diff --git "a/resources/egypt/book_of_dead_book_of_ani.txt" "b/resources/egypt/book_of_dead_book_of_ani.txt" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/resources/egypt/book_of_dead_book_of_ani.txt" @@ -0,0 +1,25558 @@ +THE FUNERAL PROCESSION + + + +[From the Papyrus of Ani (Brit, Mits. No- 10,470, sheet ■< + +OS + +£ + +CO + + + + + + +!ooo< + + + +(— =& \ + + + +m + + + +a + + + +X=l + + + + +GHT^r^iNMoj*- + + + +4-^ ^1 /^ c + + + +< + + + +>>j^^ a ^iCl^^i a i + + + +<>4 + + + +i^^^Q + + + +-o^oja3^ Ci^l ^ja^^ii«sja^j^aio q ^j^ + + + +^joyaB^ Ci^l ^oiaii^^o-A^ j^^anj^ + + + + + + +iM 5 ] + + + +"^ + + + +D' + + + + + + +SI + + + +: a + + + +ooo< + + + +M + + + +□ + + + +<*J a + + + + + + +-ra + + + +ra + + + +a> + + + +LIV INTRODUCTION. + +the scenes which shewed his greatness and affluence +to be vividly depicted on the walls of his tomb, but +even in the East, where time has always been of little +value and labour cheap, the difference between the +cost of cutting several hundred lines of hieroglyphics +in limestone and filling them up with paint, and the +cost of painting a number of agricultural and other +scenes in tempera must have been very considerable. +In the former case the texts had to be "set out" by +the artist, and then carefully cut by the skilled mason, +and it must not be forgotten that the copy from which +the artist worked may have been in hieratic or cur- +sive characters, in which case the difficulties of the +work would be increased ; in the latter the artist's +work was limited to broad outline which could be +quickly drawn, and the filling in of the colours was +an easy matter. + +During the interval between the end of the sixth dy- +nasty and the beginning of the eleventh we know no- +thing of the fortunes of the Book of the Dead, and it is +not until we come to the middle or end of the eleventh +dynasty that we find other copies of the work. Of the +history, too, of the period of the seventh, eighth, ninth, +and tenth dynasties very little is known, and though +in certain districts in Upper Egypt tombs of consider- +able size and beauty were built, yet no striking de- +velopment in the funeral texts seems to have taken +place, or, if it did, we have no record of it. Belong- +ing to the eleventh and twelfth dynasties, however, + + + +>- +I- +C0 +< + +z +>- + +Q + +X + +LU + +I + + + +< +LJ +O + +UJ + +I +H + + + +O + +o + +CO +UJ + +I +I- + + + +'S^W^Crr + + + + +■l: + + + +:i_ ..l.i .^l + + + +Iin; : + + + +^MSsni«q>d:*J!«i-iiM^^ii'iW ^'-' ^h«qg; + + + +TS'on*l«-^«\5«Hvr:»^M\*-'\i.iiJ.»iV^^ :■ N-fl^i + + + +ffW-MflSlkKC'IW^I-'lM-'+'I'^li! + + + +*? + + + +^V^HJOVI-iBe^^^W^^I^^ + + + +^WIVt'.ftM^ivSft^'i^nSa^ + + + +T5 3 »->>^\c , ^ , ».'^ + + + +t&mrf-^ iv «r '»0lNjt:5ii/i! ^#§^ + + + +, 3-Ji€l'N^iiX= | gl | S-'\^H l - c .a--i'll'y3:- -tV^-ltf^l + + + +Uteq:»^8'E^^--lHHi^'-T'ai-HW + + + + + + +^^5\^ifwiji«-j»-HBiii8«i( + + + +10 +CO + + + +IS) + +3 +5 + + + +3 +tiO + +a! + +a +o +o + +£. + +ai +03 + +a> + +sz ++j + +E +o + + + +THE HISTORY OF THE BOOK OF THE DEAD. LV + +we have a number of coffins of considerable impor- +tance for the study of the Book of the Dead. They +may be roughly divided into three classes : (i) those +which are painted to represent funeral chambers or +tombs, (2) those which are almost plain outside but +covered inside with texts in the hieratic or cursive +Egyptian character, and (3) those which are inscribed +both inside and out. The texts are usually traced in +black upon the planed surface of the wood, the chief in- +scriptions which record the name and titles of the de- +ceased being painted in large hieroglyphics either in +a vertical line down the length of the cover, or in a +horizontal line round the upper part of the four sides +of the coffin. On the right hand side, at the foot, is +often painted or inlaid the double utchat i?5|P fS or +so-called "symbolic eyes". Plates I and II illustrate +as far as possible without the use of colours the ar- +rangement of the text on such coffins. The scene in +Plate I is from one end (inside) of the famous coffin +of Amamu (Brit. Mus. No. 6,654). The border with its +pattern of rectangles is painted in bright colours, red, +green, and yellow, and all round the upper part of +the sides are painted the principal objects which formed +the usual offerings to the dead, and a prayer that the +deceased may have such things offered in his tomb +for ever. Here we see vases and jars of various +shapes and sizes filled with unguents and cosmetics, +the names of which are given in the line of hiero- +glyphics above them ; they are set upon a stand, + + + +LVI INTRODUCTION. + +broken examples of which have been from time to +time found in tombs. Each of the vertical lines of +text begins with the word jTl "recite", a fact which +shews that the text was usually inscribed upon the +walls of tombs. Plate II gives an extract from the +text inscribed upon the coffin of Sebek-aa preserved +at Berlin. It will be noticed that the hieroglyphics +have begun to assume a conventional form, and that +they do not so readily suggest the objects which they +represent. We notice, too, that the various sections +on such coffins have specific titles attached to them, +in other words they have become "Chapters". As the +pyramids of the fifth and sixth dynasties do not all +contain the same selection of extracts from the Book +of the Dead, so the coffins of the eleventh and twelfth +dynasties do not all contain the same selection of +Chapters ; this fact shews that the selection of the +extracts and Chapters did not follow any general rule, +but whether it depended upon the will and discretion +of the scribe or the deceased cannot be said. Down +the length of the bottom of the coffin inside was fre- +quently painted a band of white across which were +traced in blue wavy lines to indicate water ; this pro- +bably represented the celestial Nile, or the stream +upon which the deceased hoped to float to the Ely- +sian Fields. We must note, in passing, that at the +period when these coffins were made no pyramids +were inscribed with extracts or Chapters from the +Book of the Dead ; in other words, it was found both + + + +Plate II. + + + +THE BOOK OF THE DEAD IN THE Xlth and Xllth + +DYNASTY. + + + +JUUUUUUUL + +AA>WVWVv + + + + + +m + +IX +W + + + +gpggggS?!!] + + + +® + + + +T + + + +fl- + +a + +* + +1 + + + + + + +*2 + + + +*1 + + + +2*. + +F + +in + + + +ii— + +Cu + + + +CD= + +Ml" + +EF| S + + + +£<£ + + + +rr + + + +F + + + +^tiyimMJ^ + + + + + + +4£4 + + + +ie + +10 + + + +^ + + + +r + + + +III? + + + +£ + + + +iii + + + +C7» + +F + + + +n + +ii « + +2 + +n + + + +5 + + + + + + +- +I- +cn +< + +z +>- + +Q + + + +> + +X + +Ul + +I + + + +< + +LU +Q + +HI + +I +h + +LL + +o + +o + +o + +CD + +U + +X + + + +QPWS^^KIF + + + +3»M?Jg|tilili + + + + +^teEtTOMHteSMiia + + + +S^ifS|a^®f^ 9 ^i + + + +^yi^HjsaKi + + + +wgiiiwa^l^pi 1 + + + +i^^ffiLlllfrrtlWit^^ + + + +g^lMiisiiHi + + + + +&ws»H4 + + + +^resTdffiMWfl + + + +fl^fePWr^g^V + + + +wiMfigymram + + + + +tKgWBsP&iEMNigsi + + + +^M4fa£lM^1WH^ + + + +Jgt^««wipiv^»g3 + + + +mfNzmwmiWffil + + + +^3H + + + +fflCM^iT^ri + + + +jon-ci^ + + + +©ISi + + + +JOSCsii + + + +mrim + + + +$®m + + + +IfcHSft^ + + + +E^&i^OIVfflttftMHI + + + +f^iti^i^ir^Ms^ + + + +^wiMeuns^Hr^^l + + + +QgaiWBwaiiTii^ + + + +O^flMllHaV^ti^'IliSlM ^IOlW + + + +m + + + + + + +.A? . -, ."-j_.j .3T — 7TT. — r.i .rJ j n=fc»k*n^»^ + + + +JOiiS^ttrWMWi^K + + + + +^■§HUR^WW lH:h«^ml^Sia4H^€y^jSfa^ + + + +Plate VHI +THE BOOK OF THE DEAD IN THE XlXth DYNASTY. + + + + +From the Papyrus of Hu-nefer, Brit. Mus. No. 9,901, sheet 2. + + + +THE HISTORY OF THE BOOK OF THE DEAD. LXIII + +hieratic and hieroglyphic texts which are found in Books +of the Dead of the twentieth dynasty. In Plate IX we +see the "royal mother Netchemet" standing behind +her son Her-Heru ; the dress and ornaments of these +royal personages shew the change which has taken +place in such matters since the eighteenth and nine- +teenth dynasties, and in the manner of depicting them. +The colours of the Vignettes are more crude, the +delicacy of design and of execution alike has de- +parted, and a comparison of the text with that of the +Papyrus of Nu shews that the skill of the scribe had +deteriorated. The hieratic text on Plate X gives an +excellent idea of the writing of the period. In the +twentieth dynasty Books of the Dead inscribed for +the priests of Amen began with a Vignette, either +plain or coloured, in which the deceased was seen +making offerings to Osiris or to the gods of Thebes. +This was followed by a selection of Chapters from +the Book of the Dead in use in the eighteenth dynasty, +or by a series of texts peculiar to the period accom- +panied by Vignettes taken from other funeral works. +Sometimes, as in the case of the Princess Nesi-Khonsu, +the document begins with a long, detailed list of the +titles of Amen-Ra, who by this time had usurped the +attributes of the old gods of Egypt, which is followed +by a series of statements in which the god, in ap- +parently legal language, swears to confer every favour +possible upon the deceased lady. Such documents are +not very long, and they are usually much narrower + + + +LXIV INTRODUCTION. + +than Books of the Dead of the earlier period. The +mythological figures and scenes characteristic of the +later documents of the priests of Amen are not yet +well understood, for only a few have been published +in entirety. + +Of papyri of the twenty-first dynasty which pre- +serve many characteristics of the earlier period may +be mentioned that of Anhai, a priestess of Amen +(Brit. Mus. No. 10,472), a section of which is shewn +on Plate XL Here we have, however, a w T ork sui +generis which is very instructive from many points +of view. The artist's work is the most valuable part +of the papyrus, and the use of gold for purposes of +illumination appears for the first time. In addition to +the Vignettes of the older period we find here the +scene of the Creation given much as it is found on +the Sarcophagus of Seti I, and a rare Vignette which +seems to refer to Khemennu, the city of Thoth. The +texts are fragmentary and often have no connexion +with the Vignettes which accompany them, but many +of the Vignettes are of considerable interest. The +handwriting is, in some places, very good, but it +lacks the bold firmness which is characteristic of the +older scribes. In papyri of the eighteenth dynasty we +find many mistakes, but most of them may be attri- +buted to momentary carelessness on the part of a +weary scribe; whereas in those of the twenty- first and +succeeding dynasties the writers of the texts seem +to be altogether reckless. Texts are copied beginning + + + +Plate IX. + + + +THE BOOK OF THE DEAD IN THE XXth DYNASTY. + + + +' ■ • + + + + + + +s + + + +rf + + + + +01 + + + +i? . v -i -. ^ 3-ry ins + + + +From the Papyrus of Queen Netchemet, in the possession of H.R.H. +the Prince of Wales. + + + +Plate X. + + + +THE BOOK OF THE DEAD IN THE XXth DYNASTY. + + + + + + +v^i + + + + +:«£4^i ton Hvttf^^ll^^in^ ? .'%Ji3t3^ + + + +c "" m * ho Dorwmic nf .£>ju>on NAtnhnmAt Rr»it Mms. Nn. 10.490. shfifit 4. + + + +THE HISTOR Y OF THE BOOK OF THE DEAD. LXV + +at the end instead of at the beginning, omissions of +whole sections are frequent, texts that have proper +Vignettes are copied without the least regard to the +correct Vignettes, and what is intended to be a Chap- +ter frequently consists of nothing but a series of frag- +ments of sentences copied without break merely to +fill up the space which the artist had spared for the +purpose. It seems as if the artist both painted the +Vignettes and wrote the text, and as if his sole aim +was to produce a handsome, but not accurate, docu- +ment. The contents of the papyri reflect, no doubt, +the religious views commonly held at that period, +and, if this be so, it is clear that the priests of Amen +held the texts, which they inserted alongside of the +Chapters of the older period, to be of equal value +and authority. Some of them went so far as fill their +papyri with religious compositions which are never +to be found in the old works. In Plate XII we have a +Vignette with a few lines of text from the papyrus +Brit. Mus. No. 10,478, which I believe was written in +the twenty-second dynasty. The artist's work is a copy, +or rather a very poor imitation, of the illuminating +of the nineteenth dynasty, and the text consists of a +series of compositions referring to the offerings which +were to be made to the gods of the Qerti, or divi- +sions of the underworld. Strictly speaking, these have +nothing whatever to do with the Book of the Dead, +but in the opinion of the scribe they were equally +efficacious. In the same dynasty a large number of + + + +LXVI INTRODUCTION. + +copies of selections of Chapters from the Book of the +Dead were written in hieratic, with Vignettes traced +in outline in black ink. In some of these the papy- +rus measures about 40 ft. by 1 ft. 6 in., and in others +the dimensions are considerably less. An idea of the +appearance of such papyri may be gained from Plate +XIII, which illustrates both the fine drawing and small +but clear hieratic writing of the period. It is probable +that the Books of the Dead written in hieratic during +the twentieth, twenty-first, and twenty-second dynasties +belong to a Recension different in many respects from +the Theban, but that such Recension is akin to the +Theban there is no doubt whatever. In both the Chap- +ters have no fixed order, and in both the Chapters +have special titles, a characteristic which distinguishes +them from the sections of the Books of the Dead of +the fifth, sixth, eleventh and twelfth dynasties. It is +tolerably easy to identify the papyri which were in- +scribed before B. C. 900, in fact, as long as the power +of the priests of Amen was paramount at Thebes, the +copies of the Books of the Dead which were inscrib- +ed for them reflect the prosperity of the confratern- +ity. But when it became necessary for the priests +to hide at Der el-bahari the mummies of the kings and +queens who had been their greatest benefactors, +and troublous times came upon them, everything re- +lating to the rites and ceremonies connected with the +dead suffered, and the relatives and friends of the +dead were obliged to do for them not what they + + + +Plate XT. +THE BOOK OF THE DEAD IN THE XXIst DYNASTY + + + +■fglM + + + + +*JTJI. ■ 1,162k *'■! .*>««■— "• -353. + +■ -*TtvTin':;*JSbi. + + + +...... IT C-f -.; I JK + + + + + + + +From the Papyrus of Anhai, Brit. Mus. No. 10,472, sheet 5. + + + +Plate XII. + + + +THE BOOK OF THE DEAD IN THE XXIInd DYNASTY. + + + + +From Papyrus, Brit. Mus. No. 10,478, sheet 7. + + + +THE HISTORY OF THE BOOK OF THE DEAD. LXVII + +would, but what they could. Eventually, it would seem, +a time came when no Books of the Dead were writ- +ten, and this period corresponds, I believe, to the +final failure of the domination of the priests of Amen. +This is not the place to lament the mistake which +the priests of Amen made when they tried to rule +Egypt temporally as well as spiritually, or to regret the +policy which made them exalt their god Amen above +the older gods of the country whom the people had +known and worshipped from time immemorial ; it is +sufficient to know that in each matter they failed. +They lost their own temporal power as the result of +their intrigues, and at best they only succeeded in +obtaining for their god a place side by side with the +old gods. It must, however, not be forgotten that we +owe some of the best and finest copies of the Book +of the Dead to scribes who had married priestesses +of Amen, and who were themselves attached to the +brotherhood. + +With the rise of the kings of the twenty-sixth dy- +nasty to power the Book of the Dead enters upon a +new lease of life, and a general revival of ancient +religious customs took place ; the temples were re- +paired, ancient and long forgotten texts were re-co- +pied, and artists and sculptors took their models from +the best works of the masters of the Early Empire. +Early in this dynasty, it appears, the priesthood which +succeeded the priests of Amen awoke to the con- +sciousness of the fact that the texts of the Book of + + + +LXVIII INTRODUCTION. + +the Dead needed re-editing and re-arranging, and +they set to work to try to put some system into them. +How and when exactly the work was done we know +not, but it is probable that it was carried out by an +assembly or college of priests. We have seen above +that scribes tied themselves to no one plan in making +their copies of the Book of the Dead and that the +work of the artist on the Vignettes (which were sub- +ordinate matters originally) was at times allowed to +drive the text from the papyrus ; in the best papyri, +too, the selection of texts copied is never the same, +and the order of them is never the same. In fact each +papyrus had a plan of its own. These things the +priests of the twenty-sixth dynasty tried to correct, +and the result of their labours was a Recension of +the Book of the Dead which is usually called the +"Sai'te". A number of papyri are extant which are +inscribed therewith, and an examination of them shews +that the Chapters follow a certain order, and that al- +though the papyri vary in length, the selection of +Chapters being not as full in some of them as in others, +this order has few exceptions. Each of the early Re- +censions of the Book of the Dead known to us ex- +hibits peculiarities which reflect the religious views of +the time when it was written, and the Sai'te Recen- +sion is not an exception to the rule, for included in +it are four Chapters (CLXII— CLXV) which have no +counterparts in the papyri of the older period ; they +are remarkable also for containing a number of for- + + + +Plate XIII. +THE BOOK OF THE DEAD IN THE XXIInd DYNASTY. + + + + +j J H i— ■■ « ■■■-■- * T .— , f ■■■■ ■ ■■ — ■ ■ I «l.| l «|l- + + + + + + + + + + + +From the Papyrus of Heru-em-heb, Brit. Mus. No. 10,257, sheet 14. + + + +Plate XIV. + + + +THE BOOK OF THE DEAD AFTER THE XXVIth DYNASTY. + + + + +From the Papyrus of Heru, Brit. Mus. No. 10,479, sheet 4. + + + +THE HISTORY OF THE BOOK OF THE DEAD. LXIX + +eign words. It has been suggested that these Chapters +are of Nubian origin, and if so it would be interest- +ing to know the circumstances under which they were +inserted in the Book of the Dead. It is difficult to +identify with certainty the papyri which were actually +written during the twenty-sixth dynasty, but MSS. +written in the period immediately preceding the Ptole- +maic are not difficult to recognize. Plate XIV gives +fourteen lines of text and part of a Vignette from a +document of this class (Brit. Mus. No. 10,479), ar >d +shews what a well defined class it is. The text is +written with black ink in vertical columns of spidery +hieroglyphics separated by black lines, and the Vig- +nettes occupy small spaces above it ; the Vignettes +of the Sunrise or Sunset, the Judgment Scene, and the +Elysian Fields occupy the whole length of the papyrus. +Sometimes the Vignettes are all mixed together, but, +even when coloured, they lack the artistic appearance +and good work of the illuminated papyri of the +eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth dynasties. + +The Recension in use in the Ptolemaic period is +well illustrated by Plate XV, which is reproduced +from Lepsius' edition of the Turin Papyrus ; this pa- +pyrus is probably the best and longest MS. of the +class known. The selection of Chapters is remarkably +full ; the number of Chapters, however, is not 165 +but 153, for three of them (Chaps. XVI, CXLIII, and +CL) are in reality Vignettes, and nine others (Chaps. +XL VIII, XLIX, LXXIII, CV1I, CXI, CXX, CXXI, + + + +LXX INTRODUCTION. + +CXXIX, and CXXXIX) are duplicates of Chapters +found in other parts of the papyrus. The titles of the +Chapters, catch-words, parts of Rubrics, etc., are +written in red. + +Meanwhile, however, a number of short religious +works for funeral use had been composed, presumably +by the priests, and it seems that towards the end of +the Ptolemaic period it was more usual to inscribe +these upon papyri than the Chapters of the old Re- +censions of the Book of the Dead. It seems as if an +attempt was made to extract only the essential por- +tions of the old works and to omit from the shortened +new texts the Chapters which referred to faiths which +were dead and to beliefs which had little or no influence +in those modern times. Added to this, the knowledge +of such matters must have disappeared from the com- +munity long before the Ptolemies ruled the land, and, +though the belief in the resurrection of the spiritual +body and in life everlasting beyond the grave re- +tained its power over the people as firmly as ever, +most men had no knowledge whatever of the texts +which their forefathers who were dead and gone +imagined to be necessary for the attainment of the +same. The sepulchral stelae and coffins shew that +neither the employer nor the employed had an exact +idea of the import of the texts and symbols which +were cut or painted upon them, and to ignorance +as much as to haste must be attributed the blunders +which occur in funeral texts of this period. Here and + + + +> + +X + +B + + + +o + +DC +LU +Q. + +o + +< + +LU + +_J + +o + +I- + +o. + +lu + +I +I- + + + +< +UI + +a + +LU + +I + +Ll + +o + +* + +o +o +ca + +LU + +I + +I- + + + +I- + +'1(1 +w + +S3 + + + + +^-K^i^Hmi'i^ + + + +i^iiri + + + +■^^g^si^^v^d^^ft^fr^^fr^^^^ill^igi + + + +*3 3^^oi:ri^^m^t^u^i?-^f^^^^^^^v^^Hi^ + + + +^gW^^M^^Hl^W^l^l^f-H^^ll^l^ + + + +i2afcD + + + +^ ^W«fcK^lli?S^ + + + +yg^l^KN^a^ + + + +im^^^wif^fe^^*^ + + + +ftllTMfltefftMk^H^*!^ + + + + l2 + + + +i°r; + + + +10 + + + +o + +3 +.Q + + + +■a +O + +I- + + + +a + +_l + +o + + + +s: + +c +Id + +< + + + +0) + +3 +S. +>> +Q. +C3 + + + +a> + +£ +o + + + +THE BOOK OF THE DEAD IN THE GR/ECO-ROMAN PERIOD. + + + +Plate XVI. + + + + + + + + + + +Hi©" + + + +.. r tL" y + +■.■WW' + + + +"-Sflfl—1 + + + +^^^&spip ■ **r3p£ i ■' + + + + +THE HISTORY OF THE BOOK OF THE DEAD. LXXI + +there we find an attempt to preserve Vignettes and +texts of the old period along with the modern work, +and a good example of this class of document is the +Papyrus of Kerasher (Brit. Mus. No. 9,995), a portion +of which is reproduced on Plate XVI. Here we have +a representation of the Judgment Scene, crude alike +in colour and detail, a part of the Vignette of the +first Chapter of the old Book of the Dead, a num- +ber of the Pylons discussed in Chapters CXLV and +CXLVI, etc., and two horizontal lines of hieroglyphics +which contain prayers reflecting those of an earlier +period. No MS. could more clearly shew how little +knowledge of the old Book of the Dead remained in +the hands of the scribes at that time ; artistic skill, +moreover, had sunk very low, for it will be noticed +that the censer which the white-skirted priest is carry- +ing before the bier, and which he was supposed to +carry in his hand, is almost as long as he is high ! +The coloured portion of this papyrus is followed by +three columns of text in hieratic which form the work +entitled Shai en Sensen, or "Book of Breathings" (see +Plate XVII), wherein we find no hymns, and no ad- +dresses to the gods, and in fact no words which do +not directly refer to the future life of the deceased +in the world beyond the grave. Here we have an +epitome of all that the Egyptian hoped to obtain in +the "land of eternity". + +We have now reached the end of the Graeco-Roman +period, but the end of the Book of the Dead is not + + + +LXXII INTRODUCTION. + +yet, for belonging to the Roman period we find a +number of small rolls of papyri inscribed in very +cursive hieratic with a series of statements or asser- +tions referring to the happiness of the deceased in the +next world. Such papyri have no Vignettes, and as for +the texts, both hymns and Chapters of the old Book +of the Dead in any Recension are as absent from them +as if they had never existed. The aim of the writer +of such documents was not to glorify the gods, but +to secure the goods of the next world by means of +the smallest amount of writing possible, and at the +least expense. On Plate XVIII is reproduced a portion +of a papyrus of this class (Brit. Mus. No. 10,111), and +a comparison of it with the earlier Plates in this book +will shew at once the change which had come over +the Book of the Dead. What form the Book of the +Dead took in the early centuries of the Christian era +cannot be said, but it seems not to have died out +utterly, for selections from it are found copied upon +the outer and inner swathings of mummies and upon +coffins of the Roman Period ; on a coffin in Paris, +which was probably made about the end of the se- +cond century of our era, are written a number of +texts which are as old as the time of the Pyramids at +Sakkara, and this fact proves that when such documents +were needed originals from which to copy them could +always be found. There is good reason for assuming +that the art of making mummies was practised until +the end of the fifth century of our era, and there is + + + +Plate XVir. + + + +THE BOOK OF THE DEAD (OR BOOK OF BREATHINGS) +IN THE GR/CCO-ROMAN PERIOD. + + + + +From the Fapyrus of Kerasher, Brit. Mus. No. 9,995, sheet 2. + + + +Plate XVIII + + + +THE BOOK OF THE DEAD IN THE ROMAN PERIOD. + + + +- »-• + + + + + + +^ 2 + + + + + + +"*^Jp-4u _ *^~ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +From Papyrus Brit. Mus. Nc. 10,111. + + + +THE HISTORY OF THE BOOK OF THE DEAD. LXXIII + +no doubt that in certain places the belief that the +preservation of the natural body was absolutely ne- +cessary for the growth, development, and existence +of the spiritual body, existed in full force until a +much later date. It is not possible to assign a date +to the period when the decay of the Book of the +Dead began, but it is probably contemporary with +the advent of the Greeks in Egypt. Up to that period +Egypt may be described as the home of a nation that +was given up entirely to the care of the dead and +to the consideration of the future life ; a few of its +kings were soldiers in the true sense of the word, +but it is a striking fact that the temples and tombs +of Egypt are the chief monuments of one of the oldest +and greatest civilizations of the world. A tottering +religion would be rudely shaken by the invasions of +the country by Assyrians, Persians, Greeks, and +others, and the permanent occupation of Egypt by +Greeks and Romans would continue the work which +frequent disturbances throughout the country had be- +gun. The final blow, however, was not inflicted until +the Egyptians began to renounce their own ancient +religion and to become converts of the preaching of +Saint Mark and his followers ; when they were once +able to believe that Christ had the power to raise up +their bodies in a spiritual form they felt that there +was no need to have them mummified, and simultane- +ously the need for the Chapters of the Book of the +Dead disappeared. + + + +LXXIV INTRODUCTION. + +We are now able to summarize the various forms +of the Book of the Dead as follows : — It first exist- +ed in oral tradition only, and was next written down +to preserve it ; of these forms nothing whatever is +known. The first historical Recension was that made +by the priests of Heliopolis, and the oldest copies +of it known are cut in hieroglyphics upon the walls +of the chambers and passages inside the Pyramids +of Sakkara of the fifth and sixth dynasties. The +second Recension was written or painted upon sar- +cophagi and coffins of the eleventh and twelfth dy- +nasties in cursive hieroglyphics. The third Recen- +sion was written in hieroglyphics upon papyri from +the eighteenth to the twentieth dynasty, the various +Chapters having no fixed order ; this Recension was +illustrated by a large number of Vignettes. The fourth +Recension was written in hieratic upon papyri during +the twenty-first and twenty-second dynasties, and in- +cluded extracts from various funeral books which were +illustrated by Vignettes of an unusual character. The +fifth or Sai'te Recension was made, probably, in the +twenty-sixth dynasty ; the Chapters have a fixed order +and were written on papyri both in hieratic and hiero- +glyphics. The sixth Recension which was in use in +Ptolemaic times much resembled the Sai'te, and may +be regarded as the last form of the Book of the Dead, +for the extracts from it written for the benefit of the +dead upon small pieces of Papyri in the Graeco- +Roman and Roman periods need hardly be considered. + + + +THE HISTORY OF THE BOOK OF THE DEAD. LXXV + +Thus the great religious work of the Egyptians, which +had lasted for thousands of years and which in early +times, cut in fine, bold hieroglyphics, covered the walls +and passages of the tombs of kings, ended its existence +in almost illegible scrawls hastily traced upon scraps +of papyrus only a few inches square. + +From first to last throughout the Book of the Dead, +with the single exception of Herutataf, the second son +of Cheops, no man is mentioned as the author or +reviser of any Chapter or of any part of it ; certain +Chapters may shew the influence of the cult of a cer- +tain city or cities, but the Theban Book of the Dead, +at all events, cannot be regarded as the work of +any one man or body of men, and it does not re- +present the religious views and beliefs of any one part +only of Egypt. From time immemorial the god Thoth, +who was both the divine intelligence which at crea- +tion uttered the words that were carried into effect +by Ptah and Khnemu, and the scribe of the gods, +was associated with the production of the Book of +the Dead, and, though he was primarily the god of +time and chronologer of heaven and earth, he ap- +pears frequently as the advocate and helper of the +deceased. In the CLXXXIInd Chapter (see p. 341) +he is called the "scribe of right and truth who abo- +"minateth sin", and again, "Behold, he is the writing +"reed of the god Neb-er-tcher, the lord of laws, who +"giveth forth the speech of wisdom and understand- +ing, whose words have dominion over the two lands". + + + +LXXVI INTRODUCTION. + +Of himself the god says, "I am Thoth, the lord of +"right and truth, who trieth the right and the truth +"for the gods, the judge of words in their essence, +"whose words triumph over violence .... I have +"made Ra to set as Osiris, and Osiris setteth as Ra +"setteth". The deeds which Thoth claims to have +done on behalf of Osiris are set forth at length in +the two hymns to Osiris which form the CLXXXIInd +and CLXXXIIIrd Chapters (see p. 340 ff.). In several +places in the Book of the Dead the deceased is made +to refer to the "might of the words of the utterances +"of the god Thoth", and much of what this god did +for "his brother" Osiris was effected by this power. +The belief in the efficacy of the words of Thoth continu- +ed till the latest period, for in the Book of Breathings +(see p. CXCVII) we read, "Thoth, the most mighty god, +"the lord of Khemennu, cometh to thee, and he writeth +"for thee the Book of Breathings with his own fingers". +Finally, mention must be made of the various places +in the tomb where the papyri inscribed with the Chap- +ters of the Book of the Dead were placed. When the +Egyptians ceased to cut the Chapters on the walls +of the chambers and passages of pyramids, they wrote +or painted them upon the sides, inner and outer, of +wooden coffins, and this custom obtained until the +end of the rule of the native kings of Egypt, about +B. C. 350 ; the Vignettes were copied upon coffins, +long after all knowledge of their meaning had been +forgotten, until as late as the third century of our + + + +THE HISTORY OF THE BOOK OF THE DEAD. LXXVII + +era. The inscribed papyrus was sometimes placed in +a separate box beside the coffin, and sometimes a +niche in the wall was specially cut for it ; the most +perfect of the papyri known have been found in niches. +Frequently the papyrus was laid by the side of the +mummy in the coffin, and in this case it is usually +found broken by the movements of the mummy when +the coffin was carried along. More frequently the +papyrus was laid under the hands and between the +thighs before the final swathing took place ; it was +also placed between the legs just above the ankles. +Such papyri are usually much broken, and they are +often much discoloured by the moisture of the sub- +stances, bitumen, cedar oil, etc., used in the process +of embalmment. In the time of the greatest power of +the priests of Amen, in the twenty-first dynasty, large +wooden figures of Osiris standing upon a pedestal +£==> were made to serve as cases for the papyri, +which were tightly rolled up and tied, and pushed +up inside the figures through holes in the bottom of +the pedestals.' In later times, about B. C. 3oo, the +figures were made solid, and vertical cavities were +cut in the backs of them to hold the papyri ; still +later, i. c, in the Roman period, when the papyri +became very small, they were laid in cavities in the +sides of the pedestals, which also contained mummi- +fied portions wrapped in linen of the bodies of the + +i. A good example of this class of figure, that of Anhai, a priestess +of Amen, is figured in my Mummy, p. 216. + + + +LXXVIII INTRODUCTION. + +persons for whom they were made. Over the mummi- +fied remains, which are placed in the upper parts of +the pedestals, we often find small models of sepulchral +chests or coffins surmounted by figures of Anubis and +hawks. The figure of the god above is no longer that +of Osiris simply, but it represents the triune god Ptah- +Seker-Ausar, the god of the resurrection, and has all +the attributes which belong to the ancient gods Ptah +and Seker. In this trinity the creator of the world, +the sun, and Osiris as god of the dead were repre- +sented. Some think that Ptah in this trinity represents +the personification of the period of incubation which +follows death and precedes the entry into eternal life. +The exact position of Seker cannot be definitely de- +scribed ; he is usually depicted as a mummied body +with the head of a hawk, and he sometimes holds in +his hands the emblems of power, rule, and sove- +reignty which belong to Osiris ; he is said to be the +incarnation of the Apis bull at Memphis. + + + +OSIRIS AND THE RESURRECTION. + +It will be noticed in reading the translation of the +Book of the Dead given in this volume that the de- +ceased is always identified with the god Osiris, and +that he is frequently called by the god's name. And +if the religious texts written for the benefit of the +dead in all periods be examined it will be found that +from the fifth dynasty to the latest times Osiris is +always regarded as the king and god of the dead, +and that Egyptian writers always assume the identity +of the blessed dead with their god. Thus in the text +inscribed on the Pyramid of Unas ' the writer identi- +fies the king with the god Osiris and says to the god +Tem, "O Tern, behold thy son, this motionless Osiris, +"thou hast given him that whereon he may live. If +"he liveth this Unas liveth ; if he dieth not, this Unas +"dieth not ; if he perisheth not, this Unas perisheth not ; +"if he begetteth not, this Unas begetteth not ; if he be- +"getteth, this Unas begetteth." And throughout the re- + +i. Lines 240, 241. + + + +LXXX INTRODUCTION. + +ligious literature the deceased always claims that what- +ever was done by the gods for Osiris should also be +done for him by them. The hymns addressed to Ra +and other great gods dwell more on the majesty and +power which they exhibit in heaven and upon earth +than upon their goodness to man ; but with Osiris +the case is different, and it is -evident that in the +earliest period he was regarded more in the light of a +god who could be known, and who was known more +or less personally — if we may use the word — and he +was of all the gods the one singled out to receive the +petitions of mankind for everlasting life. + +It is impossible to say when Osiris began to be +regarded as the god of the dead, and it is only from +brief allusions that any history of him can be formed. +Throughout the Egyptian texts it is assumed that the +god suffered death and mutilation at the hands of his +enemies ; that the various members of his body were +scattered about the land of Egypt ; that his sister- +wife Isis sought him sorrowing and at length found +him ; that she fanned him with her wings and gave +him air ; that she raised up his body and was united +unto him ; that she conceived and brought forth a +child (Horus) ; and that he (Osiris) became the god +and king of the underworld. In the legend of Osiris +as given by Plutarch (De hide et Osirlde) it is said +that he was murdered at the instigation of Typhon +or Set, who tore the body into fourteen pieces, which +he scattered throughout the land ; Isis collected these + + + +OSIRIS AND THE RESURRECTION. LXXXI + +pieces, and wherever she found one she built a tomb. +After the death of Osiris, his son Horus did battle +with Typhon his father's murderer, and, in the words +of the Egyptians, "avenged his father". Notwithstand- +ing the death and mutilation which the god suf- +fered the Egyptians firmly believed that he rose from +the dead with a body perfect in all its members, and +that corruption and decay had no power over him. +This fact may be deduced from a large number of +passages in texts of all periods, but in one in parti- +cular which forms part of Chapter CLIV of the Book +of the Dead' a definite statement of it occurs. The +deceased says to Osiris, "Do thou embalm these my +"members, for I would not perish and come to an +"end, [but would be] even like unto my divine father +"Khepera, who is the divine type of him that never + +"saw corruption Let not my body become + +"worms but deliver me as thou didst deliver thyself + +" Homage to thee, O my divine father Osiris, + +"thou hast thy being with thy members. Thou didst +"not decay, thou didst not become worms, thou didst +"not waste away, thou didst not become corruption, +"thou didst not putrefy, and thou didst not turn into +"worms. I am the god Khepera, and my members +"shall have an everlasting existence. I shall not decay, +"I shall not rot, I shall not putrefy, I shall not turn +"into worms, and I shall not see corruption beneath + +i. See infra, p. 382 f. + + + +LXXXII INTRODUCTION. + +"the eye of the god Shu. I shall have my being, I +"shall have my being. I shall live, I shall live. I shall +"germinate, I shall germinate, I shall germinate. I shall +"wake up in peace ; I shall not putrefy ; my intestines +"shall not perish ; I shall not suffer from any defect ; +"mine eye shall not decay ; the form of my visage +"shall not disappear ; mine ear shall not become deaf; +"my head shall not be separated from my neck ; my +"tongue shall not be carried away ; my hair shall +"not be cut off ; mine eyebrows shall not be shaved +"off ; and no baleful injury shall come upon me. My +"body shall be stablished, and it shall neither fall +"into decay nor be destroyed upon this earth". The +oldest copy of this Chapter is inscribed upon one of +the wrappings of the mummy of Thothmes III, who +reigned about B. C. 1550, and the latest is found in +the Turin Papyrus (edited by Lepsius in 1842), which +dates from the Ptolemaic period. From these extracts +we see that the deceased bases his certainty of an +everlasting life, which was to be lived in a body +which was perfect in all its members, upon the as- +surance that Osiris died, and rose again, and lived +in a body which was perfect in all its members ; +and it followed for the Egyptian that if Osiris did +not die and rise again his belief in a resurrection +was vain. It is difficult to say with certainty whether +the ancient Egyptian believed that Osiris endured +pain and suffered death on his behalf or not ; but it +is quite clear that he believed there was some very + + + +OSIRIS AND THE RESURRECTION. LXXXIII + +definite connexion between the resurrection of Osiris +and of himself, and also that the god was able to raise +him up and to give him everlasting life, because he +himself had conquered death and risen, and had be- +come the master of everlasting life. If the legend of +Plutarch, which states that Osiris was once a man +who lived upon earth, really represents an Egyptian +belief we may, perhaps, conclude that the manhood +which was common to the god and to the suppliant +supplied the reason why the prayers which are put +into the mouth of the dead are always addressed to +Osiris. At all events, closer personal relations existed +between man and Osiris than between man and any +other god ; moreover, for countless generations he +was the type and emblem of the resurrection, and, +relying upon his power to give immortality to man, +untold generations lived and died. The ceremonies +connected with the celebration of the sufferings, death, +and resurrection of Osiris were performed with great +solemnity, and it has been thought that a represen- +tation of them took place annually in certain of his +shrines. + +The forms in which Osiris is depicted on the monu- +ments and in papyri are very numerous, but we need +only refer here to those which concern him in his +character as king, god, and judge of the dead. In +papyri he is seated on a throne within a covered +shrine ; his form is that of a bearded mummy wear- +ing the atef crown, and he holds in his hands the + +f* + + + +LXXXIV INTRODUCTION. + +crook and flail (or whip), emblems of sovereignty and +dominion. On the side of the throne (which rests +upon a pedestal made in the form of / — >, the sym- +bol of that which is straight or right,) is the emblem +of the union of Southern and Northern Egypt, which +typifies the sovereignty of the god over the whole +land ; the throne is sometimes placed upon water, +wherein we may probably see the origin- of the tra- +dition of certain Eastern peoples which makes the +throne of the Deity to rest above running water. Be- +hind him frequently stand the goddesses Isis and +Nephthys, and facing him, standing upon a lotus +flower, are the four children of Horus (see p. 14). +Thus seated praise was offered to him in these +words : — "Glory be to thee, Osiris Un-nefer, the +"great god within Abydos, king of eternity, lord of +"the everlasting, who passeth through millions of +"years in his existence" (p. 11). "Praise be unto thee, +"O Osiris, lord of eternity, Un-nefer, Harmachis, +"whose forms are manifold, and whose attributes are +"majestic .... Those who have lain down (/. c, the +"dead) rise up to see thee, they breathe the air and +"they look upon thy face when the disk riseth on its +"horizon ; their hearts are at peace inasmuch as they +"behold thee, O thou who art Eternity and Everlast- +"ingness" (p. 34). In an address to Osiris by Thoth +which forms the CLXXXIInd Chapter of the Book of +■the Dead (see p. 340) he is said to be the "Governor +of those who are in the underworld", and "to make + + + +OSIRIS AND THE RESURRECTION. LXXXV + +men and women to be born again", the new birth +being the birth into the life which is beyond the +grave ; and being himself everlasting he had power +to bestow eternal existence upon his followers. + +Concerning the form in which Osiris rose from the +dead the texts are silent, and nothing is said as to the +nature of his body in the underworld ; that he dwelt +in the material body which was his upon earth there +is no reason whatever to suppose, for there are in- +dications in the texts which point to a definite belief +in the resurrection of a spiritual body, both in the +case of the god and of men. Before, however, this +point is touched upon reference must be made to the +ideas which the Egyptians held concerning the com- +ponent parts of man's entity, material, spiritual, and +mental. The physical or material body, called khaf, +was liable to decay, and could only be preserved by +mummifying ; both gods and man possessed bodies of +this nature. When the material body had been brought +to the tomb for burial, provided that the prescribed +prayers had been said over it and the proper cere- +monies had been duly performed by the priests, it +acquired the power of sending forth from itself a body, +called sahu, which was able to ascend to heaven and +to dwell with the gods there. The only suitable ren- +dering for the word sahu is "spiritual body", and this +meaning fits very well into the translation of the texts +where the word is found. The educated Egyptian +never believed that the material body would rise + + + +LXXXVI INTRODUCTION. + +again and take up a new life, for he well understood +that flesh and blood could not inherit immortality. It +has been urged by some that the custom of mummi- +fying the dead, which obtained throughout Egypt for +so many thousands of years, was maintained because +the Egyptian believed in the resurrection of the ma- +terial body, but it is not so ; they mummified their +dead simply because they believed that spiritual bodies +would "germinate" in them. In several places it is +distinctly said that the "soul is in heaven, and the +body upon earth",' and even the dead body of Osiris +himself rested upon earth in Heliopolis (see p. 290) ; +elsewhere 2 it is said to the deceased, "Thy soul is +"in heaven before Ra, thy ka hath what should be +"given to it with the gods, thy sahu hath power (or +"is glorious) with the khus, and thy body (khat) is +"stablished in the underworld (tuat)." It is possible +that certain simple folk may have been led to believe +that because meat offerings and drink offerings in +abundance were taken to the tombs the deceased +must naturally partake of them, and it is more than +probable that the Egyptians in a semi-savage state +made such offerings because they believed them ne- +cessary for their dead. + +The offerings taken to the tomb were intended for +the ka of the deceased. The word ka has formed the +subject of several learned dissertations by various scho- + +1. Among others see Recueil de Travaux, t. IV. p. 71 (1. 