcience. Et licet Parmenides iEgyptius in rupe 
+vitam egerit, ut rationem Logices inveniret, tot et tantos ftudii habuit fuccelTores*. 
+ut ei inventions fuse totam fere praeripuerint gloriam. 
+
+2,3 Hermes was the fame as Anubis Latrator. Jablonfky. L. 5. c. 1. 
+
+K wa. a-sGsis' tv 7 ttco ^ eyco. Anaxandrides apud Athenaeum. E. 7. p. 300.. 
+
+9 Eg jaw Kuvct. Plutarch. His et Ofiris. 
+
+Strabo. E. 17. p. 1167. ¥ivvoy^<pccXov Se {Tiftcocnv') r Ep/Ji07ro?uTcc( a . 
+
+45 EfftoTroAm/t/? ^uAcoctj. Strabo ibid.. 
+
+
+it 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 339 
+
+It is faid of the Cunocephali, that when one part was dead 
+and buried, the other ftill furvived. This can relate to no¬ 
+thing elfe but a fociety, or body politic, where there is a con¬ 
+tinual decrement, yet part ftill remains; and the whole is kept 
+up by fucceflion. It is an enigma, which particularly relates 
+to the priefthood in Egypt: for the facred office there was 
+hereditary, being vetted in certain families ; and when part 
+was dead, a refidue ftill 26 furvived, who admitted others in the 
+room of the deceafed. 17 Efteoiv S's ti$ anrotfaw), tbth 0 roug olvti- 
+
+kolQis'cltcli. The fons, we find fupplied the place of their 
+fathers : hence the body itfelf never became extindt, being 
+kept up by a regular fucceflion. As to the Cunocephali giv¬ 
+ing to Hermes the firft hint of dividing the day into twelve 
+parts from the exadtnefs, which was obferved in their 28 eva¬ 
+cuations, it is a furmife almoft too trifling to be difcuffed. 
+I have fhewn, that the Cunocephali were a facred college, 
+whofe members were perfons of great learning : and their 
+fociety feems to have been a very ancient inftitution. They 
+were particularly addidled to aftronomical obfervations ; and 
+by contemplating the heavens, .ftyled Ouran, they learned 
+to diftinguifh the feafons, and to divide the day into parts. 
+But the term Ouran the Greeks by a ftrange mifconception 
+changed to sgeiv’, of which miftake they have afforded other 
+inftances : and from this abufe of terms the filly figment took 
+
+26 Analogous to this we read in Herodotus, that the Perfian brigade, whofe de¬ 
+ficiencies were fupplied by continual recruits, was ftyled aOarctTo?, immortalis. He¬ 
+rodotus. L. 7. c. 83. 
+
+It confifted of ten thoufand men. 
+
+~ 7 Herodotus. L. 2. c. 37. 
+
+a8 Awcfejcax/s rifjiepcts jca 0 ’ wgxv OTPEI Kvroxe(pcc?iQ$, Horapollo. L. 1. 
+
+c* 16. 
+
+X x 2 its 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+9 
+
+its rife. The term sgeiv, mingere, was by the Dorians lite¬ 
+rally exprefied ovgctv, ouran. 
+
+The Cunocephali are not to be found in Egypt only> but 
+in India likewife j and in other parts of the world. Hero¬ 
+dotus 29 mentions a nation of this name in Lybia: and fpeaks 
+of them, as a race of men with the heads of dogs. Hard by 
+in the neighbourhood of this people he places the A %e<pothot y 
+men with no heads at all: to whom out of humanity, and 
+to obviate forne very natural diftrefies, he gives eyes in the 
+bread. But he feems to have forgot mouth and ears, and 
+makes no mention of a nofe : he only fays 3a A ns<p<xXot, 61 ev 
+
+g-i)@£<nv 0<p@cOKfjL3$ syovrsc. Both thefe and the Cunocephali 
+were denominated from their place of residence, and from 
+their worfhip: the one from Cahen-Caph-El, the other from 
+Ac-Caph-El: each of which appellations is of the fame pur- 
+
+port 
+
+29 Herodot. L. 4. c. 191. 
+
+Upon the Mare Erythraeum, iSpujxex. K.vvox.t'poc.Xodv TcaPi&fAei/ov. Strabo. L. 16. 
+p. 11*20. Alfo Pliny. L. 6. c. 30. and L. 7. c. 2. of Cunocephali in ^Ethiopia and 
+
+India. 
+
+30 Herodot. L. 4. 191. 
+
+31 Many places, were named Cunocephale: all which will be found upon enquiry 
+to have been eminences, or buildings fituated on high, agreeably to this etymo¬ 
+logy. K.wocntE(pcc/\v, AO $02 GecrauAtas. Stephanus Byzant. from Polybius. 
+
+L. 17. 
+
+" KvvwvKtqoiXou near ScotiuiTa. AO$QN ww r wccpcc AA?;Awr AKPAI. Plutarch, 
+in Flaminino, of the fame place. 
+
+The citadel at Thebes was called K vroa-xecpcc&w by Xenophon. Thofe who Ipeak 
+of the Cunocephali as a people, defcribe them as Mountaineers. Megaflhenes per 
+diverfos Indise montes efTe fcribit nationes caninis capitibus. Solinus. c. 52. 
+
+A promontory of this name upon the coaft of the Red Sea, mentioned above 
+from Strabo. Another promontory Cunocephale in Corcyra. Procopius. Goth. 
+
+L. 3* 27* 
+
+
+5 the right noble, or la ere d 31 rock of the Sun. 
+
+
+
+5 
+
+
+Similar 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 341 
+
+Similar to the hiBory of the Cunocephali, and Acephali, is 
+that of the Cunodontes. They are a people mentioned by 
+Solinus and liidorus, and by them are fuppofed to have had 
+the teeth of dogs. Yet they were probably denominated, 
+like thofe above, from the object of their worfhip, the Deity 
+
+and ftyled 
+
+his votaries 3Z Cunodontes. 
+
+The Greeks pretended, that they had the life of the 
+fphere, and were acquainted with the zodiac, and its after- 
+ifms very early. But it is plain from their miftakes, that 
+they received the knowledge of thefe things very late ; at a 
+time when the terms were obfolete, and the true purport of 
+them not to be obtained. They borrowed all the fchemes 
+under which the Bars aTe comprehended, from the Egyp¬ 
+tians ; who had formed them of old, and named them from 
+circumBances in their own religion and mythology. They 
+had particularly conferred the titles of their Deities upon 
+thofe Bars, which appeared the brighteB in their hemiiphere. 
+One of the moB remarkable and brilliant they called Cahen 
+Sehor ; another they termed Purcahen ; a third Cahen Ou- 
+rah, or Cun Ourah. Thefe were all mifconBrued, and 
+changed by the Greeks ; Cahen Sehor to Canis Sirius ; P’ur- 
+cahen to Procyon; and Cahen Ourah to Cunofoura, the 
+dog’s tail. In refpe<B to this laB name I think, from the ap¬ 
+plication of it in other inBances, we may be aBured, that it 
+could not be in acceptation what the Greeks would perfuade 
+us : nor had it any relation to a dog. There was the fum- 
+
+Solinus. c. 4. and Ifidorus. Origin, L. g. de Portends. 
+
+
+Chan-Adon; which the Greeks expreBed KtwodW, 
+
+
+mit 
+
+
+
+342 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+mit of a hill in Arcadia of this 33 name : alfo a promontory 
+in 34 Attica ; and another in 35 Euboea. How could it poflibly 
+in its common acceptation be applicable to thefe places ? 
+And as a conflellation if it fignified a dog’s tail, how came 
+it to be a name given to the tail of a bear ? It was a term 
+brought from 36 Sidon, and Egypt : and the purport was to 
+be fought for from the language of the Amonians. 
+
+The ancient Helladians ufed upon every promontory to 
+raife pillars and altars to the God of light, Can-Our, the 
+Chan-Orus of Egypt. But Can-Our, and Can-Ourah, they 
+changed to zvvocrovgot., as I have fhewn : yet notwithftanding 
+this corruption the true name is often to be difcovered. The 
+
+place which is termed Cunofoura by Lucian in his Icarome- 
+
+# 
+
+nippus, is called Cunoura by Stephanus Byzant. and by 
+37 Paufanias. Cunoura is alfo ufed by Lycophron, who un- 
+derftood ancient terms full well, for any high rock or head¬ 
+land. 
+
+38 Ev di(ri 'urgog KvvBga. Kct^7rv?\3g <ryu.<rcx.Q 
+
+HevKYis ofrovTocg, 
+
+U^og KWhiga., 'urgog Tga.yeia.g 'UTBTgag. Scholiaft. ibid. 
+
+We find the fame miftake occur in the account tranfmitted 
+
+to us concerning the firft difcovery of purple. The ancients 
+
+35 Steph. Byzantinus. 
+
+3+ Ptolemy. L. 3. c. 15. 
+
+3J Hefychius. Alfo a family at Lacedaemon, Acacuvixy : and Cunofouroi, 
+the name of a family at Megara. See Alexander ab Alexandro. L. 1. c.-17. 
+
+30 EfTe duas Arflos, quarum Cynofura petatur 
+
+Sidoniis ; Helicen Graia carina notet. Ovid. Faftor. L. 3. v. 107. 
+
+37 L. 3. p. 207. 
+
+38 V. 99. 
+
+
+7 
+
+
+
+The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+343 
+
+
+very gratefully gave the merit of every ufeful and falutary in¬ 
+vention to the Gods. Ceres was fuppofed to have difcovered 
+
+v 
+
+to men corn, and bread : Ofiris fhewed them the life of the 
+
+
+plough ; Cinyras of the harp 
+
+
+Vefta 
+
+
+ght them to build 
+
+
+Every Deity was looked up to as the caufe of fome bleffing. 
+The Tyrians and Sidonians were famous for the manufacture 
+of purple : the die of which was very exquifite, and the dif- 
+covery of it was attributed to Hercules of Tyre; the fame 
+
+js. But 
+
+allow him this honour ; but fay, that the dog 
+
+
+who by Palasphatus is ftyled Hercules 39 Philofoph 
+
+
+fome will not 
+
+of Hercules was the difcoverer. For accidentally feeding 
+upon the Murex, with which the coaft abounded, the dog 
+ftained his mouth with the ichor of the fifh; and from hence 
+the firft hint of dying was 40 taken. This gave birth to the 
+proverbial expreftion, 41 'E vgqfjux. Kvvog 1 5 <rs£cc?r) 'urogcpvga.. Non- 
+nus mentions the particular circumftance of the dog’s Earn¬ 
+ing his mouth : 
+
+
+4a ’K.iovsoig 'Gfogcpvge 'tffa^iodLg dipotTi 
+
+Such is the ftory, which at firft fight is too childifh to admit 
+of credit. It is not likely, that a dog would feed upon fhell- 
+
+
+39 Palsephatus •T&zpi ecpBvpno’ecog p. 124. 
+
+40 Cafliodorus of the purple* Cum fame canis avida in Tyrio littore projects 
+conchylia impreffis mandibulis contudiflet, ilia naturaliter humorem fanguineum dif- 
+fluentia ora ejus mirabili colore tinxerunt: et ut eft mos hominibus occafiones re- 
+pentinas ad artes ducere, talia exempla meditantes fecerunt princrpibus decus nobile. 
+L. g. c. 36. 
+
+See alfo Chronicon Pafchale. p. 43. Achilles Tatius. L. 3. Julius Pollux, 
+L. 1. c. 4. p. 30. Ed. Amftel. Pliny. L. g. c. 36. 
+
+41 Cyrus Prodromus £7 ri cc 7 ro^nfJi^ tvi cpiAiau. 
+
+4Z Nonni Dionyfiaca* L. 40. p. 103.4. 
+
+
+fifh: 
+
+
+
+344 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. • 
+
+
+fifh: and if this may at any time have happened, yet whoever 
+is at all converfant in natural hiftory, mu ft know, that the 
+murex is of the turbinated kind, and particularly aculeated ; 
+having ftrong and fharp protuberances, with which a dog 
+would hardly engage. The ftory is founded upon the fame 
+mifconception, of which fo many inftances have been pro¬ 
+duced. Hercules of Tyre, like all other oriental divinities, 
+was ftyled Cahen, and Cohen; as was allowed by the Greeks 
+themfelves. 43 Tov 'Hgot/Aw cpotTi kcltol rt,v AiywtTiov ^laAszJov 
+
+Xf 2 NA A systrOcLi. We are told , that Hercules in the language 
+of the Egyptians is called Chon. This intelligence however they 
+could not abide by; but changed this facred title to^xvoov, 
+a dog, which they defcribed as an Cendant upon the Deity. 
+
+The Grecians tells us, that the Egyptians ftyled Hermes a 
+dog : but they feem to have been aware, that they were guilty 
+of an undue reprefentation. Hence Plutarch tries to foften 
+and qualify what is mentioned, by faying, 4S Oy yccg zvgioog 
+
+tov 'E*p.r)V KTNA Asytstriv (61 Aiyv7rlioi ): by which this learned 
+writer would inlinuate, that it was not fo much the name of 
+a dog, as the qualities of that animal, to which the Egyptians 
+alluded. Plutarch thought by this refinement to take off the 
+impropriety of conferring fo bafe a name upon a Deity. But 
+the truth is, that the Egyptians neither bellowed it nomi- 
+
+degree. The title 
+gave to Hermes, was the fame, that they beftowed upon Her- 
+
+43 Etymologicum Magnum. 
+
+44 Johannes Antiochenus, who tells the ftory at large, fays, that purple was the 
+difcovery xvvo; 'uroijxtvi-K,^^ which in the original hiftory was undoubtedly a ftiep- 
+herd king. 
+
+45 Plutarch. Ifis et Ofiris. p. 355. 
+
+cules : 
+
+
+nally; nor alluded to it in any 
+
+
+, which they 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+345 
+
+
+cules : they expreffed it Cahen, and Cohen ; and it was very 
+
+properly reprefented above by the Greek term Xgw, Chon. 
+It is faid of Socrates, that he fometimes made ufe of an. un- 
+mon oath, fJ.cz tov k.vvcl , xczi Tov *)(yvct, by the dog and the goofe : 
+which at firft does not feem confiftent with the gravity of 
+his character. But we are informed by Porphyry, that this 
+was not done by way of ridicule : for Socrates efteemed it a 
+very ferious and religious mode of attestation ; and under 
+thefe terms made a folemn appeal to the foil of 46 Zeus. The 
+purport of the words is obvious: and whatever hidden mean¬ 
+ing there may have been, the oath was made ridiculous by 
+the abfurdity of the terms. Belides, what poffible connection 
+could there have fublifted between a dog and a Deity \ a 
+goofe and the fon of Jove ? There was certainly none : yet 
+Socrates, like the reft of his fraternity, having an antipathy 
+to foreign terms, chofe to reprefent his ideas through this 
+falfe medium; by which means the very effence of his invo¬ 
+cation was loft. The fon of Zeus, to whom he appealed. 
+
+
+45 OvS'e 'XxxpotTng tov stvvac xc/,1 tcv ^/‘tvcc ofJLW$ B7rcci^ev. Porphyry de Abftinentia. 
+L. 3. p. 2S6. 
+
+It is laid to have been firft inftituted by Rhadamanthus of Crete : T^xeXevae ( r Pa- 
+
+xcctcc ygivoxazi ycvroZy xou xpiv oy.ruvou . Euftathius upon Homer. Odyff. 
+
+
+T. S. 1871. 
+
+521. Ojy.vvrcti xsA eucca {T’ccfctf/.avvup} 
+
+xat xvvcC) jctA. from Socrates. L. 12. de Rebus Creticis. 
+
+The ancient Abantes of Euboea ftyled Zeus himfeif Cahen *, called in aftertimes 
+Census. There was a promontory of the fame name : K vcctov coxpovTnpicv (Afar 
+rcrjv) Steph. Byzant. Here Hercules was fuppofed to have facrificed after his com 
+queft of CEchalia. 
+
+Vidlor ab CEchalia Censeo facra parabat 
+
+Vota Jovi-Ovid. Metamorph. L. 9. v. 136. 
+
+Sophocles in Trachin, v. 242. mentions, t^Ajj t eyxcccTrcc K yvcuy A//. 
+
+Vol. !• Y y 
+
+
+See Ariftophan. OgwSe?. Scholia, v. 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+
+346 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+was the Egyptian Gaheri abo'vementioned ; but this facred 
+title was idly changed to kviM koli a dog and a goofe, 
+
+from a fimilitude in found. That he referred to the Egyp¬ 
+tian Deity is manifest from Plato, who acknowledges, that 
+he fwore 47 tov zvvct Tov Aiyv7TTict)v &eov. By which we 
+are to underftand a Cahen of Egypt. Porphyry expredy 
+fays, that it was the God Hermes the fon of Zeus, and Maia: 
+
+48 Kara tov th Aiog kcci Mcaag 'srcu^a stoisito tov ogzov. 
+
+I cannot account upon any other principle than that, upon 
+which I have proceeded, for the ftrange reprefentation of 
+Apollo, and Bacchus, gaping with open mouths. So it feems 
+they were in fome places defcribed. Clemens of Alexandria 
+mentions from Polemon, that Apollo was thus exhibited : 
+
+49 II o 7 \£fJLtiv Js KEynriv ot 0g A 7 roXXoovog oitisv uyoLXfJLci. And we 
+are told, that a gaping 50 Bacchus was particularly worfhiped 
+at Samos. They were both the fame as the Egyptian Orus; 
+who was dyled C&Len-On, Rex, vel Deus Sol; out of 
+which Cahen-On the Grecians feem to have formed the word 
+Xaivcov : and in confequence of it, thefe two Deities were re¬ 
+presented with their jaws widely extended. This term w T as 
+fometimes changed to zoivog, communis : hence it is that we 
+
+fo often meet with Koivot Ssci , and kqivoi fiooy.oi, upon coins 
+and marbles : alfo zcivog 'E gfJLr,g* And as Hermes was the re¬ 
+puted God of gain, every thing found was adjudged to be 
+zoivog , or common. 
+
+
+
+
+4-0 
+
+t c 
+
+
+Plato in GorHa. Vol. 2. 
+
+
+Porphyry, 
+dementis 
+Pliny. L. 8. p. 44 6. 
+
+
+P- 4S2 
+
+
+3. p. 286. fo corrected by Jublonfky. L. v. c. 1. p. 10. 
+
+
+Cchortatio. p. 32 
+
+
+AAA 5 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+347 
+
+
+51 AAX’ £<n^8cra 
+
+E%aL7nvrig, 'EgfJLqg zoivog, s<pv §uya 
+sz K oivov eivou t ov *E $[jly)v. 
+
+Notwithftanding this notion fo univerfally received, yet 
+among the Grecians themfelves the term xoivog was an ancient 
+
+
+title of eminence. 53 K oivog, 0 As<T7rQTY)g. Comos Jtgnijies a 
+lord and jjiafker : undoubtedly from Cohinus; and that from 
+Cohen. It would be endlefs to enumerate all the inftances 
+
+
+Of this 
+
+
+think 
+
+
+which might be brought of this nature, 
+am allured, that whoever will conlider the uncouth names 
+both of Deities, and men, as well as of places, in the light 
+recommended; and attend to the mythology transmitted con¬ 
+cerning them, will be able by thefe helps to trace them to 
+
+
+their original meaning. It 
+Grecians fo often interpreted 
+
+
+think, plain, that what the 
+was an ancient Amonian 
+
+
+title. 
+
+
+When therefore I read of the brazen dog of Vulcan 
+
+
+of the dog of Erigone, of Orion, of Geryon, of Orus, of Her- 
+
+I cannot but fuppofe, that 
+
+
+or 
+
+
+elfe of 
+
+
+cules, of Amphilocus, of Hecate, I cannot 
+they were the titles of fo many Deities : 
+priefts, who were denominated from their office. In ffiort 
+the Cahen of Egypt were no more dogs, than the Paterae of 
+
+
+Amon were bafons : and though Diodorus does fay, that at 
+the grand celebrity of 55 Ihs the whole was preceded by dogs, 
+yet I cannot help being perfuaded, that they were the priefts 
+of the Goddefs. 
+
+
+51 Anthologia. L. i. Epigram. 144. 
+
+51 Theophraft. Char ait. 
+
+55 Hefychius. 
+
+54 Diodorus Siculus de pompalfiaca. L. p. 78. 
+
+Y y 2 
+
+
+By 
+
+
+
+* 
+
+348 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+By this clue we may unravel many intricate hiftories trans¬ 
+mitted from different parts. In the temple of Vulcan near 
+mount ./Etna there are faid to have been a breed of dogs, 
+which fawned upon good men, but were implacable to the 
+bad. 55 Inde etiam perpetuus ignis a Siculis alebatur in /Etnaeo 
+Vulcani templo, cui cuftodes adhibiti funt facri canes, blan- 
+dientes piis hominibus, in impios ferocientes. In the celebrated 
+gardens of Eledtra there was a golden dog, which fhewed the 
+fame regard to good men, and was as inveterate to others. 
+
+56 Xgvcreog o&ouvovti kvwv <rvvvXcunse 
+
+% 
+
+XOLIVOOV T$OL$OL CpOOTCC. 
+
+What is more remarkable, there were many gaping dogs in 
+this temple ; which are reprefented as fo many ftatues, yet 
+were endowed with life. 
+
+57 Xacr i (jLouri 'Gfoirfroivi u’ec^oTsg avdegsooveg 
+
+¥zvSoChsuv tntvTwtwv eiyeg sfjupgovsg. 
+
+Homer defcribes fomething of the fame nature in the gardens 
+of Alcinous. 
+
+i 8 Xgvreioi <T emregQs zou ccgyvgzoi uvveg yi<tolv, 
+
+O vg 'H Qoufog stsv^sv dviycri 'sr gctm <W<r;y, 
+
+A $a.y at fsg ovTOLg, mi ccyrigoog upara 'UTolvtcx,. 
+
+
+55 Huetius. Prsep. Evang. p. 86. from Cornutus de Natura Deorum. 
+
+A like hiftory is given of ferpents in Syria by Arifbotle, 'za-sgt culbct- 
+
+fj.ccTuvi and by Pliny and Ifidorus of birds in the iflands of Diomedes. 
+
+56 Nonni Dionyfiaca. L. 3. p. 94. 
+
+57 Ibid. 
+
+58 Homer. Odyff. L. S. v. 92. 
+
+
+All 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+349 
+
+
+All this relates to the Cufean priefls of Vulcan or Hephaiftos 
+and to the prieflhood eftablifhed in his temple: which priefl- 
+hood was kept up by fucceflion, and never became extinct. 
+What was Cufean, the Greeks often rendered Xgvrsiov,. as-. I 
+fhall hereafter fhew. The fame people were alfo fly led Cu- 
+thim ; and this word likewife among the ancients fignified 
+gold : from hence thefe priefls were flyled Xgutrsioi /cvvsg. We 
+find the like hiflory in Crete : here too was a golden dog, 
+which Zeus had appointed to be the guardian of his temple S9 . 
+By comparing thefe hiflories I think we cannot fail of arriv¬ 
+ing at the latent meaning. The God of light among other 
+titles was flyled Cahen, or Chan-Ades : but the term being 
+taken in the fame acceptation here, as in the inflances above, 
+the Deity was changed to a dog, and faid to refide in the hit- 
+fernal regions. From hence he was fuppofed to have been 
+dragged to light by Hercules of Thebes. The notion both of 
+Cerberus and Hades being fubterraneous Deities took its rife 
+from the temples of old being fituated near vafl caverns, which 
+were efleemed paflages to the realms below. Such were in 
+Meffenia, in Argolis, in Bithynia, and at Enna in Sicily; not 
+to mention divers other places. Thefe temples were often 
+named Kir-Abor ; and the Deity Chan-Ades ; out of which 
+terms the Greeks formed Toy K sg£egov Kvvct. dJis ; and fabled, 
+that he was forced into the upper air by Hercules through 
+thefe infernal inlets. And as temples fimilar in name and 
+fituation were built in various parts, the like hiflory was told 
+of them all. Paufanias takes notice of this event, among 
+
+
+59 Tor K wet t ov z'cvcreov (o Zeus) <pvAccr n .stv to Upgv ev KpjTtf. Anto¬ 
+
+
+ninus Liberalis. c. 35. p. 180. 
+
+9 
+
+
+other 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+other places, being afcribed to the cavern at 60 Tasnarus ; as 
+well as to one at 61 Troezen, and to a third near the city 62 Her- 
+mione. The Poet Dionyfius Ipeaks of the feat being per¬ 
+formed in the country of the Marianduni near Colchis. 
+
+63 K au M ctgiotv&vvcav hgov 'sredov, evtf svs7ts(nv 
+O vSoua K gov&oLO fjLsyotv kvvol ¥LcChKeo<puvov 
+'Keg<riv a.ve\zo{JLSVov (jLsyaArjTogog 'HgowXriog, 
+
+A ElVOV QL7T0 S'OfJLCtTCCV fic&hSSlV (TlQlXwfeot ’^(V'KOV, 
+
+But however the Deity in all thefe inftances may have been 
+degraded to the regions of darknefs, yet he was the God of 
+light, K.vv-d&r,g ; and fuch was the purport of that name. He 
+was the fame as Apollo, as may be proved from the Cu- 
+nidee at Athens, who were a family fet apart for his fervice. 
+
+K VWI&CU, ysvog A 0 ijwjaw 
+
+Hefychius. The Cunnidai are a family at Athens ; out of which 
+the priefi of Apollo Cunnius is chofen. He ftyles him Apollo 
+Cunnius : but the Cunidai were more properly denominated 
+from Apollo Cunides, the fame as Cun-Ades. Pofeidon was 
+exprefly fly led Cun-Ades ; and he was the fame Deity as 
+Apollo ; only under a different title, as I have fhewn. Kf- 
+
+voi^g II otrsi&ojv A favrjtrip BTiftaro. Hefychius. Pofeidon was 
+worjhiped at Athens under the title of Cun-Ades . 
+
+Though I have endeavoured to fliew, that the term, of 
+
+
+, s£ ov 6 hpsvg Ts K vm*$ A7toXXoovog. 
+
+
+60 Paufanias of Ttenarus. L. 3. p. 275. 
+
+61 -of Troezen. L. 2. p. 183. 
+
+-of Hermione. L. 2. p. 196. 
+
+6} Dionyf. n epir,yn5. v. 791. This temple ftood, according to Diodorus Siculus 
+and Arrian, in the country of the Cimmerians near the Acherulian Cherfonefe. See 
+Scholia to Dionyfius above. 
+
+a which 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+35 1 
+
+
+
+which I have been treating, was greatly mifapplied in being 
+fo uniformly referred to dogs ; yet I do not mean to infinu- 
+ate, that it did not fometimes relate to them. They were 
+diftinguifhed by this facred title, and were held in fome de- 
+
+of 6+ veneration : but how far they were reverenced is 
+not eafy to determine. Herodotus 6s fpeaking of the fandtity 
+of fome animals in Egypt, fays, that the people in every fa¬ 
+mily, where a dog died, fhaved themfelves all over : and he 
+mentions it as a cufiom ftill fubiifting in his own time. 
+Plutarch 67 differs from him. He allows, that thefe animals 
+were at one time efteemed holy ; but it was before the time 
+of Cambyfes : from the sera of his reign they were held in 
+another light : for when this king killed the facred Apis, 
+the dogs fed fo liberally upon his entrails without making a 
+proper diftindtion, that they loft all their fandtity. It is of 
+
+
+little confequence, whichever account be the trueft. 
+
+
+They 
+
+
+were certainly of old looked upon as facred ; and efteemed 
+emblems of the Deity. And it was perhaps with a view to 
+this, and to prevent the Ifraelites retaining any notion of this 
+nature, that a dog was not fuffered to come within the pre- 
+
+
+I11 the Mofai 
+
+
+la 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+cindts of the temple at 67 Terufalem. 
+price of a dog, and the hire of a harlot are put upon the 
+fame level. 68 Thou Jhalt not bring the hire of a r tvhore y or the 
+
+
+64 Oppida tota canem venerantur. Juvenal. Sat. 15. v. 8. 
+Diodorus. L. 1. p. 16. 
+
+65 H.erodotus. L. 2. c. 66. 
+
+60 Plutarch..Ifis et Ofiris. p. 368. 
+
+67 xut'ss was a proverbial exprefilon among the Jews. 
+63 Deuteronomy, c. 23. v. 1$. 
+
+
+
+352 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+# 
+
+» 
+
+price of a dog> into the houfe of the Lord thy God for a?iy vow : 
+for both thefe are an abomination to the Lord thy God. 
+
+To conclude : The Dog in Egypt was undoubtedly called 
+Cahen, and Cohen ; a title by which many other animals 
+and even vegetables were honoured, on account of their being 
+confecrated to fome Deity. The Greeks did not confider, 
+that this was a borrowed appellation, which belonged to the 
+Gods., and their Priefts; and was from them extended to 
+many things held facred. Hence they have continually re- 
+
+
+
+have mi fre prefen ted many curious pieces of hiftory; and a 
+
+number of idle fables have been devifed to the difparagement 
+of all that was true.. 
+
+
+O F 
+
+
+
+(. 353 ) 
+
+
+
+
+O F 
+
+
+G H U S, 
+
+STYLED 
+
+X P T 2 O X, and X P T 2 A £2 P. 
+
+A MONG the different branches of the great Amonian 
+
+family, which fpread themfelves abroad, the fbns of 
+Chus were the moft confiderable; and at the fame time the 
+moft enterprifing. They got accefs into countries widely 
+diftant; where they may be traced under different denomi- 
+nations, but more particularly by their family title. This 
+we might expert; the Greeks to have rendered Chufos, and 
+to have named the people Xvtraiotj Chuhei. But by a fatal 
+mifprifion they uniformly changed thefe terms to words more 
+familiar to their ear, and rendered them X^ycro£, and Xgvcrsioi, 
+as if they had a reference to gold. I have before mentioned 
+the various parts of the world, where the Amonians fettled ; 
+and efpecially this branch of that family. Their moft con¬ 
+fiderable colonies weftward were in Ionia, and Hellas ; and 
+about Cuma, and Liguria in Italy ; and upon the coaft of 
+
+Vol. I. Z z Iberia 
+
+
+354 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+Iberia in Spain. They were likewife to be found in Cyrene ; 
+and hill farther in Mauritania, and in the iflands oppoflte to 
+that coaft. In the north they were to be met with at Col¬ 
+chis, towards the foot of Mount Caucafus, and in moffc re¬ 
+gions upon the coaft of the Euxine fea. In the hiftories of 
+thefe countries the Grecians have conftantly changed Chu- 
+fos, the Gentile name, to Chrufos, Xgv<rog ; and Chus-Or, 
+Chuforus, to Xgvo’oog) Chrufor : and in confequence of this 
+alteration they have introduced in their accounts of thele 
+places fome legend about gold. Hence we read of a golden 
+fleece at Colchis ; golden apples at the Hefperides ; at 1 Tar- 
+teflus a golden cup; and at Cuma in Campania a golden 
+branch : 
+
+Aureus et foliis, et lento vimine, ramus. 
+
+Something flmilar is obfervable in the hiftory of Cyrene. 
+The natives were not remarkable for either mines, or mer- 
+chandife : yet Palasphatus having mentioned that they were 
+za,T& ysvog AiQlqtteQ) Ethiopians by extraction, that is, Cu- 
+
+feans, fubjoins : * E un S'a cnpac^a ^ycro/. Pindar in celebrat¬ 
+ing each happy circumftance of the Infulas Fortunatas men¬ 
+tions, that there were trees with branches of gold : 3 A vOsfACt- 
+$s %gv<r& cpKsysi. The river Phafls in Colchis was fuppofed 
+
+1 In this golden cup Hercules was fuppofed to have palled over the ocean. Xp- 
+treov — S'ziroLz.^ tv J tov cay.tot.vov Sie7TBDct(rev Hpocy Apollodorus. L. 2. p. 100, 
+There was likewife in the fame place a ftory about a golden belt. Philo ftratus. 
+Vita Apollon. L. 5. p. 212. 
+
+Palasphatus,. Edit. Elz. 1642. p. 76. the author would not fay afyofycc 'gtXbgioi^. 
+tut keeps to the ancient term xpvcroi, though it is fcarce fenfe, 
+
+3 Pindar. Olymp. Ode 2. ccvTi^po^^ p. 25. 
+
+7 
+
+
+to 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 355 
+
+to have abounded with gold : and the like was pretended of 
+the Hermus and Padtolus in Ionia. Not only the Poets, but 
+many of the graver 4 hiftorians fpeak of their golden fanas. 
+Yet there is reafon to doubt of the fadt: for not one of them 
+produces any good voucher for what they fuppofe. They 
+do not mention any trade carried on, nor riches accruing 
+from this lucky circumftance : fo that there is no reafon to 
+think, that one grain of gold was gathered from thefe cele¬ 
+brated ftreams. Among the feveral iflands occupied by this 
+people were Rhodes, and Delos. In the former the chief 
+city is faid to have been bleffed with fhowers of gold. 5 
+
+'STOTe Seoov BacnAsus 6 fjLsyctg •fcgvroug vi<pcx,$s<r<n 'WoXiv. 
+
+At Delos every thing was golden, even the flippers of the 
+God. 
+
+& 
+
+6 Xgvfrsct kcli to. 'DTsSiXa, 'GToXwfcgvrog yct.g A 7 T 0 AAWV. 
+
+And this not only in after times, when the ifland was en¬ 
+riched with offerings from different nations, but even at the 
+birth of the God ; by which is meant the foundation of his 
+temple, and introdudtion of his rites. 
+
+
+4 ’5Lpvcro(pogtiG’i cT v ’ ex t » K ocjxccctb 'sroAAou 'zcrwyou cctpctves. Appian. de Bello 
+
+Mithridat. p. 242. Salauces, an ancient king of Colchis, was faid to have abounded 
+with gold. Pliny. L. 33. c. 15. p. 614. Arrian fuppofes that they put fleeces 
+into the rivers to intercept {^fiy/xac cupctves) this imperceptible mineral •, and that 
+from hence arofe the fable of the Golden Fleece. 
+
+5 Pindar. Olymp. Ode 7. p. 64. 
+
+6 Callimachus. Hymn to Apollo, v. 34. 
+
+In like manner there was a fliower of gold at Thebes in Bceotia. Pindar fpeaks 
+of Jupiter Xputrw fAeaorvxrioyvi^ovToc. Ifthm. Ode 7. p. 476. 
+
+
+
+Z z 2 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+7 Xgv(rsot roi tots 'umvroi SepeiMct yeivctTo , Ariks, 
+
+Xgvvcc S's Tgoy£0£<r<rcc r UTOLvr\^Legog sppss kifjivr), 
+
+Xgv<rsiov S' ezofjutrrs ysvsOkiov sgvog skout]g, 
+
+Xgvtrw Sz 'ur7\Y\[JLfjLVge fictflvg Ivooffog skiy^sig, 
+
+Avtv <5s yjgvvoio cc7r xSsog iikso 'Zzra/Ja, 
+
+Ev <T sEoiksv %oX7roi<riv. 
+
+We find, that the very foil and foundations of the ifiand 
+were golden : the lake floated with golden waves : the olive 
+tree vegetated with golden fruit : and the river Inopus, deep 
+as it was, fwelled with gold. Homer in a Hymn to the fame 
+perfonage reprefents the whole more compendioufly by fay¬ 
+ing, that the ifland was weighed down with treafure : 
+
+* Xgv<ru) <T ago, At]hog oL7roL<m 
+
+B z^giQzi. 
+
+« 
+
+I have before mentioned, that the Amonians fettled in Li¬ 
+guria : and in confequence of it the Heliadce are reprefented 
+as weeping not only amber, but gold. Philoftratus, fpeak- 
+ing of a particular fpecies of fir-trees in Baetica, fays, that 
+they dropped blood, juft as the Heliadze upon the Padus did 
+
+
+7 Callim. Hymn to Delos, v. 260. 
+
+^ _ 
+
+Homer. Hymn to Apollo, v. 135. 
+
+9 lleuxyis eiYob erepcv 9 P\.ei€ecrBau di/xo&Tt^ xccBoc7r£g tw ^pvTto nrnv r HA iccScc cci- 
+
+yeigov. Philoftratus. L. 5. p. 211. ypfchylus mentions the Arimafpians as living 
+upon a golden ft ream * 
+
+Ol %'gUCTGppUTQU 
+
+Oixxcriv upapi vccy.cc HAbtwos 'arapa. Prometheus, p. 49. 
+
+
+Chus 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+357 
+
+
+Chus by the Egyptians and Canaanites was ftyled Or- 
+
+
+
+Chus, and 10 Chus-Or ; the latter of which was exprefied 
+by the Greeks, analogous to the examples above, X^vcroog, 
+Chrufor : and we learn in Eufebius from Philo, that Chru- 
+for was one of the principal Deities of the Phenicians, a 
+reat benefactor to mankind ; and by fome fuppofed to have 
+been the fame as Hephaftus. Both the Tyrians and Sido- 
+nians were undoubtedly a mixed race ; and preferved the 
+memory of Ham, and Chus, equally with that of Canaan. 
+
+This name fo often rendered Chrufos, and Chrufor, was 
+fometimes changed toXgvcr&odg, Chrufaor; and occurs in many 
+places, where the Cuthites were known to have fettled. We 
+have been fhewn, that they were a long time in Egypt ; and 
+we read of a Chrufaor in thofe parts, who is faid to have arifen 
+from the blood of Medufa. 
+
+
+11 E§£$o££ Xgvtraug ts ^eyag, kou Hr\ya(rog Itwos, 
+
+We meet with the fame Chrufaor in the regions of Alia Minor, 
+efpecially among the Carians. In thefe parts he was parti¬ 
+cularly worfhiped, and faid to have been the firft deified mor¬ 
+tal. The great Divan of that nation was called Chrufaorium; 
+and there was a city 11 Chrufoaris ; and a temple of the fame 
+
+
+ro Hence the celebrated city in Egypt had the name of Cerchufora. Some traces 
+of Orcus may be found in Zeus Hircius, and Orcius, mentioned by Paufanias. L. 5. 
+p. 442. He fuppofes the name to be from opKos, an oath, and mentions a legend 
+to that purpofe. 
+
+11 Hefiod. Theog. v. 281. 
+
+11 'XgvcrccogiSj 'izroXis K a.gict$ • ■ ■ E/rcg(pgoJ;TOS JV t yip r uiai<ja.v veto pi S'a A eyeaOxt 
+
+($w/). Steph. Byzant. 
+
+
+name* 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+name. 
+
+
+1 3 
+
+
+Eyyvg h ir\s 'sroXewg to th X^vrotogecos A iog koivov 
+
+'OWOLVTMV KCtgUVy SIS 0 C TVVIOUTI &VTOLVTZS TS KOLl fixXSVTCtfJLeVOl. 
+
+This city was properly called Chus-Or; and built in memory 
+of the fame perfon, as the city Chufora, called alio 14 Cer- 
+chufora, in Egypt. It was undoubtedly founded by fome of 
+the fame family, who in aftertimes worfhiped their chief an- 
+ceflor; as the Sidonians and Syrians did likewife. For this 
+we have the teftimony of Sanchoniathon ; who having men¬ 
+tioned the various benefits bellowed upon mankind by Chru- 
+faor, fays at the conclufion, 15 A io mi cog §sov olvtov [jlstcl 3-cc- 
+
+vcirov ecrs£ct(r@Y}<rctv‘ For which reafo7i after his death they wor- 
+floiped him as a God. The firfl king of Iberia was named 
+Chrufaor, the reputed father of 16 Geryon ; and he is faid to 
+have been ttroAuv^ycros, a perfon of great wealth : all which is 
+an Egyptian hifiory transferred from the Nile to the Boetis. 
+
+*_ 7 Xgvcrctwg <T BTSKS TgimgYlVOV E Y)gVOPy\CLi 
+
+Miyfeig KaAA^oij Ki$gY\ EIkzclvoiq. 
+
+
+Geryon of Spain was, according to this mythology of the Poet, 
+the fon of Chrufaor ; and Chrufaor was confefledly of Egyp¬ 
+tian original: fo that whatever the fable may allude to, it 
+mull have been imported into Bcetica from Egypt by fome 
+
+
+15 Strabo. L. 14. p. 975. Zeus was a title conferred upon more than one of the 
+family. 
+
+14 Herodotus. L. 2. c. 15. Alfo c. 17. and 97. called by Strabo K epxetrvpx. 
+L. 17. p. 1160. 
+
+* 5 Sanchoniathon apud Eufeb. Prasp. Evang. L. 1. p. 35. 
+
+16 Diodorus Sic. E. 4. p. 224. 
+
+17 Heiiod. Theog. v. 287. 
+
+Tpicr&f/.ccTOv (3oTnp* E'p’jftetoc.s. Euripides. Hercules Furens. v. 4 2 3 * 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 359 
+
+* 
+
+of the Tons of Chus. The Grecians borrowed this term, and 
+applied it to Apollo ; and from this epithet, Chrufaor, he 
+was denominated the God of the golden fword. Homer ac¬ 
+cordingly ftyles him 18 A 7 ToAA&y oc Xgvrctogoi. : and fpeaking of 
+
+Apollo’s infancy he fays, 19 Oy<T ctg AftQhXMOL XgvroLogct §v\<rouro 
+fjLYjTYjg : and Diana is termed ao AvromnyvKirri Xgvrotogog A7roA- 
+A cavog. 
+
+This title cannot pohibly relate to the implement fuppofed: 
+for it would be idle to ftyle an infant the God of the golden 
+fword. It was a weapon, which at not time was afcribed to 
+him : nor do I believe, that he is ever reprefented with one 
+either upon a gem, or a marble. He is defcribed as wifhing 
+for a harp, and for a bow. 
+
+Ehj pot KiQoigig re <piXri, mi m^vKa roja. 
+
+% 
+
+And his mother is faid to have been pleafed that the pro¬ 
+duced him to the world an archer: 
+
+** Xcuge Se Ajyrw, 
+
+'Ovvem ro^o(po^ov mi mgregov viov enzrev. 
+
+Thefe habiliments are often fpecified : but I do not recollect 
+any mention made of a fword, nor was the term Chrufaor of 
+Grecian etymology. 
+
+Since then we may be allured that Chus was the perfon al- 
+
+Homer. Iliad. O. v. 256. 
+
+19 Homer. Hymn to Apollo, v. 123. 
+
+“° Second Hymn to Diana, v. 3. 
+
+Perfeus is ftyled 'Kpva-cc.opos in Orpheus de Lapid. c. 15. v. 41* 
+
+Homer. Hymn to Apollo, v. 131. 
+
+2,1 Ibid. v. 126. 
+
+
+luded 
+
+
+
+366 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+luded to under the name of Chrufos, Chrufor, and Chrufaor; 
+we need not wonder that his fubftitute Apollo is fo often, 
+fly led XgvcroxofjLris, and XgvcroXvgog : that the harp, called by 
+the Amonians 23 Chan-Or, and Cuth-Or, from the fuppoled 
+inventor, fhould by the Grecians be denominated XgiiFsot cpog- 
+
+(Jjyz; 24 At roKKavog : that fo many cities, where Apollo was par¬ 
+ticularly worfhiped, fhould be called Chrufe, and Chrufo- 
+polis ; the number of which was of no fmall 25 amount. Nor 
+is this obfervable in cities only, but in rivers, which were 
+named in the fame manner. For it was ufual in the firft ages 
+to confecrate rivers to Deities, and to call them after their 
+names. Hence many were denominated from Chuforus, 
+which by the Greeks was changed to Xgvtroppocig ; and from 
+
+gold. The 
+
+Nile was called Chruforrhoas ' 6 , which had no pretenlions to 
+gold : and there was a river of this name at 27 Damafcus. 
+Others too might be produced, none of which had any claim 
+to that mineral. There was a ftream Chruforroas near the 
+Amazonian city Themifcura in aS Pontus : and the river Pac- 
+tolus was of old fo called, whence probably came the notion 
+
+
+this miftake they were fuppofed to abound with 
+
+
+Apollo was reprefented as the author of the lyre, called among the oriental 
+nations Kinor, and Cuthar: from the latter of which came x/ 0 ocpi ? 9 and cithara in 
+the weft. 
+
+Pindar, Pyth. Ode i. 
+
+2,5 Xpucrtf, ii <zco\is ry A/roAAttj'cs eTyus —xccl AecrCiccs tottos * jc cli Tlccvn- 
+
+$'CCiq*l<X A )1 fJLVS CCX-pCOTVOlOV 5 CCCl SV B< 0 LTiC& 5 XCil 'VTZOl XctA Xn^OVCt, KO&l TVS KctglQLS* 
+
+Tccci &v ty) 'A?ux&pvcccri'^i /Xoopiov 'zzrzJ'iov' zv 'fc/WnaTTovTcp' xcti aAA/j Xeppo- 
+
+v/icros T375 h’S'ixvs' zv cT5 T/i BKTos Vary# Iv^iTcv. Stephanus Byzant. 
+
+Cedrcnus. p. 12. 
+
+2,7 Strabo. L. 16. p. 1095. 
+
+* 8 Hoffman Lexic. 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+
+•The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 361 
+
+of its abounding with gold. 29 HaKraXog nrorapLog s?i rrig Av- 
+
+dictg - skoAsito <5s nrgoTsgov Xgvcroppoag. It was named Chru- 
+
+forrhoas firft, and in aftertimes Padtolus : whence we may 
+conclude in refpedt to gold, that the name was not given on 
+account of any fuch circumftance ; but the notion was in¬ 
+ferred from the name. 
