{"text":{"0":["I feel incredibly lucky to be from a country that's generally considered to be the best place in the world to be a woman.","In 1975, when I was seven years old, women in Iceland went on a strike.","They did no work that day, whether they held professional jobs or had the work of the home.","They marched into the center of Reykjav\u00edk -- 90 percent of women participated -- and peacefully and in solidarity asked for equality.","Nothing worked in Iceland that day, because nothing works when women are not at work.","(Applause)","Five years later, Icelanders had the courage to be the first country in the world to democratically elect a woman as their president.","I will never forget this day, that President Vigd\u00eds, as we know her by her first name, stepped out on the balcony of her own home, a single mom with her daughter by her side as she had won.","(Applause)","This woman was an incredible role model for me and everyone growing up at that time, including boys.","She frequently shares the story of how a young boy approached her after a couple of terms in office and asked, \"Can boys really grow up to be president?\"","(Laughter)","Role models really matter, but even with such strong role models who I am so grateful for, when I was encouraged to run for president, my first reaction was, \"Who am I to run for president?","Who am I to be president?\"","It turns out that women are less likely to consider running than men.","So a study done in the US in 2011 showed that 62 percent of men had considered running for office, but 45 percent of women.","That's gap of 16 percentage points, and it's the same gap that existed a decade earlier.","And it really is a shame, because I am so convinced that the world is in real need for women leaders and more principle-based leadership in general.","So my decision to run ultimately came down to the fact that I felt that I had to do my bit, even if I had no political experience, to step up and try to be part of creating the world that will make sense and be sustainable for our kids, and a world where we truly allow both our boys and girls to be all they can be.","And it was the journey of my life.","It was amazing.","The journey started with potentially as many as 20 candidates.","It boiled down to nine candidates qualifying, and ultimately the race came down to four of us, three men and me.","(Applause)","But that's not all the drama yet.","You may think you have drama in the US, but I can --","(Laughter)","I can assure you we had our own drama in Iceland.","So our sitting president of 20 years announced initially that he was not going to run, which is probably what gave rise to so many candidates considering running.","Then later he changed his mind when our prime minister resigned following the infamous Panama Papers that implicated him and his family.","And there was a popular protest in Iceland, so the sitting president thought they needed a trusted leader.","A few days later, relations to his wife and her family's companies were also discovered in the Panama Papers, and so he withdrew from the race again.","Before doing so, he said he was doing that because now there were two qualified men who he felt could fill his shoes running for office.","So on May 9, 45 days before election day, it was not looking too good for me.","I did not even make the graph in the newspaper.","The polls had me at 1 percent, but that was still the highest that any woman announcing her candidacy had earned.","So it would be an understatement to say that I had to work extremely hard to get my seat at the table and access to television, because the network decided that they would only include those with 2.5 percent or more in the polls in the first TV debate.","I found out on the afternoon of the first TV debate that I would participate along with the three men, and I found out on live TV that I came in at exactly 2.5 percent on the day of the first TV debate.","(Applause)","So, challenges.","The foremost challenges I had to face and overcome on this journey had to do with media, muscle and money.","Let's start with media.","There are those who say gender doesn't matter when it comes to media and politics.","I can't say that I agree.","It proved harder for me to both get access and airtime in media.","As a matter of fact, the leading candidate appeared in broadcast media 87 times in the months leading up to the elections, whereas I appeared 31 times.","And I am not saying media is doing this consciously.","I think largely this has to do with unconscious bias, because in media, much like everywhere else, we have both conscious and unconscious bias, and we need to have the courage to talk about it if we want to change it.","When I finally got access to TV, the first question I got was, \"Are you going to quit?\"","And that was a hard one.","But of course, with 1 percent to 2.5 percent in the polls, maybe it's understandable.","But media really matters, and every time I appeared on TV, we saw and experienced a rise in the polls, so I know firsthand how much this matters and why we have to talk about it.","I was the only one out of the final four candidates that never got a front page interview.","I was sometimes left out of the questions asked of all other candidates and out of coverage about the elections.","So I did face this, but I will say this to compliment the Icelandic media.","I got few if any comments about my hair and pantsuit.","(Applause)","So kudos to them.","But there is another experience that's very important.","I ran as an independent candidate, not with any political party or muscle behind me.","That lack of experience and lack of access to resources probably came at a cost to our campaign, but it also allowed us to innovate and do politics differently.","We ran a positive campaign, and we probably changed the tone of the election for others by doing that.","It may be the reason why I had less airtime on TV, because I wanted to show other contenders respect.","When access to media proved to be so difficult, we ran our own media.","I ran live Facebook sessions where I took questions from voters on anything and responded on the spot.","And we put all the questions I got and all the answers on an open Facebook because we thought transparency is important if you want to establish trust.","And when reaching young voters proved to be challenging, I became a Snapchatter.","I got young people to teach me how to do that, and I used every filter on Snapchat during the last part of the campaign.","And I actually had to use a lot of humor and humility, as I was very bad at it.","But we grew the following amongst young people by doing that.","So it's possible to run a different type of campaign.","But unfortunately, one cannot talk about politics without mentioning money.","I am sad that it is that way, but it's true, and we had less financial resources than the other candidates.","This probably was partly due to the fact that I think I had a harder time asking for financial support.","And maybe I also had the ambition to do more with less.","Some would call that very womanly of me.","But even with one third the media, one third the financial resources, and only an entrepreneurial team, but an amazing team, we managed to surprise everyone on election night, when the first numbers came in.","I surprised myself, as you may see in that photo.","(Laughter)","So the first numbers, I came in neck to neck to the leading candidate.","(Cheers)","Well, too early, because I didn't quite pull that, but I came in second, and we went a long way from the one percent, with nearly a third of the vote, and we beat the polls by an unprecedented margin, or 10 percentage points above what the last poll came in at.","Some people call me the real winner of the election because of this, and there are many people who encouraged me to run again.","But what really makes me proud is to know that I earned proportionately higher percentage support from the young people, and a lot of people encouraged my daughter to run in 2040.","(Applause)","She is 13, and she had never been on TV before.","And on election day, I observed her on TV repeatedly, and she was smart, she was self-confident, she was sincere, and she was supportive of her mother.","This was probably the highlight of my campaign.","(Applause)","But there was another one.","These are preschool girls out on a walk, and they found a poster of me on a bus stop, and they saw the need to kiss it.","Audience: Aw!","This picture was really enough of a win for me.","What we see, we can be.","So screw fear and challenges.","(Applause)","It matters that women run, and it's time for women to run for office, be it the office of the CEO or the office of the president.","I also managed to put an impression on your very own \"New Yorker.\"","I earned a new title, \"A living emoji of sincerity.\"","(Cheers)","It is possibly my proudest title yet, and the reason is that women too often get penalized for using what I call their emotional capital, but I know from experience that we become so good when we do just that.","(Applause)","And we need more of that.","We celebrated as if we had won on election night, because that's how we felt.","So you don't necessarily have to reach that office.","You just have to go for it, and you, your family, your friends, everyone working with you, if you do it well, you will grow beyond anything you will experience before.","So we had a good time, and I learned a lot on this journey, probably more lessons than I can share here in the time we have today.","But rest assured, it was hard work.","I lost a lot of sleep during those months.","It took resilience and perseverance to not quit, but I learned something that I knew before on the one percent day, and that is that you can only be good when you are truly, authentically listening to your own voice and working in alignment with that.","As a good sister of mine sometimes says, you may cheat on your intuition, but your intuition never cheats on you.","I think it's also very important, and you all know this, that on any journey you go on, it's the team you take along.","It's having people around you who share your values, your vision, but are different in every other way.","That's the formula for success for me, and I am blessed with an amazing husband, here today, an incredible family --","(Applause)","and great friends, and we came together as entrepreneurs in the political arena, and pulled something off that everyone said would be impossible.","As a matter of fact, the leading PR expert told me before I made my decision that I would do well to get seven percent.","I appreciated his perspective, because he was probably right, and he was basing it on valuable experience.","But on the one percent day, I decided here to show him that he was wrong.","It's very important to mention this, because I did lose a lot of sleep, and I worked hard, and so did the people with me.","We can never go the distance if we forget to take care of ourselves.","And it's two things that I think are very important in that, in surrounding yourself with people and practices that nourish you, but it's equally important, maybe even more important, to have the courage to get rid of people and practices that take away your energy, including the wonderful bloggers and commentators.","I took a lot of support from others in doing this, and I made the decision to go high when others went low, and that's partly how I kept my energy going throughout all of this.","And when I lost my energy for a moment -- and I did from time to time, it wasn't easy -- I went back to why I decided to run, and how I had decided to run my own race.","I called it a 4G campaign, the G's representing the Icelandic words.","And the first one is called \"Gagn.\"","I ran to do good, to be of service, and I wanted servant leadership to be at the center of how I worked and everybody else in the campaign.","Second one is \"Gle\u00f0i,\" or joy.","I decided to enjoy the journey.","There was a lot to be taken out of the journey, no matter if the destination was reached or not.","And I tried my utmost to inspire others to do so as well.","Third is \"Gagns\u00e6i.\"","I was open to any questions.","I kept no secrets, and it was all open, on Facebook and websites.","Because I think if you're choosing your president, you deserve answers to your questions.","Last but not least, I don't need to explain that in this room, we ran on the principle of Girlpower.","(Cheers)","I am incredibly glad that I had the courage to run, to risk failure but receive success on so many levels.","I can't tell you that it was easy, but I can tell you, and I think my entire team will agree with me, that it was worth it.","Thank you.","(Applause)","Thank you.","Thank you.","(Applause)","Pat Mitchell: I'm not letting you go yet.","Halla T\u00f3masd\u00f3ttir: What a great crowd.","PM: I can't let you go without saying that probably everybody in the room is ready to move to Iceland and vote for you.","But of course we probably can't vote there, but one thing we can get from Iceland and have always gotten is inspiration.","I mean, I'm old enough to remember 1975 when all the Icelandic women walked out, and that really was a very big factor in launching the women's movement.","You made a reference to it earlier.","I'd love to bring the picture back up and just have us remember what it was like when a country came to a standstill.","And then what you may not know because our American media did not report it, the Icelandic women walked out again on Monday.","Right?","HT: Yes, they did.","PM: Can you tell us about that?","HT: Yes, so 41 years after the original strike, we may be the best place in the world to be a woman, but our work isn't done.","So at 2:38pm on Monday, women in Iceland left work, because that's when they had earned their day's salary.","(Applause)","What's really cool about this is that young women and men participated in greater numbers than before, because it is time that we close the pay gap.","PM: So I'm not going to ask Halla to commit right now to what she's doing next, but I will say that you'd have a very large volunteer army should you decide to do that again.","Thank you Halla.","HT: Thank you all.","(Applause)"],"1":["It's not about technology, it's about people and stories.","I could show you what recently was on television as a high quality video: 60 Minutes, many of you may have seen it.","And it was the now director of the entire piece of the veteran's administration -- who, himself, had lost an arm 39 years ago in Vietnam -- who was adamantly opposed to these crazy devices that don't work.","And it turns out that with 60 Minutes cameras rolling in the background, after he pretty much made his position clear on this -- he had his hook and he had his -- he wore this arm for less than two hours and was able to pour himself a drink and got quite emotional over the fact that, quote -- his quote -- it's the first time he's felt like he's had an arm in 39 years.","But that would sort of be jumping to the middle of the story, and I'm not going to show you that polished video.","I'm going to, instead, in a minute or two, show you an early, crude video because I think it's a better way to tell a story.","A few years ago I was visited by the guy that runs DARPA, the people that fund all the advanced technologies that businesses and universities probably wouldn't take the risk of doing.","They have a particular interest in ones that will help our soldiers.","I get this sort of unrequested -- by me anyway -- visit, and sitting in my conference room is a very senior surgeon from the military and the guy that runs DARPA.","They proceed to tell me a story which comes down to basically the following.","We have used such advanced technologies now and made them available in the most remote places that we put soldiers: hills of Afghanistan, Iraq ...","They were quite proud of the fact that you know, before the dust clears, if some soldier has been hurt they will have collected him or her, they will have brought him back, they will be getting world-class triage emergency care faster than you and I would be getting it if we were hurt in a car accident in a major city in the United States.","That's the good news.","The bad news is if they've collected this person and he or she is missing an arm or leg, part of the face, it's probably not coming back.","So, they started giving me the statistics on how many of these kids had lost an arm.","And then the surgeon pointed out, with a lot of anger, he said, \"Why is it?","At the end of the Civil War, they were shooting each other with muskets.","If somebody lost an arm, we gave them a wooden stick with a hook on it.","Now we've got F18s and F22s, and if somebody loses an arm, we give them a plastic stick with a hook on it.\"","And they basically said, \"This is unacceptable,\" and then the punchline: \"So, Dean, we're here because you make medical stuff.","You're going to give us an arm.\"","And I was waiting for the 500 pages of bureaucracy, paperwork and DODs.","No, the guy says, \"We're going to bring a guy into this conference room, and wearing the arm you're going to give us, he or she is going to pick up a raisin or a grape off this table.","If it's the grape, they won't break it.\"","Great he needs efferent, afferent, haptic response sensors.","\"If it's the raisin, they won't drop it.\"","So he wants fine motor control: flex at the wrist, flex at the elbow, abduct and flex at the shoulder.","Either way they were going to eat it.","\"Oh, by the way Dean.","It's going to fit on a 50th percentile female frame -- namely 32 inches from the long finger -- and weigh less than nine pounds.\"","50th percentile female frame.","\"And it's going to be completely self contained including all its power.\"","So, they finished that.","And I, as you can tell, am a bashful guy.","I told them they're nuts.","(Laughter) They've been watching too much \"Terminator.\"","(Laughter) Then, the surgeon says to me, \"Dean, you need to know more than two dozen of these kids have come back bilateral.\"","Now, I cannot imagine -- I'm sorry, you may have a better imagination than I do -- I can't imagine losing my arm, and typically at 22 years old.","But compared to that, losing two?","Seems like that would be an inconvenience.","Anyway, I went home that night.","I thought about it.","I literally could not sleep thinking about, \"I wonder how you'd roll over with no shoulders.\"","So, I decided we've got to do this.","And trust me, I've got a day job, I've got a lot of day jobs.","Most of my day job keeps me busy funding my fantasies like FIRST and water and power .... And I've got a lot of day jobs.","But I figured I gotta do this.","Did a little investigation, went down to Washington, told them I still think they're nuts but we're going to do it.","And I told them I'd build them an arm.","I told them it would probably take five years to get through the FDA, and probably 10 years to be reasonably functional.","Look what it takes to make things like iPods.","\"Great,\" he said, \"You got two years.\"","(Laughter) I said, \"I'll tell you what.","I'll build you an arm that's under nine pounds that has all that capability in one year.","It will take the other nine to make it functional and useful.\"","We sort of agreed to disagree.","I went back and I started putting a team together, the best guys I could find with a passion to do this.","At the end of exactly one year we had a device with 14 degrees of freedom, all the sensors, all the microprocessors, all the stuff inside.","I could show you it with a cosmesis on it that's so real it's eerie, but then you wouldn't see all this cool stuff.","I then thought it would be years before we'd be able to make it really, really useful.","It turned out, as I think you could see in Aimee's capabilities and attitudes, people with a desire to do something are quite remarkable and nature is quite adaptable.","Anyway, with less than 10 hours of use, two guys -- one that's bilateral.","He's literally, he's got no shoulder on one side, and he's high trans-humeral on the other.","And that's Chuck and Randy together, after 10 hours -- were playing in our office.","And we took some pretty cruddy home movies.","At the end of the one I'm going to show, it's only about a minute and a couple of seconds long, Chuck does something that to this day I'm jealous of, I can't do it.","He picks up a spoon, picks it up, scoops out some Shredded Wheat and milk, holds the spoon level as he translates it, moving all these joints simultaneously, to his mouth, and he doesn't drop any milk.","(Laughter) I cannot do that.","(Laughter) His wife was standing behind me.","She's standing behind me at the time and she says, \"Dean, Chuck hasn't fed himself in 19 years.","So, you've got a choice: We keep the arm, or you keep Chuck.