582). + +2. Lieblein, Que mon nom fleurisse, p. 2, 1. 2ff. and p. 17, 1. 2ff. + + + +OSIRIS AND THE RESURRECTION. LXXXVII + +lars, and it is now generally rendered by "double" ; it +has its equivalent in the Coptic svco and in the Greek +sl'ckoXov, and in certain places may be rendered by +all the meanings of these equivalents. This abstract +individuality or personality possessed all the attributes +of the man himself, and, though its normal dwelling- +place was in the tomb along with the body, it could +wander about at will ; it was independent of the man +to whom it belonged and could even go and dwell +in the statue of a man. The ka could both eat and +drink, and at a very early period a small chamber +was specially prepared for it in the hall of the tomb ; +this was provided with an opening through which it +might snuff the smell of the incense and other offer- +ings made therein, and it was the duty of certain +members of the priesthood to minister duly and re- +gularly to its needs. When actual offerings failed it +would seem that the ka fed upon those which were +painted or sculptured upon the walls and altars in +the tomb, and when these were wanting it appears +that it might even be reduced to eating offal and +drinking filthy water. + +Connected in some inexplicable way with the ka +was the 6a, or soul, which according to some texts +is said to eat of the funeral offerings along with the +ka, in whom or with whom it was supposed to dwell, +but according to others it ascended into heaven where +it lived with Ra and the beatified dead. From one +point of view it is not a material thing, and from + + + +LXXXVIII INTRODUCTION. + +another it is a tangible thing ; it is depicted as a +human-headed hawk, and in a Vignette in the Papyrus +of Nebqet (ed. Deveria and Pierret, pi. 3) it is seen +flying down the funeral pit bearing air and food to +the mummified body, lying in the mummy chamber, +to which it belongs. The ba could leave its place in +heaven and visit the body whenever it pleased, and +it had power to assume any form which it pleased. + +Certain of the characteristics of the ba were shared +by the heart, db, which was believed to be the source +both of life and of good and evil in man. The pre- +servation of the heart was of the first importance, +and several Chapters of the Book of the Dead were +composed with the object of keeping it out of the +clutches of the "stealers of hearts". In the Judgment +Scene it is the one member of the body which is +singled out for special examination, and the large +numbers of heart amulets which are preserved in the +national collections of Egyptian antiquities testify to +the anxiety which the Egyptians felt as to its se- +curity. + +With the ba, or soul, the khaibit, or shadow, is +often mentioned, and it seems to have been nourished +by the offerings which were made in the tomb of the +man to whom it belonged. It had an existence apart +from the body, and like the ka, or double, it could +wander wherever it pleased. An interesting passage +concerning the shadow is found in the XCIInd Chapter +of the Book of the Dead where the deceased prays : — + + + +OSIRIS AND THE RESURRECTION. LXXXIX + +"0 keep not captive my soul, keep not ward over +"my shadow, but let a way be opened for my soul +"and for my shadow, and let them see the Great +"God in the shrine on the day of the judgment of +"souls, and let them recite the utterances of Osiris, +"whose habitations are hidden, to those who guard +"the members of Osiris, and who keep ward over the +"khus, and who hold captive the shadows of the dead +"who would work evil against me" (see p. J 52). + +Another integral part of a man was the k/111, or +"shining", translucent covering (?) of the spiritual body, +which dwelt in heaven with the gods. It is difficult +to explain its exact relationship to the double, and +the soul, and the heart, and the shadow, but in cer- +tain passages in which the word occurs it seems as +if it had some close connexion with the soul, for it +is mentioned along with it. + +In several passages, both in early and late texts, +the sekhem of a man is mentioned with the ba, or +soul, and sometimes with both the ha, or double, and +the ba. One of the meanings of sekhem is "form" or +"statue", but another meaning is "power", and it +seems as if the Egyptians conceived the idea of the +power or vital force of a man living with him in +heaven. The gods were supposed to possess doubles, +and souls, and shadows, and hearts, and khus* but +it is doubtful if they w r ere endowed with sckhemu ; +it is probable that they were not ; many of them +were themselves sekhcmu or "Powers". + + + +XC INTRODUCTION. + +There remains now but one attribute of a man to +mention, and that is the ren or name ; in Egypt a +man took the most extraordinary precautions to pre- +vent his name from being blotted out, for it was the +common belief that unless the name of a person were +preserved he ceased to exist. Already in the Pyramid +texts, as Dr. Wiedemann has pointed out ' we find +the deceased making supplication that his name may +flourish (literally, germinate) along with the names of +Tem, Shu, Seb, and other gods, and the same desire +is expressed in texts from the sixth dynasty down to +the Roman period, when we find that a number of +papyri were inscribed with invocations to one or more +gods with the sole object of making to flourish 2 the +names of those for whom they were copied. The ren, +or name, had some close connexion with the ka, or +double, as may be seen from the passage in the text +of Pepi I. 3 + +Thus we see that the saku, or spiritual body, the +ka, or double, the ba, or soul, the ab, or heart, the +khu, or shining form, the sekhem, or vital force, and +the ren, or name, and the khaibit, or shade, were all +believed to come into existence after death, and it +seems that the various parts which we have enumer- + + + +i. Recueil de Travaux, torn. XVII, p. 17. + +2. An interesting collection of such documents was published by Lieb- +lein in i8g5 entitled Le livre Que mon nom fleurisse. + +3. "Pepi passeth on with his flesh, Pepi is happy with his name, Pepi +liveth with his ka" (1. 169). + + + +OS WIS AND THE RESURRECTION. XCI + +ated together made up the spiritual body which "ger- +minated" in the kkat or material body. There is little +doubt that the beliefs in the existence of these various +members of the spiritual body are not all of the same +age, and they probably represent several stages of intel- +lectual development on the part of the Egyptian ; their +origin and development it is now impossible to trace, +for already in the fifth and sixth dynasties their exis- +tence is accepted as an accomplished fact. + +A question naturally arises at this point, as to +when this spiritual body began its existence ; but +unfortunately no satisfactory answer can at present +be given to it, for no text yet discovered supplies +the necessary information. It is natural to suppose +that the sahu, or spiritual body, came into being as +a result of the prayers which were recited on the +day of the burial of the mummified body, and of the +ceremonies which were performed at the same time. +On the other hand, there exist distinct proofs that +the Egyptians believed in a Judgment which was to +be held in the domain of Osiris, and we should hardly +expect the spiritual body to begin its career until +after the trial of the heart in the Balance, and until +the verdict of the gods at this Judgment was favour- +able to the deceased. The whole question is full of +difficulty, chiefly because the Egyptians themselves +did not, I imagine, form definite ideas on such sub- +jects, or if they did, they did not put them in writ- +ing. It is, however, perfectly certain that they be- + + + +XCII INTRODUCTION. + +lieved that Osiris had the power to make men to +be born after death into a new life, and that such +life was everlasting ; and they ascribed to him this +power because he had himself suffered death and +mutilation and had risen from the dead. + + + +THE JUDGMENT OF THE DEAD. + +An examination of the papyri inscribed with the +Theban Recension of the Book of the Dead shews +that they may be divided into two classes, viz., (i) +those in which the Chapters of Coming forth by Day +are preceded by Introductory Hymns to Ra and Osiris, +and by a Judgment Scene, and (2) those in which they +are preceded by a simple Vignette in which the god +Osiris is seen seated within a shrine. The oldest pa- +pyri of the eighteenth dynasty ' lack such Introductory +Hymns and the Judgment Scene, which appear most +often in the illuminated papyri of the last half of the +eighteenth dynasty ; they continue in the nineteenth +dynasty, but frequently in a less full form. In the +older Recensions of the Book of the Dead there is no +attempt to describe the Judgment pictorially, and al- +though it is pretty certain that every Egyptian believed +that he would be judged after death, there is no de- +finite statement of the fact. It will be noticed that a + +1. E.g., the Papyrus of Nebseni and the Papyrus of Nu. + + + +XCIV INTRODUCTION. + +section of Chapter XXX b contains the words, "My +"heart, my mother; my heart, my mother! My heart +"whereby I came into being ! May naught stand up to +"oppose me at my judgment ; may there be no oppo- +sition to me in the presence of the sovereign princes +"[of Osiris] ; may there be no parting of thee from +"me in the presence of him that keepeth the Balance" +(see p. 79). "Let there be joy of heart unto us at the +"weighing of words. Let not that which is false be +"uttered against me before the great god, the lord +"of Amentet" (see p. 80). Here clearly we have sug- +gested the idea of weighing the heart, as the symbol +of the seat of life and the source of good and evil +actions, and as a matter of fact the Vignette of the +Chapter, which first appears in the eighteenth dy- +nasty, represents the deceased sitting in one pan of +the scales and being weighed against his heart which +is placed in the other. It is not easy to say exactly +what belief underlies this Vignette, but it seems to +indicate that the guardian of the scale weighed the +body to see if it had carried out properly the heart's +directions, and that if it had done so it would counter- +balance exactly the heart, and the beam of the scales +would be straight. This testing of the body or heart, +or both, took place in the presence of Osiris on the +day when "words were weighed". + +In the Papyrus of Ani (sheet 3i) four small Vig- +nettes accompany the Negative Confession, which +forms part of the CXXVth Chapter, and in one of + + + +THE JUDGMENT OF THE DEAD. XCV + +these we see the heart of the deceased in one pan +of the balance, and a feather, emblematic of Right +and Truth, /. e., "what is straight", in the other. The +god Anubis is testing the tongue of the balance, and +close by stands the monster Am-met or "eater of the +dead". Here we have a proof that in addition to the +weighing of a man's body against his heart, the heart +itself was weighed against Right and Truth, and that +this stage of the Judgment also took place in the +presence of the god Osiris, the judge of the dead. +In the eighteenth dynasty, if not earlier, the idea of +the Judgment took great hold upon the minds of the +Egyptians, and it found expression in the large and +elaborate Vignette which is prefixed to the copies of +the Chapters of Coming Forth by Day which were +made at this period ; it is, however, impossible to +say whether the large Vignette is a development of +that which accompanies the CXXVth Chapter, or +whether each had a distinct origin. When once the +idea of the great Judgment Scene had developed itself +it seems to have been felt that the deceased ought +not to enter into the Hall of Judgment without having +first uttered words of prayer and praise to the great +gods Ra and Osiris, to the former as the greatest of +the cosmic gods, and to the latter as the judge and +god of the dead ; hence were composed the Intro- +ductory Hymns to Ra and Osiris, of which several +examples are known. + +In the hymns to Ra the deceased apostrophizes + + + +XCVI INTRODUCTION. + +the glory and majesty of trie One god, the creator +of the world and all that therein is, who manifests +himself to his creatures under the form of the sun, +by whose heat and light men and women, beasts and +feathered fowl, fish and creeping things, trees and +herbs have their being. The darkness of night into +which the sun disappeared when he set was personi- +fied as an enemy of the sun, and the daily victory +of light over darkness was hymned with gladness by +his worshippers. From one point of view the Egyp- +tian regarded the course of the sun as a type of his +own life, and day symbolized life and night death ; +the conflict in which the sun engaged with the powers +of darkness typified the struggle of the deceased with +his enemies in the underworld, and man hoped that +he would overcome them even as the sun vanquished +all who opposed his course. In a fine hymn (see p. 10) +the deceased says : — "O thou beautiful Being, thou +"dost renew thyself in thy season in the form of the +"Disk within thy mother Hathor ; therefore in every +"place every heart swelleth with joy at thy rising + +"eternally O Ra, the divine man-child, the heir + +"of eternity, self-begotten and self-born, prince of the +"Tuat, governor of the regions of Aukert, . . . thou +"god of life, thou lord of love, all men live when +"thou shinest ; thou art crowned king of the gods. +"Those who are in thy following sing unto thee with +"joy and bow down their foreheads to the earth +"when they meet thee, thou lord of heaven, thou lord + + + +THE JUDGMENT OE THE DEAD. XCVI1 + +"of earth, thou king of Right and Truth, thou lord +"of eternity, thou prince of everlastingncss, thou so- +vereign of all the gods, thou god of life, thou crea- +"tor ot eternity, thou maker of heaven wherein thou +"art firmly established. The company of the gods +"rejoice at thy rising, the earth is glad when it be- +"holdeth thy rays, the peoples that have been long +"dead come forth with cries of joy to see thy beau- + +"ties daily The Serpent-fiend (/. c, Darkness) + +"hath fallen, his arms are hewn off, the knife hath +"cut asunder his joints. Ra liveth in unchanging and +"eternal law and order." Again, in another hymn +(see p. 8) we read : — "Thou risest, thou risest, thou +"shinest, thou shinest, thou art crowned king of the +"gods. Thou art the lord of heaven, thou art the lord +"of earth ; thou art the creator of beings celestial and +"of beings terrestrial. Thou art the One god who came +"into being in the beginning of time. Thou didst create +"the earth, thou didst fashion man, thou didst make +"the watery abyss of the sky, thou didst form Hapi +"(7. e., the Nile), thou didst create the watery abyss and +"didst give life to all that therein is. Thou hast knit +"together the mountains, thou hast made mankind and +"the beasts of the field to come into being, thou hast +"made the heavens and the earth. Thou art crowned +"Prince of heaven, thou art the One dowered [with +"all sovereignty] who comest forth from the sky. Ra +"is victorious ! O thou divine youth, thou heir (liter- +"ally, flesh and bone) of everlastingness, thou self- + +g + + + +XCVIII INTRODUCTION. + +"begotten one, thou who didst give thyself birth! +"O One, mighty [one], of myriad forms and aspects, +"king of the world, Prince of Annu, lord of eternity +"and ruler of everlastingness, the company of the +"gods rejoice when thou risest and when thou sailest +"across the sky .... Thou art unknown, and no tongue +"is worthy (?) to declare thy likeness ; only thou thy- +"self [canst do this]. Thou hearest with thine ears, +"and thou seest • with thine eyes. Millions of years +"have gone over the world ; I cannot tell the num- +"ber of those through which thou hast passed." From +these passages it is clear that the Egyptians believed +that the god who was typified by the sun was eter- +nal, immortal, and unknown (/. <\, invisible), that he +created himself, and the world, and the beings and +things in it ; he was also One and Alone, and there +was none like unto him, for the gods, of whom he +was king, only possessed certain of his attributes and +characteristics. It has been denied by some that his +oneness or unity is the same as the unitv of God +Almighty, though I believe there is no good reason +for this view ; but whether it be or not it is per- +fectly certain that when the Egyptians declared that +their god was One they meant exactly what the He- +brews meant when they declared that Jehovah was +One, 1 and what the Arabs meant, and still mean when + + + +i. "Hear, O Israel, Adonai our God is God One" ("HN) Deutero- +nomy VI. 4. + + + +THE JUDGMENT OF THE DEAD. XCIX + +they cry out that Allah is One. 1 At all events the +One god of the Egyptians possessed all the essential +attributes of the Christian's God. + +In the hymns to Osiris the deceased enumerates +the various titles of the god and mentions his most +ancient shrines. Osiris is declared to be the son of +Seb, the earth-god, and of Nut, the sky-goddess, and +"as prince of gods and men" to have "received the +crook, and the whip, and the dignity of his divine +fathers" ; he is the king of eternity and lord of ever- +lastingness, and his existence is for millions of years. +In his name "Osiris" he is most terrible, and he en- +dureth for ever in his name "Un-nefer". Though +possessing the attribute of eternal which is ascribed +to Ra he is not "self-begotten and self-born" like that +god ; Ra has no offspring in the human sense of the +word, but Osiris begot a son (after his death, accord- +ing to one legend), who succeeded to his father's +throne upon earth and "avenged" him on Set his +murderer. From Ra the deceased asks only that he +may behold him "at dawn each day" (see p. 9), but +from Osiris he asks (see p. 1 2) that his ka, or double, +may have "splendour in heaven, and might upon +earth, and triumph in the underworld". And he adds, +"May I sail down to Tattu (Mendes or Busiris) like +"a living soul and up to Abtu (Abydos) like a Beimu + +1. "He God is One (XLl JdH ii,) ; the eternal God ; he begetteth not, +neither is he begotten ; and there is not any one like unto him". Koran, +Chap. CXII. + + + +C INTRODUCTION. + +"bird ; may I go in and come out without repulse at +"the pylons of the lords of the underworld ; may there +"be given unto me loaves of bread in the house of +"coolness, and offerings of food in Annu (Heliopolis), +"and a homestead for ever in Sekhet-Aru with wheat +"and barley therefor." + +Judging by the arrangement of the Papyrus of Ani, +the Papyrus of Hu-ncfer, the Papyrus of Qenna, and +other documents of the period, it seems pretty clear +that the Introductory Hymns and the Vignette of the +Judgment Scene together formed a special section of +the fine papyri of the Theban Recension. The Vignette +of the Judgment Scene varies in detail greatly in the +various papyri, though the essential parts of it are al- +ways preserved ; the fullest form known of it is given +in the Papyrus of Ani and may be thus described : — +In one portion of a chamber in the domain of Osiris, +which we may assume to be the Hall of the Double +Maat, or Right and Truth, a balance is set wherein +the heart of the deceased is to be weighed ; the beam +of the balance is suspended upon a projection from the +standard made in the form of the feather which sym- +bolizes Right and Truth. Upon the beam of the ba- +lance sits the dog-headed ape which was associated +with Thoth, the scribe of the gods. The weighing of +the heart is carried out in the presence of the com- +pany of the gods, which is here represented by the +following" members of it : — + +i . Ra-Heru-Khuti, or Ra-Harmachis, the great god + + + +THE JUDGMENT OF THE DEAD. CI + +within his boat. This boat was called the "Bark of +millions of years", and there sat in it along with Ra +the gods Khepera and Tem, his own forms in the +morning and evening respectively. + +2. Temu or Tem, the form of Ra at eventide. He +was the head of the company of gods at Heliopolis, +and is always represented in human form. This fact +indicates that already in the earliest times known to +us he had gone through all the various stages through +which gods pass and had assumed a final and de- +finite form. + +3. Shu, the son of Ra and Ilathor, who lifted up +the goddess Nut, or the sky, from the embrace of Seb +the earth-god ; he typified the light. + +4. Tefnut, the twin-sister of Shu ; she is depicted +as a woman with the head of a lioness ; she typified +moisture. + +5. Seb, the earth-god, the son of Shu, husband of +Nut, and by her father of Osiris and Isis, Set and +Nephthys. + +6. Nut, the female counterpart of Nu, or the watery +mass from which all the gods were evolved, and upon +which the "Bark of millions of years floated". + +7. Isis, the sister -wife of Osiris and mother of +"Horus son of Isis"; she probably typified the dawn. + +8. Nephthys, daughter of Seb and Nut, sister of +Osiris and Isis, and the sister-wife of Set ; she is also +said to be the mother of Anubis by Osiris ; she pro- +bably typified eventide or twilight. + + + +CII INTRODUCTION. + +9. Horus, the sun-god, who is to be distinguished +from Horus the son of Isis. He is represented in +human form but with the head of a hawk ; the hawk +was the symbol of Horus, and the worship of that +bird is probably the oldest in Egypt. + +10. Hathor, the goddess of that portion of the sky +wherein Horus the sun-god rose and set. + +1 1 . Hu and Sa, two gods who had their places in +the boat of the sun at creation. + +It will be noticed that several of the gods, e. g., +Nu, Ptah, Khnemu, Khepera, Set, Anpu, Ap-uat, +Amsu, Hapi, and several goddesses, c. g., Maat, Nit, +Sekhet, Bast, Serq, Uatchit, 1 are not here represent- +ed ; the explanation of this fact is that only the gods +and the goddesses of the funeral company of Osiris +are considered to be interested in the judgment of +the dead. + +On one side of the scale we see the god Anubis +testing the tongue of the balance, and behind him +stand Thoth, the scribe of the gods, writing down +the result of the weighing, and the tri-formed 2 beast +Am-mit, the "Eater of the Dead", who is waiting to +devour the heart of Ani should it be found light in +the balance. On the other side of the balance are +Ani's "luck" or "destiny" ; an object called meskhen +which has been described as a "cubit with human + + + +1. For descriptions of these deities see my Papyrus of Ani, p. CVIIf. + +2. One-third crocodile, one-third lion, and one-third hippopotamus. + + + +THE JUDGMENT OF THE DEAD. CIII + +head", it either typifies the embryo, or has some +connexion with the birth of Ani ; his soul in the form +of a human-headed bird perched upon a pylon ; and +behind these are the goddesses Renenet and Mes- +khenet who presided over Ani's birth- chamber and +rearing. Behind these stand Ani himself and his wife +Thuthu with heads reverently bent. Ani is here de- +picted in human form, and wearing garments and +ornaments similar to those which he wore upon earth. +It is quite clear that the body which he has in this +Hall of Judgment cannot be the body with which he +had been endowed upon earth, and we are probably +to understand that it is his spiritual body, wearing the +white robes of the beatified dead in the world beyond +the grave, which we see. He is perfect in all his +members, which are endowed with the strength and +power that belong to those w 7 ho have risen in a spi- +ritual or glorified body from the dead. Though he +stands at the entrance of the Hall and the weighing +of the heart has not yet taken place, the artist de- +picted him in the form in which it was always assumed +the just would appear before Osiris. The heart having +been placed in one pan of the scales and the feather, +symbolic of truth, in the other, Ani utters the words +which form Chapter XXX b of the Book of the Dead +(see p. 79) wherein he prays that there may be no +parting of his heart from him in the presence of the +guardian of the Balance. This done, Anubis tests the +tongue of the balance, and finds that the beam is + + + +CIV INTRODUCTION. + +exactly straight and that the heart balances the fea- +ther exactly; the dog-headed ape seated on the stand- +ard reports this to Thoth, who, standing with his +writing-reed in hand, is ready to note the result and +to declare it to the gods. It is interesting to observe +that the heart was only required to balance the fea- +ther and not to outweigh it, a fact which indicates +that the pious Egyptian w 7 as supposed to be able to +satisfy the demands and requirements of the law, and +that he took his stand in the Judgment and hoped +for acquittal by virtue of the good deeds which he +had done in the body. + +The god Thoth next addressed the company of the +gods as follows : — "Hear ye this judgment. The heart +"of Osiris hath in very truth been weighed, and his +"soul hath stood as a witness for him ; it hath been +"found true by trial in the Great Balance. There hath +"not been found any wickedness in him ; he hath not +"wasted the offerings in the temples ; he hath not +"done harm by his deeds ; and he spread no evil +"reports [about men] while he was upon earth." To +this speech the gods reply : "That which cometh forth +"from thy mouth [O Thoth, dwelling in Khemennu,] +"is confirmed. Osiris, the scribe Ani, is holy and +"righteous. He hath not sinned, neither hath he done +"evil against us. The devourer Amemet shall not be +"allowed to prevail over him, and meat-offerings and +"entrance into the presence of the god Osiris shall +"be granted unto him, together with a homestead for + + + +THE JUDGMENT OF THE DEAD. CV + +"ever in Sekhet-hetepu, as unto the followers of +"Horus." ' + +The gods confirm the report of Thoth, and Ani, +having been found just, is led into the presence of +Osiris by "Horus the son of Isis". The words "found +just" represent in a measure the words mad khcru +(masc.) or madt khcru (fem.) which are always added +after the name of the deceased in funeral texts ; there +is no example of their application to a living person. +Much has been written about them, and many ren- +derings have been suggested for them, such as "true +of voice", "justified", "triumphant", "victorious"; they +actually mean "right" (mad.) and "word" (khcru), and +seem to be meant to express the belief on the part +of the writer that the deceased has satisfactorily passed +the ordeal of judgment, and that he has attained to +the state in which his commands, whatever they may +be, will be carried out duly and effectually. + +While Horus is leading Ani into the presence of +his father he addresses Osiris, saying, "I have come +"unto thee, O Un-nefer, and I have brought the Osiris +"Ani unto thee. His heart hath been [found] right- +"eous coming forth from the balance, and it hath not +"sinned against any god or goddess. Thoth hath +"weighed it according to the decree uttered unto + +i. The Heru-shesu, or followers of Horus, are a class of mythological +beings or demi-gods who already in the Pyramid Texts are supposed to +recite prayers on behalf of the deceased, and to assist Horus and Set in +"opening his mouth". For a description of this ceremony, see my Papyrus +of Ani, p. 26, f. + + + +CVI INTRODUCTION. + +"him by the company of the gods ; and it is very true +"and righteous. Grant unto him cakes and ale ; and +"let him enter into the presence of Osiris (V. lll + +Chap. XXIX b. + +8. -j- ankh The object which this hiero- + +glyphic represents is not known, but +it means "life", and symbolizes the +life which the gods live. + +9. ^g utchat Eye of Ra or Horus. Good health, + +safe, sound, protection. Two utchats +Z^t^Z> typify the two eyes of Ra +and the Sun and Moon. + +10. T nefcr A musical instrument. Good luck, happi- + +ness, joy. + +11. I sam A tool. Union, unity. + +12. cQd khut The sun on the horizon. The coming + +forth with the rising sun, and the +abode of the blessed dead with Ra +in the west. + +1 3. Q ketch White crown. Southern or Upper Egypt. + +14. \f tesher Red crown. Northern or Lower Egypt. + +15. Q. shen The sun's orbit. Eternity. + +k* + + + +CLXIV + + + +16. + + + +tnu + + + +INTRODUCTION. + +, | user Sceptre. Power. +1 7. ren A rope which enclosed the name of + +kings and royal persons ; this sign +is commonly known as cartouche. +Name. The preservation of the +name was considered to be of the +highest importance, for the blotting +out of a man's name brought with +it eternal death. + +An instrument. Joy, pleasure, sexual +pleasure, happiness. + +An angle. Protection. + +Frog. New life, resurrection. + +Level (?). Equilibrium, straightness. + +Staircase, steps. The steps whereon +Ra rested in Khemennu, and where- +on Osiris stands in the underworld. +2 3. I maqet Ladder. The ladder by which the de- +ceased ascended into heaven. + +24. tB=i tchebaiii Two fingers. The fingers which the + +god extended to the deceased to +enable him to enter heaven. + +25. n maat Feather. What is straight, right, truth, + +law. + +26. w kheper Beetle. The type of the self-begotten + +god, the creator of the gods and +of heaven, and earth, and all that +therein is ; and the symbol of the +resurrection. + + + +menat + + + +19. [p neha + +20. j^ hefn +2 1 . /r\ sekhekli +22. ^ khet + + + +THE MAGIC OF THE BOOK OF THE DEAD. CLXV + +Finally, mention must be made here of the great +importance attached by the Egyptians to the know- +ledge of the names of gods, supernatural beings, etc., +and it seems that the deceased who was ignorant of +them must have fared badly in the underworld. Thus +in Chapter Ib (see p. 24) it is said that the deceased +knoweth Osiris and his names ; in Chapter XCIX (see +p. 158) the deceased is obliged to tell the names of +every portion of the boat wherein he wishes to cross +the great river in the underworld ; in Chapter CXXV +(p. 190) Anubis makes him declare the names of the +two leaves of the door of the Hall of Osiris before he +will let him in, and even the bolts, and bolt-sockets, +and lintels, and planks will not allow him to enter +until the deceased has satisfied them that he knows +their names. Entrance into the seven Arits or man- +sions (see p. 240) could not be obtained without a +knowledge of the names of the doorkeeper, watcher, +and herald who belonged to each ; and similarly, the +pylons of the domains of Osiris (see p. 243 f.) could +not be passed through by the deceased without a +declaration by him of the name of each. The idea +underlying all such statements is that the man who +knows the name of a god could invoke and obtain help +from him by calling upon him, and that the hostility +of a fiend could be successfully opposed by the re- +petition of his name. The knowledge of the names +of fiends and demons constituted the chief power of +the magicians of olden times, and the amulets of + + + +CLXVI INTRODUCTION. + +the Gnostics which were inscribed with numbers of +names of supernatural powers are the practical ex- +pression of the belief in the efficacy of the know- +ledge of names which existed in Egypt from time +immemorial. + + + +THE OBJECT AND CONTENTS OF THE +BOOK OF THE DEAD. + +Though the Chapters of the Book of the Dead re- +present beliefs belonging to various periods of the +long life of the Egyptian nation, and opinions held +by several schools of thought in Egypt, the object +of them all was to benefit the deceased. They were +intended to give him the power to have and to en- +joy life everlasting, to give him everything which he +required in the life beyond the grave, to ensure -his +victory over his foes, to procure for him the power of +going whithersoever he pleased and when and how he +pleased, to preserve the mummy intact, and finally to +enable his soul to enter into the bark of Ra or into +whatever abode of the blessed had been conceived of +by him. A perusal of the translations of the Chapters +will shew the reader what their contents are, but it +will not be out of place here to group certain Chap- +ters which have a common object, for the various be- +liefs which they represent then become more clear. + +A certain number of the Chapters of the Book of +the Dead are hymns which are addressed either to + + + +CLXVIII INTRODUCTION. + +Ra or to Osiris. In the present work these are repre- +sented, by the hymns from the papyri of Ani, Qenna, +Hu-nefer, and Nekht (see pp. 3 — 12), which I have +called "Hymns Introductory", and to these we should +add Chapters CLXXXII and CLXXXIII, which are re- +ally hymns to Osiris by Thoth. Another collection of +fine hymns is found in Chapter XV, where we have +hymns to Ra and Osiris, and a Litany to Osiris ; the +Papyrus of Ani, from which these are translated, gives +the oldest and most complete form of the Chapter. +They are most important, for they enable us to under- +stand what attributes were ascribed to Ra, and it +seems as if many of them were, in later times, trans- +ferred to Osiris, who was originally nothing but a god +of the dead. + +With these hymns should be mentioned the texts +which accompany the Judgment Scene, but these have +already been described in the chapter on that subject +given above, and they are fully translated on pp. 1 2 +— 15. The Judgment Scene also leads us to the con- +sideration of the CXXVth Chapter, which is certainly +one of the most important and interesting in the whole +book. It consists of three parts : — Introduction, Ne- +gative Confession, and Concluding Text. The Intro- +duction was said by the deceased at the entrance to +the Hall of double Maati, the Negative Confession +was recited by him before the forty-two gods who +sat in judgment upon him in this Hall, and the Con- +cluding Text was uttered by him when he had passed + + + +THE OBJECT AND CONTENTS, ETC. CLXIX + +the ordeal of judgment and was beginning his new +life. It is probable that these three texts were origin- +ally merely versions each of the other, but in the +eighteenth dynasty they are all copied together into +papyri. The deceased first asserted that he had not +committed certain sins ; he next addressed forty-two +gods by their names and declared before each that +he had not committed the special sin which it was +the duty of the god to punish ; and lastly he makes +a third confession, the first part of which is practically +in the same words as a portion of the Introduction. +The Introduction provided the passwords which en- +abled him to enter the Hall, and the Concluding Text +provided those which enabled him to go forth from +it. It is impossible to say when or how this beautiful +Chapter with its lofty conceptions of morality grew, +but, although the form in which these are set forth +is not older than the eighteenth dynasty, the ideas +themselves belong to a period which is as old as +the rule of the kings of the third dynasty. From the +Negative Confession we see that the pious Egyptian +abhorred