+
+It is apparent that this repeated miftake arofe in great mea- 
+fure from the term Chufus and Chrufus being limilar: 
+whence the latter was ealily convertible into the former j 
+which to the Grecians appeared a more intelligible, and at 
+the fame time a more fplendid, title. But there was Bill 
+another obvious reafon for this change. Chus was by many 
+of the eaftern nations expreffed Cuth ; and his pofterity the 
+Cuthim. This term in the ancient Chaldaic, and other 
+Amonian languages, lignified 30 gold : hence many cities and 
+countries, where the Cuthites fettled, were defcribed as 
+golden, and were reprefented by the terms Chrufos and 
+Chrufe. Thefe, as I have fhewn, had no relation to gold, 
+but to Ghus, who was reverenced as the Sun, or Apollo; 
+and was looked upon as Dionufus ; but may more truly be 
+efteemed Bacchus. Hence, when the poet Dionylius men¬ 
+tions the ifland Chrufe in 31 India, his commentator obferves ; 
+XgvvY) vYjcrog, Xsyo[asm 4 rcag, Y) ha to cpsgsiv, i) Kara rov 
+
+19 Plutarch de fiuminibus. p. 1151. The original name was Chrufaor, which 
+had no relation to a golden ftream : at leaft that part of it was fo named which ran 
+
+through the city Maftaura. See Stephanus Byzant. Ma^-awca. 
+
+30 EDrO of the Hebrews. 
+
+31 Dionylius r nrefwy> js. v. 589. Scholia ibidem. 
+
+
+VOL. I. 
+
+
+A a a 
+
+
+Aiovvcrov' 
+
+
+
+362 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology 
+
+
+Aiovvrov' and at laft concludes, 3 * Xpv(T8$ sipcu '&rug $ozst 
+
+
+j]A log. 
+
+
+Egypt 
+
+
+former diflertation concerning the Shepherd Kings in 
+I have fhewn that they were the fons of Chus, who 
+came into that country under the title of Auritas. They fet¬ 
+tled in a province named from them Cufhan, which was 
+the upper part of Delta 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+after times called Nomos 
+
+
+Arabicus 
+
+
+was in the vicinity of Memphis, and Aphrodi 
+
+
+polis, which places they likewife 
+
+
+33 
+
+
+pied 
+
+
+♦ 
+
+have men 
+
+
+If 
+
+
+tioned that Chufos was often expreffed Chrufos, and the 
+country of the Cuthim rendered the golden country, 
+then there be that uniformity in errour which I maintain 
+may be expe&ed that in the hiftory of thefe plac 
+
+
+there 
+
+
+fhould be fome reference to gold 
+this part of Egypt, conformably 
+
+
+remarkable that all 
+what I have faid, was 
+
+
+chlled Xgvcrv, Chrufe. Here was the campus aureus, and 
+Aphrodite Aurea of the Romans : and all the country about 
+
+Memphis was ftyled golden 
+
+
+To this Diodorus 
+
+
+among 
+
+
+others, bears witnefs : 34 Tijy rs AQgohrw ovopage&cu 'sr-agct 
+
+Toiq sy^oogioig Xgv(TY)V EK IIAAAIA2 ITAPAA02Ef2£, kcll 
+
+stvou naAspLsvov X%v<rr\g A<p£0<3mj? 'srsgi rw 
+M eucpiV' When the Cuthite fhepherds came into Egypt 
+
+
+34 The ancients, as I have before obferved, were not confiftent in their theology. 
+The Sun was properly Cham, ftyled alio Orus; bur* as a title* was beftowed upon 
+
+more perfons than one. 
+
+33 Jofephus of Salatis, the firft: Shepherd King 5 c Quros ev t]i Mef/.cpiS't xctreyive'ia. 
+Contra Apion. L. 1. §. 14. 
+
+
+34 Diodorus Sic. L. i< p* 88. 
+
+
+they 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+
+Tj&e Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+made Memphis tj^e feat of royal 35 refidence: and hard 
+by was ihe pome of Aphrodite, and the Arabian nome, 
+.which they particularly po Hefted : and which in confequence 
+of it yyere feoth ftyled the regions of the Cuthim. Hence 
+came the tide of ?6 Aphrodite Chrufe: and hence the coun¬ 
+try had the name o.f the Golden diftridt. The ifland at the 
+point of Delta, where <ftood the city Cercufora, is called 
+Gieferat 37 Eddahib, or the Golden liland, at this day. Dio¬ 
+dorus mentions, that this appellation of Chrufe was derived 
+from a very evident tradition. This tradition undoubtedly 
+related to the Ihepherds, thofe fons of Chus, who were fo 
+long in pofteflion of the country ; and whofe hiftory was of 
+the higheft antiquity. 
+
+4 
+
+The Cuthites in the weft occupied only feme particular 
+fpots : but from Babylonia eaftward the greateft part of that, 
+extenlive fea-coaft feems to have been in their pofteftion. 
+In the hiftory of thefe parts there is often feme allufton to 
+gold, as may be feen in the ifland Chrufe, above mentioned ; 
+and in the Cherfonefus Aurea, which lay beyond the Ganges: 
+and not only of gold, but fometimes a reference to brais ; and 
+this from a ftmilar miftake. For as Chufus was changed to 
+Chrufus, X^ucros, gold ; fo was Cal-Chus, the hill, or place 
+of Chus, converted to Chalcus, X&A/C 0 £, brafs. Colchis was 
+properly Col-Chus ; and therefore called alfo Cuta, and Cu- 
+
+
+
+35 Jofephus contra Apion. L. i. c. 14. 
+
+36 Juflin Martyr mentions this : E yvea yc&o xai t ?}&•-$ Xai/fw ApaoJVrtts ev Aiyv 7 r- 
+Ty Xeyoy^vov^ -kcli 'z&e^tov Xpuyjjs A(pgoaiTns evoycc^oysyoi'. Cohort, p* 28. Chrufe 
+Aphrodite is plainly the Cuthite Venus *, the Deity of the Cuthim. 
+
+37 Pocock’s and Norden’s Travels, and maps of the country about Cairo. 
+
+A a 2 
+
+
+tala. 
+
+
+
+364 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+♦ 
+
+rendered 
+
+Chalcion, XaA tciov, gave rife to the fable of brazen bulls ; 
+which were only Colchic Tor, or towers. There was a re¬ 
+gion named Colchis in 38 India : for where the Cuthites fet¬ 
+tled, they continually kept up the memory of their fore- 
+
+their names. This being a fe- 
+cret to Philoftratus has led him into a deal of myfterious er- 
+rour. It is well known, that this people were flyled Oreitse, 
+and Auritae, both in Egypt and in other parts'. Philoftratus 
+fays that 39 Apollonius came to a fettlement of the Oreitse 
+
+4 
+
+upon the Indian Ocean. He alfo vifited the Pegadae ; and, 
+what is remarkable, he met with a people, whofe very rocks 
+were brazen ; their fand was brazen : the rivers conveyed 
+down their ftreams line filaments of brafs : and the natives 
+efteemed their land golden on account of the plenty of brafs. 
+Now what is this detail, but an abufe of terms, ill under- 
+ftood, and fhamefully mifapplied ? Philoftratus had heard 
+of a region in India ; the hiftory of which he would fain ren¬ 
+der marvellous. The country, whither Apollonius is fup- 
+pofed to go, was a province of the Indo-Cuthites, who were 
+to be met with in various parts under the title of Oreitae. 
+They were worfhipers of fire, and came originally from the 
+land of Ur ; and hence had that name. The Pegadse of the 
+
+38 Colchis near Comar. Arrian Periplus maris Erythrsei. Geog. Vet. Vol. i. 
+P- 33 - 
+
+39 Kqst <x.<r%€tv cTe (petal kcci es Thiyccfa.-, tcov Oobitcov x&paLS. 'Otfe f IcetTact, 
+
+fj.Bu ccvtols cci 'ujst petty S'B ^etptyioSy cf's ^pvyptct oi 'VjoTctfjLOi 
+
+ccyio-t. XpuG-iTiv iyevTou rnv yyv J\ct tw evyeveixv Philoftratus. Vita 
+
+Apollon. L. 3. p. 155, 
+
+
+fathers, and called places by 
+
+
+taia. But what was Colchian being fometimes 
+
+
+country 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+
+3&5 
+
+
+country 
+
+
+what we now call Pagodas ; and which 
+
+
+• r 
+
+
+well known to need defcribing. There were in this part of 
+the world feveral cities, and temples, dedicated to the me 
+mory of Chus. Some of thefe are famous at this day, though 
+denominated after the Babylonifh dialedt Cutha, and Cuta ; 
+witnefs Calcutta, and Calecut. The latter feems to have 
+been the capital of the region called of old Colchis. This 
+was more truly expreffed Cal-Chus ; which Philoftratus has 
+miftaken for XaA^o?, brafs; and made the very 40 rocks and 
+rivers abound with that mineral. And yet, that the old 
+miftake about gold may not be omitted, he concludes with a 
+ftrange antithefis, by faying, that the natives efteemed their 
+country Chrufitis, or golden, from the quantity of 41 brafs. 
+
+It has been my endeavour to prove that what the Grecians 
+reprefented by Chrufos, Chrufor, and Chrufaor, fhould have 
+been expreffed Chus, Chufos, and Chufor, called alfo Chus- 
+Orus. 
+
+
+Chus was the fon of Ham ; and though the names 
+of the Grecian Deities are not uniformly appropriated, yet 
+Ham is generally looked upon as 'H/\jo£, the Sun ; and had 
+the title Dis, and Dios : hence the city of Amon in Egypt 
+was rendered Diofpolis. If then Chrufos, and Chrufor, be, 
+as I have fuppofed, Chus; the perfon fo denominated muft 
+have been, according to the more ancient mythology, the 
+fon of Helius, and Dios. We find accordingly that it was fo.. 
+The Scholiaft upon Pindar exprefiy fays, 42 A log 'urctig 6 Xgvtrog. 
+And in another place he is faid to have been the offspring of 
+
+
+4 ° 
+
+
+41 
+
+
+4 ~- 
+
+
+The Petra and Pagoda were the fame: both names for temples,. 
+
+This miftake arofe from Cal-Chus beino; ftvled the region of the Cuthim 
+
+%—J * LJ 
+
+Scholia upon Pindar. Pyth..Ode 4. p. 259. 
+
+
+Helios, 
+
+
+
+g66 The Analysis op Ancient Mythology* 
+
+* 
+
+Helios, who was no other than Cham. A3 Hk ^@siolc jcgu '*$?[&. 
+
+
+giovos 'HA;o£, e/c tJs 'HAiB o 'Xgvros. -Magic and incantations 
+are attributedto Chus, as the inventor j and they-were certain¬ 
+
+
+ly firfl pradtifed among his Tons : hence 
+
+
+faid by Sanpho 
+
+
+niathon, , - 44 ‘ Toy Xgvcwg Koyas ar/cyjtrcu tcou erafe, /ecu fAcu/Te/oeg. 
+He was however efteemed a great benefa&or; and many Ta- 
+lutary inventions were aferibed to him. He had particularly 
+the credit of being the firft, who ventured upon the Teas i 
+
+this can be 
+es Tull well 
+
+
+H gctrroii re isravreav oep^urm '&r-tevr&/. Whether 
+Taid truly of Chus himTelf, is uncertain: it agr 
+
+
+with the hiftory of his Tons j who, as we have the greatell re 
+fon to be allured, were the firli great navigators in the world 
+
+
+41 Scholia upon Pindar. Ifth. Ode 5. p. 462. 
+
+** Sanchoniachon. apud Eufeb. Pi:a?p. Evang. L. 1. c.. 10. p. 35, 
++J Sanchoniath. ibid. 
+
+
+O F 
+
+
+
+( 3 6 7 ) 
+
+
+
+O F 
+
+CANAAN, C NAAN, and X N A S : 
+
+9 
+
+And of the Derivative KTKNOS. 
+
+
+L UCIAN tells us, that reflecting upon the account given- 
+
+of Phaethon, who fell thunderftruck into the Eridanus, 
+
+
+and of his lifters, who were changed to poplars, weeping 
+
+amber, he took a refolution, if he Ihould ever be near the 
+
+■ 
+
+4 
+
+fcene of thefe wonderful transitions, to inquire among the 
+natives concerning the truth of the 1 ftory. It fo happened, 
+that, at a certain time, he was obliged to go up the river 
+above mentioned : and he fays, that he looked about very 
+willfully; yet to his great amazement he faw neither amber, 
+nor poplar. Upon this he took the liberty to afk the people, 
+who rowed him, when he fhould arrive at the amber-drop¬ 
+ping trees: but it was with fome difficulty that he could 
+make them underhand, what he "meant. Pie then explained 
+to them the ftory of Phaethon : how he borrowed the chariot 
+of the Sun; and being an awkward charioteer, tumbled 
+headlong into the Eridanus : that his ftfters pined away with 
+grief; and at laft were transformed to trees, the fame of 
+
+
+r Lucian, de Ele&ro. Yol. 2. p. 523. Edit. Salmurii. 
+
+* 
+
+
+which 
+
+
+*68 
+
+
+
+
+“The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+which he had juft fpoken : and he allured them, that thefe 
+trees were to be found fomewhere upon the banks, weeping 
+amber. Who the. deuce, fays one of the boatmen, could 
+tell you fuch an idle ftory ? We never heard of any chario¬ 
+teer tumbling into the river; nor have we, that I know of, 
+a Ungle poplar in the country. If there were any trees 
+hereabouts dropping amber, do you think, mailer, that we 
+
+would fit here day after day, tugging againft the ftream for 
+
+» % 
+
+a dry groat, when we might ftep afhore, and make our for¬ 
+tunes fo eafily ? This affedted Lucian a good deal : for he 
+had formed fome hopes of obtaining a little of this precious 
+commodity ; and began to think that he muft have been im- 
+pofed upon. However as Cycnus, the brother of Phaethon, 
+was here changed to a fwan, he took it for granted that he 
+fhould find a number of thofe birds, failing up and down 
+the ftream, and making the groves echo with their melody. 
+But not perceiving any in a great fpace, he took the liberty, 
+as he paiLed onward, to put the queftion again to the boat¬ 
+men; and to make enquiry about thefe birds. Pray, gentle¬ 
+men, fays he, at what particular feafon is it that your fwans 
+hereabouts ling fo fweetly ? It is faid, that they were for¬ 
+
+
+merly men, and always at Apollo’s fide 
+
+
+being 
+
+
+in a manner 
+
+
+of his privy council. Their fkill in mulick muft have been 
+very great: and though they have been changed into birds, 
+they retain that faculty, and, I am told, ling mo ft melodi- 
+oufly. The watermen could not help fmiling at this account. 
+Why, fir, fays one of them, what ftrange ftories you havQ 
+picked up about our country, and this river ? We have plied 
+here, men and boys, for years : and to be fure we cannot fay* 
+
+thaf 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+3 6 9 
+
+that we never faw a fwan : there are fome here and there to¬ 
+wards the fens ; which make a low dull noife : but as for any 
+harmony, a rook or a jackdaw in comparifon of them may 
+be looked upon as a nightingale. 
+
+Such are the witty ftridiures of Lucian upon the ftory of 
+Phaethon, and Cycnus, as defcribed by the poets. What¬ 
+ever may have been the grounds upon which this fiction is 
+founded, they were certainly unknown to the Greeks ; who 
+have mifinterpreted what little came to their hands, and 
+from fuch mifconffcrudtion devifed thefe fables. The flory, 
+as we have it, is not uniformly told. Some, like Lucian, 
+fpeak of fwans in the plural; and fuppofe them to have been 
+the minifters, and attendants of Apollo, who aflifted at his 
+concerts. Others mention one perfon only, called Cycnus ; 
+who was the reputed brother of Phaethon, and at his death 
+was transformed to the bird of that name. The fable is the 
+fame whichever way it may be related, and the purport of it 
+is likewife the fame. There is one miftake in the ftory, 
+which I muft fet right before I proceed; as it may be of fome 
+confequence in the procefs of my enquiry. Phaethon is re- 
+prefented by many of the poets as the offspring of the Sun, 
+or Apollo : a Sole fatus Phaethon. But this was a miftake, 
+and to be found chiefly among the Roman poets. Phaethon 
+was the Sun. It was a title of Apollo ; and was given to 
+him as the God of light. This is manifeft from the tefti- 
+
+O 
+
+mony of the more early Greek poets, and particularly from 
+Homer, who ufes it in this acceptation. 
+
+2 Ovid. Metamorph. L. i. v. 751. 
+
+B b b 
+
+
+VOL. I, 
+
+
+O vdsTTOT 
+
+
+
+37° 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology 
+
+
+3 OvSS7T0T O.VT3S 
+HsXlO$ ®0L$@00V SWlfeglteTOU OMTlVS<r(TlV . 
+
+In refpe£t to Cycnus and his brotherhood, thofe vocal mi- 
+nifters of Apollo, the ftory, which is told of them, undoubt¬ 
+edly alludes to Canaan the fon of Ham ; and to the Canaan- 
+ites his pofterity. They fent out many colonies ; which co¬ 
+lonies, there is great reafon to think, fettled in thofe places, 
+where thefe legends about fwans particularly prevailed. The 
+name of Canaan was by different nations greatly varied, and 
+ill exprefled: and this mifconftruAion among the Greeks 
+gave rife to the fable. To Aiew this it will be proper to 
+give an account of the rites and cuftoms of the Canaanites, 
+as well as of their extenflve traffick. Among the many 
+branches of the Amonian family, which fettled in various 
+parts of the world, and carried on an early correfpondence, 
+the Canaanites were not the leaft refpetflable. They traded 
+from Sidon chiefly, before that city was taken by the king of 
+Afcalon : and upon their commerce being interrupted here. 
+
+
+3 Homer. Odyfil L. A. v. 15. Phaethon was univerfally allowed to be the Sun 
+by the ancient mythologifts of Greece •, to whom we muft appeal, and not to the 
+Roman poets. Orpheus fays, 
+
+HeA/oy dovrcc tty upfj.cccn 'zetcoAoj ocysGi. de Lapid. v. 90, 
+
+And in another place \ 
+
+Eu0u$ ot sx, ‘megctToov yccws <f 'cteQcov ccropB(rcov , seA. 
+
+Phaethon was the fame as Phanes : and. there is fomething very myftefious in his 
+chara<£ter. He is reprefented as the fi'rft-born of heaven : FlpcoToyovos Ts-spi- 
+
+ft»y~eo$ H mos . Hunc ait (Orpheus) elfe omnium Deorum parentem ; quorum 
+caufa coelum condiderit, liberifque profpexerit, ut haberent habitaculum, fedemque 
+communem : ExTicrev A§ccvcctql$ S'ofAov aqfiiTQV* LacStantius de falfa religione*. 
+Li* 1* c. p. 1^. 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 371 
+
+they * removed it to the ftrong hold of Tyre. This place 
+was foon improved to a mighty city, which was very memo¬ 
+rable in its day. The Canaanites, as they were a lifter tribe 
+of the Mizraim, fo were they extremely like them in their 
+rites and religion. They held a heifer, or cow, in higfi 
+veneration, agreeably to the 5 cuftoms of Egypt. Their 
+chief Deity was the Sun, whom they worfhiped together 
+with the Baalim, under the titles of Ourchol, Adonis, Tha- 
+muz. It was a cuftom among the Grecians at the celebra¬ 
+tion of their religious feftivals to crown the whole with 
+hymns of praife, and the mod; joyful exclamations. But the 
+Egyptians were of a gloomy turn of mind, which infedted 
+the whole of their worfhip. Their hymns were always com- 
+pofed in melancholy affecting airs, and conflfted of lamen¬ 
+tations for the lofs of Oliris, the myftic flight of Bacchus, 
+the wanderings of Ifis, and the fufferings of the Gods. Apu- 
+leius takes notice of this difference in the rites and worfhip 
+of the two nations : 6 iEgyptiaca numinum fana plena plan- 
+goribus: Graeca plerumque choreis. Hence the author of 
+the Orphic Argonautica, {peaking of the initiations in Egypt, 
+mentions, 
+
+7 0£i)j&£ T* Aiyv7rTiwv, KOLi Ongidos hgcc yv tKcc. 
+
+The Canaanites at Byblus, Berytus, Sidon, and afterwards at 
+
+4 Phcenices paft multos deinde annos, a Rege Afcaloniorum expugnati 9 navibus 
+appulfi, Tyron urbem ante annum Trojanas cladis condiderunt. Juftin. L. 18. c. 3. 
+See Ifaiah. c. 23. v. 12. They enlarged Tyre: but it was a city before: for it is 
+mentioned Jolhua. c. 19* v, 29. as the ftrong city Tyre. 
+
+5 Porphyry de Abftinentia. L. 2. p. 158. 
+
+6 Apuleius de genio Socratis. 
+
+? Argonautica. v. 32. See dementis Cohortatio. p. 12. 
+
+B b b 2 
+
+
+Tyre, 
+
+
+
+37 2 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Tyre, ufed particularly mournful dirges for the lofs of 
+Adonis, or Thamuz ; who was the fame as Thamas, and 
+Oliris in Egypt. The Cretans had the like mournful hymns, 
+in which they commemorated the grief of Apollo for the 
+lofs of Atymnius. 
+
+
+S A I'KlVCL fJLSXTSlVy 
+
+c Oict 'UTtt.gct. KgY)T£<r<riv shiyouvsv A 7rtfkK®v, 
+
+
+
+
+k 
+
+
+OiKgVJ/EMV BgOLTZIVOV ATVfJLVIOV 
+
+
+They fang in fweet, but melancholy, ftrains. 
+Such as were warbled by the Delian God, 
+When in the Woods of Ida he bewailed 
+The lovely loft Atymnius. 
+
+
+The meafures and harmony of the Canaanites feem to have 
+been very affecting, and to have made a wonderful impreffion 
+on the minds of their audience. The infectious mode of 
+worfhip prevailed fo far, that the children of Ifrael were for¬ 
+bidden to weep, and make lamentation upon a feftival : 
+
+9 ~Eivou ya.g iogTW, koli pr) Seiv s.v olvty j 3 ycng e^sivcu. 
+
+And Nehemiah gives the people a caution to the lame pur- 
+pofe : 10 ‘This day is holy u?ito the Lord your God: mourn not , 
+nor weep. And Efdras counfels them in the fame manner : 
+11 This day is holy u?ito the Lord : be not for rowful. It is like- 
+wife in another place mentioned, that IS the Levites filled all 
+the people , faying , Hold your peace , for the day is holy : neither 
+
+
+8 Nonni Dionyllaca. L. ig.,p. 520.. 
+
+9 Jofeph. Antiq. L. 11. c. 5. p. 562, 
+” Nehemiah. c. 8.. v. g. 
+
+" 1 Efdras. c. g. v. 52, 53^. 
+
+11 Nehemiah. c. 8, v. 11. 
+
+
+be 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+373 
+
+
+be ye grieved. Such was the prohibition given to the IfraeX- 
+ites : but among the Canaanites this fhew of forrow was en¬ 
+couraged, and made part of their 13 rites. 
+
+The father of this people is reprefented in the Mofa'ic hif- 
+tory, according to our verlion, Canaan : but there is reafon 
+to think that by the Egyptians and other neighbouring na¬ 
+tions it was exprelfed Cnaan. This by the Greeks was ren¬ 
+dered XvoLOLg, and Xvccg ; and in later times Xvct-, Cna. 14 Xi/«, 
+BTcag y\ $>oivuLY} skcxXeito —to sSvikov XvcLog. We are told by 
+Philo from Sanchoniathon, that 15 Ifiris the Egyptian, who 
+found out three letters, was the brother of Cna : by which 
+is meant that Mizraim was the brother of Canaan. I have 
+taken notice more than once of a particular term, Tz, Uc ; 
+which has been paffed over unnoticed by moft writers : yet 
+is to be found in the compolition of many words ; efpecially 
+fuch as are of Amonian original. The tribe of Cufh was 
+ftyled by Manethon, before the paflage was depraved, 
+
+(Tog. Uch, fays this author, in the facred language of Egypt 
+lignifies a 16 king. Hence it was conferred as a title upon 
+the God Sehor, who, as we may infer from Manethon and 
+I7 Hellanicus, was called Ucfiris, and Icliris; but by the later 
+
+
+n Sanchoniathon alludes to the fongs of Canaan, and their great fweetnefs* 
+when he is in an allegorical manner fpeaking of Sidon *, whom he makes a perfon, 
+and the inventrefs of harmony. A iro 11cm yivzrcci ji iccl& UTrepSo^w 
+
+$u(pcovicc5 r z&‘gct)7Yi vfjcvov ivotv . Apud Eufeb. P. E.. Lib. I. C. IO. P- 3 s - 
+
+
+14 
+
+X S 
+
+j6 
+
+
+Stephanus Byzant. 
+
+Sanchoniathon apud Eufeb. L. i. c. io. p. 39. 
+
+T^. JtaQ’ isoccv yAcoacrav (BcariKsct avfjcoum. Jofephus contra. Apion. L. 1. c. 
+
+
+
+p. 445. 
+
+17 Ofiris, Ycrtpis , according to Hellanicus. Plutarch de Iilde et Ofiride. 
+
+
+Greeks 
+
+
+
+374 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Greeks the name was altered 
+
+
+Jfiris and Ofiris. And 
+
+; but G 
+
+
+1 y the God Sehor, or Sehoris was fo exprefled ; 
+
+Canaan, had the fame title, and was ftyled Uc-Cnas, and 
+
+
+the Gentile name or po/fedive was Uc- 
+eQviKOV yctp 'Kvocog, as we learn from Steph 
+
+
+Tn-iCVOLog : to 
+The Greeks, 
+
+
+whofe cuftom it was to reduce every foreign name to fome- 
+thing fimilar in their own language, changed T kkvcloq to 
+
+K VKveiog, Uc Cnaus to Cucneus ; and from -T# Kvccg formed 
+'K.VKVog. Some traces of this word ftill remain, though almoft 
+effaced ; and may be obferved in the name of the Goddefs 
+Ichnaia. Inftead of Uc-Cnaan the fon of Ham, the Greeks 
+have fubftituted this perfonage in the feminine, whom they 
+have reprefented as the daughter of the Sun. She is men¬ 
+tioned in this light by Lycophron : 18 Trig 'HA is SuyuTgog 
+
+I ‘xvociag figctSevg. They likewife changed Thamuz and Tha- 
+mas of Canaan and Egypt to Themis a feminine ; and called 
+her Ichnaia Themis. She is fo ftyled by Homer. 
+
+
+19 
+
+
+©sou <T erav sv&oQi 'uroLtrcu, 
+
+
+*Ocrc mi otgig-ou s<rav, Aioovq ts 9 ‘Pair) rs, 
+ly(youY) rs ®s[jug, kou ocya,?ovo,g ApupiTgmq. 
+
+I yyouoL is here ufed adjedtively. ®£(jug fignifies The 
+
+mis, or Thamuz, of *° Canaan. 
+
+
+,8 Verfe 129. 
+
+19 Homer’s Hymn to Apollo, v. 92. 
+so Ichnia was a city in Sicily, and elfewhere. 
+
+# 
+
+A^vcu 'moKis ©ea-crct^icti—e^i x.cct -woXis Boiooticcs . Steph. Byzant. 
+
+Apx.%vcuixv ogos Apyds. Ibid. Ar-Achnaion is the hill of Canaan, or the Canaan- 
+itifh mount. 
+
+
+There 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 375 
+
+There was another circumftance, which probably aflifted 
+to carry on the miftake : a Canaanitifh temple was called 
+both Ca-Cnas, and Cu-Cnas ; and adjedtively aI Cu-Cnaios ; 
+which terms there is realon to think, were rendered YLvnvos, 
+
+and K VKVBiog. Belides all this, the fwan was undoubtedly the 
+inligne of Canaan, as the eagle and vulture were of Egypt, 
+
+and the dove of Babylonia. It was certainly the hierogly¬ 
+phic of the country. Thefe were the caufes which contri¬ 
+buted to the framing many idle legends ; fuch as the poets 
+improved upon greatly. Hence it is obfervable, that where- 
+ever we may imagine any colonies from Canaan to have fet¬ 
+tled and to have founded temples, there is fome ftory about 
+fwans : and the Greeks in alluding to their hymns, inftead 
+of Tkkvolov a.<r[jLct, the muftck of Canaan, have introduced 
+
+kvkvsio v OL(T^LOi, the ftnging of thefe birds : and inftead of the 
+death of Thamuz lamented by the Cucnaans, or priefts, they 
+
+have made the fwans fing their own dirge, and foretell their 
+own funeral. Wherever the Canaanites came they introduced 
+their national worship : part of which, as I have fhewn, com 
+lifted in chanting hymns to the honour of their country God. 
+He was the fame as Apollo of Greece : on which account 
+Lucian, in compliance with the current notion, fays, that the 
+Cycni were formerly the aflefiors, and minifters of that Deity. 
+By this we are to underftand, that people of this denomina¬ 
+tion were in ancient times his priefts. One part of the world, 
+where this notion about fwans prevailed, was in Liguria upon 
+the banks of the Eridanus. Here Phaethon was fuppofed to 
+have met with his downfall: and here his brother Cycnus 
+
+” See Radicals, p. 89. 
+
+5 
+
+
+underwent 
+
+
+
+37 6 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+underwent the metamorphofis, of which we have fpoken. In 
+thefe parts fome Amonians fettled very early; among whom 
+it appears, that there were many from Canaan. They may 
+be traced by the mighty works, which they carried on : for 
+they drained the river towards its mouth ; and formed fome 
+vaft canals, called Foftas Philiftinae. Pliny fpeaking of the 
+entrance into the Eridanus fays, “ Inde oftia plena, Carbo- 
+naria, ac foftiones Philiftinae, quod alii Tartarum vocant : 
+omnia ex Philiftinae foflae abundatione nafcentia. Thefe canals 
+were undoubtedly the work of the Canaanites, and particu¬ 
+larly of fome of the Caphtorim, who came from Philiftim : 
+and from hence thefe outlets of the river were named Phi¬ 
+liftinae. The river betrays its original in its name : for it has 
+no relation to the Celtic language; but is apparently of Egyp¬ 
+tian or Canaanitifti etymology. This is manifeft from the 
+
+
+terms, of which it is made up : for 
+
+
+compounded of Ur 
+
+
+Adon, live Orus Adonis ; and was facred to the God of that 
+
+The river limply, and out of compofttion was Adon, 
+
+
+name 
+
+
+Adonis : and 
+
+
+be obferved, that this is the name of 
+
+
+one of the principal rivers in Canaan. It ran near the city 
+Biblus, where the death of Thamuz was particularly lamented. 
+It is a circumftance taken notice of by many authors; and 
+moft pathetically defcribed by Milton. 
+
+23 Thammuz came next behind, 
+
+Whofe annual wound in Lebanon allur’d 
+The Syrian damfels to lament his fate 
+
+
+
+
+Pliny. L. 3. p. 173 
+
+
+Milton. Paradife Loft. L. j. v. 445. See alfo Ezekiel, c. 8. v. 14 
+
+
+In 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 377 
+
+In amorous ditties all a fummer’s day : 
+
+While fmooth Adonis from his native rock 
+Ran purple to the fea; hippos’d with blood 
+Of Thammuz yearly wounded. 
+
+It is faid, that the Eridanus was fo called firft by Pherecy- 
+des Syrus : and that my etymology is true, may in great mea- 
+fure be proved from the as Scholiaft upon Aratus. He fhews, 
+that the name was of Egyptian original, at leaffc confonant 
+to the language of Egypt; for it was the fame as the Nile. 
+It is certain, that it occurred in the ancient fphere of Egypt, 
+from whence the Grecians received it. The great effufion of 
+water in the celeftial fphere, which Aratus fays was the Nile, 
+is ftill called the Eridanus : and as the name was of oriental 
+original, the purport of it muft be looked for among the 
+people of thofe parts. The river Strymon in Thrace was fup- 
+pofed to abound with fwans, as much as the Eridanus : and 
+the ancient name of this river was Palasftinus. It was fo called 
+from the Amonians, who fettled here under the name of Ado- 
+nians, and who founded the city Adonis. They were by the 
+later Greeks fly led after the Ionic manner Edonians, and 
+their city Edonis. a6 XrgVfJLoov 'uroTa^og sgri Tt\g &^amr\g koctol 
+
+'GToXiv H $am$ 0 L, 'UTgoG’riyogsveTo ds 'nrgors.gov UcchoLig-ivog. Tloe 
+
+Strymon is a river of Thrace, which runs by the city Edonis : it 
+was of old called the river Palrefinus . In thefe places, and in 
+
+
+Hyginus. Fab. 154. p. 266. not. 7. 
+
+*ET€pot (pctcri, Srx.ctioTUTov clvtmv bivoli N zi^ov. Eratoflhenes. Cata^erifm. 37. 
+
+* 5 KcttetTcti cTe to twv ey^oopiGov B v%epvos. Aiyuirnoi <f"e (pctai jNfaAov eivcu tov 
+
+Scholia in Aratum. p. 48, 
+i6 Plutarch de Fluminibus. VoL 2. p. 1154. 
+
+
+Yol. 
+
+
+C c c 
+
+
+
+all 
+
+
+
+378 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+all others, where any of the Canaanites fettled, the Grecians 
+have introduced fome ftory about fwans. 
+
+Some of them feem to have gained accefs at Delphi: as 
+did likewife others from Egypt : and by fuch was that oracle 
+firft founded. Egypt among other names was called Ait, 
+and Ai Ait, by the Greeks exprefied A srict : 37 E/£A*]$jo S's — 
+teat AETIA. The natives in confequence of it were called 
+
+Aer/o/, and A stoli ; which was interpreted eagles. Hence we 
+are told by Plutarch, that fome of the feathered kind, either 
+eagles or fwans, came from the remote parts of the earth, 
+and fettled at Delphi. 38 A stovs rivets, 17 Kvjcvssg, ca Tegsv- 
+
+TIOLVS n^KTKS, {JLvOoXoy&CriV OL7TO TttV CiKgOOV TYjg yY\g S7TI TO [X£<T0V 
+
+(pe^o(j.Bvag eig rctvro (TVfjL7re<reiv Uvdoi 'UTbqi rov xoChiZfJLBVov o{jL<paXov* 
+Thefe eagles and fwans undoubtedly relate to colonies from 
+Egypt and Canaan. I recoiled: but one philofopher ffcyled 
+Cygnus : and, what is remarkable, he was of Canaan. An- 
+tiochus the Academic, mentioned by Cicero in his philolo- 
+phical works, and alfo by 39 Strabo, was of Alcalon in Pa- 
+leftine, and he was furnamed Cygnus, the fwan : which 
+name, as it is fo circumftanced, muft, I think, neceilarily al¬ 
+lude to this country. 
+
+27 Euftathius in Dionyfium. v. 239. See Steph. Byzant. Aiywnos . 
+
+3,8 Plutarch 'izregi rav Bx^sAoi7rorcav ^pwc^wpLcov. Vol. 1. p.. 409. 
+
+29 Strabo. L. 16. p. 1101. There was fuppofed to have been a perlbn in Thef- 
+faly named Cycnus, the Ton of Apollo. He lived upon a lake Uria; which was fo 
+called from his mother. 
+
+Inde lacus Hyries videt, et Cycneia Tempe, 
+
+Quse fubitus celebravit olor. Ovid. Metam. L. 7. v. 371. 
+
+Uria was alfo a river in Bceotia: and here was a Cycnus, faid to have been the 
+fon of Pofeidon. Paufan. L. 10. p. 831. 
+
+
+6 
+
+
+As 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+379 
+
+
+As in early times colonies went by the name of the Deity 
+
+
+, and 
+every 
+
+
+whom they worfhiped ; or by the name of the infigne 
+hieroglyphic, under which their country was denoted ; 
+depredation made by fuch people was placed to the account 
+of the Deity under fuch a device. This was the manner in 
+which poets defcribed things : and in thofe days all wrote in 
+meafure. Hence, inftead of faying that the Egyptians, or 
+Canaanites, or Tyrians, landed and carried off fuch and fuch 
+perfons ; they laid, that it was done by Jupiter in the fhape 
+
+
+fwan, or a bull: fubftituting an eagle for 
+
+
+of an eagle, or a 
+Egypt, a fwan for Canaan, and a bull for the city of 
+
+
+SO 
+
+
+Ty 
+
+
+It is faid of the Telchines, who were Amonian priefts, that 
+they came to Attica under the condudt of Jupiter in the 
+fhape of an eagle. 
+
+
+3 
+
+
+1 Aisrog r)ye[j,Qvsvs $i' ouQegog a.mTV7rog Zevg. 
+
+
+By which is meant, that they were Egyptian priefts ; and an 
+eagle was probably the device in their ftandard, as well as 
+the infigne of their nation. 
+
+Some of the fame family were to be found among the At- 
+
+lantes of Mauritania ; and are reprefented as having the fhape 
+
+of fwans. Prometheus in TEfchylus fpeaks of them in the 
+
+commiflion, which he gives to Io, 3a You mu ft go, fays he, as 
+
+far 
+
+
+30 E^acrGg^Ta, S's Ticca Kpctys Aioc yEpsxxQcct Tccugov' vuv cletqv kkl tcvkvqv. Por¬ 
+
+phyry de Abftin. L. 3. p. 285. 
+
+ria vw exewos g ct 6 To$ $ 'zzth Scci o x.v 7 tvos 1 'era See* ocutos 0 *Z,ev$$ Clemens* Alex. 
+Cohort, p. 31. 
+
+31 Nonni Bionyfiaca. L. 24. p. 626. 
+
+3Z Tlpos Topyovescc 'zsreStcc KicGerws, Ivot 
+C A1 vcubgi , S'mouoi ocopcciy 
+
+T pas xu7tvQjJLog(pQi 9 xotvQV 0//./4. cxt wfAGvcLu iEfchyli Prometheus. p, 4^* 
+
+C c c 2 A* 
+
+
+
+3^o 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+far as the city Cifthene in the Gorgonian plains , where the three 
+Phorcides refde , thofe ancient ‘venerable ladies , who are in the 
+floape of Jwans , and have but one eye ; of which they make ufe in 
+
+
+common . This hiftory relates to an Amonian temple founded 
+in the extreme parts of Africa : in which there were three 
+prieftefles of Canaanitiffi race ; who on that account are faid 
+to be in the Ihape of fwans. The notion of their having but 
+one eye among them took its rife from an hieroglyphic very 
+common in Egypt, and probably in Canaan : this was the 
+reprefentation of an eye, which was faid to be engraved upon 
+the pediment of their 33 temples. As the land of Canaan lay 
+fo opportunely for traffic, and the emigrants from, moll parts 
+went under their conduct, their hiftory was, well known 
+They navigated the feas very early, and were neceflarily ac¬ 
+quainted with foreign regions ; to which they muft at one 
+time have betaken themfelves in great numbers, when they 
+fled before the fons of Ifrael. In all the places, where they 
+fettled, they were famous for their hymns and mulick : all 
+which the Greeks have transferred to birds ; and fuppofed, 
+that they were fwans, who were gifted with this harmony. 
+Yet, fweet as their notes are faid to have been, there is not, 
+I believe, a perfon upon record, who was ever a witnefs to it;.. 
+
+
+At y.ev ei^os Kvkvmv. Scholia ibidem. 
+
+Qoptcuv nv ctvvp Kv gw olios' o.iJe Kvpyjvocioi tccctcc yeios ptev etcnv ASiottss. Palasphatus*. 
+Edit. Elz. p. 76. 
+
+33 To. re xou tbs ocp^ctXpuBs oi o'iipt,t&gyBVT£$' uAns ti/juols KocGisPSaty Tots ©sols 
+
+uvccTtGevTes ets tbs vsbs tbto S'eirs caviacro/JLSvoi^ cos 'Itjocvtcc Sfsos opcp^ xca ccyc&et. Cle¬ 
+mens Alexand. L. 5. p. 671. 
+
+See Diodorus L. 3. p. 145. This may have been one r.eafon among others, why 
+the Cyclopians and Arimafpians are reprefented with one eye: tov jjlbvcottcc q^gctTcv.- 
+Aciuolvttgv. iEichylus Prometh. p. 49. The Arimafpian hiftory was written by 
+Arifteas Proconnefius, and ftyled Apty.ccTTreicc zttti. 
+
+
+
+ft 
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 381 
+
+It is certainly all a fable. When therefore Plutarch tells us^ 
+that Apollo was pleafed with the mulick of fwans, 34- {J,acnxy 
+
+re xou xvxvoov- cponvoug ; and when iEfchylus mentions 
+
+their linging their own dirges, they certainly allude to Egyp¬ 
+tian and Canaanitilh priefts, who lamented the death of 
+Adon, and Oliris. And this could not be entirely a fecret 
+to the Grecians : for they feem often to refer to fome fuch 
+notion. Socrates termed fwans his fellow-fervants : in doing 
+which he alluded to the ancient priefts,. ftyled Cycnh They 
+were people of the choir, and officiated in the temples of the 
+fame Deities; whole fervant he profefted himfelf to be. 
+Hence Porphyry allures us, 35 Ov 'GTou^tov opotiahag avra sAs- 
+
+■ysv Tag xvavag. (Scaxg arcr\g) ; that Socrates was veryferious^ when 
+he mentioned fwans as his fellow-fervants .. When< therefore 
+Ariftophanes fpeaks of the 36 Delian and Pythian fwans, they 
+are the priefts of thofe places,, to whom, he alludes. And 
+when it is faid by Plato, that the foul of Orpheus out of dif- 
+guft to womankind led the life of a 37 fwan ; the meaning 
+certainly is, that he retired from the world to fome cloifter, 
+and lived a life of celibacy, like a prieft. For the priefts of 
+many countries, but particularly of Egypt, were reclufes ; 
+and devoted themfelves to 38 celibacy : hence monkery came 
+originally from Egypt. Lycophron, who was of Egypt, and 
+Ikiiled in ancient terms, ftyles Calchas, who was the prieft. of 
+
+
+* 
+
+Plutarch. E/. Vol. 2- p. 387. 
+
+35 Porph. de Abft. L. 3. p. 286. 
+
+36 Ariitophanes. Avers. K vmu n vdna 2 oca AvXiu-. v. 870,;. 
+
+37 Plato de Republica. L. 10. p. 620. Vol. 2. 
+
+33 Porph. de Abilin, L. 4. .p. 364.. 
+
+
+
+
+382 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+Apollo, a fwan. 39 MoXocrtfz ttvKeug /corns kvjcpou. Thefe epi¬ 
+thets, the Scholiaft tells us, belong to Apollo ; and Calchas 
+
+is called a fwan, d/a to yrigcuov, mi pictvTiKOV : becaufe he was 
+an old prophet , and priejl . Hence at the fir ft inftitution of 
+the rites of Apollo, which is termed the birth of the Deity, 
+at Delos, it is faid, that many fwans came from the coaft of 
+Afia; and went round the ifiand for the fpace of feven days 
+
+4 
+
+40 K VKVQl ds pLeKrtOVTSS OLOlfol 
+
+M yoviov UccztcioXov b/cvkXooctolvto XnrovTeg 
+
+'EEd'op.a./cig TtTsgi A Y)XoV £7tir\£i<roLV ds Xo’fcBir) 
+
+M ovcrccoov ogviOeg, ao/doraro/ 'Weretyoov. 
+
+The whole of this relates to a choir of priefts, who came over 
+to fettle at Delos, and to ferve in the new eredted temple. 
+They circled the ifiand feven times, becaufe leven of old was 
+looked upon as a myfierious and facred number. 
+
+41 'E SSopiY) sii/ a.ya@oig, mi £E$o{jly) b^i y£ve@XY). 
+
+'Ebdtyuj £v 'urgooToitri, mi s^opcri sg-i tbXbiy]. 
+
+'ESJojltaTJ) dio 61 T£T£X£<rpL£POL UTOLVTOL TBTVKTOU . 
+
+*E 7 rra ds tstclvtol tbtvktou sv ovgavcti vlzbqqbvti. 
+
+The birds in the jfiand of Diomedes, which were faid to have 
+been originally companions of that hero, were undoubtedly 
+priefts, and of the fame race as thofe, of whom I have been 
+treating. They are reprefented as gentle to good men, and 
+averfe to thofe who are bad. Ovid defcribes their ftiape, and 
+
+39 Lycophron. v. 426. Scholia ibidem. 
+
+40 Callimach. Hymn to Delos, v. 249. 
+
+* 41 Fragmenta Lini. Ex Ariftobulo. See Poefis Philofoph. H. Steph. p. 112. 
+
+appearance* 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology 
+
+
+383 
+
+
+appearance. 4 * Ut non cygnorum, fic albis proxima cygnis ; 
+which, after what has been faid, may I think be eafily un¬ 
+derflood. 
+
+If then the harmony of fwans, when fpoken of, not only 
+related to fomething quite foreign, but in reality did not of 
+itfelf exifl, it may appear wonderful that the ancients fhould 
+fo univerfally give into the notion. For not only the poets, 
+but 43 Plato, Plutarch, Cicero, Pliny, with many others of 
+high rank, fpeak of it as a circumflance well knowm But 
+it is to be obferved, that none of them fpeak from their own 
+experience : nor are they by any means confident in what 
+they fay. Some mention this finging as a general faculty ; 
+which was exerted at all times : others limit it to particular 
+feafons, and to particular places. Ariflotle feems to confine 
+it to the feas of 44 Africa : 4S Aldrovandus fays, that it may be 
+heard upon the Thames near London. The account given by 
+Ariflotle is very remarkable. He fays, that mariners, whofe 
+eourfe lay through the Lybian fea, have often met with fwans, 
+and heard them finging in a melancholy flrain : and upon a 
+nearer approach, they could perceive that fome of them were 
+dying, from whom the harmony proceeded. Vfho would have 
+
+
+41 Ovid. Metamorph.. E. 14. v. 509. 
+
+43 Plato in Phredone. Vol. 1. p. 84. Plutarch..in Ei. V. 2. p. 387.. 
+
+Cicero Tufc. Quseft. L.i. Pliny. L. 10. c. 23. 
+
+iElian de Animal. L. 2. c. 321. L. io. c. 36. 
+
+Philoftratus. Vita Apollon. L. 3. c. 23. 