\"","(Laughter) (Applause)","So, can we see that?","This is Chuck showing simultaneous control of all the joints.","He's punching our controls guy.","The guy behind him is our engineer\/surgeon, which is a convenient guy to have around.","There's Randy, these guys are passing a rubber little puck between them.","And just as in the spirit of FIRST, gracious professionalism, they are quite proud of this, so they decide to share a drink.","This is a non-trivial thing to do, by the way.","Imagine doing that with a wooden stick and a hook on the end of it, doing either of those.","Now Chuck is doing something quite extraordinary, at least for my limited physical skill.","And now he's going to do what DARPA asked me for.","He's going to pick up a grape -- he didn't drop it, he didn't break it -- and he's going to eat it.","So, that's where we were at the end of about 15 months.","(Applause)","But, as I've learned from Richard, the technology, the processors, the sensors, the motors, is not the story.","I hadn't dealt with this kind of problem or frankly, this whole segment of the medical world.","I'll give you some astounding things that have happened as we started this.","After we were pretty much convinced we had a good design, and we'd have to make all the standard engineering trade-offs you always make -- you can always get three out of four of anything you want; the weight, the size, the cost, the functionality -- I put a bunch of guys in my plane and I said, \"We're flying down to Walter Reed, and we're going talk to these kids, because frankly it doesn't matter whether we like this arm.","It doesn't matter whether the Department of Defense likes this arm.\"","When I told them that they weren't entirely enthusiastic, but I told them, \"It really doesn't matter what their opinion is.","There is only one opinion that matters, the kids that are either going to use it or not.\"","I told a bunch of my engineers, \"Look we're going to walk into Walter Reed, and you're going to see people, lots of them, missing major body parts.","They're probably going to be angry, depressed, frustrated.","We're probably going to have to give them support, encouragement.","But we've got to extract from them enough information to make sure we're doing the right thing.\"","We walked into Walter Reed and I could not have been more wrong.","We did see a bunch of people, a lot of them missing a lot of body parts, and parts they had left were burned; half a face gone, an ear burned off.","They were sitting at a table.","They were brought together for us.","And we started asking them all questions.","\"Look,\" I'd say to them, \"We're not quite as good as nature yet.","I could give you fine motor control, or I could let you curl 40 pounds; I probably can't do both.","I can give you fast control with low reduction ratios in these gears, or I can give you power; I can't give you both.","And we were trying to get them to all help us know what to give them.","Not only were they enthusiastic, they kept thinking they're there to help us.","\"Well, would it help if I ...\" \"Guys, and woman, you've given enough.","We're here to help you.","We need data.","We need to know what you need.\"","After a half an hour, maybe, there was one guy at the far end of the table who wasn't saying much.","You could see he was missing an arm.","He was leaning on his other arm.","I called down to the end, \"Hey, you haven't said much.","If we needed this or this, what would you want?\"","And he said, \"You know, I'm the lucky guy at this table.","I lost my right arm, but I'm a lefty.\"","(Laughter) So, he wouldn't say much.","He had a great spirit, like all the rest of them had great spirits.","And he made a few comments.","And then the meeting ended.","We said goodbye to all these guys.","And that guy pushed himself back from the table ... he has no legs.","So, we left.","And I was thinking, \"We didn't give them support and encouragement; they gave it to us.","They're not finished giving yet.\"","It was astounding.","So, we went back.","And I started working harder, faster.","Then we went out to Brooke Army Medical Center.","And we saw lots of these kids, lots of them.","And it was astounding how positive they are.","So, we went back, and we've been working harder yet.","We're in clinical trials, we've got five of them on people.","We're screaming along.","And I get a call and we go back to Washington.","We go back to Walter Reed, and a kid, literally, 20 some-odd days before that was blown up.","And they shipped him to Germany and 24 hours later they shipped him from Germany to Walter Reed.","And he was there, and they said we needed to come.","And I went down and they rolled him into a room.","He's got no legs.","He's got no arms.","He's got a small residual limb on one side.","Half of his face is gone, but they said his vision is coming back.","He had one good eye.","His name is Brandon Marrocco.","And he said, \"I need your arms, but I need two of them.\"","\"You'll get them.\"","This kid was from Staten Island.","And he said, \"I had a truck, before I went over there, and it had a stick.","You think I'll be able to drive it?\"","\"Sure.\"","And I turned around and went, \"How are we going to do this?\"","(Laughter) Anyway, he was just like all the rest of them.","He doesn't really want a lot.","He wants to help.","He told me that he wanted to go back to help his buddies.","So, I was on my way out here.","I was asked to stop at Texas.","There were 3,500 people, the Veteran's Administration, U.S. ... just 3,500 at this huge event to help the families of all the kids -- some that have died, some that are like Brandon -- and they wanted me to speak.","I said, \"What am I going to say?","This is not a happy thing.","Look, if this happens to you, I can give you ...","This stuff is still not as good at the original equipment.\"","\"You need to come.\"","So, I went.","And, as I think you get the point, there were a lot people there recovering.","Some further along than others.","But universally, these people that had been through this had astounding attitudes, and just the fact that people care makes a huge difference to them.","I'll shut up, except one message or concern I have.","I don't think anybody does it intentionally, but there were people there literally talking about, \"Well, how much will they get?\"","You know, this country is involved as we've all heard, in this great healthcare debate.","\"Who is entitled to what?","Who is entitled to how much?","Who is going to pay for it?\"","Those are tough questions.","I don't have an answer to that.","Not everybody can be entitled to everything simply because you were born here.","It's not possible.","It would be nice but let's be realistic.","They were tough questions.","There's polarized groups down there.","I don't know the answers.","There are other questions that are tough.","\"Should we be there?","How do we get out?","What do we need to do?\"","There's very polarized answers to that question too, and I don't have any answers to that.","Those are political questions, economic questions, strategic questions.","I don't have the answer.","But let me give you a simple concern or maybe statement, then.","It is an easy answer.","I know what these kids deserve on the healthcare side.","I was talking to one of them, and he was really liking this arm -- it's way, way, way better than a plastic stick with a hook on it -- but there's nobody in this room that would rather have that than the one you got.","But I was saying to him, \"You know, the first airplane went 100 feet in 1903.","Wilbur and Orville.","But you know what?","It wouldn't have made an old pigeon jealous.","But now we got Eagles out there, F15s, even that Bald Eagle.","I've never seen a bird flying around at Mach 2.","I think eventually we'll make these things extraordinary.\"","And I said to that kid, \"I'll stop when your buddies are envious of your Luke arm because of what it can do, and how it does it.","And we'll keep working.","And I'm not going to stop working until we do that.\"","And I think this country ought to continue its great debate, whining and complaining, \"I'm entitled.\"","\"You're a victim.\"","And whining and complaining about what our foreign policy ought to be.","But while we have the luxury of whining and complaining about who's paying for what and how much we get, the people that are out there giving us that great privilege of whining and complaining, I know what they deserve: everything humanly possible.","And we ought to give it to them.","(Applause)"],"2":["I thought if I skipped it might help my nerves, but I'm actually having a paradoxical reaction to that, so that was a bad idea.","(Laughter)","Anyway, I was really delighted to receive the invitation to present to you some of my music and some of my work as a composer, presumably because it appeals to my well-known and abundant narcissism.","(Laughter) And I'm not kidding, I just think we should just say that and move forward.","(Laughter)","So, but the thing is, a dilemma quickly arose, and that is that I'm really bored with music, and I'm really bored with the role of the composer, and so I decided to put that idea, boredom, as the focus of my presentation to you today.","And I'm going to share my music with you, but I hope that I'm going to do so in a way that tells a story, tells a story about how I used boredom as a catalyst for creativity and invention, and how boredom actually forced me to change the fundamental question that I was asking in my discipline, and how boredom also, in a sense, pushed me towards taking on roles beyond the sort of most traditional, narrow definition of a composer.","What I'd like to do today is to start with an excerpt of a piece of music at the piano.","(Music) Okay, I wrote that.","(Laughter) No, it's not \u2014 (Applause) Oh, why thank you.","No, no, I didn't write that.","In fact, that was a piece by Beethoven, and so I was not functioning as a composer.","Just now I was functioning in the role of the interpreter, and there I am, interpreter.","So, an interpreter of what?","Of a piece of music, right?","But we can ask the question, \"But is it music?\"","And I say this rhetorically, because of course by just about any standard we would have to concede that this is, of course, a piece of music, but I put this here now because, just to set it in your brains for the moment, because we're going to return to this question.","It's going to be a kind of a refrain as we go through the presentation.","So here we have this piece of music by Beethoven, and my problem with it is, it's boring.","I mean, you \u2014 I'm just like, a hush, huh -- It's like -- (Laughter) It's Beethoven, how can you say that?","No, well, I don't know, it's very familiar to me.","I had to practice it as a kid, and I'm really sick of it.","So -- (Laughter) I would, so what I might like to try to do is to change it, to transform it in some ways, to personalize it, so I might take the opening, like this idea -- (Music) and then I might substitute -- (Music) and then I might improvise on that melody that goes forward from there -- (Music) (Music)","So that might be the kind of thing -- Why thank you.","(Applause) That would be the kind of thing that I would do, and it's not necessarily better than the Beethoven.","In fact, I think it's not better than it.","The thing is -- (Laughter) -- it's more interesting to me.","It's less boring for me.","I'm really leaning into me, because I, because I have to think about what decisions I'm going to make on the fly as that Beethoven text is running in time through my head and I'm trying to figure out what kinds of transformations I'm going to make to it.","So this is an engaging enterprise for me, and I've really leaned into that first person pronoun thing there, and now my face appears twice, so I think we can agree that this is a fundamentally solipsistic enterprise.","(Laughter) But it's an engaging one, and it's interesting to me for a while, but then I get bored with it, and by it, I actually mean, the piano, because it becomes, it's this familiar instrument, it's timbral range is actually pretty compressed, at least when you play on the keyboard, and if you're not doing things like listening to it after you've lit it on fire or something like that, you know.","It gets a little bit boring, and so pretty soon I go through other instruments, they become familiar, and eventually I find myself designing and constructing my own instrument, and I brought one with me today, and I thought I would play a little bit on it for you so you can hear what it sounds like.","(Music)","You gotta have doorstops, that's important.","(Laughter) I've got combs.","They're the only combs that I own.","(Music) They're all mounted on my instruments.","(Laughter)","(Music)","I can actually do all sorts of things.","I can play with a violin bow.","I don't have to use the chopsticks.","So we have this sound.","(Music) And with a bank of live electronics, I can change the sounds radically.","(Music) (Music) Like that, and like this.","(Music) And so forth.","So this gives you a little bit of an idea of the sound world of this instrument, which I think is quite interesting and it puts me in the role of the inventor, and the nice thing about \u2014 This instrument is called the Mouseketeer ... (Laughter) and the cool thing about it is I'm the world's greatest Mouseketeer player.","(Laughter) Okay?","(Applause) So in that regard, this is one of the things, this is one of the privileges of being, and here's another role, the inventor, and by the way, when I told you that I'm the world's greatest, if you're keeping score, we've had narcissism and solipsism and now a healthy dose of egocentricism.","I know some of you are just, you know, bingo!","Or, I don't know.","(Laughter)","Anyway, so this is also a really enjoyable role.","I should concede also that I'm the world's worst Mouseketeer player, and it was this distinction that I was most worried about when I was on that prior side of the tenure divide.","I'm glad I'm past that.","We're not going to go into that.","I'm crying on the inside.","There are still scars.","Anyway, but I guess my point is that all of these enterprises are engaging to me in their multiplicity, but as I've presented them to you today, they're actually solitary enterprises, and so pretty soon I want to commune with other people, and so I'm delighted that in fact I get to compose works for them.","I get to write, sometimes for soloists and I get to work with one person, sometimes full orchestras, and I work with a lot of people, and this is probably the capacity, the role creatively for which I'm probably best known professionally.","Now, some of my scores as a composer look like this, and others look like this, and some look like this, and I make all of these by hand, and it's really tedious.","It takes a long, long time to make these scores, and right now I'm working on a piece that's 180 pages in length, and it's just a big chunk of my life, and I'm just pulling out hair.","I have a lot of it, and that's a good thing I suppose.","(Laughter)","So this gets really boring and really tiresome for me, so after a while the process of notating is not only boring, but I actually want the notation to be more interesting, and so that's pushed me to do other projects like this one.","This is an excerpt from a score called \"The Metaphysics of Notation.\"","The full score is 72 feet wide.","It's a bunch of crazy pictographic notation.","Let's zoom in on one section of it right here.","You can see it's rather detailed.","I do all of this with drafting templates, with straight edges, with French curves, and by freehand, and the 72 feet was actually split into 12 six-foot-wide panels that were installed around the Cantor Arts Center Museum lobby balcony, and it appeared for one year in the museum, and during that year, it was experienced as visual art most of the week, except, as you can see in these pictures, on Fridays, from noon til one, and only during that time, various performers came and interpreted these strange and undefined pictographic glyphs.","(Laughter)","Now this was a really exciting experience for me.","It was gratifying musically, but I think the more important thing is it was exciting because I got to take on another role, especially given that it appeared in a museum, and that is as visual artist.","(Laughter) We're going to fill up the whole thing, don't worry.","(Laughter) I am multitudes.","(Laughter)","So one of the things is that, I mean, some people would say, like, \"Oh, you're being a dilettante,\" and maybe that's true.","I can understand how, I mean, because I don't have a pedigree in visual art and I don't have any training, but it's just something that I wanted to do as an extension of my composition, as an extension of a kind of creative impulse.","I can understand the question, though.","\"But is it music?\"","I mean, there's not any traditional notation.","I can also understand that sort of implicit criticism in this piece, \"S-tog,\" which I made when I was living in Copenhagen.","I took the Copenhagen subway map and I renamed all the stations to abstract musical provocations, and the players, who are synchronized with stopwatches, follow the timetables, which are listed in minutes past the hour.","So this is a case of actually adapting something, or maybe stealing something, and then turning it into a musical notation.","Another adaptation would be this piece.","I took the idea of the wristwatch, and I turned it into a musical score.","I made my own faces, and had a company fabricate them, and the players follow these scores.","They follow the second hands, and as they pass over the various symbols, the players respond musically.","Here's another example from another piece, and then its realization.","So in these two capacities, I've been scavenger, in the sense of taking, like, the subway map, right, or thief maybe, and I've also been designer, in the case of making the wristwatches.","And once again, this is, for me, interesting.","Another role that I like to take on is that of the performance artist.","Some of my pieces have these kind of weird theatric elements, and I often perform them.","I want to show you a clip from a piece called \"Echolalia.\"","This is actually being performed by Brian McWhorter, who is an extraordinary performer.","Let's watch a little bit of this, and please notice the instrumentation.","(Music)","Okay, I hear you were laughing nervously because you too could hear that the drill was a little bit sharp, the intonation was a little questionable.","(Laughter) Let's watch just another clip.","(Music)","You can see the mayhem continues, and there's, you know, there were no clarinets and trumpets and flutes and violins.","Here's a piece that has an even more unusual, more peculiar instrumentation.","This is \"Tl\u00f6n,\" for three conductors and no players.","(Laughter)","This was based on the experience of actually watching two people having a virulent argument in sign language, which produced no decibels to speak of, but affectively, psychologically, was a very loud experience.","So, yeah, I get it, with, like, the weird appliances and then the total absence of conventional instruments and this glut of conductors, people might, you know, wonder, yeah, \"Is this music?\"","But let's move on to a piece where clearly I'm behaving myself, and that is my \"Concerto for Orchestra.