fraud, theft, deceit, robbery with violence, +iniquity of every kind, adultery, unchastity and sins +of wantonness, manslaughter, murder, incitement to +murder, and that he delighted in shewing he had +wronged none in any way. He neither purloined the +things which belonged to his god, nor did he slay +the sacred animals ; he thought not lightly of the god +of his city, and he never cursed him. He honoured + + + +CLXX INTRODUCTION. + +his king, and he neither wasted his neighbour's plough- +ed lands nor denied his running stream. He spake not +haughtily, he behaved not insolently, he multiplied not +his speech overmuch, he abused no man, he attacked +no man, he swore not at all, he stirred not up strife, he +terrified no man, he was not a man of wrath, he spake +evil of none, and he never pried into matters to make +mischief. He judged not hastily, he defrauded not his +neighbour in the market, he shut not his ears to the +words of right and truth, he sought not honours, he +never gave way to anger except for a proper cause, +and he sought not to enrich himself at the expense +of his neighbours. It is difficult to give the exact +shades of meaning of many of the words in this Con- +fession, but the general sense is thoroughly well made +out ; the Egyptian code of morals, as may be seen +from the CXXVth Chapter, was the grandest and most +comprehensive of those now known to have existed +among the nations of antiquity. + +The CXth Chapter, which describes the employments +and enjoyments of the deceased in the Sekhet-hetep +and Sekhet-Aaru, or Elysian Fields, contains ideas of +the greatest antiquity, which date, probably, from the +time when the system of village communities was in +vogue in Egypt. The deceased ploughs, sows, and +reaps, and lives exactly the same kind of life as a +farmer would live in the fertile lands of the Delta, +and it would seem that he enjoys all the pleasures +which a human being enjoys upon earth. In the Vth + + + +THE OBJECT AND CONTENTS, ETC. CLXXI + +Chapter of the Book of the Dead the deceased found +a text which would free him from certain agricultural +labours which had to be done in the Elysian fields, +but inasmuch as the work of watering and top-dress- +ing the fields and sowing the crops had to be done +by some one, figures, made in the form of the de- +ceased and inscribed with his name, were buried with +the dead to toil for him. Such figures have often in +their hands models of the basket in which the field +labourer carried earth and the hoe with which he +filled it ; and the text of the VI th Chapter, which +was also inscribed upon them, provided the deceased +with substitutes to toil for him in the farms of the +gods. + +The reader will seek, and seek in vain, for many +of the attributes of the prayers of Christian nations, +and it is a noticeable fact that the Egyptian had no +conception of repentance ; at the Judgment which took +place in the Hall of Osiris he based his claim for ad- +mission into the kingdom of that god upon the fact +that he had not committed certain sins, and that he +had feared God and honoured the king, and had given +bread to the hungry, drink to the thirsty, clothes to +the naked, and a boat to him that had suffered ship- +wreck on the Nile. His belief in the efficacy of works +was great, and, when he had any doubt about their +power to deliver him finally from the hosts of dark- +ness, he protected himself by means of amulets, in- +scribed or plain, and figures of gods painted upon + + + +CLXXII INTRODUCTION. + +his coffin and papyrus, or cut in wood or on stones +which possessed magical powers. The Chapters which +refer to such amulets are Nos. XIII, XIX, XXX b, +LXXXIX, C, CXXV, CXXX, CXXXIII, CXXXIV, +CXXXVIa, CXXXVIIa, cxl, CXLIV, CLVI, CLVII, +CLVIII, CLIX, CLXII, CLXIII, CLXIV, CLXV, and +CLXVI. + +One of the most interesting Chapters in the whole +book is the XVII th, which contains a series of state- +ments concerning the origin of the gods and the things +of the next world. To many of these statements more +than one explanation of their meaning is appended, and +as these occur in copies of the Chapter which are +found inscribed upon coffins of the eleventh dynasty, +it is clear that already at that early date several +opinions on these matters existed. The views ex- +pressed in the Chapter appear to be those of the an- +cient College of Priests at Heliopolis which became +gradually adopted throughout Egypt. The Vignettes +which accompany the Chapter in the best illuminated +papyri are most elaborate, and they shew by their +attention to detail that it formed one of the most +important of the texts of this class which were co- +pied for general use. + +The LXIVth Chapter was very highly esteemed, +and it was believed to be one of the oldest parts of +the Book of the Dead. Already in the eleventh dy- +nasty it existed in two versions, one of which was +thought to have been composed or edited in the first + + + +THE OBJECT AND CONTENTS, ETC. CLXXIII + +dynasty, and the other in the fourth dynasty. The +longer version is entitled simply "The Chapter of +Coming Forth by Day in the underworld", but the +shorter is described as "The Chapter of knowing the +'Chapters of Coming Forth by Day' in a single Chap- +ter". Whether we are to understand by the latter title +that the Chapter contained the essence of all the +Chapters of the Book of the Dead and that the de- +ceased who was provided with it was as well pro- +tected as if he had copies of them all, is not quite +clear, but it seems probable. It will be noticed that +several Chapters are called "Chapters of Coming +Forth by Day", and among them may be specially +noticed : — Chapters II and III, which provide that the +deceased may come forth in the underworld and "live +after he hath died, even as doth Ra day by day" ; +Chapter LXV, which provides that the Khu of the +deceased shall live and shall inflict blows upon his +enemy ; Chapter LXVI, which gives the deceased +power to "alight upon the forehead of Ra" ; Chapter +LXVIII, which gives him mastery over everything +which is in the underworld, and enables him to jour- +ney about among the living ; Chapters LXIX, LXX, +and LXXI, wherein he identifies himself with Osiris, +Sah (Orion), Anubis, Horus, and Tem, and declares +his power over the winds of heaven ; Chapter LXXII, +which enables him to "come forth by day in all the +forms which he pleaseth to take" and to enter into +an abode in the Elysian Fields, where he shall be + + + +CLXXIV INTRODUCTION. + +amply provided with wheat and barley ; and Chapter +CLXXX, which enables him to go about in the under- +world with freedom of movement and to perform all +the transformations of a "living soul". + +An important group of Chapters referring to the +transformations which a man may undergo , if he +pleases, in the underworld, is introduced by Chapter +LXXVI, wherein the deceased declares that he has +been led unto the "House of the King" by the man- +tis, or so-called "praying insect". These Chapters en- +able him to transform himself into a hawk of gold +(Chap. LXXVII), into a divine hawk (Chap. LXXVIII), +into the Governor of the divine sovereign princes +(Chap. LXXIX), into the god who giveth light in the +darkness (Chap. LXXX), into a lotus (Chaps. LXXXIa +and LXXXIb), into the god Ptah and into a living +being in Annu (Chap. LXXXII), into a Bennu (phoe- +nix?) (Chap. LXXXIII), into a heron (Chap. LXXXIV), +into a living soul (Chap. LXXXV), into a swallow (Chap. +LXXXVI), into the serpent Sata (Chap. LXXXVII), and +into a crocodile (Chap. LXXXVIII). + +A considerable number of Chapters refer, as we +should naturally expect, to the preservation of the +body of the deceased in the tomb, and several were +expressly written to give him power to resist the at- +tacks of enemies, and to obtain meat, and drink, and +the power of motion in the underworld. Thus Chap- +ter I, which is proved by its title and Vignette to +refer to the ceremonies which took place on the day + + + +THE OBJECT AND CONTENTS, ETC CLXXV + +of the funeral, provides for the burial of the body in +the proper way so that "the deceased may go in after +coming forth"; and Chapters VIII, IX, XI, XII, XIII, +XLVIII, LXVII, CVII, CXVIII, CXIX, CXXII, CLXI, +and CLXXX enable him to make his wav in the +underworld without let or hindrance and to overcome +his enemies. The deceased washed to protect himself +by means of magical formulae ; Chapter XXIV provides +these formulae for him, and Chapter XXXII gives him +the power to keep hold of them. Chapters XXI and +XXII give the deceased a mouth, and Chapter XXIII +provides him with the power of opening it ; Chapter +XXV gave him the faculty of remembering his +name. Seven Chapters (XXVI — XXX b) gave him a +heart, and provided him with prayers and formulae, +which prevented those who stole hearts from snatch- +ing it away from him and from driving it away from +him when it was weighed in the Judgment Hall of +Osiris. The crocodile, which came to steal away the +words of power and protection which the deceased +had with him, was repulsed by the words of Chapter +XXXI. Chapters XXXIII, XXXIV, XXXV, XXXVI, +XXXVII, and XXXIX prevented him from being stung +or bitten by snakes and serpents, and did away with +the power of the beetle (?) apshait to gnaw his body +to pieces. Chapters XXXVIII a and XXXVIIIb en- +abled him to escape from the deadly cobra, and +Chapter XL delivered him from the power of the +serpent who, though he is here acting as the friend + + + +CLXXVJ INTRODUCTION. + +of Horus by devouring the Ass which typifies the +fiend Set, is, nevertheless, to be feared. In the under- +world and the cities thereof punishment was inflicted +on the dead, and to provide the favoured of Osiris +with power to escape from stripes, and wounds, and +decapitation at the deadly block Chapters XLI, XLII, +XLIII, and L were composed. The deceased wished +for a seat in the celestial Annu (Heliopolis), and this +was given him by Chapter LXXV, and Chapter XLVII +prevented his throne and his habitation from being +removed by any hostile being. He sighed to have +power over running water and to snuff the sweet +breath of the north wind, and these comforts were +secured for him by Chapters LIV, LV, LVI, LVII, +LVIII, LIX, LX, LXI, and LXII ; the large number +of Chapters written for this purpose will shew how +great was the anxiety of the Egyptian in this matter. +As fire and boiling water existed in the underworld +he hastened to protect himself from burns or scalds +by the use of Chapters LXIIIa and LXIIIb. Proper +food was as necessary to the ka or double of the de- +ceased as fresh air and water, and to ensure it against +the need to eat filth and to drink dirty water Chap- +ters LII, LIII, CV, CX, CXLVIII and CLXXXIX were +composed ; the idea of the ka being obliged to wan- +der about starving and in search of food was so ab- +horrent to the pious Egyptian that every text which +could in any wise help to secure sufficient meat and +drink for it was gladly copied over and over again. + + + +THE OBJECT AND CONTENTS, ETC. CLXXVII + +The object of Chapters IV, LXXIV, CXVII, CXIX, +was to enable the deceased to walk about at will, +and to roam through Re-stau, or the passages of the +tomb and underworld, and when his way was stopped +by Apep, Chapter VII enabled him to pass over the +back of the fiend. The union of the soul with the +body was provided for by Chapter LXXXIX , as +was the escape of the soul and the shade from the +bonds of the tomb by Chapters XCI and XCII. Though +the deceased had no wish to go to the east in the +underworld (see Chap. XCIII) he, nevertheless, wish- +ed to visit the celestial Abydos ; a successful jour- +ney to this city was secured by the use of Chap- +ter CXXXVIII. In spite of the best efforts of the +embalmers bodies sometimes rotted and perished +in their tombs ; such calamities were averted by +Chapters XLV and XL VI, and especially by Chapter +CLIV, which is one of the most interesting in the +whole book. Overthrow in the underworld was avert- +ed by the use of Chapter LI, the wrath of the god +was appeased by Chapter XIV, and the danger of +dying a second time was done away with by Chap- +ters XLIV, CLXXV, and CLXXVI. The love of ritual +and ceremony induced the Egyptians to take special +care about the arrangement of the mummy, and coffin, +and funeral furniture in the mummy chamber, and to +make certain that all was properly done in this matter, +Chapter CLI, which consists of a view of the chamber +and a group of short but important texts, was com- + + + +CLXXVIII INTRODUCTION. + +posed. The type of this chamber was, of course, the +tomb of Osiris. The Hall of Osiris wherein the god +dwelt with his princes could only be reached after +certain doors, and mansions, and domains, which were +guarded by porters in the form of monsters, had been +successfully .passed through by the deceased ; to en- +able the deceased to go through the seven mansions, +and the twenty-one pylons, arid the fifteen domains, +Chapters CXLIV— CXLVH, CXLIX, and CL were +written. These provided the deceased with the names +of the beings who were in charge of the doors, and +supplied him with the speeches which it was neces- +sary that he should make. During his journey in the +underworld the deceased came to a huge river which +he was obliged to cross ; to enable him to embark in +the mystical boat, every portion of which possessed +a name which he was bound to know and be able to +repeat, he provided himself with Chapters XCVIII and +XCIX. But this boat only served to take him across +the river, and he longed to be able to embark in the +Boat of Ra, and to sit in its bows and to sail about +with the god for ever ; this delight, however, could +only be secured for him by means of Chapters C, CI, +CII, CXXXIV, CXXXVIa, and CXXXVIb, and, as a +result, copies of most of these Chapters exist in near- +ly all large papyri. The Egyptian believed that he +would encounter the foes who attacked Osiris in the +underworld, and that the calamities which befel the +god would come upon him also ; he who delivered + + + +THE OBJECT AND CONTENTS, ETC. CLXXIX + +Osiris out of all his troubles was Thoth, the scribe +of the gods, and to him were addressed Chapters +XVIII and XX, which secured for the deceased +the protection and triumph which this god had se- +cured for "his brother Osiris". The favour of Thoth +was so necessary that four Chapters (XCIV, XCV, +XCVI, XCVII) were written to instruct the deceased +to make an offering of a palette and an ink-jar to +the god, and how to become nigh unto him. Before +the deceased could roam at will in the underworld +it was necessary that he should know the deities of +the chief cities of the four quarters of the land where- +in he was ; Chapters CVII and CVIII enabled him to +know the "souls of Amentet", (i. e., of the West), Chap- +ter CIX enabled him to know the "souls of the East", +Chapter CXII enabled him to know the "souls of the +city of Pe" [in the north], Chapter CXIII enabled him +to know the "souls of the city of Nekhen" [in the +south], Chapter CXV enabled him to know the "souls +of Annu", and Chapters CXIV and CXVI enabled him +to know the "souls of the city of Khemennu" (Hermo- +polis). In the underworld the deceased was threatened +by the danger of the snarer or fowler and his net, +and Chapters CLIIIa and CLIIIb were written to en- +able him to escape from them. Two Chapters, CLXIX +and CLXX, provided for the stablishing of the fune- +ral bed of the deceased ; two Chapters, CLXVIII a +and CLXVIII b, set out at length the libations which + +it was necessary for him to pour out ; Chapter CXXIII + +l* + + + +CLXXX INTRODUCTION. . + +gave him power to enter the "Great House" ; Chap- +ters CXXVI, CXXVII, CXXVIII, CLXXXV, and +CLXXXVI supplied him with the prayers which had +to be said to the holy apes, and to the gods who +were the leaders and guides in the underworld, and +to Osiris and Hathor ; Chapter CXXXII enabled him +to go back to see his house ; Chapter CLII gave him +power to build a house upon earth ; Chapter CLXXI +provided him with the girdle of purity ; Chapters CI1I, +CXXIV, CXXXI, and CLXXXI gave him power to +go in before the divine sovereign chiefs of Osiris and +to be nigh unto Ra ; Chapter CIV gave him a seat +among the "great gods" ; and Chapter CLXXXIV +brought him "nigh unto Osiris". Chapter CXXX, which +"made perfect the Khu", was ordered to be recited +on the birthday of Osiris ; Chapter CXXXIII made +the Khu perfect before the Great Company of the +gods ; Chapter CXXXV, which was to be recited on +the day of the new moon, gave the deceased power +to become like unto Thoth ; Chapter CXL, which was +to be recited on the last day of the sixth month of +thj Egyptian year, enabled him to appear in glory +before all the gods when the utchat, or Eye of Ra, +was full ; and Chapter CLXVII conferred upon him +the power which the utchat possessed and enabled +him to identify himself with it. Chapters CXLI and +CXLII provided the texts which a man was directed +to recite "for his father or for his son during the +festival of Amentet", they made the deceased to be + + + +THE OBJECT AND CONTENTS, ETC. CLXXXI + +perfect with Ra and with the gods ; and Chapter +CLXXIII contained the addresses which Horus made +to his father Osiris, and which were also assumed to +be made to the deceased by Horus. Chapter CLXXII +is a remarkable and beautiful composition in nine sec- +tions, the contents of which were first made known +in detail by M. Naville ; in it the limbs of the de- +ceased are described in highly poetical language, and +the comparisons at times resemble the descriptions of +the limbs of the beloved one in the Song of Solo- +mon. Four Chapters, CLXII, CLXIII, CLXIV, and +CLXV, have no equivalents in the Recensions of the +Book of the Dead older than the twenty-sixth dy- +nasty, and as they contain foreign words and foreign +ideas they are probably the work of non-Egyptian +authors ; each of them is followed by a long Rubric +which orders certain curious amulets to be made and +the performance of ceremonies. In Chapters CLXXIV, +CLXXVII, and CLXXA^III we have extracts from the +old Heliopolitan Recension of the Book of the Dead +which was in use in the fifth and sixth dynasties, and +the comparison of the texts, which, thanks to M. Mas- +pero, we are now able to make, is very instructive. +We can see how misunderstandings of the meaning +of certain passages arose through the want of ade- +quate determinatives, and we can note how later co- +pyists modified and adapted old texts to suit modern +views. Thus in the passage from the text of Unas +(1. 166 ff., see infra, p. 329) we have a reference to + + + +CLXXXII INTRODUCTION. + +the love-making ' of the deceased which is entirely +omitted from the later copy of it given in the Papy- +rus of Nebseni ; and it seems as if the ideas express- +ed in it found no favour with the cultured mind of +Nebseni, the great designer, draughtsman, and ar- +tist, who was attached to the Temple of Ptah at +Memphis. In a similar manner it will be noticed that +most of the coarse expressions and ideas which are +found in the religious books of the old period have +no counterparts in the Theban Recension of the Book +of the Dead. + +It will be seen from the above brief summary that, +although the contents of the papyri containing the +Theban Recension are miscellaneous, there are refer- +ences to other works connected with the burial of +the dead from which no extracts are given. Among +such may be specially mentioned the texts which are +connected with the performance of the ceremony of +"Opening the mouth" (see infra, p. 70), but as it is +impossible to give any adequate description of them +in the space now left to me, I refer the reader to +my Papyrus of Ani, p. 265 ff. + +1. M. Maspero's rendering of the passage (see Les Inscriptions des +Pyramides de Saqqarah, p. 21) runs : — "O Ra, sois bon pour lui en ce +jour des hier ; car Ounas a connu la deesse Maouit, Ounas a respire la +flamme d'Isi. Ounas s'est uni au lotus, Ounas a connu une jeune femme, +mais sa force manquait de grains et de liqueurs reconfortantes : lorsque +la force d'Ounas a attaque la jeune femme, elle a donne du pain a Ou- +nas, puis elle lui a servi de femme en ce jour." + + + +THE BOOK OF THE DEAD OF NESI- +KHONSU, A PRIESTESS OF AMEN, + +ABOUT B. C. iooo. 1 + +"This holy god, the lord of all the gods, Amen-Ra, +"the lord of the throne of the two lands, the go- +vernor of Apt ; the holy soul who came into being +"in the beginning ; the great god who liveth by (or +"upon) Maat ; the first divine matter which gave birth +"unto subsequent divine matter; 2 the being through +"whom every [other] god hath existence ; the One +"One who hath made everything which hath come +"into existence since primeval times when the world +"was created; the being whose births are hidden, whose +"evolutions are manifold, and whose growths are un- +"known ; the holy Form, beloved, terrible, and mighty +"in his risings ; the lord of wealth, the power, Khe- +"pera who createth every evolution of his existence, + +i. A hieroglyphic transcript of the hieratic text of this remarkable +document, together with a French translation, has been published by +Maspero in Les Momies Royales de Deir-el-bahari, p. 594 f. + +2. Or, "the primeval pant which gave birth unto the [other] two +pauttiT + + + +CLXXXIV INTRODUCTION. + +"except whom at the beginning none other existed ; +"who at the dawn in the primeval time was Atennu, +"the prince of rays and beams of light ; who having +"made himself [to be seen caused] all men to live ; +"who saileth over the celestial regions and faileth not, +"for at dawn on the morrow his ordinances are made +"permanent ; who though an old man shineth in the +"form of one that is young, and having brought (or +"led) the uttermost parts of eternity goeth round about +"the celestial regions and journeyeth through the Tuat +"to illumine the two lands which he hath created ; the +"God who acteth as God, who moulded himself, who +"made the heavens and the earth by his will (or heart); +"the greatest of the great, the mightiest of the mighty, +"the prince who is mightier than the gods, the young +"Bull with sharp horns, the protector of the two lands +"in his mighty name of 'The everlasting one who +"cometh and hath his might, who bringeth the re- +"motest limit of eternity', the god-prince who hath +"been prince from the time that he came into being, +"the conqueror of the two lands by reason of his +"might, the terrible one of the double divine face, +"the divine aged one, the divine form who dwelleth +"in the forms of all the gods, the Lion-god with +"awesome eye, the sovereign who casteth forth the +"two Eyes, the lord of flame [which goeth] against his +"enemies ; the god Nu, the prince who advanceth at +"his hour to vivify that which cometh forth upon his +"potter's wheel, the disk of the Moon-god who openeth + + + +THE BOOK OF THE DEAD OF NESI-KHONSU. CLXXXV + +"a way both in heaven and upon earth for thy beau- +"tiful form ; the beneficent {or operative) god, who +' "is untiring, and who is vigorous of heart both in +"rising and in setting, from whose divine eyes come +"forth men and women ; at whose utterance the gods +"come into being, and food is created, and tchefau +"food is made, and all things which are come into +"being ; the traverser of eternity, the old man who +"maketh himself young [again], with myriads of pairs +"of eyes and numberless pairs of ears, whose light +"is the guide of the god of millions of years ; the +"lord of life, who giveth unto whom he pleaseth +"the circuit of the earth along with the seat of his +"divine face, who setteth out upon his journey and +"suffereth no mishap by the way, whose work none +"can destroy ; the lord of delight whose name is sweet +"and beloved, at dawn mankind make supplication +"unto him the Mighty one of victory, the Mighty one +"of twofold strength, the Possessor of fear, the young +"Bull who maketh an end of the hostile ones, the +"Mighty one who doeth battle with his foes, through +"whose divine plans the earth came into being ; the +"Soul who giveth light from his two Utchats (Eyes) ; +"the god Baiti who created the divine transforma- +"tions ; the holy one who is unknown ; the king who +"maketh kings to rule, and who girdeth up the earth +"in its courses, and to whose souls the gods and the +"goddesses pay homage by reason of the might of +"his terror ; since he hath gone before that which + + + +CLXXXVI INTRODUCTION. + +"followeth endureth ; the creator of the world by his +"secret counsels ; the god Khepera who is unknown +"and who is more hidden than the [other] gods, +"whose substitute is the divine Disk ; the unknown +"one who hideth himself from that which cometh forth +"from him ; he is the flame which sendeth forth rays +"of light with mighty splendour, but though he can +"be seen in form and observation can be made of him +"at his appearance yet he cannot be understood, and +"at dawn mankind make supplication unto him ; his +"risings are of crystal among the company of the +"gods, and he is the beloved object of every god ; +"the god Nu cometh forward with the north wind in +"this grod who is hidden ; who maketh decrees for mil- +"lions of double millions of years, whose ordinances +"are fixed and are not destroyed, whose utterances +"are gracious, and whose statutes fail not in his ap- +pointed time ; who giveth duration of life and doubleth +"the years of those unto whom he hath a favour ; who +"graciously protecteth him whom he hath set in his +"heart ; who hath formed eternity and everlastingness, +"the king of the South and of the North, Amen-Ra, the +"king of the gods, the lord of heaven and of earth, +"and of the deep, and of the two mountains, in whose +"form the earth began to exist, he the mighty one, +"who is more distinguished than all the gods of the +"first and foremost company." + +Amen-Ra, the king of the gods, the great god, the +beginning of what hath come into being, hath sent + + + +THE BOOK OF THE DEAD OF NESI-KHONSV. CLXXXVII + +forth his great and holy edict for the deification of +Nesi-Khonsu, the daughter of Ta-hennu-Tehuti, both + +in Amentet and in Neter-khert and he saith : — + +"I deify Nesi-Khonsu, the daughter of Ta-hennu- +"Tehuti in Amentet, and I deify her in Neter-khert ; +"I have granted that she shall receive water in Amen- +"tet and funeral offerings in Neter-khert. I deify her +"soul and her body in Neter-khert, and I will not let +"her soul be destroyed therein ; nay, I deify her soul +"in Neter-khert, [and I make it] like unto that of every +"god and of every goddess who have been deified there- +"in, and like unto that of everything whatsoever which +"hath been deified in Neter-khert. I have granted that +"every god, and every goddess, and every divine +"being, and every thing which hath been deified shall +"receive her in Neter-khert ; and I have granted that +"all her kinsfolk (?) shall receive her therein with a +"gracious reception ; and I have granted that every +"good thing, which cometh into being with a man +"when he assumeth this form, whether he be carried +"off into the underworld, or whether he become +"deified, or whether every good thing be wrought +"for him where he is, or whether he made to re- +"ceive water and offerings, or whether he be made +"to receive his cakes from those which those who +"have been deified receive, or whether he be made to +"receive his divine offerings from those which those +"who have been deified receive, shall be done for her +"so that it shall be with her." + + + +CLXXXVIII INTRODUCTION. + +Amen-Ra, the king of the gods, the great god, the +prince of that which hath come into being from the +beginning, saith : — + +"I cause Nesi-Khonsu, the daughter of Ta-hen- +"Tehuti-a, to make every kind of food and every kind +"of drink which every god and every goddess who +"have been deified in the underworld make ; and I +"cause her to make every good thing which is with +"every god and every goddess who have been dei- +"fied in the underworld ; and by means thereof I have +"delivered my servant Pa-netchem from every evil +"thing, and I will not let any of the calamities which +"occur in the underworld fall upon Nesi-Khonsu to +"do her harm ; and I grant that her soul may come +"forth, and that it may enter in according to its de- +"sire and never be repulsed." + +Amen-Ra, the king of the gods, the great god, the +prince of that which hath come into being from the +beginning, saith : — + +"I have gone round (/. e., I have examined) the +"heart of Nesi-Khonsu, the daughter of Ta-hen-Te- +"huti-a, and she hath done no evil thing against Pa- +"netchem, the son of Auset-em-khebit. I have care- +"fully examined her heart, and I have not let her at- +"tack his life, and I have not allowed her to attack +"his life through other folk. I have carefully examin- +ed her heart, and I have not let her do any evil +"thing unto him such as is done against a living +"man. I have carefully examined her heart, and I have + + + +THE BOOK OF THE DEAD OF NESI-KHONSU. CLXXXIX + +"not allowed her to do by means of other folk any +"of the evil things which are done against a living +"man." + +Amen-Ra, the king of the gods, the great god, the +prince of that which hath come into being from the +beginning, saith : — + +"I have caused her not to seek to do any evil +"thing which would cause death unto Pa-netchem, +"the son of Auset-em-khebit. I have carefully exa- +"mined her heart and she hath done no evil thing unto +"him in particular, nor any evil thing which could +"harm him in general ; she hath not worked against +"him by means of any god or any goddess who has +"been deified ; nor by means of any male khu or +"of any female khu who has been deified ; and she +"hath not worked against him by means of any kind +"of beings whatsoever who work schemes and plans +"so that beings of every kind may be obedient unto +"their words. I have carefully examined her heart +"and [see] that she hath sought that which was good +"for him whilst he was upon earth ; and I have caus- +"ed her to seek in every way to give him a long +"life upon earth, and a life of health, and soundness, +"and power, and strength, and might ; and I have +"caused her in every way to procure for him hap- +"piness wherever the sound of his words was heard. +"I have caused her to seek neither harm for him, nor +"anything which could inflict an injury upon man, +"nor anything which could cause evil to Pa-netchem, + + + +CXC INTRODUCTION. + +"the son of Auset-em-khebit. I have caused her not +"to seek any evil thing, or any noxious thing which +"would induce death, or any harmful thing like unto +"those things which make the heart of man to tremble, +"or those which do harm unto the men and women +"who were beloved by Pa-netchem, nor unto him by +"making his heart terrified at them by means of the +"evil words which have been directed against them +"(the men and women). I have caused all that con- +"cerneth the heart and soul of Nesi-Khonsu to be in +"good case, that is to say, her heart hath not been +"driven away from her soul ; her soul hath not been +"driven away from her heart ; her heart hath not +"been driven away from herself; Nesi-Khonsu her- +"self hath not been in any way driven back with the +"repulse with which a being in her form — that is to +"say a being who hath been deified in the under- +"w r orld, whatever its nature may be — is sometimes +"repulsed ; and no evil thing whatsoever, such as +"may be done unto the human being who is in a +"state like unto hers, hath been done unto her. Nay, +"but [I have given] all that could delight Nesi r Khonsu, +"namely, that Pa-netchem might enjoy a very long life +"along with might, and strength, and power ; that his +"life might not be cut short ; that no evil thing of any +"kind whatsoever, and none of the things which do +"harm unto a man and strike terror into his heart +"might come nigh him, or his wives, or his children, +"or his brethren, or Ataui, or Nesta - neb - asher, or + + + +THE BOOK OF THE DEAD OF NESI-KHONSU. CXCI + +"Masahairtha, or Tchaui-nefer, the children of Nesi- +"Khonsu, or the brethren of Nesi-Khonsu. And I +"have caused that everything which would be of ad- +vantage to Pa-netchera, and all that would be of +"benefit to him in any way whatsoever and which +"could happen to a man in his condition, and an ex- +ceedingly long life for himself, and his wives, and his +"children, and his brethren, may also come to Nesi- +"Khonsu, and to her children, and to her sisters." + +Amen-Ra, the king of the gods, the great god, the +prince of that which hath come into being from the +beginning, saith : — + +"I grant that all things, of whatever kinds they +"may be, which a man hath when he is in the state +"in which Nesi-Khonsu is, and by which he is deified, +"shall be possessed by her, and I grant that the seven- +"ty addresses to Ra may be recited in my name, so +"that her soul may not be destroyed in the under- +"world." + +Amen-Ra, the king of the gods, the great god, the +prince of that which hath come into being from the +beginning, saith : — + +"Every good word which can deify Nesi-Khonsu, +"which will give her power to receive water and offer- +ings, and which shall be uttered or said before me by +"any person whatsoever I will fulfil to the uttermost, +"omitting nothing. Every good word which shall be +"uttered before me on behalf of Nesi-Khonsu I will +"fulfil at every season of the heavens when Shu + + + +CXCII INTRODUCTION. + +"cometh forth, in such wise that none of the evil +"things which can reach a person who is in the con- +dition in which she is shall touch her at any season of +"the heavens, when Shu cometh forth from the waters +"with his weapons and when day beginneth in the sky. +"And I will utterly do away with the evil effect of +"every word which may be spoken by any person +"whatsoever of a being who is in the state in which +"is Nesi-Khonsu, omitting nothing, at every season of +"the heavens when Shu cometh forth from the waters +"with his weapons and when day beginneth in the sky." +Amen-Ra, the king of the gods, the great god, the +prince of that which hath come into being from the +beginning, saith : — + +"I have caused the seventy addresses to Ra to be +"recited in my name, and I have not allowed any +"single benefit which belongeth to a man who is in +"the condition in which is Nesi-Khonsu to escape her. +"And I have caused her to receive offerings, bread, +"and ale, and unguents, and wine, and pomade, and +"milk, and raisins (?) ; and I have caused her to re- +"ceive all the benefits and all the good things which +"a being who is in her condition and who is favour- +ed by me and who hath been deified can receive ; +"and I have caused her to share equally with every +"god and every goddess every good thing whatsoever +"which those who have been deified in the underworld +"receive ; and I have caused her to receive her divine +"offerings along with the gods." + + + +THE BOOK OF THE DEAD OF NESI-KHONSU. CXCIII + +Amen-Ra, the king of the gods, the great god, the +prince of that which hath come into being from the +beginning, saith : — + +"If the word by which the offering of Sekhet-Aaru +"and of a field in Sekhet-Aaru is made is not one which +"is good for the person who is in the condition in +"w r hich is Nesi-Khonsu, and it hath no effect, I myself +"will make unto her the offering of Sekhet-Aaru and of +"a field in Sekhet-Aaru, when that which is beneficial +"for her in this kind of offering shall come into being, +"and it shall suffer no diminution thereof whatsoever." + +Amen-Ra, the king of the gods, the great god, the +prince of that which hath come into being from the +beginning, saith : — + +"All good things which shall be spoken in my pre- +sence, saying, 'Let such and such things be done +"for Nesi-Khonsu, the daughter of Ta-hennu-Tehu- +"ti-a.', I will perform for her, and they shall not be +"lessened, and they shall not be abrogated, and no- +"thing therefrom shall be cut off at every season of the +"heavens when Shu cometh forth. And, moreover, she +"shall receive in abundance the choicest things of all +"that is good for her, even as do every man and +"every god who have been deified, and who go forth +"and who come in, and who journey unto every place +"as they please." + +Amen-Ra, the king of the gods, the great god, the +prince of that which hath come into being from the +beginning, saith : — + + + +CXCIV INTRODUCTION. + +"As concerning all good things which have been +"spoken in my presence, that is to say, 'Perform them +"for Pa-netchem, the son of Auset-em-khebit, my ser- +"vant, and for his wives, and his children, and his +"brethren, and his friends, and for those for whom +"his heart is afraid lest evil come upon them': be- +"hold, I will send forth my great and mighty and holy +"word into every place that it may cause every good +"thing to be with Pa-netchem, and his wives, and his +"children, and his brethren, and all his friends, in such +"wise that if any man shall omit to say, 'Let the de- +"cree of Amen-Ra, the king of the gods, the great +"god, the prince of that which hath come into be- +"ing from the beginning, be performed,' I myself will +"make that which the great god hath spoken to come +"to pass." + + + +A BOOK OF THE DEAD +OF THE GRAECO-ROMAN PERIOD. + +THE BOOK OF BREATHINGS. + +[From the Papyrus of Kerasher (Brit. Mus. No. 9,995, sheet 2).] + +I. Here beginneth the Book of Breathings. + +(1) "Hail, Osiris Kerasher, the son of Tashenatit! +"Thou art pure, and thy heart is pure. The fore- +"parts of thee are pure, (2) thy hind-parts are cleansed, +"and thy interior is made clean with bet incense and +"natron ; no member of thine hath any defect what- +"soever. The Osiris Kerasher, (3) the son of Tashen- +"atit, hath been cleansed by means of the waters of +"Sekhet-hetep (/. e., Field of Peace) which is situated +"to the north of Sekhet- Sanehem (i. e., Field of the +"Grasshoppers). (4) The goddesses Uatchit and Nekhe- +"bet make thee to be pure at the eighth hour of the +"night and at the [eighth] hour of the day. Come +"then, O Osiris (5) Kerasher, the son of Tashenatit, +"and enter into the Hall of Maati. Thou art pure +"from all offence and from (6) defect of every kind ; +'"Stone of Right and Truth' is thy name." + +m* + + + +CXCVI INTRODUCTION. + +"Hail, [Osiris] Kerasher, the son of Tashenatit, thou +"enterest the Tuat (/. e., underworld) (7) as one mighty +"in purity. Thou art purified by the two Maat god- +"desses in the Great Hall. A libation hath been made +"for thee in the Hall of Seb, and thy body hath been +"made pure (8) in the Hall of Shu. Thou lookest +"upon Ra when he setteth as Tem at eventide. Amen +"is nigh unto thee to give thee air, (9) and Ptah like- +wise to mould into form thy members, thou enterest +"the horizon along with Ra. They receive thy soul in +"the Neshem boat of Osiris, (10) they make thy soul +"divine in the House of Seb, and they make thee to +"be triumphant for ever and for ever." + +"[Hail] Osiris Kerasher, the son of Tashenatit, +"(11) thy name is made to endure, thy material +"body is stablished, and thy spiritual body is made +"to germinate ; thou art turned back neither in hea- +"ven nor upon earth. Thy face shineth before (12) +"Ra, thy soul liveth before Amen, and thy material +"body is renewed before Osiris. Thou breathest for +"ever and for ever, thy soul maketh offerings unto +"thee (i3) of cakes, and ale, and beasts, and feathered +"fowl, and cool water in the course of each day; +"thou comest, and it is triumphant. The flesh is upon +"thy bones, (14) and thy form is even as it was upon +"earth. Thou takest drink into thy body, thou eatest +"with thy mouth, and thou receivest bread along with +"the souls (15) of the gods. The god Anubis pro- +"tecteth thee, and he maketh himself thy protector; + + + +THE BOOK OF BREATHINGS. CXCVII + +"thou art not turned away from the gates of the Tuat +"(7. e., underworld). Thoth, the most mighty (16) god, +"the lord of Khemennu, cometh to thee, and he writ- +"eth for thee the Book of Breathings with his own fin- +"gers. [Then] doth thy soul breathe for (17) ever and +"ever, and thy form is made anew with life upon +"earth ; thou art made divine along- with the souls of +"the gods, thy heart is the heart of Ra, and thy mem- +"bers (19) are the members of the great god." + +"Hail, Osiris Kerasher, the son of Tashenatit, Amen +"is nigh unto thee (20) to make thee to live again. +"And the god Ap-uat (7. e., the Opener of the ways) +"hath opened up for thee a prosperous path. Thou +"seest with thine eyes, thou hearest with thine ears, +"thou speakest with thy mouth, (21) and thou walk- +"est with thy legs. Thy soul hath been made divine +"in the Tuat so that it may make every transforma- +"tion ; at thy will thou breath est with delight [the +"odours] of (22) the holy Persea tree of Annu (/. «\, +"Heliopolis). Thou wakest each day and seest the +"rays of Ra. Amen cometh to thee (23) having the +"breath of life, and he causeth thee to draw thy +"breath within thy funeral house. Thou appearest upon +"the earth each day, and the Book of Breathings +"of Thoth (24) is a protection unto thee, for thereby +"dost thou draw thy breath each day, and thereby +"do thine eyes behold the beams of the divine Disk. +"The goddess of Right and Truth maketh speech on +"thy behalf before Osiris, (25) and her writings are upon + + + +CXCVIII INTRODUCTION. + +"thy tongue. Horus the avenger of his father protecteth +"thy body, he maketh thy soul to be divine like those +"of all the gods. II. (i) The god Ra vivifieth thy soul, +"and the soul of Shu uniteth the passages of thy +"nostrils." + +"Hail, Osiris Kerasher, (2) the son of Tashenatit, +"thy soul draweth its breath in the place which thou +"lovest. Thou art even as Osiris. Osiris the Governor +"of those in Amentet is thy name. (3) The water flood +"of the prince cometh unto thee from Abu (Elephan- +tine), and it filleth thy table of offerings with tchcfau +"food." + +"[Hail] Osiris Kerasher, (4) the son of Tashenatit, +"the gods of the South and of the North come unto +"thee, and thou art led by them to the ends of the +"countries of (5) millions of years. Thy soul liveth, +"thou art in the following of Osiris, and thou draw- +"est thy breath in Re-stau ; the strength which pro- +"tecteth thee (6) is hidden in the lord of Setet and +"[in] the great god. Thy material body liveth in +"Tattu [and in] Nif-urtet, and thy soul liveth in hea- +"ven (7) each day." + +"[Hail] Osiris Kerasher, the son of Tashenatit, the +"goddess Sekhet hath gained the mastery over what +"is baleful to thee, Heru-aa-(8)abu protecteth thee, +"Heru-seshet-hra meiketh thy heart, and Heru-maati +"protecteth thy body", or as others say, (9) "thy tongue. +"Thou art stablished with life, and strength, and health, +"and thou art firmly seated upon thy throne in Ta- + + + +THE BOOK OF BREATHINGS. CXCIX + +"tchesertet. Come then, Osiris Kerasher (10), the son +"of Tashenatit, thou risest in thy form, thou art ar- +"rayed in thine ornaments, thou hast firm hold upon +"life, thou passest thy days (n) in health, thou jour- +"neyest hither and thither, and thou drawest tfiy +"breath in every place whatsoever. Ra riseth upon +"thine abode even as Osiris ; thou drawest thy breath, +"(12) and thou livest through his rays. Amen-Ra- +"Heru-khuti vivifieth thy ka {I. e., double), and he +"maketh thee to flourish by means of the Book of +"Breathings. Thou (i3) art in the following of Osiris- +"Horus, the lord of the Hennu Boat ; thou art like +"the great god at the head of the gods. Thy face +"liveth, O thou whose births are lovely ; thy name +"(14) blossometh each day. Thou goest into the most +"mighty and divine Hall in Tattu ; thou seest him +"that is head of those in Amentet duringf the Uka +"festival. The odour of thee (15) is sweet as that of +"the venerable ones [therein], and thy name is mag- +"nified like those of the divine spiritual bodies." + +"Hail, Osiris Kerasher, the son of (16) Tashenatit, +"thy soul liveth through the Book of Breathings, thou +"art united through the Book of Breathings, (17) thou +"enterest into the Tuat and hast no enemy therein. +"Thou art as a living soul in Tattu and thou hast +"thine heart, which hath not departed from thee. +"Thou hast (18) thine eyes, and they open daily." + +The gods who are in the train of Osiris speak unto +Osiris Kerasher, the son of Tashenatit, (19) saying: — + + + +C G ISTR OD UCTION. + +"Thou followest Ra and thou followest Osiris, and +"thy soul doth live for ever and ever." + +The gods who dwell in the Tuat (20) of Osiris, the +Governor of those in Amentet, speak unto Osiris Ker- +asher, the son of Tashenatit, saying: — + +"The gates of the Tuat are opened unto him, +"(21) let him shew himself in Neter-khertet. Verily, +"his soul shall live for ever, he shall build habitations +"for himself in (22) Neter-khertet, the god thereof +"shall shew favour unto his ka, and he shall receive +"the Book of Breathings, and verily he shall (20) +"draw his breath." + +"May Osiris, the Governor of those in Amentet, +"the great god, the lord of Abydos, grant a royal +"oblation ; may he give offerings of cakes, (24) and +"ale, and oxen, and wine, and aqet drink, and bread, +"and tchefau food, and all beautiful things to the ka +"of Osiris Kerasher, (25) the son of Tashenatit. Thy +"soul doth live, and thy material body doth germi- +"nate by the command of Ra himself ; thou shaft +"never perish and thou shalt never suffer diminution, +"III. (1) [but shalt be] like Ra for ever and for ever." + +"Hail, Usekh-nemtet, who comest forth from Annu, +"the Osiris Kerasher, the son of (2) Tashenatit, hath +"not committed sin." + +"Hail, Ur-at, who comest forth from Kher-aba, the +"Osiris Kerasher, the son of Tashenatit, (3) hath not +"done deeds of violence." + + + +THE BOOK OF BREATHINGS. CO + +"Hail, Fenti, (4) who comest forth from Khemennu, +"the Osiris Kerasher, the son of Tashenatit, (5) hath +"not committed slaughter (?). + +"Hail, Amam-maat, who comest forth from the two +"Qerti, the Osiris Kerasher (6), the son of Tashenatit, +"hath not plundered the possessions of the dead. + +"Hail, Neha-hra, (7) who comest forth from Re- +"stau, the Osiris Kerasher, the son of Tashenatit, (8) +"hath not inflicted injury. + +"Hail, Rereti, who comest forth from heaven, the +"Osiris (9) Kerasher, the son of Tashenatit, hath not +"committed sins of ... . of the heart. + +"Hail, Maati - em - khet, (10) who comest forth from +"Sekhem, the Osiris Kerasher, the son of Tashenatit, +"(11) hath not made revolt. + +"Hail, ye gods who are in the Tuat, hearken ye +"unto the voice of Osiris Kerasher, the (12) son of +"Tashenatit, and let him come before you, for there +"is neither any evil whatsoever, nor any sin what- +soever (i3) with him, and no accuser can stand [be- +fore him]. He liveth upon Maat, he feedeth upon +"Maat, and he hath satisfied (14) the heart of the +"gods by all that he hath done. He hath given food +"to the hungry, and water to the thirsty, and clothes +"(15) to the naked. He hath made offerings to the +"gods, and to the Khus, and no (16) report what- +soever hath been made against him before the gods. +"O come, let him enter the Tuat and not be repuls- + + + +CCII INTRODUCTION. + +"ed ; (17) come, let him follow Osiris with the gods +"of the Qerti. Let him be a favoured being among +"the favoured ones, (18) and let him be divine among +"the perfect ones. Come, let him live, come, let his +"soul live. Let his soul (19) be received in whatever +"place it pleaseth, and let him receive the Book of +"Breathings. (20) Come, let him draw breath with +"his soul in the Tuat, and let him perform (21) what- +soever transformations he will along with those who +"are in Amentet. Come, let his soul go into every +"place where it would be, and let it live upon earth +"for ever, and for ever, and for ever." + + + +A BOOK OF THE DEAD OF THE +ROMAN PERIOD. 1 + +(From British Museum Papyrus No. 10,112). + +"Hail, Hathor Takhert-p-uru-abt, triumphant, born +"of Thent-nubt, triumphant. Thy soul liveth in heaven +"before Ra, gifts are made unto thy ka before the +"gods, thy spiritual body is glorious among the Khus, +"thy name is stablished upon earth before Seb, and +"thy body shall endure permanently in the Neter- +"khert (underworld or grave). Thy house is in the +"possession of thy children and thy husband who +"weep as they follow thee when thou goest about +"therein with thy children ; and they are rewarded +"for what they have done for thy ka. [They have +"given thee] good and perfect burial, and they make +"offerings to thy ka at the west of Thebes in the +"sight of the folk of thy city and of the Lady of the +"Temples. The beautiful Amentet stretcheth out her +"hands to receive thee according to the decree of + +1. See Birch, P. S. B. A., Vol, VII., p. 49 ; and Lieblein, Que mon +nom fleurisse, p. 1. + + + +CCIV INTRODUCTION. + +"the Lady of Abydos. Thy tomb shall never be over- +"thrown, thy swathings shall never be torn in pieces, +"and thy body shall never be mutilated. The god +"Anubis hath received thee in the land of the Hall +"of Double Maat, and he hath made thee to be one +"of those favoured and perfect beings who are in the +"following of Seker. Thy soul flieth up on high to +"meet the soul of the gods, and it hovereth also over +"thy dead body which is in Akert. Thou journeyest +"about upon the earth, thou seest all that are there- +"in, thou observest all the affairs of thy house, and +"thou eatest bread, there having been performed by +"thee transformations which are like unto those of +"Baba. Thou goest to the city of Nif-urtet at the +"festival of the altars on the night of the festival of +"six, and at the festival of Anep. Thou goest into +"the citv of Nif-urtet at the festival of the little heat, +"and the festival of lifting up the sky. Thou goest +"into the city of Tattu on the festival of Ka-hra-ka, +"on the day when the Tet is set up. The breath of +"the wind hath made thy throat to breathe with Khensu +"and Shu, the mighty one, in Thebes ; and thou hast +"abundant offerings for thy ka every tenth day with +"the living image of Ra in Thebes. Thy life is for +"ever and ever, and thy sovereignty is for ever, and +"thou shalt endure for an endless number of periods +"of twice sixty years." + + + +THE BOOK OF THE DEAD. + + + +TRANSLATION. + + + +HYMNS INTRODUCTORY TO THE BOOK OF +THE DEAD, THE JUDGMENT, ETC. + +Hymn to Ra when he riseth. + +[From the Papyrus of Ani (Brit. Mus. No. 10,470, sheet 1).] + +Vignette : The scribe Ani standing, with hands raised in adoration, +before a table of offerings consisting of haunches of beef, loaves of bread, +and cakes, vases of wine and oil, fruits, and flowers. He wears a fringed +linen garment and has a wig, necklace, bracelets, etc. Behind him stands +his wife Thuthu, a member of the College of Amen-Ra at Thebes; she is +similarly robed and holds a sistrum, a vine branch, and a menat, or em- +blem of pleasure, in her hands. + +Text: (1) A Hymn of Praise to Ra when he riseth in +THE EASTERN PART OF HEAVEN. Behold Osiris, Ani the scribe +of the holy offerings of all the gods, (2) who saith : — + +"Homage to thee, O thou who hast come as Khepera, Khepera + +"the creator of the gods. Thou risest, thou shinest, (3) thou mak- + +"est light [in] thy mother [the goddess Nut] ; thou art crowned + +"king of the gods. [Thv] mother Nut doeth an act of ho- + +"mage unto thee with both her hands. (4) The land of Manu r + +"receiveth thee with satisfaction, and the goddess Maat em- + +"braceth thee both at morn and at eve. May he (/. the Nile) forth from his source ; the light +"shineth upon thy body and thou art the dweller in Nekhen. 2 +"(10) O grant thou unto me a path whereon I may pass in peace, +"for I am just and true ; I have not spoken lies wittingly, nor +"have I done aught with deceit." + +(9) "Homage to thee, O creator of the gods, thou King of the +"North and of the South, O Osiris, victorious one, ruler of the +"world in thy gracious seasons ; thou art the lord of the celes- +tial world. 3 (10) O grant thou unto me a path whereon I may +"pass in peace, for I am just and true ; I have not spoken lies +"wittingly, nor have I done aught with deceit." + + + +Hymn to Ra. + +[From the Papyrus of Ani (Brit. Mus. No. 10,470, sheet 20).] + +Text : (1) A Hymn of Praisf: to Ra when he riseth in + +1. /. c, "the place where nothing groweth", the name of a district in the +underworld. + +2. The name of the sanctuary of the goddess Nekhebet in Upper Egypt, the +Eileithyiapolis of the Greeks. + +3. I. c, the two lands Atcbui which were situated one on each side of the +celestial Nile. + + + +A HYMN TO THE RISING SUX. 37 + +THE EASTERN PART OK HEAVEN. Those who are in his train +(2) rejoice, and lo! Osiris Ani, victorious, saith : — + +"Hail, thou Disk, thou lord of rays, (4) who risest on the +"horizon day by day! Shine thou with thy beams of light upon +"the face of Osiris Ani, who is victorious ; for he singeth hymns +"of praise unto thee at (4) dawn, and he raaketh thee to set at +"eventide with words of adoration. May the soul of Osiris Ani, +"the triumphant one, come forth (5) with thee into heaven, may +"he go forth in the Matet boat. May he come into port in the +"Sektet boat, and may he cleave his path among the never (6) +"resting stars in the heavens." + +Osiris Ani, being in peace and in triumph, adoreth his lord, +(7) the lord of eternity, saying : "Homage to thee, O Heru-khuti +"(Harmachis), who art the god Khepera, the self-created ; when +"thou risest on the (8) horizon and sheddest thy beams of light +"upon the lands of the North and of the South, thou art beauti- +"ful, yea beautiful, and all the gods rejoice when thev behold +"thee, (9) the King of heaven. The goddess Nebt-Unnut is +"stablished upon thy head ; and her uraei of the South and of +"the North are upon thy brow; (10) she taketh up her place +"before thee. The god Thoth is stablished in the bows of thv +"boat to destroy utterly all thy foes. (11) Those who are in +"the Tuat (underworld) come forth to meet thee, and thev bow +"in homage as they come towards thee, to behold [thv] (12) +"beautiful Image. And I have come before thee that I may be +"with thee to behold thy Disk every day. May I not be shut up +"in [the tomb], may I not be (i3) turned back, may the limbs +"of my body be made new again when I view thy beauties, +"even as [are those of] all thy favoured ones, (14) because I am +"one of those who worshipped thee [whilst I lived] upon earth. +"May I come in unto the land of eternity, may I come even +"(15) unto the everlasting land, for behold, O my lord, this hast +"thou ordained for me." + +And lo, Osiris Ani triumphant in peace, the triumphant one, +saith : (16) "Homage to thee, O thou who risest in thy horizon +"as Ra, thou reposest upon law [which changeth not nor can it be + + + +38 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +"altered]. Thou passest over the sky, and every face watcheth +"thee (17) and thy course, for thou hast been hidden from their +"gaze. Thou dost shew thyself at dawn and at eventide day +"bv dav. (18) The Sektet boat, wherein is thy Majesty, goeth +"forth with might; thy beams [shine] upon [all] faces ; [the num- +"ber] of thv red and yellow rays cannot be known, nor can thy +"bright (19) beams be told. The lands of the gods, and the +"eastern lands of Punt 1 must be seen, ere that which is hidden +"(20) [in thee] may be measured. Alone and by thyself thou +"dost manifest thyself [when] thou comest into being above Nu +"(;'. e., the sky). May Ani (21) advance, even as thou dost ad- +"vance ; may he never cease [to go forward], even as thy Majesty +"eeaseth not [to go forward], even though it be for a moment ; +"for with strides dost thou (22) in one little moment pass over +"the spaces which would need hundreds of thousands and millions +"of vears [for man to pass over ; this] thou doest, and then +"dost thou sink to rest. Thou (23) puttest an end to the hours +"of the night, and thou dost count them, even thou ; thou endest +"them in thine own appointed season, and the earth becometh +"light. (24) Thou settest thyself before thy handiwork in the +"likeness of Ra ; thou risest in the horizon." + +Osiris, the scribe Ani, triumphant, declareth (25) his praise of +thee when thou shinest, and when thou risest at dawn he crieth +in his jov at thy birth : (26) "Thou art crowned with the ma- +"jestv of thv beauties ; thou mouldest thy limbs as thou dost +"advance, and thou bringest them forth without birth-pangs in +"the form of (27) Ra, as thou dost rise up into the upper air. +"Grant thou that I may come unto the heaven which is ever- +lasting, and unto the mountain where dwell thy favoured ones. +"Mav I be joined (28) unto those shining beings, holy and per- +'■fect, who are in the underworld ; and may I come forth with +"them to behold thy beauties when thou shinest (29) at even- +"tide and goest to thy mother Nu. Thou dost place thyself in +"the west, and my two hands are [raised] in adoration [of thee] +"(3o) when thou settest as a living being. Behold, thou art the +I. /. c, the land on each side of the Red Sea, and on the coast of Africa. + + + +A HYMN TO THE RISING SUN. 3 9 + +"maker of etcrnitv, and thou art adored [when] thou settest in the +"heavens. I have given my heart unto thee (3o) without wavering, +"O thou who art mightier than the gods." + +Osiris Ani, triumphant, saith : "A hymn of praise to thee, O +"thou who risest like unto gold, and who dost flood the world +"with light on the dav of thy birth. Thy mother giveth thee +"birth upon [her] hand, and thou dost give light unto the course +"of the Disk (33). O thou great Light, who shinest in the heavens, +"thou dost strengthen the generations of men with the Nile-flood, +"and thou dost cause gladness in all lands, and in all cities (34"), +"and in all the temples. Thou art glorious by reason of thy +"splendours, and thou makest strong thy ka (2. e., Double) with +"hit and t chef a 11 foods. O thou who art the mighty one of vic- +"tories, (35) thou who art the Power of [all] Powers, who dost +"make strong thv throne against evil fiends ; who art glorious +"in majesty in the Sektet boat, and who art exceeding mighty +"(36) in the Atet boat, make thou glorious Osiris Ani with vic- +"tory in the underworld ; grant thou that in the netherworld he +"may be (37) without evil. I pray thee to put away [his] faults +"behind thee : grant thou that he may be one of thy venerable +"servants (38) who are with the shining ones ; may he be joined +"unto the souls which are in Ta-tchesertet ; and may he journey +"into the Sekhet-Aaru (3g) by a prosperous and happy decree, +"he the Osiris, the scribe, Ani, triumphant." + +And the god saith : — + +(40) "Thou shalt come forth into heaven, thou shalt pass over +"the skv, thou shalt be joined into the starry deities. Praises +"shall be offered (41) unto thee in thy boat, thou shalt be hymned +"in the Atet boat, (42) thou shalt behold Ra within his shrine, +"thou shalt set together with his Disk day by day, thou shalt see +"(43) the Ant fish when it springeth into being in the waters of +"turquoise, and thou shalt see (44) the Abtu fish in his hour. +"It shall come to pass that the Evil One shall fall when he layeth +"a snare to destrov thee, (45) and the joints of his neck and of +"his back shall be hacked asunder. Ra [saileth] with a fair wind, +"and the Sektet boat draweth on (46) and cometh into port. The + + + +40 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +"mariners of Ra rejoice, and the heart of Nebt-ankh I is glad, (47) +"for the enemy of her lord hath fallen to the ground. Thou +"shalt behold Horus on the standing-place of the pilot of the +"boat, and Thoth and Maat shall stand one upon each side of +"him. (48) All the gods shall rejoice when they behold Ra coming +"in peace (49) to make the hearts of the shining ones to live, +"and Osiris Ani, victorious, the scribe of the divine offerings of +"the lords of Thebes, shall be along with them!" + + + +A Hymn to the Setting Sun. + +[From the Papyrus of Mut-hctcp (Brit. Mus. No. 10,010, sheet 5).] +Vignette : In this papyrus this Chapter is without a vignette. + +Text : I. (1) [Another Chapter of] the mystery of the + +TUAT (UNDERWORLD) AND OF PASSING THROUGH THE UNSEEN +NETHERWORLD, and of seeing the Disk when he setteth in Amen- +tet, [when] he is adored by the gods and by the Khus in the +underworld, and [when] the Soul (2) which dwelleth in Ra is +made perfect. He is made mighty before Tern ; he is made great +before Osiris ; he setteth his terror before the company of the +gods who are the guides of the netherworld ; he maketh long(?) +his steps and he maketh his face to enter (?) [with that of] the +great god. Now every Khu, for whom these words shall have +been said, shall come forth by day in anv form which he is +pleased to take ; (4) he shall gain power among the gods of the +Tuat (underworld), and they shall recognize him as one of them- +selves ; and he shall enter in at the hidden gate with power. +The lady (5) Mut-hetep, victorious, singeth hvmns of praise +to thee, [saying] : "O Ra-Tem, in thy splendid progress thou +"risest, and thou settest as a living being in the glories (6) of +"the western horizon; thou settest in thy territory which is in +"Manu. 2 Thy uraeus is behind thee, thy uraeus is behind thee. +"Homage to thee, O thou who art in peace, homage to thee, O + +1. /. e., "Lady of life", a name of Isis. + +2. /. c, the mountain of the sunset. + + + +A HYMN TO THE SETTING SUN. 41 + +"thou who art in peace. Thou art joined unto the Eye of Tern, +"and it chooseth (7) its powers of protection [to place] behind +"thy members. Thou goest forth through heaven, thou travellest +"over the earth, and thou journeyest onward. O Luminarv, +"the northern and southern halves of heaven come to thee and +"they bow low in adoration, (8) and they pay homage unto thee, +"day by day. The gods of Amentet rejoice in thy beauties and +"the unseen places sing hymns of praise unto thee. Those who +"dwell in the Sektet boat (9) go round about thee, and the +"Souls of the East pay homage to thee, and when they meet thy +"Majesty they cry : 'Come, come in peace !' There is a shout +"of welcome to thee (10), O lord of heaven and governor of +"Amentet! Thou art acknowledged by Isis who sceth her son +"in thee, the lord of fear, the mighty one of terror. Thou settest +"as a living being (11) in the hidden place. Thy father [Ta-] +"tunen raiseth thee up and he placeth both his hands behind +"thee ; thou becomest endowed with divine attributes in [thv] +"members of earth ; thou wakest in peace and thou settest (12) +"in Manu. 1 Grant thou that I may become a being honoured +"before Osiris, and that I may come to thee, O Ra-Tem! I have +"adored thee, therefore do thou for me that which I wish. Grant +"thou (i3) that I may be victorious in the presence of the company +"of the gods. Thou art beautiful, O Ra, in thy western horizon +"of Amentet, thou lord of Maat, thou mighty one of fear, thou +"whose attributes are majestic, O thou who art greatly (14) be- +"loved by those who dwell in theTuat (underworld); thou shinest +"with thy beams upon the beings that are therein perpetually, +"and thou sendest forth thy light upon the path of Re-stau. Thou +"openest up the path of the double Lion-god, thou settest the +"(15) gods upon [their] thrones, and the Khus in their abiding +"places. The heart of Naarerf 2 is glad [when] Ra setteth, the +"heart of Naarerf is glad when Ra setteth." + +"Hail, O ye gods of the land of Amentet who make offerings +"and oblations unto (16) Ra-Tem, ascribe ye glory [unto him + +1. /. e, the mountain of the sunset. + +2. /. e , An-nit-f, the place where nothing groweth. + + + +42 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +"when] ye meet him. Grasp ye your weapons and overthrow ye +"the fiend Seba on behalf of Ra, and (17) repulse the fiend Ncbt +"on behalf of Osiris. The gods of the land of Amentet rejoice +"and lav hold upon the cords of the Sektet boat, and they come +"in peace ; (18) the gods of the hidden place who dwell in +"Amentet triumph." + +"Hail, Thoth, who didst make Osiris to triumph over his +"enemies, make thou Mut-hetep, victorious, to triumph over her +"enemies (19) in the presence of the great divine sovereign chiefs +"who live with Osiris, the lord of life. The great god who dwell- +"eth in his Disk cometh forth, that is, Horus the avenger of his +"father, Unnefer-Ra. (20) Osiris setteth, and the A7iz/[s] who are +"in the Tuat (underworld) say : Homage to thee, O thou who +"comest as Tem, and who comest into being as the creator of +"the gods. Homage to thee, O thou who comest as the holy +"Soul of souls, who dwellest in the horizon. Homage to thee +"who art more glorious than [all] the gods and who illuminest +"the Tuat with thine Eye. Homage to thee who sailest in thy +"glory and who goest round about in thy Disk." + +II. The following variant of the above hymn is translated from +the text in the Papyrus of Nekhtu-Amen (Naville, Todtenbuch, +Bd. n. p. 23). + +Another Chapter of the mystery of the Teat (under- +world) and of traversing the unseen places of the + +UNDERWORLD, of seeing the Disk when he setteth in Amentet, +[when] he is adored by the gods and by the Khus of the Tuat +(underworld), and [when] the divine Khu which dwelleth within +Ra is made perfect. He setteth his might before Ra, he setteth +his power before Tem, [he setteth his strength] before Khenti- +Amentet, and he setteth his terror before the company of the +gods. The Osiris of the gods goeth as leader through the Tuat +(underworld), he crasheth through mountains, he bursteth through +rocks, he maketh glad (?) the heart of every Khu. This com- +position shall be recited by the deceased when he cometh forth +and when he goeth in with the gods, among whom he findeth +no opposition ; then shall he come forth by day in all the + + + +HYMN TO RA-TEM. + -> + +manifold and exceedingly numerous forms which he may be +pleased to take. [The Osiris saith : — ] + +"A hymn of praise to Ra at eventide [when] he setteth as a +"living being in Baakha. 1 The great god who dwelleth in his +"Disk riseth in his two eyes 2 and all the Khus of the under- +"world receive him in his horizon of Amentet ; they shout praises +"unto Heru-khuti (Harmachis) in his form of Tern, and they sing +"hymns of jov to Ra when they have received him at the head +"of his beautiful path of Amentet." + +He (7. 5)het-Anes, Ubes-hra-per-em-khet-khet, and (106) +Maa-em-kerh-an-nef-em-hru. The chief of the sovereign princes +(107) who are in Na-arut-f is Horus, the avenger of his father. + +As concerning (108) the day [upon which was said], "Come +therefore thither," it referreth to the words, "Come (109) then +thither," which Ra spake unto Osiris. Lo, may this be said unto +me in Amentet! + +"I am the divine Soul which dwelleth in ,the two divine +7'chafi". (1 10) + +1. The Nebseni Papyrus is the authority for these words. + + + +54 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +What then is this? + +It is Osiris [when] he goeth into Tattu (in) and findeth there + +the Soul of Ra ; there the one god embraceth (112) the other, + +and divine souls spring into being within the two divine Tchafi. + +[The following lines are from the Papyrus of Nebseni (Brit. Mus. No. 9,900, + +sheet 14, 1. 16 ff.).] + +(16) As concerning the two divine Tchafi they are Heru-netch- +hra-tef-f (17) and Heru-khent-an-maati ; or (as others say), the +double divine Soul which dwelleth in the two divine Tchafi is +the Soul of Ra and the Soul of Osiris ; [or (as others say),] It is +the Soul (18) which dwelleth in Shu, [and] the Soul which +dwelleth in Tefnut, and these are the double divine Soul which +dwelleth in Tattu. + +"I am the Cat which fought (?) hard by the Persea tree (19) +"in Annu (Heliopolis), on the night when the foes of Neb-er-tcher +"were destroyed." + +Who then is this? + +The male Cat is Ra (20) himself, and he is called 'Mau' by +reason of the speech of the god Sa, [who said] concerning him : +"He is like (man) unto that which he hath made"; thus his name +became 'Maau' ; r or (as others say), it is the god (21) Shu who +maketh over the possessions of Seb to Osiris. + +As concerning the fight (?) hard by the Persea tree in Annu, +it concerneth the children of impotent revolt when (22) justice +is wrought on them for what they have done. + +As concerning the night of the battle [these words refer to] the +inroad [of the children of impotent revolt] into the eastern part +of heaven, whereupon there arose a battle in heaven and in all +the earth. + +"O thou who art in thine egg (23) (7. e., Ra), who shinest +"from thy Disk and risest in thy horizon, and dost shine like +"gold above the sky, like unto whom there is none among the +"gods, who sailest over the pillars (24) of Shu (;'. e., in the ether), +"who givest blasts of fire from thy mouth, [who makest the two +"lands bright with thy radiance, deliver] thou the pious Nebseni + +1. This is a very ancient pun on the words man "cat" and mau "like". + + + +THE CHAPTER OF PRAISING AND GLORIFYING, 55 + +"from the god (25) whose form is hidden, whose eyebrows are +"like unto the two arms of the Balance on the night of reckoning +"destruction." + +Who then is this? + +It is An-a-f (;'. e., the god who bringeth his arm). (26) + +As concerning "the night of reckoning destruction"', it is the +night of the burning of the damned, and of the overthrow of +wicked at the block, (27) and of the slaughter of souls. + +Who then is this? + +It is Nemu, the headsman of Osiris, or (as others say), It is +Apep when he riseth up with one head bearing Maat (/. e., right +and truth) [upon it] ; (28) or (as others say), It is Horus when +he riseth up with a double head, whereof the one beareth right +and truth and the other wickedness. (29) He bestoweth wicked- +ness on him that worketh wickedness, and right and truth upon +him that followeth righteousness and truth ; or (as others sav), +It is Horus the Great who (3o) dwelleth in Sekhem (Lctopolis) ; +or (as others say), It is Thoth ; or (as others say), It is Nefer- +Tem ; [or (as others say),] It is Sept who doth thwart the acts +of the foes of Neb-er-tcher. + +"Deliver thou the scribe Nebseni, victorious, from the Watchers +"who bear slaughtering knives, and who have cruel fingers, and +"who slav those who are in the following of Osiris. (3i) Mav +"they never gain the mastery over me, may I never fall under +"their knives." + +What then is this? + +It is Anubis, and it is Horus in the form of Khent-(32)an- +maati ; or (as others say), It is the sovereign princes who thwart +the works of their weapons ; or (as others say), It is the chiefs +of the Sheniu chamber. + +"May (33) their knives never gain the mastery over me, mav +"I never fall under their instruments of cruelty, for (34) I know +"their names, and I know the being Matchet who is among them +"in the House of Osiris, shooting rays of light from [his] eye, but +"who himself is unseen. (35) He goeth round about heaven robed +"in the flame of his mouth, commanding Hapi, but remaining + + + +56 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +"himself unseen. May I be strong upon earth before Ra, may +"I come happily into haven (36) in the presence of Osiris. +"Let not your offerings be wanting to me, O ye who preside +"over your altars, for I am among those who follow after Neb- +"er-tcher according to the writings (37) of Khepera. I fly as a +"hawk, I cackle as a goose ; I ever slay, even as the serpent-god- +"dess Neheb-ka." + +What then is this? (38) + +Those who preside over their altars are the similitude of the +Eye of Ra and the similitude of the Eye of Horus. + +"O Ra- (3g) Tem, thou lord of the Great House, 1 thou Sove- +reign (Life, Strength and Health!) of all the gods, deliver thou +"the scribe Nebseni, victorious, from the god whose face (40) is +"like unto that of a greyhound, whose brows are as those of a +"man and who feedeth upon the dead, who watcheth at the +"Bight of the Lake (41) of Fire, and who devoureth the bodies +"of the dead and swalloweth hearts, and who shooteth forth +"filth, but he himself remaineth unseen." + +Who then is (42) this? + +"Devourer for millions of years" is his name, and he liveth +in the Aat. 2 As concerning the Aat, it is that which is in An- +rut-f, hard by (43) the Sheniu chamber. The unclean man who +would walk thereover doth fall down among the knives ; or (as +others say), His name is "Mates", 3 (44) and he is the Watcher +of the door of Amentet ; or (as others say), His name is "Beba" +and it is he who watcheth the Bight of Amentet ; or (as others +say), "Heri-sep-f" is his name. + +"Hail, Lord of terror, chief of the lands of the North and +"South, thou lord of the red glow (or red lands), (45) who +"preparest the slaughter-block, and who dost feed upon the in- +"ward parts!" + +Who then is this? + +The guardian of the Bight of Amentet. (46) + +1. /. e., the great temple of Ra in Heliopolis. + +2. Var. "and he dwelleth in the Lake of Unt." + +3. /. e., "he who hath the knife." + + + +THE CHAPTER OF PRAISING AND GLORIFYING. 57 + +What then is this? + +It is the heart of Osiris, which is the devourer of all slaughtered +things. The Ureret crown hath been given unto him with glad- +ness of heart as lord of Suten-henen (Heracleopolis Magna). + +What then (47) is this? + +He to whom hath been given the Ureret crown with gladness +of heart as lord of Suten-henen is Osiris. He was bidden to rule +among the gods on the day of the union of earth (48) in the +presence of Neb-er-tcher. + +What then is this? + +He that was bidden to rule among the gods is [Horus] the +son of Isis, who was appointed to rule in the place of his father +(49) Osiris. As concerning the "day of the union of earth with +earth", it is the mingling of earth with earth in the coffin of +Osiris, the Soul that liveth in Suten-henen, the giver of meat +and drink, the destroyer of wrong, and the guide of the ever- +lasting paths. + +Who then is this? + +It is Ra himself. + +"Deliver thou the Osiris Nebseni, victorious," + +[The following lines are from the Papyrus of Ani (Brit. Mus. No. 10,470, + +sheet 10, 1. 7 ff.).] + +"(11 3) from the great god who carrieth away the soul, who eateth +"hearts, and who feedeth upon (114) offal, the guardian of the +"darkness, the dweller in the Seker boat ; those who live in +"crime [115] fear him." + +Who then is this? + +It is Suti, or (as others say), It is Smam-ur, (116) the soul +of Seb. + +"Hail, Khepera in thy boat, the two-fold company of the gods +"is thy body! Deliver thou Osiris (117) Ani, victorious, from the +"Watchers who give judgment, who have been appointed by the +"god Neb-er-tcher (118) to protect him and to fasten the fet- +"ters on his foes, and who slaughter in the (119) shambles; +"there is no escape from their grasp. May they never stab me +"with their knives, (120) may I never fall helpless into their + + + +58 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +"chambers of torture. (121) Never have the things which the gods +"hate been done by me, for I am pure within the Mesqet. (122) +"Cakes of saffron have been brought unto him in Tanenet." + +Who then is this? (123) + +It is Khepera in his boat. It is Ra himself. As concerning +the Watchers (124) who give judgment, they are the apes Isis +and Nephthys. As concerning the things which are abominated +by the gods they are wickedness (125) and falsehood ; and he +who passeth through the place of purification within the Mesqet +is Anpu (Anubis), who is behind the chest (126) which con- +taineth the inward parts of Osiris. He to whom saffron cakes +have been brought (127) in Tanenet is Osiris ; or (as others say), +The saffron cakes (128) in Tanenet are heaven and earth ; or +(as others say), They are Shu, strengthener of the two lands +in (129) Suten-henen (Heracleopolis Magna). The saffron cakes +are the Eve of Horus ; and Tanenet (i3o) is the burial-place +of Osiris. Tem hath built thy house, and the double Lion-god +hath founded thy habitation ; (i3i) lo! drugs are brought, and +Horus purineth and Set strengtheneth, and Set purifieth and Horus +strengtheneth. (i32) + +"The Osiris, the scribe Ani, victorious before Osiris, hath come +"into the land, and he hath taken possession thereof with his +"two feet. He is Tem, and he is in the city." + +(i33) "Turn thou back, O Rehu, whose mouth shineth, whose +"head moveth, turn thou back from before his strength", or (as +others say), "Turn thou back from him who keepeth (134) watch +"and is unseen." "The Osiris Ani is safely guarded. He is Isis, +"and he is found (135) with [her] hair spread over him, I shake +"it out over his brow. He was conceived in Isis and begotten +"(i36) in Nephthys ; and they cut off from him the things which +"should be cut off." + +"Fear followeth after thee, terror is upon (137) thine arms. +"Thou hast been embraced for millions of years by the arms +"[of the nations] ; mortals go round about thee. Thou smitest +"down the mediators (i38) of thy foes, and thou seizest the arms +"of the powers of darkness. The two sisters (;'. e., Isis and Nephthys) + + + +ADORATION OF THE GODS OF CITIES. 59 + +"are given to thee for thy delight. (i3g) Thou hast created that +"which is in Kher-aba and that which is in Annu (Heliopolis). +"Every god feareth thee, for thou art exceeding great and terrible : +"thou [avengest] every (140) god on the man that curseth him, + +"and thou shootest out arrows Thou livest according to + +"thy will ; thou art Uatchet, the Lady of Flame. Evil cometh +"(141) among those who set themselves up against thee." + +What then is this? + +"Hidden in form, granted of (142) Menhu", is the name of +the tomb. "He seeth what is on his hand" is the name of Qerau ; +or (as others say), (143) the name of the block. + +Now he whose mouth shineth and whose head moveth is the +member of Osiris, or (as others say) (144) of Ra. "Thou spreadest +thy hair and I shake it out over his brow" is spoken concerning +Isis, who hideth in her hair (145) and draweth her hair over +her. Uatchet, the Lady of Flames, is the Eye of Ra. + + + +Chapter XVIII. — Introduction. + +[From the Papyrus of Ani (Brit. Mus. No. 10,470, sheet 12).] + +Vignette : (Upper register) : The priest An-maut-f , who wears a leo- +pard's skin, and has on the right side of his head the lock of hair of +Heru-pa-khrat (Harpocrates), introducing Ani and his wife to the gods. + +I. Text : [The Speech of Sa-mer-f] (1) "I have come unto +"you, O great and godlike sovereign rulers who dwell in heaven, +"and in earth, and (2) in the underworld, and I have brought +"unto you Osiris Ani. He hath not sinned against any of the +"gods. Grant ye that he may be with you for all time." + +II. Ami's Speech : — + +(1) The adoration of Osiris, the lord of Re-stau, and +of the great company of the gods who dwell in the +underworld, by Osiris the scribe Ani (2) who saith : — + +"Homage to thee, O thou ruler of Amentet, Un-nefer in Abtu +"(Abydos)! I have come unto thee, and my heart holdeth right + + + +60 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +"and truth. There is no (3) sin in my body ; nor have I lied +"wittingly, nor have I done aught with a false heart. Grant thou +"to me food in the tomb, (4) and that I may come forth into +"[thv] presence at the altar of the lords of right and truth, and +"that I may enter into and come forth from the underworld, +"and that my soul be not turned back, and that I may behold +"the face of the Sun, and that I may behold the (5) Moon for +"ever and for ever." + +Vignette : (Lower register : The priest Sa-mer-f, who wears a leopard's + +skin, and has on the right side of his head the lock of hair of Heru-pa- + +khrat (Harpocrates), introducing Ani and his wife to the gods. + +III. Text : [The Speech of Sa-mer-f] "I have come unto you, +"O sovereign princes who dwell in Re-stau, and I have brought +"unto you Osiris (2) Ani. Grant ye [to him], as to the followers +"of Horus, cakes, and water, and air, and a homestead in Sekhet- +"hetep." + +Ani's Speech :— + +IV. (1) The adoration of Osiris, lord of everlasting- + +NESS, AND OF THE SOVEREIGN PRINCES, THE LORDS OF RE- + +stau, by Osiris, [the scribe Ani], (2) who saith :■— + +"Homage to thee, O king of the underworld, thou governor +"of Akert, I have come unto thee. I know thy ways, (3) and +"I am furnished with the forms which thou takest in the under - +"world. Grant thou to me a place in the underworld near unto +"the lords of (4) right and truth. May my homestead be abiding +"in Sekhet-hetep, and may I receive cakes in thy presence." + + + +Chapter XVIII. + +[From the Papyrus of Nebseni (Brit. Mus. No. 9,900, sheet 15); and from the +Papyrus of Ani (Brit. Mus. No. 10,470, sheets l3 — 14).] + +Vignettes : A pylon surmounted by feathers typical of Maat and by + +uraei wearing disks, and a pylon surmounted by Anpu (Anubis) or + +Ap-uat, and by an Utchat. + + + +ADORATION OF THE GODS OF CITIES. 