+
+44 De Animalibus. L. 9. K cci t ivbs 'ZjXbovtbs 'ujctpcx. tvv- AiSvvv ^repitTvyov tv 
+TV $ra Aa7T)i 'srcAAozs aJycn cpoovv you^ti' xcci t&tuv e&pMV ctTrcQvvcncQvrctS tviBS. Vol. 2 . 
+
+p- 4 * 3 - 
+
+45 See Brownes Vulgar Errours. L. 3. c. 27.. 
+
+
+expected 
+
+
+
+3'84 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+expelled to have found fwans fwimming in the fait fea, in the 
+midft of the Mediterranean ? There is nothing that a Grecian 
+would not devife in fupport of a favourite errour. The le¬ 
+gend from beginning to end is groundlefs : and though moft 
+fpeak of the mufick of fwans as exquiftte; yet fome abfolutely 
+deny 46 the whole of it; and others are more moderate in their 
+commendations. The watermen in Lucian give the pre¬ 
+ference to a jackdaw : but Antipater in fome degree diflents, 
+and thinks that the fwan has the advantage. 
+
+47 A ooiTsgog kvjcvqov (juxgog S-goog, rjs koXoiuv 
+
+KgooyfjLos. 
+
+And Lucretius confefles, that the fcreaming of a crane is not 
+quite fo pleafing : 
+
+48 Parvus ut eft, Cygni melior canor, ille gruum quam 
+Clamor: 
+
+Which however is paying them no great compliment. To 
+thele refpecftable perfonages I muft add the evidence of a mo¬ 
+dern ; one too of no fmall repute, even the great Scaliger. 
+He fays, that he made a ftridt fcrutiny about this affair, when 
+in Italy ; and the refult of his obfervations was this : 49 Fer- 
+rariae multos (cygnos) vidimus, fed cantores fane malos, neque 
+melius anfere canere. 
+
+46 'O cTg (pncriv A.tec'CLvS'pQS ^©AA OIS T£\ZVTU)C'l 7*rCLpOCXQ?K&QwGCL$ &X CCXBCTCU 
+
+ccf'ov'Toor. Athenasus. L. 9. c. ij. 
+
+47 Epigram, in Erinnam. L. 3. p. 280. H. Steph. 
+
+48 Lucretius. L. 4. v. 182. 
+
+* 
+
+49 See Vofiius de Idol. Vol. 2. L. 3. c. 88 . p. 1212. and Pierius de Cygnis. 
+g>. 254. 
+
+
+O F 
+
+
+
+( 385 ) 
+
+
+
+O F 
+
+
+T E M 
+
+
+
+L E 
+
+
+
+
+
+E N C E 
+
+
+
+
+
+E Egyptians were very famous for geometrical 
+knowledge •: and .as all the flat part of their country 
+
+was annually overflowed, it is reafonahle to fuppofe that they 
+
+made ufe of this fcience to determine their lands, and to 
+
+
+m 
+
+make out their feveral claims 
+
+
+the retreat of the waters 
+
+
+ft 
+
+Many indeed have thought, that the confufion of property, 
+which muffc for a while have prevailed, gave birth to prac¬ 
+tical 1 geometry, in order to remedy the evil: and in confe¬ 
+rence of it, that charts and maps were firft delineated in 
+this country. Thefe, we may imagine, did not relate only 
+to private demefnes: but included alfo the courfe of the Nile 
+in its various branches ; and all the fea coaft, and its inlets, 
+with which lower Egypt was bounded. 
+
+It is very certain, that the people of Colchis, who were a 
+colony from Egypt, had charts of this fort, with written de~ 
+fcriptions of the feas and fhores, whitherfoever they traded : 
+and they at one time carried on a moll extenfive commerce. 
+We are told, fays the 1 Scholiaft upon Apollonius, that the 
+Colchians flill retain the laws and cuftoms of their fore- 
+
+
+1 Herod. L. 2. c. 109. 
+
+Y'ewjj.eTpices t£ ccv svgerou yeyorczaiv (0 AiyirzzrTiGi)* Clemens. Strom. L. r. p. 361. 
+
+
+L. 4. v. 279. 
+
+VOL. I. 
+
+
+fathers 
+
+
+D d d 
+
+
+386 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+fathers : and they have pillars of done, upon which are en¬ 
+graved maps of the continent, and of the ocean : Ei<n ds, 
+
+pi)<n, you vofjuoi avroig twv Tlgoyovoop, you Sr rjXcu, bv dig 
+
+yyjg you &ocAcur<rr)g uvctygcupou ei<ri. The poet, upon whom the 
+
+above writer has commented, calls thefe pillars, yvgEsig : 
+which, we are told, were of a fquare figure, like obelifks : 
+and on thele, he fays, were delineated all the paffages of the 
+fea; and the boundaries of every country upon the ea'rth. 
+
+
+'Oi JVj toi yga.7TTctg f uraTBgoov bQbv siguovrou 
+'T&jjfiSsag, otg svi 
+
+
+'utomtcu otJoi 
+
+
+'utsipolt ecuriv 
+
+
+T yprjg 
+
+
+Tpoupspqg 
+
+
+
+'UTspit; B7rivsi<r<ro[jLevQi<nv 
+
+
+Thefe delineations had been made of old, and tranfmitted to 
+the Colchians by their forefathers ; which forefathers were 
+from 4 Egypt. 
+
+If then the Colchians had this fcience, we may prefume 
+that their mother country pofleffed it in as eminent a degree : 
+and we are allured, that they were very knowing in this ar¬ 
+ticle. Clemens Alexandrinus 5 mentions, that there were 
+maps of Egypt, and charts of the Nile very early. And we 
+are moreover told, that Sefoftris (by which is meant the Se- 
+thofians) drew upon boards fchemes of all the countries, which 
+he had traverfed.: and copies of thefe were given both to 6 the. 
+
+
+3 Apollonius Rhodius. L. 4, v. 279. 
+
+1 Dionuf. Ylepivywri*. v. 688. 
+
+5 Clemen. Alexand. fpeaks Uepi.rs vm K ocrfAoypctpiocs x.a>i Teeay pet (pices jstA —X&:~ 
+poycuptets r s tvs Aiyv7ny 0 xcct tyis 78 N£/Ab S'layocecpvs. Strom. 6. p. 757. 
+
+6 ^Lea&q-'pM (pecan ^ 0 Aiyvvraio ■zztjAAjjj' 'zu'zgie^YiAvQoos yyv ts tyiv 
+
+'7x7€plGcf'cV r) 7CCU Tr,S Ttav rZSTIVCCKCOV OLV cey QOCpCLS 8% AiyUTTTlOtS fJLQVQV}. aAAct xa; ^xvQcus eis 
+
+Srptvfjct [jLerctfxreci Euftath.. Prsef, Egift. to Dionyf. p. 12. 
+
+6 Egyptians,, 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 387 
+
+Egyptians, and to the Scythians, who held them in high 
+eftimation. This is a curious account of the firft delinea¬ 
+tion of countries, and origin of Maps ; which were firft de- 
+fcribed upon 7 pillars. We may from hence be enabled to 
+folve the enigma concerning Atlas, who is faid to have fup- 
+ported the heavens upon his fhoulders. This took its rife 
+from fome verfes in Homer, which have been ftrangely mif- 
+conftrued. The paflage is in the Odyffey ; where the poet is 
+fpeaking of Calypfo, who is faid to be the daughter of At¬ 
+las, oXoo<pgovog, a perfon of deep and recondite knowledge : 
+
+8 ArKctvrog S-vyaTKg oAoopgovog, og re $oi\our<TY)g 
+Tlcarqg fievQea. oihv, eyei <5s re KIONA2 ocvrog 
+MoLXgctg, oil Tcuoiv re koli Ovgctim ctppis eysriv. 
+
+It is to be obferved, that when the ancients fpeak of the feats 
+of Hercules, we are to underftand the Herculeans ; under the 
+name of Cadmus is meant the Cadmians ; under that of Atlas, 
+the Atlantians. With this allowance how plain are the words 
+of Homer ! The 9 Atlantians fettled in Phrygia and Mauri¬ 
+tania ; and, like the Colchians, were of the family of Ham. 
+They had great experience in fea affairs : and the poet tells 
+us, that they knew all the foundings in the great deep. 
+
+V. 
+
+7 Aigyptios primos omnium tarn coslum quam terram efle dimenfos : ejufque rei 
+fcientiam columnis incifam ad pofteros propagafie. Petavii Uranalogia. p. 121, 
+taken from Achilles Tatius. 
+
+s Homer. Odyfif. L. A. v. 52. 
+
+* The Atlantians were flyled Ovpotvicov €$ 9 or fons of Heaven. The head of the fa¬ 
+mily was fuppofed to be the brother of Saturn, Diodorus. L. 3. p. 193. 
+
+
+
+D d d 2 
+
+
+
+3 88 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Moucpag 
+
+
+E •gsi $s ts K tovctg ctvrog 
+TatYiv ts Kca Ovgavov oc^tcpig syscriv 
+
+
+Tloey had alfo long pillars^ or obeliJks y which referred to the fea ; 
+and upon which was delineated the. whole Jyflem both of heaven and 
+earth ; ctyLtpig, all around y both o?t the f~ont of the obelijk , and on 
+the other fedes .. Kiotsg Kocr^a were certainly maps, and hifto- 
+ries of the univerle ; in the knowledge of which the Atlan- 
+tians feem to have inftrudted their brethren the Herculeans. 
+The Grecians in their accounts, by putting one perfon for a. 
+people, have rendered the hiftory obfcure ; which otherwife 
+would be very intelligible. There is a paflage in Eufebius, 
+which may be rendered very plain, and to the purpofe, if 
+
+
+we make ufe of the clue above-mentioned^ 10 'Hpo&oTog §s 
+Xsyzi tov 'HgcuiAzoi pLOLVTiv aou cpvviKov yzvopzvov 'urctga. ArAar- 
+
+rog ts Bxgfiags ts <&gvyog ^lOL^zyzBca rug ts Kot^ls Kiototg. 
+This may be paraphrafed in the following manner ; and with 
+fuch latitude will be found perfectly confonant to the truth. 
+The Herculeans were a people much given to divination , and to 
+the ftudy of nature. Great part of their hiowledge they are. 
+
+had tranfmited to them from thofe Htlantia?is y 
+who fettled in Phrygia , efpecially the hifory of the earth and 
+heavens ; for all fuch knowledge the Htlantiajts had of old con- 
+figned to pillars and obelifks in that country : and from them it 
+was derived to the Herculea7is , or Heraclidce , of Greece . The. 
+Atlantians were efteemed by the Grecians as barbarous : but 
+they were in reality of the fame family. Their chief an- 
+
+
+thought to have 
+£> 
+
+
+10 
+
+
+Euftrb. I 7 cpicov auvocyooyti. p. 374. c. 2 
+
+
+5 
+
+
+cefior 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+3.89 
+
+
+ceftor was the father of the Peleiadee, or Ionim ; of whom ' 
+{hall hereafter have much to fay : and was the fuppofed bro 
+ther of Saturn. The Hellenes, though they did not alway 
+
+
+allow it, were undoubtedly of his 
+
+
+This may be proved. 
+
+
+from Diodorus Siculus, who gives this curious hiftory of the 
+Peleiadae, his offspring. 11 TccvTccg Js (juysurctg Toig sv<pvzgoLToig 
+
+'H goism holi ®soig dgyyy&g koltols^vou tz 'srAg^a yzvng rcev clv- 
+
+Sgcd7roov, rszztroig rag $1 cl^bty\v ©sag kou 'Hgcectg ov 0 p.ct <&-svt ctg . 
+
+n.ctgGi7r?\Y)<riidg <J s kou rag aA Kccg ArXcuvn^oLg ysw^crou 'urouScig 
+£7TKpavsig, usv rsg {jlsv bQvwv, Tzg Jg 'uroheoov yzvBoHou wris-cag' 
+
+
+$IQ 7 T£P 
+
+
+8 l jlovov 'urap svioig 
+
+
+B olp^ocpoov, ctAAa kou 
+
+
+'WOLPOL 
+
+
+EAA^cn T8? 'urXsigsg tccv agyouorocroiv 'H gcauv Big Tuvrotg oLvctcpe- 
+
+gziv To yzvog. T’hefe daughters of Atlas , by their connexions and 
+marriages with the mo ft illuftrious heroes , and divinities , may be 
+
+looked up to as the heads of moft fatnilies upon earth. And from 
+
+them proceeded all thofe , who upon account of their eminence were 
+in aftertimes efteemed Gods and Heroes. And having Ipoken 
+of Maia, and her offspring, the author proceeds to tell us, 
+that the other Atlantides in like manner gave birth to a 
+noble, race: fonze of whom were the founders of nations \ 
+others the builders of cities 1 infomuch that moft of the more an¬ 
+cient heroes , not only of thofe abroad , who were efteemed Barbari 
+
+
+
+and 
+
+
+but 
+
+
+of the Helladians , claimed their 
+
+
+eftry ft 
+
+
+them 
+
+
+And they received not only their anceffry, but their know¬ 
+ledge alfo, T8 K 0 <rpt,B KiovcLg all the celeftial and terreftrial 
+phenomena, which had been entrufted to the facred pillars 
+
+ts kou Hgotvov appig syzcriv, which 
+
+
+of the Atlantes 
+
+
+yaw 
+
+
+11 
+
+
+L. 3. 194. 
+
+
+contained. 
+
+
+
+39 ° 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+contained defcriptions both of the heavens and the earth. 
+From Phrygia they came at laft to Hellas, where they were 
+introduced by Anaximander, who is faid, ia E (rHnvou 'WgctiTov 
+ysuygctcpiKOV 'GTivctKOt, to have been the firfi who introduced a geo¬ 
+graphical chart : or, as Laertius expreffes it, 13 Vrig kou ©a/\ar- 
+
+TY)S 'UregifJLETgov, the circumference of the terraqueous globe de- 
+Jmeated 1 
+
+Though the origin of maps may be deduced from Egypt; 
+yet they were not the native Egyptians, by whom they were 
+Erft conftrudted. Delineations of this nature were the con¬ 
+
+
+trivance of the Cuthites, or Shepherds. They were among 
+other titles ftyled Saitas; and from them both aftronomy and 
+geometry were introduced in thofe parts. They with im- 
+menfe labour drained the lower provinces, eredfed Stupendous 
+buildings, and raifed towers at the mouths of the river, which 
+were opportunely Situated for navigation. For though the 
+Mizraim were not addicted to commerce, yet it was followed 
+by other families belides the Cuthites, who occupied the 
+lower provinces towards the fea. The towers, which were 
+there raifed, ferved for lighthoufes, and were at the fame time 
+temples, denominated from fome title of the Deity, fuch as 
+Canoph, Caneph, Cneph, alfo Perfes, Proteus, Phanes, and 
+Canobus. They were on both accounts much reforted to 
+by mariners, and enriched with offerings. Here were de¬ 
+posited charts of the coaSt, and of the navigation of the Nile, 
+which were engraved on pillars, and in aftertimes fketched 
+
+
+out upon the Nilotic Papyrus. 
+
+
+There is likewife reafon to 
+
+
+51 Strabo. L. i. p. 13. 
+
+13 X)iog. JLaert. Anaximander. 
+
+
+think. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+39 1 
+
+
+think, that they were fometimes delineated upon: walls. This 
+leads me to take notice of a paiPage from Pherecydes Syrus, 
+which feems to allude to fomething of this nature though, 
+I believe, in his fhort detail that, he has mifreprefenled the 
+author, from whom he copied. He is faid by Theopompus 
+
+'tsrsgi rr\s cpvcrs&gj x.ou ®£oov, 'EAT^tn ygoupsiv, to have 
+been the firji who wrote for the benefit of his cowitrymen about 
+nature and the Gods.. Suidas 15 mentions, that he compofed 
+a theogony; all which knowledge we are alTured came from 
+Egypt. It is certain,, that he ftudied in that 16 country 
+whence we may conclude, that the following hiftory is Egyp¬ 
+tian. He fays, that Zas, or Jupiter, compofed a large and 
+curious robe, upon which he defcribed the earth, and the 
+ocean, and the habitations upon the ocean. 17 Xctg 'uroiei (pccgog 
+
+fjisya., ts koci jcccXqv, kou sv oLvrca 'WouaKKei Yy]V, xcti kcju 
+
+roc Qyyjm bwpcccroc. Now Zas, or as it fhould be rendered, Zan, 
+was the Dorian title of Amon. And Ogenus, the Ocean, 
+was the moft ancient name of the Nile, from whence the 
+Grecians borrowed their Oceanus. 38 0 1 yoig Kiyunrioi vopu~ 
+
+£%<Tiv u>H£ocvov £ivou T ov. 'UTocg ocvrcug 'UTora^ov NsjAoj/. 'The Egyp¬ 
+tians by the term Oceanus underfiajid their own river Nilus.. 
+The fame author in another place calls this river Oceames 
+
+c 
+
+Tov h nroT.ocfjiov aggpciar cctqv p.£v ovop.cc rystv Qjcsctpqv , os sriv 
+
+
+14 Laertius. L. i. p. 74. 
+
+35 In Pherecyde.. 
+
+16 Jofephus cont. Apion. L. 1. c.2, 
+
+17 Clemens. Strom. L. 6.p. 741* 
+sS Diodorus Sic. L. 1- p. 12. 
+
+* 9, Diodorus.. L, 1. p. 17.. 
+
+
+
+
+
+39 2 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+ooxsctvog* The former term, Ogenus, from whence 
+the Greeks borrowed their Oceanus, was a compound of Oc- 
+Gehon, and was originally rendered Ogehonus. It fignifies 
+the noble Gehon, and is a name taken from one of the rivers 
+of Paradife. The Nile was fometimes called limply Gehon, 
+as we learn from the author of the Chronicon Pafchale. 
+ao E ysi fa (« Aiyvmog ) 'UTotol^op Tkocp —N siXov Kookupepop. It 
+•was probably a name given by the Cuthites, from whom, as 
+will be hereafter fhewn, the river Indus had the name of 
+Phifon. 31 II otcx.[jLoi opopccg-oi, h£og f 6 jceu ^sktoop, N siXog 6 
+
+jccu roop, "The two moji celebrated rivers are the Indus , the 
+fame as the Phifon , and the IVile , which is called the Gehon . 
+The river alfo of Colchis, rendered Phalis, and Phalin, was 
+properly the Phifon. The Nile being of old ftyled Oc-Ge- 
+hon, and having many branches, or arms, gave rife to the 
+fable of the fea monfter iEgeon, whom Ovid reprefents as 
+fupporting himielf upon the whales of the ocean. 
+
+Balsenarumque prementem 
+iEgaeona fuis immania terga lacertis. 
+
+The Scholiaft upon Lycophron informs us further, that the 
+river had three names ; and imagines, that upon this account 
+it was called Triton. 13 T giroop 6 N eikog, on Tgig [JOSToovo^tzoIy)' 
+
+10 P. 30. 
+
+11 Chron. Pafchale. p. 34. Zonaras. p. 16. 
+
+See Salmafius upon Solinus. c. 35. concerning Ogen. A'lfo Windelini Admi- 
+janda Nili. p. 12. and 16. 
+
+z% Metamorph. L. 2. v. 9. 
+
+V. 119. 
+
+
+'GTgOTSgOP 
+
+
+
+The- Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 393 
+
+'argoregov yag £hcectvog ctv s/taAsrro, tievregov A srog" — to cTs Nsj- 
+
+Ap£ vbov s£i. I ffiall not at prefent controvert his etymology. 
+Let it fuffi.ce, that we are allured, both by this author, and 
+by others, that the Nile was called Oceanus : and what is 
+alluded to by Pherecydes is certainly a large map or chart. 
+The robe, of which he fpeaks, was indeed a Pharos, <§cf.gog • 
+but a Pharus of a different nature from that which he de- 
+fcribes. It was a building, a temple, which was not con- 
+ftrudted by the Deity, but dedicated to him. It was one of 
+thofe towers, of which I have before treated ; in which were 
+defcribed upon the walls, and otherwife delineated, Qywog, 
+
+zou £lyi)V& <5wjU,ara, the courfe of the Gehon, or Nile ; and 
+the towns, and houfes upon that river. 
+
+I imagine that the ffiield of Achilles in Homer was co¬ 
+pied from fomething of this fort, which the Poet had feen 
+in Egypt. For Homer is continually alluding to the cuf- 
+toms, as well as to the hiftory, of that kingdom. And it is 
+evident, that what he defcribes on the central part of the 
+ffiield, is a map of the earth, and of the celeftial appear¬ 
+ances. 
+
+54 Er fj,sv Tcliolv st £v%\ sv <T Ovgavov sv h § cO\cl<t <r a.v y 
+Ev <T g ridei nOTAMOIO {jozya, c bevog flKEANOIO. 
+
+The ancients loved to wrap up every thing in myftery and 
+fable : they have therefore defcribed Hercules alfo with a 
+robe of this lort : 
+
+
+t+ Iliad. L. 18. v. 483. and v. 606. 
+
+
+VOL. I. 
+
+
+E e e 
+
+
+HoiZiKov 
+
+
+
+394 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+*5 
+
+
+Tloiy.lXoV £l(JL0C (psgoov, TV7T0V AlQsgOSy SIKOVCL KocTfJLiS : 
+
+
+He was invefled with a robe , which was a type of the heavens , 
+and a i~eprefentation of the whole world. 
+
+The garment of Thetis, which the poets mention as given 
+her upon her fuppofed marriage with Peleus, was a Pharos 
+of the fame kind, as that defcribed above. We may learn 
+from Catullus, who copied the ftory, that the whole alluded 
+to an hiftorical pidture preferved in fome tower : and that it 
+referred to matters of great antiquity ; though applied by 
+the Greeks to later times, and afcribed to people of their 
+own nation. 
+
+16 Pulvinar vero Divae geniale locatur 
+Sedibus in mediis ; Indo quod dente politum. 
+
+TincSta tegit rofeo conchylis purpura fuco, 
+
+Haec veftis prifcis hominum variata figuris 
+Heroum mira virtutes indicat arte. 
+
+It contained a defcription of fome notable achievements in 
+the firfl ages : and a particular account of the Apotheofis of 
+Ariadne ; who is defcribed, whatever may be the meaning 
+of it, as carried by Bacchus to heaven. The ftory is faid to 
+have been painted on a robe, or coverlet; becaufe it was de¬ 
+lineated upon a Pharos : that word being equivocal, and to 
+be taken in either fenfe. And here I cannot but take notice 
+of the inconfiftency of the Greeks, who make Thefeus a par¬ 
+taker in this hiftory 5 and fuppofe him to have been acquainted 
+
+
+25 Nonni Dionys. L. 40. p. 1040. 
+
+Catull. Epithalamium of Peleus and Thetis, v. 47. 
+
+
+with 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+395 
+
+
+with Ariadne. If we may credit Plutarch 27 , Thefeus, as 
+foon as he was advanced towards manhood, went by the ad¬ 
+vice of his mother fEthra from Troezen in queft of his fa¬ 
+ther JEgeus at Athens. This was fome years after the Argo- 
+nautic expedition ; when Medea had left Jafon, and put her- 
+felf under the protection of this fame iEgeus. After having 
+been acknowledged by his father, Thefeus went upon his ex¬ 
+pedition to Crete ; where he is faid to have firft feen Ariadne, 
+and to have carried her away. All this, I fay, was done, after 
+Jafon had married Medea, and had children by her: and after 
+fhe had left him, and was come to Athens. But the ftory 
+of Ariadne in the above fpecimen is mentioned as a faCt of far 
+older date. It was prior to the arrival of Medea in Greece, 
+and even to the Argonautic expedition. It is fpoken of as a 
+circumftance of the highefl antiquity: confequently 28 The¬ 
+feus could not any ways be concerned in it. 
+
+There is an account in Nonnus of a Robe or Pharos, which 
+Harmonia is fuppofed to have worn, when fhe was vifited by 
+the Goddefs of beauty. There was delineated here, as in fome 
+abovementioned, the earth, and the heavens, with all the 
+ftars. The fea too, and the rivers were reprefented : and the 
+whole was at the bottom furrounded by the ocean. 
+
+
+* 7 Plutarch. Life of Thefeus. 
+
+
+18 Add to this, what I have before taken notice of, the great abfurdity of making 
+the Grecian Argo the firft fhip which failed upon the feas : Ilia rudem curiu prima 
+imbuit Amphitriten : when the Poet at the fame inftant is defcribing Thefeus pre¬ 
+vious to the Argo in a Jhip , and attended with a fleet of fljips. 
+
+Namque fluentifono profpedtans littore Diie 
+
+Thefea cedentem celeri cum clajfe tuetur, 
+
+Indomitos in corde serens Ariadna furores. _ . 
+
+
+Catulli. Epithal. Pel. etThet. v. 52. See Famiani Stradas Prolus. L. 3-p. 2S5. 
+
+
+E e e 2 
+
+
+YlgOdTty 
+
+
+
+396 The: Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+* 9 YlgttTw Vouolp e7rcL<r<rs (jlbct 0 [AfioiXop, a.{A<pi $e yairi 
+O vgctvov £<r<pougw<re TV7rca xs’Xjx.gctyfABPOP aegoop. 
+
+XvfJLtpsgTriP Ss SolXcltg'clv £<pr\g[Aocr£ <rv£vyi F City], 
+
+Kctl 'UrOTOLfAZg 'UTQUUKXbV' £7T OLvfyofJLBCt) Jg [AST007TU 
+
+T ct.vgo<pvY\g fJL 0 <°<povT 0 xsgajrtpogog sy^Xoog eimv. 
+
+K ca 'GrvfJLccTriP ura.gOL utb^olp svy.KoofOto yvrtovog 
+ZLisccpog Kvy.Xwvs 'W‘sgi$'go{AOP oLPTvya Ko<T[jl&, 
+
+All this relates to a painting either at Sidon or Berytus; which 
+was delineated in a tower or temple, facred to Hermon. 
+
+Orpheus alludes to a Pharos of this fort, and to the paint¬ 
+ings and furniture of it, in his defcription of the Robes, with 
+which Apollo, or Dionufus, is inverted. He fpeaks of them 
+as the fame Deity. 
+
+30 T ccvrcL Ss 'ury.vroL rehsiv Isgct <rxsvr) 'gtvkolvolvtol, 
+
+Zoopci &£% 'gtKclttbiv sgioivyxg H eXioio. 
+
+U^ootoc [asp a.gyv<pscug svciKiyziov ajcTivstrari 
+
+n.S7rX0V QOIPIKBOP, 'UTVgl SIKSXOV, CL{JL(p&aAs<&OU' 
+
+Avrocg v7TEgQs vsEgoto 'aravc/uoXn svgv KaOcr^/ca 
+
+Aegpa 'UToXvs'iktov Srigog koutci hfyov oopop, 
+
+A grgoop S'aid'ot'h.soop piprip , legs rs WoKoio. 
+
+Eitcc <T v7rsgQs psSgqg •fcgvv'sov ^oogrqgcc (3ctKs<d'ca, 
+
+IlcipipciPooopTci, 'uregit; zegvw cpogseip, fAsycc <rr)pa. 
+
+Evtivg, ot ex 'uregcuwp ycar^g <&xe()oop &pogs<roop 
+
+
+* r ' Nonni Dionyfiaca, L. 41, p, 1070, 
+
+l ° Orphica ex Macrobio Saturn. L. 1. c. 18. p, 202. 
+
+
+Xfvreieue 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+397 
+
+
+’Kgvcrsioug outrun fictXy poov £Lx,sotVQio y 
+
+Avyy\ T ournETog y, ctvct <5s dgocnw ctp<pipiysi(Toty 
+
+Ma^j uctigy) £ivr)<nv £?a<r<ro psvr\ koltol tcvtcXov 
+
+n g0<&£ Ssiiy £uVY) <T Ctg V7T0 fEgVOOU OLfJLETgYfT 60V 
+
+Oaf vst ct§ ookeolvz KVfthog, psyct Setup scriSsScti, 
+
+When the Poet has thus adorned the Deity, we find towards 
+the conclufion, that thefe imaginary robes never fhew to fuch 
+advantage as in the morning. When the fu?i y fays he, rifes 
+
+fro?n the extremities of the earthy and enlightens the ocean with 
+
+% 
+
+his horizontal rays ; then they appear in great fplendour y which 
+is increafed by the morning dew. All this inveftiture of the 
+Deity relates to the earth and the heavens, which were de¬ 
+lineated upon a 31 {kin, &egpot 'sro?w?uc tov ■9t)£ 0£, ftyled tzr£7rAoi/. 
+
+This is deferibed, A g-guv <&udaAewj/ pipnp\ tegs TS 'GToXoio: as 
+
+11 Maps, and books too, when writing was introduced, were made of fkins, called 
+cf i<£0?£a*. Tecs /S.^Ay^ c PityQe^ccs xaAee<n cciro tb 'zvotKocte oi leaves. Herodot. L. 5. 
+
+c. 58. 
+
+A Zone of curious imagery is given by Homer to Hercules. OdyflT. L. A. v. 609. 
+
+Xeucreos r,\> r^Aa^cwr, tucc S'ecrx.eAa toy cl tetukto. 
+
+A remarkable paflage from Ifidorus Bafilides quoted by Clemens Alexandria 
+Koii yeep fJLOi cTox.8/ tB5 'ZxTooaTroMfjievBs (piAotrotpeiv^ ivee fxMcocr^ n e^tv f\ \nroir r xeoos Jpi>? 9 
+to e7r’ clutt) 'meirQiY.i'Kfj.evQv <J>AP02. IIccvtcc ouoc <$?eps , itvS'w$ ocX?\.)}y q pw ccs sQez- 
+Koynaev^ A a&cov oltto tk ts Xa^u. 'zzrgoqmTsiaLi. Strom. L. 6. p. 767. 
+
+In the former verfes from Nonnus we may fee the method of deviation. Pharos 
+a tower is taken for Pharos a garment; and this altered to and after all, 
+
+the genuine hiflory is difcernible, notwithftanding the veil, which is fpread over 
+it. The author fays, that at the bottom guxA cu~oio X/towo*, of the well woven gar¬ 
+ment, flowed from the Ocean, which furrounded the world. This is certainly a 
+mifinterpretation of the term (peegos : and in the original writings, whence thefe verfes 
+were copied, the hiftory related to a tower: and it was at the foot 4 APOT LT- 
+KATSTOIO that the ocean beat, by which the earth was encircled. 
+
+
+a copy 
+
+
+
+398 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+a copy ajid of all the celejlial appearances. The whole 
+
+was depofited in a Pharos upon the fea-fhore, upon which 
+the fun at his riling darted his 
+glittered with the dew: 'Tko fegvwv apsTgriTccp pcuvsT ag wksclvh 
+kvkXoq : from the upper ftory of the tower, which was of an 
+unmeafurable height, there was an unlimited view of the 
+ocean. This vaft element furrounded the edifice like a zone; 
+and afforded a wonderful phasnomenon. Such, I imagine, is 
+the folution of the enigma. 
+
+
+early rays ; and whofe turrets 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+TAR, 
+
+
+
+( 399 ) 
+
+
+
+
+I Have taken notice of the fears and apprehenfions, under 
+
+which the firft navigators muff neceffarily have been, 
+when they traveried unknown feas ; and were liable to be 
+entangled among the rocks, and {helves of the deep : and I 
+mentioned the expedients, of which they made ufe, to ob¬ 
+viate fuch difficulties, and to render the coaft lefs dangerous. 
+They built upon every hill, and promontory, where they 
+had either commerce or fettlement, obelilks, and towers, 
+which they confecrated to fome Deity. Thefe ferved in a 
+twofold capacity, both as feamarks by day, and for beacons 
+by night. And as people in thofe times made only coafting 
+voyages, they continually went on fhore with offerings, in 
+order to gain the affiftance of the God, whoever there pre- 
+ffded : for thefe towers were temples, and oftentimes richly 
+furnifhed and endowed. They were built fometimes on ar¬ 
+tificial mounds; but generally on natural eminences, that 
+they might be feen at a great diftance. They were called 
+by the Amonians, who firft eredted them, 1 Tar, and Tor; 
+the fame as the "nn of the Chaldees, which fignified both a 
+
+
+ochart Geos - . Sacra. L. i.c. 228. p. 524. of Tin. 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+hill 
+
+
+
+400 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+hill and tower. They were oftentimes compounded, and 
+ftyled Tor-Is, or fire towers : on account of the light, which 
+they exhibited, and the fires, which were prelerved in them. 
+Hence came the turris of the Romans ; and the TVgig, Typpij, 
+rvgcrig, rvgcrog, of the Greeks. The latter, when the word 
+Tor occurred in ancient hiftory, often changed to TOLVgog, 
+a bull; and invented a number of idle ftories in confequence 
+of this change. The Ophite God Ofiris, the fame as Apollo, 
+was by the Amonians fiyled Oph-El, and Ode-El t and 
+there was upon the Sinus Perficus a city Opis, where his rites 
+were obferved. There feems likewife to have been a temple 
+
+facred to him, named Tor-Opel; which the Greeks rendered 
+T avgonoXog. Strabo fpeaks of fuch an oracular temple ; and 
+fays, that it was in the ifland Icaria towards the mouth of 
+the Tigris : a Ninos' Ikol giov, mi isgov A7roXXoovQg dyiov zv avry , 
+
+Kou [jlcuitziov T olv gono?\i£ . Here, inftead of Ofiris, or Mithras, 
+the ferpent Deity, the author prefents us with Apollo, the 
+
+manager of bulls. 
+
+One of the principal, and moll ancient fettlements of the 
+Amonians upon the ocean was at Gades; where a prince was 
+fuppofed to have reigned, named Geryon. The harbour at 
+Gades was a very fine one ; and had feveral Tor, or Towers 
+to diredt fhipping: and as it was ufual to imagine the Deity, 
+to whom the temple was eredted, to have been the builder, 
+this temple was faid to have been built by Hercules. All 
+this the Grecians took to themfelves : they attributed the 
+whole to the hero of Thebes : and as he was fuppofed to 
+
+
+1 Strabo. L. 16. p. mo. 
+
+
+conquer 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 401 
+
+conquer wherever he came, they made him fubdue Geryon ; 
+and changing the Tor, or Towers ■, into fo many head of cat¬ 
+tle, they 3 defcribe him as leading them off in triumph over 
+the Pyranees and Alpes, to Hetruria, and fo on to Calabria. 
+From thence, for what reafon we know not, he fwims them 
+over to Meffana in Sicily : and after fome flay he fwims with 
+them through the fea back again, all the while holding by 
+one of their horns. The bulls of Colchis with which Jafon 
+was fuppofed to have engaged, were probably of the fame 
+nature and original. The people of this country were Amo- 
+nians, and had once a * mighty trade ; for the fecurity of 
+which they erected at the entrance of the Phalis towers. 
+Thefe ferved both as light-houfes, and temples ; and were 
+facred to Adorus. They were on this account called Tyna- 
+dor, whence the Greeks formed Tyndarus, Tyndaris, and 
+Tyndaridas. They were built after fome, which flood near 
+the city 5 Parastonium of Egypt ; and they are alluded to by 
+the geographer Dionyfius : 
+
+6 JJoig Js [AV’xov IToyroi, jusra yQova, Tvv^cigtoaoou, 
+
+K oKyjii vctisTOLWTiV) B7rvikvhg AiyvKToio. 
+
+•• 
+
+Colchis was flyled Cutaia, and had been early occupied by 
+the fons of Chus. The chief city, whence the country has 
+been in general denominated, was from its fituation called 
+
+3 Diodorus Siculus. L. 4. p. 231. 
+
+4 Strabo. L. 11. p. 762. 
+
+5 Tvi'S'ctgtoi cnto7re/\ot. Ptolemseus. p. 122. See Strabo. L. 17. p. 1150. 
+
+6 Dionyfius. v. 688. Pliny ftyles them oppida. 
+
+Oppida—in ripa celeberrima, Tyndarida, Circseum,-&c. L.. 6. c. 4. 
+
+F f f 
+
+
+VoL. I. 
+
+
+Cal 
+
+
+
+402 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+Cal-Chus, and Col-Chus, the hill, or place of CHus. This 
+by the Greeks was rendered Colchis : but as travellers are 
+not uniform in exprefirng foreign terms, fome have rendered, 
+what was called Colchian, Chalcian, and from Colchus they 
+have formed XctXxog, brafs. The Chalcian towers being; 
+
+' O 
+
+moreover interpreted Tavgoi, bulls, a ftory took its rife about 
+the brazen bulls of Colchis. Befides this there was in thefe 
+towers a condant fire kept up for the direction of fhips by 
+night : whence the bulls were faid to breathe fire. 
+
+We however fometimes meet with facred towers, which 
+were really denominated Tauri from the worfhip of the my- 
+dic bull, the fame as the Apis, and Mneuis of Egypt. Such 
+was probably the temple of Minotaurus in Crete, .where the 
+7 Deity was reprefented under an emblematical figure ; which 
+confided of the body of a man with the head of a bull. In 
+Sicily was a promontory Taurus, mentioned by Diodorus Si¬ 
+culus ; which was called alfo Tauromenium. He acquaints 
+us, thatHanno the Carthaginian fent his Admiral with orders 
+•urocgxffXeiv swi rov Kopov KoChapievov Tavgov, to fail along the coajl 
+to the promontory named ‘Taurus. This Taurus, he thinks, was 
+afterwards named T&vgopLSViov, Tauromenium, from the people 
+who fettled, and 8 remained there : as if this were the only 
+
+
+7 The Minotaur was an emblematical reprefentation of Menes, the fame as 08 - 
+ris •, who was alfo called Dionufus, the chief Deity of Egypt. He was alfo the 
+fame as Atis of Lydia, whofe rites were celebrated in conjunction with thofe of Rhea, 
+and Cybele, the mother of the Gods. Gruter has an infcription, M. D. M. ID.®, 
+et ATTIDI MINOTAURO. He alfo mentions an altar of Attis Minoturan- 
+mis. Vol. i.p. xxviii. n. 6. 
+
+* Diodor. Sicul. L. 16. p. 411. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 403 
+
+place in the world where people fettled and remained. It 
+was an ancient compound, and no part of it of Grecian 9 ori¬ 
+ginal. Tauromenium is the fame as Menotaurium reverfed : 
+and the figure of the Deity was varied exactly in the fame 
+manner; as is apparent from the coins and engravings, which, 
+have been found in Sicily. The Minotaur is figured as a man 
+with the head of a bull; the Tauromen as a bull with the 
+face of a 10 man. 
+
+Among the ” Hetrurians this term feems to have been 
+taken in a more enlarged fenfe ; and to have fignified a city, 
+or town fortified. When they fettled in Italy, they founded 
+many places of ftrength; and are reputed to have been the 
+firft who introduced the art of fortification. “ Tvp<TY\Vqi 'urgca- 
+
+rov ecpBVgov tw TBt’gOTOUQLV. Hence the word Tar, and Tur, 
+is often found in the compofition of names, which relate to 
+people of this country. They worfhiped the Sun, ftyled Zan, 
+and Zeen; whofe temples were called Tur-Zeen: and in confe- 
+quence of it one of the principal names by which their country 
+was diftinguifhed, was Turzenia. The Scholiaft upon Lyco- 
+phron mentions it as 13 cnro Tvgtrrivis TvgcrqviOLV, 
+
+a region , which from 'Tur-Seen was named Turfejiia . The Poet 
+
+
+9 Meen was the moon : and Meno-x aurus fignified Taurus Tunaris. It was a 
+
+w 
+
+facred emblem, of which a great deal will be faid hereafter. 
+
+10 See Paruta’s Sicilia nummata. 
+
+Tugis, 0 'wepi€o\os 7B t€i%3s. Hefych. From whence we may infer, that any 
+place furrounded with a wall or fortification might be termed a Tor or Turris. 
+Tctp^ooviov 'urof .19 Tvppmicty. Stephan. Byzant. 
+
+Scholia upon Lycophron. v. 717. 
+
+13 Scholia upon Lycophron. v. 1242. 
+
+The Poet fays of ^Eneas, FlaAir t&Xclvyitvv Several Tugo-wix. v. 1239. 
+
+F f f 2 
+
+
+above 
+
+
+
+404 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+above takes notice of two perfons by the names of Tarchon 
+and Turfeen. I+ Tapyoov re, kou Tvgrrivos, cttQoopeg hVKOi. 
+
+
+From 
+
+
+Tarchon there was a city and diftridfc named 15 Tarcunia 
+from whence came the family of the Tarquins, or 
+
+
+Tar 
+
+
+quinii, fo well known in the hiftory of 1 Rome. The Amo- 
+nians efteemed every emanation of light a fountain ; and 
+ftyled it Ain, and Aines : and as they built lighthoufes upon 
+every ifland and infular promontory, they were in confequence 
+of it called Aines, Agnes, Inis, Inefos, Nefos, Nees: and 
+this will be found to obtain in many different countries and 
+
+
+languages 
+
+
+The Hetrurians 
+
+
+pied a large track of fea 
+
+
+coaft ; on which account they worfhiped Pofeidon : and one 
+of their principal cities was Pofeidonium. They eredfced upon 
+
+their fhores towers and beacons for the fake of their navi- 
+
+# 
+
+gation, which they called Tor-ain : whence they had a ftill 
+
+aini, and their country was 
+
+
+further denomination of Tur 
+
+
+named Tur 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+Tv opr) 
+
+
+of the 
+
+
+Greeks 
+
+
+All 
+
+
+thefe appellations are from the fame objedt, the edifices which 
+
+
+they eredted 
+of Ai-tur ; 
+
+
+Hetruria feems to have been a compound 
+
+
+and to have fignified the land of Tow 
+
+
+Another name for buildings of this 
+Tirit; which figmified a tower or turre 
+
+
+nature was Turit, or 
+^ .1 have often men¬ 
+
+tioned, that temples have been miftaken for Deities, and 
+places for perfons. We have had an inftance of this above ; 
+where Tarchon, and Turfenus are fuppofed to have been 
+
+place in Macedonia ; 
+
+
+founders of colonies. 
+
+
+Torone 
+
+
+w T as 
+
+
+
+
+*5 
+
+
+J 6 
+
+
+Lycophron. v. 1248. 
+
+
+'Tccpx.vvicc iroKiS Tvppyjyi^o? ctiro T ac^yovo* to eOyiscov T ccpxuvios. 
+
+I 71 
+
+
+Strabo L. 5. p. 336. 
+
+
+TccoTicovoc 5 ctcp’ y Tccgstun 
+
+
+Steph. Eyzarit 
+
+
+G?US. 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+405 
+
+
+and fi.gnifi.es literally the Tower of the Sun. The Poets have 
+formed out of it a female perfonage ; and fuppoied her to 
+have been the wife of 17 Proteus. So Amphi-Tirit is merely 
+an oracular tower. This too has by the Poets been changed 
+to a female, Amphitrite ; and made the wife of Neptune. 
+The name of Triton is a contraction of Tirit-On ; and fig- 
+nifies the tower of the Sun, like Torone : but a Deity was 
+framed from it, who was fuppofed to have had the appear¬ 
+ance of a man upwards, but downwards to have been like a 
+fifh. From this emblematical reprefentation we may judge 
+of the figure of the real Deity in thefe temples ; and be af- 
+fured, that it could be no other than that of Atargatis and 
+Dagon. The 18 Hetrurians were thought to have been the 
+inventors of trumpets : and in their towers upon the fea- 
+coaft there were people appointed to be continually upon the 
+watch both by day and night ; and to give a proper fignal, 
+if any thing happened extraordinary. This was done by a 
+blaft from the trumpet : and Triton was hence feigned to 
+have been Neptune’s trumpeter,. He is accordingly de- 
+fcribed by Nonnus, 
+
+
+
+
+Lycophron. v. n 6. See Plate VI. 
+
+T oPCfir'iK yum YIp&tcojc. Scholia ibidem. 
+
+b 9 J b 
+
+Tvppy,i’oi aciKirSycc. Tati anus Affyrius. p. 243. 
+L. 17. p. 46S. 
+
+
+JO 
+
+
+
+
+was 
+
+
+
+406 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+was near at hand, the conchs of the fea, which every flrand 
+
+* 
+
+afforded. By founding thefe they gave fignals front the top 
+of the towers, when any fhip appeared : and* this is the im¬ 
+plement, with which Triton is more commonly furnifhed. 
+The ancients divided the nights into different watches; the 
+laft of which was called cockcrow : and in confequence of 
+this they kept a cock in their Tirat, or Towers, to give no¬ 
+tice of the dawn. Hence this bird was {acred to the Sun, 
+and named Aledtor, A XeHTtog : which feems to be a com¬ 
+pound out of the titles of that Deity, and of the tower fet 
+apart for his fervice: for all thefe towers were temples. 
+Thofe ftyled Tritonian were oracular ; as we may infer from 
+the application made by the Argonauts. What Homer at¬ 
+tributes to Proteus, Pindar afcribes to Triton. 20 M avTSverou 
+<5s oog 'nrag O II gwTSvg, kou 'UTcl^cl Tgirw roig 
+
+Agyova.vTa.ig. Paufanias mentions a tradition of a 21 Triton 
+near Tanagra, who ufed to moleff women, when they were 
+bathing in the fea ; and who was guilty of other affs of vio¬ 
+lence. He was at laft found upon the beach overpowered 
+with wine ; and there flain. This Triton was properly a 
+Tritonian, a prieft of one of thefe temples : for the priefts 
+appear to have been great tyrants, and oftentimes very bru¬ 
+tal. This perfon had ufed the natives ill ; who took advan¬ 
+tage of him, when overpowered with liquor, and put him to 
+death. 
+
+The term Tor in different parts of the world occurs forne- 
+
+times a little varied. Whether this happened through mif- 
+
+* 
+
+*° Scholia upon Lycophron. v. 754. 
+
+11 Paufanias. L.. 9. p. 749. 