\"","You're going to notice a lot of conventional instruments in this clip.","(Music) (Music)","This, in fact, is not the title of this piece.","I was a bit mischievous.","In fact, to make it more interesting, I put a space right in here, and this is the actual title of the piece.","Let's continue with that same excerpt.","(Music)","It's better with a florist, right?","(Laughter) (Music) Or at least it's less boring.","Let's watch a couple more clips.","(Music)","So with all these theatric elements, this pushes me in another role, and that would be, possibly, the dramaturge.","I was playing nice.","I had to write the orchestra bits, right?","Okay?","But then there was this other stuff, right?","There was the florist, and I can understand that, once again, we're putting pressure on the ontology of music as we know it conventionally, but let's look at one last piece today I'm going to share with you.","This is going to be a piece called \"Aphasia,\" and it's for hand gestures synchronized to sound, and this invites yet another role, and final one I'll share with you, which is that of the choreographer.","And the score for the piece looks like this, and it instructs me, the performer, to make various hand gestures at very specific times synchronized with an audio tape, and that audio tape is made up exclusively of vocal samples.","I recorded an awesome singer, and I took the sound of his voice in my computer, and I warped it in countless ways to come up with the soundtrack that you're about to hear.","And I'll perform just an excerpt of \"Aphasia\" for you here.","Okay?","(Music) So that gives you a little taste of that piece.","(Applause)","Yeah, okay, that's kind of weird stuff.","Is it music?","Here's how I want to conclude.","I've decided, ultimately, that this is the wrong question, that this is not the important question.","The important question is, \"Is it interesting?\"","And I follow this question, not worrying about \"Is it music?\"","-- not worrying about the definition of the thing that I'm making.","I allow my creativity to push me in directions that are simply interesting to me, and I don't worry about the likeness of the result to some notion, some paradigm, of what music composition is supposed to be, and that has actually urged me, in a sense, to take on a whole bunch of different roles, and so what I want you to think about is, to what extent might you change the fundamental question in your discipline, and, okay, I'm going to put one extra little footnote in here, because, like, I realized I mentioned some psychological defects earlier, and we also, along the way, had a fair amount of obsessive behavior, and there was some delusional behavior and things like that, and here I think we could say that this is an argument for self-loathing and a kind of schizophrenia, at least in the popular use of the term, and I really mean dissociative identity disorder, okay.","(Laughter) Anyway, despite those perils, I would urge you to think about the possibility that you might take on roles in your own work, whether they are neighboring or far-flung from your professional definition.","And with that, I thank you very much.","(Applause)","(Applause)"],"3":["By raising your hand, how many of you know at least one person on the screen?","Wow, it's almost a full house.","It's true, they are very famous in their fields.","And do you know what all of them have in common?","They all died of pancreatic cancer.","However, although it's very, very sad this news, it's also thanks to their personal stories that we have raised awareness of how lethal this disease can be.","It's become the third cause of cancer deaths, and only eight percent of the patients will survive beyond five years.","That's a very tiny number, especially if you compare it with breast cancer, where the survival rate is almost 90 percent.","So it doesn't really come as a surprise that being diagnosed with pancreatic cancer means facing an almost certain death sentence.","What's shocking, though, is that in the last 40 years, this number hasn't changed a bit, while much more progress has been made with other types of tumors.","So how can we make pancreatic cancer treatment more effective?","As a biomedical entrepreneur, I like to work on problems that seem impossible, understanding their limitations and trying to find new, innovative solutions that can change their outcome.","The first piece of bad news with pancreatic cancer is that your pancreas is in the middle of your belly, literally.","It's depicted in orange on the screen.","But you can barely see it until I remove all the other organs in front.","It's also surrounded by many other vital organs, like the liver, the stomach, the bile duct.","And the ability of the tumor to grow into those organs is the reason why pancreatic cancer is one of the most painful tumor types.","The hard-to-reach location also prevents the doctor from surgically removing it, as is routinely done for breast cancer, for example.","So all of these reasons leave chemotherapy as the only option for the pancreatic cancer patient.","This brings us to the second piece of bad news.","Pancreatic cancer tumors have very few blood vessels.","Why should we care about the blood vessel of a tumor?","Let's think for a second how chemotherapy works.","The drug is injected in the vein and it navigates throughout the body until it reaches the tumor site.","It's like driving on a highway, trying to reach a destination.","But what if your destination doesn't have an exit on the highway?","You will never get there.","And that's exactly the same problem for chemotherapy and pancreatic cancer.","The drugs navigate throughout all of your body.","They will reach healthy organs, resulting in high toxic effect for the patients overall, but very little will go to the tumor.","Therefore, the efficacy is very limited.","To me, it seems very counterintuitive to have a whole-body treatment to target a specific organ.","However, in the last 40 years, a lot of money, research and effort have gone towards finding new, powerful drugs to treat pancreatic cancer, but nothing has been done in changing the way we deliver them to the patient.","So after two pieces of bad news, I'm going to give you good news, hopefully.","With a collaborator at MIT and the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, we have revolutionized the way we treat cancer by making localized drug delivery a reality.","We are basically parachuting you on top of your destination, avoiding your having to drive all around the highway.","We have embedded the drug into devices that look like this one.","They are flexible enough that they can be folded to fit into the catheter, so the doctor can implant it directly on top of the tumor with minimally invasive surgery.","But they are solid enough that once they are positioned on top of the tumor, they will act as a cage.","They will actually physically prevent the tumor from entering other organs, controlling the metastasis.","The devices are also biodegradable.","That means that once in the body, they start dissolving, delivering the drug only locally, slowly and more effectively than what is done with the current whole-body treatment.","In pre-clinical study, we have demonstrated that this localized approach is able to improve by 12 times the response to treatment.","So we took a drug that is already known and by just delivering it locally where it's needed the most, we allow a response that is 12 times more powerful, reducing the systemic toxic effect.","We are working relentlessly to bring this technology to the next level.","We are finalizing the pre-clinical testing and the animal model required prior to asking the FDA for approval for clinical trials.","Currently, the majority of patients will die from pancreatic cancer.","We are hoping that one day, we can reduce their pain, extend their life and potentially make pancreatic cancer a curable disease.","By rethinking the way we deliver the drug, we don't only make it more powerful and less toxic, we are also opening the door to finding new innovative solutions for almost all other impossible problems in pancreatic cancer patients and beyond.","Thank you very much.","(Applause)"],"4":["Good morning everybody.","I work with really amazing, little, itty-bitty creatures called cells.","And let me tell you what it's like to grow these cells in the lab.","I work in a lab where we take cells out of their native environment.","We plate them into dishes that we sometimes call petri dishes.","And we feed them -- sterilely of course -- with what we call cell culture media -- which is like their food -- and we grow them in incubators.","Why do I do this?","We observe the cells in a plate, and they're just on the surface.","But what we're really trying to do in my lab is to engineer tissues out of them.","What does that even mean?","Well it means growing an actual heart, let's say, or grow a piece of bone that can be put into the body.","Not only that, but they can also be used for disease models.","And for this purpose, traditional cell culture techniques just really aren't enough.","The cells are kind of homesick; the dish doesn't feel like their home.","And so we need to do better at copying their natural environment to get them to thrive.","We call this the biomimetic paradigm -- copying nature in the lab.","Let's take the example of the heart, the topic of a lot of my research.","What makes the heart unique?","Well, the heart beats, rhythmically, tirelessly, faithfully.","We copy this in the lab by outfitting cell culture systems with electrodes.","These electrodes act like mini pacemakers to get the cells to contract in the lab.","What else do we know about the heart?","Well, heart cells are pretty greedy.","Nature feeds the heart cells in your body with a very, very dense blood supply.","In the lab, we micro-pattern channels in the biomaterials on which we grow the cells, and this allows us to flow the cell culture media, the cells' food, through the scaffolds where we're growing the cells -- a lot like what you might expect from a capillary bed in the heart.","So this brings me to lesson number one: life can do a lot with very little.","Let's take the example of electrical stimulation.","Let's see how powerful just one of these essentials can be.","On the left, we see a tiny piece of beating heart tissue that I engineered from rat cells in the lab.","It's about the size of a mini marshmallow.","And after one week, it's beating.","You can see it in the upper left-hand corner.","But don't worry if you can't see it so well.","It's amazing that these cells beat at all.","But what's really amazing is that the cells, when we electrically stimulate them, like with a pacemaker, that they beat so much more.","But that brings me to lesson number two: cells do all the work.","In a sense, tissue engineers have a bit of an identity crisis here, because structural engineers build bridges and big things, computer engineers, computers, but what we are doing is actually building enabling technologies for the cells themselves.","What does this mean for us?","Let's do something really simple.","Let's remind ourselves that cells are not an abstract concept.","Let's remember that our cells sustain our lives in a very real way.","\"We are what we eat,\" could easily be described as, \"We are what our cells eat.\"","And in the case of the flora in our gut, these cells may not even be human.","But it's also worth noting that cells also mediate our experience of life.","Behind every sound, sight, touch, taste and smell is a corresponding set of cells that receive this information and interpret it for us.","It begs the question: shall we expand our sense of environmental stewardship to include the ecosystem of our own bodies?","I invite you to talk about this with me further, and in the meantime, I wish you luck.","May none of your non-cancer cells become endangered species.","Thank you.","(Applause)"],"5":["Chris Anderson: This is such a strange thing.","Your software, Linux, is in millions of computers, it probably powers much of the Internet.","And I think that there are, like, a billion and a half active Android devices out there.","Your software is in every single one of them.","It's kind of amazing.","You must have some amazing software headquarters driving all this.","That's what I thought -- and I was shocked when I saw a picture of it.","I mean, this is -- this is the Linux world headquarters.","(Laughter)","(Applause)","Linus Torvalds: It really doesn't look like much.","And I have to say, the most interesting part in this picture, that people mostly react to, is the walking desk.","It is the most interesting part in my office and I'm not actually using it anymore.","And I think the two things are related.","The way I work is ...","I want to not have external stimulation.","You can kind of see, on the walls are this light green.","I'm told that at mental institutions they use that on the walls.","(Laughter)","It's like a calming color, it's not something that really stimulates you.","What you can't see is the computer here, you only see the screen, but the main thing I worry about in my computer is -- it doesn't have to be big and powerful, although I like that -- it really has to be completely silent.","I know people who work for Google and they have their own small data center at home, and I don't do that.","My office is the most boring office you'll ever see.","And I sit there alone in the quiet.","If the cat comes up, it sits in my lap.","And I want to hear the cat purring, not the sound of the fans in the computer.","CA: So this is astonishing, because working this way, you're able to run this vast technology empire -- it is an empire -- so that's an amazing testament to the power of open source.","Tell us how you got to understand open source and how it lead to the development of Linux.","LT: I mean, I still work alone.","Really -- I work alone in my house, often in my bathrobe.","When a photographer shows up, I dress up, so I have clothes on.","(Laughter)","And that's how I've always worked.","I mean, this was how I started Linux, too.","I did not start Linux as a collaborative project.","I started it as one in a series of many projects I had done at the time for myself, partly because I needed the end result, but even more because I just enjoyed programming.","So it was about the end of the journey, which, 25 years later, we still have not reached.","But it was really about the fact that I was looking for a project on my own and there was no open source, really, on my radar at all.","And what happened is ... the project grows and becomes something you want to show off to people.","Really, this is more of a, \"Wow, look at what I did!\"","And trust me -- it was not that great back then.","I made it publicly available, and it wasn't even open source at that point.","At that point it was source that was open, but there was no intention behind using the kind of open-source methodology that we think of today to improve it.","It was more like, \"Look, I've been working on this for half a year, I'd love to have comments.\"","And other people approached me.","At the University of Helsinki, I had a friend who was one of the open source -- it was called mainly \"free software\" back then -- and he actually introduced me to the notion that, hey, you can use these open-source licenses that had been around.","And I thought about it for a while.","I was actually worried about the whole commercial interests coming in.","I mean, that's one of the worries I think most people who start out have, is that they worry about somebody taking advantage of their work, right?","And I decided, \"What the hell?\"","And --","CA: And then at some point, someone contributed some code that you thought, \"Wow, that really is interesting, I would not have thought of that.","This could actually improve this.\"","LT: It didn't even start by people contributing code, it was more that people started contributing ideas.","And just the fact that somebody else takes a look at your project -- and I'm sure it's true of other things, too, but it's definitely true in code -- is that somebody else takes an interest in your code, looks at it enough to actually give you feedback and give you ideas.","That was a huge thing for me.","I was 21 at the time, so I was young, but I had already programmed for half my life, basically.","And every project before that had been completely personal and it was a revelation when people just started commenting, started giving feedback on your code.","And even before they started giving code back, that was, I think, one of the big moments where I said, \"I love other people!\"","Don't get me wrong -- I'm actually not a people person.","(Laughter)","I don't really love other people --","(Laughter)","But I love computers, I love interacting with other people on email, because it kind of gives you that buffer.","But I do love other people who comment and get involved in my project.","And it made it so much more.","CA: So was there a moment when you saw what was being built and it suddenly started taking off, and you thought, \"Wait a sec, this actually could be something huge, not just a personal project that I'm getting nice feedback on, but a kind of explosive development in the whole technology world\"?","LT: Not really.","I mean, the big point for me, really, was not when it was becoming huge, it was when it was becoming little.","The big point for me was not being alone and having 10, maybe 100 people being involved -- that was a big point.","Then everything else was very gradual.","Going from 100 people to a million people is not a big deal -- to me.","Well, I mean, maybe it is if you're --","(Laughter)","If you want to sell your result then it's a huge deal -- don't get me wrong.","But if you're interested in the technology and you're interested in the project, the big part was getting the community.","Then the community grew gradually.","And there's actually not a single point where I went like, \"Wow, that just took off!\"","because it -- I mean -- it took a long time, relatively.","CA: So all the technologists that I talk to really credit you with massively changing their work.","And it's not just Linux, it's this thing called Git, which is this management system for software development.","Tell us briefly about that and your role in that.","LT: So one of the issues we had, and this took a while to start to appear, is when you ...","When you grow from having 10 people or 100 people working on a project to having 10,000 people, which -- I mean, right now we're in the situation where just on the kernel, we have 1,000 people involved in every single release and that's every two months, roughly two or three months.","Some of those people don't do a lot.","There's a lot of people who make small, small changes.","But to maintain this, the scale changes how you have to maintain it.","And we went through a lot of pain.","And there are whole projects that do only source-code maintenance.","CVS is the one that used to be the most commonly used, and I hated CVS with a passion and refused to touch it and tried something else that was radical and interesting and everybody else hated.","CA: (Laughs)","LT: And we were in this bad spot, where we had thousands of people who wanted to participate, but in many ways, I was the kind of break point, where I could not scale to the point where I could work with thousands of people.","So Git is my second big project, which was only created for me to maintain my first big project.","And this is literally how I work.","I don't code for -- well, I do code for fun -- but I want to code for something meaningful so every single project I've ever done has been something I needed and --","CA: So really, both Linux and Git kind of arose almost as an unintended consequence of your desire not to have to work with too many people.","LT: Absolutely.","Yes.","(Laughter)","CA: That's amazing.","LT: Yeah.","(Applause)","And yet, you're the man who's transformed technology not just once but twice, and we have to try and understand why it is.","You've given us some clues, but ...","Here's a picture of you as a kid, with a Rubik's Cube.","You mentioned that you've been programming since you were like 10 or 11, half your life.","Were you this sort of computer genius, you know, \u00fcbernerd, were you the star at school who could do everything?","What were you like as a kid?","LT: Yeah, I think I was the prototypical nerd.","I mean, I was ...","I was not a people person back then.","That's my younger brother.","I was clearly more interested in the Rubik's Cube than my younger brother.","(Laughter)","My younger sister, who's not in the picture, when we had family meetings -- and it's not a huge family, but I have, like, a couple of cousins -- she would prep me beforehand.","Like, before I stepped into the room she would say, \"OK. That's so-and-so ...