6 1 + +Text : (i) "Hail, Thoth, who madest Osiris victorious (2) over +"his enemies, make thou the scribe Nebseni to be victorious over +"his enemies, as thou didst make Osiris victorious over his +"enemies in the presence of the (3) sovereign princes who are +"with Ra and Osiris in Annu (Heliopolis), on the night of the +"'things of the night', and on the night of the battle, (4) and +"on the night of the shackling of the Sebdu fiends, and on the +"day of the destruction of Neb-er-tcher." + +A. Vignette : The gods Tem, Shu, Tefnut, Osiris, and Thoth. + +Text : (1) The great sovereign princes in Annu are Tem, Shu, +Tefnut, [Osiris, and Thoth], (2) and the 'shackling of the Sebdu +fiends' signifieth the destruction of the fiends of Set when a +second time (3) he worketh evil. + +"Hail, Thoth, who madest Osiris victorious over his enemies, +"make thou the Osiris (4) Ani to be victorious over his enemies +"in the presence of the great and sovereign princes who are in +"Tattu, on the night of making the '}'e f to stand up in Tattu. + +B. Vignette : The gods Osiris, Isis, Nephthys, and Horus. + +Text : (1) The great sovereign princes in Tattu are Osiris, +Isis, Nephthys, and Heru-netch-hra-tef. 1 Now the [night of] of +making the Tet to stand up (2) in Tattu signifieth [the lifting +up of] the arm and shoulder of Horus who dwelleth in Sekhem +(Letopolis) ; and these gods stand behind Osiris [to protect him] +even as do the swathings which clothe him (3). + +"Hail, Thoth, who madest Osiris victorious over his enemies, +"make thou Osiris Ani triumphant over his enemies in the pre- +sence of (4) the sovereign princes who are in Sekhem (Leto- +"polis), on the night of the 'things of the night [festival] in +"Sekhem'." + +C. Vignette : The gods Osiris and Horus, the two Utchats upon pylons, +and the god Thoth. + +Text : (1) The great sovereign princes who are in Sekhem are +Heru-khenti-an-maati, 2 and Thoth who is with the sovereign + +1. /. e., "Horus, the avenger of his father." + +2. /. e., "Horus dwelling without eyes." + + + +62 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +princes in Narerut-f 1 (2). Now the night of the "things of the +night [festival] in Sekhem" signifieth the light of the rising sun +on the coffin of Osiris. + +"Hail, Thoth, who madest Osiris victorious (3) over his +"enemies, make thou the Osiris Ani triumphant over his enemies +"in the presence of the great sovereign princes who are in Pet +"and in Tept, 2 on the (4) night of setting up the columns of +"Horus, and of making him to be established as heir of the +"things which belonged to his father Osiris." + +D. Vignette : The gods Horus, Isis, Mestha, and Nephthys. + +Text : (1) The great sovereign princes who are in Pet and +Tept are Horus, Isis, Mestha, and Hapi. Now "setting up the +columns of (2) Horus" signifieth the command given by Set +unto his followers : "Set up columns upon it." + +"Hail, Thoth, who madest Osiris victorious over (3) his ene- +"mies, make thou the Osiris Ani, triumphant in peace, victorious +"over his enemies in the presence of the great sovereign princes +"who are in the lands of Rekhti, (?) on the (4) night when Isis +"lay down to keep watch in order to make lamentation for her +"brother Osiris." +E. Vignette : The gods Isis, Horus, Anpu (Anubis), Mestha, and Thoth. + +Text : (1) The great sovereign princes who are in the lands +of Rekhti (?) arc Isis, Horus [,Anubis], Mestha, [and Thoth]. + +"Hail, Thoth, who madest Osiris victorious (2) over his ene- +"mies, make thou Osiris, the scribe Ani, triumphant in peace, +"to be victorious over his enemies in the presence of the great +"sovereign princes (3) who are in Abtu (Abydos), on the night +"of the god Haker, at the separation of the wicked dead, at the +"judgment (4) of the Khus, and at the rising up of joy in Teni +"(This). + +F. Vignette : The gods Osiris, Isis, and Ap-uat, and the Tet. + +Text : (1) The great sovereign princes who are in Abtu are +Osiris, Isis, and Ap-uat. + +1. /. e., An-rut-f. + +2. Pet and Tept were the two halves of the city Per-Uatchet, or the metro- +polis of the XlXth nome of Lower Egypt. + + + +ADORATION OF THE GODS OF CITIES. 63 + +" "Hail, Thoth, who madest Osiris victorious (2) over his ene- +"mies, make thou Osiris Ani, the scribe and teller of the sacred +"offerings of all the gods, (3) to be victorious over his enemies +"in the presence of the sovereign princes who judge the dead, +"on the night (4) of the carrying out of the sentence upon those +"who are to die." + +G. Vignette : The gods Thoth, Osiris, Anpu (Anubis), and Astennu. + +Text : (1) The great sovereign princes in the judgment of the +dead are Thoth, Osiris, Anubis, and Astennu. (2) Now the "carry- +ing out of the sentence upon those who are to die" is the with- +holding of that which is so needful to the souls of the children +of impotent revolt. + +"Hail, (3) Thoth, who madest Osiris victorious over his ene- +"mies, make thou Osiris, the scribe Ani, to be victorious over +"his enemies in the presence of the great (4) sovereign princes, +"on the festival of the breaking and turning up of the earth in +"Tattu, on the night of the breaking and turning up of the +"earth in their blood, and of making Osiris to be victorious +"over his enemies." + +H. Vignette : The three gods of the festival of breaking up the earth + +in Tattu. + +Text : (1) When the fiends of Set come and change them- +selves into beasts, the great sovereign princes, on the festival of +the breaking and turning up of the earth in Tattu, (2) slay them +in the presence of the gods therein, and their blood floweth +among them as they are smitten down. (3) These things are +allowed to be done by them by the judgment of those who are +in Tattu. + +"Hail, Thoth, who madest Osiris to triumph over his enemies, +"make thou the Osiris Ani (4) to be victorious over his enemies +"in the presence of the great sovereign princes who are in Na- +"arerut-f, 1 on the night of him who concealeth himself in divers +"forms, even Osiris." + +1. /. e., An-rut-f. + + + +64 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +I. Vignette : The gods Ra, Osiris, Shu, and Bcbi, who is dog-headed. + +Text : (1) The great sovereign princes who are in Na-arerut-f +are Ra, Osiris, Shu, and Bebi. Now the "night of him who +(2) concealeth himself in divers forms, even Osiris", is when the +the thigh, [and the head] and the heel, and the leg, are brought +nigh unto the coffin of Osiris Un-nefer. + +"Hail, Thoth, who madest Osiris (3) to triumph over his ene- +"mies, make thou Osiris Ani to be victorious over his enemies +"in the presence of the great sovereign princes in (4) Re-stau, +"on the night when Anubis lay with his arms and his hands over +"the things behind Osiris, and when Horus was made to triumph +"over his enemies." + +J. Vignette : The gods Horus, Osiris, Isis, and x + +Text : (1) The great sovereign princes in Re-stau are Horus, +Osiris, and Isis. The heart of Osiris rejoiceth, and the heart of +(2) Horus ; and therefore are the northern and southern parts +of heaven at peace. + +"Hail, Thoth, who madest Osiris victorious over his enemies, +"make thou (3) Osiris Ani, the scribe and teller of the divine +"offerings of all the gods, to triumph over his enemies in the +"presence of the ten companies of great (4) sovereign princes +"who are with Ra, and with Osiris, and with every god and +"goddess in the presence of Neb-er-tcher. He hath destroyed +"his enemies, and (5) he hath destroyed every evil thing be- +"longing unto him." + +Rubric : this chapter being recited, the deceased shall come + +FORTH BY DAY, PURIFIED AFTER DEATH, (6) AND [HE SHALL MAKE ALL] +THE" TRANSFORMATIONS WHICH HIS HEART SHALL DICTATE. NOW, IF +THIS CHAPTER BE RECITED OVER HIM, HE SHALL COME FORTH UPON +EARTH, HE SHALL ESCAPE FROM EVERY FIRE ; AND NONE OF THE FOUL +THINGS WHICH APPERTAIN UNTO HIM SHALL ENCOMPASS HIM FOR ETER- +NITY OR FOR EVER AND EVER. + +I. The artist seems to have painted one god too many. + + + +THE CHAPTER OF THE CHAPLET OF VICTORY. 65 + +Chapter XIX. + +[From Lepsius, Todtenbuch, Bl. i3.] +Vignette : This Chapter is without a vignette. + +Text : The Chapter of the Chapi.et of Victory, (i) + +Osiris Auf-ankh, victorious, born of Sheret-Amsu, victorious, +saith : — + +"Thy father Tern hath woven for thee a beautiful chaplet of +"victory [to be placed] on [thy] living brow, O thou who lovest +"the gods, (2) and thou shalt live for ever. Osiris-khent-Amentet 1 +"hath made thee to triumph over thine enemies, and thy father +"Seb hath decreed for thee all his inheritance. Come, therefore, +"O Horus, son of Isis, for thou, O son of Osiris, sittest upon +"the throne of thy (3) father Ra to overthrow thine enemies, +"for he hath ordained for thee the two lands to their utmost +"limits. Atem hath [also] ordained this, and the company of the +"gods hath confirmed the splendid power of the victory of Horus +"the son of Isis and the son of Osiris for ever and (4) for ever. +"And Osiris Auf-ankh shall be victorious for ever and ever. O +"Osiris-khent-Amentet, the whole of the northern and southern +"parts of the heavens, and every god and every goddess, who are +"in heaven and who are upon earth [will] the victory of Horus, +"the son of Isis and the son of Osiris, over his enemies in the +"presence of (5) Osiris-khent-Amentet who will make Osiris +"Auf-ankh, victorious, to triumph over his enemies in the pre- +sence of Osiris-khent-Amentet, Un-nefer, the son of Nut, on +"the day of making him to triumph over Set and his fiends (6) +"in the presence of the great sovereign chiefs who are in Annu +"(Heliopolis) ; on the night of the battle and overthrow of the +"Seba-fiend in the presence of the great sovereign princes who +"are in Abtu ; on the night of making Osiris to triumph over +"his enemies (7) make thou Osiris Auf-ankh, triumphant, to + +1. /. e., "Osiris, Governor of Amentet." + + + +66 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +"triumph over his enemies in the presence of the great sovereign +"princes, who are in the horizon of Amentet ; on the day of the +"festival of Haker in the presence of the great sovereign princes +"who are in Tattu 5 on the night (8) of the setting up of the +"Tet in Tattu in the presence of the great sovereign princes +"who are in the ways of the damned ; on the night of the +"judgment of those who shall be annihilated in the presence of +"the great sovereign princes who are in Sekhem (Letopolis) ; +"(9) on the night of the 'things of the altars in Sekhem' in the +"presence of the great sovereign princes who are in Pe and Tept ; +"on the night of the stablishing of the inheriting by Horus of +"the things of his father Osiris in the presence of the great +"sovereign princes (10) who are at the great festival of the +"ploughing and turning up of the earth in Tattu, or (as others +"sav), [in] Abtu ; on the night of the weighing of words," or +(as others say), "weighing of locks in the presence of the great +"sovereign princes who are in An-rut-f on its place ; on the +"night when Horus receiveth the birth-chamber of the gods (11) +"in the presence of the great sovereign princes who are in the +"lands of Rekhti (?) ; on the night when Isis lieth down to +"watch [and] to make lamentation for her brother in the pre- +sence of the great sovereign princes who are in Re-stau ; on +"the night of making Osiris to triumph over all his enemies" (12). +"Horus repeated [these] words four times, and all his enemies +"fell headlong and were overthrown and were cut to pieces ; and +"Osiris Auf-ankh, triumphant, repeated [these] words four times, +"therefore let all his enemies fall headlong, and be (i3) over- +"thrown and cut to pieces. Horus the son of Isis and son of +"Osiris celebrated in turn millions of festivals, and all his ene- +"mies fell headlong, and were overthrown and cut to pieces. +"Their habitation hath gone forth to the block of the East, their +"heads have been cut off; (14) their necks have been destroyed; +"their thighs have been cut off ; they have been given over to +"the Great Destroyer who dwelleth in the valley of the grave ; +"and they shall never come forth from under the restraint of +"the god Seb." + + + +THE CHAPTER OF THE VICTORY OVER ENEMIES. 67 + +Rubric : this chapter shall be recited over the divine chaplet +(i5) which is laid upon the face of the deceased, and thou SHALT + +CAST INCENSE INTO THE FIRE ON BEHALF OF OSIRIS AUF-ANKH, TRIUM- +PHANT, BORN OF SHERET-AMSU, TRIUMPHANT; THUS SHALT THOU CAUSE +HIM TO TRIUMPH OVER HIS ENEMIES, (16) DEAD OR ALIVE, AND HE SHALL +HE AMONG THE FOLLOWERS OF OSIRIS ; AND A HAND SHALL BE STRETCHED +OUT TO HIM WITH M EAT AND DRINK IN THE PRESENCE OF THE GOD. [THIS +CHAPTER] SHALL BE SAID BY I HliE TWICE AT DAWN— NOW IT ISA NEVER- +FAILING CHARM— REGULARLY AND CONTINUALLY. + + + +Chapter XX. + +[From the Papyrus of Nebseni (Brit. Mus. No. 9,900, sheet 12).] + +Vignette : This Chapter, in the Theban Version, has neither vignette + +nor title. + +Text: (1) "Hail, Thoth, who didst make Osiris (2) to triumph +"over his enemies, snare thou the enemies of Osiris, the scribe +"Nebseni, the lord of piety, in the presence of the great sovereign +"princes of every god and of every goddess ; (3) in the presence +"of the great sovereign princes who are in Annu (Heliopolis) +"on the night of the battle and of the overthrow of the Sebau- +"fiend in Tattu ; on (4) the night of making to stand up the +"double Tet in Sekhem (Letopolis) ; on the night of the things +"of the night in Sekhem, in Pe, (5) and in Tepu ; x on the night +"of the stablishing of Horus in the heritage of the things of his +"father in the double land of Rekhti (?) ; (6) on the night when +"Isis maketh lamentation at the side of her brother Osiris in +"Abtu (Abydos) ; on the night of the Haker festival (7) of the +"distinguishing [between] the dead (;'. e., the damned) and the +"A7n.s on the path of the dead (;'. t\, the damned) ; on the night +"of the judgment of those who are to be annihilated at the great +"[festival of] the ploughing and the turning up of the earth (8) +"in Naarerut-f 2 in Re-stau ; and on the night of making Horus + +1. Pe and Tepu were two famous sanctuaries of Northern Egypt. + +2. 7. e., An-rut-f. + + + +68 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +"to triumph over his enemies. Horus is mighty, the northern and +"southern halves of heaven rejoice, (9) Osiris is content thereat +"and his heart is glad. Hail, Thoth, make thou to triumph Osiris, +"the scribe Nebseni, over his enemies (10) in the presence of the +"sovereign princes of every god and every goddess, and in the +"presence of you, ye sovereign princes who passed judgment on +"Osiris behind the shrine." + +In the Sa'ite Recension this Chapter has no vignette, but it +has the title, "Another Chapter of the Chaplet of victory", and +is arranged in tabular form. The words, "Hail, Thoth, make +"Osiris Auf-ankh, triumphant, to triumph over his enemies even +"as thou didst make Osiris to triumph over his enemies," which +are written in two horizontal lines, are to be repeated before each +column of text. The "great sovereign princes" invoked are those +of : — (1). Annu (Heliopolis), (2). Tattu, (3). Sekhem (Letopolis), +(4). Pe and Tep, (5). An-arut-f, (6). the double land of Rekhti, +(7). Re-stau, (8). Abtu, (9). the paths of the dead, (10). the plough- +ing festival in Tattu, (11). Kher-aba, (12). Osiris, (i3). heaven +and earth, (14). every god and every goddess. The rubric reads: — + +IF THIS CHAPTER ]SE RECITED REGULARLY AND ALWAYS P,Y A MAN +WHO HATH PURIFIED HIMSELF IN WATER OF NATRON, HE SHALL COME +FORTH BY DAY AFTER HE HATH COME INTO PORT (/. £.'., IS DEAD), AND HE +SHALL PERFORM ALL THE TRANSFORMATIONS WHICH HIS HEART SHALL +DICTATE, AND HE SHALL COME FORTH FROM EVERY FIRE. + + + +Chapter XXI. + +[From the Papyrus of Nu (Brit. Mus. No. 10,477, sheet 9).] + +In the Papyrus of Ani the XXIst Chapter follows the XXIInd, +but it is there given without title and without vignette ; in the +Turin papyrus published by Lepsius {Todtenbuch, Bl. 14) the +XXIst and XXIInd Chapters are quite distinct, and each has +its own title, while a single vignette stands over both. In the +vignette a priest is shewn holding a vase in the left hand, and + + + +THE CHAPTER OF GIVING A MOUTH TO THE DECEASED. 69 + +the ram-headed serpent-like instrument called "Ur-hekau" {i.e., +"great of enchantments") in the right ; with the latter he is +about to touch the mouth of the deceased who is standing be- +fore him. Behind the deceased is a man seated on a chair and +holding a staff in his left hand. + +Text : (1) The Chapter of giving a mouth to the over- +seer OF THE HOUSE, NU, TRIUMPHANT, (2) IN THE UNDERWORLD. +He saith : — + +"Homage to thee, O thou lord of brightness, thou who art at +"the head of the Great House, prince of the night and of thick +"darkness! I have come unto thee being a pure (3) khu. Thv +"two hands are behind thee, and thou hast thy lot with [thy] +"ancestors. O grant thou unto me my mouth that I may speak +"therewith ; and guide thou to me my heart at the season when +"there is (4) cloud and darkness." + + + +Chapter XXII. + +[From the Papyrus of Ani (Brit. Mus. No. 10,470, sheet 6).] + +Vignette: In the Papyrus of Nebscni (sheet 5), the "Guardian of the +Balance'' is seen with his right hand stretched out to touch the mouth of +the deceased who stands before him. In other papyri (Naville, Todten- +buch, Bd. 1. Bl. 33) the deceased himself is seen standing with either his +right or his left hand raised to his mouth. + +Text : (1) The Chapter of giving a mouth (2) to Osiris + +ANI, THE SCRIBE AND TELLER OF THE HOLY OFFERINGS OF ALL +THE GODS, TRIUMPHANT, IN THE UNDERWORLD. He saith :— +"I rise (3) out of the egg in the hidden land. May my mouth +"be given (4) unto me that I may speak therewith in the pre- +sence of the great god, the lord of the (5) Tuat (underworld). +"May my hand and my arm not be forced back in the presence +"of the sovereign princes of any god. I am Osiris, the lord +"of Re-stau, (6) ; may I, Osiris the scribe Ani, triumphant, +"have a portion with him who is (7) on the top of the steps + + + +70 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +"(z. e., Osiris). According to the desire of my heart, I have come +"from the Pool of Fire, and I have quenched the fire." + + + +Chapter XXIII. + +[From the Papyrus of Ani (Brit. Mus. No. 10,470, sheet 15).] + +Vignette : The statue of Ani, the scribe, seated upon a pedestal in the +form of the emblem of Maat (;'. e., right and truth). Before it stands the +Sem priest clad in a panther's skin and holding in his right hand the +ram-headed, serpent-like instrument "Ur-hekau", with which he is about +to touch the lips of the statue and so perform the ceremony of "Opening +the Mouth". At his feet are a sepulchral box for holding unguents, etc. ; +three instruments called respectively "Seb-ur", "Tun-tet" and "Temanu"; +and the object called "Pesh-en-kef ". In the Papyrus of Nebseni the scene +is described as "the Sem priest performing [the ceremony] of the 'Open- +ing of the Mouth'" (sheet 5). + +Text : (1) The Chapter of opening the mouth of Osiris. +The scribe Ani, triumphant, saith :— + +"May the god Ptah open my mouth, and may the god of my +"city loose the swathings, even the swathings which are over +"my mouth. Moreover, may Thoth, being filled and furnished +"with charms, come and loose the bandages, even the bandages +"of Set which fetter my mouth (3) ; and may the god Tem hurl +"them at those who would fetter [me] with them, and drive +"them back. May my mouth be opened, may my mouth be un- +closed by Shu (4) with his iron knife wherewith he opened the +"mouth of the gods. I am the goddess Sekhet, and I sit upon +"[my] place in the great (5) wind (?) of heaven. I am the great +"goddess Sah who dwelleth among the Souls of Annu (Helio- +"polis). Now as concerning every charm and all the words which +"may be spoken against me, (6) may the gods resist them, and +"may each and every one of the company of the gods with- +stand them." + + + +THE CHAPTER OF BRINGING CHARMS TO THE DECEASED. 7 1 + +Chapter XXIV. + +[From the Papyrus of Ani (Brit. Mus. No. 10,470, sheet 15).] +Vignette : This Chapter has no vignette in the Theban papyri. + +Text : (1) The Chapter of bringing charms unto Osiris +Ani [in the underworld] ; he saith : — (2) + +"I am Tem-Khepera, who brought himself into being upon +"the thigh of his divine mother. Those who are in Nu (z. e., +"the sky) are made wolves, (3) and those who are among the +"sovereign princes are become hyenas. Behold, I gather together +"the charm [from every place where] it is, and from every man +"with whom it is, swifter than greyhounds and quicker than +"light. (4) Hail, thou who towest along the Makhent boat of +"Ra, the stays of thy sails and of thy rudder are taut in the +"wind as thou sailest up the Pool of Fire in the underworld. +"Behold, thou gatherest together the charm (5) from every place +"where it is, and from every man with whom it is, swifter than +"greyhounds and quicker than light, [the charm] which created +"the forms of being from the .... (6) mother, and which either +"createth the gods or maketh them silent, and which giveth the +"heat of fire unto the gods. Behold, the charm is given unto +"me, from wherever it is [and from him with whom it is], (7) +"swifter than greyhounds and quicker than light," or (as others +say), "quicker than a shadow." + + + +Chapter XXV. + +[From the Papyrus of Nu (Brit. Mus. No. 10,477, sheet 5)-] + +Vignette : In the greater number of the Theban papyri this Chapter is +without vignette. In the Broeklehurst papyrus, however, (see Naville, +Todtenbuch, Bd. I. Bl. 36) the Sem priest, wearing a panther's skin, is +seen holding up before the face of the deceased, who stands before him, +a small bearded figure like an ushabti. In the Turin papyrus (Lepsius, +Todtenbuch, Bl. 15), the priest and the deceased are standing facing each +other, and no ceremony is being performed. + + + +72 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +Text : (i) The Chapter of making a man to possess +MEMORY IN THE UNDERWORLD. The chancellor-in-chief, Nu, +triumphant, the overseer of the palace, the son of the chief +chancellor Amen-hetep, saith : — + +(2) "May my name be given to me in the Great House, and +"may I remember my name in the House of Fire on the night +"(3) of counting the years and of telling the number of the +"mouths. I am with the Divine One, and I sit on the eastern +"side of heaven. If any god whatsoever should advance unto +"me (4), let me be able to proclaim his name forthwith." + + + +Chapter XXVI. + +[From the Papyrus of Ani (Brit. Mus. No. 10,470, sheet 15).] + +Vignette : The scribe Ani, clothed in white, and with his heart in his +right hand, addressing the god Anpu (Anubis), jackal-headed. In his left +hand, which is outstretched, Ani holds a necklace of several rows of co- +loured beads ; the clasp is made in the form of a pylon or gateway, and +on the side of the pendant, which is in the same form, is a representation +of a scarab or beetle in a boat to typify the Sun-god Ra-Khepera in his +boat. From the pendant hang lotus flowers. In other Thcban papyri the +vignettes are different. In the Papyrus of Nebseni (sheet 5) the god +"Anubis who dwelleth in the city of embalmment" gives a heart to the +deceased ; and in others (see Naville, Todtenbuch, Bd. I. Bl. 37) the de- +ceased is seen either being embraced by Anubis or addressing his heart +which rests upon a standard before him. In the Turin papyrus (Lepsius, +Todtenbuch, Bl. 15) the deceased is seen kneeling before his own soul, +which is in the form of a human-headed hawk, and clasping his heart to +his breast with his left hand. + +Text: (1) THE CHAPTER OF GIVING A HEART TO OSIRIS +ANI (2) IN THE UNDERWORLD. He saith : — + +"May my heart (db) 1 be with me in the House of Hearts! May +"my heart (hat) be with me in the House of Hearts! May my +"heart be with me, and may it rest there, [or] I shall not eat + +1. Ab is undoubtedly the "heart", and hat is the region wherein is the heart; +the word may be fairly well rendered by "breast", though the pericardium is +probably intended. + + + +THE CHAPTERS OF PRESERVING THE HEART. 73 + +"of the cakes of Osiris on the eastern side of the Lake (3) of +"Flowers, neither shall I have a boat wherein to go down the +"Nile, nor another wherein to go up, nor shall I be able to sail +"down the Nile with thee. May my mouth [be given] to me +"that I may (4) speak therewith, and my two legs to walk there- +"with, and my two hands and arms to overthrow my foe. May +"the doors of heaven be opened unto me (5) ; may Seb, the +"Prince 1 of the gods, open wide his two jaws unto me ; may +"he open my two eyes which are blindfolded ; may he cause +"me to stretch apart (6) my two legs which are bound together ; +"and may Anpu (Anubis) make my thighs firm so that I may +"stand upon them. May the goddess Sekhet make me to rise +"(7) so that I may ascend unto heaven, and may that be done +"which I command in the House of the ka (double) of Ptah +"(;'. e., Memphis). I understand with my heart. I have gained +"the mastery over my (8) heart, I have gained the mastery over +"my two hands, I have gained the mastery over my legs, I have +"gained the power to do whatsoever my ka (double) pleaseth. +"(g) My soul shall not be fettered to my body at the gates of +"the underworld ; but I shall enter in peace and I shall come +"forth in peace." + + + +Chapter XXVII. + +[From the Papyrus of Ani (Brit. Mus. No. 10,470, sheets 15 and 16).] + +Vignette : The scribe Ani, with hands raised in adoration, and his heart, +which is set upon a pedestal, in the presence of four gods who are seated +upon a pedestal in the form of the emblem of Maat. In the Turin Papyrus +(Lepsius, Todtenbuch, Bl. 15) the deceased is shewn kneeling before the +four children of Horus. + +Text : (1) The Chapter of not letting the heart (hati) + +OF A MAN BE TAKEN FROM HIM IN THE UNDERWORLD. 2 Saith +Osiris Ani : — + +1. Erpat, i. e., "tribal chief". + +2. The Papyrus of Mes-em-neter (Naville, Todtenbuch, Bd. II. p. 92) adds : — +"His heart goeth forth to take up its abode in his body, his heart is renewed +before the gods, and he hath gained the mastery over it." + + + +74 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +"Hail, ye who carry away hearts! [Hail,] ye who steal [hearts, +"and who make the heart of a man to go through its trans- +"formations according to his deeds, let not what he hath done +"harm him before you]. 1 (2) Homage to you, O ye lords of eternity, +"ye possessors of everlastingness, take ye not this heart of Osiris +"Ani into (3) your grasp, this heart of Osiris, and cause ye not +"words of evil to spring up against it ; because this is the heart +"of (4) Osiris Ani, triumphant, and it belongeth unto him of +"many names (/. if (2) this chapter be known [by the deceased] upon + +EARTH, [OR IF IT BE DONE] IN WRITING UPON [HIS] COFFIN, HE SHALL +COME FORTH BY (3) DAY IN ALL THE FORMS WHICH LIE IS PLEASED [TO +TAKE], AND HE SHALL ENTER IN TO [HIS] PLACE AND SHALL NOT BE DRIVEN +BACK. (4) AND CAKKS, AND ALE, AND JOINTS OF MEAT UPON THE ALTAR + +I. Fi'om the Papyrus of Ani (Brit. Mus. No. 10,470, sheet 6). + + + +l3o THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +OF OSIRIS SHALL BE GIVEN UNTO HIM ; AND HE SHALL ENTER (5) IN PEACE +INTO SEKHET-AARRU TO KNOW THE DECREE OF HLM WHO DWELLETH IN +TATTL" ; THERE SHALL WHEAT AND BARLEY BE GIVEN UNTO HLM ; THERE +SHALL HE FLOURISH AS HE DID (7) UPON EARTH ; AND HE SHALL 1)0 +WHATSOEVER IT PLEASKATH HIM TO DO, EVEN AS THE COMPANY OF THE +GODS WHICH IS IN (8) THE UNDER WORLD, CONTINUALLY, AND REGULARLY, +FOR MILLIONS OF TIMES. + + + +Chapter LXXIII. + +[See Chapter IX, Papyrus of Ani (Brit. Mus. No. 10,470, sheet 18).] + +This Chapter is given twice in the Turin Papyrus (see Lep- +sius, op. cit., Rll. 3 and 27) ; once with a vignette and once with- +out ; the vignette in the Theban Recension is quite different +from that in the Sa'itc Recension, where the deceased is seen +standing and holding a staff in his left hand. + + + +Chapter LXXIV. + +[From the Papyrus of Nu (Brit. Mus. No. 10,477, sncet 6)0 + +Vignette : The deceased kneeling, with both hands raised in adoration, + +before the Seker boat placed upon its sledge (Papyrus of Ani, sheet 18). + +In the Sai'te Recension the deceased is standing near a two-legged serpent + +(Lepsius, op. cit., Bl. 27). + +Text : (1) THE CHAPTER OF LIFTING UP THE FEET AND OF +COMING FORTH UPON THE EARTH. (2) The chancellor-in-chief, +Nu, triumphant, saith : — + +"Perform thy work, O Seker, perform thy work, O Seker, O +"thou [who dwellest in thy house], and who [standest] on [thy] +"feet in the underworld ! I am the god who sendeth forth rays of +"light over the Thigh of (3) heaven, and I come forth to heaven +"and I sit myself down by the God of Light (Khu). Hail, I +"have become helpless ! Hail, I have become helpless ! but I go +"forward. I have become helpless, I have become helpless (4) +"in the regions of those who plunder in the underworld." + + + +THE CHAPTER OF JOURNEYING TO ANNU. l3l + +Chapter LXXV. + +[From the Papyrus of Nu (Brit. Mus. No. 10,477, sheet i3).] + +Vignette : In the Sai'tc Recension the deceased is standing before the +emblem of Annu (Heliopolis) (Lepsius, op. cit., Bl. 28). + +Text : (1) The Chapter of journeying to Annu (Helio- +polis) AND OF RECEIVING A THRONE THEREIN. The chancellor- +in-chief, Nu, triumphant, saith : — (2) + +"I have come forth from the uttermost parts of the earth, and +"[I have] received my apparel (?) at the will(?) of the Ape. I pene- +trate into the holy habitations of those who are in [their] shrines +u (or coffins), (3) I force my way through the habitations of the +"god Remrem, and I arrive in the habitations of the god Akhsesef, +"I travel on through the holy chambers, and I pass into the +"Temple of the god (4) Kemkem. The Buckle hath been given +"unto me, it [hath placed] its hands upon me, it hath decreed +"[to my service] its sister Khebent, and its mother Kehkehet. It +"placeth me (5) in [the eastern part of heaven wherein Ra riseth +"and is exalted every day ; and I rise therein and travel onward, +"and I become a spiritual body (salt) like the god, and they +"set me] z (6) on that holy way on which Thoth journeyeth when +"he goeth to make peace between the two Fighting-gods (/. c, +"Horus and Set). He journeyeth, he journeyeth to the city of +"Pe, and he cometh to the city of Tepu." + + + +Chapter LXXVI. + +[From the Papyrus of Nu (Brit. Mus. No. 10,477, sheet 9).] + +Vignette : This Chapter is without a vignette in the Theban Recension, + +but in the Sai'te Recension a figure of the deceased is given above the + +Chapter (see Lepsins, op. cit., Bl. 87). + +1. The words in brackets are supplied from Naville, op. cit.. Bd. II. p. 158. + +9* + + + +1 32 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +Text : (i) The Chapter of a man transforming him- +self INTO WHATEVER FORM HE PLEASETH. (2) The chancellor- +in-chief, Nu, triumphant, saith : — + +"I have come into the House of the King by means of the +"mantis (a bit) which led me hither. Homage to thee, (3) O +"thou who fliest into heaven, and dost shine upon the son of +"the white crown, and dost protect the white crown, let me +"have my existence with thee ! I have gathered together the great +"god[s], I am mighty, I have made my way and I have travelled +"along thereon." + + + +Chapter LXXV1I. + +[From the Papyrus of Nu (Brit. Mus. No. 10,477, s'" 1001 I0 )-] + +Vignette : A golden hawk, holding a flail, emblematic of rule (see +Papyrus of Ani, sheet 25). + +Text : (1) The Chapter of performing the transforma- +tion INTO A HAWK OF GOLD. The chancellor-in-chief, Nu, +triumphant, saith : — (2) + +"I have risen, I have risen like the mighty hawk [of gold] +"that cometh forth from his egg ; I fly (3) and I alight like the +"hawk which hath a back four cubits wide, and the wings of +"which are like unto the mother-of-emerald of the south. (4) +"I have come forth from the interior of the Sektet boat, and +"my heart hath been brought unto me from the mountain of +"the east. I have alighted (5) upon the Atet boat, and those +"who were dwelling in their companies have been brought unto +"me, and they bowed low in paying (6) homage unto me and +"in saluting me with cries of joy. I have risen, and I have +"gathered myself together like the beautiful hawk (7) of gold, +"which hath the head of a Bennu bird, and Ra entereth in day +"by day to hearken unto my words ; I have taken my seat +"among those (8) first-born gods of Nut. I am stablished, and +"the divine Sekhet-hetep is before (9) me, I have eaten therein, +"I have become a khu therein, I have an abundance therein — + + + +THE CHAPTERS OF TRANSFORMATIONS. 1 33 + +"as much as I desire — the god Nepra hath given to me mv + +''throat, and I have gained the mastery over (10) that which +"guard eth (or belongeth to) my head." + + + +Chapter LX XVIII. + +[From the Papyrus of Nu (Brit. Mas. No. 10,477, sheets i3 and 14).] + +Vignette : A hawk, painted green, holding a flail, and standing upon a +pylon-shaped pedestal (see Papyrus of Ani, sheet 25). + +Text: (1) The Chapter of making the transformation + +INTO A DIVINE HAWK. The chancellor-in-chief, Nu, triumphant, +saith : — + +"Hail, Great God, come now (2) to Tattu ! Make thou smooth +"for me the ways and let me go round about [to visit] my +"thrones; I have renewed (?) myself, and I have raised myself up. +"O grant thou that I may be feared, (3) and make thou me to +"be a terror. Let the gods of the underworld be afraid of me, +"and may they fight for me in their habitations which are therein. +"(4) Let not him that would do me harm draw nigh unto me, +"or injure (?) me, in the House of Darkness, that is, he that +"clotheth and covereth the feeble one, and whose [name] is +"hidden ; (5) and let not the gods act likewise towards me. +"[Hail], ye gods, who hearken unto [my] speech ! Hail, ye rulers, +"who are among the followers of Osiris ! Be ye therefore silent, +"O ye gods, (6) when one god speaketh unto another, for he +"hearkeneth unto right and truth ; and what I speak unto [him] +"do thou also speak for me then, O Osiris. Grant thou that I +"may journey round about [according to] that which cometh +"forth from thy mouth concerning me, (7) and grant that I may +"see thine own Form (or forms), and the dispositions of thy +"Souls. Grant thou that I may come forth, and that I may have +"power over my legs, and that I may have my existence there +"like (8) unto that of Neb-er-tcher who is over [all]. May the +"gods of the underworld fear me, and may they fight for me in + + + +1 34 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +"their habitations. Grant thou that I may move along therein +"(9) together with the divine beings who journey onwards, and +"may I be stablished upon my resting-place like the Lord of +"Life. May I be joined unto Isis the divine lady, and may she +"protect me (10) from him that would do an injury unto me ; +"and let not any one come to see the divine one naked and +"helpless. May I journey on, may I come into the uttermost +"(11) parts of heaven. I exchange speech with the god Seb, I +"make supplication for divine food from Neb-er-tcher ; the gods +"of the underworld have fear of me, and thev (12) fight for me +"in their habitations when they see that thou hast provided me +"with food, both of the fowl of the air and of the fish of the +"sea. I am one of those Kims who dwell with (i3) the divine +u Khu, and I have made my form like unto his divine Form, +"when he cometh forth and maketh himself manifest in Tattu. +"[I am] a spiritual body (sail) (14) and possess my soul, and +"will speak unto thee the things which concern me. O grant +"thou that I may be feared, and make thou me to be a terror ; +"let the gods of the underworld be afraid of me, (15) and may +"they fight for me in their habitations. I, even I, am the Khu +"who dwelleth with the divine Khu, whom the god Tem him- +"self hath created, (16) and who hath come into being from +"the blossom (/. e., the eyelashes) of his eye ; he hath made to +"have existence, and he hath made to be glorious (;'. e., to be +"Khus), and he hath made mighty thereby those who have their +"existence along with him. Behold, he is the only One in Nu, +"(17) and they sing praises (or do homage) unto him [when] +"he cometh forth from the horizon, and the gods and the Khus +"who have come into being along with him ascribe [the lord- +"ship of] terror unto him." + +"I am one of those worms (?) which the eye of the Lord, the +"only One, (18) hath created. And behold, when as yet Isis +"had not given birth to Horus, I had germinated, and had +"flourished, and I had become aged, (19) and I had become +"greater than those who dwelt with the divine Khu, and who +"had come into being along with him. And I had risen up like + + + +THE CHAPTERS OF TRANSFORMATIONS. 1 35 + +"the divine hawk, and Horus made for me a spiritual body (20) +"containing his own soul, so that I might take possession of all +"that belonged unto Osiris in the underworld. The double Lion- +"god, the governor of the things which belong to the Temple +"of the nemmes crown, (21) who dwelleth in his secret abode, +"saith [unto me] : — 'Get thee back to the uttermost parts of +"heaven, for behold, inasmuch as through thy form of Horus +"thou hast become a spiritual body, (sail) the nemmes crown is +"not for thee ; but (22) behold, thou hast the power of speech +"even to the uttermost parts of heaven.' And I, the guardian, +"took possession of the things of Horus [which belonged] unto +"Osiris in the underworld, and Horus told aloud unto me (23) +"the things which his divine father Osiris spake unto him in +"years [gone by] on the day of his own burial. I have given +"unto thee 1 the nemmes crown through the double Lion-god +"that thou mayest pass onward (24) and mayest come to the +"heavenly path, and that those who dwell in the uttermost parts +"of the horizon may see thee, and that the gods of the under- +"world may see thee and may fight for thee (25) in their habita- +"tions. And of them is the Auhet. 