+
+
+take. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 407 
+
+take, or was introduced for facility of utterance, is uncer¬ 
+tain. The temple of the Sun, Tor Heres, in Phenicia was 
+rendered Tgwgrig, Trieres : the promontory Tor-Ope-On in 
+Caria, Triopon : Tor-Hamath in Cyprus, Trimathus : Tor- 
+Hanes in India, Trinefta : Tor-Chom, or Chomus, in Palef- 
+tine, Tricomis. In ancient times the title of Anac was often 
+conferred upon the Deities ; and their temples were ftyled 
+Tor Anac, and Anac-Tor. The city Miletus was named 
+Anaftoria : and there was an Heroiim at Sparta called 
+A voucTOgov, Anadtoron ; where Caftor and Pollux had parti¬ 
+cular honours, who were peculiarly ftyled Anaftes. It was 
+from Tor-Anac that Sicily was denominated Trinacis and 
+Trinacia. This in procefs of time was ftill farther changed 
+to Trinacria ; which name was fuppofed to refer to the tri¬ 
+angular form of the ifland. But herein was a great miftake: 
+for the more ancient name was Trinacia. Homer expreffes 
+it Thrinacia. 
+
+* 3 'Ottots <5V} 'srgMTov 'ureXcurys evegyscx. vrjot 
+©glVCCKlY) J/Jjcrw. 
+
+This name originally did not relate to the ifland in general, 
+but to a part only ; and that a fmall diftrict near JEtna. 
+This fpot had been occupied by the firft inhabitants, the 
+Cyclopians, Leftrygons, and Sicani: and it had this name 
+
+
+11 Paufanias. L. 7. p. 524. 
+
+cPe t 01 kolAov avoiXTopov. Callimachus. Hymn to Apollo, v. 77. 
+
+15 Homer. Odyff. A. v. 105. Strabo fuppofes Trinacis to have been the modern 
+name of the ifland; forgetting that it was prior to the time of Homer. L. 6. p. 407: 
+he alfo thinks, that it was called Trinacria from its figure: which is a miftake. 
+
+from 
+
+
+
+40 S The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+from fome facred tower, which they built. Callimachus calls 
+it miftakenly Trinacria ; but fays that it was near iEtna, and 
+a portion of the ancient Sicani. 
+
+** A vs etg Amct, 
+
+A vs Je Tgivoucgiri Zikxvom i&og. 
+
+
+The ifland Rhodes was called ^ T'nnacia, w^hich was not 
+triangular : fo that the name had certainly fuffered a varia¬ 
+tion; and had no relation to any figure. The city Trachin, 
+T gocysiv, in Greece was properly Tor-chun, turris facra vel 
+regia, like Tarchon in Hetruria. Chun and Chon were 
+titles, faid peculiarly to belong to Hercules : s6 Tov 'H polkKw 
+
+
+We 
+
+
+ac- 
+
+
+<pv<n koltol rrtv Aiyrmriw Ji olKsktov Kwva, Asys&ou. 
+
+cordingly find that this place was facred to Hercules : that it 
+was fuppofed to have been 17 founded by him ; and that it 
+was called 2,8 Heraclea. 
+
+I imagine that the trident of Pofeidon was a miflaken im¬ 
+plement ; as it does not appear to have any relation to the 
+Deity, to whom it has been by the Poets appropriated. 
+Both the towers on the fea-coaft, and the beacons, which 
+flood above them, had the name of Tor-ain. This the Gre¬ 
+cians changed to Triaina, 'Tgiouvoc, and fuppofed it to have 
+been a three pronged fork. The beacon or Torain confifled 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+26 
+
+
+27 
+
+
+28 
+
+
+Hymn to Diana, v. 56. I make no doubt, but Callimachus wrote TpirctJoa. 
+Pliny. L. 5. c. 31. 
+
+Etymolog. Magn. 
+
+Stephanus Byzant. 
+
+T pa^iv, v wv jcaAe^ew;. Hefych. or, as Athenaeus n prefen ts 
+
+truly, 'H^axAe^ar, th»T g<z.%ivtotv y.a.hiojj.evnv, L. u. p. 462, 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 409 
+
+of an iron or brazen frame, wherein were three or four tines, 
+which flood up upon a circular bafis of the fame metal. 
+They were bound with a hoop : and had either the figures 
+of Dolphins, or elfe foliage in the intervals between them. 
+Thefe filled up the vacant fpace between the tines ; and 
+made them capable of holding the combuftible matter, with 
+which they were at night filled. This inflrument was put 
+upon a high pole, and hung floping fea-ward over the bat¬ 
+tlements of the tower, or from the flern of a fhip : with this 
+they could maintain either a fmoke by day, or a blaze by 
+night. There was a place in Argos named * 9 Triaina; 
+which was fuppofed to be fo called from the trident of Nep¬ 
+tune. It was undoubtedly a tower, and the true name Tor- 
+ain; as may be fhewn from the hiflory, with which it is at¬ 
+tended. For it flood near a fountain; though a fountain of 
+a different nature from that, of which we have been fpeak- 
+ing. The waters of Amumone role here : which Amumone 
+is a variation from Amim-On, the waters of the Sun. The 
+dream role clofe to the place ; which was named Tor-ain 
+
+from its vicinity to the fountain. 
+
+Cerberus was the name of a place, as well as Triton, and 
+
+Torone, though efleemed the dog of hell. We are told by 
+30 Eufebius from Plutarch, that Cerberus was the Sun : but 
+the term properly fignified the temple, or place of the Sun. 
+
+The great 
+
+a9 Tfiaim TG 7 ro$ A py&$' evQct rtju Tpiottvct” ofav o Tlooret^Vy a-vTytvo^evos tm 
+
+A ju.vjj.tovviy Jta; ev(jv<; xa?’ ex .*ivo vS'wp areGAvcrevy o x«i r>?v £7r*xA>?crn' saygv e£ Ajau/am- 
+m$. Scholia in Euripidis PhoenifT. v. 195. 
+
+30 Eufebius. Prsep. Evang, L. 3^ c. 11. p. 1/3. 
+
+Vol. I. G g g and 
+
+
+luminary was flyled by the Amonians both Or, 
+
+
+
+4io 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+and Abor 5 that is, lights and theparent of light ; and Cer 
+berus is properly Kir-Abor, the place of that Deity. 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+lame temple had different names from the diverfity of the 
+God’s title, who was there worshiped. It was called Tor- 
+Caph-El j which was changed to ?%tKS<paKog^ juft as Gahen- 
+Caph-El was rendered kvvo KsepoCKog : and Cerberus was from 
+hence fuppofed to have had three heads. It was alfb ftyled 
+
+
+Tor-Keren, Turris 
+
+
+
+la 
+
+
+which! fuffered a like change 
+
+
+with the word above, being exprefted TgiKocgqvog and Gahen 
+Ades or Cerberus was from hence fuppofed to have been a 
+triple-headed monfter. That thefe idle figments took their 
+rife from names of places, ill exprefled, and mifinterpreted, 
+may be proved from Palaephatus. He abundantly fhews, 
+that the miftake-ar'ofe from hence; though he does not point 
+out precifely the mode of deviation. He firft fpeaks of Ge- 
+ryon, who was fuppofed to have had three heads, and was 
+thence ftyled TgMsqxxlKag. 31 Hr ds Toiovie ra to* 'sroXic sri-v sv 
+
+T 03 E v%ivu 'WOVTW Tgtmgwt'cx. m?^jjLSVYi xA. ‘The purport of the 
+fables about Geryones is this. There ■was upon the Pontus Euxi- 
+nus a city named Tricarenia ; and from thence came the hifory 
+YqgvoviS ns Tgiz&gnvis, of Geryon the 7 ricarenian^ 'which was in¬ 
+terpreted^ a ma?i with three heads. He mentions the fame 
+thing of Cerberus. 51 A syxtn 'ZU'sgi K sgEsgs, ocg kvcav r\v y eyyav 
+
+TgSIS KSpClhctS' <J>}A OV (Ts OTl KOCl 376$ CL7T0 TlQS 'UToMoog stihY}@Y) 
+
+Cerberus , that he 
+
+
+
+T giKOLgwog, d<r7reg 0 r Yigvwns. They fay 
+was a dog with three heads: but it is plain that he was fo 
+called from a city named Tricaren , or Tricarenia , as well as 
+Geryones . Palagphatus fays very truly that the ftrange notion 
+
+
+A. 
+
+
+Pal^phatus. p. 56. * 
+
+Palaephatus. p. 9 6. 
+
+
+arofe 
+
+
+
+
+: c V 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+41 i 
+
+
+arofe from a place. But to ftate more precifely the grounds 
+of the miftake, we mu ft obferve that from the ancient Tor- 
+Caph-El arofe the blunder about Tgutepofcog ; as from Tor- 
+
+Keren, rendered Tricarenia, was formed the term Tgucamvos ; 
+and thefe perfonages in eonfequence of it were defcribed with 
+three heads. 
+
+As I often quote from Falaephatus, it may be proper to 
+fay fomething concerning him. He wrote early : and feems 
+to have been a ferious, and fenfible perfon ; one, who faw 
+the abfurdity of the fables, upon which the theology of his 
+country was founded. In the purport of his name is figni- 
+fied an antiquarian; a perfon, who dealt in remote re- 
+fearehes : and there is no impoffibility, but that there might 
+have eafually arifen this correfpondenee between his name 
+and writings. But, I think, it is hardly probable. As he 
+wrote againft the mythology of his country, I fhould ima¬ 
+gine that HcxAca<pcLTQ^, Falaephatus, was an affumed name, 
+which he took for a blind, in order to fcreen himfelf from 
+perfecution : for the nature of his writings made him liable 
+to much ill will. One little treatife of 33 Palaephatus about 
+Orion is quoted verbatim by the- Scholiaft upon 34 Homer, 
+who fpeaks of it as a quotation from Euphorion. I fhould 
+therefore think, that Euphorion was the name of this 
+writer: but as there- were many learned men f© called, it 
+may be difficult to determine which was the author of this 
+treatife. 
+
+
+
+
+Homer, who has conftruded the noblefl poem, that was 
+
+33 Palasphatus. p. 20. 
+
+34 Iliad. X. v. 486. 
+
+
+o g g 2 
+
+
+ever 
+
+
+
+41 2 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+ever framed, from the ftrangeft materials, abounds with alle¬ 
+gory and myfterious defcription. He often introduces ideal 
+perfonages, his notions of which he borrowed from edifices, 
+hills, and fountains ; and from whatever favoured of wonder 
+and antiquity. He feems fometimes to blend together two 
+
+different characters of the fame thing, a borrowed one, and a 
+
+* 
+
+real ; fo as to make the true hiftory, if there fhould be any 
+truth at bottom, the more extraordinary, and entertaining. 
+
+I cannot help thinking, that Otus and Ephialtes, thofe 
+gigantic youths, fo celebrated by the Poets, were two lofty 
+towers. They were building to Alohim, called 35 Aloeus ; 
+but were probably overthrown by an earthquake. They 
+are Ipoken of by Pindar as the fons of Iphimedeia and are 
+fuppofed to have been ilain by Apollo in the ifland Naxos, 
+
+36 Ev $s Nafw 
+
+3 -CLUBIV KlWXgX l<pl(JL£$£lXg 'UTXL$OLQ 
+
+ElTOV , KXi GTS, TOhfJLXBig EpX?WX XV X^. 
+
+* • 
+
+4 • • 
+
+They are alio mentioned , by Homer, who ffyles them yny£V£ig y 
+or earthborn : and his defcription is equally fine. 
+
+37 Kxi p £T£K£V Jvq 'StaiJs, puvvuQxhcti S's ySJ/£cEbjK, 
+
+ElTOV T XVTl&SOV; TfihBKhSlTOV T EpxKTYiV' 
+
+Ovg Jjj [JLWiZOVg 3^s\J/g %£i$u)gog xgzgx, 
+
+K xi ‘WoXv KxXXi&sg [xsrx y£ kKvtqv Elgioovx i. 
+
+E vvBoogoi yx$ roiys , kxi £W£xm;irQ( 2 sg qvxv 
+Evgog, xrxg [juiKog y£, y£V£<&Y)V Bvveogyvioi. 
+
+
+35 Diodorus Siculus. L. 5. p. 324.. 
+
+36 Pindar. Pyth. Ode 4. p. 243. 
+
+37 Homer. OdyiT. A. v. 306. 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+Homer 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 415 
+
+Homer includes Orion in this defcription, whom he men¬ 
+tions elfewhere : and feems to borrow his ideas from a fimilar 
+
+% 
+
+% 
+
+objedt, fome tower or temple, that was facred to him. Orion 1 
+was Nimrod, the great hunter in the Scriptures, called by the 
+
+Greeks Nebrod. He was the founder of Babel, or Babylon;- 
+
+♦ 
+
+and is reprefented as a gigantic perfonage. The author of 
+the Pafchal Chronicle fpeaks of him in this light. 38 Ns(?£«<£ 
+
+Yiyanot, top tw B uJovXumcci) kth. rantt—ovnvct mX&triv Slgioovct.. 
+
+He is called Alorus by Abydenus, and Apollodorus ; which 
+was often rendered with the Amonian prefix Pelorus. Homer 
+defcribes him as a great hunter ; and of an enormous flature, 
+even fuperior to the Aloeidse above mentioned. 
+
+
+39 Toy <5s per Q,gioov& HeXcagiov ei<rsvoYi<rct, - 
+Srigocg ofiu siXsvvTa kolt a<rcpo$sXov Xsi^mcL. 
+
+The Poet flyles him Pelorian; which betokens fomething vaft, 
+and is applicable to any towering perfonage, but particular!} 
+to Orion. For the term Pelorus is the name, by which the 
+towers of Orion were called. Of thefe there feems to have been 
+
+
+one in 
+
+
+Delos 
+
+
+and another of more note, to which Homer 
+
+
+♦ 
+
+probably alluded, in Sicily; where Orion was particularly re¬ 
+verenced. The ftreight of Rhegium was a dangerous pafs : 
+and this edifice was eredled for the fecurity of thofe, who 
+were obliged to go through it. It flood near Zancle ; and 
+
+
+38 Chron. Pafchale. p 36. 
+
+Ne£p<wcT — kol ? vb / tiv . Cedrenus. p. 14. 
+
+39 Homer, OdyjT. A. v. 57U. 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+4 
+
+
+414 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+was called 40 Pelorus, becaufe it was facred to Alorus, the 
+fame as 41 Orion. There was likewife a river named from 
+3 him> and rendered by Lycophron 42 Elorus. The tower is 
+mentioned by Strabo; but more particularly by Diodorus 
+Siculus. He informs us, that, according to the tradition of 
+the place, Orion there refided ; and that among other works, 
+he raifed this very mound and promontory, called Pelorus 
+and Pelorias, together with the temple, which was iituated 
+upon it. 43 Qgicdva, 'urgo<r , }(Mcrcu to xoctoc tw ksi^lsvqv 
+
+UKgWTYlglOV, KOLl TO T £[X.SV 0 S T8 ILoTSlioOVOg XOLTa.TKSVCiTCa, Tl{&WfJL£l/Oif 
+
+vtto toov sy^wgiuv fricttpegovToog. We find from hence, that there 
+was a tower of this fort, which belonged to Orion: and that 
+the word Pelorion was a term borrowed from thefe edifices, 
+and made ufe of metaphorically, to denote any thing ftu- 
+pendous and large. The defeription in Homer is of a mixed 
+nature : wherein he retains the ancient tradition of a gigantic 
+perfon ; but borrows his ideas from the towers facred to him., 
+I have taken notice before, that all temples of old were fup- 
+pofed to be oracular ; and by the Amanians were called Pater 
+and Fatara. This temple of Orion was undoubtedly a Pater * 
+
+40 Strabo. L. 3. p. 259. 
+
+41 Alorus was the firft king of Babylon; and the fame perfon as Orion* and Nim¬ 
+rod. See Radicals, p. 9. notes. 
+
+A% "EAct’ppc, ei'&cc ep-orov. Lycophron. V, 1033. 
+
+e p eSgtov c EAa>g>y wpoaBev. Idem. v. 1 1 84, 'O totx.jj.os o c EA Gogos €cr%e to ovofjiot 
+ctiro twos filter 1 Azcos 'EAaipa. Schol. ibid. There were in Sicily many places of.this 
+name; Ete:JW '’E^moiqv. Diodorus. L. 13. p. 148. Elorqs Caftellum. Fazellus. 
+Dec. 1. L. 4. c. 2. 
+
+Via Helorina. 'EAw/^s ^roAr?. Cluver. Sicilia Antiqua. L. ju c. 13. p. 186. 
+
+4 * Diodorus Siculus. L. 4. p. 284. 
+
+.6 
+
+
+to 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+4*5 
+
+
+9 
+
+which, mariners reforted to know the event of their voyage* 
+
+
+and to make their offerings to the God 
+
+
+Was on this 
+
+
+ftyled Tor Pator ; which being by the Greeks exprefffed 
+
+
+Tgi7rct?oog, tripator, gave rife to the notion, 
+born slant had three fathers. 
+
+
+£LglWV Tgl7T0tTWg 0.770 fJLYfTSgOS CivQogS yCtlYj ?. 
+
+
+this earth 
+
+
+
+4 + 
+
+
+Thefe towers 
+
+
+* 
+
+near the fea were made ufe of to form a judg¬ 
+ment of the weather, and to obferve the heavens: and thofe 
+which belonged to cities, were generally in the Acropolis, o: 
+
+
+higher part of the pla 
+
+
+This by the Amonians was named 
+
+
+Bofrah ; and the citadel of Carthage, as well as of other 
+
+
+Greeks by 
+
+
+a 
+
+
+known to have been fo denominated. But the 
+i unavoidable fatality rendered it uniformly 4S fivgaro, burfa, 
+{kin : and when fome of them fucceeded to Zancle 46 in 
+
+
+Sicily, finding that Orion had fome reference to Ouran or Ou- 
+ranus, and from the name of the temple (r % in or «, g) judging 
+that he muff have had three fathers, they immediately went 
+
+They 
+
+
+wor 
+
+
+k in order to reconcile thefe different ideas 
+
+
+accordingly changed Ouran 
+
+
+47 
+
+
+sgsiv •, and thinking the mif- 
+
+
+conftrued hide fivgtro no improper utenfil for their purpofe, 
+they made thele three fathers cooperate in a moft wonderful 
+manner for the production of this imaginary perfon; inventing 
+
+
+44 Nonni Dionyfiaca. L. 13. p. 536. 
+
+45 Kcctcs fj.ecrrv J'e tw 'zst-oAu' r\ cat£>Q7TQ Arf, w gxctAyr fivoo-oev, opgvs ix&vco* ooQ:x. 
+
+Strabo. L. 17. p. 1189. 
+
+See alfo Juftin. L. 18. c. 5. and Livy. L. 34. c. 62. 
+
+46 ZayxA?) 'st'cAg 2 *xeA/as —ctiro ynysvas. Stephan. Byzant. 
+
+47 Ovpew by the Dorians was exprefled Qupocv . 
+
+the 
+
+
+
+4*6\ The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+the moil flovenly legend, that ever was devifed. * 8 Tgsig fteoi) 
+
+
+t« tfcpctysvTog (3oog (3vgcri evtsgwrctv, kou ca> ty}s Q.giwv sysvsTo. 
+
+Tres Dei in bovis madlati pelle minxerunt, et inde natus eft 
+Orion. 
+
+
+4,8 Scholia in Lycophron. v. 328. 
+
+— KOCTCL TpOTTYW Td 3 CO CC7T0 T3 BpiCOV Gc^lV <X7T0 iq~Opi C£$ T3 3p7Urctt &€'dS 
+
+ev th @vpa 3 % x.ai yeveaftcct olvtov. Etymolog. Mag. Qpic cv. 
+
+
+•» 
+
+
+
+TIT 
+
+
+
+
+
+T IT and T I T H. 
+
+% 
+
+» 
+
+W HEN towers were fituated upon eminences fafhioned 
+
+very round, they were by the Amonians called Tith; 
+which anfwers to *n in Hebrew, and to 1 titQy), and titOos 
+in Greek. They were fo denominated from their refem- 
+blance to a woman’s bread; and were particularly facred to 
+Orus, and Oliris, the Deities of light, who by the Grecians 
+were reprefented under the title of Apollo. Hence the fum- 
+mit of Parnaffus was * named Tithorea from Tith-Or : and 
+hard by was a city, mentioned by Paufanias, of the fame 
+name ; which was alike facred to Orus, and Apollo. The 
+fame author takes notice of a hill near Epidaurus, called 
+3 TiT Q&iqv ogog A 7 CO?<Kwvoq. There was a fummit of the like 
+nature at Samos, which is by Callimachus flyled the bj'eajl 
+of Parthenia : 4 AiaJogoy(pv v$clti UcLgQeviYis. Mounds of 
+
+
+1 T/t 0 w, Hefychius. 
+
+1 Paufanias. L. io. p. 878. 
+
+3 O po$ — o cTw TnQeiov Qvouct&aw e(p fiy-Wy ttjvitcclvtcc f e exxteno JVI votici*. Pauian. 
+
+L. 2. p. 170. 
+
+4 Callimach. Hymn in Delon, v. 48. M ctq~oi often taken notice of by Xeno¬ 
+
+phon. Aranas. L,. 4. p. 320. A hill at Defbos. Er AsaCy xAeu'jjs Efscry 
+kv/jlovi MASTD*. Athenseus, L. 3. p. in. ^ ev ocvtoo xca ixoc^on Polyb. 
+
+L. 1. p. 57. 
+
+
+VOL. I. 
+
+
+Hhh 
+
+
+this 
+
+
+458 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+this nature are often by Paufanias, and Strabo, termed from 
+their refeinblance 5 ^.otg'osiS'sig. Tithonus, whole longevity is 
+fo much celebrated, was nothing more than one of thefe 
+ifruftures, a Pharos facred to the fun, as the name plainly 
+fhews. Tith-On is f/.a.g'og Y{hia, the mount of the 6 Sun. As 
+he fupplied the place of that luminary, he is faid to have 
+been beloved by Aurora, and through her favour to have lived 
+many ages. This indeed is the reverfe of that, which is fa¬ 
+bled of the 7 Cyclopes, whofe hidory equally relates to edi¬ 
+fices. They are faid to have raifed the jealoufy of Apollo, 
+and to have been llain by his arrows : yet it will be found at 
+bottom of the fame purport. The Cyclopian turrets upon 
+the Sicilian fhore fronted due eaft : and their lights mud ne- 
+celfarily have been extinguifhed by the rays of the riling 
+Sun. This, I imagine 
+
+the Cyclopes with his arrows. Tethys, the ancient Goddefs 
+of the fea, was nothing elfe but an old tower upon a mount; 
+of the fame lhape, and erected for the fame purpofes, as 
+thofe above. On this account it was called Tith-Is, fjLu&og 
+
+'urv^og. Thetis feems to have been a tranfpolition of the fame 
+name ; and was probably a Pharos, or Firetower near 
+
+the fea. 
+
+Thefe mounts, Xotpoi fJLdfOsifeis, were not only in Greece j 
+
+
+, is the meaning of Apollo’s flaying 
+
+
+1 Strabo mentions in Cyprus, A^aSas 'zvoXis—ucu opos s OAu/^ttos. 
+
+JL. 14. p. 1001. 
+
+6 The Circean promontory in Italy feems to have been named Tit-On •, for the 
+bay below is by Lycophron fly led Titonian. Tituviov ts t«. v. 1275. Rivers 
+and feas were often denominated from places, near which they flowed. 
+
+7 Of the Cyclopes I fhall hereafter treat at large. 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+but 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 419 
+but in Egypt, Syria, and moft parts of the world. 
+
+4 
+
+were generally formed by art ; being compofed of earth, 
+raifed very high; which was Hoped gradually, and with great 
+exadtnefs : and the top of all was crowned with a fair tower. 
+The lituation of thele buildings made them be looked upon 
+as places of great fafety : and the reverence, in which they 
+were held, added to the fecurity. On thefe accounts they 
+were the repofitories of much wealth and treafure : in times 
+of peril they were crowded with things of value. In AHyria 
+was a temple named Azara ; which the Parthian plundered, 
+and is laid to have carried off ten thoufand talents: 8 Kcti 
+
+rigs tclXolvtuiv fjLVgiuv yoJoLV. The fame author mentions two 
+towers of this fort in Judea, not far from Jericho, belonging 
+to Ariftobulus and Alexander, and flyled 9 Yct^xpvXoucio!. toov 
+
+'Tvgctvvoov ■: which were taken by Pompeius Magnus in his war 
+with the Jews. There were often two of thefe mounds of 
+
+equal height in the fame inclofure ; fuch as are defcribed by 
+jdfephus at Machaerus near fome warm fountains. He men¬ 
+tions here a cavern and a rock; 10 <T7rrihaiov — ty) 'zrergcc 'srgis- 
+
+%acrji <s'KB7rofxsvov * TdtVTi% cimQev utrctvsi pcLfoi Svq olvS’ gyu'iv , aA- 
+
+KrjXoQV oKiyct) dVss'wrgs: and above it two round hills like breajls , 
+tit no great diJla?Ke from each other . To fuch as thefe Solo¬ 
+mon alludes, when he makes his beloved fay, 11 I am a wall, 
+and my breajls like towers . Though the word na^n, Chumah, 
+or Comah, be generally rendered a wall; yet I fhould think 
+
+8 Strabo. L. 16. p. 1980. Azara fignified a treafure. 
+
+9 Strabo. L. 16. p. 1106. 
+
+,0 Bell. Jud. L. 7. p. 417. 
+
+1X Canticles, c. 8. v. 10. 
+
+
+
+H h h 2 
+
+
+that 
+
+
+
+4-0 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+his place it fignified the ground, which the wall fur 
+
+
+unded 
+
+
+an 
+
+
+lofure facred to Cham, the- 
+
+
+who 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+particularly worfhiped in fuch pi 
+
+Tills Typhon, and the cities 
+
+
+es. The Mizraim called 
+where they were erecfied, 
+
+
+But 
+
+
+they flood within enclofures facred 
+
+
+This 
+
+
+lmamne, was 
+
+
+Typhoniai 
+
+Chom, they were alfo ftyled Choma 
+
+• — 
+
+the meaning of the term in this place, and in lome others 
+
+where the text alludes to a different 
+
+♦ 
+
+mode of worfhip 
+adored, and the 
+
+
+nation, and to a foreign 
+thefe temples the Sun was principally 
+of fire celebrated : and this feems to 
+
+
+# 
+
+have been the reafon, why the judgment denounced againft 
+them is uniformly, that they fhall be deftroyed by fire. If 
+we fuppofe Comah to mean a mere wall, I do not fee why 
+fire fhould be fo particularly deftined againft a part, which 
+is the leaft combuftible. The Deity fays, ^ I will kindle a 
+fire i?i the wall of Damafcus . 13 I will fend a fire on the wall 
+
+of Gaza.. 14 I will fend a fire on the wall of Tyrus. IS I will 
+kindle a 16 fire in the wall of Rabbah. As the crime, which 
+brought down this curfe, was idolatry, and the term ufed in 
+all thefe infiances is Chomah ; I fhould think that it related- 
+to a temple of Chom, and his high places, called by the 
+Greeks Ao$oi (jlols'qsi ; and to thefe the fpoufe of Solomon 
+
+certainly alludes, when fhe fays, syu Teiftog, mi oifictzoi |Us, 
+
+
+11 Jeremiah, c. 49. v. 27. 
+
+M Amos. c. 1. v. 7. 
+
+14 Amos. c. 1. v. jo. 
+
+?5 Amos. c. 1. v. 14. 
+
+It is remarkable, that in many of the very ancient temples there was a tradition 
+of their having fuffered by lightning. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+42* 
+
+
+tag ‘VTvgyoi. This will appear from another paflage in Solo¬ 
+mon, where he makes his beloved fay, 17 We have a little 
+JiJler , and foe hath no breafos. If foe be a Comah y we will build 
+upo?t her a palace of fiver . A palace cannot be fuppofed to 
+be built upon a wall; though it may be inclofed with one. 
+The place for building was a Comah, or eminence. It is 
+faid of Jotham king of Judah, that 18 on the wall of Ophel he 
+built much . Ophel is literally Pytho Sol, the Ophite Deity 
+of Egypt and Canaan. What is here termed a wall, was a 
+Comah, or high place, which had been of old erected to the 
+fun by the Jebufites. This Jotham fortified, and turned itr 
+to advantage ; whereas before it was not ufed, or ufed for a 
+bad purpofe. The ground fet apart for fuch ufe was gene¬ 
+rally oval; and towards one extremity of the long diameter, 
+as it were in the focus, were thefe mounds and towers ere6ted», 
+
+J 
+
+% 
+
+As they were generally royal edifices, and at the fame time 
+held facred ; they were termed Tarchon, like Tarchonium in 
+Hetruria: which by a corruption was in later times rendered- 
+Trachon, T . There were two hills of this denomina¬ 
+
+
+tion near 
+
+
+Damafcu 
+
+
+s 
+
+
+from whence undoubtedly the Regio- 
+
+
+Trachonitis received its- name: J9: v7rsgx.siVTcu os tzvTr\g (Aa- 
+fA.oc<ncs) bvo 7\eyop*2vot T gccy/Govsg. Thefe were hills with 
+towers, and muff have been very fair to fee to. Solomon 
+takes notice of a hill of this fort upon so Lebanon , looking to¬ 
+ward Damafcus ; which he fpeaks of as a beautiful ftrucTure.. 
+
+
+«7 
+
+
+IS 
+
+
+
+
+2.0 
+
+
+Canticles, c. 8. v. 8. 
+
+2 Chron. c. 27. v. 3. 
+Strabo. L. 16. p. 1096 
+Canticles, c. 7. v. 4. 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+422 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+* 
+
+The term Trachon feems to have been ftill further fophifli- 
+cated by the Greeks, and exprefled AgccxcdV, Dracon : from 
+whence in great meafure arofe the notion of treafdres being 
+guarded by 11 Dragons. We read of the gardens of the Hef- 
+perides being under the protedrion of a fleeplefs ferpent : and 
+the golden fleece at Colchis was entrufted to fuch another 
+
+guardian ; of which there is a fine defcription in Apoh 
+
+# 
+
+lonius. 
+
+.** II vgyzg si<ro'fya<&£ Kvrctaog Aiyitoco , 
+
+AAc Tog rs mcioav A gsog, t 0 Q 1 Kuocg an oLK^g 
+Ua 7 TToi[JLSVov Qrfyoio Agoucoov, la^ag cuvov i$s<&ou 9 
+ApjLcpig 07ri7rrsvsi freSoxYipiavog' ov$s 61 
+Ov xvacpcng ^vfjiog vnvog uvaitiaot ^ctfjLvotToci o<T<ra. 
+
+Nonnus often introduces a dragon as a protestor of virginity: 
+watching while the damfelf flumbered, but fleeplefs itfelf: 
+* 3 'T^raAsi^ ctygV7n/ov o%i7rravT^a Kogaiqg : and in another place 
+he mentions s^aig omaXaQgov O <piv. Such a one 
+
+guarded the nymph Chalcomeda, * s IloLgQaviKrig ctyctpioio (ZorjOoog. 
+The Goddefs Proferpine had two 26 dragons to protect her, by 
+the appointment of her mother Demeter. 
+
+
+Pervenit ad Draconis fpeluncam ultimam, 
+
+Cuftodiebat qui thefauros abditos. Phzsdrus. L. 4. Fab. 19. 
+See Macrobius. Saturn. L. 1. c. 20. of dragons guarding treafures. 
+
+Apollonius Rhodius. L. 2. v. 405. 
+
+2,5 Nonni Dionyfiaca. L. 14. p. 408. 
+x * Nonni Dionyf. L. 33. p. 840. 
+
+25 Nonni Dionyf L. 35. p. 876. 
+
+26 Nonni Dionyf. L. 6. p. 186. 
+
+
+Such 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+4 2 3 
+
+
+Such are the poetical reprefentations : but the hiftory 
+
+
+bottom 
+
+
+worfhip of the ferp 
+and a 
+
+
+facred towers, dedicated to the fymbolical 
+
+
+light 
+
+
+;nt; where there was a perpetual watch 
+burning. The Titans, TiTccvsg, were pro¬ 
+
+
+perly Titanians; a people fo denominated from their wor 
+
+
+fhip, and from the places, where it was celebrated 
+
+
+are, like Orion and the Cyclop 
+
+
+re 
+
+
+prefented 
+
+
+They 
+
+gigantic 
+
+
+perfons : and they were of the Tame race, the children of 
+Anak. The Titanian temples were ftately edifices, erected in 
+Chaldea, as well as in lower Egypt, upon mounds of earth, 
+Aocpo; {jLctgrosideig, and facred to Hanes; T rravig, and T irctvsg 
+are compounds of Tit-Hanes; and fignify literally fJLOLfog Y]XiB y 
+the conical hill of Orus. They were by their fituation ftrong, 
+and probably made otherwife defenfible. 
+
+In refpe£t to the legends about dragons, I am perfuaded that 
+the ancients fometimes did wilfully mifreprefent things, in or¬ 
+der to increafe the wonder. Iphicrates related, that in Mauri¬ 
+tania there were dragons of fuch extent, that grafs grew upon 
+their backs: 77 Amazonctg rs Ksysi ^sycOwzg, cofS kcu 
+7 rs<pvKSVCU. What can be meant under this reprefentation but 
+a Dracontium, within whofe precincts they encouraged ver- 
+
+
+'GTOOLV 
+
+
+dure 
+
+
+It is 
+
+
+faid of Taxiles, a mighty prince in India, and ; 
+of Porus, that, upon the arrival of Alexander the Great 
+
+
+5 
+
+
+he fhewed him every thing that was in his country 
+and which could win the attention of a foreigner. 
+
+
+Amon 
+
+
+other things he carried him to fee a 28 Dragon, which was fa 
+
+
+cred 
+
+
+17 Strabo L. 17. p. 1183. 
+
+18 Up cPe 7 0*$ eS'et^e tlou T& 
+
+
+1 
+
+ficttisi, tH'TjA 
+
+
+'TGOP 
+
+
+
+424 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+cred to Dionufus ; and itfelf efteemed a God. It was of a 
+
+t 
+
+fbupendous fi ze, being in extent equal to live acres; and re- 
+fided in a low deep place, walled round to a great height. 
+The Indians offered iacrifices to it: and it was daily fed by 
+them from their flocks and herds ; which it devoured at an 
+amazing rate. In fliort my author fays, that it was treated 
+rather as a tyrant, than a benevolent Deity. Two Dragons of 
+the like nature are mentioned by Strabo; which are faid to 
+have redded in the mountains of Abifares, or A biofares in In- 
+dia: the one was eighty cubits in length, the other one hundred 
+and forty. Similar to the above is the account given by Pofi- 
+donius of a ferpent, which he faw in the plains of Afacra, a re¬ 
+gion in Syria; and which he ftyles 30 figoLfCOVTct 'ure7f]ooKOTtX, VEKgov, 
+He fays, that it was about an acre in length ; and of a thick- 
+nefs fo remarkable, as that two perlons on horfeback when 
+they rode on the oppofite fides, could not fee one another. 
+Each fcale was as big as a fhield : and a man might ride in 
+at its mouth. What can this defcription allude to, this 
+fyoLKoov 'GrETrToozcctig, but the ruins of an ancient Ophite temple ; 
+which is reprefented in this enigmatical manner to raife ad- 
+
+
+nrcov ctxptev / zc-tgi€e€?wy-£vo* y~ou uvr-^jcrxe rets IvSoov txyzXcxs xtA. Maximus Tyr. 
+DifTert. 8. c. 6. p. 85. 
+
+29 Strabo. L. 15. p. 1022. 
+
+30 McCXgCC 'Z&zflOV. Hr TST to £e YloCtiSctil'iOi 15 * Opel T CV £CC7C0V 7 CC 'ZS'STTT&X.OTO. opet- 
+
+6 )JYSCi pOIKOi QV 77 7tOU 'ZVAzQccciOl'i TrJOi^Or £ €, 17T7T ECC$ ZX. CC7 £ O CrlQ £ V 'uTCCpOL- 
+
+cyccvrcc? oc AAjjAbs pm xctQocccv' ^jxo'fjicc £ 9 5 € (pi ^7 rov £e^cco^ccr^ tj?s CpoAiiPos As- 
+
+7riScc DirerotipBo-cLV Strabo. L. 16. p.’1095. The epithet 'z&e 7 TTcoKoos 
+
+could not properly be given to a ferpent: but to a building decayed, and in ruins 
+nothing is more applicable. A ferpent creeps upon its belly, and is even with the 
+ground, which he goes over ^ and cannot fall lower. The moderns indeed delineate 
+dragons with legs : but I do not know that this was cuftomary among the ancients. 
+
+miration ? 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+425 
+
+
+miration ? The plains of Macra were 
+
+
+far from Mount 
+
+
+Lebanon, and Hermon ; where the Hivites relided 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+where ferpent-worfhip particularly prevailed. The Indian 
+Dragon abovementioned feems to have been of the fame na¬ 
+
+
+ture. 
+
+
+was probably a temple, and 
+
+
+its environs ; where a 
+fociety of priefts relided, who were maintained by the pub¬ 
+lic ; 
+
+
+ferp< 
+
+clafs 
+
+
+and who worshiped the Deity under the femblance of a 
+nt. Tityus muft be ranked among the monfters of this 
+He is by the Poets reprefented as a ftupendous Being, 
+
+
+earthborn giant 
+
+
+3 * 
+
+
+Terras omniparentis alumnum. 
+
+
+per tota novem cui jugera corpus 
+Porrigitur. 
+
+By which is meant, that he was a tower, eredted upon 
+
+
+nical mount of earth, which ftood 
+
+
+an enclofure of 
+
+
+acres. 
+
+
+or 
+
+
+liver 
+
+
+He is faid to have a vulture preying upon his heart, 
+; immortale jecur tondens. The whole of which 
+
+
+hiftory is borrowed from Homer, who mentions two 
+engaged in tormenting him. 
+
+
+3* 
+
+
+K ou T itvov eidov Four)? epiKvSeoQ 
+
+
+K SlfJLS 
+
+
+JWsJw* oT S7T SVVSC& KSITO 'ETfiA eQg 
+
+
+31 
+
+
+Virgil. iEneis 
+3 * Homer. Odyi 
+Quintus 
+
+
+r 
+
+D * 
+
+
+rieAuTrfAsSpos exsiTo JtaTct %Qovos evpv7re^oio. L. 3. v. 395. 
+
+Tnvov [AB.ya.Vy ov p’ et ey.ev ye 
+
+
+A 1 EAao>j, $rge-\ev S'e >ca 1 0.4 
+
+
+Apollon. Rhodius, L. 1. v. 761 
+
+
+I i i 
+
+
+VVTB 
+
+
+VOL. I. 
+
+
+
+426 
+
+
+4 
+
+The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Tv 7CB OS fJLiV ix,0LTSg@£ / &‘Otgr i [JLSVQl Y\7TCtg SZSlgOV, 
+
+sgTgov ecrca Jvvqvtss, o<T ovtc cm: ctfjivv st a p£g£<n. 
+
+The fame ftory is told of Prometheus, who is faid to have 
+been eXpofed upon Mount Caucafus near Colchis ; with this 
+variation, that an eagle is placed over him, preying upon his 
+heart. Thefe ftrange hiftories are undoubtedly taken from 
+the fymbols and devices, which were carved upon the front 
+of the ancient Amonian temples ; and efpecially thofe of 
+Egypt. The eagle, and the vulture, were the infignia of 
+that country : whence it was called Ai-Gupt, and 33 Aetia, 
+from Ait and Gupt, which figniffed an eagle and vulture. 
+Ait was properly a title of the Deity, and figniffed heat: and 
+the heart, the center of vital heat, was among the Egyptians 
+
+
+ftyled 
+
+
+S4* 
+
+
+Ait 
+
+
+hence we are told by 35 Onis Apollo, that a 
+
+
+heart over burning coals was an emblem of Egypt. The 
+Amonians dealt much in hieroglyphical reprefentations.. 
+Nonnus mentions one of this fort, which fee ms to have been 
+
+
+a curious emblem of the Sun. 
+
+
+It 
+
+
+was en 
+
+
+
+upon a jaf- 
+
+
+per, and worn for a bracelet.. Two ferpents entwined toge 
+ther, with their heads different ways, were depicted in a fe 
+micircular manner round the eXtfeme part of the gem. 
+
+
+At 
+
+
+3 * 
+
+
+Aiyv7TT0<; 
+
+
+£ MWstc oc 
+
+
+t ivos ItJ'b Aery.. Steph&nus Byzant. 
+
+
+xcti Aepux, xul ri'Q.Ttzmrrt^ ytcu AE*TIA 5 ocn to, 
+
+
+Euftathius mentions,. Kcu Aericc, cctto tivqs Aere > ktA*. Ife Dionyfinm. v.. 
+
+
+a39. p. 42 
+
+34 
+
+
+Orus Apollo ftyles it in the loniam manner H 0 . L. i. c. 7.. p. 10. ToJ'g Hft 
+
+
+xapcTioc. 
+
+3S 
+
+
+AiyvTr'Tov cTs ypccyovireS} SrvfjLidcmigiov kcliq}jjzvqv ^c^ypoLCpBcri^ xzci Z7rccv&) xctpS'iccn. 
+L». 1. c. 22.. p. 38, It alfo fignified an eagle.. 
+
+7 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+427 
+
+
+the top between their heads was an eagle ; and beneath a 
+facred carriage, called Genius. 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+A i£7og qv 'ypvcreiog 
+
+
+'BrXttTvv qsgcc 7suLvcay 
+
+
+
+
+yj.bvcuuv SidVfJLM [As<r(rr,yv kolpyivoov 
+
+
+'Y'^/ipctvvs 'UTTSgvyodv 'eruFvgwv rsrgoL^vyi ky)[Jlu>. 
+
+Tp [As;/ %ct,vQog 10.77715 mergers. 
+
+The hiftory of Tity us, Prometheus, and many other poeti¬ 
+cal perfonages, was certainly taken from hieroglyphics mif- 
+underflood, and badly explained. Prometheus was wor¬ 
+shiped by the Colchians as a Deity ; and had a temple and 
+high place, called 57 IJsrgcc T vcpctovia., upon Mount Caucafus : 
+and the device upon the portal was Egyptian, an eagle over 
+
+The magnitude of thefe perfonages was taken from 
+the extent of the temple inplofures. The words, per tota 
+novem eui jugera corpus porrigitur, relate to a garden of fo 
+
+There were many fuch inclofures, as I have 
+notice : fome of them were beautifully planted, 
+and ornamented with pavilions and fountains, and called 
+
+
+heart 
+
+
+many acres, 
+before taken 
+
+
+Paradifi 
+
+
+38 
+
+
+One of this fort flood in Sy 
+
+
+upon 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+river 
+
+
+Typhon, called afterwards Orontes 
+
+
+of this 
+
+
+are alluded 
+
+
+to under the defcription of the gardens of the 
+Hefperides, and Alcinous; and the gardens of Adonis. 
+
+
+3 See the whole in Nonnus. L. 5. p. 148. It feems to have been a winged 
+machine, \fthich is called Kfrom Cham the Sun. Hence the notion of the 
+chariot of the Sun, and horfes of the fame, 
+
+37 K (KVXCLG& & nwfAQicriy T vfyaiQviy) ore 'nrergn. Apollonius Rhodius. L. 2. v. 1214, 
+Typhon was a high place; but reprefented as a Giant, and fuppofed to be 
+thunderftruck here, near the city Antioch. Strabo. L. 16. p. 1090. Here was 
+Ny/x.pccfor, V7tyi?ux.iqv n lepov. p. 191. 
+
+I i i 2 
+
+
+Such 
+
+
+
+428 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Such were thofe at Phaneas in Paleftine; and thole beautiful 
+gardens of Daphne upon the Orontes abovementioned ; and 
+in the Ihady parts of Mount Libanus. Thofe of Daphne 
+are defcribed by Strabo, who mentions, 39 Msycc TS aou c rvviri- 
+
+gstpsg otTwos, S'icipfsofJLevov 'urriycaois vSburiv ev fj.scrca <3s carvXov 
+
+TSfJLSVO^ kou vsoog A kqTsAmqs tcca AgTspcibog. ’There was a fine 
+wide exte?ided grove , which fioeltered the whole place ; a?td which 
+was watered with numberlefis fountains. In the centre of the 
+whole was a fianSluary and ajylum , facred to Artemis a?id 
+
+
+Apollo . 
+
+
+The Groves of Daphne upon the mountains Heraei 
+
+
+in Sicily, and the garden and temple at bottom were very 
+noble ; and are finely defcribed by 40 Diodorus. 
+
+
+I have taken notice that the word Ofictfccav, draco, was a 
+
+
+
+miftake for Tarchon, T a.gywv : which was fometimes ex- 
+prefled T gengoov ; as is oblervable in the Trachones at Da- 
+mafeus. When the Greeks underftood that in thefe temples 
+people worlhiped a ferpent Deity, they concluded that Tra- 
+chon was a ferpent: and hence came the name of Draco to 
+be appropriated to fuch an animal. For the Draco was an 
+imaginary Being, however afterwards accepted and under¬ 
+ftood. This is manifeft from Servius, who diftributes the 
+ferpentine fpecies into three tribes ; and confines the Draco 
+folely to temples : 41 Angues aquarum funt, ferpentes terra- 
+rum, Dracones temploruixu That the notion of fuch ani- 
+
+
+39 Strabo. L. 16. p. 10S9. He mentions a place near the fountains of the river 
+Orontes called Paradifos : Me^pt kcu vgov tx O^ovtb 'zzrwyooi'y cci 'urhyaiov Tars Ae- 
+klsCc 7 cccl rry ctpccSzicv. L. 16. 5. 1096. 
+
+40 Diodorus Siculus. L. 4. p. 2S3. 
+
+41 Servii Comment, in Virgil. JEneid, L. 2. v. 204.. 