\" Because I was not -- I was a geek.","I was into computers, I was into math, I was into physics.","I was good at that.","I don't think I was particularly exceptional.","Apparently, my sister said that my biggest exceptional quality was that I would not let go.","CA: OK, so let's go there, because that's interesting.","You would not let go.","So that's not about being a geek and being smart, that's about being ... stubborn?","LT: That's about being stubborn.","That's about, like, just starting something and not saying, \"OK, I'm done, let's do something else -- Look: shiny!\"","And I notice that in many other parts in my life, too.","I lived in Silicon Valley for seven years.","And I worked for the same company, in Silicon Valley, for the whole time.","That is unheard of.","That's not how Silicon Valley works.","The whole point of Silicon Valley is that people jump between jobs to kind of mix up the pot.","And that's not the kind of person I am.","CA: But during the actual development of Linux itself, that stubbornness sometimes brought you in conflict with other people.","Talk about that a bit.","Was that essential to sort of maintain the quality of what was being built?","How would you describe what happened?","LT: I don't know if it's essential.","Going back to the \"I'm not a people person,\" -- sometimes I'm also ... shall we say, \"myopic\" when it comes to other people's feelings, and that sometimes makes you say things that hurt other people.","And I'm not proud of that.","(Applause)","But, at the same time, it's -- I get people who tell me that I should be nice.","And then when I try to explain to them that maybe you're nice, maybe you should be more aggressive, they see that as me being not nice.","(Laughter)","What I'm trying to say is we are different.","I'm not a people person; it's not something I'm particularly proud of, but it's part of me.","And one of the things I really like about open source is it really allows different people to work together.","We don't have to like each other -- and sometimes we really don't like each other.","Really -- I mean, there are very, very heated arguments.","But you can, actually, you can find things that -- you don't even agree to disagree, it's just that you're interested in really different things.","And coming back to the point where I said earlier that I was afraid of commercial people taking advantage of your work, it turned out, and very quickly turned out, that those commercial people were lovely, lovely people.","And they did all the things that I was not at all interested in doing, and they had completely different goals.","And they used open source in ways that I just did not want to go.","But because it was open source they could do it, and it actually works really beautifully together.","And I actually think it works the same way.","You need to have the people-people, the communicators, the warm and friendly people who like --","(Laughter)","really want to hug you and get you into the community.","But that's not everybody.","And that's not me.","I care about the technology.","There are people who care about the UI.","I can't do UI to save my life.","I mean, if I was stranded on an island and the only way to get off that island was the make a pretty UI, I'd die there.","(Laughter)","So there's different kinds of people, and I'm not making excuses, I'm trying to explain.","CA: Now, when we talked last week, you talked about some other trait that you have, which I found really interesting.","It's this idea called taste.","And I've just got a couple of images here.","I think this is an example of not particularly good taste in code, and this one is better taste, which one can immediately see.","What is the difference between these two?","LT: So this is -- How many people here actually have coded?","CA: Oh my goodness.","LT: So I guarantee you, everybody who raised their hand, they have done what's called a singly-linked list.","And it's taught -- This, the first not very good taste approach, is basically how it's taught to be done when you start out coding.","And you don't have to understand the code.","The most interesting part to me is the last if statement.","Because what happens in a singly-linked list -- this is trying to remove an existing entry from a list -- and there's a difference between if it's the first entry or whether it's an entry in the middle.","Because if it's the first entry, you have to change the pointer to the first entry.","If it's in the middle, you have to change the pointer of a previous entry.","So they're two completely different cases.","CA: And that's better.","LT: And this is better.","It does not have the if statement.","And it doesn't really matter -- I don't want you understand why it doesn't have the if statement, but I want you to understand that sometimes you can see a problem in a different way and rewrite it so that a special case goes away and becomes the normal case.","And that's good code.","But this is simple code.","This is CS 101.","This is not important -- although, details are important.","To me, the sign of people I really want to work with is that they have good taste, which is how ...","I sent you this stupid example that is not relevant because it's too small.","Good taste is much bigger than this.","Good taste is about really seeing the big patterns and kind of instinctively knowing what's the right way to do things.","CA: OK, so we're putting the pieces together here now.","You have taste, in a way that's meaningful to software people.","You're --","(Laughter)","LT: I think it was meaningful to some people here.","CA: You're a very smart computer coder, and you're hellish stubborn.","But there must be something else.","I mean, you've changed the future.","You must have the ability of these grand visions of the future.","You're a visionary, right?","LT: I've actually felt slightly uncomfortable at TED for the last two days, because there's a lot of vision going on, right?","And I am not a visionary.","I do not have a five-year plan.","I'm an engineer.","And I think it's really -- I mean -- I'm perfectly happy with all the people who are walking around and just staring at the clouds and looking at the stars and saying, \"I want to go there.\"","But I'm looking at the ground, and I want to fix the pothole that's right in front of me before I fall in.","This is the kind of person I am.","(Cheers)","(Applause)","CA: So you spoke to me last week about these two guys.","Who are they and how do you relate to them?","LT: Well, so this is kind of clich\u00e9 in technology, the whole Tesla versus Edison, where Tesla is seen as the visionary scientist and crazy idea man.","And people love Tesla.","I mean, there are people who name their companies after him.","(Laughter)","The other person there is Edison, who is actually often vilified for being kind of pedestrian and is -- I mean, his most famous quote is, \"Genius is one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration.\"","And I'm in the Edison camp, even if people don't always like him.","Because if you actually compare the two, Tesla has kind of this mind grab these days, but who actually changed the world?","Edison may not have been a nice person, he did a lot of things -- he was maybe not so intellectual, not so visionary.","But I think I'm more of an Edison than a Tesla.","CA: So our theme at TED this week is dreams -- big, bold, audacious dreams.","You're really the antidote to that.","LT: I'm trying to dial it down a bit, yes.","CA: That's good.","(Laughter) We embrace you, we embrace you.","Companies like Google and many others have made, arguably, like, billions of dollars out of your software.","Does that piss you off?","LT: No.","No, it doesn't piss me off for several reasons.","And one of them is, I'm doing fine.","I'm really doing fine.","But the other reason is -- I mean, without doing the whole open source and really letting go thing, Linux would never have been what it is.","And it's brought experiences I don't really enjoy, public talking, but at the same time, this is an experience.","Trust me.","So there's a lot of things going on that make me a very happy man and thinking I did the right choices.","CA: Is the open source idea -- this is, I think we'll end here -- is the open source idea fully realized now in the world, or is there more that it could go, are there more things that it could do?","LT: So, I'm of two minds there.","I think one reason open source works so well in code is that at the end of the day, code tends to be somewhat black and white.","There's often a fairly good way to decide, this is done correctly and this is not done well.","Code either works or it doesn't, which means that there's less room for arguments.","And we have arguments despite this, right?","In many other areas -- I mean, people have talked about open politics and things like that -- and it's really hard sometimes to say that, yes, you can apply the same principles in some other areas just because the black and white turns into not just gray, but different colors.","So, obviously open source in science is making a comeback.","Science was there first.","But then science ended up being pretty closed, with very expensive journals and some of that going on.","And open source is making a comeback in science, with things like arXiv and open journals.","Wikipedia changed the world, too.","So there are other examples, I'm sure there are more to come.","CA: But you're not a visionary, and so it's not up to you to name them.","LT: No.","(Laughter)","It's up to you guys to make them, right?","CA: Exactly.","Linus Torvalds, thank you for Linux, thank you for the Internet, thank you for all those Android phones.","Thank you for coming here to TED and revealing so much of yourself.","LT: Thank you.","(Applause)"],"6":["(Music)","Amanda Palmer (singing): Ground Control to Major Tom,","Ground Control to Major Tom,","Take your protein pills and put your helmet on.","Al Gore: Ten, Nine, Eight, Seven, Six ...","AP: Ground Control to Major Tom,","AG: Five, Four, Three, Two, One ... AP: Commencing countdown, engines on.","Check ignition and may God's love be with you.","AG: Liftoff.","AP: This is Ground Control to Major Tom,","You've really made the grade","And the papers want to know whose shirts you wear.","Now it's time to leave the capsule if you dare.","\"This is Major Tom to Ground Control,","I'm stepping through the door","And I'm floating in a most peculiar way","And the stars look very different today.","For here am I floating round my tin can.","Far above the world,","Planet Earth is blue and there's nothing I can do.\"","(Music)","\"Though I'm past 100,000 miles,","I'm feeling very still, and I think my spaceship knows which way to go.","Tell my wife I love her very much she knows.\"","Ground Control to Major Tom, your circuit's dead, there's something wrong.","Can you hear me, Major Tom?","Can you hear me, Major Tom?","Can you hear me, Major Tom?","Can you ...","\"Here am I floating round my tin can, far above the Moon.","Planet Earth is blue and there's nothing I can do.","(Music)","[\"I'm not a prophet or a stone-age man, just a mortal with the potential of a superman ... ...","I'm living on.\"","David Bowie, 1947-2016]","(Applause)"],"7":["Namaste.","Good morning.","I'm very happy to be here in India.","And I've been thinking a lot about what I have learned over these last particularly 11 years with V-Day and \"The Vagina Monologues,\" traveling the world, essentially meeting with women and girls across the planet to stop violence against women.","What I want to talk about today is this particular cell, or grouping of cells, that is in each and every one of us.","And I want to call it the girl cell.","And it's in men as well as in women.","I want you to imagine that this particular grouping of cells is central to the evolution of our species and the continuation of the human race.","And I want you imagine that at some point in history a group of powerful people invested in owning and controlling the world understood that the suppression of this particular cell, the oppression of these cells, the reinterpretation of these cells, the undermining of these cells, getting us to believe in the weakness of these cells and the crushing, eradicating, destroying, reducing these cells, basically began the process of killing off the girl cell, which was, by the way, patriarchy.","I want you to imagine that the girl is a chip in the huge macrocosm of collective consciousness.","And it is essential to balance, to wisdom and to actually the future of all of us.","And then I want you to imagine that this girl cell is compassion, and it's empathy, and it's passion itself, and it's vulnerability, and it's openness, and it's intensity, and it's association, and it's relationship, and it is intuitive.","And then let's think how compassion informs wisdom, and that vulnerability is our greatest strength, and that emotions have inherent logic, which lead to radical, appropriate, saving action.","And then let's remember that we've been taught the exact opposite by the powers that be, that compassion clouds your thinking, that it gets in the way, that vulnerability is weakness, that emotions are not to be trusted, and you're not supposed to take things personally, which is one of my favorites.","I think the whole world has essentially been brought up not to be a girl.","How do we bring up boys?","What does it mean to be a boy?","To be a boy really means not to be a girl.","To be a man means not to be a girl.","To be a woman means not to be a girl.","To be strong means not to be a girl.","To be a leader means not to be a girl.","I actually think that being a girl is so powerful that we've had to train everyone not to be that.","(Laughter)","And I'd also like to say that the irony of course, is that denying girl, suppressing girl, suppressing emotion, refusing feeling has lead thus here.","Where we have now come to live in a world where the most extreme forms of violence, the most horrific poverty, genocide, mass rapes, the destruction of the Earth, is completely out of control.","And because we have suppressed our girl cells and suppressed our girl-ship, we do not feel what is going on.","So, we are not being charged with the adequate response to what is happening.","I want to talk a little bit about the Democratic Republic of Congo.","For me, it was the turning point of my life.","I have spent a lot of time there in the last three years.","I feel up to that point I had seen a lot in the world, a lot of violence.","I essentially lived in the rape mines of the world for the last 12 years.","But the Democratic Republic of Congo really was the turning point in my soul.","I went and I spent time in a place called Bukavu in a hospital called the Panzi Hospital, with a doctor who was as close to a saint as any person I've ever met.","His name is Dr. Denis Mukwege.","In the Congo, for those of you who don't know, there has been a war raging for the last 12 years, a war that has killed nearly six million people.","It is estimated that somewhere between 300,000 and 500,000 women have been raped there.","When I spent my first weeks at Panzi hospital I sat with women who sat and lined up every day to tell me their stories.","Their stories were so horrific, and so mind-blowing and so on the other side of human existence, that to be perfectly honest with you, I was shattered.","And I will tell you that what happened is through that shattering, listening to the stories of eight-year-old girls who had their insides eviscerated, who had guns and bayonets and things shoved inside them so they had holes, literally, inside them where their pee and poop came out of them.","Listening to the story of 80-year-old women who were tied to chains and circled, and where groups of men would come and rape them periodically, all in the name of economic exploitation to steal the minerals so the West can have it and profit from them.","My mind was so shattered.","But what happened for me is that that shattering actually emboldened me in a way I have never been emboldened.","That shattering, that opening of my girl cell, that kind of massive breakthrough of my heart allowed me to become more courageous, and braver, and actually more clever than I had been in the past in my life.","I want to say that I think the powers that be know that empire-building is actually -- that feelings get in the way of empire-building.","Feelings get in the way of the mass acquisition of the Earth, and excavating the Earth, and destroying things.","I remember, for example, when my father, who was very, very violent, used to beat me.","And he would actually say, while he was beating me, \"Don't you cry.","Don't you dare cry.\"","Because my crying somehow exposed his brutality to him.","And even in the moment he didn't want to be reminded of what he was doing.","I know that we have systematically annihilated the girl cell.","And I want to say we've annihilated it in men as well as in women.","And I think in some ways we've been much harsher to men in the annihilation of their girl cell.","(Applause) I see how boys have been brought up, and I see this across the planet: to be tough, to be hardened, to distance themselves from their tenderness, to not cry.","I actually realized once in Kosovo, when I watched a man break down, that bullets are actually hardened tears, that when we don't allow men to have their girl self and have their vulnerability, and have their compassion, and have their hearts, that they become hardened and hurtful and violent.","And I think we have taught men to be secure when they are insecure, to pretend they know things when they don't know things, or why would we be where we are?","To pretend they're not a mess when they are a mess.","And I will tell you a very funny story.","On my way here on the airplane, I was walking up and down the aisle of the plane.","And all these men, literally at least 10 men, were in their little seats watching chick flicks.","And they were all alone, and I thought, \"This is the secret life of men.\"","(Laughter)","I've traveled, as I said, to many, many countries, and I've seen, if we do what we do to the girl inside us then obviously it's horrific to think what we do to girls in the world.","And we heard from Sunitha yesterday, and Kavita about what we do to girls.","But I just want to say that I've met girls with knife wounds and cigarette burns, who are literally being treated like ashtrays.","I've seen girls be treated like garbage cans.","I've seen girls who were beaten by their mothers and brothers and fathers and uncles.","I've seen girls starving themselves to death in America in institutions to look like some idealized version of themselves.","I've seen that we cut girls and we control them and we keep them illiterate, or we make them feel bad about being too smart.","We silence them.","We make them feel guilty for being smart.","We get them to behave, to tone it down, not to be too intense.","We sell them, we kill them as embryos, we enslave them, we rape them.","We are so accustomed to robbing girls of the subject of being the subjects of their lives that we have now actually objectified them and turned them into commodities.","The selling of girls is rampant across the planet.","And in many places they are worth less than goats and cows.","But I also want to talk about the fact that if one in eight people on the planet are girls between the ages of 10 to 24, they are they key, really, in the developing world, as well as in the whole world, to the future of humanity.","And if girls are in trouble because they face systematic disadvantages that keep them where society wants them to be, including lack of access to healthcare, education, healthy foods, labor force participation.","The burden of all the household tasks usually falls on girls and younger siblings, which ensures that they will never overcome these barriers.","The state of girls, the condition of girls, will, in my belief -- and that's the girl inside us and the girl in the world -- determine whether the species survives.","And what I want to suggest is that, having talked to girls, because I just finished a new book called \"I Am an Emotional Creature: The Secret Life of Girls Around the World,\" I've been talking to girls for five years, and one of the things that I've seen is true everywhere is that the verb that's been enforced on girl is the verb \"to please.