2 The gods, each and all of +"them, who are the warders of the shrine of the Lord, the only +"One, have fallen before my words. Hail! (26) He that is exalted +"upon his tomb is on my side, and he hath bound [upon my +"head] the nemmes crown, by the decree of the double Lion- +"god on my behalf, and the god Auhet hath prepared a way +"for me. I, even I, am exalted (27) in my tomb, and the double +"Lion-god hath bound the nemmes crown upon my [head], and +"he hath also given unto me the double hairy covering of my +"head. He hath stablished my heart through his own backbone, +"he hath stablished my heart through his own (28) great and +"exceeding strength, and I shall not fall through Shu. I make +"my peace with the beautiful divine Brother, the lord of the +"two uraei, adored be he! I, even I am he who knoweth the + +1. Literally: "Thou hast given unto me." + +2. The variants are Aahet At, Aahet Ateh, and one papyrus gives the words : +"I am the great god"; see Naville, op.cit., Bd. II. p. 167. + + + +1 36 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +"roads through the sky (29), and the wind thereof is in my body. +"The bull which striketh terror [into men] shall not drive me +"back, and I shall pass on to the place where lieth the ship- +"wrecked mariner on the border of the Sekhet-neheh (/. e., Field +"of illimitable time), (3o) and I shall journey on to the night and +"sorrow of the regions of Amenti. O Osiris, I shall come each +"day into the House of the double Lion-god, and I shall come +"forth therefrom into the House of (3i) Isis, the divine lady. +"I shall behold sacred things which are hidden, and I shall be +"led on to the secret and holy things, even as they have granted +"unto me (32) to see the birth of the Great God. Horus hath +"made me to be a spiritual body through his soul, [and I see +"what is therein. If I speak near the mighty ones of Shu they +"repulse my opportunity. I am the guardian and I] take possession +"of the things which Horus had from Osiris in the underworld. +"I, even I, (33) am Horus who dwelleth in the divine Khu. [I] +"have gained power over his crown, I have gained power over +"his radiance, and I have travelled over the remote, illimitable +"parts of (34) heaven. Horus is upon his throne, Horus is upon +"his royal seat. My face is like unto that of the divine hawk, +"my strength is like unto that of the divine hawk, and I am +"one who hath been fully equipped by his divine Lord. I shall +"come forth to Tattu, (35) I shall see Osiris, I shall pay homage +"to him on the right hand and on the left, I shall pay homage +"unto Nut, and she shall look upon me, and the gods shall look +"upon me, together with the Eye of Horus who (36) is without +"sight (?). They (/. which probably belongs +to the period of the XVIIIth dynasty, the vignette is a goose, but this +arises from the fact that the Chapter is there called "[The Chapter] of +making the transformation into a goose". + +Text: (1) The Chapter of being nigh unto Thoth. The +chancellor-in-chief, Nu, triumphant, saith : — (2) + +"I am he who sendeth forth terror into the powers of rain +"and thunder, and I ward off from the great divine lady the +"attacks of violence. [I have smitten like the god Shat (i. e., +"the god of slaughter), and I have poured out libations of cool +"water like the god Ashu, and I have worked for the great di- +"vine lady [to ward off] the attacks of violence], I have made +"to nourish [my] knife along with the knife (3) which is in the +"hand of Thoth in the powers of rain and thunder." + + + +Chapters XCVI axd XCVII. + +[From the Papyrus of Nu (Brit. Mus. No. 10,477, sheets 19 and 20).] + +Vignette : The deceased standing behind the god Thoth. +Text : (1) The Chapter of being nigh unto Thoth and + +OF GIVING GLORY UNTO A iMAN IN THE UNDERWORLD. The +chancellor-in-chief, Nu, triumphant, saith : — + +"I am the god Her-ab-maat-f (;'. e., 'he that is within his eye'), +"and I have come to give (2) right and truth to Ra ; I have +"made Sutito be at peace with me by means of offerings made +"to the god Aker and to the Tesheru deities, and by [making] +"reverence unto- Seb." J + +1. The XCVIth Chapter ends here according to the Sa'ite Recension (see Lep- +sius, op. cit., Bl. 34). + + + +156 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +[The following] words are to be recited in the Sektet boat : — +"[Hail,] (3) sceptre of Anubis, I have made the four Khus who +"are in the train of the lord of the universe to be at peace with +"me, and I am the lord of the fields through their decree. (4) +"I am the divine father Bah (;'. e., the god of the water-flood), +"and I do away with the thirst of him that keepeth ward over +"the Lakes. Behold ye me, then, O great (5) gods of majesty +"who dwell among the Souls of Annu, for I am lifted up over +"you. I am the god Menkh (J. e., Gracious one) who dwelleth +"among you. (6) Verily I have cleansed my soul, O great god +"of majesty, set not before me the evil obstacles which issue +"from thy mouth, (7) and let not destruction come round about +"me, or upon me. I have made myself clean in the Lake of +"making to be at peace, [and in the Lake of] weighing in the +"balance, and I have bathed myself in Netert-utchat, which is +"under the holy sycamore tree (8) of heaven. Behold [I am] bath- +"ed, [and I have] triumphed [over] all [mine enemies] straight- +"way who come forth and rise up against right and truth. I am +"right and true in the earth. I, even I, have spoken (?) with my +"mouth [which is] the power of the Lord, the Only one, Ra +"the mighty, who liveth upon right and truth. Let not injury +"be inflicted upon me, [but let me be] clothed on the day of +"those who go forward (?) (10) to every [good] thing." + + + +Chapter XCV1II. + +[From the Papyrus of Nu (Brit. Mus. No. 10,477, slleet 9)-] + +Vignette : In the Thcban papyri this Chapter has no vignette ; in the +Sa'i'te Recension (see Lepsius, op. cit., Bl. 35) the vignette represents the +deceased standing with his right hand outstretched in the act of address- +ing a god who is seated in a boat. + +Text: (1) The Chapter of bringing along a boat in +HEAVEN. The chancellor-in-chief, triumphant, saith : — (2) + +"Hail to thee, O thou Thigh which dwellest in the northern +"heaven in the Great Lake, which art seen and which diest not. + + + +THE CHAPTER OF BRINGING THE MAKHENT BOAT. 157 + +"I have stood up over thee when thou didst rise like a god. I +"have seen thee, (3) and I have not lain down in death ; I have +"stood over thee, and I have risen like a god. I have cackled +"like a goose, and I have alighted like the hawk (4) by the +"divine clouds and by the great dew. I have journeyed from +"the earth to heaven. The god Shu hath [made] me to stand +"up, the god of Light (5) hath made me to be vigorous by the +"two sides of the ladder, and the stars which never rest set +"[me] on [my] way and bring [me] away from slaughter. I bring +"along with me the things which drive back (6) calamities as +"I advance over the passage of the god Pen ; thou comest, how +"great art thou, O god Pen ! I have come from the Pool of +"(7) Flame which is in the Sekhet-Sasa (i. e., the Field of Fire). +"Thou livest in the Pool of Flame in Seket-Sasa, and (8) I +"live upon the staff of the holy [god]. Hail, thou god Kaa, +"who dost bring those things which are in the boats by the + +" (9) I stand up in the boat and I guide myself + +"[over] the water ; I have stood up in the boat and the god +"hath guided me. I have stood up. I have spoken. [I am master +"of the] (10) crops. I sail round about as I go forward, and +"the gates which are in Sekhem (Letopolis) are opened unto +"me, and fields are awarded unto me in the city of Unnu (Her- +"mopolis), (n) and labourers (?) are given unto me together +"with those of my own flesh and bone." + + + +Chapter XCIX. + +[From the Papyrus of Nu (Brit. Mus. No. 10,477, sheets 21 and 22).] + +Vignette : The deceased and a boatman in a boat (see Naville, op. cit., + +Bd. I. Bl. no). + +Text: (1) The Chapter of bringing along a boat in +THE UNDERWORLD. (2) The chancellor-in-chief, Nu, triumphant, +saith : — + + + +158 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +"Hail, ye who bring along the boat over the evil back [of +"Apepi], grant that I may bring the boat along, and coil up +"(3) [its] ropes in peace, in peace. Come, come, hasten, hasten, +"for I have come to see my father Osiris, the lord of the ansi +"garment, who hath gained the mastery (4) with joy of heart. +"Hail, lord of the rain-storm, thou Male, thou Sailor ! Hail, +"thou who dost sail over the evil back of Apep ! Hail, thou +"that dost bind up heads and dost stablish the bones of the +"neck (5) when thou comest forth from the knives. Hail, thou +"who art in charge of the hidden boat, who dost fetter Apep, +"grant that I may bring along the boat, and that I may coil +"up (6) the ropes and that I may sail forth therein. This land +"is baleful, and the stars have over-balanced themselves and +"have fallen upon their faces therein, and they have not found +"anything which will help them to ascend again : their path is +"blocked by (7) the tongue of Ra. Antebu [is] the guide of the +"two lands. Seb is stablished [through] their rudders. (8) The +"power which openeth the Disk. The prince of the red beings. +"I am brought along like (9) him that hath suffered shipwreck ; +"grant that my Khu, my brother, may come to me, and that +"[I] may set out for the place whereof thou (10) knowest." + +"Tell me my name," saith the wood whereat I would anchor ; +"Lord of the two lands who dwellest in the Shrine," is thy +name. + +"Tell me my name," (11) saith the Rudder; "Leg of Hapiu" +is thy name. + +"Tell me my name," saith the (12) Rope ; "Hair with which +"Anpu (Anubis) finisheth the work of my embalmment" is thy +name. + +"Tell us our name," say the Oar-rests ; "Pillars of the under - +"world" is your name. + +"Tell me (14) my name," saith the Hold ; "Akar" is thy name. + +"Tell me my name," saith the Mast ; (15) "He who bringeth +"back the great lady after she hath gone away" is thy name. + +"Tell me my name," saith the (16) Lower deck ; "Standard +"of Ap-uat" is thy name. + + + +THE CHAPTER OF BRINGING ALONG THE MAKHENT BOAT. 1 5 9 + +"Tell me my name," saith the Upper post ; (17) "Throat of +"Mestha" is thy name. + +"Tell me my name," saith the Sail; (18) "Nut" is thy name. + +"Tell us our name," say the Pieces of leather ; "Ye who are +"made from the hide (19) of the Mnevis Bull, which was burned +"by Suti," is your name. + +"Tell us our name," (20) say the Paddles ; "Fingers of Horus +"the first-born" is your name. + +"Tell me (21) my name," saith the Matchabet ; "The hand +"of Isis, which wipeth away the blood from the (22) Eye of +"Horus," is thy name. + +"Tell us our names," say the Planks which are in its (22) +"hulk ; "Mesthi, Hapi, Tuamautef, Qebh-sennuf, (23) Haqau +"(?'. e., he who leadeth away captive), Thet-em-aua (/. e., he who +"seizeth by violence), Maa-an-tef (?'. e., he who seeth what the +"father bringeth), and Ari-nef-tchesef (?'. e., he who made him- +"self)," are your names. + +"Tell us our name," say the Bows ; "He who is at the head +"of his nomes" (24) is your name. + +"Tell me my name," saith the Hull ; "Mert" is thy name. + +"Tell me my name," saith the Rudder ; "Aqa" (z. e., true +"one) is thy name, O thou who shinest from the water, (25) +"hidden beam(?) is thy name. + +"Tell me my name," saith the Keel ; "Thigh (or Leg) of Isis, +"which Ra cut off with the knife (26) to bring blood into the +"Sektet boat," is thy name. + +"Tell me my name," saith the Sailor; "Traveller" is thy name. + +"(27) Tell me my name," saith the Wind by which thou art +"borne along ; "The North Wind which cometh from Tem to +"the nostrils of Khenti-Amenti" x (28) is thy name. + +"Tell me my name," saith the River, "if thou wouldst travel +"upon me"; "Those which can be seen" is thy name. + +"Tell us our name," say the River-Banks ; "Destroyer of the +"god (29) Au-a (;'. e., he of the spacious hand) in the water- +"house" is thy name. + +I. /. e., the "Governor of Amend", or Osiris. + + + +160 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +"Tell me my name," saith the Ground, "if thou wouldst walk +"upon me"; "The Nose of heaven which proceedeth from the +"god Utu, (3o) who dwelleth in the Sekhet-Aaru, and who cometh +"forth with rejoicing therefrom," is thy name. +Then shall be recited before them these words : — +"Hail to you, O ye divine beings with splendid Kas, ye divine +"lords (3i) of things, who exist and who live for ever, and [whose] +"double period of an illimitable number of years is eternity, I +"have made a way unto you, grant ye me food and sepulchral +"meals for my mouth, [and grant that] I may speak (32) there- +"with, and that the goddess Isis [may give me] loaves and cakes +"in the presence of the great god. I know the great god before +"whose nostrils ye place (33) tchefau food, and his name is +"Thekem ; both when he maketh his way from the eastern ho- +"rizon of heaven and when he journeyeth into the western ho- +"rizon of heaven may his journey be (34) my journey, and his +"going forth my going forth. Let me not be destroyed at the +"Mesqet chamber, and let not the devils gain dominion over +"my members. I have my cakes (35) in the city of Pe, and I +"have my ale in the city of Tepu, and let the offerings [which +"are given unto you] be given unto me this day. Let my offerings +"be wheat and barley ; let my offerings (36) be and unguent +"and linen garments ; let my offerings be for life, strength, and +"health : let my offerings be a coming forth by day in any +"form whatsoever (37) in which it may please me to appear +"in Sekhet-Aarru." + +Rubric : if this chapter be known [by the deceased] he shall + +COME FORTH INTO SEKHET-AARRU, (38) AND BREAD, AND WINE, AND CAKES +SHALL BE GIVEN UNTO HIM AT THE ALTAR OF THE GREAT GOD, AND +FIELDS, AND AN ESTATE [SOWN] WITH WHEAT AND BARLEY, WHICH THE +FOLLOWERS OF HORUS SHALL (3g) REAP FOR HIM. AND HE SHALL EAT OF +THAT WHEAT AND BARLEY, AND HIS LIMBS SHALL BE NOURISHED THERE- +WITH, AND HIS BODY SHALL BE LIKE UNTO THE BODIES OF THE GODS, AND +HE SHALL COME FORTH INTO (40) SEKHET-AARRU IN ANY FORM WHAT- +SOEVER HE TLKASETH, AND HE SHALL APPEAR THEREIN REGULARLY +AND CONTINUALLY. + + + +THE CHAPTER OF ENTERING THE BOAT OF RA. 161 + +Chapters C and CXXIX. + +[From the Papyrus of Nu (Brit. Mus. No. 10,477, sheets 27 and 28).] + +Vignette : A boat, wherein stand the deities Isis, Thoth, Khepera, and +Shu, and the deceased sailing on a stream. The vignette in the SaYte +Recension (see Lepsius, op. cit., Bl. 37) shews the deceased poling along +a boat wherein are Ra and the Bennu bird, and in front of the boat stand +the emblem of the East, the god Osiris, and the Tet, i. e., the emblem +of Osiris and of stability. The four short lines of text written over the +boat read :— The overseer of the palace, the chancellor-in-chief, Nu, +triumphant, raiseth up the Tet, and stablisheth the Buckle, and he saileth +with Ra into any place that he pleaseth. + +Text : (1) The Book of making perfect the khu and + +OF CAUSING HIM TO GO FORTH INTO THE BOAT OF RA ALONG +WITH THOSE WHO ARE IN HIS FOLLOWING (?). (2) The Overseer +of the palace, the chancellor-in-chief, Nu, triumphant, saith : — +"I have brought the divine Bennu to the east, and Osiris to +"the city of Tattu. (3) I have opened the treasure houses of +"the god Hap, I have made clean the roads of the Disk, and +"I have drawn the god Sekeri along (4) upon his sledge. The +"mighty and divine Lady hath made me strong at her hour. I +"have praised and glorified the Disk, (5) and I have united +"myself unto the divine apes who sing at the dawn, and I am +"a divine Being among them. I have made myself a counter- +"part of the goddess Isis, (6) and her power (Khu) hath made +"me strong. I have tied up the rope, I have driven back Apep, +"I have made him to walk backwards. (7) Ra hath stretched +"out to me both his hands, and his mariners have not repulsed +"me ; my strength is the strength of the Utchat, and the strength +"of the Utchat is my strength. (8) If the overseer of the house, +"the chancellor-in-chief, Nu, triumphant, be separated [from the +"boat of Ra], then shall he (;'. . + +Text : (1) The fifth Aat [which is to be painted] green. The +Osiris Nu, triumphant, saith : — + +"Hail, thou Aat of the Khus, whereover none may pass. (2) +"The Khus who are therein have thighs seven cubits long, and +"they live upon the shades of the weak and helpless. (3) Hail, +"thou Aat of the Khus, open ye unto me your ways so that I +"may pass by you and may go on (4) to the beautiful Amentet, +"according to that which Osiris, the Khu, the lord of Khus, +"hath decreed. I live by reason of my splendour, (5) I perform +"every festival of the month, and I observe rightly the festival +"of the half month. I revolve, and the Eye of Horus is under +"my hand in the (6) following of Thoth. The mouth of every +"god and of every dead person devoureth mine enemy this day, +"and he falleth down at the block of slaughter. + +1. /. e., Sati of the two knives. + + + +THE CHAPTER OF THE A ATS. 267 + + + +VI. Vignette : The sixth Aat (i==D , with a fish inside it. + +Text: (1) The sixth Aat [which is to be painted] green. The +Osiris Nu, triumphant, saith : — + +"Hail, thou Ammehet which art holy unto the gods, and art +"hidden unto the Khus, (2) and art baleful unto the dead ; the +"name of the god who dwelleth therein is Sekher-At (?). Homage +"to thee, O Ammehet, I have come (3) to see the gods who +"dwell in thee. Uncover your faces and lay down your head- +dresses when ye meet me, (4) for, behold, I am a mighty god +"among you, and I have come to prepare provisions for you. +"Let not Sekher-At (?) have dominion over me, let not the di- +"vine slaughterers come after me, let not the murderous fiends +"come (6) after me, but let me live upon sepulchral offerings +"among you." + +=0 + + + +VII. Vignette : The seventh Aat + +Text: (1) The seventh Aat [which is to be painted] green. +The Osiris Nu, triumphant, saith : — (2) + +"Hail, thou city of Ases, which art remote from sight, and +"the fire of which is in flame. There is a serpent within thee +"(3) and his name is Rerek ; the length of his backbone is seven +"cubits, and he liveth upon the Khus, and he annihilateth (4) +"their glorious strength. Get thee back, O Rerek, who dwellest +"in the city of Ases, who devourest with thy mouth, and from +"whose eyes (5) evil looks pour forth. Let thy bones be broken, +"and let thy emissions be impotent. Come thou not against me, +"and let not thy emissions (6) come upon me ; let thy poison +"fall and lie dead upon the earth, and let thy two lips be in +"[thy] den. (7) The Ka of the Serpent hath fallen, and, con- +versely, I have gained glorious strength. The Maftet (/'. e., Lynx) +"hath cut off thy head." + + + +VIII. Vignette : The eighth Aat + + + +c + + + +Text : (1) The eighth Aat (which is to be painted] green. The +Osiris Nu, triumphant, saith : — (2) + + + +268 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +"Hail, Ha-hetep, great and mighty one of the canal! None +"can obtain the mastery over the water which is therein. (3) It +"is mightily to be feared, and the roarings which are therein +"are mighty. The (4) name of the god therein is Qa-ha-hetep, +"and he guardeth it gladly so that none may enter. I am the +"Ennur bird which is (5) above the thigh of the god (?) An- +"ker-s, and I have brought the possessions of the earth to the +"god Tern, and [I] make strong and fortify the mariners [of +"Ra], (6) I have set the terror of myself in the divine lords of +"the shrine, and I have set the awe of me in the divine lords +"(7) of things ; therefore I shall not be carried off to the slaughter +"block of those who would willingly destroy me. (8) I am the +"guide of the northern horizon [and I know the god who is +"therein]." + +IX. Vignette : The ninth Aat. A crocodile thrusting his snout into a +vase (?) called Akesi. + +Text : (1) The ninth Aat [which is to be painted] yellow. +The Osiris Nu, triumphant, saith :- — + +"Hail, thou city Akesi, which art hidden (2) from the gods, +"the Khus know the name of which the gods are afraid. None +"can enter therein, and none can come forth therefrom except +"that holy god (3) who dwelleth in his egg, and who putteth +"his fear into the gods and the terror of himself into the Khus. +"(4) The opening [into the city] is of fire, and the winds thereof +"destroy both nostrils and mouths, and the god hath made it for +"those who follow willingly (5) in his train ; none can breathe +"the winds [thereof] except that holy god who dwelleth in (6) +"his egg. He hath made the city so that he may dwell therein +"at will, and none can enter therein except on the dav of great +"(7) transformations. Homage to thee, O thou holy god who +"dwellest in thine egg, I have come unto thee (8) that I may +"be among those who follow thee ; let me come forth from the +"city of Akesi, let me enter therein, let the gates thereof be +"opened unto me, let me breathe the air (9) which is therein, +"and let me have possession of the offerings thereof.'' + + + +THE CHAPTER OF THE A ATS. 269 + + + +X. Vignette : The tenth Aat. A man holding a knife in each hand +standing before \7 ; above him is a serpent. + +Text : (1) The tenth Aat [which is to be painted] yellow. +The Osiris Nu, triumphant, saith : — (2) + +"Hail, thou city of the gods Qahu, who take possession of +"the Khus and gain the mastery over the shades (khaibit), who +"devour vigorous strength (3) and consume (?) filth when their +"eyes see, and who guard not the earth. (4) Hail, ye who dwell +"in your Aats, cast yourselves upon your bellies when I pass +"by you. My glorious strength shall not be taken away, (5) +"and none shall gain the mastery over my shade, for I am a +"divine hawk. Offerings of anli unguent have been made ready +"by me, incense hath been offered by me, [animals have] been +"slaughtered (6) by me, Isis hath made offerings to my head, +"Nephthys is behind me, and a road hath been made clear for +"me. [Hail,] serpent (7) Nau, Bull of Nut, Neheb-kau, I have +"come unto you, O gods, deliver ye me, and grant ye unto me +"my glorious strength for ever." + + + +-a* + + + +XI. Vignette : The eleventh Aat F > \ , wherein stands a jackal- +headed god holding a knife. + +Text : (1) The eleventh Aat [which is to be painted] green. +The Osiris Nu, triumphant, saith : — + +"Hail, thou city which art in (2) the underworld (Neter- +"khert), which coverest over the body and gainest the mastery +"over the Khus. None can come forth therefrom and none +"can enter therein (3) by reason of fear of the opposing power +"which is therein — now the gods who are therein look upon +"it in iron (?) and (4) the dead who are therein look upon it +"in his slaughterings — except the gods who live therein in his +"mystery (5) of the Khus. Hail, thou city of Atu, grant thou +"unto me that I may pass on, for I am the god who is mighty +"of enchantments by reason of the knife which came forth from +"the god Suti. (6) I have my feet and legs for ever. I rise like +"Ra, I am strong through the Eye of Horus, my heart is lifted + + + +270 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +"up (7) after it was brought low, [I am] glorious in heaven, +"and [I am] mighty upon earth. I fly like a hawk, (8) and I +"cackle like the smen goose, and it hath been given to me to +"alight at the 'Thigh of the Lake'. I stand up upon it, I sit +"down (9) upon it, I rise up like a god, I eat of the food of +"Sekhti-hetep, and I go onwards to the (10) domain of the +"starry gods. The double doors of Maat are opened unto me, +"and the double doors of the land of the great deep (11) are +"unbolted before me. I set up a ladder to heaven among the +"gods, and I am a divine being among them. I speak with the +"voice of (12) the smen goose to which the gods listen, and +"mv speech and my voice are those of the star Sept (Sothis)." + + + +XII. Vignette: The twelfth Aat, /' '\ called "Astchetet em Ament". + +Text : (1) The twelfth Aat [which is to be painted] green. +The Osiris Nu, triumphant, saith : — (2) + +"Hail, thou Aat of the city of Unt (?) at the head of Re-stau, +"the flame of which is a blazing fire, the gods are unable to +"approach thee (3) and the Khus are unable to gather together +"therein by reason of the uraei which would blot out their +"names. Hail, thou Aat of Unt, I am in the form of the mighty +"god who dwelleth among the Khus and who dwelleth in thee. +"(5) I am among the stars that never fail within thee ; I shall +"never fail, and my name shall never fail. (6) 'Hail, odour of +"the god,' say they, the gods who dwell in the Aat of Unt ; [I +"shall be with you, I shall live with you, O ye gods who dwell +"in the Aat of Unt ;] love ye me more than your own gods, +"(7) for I shall be with you for ever [in the presence of the +"followers of the great god]." + + + +XIII. Vignette : The thirteenth Aat Os 3 called "Uart ent mu'". Be- +hind it stands the hippopotamus Hebetch-re-f, with the right fore paw +resting on a beetle. + +Text : (1) The thirteenth Aat [which is to be painted] green. +The Osiris Nu, triumphant, saith : — + +"Hail, thou Aat wherein the Khus gain (2) no mastery. Thy + + + +THE CHAPTER OF THE AATS. 271 + +'waters are of fire, and the streams which are in thee burn with +'fire and (3) thy flame is a blazing fire ; those who are there +'and who wish to drink thy waters to quench (4) their thirst +'cannot do so by reason of the mighty dread which possesseth +'them and by reason of the great terror which it causeth them +'to have. The gods and the Khus, (5) look upon the waters +'thereof and retreat without having quenched their thirst, and +'their hearts are not (6) set at rest ; and though they wish to +'enter into them they cannot do so. The stream is filled with +'reeds, even as the stream (7) which floweth from the issues +'which come forth from Osiris. I have gained the mastery over +'the waters [thereof], I have drunk from the canal [thereof] +'(8) like the god who dwelleth in the Aat of the waters, and +'who is the guardian thereof. The gods are more afraid to +'drink (9) the waters thereof than are the Khus, and they re- +'treat 1 therefrom. Homage to thee, O thou god who dwellest +'in the Aat of the waters, (10) I have come unto thee, grant +'thou that I may gain power over the waters [thereof], and that +'I may drink from the canal thereof, (11) even as thou dost +'allow to drink the great god from whom cometh Hap (?'. e., +'the Nile), who maketh green things to come into being, (12) +'who maketh to grow the things which grow, who maketh vi- +'gorous young plants and herbs, and who also giveth to the +'gods gifts which proceed from him and offerings (?). And grant +'thou that I may come to Hap, (i3) and that I may gain power +'over young plants and herbs, for I am the son of thy body +'for ever." + +XIV. Vignette : The fourteenth Aat. A range of mountains called +"Field of Kher-aba", a man holding a libation vase, the god Anubis, a +hawk with a disk, a lion-god, a man setting the tesher crown upon a god, +a hippopotamus, a crocodile, and a worm. + +Text : (1) The fourteenth Aat [which is to be painted] yellow. +The Osiris Nu, triumphant, saith : — (2) + +"Hail, thou Aat of Kher-aba, which turneth back Hap at Tattu, + +1. Or, "they are terrified thereat." + + + +272 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +"grant thou that Hap may come (3) abundant in grain as he +"advanceth for the mouth of those who eat, and giving divine +"offerings to the gods, and (4) sepulchral meals for the Khus. +"There is a serpent in the double qerti of Abu (Elephantine) +"at the mouth of (5) Hap, and he cometh with water and he +"standeth up upon the Thigh of Kher-aba with his divine sove- +reign princes (6) at the head of the canal, and seeth in his hour, +"which is the silence of the night. Hail, ye gods of (7) Kher- +"aba, and ye sovereign princes at the head of the canal [thereof], +"let your pools be opened to me, let your streams be opened +"(8) to me, let me gain power over the water, let me rest on +"the canal, let me eat grain, (g) let me be satisfied with your +"food, let me lift myself up, let my heart be great, even as [is +"that of] (10) the god who dwelleth in Kher-aba, let offerings +"like unto yours be made to me, let me not be destroyed by +"the (n) issues which come forth from Osiris, and let me not +"be withdrawn therefrom for ever." + +Here endeth the book in peace. + + + +Chapter CL. + +[From the Papyrus of Nu (Brit. Mus. No. 10,477, sheet 3o).] T + +Vignette : I. Four serpents, emblematic probably of the cardinal +points, and fifteen Aats : — + + + +I. + + + +"Sekhet-Aarru ; the god wherein is Ra-Heru-Khuti +"(Ra-Harmachis)." + +II. ' J) "The brow of fire ; the god wherein is Fa-akh + +"(Bearer of altars)." + +III. [ pO 1 "Mountain, exceedingly high." + +IV. ( ^ J ) "Aat of the Khus" + +V. „ J ) "Ammehet ; the god wherein is Sekher-remu (Over- + +"thrower of fish)." +VI. || '!! "Asset.' + + + +1. The Papyrus of Nu ends with this Chapter. + + + +THE CHAPTER OF THE FUNERAL BIER. 273 + +VI1 - 0=11) "Ha-sert; the god wherein is Fa-pet (Bearer of +"Heaven.)" + +VIII# ^J? " The brow of the g° d !>] Qahu." +IX - & a "Atu ; the god wherein is Sept (Sothis)." + +X - [L J| " Unt ; the g°d wherein is Hetemet-baiu (Destroyer +"of souls)." + + + +XL ^=^)" The brow of the waters; the god wherein is Aa- +"sekherau." + + + +XII + + + +"Aat of Kher-aba; the god wherein is Hap (Nile)." +XIIL [□] " Stream °f ^e Lake of flame which is in the fire." + +XIV - J X" AkeS ' ' the god wherein is Maa-Thet-f." + +XV - Hjr^ " The bea utiful Amentet ; the gods wherein live +upon cakes and ale (?)." + + + +Chapter CLI. + +[From the Papyrus of Mut-hetep (Brit. Mus. No. 10,010, sheet 5).] + +Vignette : The funeral chamber. In the centre, upon a bier, lies the +mummy of the deceased and on one side is her soul, in the form of a +human-headed bird ; the god Anubis, jackal-headed, stands on the other +side bending over the mummy. At the head of the bier kneels Nephthys. +and at the foot Isis. The walls, which are here depicted as lying flat on +the ground, are ornamented with emblems and texts, and at each corner +stands one of the gods of the cardinal points. Two ushabtiu figures, two +souls, a flame, etc., fill up the remaining spaces. +Text : (1.) "Thy right eye is like the Sektet boat ; thy left +"(2) eye is like the Atet boat ; thine eyebrows are like (3) Anpu; +"thy fingers are like Thoth : (4) thy hair is like Ptah-Seker ; +"(5) they make a fair way for thee, and they smite down (6) +"for thee the fiends of Set." I + +I. Isis saith :— (7) "I have come to protect thee, O Osiris, (8) +"with the north wind which cometh forth from Tern ; I have +"(9) strengthened for thee thy throat ; I have caused thee (10) +1. This text is a part of the speech of Anpu ; see infra, p. 276. + + + +li + + + +274 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +"to be with (n)the god; and I have placed all thine enemies +"(12) under thy feet." + +II. Nephthys saith : — (1) "I go round about behind my sister +"Osiris Mut-hetep. I have come that (2) I may protect thee, +"and my strength which protecteth shall be behind thee for (3) +"ever and ever. The god (4) Ra hearkeneth unto thy cry, (4) +"thou, O daughter of Hathor, art made to triumph, thy head +"shall never be taken away from thee, and thou shalt be made +"to rise up in peace." + +III. A deity (?) saith : — "(1) If any would come to fetter thee +"I will not allow him to do so ; (2) if any would come to +"hurl missiles at thee I will not allow him to do so. But I +"will (3) fetter thee, and I will hurl missiles at thee ; and I +"am (4) protecting thee, O Mut-hetep, triumphant." + +IV. The Tet saith: — (1) "O thou that comest quickly, I turn +"back thy steps, (2) O Kep-hra, and I illumine thy hidden (3) +"place. I stand behind the let on the day (4) of turning back +"slaughters, (5) and I am protecting thee, O Mut-hetep, (6) trium- +phant before Osiris." + +V. The flame saith : — (1) "I surround with sand the hidden +"tomb, (2) and drive away him that would attack it. I lighten +"the funeral mountain, I cast light (3) thereon. I traverse the +"way, and I protect (4) Mut-hetep, triumphant." + +VI. (1) "Anubis, (2) who is at the head of the divine hall +"and who [dwelleth] upon his mountain, (3) the lord of Ta- +"tchesert, saith : — I have come (4) to protect Osiris Mut-hetep, +"triumphant." + +VII. The living soul of Mut-(2)hetep saith:— "Let (3) Ra +"be adored in heaven, and when (4) he setteth on the western +"horizon of heaven." + +VIII. (1) The living soul and the perfect Khu of Mut-hetep, +(2) triumphant (3) before Osiris, say : — ["Adored be Ra when +"he riseth in the eastern horizon of heaven."] x + +IX a and b. (1) The lady of the house, Mut-hetep, saith: — +"Hail, shabti figure, if I be condemned (2) or if there be allot- + +1. Added from the Papyrus of Qenna at Leyden, ed. Leemans, Plate XVIII. + + + +THE CHAPTER OF THE FUNERAL BIER. 275 + +"ted to me any work to do in the underworld — behold, let (3) +"opposition be set aside — such as is done by a man in his turn, +"namely, sowing (4) the fields, and filling the channels with +"water, and bringing the (5) sand of the west to the east, O +"be thou present when I call unto thee." + +X. (1) Mestha saith : — "I am thy daughter, O Mut-hetep, and +"I have come (2) to protect thee; I make thy house to germi- +"nate and to be stablished firmly (3) according to what Ptah +"hath commanded and according to what Ra hath commanded." + +XI. (1) Hapi saith : — "I have come to protect thee, O (2) +"Osiris Mut-hetep ; I bind up for thee thy head and thy mem- +"bers, I smite down thine enemies (3) for thee beneath thee, +"and I give thee thy head for ever." + +XII. (1) Saith Tua-maut-ef : — "I am thy daughter who loveth +"thee, O Mut-hetep, triumphant for ever ; (2) I have come and +"I have avenged [thee, O] my father Osiris, [upon him that] +"did [evil] unto thee and I have brought (3) him under thy feet." + +XIII. (1) Qebh-sennu-f : — "I am Qebh-sennu-f, and I have +"come (2) that I may protect Mut-hetep ; I have collected into +"a whole body for thee thy bones, I have gathered (3) together +"for thee thy members, I have brought thy heart and I do set +"it upon its seat within thy body, and I make thy house to ger- +"minate after thee." + + + +Chapter CLI. 1 + +Vignette : The god Anpu (Anubis) standing by the mummy of the de- +ceased which lies on a bier. + +Text: (1) The god Anpu, who dwelleth in the [city of] em- +balmment, the governor of the divine house, placeth his two +hands upon the lord of life 2 (2) of Nebseni, the scribe and + +1. A shortened form of this Chapter also occurs in the Papyrus of Nebseni +(sheet 21) ; it has for a Vignette a male head, and is entitled, "The Chapter of +a head of secret things". + +2. /. e., the dead body of Nebseni. + +18* + + + +276 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +draughtsman of the Temple of Ptah, the lord of piety, the son +of the scribe and designer Thena, triumphant, born of the lady +of the house Mut-resth, triumphant, (3) and he furnisheth him +with the things which belong to him. "Homage to thee, O +"happy one, divine lord, who art endowed with the sight of +"the UtchatQ), (4) Ptah-Seker hath bound thee up, Anpu hath +"exalted thee, and Shu hath caused thee to be lifted up, O (5) +"Face of beauty, thou divine prince of eternity. Thou hast thine +"eye, O scribe Nebseni, thou lord of piety, and beautiful it is. +"Thy right eye is (6) in the Sektet boat, and thy left eye is in +"the Met boat ; and thine eyebrows are of fair appearance in +"the presence of the (7) company of the gods. Thy brow is in +"the protection of Anpu ; and the back of thy head, O beauti- +"ful one, (8) is before the holy Hawk. Thy fingers are stablished +"with written works in the presence of the lord of Khemennu, +"Thoth, (9) who hath given to me the speech of the sacred +"books. Thy hair is beautiful before Ptah-Seker, and thou, O +"scribe Nebseni, thou lord of piety, art beautiful before (10) the +"great company of the gods. The great god looketh upon thee, +"and he leadeth thee along the path of happiness, and sepulchral +"meals are bestowed upon thee ; he overthroweth for thee [all] +"thine enemies, (11) and setteth them under thee in the pre- +sence of the great company of the gods who dwell in the +"mighty House of the Aged One which is in Annu (Heliopolis)." + + + +Chapter CLII. + +[From the Papyrus of Nu (Brit. Mus. No. 10,477, sheet 1 3).] + +Vignette : The deceased standing before a house. 1 + +Text : (1) The Chapter of building a house upon the +EARTH. The overseer of the palace, the chancellor-in-chief, Nu, +triumphant, saith : — (2) + +1. In the Sai'te Recension (see Lepsius, op.cit., Bl. 74) the Vignette represents +the deceased seated in a chair holding out his hands to receive the bread and +water which the kneeling goddess of the sycamore tree is about to give him. + + + +THE CHAPTER OF BUILDING A HOUSE UPON EARTH. 277 + +"Hail ! Seb rejoiceth, for the Osiris Nu standeth up over his +"body, [and he goeth round about among those who follow Ra]. +"To men [and to the gods] who have given birth to their own +"fathers (3) I have ascribed praise ; and they have sight. The +"goddess Sesheta hath brought the god Nebt, and Anpu (Anubis) +"hath called unto the Osiris Nu (4) to build a house on the +"earth. Its foundation is in Annu (Helippolis), and the circuit +"thereof [reacheth] to Kher-aba, the shrine (?) is [like that of] +"the god Sekhem, who dwelleth in (5) Sekhem, according to +"that which I have written for the renewal (?) thereof, and men +"and women bring offerings, and libations, and ministrants (?). +"And Osiris saith unto (6) the gods who are in [his] following +"and who journey along, 'Behold ye the house which hath been +"built for a Khu who is provided (7) with [all his attributes], +"who cometh daily to renew himself among you. O hold ye +"him in awe, and ascribe ye unto him praises, and let him be +"a favoured being with you ; look ye (8) to what I have done +"and to what I have said.' And Osiris saith concerning the god, +"'Let him come daily to renew himself among you. And let +"beasts [for sacrifice] be brought unto him (9) by the south +"wind, and let grain be brought unto him by the north wind, +"and let barley be brought unto him from the ends of the earth' ; +"the mouth of Osiris hath ordered [this] for me. Drawing on- +"ward may he (10) go round about on his left hand, may he +"place himself on his right hand, and may he see men, and the +"gods, and the Khus, and the dead drawing him along with +"praises and cries of joy, (11) and may he be a favoured being +"with them." * + + + +Chapter CLIII a. + +[From the Papyrus of Nu (Brit. Mus. No. 10,477, sheet 20).] + +Vignette : A net fastened at one end to ground below or near water + +1. In the Sai'te Recension these words are followed by a speech of the de- +ceased, a speech of the ''lady of the sycamores", and a prayer to her on be- +half of the deceased. + + + +278 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +by means of a stake driven through a coil of rope which is drawn tight + +by the deceased. + +Text : (1) The Chapter of coming forth from the Net. +The Osiris Nu, the overseer of the palace, the chancellor-in- +chief, triumphant, saith : — + +"Hail, thou 'god who lookest behind thee', thou 'god who +"hast gained the mastery (2) over thine heart', I go a-fishing +"with the cordage of the 'uniter of the earth', and of him that +"maketh a way through the earth. Hail, ye fishers who have +"given birth to your own fathers, (3) who lay snares with your +"nets, and who go round about in the chambers of the waters, +"take ye not me (4) in the net wherewith ye ensnared the help- +less fiends, and rope me not in with the rope (5) wherewith +"ye roped in the abominable earth - followers, which had its +"wooden frame (?) [reaching] unto heaven, and its weighted parts +"upon the earth. Let me come forth (7. the god Thoth and thy- +"self see each other, and Ra in heaven holdeth converse with +"thee, thou comest forth from and thou enterest into the anit +"chamber, and thou holdest converse with the two divine com- +"batants (;. e., Horus and Set). (21) Thy ka is with thee to +"make thee to rejoice, thy heart is with thee to [give thee] thy +"transformations, happy . . . keep watch over thee, the company +"of the gods make thy heart glad, thou comest forth to four +"cakes in the city of Sekhem, and four in (22) the city of + + + +THE CHAPTER OF ARRANGING THE FUNERAL BED. 3 1 3 + +"Aqennu, thou comest forth to four in the city of Annu, upon +"the altar of the lady of the two lands. The stars keep watch +"over thee by night, the lords of Annu have a favour unto +"thee, the god Hu is in thy mouth, thy feet are not (2 3) turn- +"ed back, and thy members have life. Thou graspest the smd in +"Abtu, the sacrificial cakes of the divine chiefs and the libations +"of the celestial beings are brought forward to thee, with the +"offerings in the festival (24) which are due to Osiris on the +"morning of the Uak festival for hidden things (?). Thou art +"ornamented with objects of gold, and thine apparel is inter- +"woven(?) with byssus. Hapi (/. e., the Nile) thrusteth himself +"upon thy body (25), thou hast power over the tablet (?) which +"is inscribed with [lists of] offerings, and thou drinkest water +"on both sides of the Lake of Testes (?). The gods who are +"there have a favour unto thee, and thou comest forth from +"heaven along with the gods (26) who make to advance the +"maat of Ra, and thou art led into the presence of the cora- +"pany of the gods ; and there is done for thee even as it is +"done for one of them. Thou art the Khart bird of the geese, +"and Ptah of the Southern (27) Wall maketh an offering unto +"Nefer-uben-f, triumphant." + + + +Chapter CLXX. + +[From the Papyrus of Nefer-uben-f (see Nav-ille, op. cit„ Bd. I. Bl. 191).] +Vignette : This Chapter is without Vignette. . + +Text : (1) The Chapter of arranging the Henkit. 