+
+
+mals 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+429 
+
+
+inals took its rife from the temples of the Syrians and Egyp¬ 
+tians, and efpecially from the Trachones, T^cr^povsg, at Da¬ 
+rn afcus, feems highly probable from the accounts above : and 
+it may be rendered drill more apparent from Damafenus, a 
+fuppofed hero, who took his name from the city Damafne, 
+or Damafcus. He is reprefented as an earthborn giant, who 
+encountered two dragons : 42 Ka; yfiovog ol7cXstov via., SgcLKQV- 
+rocpovov ActfJLOLcrrjVct. One of the monfters, with which he 
+fought, is defcribed of an enormous fize, 'urev’TYinovTOLiteXsO^og 
+
+otpig, a ferpent in extent of fifty acres : which certainly, as I 
+have before inftnuated, muft have a reference to the grove 
+and garden, wherein fuch Ophite temple flood at Damafcus. 
+For the general meafurement of all thefe wonderful beings 
+
+
+by 
+
+
+43 
+
+
+jugera or acres proves that fuch an eftimate could not 
+
+
+relate to any thing of folid 
+
+
+but 
+
+
+enclofure of 
+
+
+that fuperficies. Of the fame nature as thefe was the gigan 
+
+
+perfonage, fuppofed to have been feen at Gades by 
+
+
+Magnefi 
+
+
+us. 
+
+
+He made, it feem's, no doubt of Tity 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+fuch monfters having exifted : for being at Gades, h 
+
+
+e 
+
+
+was ordered to go upon 
+
+
+certain 
+
+
+pedition by Hercules 
+
+
+and upon his return to the ifland, he faw upon the fhore a 
+huge fea-man, who had been thunderftruck, and lay ex¬ 
+ground : 44 TOVTOV 'UrXsOga. fJLSV TJTSVTS ifOL 
+
+S 7 tzyyiv' 
+
+
+tended 
+
+
+upon 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+4Z Nonni Dionyf. L. 25. p. 66 8. 
+
+4J Tot jugera ventre prementem. Ovid of the Pytho cf ParnafTus. Met. L. 1. 
+v. 459 - 
+
+See Paufanias. L. 10. p. 695. He fays, the extent related to the place, eiQcc 
+
+
+
+TITUOS 
+
+44 £ 1 $ cf £ ay 9/5 €7rczrr,K?nt 
+
+
+(t qv KA soovql) €S t a TccSetoa.^ ccrSfot hpeir ^rccXccrrcrtov KFv- 
+
+
+i:niiTm;oTA 
+
+
+
+43 ° 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+bttb^eiv' and his dimenfon s were not lejs than five across, . So 
+Typhon, Caanthus, Orion, are faid to have been killed by 
+lightning. Orpheus too, who by fome is faid to have been 
+torn to pieces by the Thracian women, by others is repre- 
+
+fented as fiain by the bolt of Jupiter : and his epitaph im¬ 
+ports as much. 
+
+
+
+
+45 ©griiKct •%gv(ro\vgY)v tjo<T OgtpBCL Movtrcu eO epvj/, ccv , 
+
+Ov ktclvbv v-^ifjLsiuv Xsvg ^soMbuti fistei. 
+
+All thefe hiftories relate to facred inclofures ; and to the wor- 
+fhip of the ferpent, and rites of fire, which were pradtifed with¬ 
+in them. Such an inclofiire was by the Greeks ftyled 46 TBp.£Vog, 
+
+and the mound or liiglj place roccpog and rvuJoog ; whi^h had 
+
+
+often a tower upon it, efteemed a fandtuary and alyl 
+
+
+ph 
+
+
+Ly 
+
+
+r 
+
+In procefs of 
+
+
+makes Caflandra fay of Diomedes, 47 TTMBOS 
+
+: .i : the temple , to which he Jhall Jhall fave him. 
+
+
+both the word TVfdoi 
+
+
+well 
+
+
+Tocipog 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+longer taken in their original fenfe ; but fuppofed 
+uniformly to have been places of fepulture. This has turned 
+many temples into tombs : and the Deities, to whom they 
+
+
+were facred have been 
+
+
+prefented as there buried 
+
+
+T here 
+
+
+was an Orphic Dracontium at Lelbos ; where a ferpent was 
+
+
+nEI7T QKOTA esmiv ym' rrtiTov 'srAeSpct jxzv tltzvtz ariyziv^ ■kzpxuvmQsvtcc 
+
+rv c — /\ —-w — _ * 
+
+
+fe V7T0 T« S"gS XCCteaBcU. 
+
+
+Paufan. L. 10. p. 806. 
+45 Diogenes Laertius. Procem. p. 5. 
+
+4 Te^gj.-os' iegou %wpiov a.tpoopicrfj'.tvov ©gu. Sch< 
+
+
+Homer 
+
+
+'WB^l7TVq-0V 
+
+
+Dionyfius. Fle^myvi. v. 13 
+
+
+Ao-oAov Tgftgj'os at Daphne upon die Orontes. See above, p. 428. 
+47 Lycophron. v. 613. 
+
+
+fuppofed 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancieistt Mythology. 431 
+
+fuppofed to have been going to devour the remains of Or¬ 
+pheus : and this- temple being of old ftyled Petra, it was fabled 
+of the ferpent that he was turned into ftone. 
+
++s Hie ferus expofitum peregrinus anguis arenis 
+Os petit, et fparfos ftillanti rore capillos. 
+
+Tandem Phoebus adeft: morfufque inferre parantem 
+Arcet; et in lapidem riedus ferpentis apertos 
+Congelat; et patulos, ut erant, indurat hiatus. 
+
+All the poetical accounts of heroes engaging with dragons 
+have arifen from a mifconception about thefe towers and 
+temples; which thofe perfons either founded, or elfe took in 
+war. Or if they were Deities, of whom the ftory is told ; 
+thefe buildings were erected to their honour. But the Greeks 
+made no diftindion. They were fond of Heroifm ; and in¬ 
+terpreted every ancient hiftory according to their own preju¬ 
+dices : and in the moft limple narrative could find out a mar¬ 
+tial achievement. No colony could fettle any where, and 
+build an Ophite temple, but there was fuppofed to have been 
+a contention between a hero and a dragon. Cadmus, as I 
+have fhewn, was deferibed in conflict with fuch a one near 
+Thebes ; whofe teeth he fowed in the earth: 
+
+49 oS'ovra.g 
+
+Aovioio fyccxovTos, on ooyuyir) svi ©rjfy 
+
+Kor .Evgoo ?tw $i£ri[/,svog si<rccpmvs? 
+
+Usps. 
+
+
+48 Ovid. Metamorph. L. n. v. 56. 
+
+49 Apollonius Rhodius. L. 3. v. 1176.. 
+
+
+Serpents 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+Serpents are faid to have infefted £ ° Cyprus, when it was 
+occupied by its firft inhabitants : and there was a fearful dra¬ 
+gon in the ifte of 51 Salamis. The Python of Parnafliis is 
+well known, which Apollo was fuppofed to have flain, when 
+he was very young : a ftory finely told by Apollonius. 
+
+
+52 Q,g furore fursrgociYi vro $eigoi$i n.otgvi)<TG'oio 
+AeX(pvvrjv ro%oi<n fnrsXoogiov s^evctgi^e, 
+
+Ksgog euv, eri yvfjLVog, en furXo mpo i<n yeyrfiwg. 
+
+After all, this dragon was a ferpent temple; a tumbos, rvp& 
+
+
+formed of earth, and efteemed of old 
+
+
+ginus bears witnefs. 
+Hie ante Apollinem 
+dare 
+
+
+To this Hy 
+
+
+53 
+
+
+Python, Terras filius, Draco ingens, 
+oraculo in monte Parnaflo refponfa 
+
+ite between 
+
+
+s folitus eft. Plutarch fays, that the difpute 
+Apollo and the Dragon was about the privilege of the pi 
+
+
+0 1 AeXtpuv SsoXoyoi volliQ 
+
+
+enctvQa 
+
+
+furore nr^og o<piv tw 
+rom hence we may 
+
+
+©su nregi th ’fcgYiS'rigUi ysverOcu. From 
+
+perceive, that he was in reality the Deity of the tempi 
+
+
+the Greeks made an idle diftin<ftion : and* he was 
+treated with divine honours. 55 UvOoi u*ev bv 0 Agcutwv 0 TIv- 
+
+
+though 
+
+
+Oiog 
+II vQiol. 
+
+
+PY\<r neverou, mi rs Ocpeoog r t furavqyvgig zocrayyeXXerou 
+
+
+It is faid moreover, that the feventh day 
+
+
+ap 
+
+
+50 Btf S' eir spotv A ices qzuyoov otpiaSecc K.u7rpov. 
+
+Parthenius, as corredted by Voffius. See Notes to Pompon, Mela. p. 391. 
+
+51 Lycophron. v. no. 
+
+Si Apollonius Rhodius. L. 2. v. 707. 
+
+53 Hyginus. Fab. 140. 
+
+54 Plutarch, de Oraculorum defedtu. v. 1. p. 417. 
+
+55 Clemens Alexand. Cohort, p. 29. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+433 
+
+
+pointed for a feflival in the temple, and celebrated with a 
+Pasan to the s<s ferpent. 
+
+We often read of virgins, who were expofed to dragons, 
+and fea-monfters; and of dragons, which laid wafte whole 
+provinces, till they were at length by fome perfon of prowefs 
+encountered, and flain. Thefe hiflories relate to women, 
+who were immured in towers by the fea-fide ; and to Ban¬ 
+ditti, who got pofifeflion of thefe places, from whence they 
+
+
+infefted the adjacent country 
+
+
+The S7 author of the Ch 
+
+
+con Pafchale fuppofes, that Andromeda, whom the Poets 
+defcribe as chained to a rock, and expofed to a fea-monfter, 
+was in reality confined in a terqple of Neptune, a Petra of 
+
+
+another fort. Thefe drag 
+
+
+
+prefented as fleeplefs 
+
+
+becaufe in fuch places there were commonly lamps burning, 
+and a watch maintained. In thofe more particularly fet 
+apart for religious fervice, there was a fire, which never 
+
+
+went out. 
+
+
+58 Irreflindta focis fervant altaria flammas 
+The dragon of Apollonius is ever watchful. 
+
+
+Ovh 
+
+
+ri(JL<x,g 
+
+
+Oy KV£tp&£ fi$v[JLOs v7rvog oLvcuSecx. frocfJLVccrcu cxrcre. 
+
+X 
+
+What the Poet ftyles the eyes of the Dragon, were undoubt¬ 
+edly windows in the upper part of the building, through 
+which the fire appeared. 
+
+
+Plutarch takes 
+
+
+that in the 
+
+
+56 Prolegomena to the Pyth. Odes of Pindar, 
+
+
+57 P- 39 - 
+
+58 Silius Ital. L. 3. v. 29. 
+
+
+VOL. I. 
+
+
+
+K k k 
+
+
+
+434 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+temple of Amon, there was a 59 light continually burning. 
+The like was obfervable in other temples of the 60 Egyptians. 
+
+
+Paufanias mentions the lamp of Minerva Polias at Athens, 
+which never went out: the fame cuftom was kept up in moft 
+of the 62 Prutaneia. The Chaldeans and Perfians had facred 
+
+
+which they preferved a 63 perpetual fire 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+hearths ; on 
+
+temple of Apollo Carneus at Cyrene the fire upon the altar 
+was never fuffered to be extinguished. A like account is 
+given by Said Ebn Batrick of the facred fire, which was pre- 
+
+The 
+66 Cai- 
+
+
+ferved in the great temple at 65 Aderbain in Armenia. 
+Nubian Geographer mentions a nation in India, called 66 
+machitae, who had large Puratheia, and maintained a 
+petual fire. According to the Cevitical law, a conftant fire 
+
+
+per 
+
+
+was to be kept up upon the altar of God. 
+ever burning upon the altar : it Jhall never go 
+
+
+
+
+‘The fire fio all be 
+
+
+From what has preceded, we may perceive, that many 
+
+
+^es. And I cannot 
+
+9 
+
+hiftory, than I dare 
+
+
+perfonages have been formed out of pla 
+help fufpedting much more of ancient 
+venture to acknowledge. Of the myth 
+moft every circumftance to have been imported, and adopted; 
+
+I imagine, that Chiron, fo celebrated 
+
+
+
+fuppofe 
+
+
+el fe 
+
+
+be a fable 
+
+
+
+
+59 
+
+
+60 ■> 
+
+
+61 
+
+
+Av^yov aaSe^ov. Plutarch de Defe< 5 t. Orac. Vol. i. p. 410. 
+
+, ^ ** * * 
+
+[Porphyr. de Abftinentia. L. 2. 
+
+
+L. 1. p. 63. 
+
+61 To cPe.Xu%viQv evITguTccveicp. Theoc. Idyl. 21. v. 36. 
+Tlvgos Tg Gpefyos ctcpQirov JEfch. 'Xoyupo^oi. v 
+
+65 See Hyde Relig. Vet. Perfarum : and Stanley*upon t 
+
+
+^ * 
+
+
+> f 
+
+
+64 Aet Se toi aevctov t&vo. 
+
+
+65 
+
+
+Vol. 2. p. 84. 
+
+
+Hy 
+
+
+66 Clima. 4. p. 213, 
+
+67 Leviticus, c. 6. v. 13. Hence 
+
+
+
+uXotpopia .; a cuftom, by which the people 
+
+
+were obliged to carry wood, to replenifh the fire when decaying. 
+
+9 
+
+
+for 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+435 
+
+
+for his knowledge, was a mere perfonage formed from a 
+tower, or temple, of that name. It flood in Theffaly j and 
+
+
+was inhabited by a fet of priefls, called Centauri. 
+
+
+They 
+
+
+were fo denominated from the Deity they worfhiped, who 
+was reprefented under a particular form. They flyled him 
+Cahen-Taur : and he was the fame as the Minotaur of Crete, 
+and the Tauromen of Sicilia ; confequently of an emblema¬ 
+tical and mixed figure. The people, by whom this wor- 
+fhip was introduced, were many of them Anakim ; and are 
+accordingly reprefented as of great flrength and flature. Such 
+perfons among the people of the eafl were flyled 
+
+lim : 
+
+
+s Nephe- 
+
+which the Greeks in after times fuppofed to relate to 
+vscpeXit), a cloud. In confequence of this, they defcribed the 
+Centaurs as born of a cloud : and not only the Centaurs, 
+but Ixion, and others, were reputed of the fame original. 
+The chief city of the Nephelim flood in Theffaly, and is 
+mentioned by 69 Palasphatus j but through the mifconcep- 
+tions of his countrymen it was exprefled Ns<psAfl, Nephele, 
+a cloud. The Grecians in general were of this race 9 as will 
+be abundantly fhewn. The Scholiafl upon Lycophron men¬ 
+tions, that the defcendants of Hellen were by a woman nam¬ 
+ed Nephele, whom Athamas was fuppofed to have married. 
+
+70 A $ depots 0 A 10K2 72 'EAAj^os 'crotis zk N ztpzhris yzvvcL 'EAAi^, 
+
+The author has made a diflindlion between 
+
+
+mi ®gi%QV. 
+
+Helle, and Hellen 9 the former of which he deferibes in the 
+
+
+68 It is faid in the Scriptures, that 
+and alfo after that. Genefis. c. 6. v. 4. 
+Nephelim. 
+
+69 C. 2. p. 6. 
+
+70 Y. 22. 
+
+
+thofe 
+
+
+The word in the original for giants is 
+
+
+K k k 2 
+
+
+feminine 
+
+
+
+436 The Analysis of Ancient Mythloogy. 
+
+feminine. By Phrixus is meant Phryx, who paffed the 
+
+Hellefpont, and fettled in Alia minor. However obfcured 
+the hiftory may be, I think the purport of it is plainly this, 
+that the Hellenes, and Phrygians were of the Nephelim or 
+Anakim race. Chiron was a temple, probably at Nephele 
+in Theffalia, the mod; ancient feat of the Nephelim. His 
+name is a compound of Chir-On, in purport the lame as Kir- 
+On, the tower and temple of the Sun. In places of this fort 
+people ufed to ftudy the heavenly motions : and they were 
+made ufe of for feminaries, where young people were inftrudt- 
+ed on which account they were ftyled 'GTouSqtpoqoi. Hence 
+Achilles was fuppofed to have been taught by 71 Chiron, who 
+is reported to have had many difciples. They are enume¬ 
+rated by Xenophon in his treatife upon hunting, and amount 
+
+to a large number. 71 E ysvovTo avrca {JLaQrjTcu nvvrfysQ'uav rs, 
+
+£ 
+
+xou eTsgoov uaXuv, Ks<paXog, A<rxXri 7 rias y Mg Kctvioov, Ne?ag, Ap- 
+
+<piagaog, nriXsvg, T eXapw, MsXeaygog, ®ri<rsvg, * ImroXvTQq , 
+
+FLaha faring, 0 $v<rcrsvg, M zvs&evg, K ctg-ocg, II oAuhvzrig, 
+
+& 
+
+Ma.ya.ctjv, TlodaXsigiog, AvnXoyog, A ivziag, AyiKKevg. Jafon 
+is by Pindar made to fay of himfelf, 73 Qafju cJ/cJac raaAiav Xg;- 
+goovog qicsiv : and the fame circumftance is mentioned in ano¬ 
+ther place : 74 K.govi$a Jg Tgatpsv Xsi^oovi ScaKav (laarova). Thefe 
+hiftories could not be true of Chiron as a perlon : for, unlefs 
+
+we fuppofe him to have been, as the Poets would perfuade 
+us, of a different fpecies from the reft of mankind, it will be 
+
+71 Orphic. Argonaut, v. 395. 
+
+71 De Yenatione. p. 972. 
+
+75 Pyth. Ode 4. p. 244. 
+
+74 Ibid. p. 246. 
+
+
+found 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+437 
+
+
+
+found impoftible for him to have had pupils in fuch different 
+
+. For not only iEfculapius, mentioned in this lift, but 
+Apollo likewife learnt of him the medicinal arts. 75 Acr/cAJO- 
+
+7Tl0g ZOU A TO A A 6^ 'UTCigCL XsigteVl TM K SVTOLVgto ICt&OU (h^OUTZOVTOLi. 
+Xenophon indeed, who was aware of this objection, fays, that 
+the term of Chiron’s life was fufficient for the performance 
+of all, that was attributed to him : 76 'O Xsigcovog ftiog 'urouriu 
+
+e^Yjgtcsi' 'Levs ya.g kou Xsigcav adshpoi : but he brings nothing 
+in proof of what he alledges. It is moreover incredible, 
+were we to fuppofe fuch a Being as Chiron, that he fhould 
+have had pupils from fo many different 77 countries. Beftdes 
+many of them, who are mentioned, were manifeftly ideal 
+perfonages. For not to fpeak of Cephalus and Caftor, Apollo 
+was a Deity ; and TEfculapius was the 78 like : by fome indeed 
+efteemed the fon of the former; by others introduced rather 
+as a title, and annexed to the names of different Gods. 
+Ariftides ufes it as fuch in his invocation of 79 Hercules : I oo y 
+Uouolv, 'H^a/cAes, Atr/cA^Tne : and he alfo fpeaks of the temple 
+of Jupiter iEfculapius, A tog A<tkXyi 7 T^ vsoog. It was idle 
+therefore in the Poets to fuppofe that thefe perfonages could 
+have been pupils to Chiron. Thofe, that were inftrutffed, 
+whoever they may have been, partook only of Chironian 
+
+
+75 Juftin. Martyr de Monarchic, p. 42. 
+
+76 DeVenat. p. 972. 
+
+77 iEiculapius was of Egypt. Cephalus is faid to have lived in the time of Ce- 
+crops ccvto%6uv: or, as fome fay, in the time of Eredtheus ; many centuries before 
+Antilochus and Achilles, who were at the fiege of Troy. 
+
+78 iEfculapius was the Sun. Eufeb. Praep. Evang. L. 3. p. 112. 
+
+79 Oratio in Herculem. Vol. 1. p. 64. Oratio in iEfculapium. p. 67. 
+
+education ; 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+education; and were taught in the fame kind of academy t 
+but not by one perfon, nor probably in the fame place. For 
+there were many of thefe towers, where they taught aftro- 
+nomy, mufic, and other fciences. Thefe places were like- 
+wife courts of judicature, where juflice was adminiffered r 
+whence Chiron was faid to have been <piXoq>gov£oiv, jcou ducaio- 
+
+TctTog : 
+
+So 'O Xeiguv sS'iSa^s S'lKouoTa.Tog KsvTotvgav. 
+
+The like character is given of him by Hermippus of Berytus. 
+
+81 'Ovrog 
+
+~Eig re $'ikcuo<tvvy\v §vy\twv yevog vyotye, Jhi^otg 
+'O gKov, kcli $v<nag .iXagcLg, xcu tryypeer QA vjjl7Th. 
+
+Right was probably more fairly determined in the Chironian 
+temples, than in other. Yet the whole was certainly attended 
+with fome inflances of cruelty : for human facrifices are men¬ 
+tioned as once common, efpecially at Pella in Theflaly; where 
+if they could get a perfon, who was an Achean by birth, they 
+ufed to offer him at the altars of Peleus and 8z Chiron. 
+
+There were many edifices denominated Chironian, and fa- 
+cred to the Sun. Charon was of the fame purport, and ety¬ 
+mology; and was facred to the fame Deity. One temple of 
+this name, and the moft remarkable of any, flood oppofite to 
+
+
+
+80 Homer. Iliad. A. v. 831, 
+
+Sr Clemens Alexand. Strom. L. 1. p. 361. 
+
+Se iq-cpei? sv t coy ScLVfAcccrioov avrccycoyr,^ er fTsAAv? ©&TTctA<as 
+
+<xr&p& 7 rov YIyjAbl xcli ~Xeipoovi xccrccQvscrQctt. Clementis Cohort, p. 36. 
+
+Memphis 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 439 
+
+Memphis on the weftern fide of the Nile. It was near the 
+fpot, where raoft people of confequence were buried. There 
+is a tower in this province, but at fome diftance from the place 
+here fpoken of, called 83 Kiroon at this day. As Charon was 
+a temple near the catacombs, or place of burial; all the per- 
+fons, who were brought to be there depoiited, had an offering 
+made on their account, upon being landed on this fhore. 
+Hence arofe the notion of the fee of Charon, and of the ferry¬ 
+man of that name. This building flood upon the banks of a 
+
+% 
+
+canal, which communicated with the Nile : but that, which 
+is now called Kiroon, ffcands at fome diftance to the weft, 
+upon the lake 8+ Mceris ; where only the kings of Egypt had 
+a right of fepulture. The region of the catacombs was called 
+the Acheronian and 85 Acherufian plain, and likewife the 
+Elyfian : and the ftream, which ran by it, had the name of 
+Acheron. They are often alluded to by Homer, and other 
+Poets, when they treat of the region of departed fouls. The 
+Amonians conferred thefe names upon other places, where 
+they fettled, in different parts of the world. They are there¬ 
+fore to be met with in 86 Phrygia, 87 Epirus, 88 Hellas, 89 Apu- 
+
+Sj Pocock’s Travels. V. i. p. 65. 
+
+S4 Pocock’s Travels. Ibid. 
+
+85 riccpcc tyiv Piifjivuv rnv ttccteueniv Diodorus Sic. L. 1. p. 86. 
+
+86 In Phrygia—juxta fpecus eft Acherufia, ad manes, ut aiunt, pervius. Mela. 
+L. 1. c. 19. p. 100. 
+
+87 River Acheron, and lake Acherufia in Epirus. Paufan. L, 1. p. 40. Strabo. 
+L. 7. p. 499. Thucydides. L. 1. p. 34. 
+
+88 Near Corinth Acherufia. Paufan. L. 2. p. 196. 
+
+In Elis Acheron. Straho. L. 8. p. 530. 
+
+S9 Celfae nidum Acherontias. Horat. L. 3. Ode 4. v. 14. 
+
+lia. 
+
+
+
+440 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+lia, 90 Campania, and other countries. The libri 91 Acherontii 
+in Italy, mentioned by Arnobius, were probably tranfcripts 
+Prom fome hieroglyphical writings, which had been pre¬ 
+served in the Acherontian towers of the Nile. Thefe were 
+carried by Tages to Hetruria ; where they were held in great 
+veneration. 
+
+\ 
+
+As towers of this fort were feminaries of learning, Homer 
+
+from one of them has formed the character of fage Mentor ; 
+
+• * 
+
+under whofe refemblance the Goddefs of wifdom was flip- 
+
+# 
+
+pofed to be concealed. By Mentor, I imagine, that the Poet 
+covertly alludes to a temple of Menes. It is faid, that Homer 
+in an illnefs was cured by one 92 Mentor, the fon of A Xtcipos, 
+Alcimus. The perfon probably was a Mentorian prieft, who 
+did him this kind office, if there be any truth in the ffcory. 
+It was from an oracular temple ftyled Mentor; and Man- 
+Tor, that the facred cakes had the name of Amphimantora. 
+
+93 A [AplfJLKVTOgOt, a\q>rtOL fJLShlTl S'sS'sVfJLSVO.. 
+
+Caftor, the fuppofed difciple of Chiron, was in reality the 
+the fame as Chiron ; being a facred tower, a Chironian edi¬ 
+fice, which Served both for a temple and Pharos. As thefe 
+buildings for the moft part flood on ftrands of the fea, and 
+promontories ; Caftor was efteemed in confequence of it a 
+
+90 Near Avernus. In like manner there were nreS'ia. HA vena in Egypt, Meflenia, 
+and in the remoter parts of Iberia. See Plutarch in Sertorio, and Strabo. L. 3. 
+p. 223. 
+
+91 Alfo Libri Tarquitiani Arufpicum Hetrufcorum; fo denominated from Tar- 
+Cufihan. Marcellinus. L. 25. c. 2. p. 322. 
+
+91 Herodot. Vit, Horn. c. 3. 
+
+9J Helychius. 
+
+
+tutelary 
+
+
+
+The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 441 
+
+tutelary Deity of that element. The name feems to be a 
+compound of Ca-Aftor, the temple or place of Aftor ; who 
+was rendered at different times Afterius, Afterion, and 
+Aftarte. C-Aftor was by the Greeks abbreviated to Caftor; 
+which in its original fenfe I ftiould imagine betokened a fire- 
+tower : but the Greeks in this inftance, as well as in innu- 
+
+4 
+
+merable others, have miftaken the place and temple for the 
+Deity, to whom it was confecrated. The whole hiftory of 
+Caftor and Pollux, the two Diofcuri, is very ftrange, and in- 
+confiftent. Sometimes they are defcribed as two mortals of 
+Lacedaemon, who were guilty of violence and rapine, and 
+were flain for their wickednefs. At other times they are re- 
+prefented as the two principal Deities ; and ftyled Dii Magni, 
+Dii Maximi, Dii Potentes, Cabeiri. Mention is made by 
+Paufanias of the great regard paid to them, and particularly 
+by the Cephalenfes. 94 M eycthovg yctg <rq>a.g 61 roLvrr\ ®sxg ovo- 
+fJLCtgs<rtv. The people there Jlyle them by way of eminence the 
+Great Gods. There are altars extant, which are infcribed 
+
+95 CASTORI ET POLLUCI DIIS MAGNIS. In 96 Gruter 
+
+is a Greek infcription to the fame purport. Vouog Tons 
+
+*1 sgsvg ysvop.evog ®suv M eyoCKuv A io<nio%®v K otSsigwi/. 
+But though Caftor was enfhrined, as a God, he was properly 
+a Tarchon, fuch as I have before defcribed ; and had all the 
+requifites, which are to be found in fuch buildings. They 
+were the great repofitories of treafure ; which people there 
+
+
+9+ L. 1. p. 77. 
+
+95 Fleetwood’s Infcript. p. 42. 
+
+96 P. 318. n. 2. 
+
+
+V OL. 
+
+
+
+k 
+
+
+L 1 1 
+
+
+entrufted. 
+
+
+
+44 2 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+entrufted, as to places of great fecurity. The temple of 
+Caflor was particularly famous on this account, as we may 
+learn from Juvenal: 
+
+97 fErata multus in area 
+Fifcus, et ad vigilem ponendi Caftora nummi. 
+
+The Deity, who was alluded to under the name of Caflor, 
+was the Sun : and he had feveral temples of that denomina¬ 
+tion in Laconia, and other parts of Greece. His rites were 
+fir:ft introduced by people from Egypt, and Canaan. This 
+we may infer among other circumftances from the title of 
+Anac being fo particularly conferred on him and his brother . 
+Pollux: whence their temple was fly led Avolksiov in Laconia^ 
+
+and their feftival at Athens olvolksicl , anakeia. For Anac was 
+a Canaanitifh term of honour ; which the Greeks changed 
+
+to ouiocfc and 98 aveucreg. I have before mentioned, that in 
+thefe places were preferved the Archives of the cities, and 
+provinces, in which they flood : and they were often made 
+ufe of for courts of judicature, called and praeto- 
+
+ria ; whither the ancient people of the place reforted, to de¬ 
+termine about right and wrong. Hence it is that Caflor and 
+Pollux, two names of the fame perfonage, were fuppofed to 
+prefide over judicial affairs. This department does but ill 
+
+97 Sat. 14. v- 259. 
+
+9S Paufanias. L. 2. p. 161, 162. 
+
+There was a hill called Anakeion 1 Avcotziov* qqo vt toov &.io<T3goov Ispov* Suidas. 
+
+It is faid of the celebrated Polygnotus, that he painted tccs eu t co Srnaavpx stett eu 
+
+tu) Arccxeia) ygctcpas. Harpocration. The treafury we may flippofe to have been 
+a part of the temple. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 443 
+
+agree with the general and. abfurd character, under which 
+they are reprefented : for what has horfemanfhip and boxing 
+to do with law and equity ? But thefe were miftaken attri¬ 
+butes, which arofe from a mifapplication of hiftory. Within 
+the precin<£ts of their temples was a parade for boxing and 
+wreftling ; and often an Hippodromus. Hence arofe thefe 
+attributes, by which the Poets celebrated thefe perfonages : 
+
+99 •&’ 'l7r7ro$cL[jLov, mi tcryj etyetdov UoT^v^bvksol, 
+
+The Deity originally referred to, was the Sun. As he was 
+the chief Deity, he mull: neceffarily have been efteemed the 
+fupervifor and arbitrator of all fublunary things : 
+
+100 H£?U0£, OS 'GTOLVT SpOgCl, mi 'UTOLVT S7TIX.K3SI. 
+
+On this account the fame province of fupreme judge was 
+
+conferred on his fubftitute Caftor, in conjunction with his 
+
+brother Pollux : and they were accordingly looked upon as 
+
+the confervators of the rights of mankind. Cicero makes a 
+
+noble appeal to them in his feventh oration againfl Verres ; 
+
+and enlarges upon the great department, of which they were 
+
+prefumed to be poffeffed : at the fame time mentioning the 
+
+treafures, which were depofited in their temples. 1 Vos 
+
+omnium rerum forenfium, confiliorum maximorum, legum, 
+judiciorumque arbitri, et teftes, celeberrimo in loco PR/E- 
+
+
+99 Homer. Iliad. I\ v. 237. 
+
+100 Homer. OdylT. M. v. 323. 
+
+’ Cicero inVerrem Orat. 7. fe£t. ult. 
+
+
+L 1 1 2 
+
+
+TORII 
+
+
+
+4-44 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+TORII locati, Caftor et Pollux; quorum ex templo quaeftum 
+fibi ifte (Verres) et praedam maximam improbiffime compa- 
+
+Ceres, et Libera—a quibus initia vitae atque 
+
+
+ravit 
+
+
+teque 
+
+
+vidtus, legum, morum, manfuetudinis, humanitatis exempla 
+hominibus et civitatibus data ac difpertita efie dicuntur. 
+Thus we find that they are at the clofe joined with Ceres, 
+and Libera ; and fpoken of as the civilizers of the world : but 
+their peculiar province was law and judicature. 
+
+Many infiances to the lame purpole might be produced ; 
+
+
+fome few of which I will lay before the reader. 
+
+
+Troph 
+
+
+o 
+
+
+nius, like Chiron and Caftor, was a facred tower; being com¬ 
+pounded of Tor-Oph-On, Solis Pythonis turris, rendered 
+Trophon, and Trophonius. It was an oracular temple, fi- 
+tuated near a vaft cavern r and the refponfes were given by 
+dreams. Tirefias, that ancient prophet, was an edifice of 
+the fame nature: and the name is a compound of Tor-Ees, 
+and Tor-Afis; from whence the Greeks formed the word 
+
+
+Tirefias. He is generally efteemed a diviner 
+
+
+foothfay 
+
+
+to whom people applied for advice: but it was to the temple 
+that they applied, and to the Deity, who was there fuppoled 
+to refide. He was moreover faid to* have lived nine ages : 
+till he was at laft taken by the Epigoni, when he died. The 
+truth is, there was a tower of this name at Thebes, built by 
+
+
+Amonians, and facred 
+
+
+the God Orus 
+
+
+It flood 
+
+
+ages, and was then demolifhed. It was afterwards repaired, 
+and made ufe of for a place of augury : and its fituation was 
+clofe to the temple of Amon. 2 ©rfiocioig Js [AST.ct tb. 
+
+
+Paufanias. L. 9. p. 741 
+
+
+TO 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 445 
+
+to Isgov oioovo<TKQ7raiov T 2 Tsigsrris jcolK3[/.svov. Tirefias accord¬ 
+ing to Apollodorus was the fon of Eueres, 3 * HvYigrig, or, ac¬ 
+cording to the true Dorian pronunciation, Euares, the fame 
+
+Hyginus 
+
+ftyled + Eurimi filius ; and in another place Eurii filius, Paf- 
+tor. Eurius, Eurimus, Euarez, are all names of the Sun, or 
+places facred to him ; but changed to terms of relation by 
+not being underftood. Tirefias is additionally ftyled Paftor ; 
+becaufe all the Amon-ian Deities, as well as their princes, 
+were called Shepherds : and thofe, who came originally from 
+Chaldea, were ftyled the children of Ur, or Urius. 
+
+By the fame analogy we may trace the true hiftory of 
+Terambus, the Deity of Egypt, who was called the Shep¬ 
+herd Terambus. The name is a compound of Tor-Am bus, 
+or Tor-Ambi, the oracular tower of Ham. He is laid to 
+have been the fon of Eufires, 5 Eye reign ts UoTsiS'Mvog ; and 
+to have come over, and fettled in Theffaly near mount 
+Othrys. According to Antoninus Liberalis he was very 
+rich in flocks ; and a great mufician, and particularly ex¬ 
+pert in all paftoral meafure. To him they attributed the 
+invention of the pipe. ■ The meaning of the hiftory is, I 
+think, too plain, after what has preceded to need a com¬ 
+ment. It is fabled of him, that he was at la ft turned into 
+a bird called Cerambis, or Cerambix:. Terambus and Ceram- 
+bis are both ancient terms of the fame purport: the one pro¬ 
+
+
+as the Egyptian Uc Arez, the Sun. He is by 
+
+
+
+3 Apollodorus. L. 3. p. 154. 
+
+* Hyginus. Fab. 68, and 75. 
+
+5 Anton. Liberalis Metamorph. c. Z2.. 
+
+
+
+4.46 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+♦ 
+
+perly exprefied is Tor-Ambi ; the other Cer-Ambi, the ora¬ 
+cular temple of the Sun. 
+
+I have taken notice that towers of this fort were the 
+
+* 
+
+repofitories of much treafure; and they were often confe- 
+crated to the Ophite Deity, called Opis and Oupis. It 
+is the fame, which Callimachus addrefies by the title of 
+6 O VTTiy Ai/our<r £va) 7 ri : and of whom Cicero lpeaks and ftyles 
+Upis : 7 quam Grasci Upim paterno nomine appellant. The 
+temple was hence called Kir-Upis ; which the Grecians 
+
+to TgUKsg : and finding many of the Amonian 
+temples in the north, with the device of a winged ferpent 
+upon the frontal, they gave this name to the hieroglyphic. 
+Hence, I imagine, arofe the notion of T^vneg, or Gryphons; 
+which, like the dragons abovementioned, were fuppofed to 
+
+be guardians of treafure 
+
+fervators of the wealth were the priefts. They kept up a 
+perpetual fire, and an unextinguifhed light in the night. 
+From Kir Upis, the place of his refidence, a prieffc was nam¬ 
+ed Grupis ; and from Kir-Uph-On, Gryphon. The Poets 
+have reprefented the Grupes as animals of the ferpentine 
+kind; and fuppofed them to have been found in coun¬ 
+tries of the Arimafpians, Alazonians, Hyperboreans, and 
+other the mod northern regions, which the Amonians pof- 
+feffed. In fome of the temples women officiated, who were 
+denominated from the Deity they ferved. The Scholiafi: 
+
+6 Hymn, in Dian. v. 204. 
+
+7 Cicero de Nat. Deorum. L. 3. 23. 
+
+She is fuppofed to be the fame as Diana. KaA r ecn S't tyiv AgTep.iv ©gcpies Bev- 
+tPetctVj Kprjres cfg Aocryrar, AccxeS'ctipovioi S'e Oumv • Palaephatus. c. 32. p. 78. 
+
+upon 
+
+
+, and to never fleep. The real con- 
+
+
+
+7 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 447 
+
+upon Callimachus calls the chief of them Upis ; and ftyles 
+her, and her alfociates, K ogcts s tr T 7 CSe&Qg£&Q, Hyperborean 
+young women. The Hyperboreans, Alazonians, Arimaf- 
+pians, were Scythic nations of the fame family. All the 
+ftories about Prometheus, Chimasra, Medufa, Pegafus, Hy¬ 
+dra, as well as of the Grupes, or Gryphons, arofe in great 
+meafure from the facred devices upon the entablatures of 
+temples. 
+
+8 Scholia in Callimach. Hymn, in Dianam. v. 204, 
+
+Qttiv 3 v.a.1 *Ex.<x.epyyv~— ex t&v Cr T7rep€oge6t)v. Paufan. L. 5. p. 392. 
+
+Metuenda feris Hecaerge, 
+
+Et Soror, optatum numen venantibus, Opis. 
+
+Claudian in L^audes Stilic. L. 3. v. 253. 
+
+
+T A P H, 
+
+
+
+f 449 ) 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+
+T A 
+
+
+
+H 
+
+
+? 
+
+
+T U 
+
+
+
+H 
+
+
+? 
+
+
+TA 
+
+
+
+H O S. 
+
+
+T 
+
+
+T HERE was another name current among the Amo- 
+
+nians, by which they called their Ko<poi , or high places : 
+This was Taph ; which at times was rendered Tuph, Toph, 
+
+m 
+
+and Taphos. Lower Egypt being a Flat, and annually over¬ 
+flowed, the natives were forced to raife the foil on which 
+they built their principal edifices, in order to fecure them 
+from the inundation : and many of their facred towers were 
+ereded upon conical mounds of earth. But there were often, 
+hills of the fame form conflruded for religious purpofes. 
+
+
+Thefe 
+
+
+were very com 
+
+
+upon which there was no building, 
+mon in Egypt. Hence we read of Taphanis, or Taph- 
+Hanes, Taph-Ofiris, Taph-Oflris parva, and contra Taphias, 
+in Antoninus ; all of this country. In other parts were Ta~ 
+phioufa, Tape, Taphura, Tapori, Taphus, Taphofus, Ta~ 
+
+
+phitis. 
+
+
+All thefe names relate to high altars, upon which 
+
+
+they ufed oftentimes to offer human facrifices. Typhon 
+was one of thefe ; being a compound of Tuph-On, which 
+Signifies the hill or altar of the Sun. Tophet, where the 
+Ifraelites made their children pafs through fire to 1 Moloch, 
+was a mount of this form. And there feem to have been 
+
+
+1 2 Kings c. 23. v. 10. 2 Chron. c. 28. v. 
+
+
+VOL. I. 
+
+
+M m m 
+
+
+more 
+
+
+
+45 ° 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+more than one of this denomination : as we learn from the 
+prophet Jeremiah. 1 They have built the high places of Tophet , 
+which is in the valley of the fon of Hi?ino 7 n , to bur71 their fojts, 
+a?id their daughters in the fire . And in another place : They 
+have built alfo the high places of Baal , to bur7% their fo7is with 
+fire for burnt-offerings U 72 to Baal. Thefe cruel operations 
+were generally performed upon mounts of this fort ; which 
+from their conical figure were named Tuph, and Tupha. It 
+
+A ® 
+
+leerns to have been a term current in many countries. The 
+high Perfian 3 bonnet had the fame name from its fhape: and 
+Bede mentions a particular kind of ftandard in his time ; 
+which was made of plumes in a globular fhape, and called in 
+like 
+
+
+manner 
+
+
+globis. 
+
+
+Tupha: vexilli genus, ex confertis plumarum 
+There was probably a tradition, that the calf, wor- 
+fhiped by the Ifraelites in the wildernefs near Horeb, was 
+raifed upon a facred mound, like thofe defcribed above : for 
+Philo Judsus fays, that it was exhibited after the model of 
+an Egyptian Tuphos : 5 AiyvurTiCtKis (JAfJLYifJLct Tvpz. This I 
+do not take to have been a Grecian word; but the name of 
+a facred orbicular mount, analogous to the Touphas of 
+Perils. 
+
+The Amonians, when they fettled in Greece, raifed many 
+of thefe Tupha, or Tapha in different parts. Thefe, befide 
+
+
+* 
+
+* 
+
+
+C. 7. v. 31. and c. ig 
+
+
+v, 5. There was a place named Tophel (Toph-El) 
+
+
+near Paran upon the Red Sea. Deuteron. c. i. v. i. 
+
+3 Zonal*. Vol. 2. p. 227. Tytfcty kccKsi 0 ePyp/.oocf'ys xcu 'zzroPivs cO'Qgco7ro$. 
+
+4 Bedae Hift. Angliae. L. 2. c. 16. 
+
+5 De legibus fpecialibus. p. 320. 
+
+The Greek term Tv<po$, fumus* vel faftus, will hardly make fenfe, as intro¬ 
+duced here. 
+
+
+their 
+
+
+
+■ of Ancient- Mythology. 
+
+
+45 * 
+
+
+tlxeir original name were, ftill further denominated from fome 
+
+» 
+
+title of the Deity, to whofe honour they were ejected. 
+
+
+But 
+
+
+was ufual in ancient times to bury perfons of diftindtion 
+
+
+under 
+
+
+came 
+
+
+heaps of 
+
+
+formed in this fafhion 
+
+
+thefe Taph 
+
+
+hgnify tombs : and almoft all the facred mounds 
+
+
+raifed for relig 
+
+
+purpofes, were looked upon 
+
+
+monu 
+
+
+meiits of deceaied heroes 
+
+
+
+Taph-Oiiris was ren- 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+dered 7 ct<pog 3 or the burying-place of the God Oliris 
+there were many fuch places in Egypt and Arabia, facred 
+Oliris and Dionufus ; 
+
+
+as 
+
+
+
+; they were all by the Greeks efteemed 
+of fepulture. Through this miftake many different 
+
+
+nations had the honour attributed 
+
+
+them of thefe Deities 
+
+
+0 
+
+being interred in their country. The tumulus of the 
+
+
+tines was miftaken in the fame manner. It 
+facred hillock ; and was often raifed before 
+
+
+was originally 
+
+
+pi 
+
+
+as an 
+
+
+altar ; fuch as I have before defcribed. It is reprefented 
+this light by Virgil : 
+
+
+7 Eft urbe egreftis tumulus, templumque vetuftum 
+Defertse Cereris ; juxtaque antiqua cupreflus. 
+
+In procefs of time the word tumulus was in great mealure 
+looked upon as a tomb j and tumulo lignilied to bury. The 
+Greeks fpeak of numberlefs fepulchral monuments, which 
+they have thus milinterpreted. They pretended to Ihew the 
+tomb of s Dionufus at Delphi; alfo of Deucalion, Pyrxha, 
+
+
+6 Plutarch. Ifis etOfiris. V. i. p. 359. 
+
+7 Virgil. iEn. L. 2. v. 713. 
+
+8 T m t a(pnv (A tovuce) eivou <pcx,o-iv g v AgA(po;> ig-ctoo!. top X^ycBr A7roAAo»'a. Cyril. 
+
+cont, Julian. L, r. p. 11. 
+
+
+M m m 2 
+
+
+Orion» 
+
+
+
+452 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Orion, in other places. They imagined that Jupiter was 
+buried in Crete : which Callimachus fiippofes to have been a 
+forgery of the natives. 
+
+9 Kgrfreg aei ’^svs'ou' hou yag Tatpov, w At >ot, <rsio 
+K gYires eTSKTyivctno, cry <T ov Saves, svcri yotg oust. 
+
+I make no doubt, but that there was fome high place in 
+Crete, which the later Greeks, and efpecially thofe, who were 
+not of the country, miftook for a tomb. But it certainly 
+muft have been otherwife efteemed by thole, who railed it: 
+for it is not credible, however blind idolatry may have been, 
+that people Ihould enlhrine perfons as immortal, where they 
+had the plained; evidences of their mortality. An infcription 
+Viro imtnortali was in a flyle of flattery too refined for the 
+fimplicity of thofe ages. If divine honours were conferred, 
+they were the effects of time, and paid at fome diftance ; 
+not upon the fpot, at the vellibule of the charnel-houfe. Bo¬ 
+lides it is evident, that mod: of the deified perfonages never 
+exifted ; but were mere titles of the Deity, the Sun; as has 
+been in great meafure proved by Macrobius. Nor was there 
+ever any thing of fuch detriment to ancient hiflory, as the 
+fuppofing that the Gods of the Gentile world had been na¬ 
+tives of the countries, where they were worlbiped. They 
+
+have by thefe means been admitted into the annals of times - : 
+
+* 
+
+and it has been the chief ftudy of the learned to regifter the 
+legendary diories concerning them ; to conciliate abfurdities„ 
+
+9 Callimach. Hymn, in Jovem. v. 8. 