\"","Girls are trained to please.","I want to change the verb.","I want us all to change the verb.","I want the verb to be \"educate,\" or \"activate,\" or \"engage,\" or \"confront,\" or \"defy,\" or \"create.\"","If we teach girls to change the verb we will actually enforce the girl inside us and the girl inside them.","And I have to now share a few stories of girls I've seen across the planet who have engaged their girl, who have taken on their girl in spite of all the circumstances around them.","I know a 14-year-old girl in the Netherlands, for example, who is demanding that she take a boat and go around the entire world by herself.","There is a teenage girl who just recently went out and knew that she needed 56 stars tattooed on the right side of her face.","There is a girl, Julia Butterfly Hill, who lived for a year in a tree because she wanted to protect the wild oaks.","There is a girl who I met 14 years ago in Afghanistan who I have adopted as my daughter because her mother was killed.","Her mother was a revolutionary.","And this girl, when she was 17 years old, wore a burqa in Afghanistan, and went into the stadiums and documented the atrocities that were going on towards women, underneath her burqa, with a video.","And that video became the video that went out all over the world after 9\/11 to show what was going on in Afghanistan.","I want to talk about Rachel Corrie who was in her teens when she stood in front of an Israeli tank to say, \"End the occupation.\"","And she knew she risked death and she was literally gunned down and rolled over by that tank.","And I want to talk about a girl that I just met recently in Bukavu, who was impregnated by her rapist.","And she was holding her baby.","And I asked her if she loved her baby.","And she looked into her baby's eyes and she said, \"Of course I love my baby.","How could I not love my baby?","It's my baby and it's full of love.\"","The capacity for girls to overcome situations and to move on levels, to me, is mind-blowing.","There is a girl named Dorcas, and I just met her in Kenya.","Dorcas is 15 years old, and she was trained in self-defense.","A few months ago she was picked up on the street by three older men.","They kidnapped her, they put her in a car.","And through her self-defense, she grabbed their Adam's apples, she punched them in the eyes and she got herself free and out of the car.","In Kenya, in August, I went to visit one of the V-Day safe houses for girls, a house we opened seven years ago with an amazing woman named Agnes Pareyio.","Agnes was a woman who was cut when she was a little girl, she was female genitally mutilated.","And she made a decision as many women do across this planet, that what was done to her would not be enforced and done to other women and girls.","So, for years Agnes walked through the Rift valley.","She taught girls what a healthy vagina looked like, and what a mutilated vagina looked like.","And in that time she saved many girls.","And when we met her we asked her what we could do for her, and she said, \"Well, if you got me a Jeep I could get around a lot faster.\"","So, we got her a Jeep.","And then she saved 4,500 girls.","And then we asked her, \"Okay, what else do you need?\"","And she said, \"Well, now, I need a house.\"","So, seven years ago Agnes built the first V-Day safe house in Narok, Kenya, in the Masai land.","And it was a house where girls could run away, they could save their clitoris, they wouldn't be cut, they could go to school.","And in the years that Agnes has had the house, she has changed the situation there.","She has literally become deputy mayor.","She's changed the rules.","The whole community has bought in to what she's doing.","When we were there she was doing a ritual where she reconciles girls, who have run away, with their families.","And there was a young girl named Jaclyn.","Jaclyn was 14 years old and she was in her Masai family and there's a drought in Kenya.","So cows are dying, and cows are the most valued possession.","And Jaclyn overheard her father talking to an old man about how he was about to sell her for the cows.","And she knew that meant she would be cut.","She knew that meant she wouldn't go to school.","She knew that meant she wouldn't have a future.","She knew she would have to marry that old man, and she was 14.","So, one afternoon, she'd heard about the safe house, Jaclyn left her father's house and she walked for two days, two days through Masai land.","She slept with the hyenas.","She hid at night.","She imagined her father killing her on one hand, and Mama Agnes greeting her, with the hope that she would greet her when she got to the house.","And when she got to the house she was greeted.","Agnes took her in, and Agnes loved her, and Agnes supported her for the year.","She went to school and she found her voice, and she found her identity, and she found her heart.","Then, her time was ready when she had to go back to talk to her father about the reconciliation, after a year.","I had the privilege of being in the hut when she was reunited with her father and reconciled.","In that hut, we walked in, and her father and his four wives were sitting there, and her sisters who had just returned because they had all fled when she had fled, and her primary mother, who had been beaten in standing up for her with the elders.","When her father saw her and saw who she had become, in her full girl self, he threw his arms around her and broke down crying.","He said, \"You are beautiful.","You have grown into a gorgeous woman.","We will not cut you.","And I give you my word, here and now, that we will not cut your sisters either.\"","And what she said to him was, \"You were willing to sell me for four cows, and a calf and some blankets.","But I promise you, now that I will be educated I will always take care of you, and I will come back and I will build you a house.","And I will be in your corner for the rest of your life.\"","For me, that is the power of girls.","And that is the power of transformation.","I want to close today with a new piece from my book.","And I want to do it tonight for the girl in everybody here.","And I want to do it for Sunitha.","And I want to do it for the girls that Sunitha talked about yesterday, the girls who survive, the girls who can become somebody else.","But I really want to do it for each and every person here, to value the girl in us, to value the part that cries, to value the part that's emotional, to value the part that's vulnerable, to understand that's where the future lies.","This is called \"I'm An Emotional Creature.\"","And it happened because I met a girl in Watts, L.A.","I was asking girls if they like being a girl, and all the girls were like, \"No, I hate it.","I can't stand it.","It's all bad.","My brothers get everything.\"","And this girl just sat up and went, \"I love being a girl.","I'm an emotional creature!\"","(Laughter) This is for her:","I love being a girl.","I can feel what you're feeling as you're feeling inside the feeling before.","I am an emotional creature.","Things do not come to me as intellectual theories or hard-pressed ideas.","They pulse through my organs and legs and burn up my ears.","Oh, I know when your girlfriend's really pissed off, even though she appears to give you what you want.","I know when a storm is coming.","I can feel the invisible stirrings in the air.","I can tell you he won't call back.","It's a vibe I share.","I am an emotional creature.","I love that I do not take things lightly.","Everything is intense to me, the way I walk in the street, the way my momma wakes me up, the way it's unbearable when I lose, the way I hear bad news.","I am an emotional creature.","I am connected to everything and everyone.","I was born like that.","Don't you say all negative that it's only only a teenage thing, or it's only because I'm a girl.","These feelings make me better.","They make me present.","They make me ready.","They make me strong.","I am an emotional creature.","There is a particular way of knowing.","It's like the older women somehow forgot.","I rejoice that it's still in my body.","Oh, I know when the coconut's about to fall.","I know we have pushed the Earth too far.","I know my father isn't coming back, and that no one's prepared for the fire.","I know that lipstick means more than show, and boys are super insecure, and so-called terrorists are made, not born.","I know that one kiss could take away all my decision-making ability.","(Laughter) And you know what?","Sometimes it should.","This is not extreme.","It's a girl thing, what we would all be if the big door inside us flew open.","Don't tell me not to cry, to calm it down, not to be so extreme, to be reasonable.","I am an emotional creature.","It's how the earth got made, how the wind continues to pollinate.","You don't tell the Atlantic Ocean to behave.","I am an emotional creature.","Why would you want to shut me down or turn me off?","I am your remaining memory.","I can take you back.","Nothing's been diluted.","Nothing's leaked out.","I love, hear me, I love that I can feel the feelings inside you, even if they stop my life, even if they break my heart, even if they take me off track, they make me responsible.","I am an emotional, I am an emotional, incondotional, devotional creature.","And I love, hear me, I love, love, love being a girl.","Can you say it with me?","I love, I love, love, love being a girl!","Thank you very much.","(Applause)"],"8":["John Hockenberry: It's great to be here with you, Tom.","And I want to start with a question that has just been consuming me since I first became familiar with your work.","In you work there's always this kind of hybrid quality of a natural force in some sort of interplay with creative force.","Are they ever in equilibrium in the way that you see your work?","Tom Shannon: Yeah, the subject matter that I'm looking for, it's usually to solve a question.","I had the question popped into my head: What does the cone that connects the sun and the Earth look like if you could connect the two spheres?","And in proportion, what would the size of the sphere and the length, and what would the taper be to the Earth?","And so I went about and made that sculpture, turning it out of solid bronze.","And I did one that was about 35 feet long.","The sun end was about four inches in diameter, and then it tapered over about 35 feet to about a millimeter at the Earth end.","And so for me, it was really exciting just to see what it looks like if you could step outside and into a larger context, as though you were an astronaut, and see these two things as an object, because they are so intimately bound, and one is meaningless without the other.","JH: Is there a relief in playing with these forces?","And I'm wondering how much of a sense of discovery there is in playing with these forces.","TS: Well, like the magnetically levitated objects -- like that silver one there, that was the result of hundreds of experiments with magnets, trying to find a way to make something float with the least possible connection to the ground.","So I got it down to just one tether to be able to support that.","JH: Now is this electromagnetic here, or are these static?","TS: Those are permanent magnets, yeah.","JH: Because if the power went out, there would just be a big noise.","TS: Yeah.","It's really unsatisfactory having plug-in art.","JH: I agree.","TS: The magnetic works are a combination of gravity and magnetism, so it's a kind of mixture of these ambient forces that influence everything.","The sun has a tremendous field that extends way beyond the planets and the Earth's magnetic field protects us from the sun.","So there's this huge invisible shape structures that magnetism takes in the universe.","But with the pendulum, it allows me to manifest these invisible forces that are holding the magnets up.","My sculptures are normally very simplified.","I try to refine them down to very simple forms.","But the paintings become very complex, because I think the fields that are supporting them, they're billowing, and they're interpenetrating, and they're interference patterns.","JH: And they're non-deterministic.","I mean, you don't know necessarily where you're headed when you begin, even though the forces can be calculated.","So the evolution of this -- I gather this isn't your first pendulum.","TS: No.","(JH: No.)","TS: The first one I did was in the late 70's, and I just had a simple cone with a spigot at the bottom of it.","I threw it into an orbit, and it only had one color, and when it got to the center, the paint kept running out, so I had to run in there, didn't have any control over the spigot remotely.","So that told me right away: I need a remote control device.","But then I started dreaming of having six colors.","I sort of think about it as the DNA -- these colors, the red, blue, yellow, the primary colors and white and black.","And if you put them together in different combinations -- just like printing in a sense, like how a magazine color is printed -- and put them under certain forces, which is orbiting them or passing them back and forth or drawing with them, these amazing things started appearing.","JH: It looks like we're loaded for bear here.","TS: Yeah, well let's put a couple of canvases.","I'll ask a couple of my sons to set up the canvases here.","I want to just say -- so this is Jack, Nick and Louie.","JH: Thanks guys.","TS: So here are the --","JH: All right, I'll get out of the way here.","TS: I'm just going to throw this into an orbit and see if I can paint everybody's shoes in the front.","(Laughter)","JH: Whoa.","That is ... ooh, nice.","TS: So something like this.","I'm doing this as a demo, and it's more playful, but inevitably, all of this can be used.","I can redeem this painting, just continuing on, doing layers upon layers.","And I keep it around for a couple of weeks, and I'm contemplating it, and I'll do another session with it and bring it up to another level, where all of this becomes the background, the depth of it.","JH: That's fantastic.","So the valves at the bottom of those tubes there are like radio-controlled airplane valves.","TS: Yes, they're servos with cams that pinch these rubber tubes.","And they can pinch them very tight and stop it, or you can have them wide open.","And all of the colors come out one central port at the bottom.","You can always be changing colors, put aluminum paint, or I could put anything into this.","It could be tomato sauce, or anything could be dispensed -- sand, powders or anything like that.","JH: So many forces there.","You've got gravity, you've got the centrifugal force, you've got the fluid dynamics.","Each of these beautiful paintings, are they images in and of themselves, or are they records of a physical event called the pendulum approaching the canvas?","TS: Well, this painting here, I wanted to do something very simple, a simple, iconic image of two ripples interfering.","So the one on the right was done first, and then the one on the left was done over it.","And then I left gaps so you could see the one that was done before.","And then when I did the second one, it really disturbed the piece -- these big blue lines crashing through the center of it -- and so it created a kind of tension and an overlap.","There are lines in front of the one on the right, and there are lines behind the one on the left, and so it takes it into different planes.","What it's also about, just the little events, the events of the interpenetration of --","JH: Two stars, or --","TS: Two things that happened -- there's an interference pattern, and then a third thing happens.","There are shapes that come about just by the marriage of two events that are happening, and I'm very interested in that.","Like the occurrence of moire patterns.","Like this green one, this is a painting I did about 10 years ago, but it has some -- see, in the upper third -- there are these moires and interference patterns that are radio kind of imagery.","And that's something that in painting I've never seen done.","I've never seen a representation of a kind of radio interference patterns, which are so ubiquitous and such an important part of our lives.","JH: Is that a literal part of the image, or is my eye making that interference pattern -- is my eye completing that interference pattern?","TS: It is the paint actually, makes it real.","It's really manifested there.","If I throw a very concentric circle, or concentric ellipse, it just dutifully makes these evenly spaced lines, which get closer and closer together, which describes how gravity works.","There's something very appealing about the exactitude of science that I really enjoy.","And I love the shapes that I see in scientific observations and apparatus, especially astronomical forms and the idea of the vastness of it, the scale, is very interesting to me.","My focus in recent years has kind of shifted more toward biology.","Some of these paintings, when you look at them very close, odd things appear that really look like horses or birds or crocodiles, elephants.","There are lots of things that appear.","When you look into it, it's sort of like looking at cloud patterns, but sometimes they're very modeled and highly rendered.","And then there are all these forms that we don't know what they are, but they're equally well-resolved and complex.","So I think, conceivably, those could be predictive.","Because since it has the ability to make forms that look like forms that we're familiar with in biology, it's also making other forms that we're not familiar with.","And maybe it's the kind of forms we'll discover underneath the surface of Mars, where there are probably lakes with fish swimming under the surface.","JH: Oh, let's hope so.","Oh, my God, let's.","Oh, please, yes.","Oh, I'm so there.","You know, it seems at this stage in your life, you also very personally are in this state of confrontation with a sort of dissonant -- I suppose it's an electromagnetic force that somehow governs your Parkinson's and this creative force that is both the artist who is in the here and now and this sort of arc of your whole life.","Is that relevant to your work?","TS: As it turns out, this device kind of comes in handy, because I don't have to have the fine motor skills to do, that I can operate slides, which is more of a mental process.","I'm looking at it and making decisions: It needs more red, it needs more blue, it needs a different shape.","And so I make these creative decisions and can execute them in a much, much simpler way.","I mean, I've got the symptoms.","I guess Parkinson's kind of creeps up over the years, but at a certain point you start seeing the symptoms.","In my case, my left hand has a significant tremor and my left leg also.","I'm left-handed, and so I draw.","All my creations really start on small drawings, which I have thousands of, and it's my way of just thinking.","I draw with a simple pencil, and at first, the Parkinson's was really upsetting, because I couldn't get the pencil to stand still.","JH: So you're not a gatekeeper for these forces.","You don't think of yourself as the master of these forces.","You think of yourself as the servant.","TS: Nature is -- well, it's a godsend.","It just has so much in it.","And I think nature wants to express itself in the sense that we are nature, humans are of the universe.","The universe is in our mind, and our minds are in the universe.","And we are expressions of the universe, basically.","As humans, ultimately being part of the universe, we're kind of the spokespeople or the observer part of the constituency of the universe.","And to interface with it, with a device that lets these forces that are everywhere act and show what they can do, giving them pigment and paint just like an artist, it's a good ally.","It's a terrific studio assistant.","JH: Well, I love the idea that somewhere within this idea of fine motion and