1 (i) The +Osiris Nefer-uben-f saith : — + +"Thy flesh have I given unto thee. Thy bones have I fastened +"together for thee. Thy members have I collected for thee. The +"earth submitteth itself unto thee. Thy limbs are guarded. Thou +"art the (2) mighty one within the egg. Thou art set in order. +"Thou seest the gods (?). Thou settest out on thy way, and thy + +1. /. e., the funeral bed. + + + +3 14 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +"hand [reacheth] unto the horizon, and unto the holy place +"where thou wouldst be. There is acclamation made unto thee, +"and there are (3) shouts of joy raised to thee at thine ap- +pearances at the altar. Horus maketh thee to stand up at his +"risings, even as he did him who is in the chamber of holiness. +"Hail, Osiris Nefer-uben-f, triumphant, the goddess Ua(?) hath +"given thee birth, (4) and Anpu (Anubis), who dwelleth upon +"his hill, hath set thee in order, and he hath fastened for thee +"thy swathings. Hail, Nefer-uben-f, the god Ptah-Sekri hath +"given unto thee of the ornaments of the divine house which +"he hath. (5) Hail, Nefer-uben-f, the god Thoth himself cometh +"unto thee with the books of holy words, and he maketh thy +"hand [to reach] unto the horizon, even unto the place [wherein] +"thy ■ ka loveth to be ; and Osiris worketh [for thee on] the +"night of journeying unto life. Thy white crown (6) is sta- +"blished on thy brow. The god Nemu is with thee, and he +"giveth unto thee fine feathered fowl. Hail, Osiris Nefer-uben-f, +"triumphant, thou hast been set in order upon thy funeral +"couch ; thou comest forth, and Ra (7) who is in the hidden +"horizon within his boat hath set thee in order. Hail, Osiris +"Nefer-uben-f, triumphant, the god Tern, the father of the gods, +"hath made for thee the things which are to endure for ever. +"Hail, Osiris Nefer-uben-f, triumphant, (8) the god Amsu of +"Qebti hath set thee in order, and the gods of the shrine praise +"thee. Hail, Osiris Nefer-uben-f, with two-fold happiness thou +"settest out in peace to thine everlasting habitation and to thine +"abode of eternity. Homage is paid unto thee (9) in the cities +"of Pe and Tepu in the shrine which thy ka loveth and be- +"fore thine abode, and thou art the mighty one of souls, and + +" hath set thee in order, and the gods embrace + +"thee. (10) Thou art like a god, and thou hast been begotten +"for transformations which are more numerous and with a +"created form more perfect than those of the gods. Thou hast +"more light (?) than the Khus and thou art more mighty of +"souls than are those who are in [them]. Hail, (11) Osiris +"Nefer-uben-f, Ptah on his Southern Wall hath set thee in order, + + + +THE CHAPTER OF TYING ON THE GARMENT OF PURITY. 3 1 5 + +"and he hath made to advance thine abode more than [that of] +"the gods. Hail, Osiris, the am-khent, Nefer-uben-f, thou art +"Horus, the son of Isis, begotten of (12) Ptah ; and Nut hath +"created [thee] a being of light like unto Ra in the horizon when +"he illumineth the two lands with his beauteous light. And +"the gods say unto thee : — 'Come forward, advance now and +"'look thou upon the things which are thine in thine (i3) +'"abode of everlastingness.' The goddess Rennutet, the heir +"and first-born of Tern, hath set thee in order in the presence +"of the company of the gods (14) of Nut. I, even I, am the +"heir of heaven, and the fellow of the God who maketh his +"light. I have come forth from the womb, and I shall grow +"young again even as doth (15) my father, and I shall not be +"prevented from making [my] answer in my season." + + + +Chapter CLXXI. + +[From the Papyrus of Amen-hetep (see Mariette, Papyrus de Boulaq, +torn. III. PI. 7).] + +Vignette : This Chapter has 110 Vignette. + +Text : (1) The Chapter of tying on the garment of +PURITY (ab). + +"O Tem, O Shu, O Tefnut, O Seb, O Nut, O Osiris, O Isis, +"O Set, O Nephthys, (2) O Heru-khuti (Harmachis), O Hathor +"in the Great House, O Khepera, O Menthu, the lord of Thebes, +"O Amen, the lord of the thrones of the two lands, O Great +"company of the gods, O Little company of the gods, O gods +"and goddesses who dwell in (3) Nu, O Sebek of the two +u Meht, O Sebek in all thy manifold names in thine every place +"wherein thy Ka hath delight, O gods (4) of the south, O gods +"of the north, O ye who are in heaven, O ye who are upon +"earth, grant ye (5) this garment of purity to the perfect Khu +"of Amen-hetep. Grant ye your strength [unto him], (6) and +"destroy ye [all] the evil which belongeth unto Amen-hetep by + + + +3l6 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +"means of this garment of purity. Hold [ye] him guiltless, then, +"for ever and ever, and destroy ye [all] the evil which belongeth +"unto him." + + + +Chapter CLXXII. + +[From the Papyrus of Nebseni, (Brit. Mus. No. 9,900, sheets 32, 33).] +Vignette : This Chapter has no Vignette. + +Text : (1) The first of the Chapters of the arrange- +ments (or praisings) which are to be performed in the +underworld. + +"[I snuff] the bet incense, I inhale the scent of hesmen (natron) + +"and (2) incense , I am pure with the purity of , + +"[pure are] the praises which come forth from my mouth, more + +"pure than maatQ) itself (3) of the fish that are in the + +"river ; to the statue of the Temple of Hesmen (natron). Pure +"are the praises (4) of the scribe Nebseni, the designer of the +"house of gold, begotten of the scribe and designer Thena, +"triumphant, born of the lady of the house Mut-restha, trium- +"phant. And as for the scribe Nebseni, the lord of piety, who +"is happy with a two-fold happiness, (5) Ptah hath a favour +"unto him, and He of the Southern Wall hath a favour unto +"him, and every god hath a favour unto him, and every god- +"dess hath a favour unto him. Thy beauties are a stream (6) +"[bearing] things which cause rest and are like unto water which +"floweth nearer (?) ; thy beauties are like a hall of festival wherein +"each man may exalt his [own] god ; thy beauties are like unto +"the pillar of the god Ptah (7) and like the courtyard of incense (?) +"of Ra. Nebseni, the scribe and designer of the Temple of Ptah, +"hath been made a pillar of Ptah, and the libation vase of the +"god of the Southern Wall." + +I. (8) "Hail, verily thou art invoked; hail, verily thou art in- +"voked. Hail, verily thou art lamented. Verily, thou art praised ; +"verily, thou art exalted ; verily, thou art glorious ; verily, thou + + + +THE CHAPTER OF PRAISINGS. 3 l 7 + +"art strong. Hail, thou scribe Nebseni, thou who hast been raised +"up, (9) thou art raised up by means of the ceremonies which +"have been performed for thee. Thine enemies have fallen and +"the god Ptah hath thrown down headlong (10) thy foes; thou +"hast triumphed over them and thou hast gained power over +"them. They obey thy words and they perform that which thou +"orderest them [to do] ; thou art raised up, and thy word is a +"law unto the divine sovereign chiefs of every god, and of every +"goddess." (n) + +II. "Hail, verily thou art invoked ; hail, verily thou art in- +"voked. Thy head, O my lord, is a standard with locks of rip- +"pling hair like unto the hair of a woman of Asia ; thy face +"shineth more brightly than the House (12) of the Moon-god ; +"the upper part of thy head is azure in colour ; thy locks are +"blacker than the doors of the underworld ; thy hair is dark as +"night ; thy visage is decorated with an azure blue ; (i3) the +"rays of Ra are upon thy face ; thy garments are of gold which +"Horus hath deftly ornamented with azure blue ; thine eye-brows +"are the two sister goddesses who are at peace with each other +"and whom Horus (14) hath deftly ornamented with azure blue; +"thy nose snuffeth in and thy nostrils exhale as it were the winds +"from heaven. Thine eyes look towards (15) Mount Bakhau of +"the rising sun ; thine eyelashes are fixed each day, and the +"upper eyelids to which they belong are of veritable lapis-lazuli ; +"the apples of thine eyes are [as] offerings of peace (?) ; and the +"lower eyelids are filled with (16) eye-paint of mestchem. Thy +"two lips give unto thee law, they repeat unto [thee] the law +"of Ra, and they make to be at peace the hearts of the gods. +"Thy teeth are the two heads (17) of the serpent goddess Mehen +"which sport (?) with the Horus gods ; thy tongue is made skil- +"ful ; thy speech is more shrill than that of the tcheru bird of +"the field; thy jawbones are starry lamps; (18) thy breasts (?) +"are stablished upon their seats ; and they journey unto the +"funeral mountain of Amentet." + +III. "[Hail, verily thou art invoked ; hail, verily thou art in- +"voked.] Thy neck is decorated with gold, and (19) it is girt + + + +3l8 ' THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +"about (?) with refined copper. Thy gullet and throat are those +"of Anpu ; thy bones are the bones of the two Uatch goddesses ; +"thy backbone is (20) studded with gold, and is girt about (?) +"with refined copper ; thy loins (?) are those of Nephthys ; thy . . . +"is a Nile which is without water; thy buttocks (21) are two +"crystal eggs ; thy thighs are strong for walking ; thou sittest +"upon thy seat ; and the gods [give] (22) unto thee thine eyes, +"O scribe Nebseni, thou lord of piety." + +IV. "[Hail, verily thou art invoked ; hail, verily thou art in- +voked.] Thy throat is the throat of Anpu ; thy members (23) +"are plated with gold ; thy breasts are two crystal eggs which +"Horus hath deftly ornamented with azure blue ; thy shoulders +"are made like unto crystal ; thine arms (24) are stablished +"through the strength which protecteth them ; thy heart is glad +"each day ; thy breast is of the work of the two divine Forms ; +"thy person adoreth the starry deities who dwell in the heights +"and depths of heaven ; (25) thy belly is, as it were, the hea- +"vens ; thy navel is the Tuat (/. e., underworld) which is open, +"and which ordereth the light in the darkness, and the offerings +"of which are (26) ankhdm flowers.' And Nebseni praiseth the +"majesty of Thoth, the beloved one [saying] : — 'May his beau- +ties be in my tomb, and may all the purity which he loveth +"(27) be there even as my God hath commanded for me.'" + +V. "Hail, verily thou art invoked ; hail, verily thou art in- +"voked. Thy two hands are a pool of water in the season of +"an abundant inundation, a pool of water fringed about with +"the divine offering of the water -god. Thy (28) thighs are +"encircled with gold ; thy knees are the plants of the waters +"where are the nests of the birds ; thy feet are stablished each +"day ; thy legs lead thee into a (29) path of happiness, O scribe +"Nebseni, thou favoured one. Thy hands and arms are pillars (?) +"[set] upon their pedestals; thy fingers are strips (?) of gold, the +"nails of which are like sharp flakes (3o) of flint by reason of +"the works which they perform for thee." + +VI. "Hail, verily thou art invoked ; hail, verily thou art in- +"voked. Thou clothest thyself with the garment of purity (abu), + + + +THE CHAPTER OF PRAISINGS. 3ig + +"and behold, thou drawest off from thyself the timet garment +"when (3i) thou goest up to stretch thyself upon the couch (?). +"Haunches of meat are cut for thy ka, O scribe Nebseni, and +"a breast (or heart) of the animal is offered unto thy sahu. +"Thou receivest a garment of the finest linen (32) from the +"hands of the ministrant (?) of Ra ; thou eatest the cakes upon +"the cloth which the goddess Tait herself hath prepared ; thou +"eatest the haunch of the animal (33) ; thou takest boldly the +"joint which Ra hath endowed with power in his holy place ; +"thou washest thy feet in the silver basins which the god Seker, +"the artificer, hath wrought ; and behold, (34) thou eatest of +"the cake which appeareth on the altar and which the two +"divine fathers have sanctified. Thou eatest of the baked bread +"and of the hot meats of the storehouse ; thou (35) smellest +"the flowers ; thy heart feareth not [to advance] to the altar of +"the offerings made to thee ; and those who feed thee with +"food make for thee the loaves and bread-cakes of the Souls +"of Annu (Heliopolis), (36) and they themselves bear them +"unto thee. Thine offerings (?) are ordered for thee, and thy +"ordinances are in the gates of the Great House. Thou risest +"up like Sah (Orion) ; thou arrivest like the star Bau ; (37) and +"the goddess Nut [stretcheth out] her hands unto thee. Sah +"(Orion), the son of Ra, and Nut, who gave birth to the gods +" — the two mighty gods in heaven — speak each to the other, +"saying, (38) 'Take the scribe and draughtsman Nebseni into thine +"'arms, and I will take him into mine on this day, and let us +" 'make happiness for him when praises are sung to him and +" 'when mention is made of him, and when [his name] is in +'"the mouth of all young men and maidens.' (3g) Thou art +"raised up, [O Nebseni,] and thou hearest the songs of com- +"memoration through the door of thy house." + +VII. "Hail, verily thou art invoked ; hail, verily thou art in- +"voked. Anubis hath bestowed upon thee thy winding-sheet, +"he hath (40) wrought [for thee] according to his will, he +"hath provided thee with the ornaments of his bandages, for +"he is the overseer of the great god. Thou settest out on thy + + + +320 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +"way and thou hast been washed in the Lake of Perfection ; +"thou makest offerings in the celestial mansions, and thou pro- +"pitiatest (41) the lords of Annu (Heliopolis). The water of +"Ra is presented unto thee in vessels, and milk in large vases. +"Thou art raised up and thou makest offerings upon the altar, + +"thou washest thy feet upon the stone of (42) on the + +"banks of the Lake of God. Thou comest forth and thou seest +"Ra upon the pillars which are the arms of heaven, upon the +"head of An-mut-f and upon the arms of Ap-uat ; he openeth +"out for thee a way (43) and thou seest the horizon wherein +"is the place of purity which thou lovest." + +VIII. "Hail, verily thou art invoked ; hail, verily thou art +"invoked. Offerings are allotted unto thee in the presence of Ra, +"and according to that which Horus and Thoth ordered for thee +"thou hast had a beginning and an end. (44) They invoke thee, +"O scribe Nebseni, and see thy splendour there, causing thee +"to come forth [as] a god (45) and to advance to the Souls of +"Annu. Thou goest forth upon the great roads in thy Sail, who +"hast received the offerings of thy father upon thy two hands ; +"thou art furnished with linen garments each day, at the be- +ginning of the journey of the god through the gates of the +"(46) Great House." + +IX. "Hail, verily thou art invoked ; hail, verily thou art in- +"voked. The scribe Nebseni hath air for his nose and breath +"for his nostrils, and one thousand geese, and fifty baskets of +"pure and fair offerings. Hail, Nebseni, thine enemies have +"fallen down headlong and they shall nevermore exist." + + + +Chapter CLXXIII. + +[From the Papyrus of Nebseni (Brit. Mus. No. 9,900, sheets 9 and 10).] + +Vignette : "Osiris, the great god, the lord of Abtu, the lord of trans- +formations, the prince of eternity", seated in a shrine ; the deceased +stands, with hands raised in adoration, before the god, and the ground + + + +THE SPEECHES OF HORUS TO OSIRIS. 321 + +between them is covered with the bodies of birds and beasts which have +been prepared for sacrifice. + +Text: The speeches of Horus to his divine father +Osiris when he entereth in to see him, and when he + +COMETH FORTH FROM NEAR THE GREAT AbT CHAMBER TO LOOK +UPON RA AS UN-NEFER, THE LORD OF TA-TCHESERT ; THEN +DOTH EACH EMBRACE THE OTHER AT THE PLEASURE OF HIS +KHU, THERE IN THE UNDERWORLD, (i) A Hymn of Praise to +"Osiris, governor of those in the underworld, the great god, the +"lord of Abydos, the king of eternity, the prince of everlasting- +"ness, the holy god in Re-stau, (2) by the scribe Nebseni, who +"saith :— (3) + +"I ascribe praise unto thee, O lord of the gods, thou God +"One, who livest (4) upon right and truth, behold, I thy son +"Horus come unto thee; (5) I have avenged thee, and I have +"brought to thee maat — even to the place where is the com- +"pany of thy gods. (6) Grant thou that I may have my being +"among those who are in thy following, for I have overthrown +"all thy (7) foes, and I have stablished all those who are of +"thy substance upon the earth for ever and ever." + +[Here follow forty declarations each of which is preceded bv +the words "Hail, Osiris, I am thy son".] + +(8) "I have come, and I have avenged [thee, O my father +"Osiris]. + +(9) "I have come, and I have overthrown for thee thine ene- +"mies. + +(10) "I have come, and I have done away with every evil +"thing which belongeth unto thee. + +(11) "I have come, and I have slain for thee him that at- +tacked thee. + +(12) "I have come, and I have sent forth mine arm against +"those who were hostile towards thee. + +(i3) "I have come, and I have brought unto thee the fiends +"of Set with their fetters upon them. + +(14) "I have come, and I have brought unto thee the land of +"the South, and I have united unto thee the land of the North. + + + +322 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +(15) "I have come, and I have stablished for thee divine of- +ferings from the South and from the North. + +(16) "I have come, and I have ploughed 1 for thee the fields. + +(17) "I have come, and I have filled for thee the canals with +"water. + +(18) "I have come, and I have hoed up for thee the ground. + +(19) "I have come, and I have built cisterns for thee. + +(20) "I have come, and I have gone round about the soil +"for thee. + +(21) "I have come, and I have made sacrificial victims of +"those who were hostile to thee. + +(22) "I have come, and I have made sacrifices unto thee of +"thine animals and victims for slaughter. + +(23) "I have come, and I have supplied [thee] with food in +"abundance [of the creatures which are upon earth]. + +(24) "I have come, and I have brought unto thee + +(25) "I have come, and I have slain for thee + +(26) "I have come, and I have smitten for thee emasculated +"beasts. + +(27) "I have come, and I have netted for thee birds and +"feathered fowl. + +(28) "I have come, and I have taken captive for thee thine +"enemies in their chains. + +(29) "I have come, and I have fettered for thee thine ene- +"mies with fetters. + +(30) "I have come, and I have brought for thee cool water +"from Abu (Elephantine), wherewith thou mayest refresh thine +"heart. + +(3i) "I have come, and I have brought unto thee herbs of +"every kind. + +(32) "I have come, and I have stablished for thee those who +"are of thy substance daily. + +(33) "I have come, and I have made thy cakes in the city +"of Pe of the red barley. + +1. The text actually has, "1 have overthrown." + + + +THE SPEECHES OF HORUS TO OSIRIS. 323 + +(34) "I have come, and I have made thy ale in the city of +"Tepu of the white grain. + +(35) "I have come, and I have ploughed for thee wheat and +"barley in Sekhet-Aaru. + +(36) "I have come, and f have reaped it for thee therein. + +(37) "I have come, and I have glorified thee. + +(38) "I have come, and I have given [to thee] thy souls. +(3g) "I have come, and I have given [to thee] thy power. + +(40) "I have come, and I have given [to thee thy] + +(41) "I have come, and I have given [to thee thy] + +(42) "I have come, and I have given [to thee] thy terror. + +(43) "I have come, and I have given [to thee] thy victory. + +(44) "I have come, and I have given to thee thine eyes, +"[which are] the plumes on thy head. + +(45) "I have come, and I have given [to thee] Isis and Neph- +"thys that they may stablish thee. + +(46) "I have come, and I have filled for thee the Eye of +"Horus [with] oil (or unguent). + +(47) "I have come, and I have brought unto thee the Eye of +"Horus, whereby thy face shall be destroyed." + + + +Chapter CLXXIV. + +[From the Papyrus of Mut-hetep (Brit. Mus. No. 10,010, sheet 3).] + +Vignette : The deceased standing with her back towards a door from +which she has just come forth. + +Text : (1) The Chapter of causing the khu to come + +FORTH FROM THE GREAT DOOR. 1 Mut-hetepeth, triumphant, +saith : — + +"Thy son hath offered up for thee [a sacrifice], and the +"divine, mighty ones tremble (2) when they look upon the +"slaughtering knife which is in thy hand [when] thou comest + +1. For the original form of this Chapter as found in the Pyramid of Unas, +see Maspero, Recueil de Travaux, torn. IV. p. 43. 11. 379 — 399. + +21* + + + +324 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +"forth from the Tuat. Homage to thee, O god Saa, the god +"Seb hath created thee, and the company of the gods have +"given birth unto thee. (3) Horus resteth upon his Eye, and +"the god Tern resteth upon his years, and the gods of the east +"and of the west rest upon the mighty one who hath come +"into existence within [thy] hand. (4) A god hath been born +"[now that] I have been born ; I see and I have sight ; I have +"my existence ; I am lifted up upon my place ; [I have] done +"what hath been decreed ; (5) [I] hate slumber ; I have endowed +"with might the feeble one. He that dwelleth in the city of +"Netet hath made cakes for me in the city of Pe, and I have +"received [my form] in Annu, for it is Horus who hath cotn- +"manded (6) what shall be done for his father the lord of +"winds (?), and the god Set quaketh ; he hath raised me up, +"and Tern hath raised me up. O, I am the mighty one, (7) +"and I have come forth from between the thighs of the com- +"pany of the gods. I have been conceived by Sekhet (8) and +"by [Shes]-Khentet, and I have been brought forth at the +"door of the star Sept (Sothis), the foremost (?) one who with +"long strides (9) bringeth along the celestial path of Ra day +"by day. I have come to my habitation (10) as prince of the +"North and South, and I rise (or I am crowned) in the gate. +"Hail, thou of the (11) double plumes who art called by the +"name of Mi-shepes, I am the lotus (12) which shineth in the +"Land of Purity and which hath received me and which maketh +"my abode at the nostrils of the Great Form, (i3) I have come +"into the Lake of Flame, and I have placed right and truth in +"the Place of Sin. (14) I am the watcher of the sesheru garments, +"and the watcher of the Uraeus on the night of the flood of the +"Great one. (15) I rise like Nefer-Tem, who is the lotus at the +"nostrils of Ra, when he cometh forth from the horizon each +"day ; and the gods are purified at the (16) sight of the lady +"of the house Mut-hetepeth, who is triumphant before the Kas +"and who gathereth together hearts for Saau-ur, whom (17) the +"god, Saa-Amenti-Ra, holdeth(?). I have come upon my seat +"before the Kas, and I have gathered together hearts for Saa- + + + +THE CHAPTER OF NOT DYING A SECOND TIME. 325 + +"urt, and I have my being (18) as Saa whom Ra the god of +"Amenti, holdeth (?) ; and the tchetch implement is with me. I +"recite the mighty [words] which are in the heart on the festival +"of the Ansi garment, and I am Sa -Amenti (ig)-Ra, the strong (?) +"of heart within the hidden chamber of Nu." + + + +Chapter CLXXV. + +[From the Papyrus of Ani (Brit. Mus. No. 10,470, sheet 29).] + +Vignette: The deceased and his wife standing, with hands raised in + +adoration, before the god Thoth, who is seated upon a pylon-shaped + +throne, and has the emblem of "life" upon his knees. + +Text : (1) The Chapter of not dying a second time. +Osiris, the scribe Ani, triumphant, saith : — (2) + +"Hail, Thoth ! What is it that hath happened unto the di- +"vine children of Nut? (3) They have done battle, they have +"upheld strife, they have done evil, (4) they have created the +"fiends, they have made slaughter, they have caused (5) trouble ; +"in truth, in all their doings the mighty have worked against +"the weak. (6) Grant, O might of Thoth, that that which the +"god Tem hath decreed [may be done] ! And thou regardest +"not evil, nor art thou (7) provoked to anger when they bring +"their years to confusion and throng in and push to disturb +"their months ; for in all that they have done (8) unto thee +"they have worked iniquity in secret. I am thy writing palette, +"O Thoth, and I have brought unto thee thine ink- jar. I am +"not (9) of those who work iniquity in their secret places ; let +"not evil happen unto me." + +Saith Osiris, the scribe Ani : — (10) "Hail, Tmu ! What manner +"[of land] is this into which I have come? It hath not water, +"it hath not air; it is depth unfathomable, (11) it is black as +"the blackest night, and men wander helplessly therein. In it +"a man may not live in quietness of heart ; nor may the long- +ings of love be satisfied (12) therein. But let the state of + + + +326 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY + +"the shining ones he given unto me instead of water and air +"and the satisfying of the longings of love, and let quietness +"of heart be given unto me instead of cakes (i3) and ale. The +"god Tem hath decreed that I shall see thy face, and that I +"shall not suffer from the things which pain thee. May every +"god transmit unto thee (14) his throne for millions of years. +"Thy throne hath descended unto thy son Horus, and the god +"Tem hath decreed that his course shall be among the holy +"princes. (15) In truth, he shall rule over thy throne, and he +"shall be heir of the throne of the Dweller in the Lake of +"Double Fire. In truth, it hath been decreed that in me he shall +"see his likeness, and that my face (16) shall look upon the +"face of the lord Tem. How long then have I to live ? It is +"decreed that thou shalt live for millions of millions of years, +"a life of millions of years. (17) May it be granted unto me +"that I pass on unto the holy princes, for indeed, I am doing +"away with all the wrong which I did, from the time when +"this earth came into being from Nu (18), when it sprang +"from the watery abyss even as it was in the days of old. I +"am Fate (or Time) and Osiris, and I have made my transfor- +"mations into the likeness of divers (19) serpents. Man knoweth +"not, and the gods cannot behold, the two-fold beauty which I +"have made for Osiris, who is greater than all the gods. I have +"given unto him (20) the region of the dead. And verily, his +"son Horus is seated upon the throne of the Dweller in the +"Lake of Double Fire, as his heir. I have made him to have +"his throne (21) in the boat of millions of years. Horus is sta- +"blished upon his throne, [among his] friends and all that be- +longed unto him. Verily, the soul of Set, which (22) is greater +"than all the gods, hath departed. May it be granted that I +"bind his soul in the divine boat (23) at my (?) will, and that +"[he] may have fear of the divine body. O my father Osiris, +"thou hast done for me that which thy father Ra did for thee. +"May I abide upon the earth lastingly ; (24) may I keep pos- +session of my throne ; may my heir be strong ; may my tomb +"and my friends who are upon earth flourish ; (25) may my + + + +THE CHAPTER OF NOT DYING A SECOND TIME. 327 + +"enemies be given over to destruction and to the shackles of +"the goddess Serq. I am thy son, and Ra is my father. (26) +"For me likewise thou hast made life, strength, and health. +"Horus is established upon his throne. Grant thou that the +"days of my life may come unto worship and honour." + +The remains of a much longer version of this Chapter have +been found in the papyrus of "a scribe of the offerings of the +King of the North and South", called Ra (see Lepsius, op. cit., +Bd. I. Bll. 198, 199), and from these we may see that the hap- +piness of the deceased in the underworld was more fully de- +scribed therein. No connected sense can, however, be given to +this version, for the beginnings and ends of the lines of the +text of the Chapter are wanting almost throughout. From the +Rubric we learn that the Chapter was "to be recited over a +figure of Horus made of lapis-lazuli which was to be laid upon +the neck of the deceased", and that the performance of this +ceremony was believed to be most efficacious in securing im- +portant benefits for the dead. + + + +Chapter CLXXVI. + +[From the Papyrus of Nu (Brit. Mus. No. 10,477, sheet 22).] +Vignette : This Chapter is without Vignette. + +Text : (1) The Chapter of not dying a second time. +The Osiris Nu, the overseer of the palace, the chancellor-in- +chief, triumphant, saith : — + +"That which I abominate is the land of the East. Let me not +"enter into the torture chamber. Let there not be done unto +"me any of those (2) things which the gods hold in abomina- +"tion, for behold, [I] have passed as a pure being through the +"Mesqet chamber. And let the god Neb-er-tcher grant unto me +"his glorious power on the day of burial (3) in the presence of +"the Lord of Things." + + + +328 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +Rubric : if [the deceased] know this chapter he shall pecome + +LIKE A PERFECT KHU IN THE UNDERWORLD. + + + +Chapter CLXXVII. + +[From the Papyrus of Nebseni (Brit. Mus. No. 9,900, sheet 18).] + +Vignette : The deceased standing upright ; pure water is being poured +out before him, and offerings of linen garments are being made unto him. + +Text : (1) The Chapter of raising up the khu and of + +MAKING THE SOUL TO LIVE IN THE UNDERWORLD. The scribe +Nebseni, the draughtsman in the Temple of Ptah, the lord of +piety who is in the favour of his god, saith : — (2) + +"[Hail,] Nut, 1 Nut who castest thy father to earth and set- +"test (?) Horus behind him, his wings grow like [those of] a +"hawk, and his plumes like (3) [those of] him who seeth (?). +"His soul hath been brought unto him, he is filled with words +"[of magical power], and his place is decreed for him opposite +"to (4) the stars of the heaven, for behold thou art a star of +"Nut by thyself . . . Thou seest the scribe Nebseni, the lord of +"piety, [in] happiness, (5) and giving his commands unto the +"Khiis; and behold, the divine Power (or Prince) is not [among +"them], and thy ... is not among them, unless thou art among +"them. Thou seest the chief Nebseni, the scribe (6) and draughts- +man of the Temple of Ptah, in the form of a soul who hath +"the horns of the cows Smamet and An-unser the Black. [Hail,] +"children of Serat-Beqet, who have sucked milk from (7) the +"four Uaipu cows (?), Horus of the blue eyes cometh unto you; +"protect ye Horus of the red eyes who is sick. Let not his +"soul be turned back, (8) let his offerings be brought [unto him], +"let the things which are for his benefit (?) be carried to him ; +"and let them come upon the shoulder over the West. This +"only one advanceth to thee. The God speaketh thy words + +1. For an original form of this text as found in the Pyramid of Unas, see +Maspero, Recueil de Travaux, torn. IV. 1. 36 1 ft'. + + + +THE CHAPTER OF RAISING UP THE DEAD BODY. 3 29 + +". .... (9); the gods make thy name to be triumphant before +"the gods, and the company of the gods distinguish thee with +"their hands. The God of the Field of the gods speaketh, and +"thou gainest the power over the door of Kas in their horizon; +"they unbolt (10) for thee their doors, for they have a favour +"unto thee, and thou gainest power over their shrines. The god +"[Seb and his company of gods enter in], and they come forth +"lifting on high (11) their faces, and they look upon thee in + +"the presence of the great god Amsu thy head .... + +"thy head. I [make to] stand up thy head [for thee], and thou +"hast power thereover. His head diminisheth behind thee, but +"thy head shall not diminish, and thou shalt not be destroyed, +"and thou shalt do what thou hast to do before men and be- +"fore the gods." + + + +Chapter CLXXVIII. + +[From the Papyrus of Nebseni (Brit. Mus. No. 9,900, sheet 19).] +Vignette : This Chapter has no Vignette. + +Text : (1) The Chapter of raising up the dead body, + +[OF GIVING SIGHT TO] THE EYES, OF GAINING POWER OVER +THE EARS, OF STABLISHING (2) THE HEAD, AND OF PROVIDING +THE FACE WITH THE POWER OF PROTECTION. The Osiris, the +scribe Nebseni, the draughtsman of the Temple of Ptah, the lord +of piety, saith : — + +"The Eye of Horus is presented unto thee, and it feedeth +"thee with the food of offerings. Hail, 1 ye who make the (3) +"labourers to rejoice and who raise up the heart and purify the +"body, who have eaten the Eye of Horus, thou Olive tree in +"Annu, (4) destroy ye [what evil there is] in the body of [Osiris] +"Nebseni, the scribe and draughtsman in the Temple of Ptah. + +1. For a very ancient form of the text of this Chapter as found in the +Pyramid of Unas, see Maspero, Recueil de Travaux, tome III. Unas. 1. 166 ft'. + + + +33o THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +"O Osiris, let him not suffer thirst before his god, let him +"suffer neither hunger nor thirst, and let the god (5) Khas(?) +"carry them away, and let him do away with his hunger, O +"thou that fillest, O thou that fillest hearts. O chiefs who dis- +pense cakes [and ale], O ye who have charge of (6) the water +"flood, command ye that cakes and ale be given unto the +"Osiris Nebseni even as Ra himself commanded this thing. +"And, moreover, Ra hath commanded those who are over the +"abundance of the (7) year to take handfuls of wheat and +"barley and to give them to him for his cakes, for behold, he +"is a great bull ; [these] shall ye give to the Osiris Nebseni. +"O guardian of the five cakes in (8) the divine house, three +"cakes are in heaven before Ra, and two are upon earth before +"the company of the gods ; may he burst through Nu, may he +"see, may he see ! O Ra, be gracious unto the scribe (9) Neb- +"seni this day, be gracious. The scribe Nebseni is as a lord +"of piety according to • the command of Shu and Isis, and he +"hath been united (10) unto the piety of happiness before his +"god. May [the gods] give cakes and ale unto the scribe Neb- +"seni, and may they prepare for him all good and pure things +"(11) this happy day, things for journeying and travelling, things +"of the Eye of Horus, things of the boat (?), and all things +"which should enter into the sight of the god, Thou shalt +"have power over the water, and thou shalt advance to (12) +"the table of offerings having cakes (?) and four measures (?) of +"water. The Eye of Horus hath ordered these things for the +"scribe Nebseni, and the god Shu hath ordered the [means of] +"subsistence for him, (i3) [both] cakes and ale. Watch, O judges +"of the form (?) of Thoth, watch him that lieth in death. Wake +"up, O thou that dwellest in [Kenset]! Grant thou offerings (14) +"in the presence of Thoth, the mighty god, who cometh forth +"from Hapi (/'. e., the Nile), and of Ap-uat who cometh forth +"from Asert, for the mouth of Nebseni, the scribe and designer +"of the (15) Temple of Ptah, is pure. The company of the gods +"offer incense to the scribe Nebseni, and his mouth is pure, +"and his tongue which is therein is right and true. That + + + +THE CHAPTER OF RAISING UP THE DEAD BODY. 33 1 + +"which (16) the scribe Nebseni abominateth is filth, and he +"hath freed himself therefrom even as Set freed himself [from +"it] in the city of Rehiu, and he hath set out [with] Thoth for +"heaven (17). O ye who have delivered the scribe Nebseni +"along with yourselves, let him eat of that whereof ye eat, let +"him drink of that whereof ye drink, let him sit down upon +"that whereon (18) ye sit, let him be strong in the strength +"wherein ye are strong, let him sail about where ye sail about ; +"the scribe Nebseni hath drawn the net together in the (19) +"region of Aaru, and he hath running water in Sekhet-hetep, +"and his offerings are among [those of] the gods. The water +"of the scribe Nebseni (20) is the wine of Ra, and Nebseni +"goeth round about heaven and travelleth [therein] like unto +"Thoth. It is an abomination unto the scribe Nebseni to suffer +"hunger and not to eat, and it is an abomination unto him +"(21) to be thirsty [and not to drink]; but sepulchral meals +"have been given unto him by the lord of eternity, who hath +"ordered [these things] for him. The scribe Nebseni was con- +ceived in (22) the night, and was brought forth in the day- +light, and those who are in the following of Ra, the divine +"ancestors, adore [him]. [The scribe Nebseni was conceived in +"Nu, and was brought forth in Nu, and he hath come] * and +"hath brought to you what he hath (23) found of that +"which the Eye of Horus hath shed upon the branches of the +"Then tree. The governor of those in Amenti cometh to him +"and bringeth to him the divine food and offerings of Horus, +"(24) the governor of Temples, and upon that whereon he doth +"live the scribe Nebseni liveth also, and of that whereof he +"drinketh doth the scribe Nebseni, the designer of the (25) +"Temple of Ptah, drink also, and facing his offerings of cakes +"and ale is a haunch of meat also. Osiris, the scribe Neb- +"seni, is triumphant, and he is favoured of Anubis (26) who +"is upon his hill." + +"Hail, scribe Nebseni, thou hast the form wherein thou hadst + +1. These words are added from the Pyramid of Unas, 11. 199, 200. + + + +332 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +"thine existence upon earth, and thou livest and renewest thy +"youth each day ; thy face is uncovered and thou seest (27) the +"lord of the horizon, who giveth to thee sepulchral meals in thy +"hour and in thy season of night. Horus hath avenged thee, +"and he hath destroyed the jaw-bones (28) of thine enemies ; he +"hath shut in the doer of violence at the mouth of his fortress." + +"Hail, scribe Nebseni, thou hast no enemies in Het-ur, (29) +"and the scales balanced when thou wert weighed therein, and +"the hall wherein they were belonged to Osiris, the lord of of- +ferings of Amentet. And thou shalt enter in at will, and thou +"shalt see (3o) the Great God in his form, and life shall be given +"to thy nostrils, and thou shalt triumph over thine enemies." + +"Hail, scribe Nebseni, what thou abominatest is (3i) iniquity. +"The divine lord of creation hath made peace with thee on the +"night of silencing the weeping. And sweet life, whereupon +"Thoth resteth, hath been given unto thee from the mouth of +"the company of the gods, (32) and thou dost triumph over thine +"enemies, O scribe Nebseni. Thy mother Nut spreadeth herself +"over thee 1 in her name of Shetet-pet, and she maketh thee to +"be a follower (33) of the great god, and to be without ene- +"mies, and she delivereth thee from every evil thing in her +"name of Khnemet-urt, the divine, mighty form who dwelleth +"among her (34) children, O scribe Nebseni." + +"Hail, 2 chiefs of the hours, ancestors of Ra, make ye a way +"for the scribe Nebseni, the lord of piety, (35) and let him pass +"within the circle of Osiris, the lord of the life of the two lands, +"who liveth for ever. And let the scribe Nebseni, the draughts- +"man in the Temple of Ptah, the lord of piety, the happy one, +"(36) be in the following of Nefer-Tem, the lotus at the nostrils + +"of Ra in the presence of the gods, and let him see + +Ra for ever." + +1. This line is found on the cover of the wooden coffin of Men-kau-Ra +(Mycerinus), Brit. Mus. No. 6647. See ray Papyrus of Ani, p. XX. +2. See the Pyramid of Unas, 1. 399 f. + + + +THE CHAPTER OF ADVANCING FROM YESTERDAY. 333 + +Chapter CLXXIX. + +[From the Papyrus of Nu (Brit. Mus. No. 10,477, sheet 15).] +Vignette : This Chapter has no Vignette. + +Text : (1) The Chapter of advancing from yesterday +AND OF COMING FORTH BY DAY ; whereby he and his (2) +members shall be provided with food. The overseer of the +palace, the chancellor -in -chief, Nu, triumphant, the son of the +overseer of the palace, Amen-hetep, triumphant, saith : — + +"Let my speech of yesterday be given [unto me]. I come +"daily. I have come forth from the god of creation, (3) I am +"Sepes coming forth from his Tree, and I am Nun coming +"forth from his might. I am the lord of the ureret crown, and + +" the god Neheb-kau (4). I am Tesher who + +"avengeth his Eye. I died yesterday but I come to-day. The +"mighty Lady who is the guardian of the door hath made a +"way for me. I come forth (5) by day against mine Enemy, +"and I have gained the mastery over him ; he hath been given +"over unto me, and he shall not be delivered out of my hand. +"And he shall come to an end before me in the presence of +"the [great] divine sovereign chiefs [ x who are in the underworld. +"The first, great rank hath been given unto me by him, along +"with the shade and form of the living gods ; and I have made + +"[my] path Mine Enemy hath been brought unto me, + +"and he hath been given unto me, and he shall not be delivered +"out of my hand ; the things which concern me have been ended +"in the presence of the divine sovereign chiefs of] Osiris (6) who +"is [clothed] in his apparel. And behold, the governor of those + +"in Amenti I am the lord of redness on the dav of + +"transformations. I am (7) the lord of knives and injury shall +"not be done unto me. I have made [my] path. I am the scribe +"[who writeth down] the odorous things which are in the +"sweet-smelling incense (?), and the things which belong to the + +1. The words in brackets are added from the Papyrus of Nebseni. + + + +334 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +"mighty Ruddy one have been brought [to me], (8) and the +"mighty Ruddy one hath been given to me. I have come forth +"by day against my Enemy, I have brought him along, I have +"gained the power over him; he hath been given unto me, and +"he shall not be delivered (9) out of my hand. He hath come +"to an end beneath me in the presence of the divine sovereign +"chiefs, and I eat him in the great field on the altar of Ua- +"tchit ; I have (10) gained the mastery over him as Sekhet, the. +"great lady. I am the lord of transformations, for I have the +"transformations of every god, and they go round about in +". . . me." + + + +Chapter CLXXX. + +[From a Papyrus at Paris (see Naville, op. cit., Bd. I. Bl. 204).] +Vignette : The deceased kneeling in supplication before three gods. + +Text : (1) The Chapter of coming forth by day, of + +PRAISING RA IN AMENTET, OF ASCRIBING PRAISE UNTO THOSE +WHO DWELL IN THE TUAT, OF OPENING UP A PATH FOR THE +(2) PERFECT KHU IN THE UNDERWORLD, OF CAUSING HIM TO +WALK, OF MAKING LONG HIS FOOTSTEPS, OF GOING IN AND +COMING FORTH FROM THE UNDERWORLD, AND OF PERFORMING +TRANSFORMATIONS LIKE A LIVING SOUL. (3) The Osiris + +triumphant, saith : — + +"Ra setteth as Osiris with all the diadems (4) of the divine +"Khus and of the gods of Amentet. He is the One divine form, +"the hidden one of the Tuat, the holy Soul at the head of Amentet, +"Un-nefer, whose duration of life (5) is for ever and for ever. +"Words of praise are addressed to thee, [O Osiris], in the Tuat, +"and thy son Horus hath satisfaction in thee, and he hath spoken +"[unto thee] the decree of words. (6) Thou makest him to rise +"upon those who dwell in the Tuat like a mighty divine Star, +"unto whom the things which are his have been brought in +"the Tuat. Thou travellest through it, O son of Ra, and comest + + + +THE CHAPTER OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. 