+
+f^eya.* ksitcli Z 6v kixXvck&o-i* 
+
+Porphyr. Vita Pythagoras, p. 20. 
+
+and 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+453 
+
+
+and to arrange the whole in a chronological feries. A fruit- 
+lefs labour, and inexplicable : for there are in all thefe fables 
+
+
+fucb inconfiftencies. and contradictions 
+
+
+no art, nor in 
+
+
+duftry 
+
+
+remedy 
+
+
+
+who have expended their 
+
+to one another : 
+
+
+learning to this purpofe, are in oppofition to one 
+and often at variance with themfelves. Some of them by 
+thefe means have rendered their works, which might have 
+been of infinite ufe to the world, little better than the reveries 
+of Mons r . Voltaire. The greateft part of the Grecian theo¬ 
+logy arofe from mifconceptions and blunders : and the ftories 
+concerning their Gods and Heroes were founded on terms mif- 
+interpreted and abufed. Thus from the word t a<pog, taphos, 
+which they adopted in a limited fenfe, they formed 
+of their gods having been buried in every place, where ther 
+
+honour. This milled bifhop Cum 
+
+
+notion 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+tumulus 
+
+
+their 
+
+
+berland, XJfher, Pearfon, Petavius, Scaliger, with numberlefs 
+other learned men ; and among the foremoft the great New¬ 
+ton. This extraordinary genius has greatly impaired the ex¬ 
+cellent fyftem, upon which he proceeded, by admitting thefe 
+
+fancied beings into-chronolgy 
+childhood with notions 
+the celeftial outlawsi that we fcarce ever, can lay them afidC. 
+We abfolutely argue upon Pagan principles : and though we 
+cannot believe the fables, which have been tranfmitted to us; 
+
+ourfelves- continually ;• and make inferences 
+
+real. In fhort. till we recollect 
+
+
+We are fo imbued in our 
+of Mars. Hercules, and the reft of 
+
+
+yet 
+
+
+we 
+
+
+forg 
+
+
+from them 
+
+
+if they were 
+
+
+ourfelves, we are femi-pagan 
+
+
+pain to fee 
+
+
+of learning, and principle, debating which was the Jupiter 
+
+
+who lay with 
+
+
+ro 
+
+
+and whether it was the fame, that 
+
+outwitted 
+
+
+
+454 
+
+
+Tke Analysis of Anc-ient Mythology. 
+
+outwitted Amphitryon. This is not, fays a critic, the Her¬ 
+mes, who cut off Argus’s head; hut one of later date, who 
+turned Battus into a done. I fancy, fays another, that this 
+was done, when Id was turned into a cow. It is faid of Ju¬ 
+piter, that he made the night, in which he enjoyed. Alcmena, 
+as long as 10 three, or, as fome fay, as long as nine. The Abbe 
+11 Banier with fome phlegm excepts to this coalition of 
+nights ; and is unwilling to allow it. But he is afterwards 
+more complying; and feems to give it his fanffion, with this 
+provifo, that chronological verity be not thereby impeached. 
+I am of opinion , fays he, that there was no foundation for the 
+fable of Jr^piter s having made the nighty on which he lay with 
+Alcmena , longer than others : at leaf this event put ?iothing in 
+nature out of order ; fnce the day ,' which followed , was propor- 
+tionably fhorter , as Plautus 11 remarks . 
+
+Atque quanto nox fuifti longior hac proxima. 
+
+Tan to brevior dies ut fiat, faciam ; ut aeque dilparet, 
+
+Et dies e node accedat. 
+
+We find, that at laft he abfolutely gives credence to the ftory. 
+Were it not invidious, I could fubjoin names to every article, 
+which I have alledged ; and produce numberlefs inftances to 
+the fame purpofe. 
+
+It may be faid, that I run counter to the opinions of all 
+antiquity : that all the fathers, who treated of this lubjedt, 
+
+lo Hence Hercules was ftyled Tpiea7repos. Lycoph. v. 33. 
+
+Zeus Tpsis scnre^cts eis fxi'ccv jjletclCocXcov o'ui'excc.Beuf'e tv Schol. ibid. 
+
+Abbe Banier. Mythology of the Ancients explained. Vol. 4. B. 3. c. 6. p. 77, 
+78. Tranilation. 
+
+lx Plaut. Amphitryo. A£t. 1. S. 3. 
+
+7 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 455 
+
+and many other learned men, fuppofed the Gods of the hea¬ 
+then to have been deified mortals, who were worfhiped in 
+the countries, where they died. It was the opinion of Cle¬ 
+mens, Eufebius, Cyril, Tertullian, Athenagoras, Epiphanius, 
+Ladtantius, Arnobius, Julius Firmicus, and many others. 
+What is more to the purpofe, it was the opinion of the hea¬ 
+then themfelves ; the very people, by whom thefe gods were 
+honoured : yet ftill it is a miftake. In refpedt to the fathers, 
+
+the whole of their argument turns upon this point, the con- 
+
+% 
+
+cefiions of the Gentiles. The more early writers of the 
+church were not making a ftri< 5 t chronological inquiry ; but 
+were labouring to convert the heathen : they therefore ar¬ 
+gue with them upon their own principles; and confute them 
+from their own teftimony. The Romans had their Dii Im- 
+mortales ; the Greeks their &soi A$ccvoltoi : yet acknowledged, 
+that they had been men ; that they died, and were buried. 
+Cicero owns ; 13 ab Euhemero et mortes, et fepulturse de- 
+monftrantur deorum. It matters not whether the notion 
+were true ; the fathers very fairly make ufe of it. They 
+avail themfelves of thefe conceflions ; and prove from them 
+the abfurdity of the Gentile worfhip, and the inconfiftency 
+of their opinions. Even Maximus Tyrius, the Platonic, 
+could not but fmile, at being fhewn in the fame place the 
+temple, and tomb of the Deity ; tsgov ©£«, koli T cccpov ©sa. 
+Thefe fuppofed places of fepulture were fo numerous, that 
+Clemens Alexandrinus tells us, they were not to be counted. 
+
+n Cicero deNat. Deor. L. i. c. 42. 
+
+AAA ct KcuTct(pov olvtb (Zvros) <Pentvv&at. Lucian de Sacrifices, v. 1. p. 355. 
+
+14 Maximus Tyrius. DilTert. 38. p. 85. 
+
+
+AhXct 
+
+
+
+45 6 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+AXXa, yap smovn poi nss 'Wgo<rxvv 3 [jLBV 2 s vfjuv Tcupxs, s[xoi 
+
+
+asv ovF o 'UTol; av agascnri ygovog 
+
+
+But after 
+
+
+thefe Taooi 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+not tombs, but Ao <poi pccfosifeis, conical mounds of 
+earth; on which in the firffc ages offerings were made by fire. 
+Hence Tixpc*), tupho, fignified to make a fmoke, fuch as arofe 
+
+
+from incenfe upon thefe Tup-ha, or eminences. Befides, if 
+thefe were deified men, who were buried under thefe hills ; 
+how can we explain the difficulty of the fame perfon being 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+different times 
+
+
+To this 
+
+
+piter 
+
+
+buried in different places, 
+it is anfwered, that it was another Bacchus, and another Ju- 
+
+Yet this flill adds to the difficulty : for it is hard to 
+:ive, that whoever in any country had the name of Jupi¬ 
+ter, fhould be made a God. Add to this, that Homer and 
+
+# 
+
+Hefiod, and the authors of the Orphic poetry, knew of no 
+fuch duplicates. There is no hint of this fort among the 
+
+
+writers of their 
+
+
+was a refinement in after 
+
+
+ages j introduced to obviate the difficulties, which arofe from 
+the abfurdities in the pagan fyftem. Arnobius juftly ridi- 
+cules the idle expedients, made ufe of to render a bafe theo- 
+logy plaufible. Gods, of the fame name and charadter, were 
+multiplied to make their fables confiftent; that there might 
+be always one ready at hand upon any chronological emer¬ 
+gency. Hence no difficulty could arife about a Deity, but 
+there might be one produced, adapted to all climes, and to 
+every age. 16 Aiunt Theologi veftri, et vetuftatis abfconditas 
+conditores, tres in rerum natura Joves efle-quinque Soles, 
+
+
+,s dementis Cohort, p. 40. 
+
+16 Arnobius contra Gentes. L. 4. p. 135. Clem. Alexand. Cohort, p. 24. 
+
+
+et 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 457 
+
+% 
+
+et Mercurios quinque. Aiunt iidem Theologi quatuor efie 
+Vulcanos, et tres Dianas ; iEfculapios totidem, et Dionyfos 
+quinque ; ter binos Hercules, et quatuor Veneres ; tria ge¬ 
+nera Caftorum, totidemque Mufarum. But Arnobius is too 
+modeft. Other writers infill: upon a greater variety. In re- 
+fpedt to Jupiters, Varro according to Tertullian makes them 
+in number three hundred. 17 Varro trecentos Joves, five Ju- 
+piteres, dicendum, - introducit. The fame writer men¬ 
+
+tions forty heroes of the name of Hercules ; all which variety 
+arofe from the caufes above afiigned : and the like multipli¬ 
+city may be found both of kings and heroes ; of kings, who 
+did not reign ; of heroes, who never exifted. The fame may 
+be obferved in the accounts tranfmitted of their moft early 
+prophets, and poets : fcarce any of them ftand fingle : there 
+are duplicates of every denomination. On this account it is 
+highly requifite for thofe, who fuppofe thefe perfonages taT 
+have been men, and make inferences from the circumftances 
+of their hiftory, to declare explicitly, which they mean; and 
+to give good reafons for their determination. It is faid of 
+Jupiter, that he was the fon of Saturn ; and that he carried 
+away Europa, before the arrival of Cadmus. He had after¬ 
+wards an amour with Semele, the fuppofed daughter of Cad¬ 
+mus : and they mention his having a like intimacy with Alc- 
+mena an age or two later. After this he got acquainted 
+with Leda, the wife of Tyndarus : and he had children at 
+the fiege of Troy. If we may believe the poets, and all our 
+
+
+17 Tertullian, Apolog. c. 14. 
+
+TJeucrofJicct cF e a r s co ccj'9 'ajocroi *Zr/ves eupicntovTcct. 
+
+
+Vol. I 
+
+
+
+
+Theoph* ad AutoycL 
+
+
+intelligence 
+
+
+N n n 
+
+
+
+45 8 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient MyTHOLOGYr 
+
+
+intelligence comes originally from the poets 
+
+
+
+Was 
+
+
+this interval 
+
+
+personally interefted in that war. But 
+little lefs than two hundred years. Thefe therefore could 
+
+on which account I want to 
+
+. r , , • ^ .... 
+
+0 
+
+i his chronological interpre- 
+
+
+not 
+
+
+be the actions of one man 
+know, why Sir Ifaac Newton 
+
+
+18 - 
+
+
+tations choofes to be determined by the hory of Jupiter and 
+Europa, rather than by that of Jupiter and Leda. The 
+learned 19 Pezron has pitched upon a Jupiter above one thou- 
+fand years earlier, who was in like manner the fon of Saturn. 
+
+
+But Saturn, 
+
+
+according to forne of the belt mythologies, was 
+but four generations indulive before the sera of Troy. La- 
+tinus, the fon of Faunus, was alive fame years after that city 
+had been taken ; when ibneas was fuppofed to have arrived 
+in Italy. The poet tells us, *-* Fauno Pious pater : ifque pa- 
+rentem Te, Saturne, refert ; Tu fanguinis ultimus audios 
+
+The leries amounts on 
+
+
+
+Tu fans 
+
+four, Latinus, Faunus, Picus, 
+
+Saturn. What, authority has Pezron for the anticipation, of 
+which he is guilty in determining the reign of Jupiter 
+
+
+how can he reconcile thefe 
+
+
+
+hifbories 
+
+
+and 
+
+He 
+
+
+ght to have given fome good reafon for fetting alide the 
+
+
+more common and accepted accounts; and pla 
+
+
+thefe 
+
+
+events fo 
+
+
+
+Shall 
+
+
+we 
+
+
+
+with the critics and 
+
+
+
+
+commentators, that this was a prior Jupiter ? If he were a dif- 
+
+
+Newton’s Chronology, p. 151. 
+
+19 Pezron. Antiquities of Nations, c. io, 11, 12. 
+xo Virgil. JEn. L. 7. 48. 
+
+aI Sir Ifaac Newton fuppofes Jupiter to have lived after the divifion of the king¬ 
+doms in Ifrael; Pezron makes him antecedent to the birth of Abraham, and even 
+before the Afiyrian monarchy. 
+
+ferent 
+
+
+> 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+459 
+
+
+ferent perfon, the circumftances of his life fhoiild be diflfer- 
+
+: but the perfon, of whom he treats, is in all refpe< 5 ts 
+
+
+erit 
+
+
+fimilar to the Jupiter of Greece a!nd Rome. He has a father 
+Saturn ; arid his mother was Rhea. He was nurfed in Crete; 
+and had wars with the Titans. He dethtones his father, 
+who flies to Italy ; where he introduces an Age of Gold. The 
+mythology concerning him we find to be in ail refpe&s uni¬ 
+form. It is therefore to little purpofe to fubftitnte another 
+perfon of the fame name by way of reconciling matters, un- 
+Ts we can fuppofe, that every perfon fo denominated had 
+the fame relation's and connexions, and the fame occurrences 
+in life reiterated : which is impoflible. It is therefore, I 
+think, plain, that the Grecian Heities were not the perfons 
+
+
+41 fuppoled : and that their imputed names Were titles. It is 
+true, a very ancient and refpedtable writer, 43 Euhemerus, of 
+whom I have before made mention, thought otherwife. It 
+is faid, that he could point out ptecifely, where each god de¬ 
+parted : and could particularly fhew the burying-place of 
+Jupiter. La<flantius', who copied from him, fays, that it was 
+
+
+21 Arnobius has a very juft obfervation to this jiurpofe. Omnes Dii non funt: 
+quoniam plures fub eodem nomine, quemadmodum accepimus, efle non pofTunn, 
+&c. L. 4. p. 136. 
+
+25 Antiquus Auftor Euhemerus; qui fuit ex civitate Meftene, res geftas Jovis, et 
+cseterorum, qui Dii putantur, collegit: hiftoriamque contexuit ex titulis, et in- 
+icriptionibus facris, quas in antiquiffimis templis habebantur; niaximeque in fano 
+Jovis Triphylii, ubi auream columnam pofitam efte ab ipfo Jovis titulus indicabat. 
+In qua columna gefta fua perferipfit, ut monumentum efiet poiteris rerum fuarum. 
+Laftant. de Falla Relig. L. i. c. n. p. 50. 
+
+(Euhemerus), quem nofter et interpretatus, et fecutus eft prater caeteros, Em 
+nius. Cicero de Nat. Deor. L. 1. c. 42. 
+
+
+N n n 2 
+
+
+at 
+
+
+
+4 &o .The Analysis of'Ancient Mythloogy. 
+
+
+at Cnoffus in 2+ Crete. Jupiter, aetate pefium a£ta, in Creta 
+x r itam commutavit.—Sepulchrum ejus eft. in Creta, et in 
+oppido Cnofio: et dicitur Vefta hanc urbem creaviffe: inque 
+fepulchro ejus eft infcriptio antiquis literis Graecis, Zocv 
+Kgovov. If Jupiter had been buried in Crete, as thefe writers 
+would perfuade us,, the accounts would be uniform about 
+the place where he was depofited. Ladtantius, we find, and 
+fome others, fay, that it was in the city Cnoffus. There are 
+writers who mention it to have been in a cavern upon 
+25 Mount Ida: others upon Mount 26 Jafius.. Had the Cre¬ 
+tans been authors of the notion, they would certainly have 
+been more confident in their accounts : but we find no more 
+certainty about the place of his burial* than of his birth ; 
+
+concerning which Callimachus could not determine. 
+
+# 
+
+27 Z sv, era [JLav I Scuoktiv bv sgetri cpoun yBveo'Qca, 
+
+Zav, era <T sv A 
+
+
+He was at times fuppofed to have been a native of Troas, of 
+
+
+Crete, of Thebes, of Arcadia, of 
+
+
+but the whole arofe 
+
+
+from the word roopog being through length of time mifunder- 
+ftood : for there would have been no legend about the birth 
+of Jupiter, had there been no miftake about his funeral. It 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+common 
+
+
+of the Magnefians 
+
+
+
+piter 
+
+
+buried in their country upon Mount Sipylus. Paufanias fay 
+
+
+Ladtantius de Falfa Relig. L. i. c. n. p. 52. 
+as Varro apud Solinum. c. 16. 
+
+2,6 Epiphanius in Ancorato. p. 108. 
+
+Cyril, contra Julianum. L. 10. p. 342. See Scholia upon Lycophron. v. 1194. 
+a7 Callimach. Hymn, in Jovem. v. 6. 
+
+
+that 
+
+
+
+t 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+4 6 * 
+
+
+that he afcended the mountain, and beheld, the tomb, which 
+
+
+was well worthy of 28 admiration. 
+
+
+The tomb of 29 IBs in. 
+
+
+like manner was fuppofed to be at Memphis, and at Philce 
+in upper Egypt: alfo at Nufa in Arabia. Ofiris was faid to 
+have been buried in the fame places : likewife at Taphofiris, 
+which is thought by Procopius to have had its name 30 be- 
+caufe it was the place of fepulture of Ofiris. The fame is 
+faid of another city, which was near the mouth of the Nile,. 
+
+
+and called Taphofiris parva 
+
+
+But they each of them had 
+
+
+their name from the worfhip, and not from the interment 
+
+
+of the Deity. 
+
+
+This is plain from the account given of the 
+
+
+T acpos Oc ngiSoQ, or high altar of Ofiris, by Diodorus from 
+
+
+whom we learn that Bufiris and Ofiris were the fame. 
+
+
+1 The 
+
+
+Grecians , fays this author, have a notion , that Bufiris in Egypt 
+ufed to facrifice ft rangers : not that there was ever fuch a king y 
+as Bufirisbut the Tctcpog, or altar , of Ofris had this name in 
+
+
+the language of the natives. 
+
+
+In fhort Bufiris was only a vari 
+
+
+** Tafpcv a|fior. Paufan. 2. p. i6i. 
+
+29 Diodor. Sicul. L. i. p. 23. Tccpwai A eywi ryvlo-tv ev "Me/nCfei. 
+
+Ofiris buried at Memphis, and at Nufa. Diodorus above. Alfo atByblus in’ 
+Phenicia. 
+
+Era*; Se evioi Bt^A/air^ 01 A eyBtri 'magct ccpuri tsG ctpQcci rcov Qcigiv top Aiyv. 7 rricp a - 
+
+Ducian. de Syria Dea. V. 2. p. 879. 
+
+T ct fj.ev ur'zvepi Tcccpyjs t oov ©bmp T'dT&v <Pict(pcovsiTat 'Zcjctpct tois r zi??\ < Eufois t Diodor, 
+Li I • p. 2 - 4 » 
+
+30 Procopius 'uregi xt 1 a ptct? co v. L. 6. c. I. p. 109. 
+
+A i') V 7 TTIQL t s yap Oa ioiS'qs •zzroAAaj^tf S’jndaf, cocnrep eipvTca, Plutarc’h. Ifis - 
+
+et Oflris. p. 358. He mentions 'ZxjoAAbs O cnpiSoi t a(p 3 $ sv AiywtrTGp. Ibid. p. 359. 
+
+31 L. I. p. 79 . Ueci Tj&cnpi^os ox? evicts ?&ctpot tois 'EAA^ct/p evicr^vcrcti ?ov 
+
+fJLufyoV* a T« Bct(Tl/\€GOS OVQlJLOL^OfJLeVB B BdlOlS'CtXXct TB O criptj'os T CtQgB TCLVTYjV e^OUTOS-. 
+
+rw vgoavyopiotv xetret t m* Toov ey^wpicov cL/aAgxTor. Strabo likewife fays, that there 
+•was no fuch king as Bufiris. L. 17. p. 1154. 
+
+
+atiorr 
+
+
+
+4-62 
+
+
+The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+ation for Ofiris;: both were eom : 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+of the Egyptian 
+term 32 Sehor, and related to the God of day. Hence the al¬ 
+tars of the fame Deity were called indifferently the altars of 
+Ofirs, or Bufiris, according as eufloni prevailed. 
+
+I have in a former-chapter taken notice of the Tarchotos 
+and Dracontia in Syria, and other parts : which eonfifted of 
+facred ground inclofed with a wall, and an altar or two at 
+the upper part. Such an inclofure is deferibed by Pa u faunas, 
+which muft have been of great antiquity : 
+
+of it was very imperfectly known in his time. He is /peaking 
+of Hemea in Argolis ; 33 near which , fays he, Jland-s' fhe tetnple 
+of IVemean fupiter^ a fruSlure truly wonderful^ though- the roof 
+is now fallen in . Round the temple is ' a grove of cyprefs ; in 
+which there is a traditioji that Opheltes was- left by his nurfe upon 
+the grafs, and in her abfence killed By a ferpent.-^In the fame 
+place is the tomb of Opheltes , furrounded with a wall of ftone 
+and within the inclofure altars. There is alfo a mound of earth 
+faid to be the tomb of Lycurgus , the father of Opheltes. Lycur- 
+gus is the fame as Lycus, Lyeaon, Lycoreus, the Sun : and 
+Opheltes, his fuppofed offspring, is of the fame purport. To 
+fay the truth, 34 Opheltes, or, as it fhould be expreffed, Ophel- 
+tin, is the place; and Ophel the Deity, Sol Pytho, whofe 
+fymbol was a ferpent. Ophel-tin was a Taphos with a 7S- 
+
+fjisvog 
+
+
+or 
+
+
+facred inclofure: it was a facred mound to the 
+Ophite Deity; like that which was inclofed and fortified by 
+
+
+5 - 
+
+
+preci 
+
+
+of the fame purport, and figniry the 
+
+
+day. 
+
+
+44 
+
+
+34 Altis, Baaltis, Orontis, Opheltis, are all places compounded with fome title. 
+
+
+or titles, of the Deity. 
+
+
+Manaffeh 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+4 6 3 
+
+
+3i Manaffeh king of Judah; and which had been previoufly 
+made ufe of to the fame purpofe by 36 Jotham. A hiftory 
+fimilar to that of Opheltes is given of Archemorus ; who was 
+faid to have been left in a garden by his nurfe Hypfipyle, and 
+in her abfence flam by a ferpent. Each of them had feftivals 
+inftituted, together with facred games, in memorial of their 
+misfortune. They are on this account by many fuppofed to 
+have been the fame perfon. But in reality they were not 
+
+
+perfons, but pi 
+
+
+They are however fo far alike, as they 
+
+
+terms, which relate to the fame worfhip and Deity 
+
+
+Opheltin is the place, and 
+
+
+of the Ophite God above 
+
+
+ned : and Archemorus was undoubtedly the ancient 
+
+
+of the neighbouring town 
+
+
+city 
+
+
+It 
+
+
+compound 
+
+
+of Ar-Chemorus ; and fignifies the city of Cham-Orus, the 
+
+
+fame who is ftyled Ophel 
+
+
+many of thefe places there was 
+
+
+:ient tradition of fome perfon having been injured by 
+;nt in the beginning of life ; which they have repre- 
+fented as the date of childhood. The mythology upon this 
+occafion is different: for fometimes the perfonages fpoken of 
+
+
+ferp 
+
+
+re 
+
+
+filed by the ferpent 
+
+
+other times they k 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+there are inftances where both hiftories 
+
+
+perfon. 
+hiftory is 
+Hercules 
+
+
+may 
+
+
+ha 
+
+
+lly made to refer to 
+
+
+told of the fame 
+confequence, the 
+ftate of childhood. 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+accordingly a conflidl with two ferpents 
+
+
+cradle : and Apollo, who was the fame as Python, was made 
+
+
+35 2 Chron. c. 33. v. 14. 
+
+36 2 Chron. c. 27. v. 3. On the wall (nSTn) of Ophel he halt much : or rather on 
+the Comahj o: facred hill of the Sun, called Oph-E. 1 , he built much. 
+
+9 
+
+
+to 
+
+
+
+464 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+to engage a ferpent of this name at .Parnaflus, when he was 
+a child ; 
+
+37 K sgog SUV, ETI FTMNOS, sti 'GrXotZctfAoi:<ri yeyr$oos. 
+
+Near mount Cyllene in Arcadia was the facred Taphos of 
+38 fEputus, wh-o was fuppofed to have been flung by a fer¬ 
+pent. iEputus was the fame as -Iapet-us,, the father of man¬ 
+kind. In the Dionufiaca ; the priefts ufed to be -crowned with 
+ferpents ; and in their frantic exclamations to cry out 39 Eva, 
+Eva; and fometimes Evan, Evan: all which related to fbme 
+hiftory of a ferpent. Apollq, who is fuppofed by moft to 
+have been vitftor in his conflict with the Pytho, is by Por¬ 
+phyry faid to have been flain by that ferpent: Pythagoras 
+affirmed, that he faw his .tomb at Tripos in 40 Delphi; and 
+wrote there an epitaph to his honour. The name of Tripos 
+is Paid to have been given to the place, hecaufe the daughters 
+of Triopus ufed to lament there the fate of Apollo. But 
+Apollo and the Python were the fame ; and Tripus, or Trio¬ 
+pus, -the fuppofed father of thefe humane lifters, was a va¬ 
+riation for Tor-Opus, the ferpent-hill, or temple ; where 
+neither Apollo, nor the Python were flain, but where they 
+
+37 Apollon. Rhodii Argonaut. L. 2. v. 709. Apollo is faid to have killed Ti- 
+tyus, Bh 7 tccis eoov. Apollon. L. 1. v. 760. 
+
+38 Toi' c^£ Td AiTTVTS TCLtyCV GTTTdS V 'Z§ZClG'CCfJLr,V fAZV Hr yifs d 
+
+f+zyct) A/ 0 a Kgr/Trif'i ev tcvx. Aw 'z zrectZ^p^Zvcv. Paufan. L. 8. p. 632. 
+
+Aittvtiov TVfASo:', celebrated by Homer. Iliad. B. v. 605. 
+
+AtTrvTos fuppofed to be the fame as Hermes. N ccos Ep//.a Anrurd near Tegea in 
+Arcadia. Pauinn. L. 8. p. 696. Part of Arcadia was called Al7tvtis. 
+
+39 Clemens Alexand. Cohort, p, 11. Ave^sfJLfJuevoi Tots o(peaiv 67 ro/\o?wC > ot'Te$'Eu<zv 9 
+Evctv X/rA. 
+
+Porphyrii Vita Pythagoras, 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 465 
+
+J 
+
+were both worshiped, being one and the fame Deity. 41 TlvOoi 
+
+ft-SV XV 0 AgOUCCdV 6 TLvQlOS S’grjO'JCSVSTOCl, KOLl TZS Opsoos r\ 'DTOLVYl- 
+
+yvgi$ KOLTOLfyeTQKBTou HvOicz. At Python (the fame as Delphi) 
+the Pythian Dragon is 'worfloiped ; and the celebrity of the fer- 
+pent is fly led Pythian. The daughters of Triopus were the 
+prieftefies of the temple; whofe bufinefs it was to chant hymns 
+in memory of the ferpent: and what is very remarkable, the 
+feftival was originally obferved upon the feventh 41 day. 
+
+The Greeks had innumerable monuments of the fort, 
+which I have been defcribing. They were taken for the 
+tombs of departed heroes, but were really confecrated places : 
+and the names by which they were diftinguifhed, fhew plainly 
+their t^ie hiftory. Such was the fuppofed tomb of 43 Orion 
+at Tanagra, and of Phoroneus in 44 Argolis ; the tomb of 
+45 Deucalion in Athens ; and of his wife 46 Pyrrha in Locris: 
+of 47 Endymion in Elis : of Tityus in 48 Panopea : of Afterion 
+in the ifland 49 Lade : of the Egyptian 50 Belus in Achaia. 
+To thefe may be added the tombs of Zeus in Mount Sipylus, 
+
+41 Clement. Alexand. Cohort, p. 29. 
+
+41 The Scholiaft upon Pindar feems to attribute the whole to Dionufus, who 
+firft gave out oracles at this place, and appointed the feventh day a feftival. Er w 
+-zzr/o&JTos At 0 twos sBs/xiq-tua-Sy xca ctTro/tTetvas t ov Ocpiu tov TivBuvcc, otyoovi^erat t ov I7v- 
+
+Bixov a.ywvoi KCLTa. eSS'ofx.i)v fitxepocv. Prolegomena in Pind. Pyth. p. 185. 
+
+43 Paufanias, L. 9. p. 749. 
+
+44 Paufan. L. 2. p. 155. 
+
+45 Strabo. L. 9. p. 651. 
+
+46 Strabo. Ibidem. 
+
+47 Paufan. L. 5. p. 37 6. 
+
+48 Paufan. L. 10. p. 806. 
+
+49 Paufan. L. 1. p. 87. 
+
+s ° At Patras, fxvy/xoi Aiyv 7 TTt 3 ra B?jAy. Paufan. L. 7. p~ 578. 
+
+Vol. I. O o o 
+
+
+Mount 
+
+
+
+466 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology* 
+
+
+Mount Iafius, and Ida: the tombs of Ofiris in various parts r 
+and thofe of Ills, which have been enumerated before. Near 
+the iEaceum at Epidaurus was a hill, reputed to have been 
+
+
+th 
+
+
+n- 
+
+
+tomb of the hero 51 Phocus. This ^aceum was 
+
+
+clofure planted with olive trees of great antiquity and 
+fmall degree above the fur face of the ground was an 
+facred to JEacus. To divulge the traditions relative to this 
+
+
+altar 
+
+
+would 
+
+
+feems. be 
+
+
+high profanat 
+
+
+The author 
+
+
+therefore keeps them a lecret. Juft before this lacred fep- 
+tum was the fuppofed tomb of Phocus, confiding of a mound 
+of raifed earth, fenced round with a border of done work : 
+and 
+
+Such were the rude monuments of Greece, which were 
+
+
+a 
+
+
+larg 
+
+
+gh done was placed upon the top of all 
+
+
+looked upon as fo many receptacles of the dead : but were 
+high altars, with their facred TSftSPt}, which had been eredted 
+for divine worfhip in the mod early times. The Helladians > 
+
+and the Perfians, were of the lame 5Z family : hence we find 
+many fimilar rites fubfifting among the two nations. The 
+latter adhered to the purer Zabaifm, which they maintained 
+a long time. They eredted the fame facred Tupha, as the 
+
+51 Paufanias. L. 2. p. 179. 
+
+5Z Herodotus. L. 7. c. 150. and L. 6. c. 54. 
+
+Plato in Alcibiad. i mo . Vol. 2. p, 120. 
+
+Upon Mount Masnelaus was faid to have been 
+father of the Arcadians. 
+
+E<r* MairaA/*? Svcr^eifjisposy t e yzitcu 
+A pxcts, u(p ou S'yi 'Zoccvtss B7T nt/\n<7iv y„olKzqvtcli . 
+
+Oraculum apud Paufan. L. 8. p. 616. 
+
+But what this fuppofed tomb really was, may be known from the fame author 
+
+a & 4 
+
+
+the tomb of Areas, who was the 
+
+
+Tero. 
+
+
+Ibid. 
+
+
+Tucposy n 'ivfjSoty 7} anpieiov. Hefych 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+Grecians : 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+467 
+
+
+Grecians: and we may be allured of the original purpofe, 
+for which thefe hills were raifed, from the ufe, to which 
+they put them. They were dedicated to the great fountain 
+of light, called by the Perfians, Anai't: and were fet apart as 
+
+
+Puratheia for the celebration of the rites of fire. 
+
+
+This 
+
+
+peo 
+
+
+pie, after they had defeated the Sacae in Cappadocia, raifed 
+an immenfe Comah in memorial of their victory. 53 Strabo, 
+who defcribes it very minutely, tells us, that they chofe a 
+fpot in an open plain ; where they reared a Petra, or high 
+place, by heaping up a vaft mound of earth. This they fa- 
+fhioned to a conical figure ; and then furrounded it with a 
+wall of ftone. In this manner they founded a kind of temple 
+in honour of Anai’t, Omanus, and Anandrates, the Deities of 
+their country. I have mentioned that the Egyptians had 
+hills of this nature : and from them the cuftom was tranf- 
+
+
+mitted to Greece. Typh 
+
+
+or more properly Tuphon 
+
+
+Tvcpow, who was fuppofed to have been a giant 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+pound of Tuph-On 
+
+
+have before mentioned ; and fig 
+
+
+fied a facred 54 mount of the fun. Thofe cities in E 
+which had a high place of this fort, and rites in confeq 
+
+
+ypt 
+
+
+of it, were ftyled Typhonian 
+
+
+Up 
+
+
+fuch 
+
+
+thefe they fa 
+
+
+crificed red haired men, or men with hair of 
+
+
+other words flrang 
+
+
+For both the fons of Ch 
+
+
+and. 
+
+
+the Mizraim were in fome degree dark and woolly : fo that 
+
+
+53 Strabo. L. n. p. 779. Er S'e rco 'sre S'icp nETPAN TINT A 'urroar^couccTi uvy.~ 
+
+'TrXvfCtiG-ccv'res eis fievoeifes jctA. 
+
+54 Typhon was originally called Tr,ysm $ 9 and by Hyginus Terras Filius* Fab. 
+152. p. 263. Diodorus. L. 1. p. 79. he is ftyled Tyis vie; e^ociaio^ Antoninus 
+Liberal, c. 2 
+
+
+O o b 2 
+
+
+\ 
+
+
+there 
+
+
+
+4-68 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+there could be no furer mark than the hair to diftinguifh be¬ 
+tween a native and a foreigner. Thefe facrifices were offered 
+in the city S5 Idithia, s6 Abaris, S7 Heliopolis, and Taphofms ; 
+
+uence of thefe offerings were denominated 
+Typhonian cities. Many writers fay, that thefe rites were 
+performed to Typhon at the 58 tomb of Ofiris. Hence he 
+was in later times fuppofed to have been a perfon, one of 
+immenfe fize : and he was alfo efteemed a 59 God. But this 
+arofe from the common miftake, by which places were fub- 
+ftituted for the Deities there worfhiped. Typhon was the 
+Tupha, or altar, the fuppofed tomb of the God : and the 
+offerings were made to the Sun, ftyled On ; the fame as 
+Ofiris, and Bufiris. As there were Typhonian mounts in 
+many parts, he was in confequence of it fuppofed to have 
+been buried in different places : near mount Caucafus in 
+Colchis; near the river Orontes in Syria and under lake 
+Serbonis. Typhon, or rather Typhonian worfhip, was not 
+unknown in the region of 60 Troas, near which were the Sco- 
+puli Typhonis. Plutarch mentions that in the Phrygian 
+Theology Typhon was efteemed the grandfon of Ifaac or 
+
+Ifasac : and fays that he was fo fpoken of ev roig <Pgvyiois 
+
+
+which in confeq 
+
+
+55 Plutarch. Ills et Ofiris. p. 380. 
+
+56 Jofcphus contra Apion. L. 1. p. 460. 
+
+57 Porphyry de Abftinen. L. 2. p. 223. 
+
+There was Tler^cc Tvcpaovict irr Caucafus. Etymolog. Magnum. T upeos 9 f Tv(puovicc 
+
+'zvtTgct ev K ccvstctacp. 
+
+Kccvtcctau ev Kvyfj.oi(Ti r> on 'zsr erpy. Apollon. L. 2. v. 1214. 
+
+58 Diodorus Sicul. L. 1. p. 79. 
+
+59 Tlctpnyop&cri S-vcrias ycca 'urpccup&cri (top T ucpoovcc)* Plutarch. Ifis et Ofiris. p. 362* 
+
+60 Diodorus Sicul. L. 5. p. 338. 
+
+
+IO 
+
+
+y^ct^0L<riv 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology* 469 
+
+€t ygctiA.[jt,cunv. But all terms of relation are to be difregarded. 
+The purport of the hiftory was this. The altar was termed 
+Tuphon Iliac, live Beanos Itncmog, from the facra Iliaca, 
+which were performed upon it. The fame Ifaac or Ifasac 
+was fometimes rendered JEfacus, and fuppofed to have been 
+a fon of the river Granicus. 
+
+6t JElacon umbrofa furtim peperilfe fub Ida 
+Fertur Alexirhoe Granico nata bicorni 
+
+The ancient Arcadians were faid to have been the offspring 
+of 63 Typhon, and by fome the children of Atlas; by which 
+was meant, that they were people of the Typhonian, and 
+Atlantian religion. What they called his tombs were cer¬ 
+tainly mounds of earth, raifed very high, like thofe which 
+have been mentioned before: only with this difference, 
+that fome of thefe had lofty towers adorned with pinnacles, 
+and battlements. They had alfo carved upon them vari¬ 
+ous fymbols ; and particularly ferpentine hieroglyphics, in 
+memorial of the God, to whom they were facred. In their 
+upper ffory was a perpetual fire, which was plainly leen in 
+the night. I have mentioned, that the poets formed their 
+notions about Otus and Ephialtes from towers : and the 
+idea of Orion’s ftupendous bulk was taken from the Pe- 
+lorian edifice in Sicily. The gigantic flature of Typhon 
+was borrowed from a like objed:: and his character was 
+
+
+61 Plutarch. Ids etOfms. p. 362. JccttocKS 'ffyattAeys 6 Tu(pvv» 
+
+6x Ovid. Metamorph. L. 11. v. 762. 
+
+61 E vloi S'e V7TQ 'TvtytovoS} U7T0 <Pe AtAccvtos Sevctyoccts eipnxev* SchoL Apollon 
+L. 4. v. 264. 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+formed 
+
+
+
+r 
+
+
+470 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+► 
+
+* 
+
+► 
+
+* • v- 
+
+formed from the hieroglyphical reprefentations in the tem- 
+
+■ 
+
+pies dyled Typhonian. This may be inferred from the alle¬ 
+gorical defcription of Typhoeus, given by Hefiod. Typhon 
+and Typhoeus, were the fame perfonage: and the poet re- 
+prefents him of a mixed form, being partly a man, and partly 
+a monftrous dragon, whofe head confided of an affemblage 
+of fmaller ferpents. 
+
+. E/£ Js 01 cafjLwv 
+
+Hi/ SfCCtTQV -KBcpcLhoi ocptog , dsivoio A .pcutovTog. 
+
+As there was a perpetual fire kept up in the upper dory, he 
+
+es in the building, 
+
+65 E# <5e oi oirrwv 
+
+®£<r7rs(nr)S KscpctXYitriv V7r o<pgv<n '&vg <x.[j,agvcr<r£' 
+
+licMTSOJV <T £Z KS<pc0\e(j)V 'TSJ’Vg KOLISTO $££)CQ[JL£V010. 
+
+0 
+
+But the nobled defcription of Typhon is given in fome very 
+fine poetry by Nonnus. He has taken his ideas from fome 
+ancient tower fituated near the fea upon the fummit of an 
+
+0 
+
+high mountain. It was probably the Typhonian temple of 
+Zeus upon mount Cafius near the famed Serbonian lake. He 
+mentions fad noifes heard within, and defcribes the roaring 
+of the furge below: and fays that all the monders of the fea 
+dabled in the cavities at the foot of the mountain, which was 
+wafhed by the ocean. 
+
+64 Hefiod. Theogon. v. 824. 
+
+65 Ibid. v. 826. Typhis, Typhon, Typhaon, Typhoeus, are all of the fame 
+
+purport. 
+
+E v 
+
+
+defcribes it as fhining through the apertui 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 47 1 
+
+66 Ev lyQvOBVTl Jfi 'UfOVTUi 
+
+'IfctfJLSVB Tvpoovog eva- (Zgvoevrog bvclvKh 
+BsvQsl toluol 'nrsKriitTo, mi vegi piyvvro yct^ng 
+©XiSopevY) vspesW FiyavTsix h zctgwa 
+
+<PglKT0V CtegG’lhOtpOdV OLMjOV @gVy(Yl[X.CL hSOVTCtJV, 
+
+n ovnog eiXvozvri 7\soov smXv 7 rrsro koXtka kt7\. 
+
+"We may perceive, that this is a mixed, defeription, wherein, 
+under the charaaer of a gigantic perfonage, a towering edi¬ 
+fice is alluded to; which was fituated upon the fummit of a 
+
+mountain, and in the vicinity of the fea. 
+
+66 Nonni Dionyf. L. i. p. 24. 
+
+
+o B a 
+
+
+
+( 473 ) 
+
+
+
+
+O U B, 
+
+S I V E D E 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Tlagot 'urctvTt ~toqv vo pi-go pet w 'urcug vfj.iv Gztettv O <pig <rvfj.&Q?^v 
+
+fJieycL mi fj.v^iov CLVwygcKpSTou. Juftin. Martyr. Apolog. 
+
+% 
+
+L. ,i. p. 60. 
+
+
+
+T may feem extraordinary, that the worfhip of the fer 
+
+
+pent fhould have 
+
+
+nd 
+moft 
+
+
+been introduced into the world 
+
+it fhould al 
+
+
+muft appear ftill more remarkable, that 
+iniverfally have prevailed. 
+
+
+As mankind are faid to 
+
+
+have been ruined through the influence of 
+could little expert, that it would, of all oth 
+
+
+Being, 
+
+
+we 
+
+
+objects, have 
+
+
+been adopted 
+
+
+the moft facred and falutary fymbol 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+rendered the chief object of 1 adoration 
+
+
+Yet fo we find 
+
+
+have been 
+
+
+moft of the ancient rites there is fome 
+
+
+1 0<?£is—T/jtcctcrSai icr%upi) 5. Philarchus apud iEIian. de Animal. L. 17.C. 5. 
+
+Vol. I. P p p lufion 
+
+
+
+474 
+
+
+Thf, Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+lufion to the 1 ferpent. I have taken notice, that in the Or¬ 
+gies of Bacchus the perfons, who partook of the ceremony, 
+ufed to carry ferpents in their hands, and with horrid fcreams 
+call upon Eva, Eva. They were often crowned with 3 fer- 
+
+
+- 
+
+
+pents, and ftill made the fame frantic exclamation. One 
+part of the myfterious rites of Jupiter Sabazius was to let a 
+fnake flip down the bofom of the perfon to be initiated, 
+which was taken out below 4 . Thefe ceremonies, and this 
+fymbolic worfliip began among the Magi, who were the fons 
+of Chus : and by them they were propagated in various parts. 
+Epiphanius thinks, that the invocation, Eva, Eva, related to 
+the great 5 mother of mankind, who was deceived by the fer¬ 
+pent : and Clemens of Alexandria is of the fame opinion. 
+He fuppofes, that by this term was meant 6 E votv szeivriv, ii 
+
+r\V n 'm'ocgr)%oAov0v<rs. But I fhould think, that Eva 
+
+was the fame as Eph, Epha, Opha, which the Greeks ren¬ 
+dered Opg> Ophis, and by it denoted a ferpent. Clemens 
+acknowledges, that the term Eva properly alpirated had fuch 
+a Bonification. 7 To owjxa to Evict, $ct<rvvopevov e^vavsTcu 
+
+
+* See Juftin Martyr above. 
+
+Ooyitov B cot ik oov O (pis TgTgAgcrftgros. Clemens Alexand* Cohort* 
+
+p. ii. See Auguftinus de Civitate Dei. L. 3. c. 12. and L. 18. c. 15* 
+
+3 A rec[-'€fj-iJLZrQi toh ocpecriv. Clemens above. 
+
+4 In myfteriis, quibus Sabadiis nomen eft, aureus coluber in finum dimitittur 
+eonfecratis,. et eximitur rurfus ab inferioribus partibus. Arnobius. L. 5. p. 171. 
+See alfo Clemens. Cohort, p. 14. . Apa.xcwt' < 5 ;gAxoftsros th xoAttb. x. A. 
+
+Sebazium colentes Jovem anguem, cum initiantur, per finum ducunt. Julius 
+Firmicus. p. 23. 'XccC e 7 roovuf*Qv Aiorucra. Hefych. 
+
+5 TtfS 0?T/S CLVeq~ef/.fJ~SVOli eVCL^GVTZS ToOt/a, O vcc 9 SKeiVti V TW TZvctv g TX, T>?r S' ICC, tb 
+
+O (pi&ys ccTrctTvOeicrca g7r1x.aA0ufc.grGi. Epiphanius^ Tom, 2. L. 3- P* 1092. 
+
+
+6 Cohortatio. p. 1 u 
+
+7 Cohortatio. p. xu. 
+
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 475 
+
+O (pig. Olympias, the mother of s Alexander, was very fond 
+of thefe Orgies, in which, the ferpent was introduced. Plu¬ 
+tarch mentions, that rites of this fort were pradtifed by the 
+
+* 
+
+Edonian women near mount Haemus in Thrace ; and car¬ 
+ried on to a degree of madnefs. Olympias copied them 
+clofely in all their frantic manoeuvres. She ufed to be fol¬ 
+lowed with many attendants, who had each a thyrfus with 
+9 ferpents twined round it* They had alfo fnakes in their 
+hair, and in the chaplets, which they wore ; fo that they 
+made a moft fearful appearance. Their cries were very 
+{hocking : and the whole was attended with a continual re¬ 
+petition of the words, 10 Ev$>e, Saboe, Hues Attes, Attes 
+Hues, which were titles of the God Dionufus. He was pe¬ 
+culiarly named 'Tjjs ; and his priefts were the Hyades, and 
+Hyantes. He was like wife ftyled Evas. 11 Eyas 0 Aiowrog. 
+
+In Egypt was a ferpent named Thermuthis, which was 
+looked upon as very facred ; and the natives are laid to have 
+made ufe of it as a royal tiara, with which they ornamented 
+the ftatues of 11 Ifis. We learn from Diodorus Siculus, that 
+the kings of Egypt wore high bonnets, which terminated in 
+a round ball: and the whole was furrounded with figures of 
+
+8 Plutarch. Alexander, p. 665. 