control with the traditional skills that you have with your hand, some sort of more elemental force gets revealed, and that's the beauty here.","Tom, thank you so much.","It's been really, really great.","TS: Thank you, John.","(Applause)"],"9":["We humans have always been very concerned about the health of our bodies, but we haven't always been that good at figuring out what's important.","Take the ancient Egyptians, for example: very concerned about the body parts they thought they'd need in the afterlife, but they left some parts out.","This part, for example.","Although they very carefully  preserved the stomach, the lungs, the liver, and so forth, they just mushed up the brain, drained it out through the nose, and threw it away, which makes sense, really, because what does a brain do for us anyway?","But imagine if there were a kind of neglected organ in our bodies that weighed just as much as the brain and in some ways was just as important to who we are, but we knew so little about and treated with such disregard.","And imagine if, through new scientific advances, we were just beginning to understand its importance to how we think of ourselves.","Wouldn't you want to know more about it?","Well, it turns out that we do have something just like that: our gut, or rather, its microbes.","But it's not just the microbes in our gut that are important.","Microbes all over our body turn out to be really critical to a whole range of differences that make different people who we are.","So for example, have you ever noticed how some people get bitten by mosquitos way more often than others?","It turns out that everyone's anecdotal experience out camping is actually true.","For example, I seldom get bitten by mosquitos, but my partner Amanda attracts them in droves, and the reason why is that we have different microbes on our skin that produce different chemicals that the mosquitos detect.","Now, microbes are also really important in the field of medicine.","So, for example, what microbes you have in your gut determine whether particular painkillers are toxic to your liver.","They also determine whether or not other drugs will work for your heart condition.","And, if you're a fruit fly, at least, your microbes determine who you want to have sex with.","We haven't demonstrated this in humans yet but maybe it's just a matter of time before we find out.","(Laughter)","So microbes are performing a huge range of functions.","They help us digest our food.","They help educate our immune system.","They help us resist disease, and they may even be affecting our behavior.","So what would a map of all these microbial communities look like?","Well, it wouldn't look exactly like this, but it's a helpful guide for understanding biodiversity.","Different parts of the world have different landscapes of organisms that are immediately characteristic of one place or another or another.","With microbiology, it's kind of the same, although I've got to be honest with you: All the microbes essentially look the same under a microscope.","So instead of trying to identify them visually, what we do is we look at their DNA sequences, and in a project called the Human Microbiome Project, NIH funded this $173 million project where hundreds  of researchers came together to map out all the A's, T's, G's, and C's, and all of these microbes in the human body.","So when we take them together, they look like this.","It's a bit more difficult to tell who lives where now, isn't it?","What my lab does is develop computational techniques that allow us to take all these terabytes of sequence data and turn them into something that's a bit more useful as a map, and so when we do that with the human microbiome data from 250 healthy volunteers, it looks like this.","Each point here represents all the complex microbes in an entire microbial community.","See, I told you they basically all look the same.","So what we're looking at is each point represents one microbial community from one body site of one healthy volunteer.","And so you can see that there's different parts of the map in different colors, almost like separate continents.","And what it turns out to be is that those, as the different regions of the body, have very different microbes in them.","So what we have is we have the oral community up there in green.","Over on the other side, we have the skin community in blue, the vaginal community in purple, and then right down at the bottom, we have the fecal community in brown.","And we've just over the last few years found out that the microbes in different parts of the body are amazingly different from one another.","So if I look at just one person's microbes in the mouth and in the gut, it turns out that the difference between those two microbial communities is enormous.","It's bigger than the difference between the microbes in this reef and the microbes in this prairie.","So this is incredible when you think about it.","What it means is that a few feet of difference in the human body makes more of a difference to your microbial ecology than hundreds of miles on Earth.","And this is not to say that two people  look basically the same in the same body habitat, either.","So you probably heard that we're pretty much all the same in terms of our human DNA.","You're 99.99 percent identical in terms of your human DNA to the person sitting next to you.","But that's not true of your gut microbes: you might only share 10 percent similarity with the person sitting next to you in terms of your gut microbes.","So that's as different as the bacteria on this prairie and the bacteria in this forest.","So these different microbes have all these different kinds  of functions that I told you about, everything from digesting food to involvement in different kinds of diseases, metabolizing drugs, and so forth.","So how do they do all this stuff?","Well, in part it's because although there's just three pounds of those microbes in our gut, they really outnumber us.","And so how much do they outnumber us?","Well, it depends on what you think of as our bodies.","Is it our cells?","Well, each of us consists of about 10 trillion human cells, but we harbor as many as 100 trillion microbial cells.","So they outnumber us 10 to one.","Now, you might think, well, we're human because of our DNA, but it turns out that each of us has about 20,000 human genes, depending on what you count exactly, but as many as two million to 20 million microbial genes.","So whichever way we look at it, we're vastly outnumbered by our microbial symbionts.","And it turns out that in addition  to traces of our human DNA, we also leave traces of our microbial DNA on everything we touch.","We showed in a study a few years ago that you can actually match the palm of someone's hand up to the computer mouse that they use routinely with up to 95 percent accuracy.","So this came out in a scientific journal a few years ago, but more importantly, it was featured on \"CSI: Miami,\" so you really know it's true.","(Laughter)","So where do our microbes come from in the first place?","Well if, as I do, you have dogs or kids, you probably have some dark suspicions about that, all of which are true, by the way.","So just like we can match you to your computer equipment by the microbes you share, we can also match you up to your dog.","But it turns out that in adults, microbial communities are relatively stable, so even if you live together with someone, you'll maintain your separate microbial identity over a period of weeks, months, even years.","It turns out that our first microbial communities depend a lot on how we're born.","So babies that come out the regular way, all of their microbes are basically like the vaginal community, whereas babies that are delivered by C-section, all of their microbes instead look like skin.","And this might be associated with some of the differences in health associated with Cesarean birth, such as more asthma, more allergies, even more obesity, all of which have been linked to microbes now, and when you think about it, until recently, every surviving mammal had been delivered by the birth canal, and so the lack of those protective microbes that we've co-evolved with might be really important for a lot of these different conditions that we now know involve the microbiome.","When my own daughter was born a couple of years ago by emergency C-section, we took matters into our own hands and made sure she was coated with those vaginal microbes that she would have gotten naturally.","Now, it's really difficult to tell whether this has had an effect on her health specifically, right?","With a sample size of just one child, no matter how much we love her, you don't really have enough of a sample size to figure out what happens on average, but at two years old, she hasn't had an ear infection yet, so we're keeping our fingers crossed on that one.","And what's more, we're starting to do clinical trials with more children to figure out whether this has a protective effect generally.","So how we're born has a tremendous effect on what microbes we have initially, but where do we go after that?","What I'm showing you again here is this map of the Human Microbiome Project Data, so each point represents a sample from one body site from one of 250 healthy adults.","And you've seen children develop physically.","You've seen them develop mentally.","Now, for the first time, you're going to see one of my colleague's children develop microbially.","So what we are going to look at is we're going to look  at this one baby's stool, the fecal community, which represents the gut, sampled every week for almost two and a half years.","And so we're starting on day one.","What's going to happen is that the infant is going to start off as this yellow dot, and you can see that he's starting off basically in the vaginal community, as we would expect from his delivery mode.","And what's going to happen over these two and a half years is that he's going to travel  all the way down to resemble the adult fecal community from healthy volunteers down at the bottom.","So I'm just going to start this going and we'll see how that happens.","What you can see, and remember each step in this is just one week, what you can see is that week to week, the change in the microbial community of the feces of this one child, the differences week to week are much greater than the differences between individual healthy adults in the Human Microbiome Project cohort, which are those brown dots down at the bottom.","And you can see he's starting to approach the adult fecal community.","This is up to about two years.","But something amazing is about to happen here.","So he's getting antibiotics for an ear infection.","What you can see is this huge change in the community, followed by a relatively rapid recovery.","I'll just rewind that for you.","And what we can see is that just over these few weeks, we have a much more radical change, a setback of many months  of normal development, followed by a relatively rapid recovery, and by the time he reaches day 838, which is the end of this video, you can see that he has essentially reached the healthy adult stool community, despite that antibiotic intervention.","So this is really interesting because it raises fundamental questions about what happens when we intervene at different ages in a child's life.","So does what we do early on, where the microbiome is changing so rapidly, actually matter, or is it like throwing a stone into a stormy sea, where the ripples will just be lost?","Well, fascinatingly, it turns out that if you give children antibiotics in the first six months of life, they're more likely to become obese later on than if they don't get antibiotics then or only get them later, and so what we do early on may have profound impacts on the gut microbial community and on later health that we're only beginning to understand.","So this is fascinating, because one day, in addition to the effects that antibiotics have on antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which are very important, they may also be degrading our gut microbial ecosystems, and so one day we may come to regard antibiotics with the same horror that we currently reserve for those metal tools that the Egyptians used to use to mush up the brains before they drained them out for embalming.","So I mentioned that microbes have all these important functions, and they've also now, just over the past few years, been connected to a whole range of different diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, heart disease, colon cancer, and even obesity.","Obesity has a really  large effect, as it turns out, and today, we can tell whether you're lean or obese with 90 percent accuracy by looking at the microbes in your gut.","Now, although that might sound impressive, in some ways it's a little bit problematic as a medical test, because you can probably tell which of these people is obese without knowing anything about their gut microbes, but it turns out that even if we sequence their complete genomes and had all their human DNA, we could only predict which one was obese with about 60 percent accuracy.","So that's amazing, right?","What it means that the three pounds of microbes that you carry around with you may be more important for some health conditions than every single gene in your genome.","And then in mice, we can do a lot more.","So in mice, microbes have been linked to all kinds of additional conditions, including things like multiple sclerosis, depression, autism, and again, obesity.","But how can we tell whether these microbial differences that correlate with disease are cause or effect?","Well, one thing we can do is we can raise some mice without any microbes of their own in a germ-free bubble.","Then we can add in some microbes that we think are important, and see what happens.","When we take the microbes from an obese mouse and transplant them into a genetically normal mouse that's been raised in a bubble with no microbes of its own, it becomes fatter than if it got them  from a regular mouse.","Why this happens is absolutely amazing, though.","Sometimes what's going on is that the microbes are helping them digest food more efficiently from the same diet, so they're taking more energy from their food, but other times, the microbes are actually affecting their behavior.","What they're doing is they're eating more than the normal mouse, so they only get fat if we let them  eat as much as they want.","So this is really remarkable, right?","The implication is that microbes can affect mammalian behavior.","So you might be wondering whether we can  also do this sort of thing across species, and it turns out that if you take microbes from an obese person and transplant them into mice you've raised germ-free, those mice will also become fatter than if they received the microbes from a lean person, but we can design a microbial community that we inoculate them with that prevents them from gaining this weight.","We can also do this for malnutrition.","So in a project funded by the Gates Foundation, what we're looking at is children in Malawi who have kwashiorkor, a profound form of malnutrition, and mice that get the kwashiorkor community transplanted into them lose 30 percent of their body mass in just three weeks, but we can restore their health by using  the same peanut butter-based supplement that is used for  the children in the clinic, and the mice that receive the community from the healthy identical twins of the kwashiorkor children do fine.","This is truly amazing because it suggests that we can pilot therapies by trying them out in a whole bunch of different mice with individual people's gut communities and perhaps tailor those therapies all the way down to the individual level.","So I think it's really important that everyone has a chance to participate in this discovery.","So, a couple of years ago, we started this project called American Gut, which allows you to claim a place  for yourself on this microbial map.","This is now the largest crowd-funded science project that we know of -- over 8,000 people have signed up at this point.","What happens is, they send in their samples, we sequence the DNA of their microbes and then release the results back to them.","We also release them, de-identified, to scientists, to educators, to interested members of the general public, and so forth, so anyone can have access to the data.","On the other hand, when we do tours of our lab at the BioFrontiers Institute, and we explain that we use robots and lasers to look at poop, it turns out that not everyone wants to know.","(Laughter) But I'm guessing that many of you do, and so I brought some kits here if you're interested in trying this out for yourself.","So why might we want to do this?","Well, it turns out that microbes are not just important for finding out where we are in terms of our health, but they can actually cure disease.","This is one of the newest things we've been able to visualize with colleagues  at the University of Minnesota.","So here's that map of the human microbiome again.","What we're looking at now -- I'm going to add in the community of some people with C. diff.","So, this is a terrible form of diarrhea where you have to go up to 20 times a day, and these people have failed antibiotic therapy for two years before they're eligible for this trial.","So what would happen if we transplanted some of the stool from a healthy donor, that star down at the bottom, into these patients.","Would the good microbes do battle with the bad microbes and help to restore their health?","So let's watch exactly what happens there.","Four of those patients are about to get a transplant from that healthy donor at the bottom, and what you can see is that immediately, you have this radical change in the gut community.","So one day after you do that transplant, all those symptoms clear up, the diarrhea vanishes, and they're essentially healthy again, coming to resemble the donor's community, and they stay there.","(Applause)","So we're just at the beginning of this discovery.","We're just finding out that microbes have implications for all these different kinds of diseases, ranging from inflammatory  bowel disease to obesity, and perhaps even autism and depression.","What we need to do, though, is we need to develop a kind of microbial GPS, where we don't just know where we are currently but also where we want to go and what we need to do in order to get there, and we need to be able to make this simple enough that even a child can use it.","(Laughter)","Thank you.","(Applause)"],"10":["(Applause)","(Music)","(Applause)"],"11":["I have the feeling that we can all agree that we're moving towards a new model of the state and society.","But, we're absolutely clueless as to what this is or what it should be.","It seems like we need to have a conversation about democracy","in our day and age.","Let's think about it this way: We are 21st-century citizens, doing our very, very best to interact with 19th century-designed institutions that are based on an information technology of the 15th century.","Let's have a look at some of the characteristics of this system.","First of all, it's designed for an information technology that's over 500 years old.","And the best possible system that could be designed for it is one where the few make daily decisions in the name of the many.","And the many get to vote once every  couple of years.","In the second place, the costs of participating in this system are incredibly high.","You either have to have a fair  bit of money and influence, or you have to devote your entire life to politics.","You have to become a party member and slowly start working up the ranks until maybe, one day, you'll get  to sit at a table where a decision is being made.","And last but not least, the language of the system \u2014 it's incredibly cryptic.","It's done for lawyers, by lawyers,","and no one else can understand.","So, it's a system where we can choose our authorities, but we are completely left out on how those authorities reach their decisions.","So, in a day where a new information technology allows us to participate globally in any conversation, our barriers of information are completely lowered and we can, more than ever before, express our desires and our concerns.","Our political system remains the same for the past 200 years and expects us to be contented with being  simply passive recipients","of a monologue.","So, it's really not surprising that this kind of system is only able to produce two kinds of results: silence or noise.","Silence, in terms of citizens not engaging, simply not wanting to participate.","There's this commonplace  [idea] that I truly, truly dislike, and it's this idea that we citizens are naturally apathetic.","That we shun commitment.","But, can you really blame us for not jumping at the opportunity of going to the middle of the city in the middle of a working day to attend, physically, a public hearing that has no impact whatsoever?","Conflict is bound to happen between a system that no longer represents, nor has any dialogue capacity, and citizens that are increasingly used to representing themselves.","And, then we find noise: Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico Italy, France, Spain, the United States, they're all democracies.","Their citizens have access to the ballot boxes.","But they still feel the need,","they need to take to the streets in order  to be heard.","To me, it seems like the 18th-century slogan that was the basis for the formation of our modern democracies, \"No taxation without representation,\" can now be updated to \"No representation without a conversation.