335 + +"forth like Tern. (7) Words of praise are addressed unto thee +"by those who dwell in the Tuat, [which is] the throne-chamber +"dear to thy Majesty, the King, the Prince of Aukert, the +"mighty Ruler, [who is crowned with] the Ureret crown, (8) +"the great God whose seat is hidden, the Lord and Weigher +"of words, and the Sovereign of his divine chiefs. And words +"of praise are addressed unto thee by those who dwell in the +"Tuat, and they have satisfaction [in] thee. And words of +"praise are addressed (9) unto thee by those who dwell in the +"Tuat, and the divine beings who weep pluck out their hair +"for thee, and they smite their hands together, and they praise +"thee, and they cry out (10) before thee, and they weep for +"thee, and they rejoice that thy soul hath glorified thy dead +"body. The souls of Ra in Amentet are exalted, and in the +"zone(?) of the Tuat the souls .... (11) cry out in their songs +"of exaltation unto the souls of Ra who dwelleth therein ; the +"body and souls of the god Tchentch dwell in the Tuat, and +"(12) his divine soul resteth therein." + +"Hail, Osiris, I am a servant of thy temple, and one who +"dwelleth within thy divine house ; and thou utterest with com- +"mand the words of the decree. Grant thou that I may rise +"like a luminary among the denizens (i3) of the Tuat, and +"like a mighty star unto whom in the Tuat the things which +"are his have been brought. Let [me] journey through it [like] +"the son of Ra, and let [me] come forth as Tern. Let me +"have rest in the Tuat, (14) let me gain the mastery over the +"darkness, let me enter therein, let me come forth therefrom, +"let thy hands receive me, O Ta-tiunen, (15) and let the He- +"tepu gods lift me up, O stretch ye out your hands to me, for +"I, even I, know [your] names. (16) Lead ye me along, praise +"ye me, O Hetepu gods with your praises, for Ra rejoiceth +"over the praises which are offered unto me (17) even as he +"doth over those which are offered unto Osiris. I have stablished +"for you your offerings, and ye have obtained the mastery over +"your oblations, even as Ra hath commanded me [to do]. (18) +"I am the god Mehiu and I am his heir upon the earth, and + + + +336 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +'I have made [my] path. O ye Hetepu gods, grant ye that I +'may enter into the Tuat, and let me make a way (19) into +'the beautiful Amentet. I have stablished the sceptre of the god +'Sah and the nemmes crown for the god whose name is hidden. +'Look ye, then, (20) O Hetepu gods, and ye gods who are the +'guides of the Tuat, and grant that I may receive my glorious +'might, and let me rise like a luminary (21) above his hidden +'place, and deliver ye me from the deadly stakes of those who +'are chained thereunto. Chain ye me not unto your (22) deadly +'stakes, and give ye me not over to the habitation of the fiends +'who slay." + +"I am the heir of Osiris, and I have received his nemmes +'crown in the Tuat; (23) look ye upon me, then, and let me +'rise like a luminary who hath come forth from your members ; +'and let me come into being like my divine father (24) who +'is worshipped. Look ye upon me, then, and rejoice ye in me, +'and grant that I may rise up, (25) and that I may come into +'being like him whose transformations were destroyed. Open +'ye a way unto my divine soul, O ye who stand upon your +'places. Grant ye that (26) I may rest in the beautiful Amentet, +'and decree ye for me a seat in front of you. Open out ye to +'me your paths, and draw back for me the bolts of your doors. +'(27) Behold, O Ra, as thou art the guide of this earth, so let +'the divine souls be [my] guides, and let [me] follow after the +'gods. I am he who guardeth (28) his own pylon, and [I am] +'led along by those who lead ; I am he who keepeth ward +'over his doors, and who setteth the gods in their places; (29) +'I am he who dwelleth upon his standard within the Tuat. I +'am the god Henbi, the guardian of the lands (?) of the gods ; +'I am the boundaries of the Tuat, (3o) I am the god Hetepi +'in Aukert. My offerings have been made in Amentet by the +'divine souls who dwell in the gods. (3i) I am the god Meh- +'a-nuti-Ra. I am the hidden Bennu bird ; I enter in [as] he +'resteth in the Tuat, and [I] come forth [as he] resteth (32) +'in the Tuat. I am the lord of the celestial abodes and I journey +'through the night sky after Ra. My offerings are in heaven in + + + +THE CHAPTER OF ENTERING IN TO THE CHIEFS OF OSIRIS. 337 + +"the Field of (33) Ra, and my sepulchral meals are on earth +"in the Field of Aaru. I travel through the Tuat like the beings +"fwho are with] Ra, and I weigh (34) words like the god +Thoth. I stretch myself at my desire, I run forward with my +•'strides in my spiritual form of (35) hidden qualities, and my +"transformations are those of the double god Horus-Set. I am +"the president of the food of the gods of the Tuat, and I give +"the sepulchral offerings (36) of the Khus. I am the God of the +"Mighty Heart who smiteth his enemies. Hail, ye gods and Khus, +"the ancestors (?) of Ra, who follow after (37) the divine Soul +"which he hath, lead ye me along as ye lead [him] along, and +"do ye, who are the guides of Ra and who are leaders (38) +"dwelling in the upper heaven, [guide me], for I am like unto +"the divine and holy Soul who is in Amentet." + + + +Chapter CLXXXI. + +[From the Papyrus of Qenna (see Leemans, Papyrus Egyptien, T. 2. PI. 16).] + +Vignette : The deceased kneeling in adoration before three gods who + +are seated before a door ; behind are a lion-headed and a vulture-headed + +god, each of whom has a serpent above his head. + +Text : (1) The Chapter of entering in to the divine + +SOVEREIGN CHIEFS OF OSIRIS, AND TO THE GODS WHO ARE +GUIDES IN THE TUAT, ( 2 ) AND TO THOSE WHO KEEP WARD +OVER THEIR GATES, AND TO THOSE WHO ARE HERALDS OF +THEIR HALLS, (3) AND TO THOSE WHO ARE THE PORTERS OF +THE DOORS AND PYLONS OF AMENTET ; AND OF MAKING THE +TRANSFORMATIONS LIKE (4) A LIVING SOUL ; AND OF PRAIS- +ING Osiris and of becoming the Prince of the divine +SOVEREIGN CHIEFS. The Osiris Qenna, triumphant, saith : — + +"Homage to thee, O governor (5) of Amentet, Un-nefer, +"lord of Ta-tchesert, (6) O thou who art diademed like Ra, +"verily I come to see thee and to rejoice (7) at thy beauties. +"His disk is thy disk ; his rays of light are thy rays (8) of + + + +338 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +"light ; his Ureret crown is thy Ureret crown ; his majesty is +"thy majesty ; his risings are thy (9) risings ; his beauties are +"thy beauties ; the terror which he inspireth is the terror which +"thou inspirest ; his odour (10) is thy odour ; his hall is thy +"hall, his seat is thy seat; his throne is thy throne ; (n) his +"heir is thy heir ; his ornaments are thy ornaments ; (12) his +"decree is thy decree ; his hidden place is thy hidden place ; +"his things are thy things ; (i3) his knowledge (or powers) is +"thy knowledge ; the attributes of greatness which are his are +"thine; the power (14) which protecteth him protecteth thee; 1 +"he dieth not and thou diest not ; he is not triumphed over +"(15) by his enemies, and thou art not triumphed over by thine +"enemies; no evil thing whatsoever hath happened (16) unto +"him, and no evil thing whatsoever shall happen unto thee +"for ever and for ever." + +(17) "Homage to thee, O Osiris, son of Nut, lord of the two +"horns, whose Atef crown is exalted, may the Ureret crown be +"given unto him, along with sovereignty before the company of +"the gods. (18) May the god Temu make terror of him to exist +"in the hearts of men, and women, (19) and gods, and Khus, +"and the dead. May dominion be given unto him in Annu +"(Heliopolis) ; (20) may he be mighty of transformations in +"Tattu (Mendes) ; may he be the lord greatly feared in the +"Aati ; may he be mighty in (21) victory in Re-stau ; may he +"be the lord who is remembered with gladness in the Great +"House ; may he have manifold (22) risings like a luminary in +"Abtu (Abydos) ; may triumph be given unto him in the pre- +sence of the company of the gods ; (2 3) may he gain the +"victory over the mighty Powers ; may the_ fear of him be +"made to go [throughout] the earth ; and may (1) the princes +"stand up 2 upon their stations before the sovereign of the gods +"of the Tuat, (2) the mighty Form of heaven, the Prince of +"the living ones, the King of those who are therein, and the + +1. Reading maket-f maket-k. + +2. What follows here is from the text given by Naville {op. cit., Bd. I. +Bl. 206). + + + +THE CHAPTER OF ENTERING IN TO THE CHIEFS OF OSIRIS. 3 3 9 + +"Glorifier of thousands in Kher-aba. The denizens of heaven +"rejoice in him who is the (3) lord of the chosen offerings in the +"mansions above ; a meat offering is made unto him in the city +"Het-ka-Ptah (Memphis) ; and the 'things of the night' are pre- +pared for him in Sekhem (Letopolis). Behold, O mightv god, +"thou great one of (4) two-fold strength, thy son Horus aveng- +"eth thee. He doeth away with every evil thing whatsoever +"that belongeth to thee, he bindeth up in order for thee thv +"person, he gathereth together for thee thy members, he col- + +"lecteth for thee thy bones, he bringeth to thee thy + +"(5) . . ; thou art raised up, then, O Osiris, I have given unto +"thee thy hand, and I make thee to stand up alive for ever +"and ever. The god Seb directeth(?) thy mouth, the great com- +"pany of the gods protecteth thee, .... (6) . . . ., and thev ac- +company thee unto the door of the gate of the Tuat. Thy +"mother Nut placeth her hands behind thee, she giveth thee +"strength, and she reneweth the power which protecteth thee. + +"(7) births, thy two sisters Isis and Nephthys come unto + +"thee, and they unite thee unto life, and strength, and health, + +"and thy heart rejoiceth before them ; (8) they ... in + +"thee through love of thee, and they load thy hands for thee +"with things of all kinds. All the gods present unto thee pro- +visions, and behold, (9) they praise thee for ever. Happy art +"thou, O Osiris, for thou art crowned, and art endowed with +"strength, and art glorious ; and thine attributes are stablished +"for thee. Thy face is like that of Anpu, (10) Ra rejoiceth in +"thee, and he maketh himself to be a brother to thy beautiful +"person. Thou sittest upon thy throne, the god Seb maketh a +"libation for thee, and that which thou wishest to receive is +"in thy hands in Amentet. (n) Thou sailest over the celestial +"regions each day, thy mother Nut maketh thee to go forth on +"thy way, and thou settest in life in Amentet in the boat of +"Ra each day, along with (12) Horus who loveth thee. The +"protecting strength of Ra guardeth thee, the words of might +"of Thoth are behind thee, and Isis maketh strength to follow +"after thy person (i3)." + + + +340 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +"I have come to thee, lord of Ta-tchesert, Osiris, Gover- +nor of those who are in Amentet, Un-nefer, whose twofold +"existence is for ever and for ever. My heart is right and true, +"my hands are pure, I have brought (14) things unto their +"divine lord, and offerings unto the god who made them. I have +"come and I have advanced to your cities. I have done that +"which was good upon earth, I have slain thine enemies for +"thee like sacrificial oxen (15). I have slaughtered for thee thy +"adversaries, and I have made them to fall down [upon] their +"faces before thee. I am pure, even as thou art pure ; I have + +"made pure for thee thy festival ; and I have (16) upon + +"thine altar to thy soul, and to thy Form, and to the gods, and +"to the goddesses who are in thy train." + +Rubric : (24) if this chapter be known [by the deceased] things + +OF EVIL SHALL NOT GAIN THE MASTERY OVER HIM, AND HE SHALL NOT +BE TURNED BACK FROM ANY OF THE DOORS OF AMENTET ; BUT HE SHALL +(25) GO IN AND COME OUT, AND CAKES, AND ALE, AND ALL BEAUTIFUL +THINGS SHALL BE GIVEN UNTO HIM IN THE PRESENCE OF THOSE WHO +DWELL IN THE TUAT. + + + +Chapter CLXXX1I. + +[From the Papyrus of Mut-hetep (Brit. Mus. No. 10,010, sheet 4).] + +Vignette : The deceased lying upon a bier within a funeral chest or +coffer ; beneath the bier are three vases. At the foot stand Isis, Hapi, +and Tuamautef, and at the head Nephthys, Mestha, and Qebhsennuf. In +the upper and lower registers are a number of seated and standing man- +headed and animal-headed deities who hold in their hands snakes, lizards, + +and knives. + +Text : (l) THE BOOK OF STABLISHING OSIRIS FIRMLY, OF +GIVING AIR TO THE STILL-HEART, WHILST THOTH REPULSETH +THE FOES OF OSIRIS, who cometh there in his transformations, +(2) and is protected, and made strong, and guarded in the under- +world by the operation of the will of Thoth himself, and Shu +setteth upon him each day. [Thoth saith : — ] + + + +THE BOOK OF STABLISHING OSIRIS. 341 + +"I am Thoth, the perfect scribe, (3) whose hands are pure, +"the lord of the two horns, who maketh iniquity [to be de- +stroyed], the scribe of right and truth, who abominateth sin. +"Behold, he is the writing-reed of the god Neb-er-tcher, the +"lord of laws, (4) who giveth forth the speech of wisdom and +"understanding, whose words have dominion over the two lands. +"I am [Thoth], the lord of right and truth, who trieth the +"right and the truth for the gods, the judge of words in +"their essence, whose words triumph over violence. I have scat- +tered (5) the darkness, I have driven away the whirlwind +"and the storm, and I have given the pleasant breeze of the +"north wind unto Osiris Un-nefer as he came forth from (6) +"the womb of her who gave him birth. I have made Ra to +"set as Osiris, and Osiris setteth as Ra setteth. I have made +"him to enter into the hidden habitation to vivify the (7) heart +"of the Still-Heart, the holy Soul, who dwelleth in Amentet, +"and to shout cries of joy unto the Still-Heart, Un-nefer, the +"son of Nut." (8) + +"I am Thoth. the favoured one of Ra, the lord of might, +"who bringeth to a prosperous end that which he doeth, the +"mighty one of enchantments who is in the boat of millions +"of years, the lord of laws, the subduer of the two lands, (9) +"whose words of might gave strength to her that gave him birth, +"whose word doeth away with opposition and fighting, and +"who performeth the will of Ra in his shrine." + +"I am Thoth, who made Osiris to triumph (10) over his +"enemies." + +"I am Thoth who issueth the decree at dawn, whose sight +"followeth on again after [his] overthrow at his season, the guide +"of heaven, and earth, and the underworld, (1 1) and the creator +"of the life of [all] nations and peoples. I gave air unto him +"that was in the hidden place by means of the might of the +"magical words of my utterance, and Osiris triumpheth over his +"enemies. (12) I came unto thee, O lord of Ta-tcheser, Osiris, +"Bull of Ament, and thou wert strengthened for ever. I set +"everlastingness as a protection for thy members, and I came + + + +342 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +"[unto thee] having protection (i3) in my hand, and I guarded +"[thee] with strength during the course of each and every day ; +"protection and life were behind this god, protection and life +"were behind this god, and his ka was glorified with power." + +"The king of the Tuat, (14) the prince of Amentet, the victor- +"ious conqueror of heaven, hath the Atef crown firmly stablished +"[upon him], he is diademed with the white crown, and he +"graspeth the crook and the whip ; unto him, the great one of +"souls, the mighty one of (15) the Ureret crown, every god +"gathereth together, and love for him who is Un-nefer, and +"whose existence is for everlasting and all eternity, goeth through +"their bodies." + +"Homage to thee, O Governor of those who are in Amenti, +"(16) who makest mortals to be born again, who renewest thy +"youth, thou comest who dwellest in thy season, and who art + +"more beautiful than , thy son Horus (17) hath avenged + +"thee ; the rank (or dignity) of Tern hath been conferred upon +"thee, O Un-nefer. Thou art raised up, O Bull of Amentet, +"thou art stablished, yea stablished in the body of Nut, who +"uniteth herself (18) unto thee, and who cometh forth with thee. +"Thy heart is stablished upon that which supporteth it, and thy +"breast is as it was formerly ; thy nose is firmly fixed with life +"and power, thou livest, and thou art renewed, and thou makest +"thyself (19) young like Ra each and every day. Mighty, mighty +"is Osiris in victory, and he is firmly stablished with life." + +"I am Thoth, and I have pacified Horus, and I have quieted +"the two (20) divine Combatants in their season of storm. I +"have come and I have washed the Ruddy one, I have quieted +"the Stormy one, and I have filled (?) him with all manner +"of evil things." (21) + +"I am Thoth, and I have made the 'things of the night' in +"Sekhem (Letopolis)." + +"I am Thoth, and I have come daily into the cities of Pe +"and Tepu. I have led (22) along the offerings and oblations, +"I have given cakes with lavish hand to the Khus, I have pro- +"tected the (23) shoulder of Osiris, I have embalmed him, I + + + +A HYMN TO OSIRIS. 343 + +"have made sweet his odour, even as is that of the beautiful +"god." + +"I am Thoth, and I have come each day into the city of (24) +"Kher-aba. I have tied the cordage and I have set in good +"order the Makhent boat, and I have brought [it] [from] the +"East [to] the West. I am more exalted upon my standard (25) +"than any god in my name of 'He whose face is exalted'. I +"have opened fair things in my name of Ap-uat (;'. e., Opener +"of the road), and I have (26) ascribed praise and done homage +"unto Osiris Un-nefer, whose existence is for ever and for ever." + + + +Chapter CLXXXIII. + +[From the Papyrus of Hu-nefer (Brit. Mus. No. 9,901, sheet 3).] + +Vignette : (a) The deceased and his wife standing with hands raised in +adoration ; (b) Thoth, ibis-headed, standing upright and presenting sym- +bols of "strength" and "life". + +Text: (1) The Osiris Hu-nefer, the overseer of the + +PALACE OF THE LORD OF THE TWO LANDS, TRIUMPHANT, +PRAISETH OSIRIS AND ACCLAIMETH HIM, AND DOETH HOMAGE +UNTO UN-NEFER, AND BOWETH TO THE GROUND BEFORE THE +LORD OF TA-TCHESERT, AND EXALTETH THOSE WHO ARE UPON +HIS SAND, (2) saving : — + +"I have come unto thee, (3) O son of Nut, Osiris, Prince of +"everlastingness ; I am in (4) the following of the god Thoth, +"and I have rejoiced (5) at every thing which he hath done +"for thee. He hath brought unto thee sweet air (6) for thy nose; +"and life and strength to thy beautiful face ; and the north +"wind which (7) cometh forth from Tem for thy nostrils, O +"lord of (8) Ta-tchesert. He hath made the god Shu to shine +"upon thy body ; (9) he hath illumined thy path with rays of +"splendour ; he hath destroyed (10) for thee [all] the evil de- +fects which belong to thy members by (11) the magical power +"of the words of his utterance. He hath made the two Horus + + + +344 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +"brethren to be at peace for thee ; he hath destroyed the storm- +"wind and the hurricane ; he hath made the two Combatants +"to be gracious unto thee and the two lands to be (12) at peace +"before thee ; he hath put away the wrath which was in their +"hearts, and each hath become reconciled unto his brother. +"Thy son Horus is triumphant in the presence (i3) of the +"whole company of the gods, the sovereignty over the world +"hath been given unto him, and his dominion is in the utter- +"most parts of the earth. The throne of the god Seb hath been +"adjudged unto him, (14) along with the rank which hath been +"founded by the god Temu, and which hath been stablished +"by decrees in the Chamber of books, and hath been inscribed +"upon an iron tablet according to the command (15) of thy +"father Ptah-Tanen, [when he sat upon] the great throne. He +"hath set his brother upon that which the god Shu beareth +"up, to stretch out the waters over the mountains, and to make +"to spring up (16) that which groweth upon the hills, and the +"grain (?) which shooteth upon the earth, and he giveth increase +"by water and by land. Gods celestial and gods terrestrial +"transfer themselves to the service of thy son Horus, (17) and +"they follow him into his hall, [where] a decree is passed that +"he shall be lord over them, and they perform it straightway." +"Thy heart rejoiceth, O lord of the gods, thy heart rejoiceth +"(18) greatly; Egypt and the Red Land are at peace, and they +"serve humbly under thy sovereign power. The temples are +"stablished upon their own lands, cities and nomes (19) possess +"firmly the property which they have in their names, and we +"will make to thee the divine offerings which we are bound to +"make, and offer sacrifices in thy name for ever. (20) Acclamations +"are made in thy name, libations are poured out to thy ka, sepul- +"chral meals [are brought unto thee] by the khus who are (21) +"in thv following, and water is sprinkled upon the offerings (?) +"(22) upon both sides of the souls (23) of the dead in this +"land ; every (24) design which hath been ordered for thee ac- +cording to his (/. e., Ra's) commands in the beginning hath +"been perfected. (25) Now therefore, O son of Nut, thou art + + + +HYMN TO OSIRIS. 345 + +"diademed as (26) Neb-er-tcher is diademed at his rising. Thou +"livest, (27) thou art stablished, thou renewest thy youth, and +"thou art true and perfect ; thy father Ra maketh strong thy +"members, and the company of the gods make acclamations unto +"thee. The goddess Isis (28) is with thee and she never leaveth +"thee ; [thou art] not overthrown by thine enemies. The lords +"of all lands praise thy beauties even as they praise Ra when +"(29) he riseth at the beginning of each day. Thou risest up +"like an exalted one upon thy standard, thy beauties exalt the +"face [of man] and make long [his] stride. (3o) I have given +"unto thee the sovereignty of thy father Seb, and the goddess +"Mut, thy mother, who gave birth to the gods, brought thee +"forth as the (3i) firstborn of five gods, and created thy beau- +"ties and fashioned thy members. Thou art stablished as king, +"the white crown is upon thy head, and thou hast grasped in +"thy hands the crook and the whip ; whilst thou wert in the +"womb, and hadst not us yet come forth therefrom upon the +"earth, thou wert (32) crowned lord of the two lands, and the +"Atef crown of Ra was upon thy brow. The gods come unto +"thee bowing low to the ground, and they hold thee in fear ; +"they retreat and depart when they (33) see thee with the terror +"of Ra, and the victory of thy Majesty is in their hearts. Life is +"with thee, and offerings of meat and drink (34) follow thee, +"and that which is thy due is offered up before thy face." + +"Grant thou that I may follow in the train of thy Majesty +"even as I did upon earth. Let my soul (35) be called [into +"the presence], and let it be found by the side of the lords of +"right and truth. I have come into the City of God — the +"region [which existed] in primeval time — with [my] soul, and +"with [my] double, and with [my] khu to dwell in this land. +"(36) The god thereof is the lord of right and truth, he is the +"lord of the tchefau food of the gods, and he is most holy. +"His land draweth unto itself every [other] land ; the South +"cometh sailing down the river thereto, and the North, (37) +"steered thither by winds, cometh daily to make festival therein +"according to the command of the God thereof, who is the lord + + + +346 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +"of peace therein. And doth he not say, 'The happiness thereof +"(38) is a care unto me ?' The god who dwelleth therein +"worketh right and truth ; unto him that doeth these things +"he giveth old age, and to him that followeth after them rank +"and honour, and at length he attaineth unto (3g) a happy +"funeral and burial in Ta-tchesert." + +"I have come unto thee, and my hands hold right and truth, +"and my heart hath no crafty wickedness therein. (40) I offer +"up before thee that which is thy due, and I know that whereon +"thou livest. I have not committed any sin in the land, and +"I have defrauded no man of (41) that which is his. + +"I am Thoth, the perfect scribe, whose hands are pure. I am +"the lord of purity, the destroyer of evil, the scribe of right +"and truth, and that which I abominate is (42) sin. Behold +"me, for I am the writing reed of the god Neb-er-tcher, the +"lord of laws, who giveth forth the word of wisdom and under- +standing, and whose speech hath dominion over the two lands. +"I am (43) Thoth, the lord of right and truth, who maketh +"the feeble one to gain the victory, and who avengeth the +"wretched and the oppressed on him that wrongeth him. I +"have scattered the darkness ; (44) I have driven away the storm, +"and I have brought the wind to Un-nefer, the beautiful breeze +"of the north wind, even as it came forth from the womb (45) +"of his mother. I have caused him to enter into the hidden +"abode to vivify the heart of the Still-Heart, Un-nefer, the son +"of Nut, Horus, triumphant." + + + +Chapter CLXXXIV. + +[From the Papyrus of Uaa (see Naville, op. a't., Bd. I. Bl. 210).] + +Vignette : The deceased standing upright before Osiris, who wears the + +Atef crown, and holds in his hands the whip and crook, emblems of + +sovereignty and dominion. + + + +HYMN TO OSIRIS. 347 + +Text : (1) The Chapter of being nigh unto Osiris. 1 +[The Osiris Uaa, the overseer of the estates of Amen, triumphant, +saith : — ] + + + +Chapter CLXXXV. + +[From the Papyrus of Sutimes (ed. Guieyesse and Lefebure, Paris, 1877, PI. 1).] + +Vignette : "Osiris at the head of Abtu, the great god, Prince of eternity +and Governor of Amentet", enthroned within a shrine ; he holds in his +hands the whip and crook, emblems of sovereignty and dominion. Before +him, with hands raised in adoration, stand the deceased and "his wife +Hent-neteru, the lady of the house, the singing woman of Amen, + +triumphant". + +Text : (3) THE GIVING OF PRAISES UNTO OSIRIS, AND PAY- +ING HOMAGE UNTO THE LORD OF ETERNITY, AND PROPITIATING +THE GOD IN HIS WILL, AND DECLARING THE RIGHT AND TRUTH, +THE LORD OF WHICH IS UNKNOWN. The Osiris Sutimes, the +libationer and president of the altar chamber in the Apts, the +president of the scribes of the Temple of Amen, triumphant, +saith : — + +"Homage to thee, O thou holy god, thou mighty and bene- +"ficent being, thou Prince of eternity who dwellest in thy abode +"in the Sektet boat, thou whose risings are manifold in the +"Atet boat, to thee are praises rendered in heaven and upon +"earth. Peoples and nations exalt thee, and the majesty of the +"terror of him is in the hearts of men, and khus, and the dead. +"Thy Soul is in Tettet (Mendes) and the terror of thee is in +"Suten-henen ; thou settest the visible emblems of thyself in +"Annu and the greatness of thy transformations in the double +"place of purification. I have come unto thee, and my heart +"hath right and truth therein, and there is neither craft nor guile +"in my breast ; grant thou that I may have my being among + +1. This Chapter contains about two short lines of text, of which only a +few words have come down to us in a single copy ; to make any connected +sense of them is impossible. + + + +348 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +"the living, and that I may sail down and up the river among +"those who are in thy following." + + + +Chapter CLXXXVI. + +[From the Papyrus of Ani (Brit. Mus. No. 10,470, sheet 37).] + +Vignette : The goddess Hathor, in the form of a hippopotamus, wear- +ing upon her head a disk and horns ; in her right hand she holds an un- +identified object, and in her left the emblem of life. Before her are offer- +ings, and behind her the cow Meh-urit, who may be identified with Hathor, +looks forth from the funeral mountain. At the foot of the mountain is +the tomb, and in the foreground grows a group of flowering plants. + +Text : "Hathor, lady of Amentet, mighty dweller in the funeral +"mountain, lady of Ta-tchesert, daughter (or eye) of Ra, dweller +"before him, beautiful of face in the Boat of millions of years, +"the habitation (or seat) of peace, creator of law in the boat (?) +"of the favoured ones + +In the versions of this Chapter given by Naville (op. cit., +Bd. I. Bl. 212) the deceased, sometimes accompanied by his +wife, is seen standing in adoration before the hippopotamus +and cow goddesses. The texts which occupy the upper portions +of the scenes are longer than that given in the Papyrus of Ani, +part of which is manifestly corrupt, and though all of them +are more or less fragmentary we learm from them that this +Chapter is entitled, "The praise of Hathor, the mistress of +Amentet, and the paying of homage to Meh-urit". After recit- +ing the titles of Hathor the deceased describes his devotion to +the gods and the works which he did for them whilst he was +upon earth, and having stated that he is innocent of offence, +he entreats the goddess that he may have his existence among +her divine followers and that suitable offerings of all kinds may +be made unto him in Amentet. + + + +CHAPTER OF ENTERING IN TO THE COMPANY OF THE GODS. 3^g + +Chapter CLXXXVII. + +[From the Papyrus of Nu (Brit. Mus. No. 10,477, sheet 19).] +Vignette : This Chapter is without a Vignette in the Papyrus of Nu. + +Text : (1) The Chapter of entering in unto the com- +pany OF THE GODS. The overseer of the palace, the chancellor- +in-chief, Nu, triumphant, saith : — + +"Homage to you, O company of the gods of Ra, I have +"come before you, I am in the following (2) of Ra, I have +"made my way, and I have passed in among you. Let not my +"hand be repulsed in whatsoever I do this day." + + + +Chapter CLXXXVIII. + +[From the Papyrus of Nu (Brit. Mus. No. 10,477, sheet 19).] +Vignette : This Chapter is without a Vignette in the Papyrus of Nu. + +Text : (1) [The Chapter of] the going in of the soul + +TO BUILD AN ABODE AND TO COME FORTH BY DAY IN HUMAN +FORM. (2) The overseer of the palace, the chancellor-in-chief, +Nu, triumphant, the son of the overseer of the palace, (2) Amen- +hetep, [triumphant,] saith : + +"[Come] in peace! Thou hast a khu. Enter [thou] in peace +"into the divine Utchat ! Behold, thou hast a khu, together with +"a soul (ba) and a shade (khaibit) to look (3) thereupon. May +"it behold [me], when I am judged, in whatever place it may +"be, with my attributes, and with my form, and with my +"faculties (4) of mind, and with all my attributes ordered and +"perfect, even as a soul which is provided [with all things] and +"is divine. May I shine like Ra in his divine splendour (5) in +"the temple of and may [my] soul and my shade come + + + +350 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +"[to me] upon their legs from the place where I am judged, +"and behold me (6). May I stand up, and sit down, and enter +"into the house of his body, which, behold, hath become one +"of the starry gods of Osiris (7) who travel by day, and jour- +"ney by night, and celebrate the festivals." + + + +Chapter CLXXXIX. + +[From the Papyrus of Nu (Brit. Mus. No. 10,477, sneet 19).] +Vignette : This Chapter is without a Vignette in the Papyrus of Nu. + +Text : (1) The Chapter of not letting a man perform + +A JOURNEY (2) BEING HUNGRY (?), AND OF NOT LETTING HIM +EAT FILTH. The overseer of the palace, the chancellor-in-chief, +Nu, triumphant, the son of the overseer of the palace, Amen- +hetep, triumphant, saith : — + +"The things which are an abomination unto me, the things +"which are an abomination unto me, I will not eat. What I +"abominate (3) is filth, and I will not eat thereof [in the place +"of] the sepulchral cakes [which are offered unto] the Kas. Let +"[me] not be thrown down upon it, let it not light upon my +"body, let it not enter into my fingers, (4) and let it not join +"itself unto my toes. Thou shalt live, then, upon that which +"the gods and the Khus decree for me in this place and upon +"that which is brought unto thee there. Let me live upon the +"(5) seven cakes which shall be brought unto me, four cakes +"before Horus, and three cakes before Thoth. The gods and +"the Khus shall say unto me, 'What manner of food wouldst +"thou have given unto thee?' [And I reply, 'Let me eat (6) +"my food beneath the sycamore tree of the goddess Hathor, +"and let my times be among the divine beings who have +"alighted thereon. Let me have the power to order my own +"fields in Tattu and [my own] growing crops (7) in Annu. Let +"me live upon bread made of white barley, and let my beer +"be [made] from red grain ; and may the persons of my father + + + +THE CHAPTER OF NOT LETTING A MAN EAT FILTH 351 + +"and mother be given unto me as (8) guardians of my door +"and for the ordering of the divine territory. Let me be sound +"and strong, let me have a large room, let me make a way, +"let me have my seat wherever I please, like a living soul, (9) +"and let me never be kept in restraint by mine enemy.'" + +"That which is an abomination unto me is filth and I will +"not eat thereof ; let me never pass over filth and offal in +"Annu, but let it depart from me. (10) I am the Bull who +"ordereth his habitation. I fly like the mighty one, I cackle +"like the smen goose, and I alight upon the beautiful (n) +"sycamore which standeth in the Lake of Akeb. I come forth +"and I alight upon it; he who alighteth there in the form of the +"great god shall not be driven away therefrom. The (12) things +"which I abominate I will not eat ; the things which I abomi- +"nate, the things which I abominate are filth and offal, and I +"will not eat thereof. The things which are an abomination +"unto my ka are filth and offal ; they shall never enter into +"my body, (i3) they shall never come into my hands, and I +"will never tread upon them with my sandals. O send ye not +"forth against me foul water, harm ye not me (14) with the rod, + +"give ye not unto [me] , snatch ye me not away from + +"the edge of your deep cisterns, and let me not depart from +"you being (15) overthrown. The divine Aukhemu beings of +"the god Pen-heseb (?) shall say [unto me], 'Upon what wilt +"thou live in this land whither thou art going, and wherein thou +"wouldst be glorious?' [And I reply], 'I will live upon (16) the +"cakes [made] of black grain, and upon ale [made] of white +"grain, and upon four cakes in Sekhet Hetep, which is more +"than [the food] of any (or every) god. Moreover, I have four +"loaves of bread during the course (17) of each and every day, +"besides four loaves in Annu, which is more than [the food] +"of any (or every) god'. And the divine Aukhemu beings of the +"god Pen-heseb (?) shall say [unto me], 'What hast thou brought +"to eat (18) in that holy furrow?' on that day when I receive +"my offerings with anti unguent. [And I reply], 'I will not eat +"thereof, it shall not come into (19) my hands, and I will not + + + +352 THE CHAPTERS OF COMING FORTH BY DAY. + +"tread thereon with my sandals'. And the divine Aukhemu +"beings of the god Pen-heseb (?) shall say unto me, 'Upon what +"wilt thou live (20) in this land whither thou art going, and +"wherein thou wouldst be glorious?' [And I reply], 'I will live +"upon the seven cakes which shall be brought, four in the +"Temple of Horus, and three in the Temple of Thoth'. (21) And +"the divine Aukhemu beings of the god Pen-heseb (?) shall say +"[unto me], 'Who, then, shall bring them unto thee?' [And I +"reply], 'The divine associate of the temples of the Urhetchati +"goddesses of Annu'. [And they say], (22) 'Where wilt thou +"eat them?' [And I reply], 'Beneath the beams of the beautiful +"ark to which hymns are sung as it is borne along ; thither +"shall I be taken'. And the divine Aukhemu beings of the god +"Pen-heseb (?) shall say. [unto me], (23) 'Wouldst thou live, +"then, upon the things [which belong to] another every day?' +"And I reply, 'I will myself plough the fields of [my] estate +"in Sekhet-Aarru'. And the divine Aukhemu beings (24) of the +"god Pen-heseb shall say [unto me], 'Who will protect them +"for thee?' And I reply, 'The two divine daughters of the +"divine king of the North, besides those who belong to them' (?). +"[And the divine Aukhemu beings of the god Pen-heseb (?) shall +"say unto me,] 'Who will plough (25) them for thee?' [And I +"reply], 'The divine chiefs who dwell among the gods of heaven +"and the gods of earth. The treading down [of the earth] shall +"be done for me by the cow- goddess Hapiu who dwelleth in +"the city of Sau, (26) and the harvest shall be reaped for me +"by Suti, the lord of heaven and of earth'. Hail, ye who turn +"back (?) the blossoms upon yourselves, ye whose transgressions +"are done away with, whose faces are holy, (27) behold, I +"am with the divine beings of Set at the mountain of Bakhau, +"and I sit down along with the spiritual bodies who are per- +"fect (28) on the side of the Lake of Osiris to rejoice (?) [my] +"heart. Shall not I make the overseer of the palace, the chan- +"cellor-in-chief, Nu, triumphant, to know life?" + + + +THE CHAPTER OF MAKING PERFECT THE KHU. $5?> + +Chapter CXC + +[From the Papyrus of Nu (Brit. Mus. No. 10,477, sheet l6 )-] +Vignette : This Chapter is without a Vignette in the Papyrus of Nu. + +Text : (1) The Book of making perfect the Khu within +Ra, of making him to gain the mastery before Tem, of +magnifying him before osiris, of making him (2) to be + +POWERFUL BEFORE THE GOVERNOR OF AmENTET, AND OF CAUS- +ING HIM TO BE MIGHTY BEFORE THE COMPANY OF THE GODS. + +Rubric : this book shall be recited on the [first] day of the + +MONTH, ON THE FESTIVAL OF THE SIX, ON THE FESTIVAL OF UAK, ON THE +FESTIVAL OF THOTH, (3) ON THE BIRTHDAY OF OSIRIS, ON THE FESTIVAL OF +SEKRI, AND ON THE FESTIVAL OF THE NIGHT OF HAKER. [IT WILL ENABLE +A MAN TO PASS THROUGH] THE HIDDEN PLACES OF THE TUAT, AND TO +PENETRATE THE SECRET HABITATIONS OF NETER-KHERT, TO BREAK +THROUGH (4) MOUNTAINS, AND TO OPEN UP A "WAY THROUGH THE SE- +CRET VALLEYS "WHICH ARE UNKNOWN. THIS CHAPTER SHALL PRESERVE +(OR EMBALM) THE KHU, IT SHALL MAKE BROAD HIS STEPS, IT SHALL GIVE +HIM [POWER TO] WALK, IT SHALL DESTROY THE (5) DEAFNESS OF HIS +FACE, AND IT SHALL ENABLE HIM TO MAKE A WAY FOR HIS FACE WITH +THE GOD. WHEN THOU RECITEST [THIS CHAPTER] THOU" SHALT NOT LET +ANY MAN WHATSOEVER SEE THEE EXCEPT HIM THAT IS INDEED DEAR TO +THY HEART AND THE PRIEST WHO READETH THE SERVICE • < + + + +BY THE TRANSLATOR OF "THE BOOK OF THE DEAD." + +An Egyptian Reading Book for Beginners : Being a Series +of Historical, Funereal, Moral, Religious, and Mythological Texts, +printed in Hieroglyphic Characters, together with a Transliteration and +a complete Vooabulary. By E. A. Wallis Budge, Litt. D. 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