+
+9 Odpeis fJLeyczX&s yeipOYiQeiS e<psi/\x.eTO tol$ Sricccrois (Ji OAu^Tr/as), 01 'zs-oAAax/s ex tb 
+
+X.LTTB XCCl T COV AlXVOJV ‘WCCpcCVCcJ\jO^.SVOl 9 X.CU TT££>rgA/T%yt/.£rc/ B'UPtTOlS TOOV yv - 
+
+i/cuxtoi'- xcci r roii e^eTrXmrrov tbs oct'eP^cef. Plutarch, ibid. 
+
+10 Tbs ocpus tvs rictgeiccs S m X£a)y 9 xau V 7 rep rws xsqta.Km uioopcov? xxi flotov^ Sec- 
+
+Qoi^ kcli 67 ropx&{j.€i , o$' < Tm Attjjsj Att«5 c YV?s. Demoft. Tlepi ^-gtpapa. p. 516. 
+
+11 Hefych. 
+
+1Z Tv$ IcrtS'os ctyaXjxcLTcc ccvcc^sci TocuTYt, &>» t iv 1 fictPwfJLoiTi /Sceff/Aexw. Julian. 
+
+Hift. Animal. L. 10. c. 31. 
+
+P p p 2 afps. 
+
+
+
+47 6 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+
+*3 
+
+
+afps. 
+
+
+The priefts likewife upon their bonnets had the re 
+
+
+presentation of ferpents. The ancients had a notion, that 
+when Saturn devoured his own children, his wife Ops de¬ 
+ceived him. by fubftituting a large ftone in lien of one of his 
+fons, which hone was called Abadir. But Ops, and Opis, 
+reprefented here as a feminine, was the ferpent Deity, and 
+Abadir is the fame perfonage under a different denomina¬ 
+tion. Abadir Deus eft ; et hoc nomine lapis ille, quern 
+Saturnus dicitur devoraffe pro Jove, quern Grasci fiourvXov 
+
+vocant.—Abdir quoque et Abadir ^xiTvXog. Abadir feems 
+to be a variation of Ob-Adur, and fignifies the ferpent God 
+Orus. One of thefe hones, \^hich Saturn was fuppofed to 
+have fwallowed inftead of a child, flood according to 15 Pau- 
+fanias at Delphi. It was efteemed very facred, and ufed to 
+have libations of wine poured upon it daily ; and upon fefti- 
+vals was otherwife honoured. The purport of the above 
+hiftory I imagine to have been this. It was for a long time 
+a cuftom to offer children at the altar of Saturn : but in pro- 
+cefs of time they removed it, and in its room ere«£ted a 
+
+or ftone pillar ; before which they made their vows, 
+and offered Sacrifices of another nature. This ftone, which 
+
+J • 
+
+they thus fubftituted, was called Ab-Adar from the Deity 
+reprefented by it. The term Ab generally fignifies 16 father: 
+
+but 
+
+
+,J Tbs BacnAe/s — ^pncrGa.1 'zc/Aois fJ.ctx.pois stti tb 'srsgccios oy.GctAo* exou czjspi- 
+to-Tretgctfj.si’ois ccpecrt, as xot/\Btriv otcx’mi'oc.s. L. 3. p. 145. 
+
+14 Prifcian. L. 5. and L. 6 . 
+
+* 5 Paufan. L. 10. p. 859. 
+
+16 Bochart fuppofes this term to fignify a father, and the purport of the name 
+to be Pater magnificus. He lias afterwards a fecondary derivation. Sed fallor, 
+
+aut 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 477 
+
+but in this inftance it certainly relates to a ferpent, which 
+was indifferently ftyled Ab, Aub, and 17 Ob. I take Aba- 
+don, or, as it is mentioned in the Revelation, Abaddon, to 
+have been the name of the fame Ophite God, with whofe 
+worfliip the world' had been fo long infedted. He is termed 
+by the Evangelift 18 tov ctyyeXov r^g ASWcr8, the 
+
+angel of the bottomlefs pit ; that is, the prince of darknefs. 
+In another place' he is defcribed as the 19 dragon, that old 
+ferpent, which is the devil, and Satan. Hence I think, that 
+the learned Heinfius is very right in the opinion, which he 
+has given upon this paffage ; when he makes Abaddon the 
+fame as the ferpent Pytho. Non dubitandum eft, quin Py- 
+thius Apollo, hoc eft fpurcus ille fpiritus, quem Hebrsei Ob, 
+et Abaddon, Helleniftze ad verbum A?r a?\Av(jov&, cseteri A 7Tq7\- 
+
+Koovct, dixerunt, fub hac forma, qua miferiam huraano generi 
+invexit, primo cultus 
+
+It is laid, that in the ritual of Zoroafter, the great expanfe 
+of the heavens, and even nature itfelf, was defcribed un¬ 
+der the fymbol of a ferpent a *. The like was mentioned in 
+the Odtateueh of Oftanes : and moreover, that in Perfts and 
+in other parts of the eaft they eredted temples to the fer- 
+
+aut Abdir, vel Abadir, cum pro lapide fiimitur y corruptum ex Pheen.icio Eben- 
+Dir, lapis fphasricus. Geog. Sac. L. 2. c. 2. p. 708. 
+
+17 See Radicals, p. 49. and Deuteronomy, c. 18. v. 11. 
+
+10 E%&crcu / 2 ct(riX€cL €(p° ccurcov t ov uJyePiov t 11$ A Sucrcre* ovQfj.ce, ccvtc/j ACouP- 
+
+dwr, ev cTe Tw'EAAtfp/xj? ovofxcc A7roAAt;^r. Revelation c. 9. v. 11. 
+
+19 Revelation c. 20. v. 2. Abaddon fignifies ferpens Dominus, vel ferpens Do- 
+minus SoL 
+
+*° Daniel Heinfius. Ariftarchus. p. 11, 
+
+Eufeb. P. E. L. 1. p. 41, 42. 
+
+
+pent 
+
+
+
+478 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+pent tribe, and held feftivals to their honour, efteeming them 
+21 ,®sbs tbs {JLsyiZBS, kcli VLgyrfyBS tm oXooVy the fupreme of all 
+Gods , and the fupev intend ants of the . whole world. The wor¬ 
+fhip began among the people of Chaldea. They built the 
+city Ophis upon the 13 Tigris, and were greatly addicted to di- 
+
+vination, and to the worfhip of the ferpent a h Inventi funt 
+
+> • • •* 
+
+ex iis (Chaldeis) augures, et magi, divinatores, et fortilegi, 
+et iriquirentes Ob, et Ideoni. From Chaldea the worfhip 
+
+m 9 
+
+palled into Egypt, where the ferpent Deity was called Can- 
+oph, Can-eph, and C’neph. It had alfo the name of Ob, 
+or Oub, and was the fame as the Balilifcus, or Royal Ser- 
+
+c • 
+
+pent; the fame alfo as the Thermuthis : and in like manner 
+
+' « # 
+
+was made ufe of by way of ornament to the ftatues of their 
+
+6 
+
+2S Gods. The chief Deity of Egypt is faid to have been Vul¬ 
+can, who was alfo ftyled Opas, as we learn from 26 Cicero. 
+
+He was the fame as Oliris, the Sun ; and hence was often 
+
+♦ 
+
+called Ob-El, five Pytho Sol: and there were pillars facred 
+to him with curious hieroglyphical infcriptions, which had 
+the fame name. They were very lofty, and narrow in corn- 
+par ifon of their length ; hence among the Greeks, who co¬ 
+pied from the Egyptians, every thing gradually tapering to a 
+point was ftyled Obelos, and Obelifcus. Gphel (Oph-El) was 
+
+a name of the fame purport: and I have fhewn, that many 
+
+* 
+
+11 Eufeb. ibidem. TaJz y.ev ccvra. xoa 0 <rcmj; x.tA. 
+
+5,3 Herod. L. 2. c. 189. alfo Ptolemy. 
+
+M. Maimonides in more Nevochim. See Selden de Diis Syris. Synt. 1. c. 3. 
+p. 49. 
+
+15 OvCatov, a i^-tv 'EAAm'/T'i Ba.crihtox.ov‘ ov7rep 'crojavres •are ptTiBea.tr tv. 
+
+Horapollo. L. 1. p. 2. 
+
+O vQotiov is fo corredted for Oi>ga.iav, from MSS. by J. Corn. De Pauw. 
+
+* 6 Cicero de Nat. Deor. L. 3. 
+
+
+facred 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+479 
+
+
+facred mounds, or Tapha, were thus denominated from the 
+ferpent Deity, to whom they were facred. 
+
+Sanchoniathon makes mention of an hiftory, which he once 
+wrote upon the worfhip of the ferpent. The title of this work 
+according to Eufebius was , 27 Ethothion, or Ethothia. Another 
+treatife upon the fame fubjedt was written by Pherecydes 
+Syrus, which was probably a copy of the former ; for he is 
+faid to have compofed it, 28 'urctgoi <E>o twtwv KexJooov r ctg cKpogpotg, 
+from fome previous accounts of the Pheniciaiis . The title of his 
+book was the Theology of Ophion, ftyled Ophioneus ; and of 
+his worfhipers, called Ophionidae. Thoth, and Atboth, were 
+certainly titles of the Deity in the Gentile world : and the 
+
+book of Sanchoniathon might very poffibly have been from 
+
+♦ 
+
+hence -named Ethothion, or more truly Athothion. But 
+from the fubject, upon which it was written, as well as from 
+the treatife of Pherecydes, I fhould think, that Athothion, 
+or Ethothion, was a miftake for Ath-ophion, a title which 
+more immediately related to that worfhip, of which the writer 
+treated. Ath was a facred title, as I have fhewn: and I ima¬ 
+gine, that this differtation did not barely relate to the fer- 
+pentine Deity; but contained accounts of his votaries, the 
+Ophitae, the principal of whom were the fons of Chus. The 
+worfhip of the Serpent began among them ; and they were 
+from thence denominated Ethiopians, and Aithiopians, which 
+the Greeks rendered A iQiowsg. It was a name,- which they 
+did not receive from their complexion, as has been com¬ 
+monly furmifed; for the branch of Phut, and the Lubim, 
+
+
+* 7 Prsep. Evang. L. i. p. 41. 
+* 8 Eufeb. fupra. 
+
+
+7 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+r * 
+
+
+
+4-86 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+were probably of a deeper die: but they were fo called from 
+Ath-Ope, and Ath-Gpis, the God, which they worshiped. 
+This may be proved from Pliny, fie fays that the country 
+^Ethiopia (and confequently the people) had the name of 
+iEthiop from a perfonage who was a Deity ; ab 2,9 AEthiope 
+Vulcani filio. The iEthiopes brought thefe rites into 
+Greece : and called the ifland,, where they firft eftablifhed 
+them, 30 Ellopia, Solis Serpentis infula. It was the fame as 
+Eubcea, a name of the like purport; in which ifland was a 
+region named JEthiopium. Euboea is properly Oub-Aia; 
+and fignifies the Serpen t-Ifland. The fame worfhip pre¬ 
+vailed among the Hyperboreans, as we may judge from the 
+names of the facred women, who ufed to come annually to 
+Delos. They were priefteffes of the Tauric Goddefs, and 
+were denominated from her titles. 
+
+31 Ov7rig Aofccc ts, zvu Ev&tw 'Emegyv- 
+
+Hercules was efleemed the chief God, the fame as Chronus • 
+and was faid to have produced the Mundane egg. He was 
+repreferited in the Orphic Theology under the mixed fym- 
+bol of a 32 lion and a ferpent: and fbmetimes of a J3 ferpent 
+only. I have before mentioned, that the ‘Cuthites -under 
+the title of Heliadse fettled at Rhodes ; and, as "they were 
+
+L.‘6. p. 345. 
+
+30 Strabo. L. 10. p. 683. It was fuppofed-to have had‘its name from EUop$, 
+the Son of Ion who was the brother of Cothus. 
+
+• « 
+
+v Callimachus. H. in Delon, v. 292. Ei/aior, Eva-On^Serpens Sol. 
+
+Athenagoras. Legatio. p. 294. 'HpaxA^s X^cros. 
+
+33 Athenag. p. 295. "HcaxAws ©eos—Sgaxoov IA*?ctc£. 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+Hivites 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology 
+
+
+481 
+
+
+Hivites or Ophites, that the illand in confequence of it was 
+of old named Ophiufa. There was like wife a tradition, 
+that it had once fwarmed with 3+ ferpents. The like notion 
+prevailed almoft in every place, where they fettled. They 
+
+came under the more general titles of Leleges and Pelafgi: 
+
+% 
+
+but more particularly of Elopians, Europians, Oropians, Afo- 
+pians, Inopians, Ophionians, and iEthiopes, as appears from. 
+
+the names, which they bequeathed j and in moft places, 
+
+• • 
+
+where they refided, there were handed down traditions, 
+
+♦ 
+
+which alluded to their original title of Ophites. In Phry¬ 
+gia, and upon the Hellefpont, whither they fent out colonies 
+very early, was a people flyled Ocpioysvsig, or the ferpent- 
+breed ; who were faid to retain an affinity and correfpond- 
+
+
+ence 
+
+
+with 
+
+
+35 ferpents. And a notion prevailed, that fome 
+hero, who had conducted them, was changed from a ferpent 
+to a man. In Colchis was a river Ophis ; and there was 
+another of the fame name in Arcadia. It was fo named 
+from a body of people, who fettled upon its banks, and 
+
+
+were faid to have been conducted by a ferp 
+
+
+36 
+
+
+Ilov Y]ys 
+
+
+fjLovot yeve<r@ou iguKovra. 
+in iflands, yet Tenos one 
+have once fwarmed with them 
+
+
+Thele reptiles are jfeldom found 
+of the Cyclades was fuppofed to 
+
+
+37 
+
+
+Ey Tijyw, |u.ia tgoj/ Kw 
+
+
+
+
+0(psig KOU (TKOPKIOI 
+
+
+Jsivoi 
+
+
+eymno . Thucydides 
+
+
+3+ It is faid to have been named Rhodus from Rhod, a Syriac word for a ferpenf. 
+ochart. G. S. P. p. 369. 
+
+35 E vTctvQct /jivQeu'dcrt Otpioyevets avTysvsia.v t ivac-sy^iv Ttroos t«s otpBis. Strabo. L. 13. 
+
+
+p. 880. 
+
+
+Hellefponto 
+
+
+Pliny. L. 7. p. 371. 
+
+
+36 Paufan. L. 8. p. 614. 
+
+37 -Ariftoph. Plutus. Schol. v. 7x8. 
+
+VOL. I. 
+
+
+Q.q q 
+
+
+mentions 
+
+
+
+482 The Analysis ot Ancient Mythology. 
+mentions a people of jEtolia called 38 Ophionians: and the 
+
+% w 
+
+temple of Apollo at Patara in Lycia feems to have had 
+its firft inftitution from a prieftels of the fame 39 name. 
+
+The ifland of Cyprus was ftyled Ophiufa, and Gphiodes, 
+
+# 
+
+from the ferpents, with which it was fuppofed to have 
+40 abounded. Of what fpecies they were is no where men¬ 
+tioned ; excepting only that about Paphos there was faid to 
+have been a 41 kind of ferpent with two legs. By this is 
+ineant the Ophite race, who came from Egypt, and front 
+Syria, and got footing in this 41 ifland. They fettled alfo in 
+
+Crete, where they increafed greatly in numbers ; fo that Mi— 
+
+* 
+
+nos was faid by an unfeemly allegory, 43 o<psi$- fer- 
+
+pentes minxifle. The iftand Seriphus was one vaft rock, by 
+
+% 
+
+the Romans called 44 faxum Seriphium; and made life of as a 
+larger kind of prifon for banifhed perfbns. It is reprefented 
+as having once abounded with ferpents ; and it is ftyled by 
+Virgil ferpentifera , as the paflage is happily corrected by 
+Scaliger. 
+
+45 -ZEginatticpue fimul, ferpentiferamque Seriphon. 
+
+33 L. 3. c. 96. Strabo. L. io. p. 692. 
+
+39 Steph. Byzant. riaTa'pa. 
+
+40 Bw T £ 7 r sgav tpe vjmv txptccS'eoc. K07rg>op. Partbenius. See Vofiius upon 
+
+Pomp. Mela. L. 1. c. 6. p. 391. 
+
+Ovid. Metamorph. L. 10. v. 229. Cypri arva Ophiufla. 
+
+41 They were particularly to be found at Paphos. Apollon. Difcolus. Mirabil. 
+
+c. 39. Of HS 'ZxJoS'CLS £vo. 
+
+4Z Herodotus, L. 7. c. go: Oi S'e cciro A&io 7 mi$y cosccvtqi Kv7rgiot Ae^acr/i 
+41 O M ivc*)$ o<p€is y net 1 c 7 cop 7 TLB 5 ^ xcu o-KoXoTrzvdpocs upe&xtv jcA. Antonin.. Li¬ 
+
+berals, c. 41. p. 202. See Notes, p. 276. 
+
+44 Tacitus. Annal. L, 4. c. 21. 
+
+45 In Ceiri. 
+
+
+it 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+483 
+
+
+It had this epithet not on account of any real ferpents, but 
+according to the Greeks from 46 Medufa’s head, which was 
+brought hither by Perfeus. By this is meant the ferpent 
+Deity, whofe worfhip was here introduced by people called 
+Perefians. Medufa’s head denoted divine wifdom : and the 
+
+
+illand was lacred to the ferp 
+
+
+as is apparent from its 
+
+
+name 
+
+
+The Athenians were efteemed Serpentigenae 
+
+
+*, and 
+
+they had a tradition, that the chief guardian of their Acro¬ 
+
+
+polis was 
+
+
+48 
+
+
+ferp 
+
+
+It is 
+
+
+ported of the Goddefs 
+
+
+that fhe placed a dragon for a guardian to her temple a 
+49 Eleufis ; and appointed another to attend upon Eredtheus 
+iEgeus of Athens according to Androtion was of the 50 fer 
+pent breed : and the firft king of the country is faid to have 
+been 51 
+
+
+Agccxtiv, a Dragon. Others make Cecrops the firft 
+who reigned. He is faid to have been 51 of a twofold 
+
+behig formed 
+
+Diodo- 
+
+
+nature 
+
+
+<rvfJL<pveg sywv coopct avd'gog zou 
+
+
+with the body of a ?nan blended with that of a ferpent 
+rus fays, that this was a circumftance deemed by the Athe 
+nians inexplicable : yet he labours to explain it by reprelent 
+
+ing Cecrops, 
+
+
+as 
+
+
+half 
+
+
+man 
+
+
+and half a 53 brute ; becaufe he 
+
+
+46 Strabo. L. xo. p. 746. 
+
+47 What the Greeks rendered XegKpos was properly Sar-Iph; and Sar-Iphis, the 
+fame as Ophis : which fignified Petra Serpentis, five Pythonis. 
+
+48 Herodotus. L. 8. c. 41. 
+
+49 Strabo. L. 9. 603. 
+
+s° Lycophron. Scholia, v. 496. an ro twv oSovrcav tb Sgaxovros. 
+
+
+5 « 
+
+
+S* 
+
+
+Meurfius 
+Apollodorus. L. 3. p. 191. 
+
+
+SJ Diodorus. L. 1. p. 25. Cecrops is not byname mentioned in this paffage ac¬ 
+cording to the prefent copies: yet what is faid, certainly relates to him, as appears 
+
+by the context, and it is fo und< 
+
+Canon, p. 108. 
+
+
+Marfliam. See Chron. 
+
+
+Q^q q 
+
+
+had 
+
+
+
+484 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology^ 
+
+had been of two different communities. Euftathius likewife 
+
+tries to folve it nearly upon the fame principles, and with the 
+like fuccefs. Some had mentioned of Cecrops, that he un¬ 
+derwent a metamorphofis, 54 ct7ro ocpswg sig ctvOgtatfov- sKQaiv y 
+that he was chajiged from a ferpent to a man . By this was fag— 
+nified, according to Euftathius, that Cecrops by coming into 
+Hellas divefted himfelf of all the rudenefs, and barbarity of 
+55 his country, and became more civilized and humane. This 
+is too high a compliment to be payed to Greece in its infant 
+date, and detracts greatly from the chara&er of the Egyp¬ 
+tians. The learned Marfham therefore animadverts with 
+great juftice : 56 Eft verifimilius ilium ex JEgypta mores ma- 
+gis civiles in Graciam induxifle. It is more probable , that he 
+mtroduced into Greece , the urbanity of his own country , than that 
+he was beholden to Greece for any thing from thence. In refpetft 
+to the mixed character of this perfonage, we may, I think, 
+eafily account for it. Cecrops was certainly a title, of the 
+Deity, who was worfhiped under this 57 emblem. Some- 
+thing of the like nature was mentioned of Triptolemus, and 
+58 Eri£thonius : and the like has been faid above of Hercules, 
+The natives of Thebes in Boeotia, like the Athenians above, 
+efteemed themfelves of the ferpent race. The Lacedce- 
+monians likewife referred themfelves to the fame original.. 
+
+
+• • 
+
+54 Euftath. on Dionyf, p.56. Edit. Steph. 
+
+
+55 
+
+
+Tor I3ocp€ctpor Atyuirr tcz<r jj.ov a.q,eic. jctA. ibid. 
+
+
+See alfoTzetzes upon Lycophron. v. in. 
+55 Chron. Canon, p. 109. 
+
+
+S7 It may not perhaps be eafy to decipher the name of Cecrops : but thus much 
+is apparent, that it is compounded of Ops, and Opis, and related to his fymbolieal 
+character. 
+
+
+* o 
+
+
+Araxovias Svo TcSfi rov E/r/^G'wor. Antigonus Caryftius. c. 12 
+
+
+Their 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 4^5 
+
+* 
+
+Their city is faid of old to have fwarmed with 59 ferpents. 
+The fame is faid of the city Amyclae in Italy, which was of 
+Spartan original. They came hither in fuch abundance, 
+that it was abandoned by the 60 inhabitants. Argos was in- 
+fefted in the fame manner, till Apis came and fettled in that 
+city. He was a prophet, the reputed fon of Apollo, and a 
+perfon of great fkill and fagacity. To him. they attributed 
+the bleffing of having their country freed from this evil. 
+
+f 1 A 7TIS y&g ehQw £K ’WSgCLS 'NtX.VTTCMTlCtg, 
+
+% 
+
+lOLTgOftOLVTlQ, ISTOUg ATTOTvAWVO?, ’xfiovcc 
+
+Tj^ £UKOlQO il£Sl HVutiaXOM figOTOQ.QogOOVi, 
+
+Thus the Argives gave the credit to 1 this imaginary perfon- 
+
+age of clearing their land of this grievance : but the brood 
+' came from the very quarter, from whence Apis was fup- 
+pofed originally to have come. They were certainly Hivites 
+from Egypt : and the fame dory is told of that country. It 
+is reprefented as having been of old over-run with ferpents ; 
+and almoft depopulated through their numbers. Diodorus 
+Siculus feems to underhand this 62 literally : but a region, 
+which was annually overflowed, and that too for fo long a 
+feafon, could not well be liable to fuch a calamity. They 
+were ferpents of another nature, with which it was thus in- 
+fefted : and the hiftory relates to the Cuthites, the original 
+Ophitae, who for a long time poffefled that country. They 
+
+59 Ariffcot. de Mirabilibus. VoL 2. p. 717. 
+
+60 Pliny. L. 3. p. 153. L. B. p. 455. 
+
+6x yEfchyli Supplices, p. 516. 
+
+L. 3. p. 184. 
+
+
+
+
+4#6 TKe Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+♦ 
+
+-palled from Egypt to Syria, and to the ^Euphrates: And men¬ 
+tion is made of a particular breed of ferpents upon that river, 
+which were harmlefs to the natives, hut fatal to every body 
+elfe. Thisj I think, cannot be underftood literally. The 
+wifdom of the ferpcnt may be great; but not fufficient to 
+make thefe diftindtions. Thefe ferpents were of the fame 
+nature as the 64 birds of E>iomedes, and the dogs in the tem¬ 
+ple of Vulcan : and thefe hiftories relate to Ophite priefts, 
+
+who ufed to fpare their own people, and facrifice ftrangers, 
+
+* 
+
+a cuftom which prevailed at one time in moft parts of the 
+world. I have mentioned that the Cuthite priefts were very 
+learned : and as they were Ophites, whoever had the advan- 
+tage of -their information, was faid to have been inftrudted 
+by ferpents. Hence there was a tradition, that Melampus 
+was rendered prophetic from a communication with thefe 
+65 animals. Something fimilar is faid of Tirefias. 
+
+As the worlhip of the ferpent was of old fo prevalent, many 
+places, as well as people, from thence received their names. 
+Thofe who fettled in Campania were called Opici; which fome 
+would have- changed to Ophici ; becaufe they were denomi¬ 
+nated fiom ferpents. 66 0 1 cTs (<pao“<) on Qcpucoi , olko toov opioov. 
+But they are in reality both names of the fame purport, and 
+denote the origin of the people. We meet with places called 
+Opis, Ophis, Ophitasa, Ophionia., Ophioefta, Ophiodes, and 
+Ophiufa. This laft was an ancient name, by which, ac- 
+
+6} Apollonius Difcolus. c. 12. and Ariftot. de Mirabilibus. Vol. 2. p. 737. 
+
+64 Aves Diomed.s—judicant inter fuos et advenas, &c. Iftdorus Orig. L. 12. 
+c. 7. Pliny. L. 10. c. 44. 
+
+6s Apollodorus. L. 1. p. 37. 
+
+Stephanus Byzant. Oirncoi. 
+
+9 
+
+
+66 
+
+
+cording 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+4 8-7 
+
+
+cording to Stephanas, the iflands Rhodes, Cythnus, Befbicus 
+Tenos, and the whole continent of Africa, were diftin- 
+
+
+Add 
+
+
+thefe 
+
+
+guifhed. There were alfo cities fo called, 
+places denominated Oboth, Obona, and reverfed Onoba, from 
+Ob, which was of the fame purport. Clemens Alexandrinus 
+fays that the term Eva fignified a ferpent. The fame is faid 
+
+
+by 
+
+
+67 
+
+
+Epipha 
+
+
+and we find that there were places of this 
+
+
+name 
+
+
+There was a city Eva 
+
+
+Macedonia 
+taken notice 
+
+
+There was alfo 
+
+
+! Arcadia : and another in 
+mountain Eva, or Evan, 
+
+
+notice of by 70 Paufanias, between which and Ithome 
+lay the city Meflene. He mentions alfo an Eva in Argolis, 
+and fpeaks of it as a large 71 town. Another name for a fer¬ 
+pent, of which I have as yet taken no notice, 
+
+
+was Patan 
+
+
+or 
+
+
+Pitan. 
+from this 
+
+
+Many 
+
+
+
+aces in different parts were denominated 
+Among others was a city in 7Z Laconia ; and 
+
+
+another in 73 Myfia, which Stephanus ftyles a city of JEolia 
+They were undoubtedly fo named from the worfhip of th< 
+
+ferpent, Pitan: 
+
+
+figures and dev 
+Ovid mentions 
+
+
+and had probably Dracontia, where were 
+:es relative to the religion, which- prevailed. 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+latter city, and has fome allufions to its 
+ancient hiftory, when he defcribes Medea as flying through 
+the air from Attica to Colchis. 
+
+
+67 Evict t cv o(piv 'zz-ctifes 'EGpccioiv Epiphanius adverf. H^ref. E. 3J 
+
+tom. 2. p. 1092. 
+
+68 Steph. Byzant. 
+
+69 Ptolemy, p. 93. Evict. 
+
+70 Paufanias. L. 4. p. 356. 
+
+71 E. 2. p. 202. 
+
+71 Paufan. L. 3. p.,24g. 
+
+73 There was a city of this name, in ..Macedonia* and in Troas. Alfo a river* 
+
+Aioliam 
+
+
+V 
+
+
+
+
+
+T . 
+
+
+48$ The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+♦ % I ♦ 
+
+Z* iEoliam Pitanem leeva de parte relinquit, 
+
+Fadtaque de faxo longi fimulacra Draconis. 
+
+* 
+
+' ' * 
+
+The city was fituated upon the river Eva or Evan, which the 
+
+Greeks rendered 75 Evenus. It is remarkable, that the Opici, 
+who are faid to have been denominated from ferpents, had 
+alfo the name of Pitanatae : at lead: one part of that family 
+were, fo called. 76 Tivag xou Hit avoir ol $ Xsys<r@cu. Pitanatae 
+is a term of the fame purport as Opici, and relates to the vo¬ 
+taries of Pitan, the ferpent Deity, which was adored by that 
+people. Menelaus was of old ftyled 77 Pitanates, as we learn 
+from Hefychius : and the reafon of it may be known from 
+his being a Spartan, by which was intimated one of the fer- 
+pentigenae, or Ophites. Hence he was reprefented with a 
+ferpent for a device upon his Ihield. It is faid that a brigade, 
+or portion of infantry, was among ibme of the Greeks named 
+
+78 Pitanates; and the foldiers in confequence of it muft have 
+
+• • 
+
+been termed Pitanatae : undoubtedly, becaufe they had the 
+Pitan, or ferpent, for their 79 ftandard. Analogous to this 
+among other nations there were foldiers called s ° Draconarii. 
+
+I be- 
+
+* * 
+
+74 Ovid. Metamorph. L. 7. v. 357. 
+
+75 Strabo. L. 13. p. 913. It is compounded of Eva-Ain* the fountain, or river 
+
+of Eva, the ferpent. 
+
+• # • 
+
+76 Strabo. L. 5.-p. 383. 
+
+77 MereAa.0r5.05 riv YIitclvcctys* Hefych. 
+
+B 7 n t>7 a.cnnS'i (MgrsAasO e^iv etpya.erfj.zvos, Paufan. L. 10. p. 863* 
+
+78 IliTccrct-nx, Aoj^os. Hefych. 
+
+79 It was the infigne of many countries. 
+
+Textilis Anguis 
+
+Difcurrit per utramque aciem. Sidon. Apoliinaris. Carm. 5. v. 409. 
+
+!° Stent beliatrices Aquilse, fasvique Dracones. 
+
+Claudian, de Nuptiis Honor, et Marix. v. 193. 
+
+Ut 
+
+
+
+► • 
+
+
+Plate \ 7 II 1 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+'7 
+
+
+y /vm 
+
+
+levin 
+
+
+?imppPjB|P^. W • : ■■ 
+
+1 1 -*■ v^ .• ^ ^ - v v - :s ^ '' •'.r~. , s ^ 
+
+! * v ' ' V V> >>: • ,rjLjV 
+
+wfcisSfe^ 
+
+h < : .-. • .-• ; .*r i #'i f''i r * M l4 , |.| ,, 1 ».r*i-*v 'Ml/ . J| lTf 4, PI )*•:'/>'■ l’ 7 !\ : t ,# • 
+
+i::::!:>v/i/. 4 j; :;*.■•■- ••■/-•'^V -, 
+
+•;;*.:v:mv f «-*i *••.• O i : t;t.*;-i;i .. • l 
+
+I; » ■•*•.• ■?*.%.•• *•••*• * '•*•. « - I. .ft*;- .*r..ti<»* • r. • 
+
+r< 7 ;»-*i t;*i *-,r /:«v : »> vr ■« *:i •■»•:• **:\ ^ ■* .< ?u:m r*.\ 
+
+.".r> , v 
+
+
+
+
+* • • 
+
+
+• \ 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+1 .. 
+
+
+*» 
+
+
+
+< 4*rf.*'/V r V . 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 489 
+
+I believe, that in moffc countries the military ftandard was an 
+emblem of the Deity there worshiped. 
+
+From what has been faid, I hope, that I have thrown fome 
+light upon the hiftory of this primitive idolatry : and have 
+moreover {hewn, that wherever any of thefe Ophite colonies 
+fettled, they left behind from their rites, and inftitutes, as 
+well as from the names, which they bequeathed to places, 
+ample memorials, by which they may be clearly traced out. 
+It may feem ftrange, that in the fir ft ages there fhould have 
+been fuch an univerfal defection from the truth ; and above 
+all things fuch a propenhty to this particular mode of wor- 
+fhip, this myfterious attachment to the ferpent. What is 
+fcarce credible, it obtained among Chriftians ; and one of the 
+moil early herelies in the church was of this fort, introduced 
+by a fedt, called by 81 Epiphanius Ophitag, by 8 * Clemens or 
+Alexandria Ophiani. They are particularly deferibed by 
+Tertullian, whofe account of them is well worth our notice. 
+83 Accefferunt his Hagretici etiam illi, qui Ophitag nuncupan- 
+tur : nam ferpentem magnificant in tantum, ut ilium etiam 
+ipfi Chrifto przeferant. Ipfe enim, inquiunt, feientiag nobis 
+boni et mali originem dedit. Hujus animadvertens poten- 
+tiam et majeftatem Moyfes sereum pofuit ferpentem : et qui- 
+cunque in eum afpexerunt, fanitatem confecuti funt. Ipfe, 
+
+
+Ut primum veftras Aquilas Provincia vidit, 
+
+Defi.it hoftiles confeftim horrere Dracones . 
+
+Sidon. Apollinaris. Carm. 2. v. 235. 
+
+Sl Epiphanius. H^ref. 37. p. 267. 
+
+8a Clemens. L. 7. p. goo. 
+
+Tertullian de Pnefcript. Ha^ret. c. 47. p. 221. 
+
+
+VOL. I. 
+
+
+R r r 
+
+
+aiunt. 
+
+
+
+49 ° The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+aiunt, przeterea in Evangelio imitatur ferpentis ipfius facram 
+poteftatem, dicendo, et ficut Moyfes exaltavit ferpentem in 
+deferto, ita exaltari oportet filium hominis. Ipfum intro- 
+ducunt ad benedicenda Euchariftia fua. In the above we 
+fee plainly the perverfenefs of human wit, which deviates fo 
+induftrioufly ; and is ever after employed in finding expe¬ 
+dients to countenance errour, and render apoftafy plaufible. 
+It would be a noble undertaking and very edifying in its 
+confequences, if fome perfon of true learning, and a deep in¬ 
+fight into antiquity, would go through with the hiftory of 
+the 84 ferpent. I have adopted it, as far as it relates to my 
+fyffem, which is in fome degree illuflrated by it. 
+
+
+3+ Voflius, Selden, and many learned men have to ached upon this fubjedt. There 
+is a treatife of Philip Olearius de Ophiolatria. Alfo Diflertatio Theologico-Hifto- 
+
+
+rica, Sec.. &c. de cultu ferpentum. 
+
+
+Johan 
+
+
+JLipfiae. 
+
+
+1717. 
+
+
+CUCLOPES 
+
+
+
+( 49 1 ) 
+
+
+
+CUCLOPES 
+
+
+or 
+
+
+CYCLOPES 
+
+
+\ 
+
+
+Yic/JACLIOTCLTOI {JLSV 7 \Sy<mOU BP [J.BgSL TIPI TVS 
+
+7 \icLs) KvkX<j07T£s, koll Acu^vyopss oixrjirca' cap syca xrs ysvos 
+sy^ca zin£iv, %T£ okoOsp si<rY)XQov 3 v ottoi cc7TB')(OOgr i <rc',v. Thu¬ 
+cydides. L. 6. p. 37^* 
+
+
+HUCYDIDES acquaints us concerning the Cyclop 
+
+
+JL and Laeftryg 
+
+
+that they were the moft 
+
+
+habitants of Sicily, but that he could not find out their race: 
+nor did he know from what part of the world they originally 
+
+to what country they afterwards betook them- 
+
+.n pretending to deter- 
+
+: and which was a be¬ 
+
+
+came, nor 
+felves. I 
+
+
+I may appear prefumptuous in 
+
+mine a hiftory fo remote, and obfcure ; 
+cret to this learned Grecian two thoufand years ago. 
+this is my prefent purpofe : and I undertake it with a greater 
+
+confidence, as I can plainly fhew, that we have many lights. 
+
+
+Yet 
+
+
+with which the 
+
+
+of Hellas wer 
+
+
+quainted 
+
+
+be 
+
+
+fides many advantages, of which they would not avail them 
+
+
+felves 
+
+
+The gigantic Cyclopes were originally Ophit 
+
+
+ho wor 
+
+
+fhiped the fymbolical ferpent 
+
+
+R 
+
+
+They have been reprefented 
+
+- 2 b y 
+
+
+492 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+by the poets, as perfons of an 1 enormous ftature, rude and 
+fa^age in their demeanour, and differing from the reft of 
+mankind in countenance. They are defcribed as having only 
+one large eye ; which is faid to have been placed, contrary to 
+the ufual fituation of that organ, in the middle of their fore¬ 
+heads. Their place of refidence was upon mount JE.tna, 
+and in the adjacent diftridt at the foot of that * mountain,, 
+which was the original region ftyled Trinacia. This is the 
+common account, as it has been tranfmitted by the Poets, as 
+well as by the principal mythologifts of Greece : and in this 
+we have been taught to acquiefce. But the real hiftory is 
+not fo obvious and fuperficial. There are accounts of them 
+to be obtained, that differ much from the reprefentations, 
+which are commonly exhibited. The Poets have given a 
+mixed defcription : and in lieu of the Deity of the place, have 
+introduced thefe ftrange perfonages, the ideas of whofe fize 
+were borrowed from facred edifices, where the Deity was 
+worfhiped. They were Petra, or temples of Ceelus ; of the 
+fame nature and form as the tower of Orion, which was at 
+no great diflance from them. Some of them had the name 
+of 3 Charon, and Tarchon : and they were efteemed Pelorian, 
+from the God Alorus, the fame as Caelus and Python. The 
+Grecians confounded the people, who raifed thefe buildings, 
+with the ftru£tures themfelves. Strabo places them near 
+
+
+5 Homer. OdylT. L. 9. v. 106. 
+
+z IIfee a principle patria Cyclopum fuit. Juftin. of the ifland Sicily. L. 4. c. 2. 
+
+3 Of o-^stcu T8 fj-ovoyAnv'd ^eyccs 
+
+Xaga'vof. Lycophrcn. v. 659. Charon was not a perfon, but Char-On, the 
+temple of the Sun. 
+
+
+iEtna, 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+493 
+
+
+4 i£tna, and Leontina : and fuppofes, that they once ruled 
+over that part of the ifland. And it is certain that a people 
+ftyled Cyclopians did poflefs that s province. Polyphemus is 
+imagined to have been the chief of this people : and Euri¬ 
+pides defcribes the place of his refidence as towards the foot 
+of the mountain : 6 OifCBig vtt Airvri t y 'urvgQfcx.xTif) Herea.. 
+They are reprefented as a people favage, and lawlefs, and de¬ 
+lighting in human flefh. Hence it is prophefted by Caf- 
+fandra, as a curfe upon Ulyfles, that he would one day be 
+forced to feek for refuge in a Cyclopian 4 5 6 7 manfton. And 
+when he arrives under the roof of Polyphemus, and makes 
+inquiry about his hoft, and particularly upon what he fed j 
+he is told, that the Cyclops above all things efteemed the 
+ftefh of ftrangers. 8 Chance never throws any body upon this 
+coaft, fays Silenus, but he is made a meal of; and it is looked 
+upon as a delicious repaft. This character of the Cyclopians 
+arofe from the cruel cuftom of facrificing ftrangers, whom 
+fortune brought upon their coaft. This was pra&ifed in 
+many parts of the world, but efpecially here, and upon the 
+coaft of the Lamii in Italy ; and among all the Scythic na¬ 
+tions uipon the Euxine fea : into all which regions it was in¬ 
+troduced from Egypt and Canaan. 
+
+But we muft not conftder the Cyclopians in this partial 
+light : nor look for them only in the ifland of Sicily, to which 
+
+4 Tec'V IZTtgL TViV A.ITVYIV XCtl A.6GVTU71V K VX^.C'JTTCCt ( J' UVCCq~SV CCC l) . Stl'ftbo. L. 1. p. jS. 
+
+5 The province of Leontina called Xuthia. Diodorus. L. 5. p. 291. 
+
+6 Cyclops, v. 297. 
+
+• 7 Lycophron. v. 659. 
+
+s T XVKVT CtT CL qctcn T CL <£?C£lV' 
+
+Ovhis yxKwv o eup\ y xccrecrcpctyv. Euripid. Cyclops, v. 126. 
+
+they 
+
+
+
+494 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+they have been by the Poets confined. Memorials of them 
+are to be found in many parts of Greece, where they were 
+recorded as far fuperior to the natives in fcience and inge¬ 
+nuity. The Grecians by not diftinguifhing between the 
+Deity, and the people, who were called by his titles, have 
+brought great confufion upon this hiftory. The Cyclopians 
+
+were denominated from Ky/iAonj/, Cyclops, the fame as Ccelus. 
+
+♦ 
+
+According to Parmeno Byzantinus he was the God 9 Nilus of 
+Egypt, who was the fame as 10 Zeus, and Ofiris. The hiftory 
+both of the Deity, and of the people, became in time obfo- 
+lete : and it has been rendered more obfcure by the mixed 
+manner, in which it has been reprefented by the Poets. 
+
+It is generally agreed by writers upon the fubje£t, that the 
+Cyclopians were of a fize fuperior to the common race of 
+
+mankind. Among the many tribes of the Amonians, which 
+
+# 
+
+went abroad were to be found people, who were ftyled 11 Ana- 
+kim, and were defcended from the fons of Anac : fo that this 
+hiftory, though carried to a great excefs, was probably founded 
+
+
+9 The river Nilus was called Triton, and afterwards Nilus. MeTcovcfJicccrQn S'e cctto 
+NbAb tb KuttAw?ros. Scholia in Apollon. L. 4. v. 268. 
+
+Nilus Deorum maximus. TIuetii Demons. Evang.'Prop. 4. p. in. 
+
+
+10 
+
+
+AiyvTTTie Zsu, NeiAs. Athenseus. L. 5. p. 203. 
+
+
+V ulcanus 
+L. 3. c. 22. 
+
+
+JE 
+
+
+Cicero de Natura Deor. 
+
+
+
+
+clopians his votaries and priefts. 
+
+
+Ne/Ac'o t sieves K povif'o&. Pindar. Pyth. Ode 4. p. 239. He was no other than 
+
+
+Ouranus, and Ccelus. 
+
+A vlos Ai'ccxtoc, who was buried in the ifland Lade near Miletus, is 
+mentioned as a gigantic perfonage by Paufanias. L. 1. p. 87. Large bones have 
+been found in Sicily; which were probably the bones of elephants, but have been 
+efteemed the bones of the Cyclopians by Kircher and Fazellus. Fazellus. Dec. 1. 
+L. 1. c. 6. 
+
+
+
+7 
+
+
+in 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+495 
+
+
+in truth. They were particularly famous for architecture ; 
+which they introduced into Greece, as we are told by 12 He¬ 
+rodotus : and in all parts, whither they came, they ereCted 
+noble ftruCtures, which were remarkable for their height and 
+beauty : and were often dedicated to the chief Deity, the 
+Sun, under the name of Elorus, and P’elorus. People were 
+fo ftruck with their grandeur, that they called every thing 
+great and ftupendous, Pelorian. And when they defcribed 
+the Cyclopians as a lofty towering race, they came at laft to 
+borrow their ideas of this people from the towers, to which 
+they alluded. They fuppofed them in height to reach to the 
+clouds ; and in bulk to equal the promontories, on which 
+they were founded. Homer fays of Polyphemus, 
+
+
+
+
+13 Kai yctg d-ctvfjL etstvkto 'nrsKoogtzv, 
+Avfyi ye criTocpuyca, aAAa pica vKyisvti. 
+
+Virgil fays of the fame perfon, 
+
+
+ecanei 
+
+
+1* 
+
+
+Ipfe arduus, altaque pulfat fidera. 
+
+
+As thefe buildings were oftentimes light-houfes, and had in 
+their upper ftory one 
+
+
+round cafement 
+
+
+Argolici clypei, aut 
+
+
+Phoebeas lampadis inftar, by which they afforded light in the 
+night-feafon ; the Greeks made this a characteristic of the 
+people. They fuppofed this aperture to have been an eye, 
+which was fiery, and glaring, and placed in the middle of 
+
+their foreheads. Hence Callimachus defcribes them as a moil- 
+
+* 
+
+ftrous race : 
+
+
+Iz Herodotus. L. 5. c. 6 . 
+15 OdyfT. 9. v. 190. 
+
+14 JEneid. L. 3. v. 619. 
+
+
+He alludes to them under the name of Cadmians. 
+
+
+(XLVCL 
+
+
+
+496 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+15 ouvol TEeAw^a, 
+
+Hgnocriv 0<T(T£ioi(nv soucora. 9 e mvL<ri <T vtt o<pgvv 
+<&ctsci [JL3VoyXyva. (ranei urct TSTgot^osK*:. 
+
+The Grecians have fo confounded the Cyclopian Deity with 
+his votaries, that it is difficult to fpeak precifely of either. 
+They fometimes mention him as a fingle perfon; the fame as 
+Nilus of Egypt, who was efteemed the father of the Gods. At 
+other times they introduce a plurality, whom they ftill repre- 
+fent as of the higheft antiquity, and make the brethren of 
+
+Cronus: 16 Kv^Xoareg—61 aJsA<poj rficnv ts Kgovs, tb 'UTdTgog tb 
+
+A log. Proclus in Photius informs us, that, according to the 
+ancient mythology of the Audfcores Cyclici, the giants with 
+an hundred hands, and the Cyclopes were the firft born of 
+the 17 Earth and Ccelus. But in thefe hiftories every degree 
+of relation has been founded upon idle furmifes ; and is uni¬ 
+formly to be fet affile. The Cyclopian Deity was 18 Ouranus, 
+and the Cyclopians were his priefts and votaries : fome of 
+whom had divine honours paid to them, and were efteemed as 
+
+Gods. Upon the Ifthmus of Corinth was an ancient temple ; 
+
+which feems to have been little more than a r cupog or high 
+
+* 
+
+15 Hymn, in Dian. v. 51. 