\"","We want our seat at the table.","And rightly so.","But in order to be part of this conversation, we need to know what we want to do next, because political action is being able to move from agitation to construction.","My generation has been incredibly good at using new networks and technologies to organize protests, protests that were able to successfully impose agendas, roll back extremely pernicious legislation, and even overthrow authoritarian governments.","And we should be immensely proud of this.","But, we also must admit that we haven't been good at using those same networks and technologies to successfully articulate an alternative to what we're seeing and find the consensus and build  the alliances that are needed","to make it happen.","And so the risk that we face is that we can create these huge power vacuums that will very quickly get filled up by de facto powers, like the military or highly motivated and already organized groups","that generally lie on the extremes.","But our democracy is neither just a matter of voting once every couple of years.","But it's not either the ability to bring millions onto the streets.","So the question I'd like to raise here, and I do believe it's the most important  question we need to answer, is this one: If Internet is the new printing press, then what is democracy for the Internet era?","What institutions do we want to build","for the 21st-century society?","I don't have the answer, just in case.","I don't think anyone does.","But I truly believe we can't afford to ignore this question anymore.","So, I'd like to share our experience and what we've learned so far and hopefully contribute two cents","to this conversation.","Two years ago, with a group of friends from Argentina, we started thinking, \"how can  we get our representatives, our elected representatives, to represent us?\"","Marshall McLuhan once said that politics is solving today's problems with yesterday's tools.","So the question that motivated us was, can we try and solve some of today's problems with the tools that we use every single day of our lives?","Our first approach was to design and develop a piece of software called DemocracyOS.","DemocracyOS is an open-source web application that is designed to become a bridge between citizens and their elected representatives","to make it easier for us to participate  from our everyday lives.","So first of all, you can get informed so every new project that gets introduced in Congress gets immediately translated and explained in plain language on this platform.","But we all know that social change is not going to come from just knowing more information, but from doing something with it.","So better access to information should lead to a conversation about what we're going to do next, and DemocracyOS allows for that.","Because we believe that democracy is not just a matter of stacking up preferences, one on top of each other, but that our healthy and robust public debate","should be, once again, one of its fundamental values.","So DemocracyOS is about persuading  and being persuaded.","It's about reaching a consensus as much as finding a proper way of channeling our disagreement.","And finally, you can vote how you would like your elected  representative to vote.","And if you do not feel comfortable voting on a certain issue, you can always delegate your vote to someone else, allowing","for a dynamic and emerging social leadership.","It suddenly became very easy for us to simply compare these results with how our representatives were voting in Congress.","But, it also became very evident that technology was not going to do the trick.","What we needed to do to was to find actors that were able to grab this distributed knowledge in society and use it to make better and more fair decisions.","So we reached out to traditional political parties and we offered them DemocracyOS.","We said, \"Look, here you have a platform that you can use to build a two-way conversation with your constituencies.\"","And yes, we failed.","We failed big time.","We were sent to play  outside like little kids.","Amongst other things, we were called naive.","And I must be honest: I think, in hindsight, we were.","Because the challenges that we face, they're not technological, they're cultural.","Political parties were never willing to change the way they make their decisions.","So it suddenly became a bit obvious that if we wanted to move forward with this idea,","we needed to do it ourselves.","And so we took quite a leap of faith, and in August last year, we founded our own political party, El Partido de la Red, or the Net Party, in the city of  Buenos Aires.","And taking an even bigger leap of faith, we ran for elections in October last year with this idea: if we want a seat in Congress, our candidate, our representatives were always going to vote according to what citizens decided on DemocracyOS.","Every single project that got introduced in Congress, we were going vote according to what citizens decided on an online platform.","It was our way of hacking the political system.","We understood that if we wanted to become part of the conversation, to have a seat at the table, we needed to become valid stakeholders,","and the only way of doing it is to play by the  system rules.","But we were hacking it in the sense that we were radically changing the way a political party makes its decisions.","For the first time, we were making our decisions together with those who we were","affecting directly by those decisions.","It was a very, very bold move for a two-month-old party in the city of Buenos Aires.","But it got attention.","We got 22,000 votes, that's 1.2 percent of the votes, and we came in second for the local options.","So, even if that wasn't enough to win a seat in Congress, it was enough for us to become part of the conversation, to the extent that next month, Congress, as an institution, is launching for the first time in Argentina's history, a DemocracyOS to discuss, with the citizens, three pieces of legislation: two on urban transportation and","one on the use of public space.","Of course, our elected representatives are not saying, \"Yes, we're going to vote according to what citizens decide,\" but they're willing to try.","They're willing to open up a new space for citizen engagement and hopefully","they'll be willing to listen as well.","Our political system can be transformed, and not by subverting it, by destroying it, but by rewiring it with the tools that","Internet affords us now.","But a real challenge is to find, to design to create, to empower those connectors that are able to innovate, to transform noise and silence into signal and finally bring our democracies","to the 21st century.","I'm not saying it's easy.","But in our experience, we actually stand a chance of making it work.","And in my heart, it's most definitely worth trying.","Thank you.","(Applause)"],"12":["I\u2019d like to dedicate this next song to Carmelo, who was put to sleep a couple of days ago, because he got too old.","But apparently he was a very nice dog and he always let the cat sleep in the dog bed.","\u266b (Dog panting noise) Heh, heh, heh, heh, heh, heh, heh, heh, heh, heh.","\u266b","\u266b I'm just a'walking my dog, singing my song, strolling along.","\u266b","\u266b Yeah, it's just me and my dog, catching some sun.","We can't go wrong.","\u266b","\u266b My life was lonely and blue.","\u266b","\u266b Yeah, I was sad as a sailor, \u266b","\u266b I was an angry 'un too.","\u266b","\u266b Then there was you -- appeared when I was entangled with youth and fear, \u266b","\u266b and nerves jingle jangled, vermouth and beer were getting me mangled up.","\u266b","\u266b But then I looked in your eyes \u266b","\u266b and I was no more a failure.","\u266b","\u266b You looked so wacky and wise.","\u266b","\u266b And I said, \"Lord, I'm happy, 'cause I'm just a'walking my dog, \u266b","\u266b catching some sun.","We can't go wrong.\"","\u266b","\u266b Yeah, it's just me and my dog, singing our song, strolling along.","\u266b","\u266b 'Cause I don't care about your hating and your doubt, \u266b","\u266b and I don't care what the politicians spout.","\u266b","\u266b If you need a companion, why, just go out to the pound, \u266b","\u266b and find yourself a hound, and make that doggie proud, \u266b","\u266b 'cause that's what it's all about.","\u266b","\u266b (Dog panting noise) Heh, heh, heh, heh, heh, heh, heh, heh, heh, heh.","\u266b","\u266b My life was tragic and sad.","\u266b","\u266b I was the archetypal loser.","\u266b","\u266b I was a pageant gone bad.","\u266b","\u266b And then there was you -- on time, and wagging your tail \u266b","\u266b in the cutest mime that you was in jail.","\u266b","\u266b I said, \"Woof, be mine!\"","and you gave a wail and then \u266b","\u266b I was no longer alone.","\u266b","\u266b And I was no more a boozer.","\u266b","\u266b We'll make the happiest home.","\u266b","\u266b And I said, \"Lord, I'm happy, 'cause I\u2019m just a'walking my dog, \u266b","\u266b singing my song, strolling along.\"","\u266b","\u266b Yeah, it's just me and my dog, catching some sun.","We can't go wrong, \u266b","\u266b 'cause I don't care about your hating and your doubt, \u266b","\u266b and I don\u2019t care what the politicians spout.","\u266b","\u266b If you need a companion, why, just go out to the pound, \u266b","\u266b and find yourself a hound, and make that doggie proud, \u266b","\u266b 'cause that's what it's all about, \u266b","\u266b that's what it's all about, \u266b","\u266b that's what it's all abou-BOW-WOW-WOW-WOW \u266b","\u266b that's what it's all about.","\u266b","\u266b (Dog panting noise) Heh, heh, heh, heh, heh.","\u266b","Good dog!","Thank you."],"13":["I'm here to talk to you about how globalized we are, how globalized we aren't, and why it's important to actually be accurate in making those kinds of assessments.","And the leading point of view on this, whether measured by number of books sold, mentions in media, or surveys that I've run with groups ranging from my students to delegates to the World Trade Organization, is this view that national borders really don't matter very much anymore, cross-border integration is close to complete, and we live in one world.","And what's interesting about this view is, again, it's a view that's held by pro-globalizers like Tom Friedman, from whose book this quote is obviously excerpted, but it's also held by anti-globalizers, who see this giant globalization tsunami that's about to wreck all our lives if it hasn't already done so.","The other thing I would add is that this is not a new view.","I'm a little bit of an amateur historian, so I've spent some time going back, trying to see the first mention of this kind of thing.","And the best, earliest quote that I could find was one from David Livingstone, writing in the 1850s about how the railroad, the steam ship, and the telegraph were integrating East Africa perfectly with the rest of the world.","Now clearly, David Livingstone was a little bit ahead of his time, but it does seem useful to ask ourselves, \"Just how global are we?\"","before we think about where we go from here.","So the best way I've found of trying to get people to take seriously the idea that the world may not be flat, may not even be close to flat, is with some data.","So one of the things I've been doing over the last few years is really compiling data on things that could either happen within national borders or across national borders, and I've looked at the cross-border component as a percentage of the total.","I'm not going to present all the data that I have here today, but let me just give you a few data points.","I'm going to talk a little bit about one kind of information flow, one kind of flow of people, one kind of flow of capital, and, of course, trade in products and services.","So let's start off with plain old telephone service.","Of all the voice-calling minutes in the world last year, what percentage do you think were accounted for by cross-border phone calls?","Pick a percentage in your own mind.","The answer turns out to be two percent.","If you include Internet telephony, you might be able to push this number up to six or seven percent, but it's nowhere near what people tend to estimate.","Or let's turn to people moving across borders.","One particular thing we might look at, in terms of long-term flows of people, is what percentage of the world's population is accounted for by first-generation immigrants?","Again, please pick a percentage.","Turns out to be a little bit higher.","It's actually about three percent.","Or think of investment.","Take all the real investment that went on in the world in 2010.","What percentage of that was accounted for by foreign direct investment?","Not quite ten percent.","And then finally, the one statistic that I suspect many of the people in this room have seen: the export-to-GDP ratio.","If you look at the official statistics, they typically indicate a little bit above 30 percent.","However, there's a big problem with the official statistics, in that if, for instance, a Japanese component supplier ships something to China to be put into an iPod, and then the iPod gets shipped to the U.S., that component ends up getting counted multiple times.","So nobody knows how bad this bias with the official statistics actually is, so I thought I would ask the person who's spearheading the effort to generate data on this, Pascal Lamy, the Director of the World Trade Organization, what his best guess would be of exports as a percentage of GDP, without the double- and triple-counting, and it's actually probably a bit under 20 percent, rather than the 30 percent-plus numbers that we're talking about.","So it's very clear that if you look at these numbers or all the other numbers that I talk about in my book, \"World 3.0,\" that we're very, very far from the no-border effect benchmark, which would imply internationalization levels of the order of 85, 90, 95 percent.","So clearly, apocalyptically-minded authors have overstated the case.","But it's not just the apocalyptics, as I think of them, who are prone to this kind of overstatement.","I've also spent some time surveying audiences in different parts of the world on what they actually guess these numbers to be.","Let me share with you the results of a survey that Harvard Business Review was kind enough to run of its readership as to what people's guesses along these dimensions actually were.","So a couple of observations stand out for me from this slide.","First of all, there is a suggestion of some error.","Okay.","(Laughter) Second, these are pretty large errors.","For four quantities whose average value is less than 10 percent, you have people guessing three, four times that level.","Even though I'm an economist, I find that a pretty large error.","And third, this is not just confined to the readers of the Harvard Business Review.","I've run several dozen such surveys in different parts of the world, and in all cases except one, where a group actually underestimated the trade-to-GDP ratio, people have this tendency towards overestimation, and so I thought it important to give a name to this, and that's what I refer to as globaloney, the difference between the dark blue bars and the light gray bars.","Especially because, I suspect, some of you may still be a little bit skeptical of the claims, I think it's important to just spend a little bit of time thinking about why we might be prone to globaloney.","A couple of different reasons come to mind.","First of all, there's a real dearth of data in the debate.","Let me give you an example.","When I first published some of these data a few years ago in a magazine called Foreign Policy, one of the people who wrote in, not entirely in agreement, was Tom Friedman.","And since my article was titled \"Why the World Isn't Flat,\" that wasn't too surprising.","(Laughter) What was very surprising to me was Tom's critique, which was, \"Ghemawat's data are narrow.\"","And this caused me to scratch my head, because as I went back through his several-hundred-page book, I couldn't find a single figure, chart, table, reference or footnote.","So my point is, I haven't presented a lot of data here to convince you that I'm right, but I would urge you to go away and look for your own data to try and actually assess whether some of these hand-me-down insights that we've been bombarded with actually are correct.","So dearth of data in the debate is one reason.","A second reason has to do with peer pressure.","I remember, I decided to write my \"Why the World Isn't Flat\" article, because I was being interviewed on TV in Mumbai, and the interviewer's first question to me was, \"Professor Ghemawat, why do you still believe that the world is round?\"","And I started laughing, because I hadn't come across that formulation before.","(Laughter) And as I was laughing, I was thinking, I really need a more coherent response, especially on national TV.","I'd better write something about this.","(Laughter) But what I can't quite capture for you was the pity and disbelief with which the interviewer asked her question.","The perspective was, here is this poor professor.","He's clearly been in a cave for the last 20,000 years.","He really has no idea as to what's actually going on in the world.","So try this out with your friends and acquaintances, if you like.","You'll find that it's very cool to talk about the world being one, etc.","If you raise questions about that formulation, you really are considered a bit of an antique.","And then the final reason, which I mention, especially to a TED audience, with some trepidation, has to do with what I call \"techno-trances.\"","If you listen to techno music for long periods of time, it does things to your brainwave activity.","(Laughter) Something similar seems to happen with exaggerated conceptions of how technology is going to overpower in the very immediate run all cultural barriers, all political barriers, all geographic barriers, because at this point I know you aren't allowed to ask me questions, but when I get to this point in my lecture with my students, hands go up, and people ask me, \"Yeah, but what about Facebook?