+
+M&vo$ cP* op 0 aA^tos ^s-rcrco £7rgx.e*To fj.erco7ru). Hefiod. Theogon. v. 143. 
+Clemens Alexandrinus tell us, that Homer’s account of Polyphemus is borrowed 
+from the character of Saturnus in the Orphic poetry. Strom. L. 6. p. 751. 
+
+16 Scholia in iEfchyl. Prometh. p. 56. 
+
+17 ttcaJ'Bs O uguv&y Kcci Tys. 
+
+W CLVTCO (Oup<XVCt)) TgBlS 'ZZ’CLtScLS yiV&GiLBCrIV ix.CLTOVTCtJ(eipct$} teCtl TpSlS BTtgS S 
+
+cl7tq , tiv„'T3g‘i KoxAProclus in Photio. C. ccxxxix. p. 982. 
+
+Euripides makes them the fons of Oceanus. 
+
+Iv 61 fAcvtovres 'Zxtovtib 'ma.iS £5 ©gy 
+
+KuxAw res oncac? ccvrg epytx ., ccvfyoxTovot. Cyclops, v. 21. 
+
+
+altar, 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 4.97 
+
+altar, where offerings were made to the Cyclopian 19 Deities. 
+People of this family fettled upon the fouthern coafl of Sicily 
+at Camarina ; which fome have fuppofed to have been the 
+Hupereia of Homer, where the Pheacians once redded. 
+
+20 'Of 'UTglV [ASP 'GTOT SPCtlOV £P £VgW)(pgCp 'YKSgSlCL, 
+
+A YX, 3 otvfyoov V7CsgY\vogeovTav. 
+
+But there is no reafon to think, that the city Hupereia was 
+in Sicily ; or that the Pheacians came from that country. 
+The notion arofe from a common miftake. All the Greek, 
+and Roman, Poets, and even Strabo with other refpedrable 
+writers, have taken it for granted, that the Cyclopians of 
+Homer were near fEtna in Sicily. Others except to their 
+
+were in the vicinity 
+of Eryx upon the oppodte part of the iiland. But Homer 
+does not once mention the ifland during his whole account 
+of the Cyclopes : nor does Ulyffes arrive in Sicily, till after 
+many fubfequent adventures. That there were Cyclopians 
+near i£tna is certain : but thofe mentioned by Homer were 
+of another country, and are reprefented as natives of the 
+continent, though his account is very indeterminate and ob- 
+fcure. There were probably people of this family in many 
+parts of Sicily, efpecially about the city Camarina. They 
+feem to have been of the Anakim race, and worfhipers of the 
+Sun. Hence they were ftyled Camarin, and their chief city 
+
+
+being near iEtna ; and inhft, that they 
+
+
+19 K XL cftt hoov eq-'iy otgjscuQV) KufcA oottoov text 
+
+KuxAfio 4 'f. Paufanias. L. 2. p. 114. 
+
+3,0 OdyfT. Z. v. 5. z lC7rsp‘tcu' ? ot /xev t:iv ev HixeAix 
+
+Vol. I. S f f 
+
+
+Sr'jua'iv btt xvtzj 
+
+SchoL ibid. 
+
+Camarina. 
+
+
+
+49 s 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Camarina, which was fo called from a city of the fame 
+
+
+in 
+
+
+Chaldea, the Ur of the Script 
+
+
+Polyphemus is men 
+
+
+tioned as a mufician and a fhepherd ; but of a favage and 
+brutal difpofition : which character arofe from the cruel rites 
+
+
+pradlifed by the Cyclop 
+
+
+According 
+
+
+22 
+
+
+Bacchylides 
+
+
+was faid 
+Polyphe 
+
+
+Galatus, Illyrius, and Celtus were the fons of 
+By this was certainly fignified, that the Ga- 
+
+
+latas, Illyrii, and Celtas, were of Cyclopian original, and of 
+
+race ; all equally Amonians. Lycophron men- 
+
+
+Anakim 
+
+
+the cave of this perfonage, by which was meant an an- 
+temple ; and he calls it 23 [JiovoyXYiVii crsycig ’Xupwvos : the 
+
+
+habitation of Charon , a perfojtage with 
+
+
+have often obferved 
+
+
+temple for the Deity. Charon was the very pi 
+
+
+But here, 
+
+place is miftaken for a perfon ; 
+
+Lee ; the 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+an 
+
+
+cient temple of the Sun. 
+
+
+was therefore ftyled Char-On 
+
+
+from the God, who was there 
+
+
+rfhiped ; and after the 
+
+Thefe 
+
+
+Egyptian cuftom an eye was engraved over its portal 
+temples were fometimes called Charis, 24 Xctgig ; which is a 
+compound of Char-Is, and fignifies a prutaneion, or place 
+facred to Hephaftus. 
+
+
+As the 
+
+
+of fire were once almoffc 
+
+
+erfally pradlifed, there were many places of this name 
+
+
+Ei> tvs BaCuA&mcw KctuoLpivK, vv t tvczs XeySiv tzoXiv- Ovpiccv . Alexand. 
+
+Polyhift. apud Eufeb. Prsep. Evang. L. g. p. 418. 
+
+Natalis Comes. L. 9. p. 510. By the Celtse are meant thofe of Iberia : g-^i- 
+yovGi TiTVi’ss of Callimachus. 
+
+2-3 Lyeoph. v. 659. Appian mentions a nation of Cyclopians in Illyria, who- 
+were near the Pheacians. 
+
+The liba made in fuch temples were from it named Charifia. Xa/wo-ior, S1005. 
+'ujX axuvTwr. Hclych, 
+
+
+especially- 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+499 
+
+efpecially in 25 Parthia, Babylonia, and Phrygia. The Gre¬ 
+cians rendered Char-Is by Xa gig, a term, in their own lan¬ 
+guage, which fignified grace and elegance. And nothing 
+
+witneftes their attachment to ancient terms more than their 
+
+* 
+
+continually introducing them, though they were ftrangers to 
+their true meaning. The Arimafpians were Hyperborean 
+Cyclopians ; and had temples named Charis, or Chanda, in 
+the top of which were preferved a perpetual fire. They were 
+of the lame family as thofe of 26 Sicily, and had the fame 
+rites ; and particularly worfhiped the Ophite Deity under 
+the name of 27 Opis. Arifteas Proconnefius wrote their 
+hiftory ; and among other things mentioned that they had 
+but one eye, which was placed in their graceful forehead. 
+
+28 O cpdoChpLOV cT sY SKCCg-QS Bysi yUgLZVTl 
+
+How could the front of a Cyclopian, one of the mod hi¬ 
+deous monfters that ever poetic fancy framed, be ftyled 
+graceful P The whole is a miftake of terms : and what this 
+
+O 
+
+writer had mifapplied, related to Charis, a tower ; and the 
+eye was a cafement in the top of the edifice, where a light, 
+and fire were kept up. What confirmed the miftake was the 
+
+
+15 In Parthia, K«AAz 37 n>, Xa/iis. Appian. Syriac, p. 125 . 
+i&pvyicLs 'z&oAis Kccpis. Stcph. Byzant. 
+
+Charifiae in Arcadia. Ibid. The ifland Cos, called of old Caris. Ibid. 
+
+2,6 Herodotus. L. 4 . c. 13 . A piyaaTTBs ct,v£'gcc$ y.HvccpQxXy.tez. 
+
+Strabo. L. 1 . p. 40 . Tu^yx xxl tbs y.oroyy,ccrBs K'jxAcottccs sk tw 
+15-0 p iocs y.£T€Vi)VG%ev (* 0 yvpzs). 
+
+2-7 Ou 7 ns ts, A g^co t 5 , jtcci zvclicov 'lix.xBPyv* Callimach* H. in Delon, v. 292 . 
+2,8 Cafaubon. not. in Strabon. L. 1 . p. 40 . 
+
+MarwTrct cy^ccTcv Aoiyctcr 7 rov. Aifchyl* Prometh* p. 49. 
+
+s f f 2 
+
+
+reprefentation 
+
+
+
+5QO The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+reprefentation of an eye, which, as I have mentioned, was 
+often engraved over the entrance of thefe temples. The chief 
+Deity of Egypt was frequently reprefented under the fymbol 
+of an eye, 19 and a fcepter. I have obferved, that Orion was 
+fuppofed to have had three fathers, merely becaufe a tower, 
+facred to him in Sicily, and called Tor-Pator, was altered to 
+Tgi7rctTWp ; which change feemed to countenance fuch an 
+opinion. The Cyclopians were of the fame region in that 
+ifland ; and their towers had undoubtedly the fame name: 
+for the Cyclopians were ftyled 30 T giT 07 rctrregsg, and were fup¬ 
+pofed to have been three in number. Some fuch miftake 
+was made about the towers ftyled Charis : whence the Gre¬ 
+cians formed their notion of the Graces. As Charis was a 
+tower facred to fire ; fome of the Poets have fuppofed a 
+nymph of that name, who was beloved by Vulcan. Homer 
+fpeaks of her as his wife : 31 Xagig — KciKy), w oortvie 'ursgiK.Kvrag 
+
+A(JL<f>iyvY\sig. But Nonnus makes her his miftrefs 3 and fays, 
+that he turned her out of doors for her jealoufy. 
+
+3i E/£ $0fJLCt)V SPOOKS XctglV ^Y\hYj^.OVOL VV[JL<pY]V~ 
+
+
+z<) Top yccp / 3 a.ctK£cc xa: xvoiov O-crtpiv o^OaA^w xctt crxr) 7 rTp%) ypct(p&xriv. Plutarch 
+Ifis ct Ofiris. p. 354. 
+
+
+30 
+
+
+Lycophron. v. 328. See Suidas. 
+
+
+< 5 /A0^30cs TpiTG7rctTopct$ 'mccrroji' yeyorercci 'zo-pcot&s. Ktymolog. Mag. See Meurfii 
+not. in Lycophron. v. 32S. P ccicrei 'TpiTrctTp'd (pcccryca’co Kccvcczoios* 
+
+
+v. 275 
+
+
+si 
+
+
+Iliad. v. 382. and H. 
+
+Nonni Dionyfiaca. L. 29. p. 760. 
+
+
+See Paufan. L. 9. p. 781. 
+
+
+The Graces and the Furies (Charites et Furia^) were equally denominated from 
+the Sun, and fire ^ and in confequence of it had joint worfhip in Arcadia. Paufan. 
+L. 8. p. 669. Charis, of the Greeks was the fame perfonage as Ceres of the 
+
+Romans. She was alfo called Damater, and efteemed one of the Furies, Paufan. 
+L. 8. p. 649. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 501 
+
+The Graces were faid to be related to the Sun, who was in 
+reality the fame as Vulcan. The Sun among the people of 
+the eaft was called Hares, and with a guttural Chares : and 
+his temple was ftyled Tor-Chares. But as Tor-Pator was 
+changed to Tripator; fo Tor-Chares was rendered Trichares, 
+which the Greeks exprefied Tgi^cLgig ; and from thence 
+formed a notion of three Graces. Cicero fays that they were 
+the daughters of night, and Erebus: but Antimachus, more 
+agreeably to this etymology, maintained, that they were the 
+offspring of the Sun and light ; 33 Aiyhqg aou 'H Xis SvyctTSgocg. 
+Thefe feeming contradictions are not difficult to be recon¬ 
+ciled. 
+
+The Amonians, wherever they fettled, were celebrated for 
+their fuperiority in fcience ; and particularly for their fkill in 
+building. Of this family were Trophonius, and his brother 
+Agamedes, who are reprefented as very great in the profef- 
+fion. They were truly wonderful, fays 3 * Paufanias, for the 
+temples, which they erected to the Gods ; and for the ftately 
+edifices, which they built for men. They were the archi¬ 
+tects, who contrived the temple of Apollo at Delphi, and the 
+treafury conftruCted to Urius. They were, I make no doubt. 
+
+
+31 Paufanias. L. 9. p. 781. So Coronis is faid to have been the daughter of Phle- 
+
+gyas. Paufan. L. 2. p. 170: and Cronus the fon of Apollo. L. 2. p. 123. Chiron 
+
+# 
+
+the fon of Saturn ^ Charon the fon of Erebus and Night. The hero Charifius, the 
+fon of Lycaon, which Lycaon was no other than Apollo, the God of light. Thefe 
+were all places, but defcribed as perfonages and made the children of the Deity, 
+
+to whom they were facred. 
+
+34 /SeiP&t ©rO'S T£ ispcc X'ZTCCGXS'JCiO-CtCrQcLl') XXI (2ctC7l?^.clCt Ctl'QpCr)7TQi$* za/ ycep Ted 
+
+A7roAA*yr/ top vxov uxoJ ouwctxvto top ev AeApo:?, xcci 'Ypiei top <7 cop. Pauian.. 
+
+L- 9* P* 7 s 5- 
+
+Turres > ut Ariftoteles, Cyclopes (invenerunt.) Pliny. L. 7. c. 56. 
+
+
+fome 
+
+
+
+I 
+
+
+502 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+fome of thofe, who were ftyled Cyclopians ; as the people 
+under this appellation were far the moft eminent in this way. 
+
+4 
+
+When the Sibyl in Virgil fhews .Eneas the place of torment 
+in the fhades belov\, and leads him through many melan¬ 
+choly recedes, we find that the whole was feparated from the 
+regions of blifs by a wall built by the Cyclopians. The 
+Sibyl accordingly at their exit tells him, 
+
+35 Cyclopum edudta caminis 
+Maenia confpicio. 
+
+From hence we find that they were the reputed builders 
+of the infernal manfions; which notion arofe from the real 
+buildings, which they eredted. For all the ideas of the an¬ 
+cients about the infernal regions, and the torments of hell, 
+were taken from the temples in each country; and from the 
+rites, and inquifition, pradfifed in them. But the Cyclo¬ 
+pians were not merely imaginary operators. They founded 
+feveral cities in Greece ; and conftrudfed many temples to 
+the Gods, which were of old in high repute. They were fo 
+much efteemed for their fkill, that, as the Scholiaft upon 
+Statius obferves, every thing great and noble was looked 
+upon as Cyclopian : 36 quicquid magnitudine fua nobile eft, 
+Cyclopum manu dicitur fabricatum. Nor was this a fidtion, 
+as may be furmifed; for they were in great meafure the 
+real architedts. And if in the room of thofe portentous be¬ 
+ings the Cyclopes, K vzhoo7rsg, we fubftitute a colony of people 
+called Cyclopians, we fhall find the whole to be true, which 
+
+35 Virgil. iEn. L. 6. v. 630. 
+
+36 Lutatius Placidus in Statii Theba'id. L., 1. p. 26. 
+
+
+7 
+
+
+IS 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 503 
+
+is attributed to them; and a new field of hiftory will be 
+opened, that was before unknown. They were undoubtedly 
+a part of the people ftyled Academians, who refided in At¬ 
+tica; where they founded the Academia, and Ceramicus, and 
+introduced human facrifices. Hence we are informed, that 
+
+the Athenians in the time of a plague facrificed three virgin 
+
+» 
+
+daughters of Hyacinthus at the tomb Geraeftus, the 37 Cyclops. 
+But Gerseftus was not a perfon, but a place. Yegoug'og is a 
+fmall variation for Ker-Aftus; and fignifies the temple of 
+Aftus the God of fire. It was certainly the ancient name of 
+the place, where thefe facrifices were exhibited : and the Ta- 
+phos was a Cyclopian altar, upon which they were performed. 
+The Cyclopians are faid to have built the ancient city My- 
+cene, which Hercules in Seneca threatens to ruin. 
+
+38 quid moror ? majus mihi 
+Bellum Mycenis reftat, ut Cyclopea 
+Everfa manibus msenia noftris concidant. 
+
+Nonnus fpeaks of the city in the fame light; 
+
+39 sfJL^oLTi rsiyjosvTi / uregi£c>ju'Qsi<rot M 
+
+KukA 007 TOCV KOLVOVS<T<Tl . 
+
+The gate of the city, and the chief tower were particularly 
+afcribed to them : *° Ky^A oo7rwv <Js koli tolvto. sgyot eivca Xzysciv. 
+
+37 T cl9 ''Ycty.iv 0 y ycopccs — B7n tov Tspouse t a Kvx/\oo7ros t cc(pov c-(pst^cu\ ApcI- 
+
+lodorus. L. 3. p. 205. 
+
+33 Hercules Furens. A< 5 t. 4. v. 996. 
+
+39 Nonni Dionyliaca. L. 41. p. 106S. 
+
+Euripides ftyles the walls of Argos Ovpcaucc: 
+
+'Ircc t £i%scc ugccvicc vcfAQVTca* Troades. v. icSr. 
+
+4-0 pa-'Janias. E. 2. p. 146. 
+
+!Thefe 
+
+
+
+5°4 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+I’hefe too are reprefetited as the work of the Cyclopians. They like- 
+wife built Argos; which is mentioned by Thyeftes in Seneca 
+as a wonderful performance. 
+
+
+41 
+
+
+Cyclopum facras 
+
+
+Turres, labore majus humano decus. 
+
+All thefe poetical hiflories were founded in original truths. 
+Some of them built Hermione, one of the moffc ancient cities 
+
+
+
+in Greece. The tradition was, that it was built by 4 * 
+mion the fon of Europs, or Europis, a defcendant of Pho- 
+roneus, and Niobe ; and was inhabited by Dorians, who 
+came from Argos: in which hiflory is more than at firft 
+appears. The city flood near a flagnant lake, and a deep 
+cavern ; where was fuppofed to be the raoft compendious 
+paflage to the fhades below: 43 TW sis holt <x£cur iv wovro^ov. 
+The lake was called the pool of Acherufia; near to which 
+and the yawning cavern the Cyclopians chofe to take up 
+their habitation. They are faid to have built 44 Tiryns ; the 
+walls of which were efleemed no lefs a wonder than the 
+pyramids of Egypt. They muft have refided at Nauplia in 
+
+a place in fituation not unlike Hermione above- 
+Near this city were caverns in the earth., and 
+
+
+45 
+
+
+Argolis : 
+mentioned. 
+
+
+41 Seneca Thyeftes. A£fc. 2. v. 406. 
+
+4 “ Evtos cTg tb 1 ct 0 /x.b t yis Tpol^vvos o/xogo$ eq*iv Tpfjnovn' oiki^yiv S'b ctgyyuccs 'zero- 
+Tvtodi 'E pfjuoveis yevBaBcu (pctaiv 'Eppuovct E vpto 7 ro$. Paufan. L. 2. p. 191. 
+
+43 Strabo. L. 8. p. 573. It was inhabited by people particularly ftyled 
+or men of the fea ^ who were brought thither by Druops Areas. 
+
+44 Paufan. L. 2. p. 147. Ku>tA&>7 rcov y.ev ec^iv sgyov. p. 169. 
+
+See Strabo. L. 8. p. 572. T ti^icrcu S'lct KvkTioottgop* 
+
+45 Toe. Tei%?i to, tv Ttguvfti a /e ovrct bAcctIqpos Sr&vfAXTos (twv 'znupctpu^cov). Pau- 
+
+fanias. L. 9. p. 783, 
+
+fubterraneous 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 505 
+
+fubterraneous pafiages, confiding of 46 labyrinths cut in the 
+rock, like the fyringes in Upper Egypt, and the maze at the 
+lake Maeris : and thefe too were reputed the work of Cyclo- 
+pians. Paufanias thinks very truly, that the Nauplians were 
+from Egypt. 47 H <rctv <5s 01 NayflTusjs, efJtoi Soksiv, Aiyviv- 
+
+Tiot Tot tut ct?\otiOT $ got. The Nauplians feem to me to have bee?t 
+
+* 
+
+a colo?iy from Egypt in the more early times. He fuppofes 
+that they were fome of thofe emigrants, who came over 
+with Danaiis. The nature of the works, which the Cyclo- 
+pians executed, and the lake, which they named Ache- 
+rufia, fliew plainly the part of the world, from whence they 
+came. The next city to Nauplia was Troezen, where Orus 
+was faid to have once reigned, from whom the country was 
+
+called Oraia: but Paufanias very judly thinks, that it was an. 
+
+% 
+
+Egyptian hidory ; and that the region was denominated from 
+48 Orus of Egypt, whofe worfhip undoubtedly had been here 
+introduced. So that every circumdance witnefles the coun¬ 
+try, from whence the Cyclopians came. Hence when 49 Eu¬ 
+ripides fpeaks of the walls of ancient Mycene, as built by the 
+Cyclopians after the Phenician rule and method: the Pheni- 
+cians alluded to were the Qoiwtzs of Egypt, to which country 
+they are primarily to be referred. Thofe, who built Tiryns, 
+
+
+46 E <pe$~w$ Se t>i Nau^rA/a* tcc. <77n?Aa/a, xcci oi zv ccwtois oixoSopoiroi A ot,€vpivBoi. 
+
+Ku>eAco7r£Ja. ^ ovofAcc^&viv. Strabo. L. 8. p. 567. 
+
+47 Paufanias. L. 4. p. 367. 
+
+4S E fJ~Ol fJLZV BV AiyV7TTL0V (pOLlVSTCLl) ^tOLl S £AA>JJ UKOV OVOfJ.CL UVCCl JCtA, 
+
+faufan. L. 2. p. 1S1. 
+
+49 K.VX.h<67T00V /3a.QpGL 
+
+.&oivi)u xcci'orj xczi tvtcqis ^^ocr/^gva. Eurip. Here. Furens. v. 944. 
+
+
+Vgl. L 
+
+
+T t t 
+
+
+
+5°6 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology-. 
+
+
+are reprefented as feven in number ; and the whole is. de- 
+fcribed by Strabo in the following manner. 50 T tgvvQi ogfjtyTtigitp 
+
+•XgwrourQcu §onei E Igoirog, tcou reiyivou hex. YivKhwirm' ovg bttox. 
+poev sivou, mKeicrdou h Ycx.zegoyeigctg, rgB<popLsvovg bk ty\s TB’yv^g. 
+
+Prcetus feems to have been the fir ft y who made ufe of Piryns , as an 
+
+harbour ; which place he walled round by the ajfiftance of the 
+
+* 
+
+Cyclopians. Phey were feven in number , Jlyled Gaftrocheirs ; and 
+lived by their labour. Hefychius in fome degree reverfes this 
+ftrange name, and fays, that they were called E y%eigoyusregsg. 
+The Grecians continually miftook places for perfons, as I 
+have fhewn. Thefe feven Cyclopes were, I make no doubt, 
+feven Cyclopian towers built by the people, of whom I have 
+been treating. Some of them flood towards the harbour to 
+afford light to fhips, when they approached in the night. 
+They were facred to After, or SI Aftarte ; and ftyled Aftro- 
+caer, and Caer-After; out of which the Greeks formed 
+’Eyyeigoyag'sg ; a ftrange medley made up of hands, and bel¬ 
+lies. Strabo in particular having converted thefe buildings 
+into fo many mafons, adds, 52 rcxg‘Sgo’ysigoLg y TgsxpofJLBVxg bk t tig 
+
+TS r yyY\g. Phey were hoxieft bellyhanded men y induftrious people , 
+who got their livelihood by their art. Thefe towers were 
+erected likewife for Purait, or Puratheia, where the rites of 
+fire were performed: but Purait, or Puraitus, the Greeks 
+
+
+,0 Strabo. L. 8. p. 572. 
+
+* 
+
+fri Many places were denominated from After; fueh as Afteria, Afterion, Afteris, 
+Aftrsea, Aftarte. See Steph. Byzantinus. A p~epiov^ 'zetoA/s ©£T)aA<as -—n vuv r hpe¬ 
+nce. Idem. A q-epw, * A>?A os, xccl £ Kgn-rn, eycctAeiro. Hefy chius. A>?Ao$ A <pegiti. 
+Callimach. H. in Delon, v. 37. and 40. Afteria fignifies the ifland of After. 
+
+L. 8. p. 572. 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis oe Ancient Mythology. 50*7 
+
+d 
+
+S 
+
+changed" to IlgotTog ; and gave out that the towers were built 
+for 53 Proetus, whom they made a king of that country. 
+
+I imagine, that not only the common idea of the Cyclo- 
+
+pians was taken from towers and edifices ; but that the term 
+
+KyxA&nJ/, and KwfAwjn?, Cuclops, and Cuclopis, fignified a 
+building or temple ; and from thence the people had their 
+
+name. They were of the fame family as the Cadmians, and 
+Phcenices; and as the Hivites, or Ophites, who came from 
+Egypt, and fettled near Libanus and Baal Hermon, upon the 
+confines of Canaan. They worfhiped the Sun under the 
+fymbol of a ferpent: hence they were ftyled in different 
+parts, where they in time fettled, Europians, Oropians, Ano- 
+pians, Inopians, Afopians, Elopians; all which names relate 
+to the worfhip of the Pytho Ops, or Opis. What may be 
+the precife etymology of the term KmAwvJ/, Cuclops, I can¬ 
+not prefiime to determine. Cuclops, as a perfonage, was 
+
+faid to have been the fon of s4 Ouranus and the earth : which 
+Ouranus among the Amonians was often ftyled Ccel, or 
+Ccelus j and was worfhiped under the forementioned em~ 
+
+55 Paufanias mentions the apartments of the daughters of Proetus. L. 2. p. 169. 
+But the daughters of Proetus were properly the virgins who officiated at the Pu- 
+rait, the young priefteftes of the Deity. 
+
+The Sicilian Cyclopes were three, becaufe there were three towers only eredted 
+upon the iflands called Cyclopum Scopuli ; and that they were light-houies is ap¬ 
+parent from the name which ftill remains : for they are at this day ftyled Faraglioni, 
+according to Fazellus. The Cyclopes of Tiryns were feven, as we learn from 
+Strabo-, becaufe the towers probably were in number lb many. From this circum- 
+ftance we may prefume, that the ideas of the ancients concerning the Cyclopians 
+were taken from the buildings, which they eredted. 
+
+54 The Cyclopian buildings were alfo called Ouranian. Kv KKonnia. t ygauct 
+•repeal. Euripid. Eledtra. v. 1158. 
+
+T t t 2 
+
+
+blem 
+
+
+
+508 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+blem of a ferpent. Hence the temple of the Deity may have 
+been originally called Cu-Cosl-Ops, Domus Cceli Pythonis ; 
+and the priefts and people Cucelopians. But whatever may 
+have been the purport of the name, the hiftory of thefe per- 
+fonages is fufficiently determinate. 
+
+There was a place in Thrace called ss Cuclops, where 
+fome of the Cyclopian race had fettled : for many of the 
+
+Amonians came hither. Hence Thrace feems at one time to 
+
+* 
+
+have been the feat of fcience ; and the Athenians acknow¬ 
+ledged, that they borrowed largely from them. The natives 
+were very famous ; particularly the Pierians for their mulick, 
+the Peonians for pharmacy, and the Edonians for their rites 
+and worlhip. Thofe, who went under the name of Cyc¬ 
+lopes, probably introduced architecture ; for which art they 
+feem to have been every where noted.. There was a foun¬ 
+tain in thefe parts, of which Ariftotle takes notice, as of a 
+wonderful nature. 56 Ey ds K vzhwfyi Toig ygrjvdtov bs'iv, 
+
+'v$C*)g S’fcOV, 6 TY) fJLBV 0^/£l KOiOotgOV, ZOU S'lCLQOLVBSy ZOLl TOig CtXhOig 
+
+opcoiov' or civ ds 'UTLYi n £ooov £% ctvThs, 'Wctgct'fcpirifJLCt. hotcpOeigsTou. In 
+
+the region of the Cyclopians of 'Thrace is a fountain , clear to the eye, 
+ajid pure , and in no wife differing from co?m?ion water : of which 
+however if an animal drinks, it is immediately poifoned. There 
+is another account given by Theopompus ; who fpeaks of the 
+
+
+55 Both Cuclops, and Cuclopes, was the name of a place. We may therefore, 
+I think, be pretty well allured, that the Cyclopians were from hence denominated. 
+And as facred places had their names from the Deity > to whom they were dedicated, 
+it is very probable, that the Cuclopian towers were named from Ccelus Ops, the 
+Deity there worfhiped: for I have fhewn, that this people were the reputed children 
+of Ouran us, and Coelus. 
+
+
+56 Ariftoteles de mirabil. aufculu p. 732. 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 509 
+
+people by the name of the Chropes, which is a contraction 
+
+♦ 
+
+for Charopes. He fays, that even going into the water was 
+fatal. 57 ®so7ro[JL7Tog Ifogsi KgYjVYiv sv Ting SgcLKYjg, 'fjg Tag 
+
+/\8C roLuevag TJTogarggnf^v- pLSTctXXcurTBiv. Theopompus mentions a 
+fountain among the Charopes of 'Thrace , in which if a pejfojt at¬ 
+tempts to bathe , he imniediately lofes his life . 1 have taken notice 
+
+of this hiftory, becaufe we find, that the perfons who are 
+called 58 Cuclopes by one writer, are ftyled Char-opes by an- 
+other, and very juffcly : for the terms are nearly of the fame 
+purport. The Charopes were denominated from a temple, 
+and place called Char-Ops, or Char-Opis, locus Dei Pythonis: 
+and the Cyclopes were, as I have before fuppofed, denomi¬ 
+nated from Cu-Ccel-Ops, or Cu-Ccel-Opis, the temple of the 
+fame Deity. They were both equally named from the Ophite 
+God, the great object of their adoration, and from the temple, 
+where he was worfhiped. 
+
+The head of Medufa in Argolis is faid to have been the 
+work of the 59 Cyclopians. This feems to have been an an¬ 
+cient hieroglyphical reprefentation upon the temple of Ca- 
+phifus. It was ufual with the Egyptians and other Amo- 
+nians to defcribe upon the architrave of their temples fome 
+emblem of the Deity, who there- prefided. This reprefen¬ 
+tation was often an eagle, or a vulture; a wolf, or a lion; alfo 
+an heart, or an eye. The laft, as I have fhewn, was com- 
+
+S7 In excerptis apud Sotionem. See not. Meurfii in Antigonum Caryftium. p. 183. 
+?8 Of the Cyclopians of Thrace fee Scholia in Euripid. Oreft. v. 966. Ki/xAwttss, 
+©paxoccw e 0 res. Alfo Scholia in Statii Theb. L. 2. p. 104. 
+
+59 rictpct cPe rz iz^ov th KwpiGG'd MgA; 0 y t Z 3 ‘e 7 rzMU€iw Kztpoc At?. KlooA (pet gw 
+
+eivcu nett t3to egyov. Paufan. 1 .. 2. p. 156. Ky(piGGos 7 Dorice KctqucrGoi, vcl Kct- 
+
+(pivot: from Caph-Ifis,. Petra Dcas Ifidis. 
+
+
+mon 
+
+
+
+5 *© 
+
+
+♦ 
+
+The Analysis of Ancsent Mythology; 
+
+
+xnon to the temples of 0 Ofiris, and was intended to fignify 
+the fuperintendency of Providence, from whom nothing was 
+hid. *■ Among others the ferpent was cfteemed a moft falu- 
+tary emblem : and they made life of it to (ignify fuperiour 
+(kill, and knowledge. A beautiful female countenance fur- 
+rounded with an affemblage of ferpents was made to denote 
+divine wifdom, which they ftyled Meed, and Meet, the M YjTig 
+of the Greeks. Under this charadteriftic they reprefented 
+an heavenly perfonage, and joined her with Eros, or divine 
+Love : and by thefe two they fuppofed that the prefent mun¬ 
+dane lyftem -was produced. Orpheus (peaks of this Deity hi 
+the mafculine gender: 
+
+
+61 
+
+
+K ou NLqTis, 'urgmog ysveroog, xca E^w? 'Gro\vT£g7rqg. 
+
+
+On this account many ancient temples were ornamented with 
+this curious hieroglyphic: and among others the temple of 
+Caphifus ** in Argolis. Caphifus is a compound of Caph-Ilis, 
+which fignifies Petra Ifidis, and relates to the fame Deity as 
+Metis. For we mu ft not regard fexes, nor difference of ap¬ 
+pellations, when we treat of ancient deities. 
+
+
+** A g<rw p,ev xcti vs 'nroAsju.aro^s Mjjti. 
+
+UoiVTQpVYlS, yeVSTWg 'nrCLVTOOVf 'GroXVUWjJL £ 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+OLIJJLOV 
+
+
+I have 
+
+
+
+
+Ox 
+
+
+HeAiB, 05 'uravT etyoga, -x.au 'sra.v t vircuosei. Homer. OdylT. L. A. v. 108. 
+Orphic Fragment. 6. v. 19. the fame as Phanes, and Dionufus. Frag. 8. v. 2 
+
+
+Schol. ibid. 
+
+
+6z 
+
+
+Hence the ffcream and lake of Cephifus in Bceotia were ftyled uJ'o.toc. xcu Xifjwn 
+K.r\(purtriS'os : by the ancient Dorians exprefied Kct<p-IatS'o$ ) from Katp-Iais. 
+
+63 Orphic Hymn. 31. v. 10. 
+
+6+ Hymn. 10. v. 10. Metis was the fame as Pan. 
+
+Meed-Ous, whence came MesTao-a, is exactly analogous to Cotinoufa, Sirenoufa, 
+
+
+£ 
+
+
+Aithoufa, 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Anci&nt M|tholo®y.. 511- 
+
+I have taken notice that the Cyclopians o£ TWace were ftyled 
+
+5 which name they muft have reeeWed from their 
+rites, and place of worftiip. Char-Opis figniflte the' temple 
+of the Python, or lerpent: and we find that it\as fituated 
+near a poifonous pool. It was facred to the Sim :\and there 
+were many temples of this name in 65 Egypt, and otHy coun¬ 
+tries. The Sun was called Arez ; and the lion, whiclrWas an 
+emblem of the Sun, had the fame denomination : andVhere 
+is reafon to think, that the device upon Champian temWes 
+was fometimes a lion. Homer undoubtedly had feen the fierce 
+figure of this animal upon fome facred portal in Egypt; 
+which he often alludes, when he fpeaks of a Charopian lion. \ 
+
+66 A^etqi t’, czgyoTegoi r$ 2v££ r yQXgOTroi te Aeovts$. 
+
+The devices upon temples were often efteemed as talifmans, 
+and fuppofed to have en hidden, and falutary influence, by 
+
+
+
+Aithoufa, Alphioufa, Ampeloufa, Anthemoufa, Pithecoufa,, Scotoufa, Arginoufa, 
+Lampadoufa, Amathoufa, Ophioufa, Afteroufa,. Acheroufa, Peloufaand fignifies 
+the temple, of Metis, or Divine Wifdom. After-Ous was a temple on Mount Cau- 
+cafus : Amath-Ous, the fame in Cyprus : Ampel-Ous, a temple in Mauritania : 
+Alphi-Ous, in Elis : Achor-Ous, in Egypt: all dedicated to the Deity under dif¬ 
+ferent titles. 
+
+65 Aeonr/o/s t cl tcxiv legoov Srupcofxccra. xoafx&criv (oz Aiyv 7 TTioi). Plutarch. 
+Ifis et Ofiris. p. 366. 
+
+66 Odyff. A. v. 610. It is a term, which feems to have puzzled the commen¬ 
+tators. Xa^oTrc/j eTTZTrAttKTixo/, <po€epoi. ScholiafL Ibid. It was certainly an Amo- 
+nian term: and the Poet alluded to a Charonian temple. 
+
+Ths nv jttfaAa/) jjucc jjlgv ^ccpottolo A sorrow Hefiod.. Theogon. v. 321. 
+Homer in another place mentions, 
+
+Avkmv x,A ccfyyvi ^apo7roov re Aeovrocr • Hymn, eis lAvrepct Srscov. v. 4.. 
+
+As a lion was from hence ftyled Charops, fo from another temple it was named 
+
+Charon, ^iocpccv* 6 A ew. Hefych. Achilla is ftyled A^/xjjTns Xa/>o>r, Lycoph. 
+
+* 
+
+v. 260. a martial Charonian Lion. 
+
+
+which 
+
+
+
+5 1 2 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+which the budding was preferved. In the temple of Mi¬ 
+nerva at Tegea was fome fculpture of Medufa, which the 
+-Goddefs wasTaid to have given, avctKoarov eg rov 'UTqlvtcl %£0- 
+
+vov BIVOLI (w 'WoKtv ); to preferve the city from ever being taken in 
+war . It was probably from this opinion that the 68 Athe- 
+
+mans had the head of Medufa reprefented upon the walls of 
+
+their acropolis : and it was the infigne of many cities, as we 
+
+% 
+
+may find from ancient coins. The notion of the Cyclopes 
+framing the thunder and lightning for Jupiter arofe chiefly 
+from the Cyclopians engraving hieroglyphics of this fort 
+upon the temples of the Deity. Hence they were reprefented 
+as perfons. 
+
+
+* 9 'Ol Z tyl fhgOVTYjV T sfrovuv, TSV^CCV rs KSgOtWOV. 
+
+The Poets confidered them merely in the capacity of black- 
+fmiths, and condemned them to the anvil. This arofe from 
+the chief Cyclopian Deity being called Acmon, and Pyrac 
+mon. He was worfhiped under the former title in Phrygia ; 
+where was a city and diflridl called Acmonia, mentioned by 
+Alexander 70 Polyhiftor. The Amazonians paid the like re¬ 
+
+verence : and there was a facred grove called Acmonium 
+
+
+* 7 .Paufan. L. 8. p. 6g6. 
+
+68 Paufan. L. i. p. 49. 
+
+69 Hefiod. Theogon. v, 141. Scholia. Apollon. L. 1. v. 730. 
+
+Kux,/\oo7res tots A*)' fJLtv S'ldozcai figovTWy kccl cl^^octtyiv^ xca Ttegccvvov* Appollo- 
+
+dorus. L. 1. p. 4. 
+
+70 See Stephanus. A xy.ovtct 'zzroAtf &pvyict$. jctA. He ftyles Acmon A k{aovcl 
+
+tcu M ccveus. Manes was the chief Deity of Lydia, Lycia, and Perils and the fame 
+
+% 
+
+as Menes of Egypt. 
+
+There was a city Acmonia in Thrace. Ptol. L. 5. p. 13S. 
+
+
+upon 
+
+
+
+
+( ?tirr't' 4 1 '/V. v/v r raOi 
+
+
+Medusa . 
+
+
+?vm a 
+
+
+^y^vjn m M //is <?f —< 
+
+//,/, (&jha cm //it ^uKc • of 3 £amt.jb on o in g-m 
+
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+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 513 
+
+♦ 
+
+A 
+
+upon the 71 Thermodon, which was held in great repute. 
+He was by fome looked upon as the offspring of Heaven ; by 
+-others worfhiped as Ouranus, and Ccelus, the heaven itfelf: 
+and Acmonides was fuppofed to have been his 7 * fon, whom 
+Ibme of the mythologifts made the ruling ipirit of the earth. 
+Hence Simmias Rhodius introduces Divine Love difplaying 
+his influence, and faying, that he produced Acmonides, that 
+mighty monarch of the earth, and at the fame time founded 
+
+the fea. 73 Asacrcrs [jls tov Fas rs fiagvregvs Aveucr A tcpoviStW}. 
+%otv aAa idgcaroLVTOL. 
+
+Acmon feems to have been worfhiped of old at Tiryns, 
+that ancient city of Greece, whofe towers were faid to have 
+been built by the Cyclopians. For Acmon was the Cyclo- 
+pian Deity ; and is reprefented by Callimachus as the tutelary 
+God of the place,, though the paffage has been otherwife in- 
+
+74 T ot-og- yag as* T igvvQiog AKpuav 
+
+".Es'tyXg 'nr§0' 'GTVhSM. 
+
+
+
+71 E nett ahho A.x.jjt.oviov ether os 'zzreot ©sofj.ctS'ovTct. Steph. Byzant. ApolTonius 
+takes notice of Ahcreos A x/xonoio. L. 2. v. 994. Here Mars was fuppofed to have 
+married Harmonia the mother of the Amazonians. 
+
+74 Acmonides is reprefented as a patronymic; but there is reafbn to think that 
+it is an Amonian compound, Acmon-Ades, Acmon the God of light,, the fame as 
+Ccelus, Cronus, and Ofiris. Acmon and Acmonides were certainly the fame per- 
+fon : A Kfjicov' Kgopos J Oupctvos, Hefych. Ax./xovif'ys i 0 Xag>wr, ma Ovgctros. ibid. 
+He was the Cydopian God, to whom different departments were given by the my¬ 
+thologifts. Charon Cyclops is mentioned by Lycophron. v. 659. above quoted. 
+
+73 Simmise Rhodii IlTepuyut. Theocritus. Heinfii. p. 214. 
+
+74 Caliimachi Hymn, in I>ianam. v. 146. 
+
+Vol. I. Uuu 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+5 i A - The Analysis oe Ancient. Mythology, 
+
+4 
+
+/ 
+
+The term has commonly been looked upon as an adjedtive ; 
+.and the paflage has been rendered Talis Tirynthius indefef- 
+ius, which is fcarce fenfe. Callimachus was very knowing 
+in mythology, and is here fpeaking of the Cyclopian God 
+Acmon, whom he makes the &sog 'Z/Tg 07 ruXcaog i or guardian 
+Deity of the place. It was the fame God, that was after¬ 
+wards called Hercules, and particularly ffcyled Tirynthius, 
+to whom Callimachus here alludes under a more ancient 
+
+
+name. 
+
+
+As the Cyclopians were great artifts, they probably were 
+famous for works in brafs, and iron : and that circumftance 
+in their hifiory may have been founded in truth. The IHsei 
+Dadtyli were Cyclopians : and they are faid to have firft 
+forged metals, and to have reduced them to common 75 ufe ; 
+
+m 
+
+the knowledge of which art they obtained from the fufipn 
+of minerals at the burning of mount 76 Ida. Whether this 
+was an eruption of fire from the internal part of the moun¬ 
+tain, or only a fire kindled among the forefts, which crowned 
+its fummit, cannot be determined. It was an event of an- 
+
+
+75 AeoeTuAoi U'caoi KpHTccee?. Apollonius Rhod. L. 1. v. 1129. 
+
+The Scholiaft upon this Poet takes notice of only three; of which one was? 
+Acmon : 
+
+
+KeA/us, £.a.fx.i/ccfjL£iievs t e fj.eyas, xcci viregGtos A x.f*.ccv x 
+Ol 'GTgtoTOt 'STO^IV/LOITIOS 'HtyCCl^OlO 
+
+Evgov tv ypsiriai va.ira.tg io£vto. cri<Enpov, 
+
+Esmvp t weytcoc. r, 5 cat upnrpeires egyov tS'ei^a.v, 
+
+; verfes are quoted from the ancient author, 6 tmv QopcoviS'a. ovvBet?. 
+
+Diodorus Siculus, L. i. p. 333. fays, that fome made the Idtei Daftyli ten in 
+
+
+number; others an hundred. 
+
+75 Clemens Alexand. Strom. L. 1. p. 401. 
+
+
+Strabo. L. 10. p. 725. 
+
+
+
+cient 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology,. 515 
+
+% 
+
+cicnt date; and admitted, as a remarkable epocha, in the 
+mo ft early feries of chronology. From this event the Cure- 
+tes, and Corybantes, who were the fame as the 77 Idaei D.ac- 
+tyli, are fuppofed to have learned the myftery of filling and 
+forging metals. From them it was propagated to many 
+countries weft ward, particularly to the Pangaean mountains, 
+and the region Curetis, where the Cyclopians dwelt in 
+Thrace : alfo to the region Trinacia and Leontina near iEtna, 
+which they occupied in Sicily. 
+
+Thus have I endeavoured to fhew the true hiftory 78 and an¬ 
+tiquity of this people : and we may learn from their works, 
+79 that there was a time, when they were held in high efti- 
+mation. They were denominated from their worfhip : and 
+their chief Deity among other titles was ftyled Acmon, and 
+Pyracmon. They feem to have been great in many fciences : 
+but the term Acmon iignifying among the Greeks an anvil, 
+
+the Poets have limited them to one bafe department, and 
+
+♦ 
+
+77 Strabo. L. 10. p. 7x5. They are by Tatianus Affyrius fpoken of as the 
+Cyclopes j and the fame invention attributed tothem. XaAxev eiv KuxAc*>7r£$ (eJt- 
+
+S'a^ccp). p. 243. 
+
+Fabricam ferrariam primi excogitarunt Cyclopes. See Hoffman. Ferrum. 
+
+7 ? KwAw7t£S 5 ©paxixcv eQpoS) ai to Kvx.Xwttos ( 3 cc<ri\eu$ &toos ovofJLcJ^ofA.evot Aez- 
+
+ores Se ccvtgov ev ry K upriTiS'i* wav Ss API 2 TOI TEXNITAI. Schol. in Euripid. 
+
+• • 
+
+Oreft. v. 966. 
+
+Mention is afterwards made r ccv gx. rn; K&gnnf'os KvxA&>7racn'. The Curetes wor- 
+fhiped Cronus : fo that Cronus and Cuclops were the fame. See Porphyry de 
+Abilin. L. 2. p. 225. 
+
+79 They are faid to have made the altar upon which the Gods were fworn, when 
+the Titans rebelled againft Jupiter. Scholiaft upon Aratus. p. 52. In memorial 
+of this altar an Afterifm was formed in the Sphere, denominated fiooy.o?, ara. 
+
+
+conftdered 
+
+
+
+516 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+confidered them as fo many blackfmiths. And as they re- 
+iided near J£tna, they have made the burning mountain their 
+
+J 
+
+forge: 
+
+*° Ferrum exercebant vaflo Cyclopes in antro, 
+
+Brontefque, Steropefque, et nudus membra Pyracmon, 
+
+& 
+
+*° Virgil i£n. L. 8. v. 424. 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+
+END OF THE FIRST VOLUME. 
+
+
+4 
+
+
+
+
+