\"","And I got this question often enough that I thought I'd better do some research on Facebook.","Because, in some sense, it's the ideal kind of technology to think about.","Theoretically, it makes it as easy to form friendships halfway around the world as opposed to right next door.","What percentage of people's friends on Facebook are actually located in countries other than where people we're analyzing are based?","The answer is probably somewhere between 10 to 15 percent.","Non-negligible, so we don't live in an entirely local or national world, but very, very far from the 95 percent level that you would expect, and the reason's very simple.","We don't, or I hope we don't, form friendships at random on Facebook.","The technology is overlaid on a pre-existing matrix of relationships that we have, and those relationships are what the technology doesn't quite displace.","Those relationships are why we get far fewer than 95 percent of our friends being located in countries other than where we are.","So does all this matter?","Or is globaloney just a harmless way of getting people to pay more attention to globalization-related issues?","I want to suggest that actually, globaloney can be very harmful to your health.","First of all, recognizing that the glass is only 10 to 20 percent full is critical to seeing that there might be potential for additional gains from additional integration, whereas if we thought we were already there, there would be no particular point to pushing harder.","It's a little bit like, we wouldn't be having a conference on radical openness if we already thought we were totally open to all the kinds of influences that are being talked about at this conference.","So being accurate about how limited globalization levels are is critical to even being able to notice that there might be room for something more, something that would contribute further to global welfare.","Which brings me to my second point.","Avoiding overstatement is also very helpful because it reduces and in some cases even reverses some of the fears that people have about globalization.","So I actually spend most of my \"World 3.0\" book working through a litany of market failures and fears that people have that they worry globalization is going to exacerbate.","I'm obviously not going to be able to do that for you today, so let me just present to you two headlines as an illustration of what I have in mind.","Think of France and the current debate about immigration.","When you ask people in France what percentage of the French population is immigrants, the answer is about 24 percent.","That's their guess.","Maybe realizing that the number is just eight percent might help cool some of the superheated rhetoric that we see around the immigration issue.","Or to take an even more striking example, when the Chicago Council on Foreign Relations did a survey of Americans, asking them to guess what percentage of the federal budget went to foreign aid, the guess was 30 percent, which is slightly in excess of the actual level \u2014 (\"actually about ... 1%\") (Laughter) \u2014 of U.S. governmental commitments to federal aid.","The reassuring thing about this particular survey was, when it was pointed out to people how far their estimates were from the actual data, some of them \u2014 not all of them \u2014 seemed to become more willing to consider increases in foreign aid.","So foreign aid is actually a great way of sort of wrapping up here, because if you think about it, what I've been talking about today is this notion -- very uncontroversial amongst economists -- that most things are very home-biased.","\"Foreign aid is the most aid to poor people,\" is about the most home-biased thing you can find.","If you look at the OECD countries and how much they spend per domestic poor person, and compare it with how much they spend per poor person in poor countries, the ratio \u2014 Branko Milanovic at the World Bank did the calculations \u2014 turns out to be about 30,000 to one.","Now of course, some of us, if we truly are cosmopolitan, would like to see that ratio being brought down to one-is-to-one.","I'd like to make the suggestion that we don't need to aim for that to make substantial progress from where we are.","If we simply brought that ratio down to 15,000 to one, we would be meeting those aid targets that were agreed at the Rio Summit 20 years ago that the summit that ended last week made no further progress on.","So in summary, while radical openness is great, given how closed we are, even incremental openness could make things dramatically better.","Thank you very much.","(Applause) (Applause)"],"14":["I grew up watching Star Trek.","I love Star Trek.","Star Trek made me want to see alien creatures, creatures from a far-distant world.","But basically, I figured out that I could find those alien creatures right on Earth.","And what I do is I study insects.","I'm obsessed with insects, particularly insect flight.","I think the evolution of insect flight is perhaps one of the most important events in the history of life.","Without insects, there'd be no flowering plants.","Without flowering plants, there would be no clever, fruit-eating primates giving TED Talks.","(Laughter)","Now, David and Hidehiko and Ketaki gave a very compelling story about the similarities between fruit flies and humans, and there are many similarities, and so you might think that if humans are similar to fruit flies, the favorite behavior of a fruit fly might be this, for example -- (Laughter) but in my talk, I don't want to emphasize on the similarities between humans and fruit flies, but rather the differences, and focus on the behaviors that I think fruit flies excel at doing.","And so I want to show you a high-speed video sequence of a fly shot at 7,000 frames per second in infrared lighting, and to the right, off-screen, is an electronic looming predator that is going to go at the fly.","The fly is going to sense this predator.","It is going to extend its legs out.","It's going to sashay away to live to fly another day.","Now I have carefully cropped this sequence to be exactly the duration of a human eye blink, so in the time that it would take you to blink your eye, the fly has seen this looming predator, estimated its position, initiated a motor pattern to fly it away, beating its wings at 220 times a second as it does so.","I think this is a fascinating behavior that shows how fast the fly's brain can process information.","Now, flight -- what does it take to fly?","Well, in order to fly, just as in a human aircraft, you need wings that can generate sufficient aerodynamic forces, you need an engine sufficient to generate the power required for flight, and you need a controller, and in the first human aircraft, the controller was basically the brain of Orville and Wilbur sitting in the cockpit.","Now, how does this compare to a fly?","Well, I spent a lot of my early career trying to figure out how insect wings generate enough force to keep the flies in the air.","And you might have heard how engineers proved that bumblebees couldn't fly.","Well, the problem was in thinking that the insect wings function in the way that aircraft wings work.","But they don't.","And we tackle this problem by building giant, dynamically scaled model robot insects that would flap in giant pools of mineral oil where we could study the aerodynamic forces.","And it turns out that the insects flap their wings in a very clever way, at a very high angle of attack that creates a structure at the leading edge of the wing, a little tornado-like structure called a leading edge vortex, and it's that vortex that actually enables the wings to make enough force for the animal to stay in the air.","But the thing that's actually most -- so, what's fascinating is not so much that the wing has some interesting morphology.","What's clever is the way the fly flaps it, which of course ultimately is controlled by the nervous system, and this is what enables flies to perform these remarkable aerial maneuvers.","Now, what about the engine?","The engine of the fly is absolutely fascinating.","They have two types of flight muscle: so-called power muscle, which is stretch-activated, which means that it activates itself and does not need to be controlled on a contraction-by-contraction basis by the nervous system.","It's specialized to generate the enormous power required for flight, and it fills the middle portion of the fly, so when a fly hits your windshield, it's basically the power muscle that you're looking at.","But attached to the base of the wing is a set of little, tiny control muscles that are not very powerful at all, but they're very fast, and they're able to reconfigure the hinge of the wing on a stroke-by-stroke basis, and this is what enables the fly to change its wing and generate the changes in aerodynamic forces which change its flight trajectory.","And of course, the role of the nervous system is to control all this.","So let's look at the controller.","Now flies excel in the sorts of sensors that they carry to this problem.","They have antennae that sense odors and detect wind detection.","They have a sophisticated eye which is the fastest visual system on the planet.","They have another set of eyes on the top of their head.","We have no idea what they do.","They have sensors on their wing.","Their wing is covered with sensors, including sensors that sense deformation of the wing.","They can even taste with their wings.","One of the most sophisticated sensors a fly has is a structure called the halteres.","The halteres are actually gyroscopes.","These devices beat back and forth about 200 hertz during flight, and the animal can use them to sense its body rotation and initiate very, very fast corrective maneuvers.","But all of this sensory information has to be processed by a brain, and yes, indeed, flies have a brain, a brain of about 100,000 neurons.","Now several people at this conference have already suggested that fruit flies could serve neuroscience because they're a simple model of brain function.","And the basic punchline of my talk is, I'd like to turn that over on its head.","I don't think they're a simple model of anything.","And I think that flies are a great model.","They're a great model for flies.","(Laughter)","And let's explore this notion of simplicity.","So I think, unfortunately, a lot of neuroscientists, we're all somewhat narcissistic.","When we think of brain, we of course imagine our own brain.","But remember that this kind of brain, which is much, much smaller \u2014 instead of 100 billion neurons, it has 100,000 neurons \u2014 but this is the most common form of brain on the planet and has been for 400 million years.","And is it fair to say that it's simple?","Well, it's simple in the sense that it has fewer neurons, but is that a fair metric?","And I would propose it's not a fair metric.","So let's sort of think about this.","I think we have to compare -- (Laughter) \u2014 we have to compare the size of the brain with what the brain can do.","So I propose we have a Trump number, and the Trump number is the ratio of this man's behavioral repertoire to the number of neurons in his brain.","We'll calculate the Trump number for the fruit fly.","Now, how many people here think the Trump number is higher for the fruit fly?","(Applause)","It's a very smart, smart audience.","Yes, the inequality goes in this direction, or I would posit it.","Now I realize that it is a little bit absurd to compare the behavioral repertoire of a human to a fly.","But let's take another animal just as an example.","Here's a mouse.","A mouse has about 1,000 times as many neurons as a fly.","I used to study mice.","When I studied mice, I used to talk really slowly.","And then something happened when I started to work on flies.","(Laughter) And I think if you compare the natural history of flies and mice, it's really comparable.","They have to forage for food.","They have to engage in courtship.","They have sex.","They hide from predators.","They do a lot of the similar things.","But I would argue that flies do more.","So for example, I'm going to show you a sequence, and I have to say, some of my funding comes from the military, so I'm showing this classified sequence and you cannot discuss it outside of this room.","Okay?","So I want you to look at the payload at the tail of the fruit fly.","Watch it very closely, and you'll see why my six-year-old son now wants to be a neuroscientist.","Wait for it.","Pshhew.","So at least you'll admit that if fruit flies are not as clever as mice, they're at least as clever as pigeons.","(Laughter)","Now, I want to get across that it's not just a matter of numbers but also the challenge for a fly to compute everything its brain has to compute with such tiny neurons.","So this is a beautiful image of a visual interneuron from a mouse that came from Jeff Lichtman's lab, and you can see the wonderful images of brains that he showed in his talk.","But up in the corner, in the right corner, you'll see, at the same scale, a visual interneuron from a fly.","And I'll expand this up.","And it's a beautifully complex neuron.","It's just very, very tiny, and there's lots of biophysical challenges with trying to compute information with tiny, tiny neurons.","How small can neurons get?","Well, look at this interesting insect.","It looks sort of like a fly.","It has wings, it has eyes, it has antennae, its legs, complicated life history, it's a parasite, it has to fly around and find caterpillars to parasatize, but not only is its brain the size of a salt grain, which is comparable for a fruit fly, it is the size of a salt grain.","So here's some other organisms at the similar scale.","This animal is the size of a paramecium and an amoeba, and it has a brain of 7,000 neurons that's so small -- you know these things called cell bodies you've been hearing about, where the nucleus of the neuron is?","This animal gets rid of them because they take up too much space.","So this is a session on frontiers in neuroscience.","I would posit that one frontier in neuroscience is to figure out how the brain of that thing works.","But let's think about this.","How can you make a small number of neurons do a lot?","And I think, from an engineering perspective, you think of multiplexing.","You can take a hardware and have that hardware do different things at different times, or have different parts of the hardware doing different things.","And these are the two concepts I'd like to explore.","And they're not concepts that I've come up with, but concepts that have been proposed by others in the past.","And one idea comes from lessons from chewing crabs.","And I don't mean chewing the crabs.","I grew up in Baltimore, and I chew crabs very, very well.","But I'm talking about the crabs actually doing the chewing.","Crab chewing is actually really fascinating.","Crabs have this complicated structure under their carapace called the gastric mill that grinds their food in a variety of different ways.","And here's an endoscopic movie of this structure.","The amazing thing about this is that it's controlled by a really tiny set of neurons, about two dozen neurons that can produce a vast variety of different motor patterns, and the reason it can do this is that this little tiny ganglion in the crab is actually inundated by many, many neuromodulators.","You heard about neuromodulators earlier.","There are more neuromodulators that alter, that innervate this structure than actually neurons in the structure, and they're able to generate a complicated set of patterns.","And this is the work by Eve Marder and her many colleagues who've been studying this fascinating system that show how a smaller cluster of neurons can do many, many, many things because of neuromodulation that can take place on a moment-by-moment basis.","So this is basically multiplexing in time.","Imagine a network of neurons with one neuromodulator.","You select one set of cells to perform one sort of behavior, another neuromodulator, another set of cells, a different pattern, and you can imagine you could extrapolate to a very, very complicated system.","Is there any evidence that flies do this?","Well, for many years in my laboratory and other laboratories around the world, we've been studying fly behaviors in little flight simulators.","You can tether a fly to a little stick.","You can measure the aerodynamic forces it's creating.","You can let the fly play a little video game by letting it fly around in a visual display.","So let me show you a little tiny sequence of this.","Here's a fly and a large infrared view of the fly in the flight simulator, and this is a game the flies love to play.","You allow them to steer towards the little stripe, and they'll just steer towards that stripe forever.","It's part of their visual guidance system.","But very, very recently, it's been possible to modify these sorts of behavioral arenas for physiologies.","So this is the preparation that one of my former post-docs, Gaby Maimon, who's now at Rockefeller, developed, and it's basically a flight simulator but under conditions where you actually can stick an electrode in the brain of the fly and record from a genetically identified neuron in the fly's brain.","And this is what one of these experiments looks like.","It was a sequence taken from another post-doc in the lab, Bettina Schnell.","The green trace at the bottom is the membrane potential of a neuron in the fly's brain, and you'll see the fly start to fly, and the fly is actually controlling the rotation of that visual pattern itself by its own wing motion, and you can see this visual interneuron respond to the pattern of wing motion as the fly flies.","So for the first time we've actually been able to record from neurons in the fly's brain while the fly is performing sophisticated behaviors such as flight.","And one of the lessons we've been learning is that the physiology of cells that we've been studying for many years in quiescent flies is not the same as the physiology of those cells when the flies actually engage in active behaviors like flying and walking and so forth.","And why is the physiology different?","Well it turns out it's these neuromodulators, just like the neuromodulators in that little tiny ganglion in the crabs.","So here's a picture of the octopamine system.","Octopamine is a neuromodulator that seems to play an important role in flight and other behaviors.","But this is just one of many neuromodulators that's in the fly's brain.","So I really think that, as we learn more, it's going to turn out that the whole fly brain is just like a large version of this stomatogastric ganglion, and that's one of the reasons why it can do so much with so few neurons.","Now, another idea, another way of multiplexing is multiplexing in space, having different parts of a neuron do different things at the same time.","So here's two sort of canonical neurons from a vertebrate and an invertebrate, a human pyramidal neuron from Ramon y Cajal, and another cell to the right, a non-spiking interneuron, and this is the work of Alan Watson and Malcolm Burrows many years ago, and Malcolm Burrows came up with a pretty interesting idea based on the fact that this neuron from a locust does not fire action potentials.","It's a non-spiking cell.","So a typical cell, like the neurons in our brain, has a region called the dendrites that receives input, and that input sums together and will produce action potentials that run down the axon and then activate all the output regions of the neuron.","But non-spiking neurons are actually quite complicated because they can have input synapses and output synapses all interdigitated, and there's no single action potential that drives all the outputs at the same time.","So there's a possibility that you have computational compartments that allow the different parts of the neuron to do different things at the same time.","So these basic concepts of multitasking in time and multitasking in space, I think these are things that are true in our brains as well, but I think the insects are the true masters of this.","So I hope you think of insects a little bit differently next time, and as I say up here, please think before you swat.","(Applause)"]},"talk_id":{"0":"halla_tomasdottir_it_s_time_for_women_to_run_for_office","1":"dean_kamen_the_emotion_behind_invention","2":"mark_applebaum_the_mad_scientist_of_music","3":"laura_indolfi_good_news_in_the_fight_against_pancreatic_cancer","4":"nina_tandon_caring_for_cells","5":"linus_torvalds_the_mind_behind_linux","6":"amanda_palmer_jherek_bischoff_usman_riaz_space_oddity","7":"eve_ensler_embrace_your_inner_girl","8":"tom_shannon_the_painter_and_the_pendulum","9":"rob_knight_how_our_microbes_make_us_who_we_are","10":"kenichi_ebina_s_magic_moves","11":"pia_mancini_how_to_upgrade_democracy_for_the_internet_era","12":"nellie_mckay_sings_the_dog_song","13":"pankaj_ghemawat_actually_the_world_isn_t_flat","14":"michael_dickinson_how_a_fly_flies"}}