diff --git "a/dataset/processed_data/4_MPlus_Health_Topics_QA.csv" "b/dataset/processed_data/4_MPlus_Health_Topics_QA.csv" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/dataset/processed_data/4_MPlus_Health_Topics_QA.csv" @@ -0,0 +1,982 @@ +question,question_id,question_type,answer,focus,id,source,url,cui,semanticType,semanticGroup +Do you have information about A1C,0000001-1,information,"Summary : A1C is a blood test for type 2 diabetes and prediabetes. It measures your average blood glucose, or blood sugar, level over the past 3 months. Doctors may use the A1C alone or in combination with other diabetes tests to make a diagnosis. They also use the A1C to see how well you are managing your diabetes. This test is different from the blood sugar checks that people with diabetes do every day. Your A1C test result is given in percentages. The higher the percentage, the higher your blood sugar levels have been: - A normal A1C level is below 5.7 percent - Prediabetes is between 5.7 to 6.4 percent. Having prediabetes is a risk factor for getting type 2 diabetes. People with prediabetes may need retests every year. - Type 2 diabetes is above 6.5 percent - If you have diabetes, you should have the A1C test at least twice a year. The A1C goal for many people with diabetes is below 7. It may be different for you. Ask what your goal should be. If your A1C result is too high, you may need to change your diabetes care plan. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",A1C,0000001,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/a1c.html,,, +What is (are) Abdominal Pain ?,0000002-1,information,"Your abdomen extends from below your chest to your groin. Some people call it the stomach, but your abdomen contains many other important organs. Pain in the abdomen can come from any one of them. The pain may start somewhere else, such as your chest. Severe pain doesn't always mean a serious problem. Nor does mild pain mean a problem is not serious. Call your healthcare provider if mild pain lasts a week or more or if you have pain with other symptoms. Get medical help immediately if - You have abdominal pain that is sudden and sharp - You also have pain in your chest, neck or shoulder - You're vomiting blood or have blood in your stool - Your abdomen is stiff, hard and tender to touch - You can't move your bowels, especially if you're also vomiting",Abdominal Pain,0000002,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/abdominalpain.html,C0000737,T184,Disorders +What is (are) Abortion ?,0000003-1,information,"An abortion is a procedure to end a pregnancy. It uses medicine or surgery to remove the embryo or fetus and placenta from the uterus. The procedure is done by a licensed health care professional. The decision to end a pregnancy is very personal. If you are thinking of having an abortion, most healthcare providers advise counseling.",Abortion,0000003,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/abortion.html,C0156543,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Abscess ?,0000004-1,information,"An abscess is a pocket of pus. You can get an abscess almost anywhere in your body. When an area of your body becomes infected, your body's immune system tries to fight the infection. White blood cells go to the infected area, collect within the damaged tissue, and cause inflammation. During this process, pus forms. Pus is a mixture of living and dead white blood cells, germs, and dead tissue. Bacteria, viruses, parasites and swallowed objects can all lead to abscesses. Skin abscesses are easy to detect. They are red, raised and painful. Abscesses inside your body may not be obvious and can damage organs, including the brain, lungs and others. Treatments include drainage and antibiotics.",Abscess,0000004,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/abscess.html,C0000833,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Acne ?,0000005-1,information,"Acne is a common skin disease that causes pimples. Pimples form when hair follicles under your skin clog up. Most pimples form on the face, neck, back, chest, and shoulders. Anyone can get acne, but it is common in teenagers and young adults. It is not serious, but it can cause scars. No one knows exactly what causes acne. Hormone changes, such as those during the teenage years and pregnancy, probably play a role. There are many myths about what causes acne. Chocolate and greasy foods are often blamed, but there is little evidence that foods have much effect on acne in most people. Another common myth is that dirty skin causes acne; however, blackheads and pimples are not caused by dirt. Stress doesn't cause acne, but stress can make it worse. If you have acne - Clean your skin gently - Try not to touch your skin - Avoid the sun Treatments for acne include medicines and creams. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Acne,0000005,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/acne.html,C0001144,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Acoustic Neuroma ?,0000006-1,information,"An acoustic neuroma is a benign tumor that develops on the nerve that connects the ear to the brain. The tumor usually grows slowly. As it grows, it presses against the hearing and balance nerves. At first, you may have no symptoms or mild symptoms. They can include - Loss of hearing on one side - Ringing in ears - Dizziness and balance problems The tumor can also eventually cause numbness or paralysis of the face. If it grows large enough, it can press against the brain, becoming life-threatening. Acoustic neuroma can be difficult to diagnose, because the symptoms are similar to those of middle ear problems. Ear exams, hearing tests, and scans can show if you have it. If the tumor stays small, you may only need to have it checked regularly. If you do need treatment, surgery and radiation are options. If the tumors affect both hearing nerves, it is often because of a genetic disorder called neurofibromatosis. NIH: National Institute on Deafness and Communication Disorders",Acoustic Neuroma,0000006,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/acousticneuroma.html,C0027859,T191,Disorders +Do you have information about Acupuncture,0000007-1,information,"Summary : Acupuncture has been practiced in China and other Asian countries for thousands of years. Acupuncture involves stimulating specific points on the body. This is most often done by inserting thin needles through the skin, to cause a change in the physical functions of the body. Research has shown that acupuncture reduces nausea and vomiting after surgery and chemotherapy. It can also relieve pain. Researchers don't fully understand how acupuncture works. It might aid the activity of your body's pain-killing chemicals. It also might affect how you release chemicals that regulate blood pressure and flow. NIH: National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health",Acupuncture,0000007,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/acupuncture.html,,, +What is (are) Acute Bronchitis ?,0000008-1,information,"Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to your lungs. It causes a cough that often brings up mucus. It can also cause shortness of breath, wheezing, a low fever, and chest tightness. There are two main types of bronchitis: acute and chronic. Most cases of acute bronchitis get better within several days. But your cough can last for several weeks after the infection is gone. The same viruses that cause colds and the flu often cause acute bronchitis. These viruses spread through the air when people cough, or though physical contact (for example, on unwashed hands). Being exposed to tobacco smoke, air pollution, dusts, vapors, and fumes can also cause acute bronchitis. Less often, bacteria can also cause acute bronchitis. To diagnose acute bronchitis, your health care provider will ask about your symptoms and listen to your breathing. You may also have other tests. Treatments include rest, fluids, and aspirin (for adults) or acetaminophen to treat fever. A humidifier or steam can also help. You may need inhaled medicine to open your airways if you are wheezing. Antibiotics won't help if the cause is viral. You may get antibiotics if the cause is bacterial. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Acute Bronchitis,0000008,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/acutebronchitis.html,C0149514,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia ?,0000009-1,information,"Leukemia is cancer of the white blood cells. White blood cells help your body fight infection. Your blood cells form in your bone marrow. In leukemia, however, the bone marrow produces abnormal white blood cells. These cells crowd out the healthy blood cells, making it hard for blood to do its work. In acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia, there are too many of specific types of white blood cells called lymphocytes or lymphoblasts. ALL is the most common type of cancer in children. Possible risk factors for ALL include being male, being white, previous chemotherapy treatment, exposure to radiation, and for adults, being older than 70. Symptoms of ALL include: - Weakness or feeling tired - Fever - Easy bruising or bleeding - Bleeding under the skin - Shortness of breath - Weight loss or loss of appetite - Pain in the bones or stomach - Pain or a feeling of fullness below the ribs - Painless lumps in the neck, underarm, stomach, or groin Tests that examine the blood and bone marrow diagnose ALL. Treatments include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplants, and targeted therapy. Targeted therapy uses substances that attack cancer cells without harming normal cells. Once the leukemia is in remission, you need additional treatment to make sure that it does not come back. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia,0000009,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/acutelymphocyticleukemia.html,C1961102,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Acute Myeloid Leukemia ?,0000010-1,information,"Leukemia is cancer of the white blood cells. White blood cells help your body fight infection. Your blood cells form in your bone marrow. In leukemia, however, the bone marrow produces abnormal white blood cells. These cells crowd out the healthy blood cells, making it hard for blood to do its work. In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), there are too many of a specific type of white blood cell called a myeloblast. AML is the most common type of acute leukemia in adults. This type of cancer usually gets worse quickly if it is not treated. Possible risk factors include smoking, previous chemotherapy treatment, and exposure to radiation. Symptoms of AML include: - Fever - Shortness of breath - Easy bruising or bleeding - Bleeding under the skin - Weakness or feeling tired - Weight loss or loss of appetite Tests that examine the blood and bone marrow diagnose AML. Treatments include chemotherapy, other drugs, radiation therapy, stem cell transplants, and targeted therapy. Targeted therapy uses substances that attack cancer cells without harming normal cells. Once the leukemia is in remission, you need additional treatment to make sure that it does not come back. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Acute Myeloid Leukemia,0000010,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/acutemyeloidleukemia.html,C0023467,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Addison Disease ?,0000011-1,information,"Your adrenal glands are just above your kidneys. The outside layer of these glands makes hormones that help your body respond to stress and regulate your blood pressure and water and salt balance. Addison disease happens if the adrenal glands don't make enough of these hormones. A problem with your immune system usually causes Addison disease. The immune system mistakenly attacks your own tissues, damaging your adrenal glands. Other causes include infections and cancer. Symptoms include - Weight loss - Muscle weakness - Fatigue that gets worse over time - Low blood pressure - Patchy or dark skin Lab tests can confirm that you have Addison disease. If you don't treat it, it can be fatal. You will need to take hormone pills for the rest of your life. If you have Addison disease, you should carry an emergency ID. It should say that you have the disease, list your medicines and say how much you need in an emergency. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Addison Disease,0000011,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/addisondisease.html,C0266273,T019,Disorders +What is (are) Adhesions ?,0000012-1,information,"Adhesions are bands of scar-like tissue. Normally, internal tissues and organs have slippery surfaces so they can shift easily as the body moves. Adhesions cause tissues and organs to stick together. They might connect the loops of the intestines to each other, to nearby organs, or to the wall of the abdomen. They can pull sections of the intestines out of place. This may block food from passing through the intestine. Adhesions can occur anywhere in the body. But they often form after surgery on the abdomen. Almost everyone who has surgery on the abdomen gets adhesions. Some adhesions don't cause any problems. But when they partly or completely block the intestines, they cause symptoms such as - Severe abdominal pain or cramping - Vomiting - Bloating - An inability to pass gas - Constipation Adhesions can sometimes cause infertility in women by preventing fertilized eggs from reaching the uterus. No tests are available to detect adhesions. Doctors usually find them during surgery to diagnose other problems. Some adhesions go away by themselves. If they partly block your intestines, a diet low in fiber can allow food to move easily through the affected area. If you have a complete intestinal obstruction, it is life threatening. You should get immediate medical attention and may need surgery. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Adhesions,0000012,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/adhesions.html,C0001511,T046,Disorders +Do you have information about Adoption,0000013-1,information,"Summary : Adoption brings a child born to other parents into a new family. Birth parents have a number of reasons for placing children for adoption. Overall, they want better lives for their children than they think they can give them. Children who are eligible for adoption come from many different settings. Some are in foster care, a temporary home setting. Other children live in orphanages or with birth relatives until they can be adopted. There are different kinds of adoption. Children may be adopted by a relative or a new family. Some parents adopt children from the U.S, and some adopt from abroad.",Adoption,0000013,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/adoption.html,,, +What is (are) Adrenal Gland Cancer ?,0000014-1,information,"Your adrenal, or suprarenal, glands are located on the top of each kidney. These glands produce hormones that you can't live without, including sex hormones and cortisol, which helps you respond to stress and has many other functions. A number of disorders can affect the adrenal glands, including tumors. Tumors can be either benign or malignant. Benign tumors aren't cancer. Malignant ones are. Most adrenal gland tumors are benign. They usually do not cause symptoms and may not require treatment. Malignant adrenal gland cancers are uncommon. Types of tumors include - Adrenocortical carcinoma - cancer in the outer part of the gland - Neuroblastoma, a type of childhood cancer - Pheochromocytoma - a rare tumor that is usually benign Symptoms depend on the type of cancer you have. Treatments may include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy.",Adrenal Gland Cancer,0000014,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/adrenalglandcancer.html,C0750887,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Adrenal Gland Disorders ?,0000015-1,information,"The adrenal glands are small glands located on top of each kidney. They produce hormones that you can't live without, including sex hormones and cortisol. Cortisol helps you respond to stress and has many other important functions. With adrenal gland disorders, your glands make too much or not enough hormones. In Cushing's syndrome, there's too much cortisol, while with Addison's disease, there is too little. Some people are born unable to make enough cortisol. Causes of adrenal gland disorders include - Genetic mutations - Tumors including pheochromocytomas - Infections - A problem in another gland, such as the pituitary, which helps to regulate the adrenal gland - Certain medicines Treatment depends on which problem you have. Surgery or medicines can treat many adrenal gland disorders. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development",Adrenal Gland Disorders,0000015,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/adrenalglanddisorders.html,C0001621,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Advance Directives,0000016-1,information,"Summary : What kind of medical care would you want if you were too ill or hurt to express your wishes? Advance directives are legal documents that allow you to spell out your decisions about end-of-life care ahead of time. They give you a way to tell your wishes to family, friends, and health care professionals and to avoid confusion later on. A living will tells which treatments you want if you are dying or permanently unconscious. You can accept or refuse medical care. You might want to include instructions on - The use of dialysis and breathing machines - If you want to be resuscitated if your breathing or heartbeat stops - Tube feeding - Organ or tissue donation A durable power of attorney for health care is a document that names your health care proxy. Your proxy is someone you trust to make health decisions for you if you are unable to do so. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Advance Directives,0000016,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/advancedirectives.html,,, +Do you have information about African American Health,0000017-1,information,"Summary : Every racial or ethnic group has specific health concerns. Differences in the health of groups can result from - Genetics - Environmental factors - Access to care - Cultural factors On this page, you'll find links to health issues that affect African Americans.",African American Health,0000017,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/africanamericanhealth.html,,, +What is (are) After Surgery ?,0000018-1,information,"After any operation, you'll have some side effects. There is usually some pain with surgery. There may also be swelling and soreness around the area that the surgeon cut. Your surgeon can tell you which side effects to expect. There can also be complications. These are unplanned events linked to the operation. Some complications are infection, too much bleeding, reaction to anesthesia, or accidental injury. Some people have a greater risk of complications because of other medical conditions. Your surgeon can tell you how you might feel and what you will be able to do - or not do - the first few days, weeks, or months after surgery. Some other questions to ask are - How long you will be in the hospital - What kind of supplies, equipment, and help you might need when you go home - When you can go back to work - When it is ok to start exercising again - Are they any other restrictions in your activities Following your surgeon's advice can help you recover as soon as possible. Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research",After Surgery,0000018,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/aftersurgery.html,C0241311,T033,Disorders +Do you have information about Air Pollution,0000019-1,information,"Summary : Air pollution is a mixture of solid particles and gases in the air. Car emissions, chemicals from factories, dust, pollen and mold spores may be suspended as particles. Ozone, a gas, is a major part of air pollution in cities. When ozone forms air pollution, it's also called smog. Some air pollutants are poisonous. Inhaling them can increase the chance you'll have health problems. People with heart or lung disease, older adults and children are at greater risk from air pollution. Air pollution isn't just outside - the air inside buildings can also be polluted and affect your health. Environmental Protection Agency",Air Pollution,0000019,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/airpollution.html,,, +Do you have information about Alcohol,0000020-1,information,"Summary : If you are like many Americans, you drink alcohol at least occasionally. For many people, moderate drinking is probably safe. It may even have health benefits, including reducing your risk of certain heart problems. For most women and for most people over 65, moderate drinking is no more than three drinks a day or seven drinks per week. For men under 65, it is no more than four drinks a day or 14 drinks per week. Some people should not drink at all, including alcoholics, children, pregnant women, people taking certain medicines, and people with certain medical conditions. If you have questions about whether it is safe for you to drink, speak with your health care provider. Anything more than moderate drinking can be risky. Heavy drinking can lead to alcoholism and alcohol abuse, as well as injuries, liver disease, heart disease, cancer, and other health problems. It can also cause problems at home, at work, and with friends. NIH: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism",Alcohol,0000020,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alcohol.html,,, +What is (are) Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse ?,0000021-1,information,"For most adults, moderate alcohol use is probably not harmful. However, about 18 million adult Americans have an alcohol use disorder. This means that their drinking causes distress and harm. It includes alcoholism and alcohol abuse. Alcoholism, or alcohol dependence, is a disease that causes - Craving - a strong need to drink - Loss of control - not being able to stop drinking once you've started - Physical dependence - withdrawal symptoms - Tolerance - the need to drink more alcohol to feel the same effect With alcohol abuse, you are not physically dependent, but you still have a serious problem. The drinking may cause problems at home, work, or school. It may cause you to put yourself in dangerous situations, or lead to legal or social problems. Another common problem is binge drinking. It is drinking about five or more drinks in two hours for men. For women, it is about four or more drinks in two hours. Too much alcohol is dangerous. Heavy drinking can increase the risk of certain cancers. It can cause damage to the liver, brain, and other organs. Drinking during pregnancy can harm your baby. Alcohol also increases the risk of death from car crashes, injuries, homicide, and suicide. If you want to stop drinking, there is help. Start by talking to your health care provider. Treatment may include medicines, counseling, and support groups. NIH: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism",Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse,0000021,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alcoholismandalcoholabuse.html,C0085762,T048,Disorders +What is (are) Allergy ?,0000022-1,information,"An allergy is a reaction by your immune system to something that does not bother most other people. People who have allergies often are sensitive to more than one thing. Substances that often cause reactions are - Pollen - Dust mites - Mold spores - Pet dander - Food - Insect stings - Medicines Normally, your immune system fights germs. It is your body's defense system. In most allergic reactions, however, it is responding to a false alarm. Genes and the environment probably both play a role. Allergies can cause a variety of symptoms such as a runny nose, sneezing, itching, rashes, swelling, or asthma. Allergies can range from minor to severe. Anaphylaxis is a severe reaction that can be life-threatening. Doctors use skin and blood tests to diagnose allergies. Treatments include medicines, allergy shots, and avoiding the substances that cause the reactions. NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",Allergy,0000022,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/allergy.html,C1527304,T046,Disorders +What is (are) Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency ?,0000023-1,information,"Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AAT deficiency) is an inherited condition that raises your risk for lung and liver disease. Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) is a protein that protects the lungs. The liver makes it. If the AAT proteins aren't the right shape, they get stuck in the liver cells and can't reach the lungs. Symptoms of AAT deficiency include - Shortness of breath and wheezing - Repeated lung infections - Tiredness - Rapid heartbeat upon standing - Vision problems - Weight loss Some people have no symptoms and do not develop complications. Blood tests and genetic tests can tell if you have it. If your lungs are affected, you may also have lung tests. Treatments include medicines, pulmonary rehab, and extra oxygen, if needed. Severe cases may need a lung transplant. Not smoking can prevent or delay lung symptoms. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency,0000023,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alpha1antitrypsindeficiency.html,C0221757,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Alzheimer's Caregivers ?,0000024-1,information,"Caring for someone who has Alzheimer's disease (AD) can be stressful and overwhelming. It's important to take care of yourself. Ask for and accept help. Talk to the doctor. Find out what treatments might help control symptoms or address behavior problems. Find a support group. Others who have ""been there"" may be able to help and will understand. If there are times of day that the person is less confused or more cooperative, take advantage of that in daily routines. Consider using adult day care or respite services. These offer a break with the peace of mind that the patient is being taken care of. Begin to plan for the future. This may include - Getting financial and legal documents in order - Looking into assisted living or nursing homes - Finding out what your health insurance and Medicare will cover NIH: National Institute on Aging",Alzheimer's Caregivers,0000024,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alzheimerscaregivers.html,C0002395,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Alzheimer's Disease ?,0000025-1,information,"Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia among older people. Dementia is a brain disorder that seriously affects a person's ability to carry out daily activities. AD begins slowly. It first involves the parts of the brain that control thought, memory and language. People with AD may have trouble remembering things that happened recently or names of people they know. A related problem, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), causes more memory problems than normal for people of the same age. Many, but not all, people with MCI will develop AD. In AD, over time, symptoms get worse. People may not recognize family members. They may have trouble speaking, reading or writing. They may forget how to brush their teeth or comb their hair. Later on, they may become anxious or aggressive, or wander away from home. Eventually, they need total care. This can cause great stress for family members who must care for them. AD usually begins after age 60. The risk goes up as you get older. Your risk is also higher if a family member has had the disease. No treatment can stop the disease. However, some drugs may help keep symptoms from getting worse for a limited time. NIH: National Institute on Aging",Alzheimer's Disease,0000025,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alzheimersdisease.html,C0002395,T046,Disorders +What is (are) Amblyopia ?,0000026-1,information,"Amblyopia, or ""lazy eye,"" is the most common cause of visual impairment in children. It happens when an eye fails to work properly with the brain. The eye may look normal, but the brain favors the other eye. In some cases, it can affect both eyes. Causes include - Strabismus - a disorder in which the two eyes don't line up in the same direction - Refractive error in an eye - when one eye cannot focus as well as the other, because of a problem with its shape. This includes nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism. - Cataract - a clouding in the lens of the eye It can be hard to diagnose amblyopia. It is often found during a routine vision exam. Treatment for amblyopia forces the child to use the eye with weaker vision. There are two common ways to do this. One is to have the child wear a patch over the good eye for several hours each day, over a number of weeks to months. The other is with eye drops that temporarily blur vision. Each day, the child gets a drop of a drug called atropine in the stronger eye. It is also sometimes necessary to treat the underlying cause. This could include glasses or surgery. NIH: National Eye Institute",Amblyopia,0000026,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/amblyopia.html,C0002418,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Amyloidosis ?,0000027-1,information,"Amyloidosis occurs when abnormal proteins called amyloids build up and form deposits. The deposits can collect in organs such as the kidney and heart. This can cause the organs to become stiff and unable to work the way they should. There are three main types of amyloidosis: - Primary - with no known cause - Secondary - caused by another disease, including some types of cancer - Familial - passed down through genes Symptoms can vary, depending upon which organs are affected. Treatment depends on the type of amyloidosis you have. The goal is to help with symptoms and limit the production of proteins. If another disease is the cause, it needs to be treated.",Amyloidosis,0000027,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/amyloidosis.html,C0002726,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ?,0000028-1,information,"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a nervous system disease that attacks nerve cells called neurons in your brain and spinal cord. These neurons transmit messages from your brain and spinal cord to your voluntary muscles - the ones you can control, like in your arms and legs. At first, this causes mild muscle problems. Some people notice - Trouble walking or running - Trouble writing - Speech problems Eventually, you lose your strength and cannot move. When muscles in your chest fail, you cannot breathe. A breathing machine can help, but most people with ALS die from respiratory failure. The disease usually strikes between age 40 and 60. More men than women get it. No one knows what causes ALS. It can run in families, but usually it strikes at random. There is no cure. Medicines can relieve symptoms and, sometimes, prolong survival. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis,0000028,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/amyotrophiclateralsclerosis.html,C0002736,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Anabolic Steroids,0000029-1,information,"Summary : Anabolic steroids are man-made substances related to male sex hormones. Doctors use anabolic steroids to treat some hormone problems in men, delayed puberty, and muscle loss from some diseases. Bodybuilders and athletes often use anabolic steroids to build muscles and improve athletic performance. Using them this way is not legal or safe. Abuse of anabolic steroids has been linked with many health problems. They include - Acne - Breast growth and shrinking of testicles in men - Voice deepening and growth of facial hair in women - High blood pressure - Heart problems, including heart attack - Liver disease, including cancer - Kidney damage - Aggressive behavior NIH: National Institute on Drug Abuse",Anabolic Steroids,0000029,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/anabolicsteroids.html,,, +What is (are) Anal Cancer ?,0000030-1,information,"The anus is where stool leaves your body when you go to the bathroom. It is made up of your outer layers of skin and the end of your large intestine. Anal cancer is a disease in which cancer cells form in the tissues of the anus. Anal cancer is rare. It is more common in smokers and people over 50. You are also at higher risk if you have HPV, have anal sex, or have many sexual partners. Symptoms include bleeding, pain, or lumps in the anal area. Anal itching and discharge can also be signs of anal cancer. Doctors use tests that examine the anus to diagnose anal cancer. They include a physical exam, endoscopy, ultrasound, and biopsy. Treatments include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and surgery. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Anal Cancer,0000030,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/analcancer.html,C0279637,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Anal Disorders ?,0000031-1,information,"The anus is the opening of the rectum through which stool passes out of your body. Problems with the anus are common. They include hemorrhoids, abscesses, fissures (cracks), and cancer. You may be embarrassed to talk about your anal troubles. But it is important to let your doctor know, especially if you have pain or bleeding. The more details you can give about your problem, the better your doctor will be able to help you. Treatments vary depending on the particular problem. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Anal Disorders,0000031,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/analdisorders.html,C0003462,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Anaphylaxis ?,0000032-1,information,"Anaphylaxis is a serious allergic reaction. It can begin very quickly, and symptoms may be life-threatening. The most common causes are reactions to foods (especially peanuts), medications, and stinging insects. Other causes include exercise and exposure to latex. Sometimes no cause can be found. It can affect many organs: - Skin - itching, hives, redness, swelling - Nose - sneezing, stuffy nose, runny nose - Mouth - itching, swelling of the lips or tongue - Throat - itching, tightness, trouble swallowing, swelling of the back of the throat - Chest - shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, chest pain or tightness - Heart - weak pulse, passing out, shock - Gastrointestinal tract - vomiting, diarrhea, cramps - Nervous system - dizziness or fainting If someone is having a serious allergic reaction, call 9-1-1. If an auto-injector is available, give the person the injection right away. NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",Anaphylaxis,0000032,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/anaphylaxis.html,C0002792,T046,Disorders +Do you have information about Anatomy,0000033-1,information,"Summary : Anatomy is the science that studies the structure of the body. On this page, you'll find links to descriptions and pictures of the human body's parts and organ systems from head to toe.",Anatomy,0000033,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/anatomy.html,,, +What is (are) Anemia ?,0000034-1,information,"If you have anemia, your blood does not carry enough oxygen to the rest of your body. The most common cause of anemia is not having enough iron. Your body needs iron to make hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is an iron-rich protein that gives the red color to blood. It carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Anemia has three main causes: blood loss, lack of red blood cell production, and high rates of red blood cell destruction. Conditions that may lead to anemia include - Heavy periods - Pregnancy - Ulcers - Colon polyps or colon cancer - Inherited disorders - A diet that does not have enough iron, folic acid or vitamin B12 - Blood disorders such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia, or cancer - Aplastic anemia, a condition that can be inherited or acquired - G6PD deficiency, a metabolic disorder Anemia can make you feel tired, cold, dizzy, and irritable. You may be short of breath or have a headache. Your doctor will diagnose anemia with a physical exam and blood tests. Treatment depends on the kind of anemia you have. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Anemia,0000034,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/anemia.html,C0002871,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Anesthesia ?,0000035-1,information,"If you are having surgery, your doctor will give you medicine called an anesthetic. Anesthetics reduce or prevent pain. There are three main types: - Local - numbs one small area of the body. You stay awake and alert. - Regional - blocks pain in an area of the body, such an arm or leg. A common type is epidural anesthesia, which is often used during childbirth. - General - makes you unconscious. You do not feel any pain, and you do not remember the procedure afterwards. You may also get a mild sedative to relax you. You stay awake but may not remember the procedure afterwards. Sedation can be used with or without anesthesia. The type of anesthesia or sedation you get depends on many factors. They include the procedure you are having and your current health.",Anesthesia,0000035,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/anesthesia.html,C2219802,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Aneurysms ?,0000036-1,information,"An aneurysm is a bulge or ""ballooning"" in the wall of an artery. Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to other parts of the body. If an aneurysm grows large, it can burst and cause dangerous bleeding or even death. Most aneurysms occur in the aorta, the main artery that runs from the heart through the chest and abdomen. Aneurysms also can happen in arteries in the brain, heart and other parts of the body. If an aneurysm in the brain bursts, it causes a stroke. Aneurysms can develop and become large before causing any symptoms. Often doctors can stop aneurysms from bursting if they find and treat them early. They use imaging tests to find aneurysms. Often aneurysms are found by chance during tests done for other reasons. Medicines and surgery are the two main treatments for aneurysms. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Aneurysms,0000036,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/aneurysms.html,C0002940,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Angina ?,0000037-1,information,"Angina is chest pain or discomfort you feel when there is not enough blood flow to your heart muscle. Your heart muscle needs the oxygen that the blood carries. Angina may feel like pressure or a squeezing pain in your chest. It may feel like indigestion. You may also feel pain in your shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back. Angina is a symptom of coronary artery disease (CAD), the most common heart disease. CAD happens when a sticky substance called plaque builds up in the arteries that supply blood to the heart, reducing blood flow. There are three types of angina: - Stable angina is the most common type. It happens when the heart is working harder than usual. Stable angina has a regular pattern. Rest and medicines usually help. - Unstable angina is the most dangerous. It does not follow a pattern and can happen without physical exertion. It does not go away with rest or medicine. It is a sign that you could have a heart attack soon. - Variant angina is rare. It happens when you are resting. Medicines can help. Not all chest pain or discomfort is angina. If you have chest pain, you should see your health care provider. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Angina,0000037,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/angina.html,C0002962,T033,Disorders +Do you have information about Angioplasty,0000038-1,information,"Summary : If you have coronary artery disease, the arteries in your heart are narrowed or blocked by a sticky material called plaque. Angioplasty is a procedure to restore blood flow through the artery. You have angioplasty in a hospital. The doctor threads a thin tube through a blood vessel in the arm or groin up to the involved site in the artery. The tube has a tiny balloon on the end. When the tube is in place, the doctor inflates the balloon to push the plaque outward against the wall of the artery. This widens the artery and restores blood flow. Doctors may use angioplasty to - Reduce chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart - Minimize damage to heart muscle from a heart attack Many people go home the day after angioplasty, and are able to return to work within a week of coming home. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Angioplasty,0000038,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/angioplasty.html,,, +What is (are) Animal Bites ?,0000039-1,information,"Wild animals usually avoid people. They might attack, however, if they feel threatened, are sick, or are protecting their young or territory. Attacks by pets are more common. Animal bites rarely are life-threatening, but if they become infected, you can develop serious medical problems. To prevent animal bites and complications from bites - Never pet, handle, or feed unknown animals - Leave snakes alone - Watch your children closely around animals - Vaccinate your cats, ferrets, and dogs against rabies - Spay or neuter your dog to make it less aggressive - Get a tetanus booster if you have not had one recently - Wear boots and long pants when you are in areas with venomous snakes If an animal bites you, clean the wound with soap and water as soon as possible. Get medical attention if necessary. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Animal Bites,0000039,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/animalbites.html,C0003044,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Animal Diseases and Your Health ?,0000040-1,information,"Animal diseases that people can catch are called zoonoses. Many diseases affecting humans can be traced to animals or animal products. You can get a disease directly from an animal, or indirectly, through the environment. Farm animals can carry diseases. If you touch them or things they have touched, like fencing or buckets, wash your hands thoroughly. Adults should make sure children who visit farms or petting zoos wash up as well. Though they may be cute and cuddly, wild animals may carry germs, viruses, and parasites. Deer and deer mice carry ticks that cause Lyme disease. Some wild animals may carry rabies. Enjoy wildlife from a distance. Pets can also make you sick. Reptiles pose a particular risk. Turtles, snakes and iguanas can transmit Salmonella bacteria to their owners. You can get rabies from an infected dog or toxoplasmosis from handling kitty litter of an infected cat. The chance that your dog or cat will make you sick is small. You can reduce the risk by practicing good hygiene, keeping pet areas clean and keeping your pets' shots up-to-date.",Animal Diseases and Your Health,0000040,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/animaldiseasesandyourhealth.html,C0003047,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Ankle Injuries and Disorders ?,0000041-1,information,"Your ankle bone and the ends of your two lower leg bones make up the ankle joint. Your ligaments, which connect bones to one another, stabilize and support it. Your muscles and tendons move it. The most common ankle problems are sprains and fractures. A sprain is an injury to the ligaments. It may take a few weeks to many months to heal completely. A fracture is a break in a bone. You can also injure other parts of the ankle such as tendons, which join muscles to bone, and cartilage, which cushions your joints. Ankle sprains and fractures are common sports injuries.",Ankle Injuries and Disorders,0000041,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ankleinjuriesanddisorders.html,C0085111,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Ankylosing Spondylitis ?,0000042-1,information,"Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of arthritis of the spine. It causes inflammation between your vertebrae, which are the bones that make up your spine, and in the joints between your spine and pelvis. In some people, it can affect other joints. AS is more common and more severe in men. It often runs in families. The cause is unknown, but it is likely that both genes and factors in the environment play a role. Early symptoms of AS include back pain and stiffness. These problems often start in late adolescence or early adulthood. Over time, AS can fuse your vertebrae together, limiting movement. Some people have symptoms that come and go. Others have severe, ongoing pain. A diagnosis of AS is based on your medical history and a physical examination. You may also have imaging or blood tests. AS has no cure, but medicines can relieve symptoms and may keep the disease from getting worse. Eating a healthy diet, not smoking, and exercising can also help. In rare cases, you may need surgery to straighten the spine. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Disease",Ankylosing Spondylitis,0000042,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ankylosingspondylitis.html,C0038013,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Anthrax ?,0000043-1,information,"Anthrax is a disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a germ that lives in soil. Many people know about it from the 2001 bioterror attacks. In the attacks, someone purposely spread anthrax through the U.S. mail. This killed five people and made 22 sick. Anthrax is rare. It affects animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats more often than people. People can get anthrax from contact with infected animals, wool, meat, or hides. It can cause three forms of disease in people. They are - Cutaneous, which affects the skin. People with cuts or open sores can get it if they touch the bacteria. - Inhalation, which affects the lungs. You can get this if you breathe in spores of the bacteria. - Gastrointestinal, which affects the digestive system. You can get it by eating infected meat. Antibiotics often cure anthrax if it is diagnosed early. But many people don't know they have anthrax until it is too late to treat. A vaccine to prevent anthrax is available for people in the military and others at high risk. NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",Anthrax,0000043,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/anthrax.html,C0003175,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Antibiotic Resistance,0000044-1,information,"Summary : Antibiotics are medicines that fight bacterial infections. Used properly, they can save lives. But there is a growing problem of antibiotic resistance. It happens when bacteria change and become able to resist the effects of an antibiotic. Using antibiotics can lead to resistance. Each time you take antibiotics, sensitive bacteria are killed. But resistant germs may be left to grow and multiply. They can spread to other people. They can also cause infections that certain antibiotics cannot cure. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one example. It causes infections that are resistant to several common antibiotics. To help prevent antibiotic resistance - Don't use antibiotics for viruses like colds or flu. Antibiotics don't work on viruses. - Don't pressure your doctor to give you an antibiotic. - When you take antibiotics, follow the directions carefully. Finish your medicine even if you feel better. If you stop treatment too soon, some bacteria may survive and re-infect you. - Don't save antibiotics for later or use someone else's prescription. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Antibiotic Resistance,0000044,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/antibioticresistance.html,,, +Do you have information about Antibiotics,0000045-1,information,"Summary : Antibiotics are powerful medicines that fight bacterial infections. Used properly, antibiotics can save lives. They either kill bacteria or keep them from reproducing. Your body's natural defenses can usually take it from there. Antibiotics do not fight infections caused by viruses, such as - Colds - Flu - Most coughs and bronchitis - Sore throats, unless caused by strep If a virus is making you sick, taking antibiotics may do more harm than good. Using antibiotics when you don't need them, or not using them properly, can add to antibiotic resistance. This happens when bacteria change and become able to resist the effects of an antibiotic. When you take antibiotics, follow the directions carefully. It is important to finish your medicine even if you feel better. If you stop treatment too soon, some bacteria may survive and re-infect you. Do not save antibiotics for later or use someone else's prescription. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Antibiotics,0000045,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/antibiotics.html,,, +Do you have information about Antidepressants,0000046-1,information,"Summary : Antidepressants are medicines that treat depression. Your doctor can prescribe them for you. They work to balance some of the natural chemicals in our brains. It may take several weeks for them to help. There are several types of antidepressants. You and your doctor may have to try a few before finding what works best for you. Antidepressants may cause mild side effects that usually do not last long. These may include headache, nausea, sleep problems, restlessness, and sexual problems. Tell your doctor if you have any side effects. You should also let your doctor know if you take any other medicines, vitamins, or herbal supplements. It is important to keep taking your medicines, even if you feel better. Do not stop taking your medicines without talking to your doctor. You often need to stop antidepressants gradually. NIH: National Institute of Mental Health",Antidepressants,0000046,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/antidepressants.html,,, +Do you have information about Antioxidants,0000047-1,information,"Summary : Antioxidants are man-made or natural substances that may prevent or delay some types of cell damage. Antioxidants are found in many foods, including fruits and vegetables. They are also available as dietary supplements. Examples of antioxidants include - Beta-carotene - Lutein - Lycopene - Selenium - Vitamin A - Vitamin C - Vitamin E Vegetables and fruits are rich sources of antioxidants. There is good evidence that eating a diet with lots of vegetables and fruits is healthy and lowers risks of certain diseases. But it isn't clear whether this is because of the antioxidants, something else in the foods, or other factors. High-dose supplements of antioxidants may be linked to health risks in some cases. For example, high doses of beta-carotene may increase the risk of lung cancer in smokers. High doses of vitamin E may increase risks of prostate cancer and one type of stroke. Antioxidant supplements may also interact with some medicines. To minimize risk, tell you of your health care providers about any antioxidants you use. NIH: National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health",Antioxidants,0000047,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/antioxidants.html,,, +What is (are) Anxiety ?,0000048-1,information,"Fear and anxiety are part of life. You may feel anxious before you take a test or walk down a dark street. This kind of anxiety is useful - it can make you more alert or careful. It usually ends soon after you are out of the situation that caused it. But for millions of people in the United States, the anxiety does not go away, and gets worse over time. They may have chest pains or nightmares. They may even be afraid to leave home. These people have anxiety disorders. Types include - Panic disorder - Obsessive-compulsive disorder - Post-traumatic stress disorder - Phobias - Generalized anxiety disorder Treatment can involve medicines, therapy or both. NIH: National Institute of Mental Health",Anxiety,0000048,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/anxiety.html,C0860603,T048,Disorders +What is (are) Aortic Aneurysm ?,0000049-1,information,"An aneurysm is a bulge or ""ballooning"" in the wall of an artery. Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to other parts of the body. If an aneurysm grows large, it can burst and cause dangerous bleeding or even death. Most aneurysms are in the aorta, the main artery that runs from the heart through the chest and abdomen. There are two types of aortic aneurysm: - Thoracic aortic aneurysms - these occur in the part of the aorta running through the chest - Abdominal aortic aneurysms - these occur in the part of the aorta running through the abdomen Most aneurysms are found during tests done for other reasons. Some people are at high risk for aneurysms. It is important for them to get screening, because aneurysms can develop and become large before causing any symptoms Screening is recommended for people between the ages of 65 and 75 if they have a family history, or if they are men who have smoked. Doctors use imaging tests to find aneurysms. Medicines and surgery are the two main treatments. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Aortic Aneurysm,0000049,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/aorticaneurysm.html,C0003486,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Aphasia ?,0000050-1,information,"Aphasia is a disorder caused by damage to the parts of the brain that control language. It can make it hard for you to read, write, and say what you mean to say. It is most common in adults who have had a stroke. Brain tumors, infections, injuries, and dementia can also cause it. The type of problem you have and how bad it is depends on which part of your brain is damaged and how much damage there is. There are four main types: - Expressive aphasia - you know what you want to say, but you have trouble saying or writing what you mean - Receptive aphasia - you hear the voice or see the print, but you can't make sense of the words - Anomic aphasia - you have trouble using the correct word for objects, places, or events - Global aphasia - you can't speak, understand speech, read, or write Some people recover from aphasia without treatment. Most, however, need language therapy as soon as possible. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Aphasia,0000050,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/aphasia.html,C0003537,T048,Disorders +What is (are) Aplastic Anemia ?,0000051-1,information,"Aplastic anemia is a rare but serious blood disorder. If you have it, your bone marrow doesn't make enough new blood cells. Causes include - Toxic substances, such as pesticides, arsenic, and benzene - Radiation therapy and chemotherapy for cancer - Certain medicines - Infections such as hepatitis, Epstein-Barr virus, or HIV - Autoimmune disorders - Certain inherited conditions - Pregnancy In many people, the cause is unknown. Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, dizziness, and shortness of breath. It can cause heart problems such as an irregular heartbeat, an enlarged heart, and heart failure. You may also have frequent infections and bleeding. Your doctor will diagnose aplastic anemia based on your medical and family histories, a physical exam, and test results. Once your doctor knows the cause and severity of the condition, he or she can create a treatment plan for you. Treatments include blood transfusions, blood and marrow stem cell transplants, and medicines. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Aplastic Anemia,0000051,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/aplasticanemia.html,C0002874,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Appendicitis ?,0000052-1,information,"The appendix is a small, tube-like organ attached to the first part of the large intestine. It is located in the lower right part of the abdomen. It has no known function. A blockage inside of the appendix causes appendicitis. The blockage leads to increased pressure, problems with blood flow, and inflammation. If the blockage is not treated, the appendix can burst and spread infection into the abdomen. This causes a condition called peritonitis. The main symptom is pain in the abdomen, often on the right side. It is usually sudden and gets worse over time. Other symptoms may include - Swelling in the abdomen - Loss of appetite - Nausea and vomiting - Constipation or diarrhea - Inability to pass gas - Low fever Not everyone with appendicitis has all these symptoms. Appendicitis is a medical emergency. Treatment almost always involves removing the appendix. Anyone can get appendicitis, but it is more common among people 10 to 30 years old. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Appendicitis,0000052,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/appendicitis.html,C0085693,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Arm Injuries and Disorders ?,0000053-1,information,"Of the 206 bones in your body, 3 of them are in your arm; the humerus, radius and ulna. Your arms are also made up of muscles, joints, tendons and other connective tissue. Injuries to any of these parts of the arm can occur during sports, a fall or an accident. Types of arm injuries include - Tendinitis and bursitis - Sprains - Dislocations - Broken bones Some nerve problems, arthritis, or cancers can affect the entire arm and cause pain, spasms, swelling and trouble moving. You may also have problems or injure specific parts of your arm, such as your hand, wrist, elbow or shoulder.",Arm Injuries and Disorders,0000053,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/arminjuriesanddisorders.html,C0003794,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Arrhythmia ?,0000054-1,information,"An arrhythmia is a problem with the rate or rhythm of your heartbeat. It means that your heart beats too quickly, too slowly, or with an irregular pattern. When the heart beats faster than normal, it is called tachycardia. When the heart beats too slowly, it is called bradycardia. The most common type of arrhythmia is atrial fibrillation, which causes an irregular and fast heart beat. Many factors can affect your heart's rhythm, such as having had a heart attack, smoking, congenital heart defects, and stress. Some substances or medicines may also cause arrhythmias. Symptoms of arrhythmias include - Fast or slow heart beat - Skipping beats - Lightheadedness or dizziness - Chest pain - Shortness of breath - Sweating Your doctor can run tests to find out if you have an arrhythmia. Treatment to restore a normal heart rhythm may include medicines, an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) or pacemaker, or sometimes surgery. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Arrhythmia,0000054,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/arrhythmia.html,C0003811,T033,Disorders +Do you have information about Arsenic,0000055-1,information,"Summary : Arsenic is a natural element found in soil and minerals. Arsenic compounds are used to preserve wood, as pesticides, and in some industries. Arsenic can get into air, water, and the ground from wind-blown dust. It may also get into water from runoff. You may be exposed to arsenic by - Taking in small amounts in food, drinking water, or air - Breathing sawdust or burning smoke from arsenic-treated wood - Living in an area with high levels of arsenic in rock - Working in a job where arsenic is made or used Exposure to arsenic can cause many health problems. Being exposed to low levels for a long time can change the color of your skin. It can cause corns and small warts. Exposure to high levels of arsenic can cause death. Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry",Arsenic,0000055,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/arsenic.html,,, +What is (are) Arteriovenous Malformations ?,0000056-1,information,"Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are defects in your vascular system. The vascular system includes arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries carry blood away from the heart to other organs; veins carry blood back to the heart. Capillaries connect the arteries and veins. An AVM is a snarled tangle of arteries and veins. They are connected to each other, with no capillaries. That interferes with the blood circulation in an organ. AVMs can happen anywhere, but they are more common in the brain or spinal cord. Most people with brain or spinal cord AVMs have few, if any, major symptoms. Sometimes they can cause seizures or headaches. AVMs are rare. The cause is not known, but they seem to develop during pregnancy or soon after birth. Doctors use imaging tests to detect them. Medicines can help with the symptoms from AVMs. The greatest danger is hemorrhage. Treatment for AVMs can include surgery or focused radiation therapy. Because surgery can be risky, you and your doctor need to make a decision carefully. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Arteriovenous Malformations,0000056,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/arteriovenousmalformations.html,C0334533,T019,Disorders +What is (are) Arthritis ?,0000057-1,information,"If you feel pain and stiffness in your body or have trouble moving around, you might have arthritis. Most kinds of arthritis cause pain and swelling in your joints. Joints are places where two bones meet, such as your elbow or knee. Over time, a swollen joint can become severely damaged. Some kinds of arthritis can also cause problems in your organs, such as your eyes or skin. Types of arthritis include - Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis. It's often related to aging or to an injury. - Autoimmune arthritis happens when your body's immune system attacks healthy cells in your body by mistake. Rheumatoid arthritis is the most common form of this kind of arthritis. - Juvenile arthritis is a type of arthritis that happens in children. - Infectious arthritis is an infection that has spread from another part of the body to the joint. - Psoriatic arthritis affects people with psoriasis. - Gout is a painful type of arthritis that happens when too much uric acid builds up in the body. It often starts in the big toe. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Arthritis,0000057,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/arthritis.html,C0003864,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Artificial Limbs,0000058-1,information,"Summary : People can lose all or part of an arm or leg for a number of reasons. Common ones include - Circulation problems from atherosclerosis or diabetes. They may cause you to need an amputation. - Traumatic injuries, including from traffic accidents and military combat - Cancer - Birth defects If you are missing an arm or leg, an artificial limb can sometimes replace it. The device, which is called a prosthesis, can help you to perform daily activities such as walking, eating, or dressing. Some artificial limbs let you function nearly as well as before.",Artificial Limbs,0000058,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/artificiallimbs.html,,, +Do you have information about Asbestos,0000059-1,information,"Summary : Asbestos is the name of a group of minerals with long, thin fibers. It was once used widely as insulation. It also occurs in the environment. Asbestos fibers are so small you can't see them. If you disturb asbestos, the fibers can float in the air. This makes them easy to inhale, and some may become lodged in the lungs. If you breathe in high levels of asbestos over a long period of time, the fibers can build up in the lungs. This causes scarring and inflammation, and can affect breathing. Eventually it can lead to diseases such as - Asbestosis, or scarring of the lungs that makes it hard to breathe - Mesothelioma, a rare cancer that affects the lining of the lungs or abdomen - Lung cancer Lung diseases associated with asbestos usually develop over many years. People who become ill from asbestos are usually exposed on the job over long periods of time. Smoking cigarettes increases the risk. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry",Asbestos,0000059,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/asbestos.html,,, +Do you have information about Asian American Health,0000060-1,information,"Summary : Every racial or ethnic group has specific health concerns. Differences in the health of groups can result from - Genetics - Environmental factors - Access to care - Cultural factors On this page, you'll find links to health issues that affect Asian Americans.",Asian American Health,0000060,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/asianamericanhealth.html,,, +What is (are) Aspergillosis ?,0000061-1,information,"Aspergillosis is a disease caused by a fungus (or mold) called Aspergillus. The fungus is very common in both indoors and outdoors. Most people breathe in the spores of the fungus every day without being affected. But some people get the disease. It usually occurs in people with lung diseases or weakened immune systems. There are different kinds of aspergillosis. One kind is allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (also called ABPA). Symptoms of ABPA include wheezing and coughing. ABPA can affect healthy people but it is most common in people with asthma or cystic fibrosis. Another kind is invasive aspergillosis, which damages tissues in the body. It usually affects the lungs. Sometimes it can also cause infection in other organs and spread throughout the body. It affects people who have immune system problems, such as people who have had a transplant, are taking high doses of steroids, or getting chemotherapy for some cancers. Your doctor might do a variety of tests to make the diagnosis, including a chest x-ray, CT scan of the lungs, and an examination of tissues for signs of the fungus. Treatment is with antifungal drugs. If you have ABPA, you may also take steroids. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Aspergillosis,0000061,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/aspergillosis.html,C0004030,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Assisted Living,0000062-1,information,"Summary : Assisted living is for adults who need help with everyday tasks. They may need help with dressing, bathing, eating, or using the bathroom, but they don't need full-time nursing care. Some assisted living facilities are part of retirement communities. Others are near nursing homes, so a person can move easily if needs change. Assisted living costs less than nursing home care. It is still fairly expensive. Older people or their families usually pay for it. Health and long-term care insurance policies may cover some of the costs. Medicare does not cover the costs of assisted living. Administration on Aging",Assisted Living,0000062,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/assistedliving.html,,, +Do you have information about Assisted Reproductive Technology,0000063-1,information,"Summary : Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is used to treat infertility. It includes fertility treatments that handle both a woman's egg and a man's sperm. It works by removing eggs from a woman's body. The eggs are then mixed with sperm to make embryos. The embryos are then put back in the woman's body. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is the most common and effective type of ART. ART procedures sometimes use donor eggs, donor sperm, or previously frozen embryos. It may also involve a surrogate or gestational carrier. A surrogate is a woman who becomes pregnant with sperm from the male partner of the couple. A gestational carrier becomes pregnant with an egg from the female partner and the sperm from the male partner. The most common complication of ART is a multiple pregnancy. It can be prevented or minimized by limiting the number of embryos that are put into the woman's body.",Assisted Reproductive Technology,0000063,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/assistedreproductivetechnology.html,,, +Do you have information about Assistive Devices,0000064-1,information,"Summary : If you have a disability or injury, you may use a number of assistive devices. These are tools, products or types of equipment that help you perform tasks and activities. They may help you move around, see, communicate, eat, or get dressed. Some are high-tech tools, such as computers. Others are much simpler, like a ""reacher"" - a tool that helps you grab an object you can't reach.",Assistive Devices,0000064,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/assistivedevices.html,,, +What is (are) Asthma ?,0000065-1,information,"Asthma is a chronic disease that affects your airways. Your airways are tubes that carry air in and out of your lungs. If you have asthma, the inside walls of your airways become sore and swollen. That makes them very sensitive, and they may react strongly to things that you are allergic to or find irritating. When your airways react, they get narrower and your lungs get less air. Symptoms of asthma include - Wheezing - Coughing, especially early in the morning or at night - Chest tightness - Shortness of breath Not all people who have asthma have these symptoms. Having these symptoms doesn't always mean that you have asthma. Your doctor will diagnose asthma based on lung function tests, your medical history, and a physical exam. You may also have allergy tests. When your asthma symptoms become worse than usual, it's called an asthma attack. Severe asthma attacks may require emergency care, and they can be fatal. Asthma is treated with two kinds of medicines: quick-relief medicines to stop asthma symptoms and long-term control medicines to prevent symptoms. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Asthma,0000065,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/asthma.html,C0004096,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Asthma in Children ?,0000066-1,information,"Asthma is a chronic disease that affects your airways. Your airways are tubes that carry air in and out of your lungs. If you have asthma, the inside walls of your airways become sore and swollen. In the United States, about 20 million people have asthma. Nearly 9 million of them are children. Children have smaller airways than adults, which makes asthma especially serious for them. Children with asthma may experience wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and trouble breathing, especially early in the morning or at night. Many things can cause asthma, including - Allergens - mold, pollen, animals - Irritants - cigarette smoke, air pollution - Weather - cold air, changes in weather - Exercise - Infections - flu, common cold When asthma symptoms become worse than usual, it is called an asthma attack. Asthma is treated with two kinds of medicines: quick-relief medicines to stop asthma symptoms and long-term control medicines to prevent symptoms.",Asthma in Children,0000066,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/asthmainchildren.html,C0264408,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Ataxia Telangiectasia ?,0000067-1,information,"Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a rare, inherited disease. It affects the nervous system, immune system, and other body systems. Symptoms appear in young children, usually before age 5. They include - Ataxia - trouble coordinating movements - Poor balance - Slurred speech - Tiny, red spider veins, called telangiectasias, on the skin and eyes - Lung infections - Delayed physical and sexual development People with A-T have an increased risk of developing diabetes and cancers, especially lymphoma and leukemia. Although it affects the brain, people with A-T usually have normal or high intelligence. A-T has no cure. Treatments might improve some symptoms. They include injections to strengthen the immune system, physical and speech therapy, and high-dose vitamins. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Ataxia Telangiectasia,0000067,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ataxiatelangiectasia.html,C0004135,T019,Disorders +What is (are) Atherosclerosis ?,0000068-1,information,"Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries. Plaque is a sticky substance made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances found in the blood. Over time, plaque hardens and narrows your arteries. That limits the flow of oxygen-rich blood to your body. Atherosclerosis can lead to serious problems, including - Coronary artery disease. These arteries supply blood to your heart. When they are blocked, you can suffer angina or a heart attack. - Carotid artery disease. These arteries supply blood to your brain. When they are blocked you can suffer a stroke. - Peripheral arterial disease. These arteries are in your arms, legs and pelvis. When they are blocked, you can suffer from numbness, pain and sometimes infections. Atherosclerosis usually doesn't cause symptoms until it severely narrows or totally blocks an artery. Many people don't know they have it until they have a medical emergency. A physical exam, imaging, and other diagnostic tests can tell if you have it. Medicines can slow the progress of plaque buildup. Your doctor may also recommend procedures such as angioplasty to open the arteries, or surgery on the coronary or carotid arteries. Lifestyle changes can also help. These include following a healthy diet, getting regular exercise, maintaining a healthy weight, quitting smoking, and managing stress. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Atherosclerosis,0000068,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/atherosclerosis.html,C0003850,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Athlete's Foot ?,0000069-1,information,"Athlete's foot is a common infection caused by a fungus. It most often affects the space between the toes. Symptoms include itching, burning, and cracked, scaly skin between your toes. You can get athlete's foot from damp surfaces, such as showers, swimming pools, and locker room floors. To prevent it - Keep your feet clean, dry, and cool - Wear clean socks - Don't walk barefoot in public areas - Wear flip-flops in locker room showers - Keep your toenails clean and clipped short Treatments include over-the-counter antifungal creams for most cases and prescription medicines for more serious infections. These usually clear up the infection, but it can come back. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Athlete's Foot,0000069,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/athletesfoot.html,C0040259,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Atrial Fibrillation ?,0000070-1,information,"An arrhythmia is a problem with the speed or rhythm of the heartbeat. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of arrhythmia. The cause is a disorder in the heart's electrical system. Often, people who have AF may not even feel symptoms. But you may feel - Palpitations -- an abnormal rapid heartbeat - Shortness of breath - Weakness or difficulty exercising - Chest pain - Dizziness or fainting - Fatigue - Confusion AF can lead to an increased risk of stroke. In many patients, it can also cause chest pain, heart attack, or heart failure. Doctors diagnose AF using family and medical history, a physical exam, and a test called an electrocardiogram (EKG), which looks at the electrical waves your heart makes. Treatments include medicines and procedures to restore normal rhythm. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Atrial Fibrillation,0000070,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/atrialfibrillation.html,C1963067,T046,Disorders +What is (are) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ?,0000071-1,information,"Is it hard for your child to sit still? Does your child act without thinking first? Does your child start but not finish things? If so, your child may have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Nearly everyone shows some of these behaviors at times, but ADHD lasts more than 6 months and causes problems in school, at home and in social situations. ADHD is more common in boys than girls. It affects 3-5 percent of all American children. The main features of ADHD are - Inattention - Hyperactivity - Impulsivity No one knows exactly what causes ADHD. It sometimes runs in families, so genetics may be a factor. There may also be environmental factors. A complete evaluation by a trained professional is the only way to know for sure if your child has ADHD. Treatment may include medicine to control symptoms, therapy, or both. Structure at home and at school is important. Parent training may also help. NIH: National Institute of Mental Health",Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder,0000071,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/attentiondeficithyperactivitydisorder.html,C1263846,T048,Disorders +What is (are) Autism Spectrum Disorder ?,0000072-1,information,"Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurological and developmental disorder that begins early in childhood and lasts throughout a person's life. It affects how a person acts and interacts with others, communicates, and learns. It includes what used to be known as Asperger syndrome and pervasive developmental disorders. It is called a ""spectrum"" disorder because people with ASD can have a range of symptoms. People with ASD might have problems talking with you, or they might not look you in the eye when you talk to them. They may also have restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. They may spend a lot of time putting things in order, or they may say the same sentence again and again. They may often seem to be in their ""own world."" At well-child checkups, the health care provider should check your child's development. If there are signs of ASD, your child will have a comprehensive evaluation. It may include a team of specialists, doing various tests and evaluations to make a diagnosis. The causes of ASD are not known. Research suggests that both genes and environment play important roles. There is currently no one standard treatment for ASD. There are many ways to increase your child's ability to grow and learn new skills. Starting them early can lead to better results. Treatments include behavior and communication therapies, skills training, and medicines to control symptoms. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development",Autism Spectrum Disorder,0000072,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/autismspectrumdisorder.html,C1510586,T048,Disorders +What is (are) Autoimmune Diseases ?,0000073-1,information,"Your body's immune system protects you from disease and infection. But if you have an autoimmune disease, your immune system attacks healthy cells in your body by mistake. Autoimmune diseases can affect many parts of the body. No one is sure what causes autoimmune diseases. They do tend to run in families. Women - particularly African-American, Hispanic-American, and Native-American women - have a higher risk for some autoimmune diseases. There are more than 80 types of autoimmune diseases, and some have similar symptoms. This makes it hard for your health care provider to know if you really have one of these diseases, and if so, which one. Getting a diagnosis can be frustrating and stressful. Often, the first symptoms are fatigue, muscle aches and a low fever. The classic sign of an autoimmune disease is inflammation, which can cause redness, heat, pain and swelling. The diseases may also have flare-ups, when they get worse, and remissions, when symptoms get better or disappear. Treatment depends on the disease, but in most cases one important goal is to reduce inflammation. Sometimes doctors prescribe corticosteroids or other drugs that reduce your immune response.",Autoimmune Diseases,0000073,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/autoimmunediseases.html,C0004364,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Autonomic Nervous System Disorders ?,0000074-1,information,"Your autonomic nervous system is the part of your nervous system that controls involuntary actions, such as the beating of your heart and the widening or narrowing of your blood vessels. When something goes wrong in this system, it can cause serious problems, including - Blood pressure problems - Heart problems - Trouble with breathing and swallowing - Erectile dysfunction in men Autonomic nervous system disorders can occur alone or as the result of another disease, such as Parkinson's disease, alcoholism and diabetes. Problems can affect either part of the system, as in complex regional pain syndromes, or all of the system. Some types are temporary, but many worsen over time. When they affect your breathing or heart function, these disorders can be life-threatening. Some autonomic nervous system disorders get better when an underlying disease is treated. Often, however, there is no cure. In that case, the goal of treatment is to improve symptoms. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Autonomic Nervous System Disorders,0000074,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/autonomicnervoussystemdisorders.html,C1145628,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about B Vitamins,0000075-1,information,"Summary : The B vitamins are - B1 (thiamine) - B2 (riboflavin) - B3 (niacin) - B5 (pantothenic acid) - B6 - B7 (biotin) - B12 - Folic acid These vitamins help the process your body uses to get or make energy from the food you eat. They also help form red blood cells. You can get B vitamins from proteins such as fish, poultry, meat, eggs, and dairy products. Leafy green vegetables, beans, and peas also have B vitamins. Many cereals and some breads have added B vitamins. Not getting enough of certain B vitamins can cause diseases. A lack of B12 or B6 can cause anemia.",B Vitamins,0000075,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bvitamins.html,,, +Do you have information about Baby Health Checkup,0000076-1,information,"Summary : There are many new responsibilities when you have a baby. One of them is to make sure they get the checkups that they need. Well-baby exams are important in making sure that your baby is growing and developing properly. If there are problems, you can catch them early. This means that there is a better chance for treatment. During these checkups, your baby will get any needed immunizations and screenings. This is also a good chance to ask your health care provider any questions about how to care for your baby.",Baby Health Checkup,0000076,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/babyhealthcheckup.html,,, +What is (are) Back Injuries ?,0000077-1,information,"Your back is made of bones, muscles, and other tissues extending from your neck to your pelvis. Back injuries can result from sports injuries, work around the house or in the garden, or a sudden jolt such as a car accident. The lower back is the most common site of back injuries and back pain. Common back injuries include - Sprains and strains - Herniated disks - Fractured vertebrae These injuries can cause pain and limit your movement. Treatments vary but might include medicines, icing, bed rest, physical therapy, or surgery. You might be able to prevent some back injuries by maintaining a healthy weight, lifting objects with your legs, and using lower-back support when you sit.",Back Injuries,0000077,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/backinjuries.html,C0004601,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Back Pain ?,0000078-1,information,"If you've ever groaned, ""Oh, my aching back!"", you are not alone. Back pain is one of the most common medical problems, affecting 8 out of 10 people at some point during their lives. Back pain can range from a dull, constant ache to a sudden, sharp pain. Acute back pain comes on suddenly and usually lasts from a few days to a few weeks. Back pain is called chronic if it lasts for more than three months. Most back pain goes away on its own, though it may take awhile. Taking over-the-counter pain relievers and resting can help. However, staying in bed for more than 1 or 2 days can make it worse. If your back pain is severe or doesn't improve after three days, you should call your health care provider. You should also get medical attention if you have back pain following an injury. Treatment for back pain depends on what kind of pain you have, and what is causing it. It may include hot or cold packs, exercise, medicines, injections, complementary treatments, and sometimes surgery. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Back Pain,0000078,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/backpain.html,C1963071,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Bacterial Infections ?,0000079-1,information,"Bacteria are living things that have only one cell. Under a microscope, they look like balls, rods, or spirals. They are so small that a line of 1,000 could fit across a pencil eraser. Most bacteria won't hurt you - less than 1 percent of the different types make people sick. Many are helpful. Some bacteria help to digest food, destroy disease-causing cells, and give the body needed vitamins. Bacteria are also used in making healthy foods like yogurt and cheese. But infectious bacteria can make you ill. They reproduce quickly in your body. Many give off chemicals called toxins, which can damage tissue and make you sick. Examples of bacteria that cause infections include Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and E. coli. Antibiotics are the usual treatment. When you take antibiotics, follow the directions carefully. Each time you take antibiotics, you increase the chances that bacteria in your body will learn to resist them causing antibiotic resistance. Later, you could get or spread an infection that those antibiotics cannot cure. NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",Bacterial Infections,0000079,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bacterialinfections.html,C0004623,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Bad Breath ?,0000080-1,information,"There are many reasons why you might have bad breath. You can get it if you don't brush and floss regularly. Bacteria that build up in your mouth and between your teeth produce the bad odor. Other problems in your mouth, such as gum disease, dry mouth or cavities, may also cause it. Sinusitis or problems with your nose may be to blame. You can also have bad breath if you eat some foods, like raw onions, garlic or cabbage. And of course smoking causes its own bad aroma. Some diseases and medicines are associated with a specific breath odor. Having good dental habits, like brushing and flossing regularly, help fight bad breath. Mouthwashes, mints or chewing gum may make your breath fresher. If you have an underlying disorder, treating it may help eliminate the breath odor.",Bad Breath,0000080,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/badbreath.html,C0018520,T184,Disorders +What is (are) Balance Problems ?,0000081-1,information,"Have you ever felt dizzy, lightheaded, or as if the room is spinning around you? If the feeling happens often, it could be a sign of a balance problem. Balance problems can make you feel unsteady or as if you were moving, spinning, or floating. They are one cause of falls and fall-related injuries, such as hip fracture. Some balance problems are due to problems in the inner ear. Others may involve another part of the body, such as the brain or the heart. Aging, infections, head injury, certain medicines, or problems with blood circulation may result in a balance problem. If you are having balance problems, see your doctor. Balance disorders can be signs of other health problems, such as an ear infection or a stroke. In some cases, treating the illness that is causing the disorder will help with the balance problem. Exercises, a change in diet, and some medicines also can help. NIH: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders",Balance Problems,0000081,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/balanceproblems.html,C0575090,T184,Disorders +What is (are) Barotrauma ?,0000082-1,information,"Barotrauma means injury to your body because of changes in barometric (air) or water pressure. One common type happens to your ear. A change in altitude may cause your ears to hurt. This can happen if you are flying in an airplane, driving in the mountains, or scuba diving. Divers can also get decompression sickness, which affects the whole body. Common symptoms of ear barotrauma include - Pain - A feeling that your ears are stuffed - Hearing loss - Dizziness Treatments for ear barotrauma include chewing gum and yawning to relieve the pressure. Medications such as decongestants may also help.",Barotrauma,0000082,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/barotrauma.html,C0004760,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Bedbugs ?,0000083-1,information,"Bedbugs bite you and feed on your blood. You may have no reaction to the bites, or you may have small marks or itching. Severe allergic reactions are rare. Bedbugs don't transmit or spread diseases. Adult bedbugs are brown, 1/4 to 3/8 inch long, and have a flat, oval-shaped body. Young bedbugs (called nymphs) are smaller and lighter in color. Bedbugs hide in a variety of places around the bed. They might also hide in the seams of chairs and couches, between cushions, and in the folds of curtains. They come out to feed about every five to ten days. But they can survive over a year without feeding. To prevent bedbugs in your home: - Check secondhand furniture for any signs of bedbugs before bringing it home. - Use a protective cover that encases mattresses and box springs. Check it regularly for holes. - Reduce clutter in your home so they have fewer places to hide. - Unpack directly into your washing machine after a trip and check your luggage carefully. When staying in hotels, put your suitcases on luggage racks instead of the floor. Check the mattress and headboard for signs of bedbugs. To get rid of bedbugs: - Wash and dry bedding and clothing at high temperatures. - Use mattress, box spring, and pillow encasements to trap bedbugs and help detect infestations. - Use pesticides if needed. Environmental Protection Agency",Bedbugs,0000083,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bedbugs.html,C0277346,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Bedwetting ?,0000084-1,information,"Many children wet the bed until they are 5 or even older. A child's bladder might be too small. Or the amount of urine produced overnight can be more than the bladder can hold. Some children sleep too deeply or take longer to learn bladder control. Stress can also be a factor. Children should not be punished for wetting the bed. They don't do it on purpose, and most outgrow it. Call the doctor if your child is 7 years old or older and wets the bed more than two or three times in a week. The doctor will look for and treat any other heath problems that could cause the bedwetting. Bedwetting alarms, bladder training, and medicines might help with the bedwetting. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Bedwetting,0000084,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bedwetting.html,C0270327,T184,Disorders +What is (are) Behcet's Syndrome ?,0000085-1,information,"Behcet's syndrome is a disease that involves vasculitis, which is inflammation of the blood vessels. It causes problems in many parts of the body. The most common symptoms are - Sores in the mouth - Sores on the sex organs - Other skin sores - Swelling of parts of the eye - Pain, swelling and stiffness of the joints More serious problems can include meningitis, blood clots, inflammation of the digestive system and blindness. Doctors aren't sure what causes Behcet's. It is rare in the United States, but is common in the Middle East and Asia. It mainly affects people in their 20s and 30s. Diagnosing Behcet's can take a long time, because symptoms may come and go, and it may take months or even years to have all of the symptoms. There is no cure. Treatment focuses on reducing pain and preventing serious problems. Most people can control symptoms with treatment. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Behcet's Syndrome,0000085,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/behcetssyndrome.html,C0004943,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Bell's Palsy ?,0000086-1,information,"Bell's palsy is the most common cause of facial paralysis. It usually affects just one side of the face. Symptoms appear suddenly and are at their worst about 48 hours after they start. They can range from mild to severe and include - Twitching - Weakness - Paralysis - Drooping eyelid or corner of mouth - Drooling - Dry eye or mouth - Excessive tearing in the eye - Impaired ability to taste Scientists think that a viral infection makes the facial nerve swell or become inflamed. You are most likely to get Bell's palsy if you are pregnant, diabetic or sick with a cold or flu. Three out of four patients improve without treatment. With or without treatment, most people begin to get better within 2 weeks and recover completely within 3 to 6 months. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Bell's Palsy,0000086,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bellspalsy.html,C0376175,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Benign Tumors ?,0000087-1,information,"Tumors are abnormal growths in your body. They are made up of extra cells. Normally, cells grow and divide to form new cells as your body needs them. When cells grow old, they die, and new cells take their place. Sometimes, this process goes wrong. New cells form when your body does not need them, and old cells do not die when they should. When these extra cells form a mass, it is called a tumor. Tumors can be either benign or malignant. Benign tumors aren't cancer. Malignant ones are. Benign tumors grow only in one place. They cannot spread or invade other parts of your body. Even so, they can be dangerous if they press on vital organs, such as your brain. Treatment often involves surgery. Benign tumors usually don't grow back. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Benign Tumors,0000087,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/benigntumors.html,C0086692,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Bereavement ?,0000088-1,information,"Bereavement is the period of grief and mourning after a death. When you grieve, it's part of the normal process of reacting to a loss. You may experience grief as a mental, physical, social or emotional reaction. Mental reactions can include anger, guilt, anxiety, sadness and despair. Physical reactions can include sleeping problems, changes in appetite, physical problems or illness. How long bereavement lasts can depend on how close you were to the person who died, if the person's death was expected and other factors. Friends, family and faith may be sources of support. Grief counseling or grief therapy is also helpful to some people. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Bereavement,0000088,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bereavement.html,C1879338,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Bile Duct Cancer ?,0000089-1,information,"Your liver makes a digestive juice called bile. Your gallbladder stores it between meals. When you eat, your gallbladder pushes the bile into tubes called bile ducts. They carry the bile to your small intestine. The bile helps break down fat. It also helps the liver get rid of toxins and wastes. Bile duct cancer is rare. It can happen in the parts of the bile ducts that are outside or inside the liver. Cancer of the bile duct outside of the liver is much more common. Risk factors include having inflammation of the bile duct, ulcerative colitis, and some liver diseases. Symptoms can include - Jaundice - Itchy skin - Fever - Abdominal pain Tests to diagnose bile duct cancer may include a physical exam, imaging tests of the liver and bile ducts, blood tests, and a biopsy. Treatments include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Bile Duct Cancer,0000089,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bileductcancer.html,C0740277,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Bile Duct Diseases ?,0000090-1,information,"Your liver makes a digestive juice called bile. Your gallbladder stores it between meals. When you eat, your gallbladder pushes the bile into tubes called bile ducts. They carry the bile to your small intestine. The bile helps break down fat. It also helps the liver get rid of toxins and wastes. Different diseases can block the bile ducts and cause a problem with the flow of bile: - Gallstones, which can increase pressure in the gallbladder and cause a gallbladder attack. The pain usually lasts from one to several hours. - Cancer - Infections - Birth defects, such as biliary atresia. It is the most common reason for liver transplants in children in the United States. - Inflammation, which can cause scarring. Over time, this can lead to liver failure. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Bile Duct Diseases,0000090,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bileductdiseases.html,C0005395,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Biodefense and Bioterrorism,0000091-1,information,"Summary : A bioterrorism attack is the deliberate release of viruses, bacteria, or other germs to cause illness or death. These germs are often found in nature. But they can sometimes be made more harmful by increasing their ability to cause disease, spread, or resist medical treatment. Biological agents spread through the air, water, or in food. Some can also spread from person to person. They can be very hard to detect. They don't cause illness for several hours or days. Scientists worry that anthrax, botulism, Ebola and other hemorrhagic fever viruses, plague, or smallpox could be used as biological agents. Biodefense uses medical measures to protect people against bioterrorism. This includes medicines and vaccinations. It also includes medical research and preparations to defend against bioterrorist attacks. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Biodefense and Bioterrorism,0000091,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/biodefenseandbioterrorism.html,,, +Do you have information about Biopsy,0000092-1,information,"Summary : A biopsy is a procedure that removes cells or tissue from your body. A doctor called a pathologist looks at the cells or tissue under a microscope to check for damage or disease. The pathologist may also do other tests on it. Biopsies can be done on all parts of the body. In most cases, a biopsy is the only test that can tell for sure if a suspicious area is cancer. But biopsies are performed for many other reasons too. There are different types of biopsies. A needle biopsy removes tissue with a needle passed through your skin to the site of the problem. Other kinds of biopsies may require surgery.",Biopsy,0000092,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/biopsy.html,,, +What is (are) Bipolar Disorder ?,0000093-1,information,"Bipolar disorder is a serious mental illness. People who have it go through unusual mood changes. They go from very happy, ""up,"" and active to very sad and hopeless, ""down,"" and inactive, and then back again. They often have normal moods in between. The up feeling is called mania. The down feeling is depression. The causes of bipolar disorder aren't always clear. It runs in families. Abnormal brain structure and function may also play a role. Bipolar disorder often starts in a person's late teen or early adult years. But children and adults can have bipolar disorder too. The illness usually lasts a lifetime. If you think you may have it, tell your health care provider. A medical checkup can rule out other illnesses that might cause your mood changes. If not treated, bipolar disorder can lead to damaged relationships, poor job or school performance, and even suicide. However, there are effective treatments to control symptoms: medicine and talk therapy. A combination usually works best. NIH: National Institute of Mental Health",Bipolar Disorder,0000093,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bipolardisorder.html,C0005586,T048,Disorders +What is (are) Bird Flu ?,0000094-1,information,"Birds, just like people, get the flu. Bird flu viruses infect birds, including chickens, other poultry, and wild birds such as ducks. Most bird flu viruses can only infect other birds. However, bird flu can pose health risks to people. The first case of a bird flu virus infecting a person directly, H5N1, was in Hong Kong in 1997. Since then, the bird flu virus has spread to birds in countries in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Europe. Human infection is still very rare, but the virus that causes the infection in birds might change, or mutate, to more easily infect humans. This could lead to a pandemic, a worldwide outbreak of the illness. During an outbreak of bird flu, people who have contact with infected birds can become sick. It may also be possible to catch bird flu by eating poultry or eggs that are not well cooked or through contact with a person who has it. Bird flu can make people very sick or even cause death. Antiviral medicines may make the illness less severe, and may help prevent the flu in people who were exposed to it. There is currently no vaccine.",Bird Flu,0000094,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/birdflu.html,C0016627,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Birth Control ?,0000095-1,information,"Birth control, also known as contraception, is designed to prevent pregnancy. Birth control methods may work in a number of different ways: - Preventing sperm from getting to the eggs. Types include condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, and contraceptive sponges. - Keeping the woman's ovaries from releasing eggs that could be fertilized. Types include birth control pills, patches, shots, vaginal rings, and emergency contraceptive pills. - IUDs, devices which are implanted into the uterus. They can be kept in place for several years. - Sterilization, which permanently prevents a woman from getting pregnant or a man from being able to get a woman pregnant Your choice of birth control should depend on several factors. These include your health, frequency of sexual activity, number of sexual partners and desire to have children in the future. Your health care provider can help you select the best form of birth control for you. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development",Birth Control,0000095,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/birthcontrol.html,C2703065,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Birth Defects ?,0000096-1,information,"A birth defect is a problem that happens while a baby is developing in the mother's body. Most birth defects happen during the first 3 months of pregnancy. One out of every 33 babies in the United States is born with a birth defect. A birth defect may affect how the body looks, works or both. Some birth defects like cleft lip or neural tube defects are structural problems that can be easy to see. To find others, like heart defects, doctors use special tests. Birth defects can vary from mild to severe. Some result from exposures to medicines or chemicals. For example, alcohol abuse can cause fetal alcohol syndrome. Infections during pregnancy can also result in birth defects. For most birth defects, the cause is unknown. Some birth defects can be prevented. Taking folic acid can help prevent some birth defects. Talk to your doctor about any medicines you take. Some medicines can cause serious birth defects. Babies with birth defects may need surgery or other medical treatments. Today, doctors can diagnose many birth defects in the womb. This enables them to treat or even correct some problems before the baby is born. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Birth Defects,0000096,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/birthdefects.html,C0220810,T019,Disorders +Do you have information about Birth Weight,0000097-1,information,"Summary : Birth weight is the first weight of your baby, taken just after he or she is born. A low birth weight is less than 5.5 pounds. A high birth weight is more than 8.8 pounds. A low birth weight baby can be born too small, too early (premature), or both. This can happen for many different reasons. They include health problems in the mother, genetic factors, problems with the placenta and substance abuse by the mother. Some low birth weight babies may be more at risk for certain health problems. Some may become sick in the first days of life or develop infections. Others may suffer from longer-term problems such as delayed motor and social development or learning disabilities. High birth weight babies are often big because the parents are big, or the mother has diabetes during pregnancy. These babies may be at a higher risk of birth injuries and problems with blood sugar. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Birth Weight,0000097,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/birthweight.html,,, +What is (are) Birthmarks ?,0000098-1,information,"Birthmarks are abnormalities of the skin that are present when a baby is born. There are two types of birthmarks. Vascular birthmarks are made up of blood vessels that haven't formed correctly. They are usually red. Two types of vascular birthmarks are hemangiomas and port-wine stains. Pigmented birthmarks are made of a cluster of pigment cells which cause color in skin. They can be many different colors, from tan to brown, gray to black, or even blue. Moles can be birthmarks. No one knows what causes many types of birthmarks, but some run in families. Your baby's doctor will look at the birthmark to see if it needs any treatment or if it should be watched. Pigmented birthmarks aren't usually treated, except for moles. Treatment for vascular birthmarks includes laser surgery. Most birthmarks are not serious, and some go away on their own. Some stay the same or get worse as you get older. Usually birthmarks are only a concern for your appearance. But certain types can increase your risk of skin cancer. If your birthmark bleeds, hurts, itches, or becomes infected, call your health care provider.",Birthmarks,0000098,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/birthmarks.html,C0265974,T019,Disorders +What is (are) Bladder Cancer ?,0000099-1,information,"The bladder is a hollow organ in your lower abdomen that stores urine. Bladder cancer occurs in the lining of the bladder. It is the sixth most common type of cancer in the United States. Symptoms include - Blood in your urine - A frequent urge to urinate - Pain when you urinate - Low back pain Risk factors for developing bladder cancer include smoking and exposure to certain chemicals in the workplace. People with a family history of bladder cancer or who are older, white, or male have a higher risk. Treatments for bladder cancer include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and biologic therapy. Biologic therapy boosts your body's own ability to fight cancer. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Bladder Cancer,0000099,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bladdercancer.html,C0699885,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Bladder Diseases ?,0000100-1,information,"The bladder is a hollow organ in your lower abdomen that stores urine. Many conditions can affect your bladder. Some common ones are - Cystitis - inflammation of the bladder, often from an infection - Urinary incontinence - loss of bladder control - Overactive bladder - a condition in which the bladder squeezes urine out at the wrong time - Interstitial cystitis - a chronic problem that causes bladder pain and frequent, urgent urination - Bladder cancer Doctors diagnose bladder diseases using different tests. These include urine tests, x-rays, and an examination of the bladder wall with a scope called a cystoscope. Treatment depends on the cause of the problem. It may include medicines and, in severe cases, surgery. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Bladder Diseases,0000100,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bladderdiseases.html,C0005686,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Bleeding ?,0000101-1,information,"Bleeding is the loss of blood. It can happen inside or outside the body. Bleeding can be a reaction to a cut or other wound. It can also result from an injury to internal organs. There are many situations in which you might bleed. A bruise is bleeding under the skin. Some strokes are caused by bleeding in the brain. Other bleeding, such as gastrointestinal bleeding, coughing up blood, or vaginal bleeding, can be a symptom of a disease. Normally, when you bleed, your blood forms clots to stop the bleeding. Severe bleeding may require first aid or a trip to the emergency room. If you have a bleeding disorder, your blood does not form clots normally.",Bleeding,0000101,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bleeding.html,C0019080,T046,Disorders +What is (are) Bleeding Disorders ?,0000102-1,information,"Normally, if you get hurt, your body forms a blood clot to stop the bleeding. For blood to clot, your body needs cells called platelets and proteins known as clotting factors. If you have a bleeding disorder, you either do not have enough platelets or clotting factors or they don't work the way they should. Bleeding disorders can be the result of other diseases, such as severe liver disease. They can also be inherited. Hemophilia is an inherited bleeding disorder. Bleeding disorders can also be a side effect of medicines.",Bleeding Disorders,0000102,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bleedingdisorders.html,C1458140,T046,Disorders +Do you have information about Blood,0000103-1,information,"Summary : Your blood is living tissue made up of liquid and solids. The liquid part, called plasma, is made of water, salts, and protein. Over half of your blood is plasma. The solid part of your blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells (RBC) deliver oxygen from your lungs to your tissues and organs. White blood cells (WBC) fight infection and are part of your body's defense system. Platelets help blood to clot when you have a cut or wound. Bone marrow, the spongy material inside your bones, makes new blood cells. Blood cells constantly die and your body makes new ones. Red blood cells live about 120 days, and platelets live about 6 days. Some white blood cells live less than a day, but others live much longer. Blood tests show whether the levels of substances in your blood are within a normal range. They help doctors check for certain diseases and conditions. They also help check the function of your organs and show how well treatments are working.Some of the most common blood tests are blood count tests, which measure the number, size, and shape of cells and platelets in the blood. Problems with your blood may include bleeding disorders, excessive clotting and platelet disorders. If you lose too much blood, you may need a transfusion.",Blood,0000103,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/blood.html,,, +Do you have information about Blood Clots,0000104-1,information,"Summary : Normally, if you get hurt, your body forms a blood clot to stop the bleeding. Some people get too many clots or their blood clots abnormally. Many conditions can cause the blood to clot too much or prevent blood clots from dissolving properly. Risk factors for excessive blood clotting include - Certain genetic disorders - Atherosclerosis - Diabetes - Atrial fibrillation - Overweight, obesity, and metabolic syndrome - Some medicines - Smoking Blood clots can form in, or travel to, the blood vessels in the brain, heart, kidneys, lungs, and limbs. A clot in the veins deep in the limbs is called deep vein thrombosis (DVT). DVT usually affects the deep veins of the legs. If a blood clot in a deep vein breaks off and travels through the bloodstream to the lungs and blocks blood flow, the condition is called pulmonary embolism. Other complications of blood clots include stroke, heart attack, kidney problems and kidney failure, and pregnancy-related problems. Treatments for blood clots include blood thinners and other medicines.",Blood Clots,0000104,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bloodclots.html,,, +Do you have information about Blood Count Tests,0000105-1,information,"Summary : Your blood contains red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), and platelets. Blood count tests measure the number and types of cells in your blood. This helps doctors check on your overall health. The tests can also help to diagnose diseases and conditions such as anemia, infections, clotting problems, blood cancers, and immune system disorders. Specific types include tests for - RBC - the numbers, size, and types of RBC in the blood - WBC - the numbers and types of WBC in the blood - Platelets - the numbers and size of the platelets - Hemoglobin - an iron-rich protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen - Hematocrit - how much space red blood cells take up in your blood - Reticulocyte count - how many young red blood cells are in your blood - Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) - the average size of your red blood cells The complete blood count (CBC) includes most or all of these. The CBC is one of the most common blood tests. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Blood Count Tests,0000105,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bloodcounttests.html,,, +What is (are) Blood Disorders ?,0000106-1,information,"Your blood is living tissue made up of liquid and solids. The liquid part, called plasma, is made of water, salts and protein. Over half of your blood is plasma. The solid part of your blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Blood disorders affect one or more parts of the blood and prevent your blood from doing its job. They can be acute or chronic. Many blood disorders are inherited. Other causes include other diseases, side effects of medicines, and a lack of certain nutrients in your diet. Types of blood disorders include - Platelet disorders, excessive clotting, and bleeding problems, which affect how your blood clots - Anemia, which happens when your blood does not carry enough oxygen to the rest of your body - Cancers of the blood, such as leukemia and myeloma - Eosinophilic disorders, which are problems with one type of white blood cell.",Blood Disorders,0000106,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/blooddisorders.html,C0018939,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Blood Pressure Medicines ?,0000107-1,information,"High blood pressure, also called hypertension, usually has no symptoms. But it can cause serious problems such as stroke, heart failure, heart attack and kidney failure. If you cannot control your high blood pressure through lifestyle changes such as losing weight and reducing sodium in your diet, you may need medicines. Blood pressure medicines work in different ways to lower blood pressure. Some remove extra fluid and salt from the body. Others slow down the heartbeat or relax and widen blood vessels. Often, two or more medicines work better than one. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Blood Pressure Medicines,0000107,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bloodpressuremedicines.html,C0460139,T033,Disorders +Do you have information about Blood Sugar,0000108-1,information,"Summary : Blood sugar, or glucose, is the main sugar found in your blood. It comes from the food you eat, and is your body's main source of energy. Your blood carries glucose to all of your body's cells to use for energy. Diabetes is a disease in which your blood sugar levels are too high. Over time, having too much glucose in your blood can cause serious problems. Even if you don't have diabetes, sometimes you may have problems with blood sugar that is too low or too high. Keeping a regular schedule of eating, activity, and taking any medicines you need can help. If you do have diabetes, it is very important to keep your blood sugar numbers in your target range. You may need to check your blood sugar several times each day. Your health care provider will also do a blood test called an A1C. It checks your average blood sugar level over the past three months. If your blood sugar is too high, you may need to take medicines and/or follow a special diet. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Blood Sugar,0000108,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bloodsugar.html,,, +Do you have information about Blood Thinners,0000109-1,information,"Summary : If you have some kinds of heart or blood vessel disease, or if you have poor blood flow to your brain, your doctor may recommend that you take a blood thinner. Blood thinners reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke by reducing the formation of blood clots in your arteries and veins. You may also take a blood thinner if you have - An abnormal heart rhythm called atrial fibrillation - Heart valve surgery - Congenital heart defects There are two main types of blood thinners. Anticoagulants, such as heparin or warfarin (also called Coumadin), work on chemical reactions in your body to lengthen the time it takes to form a blood clot. Antiplatelet drugs, such as aspirin, prevent blood cells called platelets from clumping together to form a clot. When you take a blood thinner, follow directions carefully. Make sure that your healthcare provider knows all of the medicines and supplements you are using.",Blood Thinners,0000109,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bloodthinners.html,,, +Do you have information about Blood Transfusion and Donation,0000110-1,information,"Summary : Every year, millions of people in the United States receive life-saving blood transfusions. During a transfusion, you receive whole blood or parts of blood such as - Red blood cells - cells that carry oxygen to and from tissues and organs - Platelets - cells that form clots to control bleeding - Plasma - the liquid part of the blood that helps clotting. You may need it if you have been badly burned, have liver failure or a severe infection. Most blood transfusions go very smoothly. Some infectious agents, such as HIV, can survive in blood and infect the person receiving the blood transfusion. To keep blood safe, blood banks carefully screen donated blood. The risk of catching a virus from a blood transfusion is low. Sometimes it is possible to have a transfusion of your own blood. During surgery, you may need a blood transfusion because of blood loss. If you are having a surgery that you're able to schedule months in advance, your doctor may ask whether you would like to use your own blood, instead of donated blood. If so, you will need to have blood drawn one or more times before the surgery. A blood bank will store your blood for your use. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Blood Transfusion and Donation,0000110,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bloodtransfusionanddonation.html,,, +Do you have information about Body Weight,0000111-1,information,"Summary : Do you know if your current weight is healthy? ""Underweight"", ""normal"", ""overweight"", and ""obese"" are all labels for ranges of weight. Obese and overweight mean that your weight is greater than it should be for your health. Underweight means that it is lower than it should be for your health. Your healthy body weight depends on your sex and height. For children, it also depends on your age. A sudden, unexpected change in weight can be a sign of a medical problem. Causes for sudden weight loss can include - Thyroid problems - Cancer - Infectious diseases - Digestive diseases - Certain medicines Sudden weight gain can be due to medicines, thyroid problems, heart failure, and kidney disease. Good nutrition and exercise can help in losing weight. Eating extra calories within a well-balanced diet and treating any underlying medical problems can help to add weight.",Body Weight,0000111,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bodyweight.html,,, +What is (are) Bone Cancer ?,0000112-1,information,"Cancer that starts in a bone is uncommon. Cancer that has spread to the bone from another part of the body is more common. There are three types of bone cancer: - Osteosarcoma - occurs most often between ages 10 and 19. It is more common in the knee and upper arm. - Chondrosarcoma - starts in cartilage, usually after age 40 - Ewing's sarcoma - occurs most often in children and teens under 19. It is more common in boys than girls. The most common symptom of bone cancer is pain. Other symptoms vary, depending on the location and size of the cancer. Surgery is often the main treatment for bone cancer. Other treatments may include amputation, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Because bone cancer can come back after treatment, regular follow-up visits are important. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Bone Cancer,0000112,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bonecancer.html,C0585442,T191,Disorders +Do you have information about Bone Density,0000113-1,information,"Summary : Strong bones are important for your health. A bone mineral density (BMD) test is the best way to measure your bone health. It compares your bone density, or mass, to that of a healthy person who is the same age and sex as you are. It can show - Whether you have osteoporosis, a disease that makes your bones weak - Your risk for breaking bones - Whether your osteoporosis treatment is working Low bone mass that is not low enough to be osteoporosis is sometimes called osteopenia. Causes of low bone mass include family history, not developing good bone mass when you are young, and certain conditions or medicines. Not everyone who has low bone mass gets osteoporosis, but they are at higher risk for getting it. If you have low bone mass, there are things you can do to help slow down bone loss. These include eating foods rich in calcium and vitamin D and doing weight-bearing exercise such as walking, tennis, or dancing. In some cases, your doctor may prescribe medicines to prevent osteoporosis. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Bone Density,0000113,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bonedensity.html,,, +What is (are) Bone Diseases ?,0000114-1,information,"Your bones help you move, give you shape and support your body. They are living tissues that rebuild constantly throughout your life. During childhood and your teens, your body adds new bone faster than it removes old bone. After about age 20, you can lose bone faster than you make bone. To have strong bones when you are young, and to prevent bone loss when you are older, you need to get enough calcium, vitamin D, and exercise. You should also avoid smoking and drinking too much alcohol. Bone diseases can make bones easy to break. Different kinds of bone problems include - Low bone density and osteoporosis, which make your bones weak and more likely to break - Osteogenesis imperfecta makes your bones brittle - Paget's disease of bone makes them weak - Bones can also develop cancer and infections - Other bone diseases, which are caused by poor nutrition, genetics, or problems with the rate of bone growth or rebuilding NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Bone Diseases,0000114,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bonediseases.html,C0005940,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Bone Grafts,0000115-1,information,"Summary : A bone graft transplants bone tissue. Surgeons use bone grafts to repair and rebuild diseased bones in your hips, knees, spine, and sometimes other bones and joints. Grafts can also repair bone loss caused by some types of fractures or cancers. Once your body accepts the bone graft, it provides a framework for growth of new, living bone. If the transplanted bone comes from another person, it is called an allograft. Most allograft bone comes from donors who have died. Tissue banks screen these donors and disinfect and test the donated bone to make sure it is safe to use. If the transplanted bone comes from another part of your own body, it is called an autograft. Autograft bone often comes from your ribs, hips or a leg.",Bone Grafts,0000115,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bonegrafts.html,,, +What is (are) Bone Infections ?,0000116-1,information,"Like other parts of the body, bones can get infected. The infections are usually bacterial, but can also be fungal. They may spread to the bone from nearby skin or muscles, or from another part of the body through the bloodstream. People who are at risk for bone infections include those with diabetes, poor circulation, or recent injury to the bone. You may also be at risk if you are having hemodialysis. Symptoms of bone infections include - Pain in the infected area - Chills and fever - Swelling, warmth, and redness A blood test or imaging test such as an x-ray can tell if you have a bone infection. Treatment includes antibiotics and often surgery.",Bone Infections,0000116,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/boneinfections.html,C2242472,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Bone Marrow Diseases ?,0000117-1,information,"Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside some of your bones, such as your hip and thigh bones. It contains stem cells. The stem cells can develop into the red blood cells that carry oxygen through your body, the white blood cells that fight infections, and the platelets that help with blood clotting. With bone marrow disease, there are problems with the stem cells or how they develop: - In leukemia, a cancer of the blood, the bone marrow makes abnormal white blood cells - In aplastic anemia, the bone marrow doesn't make red blood cells - In myeloproliferative disorders, the bone marrow makes too many white blood cells - Other diseases, such as lymphoma, can spread into the bone marrow and affect the production of blood cells Causes of bone marrow diseases include genetics and environmental factors. Tests for bone marrow diseases include blood and bone marrow tests. Treatments depend on the disorder and how severe it is. They might involve medicines, blood transfusions or a bone marrow transplant.",Bone Marrow Diseases,0000117,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bonemarrowdiseases.html,C0005956,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Bone Marrow Transplantation,0000118-1,information,"Summary : Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside some of your bones, such as your hip and thigh bones. It contains immature cells, called stem cells. The stem cells can develop into red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body, white blood cells, which fight infections, and platelets, which help the blood to clot. A bone marrow transplant is a procedure that replaces a person's faulty bone marrow stem cells. Doctors use these transplants to treat people with certain diseases, such as - Leukemia - Severe blood diseases such as thalassemias, aplastic anemia, and sickle cell anemia - Multiple myeloma - Certain immune deficiency diseases Before you have a transplant, you need to get high doses of chemotherapy and possibly radiation. This destroys the faulty stem cells in your bone marrow. It also suppresses your body's immune system so that it won't attack the new stem cells after the transplant. In some cases, you can donate your own bone marrow stem cells in advance. The cells are saved and then used later on. Or you can get cells from a donor. The donor might be a family member or unrelated person. Bone marrow transplantation has serious risks. Some complications can be life-threatening. But for some people, it is the best hope for a cure or a longer life. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Bone Marrow Transplantation,0000118,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bonemarrowtransplantation.html,,, +Do you have information about Botox,0000119-1,information,"Summary : Botox is a drug made from a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. It's the same toxin that causes a life-threatening type of food poisoning called botulism. Doctors use it in small doses to treat health problems, including - Temporary smoothing of facial wrinkles and improving your appearance - Severe underarm sweating - Cervical dystonia - a neurological disorder that causes severe neck and shoulder muscle contractions - Blepharospasm - uncontrollable blinking - Strabismus - misaligned eyes - Chronic migraine - Overactive bladder Botox injections work by weakening or paralyzing certain muscles or by blocking certain nerves. The effects last about three to twelve months, depending on what you are treating. The most common side effects are pain, swelling, or bruising at the injection site. You could also have flu-like symptoms, headache, and upset stomach. Injections in the face may also cause temporary drooping eyelids. You should not use Botox if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.",Botox,0000119,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/botox.html,,, +What is (are) Botulism ?,0000120-1,information,"Botulism is a rare but serious illness. The cause is a toxin (poison) made by a bacterium called Clostridium botulinum. It occurs naturally in soil. There are several kinds of botulism. Foodborne botulism comes from eating foods contaminated with the toxin. Wound botulism happens when a wound infected with the bacteria makes the toxin. It is more common in heroin users. Infant botulism happens when a baby consumes the spores of the bacteria from soil or honey. All forms can be deadly and are medical emergencies. Symptoms include double or blurred vision, drooping eyelids, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, and muscle weakness. Treatment may include antitoxins, intensive medical care, or surgery of infected wounds. To prevent botulism: - Be very careful when canning foods at home - Do not let babies eat honey - Get prompt medical care for infected wounds Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Botulism,0000120,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/botulism.html,C0006057,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Bowel Incontinence ?,0000121-1,information,"Bowel incontinence is the inability to control your bowels. When you feel the urge to have a bowel movement, you may not be able to hold it until you get to a toilet. Millions of Americans have this problem. It affects people of all ages - children and adults. It is more common in women and older adults. It is not a normal part of aging. Causes include - Constipation - Damage to muscles or nerves of the anus and rectum - Diarrhea - Pelvic support problems Treatments include changes in diet, medicines, bowel training, or surgery. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Bowel Incontinence,0000121,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bowelincontinence.html,C0015732,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Bowel Movement,0000122-1,information,"Summary : A bowel movement is the last stop in the movement of food through your digestive tract. Your stool passes out of your body through the rectum and anus. Another name for stool is feces. It is made of what is left after your digestive system (stomach, small intestine, and colon) absorbs nutrients and fluids from what you eat and drink. Sometimes a bowel movement isn't normal. Diarrhea happens when stool passes through the large intestine too quickly. Constipation occurs when stool passes through the large intestine too slowly. Bowel incontinence is a problem controlling your bowel movements. Other abnormalities with bowel movements may be a sign of a digestive problem. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Bowel Movement,0000122,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bowelmovement.html,,, +What is (are) Brachial Plexus Injuries ?,0000123-1,information,"The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that conducts signals from the spine to the shoulder, arm, and hand. Brachial plexus injuries are caused by damage to those nerves. Symptoms may include - A limp or paralyzed arm - Lack of muscle control in the arm, hand, or wrist - Lack of feeling or sensation in the arm or hand Brachial plexus injuries can occur as a result of shoulder trauma, tumors, or inflammation. Sometimes they happen during childbirth when a baby's shoulders become stuck during delivery and the nerves stretch or tear. Some brachial plexus injuries may heal without treatment. Many children who are injured during birth improve or recover by 3 to 4 months of age. Treatment includes physical therapy and, in some cases, surgery. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Brachial Plexus Injuries,0000123,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/brachialplexusinjuries.html,C0161446,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Brain Aneurysm ?,0000124-1,information,"A brain aneurysm is an abnormal bulge or ""ballooning"" in the wall of an artery in the brain. They are sometimes called berry aneurysms because they are often the size of a small berry. Most brain aneurysms produce no symptoms until they become large, begin to leak blood, or burst. If a brain aneurysm presses on nerves in your brain, it can cause signs and symptoms. These can include - A droopy eyelid - Double vision or other changes in vision - Pain above or behind the eye - A dilated pupil - Numbness or weakness on one side of the face or body Treatment depends on the size and location of the aneurysm, whether it is infected, and whether it has burst. If a brain aneurysm bursts, symptoms can include a sudden, severe headache, nausea and vomiting, stiff neck, loss of consciousness, and signs of a stroke. Any of these symptoms requires immediate medical attention. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Brain Aneurysm,0000124,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/brainaneurysm.html,C0751003,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Brain Diseases ?,0000125-1,information,"The brain is the control center of the body. It controls thoughts, memory, speech, and movement. It regulates the function of many organs. When the brain is healthy, it works quickly and automatically. However, when problems occur, the results can be devastating. Inflammation in the brain can lead to problems such as vision loss, weakness and paralysis. Loss of brain cells, which happens if you suffer a stroke, can affect your ability to think clearly. Brain tumors can also press on nerves and affect brain function. Some brain diseases are genetic. And we do not know what causes some brain diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. The symptoms of brain diseases vary widely depending on the specific problem. In some cases, damage is permanent. In other cases, treatments such as surgery, medicines, or physical therapy can correct the source of the problem or improve symptoms.",Brain Diseases,0000125,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/braindiseases.html,C0006111,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Brain Malformations ?,0000126-1,information,"Most brain malformations begin long before a baby is born. Something damages the developing nervous system or causes it to develop abnormally. Sometimes it's a genetic problem. In other cases, exposure to certain medicines, infections, or radiation during pregnancy interferes with brain development. Parts of the brain may be missing, abnormally small or large, or not fully developed. Treatment depends upon the problem. In many cases, treatment only helps with symptoms. It may include antiseizure medicines, shunts to drain fluid from the brain, and physical therapy. There are head malformations that do not involve the brain. Craniofacial disorders are the result of abnormal growth of soft tissue and bones in the face and head. It's common for new babies to have slightly uneven heads, but parents should watch the shape of their baby's head for possible problems. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Brain Malformations,0000126,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/brainmalformations.html,C0266449,T019,Disorders +What is (are) Brain Tumors ?,0000127-1,information,"A brain tumor is a growth of abnormal cells in the tissues of the brain. Brain tumors can be benign, with no cancer cells, or malignant, with cancer cells that grow quickly. Some are primary brain tumors, which start in the brain. Others are metastatic, and they start somewhere else in the body and move to the brain. Brain tumors can cause many symptoms. Some of the most common are - Headaches, often in the morning - Nausea and vomiting - Changes in your ability to talk, hear, or see - Problems with balance or walking - Problems with thinking or memory - Feeling weak or sleepy - Changes in your mood or behavior - Seizures Doctors diagnose brain tumors by doing a neurologic exam and tests including an MRI, CT scan, and biopsy. Treatment options include watchful waiting, surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. Targeted therapy uses substances that attack cancer cells without harming normal cells. Many people get a combination of treatments. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Brain Tumors,0000127,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/braintumors.html,C0006118,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Breast Cancer ?,0000128-1,information,"Breast cancer affects one in eight women during their lives. Breast cancer kills more women in the United States than any cancer except lung cancer. No one knows why some women get breast cancer, but there are a number of risk factors. Risks that you cannot change include - Age - the chance of getting breast cancer rises as a woman gets older - Genes - there are two genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, that greatly increase the risk. Women who have family members with breast or ovarian cancer may wish to be tested. - Personal factors - beginning periods before age 12 or going through menopause after age 55 Other risks include being overweight, using hormone replacement therapy (also called menopausal hormone therapy), taking birth control pills, drinking alcohol, not having children or having your first child after age 35 or having dense breasts. Symptoms of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast, a change in size or shape of the breast or discharge from a nipple. Breast self-exam and mammography can help find breast cancer early when it is most treatable. Treatment may consist of radiation, lumpectomy, mastectomy, chemotherapy and hormone therapy. Men can have breast cancer, too, but the number of cases is small. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Breast Cancer,0000128,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/breastcancer.html,C0006142,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Breast Diseases ?,0000129-1,information,"Most women experience breast changes at some time. Your age, hormone levels, and medicines you take may cause lumps, bumps, and discharges (fluids that are not breast milk). If you have a breast lump, pain, discharge or skin irritation, see your health care provider. Minor and serious breast problems have similar symptoms. Although many women fear cancer, most breast problems are not cancer. Some common breast changes are - Fibrocystic breast changes - lumpiness, thickening and swelling, often just before a woman's period - Cysts - fluid-filled lumps - Fibroadenomas - solid, round, rubbery lumps that move easily when pushed, occurring most in younger women - Intraductal papillomas - growths similar to warts near the nipple - Blocked milk ducts - Milk production when a woman is not breastfeeding NIH: National Cancer Institute",Breast Diseases,0000129,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/breastdiseases.html,C0006145,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Breast Reconstruction,0000130-1,information,"Summary : If you need a mastectomy, you have a choice about whether or not to have surgery to rebuild the shape of the breast. Instead of breast reconstruction, you could choose to wear a breast form that replaces the breast, wear padding inside your bra, or do nothing. All of these options have pros and cons. What is right for one woman may not be right for another. Breast reconstruction may be done at the same time as the mastectomy, or it may be done later on. If radiation therapy is part of the treatment plan, your doctor may suggest waiting until after radiation therapy. If you're thinking about breast reconstruction, talk to a plastic surgeon before the mastectomy, even if you plan to have your reconstruction later on. A surgeon can reconstruct the breast in many ways. Some women choose to have breast implants, which are filled with saline or silicone gel. Another method uses tissue taken from another part of your body. The plastic surgeon can take skin, muscle, and fat from your lower abdomen, back, or buttocks. The type of reconstruction that is best for you depends on your age, body type, and the type of cancer surgery that you had. A plastic surgeon can help you decide. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Breast Reconstruction,0000130,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/breastreconstruction.html,,, +Do you have information about Breastfeeding,0000131-1,information,"Summary : Breastfeeding offers many benefits to your baby. Breast milk contains the right balance of nutrients to help your infant grow into a strong and healthy toddler. Some of the nutrients in breast milk also help protect your infant against some common childhood illnesses and infections. It may also help your health. Certain types of cancer may occur less often in mothers who have breastfed their babies. Women who don't have health problems should try to give their babies breast milk for at least the first six months of life. Most women with health problems can breastfeed. There are rare exceptions when women are advised not to breastfeed because they have certain illnesses. Some medicines, illegal drugs, and alcohol can also pass through the breast milk and cause harm to your baby. Check with your health care provider if you have concerns about whether you should breastfeed. If you are having problems with breastfeeding, contact a lactation consultant. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development",Breastfeeding,0000131,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/breastfeeding.html,,, +What is (are) Breathing Problems ?,0000132-1,information,"When you're short of breath, it's hard or uncomfortable for you to take in the oxygen your body needs. You may feel as if you're not getting enough air. Sometimes mild breathing problems are from a stuffy nose or hard exercise. But shortness of breath can also be a sign of a serious disease. Many conditions can make you feel short of breath. Lung conditions such as asthma, emphysema or pneumonia cause breathing difficulties. So can problems with your trachea or bronchi, which are part of your airway system. Heart disease can make you feel breathless if your heart cannot pump enough blood to supply oxygen to your body. Stress caused by anxiety can also make it hard for you to breathe. If you often have trouble breathing, it is important to find out the cause.",Breathing Problems,0000132,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/breathingproblems.html,C1260922,T184,Disorders +What is (are) Bronchial Disorders ?,0000133-1,information,"The bronchi are two tubes that branch off the trachea, or windpipe. The bronchi carry air to your lungs. The most common problem with the bronchi is bronchitis, an inflammation of the tubes. Bronchitis can be acute or chronic. Other problems include - Bronchiectasis, a condition in which damage to the airways causes them to widen and become flabby and scarred - Exercise-induced bronchospasm, which happens when the airways shrink while you are exercising - Bronchiolitis, an inflammation of the small airways that branch off from the bronchi - Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, a condition affecting infants Treatment of bronchial disorders depends on the cause.",Bronchial Disorders,0000133,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bronchialdisorders.html,C0006261,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Bruises ?,0000134-1,information,"A bruise is a mark on your skin caused by blood trapped under the surface. It happens when an injury crushes small blood vessels but does not break the skin. Those vessels break open and leak blood under the skin. Bruises are often painful and swollen. You can get skin, muscle and bone bruises. Bone bruises are the most serious. It can take months for a bruise to fade, but most last about two weeks. They start off a reddish color, and then turn bluish-purple and greenish-yellow before returning to normal. To reduce bruising, ice the injured area and elevate it above your heart. See your healthcare provider if you seem to bruise for no reason, or if the bruise appears to be infected.",Bruises,0000134,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bruises.html,C0009938,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Bullying ?,0000135-1,information,"Bullying is when a person or group repeatedly tries to harm someone who is weaker or who they think is weaker. Sometimes it involves direct attacks such as hitting, name calling, teasing or taunting. Sometimes it is indirect, such as spreading rumors or trying to make others reject someone. Often people dismiss bullying among kids as a normal part of growing up. But bullying is harmful. It can lead children and teenagers to feel tense and afraid. It may lead them to avoid school. In severe cases, teens who are bullied may feel they need to take drastic measures or react violently. Others even consider suicide. For some, the effects of bullying last a lifetime. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Bullying,0000135,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bullying.html,C0424318,T048,Disorders +What is (are) Burns ?,0000136-1,information,"A burn is damage to your body's tissues caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, sunlight or radiation. Scalds from hot liquids and steam, building fires and flammable liquids and gases are the most common causes of burns. Another kind is an inhalation injury, caused by breathing smoke. There are three types of burns: - First-degree burns damage only the outer layer of skin - Second-degree burns damage the outer layer and the layer underneath - Third-degree burns damage or destroy the deepest layer of skin and tissues underneath Burns can cause swelling, blistering, scarring and, in serious cases, shock and even death. They also can lead to infections because they damage your skin's protective barrier. Treatment for burns depends on the cause of the burn, how deep it is, and how much of the body it covers. Antibiotic creams can prevent or treat infections. For more serious burns, treatment may be needed to clean the wound, replace the skin, and make sure the patient has enough fluids and nutrition. NIH: National Institute of General Medical Sciences",Burns,0000136,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/burns.html,C0006434,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Bursitis ?,0000137-1,information,"A bursa is a small, fluid-filled sac that acts as a cushion between a bone and other moving parts, such as muscles, tendons, or skin. Bursitis occurs when a bursa becomes inflamed. People get bursitis by overusing a joint. It can also be caused by an injury. It usually occurs at the knee or elbow. Kneeling or leaning your elbows on a hard surface for a long time can make bursitis start. Doing the same kinds of movements every day or putting stress on joints increases your risk. Symptoms of bursitis include pain and swelling. Your doctor will diagnose bursitis with a physical exam and tests such as x-rays and MRIs. He or she may also take fluid from the swollen area to be sure the problem isn't an infection. Treatment of bursitis includes rest, pain medicines, or ice. If there is no improvement, your doctor may inject a drug into the area around the swollen bursa. If the joint still does not improve after 6 to 12 months, you may need surgery to repair damage and relieve pressure on the bursa. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Bursitis,0000137,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bursitis.html,C0006444,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Caffeine,0000138-1,information,"Summary : Caffeine is a bitter substance found in coffee, tea, soft drinks, chocolate, kola nuts, and certain medicines. It has many effects on the body's metabolism, including stimulating the central nervous system. This can make you more alert and give you a boost of energy. For most people, the amount of caffeine in two to four cups of coffee a day is not harmful. However, too much caffeine can cause problems. It can - Make you jittery and shaky - Make it hard to fall asleep or stay asleep - Cause headaches or dizziness - Make your heart beat faster or cause abnormal heart rhythms - Cause dehydration - Make you dependent on it so you need to take more of it. If you stop using caffeine, you could get withdrawal symptoms. Some people are more sensitive to the effects of caffeine than others. They should limit their use of caffeine. So should pregnant and nursing women. Certain drugs and supplements may interact with caffeine. If you have questions about whether caffeine is safe for you, talk with your health care provider. Food and Drug Administration",Caffeine,0000138,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/caffeine.html,,, +Do you have information about Calcium,0000139-1,information,"Summary : You have more calcium in your body than any other mineral. Calcium has many important jobs. The body stores more than 99 percent of its calcium in the bones and teeth to help make and keep them strong. The rest is throughout the body in blood, muscle and the fluid between cells. Your body needs calcium to help muscles and blood vessels contract and expand, to secrete hormones and enzymes and to send messages through the nervous system. It is important to get plenty of calcium in the foods you eat. Foods rich in calcium include - Dairy products such as milk, cheese, and yogurt - Leafy, green vegetables - Fish with soft bones that you eat, such as canned sardines and salmon - Calcium-enriched foods such as breakfast cereals, fruit juices, soy and rice drinks, and tofu. Check the product labels. The exact amount of calcium you need depends on your age and other factors. Growing children and teenagers need more calcium than young adults. Older women need plenty of calcium to prevent osteoporosis. People who do not eat enough high-calcium foods should take a calcium supplement. NIH: National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements",Calcium,0000139,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/calcium.html,,, +What is (are) Campylobacter Infections ?,0000140-1,information,"Campylobacter infection is a common foodborne illness. You get it from eating raw or undercooked poultry. You can also get it from coming in contact with contaminated packages of poultry. Symptoms include - Diarrhea - Cramping - Abdominal pain - Fever - Nausea and vomiting Some infected people don't have any symptoms. The illness usually lasts one week. Most people get better without treatment. You should drink extra fluids for as long as the diarrhea lasts. Your doctor will decide whether you need to take antibiotics. To prevent campylobacter infection, cook poultry thoroughly. Use a separate cutting board and utensils for meats and clean them carefully with soap and hot water after use. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Campylobacter Infections,0000140,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/campylobacterinfections.html,C0006818,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Cancer ?,0000141-1,information,"Cancer begins in your cells, which are the building blocks of your body. Normally, your body forms new cells as you need them, replacing old cells that die. Sometimes this process goes wrong. New cells grow even when you don't need them, and old cells don't die when they should. These extra cells can form a mass called a tumor. Tumors can be benign or malignant. Benign tumors aren't cancer while malignant ones are. Cells from malignant tumors can invade nearby tissues. They can also break away and spread to other parts of the body. Cancer is not just one disease but many diseases. There are more than 100 different types of cancer. Most cancers are named for where they start. For example, lung cancer starts in the lung, and breast cancer starts in the breast. The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another is called metastasis. Symptoms and treatment depend on the cancer type and how advanced it is. Most treatment plans may include surgery, radiation and/or chemotherapy. Some may involve hormone therapy, biologic therapy, or stem cell transplantation. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Cancer,0000141,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cancer.html,C0006826,T191,Disorders +Do you have information about Cancer Alternative Therapies,0000142-1,information,"Summary : You have many choices to make about your cancer treatment. One choice you might be thinking about is complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). CAM is the term for medical products and practices that are not part of standard care. Examples of CAM therapies are acupuncture, chiropractic, and herbal medicines. People with cancer may use CAM to - Help cope with the side effects of cancer treatments - Ease worries of cancer treatment and related stress - Feel that they are doing something more to help their own care CAM treatments do not work for everyone. Some methods, such as acupuncture, might help with nausea, pain and other side effects of cancer treatment. Talk to your doctor to make sure that all aspects of your cancer care work together. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Cancer Alternative Therapies,0000142,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/canceralternativetherapies.html,,, +Do you have information about Cancer Chemotherapy,0000143-1,information,"Summary : Normally, your cells grow and die in a controlled way. Cancer cells keep forming without control. Chemotherapy is drug therapy that can kill these cells or stop them from multiplying. However, it can also harm healthy cells, which causes side effects. During chemotherapy you may have no side effects or just a few. The kinds of side effects you have depend on the type and dose of chemotherapy you get. Side effects vary, but common ones are nausea, vomiting, tiredness, pain and hair loss. Healthy cells usually recover after chemotherapy, so most side effects gradually go away. Your course of therapy will depend on the cancer type, the chemotherapy drugs used, the treatment goal and how your body responds. You may get treatment every day, every week or every month. You may have breaks between treatments so that your body has a chance to build new healthy cells. You might take the drugs by mouth, in a shot or intravenously. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Cancer Chemotherapy,0000143,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cancerchemotherapy.html,,, +What is (are) Cancer in Children ?,0000144-1,information,"Cancer begins in the cells, which are the building blocks of your body. Normally, new cells form as you need them, replacing old cells that die. Sometimes, this process goes wrong. New cells form when you don't need them, and old cells don't die when they should. The extra cells can form a tumor. Benign tumors aren't cancer while malignant ones are. Malignant tumor cells can invade nearby tissues or break away and spread to other parts of the body. Children can get cancer in the same parts of the body as adults, but there are differences. Childhood cancers can occur suddenly, without early symptoms, and have a high rate of cure. The most common children's cancer is leukemia. Other cancers that affect children include brain tumors, lymphoma, and soft tissue sarcoma. Symptoms and treatment depend on the cancer type and how advanced it is. Treatment may include surgery, radiation and/or chemotherapy. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Cancer in Children,0000144,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cancerinchildren.html,C0278704,T191,Disorders +Do you have information about Cancer--Living with Cancer,0000145-1,information,"Summary : Cancer is common. Half of all men and a third of women will get a diagnosis of cancer in their lifetime. Many people with cancer do survive. Millions of Americans alive today have a history of cancer. For most people with cancer, living with the disease is the biggest challenge they have ever faced. It can change your routines, roles and relationships. It can cause money and work problems. The treatment can change the way you feel and look. Learning more about ways you can help yourself may ease some of your concerns. Support from others is important. All cancer survivors should have follow-up care. Knowing what to expect after cancer treatment can help you and your family make plans, lifestyle changes, and important decisions. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Cancer--Living with Cancer,0000145,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cancerlivingwithcancer.html,,, +What is (are) Canker Sores ?,0000146-1,information,"Canker sores are small, round sores in your mouth. They can be on the inside of your cheek, under your tongue, or in the back of your throat. They usually have a red edge and a gray center. They can be quite painful. They are not the same as cold sores, which are caused by herpes simplex. Canker sores aren't contagious. They may happen if you have a viral infection. They may also be triggered by stress, food allergies, lack of vitamins and minerals, hormonal changes or menstrual periods. In some cases the cause is unknown. In most cases, the sores go away by themselves. Some ointments, creams or rinses may help with the pain. Avoiding hot, spicy food while you have a canker sore also helps.",Canker Sores,0000146,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cankersores.html,C0038363,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Carbohydrates,0000147-1,information,"Summary : Carbohydrates are one of the main types of nutrients. They are the most important source of energy for your body. Your digestive system changes carbohydrates into glucose (blood sugar). Your body uses this sugar for energy for your cells, tissues and organs. It stores any extra sugar in your liver and muscles for when it is needed. Carbohydrates are called simple or complex, depending on their chemical structure. Simple carbohydrates include sugars found naturally in foods such as fruits, vegetables, milk, and milk products. They also include sugars added during food processing and refining. Complex carbohydrates include whole grain breads and cereals, starchy vegetables and legumes. Many of the complex carbohydrates are good sources of fiber. For a healthy diet, limit the amount of added sugar that you eat and choose whole grains over refined grains.",Carbohydrates,0000147,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/carbohydrates.html,,, +What is (are) Carbon Monoxide Poisoning ?,0000148-1,information,"Carbon monoxide (CO) is a gas that has no odor or color. But it is very dangerous. It can cause sudden illness and death. CO is found in combustion fumes, such as those made by cars and trucks, lanterns, stoves, gas ranges and heating systems. CO from these fumes can build up in places that don't have a good flow of fresh air. You can be poisoned by breathing them in. The most common symptoms of CO poisoning are - Headache - Dizziness - Weakness - Nausea - Vomiting - Chest pain - Confusion It is often hard to tell if someone has CO poisoning, because the symptoms may be like those of other illnesses. People who are sleeping or intoxicated can die from CO poisoning before they have symptoms. A CO detector can warn you if you have high levels of CO in your home. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Carbon Monoxide Poisoning,0000148,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/carbonmonoxidepoisoning.html,C0007020,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Carcinoid Tumors ?,0000149-1,information,"Carcinoid tumors are rare, slow-growing cancers. They usually start in the lining of the digestive tract or in the lungs. They grow slowly and don't produce symptoms in the early stages. As a result, the average age of people diagnosed with digestive or lung carcinoids is about 60. In later stages the tumors sometimes produce hormones that can cause carcinoid syndrome. The syndrome causes flushing of the face and upper chest, diarrhea, and trouble breathing. Surgery is the main treatment for carcinoid tumors. If they haven't spread to other parts of the body, surgery can cure the cancer.",Carcinoid Tumors,0000149,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/carcinoidtumors.html,C0007095,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Cardiac Arrest ?,0000150-1,information,"The heart has an internal electrical system that controls the rhythm of the heartbeat. Problems can cause abnormal heart rhythms, called arrhythmias. There are many types of arrhythmia. During an arrhythmia, the heart can beat too fast, too slow, or it can stop beating. Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) occurs when the heart develops an arrhythmia that causes it to stop beating. This is different than a heart attack, where the heart usually continues to beat but blood flow to the heart is blocked. There are many possible causes of SCA. They include coronary heart disease, physical stress, and some inherited disorders. Sometimes there is no known cause for the SCA. Without medical attention, the person will die within a few minutes. People are less likely to die if they have early defibrillation. Defibrillation sends an electric shock to restore the heart rhythm to normal. You should give cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to a person having SCA until defibrillation can be done. If you have had an SCA, an implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD) reduces the chance of dying from a second SCA. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Cardiac Arrest,0000150,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cardiacarrest.html,C0018790,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Cardiac Rehabilitation,0000151-1,information,"Summary : Cardiac rehabilitation (rehab) is a medically supervised program to help people who have - A heart attack - Angioplasty or coronary artery bypass grafting for coronary heart disease - A heart valve repair or replacement - A heart transplant or a lung transplant - Angina - Heart failure The goal is to help you return to an active life, and to reduce the risk of further heart problems. A team of specialists will create a plan for you that includes exercise training, education on heart healthy living, and counseling to reduce stress. You will learn how to reduce your risk factors, such as high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, depression, and diabetes. Being overweight or obese, smoking, and not exercising are other risk factors. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Cardiac Rehabilitation,0000151,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cardiacrehabilitation.html,,, +What is (are) Cardiomyopathy ?,0000152-1,information,"Cardiomyopathy is the name for diseases of the heart muscle. These diseases enlarge your heart muscle or make it thicker and more rigid than normal. In rare cases, scar tissue replaces the muscle tissue. Some people live long, healthy lives with cardiomyopathy. Some people don't even realize they have it. In others, however, it can make the heart less able to pump blood through the body. This can cause serious complications, including - Heart failure - Abnormal heart rhythms - Heart valve problems - Sudden cardiac arrest Heart attacks, high blood pressure, infections, and other diseases can all cause cardiomyopathy. Some types of cardiomyopathy run in families. In many people, however, the cause is unknown. Treatment might involve medicines, surgery, other medical procedures, and lifestyle changes. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Cardiomyopathy,0000152,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cardiomyopathy.html,C0878544,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Caregivers,0000153-1,information,"Summary : Caregivers provide help to another person in need. The person receiving care may be an adult - often a parent or a spouse - or a child with special medical needs. Some caregivers are family members. Others are paid. They do many things: - Shop for food and cook - Clean the house - Pay bills - Give medicine - Help the person go to the toilet, bathe and dress - Help the person eat - Provide company and emotional support Caregiving is hard, and caregivers of chronically ill people often feel stress. They are ""on call"" 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. If you're caring for someone with mental problems like Alzheimer's disease it can be especially difficult. Support groups can help. Dept. of Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health",Caregivers,0000153,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/caregivers.html,,, +What is (are) Carotid Artery Disease ?,0000154-1,information,"Your carotid arteries are two large blood vessels in your neck. They supply your brain with blood. If you have carotid artery disease, the arteries become narrow, usually because of atherosclerosis. This is the buildup of cholesterol and other material in an artery. If a blood clot sticks in the narrowed arteries, blood can't reach your brain. This is one of the causes of stroke. Carotid artery disease often does not cause symptoms, but there are tests that can tell your doctor if you have it. If the arteries are very narrow, you may need an operation called an endarterectomy to remove the plaque. For less severe narrowing, a medicine to prevent blood clots can reduce your risk of stroke. Another option for people who can't have surgery is carotid angioplasty. This involves placing balloons and/or stents into the artery to open it and hold it open.",Carotid Artery Disease,0000154,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/carotidarterydisease.html,C0007273,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ?,0000155-1,information,"You're working at your desk, trying to ignore the tingling or numbness you've had for some time in your hand and wrist. Suddenly, a sharp, piercing pain shoots through the wrist and up your arm. Just a passing cramp? It could be carpal tunnel syndrome. The carpal tunnel is a narrow passageway of ligament and bones at the base of your hand. It contains nerve and tendons. Sometimes, thickening from irritated tendons or other swelling narrows the tunnel and causes the nerve to be compressed. Symptoms usually start gradually. As they worsen, grasping objects can become difficult. Often, the cause is having a smaller carpal tunnel than other people do. Other causes include performing assembly line work, wrist injury, or swelling due to certain diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. Women are three times more likely to have carpal tunnel syndrome than men. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent permanent nerve damage. Your doctor diagnoses carpal tunnel syndrome with a physical exam and special nerve tests. Treatment includes resting your hand, splints, pain and anti-inflammatory medicines, and sometimes surgery. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Carpal Tunnel Syndrome,0000155,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/carpaltunnelsyndrome.html,C0007286,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Cartilage Disorders ?,0000156-1,information,"Cartilage is the tough but flexible tissue that covers the ends of your bones at a joint. It also gives shape and support to other parts of your body, such as your ears, nose and windpipe. Healthy cartilage helps you move by allowing your bones to glide over each other. It also protects bones by preventing them from rubbing against each other. Injured, inflamed, or damaged cartilage can cause symptoms such as pain and limited movement. It can also lead to joint damage and deformity. Causes of cartilage problems include - Tears and injuries, such as sports injuries - Genetic factors - Other disorders, such as some types of arthritis Osteoarthritis results from breakdown of cartilage. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Cartilage Disorders,0000156,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cartilagedisorders.html,C0007302,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Cat Scratch Disease ?,0000157-1,information,"Cat scratch disease (CSD) is an illness caused by the bacterium Bartonella henselae. Almost half of all cats carry the infection at some point. The infection does not make cats sick. However, the scratch or bite of an infected cat can cause symptoms in people, including - Swollen lymph nodes, especially around the head, neck, and upper limbs - Fever - Headache - Fatigue - Poor appetite For people with weak immune systems, CSD may cause more serious problems. The best way to avoid CSD is to avoid rough play with cats that could lead to scratches or bites. If you do get a scratch or bite, wash it well with soap and water. If the bite or scratch gets infected or if you have symptoms of CSD, call your doctor. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Cat Scratch Disease,0000157,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/catscratchdisease.html,C1384489,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Cataract ?,0000158-1,information,"A cataract is a clouding of the lens in your eye. It affects your vision. Cataracts are very common in older people. By age 80, more than half of all Americans either have a cataract or have had cataract surgery. A cataract can occur in either or both eyes. It cannot spread from one eye to the other. Common symptoms are - Blurry vision - Colors that seem faded - Glare - headlights, lamps or sunlight may seem too bright. You may also see a halo around lights. - Not being able to see well at night - Double vision - Frequent prescription changes in your eye wear Cataracts usually develop slowly. New glasses, brighter lighting, anti-glare sunglasses or magnifying lenses can help at first. Surgery is also an option. It involves removing the cloudy lens and replacing it with an artificial lens. Wearing sunglasses and a hat with a brim to block ultraviolet sunlight may help to delay cataracts. NIH: National Eye Institute",Cataract,0000158,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cataract.html,C0086543,T190,Disorders +What is (are) Celiac Disease ?,0000159-1,information,"Celiac disease is an immune disease in which people can't eat gluten because it will damage their small intestine. If you have celiac disease and eat foods with gluten, your immune system responds by damaging the small intestine. Gluten is a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley. It is found mainly in foods but may also be in other products like medicines, vitamins and supplements, lip balm, and even the glue on stamps and envelopes. Celiac disease affects each person differently. Symptoms may occur in the digestive system, or in other parts of the body. One person might have diarrhea and abdominal pain, while another person may be irritable or depressed. Irritability is one of the most common symptoms in children. Some people have no symptoms. Celiac disease is genetic. Blood tests can help your doctor diagnose the disease. Your doctor may also need to examine a small piece of tissue from your small intestine. Treatment is a diet free of gluten. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Celiac Disease,0000159,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/celiacdisease.html,C0007570,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Cellulitis ?,0000160-1,information,"Cellulitis is an infection of the skin and deep underlying tissues. Group A strep (streptococcal) bacteria are the most common cause. The bacteria enter your body when you get an injury such as a bruise, burn, surgical cut, or wound. Symptoms include - Fever and chills - Swollen glands or lymph nodes - A rash with painful, red, tender skin. The skin may blister and scab over. Your health care provider may take a sample or culture from your skin or do a blood test to identify the bacteria causing infection. Treatment is with antibiotics. They may be oral in mild cases, or intravenous (through the vein) for more severe cases. NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",Cellulitis,0000160,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cellulitis.html,C2025995,T046,Disorders +What is (are) Cerebellar Disorders ?,0000161-1,information,"When you play the piano or hit a tennis ball you are activating the cerebellum. The cerebellum is the area of the brain that controls coordination and balance. Problems with the cerebellum include - Cancer - Genetic disorders - Ataxias - failure of muscle control in the arms and legs that result in movement disorders - Degeneration - disorders caused by brain cells decreasing in size or wasting away Treatment of cerebellar disorders depends on the cause. In some cases, there is no cure but treatment may help with symptoms. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Cerebellar Disorders,0000161,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cerebellardisorders.html,C0007760,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Cerebral Palsy ?,0000162-1,information,"Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders that affect a person's ability to move and to maintain balance and posture. The disorders appear in the first few years of life. Usually they do not get worse over time. People with cerebral palsy may have difficulty walking. They may also have trouble with tasks such as writing or using scissors. Some have other medical conditions, including seizure disorders or mental impairment. Cerebral palsy happens when the areas of the brain that control movement and posture do not develop correctly or get damaged. Early signs of cerebral palsy usually appear before 3 years of age. Babies with cerebral palsy are often slow to roll over, sit, crawl, smile, or walk. Some babies are born with cerebral palsy; others get it after they are born. There is no cure for cerebral palsy, but treatment can improve the lives of those who have it. Treatment includes medicines, braces, and physical, occupational and speech therapy. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Cerebral Palsy,0000162,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cerebralpalsy.html,C0007789,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Cervical Cancer ?,0000163-1,information,"The cervix is the lower part of the uterus, the place where a baby grows during pregnancy. Cervical cancer is caused by a virus called HPV. The virus spreads through sexual contact. Most women's bodies are able to fight HPV infection. But sometimes the virus leads to cancer. You're at higher risk if you smoke, have had many children, use birth control pills for a long time, or have HIV infection. Cervical cancer may not cause any symptoms at first. Later, you may have pelvic pain or bleeding from the vagina. It usually takes several years for normal cells in the cervix to turn into cancer cells. Your health care provider can find abnormal cells by doing a Pap test to examine cells from the cervix. You may also have an HPV test. If your results are abnormal, you may need a biopsy or other tests. By getting regular screenings, you can find and treat any problems before they turn into cancer. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination. The choice of treatment depends on the size of the tumor, whether the cancer has spread and whether you would like to become pregnant someday. Vaccines can protect against several types of HPV, including some that can cause cancer. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Cervical Cancer,0000163,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cervicalcancer.html,C0007847,T191,Disorders +Do you have information about Cervical Cancer Screening,0000164-1,information,"Summary : The cervix is the lower part of the uterus, the place where a baby grows during pregnancy. Cancer screening is looking for cancer before you have any symptoms. Cancer found early may be easier to treat. Cervical cancer screening is usually part of a woman's health checkup. There are two types of tests: the Pap test and the HPV test. For both, the doctor or nurse collects cells from the surface of the cervix. With the Pap test, the lab checks the sample for cancer cells or abnormal cells that could become cancer later. With the HPV test, the lab checks for HPV infection. HPV is a virus that spreads through sexual contact. It can sometimes lead to cancer. If your screening tests are abnormal, your doctor may do more tests, such as a biopsy. Cervical cancer screening has risks. The results can sometimes be wrong, and you may have unnecessary follow-up tests. There are also benefits. Screening has been shown to decrease the number of deaths from cervical cancer. You and your doctor should discuss your risk for cervical cancer, the pros and cons of the screening tests, at what age to start being screened, and how often to be screened.",Cervical Cancer Screening,0000164,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cervicalcancerscreening.html,,, +What is (are) Cervix Disorders ?,0000165-1,information,"The cervix is the lower part of the uterus, the place where a baby grows during pregnancy. The cervix has a small opening that expands during childbirth. It also allows menstrual blood to leave a woman's body. Your health care provider may perform a Pap test during your health checkup to look for changes to the cells of the cervix, including cervical cancer. Other problems with the cervix include: - Cervicitis - inflammation of the cervix. This is usually from an infection. - Cervical incompetence - This can happen during pregnancy. The opening of the cervix widens long before the baby is due. - Cervical polyps and cysts - abnormal growths on the cervix",Cervix Disorders,0000165,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cervixdisorders.html,C0007867,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Cesarean Section,0000166-1,information,"Summary : A Cesarean section (C-section) is surgery to deliver a baby. The baby is taken out through the mother's abdomen. In the United States, about one in four women have their babies this way. Most C-sections are done when unexpected problems happen during delivery. These include - Health problems in the mother - The position of the baby - Not enough room for the baby to go through the vagina - Signs of distress in the baby C-sections are also more common among women carrying more than one baby. The surgery is relatively safe for mother and baby. Still, it is major surgery and carries risks. It also takes longer to recover from a C-section than from vaginal birth. After healing, the incision may leave a weak spot in the wall of the uterus. This could cause problems with an attempted vaginal birth later. However, more than half of women who have a C-section can give vaginal birth later.",Cesarean Section,0000166,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cesareansection.html,,, +What is (are) Chagas Disease ?,0000167-1,information,"Chagas disease is caused by a parasite. It is common in Latin America but not in the United States. Infected blood-sucking bugs, sometimes called kissing bugs, spread it. When the bug bites you, usually on your face, it leaves behind infected waste. You can get the infection if you rub it in your eyes or nose, the bite wound or a cut. The disease can also spread through contaminated food, a blood transfusion, a donated organ or from mother to baby during pregnancy. If you notice symptoms, they might include - Fever - Flu-like symptoms - A rash - A swollen eyelid These early symptoms usually go away. However, if you don't treat the infection, it stays in your body. Later, it can cause serious intestinal and heart problems. A physical exam and blood tests can diagnose it. You may also need tests to see whether the disease has affected your intestines and heart. Medicines can kill the parasite, especially early on. You can also treat related problems. For example, a pacemaker helps with certain heart complications. There are no vaccines or medicines to prevent Chagas disease. If you travel to areas where it occurs, you are at higher risk if you sleep outdoors or in poor housing conditions. It is important to use insecticides to prevent bites, and practice food safety. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Chagas Disease,0000167,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/chagasdisease.html,C0041234,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease ?,0000168-1,information,"Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is a group of genetic nerve disorders. It is named after the three doctors who first identified it. In the United States, CMT affects about 1 in 2,500 people. CMT affects your peripheral nerves. Peripheral nerves carry movement and sensation signals between the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body. Symptoms usually start around the teen years. Foot problems such as high arches or hammertoes can be early symptoms. As CMT progresses, your lower legs may weaken. Later, your hands may also become weak. Doctors diagnose CMT by doing a neurologic exam, nerve tests, genetic tests, or a nerve biopsy. There is no cure. The disease can be so mild you don't realize you have it or severe enough to make you weak. Physical therapy, occupational therapy, braces and other devices and sometimes surgery can help. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease,0000168,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/charcotmarietoothdisease.html,C0007959,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Chemical Emergencies ?,0000169-1,information,"When a hazardous chemical has been released, it may harm people's health. Chemical releases can be unintentional, as in the case of an industrial accident. They could also be planned, as in the case of a terrorist attack with a chemical weapon. Some hazardous chemicals have been developed by military organizations for use in warfare. Examples are nerve agents such as sarin and VX. Many hazardous chemicals are used in industry - for example, chlorine, ammonia, and benzene. Some can be made from everyday items such as household cleaners. Although there are no guarantees of safety during a chemical emergency, you can take actions to protect yourself. You should have a disaster plan. Being prepared can help reduce fear, anxiety, and losses. If you do experience a disaster, it is normal to feel stressed. You may need help in finding ways to cope. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Chemical Emergencies,0000169,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/chemicalemergencies.html,C2963159,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Chest Injuries and Disorders ?,0000170-1,information,"The chest is the part of the body between your neck and your abdomen. It includes the ribs and breastbone. Inside your chest are several organs, including the heart, lungs, and esophagus. The pleura, a large thin sheet of tissue, lines the inside of the chest cavity. Chest injuries and disorders include - Heart diseases - Lung diseases and collapsed lung - Pleural disorders - Esophagus disorders - Broken ribs - Thoracic aortic aneurysms - Disorders of the mediastinum, the space between the lungs, breastbone, and spine",Chest Injuries and Disorders,0000170,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/chestinjuriesanddisorders.html,C0039980,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Chest Pain ?,0000171-1,information,"Having a pain in your chest can be scary. It does not always mean that you are having a heart attack. There can be many other causes, including - Other heart problems, such as angina - Panic attacks - Digestive problems, such as heartburn or esophagus disorders - Sore muscles - Lung diseases, such as pneumonia, pleurisy, or pulmonary embolism - Costochondritis - an inflammation of joints in your chest Some of these problems can be serious. Get immediate medical care if you have chest pain that does not go away, crushing pain or pressure in the chest, or chest pain along with nausea, sweating, dizziness or shortness of breath. Treatment depends on the cause of the pain.",Chest Pain,0000171,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/chestpain.html,C0008031,T184,Disorders +What is (are) Chiari Malformation ?,0000172-1,information,"Chiari malformations (CMs) are structural defects in the cerebellum. The cerebellum is the part of the brain that controls balance. With CM, brain tissue extends into the spinal canal. It can happen when part of the skull is too small, which pushes the brain tissue down. There are several types of CM. One type often happens in children who have neural tube defects. Some types cause no symptoms and don't need treatment. If you have symptoms, they may include - Neck pain - Balance problems - Numbness or other abnormal feelings in the arms or legs - Dizziness - Vision problems - Difficulty swallowing - Poor hand coordination Doctors diagnose CM using imaging tests. Medicines may ease some symptoms, such as pain. Surgery is the only treatment available to correct or stop the progression of nerve damage. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Chiari Malformation,0000172,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/chiarimalformation.html,C0003803,T019,Disorders +What is (are) Chickenpox ?,0000173-1,information,"Chickenpox is an infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus. Most cases are in children under age 15, but older children and adults can get it. It spreads very easily from one person to another. The classic symptom of chickenpox is an uncomfortable, itchy rash. The rash turns into fluid-filled blisters and eventually into scabs. It usually shows up on the face, chest, and back and then spreads to the rest of the body. Other symptoms include - Fever - Headache - Tiredness - Loss of appetite Chickenpox is usually mild and lasts 5 to 10 days. Calamine lotions and oatmeal baths can help with itching. Acetaminophen can treat the fever. Do not use aspirin for chickenpox; that combination can cause Reye syndrome. Chickenpox can sometimes cause serious problems. Adults, babies, teenagers, pregnant women, and those with weak immune systems tend to get sicker from it. They may need to take antiviral medicines. Once you catch chickenpox, the virus usually stays in your body. You probably will not get chickenpox again, but the virus can cause shingles in adults. A chickenpox vaccine can help prevent most cases of chickenpox, or make it less severe if you do get it. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Chickenpox,0000173,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/chickenpox.html,C0008049,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Chikungunya ?,0000174-1,information,"Chikungunya is a virus that spread by the same kinds of mosquitoes that spread dengue and Zika virus. Rarely, it can spread from mother to newborn around the time of birth. It may also possibly spread through infected blood. There have been outbreaks of chikungunya virus in Africa, Asia, Europe, the Indian and Pacific Oceans, the Caribbean, and Central and South America. Most people who are infected will have symptoms, which can be severe. They usually start 3-7 days after being bitten by an infected mosquito. The most common symptoms are fever and joint pain. Other symptoms may include headache, muscle pain, joint swelling, and rash. Most people feel better within a week. In some cases, however, the joint pain may last for months. People at risk for more severe disease include newborns, older adults, and people with diseases such as high blood pressure, diabetes, or heart disease. A blood test can show whether you have chikungunya virus. There are no vaccines or medicines to treat it. Drinking lots of fluids, resting, and taking non-aspirin pain relievers might help. The best way to prevent chikungunya infection is to avoid mosquito bites: - Use insect repellent - Wear clothes that cover your arms, legs, and feet - Stay in places that have air conditioning or that use window and door screens Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Chikungunya,0000174,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/chikungunya.html,C0008055,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Child Abuse ?,0000175-1,information,"Child abuse is doing something or failing to do something that results in harm to a child or puts a child at risk of harm. Child abuse can be physical, sexual or emotional. Neglect, or not providing for a child's needs, is also a form of abuse. Most abused children suffer greater emotional than physical damage. An abused child may become depressed. He or she may withdraw, think of suicide or become violent. An older child may use drugs or alcohol, try to run away or abuse others. Child abuse is a serious problem. If you suspect a child is being abused or neglected, call the police or your local child welfare agency.",Child Abuse,0000175,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childabuse.html,C0562389,T048,Disorders +What is (are) Child Behavior Disorders ?,0000176-1,information,"All kids misbehave some times. And some may have temporary behavior problems due to stress. For example, the birth of a sibling, a divorce, or a death in the family may cause a child to act out. Behavior disorders are more serious. They involve a pattern of hostile, aggressive, or disruptive behaviors for more than 6 months. The behavior is also not appropriate for the child's age. Warning signs can include - Harming or threatening themselves, other people or pets - Damaging or destroying property - Lying or stealing - Not doing well in school, skipping school - Early smoking, drinking or drug use - Early sexual activity - Frequent tantrums and arguments - Consistent hostility towards authority figures If you see signs of a problem, ask for help. Poor choices can become habits. Kids who have behavior problems are at higher risk for school failure, mental health problems, and even suicide. Classes or family therapy may help parents learn to set and enforce limits. Talk therapy and behavior therapy for your child can also help.",Child Behavior Disorders,0000176,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childbehaviordisorders.html,C0008066,T048,Disorders +Do you have information about Child Care,0000177-1,information,"Summary : Children's healthy development depends on safe and positive experiences when they are very young. If you work or go to school, you want to know that your child is in good hands while you are away. You may choose in-home care, where the caregiver comes to your home. Or your child might go to the caregiver's home. Finally, there are child care centers. You need to choose the one that works for your family. It is important to get to know your child's caregivers. They will be a big part of your child's life. The caregiver's training should involve - Knowledge of how young children learn and grow - Positive, consistent discipline - Knowledge of the signs that a child is sick - Cleanliness and safety practices to help keep kids from getting sick or hurt - Basic first aid",Child Care,0000177,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childcare.html,,, +Do you have information about Child Dental Health,0000178-1,information,"Summary : Healthy teeth are important to your child's overall health. From the time your child is born, there are things you can do to promote healthy teeth and prevent cavities. For babies, you should clean teeth with a soft, clean cloth or baby's toothbrush. Avoid putting the baby to bed with a bottle and check teeth regularly for spots or stains. For all children, you should - Start using a pea-sized amount of fluoride toothpaste when they are two years old. You might start sooner, if a dentist or doctor suggests it. - Provide healthy foods and limit sweet snacks and drinks - Schedule regular dental check-ups Forming good habits at a young age can help your child have healthy teeth for life. NIH: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research",Child Dental Health,0000178,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childdentalhealth.html,,, +Do you have information about Child Development,0000179-1,information,"Summary : As children grow older, they develop in several different ways. Child development includes physical, intellectual, social, and emotional changes. Children grow and mature at very different rates. It's hard to say what ""normal"" is. There can be big differences in height, weight, and build among healthy children. Diet, exercise and genes are all factors. Some children begin puberty or are close to it before they are teenagers. Children start to become more independent from their parents. They may rebel. They also look outward - to their friends, who are usually of the same sex. Peer approval becomes very important. Your child may try new behaviors to be part of ""the group."" This can also be the time that parents or teachers recognize learning disabilities or behavioral problems in children. These problems can get worse as time goes on, so it is important to get help early.",Child Development,0000179,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childdevelopment.html,,, +Do you have information about Child Mental Health,0000180-1,information,"Summary : It's important to recognize and treat mental illnesses in children early on. Once mental illness develops, it becomes a regular part of your child's behavior and is more difficult to treat. But it's not always easy to know when your child has a serious problem. Everyday stresses can cause changes in your child's behavior. For example, getting a new brother or sister or going to a new school may cause a child to temporarily act out. Warning signs that it might be a more serious problem include - Problems in more than one setting (at school, at home, with peers) - Changes in appetite or sleep - Social withdrawal or fear of things he or she did not used to be not afraid of - Returning to behaviors more common in younger children, such as bedwetting - Signs of being upset, such as sadness or tearfulness - Signs of self-destructive behavior, such as head-banging or suddenly getting hurt often - Repeated thoughts of death To diagnose mental health problems, the doctor or mental health specialist looks at your child's signs and symptoms, medical history, and family history. Treatments include medicines and talk therapy. NIH: National Institute of Mental Health",Child Mental Health,0000180,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childmentalhealth.html,,, +Do you have information about Child Nutrition,0000181-1,information,"Summary : A healthy diet helps children grow and learn. It also helps prevent obesity and weight-related diseases, such as diabetes. To give your child a nutritious diet - Make half of what is on your child's plate fruits and vegetables - Choose healthy sources of protein, such as lean meat, nuts, and eggs - Serve whole-grain breads and cereals because they are high in fiber. Reduce refined grains. - Broil, grill, or steam foods instead of frying them - Limit fast food and junk food - Offer water or milk instead of sugary fruit drinks and sodas Learn about your children's nutrient requirements. Some of them, such as the requirements for iron and calcium, change as your child ages. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Child Nutrition,0000181,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childnutrition.html,,, +Do you have information about Child Safety,0000182-1,information,"Summary : As parents, we want to keep our children safe from harm. Take steps to keep your children safe: - Install the right child safety seat in your car - Teach children how to cross the street safely - Make sure they wear the right gear and equipment for sports - Install and test smoke alarms - Store medicines, cleaners and other dangerous substances in locked cabinets - Babyproof your home - Don't leave small children unattended",Child Safety,0000182,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childsafety.html,,, +What is (are) Child Sexual Abuse ?,0000183-1,information,"Sexual abuse is one form of child abuse. It includes a wide range of actions between a child and an adult or older child. Often these involve body contact, but not always. Exposing one's genitals to children or pressuring them for sex is sexual abuse. Using a child for pornography is also sexual abuse. Most sexual abusers know the child they abuse. They may be family friends, neighbors or babysitters. About one-third of abusers are related to the child. Most abusers are men. If you think a child may have been abused, it's important to report it.",Child Sexual Abuse,0000183,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childsexualabuse.html,C0008062,T048,Disorders +What is (are) Childbirth ?,0000184-1,information,"When you are ready to have your baby, you'll go through labor. Contractions let you know labor is starting. When contractions are five minutes apart, your body is ready to push the baby out. During the first stage of labor, your cervix slowly opens, or dilates, to about 4 inches wide. At the same time, it becomes thinner. This is called effacement. You shouldn't push until your uterus is fully effaced and dilated. When it is, the baby delivery stage starts. Crowning is when your baby's scalp comes into view. Shortly afterward, your baby is born. The placenta that nourished the baby follows. Mothers and babies are monitored closely during labor. Most women are healthy enough to have a baby through normal vaginal delivery, meaning that the baby comes down the birth canal without surgery. If there are complications, the baby may need to be delivered surgically by a Cesarean section. Dept. of Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health",Childbirth,0000184,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childbirth.html,C0581135,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Childbirth Problems ?,0000185-1,information,"While childbirth usually goes well, complications can happen. They can cause a risk to the mother, baby, or both. Possible complications include - Preterm (premature) labor, when labor starts before 37 completed weeks of pregnancy - Problems with the umbilical cord - Problems with the position of the baby, such as breech, in which the baby is going to come out feet first - Birth injuries For some of these problems, the baby may need to be delivered surgically by a Cesarean section.",Childbirth Problems,0000185,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childbirthproblems.html,C3249873,T046,Disorders +What is (are) Childhood Brain Tumors ?,0000186-1,information,"Brain tumors are abnormal growths inside the skull. They are among the most common types of childhood cancers. Some are benign tumors, which aren't cancer. They can still be serious. Malignant tumors are cancerous. Childhood brain and spinal cord tumors can cause headaches and other symptoms. However, other conditions can also cause the same symptoms. Check with a doctor if your child has any of the following problems: - Morning headache or headache that goes away after vomiting - Frequent nausea and vomiting - Vision, hearing, and speech problems - Loss of balance or trouble walking - Unusual sleepiness - Personality changes - Seizures - Increased head size in infants The symptoms are not the same in every child. Doctors use physical and neurological exams, lab tests, and imaging to diagnose brain tumors. Most childhood brain tumors are diagnosed and removed in surgery. Treatment for children is sometimes different than for an adult. Long-term side effects are an important issue. The options also depend on the type of tumor and where it is. Removal of the tumor is often possible. If not, radiation, chemotherapy, or both may be used. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Childhood Brain Tumors,0000186,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childhoodbraintumors.html,C0220603,T191,Disorders +Do you have information about Childhood Immunization,0000187-1,information,"Summary : Today, children in the United States routinely get vaccines that protect them from more than a dozen diseases such as measles, polio, tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (whooping cough). Most of these diseases are now at their lowest levels in history, thanks to years of immunization. Children must get at least some vaccines before they may attend school. Vaccines help make you immune to serious diseases without getting sick first. Without a vaccine, you must actually get a disease in order to become immune to the germ that causes it. Vaccines work best when they are given at certain ages. For example, children don't receive measles vaccine until they are at least one year old. If it is given earlier it might not work as well. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention publishes a schedule for childhood vaccines. Although some of the vaccines you receive as a child provide protection for many years, adults need immunizations too. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Childhood Immunization,0000187,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childhoodimmunization.html,,, +What is (are) Childhood Leukemia ?,0000188-1,information,"Leukemia is cancer of the white blood cells. It is the most common type of childhood cancer. Your blood cells form in your bone marrow. White blood cells help your body fight infection. In leukemia, the bone marrow produces abnormal white blood cells. These cells crowd out the healthy blood cells, making it hard for blood to do its work. Leukemia can develop quickly or slowly. Acute leukemia is a fast growing type while chronic leukemia grows slowly. Children with leukemia usually have one of the acute types. Symptoms include - Infections - Fever - Loss of appetite - Tiredness - Easy bruising or bleeding - Swollen lymph nodes - Night sweats - Shortness of breath - Pain in the bones or joints Risk factors for childhood leukemia include having a brother or sister with leukemia, having certain genetic disorders and having had radiation or chemotherapy. Treatment often cures childhood leukemia. Treatment options include chemotherapy, other drug therapy and radiation. In some cases bone marrow and blood stem cell transplantation might help. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Childhood Leukemia,0000188,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childhoodleukemia.html,C1332977,T191,Disorders +Do you have information about Children's Health,0000189-1,information,"Summary : Your child's health includes physical, mental and social well-being. Most parents know the basics of keeping children healthy, like offering them healthy foods, making sure they get enough sleep and exercise and insuring their safety. It is also important for children to get regular checkups with their health care provider. These visits are a chance to check your child's development. They are also a good time to catch or prevent problems. Other than checkups, school-age children should be seen for - Significant weight gain or loss - Sleep problems or change in behavior - Fever higher than 102 - Rashes or skin infections - Frequent sore throats - Breathing problems",Children's Health,0000189,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childrenshealth.html,,, +Do you have information about Children's Page,0000190-1,information,"Summary : Kids, this page is for you. Learn about everything from how the body works to what happens when you go to the hospital. There are quizzes, games and lots of cool web sites for you to explore. Have fun!",Children's Page,0000190,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childrenspage.html,,, +Do you have information about Chiropractic,0000191-1,information,"Summary : Chiropractic is a health care profession. Chiropractors perform adjustments (manipulations) to the spine or other parts of the body. The goal is to correct alignment problems, ease pain, and support the body's natural ability to heal itself. They may also use other treatments including - Heat and ice - Electrical stimulation - Relaxation techniques - Rehabilitative and general exercise - Counseling about diet, weight loss, and other lifestyle factors - Dietary supplements Many people visit chiropractors for treatment of low back pain, neck pain, and headaches. NIH: National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health",Chiropractic,0000191,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/chiropractic.html,,, +What is (are) Chlamydia Infections ?,0000192-1,information,"Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted disease caused by bacteria. You can get chlamydia during oral, vaginal, or anal sex with an infected partner. Both men and women can get it. Chlamydia usually doesn't cause symptoms. If it does, you might notice a burning feeling when you urinate or abnormal discharge from your vagina or penis. In both men and women, chlamydia can infect the urinary tract. In women, infection of the reproductive system can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID can cause infertility or serious problems with pregnancy. Babies born to infected mothers can get eye infections and pneumonia from chlamydia. In men, chlamydia can infect the epididymis, the tube that carries sperm. This can cause pain, fever, and, rarely, infertility. A lab test can tell if you have chlamydia. Antibiotics will cure the infection. Correct usage of latex condoms greatly reduces, but does not eliminate, the risk of catching or spreading chlamydia. Experts recommend that sexually active women 25 and younger get a chlamydia test every year. NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",Chlamydia Infections,0000192,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/chlamydiainfections.html,C0008149,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Choking ?,0000193-1,information,"Food or small objects can cause choking if they get caught in your throat and block your airway. This keeps oxygen from getting to your lungs and brain. If your brain goes without oxygen for more than four minutes, you could have brain damage or die. Young children are at an especially high risk of choking. They can choke on foods like hot dogs, nuts and grapes, and on small objects like toy pieces and coins. Keep hazards out of their reach and supervise them when they eat. When someone is choking, quick action can be lifesaving. Learn how to do back blows, the Heimlich maneuver (abdominal thrusts), and CPR.",Choking,0000193,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/choking.html,C0699862,T046,Disorders +What is (are) Cholera ?,0000194-1,information,"Cholera is a bacterial infection that causes diarrhea. The cholera bacterium is usually found in water or food contaminated by feces (poop). Cholera is rare in the US. You may get it if you travel to parts of the world with inadequate water treatment and poor sanitation, and lack of sewage treatment. Outbreaks can also happen after disasters. The disease is not likely to spread directly from one person to another. Often the infection is mild or without symptoms, but sometimes it can be severe. Severe symptoms include profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, and leg cramps. In severe cases, rapid loss of body fluids leads to dehydration and shock. Without treatment, death can occur within hours. Doctors diagnose cholera with a stool sample or rectal swab. Treatment includes replacing fluid and salts and sometimes antibiotics. Anyone who thinks they may have cholera should seek medical attention immediately. Dehydration can be rapid so fluid replacement is essential. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Cholera,0000194,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cholera.html,C0008354,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Cholesterol,0000195-1,information,"Summary : Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that occurs naturally in all parts of the body. Your body needs some cholesterol to work properly. But if you have too much in your blood, it can combine with other substances in the blood and stick to the walls of your arteries. This is called plaque. Plaque can narrow your arteries or even block them. High levels of cholesterol in the blood can increase your risk of heart disease. Your cholesterol levels tend to rise as you get older. There are usually no signs or symptoms that you have high blood cholesterol, but it can be detected with a blood test. You are likely to have high cholesterol if members of your family have it, if you are overweight or if you eat a lot of fatty foods. You can lower your cholesterol by exercising more and eating more fruits and vegetables. You also may need to take medicine to lower your cholesterol. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Cholesterol,0000195,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cholesterol.html,,, +What is (are) Choosing a Doctor or Health Care Service ?,0000196-1,information,"We all want high-quality health care, but it's hard to know how to choose. There are many things to consider, including - What your insurance covers - Whether a health care provider or service is accredited - The location of a service - Hours that the service is available - Whether you like a health care provider's personality On this page you'll find information to help you choose a health care provider or service.",Choosing a Doctor or Health Care Service,0000196,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/choosingadoctororhealthcareservice.html,C0580931,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Chronic Bronchitis ?,0000197-1,information,"Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to your lungs. It causes a cough that often brings up mucus. It can also cause shortness of breath, wheezing, a low fever, and chest tightness. There are two main types of bronchitis: acute and chronic. Chronic bronchitis is one type of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). The inflamed bronchial tubes produce a lot of mucus. This leads to coughing and difficulty breathing. Cigarette smoking is the most common cause. Breathing in air pollution, fumes, or dust over a long period of time may also cause it. To diagnose chronic bronchitis, your doctor will look at your signs and symptoms and listen to your breathing. You may also have other tests. Chronic bronchitis is a long-term condition that keeps coming back or never goes away completely. If you smoke, it is important to quit. Treatment can help with your symptoms. It often includes medicines to open your airways and help clear away mucus. You may also need oxygen therapy. Pulmonary rehabilitation may help you manage better in daily life. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Chronic Bronchitis,0000197,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/chronicbronchitis.html,C0008677,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Chronic Fatigue Syndrome ?,0000198-1,information,"Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a disorder that causes extreme fatigue. This fatigue is not the kind of tired feeling that goes away after you rest. Instead, it lasts a long time and limits your ability to do ordinary daily activities. The main symptom of CFS is severe fatigue that lasts for 6 months or more. You also have at least four of these other symptoms: - Feeling unwell for more than 24 hours after physical activity - Muscle pain - Memory problems - Headaches - Pain in multiple joints - Sleep problems - Sore throat - Tender lymph nodes CFS is hard to diagnose. There are no tests for it, and other illnesses can cause similar symptoms. Your doctor has to rule out other diseases before making a diagnosis of CFS. No one knows what causes CFS. It is most common in women in their 40s and 50s, but anyone can have it. It can last for years. There is no cure for CFS, so the goal of treatment is to improve symptoms. Medicine may treat pain, sleep disorders, and other problems. Lifestyle changes, coping techniques, and a special, gradual exercise program can also help. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Chronic Fatigue Syndrome,0000198,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/chronicfatiguesyndrome.html,C0015674,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Chronic Kidney Disease ?,0000199-1,information,"You have two kidneys, each about the size of your fist. Their main job is to filter wastes and excess water out of your blood to make urine. They also keep the body's chemical balance, help control blood pressure, and make hormones. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) means that your kidneys are damaged and can't filter blood as they should. This damage can cause wastes to build up in your body. It can also cause other problems that can harm your health. Diabetes and high blood pressure are the most common causes of CKD. Treatment may include medicines to lower blood pressure, control blood glucose, and lower blood cholesterol. CKD can get worse over time. CKD may lead to kidney failure. The only treatment options for kidney failure are dialysis or a kidney transplantation. You can take steps to keep your kidneys healthier longer: - Choose foods with less salt (sodium) - Keep your blood pressure below 130/80 - Keep your blood glucose in the target range, if you have diabetes NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Chronic Kidney Disease,0000199,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/chronickidneydisease.html,C1561643,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia ?,0000200-1,information,"Leukemia is cancer of the white blood cells. White blood cells help your body fight infection. Your blood cells form in your bone marrow. In leukemia, the bone marrow produces abnormal white blood cells. These cells crowd out the healthy blood cells, making it hard for blood to do its work. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), there are too many lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. CLL is the second most common type of leukemia in adults. It often occurs during or after middle age, and is rare in children. Usually CLL does not cause any symptoms. If you have symptoms, they may include - Painless swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck, underarm, stomach, or groin - Fatigue - Pain or a feeling of fullness below the ribs - Fever and infection - Weight loss Tests that examine the blood, bone marrow, and lymph nodes diagnose CLL. Your doctor may choose to just monitor you until symptoms appear or change. Treatments include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, surgery to remove the spleen, and targeted therapy. Targeted therapy uses substances that attack cancer cells without harming normal cells. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia,0000200,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/chroniclymphocyticleukemia.html,C0023434,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Chronic Myeloid Leukemia ?,0000201-1,information,"Leukemia is cancer of the white blood cells. White blood cells help your body fight infection. Your blood cells form in your bone marrow. In leukemia, the bone marrow produces abnormal white blood cells. These cells crowd out the healthy blood cells, making it hard for blood to do its work. In chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), there are too many granulocytes, a type of white blood cell. Most people with CML have a gene mutation (change) called the Philadelphia chromosome. Sometimes CML does not cause any symptoms. If you have symptoms, they may include: - Fatigue - Weight loss - Night sweats - Fever - Pain or a feeling of fullness below the ribs on the left side Tests that examine the blood and bone marrow diagnose CML. Treatments include chemotherapy, stem cell transplants, infusion of donated white blood cells following stem cell transplants, surgery to remove the spleen, and biologic and targeted therapies. Biologic therapy boosts your body's own ability to fight cancer. Targeted therapy uses substances that attack cancer cells without harming normal cells. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Chronic Myeloid Leukemia,0000201,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/chronicmyeloidleukemia.html,C0023473,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Chronic Pain ?,0000202-1,information,"Pain is a feeling set off in the nervous system. Acute pain lets you know that you may be injured or have a problem you need to take care of. Chronic pain is different. The pain signals go on for weeks, months, or even years. The original cause may have been an injury or infection. There may be an ongoing cause of pain, such as arthritis or cancer. But in some cases there is no clear cause. Problems that cause chronic pain include - Headache - Low back strain - Cancer - Arthritis - Pain from nerve damage Chronic pain usually cannot be cured. But treatments can help. They include medicines, acupuncture, electrical stimulation and surgery. Other treatments include psychotherapy, relaxation and meditation therapy, biofeedback, and behavior modification. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Chronic Pain,0000202,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/chronicpain.html,C0150055,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Circumcision,0000203-1,information,"Summary : Circumcision is the removal of the foreskin, which is the skin that covers the tip of the penis. In the United States, it is often done before a new baby leaves the hospital. There are medical benefits and risks to circumcision. Possible benefits include a lower risk of urinary tract infections, penile cancer and sexually transmitted diseases. The risks include pain and a low risk of bleeding or infection. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) found that the medical benefits of circumcision outweigh the risks. They recommend that parents make this decision in consultation with their pediatrician. Parents need to decide what is best for their sons, based on their religious, cultural and personal preferences.",Circumcision,0000203,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/circumcision.html,,, +What is (are) Cirrhosis ?,0000204-1,information,"Cirrhosis is scarring of the liver. Scar tissue forms because of injury or long-term disease. Scar tissue cannot do what healthy liver tissue does - make protein, help fight infections, clean the blood, help digest food and store energy. Cirrhosis can lead to - Easy bruising or bleeding, or nosebleeds - Swelling of the abdomen or legs - Extra sensitivity to medicines - High blood pressure in the vein entering the liver - Enlarged veins called varices in the esophagus and stomach. Varices can bleed suddenly. - Kidney failure - Jaundice - Severe itching - Gallstones A small number of people with cirrhosis get liver cancer. Your doctor will diagnose cirrhosis with blood tests, imaging tests, or a biopsy. Cirrhosis has many causes. In the United States, the most common causes are chronic alcoholism and hepatitis. Nothing will make the scar tissue disappear, but treating the cause can keep it from getting worse. If too much scar tissue forms, you may need to consider a liver transplant. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Cirrhosis,0000204,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cirrhosis.html,C0023890,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Cleft Lip and Palate ?,0000205-1,information,"Cleft lip and cleft palate are birth defects that occur when a baby's lip or mouth do not form properly. They happen early during pregnancy. A baby can have a cleft lip, a cleft palate, or both. A cleft lip happens if the tissue that makes up the lip does not join completely before birth. This causes an opening in the upper lip. The opening can be a small slit or a large opening that goes through the lip into the nose. It can be on one or both sides of the lip or, rarely, in the middle of the lip. Children with a cleft lip also can have a cleft palate. The roof of the mouth is called the ""palate."" With a cleft palate, the tissue that makes up the roof of the mouth does not join correctly. Babies may have both the front and back parts of the palate open, or they may have only one part open. Children with a cleft lip or a cleft palate often have problems with feeding and talking. They also might have ear infections, hearing loss, and problems with their teeth. Often, surgery can close the lip and palate. Cleft lip surgery is usually done before age 12 months, and cleft palate surgery is done before 18 months. Many children have other complications. They may need additional surgeries, dental and orthodontic care, and speech therapy as they get older. With treatment, most children with clefts do well and lead a healthy life. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Cleft Lip and Palate,0000205,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cleftlipandpalate.html,C0008924,T019,Disorders +Do you have information about Climate Change,0000206-1,information,"Summary : Climate is the average weather in a place over a period of time. Climate change is major change in temperature, rainfall, snow, or wind patterns lasting for many years. It can be caused by natural factors or by human activities. Today climate changes are occurring at an increasingly rapid rate. Climate change can affect our health. It can lead to - More heat-related illness and deaths - More pollen, mold, and air pollution. This can cause an increase in allergies, asthma, and breathing problems. - Mosquitoes and other insects that carry diseases spreading to areas that used to be too cold for them. - More floods and rising sea levels. This can cause an increase in contamination of food and water. - More extreme weather events, such as hurricanes and wildfires. These can cause death, injuries, stress, and mental health problems. Researchers are studying the best ways to lessen climate change and reduce its impact on our health. NIH: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences",Climate Change,0000206,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/climatechange.html,,, +Do you have information about Clinical Trials,0000207-1,information,"Summary : Clinical trials are research studies that test how well new medical approaches work in people. Each study answers scientific questions and tries to find better ways to prevent, screen for, diagnose, or treat a disease. Clinical trials may also compare a new treatment to a treatment that is already available. Every clinical trial has a protocol, or action plan, for conducting the trial. The plan describes what will be done in the study, how it will be conducted, and why each part of the study is necessary. Each study has its own rules about who can take part. Some studies need volunteers with a certain disease. Some need healthy people. Others want just men or just women. An Institutional Review Board (IRB) reviews, monitors, and approves many clinical trials. It is an independent committee of physicians, statisticians, and members of the community. Its role is to - Make sure that the study is ethical - Protect the rights and welfare of the participants - Make sure that the risks are reasonable when compared to the potential benefits In the United States, a clinical trial must have an IRB if it is studying a drug, biological product, or medical device that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates, or it is funded or carried out by the federal government. NIH: National Institutes of Health",Clinical Trials,0000207,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/clinicaltrials.html,,, +Do you have information about Cloning,0000208-1,information,"Summary : Cloning describes the processes used to create an exact genetic replica of another cell, tissue or organism. The copied material, which has the same genetic makeup as the original, is referred to as a clone. The most famous clone was a Scottish sheep named Dolly. There are three different types of cloning: - Gene cloning, which creates copies of genes or segments of DNA - Reproductive cloning, which creates copies of whole animals - Therapeutic cloning, which creates embryonic stem cells. Researchers hope to use these cells to grow healthy tissue to replace injured or diseased tissues in the human body. NIH: National Human Genome Research Institute",Cloning,0000208,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cloning.html,,, +What is (are) Clostridium Difficile Infections ?,0000209-1,information,"Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) is a bacterium that causes diarrhea and more serious intestinal conditions such as colitis. Symptoms include - Watery diarrhea (at least three bowel movements per day for two or more days) - Fever - Loss of appetite - Nausea - Abdominal pain or tenderness You might get C. difficile disease if you have an illness that requires prolonged use of antibiotics. Increasingly, the disease can also be spread in the hospital. The elderly are also at risk. Treatment is with antibiotics. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Clostridium Difficile Infections,0000209,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/clostridiumdifficileinfections.html,C0343386,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Club Drugs,0000210-1,information,"Summary : Club drugs are group of psychoactive drugs. They act on the central nervous system and can cause changes in mood, awareness, and how you act. These drugs are often abused by young adults at all-night dance parties, dance clubs, and bars. They include - Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), also known as Ecstasy XTC, X, E, Adam, Molly, Hug Beans, and Love Drug - Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), also known as G, Liquid Ecstasy, and Soap - Ketamine, also known as Special K, K, Vitamin K, and Jet - Rohypnol, also known as Roofies - Methamphetamine, also known as Speed, Ice, Chalk, Meth, Crystal, Crank, and Glass - Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD), also known as Acid, Blotter, and Dots Some of these drugs are approved for certain medical uses. Other uses of these drugs are abuse. Club drugs are also sometimes used as ""date rape"" drugs, to make someone unable to say no to or fight back against sexual assault. Abusing these drugs can cause serious health problems and sometimes death. They are even more dangerous if you use them with alcohol. NIH: National Institute on Drug Abuse",Club Drugs,0000210,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/clubdrugs.html,,, +Do you have information about Cocaine,0000211-1,information,"Summary : Cocaine is a white powder. It can be snorted up the nose or mixed with water and injected with a needle. Cocaine can also be made into small white rocks, called crack. Crack is smoked in a small glass pipe. Cocaine speeds up your whole body. You may feel full of energy, happy, and excited. But then your mood can change. You can become angry, nervous, and afraid that someone's out to get you. You might do things that make no sense. After the ""high"" of the cocaine wears off, you can ""crash"" and feel tired and sad for days. You also get a strong craving to take the drug again to try to feel better. No matter how cocaine is taken, it is dangerous. Some of the most common serious problems include heart attack and stroke. You are also at risk for HIV/AIDS and hepatitis, from sharing needles or having unsafe sex. Cocaine is more dangerous when combined with other drugs or alcohol. It is easy to lose control over cocaine use and become addicted. Then, even if you get treatment, it can be hard to stay off the drug. People who stopped using cocaine can still feel strong cravings for the drug, sometimes even years later. NIH: National Institute on Drug Abuse",Cocaine,0000211,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cocaine.html,,, +Do you have information about Cochlear Implants,0000212-1,information,"Summary : A cochlear implant is a small, complex electronic device that can help to provide a sense of sound. People who are profoundly deaf or severely hard-of-hearing can get help from them. The implant consists of two parts. One part sits on the outside of the body, behind the ear. A second part is surgically placed under the skin. An implant does not restore normal hearing. It can help a person understand speech. Children and adults can benefit from them. National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders",Cochlear Implants,0000212,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cochlearimplants.html,,, +Do you have information about Cold and Cough Medicines,0000213-1,information,"Summary : Sneezing, sore throat, a stuffy nose, coughing -- everyone knows the symptoms of the common cold. It is probably the most common illness. In the course of a year, people in the United States suffer 1 billion colds. What can you do for your cold or cough symptoms? Besides drinking plenty of fluids and getting plenty of rest, you may want to take medicines. There are lots of different cold and cough medicines, and they do different things. - Nasal decongestants - unclog a stuffy nose - Cough suppressants - quiet a cough - Expectorants - loosen mucus so you can cough it up - Antihistamines - stop runny noses and sneezing - Pain relievers - ease fever, headaches, and minor aches and pains Here are some other things to keep in mind about cold and cough medicines. Read labels, because many cold and cough medicines contain the same active ingredients. Taking too much of certain pain relievers can lead to serious injury. Do not give cough medicines to children under four, and don't give aspirin to children. Finally, antibiotics won't help a cold. Food and Drug Administration",Cold and Cough Medicines,0000213,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/coldandcoughmedicines.html,,, +What is (are) Cold Sores ?,0000214-1,information,"Cold sores are caused by a contagious virus called herpes simplex virus (HSV). There are two types of HSV. Type 1 usually causes oral herpes, or cold sores. Type 1 herpes virus infects more than half of the U.S. population by the time they reach their 20s. Type 2 usually affects the genital area Some people have no symptoms from the infection. But others develop painful and unsightly cold sores. Cold sores usually occur outside the mouth, on or around the lips. When they are inside the mouth, they are usually on the gums or the roof of the mouth. They are not the same as canker sores, which are not contagious. There is no cure for cold sores. They normally go away on their own in a few weeks. Antiviral medicines can help them heal faster. They can also help to prevent cold sores in people who often get them. Other medicines can help with the pain and discomfort of the sores. These include ointments that numb the blisters, soften the crusts of the sores, or dry them out. Protecting your lips from the sun with sunblock lip balm can also help.",Cold Sores,0000214,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/coldsores.html,C0019345,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Collapsed Lung ?,0000215-1,information,"A collapsed lung happens when air enters the pleural space, the area between the lung and the chest wall. If it is a total collapse, it is called pneumothorax. If only part of the lung is affected, it is called atelectasis. Causes of a collapsed lung include - Lung diseases such as pneumonia or lung cancer - Being on a breathing machine - Surgery on the chest or abdomen - A blocked airway If only a small area of the lung is affected, you may not have symptoms. If a large area is affected, you may feel short of breath and have a rapid heart rate. A chest x-ray can tell if you have it. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Collapsed Lung,0000215,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/collapsedlung.html,C0004144,T046,Disorders +Do you have information about College Health,0000216-1,information,"Summary : College life involves excitement, along with new challenges, risks, and responsibilities. You are meeting new people, learning new things, and making your own decisions. It can sometimes be stressful. You have to deal with pressures related to food, drink, appearance, drugs, and sexual activity. There are steps you can take to stay healthy and safe while you're in college: - Eat a balanced diet - Get enough sleep - Get regular physical activity - Maintain your health with checkups and vaccinations - If you decide to have sex, practice safe sex - Make smart choices about alcohol and drugs - Get help if you are stressed or depressed Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",College Health,0000216,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/collegehealth.html,,, +What is (are) Colonic Diseases ?,0000217-1,information,"Your colon, also known as the large intestine, is part of your digestive system. It's a long, hollow tube at the end of your digestive tract where your body makes and stores stool. Many disorders affect the colon's ability to work properly. Some of these include - Colorectal cancer - Colonic polyps - extra tissue growing in the colon that can become cancerous - Ulcerative colitis - ulcers of the colon and rectum - Diverticulitis - inflammation or infection of pouches in the colon - Irritable bowel syndrome - an uncomfortable condition causing abdominal cramping and other symptoms Treatment for colonic diseases varies greatly depending on the disease and its severity. Treatment may involve diet, medicines and in some cases, surgery. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Colonic Diseases,0000217,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/colonicdiseases.html,C0009373,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Colonic Polyps ?,0000218-1,information,"A polyp is an extra piece of tissue that grows inside your body. Colonic polyps grow in the large intestine, or colon. Most polyps are not dangerous. However, some polyps may turn into cancer or already be cancer. To be safe, doctors remove polyps and test them. Polyps can be removed when a doctor examines the inside of the large intestine during a colonoscopy. Anyone can get polyps, but certain people are more likely than others. You may have a greater chance of getting polyps if you - Are over age 50 - Have had polyps before - Have a family member with polyps - Have a family history of colon cancer Most colon polyps do not cause symptoms. If you have symptoms, they may include blood on your underwear or on toilet paper after a bowel movement, blood in your stool, or constipation or diarrhea lasting more than a week. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Colonic Polyps,0000218,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/colonicpolyps.html,C2911243,T190,Disorders +Do you have information about Colonoscopy,0000219-1,information,"Summary : Colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy are procedures that let your doctor look inside your large intestine. They use instruments called scopes. Scopes have a tiny camera attached to a long, thin tube. The procedures let your doctor see things such as inflamed tissue, abnormal growths, and ulcers. Colonoscopy checks your entire colon and rectum. Sigmoidoscopy checks the rectum and the lower colon only. Your doctor may recommend one of these procedures - To look for early signs of cancer in the colon and rectum. It may be part of a routine screening, which usually starts at age 50. - To look for causes of unexplained changes in bowel habits - To evaluate symptoms like abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, and weight loss Your doctor can also remove polyps from your colon during these procedures. You will get written bowel prep instructions to follow at home before the procedure. The bowel prep cleans out the intestine so your doctor can see everything clearly. During a colonoscopy, you get medicines to keep you relaxed. You usually do not need them for a sigmoidoscopy. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Colonoscopy,0000219,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/colonoscopy.html,,, +What is (are) Color Blindness ?,0000220-1,information,"Most of us see our world in color. We enjoy looking at a lush green lawn or a red rose in full bloom. If you have a color vision defect, you may see these colors differently than most people. There are three main kinds of color vision defects. Red-green color vision defects are the most common. This type occurs in men more than in women. The other major types are blue-yellow color vision defects and a complete absence of color vision. Most of the time, color blindness is genetic. There is no treatment, but most people adjust and the condition doesn't limit their activities.",Color Blindness,0000220,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/colorblindness.html,C0242225,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Colorectal Cancer ?,0000221-1,information,"The colon and rectum are part of the large intestine. Colorectal cancer occurs when tumors form in the lining of the large intestine. It is common in both men and women. The risk of developing colorectal cancer rises after age 50. You're also more likely to get it if you have colorectal polyps, a family history of colorectal cancer, ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, eat a diet high in fat, or smoke. Symptoms of colorectal cancer include - Diarrhea or constipation - A feeling that your bowel does not empty completely - Blood (either bright red or very dark) in your stool - Stools that are narrower than usual - Frequent gas pains or cramps, or feeling full or bloated - Weight loss with no known reason - Fatigue - Nausea or vomiting Because you may not have symptoms at first, it's important to have screening tests. Everyone over 50 should get screened. Tests include colonoscopy and tests for blood in the stool. Treatments for colorectal cancer include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, or a combination. Surgery can usually cure it when it is found early. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Colorectal Cancer,0000221,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/colorectalcancer.html,C1527249,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Coma ?,0000222-1,information,"A coma is a deep state of unconsciousness. An individual in a coma is alive but unable to move or respond to his or her environment. Coma may occur as a complication of an underlying illness, or as a result of injuries, such as brain injury. A coma rarely lasts more than 2 to 4 weeks. The outcome for coma depends on the cause, severity, and site of the damage. People may come out of a coma with physical, intellectual, and psychological problems. Some people may remain in a coma for years or even decades. For those people, the most common cause of death is infection, such as pneumonia. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Coma,0000222,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/coma.html,C0543874,T019,Disorders +What is (are) Common Cold ?,0000223-1,information,"Sneezing, sore throat, a stuffy nose, coughing - everyone knows the symptoms of the common cold. It is probably the most common illness. In the course of a year, people in the United States suffer 1 billion colds. You can get a cold by touching your eyes or nose after you touch surfaces with cold germs on them. You can also inhale the germs. Symptoms usually begin 2 or 3 days after infection and last 2 to 14 days. Washing your hands and staying away from people with colds will help you avoid colds. There is no cure for the common cold. For relief, try - Getting plenty of rest - Drinking fluids - Gargling with warm salt water - Using cough drops or throat sprays - Taking over-the-counter pain or cold medicines However, do not give aspirin to children. And do not give cough medicine to children under four. NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",Common Cold,0000223,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/commoncold.html,C0009443,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Common Infant and Newborn Problems,0000224-1,information,"Summary : It is hard when your baby is sick. Common health problems in babies include colds, coughs, fevers, and vomiting. Babies also commonly have skin problems, like diaper rash or cradle cap. Many of these problems are not serious. It is important to know how to help your sick baby, and to know the warning signs for more serious problems. Trust your intuition - if you are worried about your baby, call your health care provider right away.",Common Infant and Newborn Problems,0000224,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/commoninfantandnewbornproblems.html,,, +Do you have information about Complementary and Integrative Medicine,0000225-1,information,"Summary : Many Americans use medical treatments that are not part of mainstream medicine. When you are using these types of care, it may be called complementary, integrative, or alternative medicine. Complementary medicine is used together with mainstream medical care. An example is using acupuncture to help with side effects of cancer treatment. When health care providers and facilities offer both types of care, it is called integrative medicine. Alternative medicine is used instead of mainstream medical care. The claims that non-mainstream practitioners make can sound promising. However, researchers do not know how safe many of these treatments are or how well they work. Studies are underway to determine the safety and usefulness of many of these practices. To minimize the health risks of a non-mainstream treatment - Discuss it with your doctor. It might have side effects or interact with other medicines. - Find out what the research says about it - Choose practitioners carefully - Tell all of your doctors and practitioners about all of the different types of treatments you use NIH: National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health",Complementary and Integrative Medicine,0000225,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/complementaryandintegrativemedicine.html,,, +What is (are) Complex Regional Pain Syndrome ?,0000226-1,information,"Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic pain condition. It causes intense pain, usually in the arms, hands, legs, or feet. It may happen after an injury, either to a nerve or to tissue in the affected area. Rest and time may only make it worse. Symptoms in the affected area are - Dramatic changes in skin temperature, color, or texture - Intense burning pain - Extreme skin sensitivity - Swelling and stiffness in affected joints - Decreased ability to move the affected body part The cause of CRPS is unknown. There is no specific diagnostic test. Your doctor will diagnose CRPS based on your signs and symptoms. There is no cure. It can get worse over time, and may spread to other parts of the body. Occasionally it goes away, either temporarily or for good. Treatment focuses on relieving the pain, and can include medicines, physical therapy, and nerve blocks. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Complex Regional Pain Syndrome,0000226,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/complexregionalpainsyndrome.html,C0458219,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Compulsive Gambling ?,0000227-1,information,"Many people enjoy gambling, whether it's betting on a horse or playing poker on the Internet. Most people who gamble don't have a problem, but some lose control of their gambling. Signs of problem gambling include - Always thinking about gambling - Lying about gambling - Spending work or family time gambling - Feeling bad after you gamble, but not quitting - Gambling with money you need for other things If you have concerns about your gambling, ask for help. Your health care provider can work with you to find the treatment that's best for you. NIH: National Institutes of Health",Compulsive Gambling,0000227,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/compulsivegambling.html,C0030662,T048,Disorders +What is (are) Concussion ?,0000228-1,information,"A concussion is a type of brain injury. It's the most minor form. Technically, a concussion is a short loss of normal brain function in response to a head injury. But people often use it to describe any minor injury to the head or brain. Concussions are a common type of sports injury. You can also have one if you suffer a blow to the head or hit your head after a fall. Symptoms of a concussion may not start right away; they may start days or weeks after the injury. Symptoms may include a headache or neck pain. You may also have nausea, ringing in your ears, dizziness, or tiredness. You may feel dazed or not your normal self for several days or weeks after the injury. Consult your health care professional if any of your symptoms get worse, or if you have more serious symptoms such as - Seizures - Trouble walking or sleeping - Weakness, numbness, or decreased coordination - Repeated vomiting or nausea - Confusion - Slurred speech Doctors use a neurologic exam and imaging tests to diagnose a concussion. Most people recover fully after a concussion, but it can take some time. Rest is very important after a concussion because it helps the brain to heal. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Concussion,0000228,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/concussion.html,C0006107,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Congenital Heart Defects ?,0000229-1,information,"A congenital heart defect is a problem with the structure of the heart. It is present at birth. Congenital heart defects are the most common type of birth defect. The defects can involve the walls of the heart, the valves of the heart, and the arteries and veins near the heart. They can disrupt the normal flow of blood through the heart. The blood flow can slow down, go in the wrong direction or to the wrong place, or be blocked completely. Doctors use a physical exam and special heart tests to diagnose congenital heart defects. They often find severe defects during pregnancy or soon after birth. Signs and symptoms of severe defects in newborns include - Rapid breathing - Cyanosis - a bluish tint to the skin, lips, and fingernails - Fatigue - Poor blood circulation Many congenital heart defects cause few or no signs and symptoms. They are often not diagnosed until children are older. Many children with congenital heart defects don't need treatment, but others do. Treatment can include medicines, catheter procedures, surgery, and heart transplants. The treatment depends on the type of the defect, how severe it is, and a child's age, size, and general health. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Congenital Heart Defects,0000229,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/congenitalheartdefects.html,C0018798,T019,Disorders +What is (are) Connective Tissue Disorders ?,0000230-1,information,"Connective tissue is the material inside your body that supports many of its parts. It is the ""cellular glue"" that gives your tissues their shape and helps keep them strong. It also helps some of your tissues do their work. Cartilage and fat are examples of connective tissue. There are over 200 disorders that impact connective tissue. Some, like cellulitis, are the result of an infection. Injuries can cause connective tissue disorders, such as scars. Others, such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Marfan syndrome, and osteogenesis imperfecta, are genetic. Still others, like scleroderma, have no known cause. Each disorder has its own symptoms and needs different treatment.",Connective Tissue Disorders,0000230,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/connectivetissuedisorders.html,C0009782,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Constipation ?,0000231-1,information,"Constipation means that a person has three or fewer bowel movements in a week. The stool can be hard and dry. Sometimes it is painful to pass. At one time or another, almost everyone gets constipated. In most cases, it lasts a short time and is not serious. There are many things you can do to prevent constipation. They include - Eating more fruits, vegetables and grains, which are high in fiber - Drinking plenty of water and other liquids - Getting enough exercise - Taking time to have a bowel movement when you need to - Using laxatives only if your doctor says you should - Asking your doctor if medicines you take may cause constipation It's not important that you have a bowel movement every day. If your bowel habits change, however, check with your doctor. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Constipation,0000231,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/constipation.html,C1963087,T033,Disorders +What is (are) COPD ?,0000232-1,information,"COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) makes it hard for you to breathe. The two main types are chronic bronchitis and emphysema. The main cause of COPD is long-term exposure to substances that irritate and damage the lungs. This is usually cigarette smoke. Air pollution, chemical fumes, or dust can also cause it. At first, COPD may cause no symptoms or only mild symptoms. As the disease gets worse, symptoms usually become more severe. They include - A cough that produces a lot of mucus - Shortness of breath, especially with physical activity - Wheezing - Chest tightness Doctors use lung function tests, imaging tests, and blood tests to diagnose COPD. There is no cure. Treatments may relieve symptoms. They include medicines, oxygen therapy, surgery, or a lung transplant. Quitting smoking is the most important step you can take to treat COPD. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",COPD,0000232,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/copd.html,C3714496,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Coping with Chronic Illness ?,0000233-1,information,"Having a long-term, or chronic, illness can disrupt your life in many ways. You may often be tired and in pain. Your illness might affect your appearance or your physical abilities and independence. You may not be able to work, causing financial problems. For children, chronic illnesses can be frightening, because they may not understand why this is happening to them. These changes can cause stress, anxiety and anger. If they do, it is important to seek help. A trained counselor can help you develop strategies to regain a feeling of control. Support groups might help, too. You will find that you are not alone, and you may learn some new tips on how to cope.",Coping with Chronic Illness,0000233,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/copingwithchronicillness.html,C2186378,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Coping with Disasters,0000234-1,information,"Summary : No matter how well you have prepared, you might feel dazed or numb after going through a disaster. You may also feel sad, helpless, or anxious. In spite of the tragedy, you might just feel happy to be alive. It is not unusual to have bad memories or dreams. You may avoid places or people that remind you of the disaster. You might have trouble sleeping, eating, or paying attention. Many people have short tempers and get angry easily. These are all normal reactions to stress. Sometimes the stress can be too much to handle alone. Some people have long-term problems after a disaster, including - Post-traumatic stress disorder - Depression - Self-blame - Suicidal thoughts - Alcohol or drug abuse If your emotional reactions are getting in the way of your relationships, work, or other important activities, talk to a counselor or your doctor. Treatments are available. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Coping with Disasters,0000234,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/copingwithdisasters.html,,, +What is (are) Corneal Disorders ?,0000235-1,information,"Your cornea is the outermost layer of your eye. It is clear and shaped like a dome. The cornea helps to shield the rest of the eye from germs, dust, and other harmful matter. It also helps your eye to focus. If you wear contact lenses, they float on top of your corneas. Problems with the cornea include - Refractive errors - Allergies - Infections - Injuries - Dystrophies - conditions in which parts of the cornea lose clarity due to a buildup of cloudy material Treatments of corneal disorders include medicines, corneal transplantation, and corneal laser surgery. NIH: National Eye Institute",Corneal Disorders,0000235,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cornealdisorders.html,C0010034,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Corns and Calluses ?,0000236-1,information,"Corns and calluses are caused by pressure or friction on your skin. They often appear on feet where the bony parts of your feet rub against your shoes. Corns usually appear on the tops or sides of toes while calluses form on the soles of feet. Calluses also can appear on hands or other areas that are rubbed or pressed. Wearing shoes that fit better or using non-medicated pads may help. While bathing, gently rub the corn or callus with a washcloth or pumice stone to help reduce the size. To avoid infection, do not try to shave off the corn or callus. See your doctor, especially if you have diabetes or circulation problems. NIH: National Institute on Aging",Corns and Calluses,0000236,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cornsandcalluses.html,C0376154,T020,Disorders +Do you have information about Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery,0000237-1,information,"Summary : In coronary artery disease (CAD), the arteries that supply blood and oxygen to your heart muscle grow hardened and narrowed. You may try treatments such as lifestyle changes, medicines, and angioplasty, a procedure to open the arteries. If these treatments don't help, you may need coronary artery bypass surgery. The surgery creates a new path for blood to flow to the heart. The surgeon takes a healthy piece of vein from the leg or artery from the chest or wrist. Then the surgeon attaches it to the coronary artery, just above and below the narrowed area or blockage. This allows blood to bypass (get around) the blockage. Sometimes people need more than one bypass. The results of the surgery usually are excellent. Many people remain symptom-free for many years. You may need surgery again if blockages form in the grafted arteries or veins or in arteries that weren't blocked before. Lifestyle changes and medicines may help prevent arteries from becoming clogged again. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery,0000237,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/coronaryarterybypasssurgery.html,,, +What is (are) Coronary Artery Disease ?,0000238-1,information,"Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common type of heart disease. It is the leading cause of death in the United States in both men and women. CAD happens when the arteries that supply blood to heart muscle become hardened and narrowed. This is due to the buildup of cholesterol and other material, called plaque, on their inner walls. This buildup is called atherosclerosis. As it grows, less blood can flow through the arteries. As a result, the heart muscle can't get the blood or oxygen it needs. This can lead to chest pain (angina) or a heart attack. Most heart attacks happen when a blood clot suddenly cuts off the hearts' blood supply, causing permanent heart damage. Over time, CAD can also weaken the heart muscle and contribute to heart failure and arrhythmias. Heart failure means the heart can't pump blood well to the rest of the body. Arrhythmias are changes in the normal beating rhythm of the heart. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Coronary Artery Disease,0000238,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/coronaryarterydisease.html,C1956346,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Coronavirus Infections ?,0000239-1,information,"Coronaviruses are common viruses that most people get some time in their life. They are common throughout the world, and they can infect people and animals. Several different coronaviruses can infect people and make them sick. They usually cause mild to moderate upper-respiratory illness. But, some coronaviruses can cause severe illness. Coronaviruses probably spread through the air by coughing or sneezing, or by close personal contact. If you get infected, symptoms may include - Runny nose - Cough - Sore throat - Fever You may be able to reduce your risk of infection by washing your hands often with soap and water, not touching your eyes, nose, or mouth, and avoiding close contact with people who are sick. There is no vaccine to prevent coronavirus infection. There are no specific treatments. You can relieve symptoms with pain and fever medicines and rest. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Coronavirus Infections,0000239,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/coronavirusinfections.html,C1175175,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Cosmetic Dentistry,0000240-1,information,"Summary : If you have stained, broken or uneven teeth, cosmetic dentistry can help. Cosmetic dentistry is different from orthodontic treatment, which can straighten your teeth with braces or other devices. Cosmetic dental procedures include - Bleaching to make teeth whiter - Repairing chips or rough spots with fillings that match your teeth - Filling cavities with tooth-colored materials - Reshaping teeth that don't match the others - Closing gaps between teeth - Covering broken teeth with porcelain crowns",Cosmetic Dentistry,0000240,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cosmeticdentistry.html,,, +Do you have information about Cosmetics,0000241-1,information,"Summary : Cosmetics are products you apply to your body to clean it, make it more attractive, or change the way it looks. They include - Hair dyes - Makeup - Perfumes - Skin-care creams Cosmetics that treat or prevent diseases are also drugs. Products such as dandruff shampoo, fluoride toothpaste, and antiperspirant deodorant are both cosmetics and drugs. A good way to tell if you're buying a cosmetic that is also a drug is to see if the first ingredient listed is an ""active ingredient."" The active ingredient is the chemical that makes the product effective. The manufacturer must have proof that it's safe for its intended use. Cosmetics can cause allergic reactions. The first sign is often red and irritated skin. Fragrances and preservatives are the most common causes of skin problems. To find out all the ingredients in a cosmetic you use, check the container. Manufacturers are required to list them. Labels such as ""natural"" and ""hypoallergenic"" have no official meaning. Companies can use them to mean whatever they want. Food and Drug Administration",Cosmetics,0000241,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cosmetics.html,,, +What is (are) Cough ?,0000242-1,information,"Coughing is a reflex that keeps your throat and airways clear. Although it can be annoying, coughing helps your body heal or protect itself. Coughs can be either acute or chronic. Acute coughs begin suddenly and usually last no more than 2 to 3 weeks. Acute coughs are the kind you most often get with a cold, flu, or acute bronchitis. Chronic coughs last longer than 2 to 3 weeks. Causes of chronic cough include - Chronic bronchitis - Asthma - Allergies - COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) - GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) - Smoking - Throat disorders, such as croup in young children - Some medicines Water can help ease your cough - whether you drink it or add it to the air with a steamy shower or vaporizer. If you have a cold or the flu, antihistamines may work better than non-prescription cough medicines. Children under four should not have cough medicine. For children over four, use caution and read labels carefully.",Cough,0000242,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cough.html,C0010200,T033,Disorders +Do you have information about CPR,0000243-1,information,"Summary : When someone's blood flow or breathing stops, seconds count. Permanent brain damage or death can happen quickly. If you know how to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), you could save a life. CPR is an emergency procedure for a person whose heart has stopped or is no longer breathing. CPR can maintain circulation and breathing until emergency medical help arrives. Even if you haven't had training, you can do ""hands-only"" CPR for a teen or adult whose heart has stopped beating (""hands-only"" CPR isn't recommended for children). ""Hands-only"" CPR uses chest compressions to keep blood circulating until emergency help arrives. If you've had training, you can use chest compressions, clear the airway, and do rescue breathing. Rescue breathing helps get oxygen to the lungs for a person who has stopped breathing. To keep your skills up, you should repeat the training every two years.",CPR,0000243,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cpr.html,,, +What is (are) Craniofacial Abnormalities ?,0000244-1,information,"Craniofacial is a medical term that relates to the bones of the skull and face. Craniofacial abnormalities are birth defects of the face or head. Some, like cleft lip and palate, are among the most common of all birth defects. Others are very rare. Most of them affect how a person's face or head looks. These conditions may also affect other parts of the body. Treatment depends on the type of problem. Plastic and reconstructive surgery may help the person's appearance.",Craniofacial Abnormalities,0000244,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/craniofacialabnormalities.html,C0376634,T019,Disorders +What is (are) Creatinine ?,0000245-1,information,"Creatinine is a waste product in your blood. It comes from protein in your diet and the normal breakdown of muscles of your body. Creatinine is removed from blood by the kidneys and then passes out of the body in your urine. If you have kidney disease, the level of creatinine in your blood increases. Blood (serum) and urine tests can check your creatinine levels. The tests are done to check how well your kidneys are working. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Creatinine,0000245,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/creatinine.html,C1561535,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease ?,0000246-1,information,"Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare, degenerative brain disorder. Symptoms usually start around age 60. Memory problems, behavior changes, vision problems, and poor muscle coordination progress quickly to dementia, coma, and death. Most patients die within a year. The three main categories of CJD are - Sporadic CJD, which occurs for no known reason - Hereditary CJD, which runs in families - Acquired CJD, which occurs from contact with infected tissue, usually during a medical procedure Cattle can get a disease related to CJD called bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or ""mad cow disease."" There is concern that people can get a variant of CJD from eating beef from an infected animal, but there is no direct proof to support this. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease,0000246,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/creutzfeldtjakobdisease.html,C0022336,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Critical Care,0000247-1,information,"Summary : Critical care helps people with life-threatening injuries and illnesses. It might treat problems such as complications from surgery, accidents, infections, and severe breathing problems. It involves close, constant attention by a team of specially-trained health care providers. Critical care usually takes place in an intensive care unit (ICU) or trauma center. Monitors, intravenous (IV) tubes, feeding tubes, catheters, breathing machines, and other equipment are common in critical care units. They can keep a person alive, but can also increase the risk of infection. Many patients in critical care recover, but some die. Having advance directives in place is important. They help health care providers and family members make end-of-life decisions if you are not able to make them.",Critical Care,0000247,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/criticalcare.html,,, +What is (are) Crohn's Disease ?,0000248-1,information,"Crohn's disease causes inflammation of the digestive system. It is one of a group of diseases called inflammatory bowel disease. Crohn's can affect any area from the mouth to the anus. It often affects the lower part of the small intestine called the ileum. The cause of Crohn's disease is unknown. It may be due to an abnormal reaction by the body's immune system. It also seems to run in some families. It most commonly starts between the ages of 13 and 30. The most common symptoms are pain in the abdomen and diarrhea. Other symptoms include - Bleeding from the rectum - Weight loss - Fever Your doctor will diagnose Crohn's disease with a physical exam, lab tests, imaging tests, and a colonoscopy. Crohn's can cause complications, such as intestinal blockages, ulcers in the intestine, and problems getting enough nutrients. People with Crohn's can also have joint pain and skin problems. Children with the disease may have growth problems. There is no cure for Crohn's. Treatment can help control symptoms, and may include medicines, nutrition supplements, and/or surgery. Some people have long periods of remission, when they are free of symptoms. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Crohn's Disease,0000248,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/crohnsdisease.html,C0010346,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Croup ?,0000249-1,information,"Croup is an inflammation of the vocal cords (larynx) and windpipe (trachea). It causes difficulty breathing, a barking cough, and a hoarse voice. The cause is usually a virus, often parainfluenza virus. Other causes include allergies and reflux. Croup often starts out like a cold. But then the vocal cords and windpipe become swollen, causing the hoarseness and the cough. There may also be a fever and high-pitched noisy sounds when breathing. The symptoms are usually worse at night, and last for about three to five days. Children between the ages of 6 months and 3 years have the highest risk of getting croup. They may also have more severe symptoms. Croup is more common in the fall and winter. Most cases of viral croup are mild and can be treated at home. Rarely, croup can become serious and interfere with your child's breathing. If you are worried about your child's breathing, call your health care provider right away.",Croup,0000249,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/croup.html,C0010380,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Cryptosporidiosis ?,0000250-1,information,"Cryptosporidiosis (crypto) is an illness caused by a parasite. The parasite lives in soil, food and water. It may also be on surfaces that have been contaminated with waste. You can become infected if you swallow the parasite. The most common symptom of crypto is watery diarrhea. Other symptoms include - Dehydration - Weight loss - Stomach cramps or pain - Fever - Nausea - Vomiting Most people with crypto get better with no treatment, but crypto can cause serious problems in people with weak immune systems such as in people with HIV/AIDS. To reduce your risk of crypto, wash your hands often, avoid water that may be infected, and wash or peel fresh fruits and vegetables before eating. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Cryptosporidiosis,0000250,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cryptosporidiosis.html,C0010418,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about CT Scans,0000251-1,information,"Summary : Computed tomography (CT) is a type of imaging. It uses special x-ray equipment to make cross-sectional pictures of your body. Doctors use CT scans to look for - Broken bones - Cancers - Blood clots - Signs of heart disease - Internal bleeding During a CT scan, you lie still on a table. The table slowly passes through the center of a large X-ray machine. The test is painless. During some tests you receive a contrast dye, which makes parts of your body show up better in the image. NIH: National Cancer Institute",CT Scans,0000251,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ctscans.html,,, +What is (are) Cushing's Syndrome ?,0000252-1,information,"Cushing's syndrome is a hormonal disorder. The cause is long-term exposure to too much cortisol, a hormone that your adrenal gland makes. Sometimes, taking synthetic hormone medicine to treat an inflammatory disease leads to Cushing's. Some kinds of tumors produce a hormone that can cause your body to make too much cortisol. Cushing's syndrome is rare. Some symptoms are - Upper body obesity - Thin arms and legs - Severe fatigue and muscle weakness - High blood pressure - High blood sugar - Easy bruising Lab tests can show if you have it and find the cause. Your treatment will depend on why you have too much cortisol. If it is because you have been taking synthetic hormones, a lower dose may control your symptoms. If the cause is a tumor, surgery and other therapies may be needed. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Cushing's Syndrome,0000252,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cushingssyndrome.html,C0010481,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Cystic Fibrosis ?,0000253-1,information,"Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disease of the mucus and sweat glands. It affects mostly your lungs, pancreas, liver, intestines, sinuses, and sex organs. CF causes your mucus to be thick and sticky. The mucus clogs the lungs, causing breathing problems and making it easy for bacteria to grow. This can lead to repeated lung infections and lung damage. The symptoms and severity of CF can vary. Some people have serious problems from birth. Others have a milder version of the disease that doesn't show up until they are teens or young adults. Sometimes you will have few symptoms, but later you may have more symptoms. CF is diagnosed through various tests, such as gene, blood, and sweat tests. There is no cure for CF, but treatments have improved greatly in recent years. In the past, most deaths from CF were in children and teenagers. Today, with improved treatments, some people who have CF are living into their forties, fifties, or older. Treatments may include chest physical therapy, nutritional and respiratory therapies, medicines, and exercise. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Cystic Fibrosis,0000253,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cysticfibrosis.html,C0010674,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Cytomegalovirus Infections ?,0000254-1,information,"Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a virus found around the world. It is related to the viruses that cause chickenpox and infectious mononucleosis (mono). Between 50 percent and 80 percent of adults in the United States have had a CMV infection by age 40. Once CMV is in a person's body, it stays there for life. CMV is spread through close contact with body fluids. Most people with CMV don't get sick and don't know that they've been infected. But infection with the virus can be serious in babies and people with weak immune systems. If a woman gets CMV when she is pregnant, she can pass it on to her baby. Usually the babies do not have health problems. But some babies can develop lifelong disabilities. A blood test can tell whether a person has ever been infected with CMV. Most people with CMV don't need treatment. If you have a weakened immune system, your doctor may prescribe antiviral medicine. Good hygiene, including proper hand washing, may help prevent infections. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Cytomegalovirus Infections,0000254,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cytomegalovirusinfections.html,C0010823,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about DASH Diet,0000255-1,information,"Summary : DASH stands for Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension. It is an eating plan that is based on research studies sponsored by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). These studies showed that DASH lowers high blood pressure and improves levels of cholesterol. This reduces your risk of getting heart disease. The DASH Diet - Emphasizes vegetables, fruits, and fat-free or low-fat dairy products. - Includes whole grains, fish, poultry, beans, seeds, nuts, and vegetable oils. - Limits sodium, sweets, sugary beverages, and red meats. Along with DASH, other lifestyle changes can help lower your blood pressure. They include staying at a healthy weight, exercising, and not smoking. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",DASH Diet,0000255,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dashdiet.html,,, +What is (are) Deep Vein Thrombosis ?,0000256-1,information,"Deep vein thrombosis, or DVT, is a blood clot that forms in a vein deep in the body. Most deep vein clots occur in the lower leg or thigh. If the vein swells, the condition is called thrombophlebitis. A deep vein thrombosis can break loose and cause a serious problem in the lung, called a pulmonary embolism. Sitting still for a long time can make you more likely to get a DVT. Some medicines and disorders that increase your risk for blood clots can also lead to DVTs. Common symptoms are - Warmth and tenderness over the vein - Pain or swelling in the part of the body affected - Skin redness Treatment includes medicines to ease pain and inflammation, break up clots and keep new clots from forming. Keeping the affected area raised and applying moist heat can also help. If you are taking a long car or plane trip, take a break, walk or stretch your legs and drink plenty of liquids.",Deep Vein Thrombosis,0000256,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/deepveinthrombosis.html,C0149871,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Degenerative Nerve Diseases ?,0000257-1,information,"Degenerative nerve diseases affect many of your body's activities, such as balance, movement, talking, breathing, and heart function. Many of these diseases are genetic. Sometimes the cause is a medical condition such as alcoholism, a tumor, or a stroke. Other causes may include toxins, chemicals, and viruses. Sometimes the cause is not known. Degenerative nerve diseases include - Alzheimer's disease - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Friedreich's ataxia - Huntington's disease - Lewy body disease - Parkinson's disease - Spinal muscular atrophy Degenerative nerve diseases can be serious or life-threatening. It depends on the type. Most of them have no cure. Treatments may help improve symptoms, relieve pain, and increase mobility.",Degenerative Nerve Diseases,0000257,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/degenerativenervediseases.html,C1456654,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Dehydration ?,0000258-1,information,"When you're dehydrated, your body doesn't have enough fluid to work properly. An average person on an average day needs about 3 quarts of water. But if you're out in the hot sun, you'll need a lot more than that. Most healthy bodies are very good at regulating water. Elderly people, young children and some special cases - like people taking certain medications - need to be a little more careful. Signs of dehydration in adults include - Being thirsty - Urinating less often than usual - Dark-colored urine - Dry skin - Feeling tired - Dizziness and fainting Signs of dehydration in babies and young children include a dry mouth and tongue, crying without tears, no wet diapers for 3 hours or more, a high fever and being unusually sleepy or drowsy. If you think you're dehydrated, drink small amounts of water over a period of time. Taking too much all at once can overload your stomach and make you throw up. For people exercising in the heat and losing a lot of minerals in sweat, sports drinks can be helpful. Avoid any drinks that have caffeine.",Dehydration,0000258,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dehydration.html,C0011175,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Delirium ?,0000259-1,information,"Delirium is a condition that features rapidly changing mental states. It causes confusion and changes in behavior. Besides falling in and out of consciousness, there may be problems with - Attention and awareness - Thinking and memory - Emotion - Muscle control - Sleeping and waking Causes of delirium include medications, poisoning, serious illnesses or infections, and severe pain. It can also be part of some mental illnesses or dementia. Delirium and dementia have similar symptoms, so it can be hard to tell them apart. They can also occur together. Delirium starts suddenly and can cause hallucinations. The symptoms may get better or worse, and can last for hours or weeks. On the other hand, dementia develops slowly and does not cause hallucinations. The symptoms are stable, and may last for months or years. Delirium tremens is a serious type of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. It usually happens to people who stop drinking after years of alcohol abuse. People with delirium often, though not always, make a full recovery after their underlying illness is treated.",Delirium,0000259,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/delirium.html,C1285577,T048,Disorders +What is (are) Dementia ?,0000260-1,information,"Dementia is the name for a group of symptoms caused by disorders that affect the brain. It is not a specific disease. People with dementia may not be able to think well enough to do normal activities, such as getting dressed or eating. They may lose their ability to solve problems or control their emotions. Their personalities may change. They may become agitated or see things that are not there. Memory loss is a common symptom of dementia. However, memory loss by itself does not mean you have dementia. People with dementia have serious problems with two or more brain functions, such as memory and language. Although dementia is common in very elderly people, it is not part of normal aging. Many different diseases can cause dementia, including Alzheimer's disease and stroke. Drugs are available to treat some of these diseases. While these drugs cannot cure dementia or repair brain damage, they may improve symptoms or slow down the disease. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Dementia,0000260,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dementia.html,C0497327,T048,Disorders +What is (are) Dengue ?,0000261-1,information,"Dengue is an infection caused by a virus. You can get it if an infected mosquito bites you. Dengue does not spread from person to person. It is common in warm, wet areas of the world. Outbreaks occur in the rainy season. Dengue is rare in the United States. Symptoms include a high fever, headaches, joint and muscle pain, vomiting, and a rash. In some cases, dengue turns into dengue hemorrhagic fever, which causes bleeding from your nose, gums, or under your skin. It can also become dengue shock syndrome, which causes massive bleeding and shock. These forms of dengue are life-threatening. There is no specific treatment. Most people with dengue recover within 2 weeks. Until then, drinking lots of fluids, resting and taking non-aspirin fever-reducing medicines might help. People with the more severe forms of dengue usually need to go to the hospital and get fluids. To lower your risk when traveling to areas where dengue is found - Wear insect repellent with DEET - Wear clothes that cover your arms, legs and feet - Close unscreened doors and windows NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",Dengue,0000261,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dengue.html,C0011311,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Dental Health,0000262-1,information,"Summary : It's important to take care of your mouth and teeth starting in childhood. If you don't, you could have problems with your teeth and gums - like cavities or even tooth loss. Here's how to keep your mouth and teeth healthy: - Brush your teeth every day with a fluoride toothpaste - Clean between your teeth every day with floss or another type of between-the-teeth cleaner - Snack smart - limit sugary snacks - Don't smoke or chew tobacco - See your dentist or oral health professional regularly NIH: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research",Dental Health,0000262,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dentalhealth.html,,, +What is (are) Dentures ?,0000263-1,information,"Dentures are false teeth made to replace teeth you have lost. Dentures can be complete or partial. Complete dentures cover your entire upper or lower jaw. Partials replace one or a few teeth. Advances in dentistry have made many improvements in dentures. They are more natural looking and comfortable than they used to be. But they still may feel strange at first. In the beginning, your dentist may want to see you often to make sure the dentures fit. Over time, your mouth will change and your dentures may need to be adjusted or replaced. Be sure to let your dentist handle these adjustments. Speaking and eating may feel different with dentures. Be careful when wearing dentures because they may make it harder for you to feel hot foods and liquids. Also, you may not notice biting on a bone from your food. NIH: National Institute on Aging",Dentures,0000263,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dentures.html,C2266651,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Depression ?,0000264-1,information,"Depression is a serious medical illness. It's more than just a feeling of being sad or ""blue"" for a few days. If you are one of the more than 19 million teens and adults in the United States who have depression, the feelings do not go away. They persist and interfere with your everyday life. Symptoms can include - Feeling sad or ""empty"" - Loss of interest in favorite activities - Overeating, or not wanting to eat at all - Not being able to sleep, or sleeping too much - Feeling very tired - Feeling hopeless, irritable, anxious, or guilty - Aches or pains, headaches, cramps, or digestive problems - Thoughts of death or suicide Depression is a disorder of the brain. There are a variety of causes, including genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Depression can happen at any age, but it often begins in teens and young adults. It is much more common in women. Women can also get postpartum depression after the birth of a baby. Some people get seasonal affective disorder in the winter. Depression is one part of bipolar disorder. There are effective treatments for depression, including antidepressants, talk therapy, or both. NIH: National Institute of Mental Health",Depression,0000264,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/depression.html,C0349217,T048,Disorders +What is (are) Developmental Disabilities ?,0000265-1,information,"Developmental disabilities are severe, long-term problems. They may be physical, such as blindness. They may affect mental ability, such as learning disorders. Or the problem can be both physical and mental, such as Down syndrome. The problems are usually life-long, and can affect everyday living. There are many causes of developmental disabilities, including - Genetic or chromosome abnormalities. These cause conditions such as Down syndrome and Rett syndrome. - Prenatal exposure to substances. Drinking alcohol when pregnant can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. - Certain viral infections during pregnancy - Preterm birth Often there is no cure, but treatment can help the symptoms. Treatments include physical, speech, and occupational therapy. Special education classes and psychological counseling can also help. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development",Developmental Disabilities,0000265,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/developmentaldisabilities.html,C0008073,T048,Disorders +What is (are) Diabetes ?,0000266-1,information,"Diabetes is a disease in which your blood glucose, or blood sugar, levels are too high. Glucose comes from the foods you eat. Insulin is a hormone that helps the glucose get into your cells to give them energy. With type 1 diabetes, your body does not make insulin. With type 2 diabetes, the more common type, your body does not make or use insulin well. Without enough insulin, the glucose stays in your blood. You can also have prediabetes. This means that your blood sugar is higher than normal but not high enough to be called diabetes. Having prediabetes puts you at a higher risk of getting type 2 diabetes. Over time, having too much glucose in your blood can cause serious problems. It can damage your eyes, kidneys, and nerves. Diabetes can also cause heart disease, stroke and even the need to remove a limb. Pregnant women can also get diabetes, called gestational diabetes. Blood tests can show if you have diabetes. One type of test, the A1C, can also check on how you are managing your diabetes. Exercise, weight control and sticking to your meal plan can help control your diabetes. You should also monitor your blood glucose level and take medicine if prescribed. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Diabetes,0000266,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabetes.html,C0011860,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Diabetes and Pregnancy ?,0000267-1,information,"Diabetes is a disease in which your blood glucose, or blood sugar, levels are too high. When you are pregnant, high blood sugar levels are not good for your baby. About seven out of every 100 pregnant women in the United States get gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes is diabetes that happens for the first time when a woman is pregnant. Most of the time, it goes away after you have your baby. But it does increase your risk for developing type 2 diabetes later on. Your child is also at risk for obesity and type 2 diabetes. Most women get a test to check for diabetes during their second trimester of pregnancy. Women at higher risk may get a test earlier. If you already have diabetes, the best time to control your blood sugar is before you get pregnant. High blood sugar levels can be harmful to your baby during the first weeks of pregnancy - even before you know you are pregnant. To keep you and your baby healthy, it is important to keep your blood sugar as close to normal as possible before and during pregnancy. Either type of diabetes during pregnancy increases the chances of problems for you and your baby. To help lower the chances talk to your health care team about - A meal plan for your pregnancy - A safe exercise plan - How often to test your blood sugar - Taking your medicine as prescribed. Your medicine plan may need to change during pregnancy. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Diabetes and Pregnancy,0000267,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabetesandpregnancy.html,C0011860,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Diabetes Complications ?,0000268-1,information,"If you have diabetes, your blood glucose, or blood sugar, levels are too high. Over time, this can cause problems with other body functions, such as your kidneys, nerves, feet, and eyes. Having diabetes can also put you at a higher risk for heart disease and bone and joint disorders. Other long-term complications of diabetes include skin problems, digestive problems, sexual dysfunction, and problems with your teeth and gums. Very high or very low blood sugar levels can also lead to emergencies in people with diabetes. The cause can be an underlying infection, certain medicines, or even the medicines you take to control your diabetes. If you feel nauseated, sluggish or shaky, seek emergency care. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Diabetes Complications,0000268,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabetescomplications.html,C0342257,T046,Disorders +What is (are) Diabetes in Children and Teens ?,0000269-1,information,"Until recently, the common type of diabetes in children and teens was type 1. It was called juvenile diabetes. With Type 1 diabetes, the pancreas does not make insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps glucose,or sugar, get into your cells to give them energy. Without insulin, too much sugar stays in the blood. But now younger people are also getting type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes used to be called adult-onset diabetes. But now it is becoming more common in children and teens, due to more obesity. With Type 2 diabetes, the body does not make or use insulin well. Children have a higher risk of type 2 diabetes if they are obese, have a family history of diabetes, or are not active, and do not eat well. To lower the risk of type 2 diabetes in children - Have them maintain a healthy weight - Be sure they are physically active - Have them eat smaller portions of healthy foods - Limit time with the TV, computer, and video Children and teens with type 1 diabetes may need to take insulin. Type 2 diabetes may be controlled with diet and exercise. If not, patients will need to take oral diabetes medicines or insulin. A blood test called the A1C can check on how you are managing your diabetes.",Diabetes in Children and Teens,0000269,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabetesinchildrenandteens.html,C3826457,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Diabetes Insipidus ?,0000270-1,information,"Diabetes insipidus (DI) causes frequent urination. You become extremely thirsty, so you drink. Then you urinate. This cycle can keep you from sleeping or even make you wet the bed. Your body produces lots of urine that is almost all water. DI is different from diabetes mellitus (DM), which involves insulin problems and high blood sugar. The symptoms can be similar. However, DI is related to how your kidneys handle fluids. It's much less common than DM. Urine and blood tests can show which one you have. Usually, DI is caused by a problem with your pituitary gland or your kidneys. Treatment depends on the cause of the problem. Medicines can often help. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Diabetes Insipidus,0000270,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabetesinsipidus.html,C0687720,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Diabetes Medicines,0000271-1,information,"Summary : Diabetes means your blood glucose, or blood sugar, levels are too high. If you can't control your diabetes with wise food choices and physical activity, you may need diabetes medicines. The kind of medicine you take depends on your type of diabetes, your schedule, and your other health conditions. With type 1 diabetes, your pancreas does not make insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps glucose get into your cells to give them energy. Without insulin, too much glucose stays in your blood. If you have type 1 diabetes, you will need to take insulin. Type 2 diabetes, the most common type, can start when the body doesn't use insulin as it should. If your body can't keep up with the need for insulin, you may need to take pills. Along with meal planning and physical activity, diabetes pills help people with type 2 diabetes or gestational diabetes keep their blood glucose levels on target. Several kinds of pills are available. Each works in a different way. Many people take two or three kinds of pills. Some people take combination pills. Combination pills contain two kinds of diabetes medicine in one tablet. Some people take pills and insulin. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Diabetes Medicines,0000271,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabetesmedicines.html,,, +What is (are) Diabetes Type 1 ?,0000272-1,information,"Diabetes means your blood glucose, or blood sugar, levels are too high. With type 1 diabetes, your pancreas does not make insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps glucose get into your cells to give them energy. Without insulin, too much glucose stays in your blood. Over time, high blood glucose can lead to serious problems with your heart, eyes, kidneys, nerves, and gums and teeth. Type 1 diabetes happens most often in children and young adults but can appear at any age. Symptoms may include - Being very thirsty - Urinating often - Feeling very hungry or tired - Losing weight without trying - Having sores that heal slowly - Having dry, itchy skin - Losing the feeling in your feet or having tingling in your feet - Having blurry eyesight A blood test can show if you have diabetes. If you do, you will need to take insulin for the rest of your life. A blood test called the A1C can check to see how well you are managing your diabetes. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Diabetes Type 1,0000272,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabetestype1.html,C0011854,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Diabetes Type 2 ?,0000273-1,information,"Diabetes means your blood glucose, or blood sugar, levels are too high. With type 2 diabetes, the more common type, your body does not make or use insulin well. Insulin is a hormone that helps glucose get into your cells to give them energy. Without insulin, too much glucose stays in your blood. Over time, high blood glucose can lead to serious problems with your heart, eyes, kidneys, nerves, and gums and teeth. You have a higher risk of type 2 diabetes if you are older, obese, have a family history of diabetes, or do not exercise. Having prediabetes also increases your risk. Prediabetes means that your blood sugar is higher than normal but not high enough to be called diabetes. The symptoms of type 2 diabetes appear slowly. Some people do not notice symptoms at all. The symptoms can include - Being very thirsty - Urinating often - Feeling very hungry or tired - Losing weight without trying - Having sores that heal slowly - Having blurry eyesight Blood tests can show if you have diabetes. One type of test, the A1C, can also check on how you are managing your diabetes. Many people can manage their diabetes through healthy eating, physical activity, and blood glucose testing. Some people also need to take diabetes medicines. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Diabetes Type 2,0000273,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabetestype2.html,C0011860,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Diabetic Diet,0000274-1,information,"Summary : If you have diabetes, your body cannot make or properly use insulin. This leads to high blood glucose, or blood sugar, levels. Healthy eating helps keep your blood sugar in your target range. It is a critical part of managing your diabetes, because controlling your blood sugar can prevent the complications of diabetes. A registered dietitian can help make an eating plan just for you. It should take into account your weight, medicines, lifestyle, and other health problems you have. Healthy diabetic eating includes - Limiting foods that are high in sugar - Eating smaller portions, spread out over the day - Being careful about when and how many carbohydrates you eat - Eating a variety of whole-grain foods, fruits and vegetables every day - Eating less fat - Limiting your use of alcohol - Using less salt NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Diabetic Diet,0000274,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabeticdiet.html,,, +What is (are) Diabetic Eye Problems ?,0000275-1,information,"If you have diabetes, your blood glucose, or blood sugar, levels are too high. Over time, this can damage your eyes. The most common problem is diabetic retinopathy. It is a leading cause of blindness in American adults. Your retina is the light-sensitive tissue at the back of your eye. You need a healthy retina to see clearly. Diabetic retinopathy damages the tiny blood vessels inside your retina. You may not notice it at first. Symptoms can include - Blurry or double vision - Rings, flashing lights, or blank spots - Dark or floating spots - Pain or pressure in one or both of your eyes - Trouble seeing things out of the corners of your eyes Treatment often includes laser treatment or surgery, with follow-up care. Two other eye problems can happen to people with diabetes. A cataract is a cloud over the lens of your eye. Surgery helps you see clearly again. Glaucoma happens when pressure builds up in the eye, damaging the main nerve. Eye drops or surgery can help. If you have diabetes, you should have a complete eye exam every year. Finding and treating problems early may save your vision. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Diabetic Eye Problems,0000275,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabeticeyeproblems.html,C0342245,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Diabetic Foot ?,0000276-1,information,"If you have diabetes, your blood glucose, or blood sugar, levels are too high. Over time, this can damage your nerves or blood vessels. Nerve damage from diabetes can cause you to lose feeling in your feet. You may not feel a cut, a blister or a sore. Foot injuries such as these can cause ulcers and infections. Serious cases may even lead to amputation. Damage to the blood vessels can also mean that your feet do not get enough blood and oxygen. It is harder for your foot to heal, if you do get a sore or infection. You can help avoid foot problems. First, control your blood sugar levels. Good foot hygiene is also crucial: - Check your feet every day - Wash your feet every day - Keep the skin soft and smooth - Smooth corns and calluses gently - If you can see, reach, and feel your feet, trim your toenails regularly. If you cannot, ask a foot doctor (podiatrist) to trim them for you. - Wear shoes and socks at all times - Protect your feet from hot and cold - Keep the blood flowing to your feet NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Diabetic Foot,0000276,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabeticfoot.html,C0206172,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Diabetic Heart Disease ?,0000277-1,information,"If you have diabetes or pre-diabetes you have an increased risk for heart disease. Diabetic heart disease can be coronary heart disease (CHD), heart failure, and diabetic cardiomyopathy. Diabetes by itself puts you at risk for heart disease. Other risk factors include - Family history of heart disease - Carrying extra weight around the waist - Abnormal cholesterol levels - High blood pressure - Smoking Some people who have diabetic heart disease have no signs or symptoms of heart disease. Others have some or all of the symptoms of heart disease. Treatments include medications to treat heart damage or to lower your blood glucose (blood sugar), blood pressure, and cholesterol. If you are not already taking a low dose of aspirin every day, your doctor may suggest it. You also may need surgery or some other medical procedure. Lifestyle changes also help. These include a healthy diet, maintaining a healthy weight, being physically active, and quitting smoking. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Diabetic Heart Disease,0000277,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabeticheartdisease.html,C3534591,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Diabetic Kidney Problems ?,0000278-1,information,"If you have diabetes, your blood glucose, or blood sugar, levels are too high. Over time, this can damage your kidneys. Your kidneys clean your blood. If they are damaged, waste and fluids build up in your blood instead of leaving your body. Kidney damage from diabetes is called diabetic nephropathy. It begins long before you have symptoms. An early sign of it is small amounts of protein in your urine. A urine test can detect it. A blood test can also help determine how well your kidneys are working. If the damage continues, your kidneys could fail. In fact, diabetes is the most common cause of kidney failure in the United States. People with kidney failure need either dialysis or a kidney transplant. You can slow down kidney damage or keep it from getting worse. Controlling your blood sugar and blood pressure, taking your medicines and not eating too much protein can help. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Diabetic Kidney Problems,0000278,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabetickidneyproblems.html,C0011881,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Diabetic Nerve Problems ?,0000279-1,information,"If you have diabetes, your blood glucose, or blood sugar, levels are too high. Over time, this can damage the covering on your nerves or the blood vessels that bring oxygen to your nerves. Damaged nerves may stop sending messages, or may send messages slowly or at the wrong times. This damage is called diabetic neuropathy. Over half of people with diabetes get it. Symptoms may include - Numbness in your hands, legs, or feet - Shooting pains, burning, or tingling - Nausea, vomiting, constipation, or diarrhea - Problems with sexual function - Urinary problems - Dizziness when you change positions quickly Your doctor will diagnose diabetic neuropathy with a physical exam and nerve tests. Controlling your blood sugar can help prevent nerve problems, or keep them from getting worse. Treatment may include pain relief and other medicines. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Diabetic Nerve Problems,0000279,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabeticnerveproblems.html,C1456657,T046,Disorders +Do you have information about Diagnostic Imaging,0000280-1,information,"Summary : Diagnostic imaging lets doctors look inside your body for clues about a medical condition. A variety of machines and techniques can create pictures of the structures and activities inside your body. The type of imaging your doctor uses depends on your symptoms and the part of your body being examined. They include - X-rays - CT scans - Nuclear medicine scans - MRI scans - Ultrasound Many imaging tests are painless and easy. Some require you to stay still for a long time inside a machine. This can be uncomfortable. Certain tests involve exposure to a small amount of radiation. For some imaging tests, doctors insert a tiny camera attached to a long, thin tube into your body. This tool is called a scope. The doctor moves it through a body passageway or opening to see inside a particular organ, such as your heart, lungs, or colon. These procedures often require anesthesia.",Diagnostic Imaging,0000280,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diagnosticimaging.html,,, +Do you have information about Dialysis,0000281-1,information,"Summary : When your kidneys are healthy, they clean your blood. They also make hormones that keep your bones strong and your blood healthy. When your kidneys fail, you need treatment to replace the work your kidneys used to do. Unless you have a kidney transplant, you will need a treatment called dialysis. There are two main types of dialysis. Both types filter your blood to rid your body of harmful wastes, extra salt, and water. - Hemodialysis uses a machine. It is sometimes called an artificial kidney. You usually go to a special clinic for treatments several times a week. - Peritoneal dialysis uses the lining of your abdomen, called the peritoneal membrane, to filter your blood. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Dialysis,0000281,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dialysis.html,,, +What is (are) Diarrhea ?,0000282-1,information,"Diarrhea means that you have loose, watery stools more than three times in one day. You may also have cramps, bloating, nausea and an urgent need to have a bowel movement. Causes of diarrhea include bacteria, viruses or parasites, certain medicines, food intolerances and diseases that affect the stomach, small intestine or colon. In many cases, no cause can be found. Although usually not harmful, diarrhea can become dangerous or signal a more serious problem. You should talk to your doctor if you have a strong pain in your abdomen or rectum, a fever, blood in your stools, severe diarrhea for more than three days or symptoms of dehydration. If your child has diarrhea, do not hesitate to call the doctor for advice. Diarrhea can be dangerous in children. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Diarrhea,0000282,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diarrhea.html,C0011991,T033,Disorders +Do you have information about Dietary Fats,0000283-1,information,"Summary : Fat is a type of nutrient. You need some fat in your diet but not too much. Fats give you energy and help your body absorb vitamins. Dietary fat also plays a major role in your cholesterol levels. But not all fats are the same. You should try to avoid - Saturated fats such as butter, solid shortening, and lard - Trans fats. These are found in vegetable shortenings, some margarines, crackers, cookies, snack foods, and other foods made with or fried in partially hydrogenated oils (PHOs). By 2018, most U.S. companies will not be allowed to add PHOs to food. Try to replace them with oils such as canola, olive, safflower, sesame, or sunflower. Of course, eating too much fat will put on the pounds. Fat has twice as many calories as proteins or carbohydrates. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Dietary Fats,0000283,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietaryfats.html,,, +Do you have information about Dietary Fiber,0000284-1,information,"Summary : Fiber is a substance in plants. Dietary fiber is the kind you eat. It's a type of carbohydrate. You may also see it listed on a food label as soluble fiber or insoluble fiber. Both types have important health benefits. Good sources of dietary fiber include - Whole grains - Nuts and seeds - Fruit and vegetables Dietary fiber adds bulk to your diet and makes you feel full faster, helping you control your weight. It helps digestion and helps prevent constipation. Most Americans don't eat enough dietary fiber. But add it to your diet slowly. Increasing dietary fiber too quickly can lead to gas, bloating, and cramps. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Dietary Fiber,0000284,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietaryfiber.html,,, +Do you have information about Dietary Proteins,0000285-1,information,"Summary : Protein is in every cell in the body. Our bodies need protein from the foods we eat to build and maintain bones, muscles and skin. We get proteins in our diet from meat, dairy products, nuts, and certain grains and beans. Proteins from meat and other animal products are complete proteins. This means they supply all of the amino acids the body can't make on its own. Plant proteins are incomplete. You must combine different types of plant proteins to get all of the amino acids your body needs. It is important to get enough dietary protein. You need to eat protein every day, because your body doesn't store it the way it stores fats or carbohydrates. How much you need depends on your age, sex, health, and level of physical activity. Most Americans eat enough protein in their diet.",Dietary Proteins,0000285,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietaryproteins.html,,, +Do you have information about Dietary Supplements,0000286-1,information,"Summary : Dietary supplements are vitamins, minerals, herbs, and many other products. They can come as pills, capsules, powders, drinks, and energy bars. Supplements do not have to go through the testing that drugs do. Some supplements can play an important role in health. For example, calcium and vitamin D are important for keeping bones strong. Pregnant women can take the vitamin folic acid to prevent certain birth defects in their babies. To take a supplement as safely as possible - Tell your health care provider about any dietary supplements you use - Do not take a bigger dose than the label recommends - Check with your health care provider about the supplements you take if you are going to have any type of surgery - Read trustworthy information about the supplement NIH: National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements",Dietary Supplements,0000286,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietarysupplements.html,,, +Do you have information about Diets,0000287-1,information,"Summary : Your diet is made up of what you eat. A healthy diet - May include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products - May include lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, eggs and nuts - Goes easy on saturated fats, trans fat, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and added sugars There are many different types of diets. Some, like a vegetarian diet, don't include meats. Others, like the Mediterranean diet, describe a traditional way of eating of a specific region. And there are diets for people with certain health problems, such as diabetes and high blood pressure. Many people follow specific diets to lose weight. Some of these diets are fad or crash diets that severely restrict calories or the types of food you are allowed to eat. These diets rarely lead to permanent weight loss and often don't provide all of the nutrients your body needs. To lose weight, you need to use more calories than you eat. Portion control is the key. When trying to lose weight, you can still eat your favorite foods -- as long as you pay attention to the total number of calories that you eat. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Diets,0000287,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diets.html,,, +What is (are) Digestive Diseases ?,0000288-1,information,"When you eat, your body breaks food down to a form it can use to build and nourish cells and provide energy. This process is called digestion. Your digestive system is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube. It runs from your mouth to your anus and includes your esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. Your liver, gallbladder and pancreas are also involved. They produce juices to help digestion. There are many types of digestive disorders. The symptoms vary widely depending on the problem. In general, you should see your doctor if you have - Blood in your stool - Changes in bowel habits - Severe abdominal pain - Unintentional weight loss - Heartburn not relieved by antacids NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Digestive Diseases,0000288,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/digestivediseases.html,C0012242,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Diphtheria ?,0000289-1,information,"Diphtheria is a serious bacterial infection. You can catch it from a person who has the infection and coughs or sneezes. You can also get infected by coming in contact with an object, such as a toy, that has bacteria on it. Diphtheria usually affects the nose and throat. Symptoms include - Sore throat - Swollen glands in the neck - Fever - Weakness Your doctor will diagnose it based on your signs and symptoms and a lab test. Getting treatment for diphtheria quickly is important. If your doctor suspects that you have it, you'll start treatment before the lab tests come back. Treatment is with antibiotics. The diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus vaccine can prevent diphtheria, but its protection does not last forever. Children need another dose, or booster, at about age 12. Then, as adults, they should get a booster every 10 years. Diphtheria is very rare in the United States because of the vaccine. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Diphtheria,0000289,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diphtheria.html,C0012546,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Disabilities ?,0000290-1,information,"Disabilities make it harder to do normal daily activities. They may limit what you can do physically or mentally, or they can affect your senses. Disability doesn't mean unable, and it isn't a sickness. Most people with disabilities can - and do - work, play, learn, and enjoy full, healthy lives. Mobility aids and assistive devices can make daily tasks easier. About one in every five people in the United States has a disability. Some people are born with one. Others have them as a result of an illness or injury. Some people develop them as they age. Almost all of us will have a disability at some point in our lives. Department of Health and Human Services",Disabilities,0000290,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/disabilities.html,C0231170,T033,Disorders +Do you have information about Disaster Preparation and Recovery,0000291-1,information,"Summary : Preparing for a disaster can reduce the fear, anxiety and losses that disasters cause. A disaster can be a natural disaster, like a hurricane, tornado, flood or earthquake. It might also be man-made, like a bioterrorist attack or chemical spill. You should know the risks and danger signs of different types of disasters. You should also have a disaster plan. Be ready to evacuate your home, and know how to treat basic medical problems. Make sure you have the insurance you need, including special types, like flood insurance. No matter what kind of disaster you experience, it causes emotional distress. After a disaster, recovery can take time. Stay connected to your family and friends during this period. Federal Emergency Management Agency",Disaster Preparation and Recovery,0000291,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/disasterpreparationandrecovery.html,,, +What is (are) Dislocations ?,0000292-1,information,"Dislocations are joint injuries that force the ends of your bones out of position. The cause is often a fall or a blow, sometimes from playing a contact sport. You can dislocate your ankles, knees, shoulders, hips, elbows and jaw. You can also dislocate your finger and toe joints. Dislocated joints often are swollen, very painful and visibly out of place. You may not be able to move it. A dislocated joint is an emergency. If you have one, seek medical attention. Treatment depends on which joint you dislocate and the severity of the injury. It might include manipulations to reposition your bones, medicine, a splint or sling, and rehabilitation. When properly repositioned, a joint will usually function and move normally again in a few weeks. Once you dislocate a shoulder or kneecap, you are more likely to dislocate it again. Wearing protective gear during sports may help prevent dislocations.",Dislocations,0000292,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dislocations.html,C0012691,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis ?,0000293-1,information,"Diverticula are small pouches that bulge outward through the colon, or large intestine. If you have these pouches, you have a condition called diverticulosis. It becomes more common as people age. About half of all people over age 60 have it. Doctors believe the main cause is a low-fiber diet. Most people with diverticulosis don't have symptoms. Sometimes it causes mild cramps, bloating or constipation. Diverticulosis is often found through tests ordered for something else. For example, it is often found during a colonoscopy to screen for cancer. A high-fiber diet and mild pain reliever will often relieve symptoms. If the pouches become inflamed or infected, you have a condition called diverticulitis. The most common symptom is abdominal pain, usually on the left side. You may also have fever, nausea, vomiting, chills, cramping, and constipation. In serious cases, diverticulitis can lead to bleeding, tears, or blockages. Your doctor will do a physical exam and imaging tests to diagnose it. Treatment may include antibiotics, pain relievers, and a liquid diet. A serious case may require a hospital stay or surgery. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis,0000293,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diverticulosisanddiverticulitis.html,C0810029,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Divorce ?,0000294-1,information,"Divorce is the legal breakup of a marriage. Like every major life change, divorce is stressful. It affects finances, living arrangements, household jobs, schedules, and more. If the family includes children, they may be deeply affected.",Divorce,0000294,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/divorce.html,C0086170,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Dizziness and Vertigo ?,0000295-1,information,"When you're dizzy, you may feel lightheaded or lose your balance. If you feel that the room is spinning, you have vertigo. A sudden drop in blood pressure or being dehydrated can make you dizzy. Many people feel lightheaded if they get up too quickly from sitting or lying down. Dizziness usually gets better by itself or is easily treated. However, it can be a symptom of other disorders. Medicines may cause dizziness, or problems with your ear. Motion sickness can also make you dizzy. There are many other causes. If you are dizzy often, you should see your health care provider to find the cause.",Dizziness and Vertigo,0000295,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dizzinessandvertigo.html,C0012833,T184,Disorders +What is (are) Domestic Violence ?,0000296-1,information,"Domestic violence is a type of abuse. It usually involves a spouse or partner, but it can also be a child, elderly relative, or other family member. Domestic violence may include - Physical violence that can lead to injuries such as bruises or broken bones - Sexual violence - Threats of physical or sexual violence - Emotional abuse that may lead to depression, anxiety, or social isolation It is hard to know exactly how common domestic violence is, because people often don't report it. There is no typical victim. It happens among people of all ages. It affects those of all levels of income and education. The first step in getting help is to tell someone you trust. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Domestic Violence,0000296,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/domesticviolence.html,C0206073,T048,Disorders +What is (are) Down Syndrome ?,0000297-1,information,"Down syndrome is a condition in which a person is born with an extra copy of chromosome 21. People with Down syndrome can have physical problems, as well as intellectual disabilities. Every person born with Down syndrome is different. People with the syndrome may also have other health problems. They may be born with heart disease. They may have dementia. They may have hearing problems and problems with the intestines, eyes, thyroid, and skeleton. The chance of having a baby with Down syndrome increases as a woman gets older. Down syndrome cannot be cured. Early treatment programs can help improve skills. They may include speech, physical, occupational, and/or educational therapy. With support and treatment, many people with Down syndrome live happy, productive lives. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development",Down Syndrome,0000297,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/downsyndrome.html,C0039082,T019,Disorders +Do you have information about Drinking Water,0000298-1,information,"Summary : We all need to drink water. How much you need depends on your size, activity level, and the weather where you live. The water you drink is a combination of surface water and groundwater. Surface water includes rivers, lakes and reservoirs. Groundwater comes from underground. The United States has one of the safest water supplies in the world, but drinking water quality can vary from place to place. It depends on the condition of the source water and the treatment it receives. Treatment may include adding fluoride to prevent cavities and chlorine to kill germs. Your water supplier must give you annual reports on drinking water. The reports include where your water came from and what contaminants are in it. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Drinking Water,0000298,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/drinkingwater.html,,, +What is (are) Drowning ?,0000299-1,information,"People drown when they get too much water in their lungs. You can drown in as little as an inch or two of water. Babies can drown in a sink or bathtub. Preschoolers are most likely to drown in a swimming pool. People who have seizure disorders are also at risk in the water. Drowning can happen quickly and silently. Drowning precautions should include - Fences around pools - Supervising children near any body of water, including tubs - Not swimming or boating when under the influence of alcohol or sedatives - Wearing life jackets when boating - Learning CPR",Drowning,0000299,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/drowning.html,C0013142,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Drug Abuse ?,0000300-1,information,"Drug abuse is a serious public health problem that affects almost every community and family in some way. Each year drug abuse causes millions of serious illnesses or injuries among Americans. Abused drugs include - Methamphetamine - Anabolic steroids - Club drugs - Cocaine - Heroin - Inhalants - Marijuana - Prescription drugs Drug abuse also plays a role in many major social problems, such as drugged driving, violence, stress, and child abuse. Drug abuse can lead to homelessness, crime, and missed work or problems with keeping a job. It harms unborn babies and destroys families. There are different types of treatment for drug abuse. But the best is to prevent drug abuse in the first place. NIH: National Institute on Drug Abuse",Drug Abuse,0000300,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/drugabuse.html,C0013146,T048,Disorders +What is (are) Drug Reactions ?,0000301-1,information,"Most of the time, medicines make our lives better. They reduce aches and pains, fight infections, and control problems such as high blood pressure or diabetes. But medicines can also cause unwanted reactions. One problem is interactions, which may occur between - Two drugs, such as aspirin and blood thinners - Drugs and food, such as statins and grapefruit - Drugs and supplements, such as gingko and blood thinners - Drugs and diseases, such as aspirin and peptic ulcers Interactions can change the actions of one or both drugs. The drugs might not work, or you could get side effects. Side effects are unwanted effects caused by the drugs. Most are mild, such as a stomach aches or drowsiness, and go away after you stop taking the drug. Others can be more serious. Drug allergies are another type of reaction. They can be mild or life-threatening. Skin reactions, such as hives and rashes, are the most common type. Anaphylaxis, a serious allergic reaction, is more rare. When you start a new prescription or over-the-counter medication, make sure you understand how to take it correctly. Know which other medications and foods you need to avoid. Ask your health care provider or pharmacist if you have questions.",Drug Reactions,0000301,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/drugreactions.html,C0041755,T037,Disorders +Do you have information about Drug Safety,0000302-1,information,"Summary : In the U.S., the government's Food and Drug Administration (FDA) must approve any drug before it can be sold. This is true whether it's a prescription or an over-the-counter drug. The FDA evaluates the safety of a drug by looking at - Side effects - How it's manufactured - Results of animal testing and clinical trials The FDA also monitors a drug's safety after approval. For you, drug safety means buying online from only legitimate pharmacies and taking your medicines correctly.",Drug Safety,0000302,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/drugsafety.html,,, +Do you have information about Drugs and Young People,0000303-1,information,"Summary : Drug abuse is a serious public health problem. It affects almost every community and family in some way. Drug abuse in children and teenagers may pose a greater hazard than in older people. This is because their brains are not yet fully developed. As a result, the brains of young people may be more susceptible to drug abuse and addiction than adult brains. Abused drugs include - Amphetamines - Anabolic steroids - Club drugs - Cocaine - Heroin - Inhalants - Marijuana - Prescription drugs There are different types of treatment for drug abuse. But it is better to prevent drug abuse in the first place. NIH: National Institute on Drug Abuse",Drugs and Young People,0000303,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/drugsandyoungpeople.html,,, +What is (are) Dry Mouth ?,0000304-1,information,"Dry mouth is the feeling that there is not enough saliva in your mouth. Everyone has a dry mouth once in a while - if they are nervous, upset or under stress. But if you have a dry mouth all or most of the time, it can be uncomfortable and can lead to serious health problems. Symptoms of dry mouth include - A sticky, dry feeling in the mouth - Trouble chewing, swallowing, tasting, or speaking - A burning feeling in the mouth - A dry feeling in the throat - Cracked lips - A dry, rough tongue - Mouth sores - An infection in the mouth Dry mouth is not a normal part of aging. Causes include some medicines, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and nerve damage. Salivary gland diseases, Sjogren's syndrome, HIV/AIDS, and diabetes can also cause dry mouth. Treatment depends on the cause. Things you can do include sipping water, avoiding drinks with caffeine, tobacco, and alcohol, and chewing sugarless gum or sucking on sugarless hard candy. NIH: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research",Dry Mouth,0000304,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/drymouth.html,C0043352,T184,Disorders +What is (are) Dual Diagnosis ?,0000305-1,information,"A person with dual diagnosis has both a mental disorder and an alcohol or drug problem. These conditions occur together frequently. In particular, alcohol and drug problems tend to occur with - Depression - Anxiety disorders - Schizophrenia - Personality disorders Sometimes the mental problem occurs first. This can lead people to use alcohol or drugs that make them feel better temporarily. Sometimes the substance abuse occurs first. Over time, that can lead to emotional and mental problems. Someone with a dual diagnosis must treat both conditions. For the treatment to be effective, the person needs to stop using alcohol or drugs. Treatments may include behavioral therapy, medicines, and support groups. NIH: National Institute on Drug Abuse",Dual Diagnosis,0000305,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dualdiagnosis.html,C0206308,T048,Disorders +What is (are) Dwarfism ?,0000306-1,information,"A dwarf is a person of short stature - under 4' 10"" as an adult. More than 200 different conditions can cause dwarfism. A single type, called achondroplasia, causes about 70 percent of all dwarfism. Achondroplasia is a genetic condition that affects about 1 in 15,000 to 1 in 40,000 people. It makes your arms and legs short in comparison to your head and trunk. Other genetic conditions, kidney disease and problems with metabolism or hormones can also cause short stature. Dwarfism itself is not a disease. However, there is a greater risk of some health problems. With proper medical care, most people with dwarfism have active lives and live as long as other people.",Dwarfism,0000306,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dwarfism.html,C0013336,T019,Disorders +What is (are) Dystonia ?,0000307-1,information,"Dystonia is a movement disorder that causes involuntary contractions of your muscles. These contractions result in twisting and repetitive movements. Sometimes they are painful. Dystonia can affect just one muscle, a group of muscles or all of your muscles. Symptoms can include tremors, voice problems or a dragging foot. Symptoms often start in childhood. They can also start in the late teens or early adulthood. Some cases worsen over time. Others are mild. Some people inherit dystonia. Others have it because of another disease. Researchers think that dystonia may be due to a problem in the part of the brain that handles messages about muscle contractions. There is no cure. Doctors use medicines, Botox injections, surgery, physical therapy, and other treatments to reduce or eliminate muscle spasms and pain. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Dystonia,0000307,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dystonia.html,C0013421,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about E-Cigarettes,0000308-1,information,"Summary : E-cigarettes, or electronic cigarettes, are battery-operated smoking devices. They often look like cigarettes, but work differently. Using an e-cigarette is called vaping. The user puffs on the mouthpiece of a cartridge. This causes a vaporizer to heat the liquid inside the cartridge. The liquid contains nicotine, flavorings, and other chemicals. The heated liquid turns into the vapor that is inhaled. Some people think that e-cigarettes are safer than cigarettes, and that they can be used to help people quit smoking. But not much is known about the health risks of using them, or whether they do help people quit smoking. However we do know about some dangers of e-cigarettes: - They contain nicotine, which is addictive - They contain other potentially harmful chemicals - There is a link between e-cigarette use and tobacco cigarette use in teens - The liquid in e-cigarettes can cause nicotine poisoning if someone drinks, sniffs, or touches it NIH: National Institute on Drug Abuse",E-Cigarettes,0000308,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ecigarettes.html,,, +What is (are) E. Coli Infections ?,0000309-1,information,"E. coli is the name of a type of bacteria that lives in your intestines. Most types of E. coli are harmless. However, some types can make you sick and cause diarrhea. One type causes travelers' diarrhea. The worst type of E. coli causes bloody diarrhea, and can sometimes cause kidney failure and even death. These problems are most likely to occur in children and in adults with weak immune systems. You can get E. coli infections by eating foods containing the bacteria. Symptoms of infection include - Nausea or vomiting - Severe abdominal cramps - Watery or very bloody diarrhea - Fatigue - Fever To help avoid food poisoning and prevent infection, handle food safely. Cook meat well, wash fruits and vegetables before eating or cooking them, and avoid unpasteurized milk and juices. You can also get the infection by swallowing water in a swimming pool contaminated with human waste. Most cases of E. coli infection get better without treatment in 5 to 10 days. NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",E. Coli Infections,0000309,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ecoliinfections.html,C0014836,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Ear Disorders ?,0000310-1,information,"Your ear has three main parts: outer, middle and inner. You use all of them in hearing. Sound waves come in through your outer ear. They reach your middle ear, where they make your eardrum vibrate. The vibrations are transmitted through three tiny bones, called ossicles, in your middle ear. The vibrations travel to your inner ear, a snail-shaped organ. The inner ear makes the nerve impulses that are sent to the brain. Your brain recognizes them as sounds. The inner ear also controls balance. A variety of conditions may affect your hearing or balance: - Ear infections are the most common illness in infants and young children. - Tinnitus, a roaring in your ears, can be the result of loud noises, medicines or a variety of other causes. - Meniere's disease may be the result of fluid problems in your inner ear; its symptoms include tinnitus and dizziness. - Ear barotrauma is an injury to your ear because of changes in barometric (air) or water pressure. Some ear disorders can result in hearing disorders and deafness.",Ear Disorders,0000310,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eardisorders.html,C0013447,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Ear Infections ?,0000311-1,information,"Ear infections are the most common reason parents bring their child to a doctor. Three out of four children will have at least one ear infection by their third birthday. Adults can also get ear infections, but they are less common. The infection usually affects the middle ear and is called otitis media. The tubes inside the ears become clogged with fluid and mucus. This can affect hearing, because sound cannot get through all that fluid. If your child isn't old enough to say ""My ear hurts,"" here are a few things to look for - Tugging at ears - Crying more than usual - Fluid draining from the ear - Trouble sleeping - Balance difficulties - Hearing problems Your health care provider will diagnose an ear infection by looking inside the ear with an instrument called an otoscope. Often, ear infections go away on their own. Your health care provider may recommend pain relievers. Severe infections and infections in young babies may require antibiotics. Children who get infections often may need surgery to place small tubes inside their ears. The tubes relieve pressure in the ears so that the child can hear again. NIH: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders",Ear Infections,0000311,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/earinfections.html,C0699744,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Earthquakes ?,0000312-1,information,"An earthquake happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another. Earthquakes strike suddenly, violently, and without warning at any time of the day or night. If an earthquake occurs in a populated area, it may cause property damage, injuries, and even deaths. If you live in a coastal area, there is the possibility of a tsunami. Damage from earthquakes can also lead to floods or fires. Although there are no guarantees of safety during an earthquake, you can take actions to protect yourself. You should have a disaster plan. Being prepared can help reduce fear, anxiety, and losses. If you do experience a disaster, it is normal to feel stressed. You may need help in finding ways to cope. Federal Emergency Management Agency",Earthquakes,0000312,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/earthquakes.html,C0417614,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Eating Disorders ?,0000313-1,information,"Eating disorders are serious behavior problems. They can include severe overeating or not consuming enough food to stay healthy. They also involve extreme concern about your shape or weight. Types of eating disorders include - Anorexia nervosa, in which you become too thin, but you don't eat enough because you think you are fat - Bulimia nervosa, which involves periods of overeating followed by purging, sometimes through self-induced vomiting or using laxatives - Binge-eating, which is out-of-control eating Women are more likely than men to have eating disorders. They usually start in the teenage years and often occur along with depression, anxiety disorders, and substance abuse. Eating disorders can lead to heart and kidney problems and even death. Getting help early is important. Treatment involves monitoring, talk therapy, nutritional counseling, and sometimes medicines. NIH: National Institute of Mental Health",Eating Disorders,0000313,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eatingdisorders.html,C0013473,T048,Disorders +Do you have information about Ebola,0000314-1,information,"Summary : Ebola hemorrhagic fever is caused by a virus. It is a severe and often fatal disease. It can affect humans and other primates. Researchers believe that the virus first spreads from an infected animal to a human. It can then spread from human to human through direct contact with a patient's blood or secretions. Symptoms of Ebola may appear anywhere from 2 to 21 days after exposure to the virus. Symptoms usually include - Fever - Headache - Joint and muscle aches - Weakness - Diarrhea - Vomiting - Stomach pain - Lack of appetite Other symptoms including rash, red eyes, and internal and external bleeding, may also occur. The early symptoms of Ebola are similar to other, more common, diseases. This makes it difficult to diagnose Ebola in someone who has been infected for only a few days. However, if a person has the early symptoms of Ebola and there is reason to suspect Ebola, the patient should be isolated. It is also important to notify public health professionals. Lab tests can confirm whether the patient has Ebola. There is no cure for Ebola. Treatment involves supportive care such as fluids, oxygen, and treatment of complications. Some people who get Ebola are able to recover, but many do not. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Ebola,0000314,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ebola.html,,, +What is (are) Ectopic Pregnancy ?,0000315-1,information,"The uterus, or womb, is the place where a baby grows when a woman is pregnant. If you have an ectopic pregnancy, the fertilized egg grows in the wrong place, outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes. The result is usually a miscarriage. Ectopic pregnancy can be a medical emergency if it ruptures. Signs of ectopic pregnancy include - Abdominal pain - Shoulder pain - Vaginal bleeding - Feeling dizzy or faint Get medical care right away if you have these signs. Doctors use drugs or surgery to remove the ectopic tissue so it doesn't damage your organs. Many women who have had ectopic pregnancies go on to have healthy pregnancies later. Dept. of Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health",Ectopic Pregnancy,0000315,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ectopicpregnancy.html,C0032987,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Eczema ?,0000316-1,information,"Eczema is a term for several different types of skin swelling. Eczema is also called dermatitis. Most types cause dry, itchy skin and rashes on the face, inside the elbows and behind the knees, and on the hands and feet. Scratching the skin can cause it to turn red, and to swell and itch even more. Eczema is not contagious. The cause is not known. It is likely caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Eczema may get better or worse over time, but it is often a long-lasting disease. People who have it may also develop hay fever and asthma. The most common type of eczema is atopic dermatitis. It is most common in babies and children but adults can have it too. As children who have atopic dermatitis grow older, this problem may get better or go away. But sometimes the skin may stay dry and get irritated easily. Treatments may include medicines, skin creams, light therapy, and good skin care. You can prevent some types of eczema by avoiding - Things that irritate your skin, such as certain soaps, fabrics, and lotions - Stress - Things you are allergic to, such as food, pollen, and animals NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Eczema,0000316,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eczema.html,C0013595,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Edema ?,0000317-1,information,"Edema means swelling caused by fluid in your body's tissues. It usually occurs in the feet, ankles and legs, but it can involve your entire body. Causes of edema include - Eating too much salt - Sunburn - Heart failure - Kidney disease - Liver problems from cirrhosis - Pregnancy - Problems with lymph nodes, especially after mastectomy - Some medicines - Standing or walking a lot when the weather is warm To keep swelling down, your health care provider may recommend keeping your legs raised when sitting, wearing support stockings, limiting how much salt you eat, or taking a medicine called a diuretic - also called a water pill.",Edema,0000317,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/edema.html,C0013604,T046,Disorders +What is (are) Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome ?,0000318-1,information,"Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is a group of inherited disorders that weaken connective tissues. Connective tissues are proteins that support skin, bones, blood vessels, and other organs. EDS usually affects your skin, joints and blood vessel walls. Symptoms include - Loose joints - Fragile, small blood vessels - Abnormal scar formation and wound healing - Soft, velvety, stretchy skin that bruises easily There are several types of EDS. They can range from mild to life-threatening. About 1 in 5,000 people has EDS. There is no cure. Treatment involves managing symptoms, often with medicines and physical therapy. It also includes learning how to protect your joints and prevent injuries.",Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome,0000318,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ehlersdanlossyndrome.html,C0013720,T019,Disorders +What is (are) Elbow Injuries and Disorders ?,0000319-1,information,"Your elbow joint is made up of bone, cartilage, ligaments and fluid. Muscles and tendons help the elbow joint move. When any of these structures is hurt or diseased, you have elbow problems. Many things can make your elbow hurt. A common cause is tendinitis, an inflammation or injury to the tendons that attach muscle to bone. Tendinitis of the elbow is a sports injury, often from playing tennis or golf. You may also get tendinitis from overuse of the elbow. Other causes of elbow pain include sprains, strains, fractures, dislocations, bursitis and arthritis. Treatment depends on the cause.",Elbow Injuries and Disorders,0000319,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/elbowinjuriesanddisorders.html,C0149674,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Elder Abuse ?,0000320-1,information,"Many older people are victims of elder abuse. It is the mistreatment of an older person, usually by a caregiver. It can happen within the family. It can also happen in assisted living facilities or nursing homes. The mistreatment may be - Physical, sexual, or emotional abuse - Neglect or abandonment - Financial abuse - stealing of money or belongings Possible signs of elder abuse include unexplained bruises, burns, and injuries. There may also be bed sores and poor hygiene. The person may become withdrawn, agitated, and depressed. There may be a sudden change in the person's financial situation. Elder abuse will not stop on its own. Someone else needs to step in and help. If you think that an older person is in urgent danger, call 9-1-1. Otherwise, contact adult protective services. NIH: National Institute on Aging",Elder Abuse,0000320,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/elderabuse.html,C0013772,T048,Disorders +Do you have information about Electromagnetic Fields,0000321-1,information,"Summary : Electric and magnetic fields (EMFs) are areas of energy that surround electrical devices. Everyday sources of EMFs include - Power lines - Electrical wiring - Microwave ovens - Computers - Cell phones Some people worry about EMF exposure and cancer. Some studies have found a link between EMF exposure and a higher risk of childhood leukemia, but other studies have not. Other studies have not found proof that EMF exposure causes other childhood cancers. Studies in adults did not prove that EMF exposure causes cancer. Some people worry that wireless and cellular phones cause cancer. They give off radio-frequency energy (RF), a form of electromagnetic radiation. Scientists need to do more research on this before they can say for sure. NIH: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences",Electromagnetic Fields,0000321,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/electromagneticfields.html,,, +What is (are) Emergency Medical Services ?,0000322-1,information,"If you get very sick or badly hurt and need help right away, you should use emergency medical services. These services use specially trained people and specially equipped facilities. You may need care in the hospital emergency room (ER). Doctors and nurses there treat emergencies, such as heart attacks and injuries. For some emergencies, you need help where you are. Emergency medical technicians, or EMTs, do specific rescue jobs. They answer emergency calls and give basic medical care. Some EMTs are paramedics - they have training to do medical procedures on site. They usually take you to the ER for more care. If you or someone you know needs emergency care, go to your hospital's emergency room. If you think the problem is life threatening, call 9-1-1.",Emergency Medical Services,0000322,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/emergencymedicalservices.html,C2193432,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Emphysema ?,0000323-1,information,"Emphysema is a type of COPD involving damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. As a result, your body does not get the oxygen it needs. Emphysema makes it hard to catch your breath. You may also have a chronic cough and have trouble breathing during exercise. The most common cause is cigarette smoking. If you smoke, quitting can help prevent you from getting the disease. If you already have emphysema, not smoking might keep it from getting worse. Treatment is based on whether your symptoms are mild, moderate or severe. Treatments include inhalers, oxygen, medications and sometimes surgery to relieve symptoms and prevent complications.",Emphysema,0000323,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/emphysema.html,C0034067,T046,Disorders +What is (are) Encephalitis ?,0000324-1,information,"Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain. Usually the cause is a viral infection, but bacteria can also cause it. It can be mild or severe. Most cases are mild. You may have flu-like symptoms. With a mild case, you may just need rest, plenty of fluids, and a pain reliever. Severe cases need immediate treatment. Symptoms of severe cases include - Severe headache - Sudden fever - Drowsiness - Vomiting - Confusion - Seizures In babies, additional symptoms may include constant crying, poor feeding, body stiffness, and bulging in the soft spots of the skull. Severe cases may require a stay in the hospital. Treatments include oral and intravenous medicines to reduce inflammation and treat infection. Patients with breathing difficulties may need artificial respiration. Some people may need physical, speech, and occupational therapy once the illness is under control. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Encephalitis,0000324,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encephalitis.html,C0014038,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about End of Life Issues,0000325-1,information,"Summary : Planning for the end of life can be difficult. But by deciding what end-of-life care best suits your needs when you are healthy, you can help those close to you make the right choices when the time comes. End-of-life planning usually includes making choices about the following: - The goals of care (for example, whether to use certain medicines during the last days of life) - Where you want to spend your final days - Which treatments for end-of-life care you wish to receive - What type of palliative care and hospice care you wish to receive Advance directives can help make your wishes clear to your family and health care providers.",End of Life Issues,0000325,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/endoflifeissues.html,,, +What is (are) Endocarditis ?,0000326-1,information,"Endocarditis, also called infective endocarditis (IE), is an inflammation of the inner lining of the heart. The most common type, bacterial endocarditis, occurs when germs enter your heart. These germs come through your bloodstream from another part of your body, often your mouth. Bacterial endocarditis can damage your heart valves. If untreated, it can be life-threatening. It is rare in healthy hearts. Risk factors include having - An abnormal or damaged heart valve - An artificial heart valve - Congenital heart defects The signs and symptoms of IE can vary from person to person. They also can vary over time in the same person. Symptoms you might notice include fever, shortness of breath, fluid buildup in your arms or legs, tiny red spots on your skin, and weight loss. Your doctor will diagnose IE based on your risk factors, medical history, signs and symptoms, and lab and heart tests. Early treatment can help you avoid complications. Treatment usually involves high-dose antibiotics. If your heart valve is damaged, you may need surgery. If you're at risk for IE, brush and floss your teeth regularly, and have regular dental checkups. Germs from a gum infection can enter your bloodstream. If you are at high risk, your doctor might prescribe antibiotics before dental work and certain types of surgery. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Endocarditis,0000326,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/endocarditis.html,C0014118,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Endocrine Diseases ?,0000327-1,information,"Your endocrine system includes eight major glands throughout your body. These glands make hormones. Hormones are chemical messengers. They travel through your bloodstream to tissues or organs. Hormones work slowly and affect body processes from head to toe. These include - Growth and development - Metabolism - digestion, elimination, breathing, blood circulation and maintaining body temperature - Sexual function - Reproduction - Mood If your hormone levels are too high or too low, you may have a hormone disorder. Hormone diseases also occur if your body does not respond to hormones the way it is supposed to. Stress, infection and changes in your blood's fluid and electrolyte balance can also influence hormone levels. In the United States, the most common endocrine disease is diabetes. There are many others. They are usually treated by controlling how much hormone your body makes. Hormone supplements can help if the problem is too little of a hormone.",Endocrine Diseases,0000327,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/endocrinediseases.html,C0014130,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Endometriosis ?,0000328-1,information,"Endometriosis is a problem affecting a woman's uterus - the place where a baby grows when she's pregnant. Endometriosis is when the kind of tissue that normally lines the uterus grows somewhere else. It can grow on the ovaries, behind the uterus or on the bowels or bladder. Rarely, it grows in other parts of the body. This ""misplaced"" tissue can cause pain, infertility, and very heavy periods. The pain is usually in the abdomen, lower back or pelvic areas. Some women have no symptoms at all. Having trouble getting pregnant may be the first sign. The cause of endometriosis is not known. Pain medicines and hormones often help. Severe cases may need surgery. There are also treatments to improve fertility in women with endometriosis.",Endometriosis,0000328,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/endometriosis.html,C0014175,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Endoscopy,0000329-1,information,"Summary : Endoscopy is a procedure that lets your doctor look inside your body. It uses an instrument called an endoscope, or scope for short. Scopes have a tiny camera attached to a long, thin tube. The doctor moves it through a body passageway or opening to see inside an organ. Sometimes scopes are used for surgery, such as for removing polyps from the colon. There are many different kinds of endoscopy. Here are the names of some of them and where they look. - Arthroscopy: joints - Bronchoscopy: lungs - Colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy: large intestine - Cystoscopy and ureteroscopy: urinary system - Laparoscopy: abdomen or pelvis - Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: esophagus and stomach",Endoscopy,0000329,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/endoscopy.html,,, +What is (are) Enlarged Prostate (BPH) ?,0000330-1,information,"The prostate is a gland in men. It helps make semen, the fluid that contains sperm. The prostate surrounds the tube that carries urine out of the body. As men age, their prostate grows bigger. If it gets too large, it can cause problems. An enlarged prostate is also called benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Most men will get BPH as they get older. Symptoms often start after age 50. BPH is not cancer, and it does not seem to increase your chance of getting prostate cancer. But the early symptoms are the same. Check with your doctor if you have - A frequent and urgent need to urinate, especially at night - Trouble starting a urine stream or making more than a dribble - A urine stream that is weak, slow, or stops and starts several times - The feeling that you still have to go, even just after urinating - Small amounts of blood in your urine Severe BPH can cause serious problems over time, such as urinary tract infections, and bladder or kidney damage. If it is found early, you are less likely to develop these problems. Tests for BPH include a digital rectal exam, blood and imaging tests, a urine flow study, and examination with a scope called a cystoscope. Treatments include watchful waiting, medicines, nonsurgical procedures, and surgery. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Enlarged Prostate (BPH),0000330,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/enlargedprostatebph.html,C0005001,T046,Disorders +Do you have information about Environmental Health,0000331-1,information,"Summary : Our environment affects our health. If parts of the environment, like the air, water, or soil become polluted, it can lead to health problems. For example, asthma pollutants and chemicals in the air or in the home can trigger asthma attacks. Some environmental risks are a part of the natural world, like radon in the soil. Others are the result of human activities, like lead poisoning from paint, or exposure to asbestos or mercury from mining or industrial use. NIH: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences",Environmental Health,0000331,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/environmentalhealth.html,,, +What is (are) Eosinophilic Disorders ?,0000332-1,information,"Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell. They help fight off infections and play a role in your body's immune response. They can also build up and cause inflammation. Normally your blood doesn't have a large number of eosinophils. Your body may produce more of them in response to - Allergic disorders - Skin conditions - Parasitic and fungal infections - Autoimmune diseases - Some cancers - Bone marrow disorders In some conditions, the eosinophils can move outside the bloodstream and build up in organs and tissues. Treatment of the problem depends on the cause.",Eosinophilic Disorders,0000332,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eosinophilicdisorders.html,C1306759,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Epilepsy ?,0000333-1,information,"Epilepsy is a brain disorder that causes people to have recurring seizures. The seizures happen when clusters of nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain send out the wrong signals. People may have strange sensations and emotions or behave strangely. They may have violent muscle spasms or lose consciousness. Epilepsy has many possible causes, including illness, brain injury, and abnormal brain development. In many cases, the cause is unknown. Doctors use brain scans and other tests to diagnose epilepsy. It is important to start treatment right away. There is no cure for epilepsy, but medicines can control seizures for most people. When medicines are not working well, surgery or implanted devices such as vagus nerve stimulators may help. Special diets can help some children with epilepsy. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Epilepsy,0000333,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/epilepsy.html,C0014544,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Erectile Dysfunction ?,0000334-1,information,"Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common type of male sexual dysfunction. It is when a man has trouble getting or keeping an erection. ED becomes more common as you get older. But it's not a natural part of aging. Some people have trouble speaking with their doctors about sex. But if you have ED, you should tell your doctor. ED can be a sign of health problems. It may mean your blood vessels are clogged. It may mean you have nerve damage from diabetes. If you don't see your doctor, these problems will go untreated. Your doctor can offer several new treatments for ED. For many men, the answer is as simple as taking a pill. Getting more exercise, losing weight, or stopping smoking may also help. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Erectile Dysfunction,0000334,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/erectiledysfunction.html,C0242350,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Ergonomics,0000335-1,information,"Summary : Ergonomics looks at what kind of work you do, what tools you use and your whole job environment. The aim is to find the best fit between you and your job conditions. Examples of ergonomic changes to your work might include - Adjusting the position of your computer keyboard to prevent carpal tunnel syndrome - Being sure that the height of your desk chair allows your feet to rest flat on floor - Learning the right way to lift heavy objects to prevent back injuries - Using handle coatings or special gloves to suppress vibrations from power tools No matter what the job is, the goal is to make sure that you are safe, comfortable, and less prone to work-related injuries.",Ergonomics,0000335,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ergonomics.html,,, +What is (are) Esophageal Cancer ?,0000336-1,information,"The esophagus is a hollow tube that carries food and liquids from your throat to your stomach. Early esophageal cancer usually does not cause symptoms. Later, you may have symptoms such as - Painful or difficult swallowing - Weight loss - A hoarse voice or cough that doesn't go away You're at greater risk for getting esophageal cancer if you smoke, drink heavily, or have acid reflux. Your risk also goes up as you age Your doctor uses imaging tests and a biopsy to diagnose esophageal cancer. Treatments include surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. You might also need nutritional support, since the cancer or treatment may make it hard to swallow. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Esophageal Cancer,0000336,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/esophagealcancer.html,C0546837,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Esophagus Disorders ?,0000337-1,information,"The esophagus is the tube that carries food, liquids and saliva from your mouth to the stomach. You may not be aware of your esophagus until you swallow something too large, too hot or too cold. You may also become aware of it when something is wrong. The most common problem with the esophagus is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It happens when a band of muscle at the end of your esophagus does not close properly. This allows stomach contents to leak back, or reflux, into the esophagus and irritate it. Over time, GERD can cause damage to the esophagus. Other problems include heartburn and cancer. Treatment depends on the problem. Some get better with over-the-counter medicines or changes in diet. Others may need prescription medicines or surgery.",Esophagus Disorders,0000337,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/esophagusdisorders.html,C0014852,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Evaluating Health Information,0000338-1,information,"Summary : Millions of consumers get health information from magazines, TV or the Internet. Some of the information is reliable and up to date; some is not. How can you tell the good from the bad? First, consider the source. If you use the Web, look for an ""about us"" page. Check to see who runs the site: Is it a branch of the government, a university, a health organization, a hospital or a business? Focus on quality. Does the site have an editorial board? Is the information reviewed before it is posted? Be skeptical. Things that sound too good to be true often are. You want current, unbiased information based on research. NIH: National Library of Medicine",Evaluating Health Information,0000338,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/evaluatinghealthinformation.html,,, +Do you have information about Exercise and Physical Fitness,0000339-1,information,"Summary : Regular physical activity is one of the most important things you can do for your health. It can help - Control your weight - Lower your risk of heart disease - Lower your risk for type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome - Lower your risk of some cancers - Strengthen your bones and muscles - Improve your mental health and mood - Improve your ability to do daily activities and prevent falls, if you're an older adult - Increase your chances of living longer Fitting regular exercise into your daily schedule may seem difficult at first. But even ten minutes at a time is fine. The key is to find the right exercise for you. It should be fun and should match your abilities. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Exercise and Physical Fitness,0000339,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/exerciseandphysicalfitness.html,,, +Do you have information about Exercise for Children,0000340-1,information,"Summary : Like adults, kids need exercise. Most children need at least an hour of physical activity every day. Regular exercise helps children - Feel less stressed - Feel better about themselves - Feel more ready to learn in school - Keep a healthy weight - Build and keep healthy bones, muscles and joints - Sleep better at night As kids spend more time watching TV, they spend less time running and playing. Parents should limit TV, video game and computer time. Parents can set a good example by being active themselves. Exercising together can be fun for everyone. Competitive sports can help kids stay fit. Walking or biking to school, dancing, bowling and yoga are some other ways for kids to get exercise.",Exercise for Children,0000340,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/exerciseforchildren.html,,, +Do you have information about Exercise for Seniors,0000341-1,information,"Summary : Exercise and physical activity are good for just about everyone, including older adults. There are four main types and each type is different. Doing them all will give you more benefits. - Endurance, or aerobic, activities increase your breathing and heart rate. Brisk walking or jogging, dancing, swimming, and biking are examples. - Strength exercises make your muscles stronger. Lifting weights or using a resistance band can build strength. - Balance exercises help prevent falls - Flexibility exercises stretch your muscles and can help your body stay limber NIH: National Institute on Aging",Exercise for Seniors,0000341,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/exerciseforseniors.html,,, +What is (are) Eye Cancer ?,0000342-1,information,"Cancer of the eye is uncommon. It can affect the outer parts of the eye, such as the eyelid, which are made up of muscles, skin and nerves. If the cancer starts inside the eyeball it's called intraocular cancer. The most common intraocular cancers in adults are melanoma and lymphoma. The most common eye cancer in children is retinoblastoma, which starts in the cells of the retina. Cancer can also spread to the eye from other parts of the body. Treatment for eye cancer varies by the type and by how advanced it is. It may include surgery, radiation therapy, freezing or heat therapy, or laser therapy.",Eye Cancer,0000342,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eyecancer.html,C0496836,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Eye Diseases ?,0000343-1,information,"Some eye problems are minor and don't last long. But some can lead to a permanent loss of vision. Common eye problems include - Refractive errors - Cataracts - clouded lenses - Glaucoma - a disorder caused by damage to the optic nerve - Retinal disorders - problems with the nerve layer at the back of the eye - Macular degeneration - a disease that destroys sharp, central vision - Diabetic eye problems - Conjunctivitis - an infection also known as pinkeye Your best defense is to have regular checkups, because eye diseases do not always have symptoms. Early detection and treatment could prevent vision loss. See an eye care professional right away if you have a sudden change in vision, if everything looks dim, or if you see flashes of light. Other symptoms that need quick attention are pain, double vision, fluid coming from the eye, and inflammation. NIH: National Eye Institute",Eye Diseases,0000343,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eyediseases.html,C0015397,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Eye Infections ?,0000344-1,information,"Your eyes can get infections from bacteria, fungi, or viruses. Eye infections can occur in different parts of the eye and can affect just one eye or both. Two common eye infections are - Conjunctivitis - also known as pinkeye. Conjunctivitis is often due to an infection. Children frequently get it, and it is very contagious. - Stye - a bump on the eyelid that happens when bacteria from your skin get into the hair follicle of an eyelash. Symptoms of eye infections may include redness, itching, swelling, discharge, pain, or problems with vision. Treatment depends on the cause of the infection and may include compresses, eye drops, creams, or antibiotics.",Eye Infections,0000344,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eyeinfections.html,C0015403,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Eye Injuries ?,0000345-1,information,"The structure of your face helps protect your eyes from injury. Still, injuries can damage your eye, sometimes severely enough that you could lose your vision. Most eye injuries are preventable. If you play sports or work in certain jobs, you may need protection. The most common type of injury happens when something irritates the outer surface of your eye. Certain jobs such as industrial jobs or hobbies such as carpentry make this type of injury more likely. It's also more likely if you wear contact lenses. Chemicals or heat can burn your eyes. With chemicals, the pain may cause you to close your eyes. This traps the irritant next to the eye and may cause more damage. You should wash out your eye right away while you wait for medical help.",Eye Injuries,0000345,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eyeinjuries.html,C0015408,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Eye Movement Disorders ?,0000346-1,information,"When you look at an object, you're using several muscles to move both eyes to focus on it. If you have a problem with the muscles, the eyes don't work properly. There are many kinds of eye movement disorders. Two common ones are - Strabismus - a disorder in which the two eyes don't line up in the same direction. This results in ""crossed eyes"" or ""walleye."" - Nystagmus - fast, uncontrollable movements of the eyes, sometimes called ""dancing eyes"" Some eye movement disorders are present at birth. Others develop over time and may be associated with other problems, such as injuries. Treatments include glasses, patches, eye muscle exercises, and surgery. There is no cure for some kinds of eye movement disorders, such as most kinds of nystagmus.",Eye Movement Disorders,0000346,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eyemovementdisorders.html,C0028850,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Eye Wear,0000347-1,information,"Summary : Eye wear protects or corrects your vision. Examples are - Sunglasses - Safety goggles - Glasses (also called eyeglasses) - Contact lenses If you need corrective lenses, you may be able to choose between contacts or glasses. Either usually requires a prescription. Almost anyone can wear glasses. Contact lenses require more careful handling. Many jobs and some sports carry a risk of eye injury. Thousands of children and adults get eye injuries every year. Most are preventable with proper eye protection. Everyone is at risk for eye damage from the sun year-round. It's important to regularly use sunglasses that block out at least 99 percent of UV rays.",Eye Wear,0000347,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eyewear.html,,, +What is (are) Eyelid Disorders ?,0000348-1,information,"Your eyelids help protect your eyes. When you blink, your eyelids spread moisture over your eyes. Blinking also helps move dirt or other particles off the surface of the eye. You close your eyelids when you see something coming towards your eyes. This can help protect against injuries. Like most other parts of your body, your eyelids can get infected, inflamed, or even develop cancer. There are also specific eyelid problems, including - Eyelids that turn in or out - Eyelids that droop - Abnormal blinking or twitching Treatment of eyelid problems depends on the cause.",Eyelid Disorders,0000348,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eyeliddisorders.html,C0015423,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Facial Injuries and Disorders ?,0000349-1,information,"Face injuries and disorders can cause pain and affect how you look. In severe cases, they can affect sight, speech, breathing and your ability to swallow. Broken bones, especially the bones of your nose, cheekbone and jaw, are common facial injuries. Certain diseases also lead to facial disorders. For example, nerve diseases like trigeminal neuralgia or Bell's palsy sometimes cause facial pain, spasms and trouble with eye or facial movement. Birth defects can also affect the face. They can cause underdeveloped or unusually prominent facial features or a lack of facial expression. Cleft lip and palate are a common facial birth defect.",Facial Injuries and Disorders,0000349,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/facialinjuriesanddisorders.html,C0015459,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Fainting ?,0000350-1,information,"Fainting is a temporary loss of consciousness. If you're about to faint, you'll feel dizzy, lightheaded, or nauseous. Your field of vision may ""white out"" or ""black out."" Your skin may be cold and clammy. You lose muscle control at the same time, and may fall down. Fainting usually happens when your blood pressure drops suddenly, causing a decrease in blood flow to your brain. It is more common in older people. Some causes of fainting include - Heat or dehydration - Emotional distress - Standing up too quickly - Certain medicines - Drop in blood sugar - Heart problems When someone faints, make sure that the airway is clear and check for breathing. The person should stay lying down for 10-15 minutes. Most people recover completely. Fainting is usually nothing to worry about, but it can sometimes be a sign of a serious problem. If you faint, it's important to see your health care provider and find out why it happened.",Fainting,0000350,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/fainting.html,C0039070,T184,Disorders +What is (are) Falls ?,0000351-1,information,"A fall can change your life. If you're elderly, it can lead to disability and a loss of independence. If your bones are fragile from osteoporosis, you could break a bone, often a hip. But aging alone doesn't make people fall. Diabetes and heart disease affect balance. So do problems with circulation, thyroid or nervous systems. Some medicines make people dizzy. Eye problems or alcohol can be factors. Any of these things can make a fall more likely. Babies and young children are also at risk of falling - off of furniture and down stairs, for example. Falls and accidents seldom ""just happen."" Taking care of your health by exercising and getting regular eye exams and physicals may help reduce your chance of falling. Getting rid of tripping hazards in your home and wearing nonskid shoes may also help. To reduce the chances of breaking a bone if you do fall, make sure that you get enough calcium and vitamin D. NIH: National Institute on Aging",Falls,0000351,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/falls.html,C0085639,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Family History ?,0000352-1,information,"Your family history includes health information about you and your close relatives. Families have many factors in common, including their genes, environment, and lifestyle. Looking at these factors can help you figure out whether you have a higher risk for certain health problems, such as heart disease, stroke, and cancer. Having a family member with a disease raises your risk, but it does not mean that you will definitely get it. Knowing that you are at risk gives you a chance to reduce that risk by following a healthier lifestyle and getting tested as needed. You can get started by talking to your relatives about their health. Draw a family tree and add the health information. Having copies of medical records and death certificates is also helpful. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Family History,0000352,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/familyhistory.html,C0241889,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Family Issues ?,0000353-1,information,"There are many kinds of families. Some have two parents, while others have a single parent. Sometimes there is no parent and grandparents raise grandchildren. Some children live in foster families, adoptive families, or in stepfamilies. Families are much more than groups of people who share the same genes or the same address. They should be a source of love and support. This does not mean that everyone gets along all the time. Conflicts are a part of family life. Many things can lead to conflict, such as illness, disability, addiction, job loss, school problems, and marital issues. Listening to each other and working to resolve conflicts are important in strengthening the family.",Family Issues,0000353,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/familyissues.html,C0851511,T033,Disorders +Do you have information about Farm Health and Safety,0000354-1,information,"Summary : You might think of farms as peaceful settings. Actually, farming is one of the most dangerous jobs in the United States. Farms have many health and safety hazards, including - Chemicals and pesticides - Machinery, tools and equipment that can be dangerous - Hazardous areas, such as grain bins, silos and wells - Livestock that can spread diseases or cause injuries Farming injuries are very common. Physical labor and accidents can cause injuries. Most farm accidents involve machinery. Proper machine inspection and maintenance can help prevent accidents. Using safety gloves, goggles and other protective equipment can also reduce accidents. Occupational Safety and Health Administration",Farm Health and Safety,0000354,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/farmhealthandsafety.html,,, +What is (are) Fatigue ?,0000355-1,information,"Everyone feels tired now and then. Sometimes you may just want to stay in bed. But, after a good night's sleep, most people feel refreshed and ready to face a new day. If you continue to feel tired for weeks, it's time to see your doctor. He or she may be able to help you find out what's causing your fatigue and recommend ways to relieve it. Fatigue itself is not a disease. Medical problems, treatments, and personal habits can add to fatigue. These include - Taking certain medicines, such as antidepressants, antihistamines, and medicines for nausea and pain - Having medical treatments, like chemotherapy and radiation - Recovering from major surgery - Anxiety, stress, or depression - Staying up too late - Drinking too much alcohol or too many caffeinated drinks - Pregnancy One disorder that causes extreme fatigue is chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). This fatigue is not the kind of tired feeling that goes away after you rest. Instead, it lasts a long time and limits your ability to do ordinary daily activities. NIH: National Institute on Aging",Fatigue,0000355,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/fatigue.html,C0015672,T184,Disorders +What is (are) Female Infertility ?,0000356-1,information,"Infertility means not being able to get pregnant after at least one year of trying (or 6 months if the woman is over age 35). If a woman keeps having miscarriages, it is also called infertility. Female infertility can result from age, physical problems, hormone problems, and lifestyle or environmental factors. Most cases of infertility in women result from problems with producing eggs. In premature ovarian failure, the ovaries stop functioning before natural menopause. In polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the ovaries may not release an egg regularly or they may not release a healthy egg. About a third of the time, infertility is because of a problem with the woman. One third of the time, it is a problem with the man. Sometimes no cause can be found. If you think you might be infertile, see your doctor. There are tests that may tell if you have fertility problems. When it is possible to find the cause, treatments may include medicines, surgery, or assisted reproductive technologies. Happily, many couples treated for infertility are able to have babies. Dept. of Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health",Female Infertility,0000356,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/femaleinfertility.html,C0021361,T046,Disorders +What is (are) Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders ?,0000357-1,information,"Alcohol can harm your baby at any stage during a pregnancy. That includes the earliest stages before you even know you are pregnant. Drinking alcohol can cause a group of conditions called fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). Effects can include physical and behavioral problems such as trouble with - Learning and remembering - Understanding and following directions - Controlling emotions - Communicating and socializing - Daily life skills, such as feeding and bathing Fetal alcohol syndrome is the most serious type of FASD. People with fetal alcohol syndrome have facial abnormalities, including wide-set and narrow eyes, growth problems and nervous system abnormalities. FASDs last a lifetime. There is no cure for FASDs. Treatments can help. These include medicines to help with some symptoms and behavior therapy. No one treatment is right for every child. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders,0000357,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/fetalalcoholspectrumdisorders.html,C2985290,T019,Disorders +Do you have information about Fetal Health and Development,0000358-1,information,"Summary : A normal pregnancy lasts nine months. Each three-month period of pregnancy is called a trimester. During each trimester, the fetus grows and develops. There are specific prenatal tests to monitor both the mother's health and fetal health during each trimester. With modern technology, health professionals can - Detect birth defects - Identify problems that may affect childbirth - Correct some kinds of fetal problems before the baby is born",Fetal Health and Development,0000358,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/fetalhealthanddevelopment.html,,, +What is (are) Fever ?,0000359-1,information,"A fever is a body temperature that is higher than normal. It is not an illness. It is part of your body's defense against infection. Most bacteria and viruses that cause infections do well at the body's normal temperature (98.6 F). A slight fever can make it harder for them to survive. Fever also activates your body's immune system. Infections cause most fevers. There can be many other causes, including - Medicines - Heat exhaustion - Cancers - Autoimmune diseases Treatment depends on the cause of your fever. Your health care provider may recommend using over-the-counter medicines such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen to lower a very high fever. Adults can also take aspirin, but children with fevers should not take aspirin. It is also important to drink enough liquids to prevent dehydration.",Fever,0000359,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/fever.html,C0424755,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Fibromyalgia ?,0000360-1,information,"Fibromyalgia is a disorder that causes muscle pain and fatigue. People with fibromyalgia have ""tender points"" on the body. Tender points are specific places on the neck, shoulders, back, hips, arms, and legs. These points hurt when pressure is put on them. People with fibromyalgia may also have other symptoms, such as - Trouble sleeping - Morning stiffness - Headaches - Painful menstrual periods - Tingling or numbness in hands and feet - Problems with thinking and memory (sometimes called ""fibro fog"") No one knows what causes fibromyalgia. Anyone can get it, but it is most common in middle-aged women. People with rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases are particularly likely to develop fibromyalgia. There is no cure for fibromyalgia, but medicine can help you manage your symptoms. Getting enough sleep, exercising, and eating well may also help. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Fibromyalgia,0000360,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/fibromyalgia.html,C0016053,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Fifth Disease ?,0000361-1,information,"Fifth disease is a viral infection caused by parvovirus B19. The virus only infects humans; it's not the same parvovirus that dogs and cats can get. Fifth disease mostly affects children. Symptoms can include a low fever, cold symptoms, and a headache. Then you get a red rash on your face. It looks like a ""slapped cheek."" The rash can spread to the arms, legs, and trunk. Adults who get it might also have joint pain and swelling. Fifth disease spreads easily, through saliva and mucus. You can get it when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Frequently washing your hands might help prevent getting the virus. Most people become immune to the virus after having it once. Fifth disease is usually mild and goes away on its own. However, it can be serious if you - Are pregnant - Are anemic - Have cancer or a weak immune system Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Fifth Disease,0000361,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/fifthdisease.html,C0085273,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Financial Assistance,0000362-1,information,"Summary : Health care can be costly. If you have health insurance, it usually pays at least part of your medical costs. If you don't have insurance or need help with costs that aren't covered, financial assistance might be available. Certain government programs and nonprofit organizations can help. You can also discuss concerns about paying your medical bills with your health care provider, social worker or the business office of your clinic or hospital.",Financial Assistance,0000362,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/financialassistance.html,,, +What is (are) Finger Injuries and Disorders ?,0000363-1,information,"You use your fingers and thumbs to do everything from grasping objects to playing musical instruments to typing. When there is something wrong with them, it can make life difficult. Common problems include - Injuries that result in fractures, ruptured ligaments and dislocations - Osteoarthritis - wear-and-tear arthritis. It can also cause deformity. - Tendinitis - irritation of the tendons - Dupuytren's contracture - a hereditary thickening of the tough tissue that lies just below the skin of your palm. It causes the fingers to stiffen and bend. - Trigger finger - an irritation of the sheath that surrounds the flexor tendons. It can cause the tendon to catch and release like a trigger.",Finger Injuries and Disorders,0000363,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/fingerinjuriesanddisorders.html,C0016124,T037,Disorders +Do you have information about Fire Safety,0000364-1,information,"Summary : Preventing fires is an important part of fire safety. In the United States, cooking is the main cause of home fires. Cigarettes are a big risk too - they are the leading cause of fire deaths. Here are some fire prevention tips: - Don't leave the stove or oven unattended when they are on - Don't let children use kitchen appliances unsupervised - Don't smoke in bed - Make sure your electrical appliances and cords are in good condition It is also important to be prepared in case there is a fire. Make sure that you have working smoke detectors on every floor and in every bedroom. You should also have fire extinguishers on every floor and in your kitchen. Make and practice an escape plan in case the main exit is blocked.",Fire Safety,0000364,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/firesafety.html,,, +Do you have information about Fires,0000365-1,information,"Summary : Whether a fire happens in your home or in the wild, it can be very dangerous. Fire spreads quickly. There is no time to gather valuables or make a phone call. In just two minutes, a fire can become life-threatening. In five minutes, a home can be engulfed in flames. Heat and smoke from fire can be more dangerous than the flames. Inhaling the super-hot air can burn your lungs. Fire produces poisonous gases that make you disoriented and drowsy. Instead of being awakened by a fire, you may fall into a deeper sleep. You can suffocate or be burned. Preventing fires is an important part of fire safety. Although there are no guarantees of safety during a fire, you can take actions to protect yourself. You should have a disaster plan. Being prepared can help reduce fear, anxiety, and losses. If you do experience a disaster, it is normal to feel stressed. You may need help in finding ways to cope. Federal Emergency Management Agency",Fires,0000365,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/fires.html,,, +Do you have information about First Aid,0000366-1,information,"Summary : Accidents happen. Someone chokes on an ice cube or gets stung by a bee. It is important to know when to call 9-1-1 -- it is for life-threatening emergencies. While waiting for help to arrive, you may be able to save someone's life. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is for people whose hearts or breathing has stopped and the Heimlich maneuver is for people who are choking. You can also learn to handle common injuries and wounds. Cuts and scrapes, for example, should be rinsed with cool water. To stop bleeding, apply firm but gentle pressure, using gauze. If blood soaks through, add more gauze, keeping the first layer in place. Continue to apply pressure. It is important to have a first aid kit available. Keep one at home and one in your car. It should include a first-aid guide. Read the guide to learn how to use the items, so you are ready in case an emergency happens.",First Aid,0000366,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/firstaid.html,,, +What is (are) Fistulas ?,0000367-1,information,"A fistula is an abnormal connection between two parts inside of the body. Fistulas may develop between different organs, such as between the esophagus and the windpipe or the bowel and the vagina. They can also develop between two blood vessels, such as between an artery and a vein or between two arteries. Some people are born with a fistula. Other common causes of fistulas include - Complications from surgery - Injury - Infection - Diseases, such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis Treatment depends on the cause of the fistula, where it is, and how bad it is. Some fistulas will close on their own. In some cases, you may need antibiotics and/or surgery.",Fistulas,0000367,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/fistulas.html,C0016169,T190,Disorders +What is (are) Floods ?,0000368-1,information,"Floods are common in the United States. Weather such as heavy rain, thunderstorms, hurricanes, or tsunamis can cause flooding. Flooding can also happen when a river or stream overflows its bank, when a levee is breached, or when a dam breaks. Flash floods, which can develop quickly, often have a dangerous wall of roaring water. The wall carries rocks, mud, and rubble and can sweep away most things in its path. Be aware of flood hazards no matter where you live, but especially if you live in a low-lying area, near water or downstream from a dam. Although there are no guarantees of safety during a flood, you can take actions to protect yourself. You should have a disaster plan. Being prepared can help reduce fear, anxiety, and losses. If you do experience a disaster, it is normal to feel stressed. You may need help in finding ways to cope. Federal Emergency Management Agency",Floods,0000368,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/floods.html,C0375741,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Flu ?,0000369-1,information,"Flu is a respiratory infection caused by a number of viruses. The viruses pass through the air and enter your body through your nose or mouth. Between 5% and 20% of people in the U.S. get the flu each year. The flu can be serious or even deadly for elderly people, newborn babies, and people with certain chronic illnesses. Symptoms of the flu come on suddenly and are worse than those of the common cold. They may include - Body or muscle aches - Chills - Cough - Fever - Headache - Sore throat Is it a cold or the flu? Colds rarely cause a fever or headaches. Flu almost never causes an upset stomach. And ""stomach flu"" isn't really flu at all, but gastroenteritis. Most people with the flu recover on their own without medical care. People with mild cases of the flu should stay home and avoid contact with others, except to get medical care. If you get the flu, your health care provider may prescribe medicine to help your body fight the infection and lessen symptoms. The main way to keep from getting the flu is to get a yearly flu vaccine. Good hygiene, including hand washing, can also help. NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",Flu,0000369,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/flu.html,C0021400,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Flu Shot,0000370-1,information,Summary : Flu is a respiratory infection caused by a number of viruses. Most people with the flu get better on their own. But it can be serious. It can cause complications and sometimes even death. Getting the flu vaccine every year is the best way to lower your chance of getting the flu and spreading it to others. The flu vaccine causes antibodies to develop in your body about two weeks after you get it. These antibodies provide protection against infection with the viruses that are in the vaccine. Flu vaccines can either be shots or nasal sprays. There is also a high-dose version for people 65 and older. Ask your health care provider which one is right for you. Everyone 6 months of age and older should get a flu vaccine every season. People with egg allergies should check with their doctors before getting a vaccine. Other exceptions are people who have - Had reactions to flu shots before - Guillain-Barre Syndrome - A fever Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,Flu Shot,0000370,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/flushot.html,,, +Do you have information about Fluid and Electrolyte Balance,0000371-1,information,"Summary : Electrolytes are minerals in your body that have an electric charge. They are in your blood, urine and body fluids. Maintaining the right balance of electrolytes helps your body's blood chemistry, muscle action and other processes. Sodium, calcium, potassium, chlorine, phosphate and magnesium are all electrolytes. You get them from the foods you eat and the fluids you drink. Levels of electrolytes in your body can become too low or too high. That can happen when the amount of water in your body changes, causing dehydration or overhydration. Causes include some medicines, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating or kidney problems. Problems most often occur with levels of sodium, potassium or calcium.",Fluid and Electrolyte Balance,0000371,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/fluidandelectrolytebalance.html,,, +Do you have information about Folic Acid,0000372-1,information,"Summary : Folic acid is a B vitamin. It helps the body make healthy new cells. Everyone needs folic acid. For women who may get pregnant, it is really important. Getting enough folic acid before and during pregnancy can prevent major birth defects of her baby's brain or spine. Foods with folic acid in them include - Leafy green vegetables - Fruits - Dried beans, peas, and nuts - Enriched breads, cereals and other grain products If you don't get enough folic acid from the foods you eat, you can also take it as a dietary supplement. NIH: National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements",Folic Acid,0000372,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/folicacid.html,,, +What is (are) Food Allergy ?,0000373-1,information,"Food allergy is an abnormal response to a food triggered by your body's immune system. In adults, the foods that most often trigger allergic reactions include fish, shellfish, peanuts, and tree nuts, such as walnuts. Problem foods for children can include eggs, milk, peanuts, tree nuts, soy, and wheat. The allergic reaction may be mild. In rare cases it can cause a severe reaction called anaphylaxis. Symptoms of food allergy include - Itching or swelling in your mouth - Vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal cramps and pain - Hives or eczema - Tightening of the throat and trouble breathing - Drop in blood pressure Your health care provider may use a detailed history, elimination diet, and skin and blood tests to diagnose a food allergy. When you have food allergies, you must be prepared to treat an accidental exposure. Wear a medical alert bracelet or necklace, and carry an auto-injector device containing epinephrine (adrenaline). You can only prevent the symptoms of food allergy by avoiding the food. After you and your health care provider have identified the foods to which you are sensitive, you must remove them from your diet. NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",Food Allergy,0000373,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodallergy.html,C0016470,T046,Disorders +Do you have information about Food Labeling,0000374-1,information,"Summary : Most packaged foods in the U.S. have food labels. On every food label you will see - Serving size, number of servings, and number of calories per serving - Information on the amount of dietary fat, cholesterol, dietary fiber, dietary sodium, carbohydrates, dietary proteins, vitamins, and minerals in each serving - Definitions for terms such as low-fat and high-fiber - Information to help you see how a food fits into an overall daily diet Food and Drug Administration",Food Labeling,0000374,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodlabeling.html,,, +Do you have information about Food Safety,0000375-1,information,"Summary : Safe steps in food handling, cooking, and storage can prevent foodborne illness. There are four basic steps to food safety at home: - Clean - always wash your fruits and vegetables, hands, counters, and cooking utensils. - Separate - keep raw foods to themselves. Germs can spread from one food to another. - Cook - foods need to get hot and stay hot. Heat kills germs. - Chill - put fresh food in the refrigerator right away. In the grocery store, avoid cans that are bulging or jars that have cracks or loose lids. Check packages to be sure food hasn't reached its expiration date. United States Department of Agriculture",Food Safety,0000375,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodsafety.html,,, +What is (are) Foodborne Illness ?,0000376-1,information,"Each year, 48 million people in the U.S. get sick from contaminated food. Common culprits include bacteria, parasites and viruses. Symptoms range from mild to serious. They include - Upset stomach - Abdominal cramps - Nausea and vomiting - Diarrhea - Fever - Dehydration Harmful bacteria are the most common cause of foodborne illness. Foods may have some bacteria on them when you buy them. Raw meat may become contaminated during slaughter. Fruits and vegetables may become contaminated when they are growing or when they are processed. But it can also happen in your kitchen if you leave food out for more than 2 hours at room temperature. Handling food safely can help prevent foodborne illnesses. The treatment in most cases is increasing your fluid intake. For more serious illness, you may need treatment at a hospital. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Foodborne Illness,0000376,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodborneillness.html,C0679360,T037,Disorders +Do you have information about Foot Health,0000377-1,information,"Summary : Each step you take involves a complex network of bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments. This, combined with all of the weight they carry, explains why feet can have problems. To keep your feet healthy - Examine your feet regularly - Wear comfortable shoes that fit - Wash your feet daily with soap and lukewarm water - Trim your toenails straight across and not too short Your foot health can be a clue to your overall health. For example, joint stiffness could mean arthritis. Tingling or numbness could be a sign of diabetes. Swelling might indicate kidney disease, heart disease, or high blood pressure. Good foot care and regular foot checks are an important part of your health care. If you have foot problems, be sure to talk to your doctor. NIH: National Institute on Aging",Foot Health,0000377,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foothealth.html,,, +What is (are) Foot Injuries and Disorders ?,0000378-1,information,"Each of your feet has 26 bones, 33 joints, and more than 100 tendons, muscles, and ligaments. No wonder a lot of things can go wrong. Here are a few common problems: - Bunions - hard, painful bumps on the big toe joint - Corns and calluses - thickened skin from friction or pressure - Plantar warts - warts on the soles of your feet - Fallen arches - also called flat feet Ill-fitting shoes often cause these problems. Aging and being overweight also increase your chances of having foot problems.",Foot Injuries and Disorders,0000378,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/footinjuriesanddisorders.html,C0149697,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Foreign Bodies ?,0000379-1,information,"If you've ever gotten a splinter or had sand in your eye, you've had experience with a foreign body. A foreign body is something that is stuck inside you but isn't supposed to be there. You may inhale or swallow a foreign body, or you may get one from an injury to almost any part of your body. Foreign bodies are more common in small children, who sometimes stick things in their mouths, ears, and noses. Some foreign bodies, like a small splinter, do not cause serious harm. Inhaled or swallowed foreign bodies may cause choking or bowel obstruction and may require medical care.",Foreign Bodies,0000379,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foreignbodies.html,C0016542,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Fractures ?,0000380-1,information,"A fracture is a break, usually in a bone. If the broken bone punctures the skin, it is called an open or compound fracture. Fractures commonly happen because of car accidents, falls, or sports injuries. Other causes are low bone density and osteoporosis, which cause weakening of the bones. Overuse can cause stress fractures, which are very small cracks in the bone. Symptoms of a fracture are - Intense pain - Deformity - the limb looks out of place - Swelling, bruising, or tenderness around the injury - Numbness and tingling - Problems moving a limb You need to get medical care right away for any fracture. An x-ray can tell if your bone is broken. You may need to wear a cast or splint. Sometimes you need surgery to put in plates, pins or screws to keep the bone in place.",Fractures,0000380,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/fractures.html,C0016658,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Fragile X Syndrome ?,0000381-1,information,"Fragile X syndrome is the most common form of inherited developmental disability. A problem with a specific gene causes the disease. Normally, the gene makes a protein you need for brain development. But the problem causes a person to make little or none of the protein. This causes the symptoms of Fragile X. People with only a small change in the gene might not show any signs of Fragile X. People with bigger changes can have severe symptoms. These might include - Intelligence problems, ranging from learning disabilities to severe intellectual disabilities - Social and emotional problems, such as aggression in boys or shyness in girls - Speech and language problems, especially in boys A genetic blood test can diagnose Fragile X. There is no cure. You can treat some symptoms with educational, behavioral, or physical therapy, and with medicines. Getting treatment early can help. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development",Fragile X Syndrome,0000381,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/fragilexsyndrome.html,C0016667,T019,Disorders +What is (are) Friedreich's Ataxia ?,0000382-1,information,"Friedreich's ataxia is an inherited disease that damages your nervous system. The damage affects your spinal cord and the nerves that control muscle movement in your arms and legs. Symptoms usually begin between the ages of 5 and 15. The main symptom is ataxia, which means trouble coordinating movements. Specific symptoms include - Difficulty walking - Muscle weakness - Speech problems - Involuntary eye movements - Scoliosis (curving of the spine to one side) - Heart palpitations, from the heart disease which can happen along with Friedreich's ataxia People with Friedreich's ataxia usually need a wheelchair 15 to 20 years after symptoms first appear. In severe cases, people become incapacitated. There is no cure. You can treat symptoms with medicines, braces, surgery, and physical therapy. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Friedreich's Ataxia,0000382,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/friedreichsataxia.html,C0016719,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Frostbite ?,0000383-1,information,"Frostbite is an injury to the body that is caused by freezing. It most often affects the nose, ears, cheeks, chin, fingers, or toes. Frostbite can permanently damage the body, and severe cases can lead to amputation. Signs of frostbite include - A white or grayish-yellow skin area - Skin that feels unusually firm or waxy - Numbness If you have symptoms of frostbite, seek medical care. But if immediate medical care isn't available, here are steps to take: - Get into a warm room as soon as possible. - Unless absolutely necessary, do not walk on frostbitten feet or toes. Walking increases the damage. - Put the affected area in warm - not hot - water. - You can also warm the affected area using body heat. For example, use your armpit to warm frostbitten fingers. - Don't rub the frostbitten area with snow or massage it at all. This can cause more damage. - Don't use a heating pad, heat lamp, or the heat of a stove, fireplace, or radiator for warming. Since frostbite makes an area numb, you could burn it. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Frostbite,0000383,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/frostbite.html,C0016736,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Fungal Infections ?,0000384-1,information,"If you have ever had athlete's foot or a yeast infection, you can blame a fungus. A fungus is a primitive organism. Mushrooms, mold and mildew are examples. Fungi live in air, in soil, on plants and in water. Some live in the human body. Only about half of all types of fungi are harmful. Some fungi reproduce through tiny spores in the air. You can inhale the spores or they can land on you. As a result, fungal infections often start in the lungs or on the skin. You are more likely to get a fungal infection if you have a weakened immune system or take antibiotics. Fungi can be difficult to kill. For skin and nail infections, you can apply medicine directly to the infected area. Oral antifungal medicines are also available for serious infections. NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",Fungal Infections,0000384,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/fungalinfections.html,C0026946,T047,Disorders +What is (are) G6PD Deficiency ?,0000385-1,information,"Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is a genetic disorder that is most common in males. About 1 in 10 African American males in the United States has it. G6PD deficiency mainly affects red blood cells, which carry oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body. The most common medical problem it can cause is hemolytic anemia. That happens when red blood cells are destroyed faster than the body can replace them. If you have G6PD deficiency, you may not have symptoms. Symptoms happen if your red blood cells are exposed to certain chemicals in food or medicine, certain bacterial or viral infections, or stress. They may include - Paleness - Jaundice - Dark urine - Fatigue - Shortness of breath - Enlarged spleen - Rapid heart rate A blood test can tell if you have it. Treatments include medicines to treat infection, avoiding substances that cause the problem with red blood cells, and sometimes transfusions. NIH: National Library of Medicine",G6PD Deficiency,0000385,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/g6pddeficiency.html,C2939465,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Gallbladder Cancer ?,0000386-1,information,"Your gallbladder is a pear-shaped organ under your liver. It stores bile, a fluid made by your liver to digest fat. As your stomach and intestines digest food, your gallbladder releases bile through a tube called the common bile duct. The duct connects your gallbladder and liver to your small intestine. Cancer of the gallbladder is rare. It is more common in women and Native Americans. Symptoms include - Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes) - Pain above the stomach - Fever - Nausea and vomiting - Bloating - Lumps in the abdomen It is hard to diagnose gallbladder cancer in its early stages. Sometimes doctors find it when they remove the gallbladder for another reason. But people with gallstones rarely have gallbladder cancer. Because it is often found late, it can be hard to treat gallbladder cancer. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, or a combination. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Gallbladder Cancer,0000386,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gallbladdercancer.html,C0153452,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Gallbladder Diseases ?,0000387-1,information,"Your gallbladder is a pear-shaped organ under your liver. It stores bile, a fluid made by your liver to digest fat. As your stomach and intestines digest food, your gallbladder releases bile through a tube called the common bile duct. The duct connects your gallbladder and liver to your small intestine. Your gallbladder is most likely to give you trouble if something blocks the flow of bile through the bile ducts. That is usually a gallstone. Gallstones form when substances in bile harden. Rarely, you can also get cancer in your gallbladder. Many gallbladder problems get better with removal of the gallbladder. Fortunately, you can live without a gallbladder. Bile has other ways of reaching your small intestine.",Gallbladder Diseases,0000387,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gallbladderdiseases.html,C0016977,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Gallstones ?,0000388-1,information,"Your gallbladder is a pear-shaped organ under your liver. It stores bile, a fluid made by your liver to digest fat. As your stomach and intestines digest food, your gallbladder releases bile through a tube called the common bile duct. The duct connects your gallbladder and liver to your small intestine. Your gallbladder is most likely to give you trouble if something blocks the flow of bile through the bile ducts. That is usually a gallstone. Gallstones form when substances in bile harden. Gallstone attacks usually happen after you eat. Signs of a gallstone attack may include nausea, vomiting, or pain in the abdomen, back, or just under the right arm. Gallstones are most common among older adults, women, overweight people, Native Americans and Mexican Americans. Gallstones are often found during imaging tests for other health conditions. If you do not have symptoms, you usually do not need treatment. The most common treatment is removal of the gallbladder. Fortunately, you can live without a gallbladder. Bile has other ways to reach your small intestine. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Gallstones,0000388,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gallstones.html,C0008350,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Gangrene ?,0000389-1,information,"Gangrene is the death of tissues in your body. It happens when a part of your body loses its blood supply. Gangrene can happen on the surface of the body, such as on the skin, or inside the body, in muscles or organs. Causes include - Serious injuries - Problems with blood circulation, such as atherosclerosis and peripheral arterial disease - Diabetes Skin symptoms may include a blue or black color, pain, numbness, and sores that produce a foul-smelling discharge. If the gangrene is internal, you may run a fever and feel unwell, and the area may be swollen and painful. Gangrene is a serious condition. It needs immediate attention. Treatment includes surgery, antibiotics, and oxygen therapy. In severe cases an amputation may be necessary.",Gangrene,0000389,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gangrene.html,C0017086,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Gas ?,0000390-1,information,"Everyone has gas. Most people pass gas 13 to 21 times a day. Passing gas through the mouth is called belching or burping. Passing gas through the anus is called flatulence. Most of the time gas does not have an odor. The odor comes from bacteria in the large intestine that release small amounts of gases that contain sulfur. Gas in the digestive tract comes from two sources: air that you swallow and the breakdown of undigested food by bacteria in the large intestine. Certain foods may cause gas. Foods that produce gas in one person may not cause gas in another. You can reduce the amount of gas you have by - Drinking lots of water and non-fizzy drinks - Eating more slowly so you swallow less air when you eat - Avoiding milk products if you have lactose intolerance Medicines can help reduce gas or the pain and bloating caused by gas. If your symptoms still bother you, see your health care provider. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Gas,0000390,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gas.html,C0596601,T184,Disorders +What is (are) Gastroenteritis ?,0000391-1,information,"Have you ever had the ""stomach flu?"" What you probably had was gastroenteritis - not a type of flu at all. Gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the lining of the intestines caused by a virus, bacteria or parasites. Viral gastroenteritis is the second most common illness in the U.S. The cause is often a norovirus infection. It spreads through contaminated food or water, and contact with an infected person. The best prevention is frequent hand washing. Symptoms of gastroenteritis include diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, headache, fever and chills. Most people recover with no treatment. The most common problem with gastroenteritis is dehydration. This happens if you do not drink enough fluids to replace what you lose through vomiting and diarrhea. Dehydration is most common in babies, young children, the elderly and people with weak immune systems. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Gastroenteritis,0000391,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gastroenteritis.html,C0017160,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Gastrointestinal Bleeding ?,0000392-1,information,"Your digestive or gastrointestinal (GI) tract includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine or colon, rectum, and anus. Bleeding can come from any of these areas. The amount of bleeding can be so small that only a lab test can find it. Signs of bleeding in the digestive tract depend where it is and how much bleeding there is. Signs of bleeding in the upper digestive tract include - Bright red blood in vomit - Vomit that looks like coffee grounds - Black or tarry stool - Dark blood mixed with stool Signs of bleeding in the lower digestive tract include - Black or tarry stool - Dark blood mixed with stool - Stool mixed or coated with bright red blood GI bleeding is not a disease, but a symptom of a disease. There are many possible causes of GI bleeding, including hemorrhoids, peptic ulcers, tears or inflammation in the esophagus, diverticulosis and diverticulitis, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, colonic polyps, or cancer in the colon, stomach or esophagus. The test used most often to look for the cause of GI bleeding is called endoscopy. It uses a flexible instrument inserted through the mouth or rectum to view the inside of the GI tract. A type of endoscopy called colonoscopy looks at the large intestine. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Gastrointestinal Bleeding,0000392,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gastrointestinalbleeding.html,C0017181,T046,Disorders +What is (are) Gaucher Disease ?,0000393-1,information,"Gaucher disease is a rare, inherited disorder in which you do not have enough of an enzyme called glucocerebrosidase. This causes too much of a fatty substance to build up in your spleen, liver, lungs, bones and, sometimes, your brain. This prevents these organs from working properly. There are three types: - Type 1, the most common form, causes liver and spleen enlargement, bone pain and broken bones, and, sometimes, lung and kidney problems. It does not affect the brain. It can occur at any age. - Type 2, which causes severe brain damage, appears in infants. Most children who have it die by age 2. - In type 3, there may be liver and spleen enlargement. The brain is gradually affected. It usually starts in childhood or adolescence. Gaucher disease has no cure. Treatment options for types 1 and 3 include medicine and enzyme replacement therapy, which is usually very effective. There is no good treatment for the brain damage of types 2 and 3. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Gaucher Disease,0000393,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gaucherdisease.html,C0017205,T047,Disorders +"What is (are) Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender Health ?",0000394-1,information,"Gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender individuals have special health concerns besides the usual ones that affect most men and women. On this page you'll find information about these specific health issues.","Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender Health",0000394,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gaylesbianbisexualandtransgenderhealth.html,C2129310,T033,Disorders +Do you have information about Genes and Gene Therapy,0000395-1,information,"Summary : Genes are the building blocks of inheritance. Passed from parent to child, they contain instructions for making proteins. If genes don't produce the right proteins or don't produce them correctly, a child can have a genetic disorder. Gene therapy is an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease. The most common form of gene therapy involves inserting a normal gene to replace an abnormal gene. Other approaches include - Swapping an abnormal gene for a normal one - Repairing an abnormal gene - Altering the degree to which a gene is turned on or off Although there is much hope for gene therapy, it is still experimental. Genetics Home Reference",Genes and Gene Therapy,0000395,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/genesandgenetherapy.html,,, +What is (are) Genetic Brain Disorders ?,0000396-1,information,"A genetic brain disorder is caused by a variation or a mutation in a gene. A variation is a different form of a gene. A mutation is a change in a gene. Genetic brain disorders affect the development and function of the brain. Some genetic brain disorders are due to random gene mutations or mutations caused by environmental exposure, such as cigarette smoke. Other disorders are inherited, which means that a mutated gene or group of genes is passed down through a family. They can also be due to a combination of both genetic changes and other outside factors. Some examples of genetic brain disorders include - Leukodystrophies - Phenylketonuria - Tay-Sachs disease - Wilson disease Many people with genetic brain disorders fail to produce enough of certain proteins that influence brain development and function. These brain disorders can cause serious problems that affect the nervous system. Some have treatments to control symptoms. Some are life-threatening.",Genetic Brain Disorders,0000396,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/geneticbraindisorders.html,C1456542,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Genetic Counseling,0000397-1,information,"Summary : Genetic counseling provides information and support to people who have, or may be at risk for, genetic disorders. A genetic counselor meets with you to discuss genetic risks. The counseling may be for yourself or a family member. Or you may get it when you are planning or expecting a baby. You may follow up with genetic testing. There are many reasons to seek genetic counseling. You may consider it if you - Have a personal or family history of a genetic condition or birth defect - Are pregnant or planning to be pregnant after age 35 - Already have a child with a genetic disorder or birth defect - Have had two or more pregnancy losses or a baby who died - Have had ultrasound or screening tests that suggest a possible problem Genetics Home Reference",Genetic Counseling,0000397,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/geneticcounseling.html,,, +What is (are) Genetic Disorders ?,0000398-1,information,"Genes are the building blocks of heredity. They are passed from parent to child. They hold DNA, the instructions for making proteins. Proteins do most of the work in cells. They move molecules from one place to another, build structures, break down toxins, and do many other maintenance jobs. Sometimes there is a mutation, a change in a gene or genes. The mutation changes the gene's instructions for making a protein, so the protein does not work properly or is missing entirely. This can cause a medical condition called a genetic disorder. You can inherit a gene mutation from one or both parents. A mutation can also happen during your lifetime. There are three types of genetic disorders: - Single-gene disorders, where a mutation affects one gene. Sickle cell anemia is an example. - Chromosomal disorders, where chromosomes (or parts of chromosomes) are missing or changed. Chromosomes are the structures that hold our genes. Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder. - Complex disorders, where there are mutations in two or more genes. Often your lifestyle and environment also play a role. Colon cancer is an example. Genetic tests on blood and other tissue can identify genetic disorders. NIH: National Library of Medicine",Genetic Disorders,0000398,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/geneticdisorders.html,C0019247,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Genetic Testing,0000399-1,information,"Summary : Genetic tests are tests on blood and other tissue to find genetic disorders. Over 2000 tests are available. Doctors use genetic tests for several reasons. These include - Finding genetic diseases in unborn babies - Finding out if people carry a gene for a disease and might pass it on to their children - Screening embryos for disease - Testing for genetic diseases in adults before they cause symptoms - Making a diagnosis in a person who has disease symptoms - Figuring out the type or dose of a medicine that is best for a certain person People have many different reasons for being tested or not being tested. For some, it is important to know whether a disease can be prevented or treated if a test is positive. In some cases, there is no treatment. But test results might help a person make life decisions, such as family planning or insurance coverage. A genetic counselor can provide information about the pros and cons of testing. NIH: National Human Genome Research Institute",Genetic Testing,0000399,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/genetictesting.html,,, +What is (are) Genital Herpes ?,0000400-1,information,"Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by a herpes simplex virus (HSV). It can cause sores on your genital or rectal area, buttocks, and thighs. You can get it from having sex, even oral sex. The virus can spread even when sores are not present. Mothers can also infect their babies during childbirth. Symptoms of herpes are called outbreaks. You usually get sores near the area where the virus has entered the body. They turn into blisters, become itchy and painful, and then heal. Sometimes people do not know they have herpes because they have no symptoms or very mild symptoms. The virus can be more serious in newborn babies or in people with weak immune systems. Most people have outbreaks several times a year. Over time, you get them less often and the symptoms become milder. The virus stays in your body for life. Medicines do not cure genital herpes, but they can help your body fight the virus. This can help lessen symptoms, decrease outbreaks, and lower the risk of passing the virus to others. Correct usage of latex condoms can reduce, but not eliminate, the risk of catching or spreading herpes. NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",Genital Herpes,0000400,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/genitalherpes.html,C0019342,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Genital Warts ?,0000401-1,information,"Genital warts are a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). The warts are soft, moist, pink, or flesh-colored bumps. You can have one or many of these bumps. In women, the warts usually occur in or around the vagina, on the cervix or around the anus. In men, genital warts are less common but might occur on the tip of the penis. You can get genital warts during oral, vaginal, or anal sex with an infected partner. Correct usage of latex condoms greatly reduces, but does not completely eliminate, the risk of catching or spreading HPV. HPV vaccines may help prevent some of the HPV infections that cause genital warts. Your health care provider usually diagnoses genital warts by seeing them. The warts might disappear on their own. If not, your health care provider can treat or remove them. The virus stays in your body even after treatment, so warts can come back. NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",Genital Warts,0000401,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/genitalwarts.html,C0009663,T047,Disorders +What is (are) GERD ?,0000402-1,information,"Your esophagus is the tube that carries food from your mouth to your stomach. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) happens when a muscle at the end of your esophagus does not close properly. This allows stomach contents to leak back, or reflux, into the esophagus and irritate it. You may feel a burning in the chest or throat called heartburn. Sometimes, you can taste stomach fluid in the back of the mouth. If you have these symptoms more than twice a week, you may have GERD. You can also have GERD without having heartburn. Your symptoms could include a dry cough, asthma symptoms, or trouble swallowing. Anyone, including infants and children, can have GERD. If not treated, it can lead to more serious health problems. In some cases, you might need medicines or surgery. However, many people can improve their symptoms by - Avoiding alcohol and spicy, fatty or acidic foods that trigger heartburn - Eating smaller meals - Not eating close to bedtime - Losing weight if needed - Wearing loose-fitting clothes NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",GERD,0000402,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gerd.html,C0017168,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Germs and Hygiene,0000403-1,information,"Summary : When you cough or sneeze, you send tiny germ-filled droplets into the air. Colds and flu usually spread that way. You can help stop the spread of germs by - Covering your mouth and nose when you sneeze or cough. Sneeze or cough into your elbow, not your hands. - Cleaning your hands often - always before you eat or prepare food, and after you use the bathroom or change a diaper - Avoiding touching your eyes, nose or mouth Hand washing is one of the most effective and most overlooked ways to stop disease. Soap and water work well to kill germs. Wash for at least 20 seconds and rub your hands briskly. Disposable hand wipes or gel sanitizers also work well.",Germs and Hygiene,0000403,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/germsandhygiene.html,,, +What is (are) Giant Cell Arteritis ?,0000404-1,information,"Giant cell arteritis is a disorder that causes inflammation of your arteries, usually in the scalp, neck, and arms. It narrows the arteries, which keeps blood from flowing well. Giant cell arteritis often occurs with another disorder called polymyalgia rheumatica. Both are more common in women than in men. They almost always affect people over the age of 50. Early symptoms of giant cell arteritis resemble the flu: fatigue, loss of appetite, and fever. Other symptoms include - Headaches - Pain and tenderness over the temples - Double vision or visual loss, dizziness - Problems with coordination and balance - Pain in your jaw and tongue Your doctor will make the diagnosis based on your medical history, symptoms, and a physical exam. There is no single test to diagnose giant cell arteritis, but you may have tests that measure inflammation. Treatment is usually with corticosteroids. Early treatment is important; otherwise there is a risk of permanent vision loss or stroke. However, when properly treated, giant cell arteritis rarely comes back. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Giant Cell Arteritis,0000404,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/giantcellarteritis.html,C0039483,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Giardia Infections ?,0000405-1,information,"Giardiasis is an illness caused by a parasite called Giardia intestinalis. It lives in soil, food, and water. It may also be on surfaces that have been contaminated with waste. You can become infected if you swallow the parasite. You can also get it if you're exposed to human feces (poop) through sexual contact. The risk of getting giardia is higher for travelers to countries where it is common, people in child care settings, and those who drink untreated water. Diarrhea is the main symptom of giardia infection. Others include - Passing gas - Greasy stools - Stomach cramps - Upset stomach or nausea These symptoms may lead to weight loss and loss of body fluids. Some people have no symptoms at all. Symptoms of infection often last two to six weeks. Stool sample tests can diagnose it. You often need to collect several samples to test. Doctors use several drugs to treat it. The best way to prevent giardia infection is to practice good hygiene, including frequent hand washing. You should not drink water that may be contaminated. You should also peel or wash fresh fruit and vegetables before eating. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Giardia Infections,0000405,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/giardiainfections.html,C0851885,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Glaucoma ?,0000406-1,information,"Glaucoma is a group of diseases that can damage the eye's optic nerve. It is a leading cause of blindness in the United States. It usually happens when the fluid pressure inside the eyes slowly rises, damaging the optic nerve. Often there are no symptoms at first. Without treatment, people with glaucoma will slowly lose their peripheral, or side vision. They seem to be looking through a tunnel. Over time, straight-ahead vision may decrease until no vision remains. A comprehensive eye exam can tell if you have glaucoma. People at risk should get eye exams at least every two years. They include - African Americans over age 40 - People over age 60, especially Mexican Americans - People with a family history of glaucoma There is no cure, but glaucoma can usually be controlled. Early treatment can help protect your eyes against vision loss. Treatments usually include prescription eyedrops and/or surgery. NIH: National Eye Institute",Glaucoma,0000406,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/glaucoma.html,C0017601,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Gluten Sensitivity ?,0000407-1,information,"Gluten is a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley. It is found mainly in foods but may also be in other products like medicines, vitamins, and supplements. People with gluten sensitivity have problems with gluten. It is different from celiac disease, an immune disease in which people can't eat gluten because it will damage their small intestine. Some of the symptoms of gluten sensitivity are similar to celiac disease. They include tiredness and stomachaches. It can cause other symptoms too, including muscle cramps and leg numbness. But it does not damage the small intestine like celiac disease. Researchers are still learning more about gluten sensitivity. If your health care provider thinks you have it, he or she may suggest that you stop eating gluten to see if your symptoms go away. However, you should first be tested to rule out celiac disease. Dept. of Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health",Gluten Sensitivity,0000407,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/glutensensitivity.html,C0850024,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Gonorrhea ?,0000408-1,information,"Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease. It is most common in young adults. The bacteria that cause gonorrhea can infect the genital tract, mouth, or anus. You can get gonorrhea during vaginal, oral, or anal sex with an infected partner. A pregnant woman can pass it to her baby during childbirth. Gonorrhea does not always cause symptoms. In men, gonorrhea can cause pain when urinating and discharge from the penis. If untreated, it can cause problems with the prostate and testicles. In women, the early symptoms of gonorrhea often are mild. Later, it can cause bleeding between periods, pain when urinating, and increased discharge from the vagina. If untreated, it can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, which causes problems with pregnancy and infertility. Your health care provider will diagnose gonorrhea with lab tests. Treatment is with antibiotics. Treating gonorrhea is becoming more difficult because drug-resistant strains are increasing. Correct usage of latex condoms greatly reduces, but does not eliminate, the risk of catching or spreading gonorrhea. NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",Gonorrhea,0000408,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gonorrhea.html,C0018081,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Gout ?,0000409-1,information,"Gout is a common, painful form of arthritis. It causes swollen, red, hot and stiff joints. Gout happens when uric acid builds up in your body. Uric acid comes from the breakdown of substances called purines. Purines are in your body's tissues and in foods, such as liver, dried beans and peas, and anchovies. Normally, uric acid dissolves in the blood. It passes through the kidneys and out of the body in urine. But sometimes uric acid can build up and form needle-like crystals. When they form in your joints, it is very painful. The crystals can also cause kidney stones. Often, gout first attacks your big toe. It can also attack ankles, heels, knees, wrists, fingers, and elbows. At first, gout attacks usually get better in days. Eventually, attacks last longer and happen more often. You are more likely to get gout if you - Are a man - Have family member with gout - Are overweight - Drink alcohol - Eat too many foods rich in purines Gout can be hard to diagnose. Your doctor may take a sample of fluid from an inflamed joint to look for crystals. You can treat gout with medicines. Pseudogout has similar symptoms and is sometimes confused with gout. However, it is caused by calcium phosphate, not uric acid. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Gout,0000409,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gout.html,C0018099,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis ?,0000410-1,information,"Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), previously known as Wegener's granulomatosis, is a rare disease. It is a type of vasculitis, or inflammation of the blood vessels. The inflammation limits the flow of blood to important organs, causing damage. It can affect any organ, but it mainly affects the sinuses, nose, trachea (windpipe), lungs, and kidneys. The cause of GPA is unknown. It can affect people at any age. Men and women are equally affected. It is more common in whites. Symptoms may include joint pain, weakness, tiredness, and cold symptoms such as a runny nose that doesn't get better. Doctors use blood tests, chest X-rays, and biopsies to diagnose GPA and rule out other causes of the symptoms. Early treatment is important. Most people improve with medicines to slow or stop the inflammation. NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis,0000410,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/granulomatosiswithpolyangiitis.html,C0043092,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Growth Disorders ?,0000411-1,information,"Does your child seem much shorter - or much taller - than other kids his or her age? It could be normal. Some children may be small for their age but still be developing normally. Some children are short or tall because their parents are. But some children have growth disorders. Growth disorders are problems that prevent children from developing normal height, weight, sexual maturity or other features. Very slow or very fast growth can sometimes signal a gland problem or disease. The pituitary gland makes growth hormone, which stimulates the growth of bone and other tissues. Children who have too little of it may be very short. Treatment with growth hormone can stimulate growth. People can also have too much growth hormone. Usually the cause is a pituitary gland tumor, which is not cancer. Too much growth hormone can cause gigantism in children, where their bones and their body grow too much. In adults, it can cause acromegaly, which makes the hands, feet and face larger than normal. Possible treatments include surgery to remove the tumor, medicines, and radiation therapy.",Growth Disorders,0000411,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/growthdisorders.html,C0018273,T046,Disorders +What is (are) Guillain-Barre Syndrome ?,0000412-1,information,"Guillain-Barre syndrome is a rare disorder that causes your immune system to attack your peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS nerves connect your brain and spinal cord with the rest of your body. Damage to these nerves makes it hard for them to transmit signals. As a result, your muscles have trouble responding to your brain. No one knows what causes the syndrome. Sometimes it is triggered by an infection, surgery, or a vaccination. The first symptom is usually weakness or a tingling feeling in your legs. The feeling can spread to your upper body. In severe cases, you become almost paralyzed. This is life-threatening. You might need a respirator to breathe. Symptoms usually worsen over a period of weeks and then stabilize. Guillain-Barre can be hard to diagnose. Possible tests include nerve tests and a spinal tap. Most people recover. Recovery can take a few weeks to a few years. Treatment can help symptoms, and may include medicines or a procedure called plasma exchange. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Guillain-Barre Syndrome,0000412,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/guillainbarresyndrome.html,C0018378,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Gum Disease ?,0000413-1,information,"If you have gum disease, you're not alone. Many U.S. adults currently have some form of the disease. It ranges from simple gum inflammation, called gingivitis, to serious damage to the tissue and bone supporting the teeth. In the worst cases, you can lose teeth. In gingivitis, the gums become red and swollen. They can bleed easily. Gingivitis is a mild form of gum disease. You can usually reverse it with daily brushing and flossing and regular cleanings by a dentist or dental hygienist. Untreated gingivitis can lead to periodontitis. If you have periodontitis, the gums pull away from the teeth and form pockets that become infected. If not treated, the bones, gums and connective tissue that support the teeth are destroyed. NIH: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research",Gum Disease,0000413,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gumdisease.html,C0017563,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Gun Safety,0000414-1,information,"Summary : Many U.S. households have guns, but they can cause harm if not handled properly. Here are some things you can do to keep yourself and your family safe: - Teach children that they shouldn't touch guns and that if they see a gun, to leave it alone and tell an adult. - If your children play at another home, talk to the parents about gun safety. - Treat every gun as if it were loaded. - Always store guns unloaded. - Lock guns in a rack or safe, and hide the keys or combination. - Store ammunition away from guns and keep it locked. - Don't keep guns in your home if someone in your family has a mental illness, severe depression, or potential for violence.",Gun Safety,0000414,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gunsafety.html,,, +What is (are) H1N1 Flu (Swine Flu) ?,0000415-1,information,"Swine flu is an infection caused by a virus. It's named for a virus that pigs can get. People do not normally get swine flu, but human infections can and do happen. In 2009 a strain of swine flu called H1N1 infected many people around the world. The virus is contagious and can spread from human to human. Symptoms of swine flu in people are similar to the symptoms of regular human flu and include fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, chills and fatigue. There are antiviral medicines you can take to prevent or treat swine flu. There is a vaccine available to protect against swine flu. You can help prevent the spread of germs that cause respiratory illnesses like influenza by - Covering your nose and mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. Throw the tissue in the trash after you use it. - Washing your hands often with soap and water, especially after you cough or sneeze. You can also use alcohol-based hand cleaners. - Avoiding touching your eyes, nose or mouth. Germs spread this way. - Trying to avoid close contact with sick people. - Staying home from work or school if you are sick. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",H1N1 Flu (Swine Flu),0000415,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/h1n1fluswineflu.html,C0021400,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Haemophilus Infections ?,0000416-1,information,"Haemophilus is the name of a group of bacteria. There are several types of Haemophilus. They can cause different types of illnesses involving breathing, bones and joints, and the nervous system. One common type, Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b), causes serious disease. It usually strikes children under 5 years old. Your child can get Hib disease by being around other children or adults who may have the bacteria and not know it. The germs spread from person to person. If the germs stay in the child's nose and throat, the child probably will not get sick. But sometimes the germs spread into the lungs or the bloodstream, and then Hib can cause serious problems such as meningitis and pneumonia. There is a vaccine to prevent Hib disease. All children younger than 5 years of age should be vaccinated with the Hib vaccine. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Haemophilus Infections,0000416,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/haemophilusinfections.html,C0018482,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Hair Loss ?,0000417-1,information,"You lose up to 100 hairs from your scalp every day. That's normal, and in most people, those hairs grow back. But many men -- and some women -- lose hair as they grow older. You can also lose your hair if you have certain diseases, such as thyroid problems, diabetes, or lupus. If you take certain medicines or have chemotherapy for cancer, you may also lose your hair. Other causes are stress, a low protein diet, a family history, or poor nutrition. Treatment for hair loss depends on the cause. In some cases, treating the underlying cause will correct the problem. Other treatments include medicines and hair restoration.",Hair Loss,0000417,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hairloss.html,C0002170,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Hair Problems ?,0000418-1,information,"The average person has 5 million hairs. Hair grows all over your body except on your lips, palms, and the soles of your feet. It takes about a month for healthy hair to grow half an inch. Most hairs grow for up to six years and then fall out. New hairs grow in their place. Hair helps keep you warm. It also protects your eyes, ears and nose from small particles in the air. Common problem with the hair and scalp include hair loss, infections, and flaking.",Hair Problems,0000418,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hairproblems.html,C0018500,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Hand Injuries and Disorders ?,0000419-1,information,"No matter how old you are or what you do for a living, you are always using your hands. When there is something wrong with them, you may not be able to do your regular activities. Hand problems include - Carpal tunnel syndrome - compression of a nerve as it goes through the wrist, often making your fingers feel numb - Injuries that result in fractures, ruptured ligaments and dislocations - Osteoarthritis - wear-and-tear arthritis, which can also cause deformity - Tendinitis - irritation of the tendons - Disorders and injuries of your fingers and thumb",Hand Injuries and Disorders,0000419,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/handinjuriesanddisorders.html,C0018571,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Hantavirus Infections ?,0000420-1,information,"Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a rare but deadly viral infection. It is spread by mice and rats. They shed the virus in their urine, droppings, and saliva. Tiny droplets with the virus can enter the air. People can get the disease if they breathe infected air or come into contact with rodents or their urine or droppings. You cannot catch it from people. Early symptoms of HPS include - Fatigue - Fever - Muscle aches, especially in the thighs, hips and back - Headaches - Chills - Dizziness - Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or abdominal pain Later symptoms include coughing and shortness of breath. Controlling rodents in and around your house is the best way to prevent infection. If you have been around rodents and have symptoms of fever, deep muscle aches, and severe shortness of breath, see your doctor immediately. There is no specific treatment, cure, or vaccine for HPS. Patients may do better if it is recognized early and they get medical care in an intensive care unit. They often need to use a breathing machine and have oxygen therapy. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Hantavirus Infections,0000420,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hantavirusinfections.html,C0242994,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Hay Fever ?,0000421-1,information,"Each spring, summer, and fall, trees, weeds, and grasses release tiny pollen grains into the air. Some of the pollen ends up in your nose and throat. This can trigger a type of allergy called hay fever. Symptoms can include - Sneezing, often with a runny or clogged nose - Coughing and postnasal drip - Itching eyes, nose and throat - Red and watery eyes - Dark circles under the eyes Your health care provider may diagnose hay fever based on a physical exam and your symptoms. Sometimes skin or blood tests are used. Taking medicines and using nasal sprays can relieve symptoms. You can also rinse out your nose, but be sure to use distilled or sterilized water with saline. Allergy shots can help make you less sensitive to pollen and provide long-term relief. NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",Hay Fever,0000421,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hayfever.html,C0018621,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Hazardous Waste,0000422-1,information,"Summary : Even if you use them properly, many chemicals can still harm human health and the environment. When you throw these substances away, they become hazardous waste. Some hazardous wastes come from products in our homes. Our garbage can include such hazardous wastes as old batteries, bug spray cans and paint thinner. U.S. residents generate 1.6 million tons of household hazardous waste per year. Hazardous waste is also a by-product of manufacturing. You may have hazardous wastes in your basement or garage. How do you get rid of them? Don't pour them down the drain, flush them, or put them in the garbage. See if you can donate or recycle. Many communities have household hazardous waste collection programs. Check to see if there is one in your area. Environmental Protection Agency",Hazardous Waste,0000422,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hazardouswaste.html,,, +What is (are) Head and Neck Cancer ?,0000423-1,information,"Head and neck cancer includes cancers of the mouth, nose, sinuses, salivary glands, throat, and lymph nodes in the neck. Most begin in the moist tissues that line the mouth, nose and throat. Symptoms include - A lump or sore that does not heal - A sore throat that does not go away - Trouble swallowing - A change or hoarseness in the voice Using tobacco or alcohol increases your risk. In fact, 85 percent of head and neck cancers are linked to tobacco use, including smoking and smokeless tobacco. If found early, these cancers are often curable. Treatments may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy or a combination. Treatments can affect eating, speaking or even breathing, so patients may need rehabilitation. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Head and Neck Cancer,0000423,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/headandneckcancer.html,C0278996,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Head Injuries ?,0000424-1,information,"Chances are you've bumped your head before. Usually, the injury is minor because your skull is hard and it protects your brain. But other head injuries can be more severe, such as a skull fracture, concussion, or traumatic brain injury. Head injuries can be open or closed. A closed injury does not break through the skull. With an open, or penetrating, injury, an object pierces the skull and enters brain tissue. Closed injuries are not always less severe than open injuries. Some common causes of head injuries are falls, motor vehicle accidents, violence, and sports injuries. It is important to know the warning signs of a moderate or severe head injury. Get help immediately if the injured person has - A headache that gets worse or does not go away - Repeated vomiting or nausea - Convulsions or seizures - An inability to wake up - Dilation of one or both pupils of the eyes - Slurred speech - Weakness or numbness in the arms or legs - Loss of coordination - Increased confusion, restlessness, or agitation NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Head Injuries,0000424,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/headinjuries.html,C0018674,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Head Lice ?,0000425-1,information,"Head lice are parasitic wingless insects. They live on people's heads and feed on their blood. An adult louse is about the size of a sesame seed. The eggs, called nits, are even smaller - about the size of a knot in thread. Lice and nits are found on or near the scalp, most often at the neckline and behind the ears. Lice spread by close person-to-person contact. It is possible, but not common, to get lice by sharing personal belongings such as hats or hairbrushes. Children ages 3-11 and their families get head lice most often. Personal hygiene has nothing to do with getting head lice. Head lice do not spread disease. Symptoms are - Tickling feeling in the hair - Frequent itching - Sores from scratching - Irritability and difficulty sleeping. Head lice are most active in the dark. Treatment is recommended for people who have an active infestation of head lice. All household members and other close contacts should be checked and treated if necessary. Some experts also recommend treating anyone who shares a bed with an infested person. It is important to treat everyone at the same time. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Head Lice,0000425,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/headlice.html,C0030757,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Headache ?,0000426-1,information,"Almost everyone has had a headache. Headache is the most common form of pain. It's a major reason people miss days at work or school or visit the doctor. The most common type of headache is a tension headache. Tension headaches are due to tight muscles in your shoulders, neck, scalp and jaw. They are often related to stress, depression or anxiety. You are more likely to get tension headaches if you work too much, don't get enough sleep, miss meals, or use alcohol. Other common types of headaches include migraines, cluster headaches, and sinus headaches. Most people can feel much better by making lifestyle changes, learning ways to relax and taking pain relievers. Not all headaches require a doctor's attention. But sometimes headaches warn of a more serious disorder. Let your health care provider know if you have sudden, severe headaches. Get medical help right away if you have a headache after a blow to your head, or if you have a headache along with a stiff neck, fever, confusion, loss of consciousness, or pain in the eye or ear. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Headache,0000426,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/headache.html,C2096315,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Health Checkup ?,0000427-1,information,"Regular health exams and tests can help find problems before they start. They also can help find problems early, when your chances for treatment and cure are better. Which exams and screenings you need depends on your age, health and family history, and lifestyle choices such as what you eat, how active you are, and whether you smoke. To make the most of your next check-up, here are some things to do before you go: - Review your family health history - Find out if you are due for any general screenings or vaccinations - Write down a list of issues and questions to take with you Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Health Checkup,0000427,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthcheckup.html,C0260860,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Health Disparities ?,0000428-1,information,"Health disparities refer to differences in the health status of different groups of people. Some groups of people have higher rates of certain diseases, and more deaths and suffering from them, compared to others. These groups may be based on - Race - Ethnicity - Immigrant status - Disability - Sex or gender - Sexual orientation - Geography - Income NIH: National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities",Health Disparities,0000428,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthdisparities.html,C1171307,T033,Disorders +Do you have information about Health Facilities,0000429-1,information,"Summary : Health facilities are places that provide health care. They include hospitals, clinics, outpatient care centers, and specialized care centers, such as birthing centers and psychiatric care centers. When you choose a health facility, you might want to consider - How close it is to where you live or work - Whether your health insurance will pay for services there - Whether your health care provider can treat you there - The quality of the facility Quality is important. Some facilities do a better job than others. One way to learn about the quality of a facility is to look at report cards developed by federal, state, and consumer groups.",Health Facilities,0000429,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthfacilities.html,,, +Do you have information about Health Fraud,0000430-1,information,"Summary : Health fraud involves selling drugs, devices, foods, or cosmetics that have not been proven effective. Keep in mind - if it sounds too good to be true, it's probably a scam. At best, these scams don't work. At worst, they're dangerous. They also waste money, and they might keep you from getting the treatment you really need. Health fraud scams can be found everywhere, promising help for many common health issues, including weight loss, memory loss, sexual performance, and joint pain. They target people with serious conditions like cancer, diabetes, heart disease, HIV/AIDS, arthritis, Alzheimer's, and many more. To protect yourself, recognize the red flags such as: - Miracle cure - Quick fix - Ancient remedy - Secret ingredient - Scientific breakthrough Before taking an unproven or little known treatment, talk to a doctor or health care professional - especially when taking prescription drugs. Food and Drug Administration",Health Fraud,0000430,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthfraud.html,,, +Do you have information about Health Insurance,0000431-1,information,"Summary : Health insurance helps protect you from high medical care costs. It is a contract between you and your insurance company. You buy a plan or policy, and the company agrees to pay part of your expenses when you need medical care. Many people in the United States get a health insurance policy through their employers. In most cases, the employer helps pay for that insurance. Insurance through employers is often with a managed care plan. These plans contract with health care providers and medical facilities to provide care for members at reduced costs. You can also purchase health insurance on your own. People who meet certain requirements can qualify for government health insurance, such as Medicare and Medicaid. The Affordable Care Act expands health insurance coverage for many people in the U.S.",Health Insurance,0000431,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthinsurance.html,,, +Do you have information about Health Literacy,0000432-1,information,"Summary : Health literacy refers to how well a person can get the health information and services that they need, and how well they understand them. It is also about using them to make good health decisions. It involves differences that people have in areas such as - Access to information that they can understand - Skills, such as finding that information, communicating with health care providers, living a healthy lifestyle, and managing a disease - Knowledge of medical words, and of how their healthcare system works - Abilities, such as physical or mental limitations - Personal factors, such as age, education, language abilities, and culture More than 90 million adults in the United States have low health literacy. It affects their ability to make health decisions. This can harm their health. They may have trouble managing chronic diseases, and leading a healthy lifestyle. They may go to the hospital more often, and have poorer health overall. NIH: National Institutes of Health",Health Literacy,0000432,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthliteracy.html,,, +Do you have information about Health Occupations,0000433-1,information,"Summary : Every day, around the clock, people who work in the health care industry provide care for millions of people, from newborns to the very ill. In fact, the health care industry is one of largest providers of jobs in the United States. Many health jobs are in hospitals. Others are in nursing homes, doctors' offices, dentists' offices, outpatient clinics and laboratories. To work in a health occupation, you often must have special training. Some, like doctors, must have more than 4 years of college. Bureau of Labor Statistics",Health Occupations,0000433,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthoccupations.html,,, +What is (are) Health Problems in Pregnancy ?,0000434-1,information,"Every pregnancy has some risk of problems. The causes can be conditions you already have or conditions you develop. They also include being pregnant with more than one baby, previous problem pregnancies, or being over age 35. They can affect your health and the health of your baby. If you have a chronic condition, you should talk to your health care provider about how to minimize your risk before you get pregnant. Once you are pregnant, you may need a health care team to monitor your pregnancy. Examples of common conditions that can complicate a pregnancy include - Heart disease - High blood pressure - Kidney problems - Autoimmune disorders - Sexually transmitted diseases - Diabetes - Cancer - Infections Other conditions that can make pregnancy risky can happen while you are pregnant - for example, gestational diabetes and Rh incompatibility. Good prenatal care can help detect and treat them. Some discomforts, like nausea, back pain, and fatigue, are common during pregnancy. Sometimes it is hard to know what is normal. Call your doctor or midwife if something is bothering or worrying you.",Health Problems in Pregnancy,0000434,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthproblemsinpregnancy.html,C2963170,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Health Screening,0000435-1,information,"Summary : Screenings are tests that look for diseases before you have symptoms. Screening tests can find diseases early, when they're easier to treat. You can get some screenings in your doctor's office. Others need special equipment, so you may need to go to a different office or clinic. Some conditions that doctors commonly screen for include - Breast cancer and cervical cancer in women - Colorectal cancer - Diabetes - High blood pressure - High cholesterol - Osteoporosis - Overweight and obesity - Prostate cancer in men Which tests you need depends on your age, your sex, your family history, and whether you have risk factors for certain diseases. After a screening test, ask when you will get the results and whom to talk to about them. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality",Health Screening,0000435,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthscreening.html,,, +Do you have information about Health Statistics,0000436-1,information,"Summary : You see them all the time in the news - the number of people who were in the hospital last year, the percentage of kids who are overweight, the rate at which people are catching the flu, the average cost of a medical procedure. These are all types of health statistics. Health statistics are numbers about some aspect of health. Statistics about births, deaths, marriages, and divorces are sometimes called ""vital statistics."" Researchers use statistics to see patterns of diseases in groups of people. This can help in figuring out who is at risk for certain diseases, finding ways to control diseases and deciding which diseases should be studied.",Health Statistics,0000436,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthstatistics.html,,, +Do you have information about Healthy Aging,0000437-1,information,"Summary : People in the U.S. are living longer than ever before. Many seniors live active and healthy lives. But there's no getting around one thing: as we age, our bodies and minds change. There are things you can do to stay healthy and active as you age: - Eat a balanced diet - Keep your mind and body active - Don't smoke - Get regular checkups - Practice safety habits to avoid accidents and prevent falls NIH: National Institute on Aging",Healthy Aging,0000437,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthyaging.html,,, +Do you have information about Healthy Living,0000438-1,information,"Summary : Many factors affect your health. Some you cannot control, such as your genetic makeup or your age. But you can make changes to your lifestyle. By taking steps toward healthy living, you can help reduce your risk of heart disease, cancer, stroke and other serious diseases: - Get the screening tests you need - Maintain a healthy weight - Eat a variety of healthy foods, and limit calories and saturated fat - Be physically active - Control your blood pressure and cholesterol - Don't smoke - Protect yourself from too much sun - Drink alcohol in moderation, or don't drink at all Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality",Healthy Living,0000438,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthyliving.html,,, +What is (are) Hearing Aids ?,0000439-1,information,"A hearing aid is a small electronic device that you wear in or behind your ear. It makes some sounds louder. A hearing aid can help people hear more in both quiet and noisy situations. Hearing aids help people who have hearing loss from damage to the small sensory cells in the inner ear. The damage can occur as a result of disease, aging, or injury from noise or certain medicines. Only about one out of five people who would benefit from a hearing aid actually uses one. If you think a hearing aid could help you, visit your doctor. There are different kinds of hearing aids. They differ by size, their placement on or inside the ear, and how much they amplify sound. The hearing aid that will work best for you depends on what kind of hearing loss you have, and how severe it is. NIH: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders",Hearing Aids,0000439,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hearingaids.html,C0001175,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Hearing Disorders and Deafness ?,0000440-1,information,"It's frustrating to be unable to hear well enough to enjoy talking with friends or family. Hearing disorders make it hard, but not impossible, to hear. They can often be helped. Deafness can keep you from hearing sound at all. What causes hearing loss? Some possibilities are - Heredity - Diseases such as ear infections and meningitis - Trauma - Certain medicines - Long-term exposure to loud noise - Aging There are two main types of hearing loss. One happens when your inner ear or auditory nerve is damaged. This type is usually permanent. The other kind happens when sound waves cannot reach your inner ear. Earwax build-up, fluid, or a punctured eardrum can cause it. Treatment or surgery can often reverse this kind of hearing loss. Untreated, hearing problems can get worse. If you have trouble hearing, you can get help. Possible treatments include hearing aids, cochlear implants, special training, certain medicines, and surgery. NIH: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders",Hearing Disorders and Deafness,0000440,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hearingdisordersanddeafness.html,C0011053,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Hearing Problems in Children ?,0000441-1,information,"Most children hear and listen from the moment they are born. They learn to talk by imitating the sounds around them and the voices of their parents and caregivers. But about 2 or 3 out of every 1,000 children in the United States are born deaf or hard-of-hearing. More lose their hearing later during childhood. Babies should have a hearing screening before they are a month old. If your child has a hearing loss, it is important to consider the use of hearing devices and other communication options by age 6 months. That's because children start learning speech and language long before they talk. Hearing problems can be temporary or permanent. Sometimes, ear infections, injuries or diseases affect hearing. If your child does not hear well, get help. NIH: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders",Hearing Problems in Children,0000441,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hearingproblemsinchildren.html,C1456553,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Heart Attack ?,0000442-1,information,"Each year over a million people in the U.S. have a heart attack. About half of them die. Many people have permanent heart damage or die because they don't get help immediately. It's important to know the symptoms of a heart attack and call 9-1-1 if someone is having them. Those symptoms include - Chest discomfort - pressure, squeezing, or pain - Shortness of breath - Discomfort in the upper body - arms, shoulder, neck, back - Nausea, vomiting, dizziness, lightheadedness, sweating These symptoms can sometimes be different in women. What exactly is a heart attack? Most heart attacks happen when a clot in the coronary artery blocks the supply of blood and oxygen to the heart. Often this leads to an irregular heartbeat - called an arrhythmia - that causes a severe decrease in the pumping function of the heart. A blockage that is not treated within a few hours causes the affected heart muscle to die. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Heart Attack,0000442,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartattack.html,C0027051,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Heart Disease in Women ?,0000443-1,information,"In the United States, 1 in 4 women dies from heart disease. The most common cause of heart disease in both men and women is narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart itself. This is called coronary artery disease, and it happens slowly over time. It's the major reason people have heart attacks. Heart diseases that affect women more than men include - Coronary microvascular disease (MVD) - a problem that affects the heart's tiny arteries - Broken heart syndrome - extreme emotional stress leading to severe but often short-term heart muscle failure The older a woman gets, the more likely she is to get heart disease. But women of all ages should be concerned about heart disease. All women can take steps to prevent it by practicing healthy lifestyle habits. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Heart Disease in Women,0000443,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartdiseaseinwomen.html,C2362528,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Heart Diseases ?,0000444-1,information,"If you're like most people, you think that heart disease is a problem for others. But heart disease is the number one killer in the U.S. It is also a major cause of disability. There are many different forms of heart disease. The most common cause of heart disease is narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart itself. This is called coronary artery disease and happens slowly over time. It's the major reason people have heart attacks. Other kinds of heart problems may happen to the valves in the heart, or the heart may not pump well and cause heart failure. Some people are born with heart disease. You can help reduce your risk of heart disease by taking steps to control factors that put you at greater risk: - Control your blood pressure - Lower your cholesterol - Don't smoke - Get enough exercise NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Heart Diseases,0000444,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartdiseases.html,C0018799,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Heart Diseases--Prevention ?,0000445-1,information,"Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the U.S. It is also a major cause of disability. The risk of heart disease increases as you age. You have a greater risk of heart disease if you are a man over age 45 or a woman over age 55. You also are at greater risk if you have a close family member who had heart disease at an early age. Fortunately, there are many things you can do reduce your chances of getting heart disease. You should - Know your blood pressure and keep it under control - Exercise regularly - Don't smoke - Get tested for diabetes and if you have it, keep it under control - Know your cholesterol and triglyceride levels and keep them under control - Eat a lot of fruits and vegetables - Maintain a healthy weight",Heart Diseases--Prevention,0000445,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartdiseasesprevention.html,C0012634,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Heart Failure ?,0000446-1,information,"Heart failure is a condition in which the heart can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. Heart failure does not mean that your heart has stopped or is about to stop working. It means that your heart is not able to pump blood the way it should. It can affect one or both sides of the heart. The weakening of the heart's pumping ability causes - Blood and fluid to back up into the lungs - The buildup of fluid in the feet, ankles and legs - called edema - Tiredness and shortness of breath Common causes of heart failure are coronary artery disease, high blood pressure and diabetes. It is more common in people who are 65 years old or older, African Americans, people who are overweight, and people who have had a heart attack. Men have a higher rate of heart failure than women. Your doctor will diagnose heart failure by doing a physical exam and heart tests. Treatment includes treating the underlying cause of your heart failure, medicines, and heart transplantation if other treatments fail. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Heart Failure,0000446,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartfailure.html,C0018801,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Heart Surgery,0000447-1,information,"Summary : Heart surgery can correct problems with the heart if other treatments haven't worked or can't be used. The most common type of heart surgery for adults is coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). During CABG, a healthy artery or vein from the body is connected, or grafted, to a blocked coronary (heart) artery. Doctors also use heart surgery to - Repair or replace heart valves, which control blood flow through the heart - Repair abnormal or damaged structures in the heart - Implant medical devices that help control the heartbeat or support heart function and blood flow - Replace a damaged heart with a healthy heart from a donor - Treat heart failure and coronary heart disease - Control abnormal heart rhythms Heart surgery has risks, even though its results often are excellent. Risks include bleeding, infection, irregular heartbeats, and stroke. The risk is higher if you are older or a woman. The risk is also higher if you have other diseases or conditions, such as diabetes, kidney disease, lung disease, or peripheral arterial disease. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Heart Surgery,0000447,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartsurgery.html,,, +Do you have information about Heart Transplantation,0000448-1,information,"Summary : A heart transplant removes a damaged or diseased heart and replaces it with a healthy one. The healthy heart comes from a donor who has died. It is the last resort for people with heart failure when all other treatments have failed. The heart failure might have been caused by coronary heart disease, damaged heart valves or heart muscles, congenital heart defects, or viral infections of the heart. Although heart transplant surgery is a life-saving measure, it has many risks. Careful monitoring, treatment, and regular medical care can prevent or help manage some of these risks. After the surgery, most heart transplant patients can return to their normal levels of activity. However, fewer than 30 percent return to work for many different reasons. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Heart Transplantation,0000448,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hearttransplantation.html,,, +What is (are) Heart Valve Diseases ?,0000449-1,information,"Your heart has four valves. Normally, these valves open to let blood flow through or out of your heart, and then shut to keep it from flowing backward. But sometimes they don't work properly. If they don't, you could have - Regurgitation - when blood leaks back through the valve in the wrong direction - Mitral valve prolapse - when one of the valves, the mitral valve, has ""floppy"" flaps and doesn't close tightly. It's one of the most common heart valve conditions. Sometimes it causes regurgitation. - Stenosis - when the valve doesn't open enough and blocks blood flow Valve problems can be present at birth or caused by infections, heart attacks, or heart disease or damage. The main sign of heart valve disease is an unusual heartbeat sound called a heart murmur. Your doctor can hear a heart murmur with a stethoscope. But many people have heart murmurs without having a problem. Heart tests can show if you have a heart valve disease. Some valve problems are minor and do not need treatment. Others might require medicine, medical procedures, or surgery to repair or replace the valve. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Heart Valve Diseases,0000449,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartvalvediseases.html,C0018824,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Heartburn ?,0000450-1,information,"Heartburn is a painful burning feeling in your chest or throat. It happens when stomach acid backs up into your esophagus, the tube that carries food from your mouth to your stomach. If you have heartburn more than twice a week, you may have GERD. But you can have GERD without having heartburn. Pregnancy, certain foods, alcohol, and some medications can bring on heartburn. Treating heartburn is important because over time reflux can damage the esophagus. Over-the-counter medicines may help. If the heartburn continues, you may need prescription medicines or surgery. If you have other symptoms such as crushing chest pain, it could be a heart attack. Get help immediately.",Heartburn,0000450,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartburn.html,C0018834,T184,Disorders +What is (are) Heat Illness ?,0000451-1,information,"Your body normally cools itself by sweating. During hot weather, especially with high humidity, sweating just isn't enough. Your body temperature can rise to dangerous levels and you can develop a heat illness. Most heat illnesses occur from staying out in the heat too long. Exercising too much for your age and physical condition are also factors. Older adults, young children and those who are sick or overweight are most at risk. Drinking fluids to prevent dehydration, replenishing salt and minerals, and limiting time in the heat can help. Heat-related illnesses include - Heatstroke - a life-threatening illness in which body temperature may rise above 106 F in minutes; symptoms include dry skin, rapid, strong pulse and dizziness - Heat exhaustion - an illness that can precede heatstroke; symptoms include heavy sweating, rapid breathing and a fast, weak pulse - Heat cramps - muscle pains or spasms that happen during heavy exercise - Heat rash - skin irritation from excessive sweating Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Heat Illness,0000451,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heatillness.html,C1456556,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Heel Injuries and Disorders ?,0000452-1,information,"Heel problems are common and can be painful. Often, they result from too much stress on your heel bone and the tissues that surround it. That stress can come from - Injuries - Bruises that you get walking, running or jumping - Wearing shoes that don't fit or aren't made well - Being overweight These can lead to tendinitis, bursitis, and fasciitis, which are all types of inflammation of the tissues that surround your heel. Over time the stress can cause bone spurs and deformities. Certain diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and gout, can also lead to heel problems. Treatments for heel problems might include rest, medicines, exercises, taping, and special shoes. Surgery is rarely needed.",Heel Injuries and Disorders,0000452,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heelinjuriesanddisorders.html,C0560645,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Helicobacter Pylori Infections ?,0000453-1,information,"Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a type of bacteria that causes infection in the stomach. It is found in about two-thirds of the world's population. It may be spread by unclean food and water, but researchers aren't sure. It causes Peptic ulcers and can also cause stomach cancer. If you have symptoms of a peptic ulcer, your doctor will test your blood, breath or stool to see if it contains H. pylori. The best treatment is a combination of antibiotics and acid-reducing medicines. You will need to be tested after treatment to make sure the infection is gone. To help prevent an H. pylori infection, you should - Wash your hands after using the bathroom and before eating - Eat properly prepared food - Drink water from a clean, safe source NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Helicobacter Pylori Infections,0000453,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/helicobacterpyloriinfections.html,C0850666,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Hemochromatosis ?,0000454-1,information,"Hemochromatosis is a disease in which too much iron builds up in your body. Your body needs iron but too much of it is toxic. If you have hemochromatosis, you absorb more iron than you need. Your body has no natural way to get rid of the extra iron. It stores it in body tissues, especially the liver, heart, and pancreas. The extra iron can damage your organs. Without treatment, it can cause your organs to fail. There are two types of hemochromatosis. Primary hemochromatosis is an inherited disease. Secondary hemochromatosis is usually the result of something else, such as anemia, thalassemia, liver disease, or blood transfusions. Many symptoms of hemochromatosis are similar to those of other diseases. Not everyone has symptoms. If you do, you may have joint pain, fatigue, general weakness, weight loss, and stomach pain. Your doctor will diagnose hemochromatosis based on your medical and family histories, a physical exam, and the results from tests and procedures. Treatments include removing blood (and iron) from your body, medicines, and changes in your diet. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Hemochromatosis,0000454,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hemochromatosis.html,C0018995,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Hemophilia ?,0000455-1,information,"Hemophilia is a rare disorder in which the blood does not clot normally. It is usually inherited. Hemophilia usually occurs in males. If you have hemophilia, you have little or no clotting factor. Clotting factor is a protein needed for normal blood clotting. Without it, you may bleed for a long time after an injury or accident. You also may bleed into your knees, ankles, and elbows. Bleeding in the joints causes pain and, if not treated, can lead to arthritis. Bleeding in the brain, a very serious complication of hemophilia, requires emergency treatment. The main symptoms of hemophilia are excessive bleeding and easy bruising. Blood tests can tell if you have it. The main treatment is injecting the missing clotting factor into the bloodstream. You may need it on a regular basis, or just when bleeding occurs. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Hemophilia,0000455,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hemophilia.html,C0684275,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Hemorrhagic Fevers ?,0000456-1,information,"Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of illnesses caused by four families of viruses. These include the Ebola and Marburg, Lassa fever, and yellow fever viruses. VHFs have common features: they affect many organs, they damage the blood vessels, and they affect the body's ability to regulate itself. Some VHFs cause mild disease, but some, like Ebola or Marburg, cause severe disease and death. VHFs are found around the world. Specific diseases are usually limited to areas where the animals that carry them live. For example, Lassa fever is limited to rural areas of West Africa where rats and mice carry the virus. The risk for travelers is low, but you should avoid visiting areas where there are disease outbreaks. Because there are no effective treatments for some of these viral infections, there is concern about their use in bioterrorism. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Hemorrhagic Fevers,0000456,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hemorrhagicfevers.html,C0019104,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Hemorrhagic Stroke ?,0000457-1,information,"A stroke is a medical emergency. There are two types - ischemic and hemorrhagic. Hemorrhagic stroke is the less common type. It happens when a blood vessel breaks and bleeds into the brain. Within minutes, brain cells begin to die. Causes include a bleeding aneurysm, an arteriovenous malformation (AVM), or an artery wall that breaks open. Symptoms of stroke are - Sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm or leg (especially on one side of the body) - Sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding speech - Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes - Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination - Sudden severe headache with no known cause It is important to treat strokes as quickly as possible. With a hemorrhagic stroke, the first steps are to find the cause of bleeding in the brain and then control it. Surgery may be needed. Post-stroke rehabilitation can help people overcome disabilities caused by stroke damage. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Hemorrhagic Stroke,0000457,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hemorrhagicstroke.html,C0553692,T046,Disorders +What is (are) Hemorrhoids ?,0000458-1,information,"Hemorrhoids are swollen, inflamed veins around the anus or lower rectum. They are either inside the anus or under the skin around the anus. They often result from straining to have a bowel movement. Other factors include pregnancy, aging and chronic constipation or diarrhea. Hemorrhoids are very common in both men and women. About half of all people have hemorrhoids by age 50. The most common symptom of hemorrhoids inside the anus is bright red blood covering the stool, on toilet paper or in the toilet bowl. Symptoms usually go away within a few days. If you have rectal bleeding you should see a doctor. You need to make sure bleeding is not from a more serious condition such as colorectal or anal cancer. Treatment may include warm baths and a cream or other medicine. If you have large hemorrhoids, you may need surgery and other treatments. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Hemorrhoids,0000458,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hemorrhoids.html,C0019112,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Hepatitis ?,0000459-1,information,"Your liver is the largest organ inside your body. It helps your body digest food, store energy, and remove poisons. Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. Viruses cause most cases of hepatitis. The type of hepatitis is named for the virus that causes it; for example, hepatitis A, hepatitis B or hepatitis C. Drug or alcohol use can also cause hepatitis. In other cases, your body mistakenly attacks healthy cells in the liver. Some people who have hepatitis have no symptoms. Others may have - Loss of appetite - Nausea and vomiting - Diarrhea - Dark-colored urine and pale bowel movements - Stomach pain - Jaundice, yellowing of skin and eyes Some forms of hepatitis are mild, and others can be serious. Some can lead to scarring, called cirrhosis, or to liver cancer. Sometimes hepatitis goes away by itself. If it does not, it can be treated with drugs. Sometimes hepatitis lasts a lifetime. Vaccines can help prevent some viral forms.",Hepatitis,0000459,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hepatitis.html,C0019159,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Hepatitis A ?,0000460-1,information,"Your liver is the largest organ inside your body. It helps your body digest food, store energy, and remove poisons. Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. One type, hepatitis A, is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). The disease spreads through contact with an infected person's stool. You can get it from - Eating food made by an infected person who did not wash their hands after using the bathroom - Drinking untreated water or eating food washed in untreated water - Putting into your mouth a finger or object that came into contact with an infected person's stool - Having close contact with an infected person, such as through sex or caring for someone who is ill Most people do not have any symptoms. If you do have symptoms, you may feel as if you have the flu. You may also have yellowish eyes and skin, called jaundice. A blood test will show if you have HAV. HAV usually gets better in a few weeks without treatment. However, some people can have symptoms for up to 6 months. Your doctor may suggest medicines to help relieve your symptoms. The hepatitis A vaccine can prevent HAV. Good hygiene can also help. Wash your hands thoroughly before preparing food, after using the toilet, or after changing a diaper. International travelers should be careful about drinking tap water. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Hepatitis A,0000460,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hepatitisa.html,C0019159,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Hepatitis B ?,0000461-1,information,"Your liver is the largest organ inside your body. It helps your body digest food, store energy, and remove poisons. Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. One type, hepatitis B, is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Hepatitis B spreads by contact with an infected person's blood, semen, or other body fluid. An infected woman can give hepatitis B to her baby at birth. If you get HBV, you may feel as if you have the flu. You may also have jaundice, a yellowing of skin and eyes, dark-colored urine, and pale bowel movements. Some people have no symptoms at all. A blood test can tell if you have it. HBV usually gets better on its own after a few months. If it does not get better, it is called chronic HBV, which lasts a lifetime. Chronic HBV can lead to scarring of the liver, liver failure, or liver cancer. There is a vaccine for HBV. It requires three shots. All babies should get the vaccine, but older children and adults can get it too. If you travel to countries where Hepatitis B is common, you should get the vaccine. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Hepatitis B,0000461,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hepatitisb.html,C0019163,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Hepatitis C ?,0000462-1,information,"Your liver is the largest organ inside your body. It helps your body digest food, store energy, and remove poisons. Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. One type, hepatitis C, is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). It usually spreads through contact with infected blood. It can also spread through sex with an infected person and from mother to baby during childbirth. Most people who are infected with hepatitis C don't have any symptoms for years. If you do get symptoms, you may feel as if you have the flu. You may also have jaundice, a yellowing of skin and eyes, dark-colored urine, and pale bowel movements. A blood test can tell if you have it. Usually, hepatitis C does not get better by itself. The infection can last a lifetime and may lead to scarring of the liver or liver cancer. Medicines sometimes help, but side effects can be a problem. Serious cases may need a liver transplant. There is no vaccine for HCV. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Hepatitis C,0000462,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hepatitisc.html,C0019196,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Herbal Medicine,0000463-1,information,"Summary : An herb is a plant or plant part used for its scent, flavor, or therapeutic properties. Herbal medicines are one type of dietary supplement. They are sold as tablets, capsules, powders, teas, extracts, and fresh or dried plants. People use herbal medicines to try to maintain or improve their health. Many people believe that products labeled ""natural"" are always safe and good for them. This is not necessarily true. Herbal medicines do not have to go through the testing that drugs do. Some herbs, such as comfrey and ephedra, can cause serious harm. Some herbs can interact with prescription or over-the-counter medicines. If you are thinking about using an herbal medicine, first get information on it from reliable sources. Make sure to tell your health care provider about any herbal medicines you are taking. NIH: National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health",Herbal Medicine,0000463,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/herbalmedicine.html,,, +What is (are) Hernia ?,0000464-1,information,"A hernia happens when part of an internal organ or tissue bulges through a weak area of muscle. Most hernias are in the abdomen. There are several types of hernias, including - Inguinal, in the groin. This is the the most common type. - Umbilical, around the belly button - Incisional, through a scar - Hiatal, a small opening in the diaphragm that allows the upper part of the stomach to move up into the chest. - Congenital diaphragmatic, a birth defect that needs surgery Hernias are common. They can affect men, women, and children. A combination of muscle weakness and straining, such as with heavy lifting, might contribute. Some people are born with weak abdominal muscles and may be more likely to get a hernia. Treatment is usually surgery to repair the opening in the muscle wall. Untreated hernias can cause pain and health problems.",Hernia,0000464,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hernia.html,C0019270,T190,Disorders +What is (are) Herniated Disk ?,0000465-1,information,"Your backbone, or spine, is made up of 26 bones called vertebrae. In between them are soft disks filled with a jelly-like substance. These disks cushion the vertebrae and keep them in place. As you age, the disks break down or degenerate. As they do, they lose their cushioning ability. This can lead to pain if the back is stressed. A herniated disk is a disk that ruptures. This allows the jelly-like center of the disk to leak, irritating the nearby nerves. This can cause sciatica or back pain. Your doctor will diagnose a herniated disk with a physical exam and, sometimes, imaging tests. With treatment, most people recover. Treatments include rest, pain and anti-inflammatory medicines, physical therapy, and sometimes surgery. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Herniated Disk,0000465,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/herniateddisk.html,C0242362,T020,Disorders +Do you have information about Heroin,0000466-1,information,"Summary : Heroin is a white or brown powder or a black, sticky goo. It's made from morphine, a natural substance in the seedpod of the Asian poppy plant. It can be mixed with water and injected with a needle. Heroin can also be smoked or snorted up the nose. All of these ways of taking heroin send it to the brain very quickly. This makes it very addictive. Major health problems from heroin include miscarriages, heart infections, and death from overdose. People who inject the drug also risk getting infectious diseases, including HIV/AIDS and hepatitis. Regular use of heroin can lead to tolerance. This means users need more and more drug to have the same effect. At higher doses over time, the body becomes dependent on heroin. If dependent users stop heroin, they have withdrawal symptoms. These symptoms include restlessness, muscle and bone pain, diarrhea and vomiting, and cold flashes with goose bumps. NIH: National Institute on Drug Abuse",Heroin,0000466,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heroin.html,,, +What is (are) Herpes Simplex ?,0000467-1,information,"Herpes is an infection that is caused by a herpes simplex virus (HSV). Oral herpes causes cold sores around the mouth or face. Genital herpes affects the genitals, buttocks or anal area. Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted disease (STD). It affects the genitals, buttocks or anal area. Other herpes infections can affect the eyes, skin, or other parts of the body. The virus can be dangerous in newborn babies or in people with weak immune systems. There are two types of HSV: - HSV type 1 most commonly causes cold sores. It can also cause genital herpes. - HSV type 2 is the usual cause of genital herpes, but it also can infect the mouth. HSV spreads through direct contact. Some people have no symptoms. Others get sores near the area where the virus has entered the body. They turn into blisters, become itchy and painful, and then heal. Most people have outbreaks several times a year. Over time, you get them less often. Medicines to help your body fight the virus can help lessen symptoms and decrease outbreaks.",Herpes Simplex,0000467,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/herpessimplex.html,C0019348,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Hiatal Hernia ?,0000468-1,information,"A hiatal hernia is a condition in which the upper part of the stomach bulges through an opening in the diaphragm. The diaphragm is the muscle wall that separates the stomach from the chest. The diaphragm helps keep acid from coming up into the esophagus. When you have a hiatal hernia, it's easier for the acid to come up. The leaking of acid from the stomach into the esophagus is called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD may cause symptoms such as - Heartburn - Problems swallowing - A dry cough - Bad breath Hiatal hernias are common, especially in people over age 50. If you have symptoms, eating small meals, avoiding certain foods, not smoking or drinking alcohol, and losing weight may help. Your doctor may recommend antacids or other medicines. If these don't help, you may need surgery. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Hiatal Hernia,0000468,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hiatalhernia.html,C3489393,T190,Disorders +What is (are) Hiccups ?,0000469-1,information,"A hiccup is an unintentional movement of the diaphragm, the muscle at the base of the lungs. It's followed by quick closing of the vocal cords, which produces the ""hic"" sound you make. There are a large number of causes, including large meals, alcohol, or hot and spicy foods. Hiccups may also start and stop for no obvious reason. There is no sure way to stop hiccups. You can try - Breathing into a paper bag - Drinking or sipping a glass of cold water - Holding your breath Hiccups aren't usually serious. Contact your health care provider if they last for more than a few days.",Hiccups,0000469,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hiccups.html,C0019521,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Hidradenitis Suppurativa ?,0000470-1,information,"Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic skin disease. It can occur in one or multiple areas of your body. HS usually develops in your armpits, groin, and anal area. It causes long-term skin inflammation and can be painful. Symptoms include - Blackheads and red, tender bumps, called abscesses. The abscesses get bigger, break open, and leak pus - Tunnels that form under the skin between abscesses - Scarring No one knows what causes HS. It is more common in women, African Americans, and people who have had acne. It usually starts after the teenage years. Treatments include antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medicines, and sometimes surgery. Losing weight or wearing looser clothing may help some patients avoid skin irritation.",Hidradenitis Suppurativa,0000470,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hidradenitissuppurativa.html,C0162836,T047,Disorders +What is (are) High Blood Pressure ?,0000471-1,information,"Blood pressure is the force of your blood pushing against the walls of your arteries. Each time your heart beats, it pumps blood into the arteries. Your blood pressure is highest when your heart beats, pumping the blood. This is called systolic pressure. When your heart is at rest, between beats, your blood pressure falls. This is called diastolic pressure. Your blood pressure reading uses these two numbers. Usually the systolic number comes before or above the diastolic number. A reading of - 119/79 or lower is normal blood pressure - 140/90 or higher is high blood pressure - Between 120 and 139 for the top number, or between 80 and 89 for the bottom number is called prehypertension. Prehypertension means you may end up with high blood pressure, unless you take steps to prevent it. High blood pressure usually has no symptoms, but it can cause serious problems such as stroke, heart failure, heart attack and kidney failure. You can control high blood pressure through healthy lifestyle habits such as exercise and the DASH diet and taking medicines, if needed. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",High Blood Pressure,0000471,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/highbloodpressure.html,C0020538,T047,Disorders +What is (are) High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy ?,0000472-1,information,"If you are pregnant, high blood pressure can cause problems for you and your unborn baby. You may have had high blood pressure before you got pregnant. Or you may get it once you are pregnant - a condition called gestational hypertension. Either one can cause low birth weight or premature delivery of the baby. Controlling your blood pressure during pregnancy and getting regular prenatal care are important for the health of you and your baby. Treatments for high blood pressure in pregnancy may include close monitoring of the baby, lifestyle changes, and certain medicines. Some pregnant women with high blood pressure develop preeclampsia. It's a sudden increase in blood pressure after the 20th week of pregnancy. It can be life-threatening for both you and the unborn baby. There is no proven way to prevent it. Most women who have signs of preeclampsia are closely monitored to lessen or avoid complications. The only way to ""cure"" preeclampsia is to deliver the baby. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy,0000472,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/highbloodpressureinpregnancy.html,C2362317,T046,Disorders +What is (are) Hip Injuries and Disorders ?,0000473-1,information,"Your hip is the joint where your thigh bone meets your pelvis bone. Hips are called ball-and-socket joints because the ball-like top of your thigh bone moves within a cup-like space in your pelvis. Your hips are very stable. When they are healthy, it takes great force to hurt them. However, playing sports, running, overuse or falling can all sometimes lead to hip injuries. These include - Strains - Bursitis - Dislocations - Fractures Certain diseases also lead to hip injuries or problems. Osteoarthritis can cause pain and limited motion. Osteoporosis of the hip causes weak bones that break easily. Both of these are common in older people. Treatment for hip disorders may include rest, medicines, physical therapy, or surgery, including hip replacement.",Hip Injuries and Disorders,0000473,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hipinjuriesanddisorders.html,C0281865,T037,Disorders +Do you have information about Hip Replacement,0000474-1,information,"Summary : Hip replacement is surgery for people with severe hip damage. The most common cause of damage is osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis causes pain, swelling, and reduced motion in your joints. It can interfere with your daily activities. If other treatments such as physical therapy, pain medicines, and exercise haven't helped, hip replacement surgery might be an option for you. During a hip replacement operation, the surgeon removes damaged cartilage and bone from your hip joint and replaces them with new, man-made parts. A hip replacement can - Relieve pain - Help your hip joint work better - Improve walking and other movements The most common problem after surgery is hip dislocation. Because a man-made hip is smaller than the original joint, the ball can come out of its socket. The surgery can also cause blood clots and infections. With a hip replacement, you might need to avoid certain activities, such as jogging and high-impact sports. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Hip Replacement,0000474,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hipreplacement.html,,, +Do you have information about Hispanic American Health,0000475-1,information,"Summary : Every racial or ethnic group has specific health concerns. Differences in the health of groups can result from - Genetics - Environmental factors - Access to care - Cultural factors On this page, you'll find links to health issues that affect Hispanic Americans.",Hispanic American Health,0000475,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hispanicamericanhealth.html,,, +What is (are) Histoplasmosis ?,0000476-1,information,"Histoplasmosis is a disease caused by a fungus (or mold) called Histoplasma. The fungus is common in the eastern and central United States. It grows in soil and material contaminated with bat or bird droppings. You get infected by breathing the fungal spores. You cannot get the infection from someone else. Histoplasmosis is often mild, with no symptoms. If you do get sick, it usually affects your lungs. Symptoms include feeling ill, fever, chest pains, and a dry cough. In severe cases, histoplasmosis spreads to other organs. This is called disseminated disease. It is more common in infants, young children, seniors, and people with immune system problems. Your doctor might do a variety of tests to make the diagnosis, including a chest x-ray, CT scan of the lungs, or examining blood, urine, or tissues for signs of the fungus. Mild cases usually get better without treatment. Treatment of severe or chronic cases is with antifungal drugs. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Histoplasmosis,0000476,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/histoplasmosis.html,C0019655,T047,Disorders +What is (are) HIV/AIDS ?,0000477-1,information,"HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. It kills or damages the body's immune system cells. AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. It is the most advanced stage of infection with HIV. HIV most often spreads through unprotected sex with an infected person. It may also spread by sharing drug needles or through contact with the blood of an infected person. Women can give it to their babies during pregnancy or childbirth. The first signs of HIV infection may be swollen glands and flu-like symptoms. These may come and go a month or two after infection. Severe symptoms may not appear until months or years later. A blood test can tell if you have HIV infection. Your health care provider can perform the test, or call the national referral hotline at 1-800-CDC-INFO (24 hours a day, 1-800-232-4636 in English and en espaol; 1-888-232-6348 - TTY). There is no cure, but there are many medicines to fight both HIV infection and the infections and cancers that come with it. People can live with the disease for many years.",HIV/AIDS,0000477,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hivaids.html,C0497169,T047,Disorders +What is (are) HIV/AIDS and Infections ?,0000478-1,information,"Having HIV/AIDS weakens your body's immune system. Your immune system normally fights germs that enter your body. When HIV/AIDS makes it weak, it can't fight germs well. This can lead to serious infections that don't often affect healthy people. These are called opportunistic infections (OIs). There are many types of OIs. Tuberculosis and a serious related disease, Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) are bacterial infections. Viral infections include cytomegalovirus (CMV) and hepatitis C. Fungi cause thrush (candidiasis), cryptococcal meningitis, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) and histoplasmosis, and parasites cause crypto (cryptosporidiosis) and toxo (toxoplasmosis). Having HIV/AIDS can make any infection harder to treat. People with AIDS are also more likely to suffer complications of common illnesses such as the flu. The good news is that you can help prevent infections by taking your HIV/AIDS medicines. Other things that can help include practicing safe sex, washing your hands well and often and cooking your food well.",HIV/AIDS and Infections,0000478,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hivaidsandinfections.html,C3714514,T046,Disorders +What is (are) HIV/AIDS and Pregnancy ?,0000479-1,information,"If you have HIV/AIDS and find out you are pregnant or think you may be pregnant, you should let your health care provider know as soon as possible. Some HIV/AIDS medicines may harm your baby. Your health care provider may want you to take different medicines or change the doses. It is also possible to give HIV to your baby. This is most likely to happen around the time you give birth. For this reason, treatment during this time is very important for protecting your baby from infection. Several treatments may prevent the virus from spreading from you to your baby. Your health care provider can recommend the best one for you. Your baby will also need to have treatment for at least the first six weeks of life. Regular testing will be needed to find out if your baby is infected.",HIV/AIDS and Pregnancy,0000479,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hivaidsandpregnancy.html,C0497169,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about HIV/AIDS in Women,0000480-1,information,"Summary : HIV, the human immunodeficiency virus, kills or damages cells of the body's immune system. The most advanced stage of infection with HIV is AIDS, which stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. HIV often spreads through unprotected sex with an infected person. It may also spread by sharing drug needles or through contact with the blood of an infected person. Women can get HIV more easily during vaginal sex than men can. And if they do get HIV, they have unique problems, including: - Complications such as repeated vaginal yeast infections, severe pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and a higher risk of cervical cancer - Different side effects from the drugs that treat HIV - The risk of giving HIV to their baby while pregnant or during childbirth There is no cure, but there are many medicines to fight both HIV infection and the infections and cancers that come with it. People can live with the disease for many years.",HIV/AIDS in Women,0000480,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hivaidsinwomen.html,,, +Do you have information about HIV/AIDS Medicines,0000481-1,information,"Summary : In the early 1980s, when the HIV/AIDS epidemic began, patients rarely lived longer than a few years. But today, there are many effective medicines to fight the infection, and people with HIV have longer, healthier lives. There are five major types of medicines: - Reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors - interfere with a critical step during the HIV life cycle and keep the virus from making copies of itself - Protease inhibitors - interfere with a protein that HIV uses to make infectious viral particles - Fusion inhibitors - block the virus from entering the body's cells - Integrase inhibitors - block an enzyme HIV needs to make copies of itself - Multidrug combinations - combine two or more different types of drugs into one These medicines help people with HIV, but they are not perfect. They do not cure HIV/AIDS. People with HIV infection still have the virus in their bodies. They can still spread HIV to others through unprotected sex and needle sharing, even when they are taking their medicines. NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",HIV/AIDS Medicines,0000481,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hivaidsmedicines.html,,, +What is (are) Hives ?,0000482-1,information,"Hives are red and sometimes itchy bumps on your skin. An allergic reaction to a drug or food usually causes them. Allergic reactions cause your body to release chemicals that can make your skin swell up in hives. People who have other allergies are more likely to get hives than other people. Other causes include infections and stress. Hives are very common. They usually go away on their own, but if you have a serious case, you might need medicine or a shot. In rare cases, hives can cause a dangerous swelling in your airways, making it hard to breathe - which is a medical emergency.",Hives,0000482,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hives.html,C0042109,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Hodgkin Disease ?,0000483-1,information,"Hodgkin disease is a type of lymphoma. Lymphoma is a cancer of a part of the immune system called the lymph system. The first sign of Hodgkin disease is often an enlarged lymph node. The disease can spread to nearby lymph nodes. Later it may spread to the lungs, liver, or bone marrow. The exact cause is unknown. Hodgkin disease is rare. Symptoms include - Painless swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, or groin - Fever and chills - Night sweats - Weight loss - Loss of appetite - Itchy skin To diagnose Hodgkin disease, doctors use a physical exam and history, blood tests, and a biopsy. Treatment depends on how far the disease has spread. It often includes radiation therapy or chemotherapy. The earlier the disease is diagnosed, the more effective the treatment. In most cases, Hodgkin disease can be cured. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Hodgkin Disease,0000483,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hodgkindisease.html,C0019829,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Home Care Services ?,0000484-1,information,"Home care is care that allows a person with special needs stay in their home. It might be for people who are getting older, are chronically ill, recovering from surgery, or disabled. Home care services include - Personal care, such as help with bathing, washing your hair, or getting dressed - Homemaking, such as cleaning, yard work, and laundry - Cooking or delivering meals - Health care, such as having a home health aide come to your home You can get almost any type of help you want in your home. Some types of care and community services are free or donated. Many other types you have to pay for. Sometimes government programs or your health insurance will help cover the cost of certain home care services.",Home Care Services,0000484,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/homecareservices.html,C0580931,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Homeless Health Concerns ?,0000485-1,information,"Poor health can contribute to being homeless, and being homeless can lead to poor health. Limited access to health care can make it worse. That's why the health of homeless people in the United States is worse than that of the general population. Common health problems include - Mental health problems - Substance abuse problems - Bronchitis and pneumonia - Problems caused by being outdoors - Wound and skin infections Many homeless women are victims of domestic or sexual abuse. Homeless children have high rates of emotional and behavioral problems, often from having witnessed abuse. Help such as shelters, health centers, and free meals are available. Contact your local homelessness assistance agency.",Homeless Health Concerns,0000485,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/homelesshealthconcerns.html,C0237154,T033,Disorders +Do you have information about Hormone Replacement Therapy,0000486-1,information,"Summary : Menopause is the time in a woman's life when her period stops. It is a normal part of aging. In the years before and during menopause, the levels of female hormones can go up and down. This can cause symptoms such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness. Some women take hormone replacement therapy (HRT), also called menopausal hormone therapy, to relieve these symptoms. HRT may also protect against osteoporosis. However, HRT also has risks. It can increase your risk of breast cancer, heart disease, and stroke. Certain types of HRT have a higher risk, and each woman's own risks can vary depending upon her health history and lifestyle. You and your health care provider need to discuss the risks and benefits for you. If you do decide to take HRT, it should be the lowest dose that helps and for the shortest time needed. Taking hormones should be re-evaluated every six months. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Hormone Replacement Therapy,0000486,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hormonereplacementtherapy.html,,, +Do you have information about Hormones,0000487-1,information,"Summary : Hormones are your body's chemical messengers. They travel in your bloodstream to tissues or organs. They work slowly, over time, and affect many different processes, including - Growth and development - Metabolism - how your body gets energy from the foods you eat - Sexual function - Reproduction - Mood Endocrine glands, which are special groups of cells, make hormones. The major endocrine glands are the pituitary, pineal, thymus, thyroid, adrenal glands, and pancreas. In addition, men produce hormones in their testes and women produce them in their ovaries. Hormones are powerful. It takes only a tiny amount to cause big changes in cells or even your whole body. That is why too much or too little of a certain hormone can be serious. Laboratory tests can measure the hormone levels in your blood, urine, or saliva. Your health care provider may perform these tests if you have symptoms of a hormone disorder. Home pregnancy tests are similar - they test for pregnancy hormones in your urine.",Hormones,0000487,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hormones.html,,, +Do you have information about Hospice Care,0000488-1,information,"Summary : Hospice care is end-of-life care. A team of health care professionals and volunteers provides it. They give medical, psychological, and spiritual support. The goal of the care is to help people who are dying have peace, comfort, and dignity. The caregivers try to control pain and other symptoms so a person can remain as alert and comfortable as possible. Hospice programs also provide services to support a patient's family. Usually, a hospice patient is expected to live 6 months or less. Hospice care can take place - At home - At a hospice center - In a hospital - In a skilled nursing facility NIH: National Cancer Institute",Hospice Care,0000488,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hospicecare.html,,, +Do you have information about Household Products,0000489-1,information,"Summary : The products you use for cleaning, carpentry, auto repair, gardening, and many other household uses can contain ingredients that can harm you, your family, and the environment. These include - Oven and drain cleaners - Laundry powder - Floor polish - Paint thinners, strippers and removers - Pesticides - Grease and rust removers - Motor oil and fuel additives - Arts and craft supplies Toxic substances in these products can cause harm if inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through the skin. People respond to toxic substances in different ways. At high doses a toxic substance might cause birth defects or other serious problems, including brain damage or death. To avoid problems, keep products in the containers they come in and use them exactly as the label says. Follow label directions or get medical help if you swallow, inhale or get them on your skin. Environmental Protection Agency",Household Products,0000489,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/householdproducts.html,,, +Do you have information about HPV,0000490-1,information,"Summary : Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are common viruses that can cause warts. There are more than 100 types of HPV. Most are harmless, but about 30 types put you at risk for cancer. These types affect the genitals and you get them through sexual contact with an infected partner. They can be either low-risk or high-risk. Low-risk HPV can cause genital warts. High-risk HPV can lead to cancers of the cervix, vulva, vagina, and anus in women. In men, it can lead to cancers of the anus and penis. Although some people develop genital warts from HPV infection, others have no symptoms. Your health care provider can treat or remove the warts. In women, Pap tests can detect changes in the cervix that might lead to cancer. Both Pap and HPV tests are types of cervical cancer screening. Correct usage of latex condoms greatly reduces, but does not eliminate, the risk of catching or spreading HPV. Vaccines can protect against several types of HPV, including some that can cause cancer. NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",HPV,0000490,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hpv.html,,, +What is (are) Huntington's Disease ?,0000491-1,information,"Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited disease that causes certain nerve cells in the brain to waste away. People are born with the defective gene, but symptoms usually don't appear until middle age. Early symptoms of HD may include uncontrolled movements, clumsiness, and balance problems. Later, HD can take away the ability to walk, talk, and swallow. Some people stop recognizing family members. Others are aware of their environment and are able to express emotions. If one of your parents has Huntington's disease, you have a 50 percent chance of getting it. A blood test can tell you if have the HD gene and will develop the disease. Genetic counseling can help you weigh the risks and benefits of taking the test. There is no cure. Medicines can help manage some of the symptoms, but cannot slow down or stop the disease. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Huntington's Disease,0000491,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/huntingtonsdisease.html,C0020179,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Hurricanes,0000492-1,information,"Summary : A hurricane is a severe type of tropical storm. Hurricanes produce high winds, heavy rains and thunderstorms. Hurricanes can cause tremendous damage. Winds can exceed 155 miles per hour. Hurricanes and tropical storms can also spawn tornadoes and lead to flooding. The high winds and heavy rains can destroy buildings, roads and bridges, and knock down power lines and trees. In coastal areas, very high tides called storm surges cause extensive damage. Although there are no guarantees of safety during a hurricane, you can take actions to protect yourself. You should have a disaster plan. Being prepared can help reduce fear, anxiety, and losses. If you do experience a disaster, it is normal to feel stressed. You may need help in finding ways to cope. Federal Emergency Management Agency",Hurricanes,0000492,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hurricanes.html,,, +What is (are) Hydrocephalus ?,0000493-1,information,"Hydrocephalus is the buildup of too much cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. Normally, this fluid cushions your brain. When you have too much, though, it puts harmful pressure on your brain. Hydrocephalus can be congenital, or present at birth. Causes include genetic problems and problems with how the fetus develops. An unusually large head is the main sign of congenital hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus can also happen after birth. This is called acquired hydrocephalus. It can occur at any age. Causes can include head injuries, strokes, infections, tumors, and bleeding in the brain. Symptoms include - Headache - Vomiting and nausea - Blurry vision - Balance problems - Bladder control problems - Thinking and memory problems Hydrocephalus can permanently damage the brain, causing problems with physical and mental development. If untreated, it is usually fatal. With treatment, many people lead normal lives with few limitations. Treatment usually involves surgery to insert a shunt. A shunt is a flexible but sturdy plastic tube. The shunt moves the cerebrospinal fluid to another area of the body where it can be absorbed. Medicine and rehabilitation therapy can also help. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Hydrocephalus,0000493,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hydrocephalus.html,C0020255,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Hyperglycemia ?,0000494-1,information,"Hyperglycemia means high blood sugar or glucose. Glucose comes from the foods you eat. Insulin is a hormone that moves glucose into your cells to give them energy. Hyperglycemia happens when your body doesn't make enough insulin or can't use it the right way. People with diabetes can get hyperglycemia from not eating the right foods or not taking medicines correctly. Other problems that can raise blood sugar include infections, certain medicines, hormone imbalances, or severe illnesses.",Hyperglycemia,0000494,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hyperglycemia.html,C0020456,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Hyperthyroidism ?,0000495-1,information,"Your thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland in your neck, just above your collarbone. It is one of your endocrine glands, which make hormones. Thyroid hormones control the rate of many activities in your body. These include how fast you burn calories and how fast your heart beats. All of these activities are your body's metabolism. If your thyroid is too active, it makes more thyroid hormones than your body needs. This is called hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism is more common in women, people with other thyroid problems, and those over 60 years old. Grave's disease, an autoimmune disorder, is the most common cause. Other causes include thyroid nodules, thyroiditis, consuming too much iodine, and taking too much synthetic thyroid hormone. The symptoms can vary from person to person. They may include - Being nervous or irritable - Mood swings - Fatigue or muscle weakness - Heat intolerance - Trouble sleeping - Hand tremors - Rapid and irregular heartbeat - Frequent bowel movements or diarrhea - Weight loss - Goiter, which is an enlarged thyroid that may cause the neck to look swollen To diagnose hyperthyroidism, your doctor will look at your symptoms, blood tests, and sometimes a thyroid scan. Treatment is with medicines, radioiodine therapy, or thyroid surgery. No single treatment works for everyone. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Hyperthyroidism,0000495,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hyperthyroidism.html,C0020550,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Hypoglycemia ?,0000496-1,information,"Hypoglycemia means low blood glucose, or blood sugar. Your body needs glucose to have enough energy. After you eat, your blood absorbs glucose. If you eat more sugar than your body needs, your muscles, and liver store the extra. When your blood sugar begins to fall, a hormone tells your liver to release glucose. In most people, this raises blood sugar. If it doesn't, you have hypoglycemia, and your blood sugar can be dangerously low. Signs include - Hunger - Shakiness - Dizziness - Confusion - Difficulty speaking - Feeling anxious or weak In people with diabetes, hypoglycemia is often a side effect of diabetes medicines. Eating or drinking something with carbohydrates can help. If it happens often, your health care provider may need to change your treatment plan. You can also have low blood sugar without having diabetes. Causes include certain medicines or diseases, hormone or enzyme deficiencies, and tumors. Laboratory tests can help find the cause. The kind of treatment depends on why you have low blood sugar. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Hypoglycemia,0000496,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hypoglycemia.html,C0020615,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Hypothermia ?,0000497-1,information,"Cold weather can affect your body in different ways. You can get frostbite, which is frozen body tissue. Your body can also lose heat faster than you can produce it. The result is hypothermia, or abnormally low body temperature. It can make you sleepy, confused and clumsy. Because it happens gradually and affects your thinking, you may not realize you need help. That makes it especially dangerous. A body temperature below 95 F is a medical emergency and can lead to death if not treated promptly. Anyone who spends much time outdoors in cold weather can get hypothermia. You can also get it from being cold and wet, or under cold water for too long. Babies and old people are especially at risk. Babies can get it from sleeping in a cold room. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Hypothermia,0000497,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hypothermia.html,C0413252,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Hypothyroidism ?,0000498-1,information,"Your thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland in your neck, just above your collarbone. It is one of your endocrine glands, which make hormones. Thyroid hormones control the rate of many activities in your body. These include how fast you burn calories and how fast your heart beats. All of these activities are your body's metabolism. If your thyroid gland is not active enough, it does not make enough thyroid hormone to meet your body's needs. This condition is hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism is more common in women, people with other thyroid problems, and those over 60 years old. Hashimoto's disease, an autoimmune disorder, is the most common cause. Other causes include thyroid nodules, thyroiditis, congenital hypothyroidism, surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid, radiation treatment of the thyroid, and some medicines. The symptoms can vary from person to person. They may include - Fatigue - Weight gain - A puffy face - Cold intolerance - Joint and muscle pain - Constipation - Dry skin - Dry, thinning hair - Decreased sweating - Heavy or irregular menstrual periods and fertility problems - Depression - Slowed heart rate To diagnose hypothyroidism, your doctor will look at your symptoms and blood tests. Treatment is with synthetic thyroid hormone, taken every day. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Hypothyroidism,0000498,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hypothyroidism.html,C0020676,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Hysterectomy,0000499-1,information,"Summary : A hysterectomy is surgery to remove a woman's uterus or womb. The uterus is the place where a baby grows when a woman is pregnant. After a hysterectomy, you no longer have menstrual periods and can't become pregnant. Sometimes the surgery also removes the ovaries and fallopian tubes. If you have both ovaries taken out, you will enter menopause. Your health care provider might recommend a hysterectomy if you have - Fibroids - Endometriosis that hasn't been cured by medicine or surgery - Uterine prolapse - when the uterus drops into the vagina - Cancer of the uterine, cervix, or ovaries - Vaginal bleeding that persists despite treatment - Chronic pelvic pain, as a last resort Dept. of Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health",Hysterectomy,0000499,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hysterectomy.html,,, +What is (are) Immune System and Disorders ?,0000500-1,information,"Your immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend against germs. It helps your body to recognize these ""foreign"" invaders. Then its job is to keep them out, or if it can't, to find and destroy them. If your immune system cannot do its job, the results can be serious. Disorders of the immune system include - Allergy and asthma - immune responses to substances that are usually not harmful - Immune deficiency diseases - disorders in which the immune system is missing one or more of its parts - Autoimmune diseases - diseases causing your immune system to attack your own body's cells and tissues by mistake NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",Immune System and Disorders,0000500,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/immunesystemanddisorders.html,C0012634,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Immunization,0000501-1,information,"Summary : Shots may hurt a little, but the diseases they can prevent are a lot worse. Some are even life-threatening. Immunization shots, or vaccinations, are essential. They protect against things like measles, mumps, rubella, hepatitis B, polio, tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (whooping cough). Immunizations are important for adults as well as children. Your immune system helps your body fight germs by producing substances to combat them. Once it does, the immune system ""remembers"" the germ and can fight it again. Vaccines contain germs that have been killed or weakened. When given to a healthy person, the vaccine triggers the immune system to respond and thus build immunity. Before vaccines, people became immune only by actually getting a disease and surviving it. Immunizations are an easier and less risky way to become immune. NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",Immunization,0000501,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/immunization.html,,, +Do you have information about Impaired Driving,0000502-1,information,"Summary : Impaired driving is dangerous. It's the cause of more than half of all car crashes. It means operating a motor vehicle while you are affected by - Alcohol - Legal or illegal drugs - Sleepiness - Distractions, such as using a cell phone or texting - Having a medical condition which affects your driving For your safety and the safety of others, do not drive while impaired. Have someone else drive you or take public transportation when you cannot drive. If you need to take a call or send a text message, pull over. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration",Impaired Driving,0000502,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/impaireddriving.html,,, +What is (are) Impetigo ?,0000503-1,information,"Impetigo is a skin infection caused by bacteria. It is usually caused by staphylococcal (staph) bacteria, but it can also be caused by streptococcal (strep) bacteria. It is most common in children between the ages of two and six. It usually starts when bacteria get into a break in the skin, such as a cut, scratch, or insect bite. Symptoms start with red or pimple-like sores surrounded by red skin. These sores can be anywhere, but usually they occur on your face, arms and legs. The sores fill with pus, then break open after a few days and form a thick crust. They are often itchy, but scratching them can spread the sores. Impetigo can spread by contact with sores or nasal discharge from an infected person. You can treat impetigo with antibiotics. NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",Impetigo,0000503,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/impetigo.html,C0021099,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Indigestion ?,0000504-1,information,"Nearly everyone has had indigestion at one time. It's a feeling of discomfort or a burning feeling in your upper abdomen. You may have heartburn or belch and feel bloated. You may also feel nauseated, or even throw up. You might get indigestion from eating too much or too fast, eating high-fat foods, or eating when you're stressed. Smoking, drinking too much alcohol, using some medicines, being tired, and having ongoing stress can also cause indigestion or make it worse. Sometimes the cause is a problem with the digestive tract, like an ulcer or GERD. Avoiding foods and situations that seem to cause it may help. Because indigestion can be a sign of a more serious problem, see your health care provider if it lasts for more than two weeks or if you have severe pain or other symptoms. Your health care provider may use x-rays, lab tests, and an upper endoscopy to diagnose the cause. You may need medicines to treat the symptoms. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Indigestion,0000504,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/indigestion.html,C0013395,T184,Disorders +Do you have information about Indoor Air Pollution,0000505-1,information,"Summary : We usually think of air pollution as being outdoors, but the air in your house or office could also be polluted. Sources of indoor pollution include - Mold and pollen - Tobacco smoke - Household products and pesticides - Gases such as radon and carbon monoxide - Materials used in the building such as asbestos, formaldehyde and lead Sometimes a group of people have symptoms that seem to be linked to time spent in a certain building. There may be a specific cause, such as Legionnaire's disease. Sometimes the cause of the illness cannot be found. This is known as sick building syndrome. Usually indoor air quality problems only cause discomfort. Most people feel better as soon as they remove the source of the pollution. However, some pollutants can cause diseases that show up much later, such as respiratory diseases or cancer. Making sure that your building is well-ventilated and getting rid of pollutants can improve the quality of your indoor air. Environmental Protection Agency",Indoor Air Pollution,0000505,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/indoorairpollution.html,,, +Do you have information about Infant and Newborn Care,0000506-1,information,"Summary : Going home with a new baby is exciting, but it can be scary, too. Newborns have many needs, like frequent feedings and diaper changes. Babies can have health issues that are different from older children and adults, like diaper rash and cradle cap. Your baby will go through many changes during the first year of life. You may feel uneasy at first. Ask your health care provider for help if you need it.",Infant and Newborn Care,0000506,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infantandnewborncare.html,,, +Do you have information about Infant and Newborn Development,0000507-1,information,"Summary : When will my baby take his first step or say her first word? During their first year, babies start to develop skills they will use for the rest of their lives. The normal growth of babies can be broken down into the following areas: - Gross motor - controlling the head, sitting, crawling, maybe even starting to walk - Fine motor - holding a spoon, picking up a piece of cereal between thumb and finger - Sensory - seeing, hearing, tasting, touching and smelling - Language - starting to make sounds, learning some words, understanding what people say - Social - the ability to play with family members and other children Babies do not develop at the same rate. There is a wide range of what is considered ""normal."" Your baby may be ahead in some areas and slightly behind in others. If you are worried about possible delays, talk to your baby's health care provider.",Infant and Newborn Development,0000507,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infantandnewborndevelopment.html,,, +Do you have information about Infant and Newborn Nutrition,0000508-1,information,"Summary : Food provides the energy and nutrients that babies need to be healthy. For a baby, breast milk is best. It has all the necessary vitamins and minerals. Infant formulas are available for babies whose mothers are not able or decide not to breastfeed. Infants usually start eating solid foods between 4 and 6 months of age. Check with your health care provider for the best time for your baby to start. If you introduce one new food at a time, you will be able to identify any foods that cause allergies in your baby. Some foods to stay away from include - Eggs - Honey - Peanuts (including peanut butter) - Other tree nuts",Infant and Newborn Nutrition,0000508,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infantandnewbornnutrition.html,,, +Do you have information about Infection Control,0000509-1,information,"Summary : Every year, lives are lost because of the spread of infections in hospitals. Health care workers can take steps to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. These steps are part of infection control. Proper hand washing is the most effective way to prevent the spread of infections in hospitals. If you are a patient, don't be afraid to remind friends, family and health care providers to wash their hands before getting close to you. Other steps health care workers can take include - Covering coughs and sneezes - Staying up-to-date with immunizations - Using gloves, masks and protective clothing - Making tissues and hand cleaners available - Following hospital guidelines when dealing with blood or contaminated items",Infection Control,0000509,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infectioncontrol.html,,, +What is (are) Infections and Pregnancy ?,0000510-1,information,"If you are pregnant, an infection can be more than just a problem for you. Some infections can be dangerous to your baby. You can help yourself avoid infections: - Don't eat raw or undercooked meat - Don't share food or drinks with other people - Wash your hands frequently - Don't empty cat litter. Cats can transmit toxoplasmosis. You may need to take medicines or get a vaccine to prevent an infection in your baby. For example, you may need to take antibiotics if you develop an infection with group B strep, or take medicines if you have genital herpes. Only some medicines and vaccines are safe during pregnancy. Ask your health care provider about how best to protect you and your baby.",Infections and Pregnancy,0000510,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infectionsandpregnancy.html,C3714514,T046,Disorders +What is (are) Infectious Arthritis ?,0000511-1,information,"Most kinds of arthritis cause pain and swelling in your joints. Joints are places where two bones meet, such as your elbow or knee. Infectious arthritis is an infection in the joint. The infection comes from a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection that spreads from another part of the body. Symptoms of infectious arthritis include - Intense pain in the joint - Joint redness and swelling - Chills and fever - Inability to move the area with the infected joint One type of infectious arthritis is reactive arthritis. The reaction is to an infection somewhere else in your body. The joint is usually the knee, ankle, or toe. Sometimes, reactive arthritis is set off by an infection in the bladder, or in the urethra, which carries urine out of the body. In women, an infection in the vagina can cause the reaction. For both men and women, it can start with bacteria passed on during sex. Another form of reactive arthritis starts with eating food or handling something that has bacteria on it. To diagnose infectious arthritis, your health care provider may do tests of your blood, urine, and joint fluid. Treatment includes medicines and sometimes surgery.",Infectious Arthritis,0000511,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infectiousarthritis.html,C0003869,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Infectious Diseases ?,0000512-1,information,"Infectious diseases kill more people worldwide than any other single cause. Infectious diseases are caused by germs. Germs are tiny living things that are found everywhere - in air, soil and water. You can get infected by touching, eating, drinking or breathing something that contains a germ. Germs can also spread through animal and insect bites, kissing and sexual contact. Vaccines, proper hand washing and medicines can help prevent infections. There are four main kinds of germs: - Bacteria - one-celled germs that multiply quickly and may release chemicals which can make you sick - Viruses - capsules that contain genetic material, and use your own cells to multiply - Fungi - primitive plants, like mushrooms or mildew - Protozoa - one-celled animals that use other living things for food and a place to live NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",Infectious Diseases,0000512,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infectiousdiseases.html,C0009450,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Infectious Mononucleosis ?,0000513-1,information,"Infectious mononucleosis, or ""mono"", is an infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. The virus spreads through saliva, which is why it's sometimes called ""kissing disease."" Mono occurs most often in teens and young adults. However, you can get it at any age. Symptoms of mono include - Fever - Sore throat - Swollen lymph glands Sometimes you may also have a swollen spleen. Serious problems are rare. A blood test can show if you have mono. Most people get better in two to four weeks. However, you may feel tired for a few months afterward. Treatment focuses on helping symptoms and includes medicines for pain and fever, warm salt water gargles and plenty of rest and fluids.",Infectious Mononucleosis,0000513,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infectiousmononucleosis.html,C0021345,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Infertility ?,0000514-1,information,"Infertility means not being able to become pregnant after a year of trying. If a woman can get pregnant but keeps having miscarriages or stillbirths, that's also called infertility. Infertility is fairly common. After one year of having unprotected sex, about 15 percent of couples are unable to get pregnant. About a third of the time, infertility can be traced to the woman. In another third of cases, it is because of the man. The rest of the time, it is because of both partners or no cause can be found. There are treatments that are specifically for men or for women. Some involve both partners. Drugs, assisted reproductive technology, and surgery are common treatments. Happily, many couples treated for infertility go on to have babies. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development",Infertility,0000514,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infertility.html,C0021359,T046,Disorders +Do you have information about Inhalants,0000515-1,information,"Summary : If you're a parent, you may fear that your kids will use drugs such as marijuana or LSD. But you may not realize the dangers of substances in your own home. Household products such as glues, hair sprays, paints and lighter fluid can be drugs for kids in search of a quick high. Many young people inhale vapors from these, not knowing that it can cause serious health problems. Both parents and kids need to know the dangers. Even inhaling once can disrupt heart rhythms and lower oxygen levels. Either of these can cause death. Regular abuse can result in serious harm to the brain, heart, kidneys, and liver. NIH: National Institute on Drug Abuse",Inhalants,0000515,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/inhalants.html,,, +What is (are) Inhalation Injuries ?,0000516-1,information,"There are a variety of substances you can inhale that can cause acute internal injuries. Particles in the air from fires and toxic fumes can damage your eyes and respiratory system. They also can make chronic heart and lung diseases worse. Symptoms of acute inhalation injuries may include - Coughing and phlegm - A scratchy throat - Irritated sinuses - Shortness of breath - Chest pain or tightness - Headaches - Stinging eyes - A runny nose - If you already have asthma, it may get worse. The best way to prevent inhalation injuries is to limit your exposure. If you smell or see smoke, or know that fires are nearby, you should leave the area if you are at greater risk from breathing smoke. Environmental Protection Agency",Inhalation Injuries,0000516,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/inhalationinjuries.html,C0745334,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Insect Bites and Stings ?,0000517-1,information,"Most insect bites are harmless, though they sometimes cause discomfort. Bee, wasp, and hornet stings and fire ant bites usually hurt. Mosquito and flea bites usually itch. Insects can also spread diseases. In the United States, some mosquitoes spread West Nile virus. Travelers outside the United States may be at risk for malaria and other infections. To prevent insect bites and their complications - Don't bother insects - Use insect repellant - Wear protective clothing - Be careful when you eat outside because food attracts insects - If you know you have severe allergic reactions to insect bites and stings (such as anaphylaxis), carry an emergency epinephrine kit",Insect Bites and Stings,0000517,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/insectbitesandstings.html,C0021568,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Insomnia ?,0000518-1,information,"Insomnia is a common sleep disorder. If you have it, you may have trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, or both. As a result, you may get too little sleep or have poor-quality sleep. You may not feel refreshed when you wake up. Symptoms of insomnia include: - Lying awake for a long time before you fall asleep - Sleeping for only short periods - Being awake for much of the night - Feeling as if you haven't slept at all - Waking up too early Your doctor will diagnose insomnia based on your medical and sleep histories and a physical exam. He or she also may recommend a sleep study. A sleep study measures how well you sleep and how your body responds to sleep problems. Treatments include lifestyle changes, counseling, and medicines. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Insomnia,0000518,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/insomnia.html,C1963237,T033,Disorders +Do you have information about International Health,0000519-1,information,"Summary : The spread of a disease doesn't stop at a country's borders. With more people traveling to other countries and living in crowded cities, it's easier for germs to spread. Infectious diseases that start in one part of the world can quickly reach another. Drug resistance is on the rise, making it harder to treat certain diseases. Natural and man-made disasters create refugee populations with immediate and long-term health problems. Some of the major diseases currently affecting countries around the globe include HIV/AIDS, malaria, pandemic/avian flu, and tuberculosis. Many countries and health organizations are working together and sharing information on these and other health issues.",International Health,0000519,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/internationalhealth.html,,, +Do you have information about Internet Safety,0000520-1,information,"Summary : For most kids and teens, technology is an important part of their lives. They browse the Web for information, use social networking sites, text, and chat. But there can also be dangers, and it is important for parents to monitor their children's use and teach them how to be safe online: - Never give out personal information, such as your full name, address, phone number, or school name - Tell an adult if any communication (chat, text, e-mail message) makes you feel threatened or uncomfortable - Never send sexually explicit photographs or messages - On social networking sites, use privacy controls and only friend people that you know Of course, some of this advice is good for adults, too.",Internet Safety,0000520,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/internetsafety.html,,, +What is (are) Interstitial Cystitis ?,0000521-1,information,"Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a condition that causes discomfort or pain in the bladder and a need to urinate frequently and urgently. It is far more common in women than in men. The symptoms vary from person to person. Some people may have pain without urgency or frequency. Others have urgency and frequency without pain. Women's symptoms often get worse during their periods. They may also have pain with sexual intercourse. The cause of IC isn't known. There is no one test to tell if you have it. Doctors often run tests to rule out other possible causes of symptoms. There is no cure for IC, but treatments can help most people feel better. They include - Distending, or inflating, the bladder - Bathing the inside of the bladder with a drug solution - Oral medicines - Electrical nerve stimulation - Physical therapy - Lifestyle changes - Bladder training - In rare cases, surgery NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Interstitial Cystitis,0000521,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/interstitialcystitis.html,C0600040,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Interstitial Lung Diseases ?,0000522-1,information,"Interstitial lung disease is the name for a large group of diseases that inflame or scar the lungs. The inflammation and scarring make it hard to get enough oxygen. The scarring is called pulmonary fibrosis. Breathing in dust or other particles in the air is responsible for some types of interstitial lung diseases. Specific types include - Black lung disease among coal miners, from inhaling coal dust - Farmer's lung, from inhaling farm dust - Asbestosis, from inhaling asbestos fibers - Siderosis, from inhaling iron from mines or welding fumes - Silicosis, from inhaling silica dust Other causes include autoimmune diseases or occupational exposures to molds, gases, or fumes. Some types of interstitial lung disease have no known cause. Treatment depends on the type of exposure and the stage of the disease. It may involve medicines, oxygen therapy, or a lung transplant in severe cases.",Interstitial Lung Diseases,0000522,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/interstitiallungdiseases.html,C0206062,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Intestinal Cancer ?,0000523-1,information,"Your small intestine is part of your digestive system. It is a long tube that connects your stomach to your large intestine. Intestinal cancer is rare, but eating a high-fat diet or having Crohn's disease, celiac disease, or a history of colonic polyps can increase your risk. Possible signs of small intestine cancer include - Abdominal pain - Weight loss for no reason - Blood in the stool - A lump in the abdomen Imaging tests that create pictures of the small intestine and the area around it can help diagnose intestinal cancer and show whether it has spread. Surgery is the most common treatment. Additional options include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Intestinal Cancer,0000523,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/intestinalcancer.html,C0346627,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Intestinal Obstruction ?,0000524-1,information,"An intestinal obstruction occurs when food or stool cannot move through the intestines. The obstruction can be complete or partial. There are many causes. The most common are adhesions, hernias, cancers, and certain medicines. Symptoms include - Severe abdominal pain or cramping - Vomiting - Bloating - Loud bowel sounds - Swelling of the abdomen - Inability to pass gas - Constipation A complete intestinal obstruction is a medical emergency. It often requires surgery. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Intestinal Obstruction,0000524,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/intestinalobstruction.html,C0021843,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Iron,0000525-1,information,"Summary : Iron is a mineral that our bodies need for many functions. For example, iron is part of hemoglobin, a protein which carries oxygen from our lungs throughout our bodies. It helps our muscles store and use oxygen. Iron is also part of many other proteins and enzymes. Your body needs the right amount of iron. If you have too little iron, you may develop iron deficiency anemia. Causes of low iron levels include blood loss, poor diet, or an inability to absorb enough iron from foods. People at higher risk of having too little iron are young children and women who are pregnant or have periods. Too much iron can damage your body. Taking too many iron supplements can cause iron poisoning. Some people have an inherited disease called hemochromatosis. It causes too much iron to build up in the body. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Iron,0000525,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/iron.html,,, +What is (are) Irritable Bowel Syndrome ?,0000526-1,information,"Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a problem that affects the large intestine. It can cause abdominal cramping, bloating, and a change in bowel habits. Some people with the disorder have constipation. Some have diarrhea. Others go back and forth between the two. Although IBS can cause a great deal of discomfort, it does not harm the intestines. IBS is common. It affects about twice as many women as men and is most often found in people younger than 45 years. No one knows the exact cause of IBS. There is no specific test for it. Your doctor may run tests to be sure you don't have other diseases. These tests may include stool sampling tests, blood tests, and x-rays. Your doctor may also do a test called a sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy. Most people diagnosed with IBS can control their symptoms with diet, stress management, probiotics, and medicine. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Irritable Bowel Syndrome,0000526,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/irritablebowelsyndrome.html,C0022104,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Ischemic Stroke ?,0000527-1,information,"A stroke is a medical emergency. There are two types - ischemic and hemorrhagic. Ischemic stroke is the most common type. It is usually caused by a blood clot that blocks or plugs a blood vessel in the brain. This keeps blood from flowing to the brain. Within minutes, brain cells begin to die. Another cause is stenosis, or narrowing of the artery. This can happen because of atherosclerosis, a disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries. Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) occur when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted briefly. Having a TIA can mean you are at risk for having a more serious stroke. Symptoms of stroke are - Sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm or leg (especially on one side of the body) - Sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding speech - Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes - Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination - Sudden severe headache with no known cause It is important to treat strokes as quickly as possible. Blood thinners may be used to stop a stroke while it is happening by quickly dissolving the blood clot. Post-stroke rehabilitation can help people overcome disabilities caused by stroke damage. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Ischemic Stroke,0000527,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ischemicstroke.html,C0948008,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Islet Cell Transplantation,0000528-1,information,"Summary : Islets are cells found in clusters throughout the pancreas. They are made up of several types of cells. One of these is beta cells, which make insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps the body use glucose for energy. Islet cell transplantation transfers cells from an organ donor into the body of another person. It is an experimental treatment for type 1 diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, the beta cells of the pancreas no longer make insulin. A person who has type 1 diabetes must take insulin daily to live. Transplanted islet cells, however, can take over the work of the destroyed cells. The beta cells in these islets will begin to make and release insulin. Researchers hope islet transplantation will help people with type 1 diabetes live without daily insulin injections. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Islet Cell Transplantation,0000528,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/isletcelltransplantation.html,,, +What is (are) Itching ?,0000529-1,information,"Itching is skin tingling or irritation that makes you want to scratch the itchy area. It's a symptom of many health conditions. Common causes are - Allergic reactions - Eczema - Dry skin - Insect bites and stings - Irritating chemicals - Parasites such as pinworms, scabies, head and body lice - Pregnancy - Rashes - Reactions to medicines To soothe itchy skin, you can try cold compresses, lotions and lukewarm baths. Avoid scratching, wearing irritating fabrics and high heat and humidity. Most itching is not serious. However, if you itch all over, have hives that keep coming back or have itching without an apparent cause, you might require medical attention.",Itching,0000529,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/itching.html,C0033774,T184,Disorders +What is (are) Jaundice ?,0000530-1,information,"Jaundice causes your skin and the whites of your eyes to turn yellow. Too much bilirubin causes jaundice. Bilirubin is a yellow chemical in hemoglobin, the substance that carries oxygen in your red blood cells. As red blood cells break down, your body builds new cells to replace them. The old ones are processed by the liver. If the liver cannot handle the blood cells as they break down, bilirubin builds up in the body and your skin may look yellow. Many healthy babies have some jaundice during the first week of life. It usually goes away. However, jaundice can happen at any age and may be a sign of a problem. Jaundice can happen for many reasons, such as - Blood diseases - Genetic syndromes - Liver diseases, such as hepatitis or cirrhosis - Blockage of bile ducts - Infections - Medicines",Jaundice,0000530,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/jaundice.html,C2203646,T046,Disorders +What is (are) Jaw Injuries and Disorders ?,0000531-1,information,"Your jaw is a set of bones that holds your teeth. It consists of two main parts. The upper part is the maxilla. It doesn't move. The moveable lower part is called the mandible. You move it when you talk or chew. The two halves of the mandible meet at your chin. The joint where the mandible meets your skull is the temporomandibular joint. Jaw problems include - Fractures - Dislocations - Temporomandibular joint dysfunction - Osteonecrosis, which happens when your bones lose their blood supply - Cancers Treatment of jaw problems depends on the cause.",Jaw Injuries and Disorders,0000531,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/jawinjuriesanddisorders.html,C0024693,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Joint Disorders ?,0000532-1,information,"A joint is where two or more bones come together, like the knee, hip, elbow, or shoulder. Joints can be damaged by many types of injuries or diseases, including - Arthritis - inflammation of a joint. It causes pain, stiffness, and swelling. Over time, the joint can become severely damaged. - Bursitis - inflammation of a fluid-filled sac that cushions the joint - Dislocations - injuries that force the ends of the bones out of position Treatment of joint problems depends on the cause. If you have a sports injury, treatment often begins with the RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation) method to relieve pain, reduce swelling, and speed healing. Other possible treatments include pain relievers, keeping the injured area from moving, rehabilitation, and sometimes surgery. For arthritis, injuries, or other diseases, you may need joint replacement surgery to remove the damaged joint and put in a new one. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Joint Disorders,0000532,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/jointdisorders.html,C0022408,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Juvenile Arthritis ?,0000533-1,information,"Juvenile arthritis (JA) is arthritis that happens in children. It causes joint swelling, pain, stiffness, and loss of motion. It can affect any joint, but is more common in the knees, hands, and feet. In some cases it can affect internal organs as well. The most common type of JA that children get is juvenile idiopathic arthritis. There are several other forms of arthritis affecting children. One early sign of JA may be limping in the morning. Symptoms can come and go. Some children have just one or two flare-ups. Others have symptoms that never go away. JA can cause growth problems and eye inflammation in some children. No one knows exactly what causes JA. Most types are autoimmune disorders. This means that your immune system, which normally helps your body fight infection, attacks your body's own tissues. JA can be hard to diagnose. Your health care provider may do a physical exam, lab tests, and x-rays. A team of providers usually treats JA. Medicines and physical therapy can help maintain movement and reduce swelling and pain. They may also help prevent and treat complications. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Juvenile Arthritis,0000533,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/juvenilearthritis.html,C3714757,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Kaposi's Sarcoma ?,0000534-1,information,"Kaposi's sarcoma is a cancer that causes patches of abnormal tissue to grow under the skin, in the lining of the mouth, nose, and throat or in other organs. The patches are usually red or purple and are made of cancer cells and blood cells. The red and purple patches often cause no symptoms, though they may be painful. If the cancer spreads to the digestive tract or lungs, bleeding can result. Lung tumors can make breathing hard. Before the HIV/AIDS epidemic, KS usually developed slowly. In HIV/AIDS patients, though, the disease moves quickly. Treatment depends on where the lesions are and how bad they are. Treatment for HIV itself can shrink the lesions. However, treating KS does not improve survival from HIV/AIDS itself. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Kaposi's Sarcoma,0000534,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kaposissarcoma.html,C0036220,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Kawasaki Disease ?,0000535-1,information,"Kawasaki disease is a rare childhood disease. It makes the walls of the blood vessels in the body become inflamed. It can affect any type of blood vessel, including the arteries, veins, and capillaries. No one knows what causes Kawasaki disease. Symptoms include - High fever that lasts longer than 5 days - Swollen lymph nodes in the neck - A rash on the mid-section and genital area - Red, dry, cracked lips and a red, swollen tongue - Red, swollen palms of the hands and soles of the feet - Redness of the eyes Kawasaki disease can't be passed from one child to another. There is no single test. To diagnose it, doctors look at the signs and symptoms. They may also use an echocardiogram or other tests. It is mainly treated with medicines. Rarely, medical procedures and surgery also may be used for children whose coronary arteries are affected. Kawasaki disease can't be prevented. However, most children who develop the disease fully recover - usually within weeks of getting signs and symptoms. Further problems are rare. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Kawasaki Disease,0000535,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kawasakidisease.html,C0026691,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Kidney Cancer ?,0000536-1,information,"You have two kidneys. They are fist-sized organs on either side of your backbone above your waist. The tubes inside filter and clean your blood, taking out waste products and making urine. Kidney cancer forms in the lining of tiny tubes inside your kidneys. Kidney cancer becomes more likely as you age. Risk factors include smoking, having certain genetic conditions, and misusing pain medicines for a long time. You may have no symptoms at first. They may appear as the cancer grows. See your health care provider if you notice - Blood in your urine - A lump in your abdomen - Weight loss for no reason - Pain in your side that does not go away - Loss of appetite Treatment depends on your age, your overall health and how advanced the cancer is. It might include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation, biologic, or targeted therapies. Biologic therapy boosts your body's own ability to fight cancer. Targeted therapy uses substances that attack cancer cells without harming normal cells. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Kidney Cancer,0000536,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kidneycancer.html,C0740457,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Kidney Cysts ?,0000537-1,information,"A cyst is a fluid-filled sac. There are two types of kidney cysts. Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) runs in families. In PKD, the cysts take the place of the normal tissue. They enlarge the kidneys and make them work poorly, leading to kidney failure. When PKD causes kidneys to fail - which usually happens after many years - people need dialysis or kidney transplantation. About half of people with the most common type of PKD end up with kidney failure. PKD also causes cysts in other parts of the body, such as the liver. Symptoms of PKD include - Pain in the back and lower sides - Headaches - Urinary tract infections - Blood in the urine Doctors diagnose PKD with imaging tests and family history. Treatments include medications, and, when people with PKD develop kidney failure, dialysis or kidney transplants. Acquired cystic kidney disease (ACKD) usually happens in people who are on dialysis. Unlike PKD, the kidneys are normal sized, and cysts do not form in other parts of the body. People with ACKD already have chronic kidney disease when they develop cysts. ACKD often has no symptoms. In most cases, the cysts are harmless and do not need treatment. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Kidney Cysts,0000537,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kidneycysts.html,C2173677,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Kidney Diseases ?,0000538-1,information,"Your kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of your fists. They are located near the middle of your back, just below the rib cage. Inside each kidney about a million tiny structures called nephrons filter blood. They remove waste products and extra water, which become urine. The urine flows through tubes called ureters to your bladder, which stores the urine until you go to the bathroom. Most kidney diseases attack the nephrons. This damage may leave kidneys unable to remove wastes. Causes can include genetic problems, injuries, or medicines. You are at greater risk for kidney disease if you have diabetes, high blood pressure, or a close family member with kidney disease. Chronic kidney disease damages the nephrons slowly over several years. Other kidney problems include: - Cancer - Cysts - Stones - Infections Your doctor can run tests to find out if you have kidney disease. If your kidneys fail completely, a kidney transplant or dialysis can replace the work your kidneys normally do. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Kidney Diseases,0000538,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kidneydiseases.html,C0022658,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Kidney Failure ?,0000539-1,information,"Healthy kidneys clean your blood by removing excess fluid, minerals, and wastes. They also make hormones that keep your bones strong and your blood healthy. But if the kidneys are damaged, they don't work properly. Harmful wastes can build up in your body. Your blood pressure may rise. Your body may retain excess fluid and not make enough red blood cells. This is called kidney failure. If your kidneys fail, you need treatment to replace the work they normally do. The treatment options are dialysis or a kidney transplant. Each treatment has benefits and drawbacks. No matter which treatment you choose, you'll need to make some changes in your life, including how you eat and plan your activities. But with the help of healthcare providers, family, and friends, most people with kidney failure can lead full and active lives. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Kidney Failure,0000539,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kidneyfailure.html,C0035078,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Kidney Stones ?,0000540-1,information,"A kidney stone is a solid piece of material that forms in the kidney from substances in the urine. It may be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a pearl. Most kidney stones pass out of the body without help from a doctor. But sometimes a stone will not go away. It may get stuck in the urinary tract, block the flow of urine and cause great pain. The following may be signs of kidney stones that need a doctor's help: - Extreme pain in your back or side that will not go away - Blood in your urine - Fever and chills - Vomiting - Urine that smells bad or looks cloudy - A burning feeling when you urinate Your doctor will diagnose a kidney stone with urine, blood, and imaging tests. If you have a stone that won't pass on its own, you may need treatment. It can be done with shock waves; with a scope inserted through the tube that carries urine out of the body, called the urethra; or with surgery. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Kidney Stones,0000540,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kidneystones.html,C1833683,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Kidney Transplantation,0000541-1,information,"Summary : A kidney transplant is an operation that places a healthy kidney in your body. The transplanted kidney takes over the work of the two kidneys that failed, so you no longer need dialysis. During a transplant, the surgeon places the new kidney in your lower abdomen and connects the artery and vein of the new kidney to your artery and vein. Often, the new kidney will start making urine as soon as your blood starts flowing through it. But sometimes it takes a few weeks to start working. Many transplanted kidneys come from donors who have died. Some come from a living family member. The wait for a new kidney can be long. If you have a transplant, you must take drugs for the rest of your life, to keep your body from rejecting the new kidney. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Kidney Transplantation,0000541,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kidneytransplantation.html,,, +What is (are) Klinefelter's Syndrome ?,0000542-1,information,"Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is a condition that occurs in men who have an extra X chromosome. The syndrome can affect different stages of physical, language, and social development. The most common symptom is infertility. Boys may be taller than other boys their age, with more fat around the belly. After puberty, KS boys may have - Smaller testes and penis - Breast growth - Less facial and body hair - Reduced muscle tone - Narrower shoulders and wider hips - Weaker bones - Decreased sexual interest - Lower energy KS males may have learning or language problems. They may be quiet and shy and have trouble fitting in. A genetic test can diagnose KS. There is no cure, but treatments are available. It is important to start treatment as early as possible. With treatment, most boys grow up to have normal lives. Treatments include testosterone replacement therapy and breast reduction surgery. If needed, physical, speech, language, and occupational therapy may also help. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development",Klinefelter's Syndrome,0000542,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/klinefelterssyndrome.html,C0432474,T019,Disorders +What is (are) Knee Injuries and Disorders ?,0000543-1,information,"Your knee joint is made up of bone, cartilage, ligaments and fluid. Muscles and tendons help the knee joint move. When any of these structures is hurt or diseased, you have knee problems. Knee problems can cause pain and difficulty walking. Knee problems are very common, and they occur in people of all ages. Knee problems can interfere with many things, from participation in sports to simply getting up from a chair and walking. This can have a big impact on your life. The most common disease affecting the knee is osteoarthritis. The cartilage in the knee gradually wears away, causing pain and swelling. Injuries to ligaments and tendons also cause knee problems. A common injury is to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). You usually injure your ACL by a sudden twisting motion. ACL and other knee injuries are common sports injuries. Treatment of knee problems depends on the cause. In some cases your doctor may recommend knee replacement. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Knee Injuries and Disorders,0000543,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kneeinjuriesanddisorders.html,C0022744,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Knee Replacement ?,0000544-1,information,"Knee replacement is surgery for people with severe knee damage. Knee replacement can relieve pain and allow you to be more active. Your doctor may recommend it if you have knee pain and medicine and other treatments are not helping you anymore. When you have a total knee replacement, the surgeon removes damaged cartilage and bone from the surface of your knee joint and replaces them with a man-made surface of metal and plastic. In a partial knee replacement, the surgeon only replaces one part of your knee joint. The surgery can cause scarring, blood clots, and, rarely, infections. After a knee replacement, you will no longer be able to do certain activities, such as jogging and high-impact sports.",Knee Replacement,0000544,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kneereplacement.html,C2186386,T033,Disorders +Do you have information about Laboratory Tests,0000545-1,information,"Summary : Laboratory tests check a sample of your blood, urine, or body tissues. A technician or your doctor analyzes the test samples to see if your results fall within the normal range. The tests use a range because what is normal differs from person to person. Many factors affect test results. These include - Your sex, age and race - What you eat and drink - Medicines you take - How well you followed pre-test instructions Your doctor may also compare your results to results from previous tests. Laboratory tests are often part of a routine checkup to look for changes in your health. They also help doctors diagnose medical conditions, plan or evaluate treatments, and monitor diseases.",Laboratory Tests,0000545,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/laboratorytests.html,,, +What is (are) Lactose Intolerance ?,0000546-1,information,"Lactose intolerance means that you cannot digest foods with lactose in them. Lactose is the sugar found in milk and foods made with milk. After eating foods with lactose in them, you may feel sick to your stomach. You may also have - Gas - Diarrhea - Swelling in your stomach Your doctor may do a blood, breath or stool test to find out if your problems are due to lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance is not serious. Eating less food with lactose, or using pills or drops to help you digest lactose usually helps. You may need to take a calcium supplement if you don't get enough of it from your diet, since milk and foods made with milk are the most common source of calcium for most people. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Lactose Intolerance,0000546,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lactoseintolerance.html,C0022951,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Laser Eye Surgery,0000547-1,information,"Summary : For many people, laser eye surgery can correct their vision so they no longer need glasses or contact lenses. Laser eye surgery reshapes the cornea, the clear front part of the eye. This changes its focusing power. There are different types of laser eye surgery. LASIK - laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis - is one of the most common. Many patients who have LASIK end up with 20/20 vision. But, like all medical procedures, it has both risks and benefits. Only your eye doctor can tell if you are a good candidate for laser eye surgery.",Laser Eye Surgery,0000547,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lasereyesurgery.html,,, +What is (are) Latex Allergy ?,0000548-1,information,"Latex is a milky fluid that comes from the tropical rubber tree. Hundreds of everyday products contain latex. Repeated exposure to a protein in natural latex can make you more likely to develop a latex allergy. If your immune system detects the protein, a reaction can start in minutes. You could get a rash or asthma. In rare cases you could have a severe reaction called anaphylaxis. Your doctor may use a physical exam and skin and blood tests to diagnose it. There are medicines to treat a reaction, but it is best to try to avoid latex. Common latex products include - Gloves - Condoms - Balloons - Rubber bands - Shoe soles - Pacifiers You can find latex-free versions of these products.",Latex Allergy,0000548,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/latexallergy.html,C1998401,T046,Disorders +What is (are) Lead Poisoning ?,0000549-1,information,"Lead is a metal that occurs naturally in the earth's crust. Lead can be found in all parts of our environment. Much of it comes from human activities such as mining and manufacturing. Lead used to be in paint; older houses may still have lead paint. You could be exposed to lead by - Eating food or drinking water that contains lead. Water pipes in older homes may contain lead. - Working in a job where lead is used - Using lead in a hobby, such as making stained glass or lead-glazed pottery - Using folk remedies such as herbs or foods that contain lead Breathing air, drinking water, eating food, or swallowing or touching dirt that contains lead can cause many health problems. Lead can affect almost every organ and system in your body. In adults, lead can increase blood pressure and cause infertility, nerve disorders, and muscle and joint pain. It can also make you irritable and affect your ability to concentrate and remember. Lead is especially dangerous for children. A child who swallows large amounts of lead may develop anemia, severe stomachache, muscle weakness, and brain damage. Even at low levels, lead can affect a child's mental and physical growth. Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry",Lead Poisoning,0000549,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/leadpoisoning.html,C0023176,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Learning Disorders ?,0000550-1,information,"Learning disorders affect how a person understands, remembers and responds to new information. People with learning disorders may have problems - Listening or paying attention - Speaking - Reading or writing - Doing math Although learning disorders occur in very young children, they are usually not recognized until the child reaches school age. About one-third of children who have learning disabilities also have ADHD, which makes it hard to focus. Evaluation and testing by a trained professional can help identify a learning disorder. The next step is special education, which involves helping your child in the areas where he or she needs the most help. Sometimes tutors or speech or language therapists also work with the children. Learning disorders do not go away, but strategies to work around them can make them less of a problem. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Learning Disorders,0000550,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/learningdisorders.html,C0023186,T048,Disorders +What is (are) Leg Injuries and Disorders ?,0000551-1,information,"Your legs are made up of bones, blood vessels, muscles, and other connective tissue. They are important for motion and standing. Playing sports, running, falling, or having an accident can damage your legs. Common leg injuries include sprains and strains, joint dislocations, and fractures. These injuries can affect the entire leg, or just the foot, ankle, knee, or hip. Certain diseases also lead to leg problems. For example, knee osteoarthritis, common in older people, can cause pain and limited motion. Problems in your veins in your legs can lead to varicose veins or deep vein thrombosis.",Leg Injuries and Disorders,0000551,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/leginjuriesanddisorders.html,C0023220,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Legionnaires' Disease ?,0000552-1,information,"Legionnaires' disease is a type of pneumonia caused by bacteria. You usually get it by breathing in mist from water that contains the bacteria. The mist may come from hot tubs, showers, or air-conditioning units for large buildings. The bacteria don't spread from person to person. Symptoms of Legionnaires' disease include high fever, chills, a cough, and sometimes muscle aches and headaches. Other types of pneumonia have similar symptoms. You will probably need a chest x-ray to diagnose the pneumonia. Lab tests can detect the specific bacteria that cause Legionnaires' disease. Most people exposed to the bacteria do not become sick. You are more likely to get sick if you - Are older than 50 - Smoke - Have a chronic lung disease - Have a weak immune system Legionnaires' disease is serious and can be life-threatening. However, most people recover with antibiotic treatment. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Legionnaires' Disease,0000552,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/legionnairesdisease.html,C0023241,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Leishmaniasis ?,0000553-1,information,"Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease spread by the bite of infected sand flies. There are several different forms of leishmaniasis. The most common are cutaneous and visceral. The cutaneous type causes skin sores. The visceral type affects internal organs such as the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. People with this form usually have fever, weight loss, and an enlarged spleen and liver. Leishmaniasis is found in parts of about 88 countries. Most of these countries are in the tropics and subtropics. It is possible but very unlikely that you would get this disease in the United States. But you should be aware of it if you are traveling to the Middle East or parts of Central America, South America, Asia, Africa or southern Europe. Treatment is with medicines that contain antimony, a type of metal, or with strong antibiotics. The best way to prevent the disease is to protect yourself from sand fly bites: - Stay indoors from dusk to dawn, when sand flies are the most active - Wear long pants and long-sleeved shirts when outside - Use insect repellent and bed nets as needed Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Leishmaniasis,0000553,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/leishmaniasis.html,C0023281,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Leukemia ?,0000554-1,information,"Leukemia is cancer of the white blood cells. White blood cells help your body fight infection. Your blood cells form in your bone marrow. In leukemia, the bone marrow produces abnormal white blood cells. These cells crowd out the healthy blood cells, making it hard for blood to do its work. There are different types of leukemia, including - Acute lymphocytic leukemia - Acute myeloid leukemia - Chronic lymphocytic leukemia - Chronic myeloid leukemia Leukemia can develop quickly or slowly. Chronic leukemia grows slowly. In acute leukemia, the cells are very abnormal and their number increases rapidly. Adults can get either type; children with leukemia most often have an acute type. Some leukemias can often be cured. Other types are hard to cure, but you can often control them. Treatments may include chemotherapy, radiation and stem cell transplantation. Even if symptoms disappear, you might need therapy to prevent a relapse. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Leukemia,0000554,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/leukemia.html,C0023418,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Leukodystrophies ?,0000555-1,information,"The leukodystrophies are rare diseases that affect the cells of the brain. Specifically, the diseases affect the myelin sheath, the material that surrounds and protects nerve cells. Damage to this sheath slows down or blocks messages between the brain and the rest of the body. This leads to problems with - Movement - Speaking - Vision - Hearing - Mental and physical development Most of the leukodystrophies are genetic. They usually appear during infancy or childhood. They can be hard to detect early because children seem healthy at first. However, symptoms gradually get worse over time. There are no cures for any of the leukodystrophies. Medicines, speech therapy and physical therapy might help with symptoms. Researchers are testing bone marrow transplantation as a treatment for some of the leukodystrophies. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Leukodystrophies,0000555,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/leukodystrophies.html,C0023520,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Lewy Body Disease ?,0000556-1,information,"Lewy body disease is one of the most common causes of dementia in the elderly. Dementia is the loss of mental functions severe enough to affect normal activities and relationships. Lewy body disease happens when abnormal structures, called Lewy bodies, build up in areas of the brain. The disease may cause a wide range of symptoms, including - Changes in alertness and attention - Hallucinations - Problems with movement and posture - Muscle stiffness - Confusion - Loss of memory Lewy body disease can be hard to diagnose, because Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease cause similar symptoms. Scientists think that Lewy body disease might be related to these diseases, or that they sometimes happen together. Lewy body disease usually begins between the ages of 50 and 85. The disease gets worse over time. There is no cure. Treatment focuses on drugs to help symptoms. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Lewy Body Disease,0000556,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lewybodydisease.html,C0752347,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Lice,0000557-1,information,"Summary : Lice are parasitic insects that can be found on people's heads and bodies. They survive by feeding on human blood. Lice found on each area of the body are different from each other. The three types of lice that live on humans are head lice, body lice (also called clothes lice), and pubic lice (""crabs""). Symptoms of lice may include - Intense itching - Rash - Visible nits (lice eggs) or crawling lice Lice spread most commonly by close person-to-person contact. Dogs, cats, and other pets do not spread human lice. Lice move by crawling. They cannot hop or fly. If you get lice, both over-the-counter and prescription medicines are available for treatment. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Lice,0000557,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lice.html,,, +Do you have information about Limb Loss,0000558-1,information,"Summary : People can lose all or part of an arm or leg for a number of reasons. Common ones include - Problems with blood circulation. These may be the result of atherosclerosis or diabetes. Severe cases may result in amputation. - Injuries, including from traffic accidents and military combat - Cancer - Birth defects Some amputees have phantom pain, which is the feeling of pain in the missing limb. Other physical problems include surgical complications and skin problems, if you wear an artificial limb. Many amputees use an artificial limb. Learning how to use it takes time. Physical therapy can help you adapt. Recovery from the loss of a limb can be hard. Sadness, anger, and frustration are common. If you are having a tough time, talk to your doctor. Treatment with medicine or counseling can help.",Limb Loss,0000558,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/limbloss.html,,, +What is (are) Listeria Infections ?,0000559-1,information,"Listeriosis is a foodborne illness caused by Listeria monocytogenes, bacteria found in soil and water. It can be in a variety of raw foods as well as in processed foods and foods made from unpasteurized milk. Listeria is unlike many other germs because it can grow even in the cold temperature of the refrigerator. Symptoms include fever and chills, headache, upset stomach and vomiting. Treatment is with antibiotics. Anyone can get the illness. But it is most likely to affect pregnant women and unborn babies, older adults, and people with weak immune systems. To reduce your risk - Use precooked and ready-to-eat foods as soon as you can - Avoid raw milk and raw milk products - Heat ready-to-eat foods and leftovers until they are steaming hot - Wash fresh fruits and vegetables - Avoid rare meat and refrigerated smoked seafood Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Listeria Infections,0000559,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/listeriainfections.html,C0023860,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Liver Cancer ?,0000560-1,information,"Your liver is the largest organ inside your body. It helps your body digest food, store energy, and remove poisons. Primary liver cancer starts in the liver. Metastatic liver cancer starts somewhere else and spreads to your liver. Risk factors for primary liver cancer include - Having hepatitis B or C - Heavy alcohol use - Having cirrhosis, or scarring of the liver - Having hemochromatosis, an iron storage disease - Obesity and diabetes Symptoms can include a lump or pain on the right side of your abdomen and yellowing of the skin. However, you may not have symptoms until the cancer is advanced. This makes it harder to treat. Doctors use tests that examine the liver and the blood to diagnose liver cancer. Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or liver transplantation. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Liver Cancer,0000560,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/livercancer.html,C0345904,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Liver Diseases ?,0000561-1,information,"Your liver is the largest organ inside your body. It helps your body digest food, store energy, and remove poisons. There are many kinds of liver diseases. Viruses cause some of them, like hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. Others can be the result of drugs, poisons or drinking too much alcohol. If the liver forms scar tissue because of an illness, it's called cirrhosis. Jaundice, or yellowing of the skin, can be one sign of liver disease. Cancer can affect the liver. You could also inherit a liver disease such as hemochromatosis. Tests such as imaging tests and liver function tests can check for liver damage and help to diagnose liver diseases.",Liver Diseases,0000561,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/liverdiseases.html,C0023895,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Liver Function Tests,0000562-1,information,"Summary : Your liver helps your body digest food, store energy, and remove poisons. Liver function tests are blood tests that check to see how well your liver is working. They check for liver damage, and can help diagnose liver diseases such as hepatitis and cirrhosis. You may have liver function tests as part of a regular checkup. Or you may have them if you have symptoms of liver disease. Doctors also use the tests to monitor some liver diseases, treatments, and possible side effects of medicines. Liver function tests measure certain proteins, enzymes, and substances, including: - Albumin, a protein that the liver makes - Total protein (TP) - Enzymes that are found in the liver, including alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) - Bilirubin, a yellow substance that is part of bile. It is formed when your red blood cells break down. Too much bilirubin in the blood can cause jaundice. There is also a urine test for bilirubin. - Prothrombin time, which measures how long it takes for your blood to clot. Prothrombin is made by the liver.",Liver Function Tests,0000562,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/liverfunctiontests.html,,, +Do you have information about Liver Transplantation,0000563-1,information,"Summary : Your liver is the largest organ inside your body. It helps your body digest food, store energy, and remove poisons. You cannot live without a liver that works. If your liver fails, your doctor may put you on a waiting list for a liver transplant. Doctors do liver transplants when other treatment cannot keep a damaged liver working. During a liver transplantation, the surgeon removes the diseased liver and replaces it with a healthy one. Most transplant livers come from a donor who has died. Sometimes there is a living donor. This is when a healthy person donates part of his or her liver for a specific patient. The most common reason for a transplant in adults is cirrhosis. This is scarring of the liver, caused by injury or long-term disease. The most common reason in children is biliary atresia, a disease of the bile ducts. If you have a transplant, you must take drugs the rest of your life to help keep your body from rejecting the new liver. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Liver Transplantation,0000563,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/livertransplantation.html,,, +What is (are) Living with HIV/AIDS ?,0000564-1,information,"Infection with HIV is serious. But the outlook for people with HIV/AIDS is improving. If you are infected with HIV, there are many things you can do to help ensure you have a longer, healthier life. One important thing is to take your medicines. Make sure you have a health care provider who knows how to treat HIV. You may want to join a support group. Learn as much as you can about your disease and its treatment. And eat healthy foods and exercise regularly - things that everyone should try to do.",Living with HIV/AIDS,0000564,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/livingwithhivaids.html,C0497169,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Low Blood Pressure ?,0000565-1,information,"You've probably heard that high blood pressure is a problem. Sometimes blood pressure that is too low can also cause problems. Blood pressure is the force of your blood pushing against the walls of your arteries. Each time your heart beats, it pumps out blood into the arteries. Your blood pressure is highest when your heart beats, pumping the blood. This is called systolic pressure. When your heart is at rest, between beats, your blood pressure falls. This is the diastolic pressure. Your blood pressure reading uses these two numbers. Usually they're written one above or before the other, such as 120/80. If your blood pressure reading is 90/60 or lower, you have low blood pressure. Some people have low blood pressure all the time. They have no symptoms and their low readings are normal for them. In other people, blood pressure drops below normal because of a medical condition or certain medicines. Some people may have symptoms of low blood pressure when standing up too quickly. Low blood pressure is a problem only if it causes dizziness, fainting or in extreme cases, shock. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Low Blood Pressure,0000565,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lowbloodpressure.html,C0020649,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Lung Cancer ?,0000566-1,information,"Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. It is a leading cause of cancer death in men and women in the United States. Cigarette smoking causes most lung cancers. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk of lung cancer. High levels of pollution, radiation and asbestos exposure may also increase risk. Common symptoms of lung cancer include - A cough that doesn't go away and gets worse over time - Constant chest pain - Coughing up blood - Shortness of breath, wheezing, or hoarseness - Repeated problems with pneumonia or bronchitis - Swelling of the neck and face - Loss of appetite or weight loss - Fatigue Doctors diagnose lung cancer using a physical exam, imaging, and lab tests. Treatment depends on the type, stage, and how advanced it is. Treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy. Targeted therapy uses substances that attack cancer cells without harming normal cells. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Lung Cancer,0000566,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lungcancer.html,C0242379,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Lung Diseases ?,0000567-1,information,"When you breathe, your lungs take in oxygen from the air and deliver it to the bloodstream. The cells in your body need oxygen to work and grow. During a normal day, you breathe nearly 25,000 times. People with lung disease have difficulty breathing. Millions of people in the U.S. have lung disease. If all types of lung disease are lumped together, it is the number three killer in the United States. The term lung disease refers to many disorders affecting the lungs, such as asthma, COPD, infections like influenza, pneumonia and tuberculosis, lung cancer, and many other breathing problems. Some lung diseases can lead to respiratory failure. Dept. of Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health",Lung Diseases,0000567,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lungdiseases.html,C0024115,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Lung Transplantation,0000568-1,information,"Summary : A lung transplant removes a person's diseased lung and replaces it with a healthy one. The healthy lung comes from a donor who has died. Some people get one lung during a transplant. Other people get two. Lung transplants are used for people who are likely to die from lung disease within 1 to 2 years. Their conditions are so severe that other treatments, such as medicines or breathing devices, no longer work. Lung transplants most often are used to treat people who have severe - COPD - Cystic fibrosis - Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis - Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency - Pulmonary hypertension Complications of lung transplantation include rejection of the transplanted lung and infection. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Lung Transplantation,0000568,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lungtransplantation.html,,, +What is (are) Lupus ?,0000569-1,information,"If you have lupus, your immune system attacks healthy cells and tissues by mistake. This can damage your joints, skin, blood vessels and organs. There are many kinds of lupus. The most common type, systemic lupus erythematosus, affects many parts of the body. Discoid lupus causes a rash that doesn't go away. Subacute cutaneous lupus causes sores after being out in the sun. Another type can be caused by medication. Neonatal lupus, which is rare, affects newborns. Anyone can get lupus, but women are most at risk. Lupus is also more common in African American, Hispanic, Asian and Native American women. The cause of lupus is not known. Lupus has many symptoms. Some common ones are - Joint pain or swelling - Muscle pain - Fever with no known cause - Fatigue - Red rashes, often on the face (also called the ""butterfly rash"") There is no one test to diagnose lupus, and it may take months or years to make the diagnosis. There is no cure for lupus, but medicines and lifestyle changes can help control it. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Lupus,0000569,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lupus.html,C0024131,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Lyme Disease ?,0000570-1,information,"Lyme disease is a bacterial infection you get from the bite of an infected tick. The first symptom is usually a rash, which may look like a bull's eye. As the infection spreads, you may have - A fever - A headache - Muscle and joint aches - A stiff neck - Fatigue Lyme disease can be hard to diagnose because you may not have noticed a tick bite. Also, many of its symptoms are like those of the flu and other diseases. In the early stages, your health care provider will look at your symptoms and medical history, to figure out whether you have Lyme disease. Lab tests may help at this stage, but may not always give a clear answer. In the later stages of the disease, a different lab test can confirm whether you have it. Antibiotics can cure most cases of Lyme disease. The sooner treatment begins, the quicker and more complete the recovery. After treatment, some patients may still have muscle or joint aches and nervous system symptoms. This is called post-Lyme disease syndrome (PLDS). Long-term antibiotics have not been shown to help with PLDS. However, there are ways to help with the symptoms of PLDS, and most patients do get better with time. NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",Lyme Disease,0000570,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lymedisease.html,C0024198,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Lymphatic Diseases ?,0000571-1,information,"The lymphatic system is a network of tissues and organs. It is made up of - Lymph - a fluid that contains white blood cells that defend against germs - Lymph vessels - vessels that carry lymph throughout your body. They are different from blood vessels. - Lymph nodes - glands found throughout the lymph vessels. Along with your spleen, these nodes are where white blood cells fight infection. Your bone marrow and thymus produce the cells in lymph. They are part of the system, too. The lymphatic system clears away infection and keeps your body fluids in balance. If it's not working properly, fluid builds in your tissues and causes swelling, called lymphedema. Other lymphatic system problems can include infections, blockage, and cancer.",Lymphatic Diseases,0000571,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lymphaticdiseases.html,C0024228,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Lymphedema ?,0000572-1,information,"Lymphedema is the name of a type of swelling. It happens when lymph builds up in your body's soft tissues. Lymph is a fluid that contains white blood cells that defend against germs. It can build up when the lymph system is damaged or blocked. It usually happens in the arms or legs. Causes of lymphedema include - Infection - Cancer - Scar tissue from radiation therapy or surgical removal of lymph nodes - Inherited conditions in which lymph nodes or vessels are absent or abnormal Treatment can help control symptoms. It includes exercise, compression devices, skin care, and massage. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Lymphedema,0000572,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lymphedema.html,C0024236,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Lymphoma ?,0000573-1,information,"Lymphoma is a cancer of a part of the immune system called the lymph system. There are many types of lymphoma. One type is Hodgkin disease. The rest are called non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Non-Hodgkin lymphomas begin when a type of white blood cell, called a T cell or B cell, becomes abnormal. The cell divides again and again, making more and more abnormal cells. These abnormal cells can spread to almost any other part of the body. Most of the time, doctors don't know why a person gets non-Hodgkin lymphoma. You are at increased risk if you have a weakened immune system or have certain types of infections. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma can cause many symptoms, such as - Swollen, painless lymph nodes in the neck, armpits or groin - Unexplained weight loss - Fever - Soaking night sweats - Coughing, trouble breathing or chest pain - Weakness and tiredness that don't go away - Pain, swelling or a feeling of fullness in the abdomen Your doctor will diagnose lymphoma with a physical exam, blood tests, a chest x-ray, and a biopsy. Treatments include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, biological therapy, or therapy to remove proteins from the blood. Targeted therapy uses substances that attack cancer cells without harming normal cells. Biologic therapy boosts your body's own ability to fight cancer. If you don't have symptoms, you may not need treatment right away. This is called watchful waiting. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Lymphoma,0000573,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lymphoma.html,C0024299,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Macular Degeneration ?,0000574-1,information,"Macular degeneration, or age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is a leading cause of vision loss in Americans 60 and older. It is a disease that destroys your sharp, central vision. You need central vision to see objects clearly and to do tasks such as reading and driving. AMD affects the macula, the part of the eye that allows you to see fine detail. It does not hurt, but it causes cells in the macula to die. There are two types: wet and dry. Wet AMD happens when abnormal blood vessels grow under the macula. These new blood vessels often leak blood and fluid. Wet AMD damages the macula quickly. Blurred vision is a common early symptom. Dry AMD happens when the light-sensitive cells in the macula slowly break down. Your gradually lose your central vision. A common early symptom is that straight lines appear crooked. Regular comprehensive eye exams can detect macular degeneration before the disease causes vision loss. Treatment can slow vision loss. It does not restore vision. NIH: National Eye Institute",Macular Degeneration,0000574,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/maculardegeneration.html,C0024437,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Malabsorption Syndromes ?,0000575-1,information,"Your small intestine does most of the digesting of the foods you eat. If you have a malabsorption syndrome, your small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from foods. Causes of malabsorption syndromes include - Celiac disease - Lactose intolerance - Short bowel syndrome. This happens after surgery to remove half or more of the small intestine. You might need the surgery if you have a problem with the small intestine from a disease, injury, or birth defect. - Whipple disease, a rare bacterial infection - Genetic diseases - Certain medicines Symptoms of different malabsorption syndromes can vary. They often include chronic diarrhea, abnormal stools, weight loss, and gas. Your doctor may use lab, imaging, or other tests to make a diagnosis. Treatment of malabsorption syndromes depends on the cause.",Malabsorption Syndromes,0000575,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/malabsorptionsyndromes.html,C0024523,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Malaria ?,0000576-1,information,"Malaria is a serious disease caused by a parasite. You get it when an infected mosquito bites you. Malaria is a major cause of death worldwide, but it is almost wiped out in the United States. The disease is mostly a problem in developing countries with warm climates. If you travel to these countries, you are at risk. There are four different types of malaria caused by four related parasites. The most deadly type occurs in Africa south of the Sahara Desert. Malaria symptoms include chills, flu-like symptoms, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and jaundice. A blood test can diagnose it. It can be life-threatening. However, you can treat malaria with drugs. The type of drug depends on which kind of malaria you have and where you were infected. Malaria can be prevented. When traveling to areas where malaria is found - See your doctor for medicines that protect you - Wear insect repellent with DEET - Cover up - Sleep under mosquito netting Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Malaria,0000576,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/malaria.html,C0024530,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Male Breast Cancer ?,0000577-1,information,"Although breast cancer is much more common in women, men can get it too. It happens most often to men between the ages of 60 and 70. Breast lumps usually aren't cancer. However, most men with breast cancer have lumps. Other breast symptoms can include - Dimpled or puckered skin - A red, scaly nipple or skin - Fluid discharge Risk factors for male breast cancer include exposure to radiation, a family history of breast cancer, and having high estrogen levels, which can happen with diseases like cirrhosis or Klinefelter's syndrome. Treatment for male breast cancer is usually a mastectomy, which is surgery to remove the breast. Other treatments include radiation, chemotherapy and/or hormone therapy. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Male Breast Cancer,0000577,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/malebreastcancer.html,C0242787,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Male Infertility ?,0000578-1,information,"Infertility is a term doctors use if a man hasn't been able to get a woman pregnant after at least one year of trying. Causes of male infertility include - Physical problems with the testicles - Blockages in the ducts that carry sperm - Hormone problems - A history of high fevers or mumps - Genetic disorders - Lifestyle or environmental factors About a third of the time, infertility is because of a problem with the man. One third of the time, it is a problem with the woman. Sometimes no cause can be found. If you suspect you are infertile, see your doctor. There are tests that may tell if you have fertility problems. When it is possible to find the cause, treatments may include medicines, surgery, or assisted reproductive technology. Happily, many couples treated for infertility are able to have babies. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development",Male Infertility,0000578,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/maleinfertility.html,C2048468,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Malnutrition ?,0000579-1,information,"Food provides the energy and nutrients you need to be healthy. If you don't get enough nutrients -- including proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals - you may suffer from malnutrition. Causes of malnutrition include: - Lack of specific nutrients in your diet. Even the lack of one vitamin can lead to malnutrition. - An unbalanced diet - Certain medical problems, such as malabsorption syndromes and cancers Symptoms may include fatigue, dizziness, and weight loss. Or, you may have no symptoms. To diagnose the cause of the problem, your doctor may do blood tests and a nutritional assessment. Treatment may include replacing the missing nutrients and treating the underlying cause.",Malnutrition,0000579,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/malnutrition.html,C0162429,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Mammography,0000580-1,information,"Summary : A mammogram is an x-ray picture of the breast. It can be used to check for breast cancer in women who have no signs or symptoms of the disease. It can also be used if you have a lump or other sign of breast cancer. Screening mammography is the type of mammogram that checks you when you have no symptoms. It can help reduce the number of deaths from breast cancer among women ages 40 to 70. But it can also have drawbacks. Mammograms can sometimes find something that looks abnormal but isn't cancer. This leads to further testing and can cause you anxiety. Sometimes mammograms can miss cancer when it is there. It also exposes you to radiation. You should talk to your doctor about the benefits and drawbacks of mammograms. Together, you can decide when to start and how often to have a mammogram. Mammograms are also recommended for younger women who have symptoms of breast cancer or who have a high risk of the disease. When you have a mammogram, you stand in front of an x-ray machine. The person who takes the x-rays places your breast between two plastic plates. The plates press your breast and make it flat. This may be uncomfortable, but it helps get a clear picture. You should get a written report of your mammogram results within 30 days. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Mammography,0000580,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mammography.html,,, +What is (are) Managed Care ?,0000581-1,information,"Managed care plans are a type of health insurance. They have contracts with health care providers and medical facilities to provide care for members at reduced costs. These providers make up the plan's network. How much of your care the plan will pay for depends on the network's rules. Plans that restrict your choices usually cost you less. If you want a flexible plan, it will probably cost more. There are three types of managed care plans: - Health Maintenance Organizations (HMO) usually only pay for care within the network. You choose a primary care doctor who coordinates most of your care. - Preferred Provider Organizations (PPO) usually pay more if you get care within the network. They still pay part of the cost if you go outside the network. - Point of Service (POS) plans let you choose between an HMO or a PPO each time you need care.",Managed Care,0000581,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/managedcare.html,C0580931,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Marfan Syndrome ?,0000582-1,information,"Marfan syndrome is a disorder that affects connective tissue. Connective tissues are proteins that support skin, bones, blood vessels, and other organs. One of these proteins is fibrillin. A problem with the fibrillin gene causes Marfan syndrome. Marfan syndrome can be mild to severe, and the symptoms can vary. People with Marfan syndrome are often very tall, thin, and loose jointed. Most people with Marfan syndrome have heart and blood vessel problems, such as a weakness in the aorta or heart valves that leak. They may also have problems with their bones, eyes, skin, nervous system, and lungs. There is no single test to diagnose Marfan syndrome. Your doctor may use your medical history, family history, and a physical exam to diagnose it. Marfan syndrome has no cure, but treatments can help delay or prevent complications. Treatments include medicines, surgery, and other therapies. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Marfan Syndrome,0000582,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/marfansyndrome.html,C0024796,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Marijuana,0000583-1,information,"Summary : Marijuana is a green, brown, or gray mix of dried, crumbled parts from the marijuana plant. It can be rolled up and smoked like a cigarette or cigar or smoked in a pipe. Sometimes people mix it in food or inhale it using a vaporizer. Marijuana can cause problems with memory, learning, and behavior. Smoking it can cause some of the same coughing and breathing problems as smoking cigarettes. Some people get addicted to marijuana after using it for a while. It is more likely to happen if they use marijuana every day, or started using it when they were teenagers. Some states have approved ""medical marijuana"" to ease symptoms of various health problems. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved the marijuana plant as a medicine. However, there have been scientific studies of cannabinoids, the chemicals in marijuana. This has led to two FDA-approved medicines. They contain THC, the active ingredient in marijuana. They treat nausea caused by chemotherapy and increase appetite in patients who have severe weight loss from HIV/AIDS. Scientists are doing more research with marijuana and its ingredients to treat many diseases and conditions. NIH: National Institute on Drug Abuse",Marijuana,0000583,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/marijuana.html,,, +Do you have information about Mastectomy,0000584-1,information,"Summary : A mastectomy is surgery to remove a breast or part of a breast. It is usually done to treat breast cancer. Types of breast surgery include - Total (simple) mastectomy - removal of breast tissue and nipple - Modified radical mastectomy - removal of the breast, most of the lymph nodes under the arm, and often the lining over the chest muscles - Lumpectomy - surgery to remove the tumor and a small amount of normal tissue around it Which surgery you have depends on the stage of cancer, size of the tumor, size of the breast, and whether the lymph nodes are involved. Many women have breast reconstruction to rebuild the breast after a mastectomy. Sometimes mastectomy is done to prevent breast cancer. Only high-risk patients have this type of surgery. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Mastectomy,0000584,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mastectomy.html,,, +What is (are) Measles ?,0000585-1,information,"Measles is an infectious disease caused by a virus. It spreads easily from person to person. It causes a blotchy red rash. The rash often starts on the head and moves down the body. Other symptoms include - Fever - Cough - Runny nose - Conjunctivitis (pink eye) - Feeling achy and run down - Tiny white spots inside the mouth Sometimes measles can lead to serious problems. There is no treatment for measles, but the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine can prevent it. ""German measles"", also known as rubella, is a completely different illness. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Measles,0000585,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/measles.html,C0025007,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Medicaid,0000586-1,information,"Summary : Medicaid is government health insurance that helps many low-income people in the United States to pay their medical bills. The Federal government sets up general guidelines for the program, but each state has its own rules. Your state might require you to pay a part of the cost for some medical services. You have to meet certain requirements to get Medicaid help. These might involve - Your age - Whether you are pregnant, disabled, or blind - Your income and resources - Whether or not you are a U.S. citizen or, if not, what your immigration status is Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services",Medicaid,0000586,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/medicaid.html,,, +Do you have information about Medical Device Safety,0000587-1,information,"Summary : A medical device is any product used to diagnose, cure, or treat a condition, or to prevent disease. They range from small and simple, like a blood glucose meter, to large and complicated, like a ventilator. You might use one at home or at work, or you may need one in a hospital. To use medical devices safely - Know how your device works. Keep instructions close by - Understand and properly respond to device alarms - Have a back-up plan and supplies in the event of an emergency - Keep emergency numbers available and update them as needed - Educate your family and caregivers about your device Food and Drug Administration",Medical Device Safety,0000587,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/medicaldevicesafety.html,,, +Do you have information about Medical Ethics,0000588-1,information,"Summary : The field of ethics studies principles of right and wrong. There is hardly an area in medicine that doesn't have an ethical aspect. For example, there are ethical issues relating to - End of life care: Should a patient receive nutrition? What about advance directives and resuscitation orders? - Abortion: When does life begin? Is it ethical to terminate a pregnancy with a birth defect? - Genetic and prenatal testing: What happens if you are a carrier of a defect? What if testing shows that your unborn baby has a defect? - Birth control: Should it be available to minors? - Is it ethical to harvest embryonic stem cells to treat diseases? - Organ donation: Must a relative donate an organ to a sick relative? - Your personal health information: who has access to your records? - Patient rights: Do you have the right to refuse treatment? - When you talk with your doctor, is it ethical for her to withhold information from you or your family?",Medical Ethics,0000588,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/medicalethics.html,,, +Do you have information about Medicare,0000589-1,information,"Summary : Medicare is the U.S. government's health insurance program for people age 65 or older. Some people under age 65 can qualify for Medicare, too. They include those with disabilities, permanent kidney failure, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Medicare helps with the cost of health care. It does not cover all medical expenses or the cost of most long-term care. The program has four parts: - Part A is hospital insurance - Part B helps pay for medical services that Part A doesn't cover - Part C is called Medicare Advantage. If you have Parts A and B, you can choose this option to receive all of your health care through a provider organization, like an HMO. - Part D is prescription drug coverage. It helps pay for some medicines.",Medicare,0000589,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/medicare.html,,, +Do you have information about Medicare Prescription Drug Coverage,0000590-1,information,"Summary : Part D is the name of Medicare's prescription drug coverage. It's insurance that helps people pay for prescription drugs. It is available to everyone who has Medicare. It provides protection if you pay high drug costs or have unexpected prescription drug bills. It doesn't cover all costs. You have to pay part of the cost of prescription drugs. Most people also have to pay an additional monthly cost. Private companies provide Medicare prescription drug coverage. You choose the drug plan you like best. Whether or not you should sign up depends on how good your current coverage is. You need to sign up as soon as you are eligible for Medicare. Otherwise, there may be additional charges. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services",Medicare Prescription Drug Coverage,0000590,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/medicareprescriptiondrugcoverage.html,,, +Do you have information about Medication Errors,0000591-1,information,"Summary : Medicines cure infectious diseases, prevent problems from chronic diseases, and ease pain. But medicines can also cause harmful reactions if not used correctly. Errors can happen in the hospital, at the doctor's office, at the pharmacy, or at home. You can help prevent errors by - Knowing your medicines. Keep a list of the names of your medicines, how much you take, and when you take them. Include over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and supplements and herbs. Take this list to all your doctor visits. - Reading medicine labels and following the directions. Don't take medications prescribed for someone else. - Taking extra caution when giving medicines to children. - Asking questions. If you don't know the answers to these questions, ask your doctor or pharmacist. - Why am I taking this medicine? - What are the common problems to watch out for? - What should I do if they occur? - When should I stop this medicine? - Can I take this medicine with the other medicines on my list? Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Medication Errors,0000591,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/medicationerrors.html,,, +Do you have information about Medicines,0000592-1,information,"Summary : You may need to take medicines every day, or only once in a while. Either way, you want to make sure that the medicines are safe and will help you get better. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration is in charge of assuring the safety and effectiveness of both prescription and over-the-counter medicines. Even safe drugs can cause unwanted side effects or interactions with food or other medicines you may be taking. They may not be safe during pregnancy. To reduce the risk of reactions and make sure that you get better, it is important for you to take your medicines correctly and be careful when giving medicines to children.",Medicines,0000592,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/medicines.html,,, +Do you have information about Medicines and Children,0000593-1,information,"Summary : When it comes to taking medicines, kids aren't just small adults. For prescription medicines, there is a ""Pediatric"" section of the label. It says whether the medication has been studied for its effects on children. It also tells you what ages have been studied. Aside from drugs for fever or pain, most over-the-counter products haven't actually been studied in children for effectiveness, safety, or dosing. When you give medicine to your child, be sure you're giving the right medicine and the right amount. Read and follow the label directions. Use the correct dosing device. If the label says two teaspoons and you're using a dosing cup with ounces only, don't guess. Get the proper measuring device. Don't substitute another item, such as a kitchen spoon. Talk to your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider before giving two medicines at the same time. That way, you can avoid a possible overdose or an unwanted interaction. Follow age and weight limit recommendations. If the label says don't give to children under a certain age or weight, don't do it. Food and Drug Administration",Medicines and Children,0000593,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/medicinesandchildren.html,,, +What is (are) Melanoma ?,0000594-1,information,"Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. Often the first sign of melanoma is a change in the size, shape, color, or feel of a mole. Most melanomas have a black or black-blue area. Melanoma may also appear as a new mole. It may be black, abnormal, or ""ugly looking."" Thinking of ""ABCDE"" can help you remember what to watch for: - Asymmetry - the shape of one half does not match the other - Border - the edges are ragged, blurred or irregular - Color - the color is uneven and may include shades of black, brown and tan - Diameter - there is a change in size, usually an increase - Evolving - the mole has changed over the past few weeks or months Surgery is the first treatment of all stages of melanoma. Other treatments include chemotherapy and radiation, biologic, and targeted therapies. Biologic therapy boosts your body's own ability to fight cancer. Targeted therapy uses substances that attack cancer cells without harming normal cells. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Melanoma,0000594,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/melanoma.html,C0025202,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Memory ?,0000595-1,information,"Your mind works a lot like a computer. Your brain puts information it judges to be important into ""files."" When you remember something, you pull up a file. Memory doesn't always work perfectly. As people grow older, it may take longer to retrieve those files. Some adults joke about having a ""senior moment."" It's normal to forget things once in awhile. We've all forgotten a name, where we put our keys, or if we locked the front door. Seniors who forget things more often than others their age may have mild cognitive impairment. Forgetting how to use the telephone or find your way home may be signs of a more serious problem. These include Alzheimer's disease or other types of dementia, stroke, depression, head injuries, thyroid problems, or reactions to certain medicines. If you're worried about your forgetfulness, see your doctor. NIH: National Institute on Aging",Memory,0000595,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/memory.html,C0700327,T033,Disorders +Do you have information about Men's Health,0000596-1,information,"Summary : Most men need to pay more attention to their health. Compared to women, men are more likely to - Smoke and drink - Make unhealthy or risky choices - Put off regular checkups and medical care There are also health conditions that only affect men, such as prostate cancer and low testosterone. Many of the major health risks that men face - like colon cancer or heart disease - can be prevented and treated with early diagnosis. Screening tests can find diseases early, when they are easier to treat. It's important to get the screening tests you need.",Men's Health,0000596,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/menshealth.html,,, +What is (are) Meniere's Disease ?,0000597-1,information,"Meniere's disease is a disorder of the inner ear. It can cause severe dizziness, a roaring sound in your ears called tinnitus, hearing loss that comes and goes and the feeling of ear pressure or pain. It usually affects just one ear. It is a common cause of hearing loss. Attacks of dizziness may come on suddenly or after a short period of tinnitus or muffled hearing. Some people have single attacks of dizziness once in a while. Others may have many attacks close together over several days. Some people with Meniere's disease have ""drop attacks"" during which the dizziness is so bad they lose their balance and fall. Scientists don't yet know the cause. They think that it has to do with the fluid levels or the mixing of fluids in the canals of your inner ear. Doctors diagnose it based on a physical exam and your symptoms. A hearing test can check to see how it has affected your hearing. There is no cure. Treatments include medicines to control dizziness, limiting salt in your diet, and taking water pills. A device that fits into the outer ear and delivers air pulses to the middle ear can help. Severe cases may require surgery. NIH: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders",Meniere's Disease,0000597,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/menieresdisease.html,C0025281,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Meningitis ?,0000598-1,information,"Meningitis is inflammation of the thin tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, called the meninges. There are several types of meningitis. The most common is viral meningitis, which you get when a virus enters the body through the nose or mouth and travels to the brain. Bacterial meningitis is rare, but can be deadly. It usually starts with bacteria that cause a cold-like infection. It can block blood vessels in the brain and lead to stroke and brain damage. It can also harm other organs. Pneumococcal infections and meningococcal infections can cause bacterial meningitis. Anyone can get meningitis, but it is more common in people whose bodies have trouble fighting infections. Meningitis can progress rapidly. You should seek medical care quickly if you have - A sudden fever - A severe headache - A stiff neck Early treatment can help prevent serious problems, including death. Vaccines can prevent some of the bacterial infections that cause meningitis. Parents of adolescents and students living in college dorms should talk to a doctor about the vaccination. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Meningitis,0000598,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/meningitis.html,C0025289,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Meningococcal Infections ?,0000599-1,information,"Meningococci are a type of bacteria that cause serious infections. The most common infection is meningitis, which is an inflammation of the thin tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. Meningococci can also cause other problems, including a serious bloodstream infection called sepsis. Meningococcal infections can spread from person to person. Risk factors include - Age - it is more common in infants, teens, and young adults - Living in close quarters, such as in college dorms or military settings - Certain medical conditions, such as not having a spleen - Travel to areas where meningococcal disease is common In its early stages, you may have flu-like symptoms and a stiff neck. But the disease can progress quickly and can be fatal. Early diagnosis and treatment are extremely important. Lab tests on your blood and cerebrospinal fluid can tell if you have it. Treatment is with antibiotics. Since the infection spreads from person to person, family members may also need to be treated. A vaccine can prevent meningococcal infections.",Meningococcal Infections,0000599,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/meningococcalinfections.html,C0025303,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Menopause ?,0000600-1,information,"Menopause is the time in a woman's life when her period stops. It usually occurs naturally, most often after age 45. Menopause happens because the woman's ovaries stop producing the hormones estrogen and progesterone. A woman has reached menopause when she has not had a period for one year. Changes and symptoms can start several years earlier. They include - A change in periods - shorter or longer, lighter or heavier, with more or less time in between - Hot flashes and/or night sweats - Trouble sleeping - Vaginal dryness - Mood swings - Trouble focusing - Less hair on head, more on face Some symptoms require treatment. Talk to your doctor about how to best manage menopause. Make sure the doctor knows your medical history and your family medical history. This includes whether you are at risk for heart disease, osteoporosis, or breast cancer. Dept. of Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health",Menopause,0000600,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/menopause.html,C0567312,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Menstruation ?,0000601-1,information,"Menstruation, or period, is normal vaginal bleeding that occurs as part of a woman's monthly cycle. Every month, your body prepares for pregnancy. If no pregnancy occurs, the uterus, or womb, sheds its lining. The menstrual blood is partly blood and partly tissue from inside the uterus. It passes out of the body through the vagina. Periods usually start between age 11 and 14 and continue until menopause at about age 51. They usually last from three to five days. Besides bleeding from the vagina, you may have - Abdominal or pelvic cramping - Lower back pain - Bloating and sore breasts - Food cravings - Mood swings and irritability - Headache and fatigue Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, is a group of symptoms that start before the period. It can include emotional and physical symptoms. Consult your health care provider if you have big changes in your cycle. They may be signs of other problems that should be treated. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development",Menstruation,0000601,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/menstruation.html,C2129647,T184,Disorders +What is (are) Mental Disorders ?,0000602-1,information,"Mental disorders include a wide range of problems, including - Anxiety disorders, including panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and phobias - Bipolar disorder - Depression - Mood disorders - Personality disorders - Psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia There are many causes of mental disorders. Your genes and family history may play a role. Your life experiences, such as stress or a history of abuse, may also matter. Biological factors can also be part of the cause. A traumatic brain injury can lead to a mental disorder. A mother's exposure to viruses or toxic chemicals while pregnant may play a part. Other factors may increase your risk, such as use of illegal drugs or having a serious medical condition like cancer. Medications and counseling can help many mental disorders.",Mental Disorders,0000602,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mentaldisorders.html,C0004936,T048,Disorders +Do you have information about Mental Health,0000603-1,information,"Summary : Mental health includes our emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It affects how we think, feel and act as we cope with life. It also helps determine how we handle stress, relate to others, and make choices. Mental health is important at every stage of life, from childhood and adolescence through adulthood. Mental illnesses are serious disorders which can affect your thinking, mood, and behavior. There are many causes of mental disorders. Your genes and family history may play a role. Your life experiences, such as stress or a history of abuse, may also matter. Biological factors can also be part of the cause. Mental disorders are common, but treatments are available.",Mental Health,0000603,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mentalhealth.html,,, +Do you have information about Mercury,0000604-1,information,"Summary : Mercury is an element that is found in air, water and soil. It has several forms. Metallic mercury is a shiny, silver-white, odorless liquid. If heated, it is a colorless, odorless gas. It also combines with other elements to form powders or crystals. Mercury is in many products. Metallic mercury is used in glass thermometers, silver dental fillings, and button batteries. Mercury salts may be used in skin creams and ointments. It's also used in many industries. Mercury in the air settles into water. It can pass through the food chain and build up in fish, shellfish, and animals that eat fish. The nervous system is sensitive to all forms of mercury. Exposure to high levels can damage the brain and kidneys. Pregnant women can pass the mercury in their bodies to their babies. It is important to protect your family from mercury exposure: - Carefully handle and dispose of products that contain mercury - Limit your consumption of fish with higher levels of mercury Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry",Mercury,0000604,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mercury.html,,, +What is (are) Mesothelioma ?,0000605-1,information,"The tissue that lines your lungs, stomach, heart, and other organs is called mesothelium. Mesothelioma is a tumor of that tissue. It usually starts in the lungs, but can also start in the abdomen or other organs. It can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer.) Malignant mesothelioma is a rare but serious type of cancer. Most people who get it have worked on jobs where they inhaled asbestos particles. After being exposed to asbestos, it usually takes a long time for the disease to form. Symptoms include - Trouble breathing - Pain under the rib cage - Pain, swelling, or lumps in the abdomen - Weight loss for no known reason Sometimes it is hard to tell the difference between malignant mesothelioma and lung cancer. Your doctor uses imaging tests and a biopsy to make the diagnosis. Malignant mesothelioma is often found when it is advanced. This makes it harder to treat. Treatment may include surgery, radiation, and/or chemotherapy. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Mesothelioma,0000605,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mesothelioma.html,C0025500,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Metabolic Disorders ?,0000606-1,information,"Metabolism is the process your body uses to get or make energy from the food you eat. Food is made up of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Chemicals in your digestive system break the food parts down into sugars and acids, your body's fuel. Your body can use this fuel right away, or it can store the energy in your body tissues, such as your liver, muscles, and body fat. A metabolic disorder occurs when abnormal chemical reactions in your body disrupt this process. When this happens, you might have too much of some substances or too little of other ones that you need to stay healthy. You can develop a metabolic disorder when some organs, such as your liver or pancreas, become diseased or do not function normally. Diabetes is an example.",Metabolic Disorders,0000606,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/metabolicdisorders.html,C0025517,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Metabolic Panel,0000607-1,information,"Summary : A metabolic panel is a group of tests that measures different chemicals in the blood. These tests are usually done on the fluid (plasma) part of blood. The tests provide information about your body's chemical balance and metabolism. They can give doctors information about your muscles (including the heart), bones, and organs, such as the kidneys and liver. There are two types: basic metabolic panel (BMP) and comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP). The BMP checks your blood sugar, calcium, and electrolytes. The BMP also has tests such as creatinine to check your kidney function. The CMP includes all of those tests, as well as tests of your cholesterol, protein levels, and liver function. You probably need to fast (not eat any food) before the test. Your doctor will tell you how to prepare for the test you are having.",Metabolic Panel,0000607,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/metabolicpanel.html,,, +What is (are) Metabolic Syndrome ?,0000608-1,information,"Metabolic syndrome is a group of conditions that put you at risk for heart disease and diabetes. These conditions are - High blood pressure - High blood glucose, or blood sugar, levels - High levels of triglycerides, a type of fat, in your blood - Low levels of HDL, the good cholesterol, in your blood - Too much fat around your waist Not all doctors agree on the definition or cause of metabolic syndrome. The cause might be insulin resistance. Insulin is a hormone your body produces to help you turn sugar from food into energy for your body. If you are insulin resistant, too much sugar builds up in your blood, setting the stage for disease. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Metabolic Syndrome,0000608,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/metabolicsyndrome.html,C0524620,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Methamphetamine,0000609-1,information,"Summary : Methamphetamine - meth for short - is a very addictive stimulant drug. It is a powder that can be made into a pill or a shiny rock (called a crystal). The powder can be eaten or snorted up the nose. It can also be mixed with liquid and injected into your body with a needle. Crystal meth is smoked in a small glass pipe. Meth at first causes a rush of good feelings, but then users feel edgy, overly excited, angry, or afraid. Meth use can quickly lead to addiction. It causes medical problems including - Making your body temperature so high that you pass out - Severe itching - ""Meth mouth"" - broken teeth and dry mouth - Thinking and emotional problems NIH: National Institute on Drug Abuse",Methamphetamine,0000609,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/methamphetamine.html,,, +What is (are) Migraine ?,0000610-1,information,"If you suffer from migraine headaches, you're not alone. About 12 percent of the U.S. population gets them. Migraines are recurring attacks of moderate to severe pain. The pain is throbbing or pulsing, and is often on one side of the head. During migraines, people are very sensitive to light and sound. They may also become nauseated and vomit. Migraine is three times more common in women than in men. Some people can tell when they are about to have a migraine because they see flashing lights or zigzag lines or they temporarily lose their vision. Many things can trigger a migraine. These include - Anxiety - Stress - Lack of food or sleep - Exposure to light - Hormonal changes (in women) Doctors used to believe migraines were linked to the opening and narrowing of blood vessels in the head. Now they believe the cause is related to genes that control the activity of some brain cells. Medicines can help prevent migraine attacks or help relieve symptoms of attacks when they happen. For many people, treatments to relieve stress can also help. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Migraine,0000610,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/migraine.html,C0149931,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Mild Cognitive Impairment ?,0000611-1,information,"Some forgetfulness can be a normal part of aging. However, some people have more memory problems than other people their age. This condition is called mild cognitive impairment, or MCI. People with MCI can take care of themselves and do their normal activities. MCI memory problems may include - Losing things often - Forgetting to go to events and appointments - Having more trouble coming up with words than other people of the same age Memory problems can also have other causes, including certain medicines and diseases that affect the blood vessels that supply the brain. Some of the problems brought on by these conditions can be managed or reversed. Your health care provider can do thinking, memory, and language tests to see if you have MCI. You may also need to see a specialist for more tests. Because MCI may be an early sign of Alzheimer's disease, it's really important to see your health care provider every 6 to 12 months. At this time, there is no proven drug treatment for MCI. Your health care provider can check to see if you have any changes in your memory or thinking skills over time. NIH: National Institute on Aging",Mild Cognitive Impairment,0000611,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mildcognitiveimpairment.html,C1270972,T048,Disorders +Do you have information about Minerals,0000612-1,information,"Summary : Minerals are important for your body to stay healthy. Your body uses minerals for many different jobs, including building bones, making hormones and regulating your heartbeat. There are two kinds of minerals: macrominerals and trace minerals. Macrominerals are minerals your body needs in larger amounts. They include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride and sulfur. Your body needs just small amounts of trace minerals. These include iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride and selenium. The best way to get the minerals your body needs is by eating a wide variety of foods. In some cases, your doctor may recommend a mineral supplement.",Minerals,0000612,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/minerals.html,,, +What is (are) Miscarriage ?,0000613-1,information,"A miscarriage is the loss of pregnancy from natural causes before the 20th week of pregnancy. Most miscarriages occur very early in the pregnancy, often before a woman even knows she is pregnant. There are many different causes for a miscarriage. In most cases, there is nothing you can do to prevent a miscarriage. Factors that may contribute to miscarriage include - A genetic problem with the fetus. This is the most common cause in the first trimester. - Problems with the uterus or cervix. These contribute in the second trimester. - Polycystic ovary syndrome Signs of a miscarriage can include vaginal spotting or bleeding, abdominal pain or cramping, and fluid or tissue passing from the vagina. Although vaginal bleeding is a common symptom of miscarriage, many women have spotting early in their pregnancy but do not miscarry. But if you are pregnant and have bleeding or spotting, contact your health care provider immediately. Women who miscarry early in their pregnancy usually do not need any treatment. In some cases, you may need a procedure called a dilatation and curettage (D&C) to remove tissue remaining in the uterus. Counseling may help you cope with your grief. Later, if you do decide to try again, work closely with your health care provider to lower the risks. Many women who have a miscarriage go on to have healthy babies. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development",Miscarriage,0000613,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/miscarriage.html,C0000786,T046,Disorders +What is (are) Mitral Valve Prolapse ?,0000614-1,information,"Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) occurs when one of your heart's valves doesn't work properly. The flaps of the valve are ""floppy"" and don't close tightly. Most people who have the condition are born with it. It also tends to run in families. Most of the time, MVP doesn't cause any problems. Rarely, blood can leak the wrong way through the floppy valve. This can cause - Palpitations (feelings that your heart is skipping a beat, fluttering, or beating too hard or too fast) - Shortness of breath - Cough - Fatigue, dizziness, or anxiety - Migraine headaches - Chest discomfort Most people who have mitral valve prolapse (MVP) don't need treatment because they don't have symptoms and complications. If you need treatment for MVP, medicines can help relieve symptoms or prevent complications. Very few people will need surgery to repair or replace the mitral valve. MVP puts you at risk for infective endocarditis, a kind of heart infection. To prevent it, doctors used to prescribe antibiotics before dental work or certain surgeries. Now, only people at high risk of endocarditis need the antibiotics. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Mitral Valve Prolapse,0000614,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mitralvalveprolapse.html,C0026267,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Mobility Aids ?,0000615-1,information,"Mobility aids help you walk or move from place to place if you are disabled or have an injury. They include - Crutches - Canes - Walkers - Wheelchairs - Motorized scooters You may need a walker or cane if you are at risk of falling. If you need to keep your body weight off your foot, ankle or knee, you may need crutches. You may need a wheelchair or a scooter if an injury or disease has left you unable to walk. Choosing these devices takes time and research. You should be fitted for crutches, canes and walkers. If they fit, these devices give you support, but if they don't fit, they can be uncomfortable and unsafe.",Mobility Aids,0000615,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mobilityaids.html,C0425245,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Molds,0000616-1,information,"Summary : Molds are fungi that can be found both outdoors and indoors. They grow best in warm, damp and humid conditions. If you have damp or wet spots in your house, you will probably get mold. Molds can cause health problems. Inhaling or touching mold or mold spores may cause allergic reactions or asthma attacks in sensitive people. Molds can cause fungal infections. In addition, mold exposure may irritate your eyes, skin, nose, throat, and lungs. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Molds,0000616,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/molds.html,,, +What is (are) Moles ?,0000617-1,information,"Moles are growths on the skin. They happen when pigment cells in the skin, called melanocytes, grow in clusters. Moles are very common. Most people have between 10 and 40 moles. A person may develop new moles from time to time, usually until about age 40. In older people, they tend to fade away. Moles are usually pink, tan or brown. They can be flat or raised. They are usually round or oval and no larger than a pencil eraser. About one out of every ten people has at least one unusual (or atypical) mole that looks different from an ordinary mole. They are called dysplastic nevi. They may be more likely than ordinary moles to develop into melanoma, a type of skin cancer. You should have a health care professional check your moles if they look unusual, grow larger, change in color or outline, or in any other way. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Moles,0000617,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/moles.html,C0027962,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Monkeypox Virus Infections ?,0000618-1,information,"Monkeypox is a rare viral disease. It occurs mostly in central and western Africa. Wild rodents and squirrels carry it, but it is called monkeypox because scientists saw it first in lab monkeys. In 2003, it was reported in prairie dogs and humans in the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Monkeypox Virus Infections,0000618,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/monkeypoxvirusinfections.html,C0042776,T005,Disorders +What is (are) Mood Disorders ?,0000619-1,information,"Most people feel sad or irritable from time to time. They may say they're in a bad mood. A mood disorder is different. It affects a person's everyday emotional state. Nearly one in ten people aged 18 and older have mood disorders. These include depression and bipolar disorder (also called manic depression). Mood disorders can increase a person's risk for heart disease, diabetes, and other diseases. Treatments include medication, psychotherapy, or a combination of both. With treatment, most people with mood disorders can lead productive lives.",Mood Disorders,0000619,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mooddisorders.html,C0525045,T048,Disorders +What is (are) Motion Sickness ?,0000620-1,information,"Motion sickness is a common problem in people traveling by car, train, airplanes and especially boats. Motion sickness can start suddenly, with a queasy feeling and cold sweats. It can then lead to dizziness and nausea and vomiting. Your brain senses movement by getting signals from your inner ears, eyes, muscles and joints. When it gets signals that do not match, you can get motion sickness. For example, down below on a boat, your inner ear senses motion, but your eyes cannot tell you are moving. Where you sit can make a difference. The front seat of a car, forward cars of a train, upper deck on a boat or wing seats in a plane may give you a smoother ride. Looking out into the distance - instead of trying to read or look at something in the vehicle - can also help. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Motion Sickness,0000620,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/motionsickness.html,C0026603,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Motor Vehicle Safety,0000621-1,information,"Summary : Every year thousands of people in the U.S. die from motor vehicle crashes. Trying to prevent these crashes is one part of motor vehicle safety. Here are some things you can do to be safer on the road: - Make sure your vehicle is safe and in working order - Use car seats for children - Wear your seat belt - Don't speed or drive aggressively - Don't drive impaired Safety also involves being aware of others. Share the road with bicycles and motorcycles, and watch for pedestrians.",Motor Vehicle Safety,0000621,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/motorvehiclesafety.html,,, +What is (are) Mouth Disorders ?,0000622-1,information,"Your mouth is one of the most important parts of your body. Any problem that affects your mouth can make it hard to eat, drink or even smile. Some common mouth problems include - Cold sores - painful sores on the lips and around the mouth, caused by a virus - Canker sores - painful sores in the mouth, caused by bacteria or viruses - Thrush - a yeast infection that causes white patches in your mouth - Leukoplakia - white patches of excess cell growth on the cheeks, gums or tongue, common in smokers - Dry mouth - a lack of enough saliva, caused by some medicines and certain diseases - Gum or tooth problems - Bad breath Treatment for mouth disorders varies, depending on the problem. Keeping a clean mouth by brushing and flossing often is important.",Mouth Disorders,0000622,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mouthdisorders.html,C0026636,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Movement Disorders ?,0000623-1,information,"Imagine if parts of your body moved when you didn't want them to. If you have a movement disorder, you experience these kinds of impaired movement. Dyskinesia is abnormal uncontrolled movement and is a common symptom of many movement disorders. Tremors are a type of dyskinesia. Nerve diseases cause many movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease. Other causes include injuries, autoimmune diseases, infections and certain medicines. Many movement disorders are inherited, which means they run in families. Treatment varies by disorder. Medicine can cure some disorders. Others get better when an underlying disease is treated. Often, however, there is no cure. In that case, the goal of treatment is to improve symptoms and relieve pain.",Movement Disorders,0000623,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/movementdisorders.html,C0026650,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about MRI Scans,0000624-1,information,"Summary : Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses a large magnet and radio waves to look at organs and structures inside your body. Health care professionals use MRI scans to diagnose a variety of conditions, from torn ligaments to tumors. MRIs are very useful for examining the brain and spinal cord. During the scan, you lie on a table that slides inside a tunnel-shaped machine. Doing the scan can take a long time, and you must stay still. The scan is painless. The MRI machine makes a lot of noise. The technician may offer you earplugs. Before you get a scan, tell your doctor if you - Are pregnant - Have pieces of metal in your body. You might have metal in your body if you have a shrapnel or bullet injury or if you are a welder. - Have metal or electronic devices in your body, such as a cardiac pacemaker or a metal artificial joint",MRI Scans,0000624,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mriscans.html,,, +Do you have information about MRSA,0000625-1,information,"Summary : MRSA stands for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. It causes a staph infection (pronounced ""staff infection"") that is resistant to several common antibiotics. There are two types of infection. Hospital-associated MRSA happens to people in healthcare settings. Community-associated MRSA happens to people who have close skin-to-skin contact with others, such as athletes involved in football and wrestling. Infection control is key to stopping MRSA in hospitals. To prevent community-associated MRSA - Practice good hygiene - Keep cuts and scrapes clean and covered with a bandage until healed - Avoid contact with other people's wounds or bandages - Avoid sharing personal items, such as towels, washcloths, razors, or clothes - Wash soiled sheets, towels, and clothes in hot water with bleach and dry in a hot dryer If a wound appears to be infected, see a health care provider. Treatments may include draining the infection and antibiotics. NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",MRSA,0000625,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mrsa.html,,, +What is (are) Multiple Myeloma ?,0000626-1,information,"Multiple myeloma is a cancer that begins in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. These cells are part of your immune system, which helps protect the body from germs and other harmful substances. In time, myeloma cells collect in the bone marrow and in the solid parts of bones. No one knows the exact causes of multiple myeloma, but it is more common in older people and African Americans. It can run in families. Common symptoms may include - Bone pain, often in the back or ribs - Broken bones - Weakness or fatigue - Weight loss - Frequent infections and fevers - Feeling very thirsty - Frequent urination Doctors diagnose multiple myeloma using lab tests, imaging tests, and a bone marrow biopsy. Your treatment depends on how advanced the disease is and whether you have symptoms. If you have no symptoms, you may not need treatment right away. If you have symptoms, you may have chemotherapy, stem cell transplantation, radiation, or targeted therapy. Targeted therapy uses substances that attack cancer cells without harming normal cells. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Multiple Myeloma,0000626,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/multiplemyeloma.html,C0026764,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Multiple Sclerosis ?,0000627-1,information,"Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a nervous system disease that affects your brain and spinal cord. It damages the myelin sheath, the material that surrounds and protects your nerve cells. This damage slows down or blocks messages between your brain and your body, leading to the symptoms of MS. They can include - Visual disturbances - Muscle weakness - Trouble with coordination and balance - Sensations such as numbness, prickling, or ""pins and needles"" - Thinking and memory problems No one knows what causes MS. It may be an autoimmune disease, which happens when your immune system attacks healthy cells in your body by mistake. Multiple sclerosis affects women more than men. It often begins between the ages of 20 and 40. Usually, the disease is mild, but some people lose the ability to write, speak, or walk. There is no single test for MS. Doctors use a medical history, physical exam, neurological exam, MRI, and other tests to diagnose it. There is no cure for MS, but medicines may slow it down and help control symptoms. Physical and occupational therapy may also help. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Multiple Sclerosis,0000627,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/multiplesclerosis.html,C0026769,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Mumps ?,0000628-1,information,"Mumps is an illness caused by the mumps virus. It starts with - Fever - Headache - Muscle aches - Tiredness - Loss of appetite After that, the salivary glands under the ears or jaw become swollen and tender. The swelling can be on one or both sides of the face. Symptoms last 7 to 10 days. Serious complications are rare. You can catch mumps by being with another person who has it. There is no treatment for mumps, but the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine can prevent it. Before the routine vaccination program in the United States, mumps was a common illness in infants, children and young adults. Now it is a rare disease in the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Mumps,0000628,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mumps.html,C0026780,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Muscle Cramps ?,0000629-1,information,"Muscle cramps are sudden, involuntary contractions or spasms in one or more of your muscles. They often occur after exercise or at night, lasting a few seconds to several minutes. It is a very common muscle problem. Muscle cramps can be caused by nerves that malfunction. Sometimes this malfunction is due to a health problem, such as a spinal cord injury or a pinched nerve in the neck or back. Other causes are - Straining or overusing a muscle - Dehydration - A lack of minerals in your diet or the depletion of minerals in your body - Not enough blood getting to your muscles Cramps can be very painful. Stretching or gently massaging the muscle can relieve this pain.",Muscle Cramps,0000629,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/musclecramps.html,C0026821,T184,Disorders +What is (are) Muscle Disorders ?,0000630-1,information,"Your muscles help you move and help your body work. Different types of muscles have different jobs. There are many problems that can affect muscles. Muscle disorders can cause weakness, pain or even paralysis. Causes of muscle disorders include - Injury or overuse, such as sprains or strains, cramps or tendinitis - A genetic disorder, such as muscular dystrophy - Some cancers - Inflammation, such as myositis - Diseases of nerves that affect muscles - Infections - Certain medicines Sometimes the cause is not known.",Muscle Disorders,0000630,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/muscledisorders.html,C0026848,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Muscular Dystrophy ?,0000631-1,information,"Muscular dystrophy (MD) is a group of more than 30 inherited diseases. They all cause muscle weakness and muscle loss. Some forms of MD appear in infancy or childhood. Others may not appear until middle age or later. The different types can vary in whom they affect, which muscles they affect, and what the symptoms are. All forms of MD grow worse as the person's muscles get weaker. Most people with MD eventually lose the ability to walk. There is no cure for muscular dystrophy. Treatments can help with the symptoms and prevent complications. They include physical and speech therapy, orthopedic devices, surgery, and medications. Some people with MD have mild cases that worsen slowly. Others cases are disabling and severe. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Muscular Dystrophy,0000631,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/musculardystrophy.html,C0026850,T019,Disorders +What is (are) Myasthenia Gravis ?,0000632-1,information,"Myasthenia gravis is disease that causes weakness in the muscles under your control. It happens because of a problem in communication between your nerves and muscles. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease. Your body's own immune system makes antibodies that block or change some of the nerve signals to your muscles. This makes your muscles weaker. Common symptoms are trouble with eye and eyelid movement, facial expression and swallowing. But it can also affect other muscles. The weakness gets worse with activity, and better with rest. There are medicines to help improve nerve-to-muscle messages and make muscles stronger. With treatment, the muscle weakness often gets much better. Other drugs keep your body from making so many abnormal antibodies. There are also treatments which filter abnormal antibodies from the blood or add healthy antibodies from donated blood. Sometimes surgery to take out the thymus gland helps. For some people, myasthenia gravis can go into remission and they do not need medicines. The remission can be temporary or permanent. If you have myasthenia gravis, it is important to follow your treatment plan. If you do, you can expect your life to be normal or close to it. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Myasthenia Gravis,0000632,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/myastheniagravis.html,C0026896,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Mycobacterial Infections ?,0000633-1,information,"Mycobacteria are a type of germ. There are many different kinds. The most common one causes tuberculosis. Another one causes leprosy. Still others cause infections that are called atypical mycobacterial infections. They aren't ""typical"" because they don't cause tuberculosis. But they can still harm people, especially people with other problems that affect their immunity, such as AIDS. Sometimes you can have these infections with no symptoms at all. At other times, they can cause lung symptoms similar to tuberculosis: - Cough - Weight loss - Coughing up blood or mucus - Weakness or fatigue - Fever and chills - Night sweats - Lack of appetite and weight loss Medicines can treat these infections, but often more than one is needed to cure the infection.",Mycobacterial Infections,0000633,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mycobacterialinfections.html,C0026918,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Myelodysplastic Syndromes ?,0000634-1,information,"Your bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside some of your bones, such as your hip and thigh bones. It contains immature cells, called stem cells. The stem cells can develop into the red blood cells that carry oxygen through your body, the white blood cells that fight infections, and the platelets that help with blood clotting. If you have a myelodysplastic syndrome, the stem cells do not mature into healthy blood cells. Many of them die in the bone marrow. This means that you do not have enough healthy cells, which can lead to infection, anemia, or easy bleeding. Myelodysplastic syndromes often do not cause early symptoms and are sometimes found during a routine blood test. If you have symptoms, they may include - Shortness of breath - Weakness or feeling tired - Skin that is paler than usual - Easy bruising or bleeding - Pinpoint spots under the skin caused by bleeding - Fever or frequent infections Myelodysplastic syndromes are rare. People at higher risk are over 60, have had chemotherapy or radiation therapy, or have been exposed to certain chemicals. Treatment options include transfusions, drug therapy, chemotherapy, and blood or bone marrow stem cell transplants. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Myelodysplastic Syndromes,0000634,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/myelodysplasticsyndromes.html,C0026986,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Myositis ?,0000635-1,information,"Myositis means inflammation of the muscles that you use to move your body. An injury, infection, or autoimmune disease can cause it. Two specific kinds are polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Polymyositis causes muscle weakness, usually in the muscles closest to the trunk of your body. Dermatomyositis causes muscle weakness, plus a skin rash. Other symptoms of myositis may include - Fatigue after walking or standing - Tripping or falling - Trouble swallowing or breathing Doctors may use a physical exam, lab tests, imaging tests and a muscle biopsy to diagnose myositis. There is no cure for these diseases, but you can treat the symptoms. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis are first treated with high doses of a corticosteroid. Other options include medications, physical therapy, exercise, heat therapy, assistive devices, and rest. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Myositis,0000635,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/myositis.html,C0027121,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Nail Diseases ?,0000636-1,information,"Your toenails and fingernails protect the tissues of your toes and fingers. They are made up of layers of a hardened protein called keratin, which is also in your hair and skin. The health of your nails can be a clue to your overall health. Healthy nails are usually smooth and consistent in color. Specific types of nail discoloration and changes in growth rate can be signs of lung, heart, kidney, and liver diseases, as well as diabetes and anemia. White spots and vertical ridges are harmless. Nail problems that sometimes require treatment include - Bacterial and fungal infections - Ingrown nails - Tumors - Warts Keeping your nails clean, dry, and trimmed can help you avoid some problems. Do not remove the cuticle, which can cause infection.",Nail Diseases,0000636,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/naildiseases.html,C0027339,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Nasal Cancer ?,0000637-1,information,"Your paranasal sinuses are small hollow spaces around the nose. They are lined with cells that make mucus, which keeps your nose from drying out. The nasal cavity is the passageway just behind your nose. Air passes through it on the way to your throat as you breathe. Cancer of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses is rare. You are at greater risk if you are - Male and over 40 years old - Exposed to certain workplace chemicals - Infected with HPV - A smoker There may be no symptoms at first, and later symptoms can be like those of infections. Doctors diagnose nasal cancer with imaging tests, lighted tube-like instruments that look inside the nose, and biopsies. Treatment options include surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Nasal Cancer,0000637,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/nasalcancer.html,C0751394,T191,Disorders +Do you have information about Native American Health,0000638-1,information,"Summary : Every racial or ethnic group has specific health concerns. Differences in the health of groups can result from: - Genetics - Environmental factors - Access to care - Cultural factors On this page, you'll find links to health issues that affect Native Americans.",Native American Health,0000638,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/nativeamericanhealth.html,,, +Do you have information about Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander Health,0000639-1,information,"Summary : Every racial or ethnic group has specific health concerns. Differences in the health of groups can result from: - Genetics - Environmental factors - Access to care - Cultural factors On this page, you'll find links to health issues that affect Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders.",Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander Health,0000639,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/nativehawaiianandpacificislanderhealth.html,,, +What is (are) Nausea and Vomiting ?,0000640-1,information,"Nausea is an uneasy or unsettled feeling in the stomach together with an urge to vomit. Nausea and vomiting, or throwing up, are not diseases. They can be symptoms of many different conditions. These include morning sickness during pregnancy, infections, migraine headaches, motion sickness, food poisoning, cancer chemotherapy or other medicines. For vomiting in children and adults, avoid solid foods until vomiting has stopped for at least six hours. Then work back to a normal diet. Drink small amounts of clear liquids to avoid dehydration. Nausea and vomiting are common. Usually, they are not serious. You should see a doctor immediately if you suspect poisoning or if you have - Vomited for longer than 24 hours - Blood in the vomit - Severe abdominal pain - Headache and stiff neck - Signs of dehydration, such as dry mouth, infrequent urination or dark urine",Nausea and Vomiting,0000640,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/nauseaandvomiting.html,C0027498,T184,Disorders +What is (are) Neck Injuries and Disorders ?,0000641-1,information,"Any part of your neck - muscles, bones, joints, tendons, ligaments, or nerves - can cause neck problems. Neck pain is very common. Pain may also come from your shoulder, jaw, head, or upper arms. Muscle strain or tension often causes neck pain. The problem is usually overuse, such as from sitting at a computer for too long. Sometimes you can strain your neck muscles from sleeping in an awkward position or overdoing it during exercise. Falls or accidents, including car accidents, are another common cause of neck pain. Whiplash, a soft tissue injury to the neck, is also called neck sprain or strain. Treatment depends on the cause, but may include applying ice, taking pain relievers, getting physical therapy or wearing a cervical collar. You rarely need surgery.",Neck Injuries and Disorders,0000641,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/neckinjuriesanddisorders.html,C0027531,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Neural Tube Defects ?,0000642-1,information,"Neural tube defects are birth defects of the brain, spine, or spinal cord. They happen in the first month of pregnancy, often before a woman even knows that she is pregnant. The two most common neural tube defects are spina bifida and anencephaly. In spina bifida, the fetal spinal column doesn't close completely. There is usually nerve damage that causes at least some paralysis of the legs. In anencephaly, most of the brain and skull do not develop. Babies with anencephaly are usually either stillborn or die shortly after birth. Another type of defect, Chiari malformation, causes the brain tissue to extend into the spinal canal. The exact causes of neural tube defects aren't known. You're at greater risk of having an infant with a neural tube defect if you - Are obese - Have poorly controlled diabetes - Take certain antiseizure medicines Getting enough folic acid, a type of B vitamin, before and during pregnancy prevents most neural tube defects. Neural tube defects are usually diagnosed before the infant is born, through lab or imaging tests. There is no cure for neural tube defects. The nerve damage and loss of function that are present at birth are usually permanent. However, a variety of treatments can sometimes prevent further damage and help with complications. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development",Neural Tube Defects,0000642,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/neuraltubedefects.html,C0027794,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Neuroblastoma ?,0000643-1,information,"Neuroblastoma is a cancer that forms in your nerve tissue. It usually begins in the adrenal glands, which sit atop your kidneys. It may also begin in your neck, chest or spinal cord. The cancer often begins in early childhood. Sometimes it begins before a child is born. By the time doctors find the cancer, it has usually spread to other parts of the body. The most common symptoms are - A lump in the abdomen, neck or chest - Bulging eyes - Dark circles around the eyes - Bone pain - Swollen stomach and trouble breathing in babies - Painless, bluish lumps under the skin in babies - Inability to move a body part Treatments include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, biologic therapy, or a combination. Biologic therapy boosts your body's own ability to fight cancer. Sometimes before giving treatment, doctors wait to see whether symptoms get worse. This is called watchful waiting. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Neuroblastoma,0000643,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/neuroblastoma.html,C0027819,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Neurofibromatosis ?,0000644-1,information,"Neurofibromatosis is a genetic disorder of the nervous system. It mainly affects how nerve cells form and grow. It causes tumors to grow on nerves. You can get neurofibromatosis from your parents, or it can happen because of a mutation (change) in your genes. Once you have it, you can pass it along to your children. Usually the tumors are benign, but sometimes they can become cancerous. There are three types of neurofibromatosis: - Type 1 (NF1) causes skin changes and deformed bones. It usually starts in childhood. Sometimes the symptoms are present at birth. - Type 2 (NF2) causes hearing loss, ringing in the ears, and poor balance. Symptoms often start in the teen years. - Schwannomatosis causes intense pain. It is the rarest type. Doctors diagnose the different types based on the symptoms. Genetic testing is also used to diagnose NF1 and NF2. There is no cure. Treatment can help control symptoms. Depending on the type of disease and how serious it is, treatment may include surgery to remove tumors, radiation therapy, and medicines. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Neurofibromatosis,0000644,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/neurofibromatosis.html,C0162678,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Neurologic Diseases ?,0000645-1,information,"The brain, spinal cord, and nerves make up the nervous system. Together they control all the workings of the body. When something goes wrong with a part of your nervous system, you can have trouble moving, speaking, swallowing, breathing, or learning. You can also have problems with your memory, senses, or mood. There are more than 600 neurologic diseases. Major types include - Diseases caused by faulty genes, such as Huntington's disease and muscular dystrophy - Problems with the way the nervous system develops, such as spina bifida - Degenerative diseases, where nerve cells are damaged or die, such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease - Diseases of the blood vessels that supply the brain, such as stroke - Injuries to the spinal cord and brain - Seizure disorders, such as epilepsy - Cancer, such as brain tumors - infections, such as meningitis",Neurologic Diseases,0000645,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/neurologicdiseases.html,C0027765,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Neuromuscular Disorders ?,0000646-1,information,"Neuromuscular disorders affect the nerves that control your voluntary muscles. Voluntary muscles are the ones you can control, like in your arms and legs. Your nerve cells, also called neurons, send the messages that control these muscles. When the neurons become unhealthy or die, communication between your nervous system and muscles breaks down. As a result, your muscles weaken and waste away. The weakness can lead to twitching, cramps, aches and pains, and joint and movement problems. Sometimes it also affects heart function and your ability to breathe. Examples of neuromuscular disorders include - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Multiple sclerosis - Myasthenia gravis - Spinal muscular atrophy Many neuromuscular diseases are genetic, which means they run in families or there is a mutation in your genes. Sometimes, an immune system disorder can cause them. Most of them have no cure. The goal of treatment is to improve symptoms, increase mobility and lengthen life.",Neuromuscular Disorders,0000646,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/neuromusculardisorders.html,C0027868,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Newborn Screening,0000647-1,information,"Summary : Your newborn infant has screening tests before leaving the hospital. There may be different tests depending on the state where you live. They include - Tests on a few drops of blood from pricking the baby's heel. The tests look for inherited disorders. All states test for at least 30 of these conditions. - A hearing test that measures the baby's response to sound - A skin test that measures the level of oxygen in the blood. This can tell if the baby has a congenital heart defect. These tests look for serious medical conditions. If not treated, some of these conditions can cause lifelong health problems. Others can cause early death. With early diagnosis, treatment can begin right away, before serious problems can occur or become permanent. If a screening shows that your baby might have a condition, the health care provider or the state health department will call you. It is important to follow up quickly. Further testing can verify whether your baby has the condition. If so, treatment should start right away. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development",Newborn Screening,0000647,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newbornscreening.html,,, +Do you have information about Noise,0000648-1,information,"Summary : Noise is all around you, from televisions and radios to lawn mowers and washing machines. Normally, you hear these sounds at safe levels that don't affect hearing. But sounds that are too loud or loud sounds over a long time are harmful. They can damage sensitive structures of the inner ear and cause noise-induced hearing loss. More than 30 million Americans are exposed to hazardous sound levels on a regular basis. Hazardous sound levels are louder than 80 decibels. That's not as loud as traffic on a busy street. Listening to loud music, especially on headphones, is a common cause of noise-induced hearing loss. You can protect your hearing by - Keeping the volume down when listening to music - Wearing earplugs when using loud equipment NIH: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders",Noise,0000648,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/noise.html,,, +What is (are) Norovirus Infections ?,0000649-1,information,"Noroviruses are a group of related viruses. Infection with these viruses causes an illness called gastroenteritis, an inflammation of the stomach and intestines. It can spread from person to person, or through contaminated food or water. You can also get it if you touch a contaminated surface. Norovirus can be serious, especially for young children and older adults. The most common symptoms of norovirus infection are - Diarrhea - Nausea and vomiting - Stomach pain Other symptoms may include fever, headache or body aches. Treatment includes bed rest and lots of liquids to prevent dehydration. There is no specific medicine to treat norovirus infections. Proper hand washing and safe food preparation may help prevent infections. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Norovirus Infections,0000649,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/norovirusinfections.html,C3534585,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Nose Injuries and Disorders ?,0000650-1,information,"Your nose is important to your health. It filters the air you breathe, removing dust, germs, and irritants. It warms and moistens the air to keep your lungs and tubes that lead to them from drying out. Your nose also contains the nerve cells that help your sense of smell. When there is a problem with your nose, your whole body can suffer. For example, the stuffy nose of the common cold can make it hard for you to breathe, sleep, or get comfortable. Many problems besides the common cold can affect the nose. They include - Deviated septum - a shifting of the wall that divides the nasal cavity into halves - Nasal polyps - soft growths that develop on the lining of your nose or sinuses - Nosebleeds - Rhinitis - inflammation of the nose and sinuses sometimes caused by allergies. The main symptom is a runny nose. - Nasal fractures, also known as a broken nose",Nose Injuries and Disorders,0000650,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/noseinjuriesanddisorders.html,C0272427,T037,Disorders +Do you have information about Nuclear Scans,0000651-1,information,"Summary : Nuclear scans use radioactive substances to see structures and functions inside your body. They use a special camera that detects radioactivity. Before the test, you receive a small amount of radioactive material. You may get it as an injection. Sometimes you swallow it or inhale it. Then you lie still on a table while the camera makes images. Most scans take 20 to 45 minutes. Nuclear scans can help doctors diagnose many conditions, including cancers, injuries, and infections. They can also show how organs like your heart and lungs are working.",Nuclear Scans,0000651,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/nuclearscans.html,,, +Do you have information about Nursing Homes,0000652-1,information,"Summary : A nursing home is a place for people who don't need to be in a hospital but can't be cared for at home. Most nursing homes have nursing aides and skilled nurses on hand 24 hours a day. Some nursing homes are set up like a hospital. The staff provides medical care, as well as physical, speech and occupational therapy. There might be a nurses' station on each floor. Other nursing homes try to be more like home. They try to have a neighborhood feel. Often, they don't have a fixed day-to-day schedule, and kitchens might be open to residents. Staff members are encouraged to develop relationships with residents. Some nursing homes have special care units for people with serious memory problems such as Alzheimer's disease. Some will let couples live together. Nursing homes are not only for the elderly, but for anyone who requires 24-hour care. NIH: National Institute on Aging",Nursing Homes,0000652,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/nursinghomes.html,,, +Do you have information about Nutrition,0000653-1,information,"Summary : Food provides the energy and nutrients you need to be healthy. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Healthy eating is not hard. The key is to - Eat a variety of foods, including vegetables, fruits, and whole-grain products - Eat lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products - Drink lots of water - Limit salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in your diet Saturated fats are usually fats that come from animals. Look for trans fat on the labels of processed foods, margarines, and shortenings. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Nutrition,0000653,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/nutrition.html,,, +Do you have information about Nutrition for Seniors,0000654-1,information,"Summary : Food provides the energy and nutrients you need to be healthy. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals and water. Studies show that a good diet in your later years reduces your risk of osteoporosis, high blood pressure, heart diseases and certain cancers. As you age, you might need less energy. But you still need just as many of the nutrients in food. To get them - Choose a variety of healthy foods - Avoid empty calories, which are foods with lots of calories but few nutrients, such as chips, cookies, soda and alcohol - Pick foods that are low in cholesterol and fat, especially saturated and trans fats Saturated fats are usually fats that come from animals. Look for trans fat on the labels of processed foods, margarines and shortenings. NIH: National Institute on Aging",Nutrition for Seniors,0000654,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/nutritionforseniors.html,,, +Do you have information about Nutritional Support,0000655-1,information,"Summary : Nutritional support is therapy for people who cannot get enough nourishment by eating or drinking. You may need it if you - Can't swallow - Have problems with your appetite - Are severely malnourished - Can't absorb nutrients through your digestive system You receive nutritional support through a needle or catheter placed in your vein or with a feeding tube, which goes into your stomach.",Nutritional Support,0000655,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/nutritionalsupport.html,,, +What is (are) Obesity ?,0000656-1,information,"Obesity means having too much body fat. It is different from being overweight, which means weighing too much. The weight may come from muscle, bone, fat, and/or body water. Both terms mean that a person's weight is greater than what's considered healthy for his or her height. Obesity occurs over time when you eat more calories than you use. The balance between calories-in and calories-out differs for each person. Factors that might affect your weight include your genetic makeup, overeating, eating high-fat foods, and not being physically active. Being obese increases your risk of diabetes, heart disease, stroke, arthritis, and some cancers. If you are obese, losing even 5 to 10 percent of your weight can delay or prevent some of these diseases. For example, that means losing 10 to 20 pounds if you weigh 200 pounds. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Obesity,0000656,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/obesity.html,C0028754,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Obesity in Children ?,0000657-1,information,"Obesity means having too much body fat. It is different from being overweight, which means weighing too much. Both terms mean that a person's weight is greater than what's considered healthy for his or her height. Children grow at different rates, so it isn't always easy to know when a child is obese or overweight. Ask your health care provider to check whether your child's weight and height are in a healthy range. If a weight-loss program is necessary, involve the whole family in healthy habits so your child doesn't feel singled out. Encourage healthy eating by - Serving more fruits and vegetables - Buying fewer soft drinks and high-fat, high-calorie snack foods - Making sure your child eats breakfast every day - Eating fast food less often - Not using food as a reward Physical activity is also very important. Kids need about 60 minutes each day. It does not have to happen all at once. Several short periods of activity during the day are just as good. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Obesity in Children,0000657,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/obesityinchildren.html,C3645710,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder ?,0000658-1,information,"Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a type of anxiety disorder. If you have OCD, you have frequent, upsetting thoughts called obsessions. To try to control the thoughts, you feel an overwhelming urge to repeat certain rituals or behaviors. These are called compulsions. Examples of obsessions are a fear of germs or a fear of being hurt. Compulsions include washing your hands, counting, checking on things, or cleaning. With OCD, the thoughts and rituals cause distress and get in the way of your daily life. Researchers think brain circuits may not work properly in people who have OCD. It tends to run in families. The symptoms often begin in children or teens. Treatments include therapy, medicines, or both. One type of therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, is useful for treating OCD. NIH: National Institute of Mental Health",Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder,0000658,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/obsessivecompulsivedisorder.html,C0028768,T048,Disorders +Do you have information about Occupational Health,0000659-1,information,"Summary : Occupational health problems occur at work or because of the kind of work you do. These problems can include - Cuts, broken bones, sprains, and strains - Loss of limbs - Repetitive motion disorders - Hearing problems caused by exposure to noise - Vision problems - Illness caused by breathing, touching, or swallowing unsafe substances - Illness caused by exposure to radiation - Exposure to germs in health care settings Good job safety and prevention practices can reduce your risk of these problems. Try to stay fit, reduce stress, set up your work area properly, and use the right equipment and gear.",Occupational Health,0000659,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/occupationalhealth.html,,, +Do you have information about Occupational Health for Healthcare Providers,0000660-1,information,"Summary : Healthcare workers are exposed to many job hazards. These can include - Infections - Needle injuries - Back injuries - Allergy-causing substances - Violence - Stress Follow good job safety and injury prevention practices. They can reduce your risk of health problems. Use protective equipment, follow infection control guidelines, learn the right way to lift heavy objects, and find ways to manage stress. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health",Occupational Health for Healthcare Providers,0000660,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/occupationalhealthforhealthcareproviders.html,,, +Do you have information about Oil Spills,0000661-1,information,"Summary : Oil spills often happen because of accidents, when people make mistakes or equipment breaks down. Other causes include natural disasters or deliberate acts. Oil spills have major environmental and economic effects. Oil spills can also affect human health. These effects can depend on what kind of oil was spilled and where (on land, in a river, or in the ocean). Other factors include what kind of exposure and how much exposure there was. People who clean up the spill are more at risk. Problems could include skin and eye irritation, neurologic and breathing problems, and stress. Not much is known about the long-term effects of oil spills.",Oil Spills,0000661,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/oilspills.html,,, +What is (are) Oral Cancer ?,0000662-1,information,"Oral cancer can form in any part of the mouth or throat. Most oral cancers begin in the tongue and in the floor of the mouth. Anyone can get oral cancer, but the risk is higher if you are male, over age 40, use tobacco or alcohol or have a history of head or neck cancer. Frequent sun exposure is also a risk for lip cancer. Symptoms of oral cancer include - White or red patches in your mouth - A mouth sore that won't heal - Bleeding in your mouth - Loose teeth - Problems or pain with swallowing - A lump in your neck - An earache Oral cancer treatments may include surgery, radiation therapy or chemotherapy. Some patients have a combination of treatments. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Oral Cancer,0000662,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/oralcancer.html,C0153381,T191,Disorders +Do you have information about Organ Donation,0000663-1,information,"Summary : Organ donation takes healthy organs and tissues from one person for transplantation into another. Experts say that the organs from one donor can save or help as many as 50 people. Organs you can donate include - Internal organs: Kidneys, heart, liver, pancreas, intestines, lungs - Skin - Bone and bone marrow - Cornea Most organ and tissue donations occur after the donor has died. But some organs and tissues can be donated while the donor is alive. People of all ages and background can be organ donors. If you are under age 18, your parent or guardian must give you permission to become a donor. If you are 18 or older you can show you want to be a donor by signing a donor card. You should also let your family know your wishes. Health Resources and Services Administration",Organ Donation,0000663,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/organdonation.html,,, +Do you have information about Organ Transplantation,0000664-1,information,"Summary : You may need an organ transplant if one of your organs has failed. This can happen because of illness or injury. When you have an organ transplant, doctors remove an organ from another person and place it in your body. The organ may come from a living donor or a donor who has died. The organs that can be transplanted include - Heart - Intestine - Kidney - Liver - Lung - Pancreas You often have to wait a long time for an organ transplant. Doctors must match donors to recipients to reduce the risk of transplant rejection. Rejection happens when your immune system attacks the new organ. If you have a transplant, you must take drugs the rest of your life to help keep your body from rejecting the new organ.",Organ Transplantation,0000664,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/organtransplantation.html,,, +Do you have information about Orthodontia,0000665-1,information,"Summary : Some people have naturally straight teeth that fit together. But if you have problems with your bite or the spacing of your teeth, you may need orthodontic care. Orthodontia is the branch of dentistry that deals with abnormalities of the teeth and jaw. Orthodontic care involves the use of devices, such as braces, to - Straighten teeth - Correct problems with bite - Close gaps between teeth - Align lips and teeth properly Most people who receive orthodontic care are kids, but adults get braces, too. In young children, orthodontic treatment may guide proper jaw growth. This can help permanent teeth to come in properly. Straight permanent teeth can help prevent tooth problems later on.",Orthodontia,0000665,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/orthodontia.html,,, +What is (are) Osteoarthritis ?,0000666-1,information,"Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis. It causes pain, swelling, and reduced motion in your joints. It can occur in any joint, but usually it affects your hands, knees, hips or spine. Osteoarthritis breaks down the cartilage in your joints. Cartilage is the slippery tissue that covers the ends of bones in a joint. Healthy cartilage absorbs the shock of movement. When you lose cartilage, your bones rub together. Over time, this rubbing can permanently damage the joint. Risk factors for osteoarthritis include - Being overweight - Getting older - Injuring a joint No single test can diagnose osteoarthritis. Most doctors use several methods, including medical history, a physical exam, x-rays, or lab tests. Treatments include exercise, medicines, and sometimes surgery. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Osteoarthritis,0000666,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/osteoarthritis.html,C0029408,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Osteogenesis Imperfecta ?,0000667-1,information,"Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a genetic disorder in which bones break easily. Sometimes the bones break for no known reason. OI can also cause weak muscles, brittle teeth, a curved spine, and hearing loss. OI is caused by one of several genes that aren't working properly. When these genes don't work, it affects how you make collagen, a protein that helps make bones strong. OI can range from mild to severe, and symptoms vary from person to person. A person may have just a few or as many as several hundred fractures in a lifetime. No single test can identify OI. Your doctor uses your medical and family history, physical exam, and imaging and lab tests to diagnose it. Your doctor may also test your collagen (from skin) or genes (from blood). There is no cure, but you can manage symptoms. Treatments include exercise, pain medicine, physical therapy, wheelchairs, braces, and surgery. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Osteogenesis Imperfecta,0000667,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/osteogenesisimperfecta.html,C0029434,T019,Disorders +What is (are) Osteonecrosis ?,0000668-1,information,"Osteonecrosis is a disease caused by reduced blood flow to bones in the joints. In people with healthy bones, new bone is always replacing old bone. In osteonecrosis, the lack of blood causes the bone to break down faster than the body can make enough new bone. The bone starts to die and may break down. You can have osteonecrosis in one or several bones. It is most common in the upper leg. Other common sites are your upper arm and your knees, shoulders and ankles. The disease can affect men and women of any age, but it usually strikes in your thirties, forties or fifties. At first, you might not have any symptoms. As the disease gets worse, you will probably have joint pain that becomes more severe. You may not be able to bend or move the affected joint very well. No one is sure what causes the disease. Risk factors include - Long-term steroid treatment - Alcohol abuse - Joint injuries - Having certain diseases, including arthritis and cancer Doctors use imaging tests and other tests to diagnose osteonecrosis. Treatments include medicines, using crutches, limiting activities that put weight on the affected joints, electrical stimulation and surgery. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Osteonecrosis,0000668,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/osteonecrosis.html,C0029445,T046,Disorders +What is (are) Osteoporosis ?,0000669-1,information,"Osteoporosis makes your bones weak and more likely to break. Anyone can develop osteoporosis, but it is common in older women. As many as half of all women and a quarter of men older than 50 will break a bone due to osteoporosis. Risk factors include - Getting older - Being small and thin - Having a family history of osteoporosis - Taking certain medicines - Being a white or Asian woman - Having osteopenia, which is low bone density Osteoporosis is a silent disease. You might not know you have it until you break a bone. A bone mineral density test is the best way to check your bone health. To keep bones strong, eat a diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, exercise and do not smoke. If needed, medicines can also help. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Osteoporosis,0000669,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/osteoporosis.html,C0029456,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Ostomy,0000670-1,information,"Summary : An ostomy is surgery to create an opening (stoma) from an area inside the body to the outside. It treats certain diseases of the digestive or urinary systems. It can be permanent, when an organ must be removed. It can be temporary, when the organ needs time to heal. The organ could be the small intestine, colon, rectum, or bladder. With an ostomy, there must be a new way for wastes to leave the body. There are many different types of ostomy. Some examples are - Ileostomy - the bottom of the small intestine (ileum) is attached to the stoma. This bypasses the colon, rectum and anus. - Colostomy - the colon is attached to the stoma. This bypasses the rectum and the anus. - Urostomy - the tubes that carry urine to the bladder are attached to the stoma. This bypasses the bladder. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Ostomy,0000670,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ostomy.html,,, +What is (are) Ovarian Cancer ?,0000671-1,information,"The ovaries are part of the female reproductive system. They produce a woman's eggs and female hormones. Each ovary is about the size and shape of an almond. Cancer of the ovary is not common, but it causes more deaths than other female reproductive cancers. The sooner ovarian cancer is found and treated, the better your chance for recovery. But ovarian cancer is hard to detect early. Women with ovarian cancer may have no symptoms or just mild symptoms until the disease is in an advanced stage. Then it is hard to treat. Symptoms may include - A heavy feeling in the pelvis - Pain in the lower abdomen - Bleeding from the vagina - Weight gain or loss - Abnormal periods - Unexplained back pain that gets worse - Gas, nausea, vomiting, or loss of appetite To diagnose ovarian cancer, doctors do one or more tests. They include a physical exam, a pelvic exam, lab tests, ultrasound, or a biopsy. Treatment is usually surgery followed by chemotherapy. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Ovarian Cancer,0000671,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ovariancancer.html,C0029925,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Ovarian Cysts ?,0000672-1,information,"A cyst is a fluid-filled sac. In most cases a cyst on the ovary does no harm and goes away by itself. Most women have them sometime during their lives. Cysts are rarely cancerous in women under 50. Cysts sometimes hurt - but not always. Often, a woman finds out about a cyst when she has a pelvic exam. If you're in your childbearing years or past menopause, have no symptoms, and have a fluid-filled cyst, you may choose to monitor the cyst. You may need surgery if you have pain, are past menopause or if the cyst does not go away. Birth control pills can help prevent new cysts. A health problem that may involve ovarian cysts is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Women with PCOS can have high levels of male hormones, irregular or no periods and small ovarian cysts. Dept. of Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health",Ovarian Cysts,0000672,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ovariancysts.html,C0029927,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Ovarian Disorders ?,0000673-1,information,"The ovaries are a pair of organs that women have. They are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. Each ovary is about the size and shape of an almond. The ovaries produce a woman's eggs. If an egg is fertilized by a sperm, a pregnancy can result. Ovaries also make the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. When a woman goes through menopause, her ovaries stop releasing eggs and make far lower levels of hormones. Problems with the ovaries include - Ovarian cancer - Ovarian cysts and polycystic ovary syndrome - Premature ovarian failure - Ovarian torsion, a twisting of the ovary",Ovarian Disorders,0000673,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ovariandisorders.html,C0029928,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Over-the-Counter Medicines,0000674-1,information,"Summary : Over-the-counter (OTC) medicines are drugs you can buy without a prescription. Some OTC medicines relieve aches, pains and itches. Some prevent or cure diseases, like tooth decay and athlete's foot. Others help manage recurring problems, like migraines. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration decides whether a medicine is safe enough to sell over-the-counter. Taking OTC medicines still has risks. Some interact with other medicines, supplements, foods or drinks. Others cause problems for people with certain medical conditions. If you're pregnant, talk to your health care provider before taking any medicines. It is important to take medicines correctly, and be careful when giving them to children. More medicine does not necessarily mean better. You should never take OTC medicines longer or in higher doses than the label recommends. If your symptoms don't go away, it's a clear signal that it's time to see your healthcare provider. Food and Drug Administration",Over-the-Counter Medicines,0000674,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/overthecountermedicines.html,,, +What is (are) Overactive Bladder ?,0000675-1,information,"Overactive bladder is a condition in which the bladder squeezes urine out at the wrong time. You may have overactive bladder if you have two or more of these symptoms: - You urinate eight or more times a day or two or more times at night - You have the sudden, strong need to urinate immediately - You leak urine after a sudden, strong urge to urinate You also may have incontinence, a loss of bladder control. Nerve problems, too much fluid, or too much caffeine can cause it. Often the cause is unknown. Your doctor may prescribe a medicine that can calm muscles and nerves. The medicine may come as a pill, a liquid, or a patch. The medicines can cause your eyes to become dry. They can also cause dry mouth and constipation. To deal with these effects, use eye drops to keep your eyes moist, chew sugarless gum or suck on sugarless hard candy if dry mouth bothers you, and take small sips of water throughout the day. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Overactive Bladder,0000675,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/overactivebladder.html,C0878773,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Oxygen Therapy ?,0000676-1,information,"Oxygen therapy is a treatment that provides you with extra oxygen. Oxygen is a gas that your body needs to function. Normally, your lungs absorb oxygen from the air you breathe. But some conditions can prevent you from getting enough oxygen. You may need oxygen if you have - COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) - Pneumonia - A severe asthma attack - Late-stage heart failure - Cystic fibrosis - Sleep apnea The oxygen comes through nasal prongs, a mask, or a breathing tube. If you have a chronic problem, you may have a portable oxygen tank or a machine in your home. A different kind of oxygen therapy is called hyperbaric oxygen therapy. It uses oxygen at high pressure to treat wounds and serious infections. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Oxygen Therapy,0000676,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/oxygentherapy.html,C1546419,T033,Disorders +Do you have information about Ozone,0000677-1,information,"Summary : Ozone is a gas. It can be good or bad, depending on where it is. ""Good"" ozone occurs naturally about 10 to 30 miles above the Earth's surface. It shields us from the sun's ultraviolet rays. Part of the good ozone layer is gone. Man-made chemicals have destroyed it. Without enough good ozone, people may get too much ultraviolet radiation. This may increase the risk of skin cancer, cataracts, and immune system problems. ""Bad"" ozone is at ground level. It forms when pollutants from cars, factories, and other sources react chemically with sunlight. It is the main ingredient in smog. It is usually worst in the summer. Breathing bad ozone can be harmful. It can cause coughing, throat irritation, worsening of asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema. It can lead to permanent lung damage, if you are regularly exposed to it. Environmental Protection Agency",Ozone,0000677,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ozone.html,,, +Do you have information about Pacemakers and Implantable Defibrillators,0000678-1,information,"Summary : An arrhythmia is any disorder of your heart rate or rhythm. It means that your heart beats too quickly, too slowly, or with an irregular pattern. Most arrhythmias result from problems in the electrical system of the heart. If your arrhythmia is serious, you may need a cardiac pacemaker or an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). They are devices that are implanted in your chest or abdomen. A pacemaker helps control abnormal heart rhythms. It uses electrical pulses to prompt the heart to beat at a normal rate. It can speed up a slow heart rhythm, control a fast heart rhythm, and coordinate the chambers of the heart. An ICD monitors heart rhythms. If it senses dangerous rhythms, it delivers shocks. This treatment is called defibrillation. An ICD can help control life-threatening arrhythmias, especially those that can cause sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). Most new ICDs can act as both a pacemaker and a defibrillator. Many ICDs also record the heart's electrical patterns when there is an abnormal heartbeat. This can help the doctor plan future treatment. Getting a pacemaker or ICD requires minor surgery. You usually need to stay in the hospital for a day or two, so your doctor can make sure that the device is working well. You will probably be back to your normal activities within a few days.",Pacemakers and Implantable Defibrillators,0000678,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pacemakersandimplantabledefibrillators.html,,, +What is (are) Paget's Disease of Bone ?,0000679-1,information,"Paget's disease of bone causes your bones to grow too large and weak. They also might break easily. The disease can lead to other health problems, too, such as arthritis and hearing loss. You can have Paget's disease in any bone, but it is most common in the spine, pelvis, skull, and legs. The disease might affect one or several bones, but not your entire skeleton. More men than women have the disease. It is most common in older people. No one knows what causes Paget's disease. In some cases, a virus might be responsible. It tends to run in families. Many people do not know they have Paget's disease because their symptoms are mild. For others, symptoms can include - Pain - Enlarged bones - Broken bones - Damaged cartilage in joints Doctors use blood tests and imaging tests to diagnose Paget's disease. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent some symptoms from getting worse. Treatments include medicines and sometimes surgery. A good diet and exercise might also help. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Paget's Disease of Bone,0000679,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pagetsdiseaseofbone.html,C0029401,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Pain ?,0000680-1,information,"Pain is a feeling triggered in the nervous system. Pain may be sharp or dull. It may come and go, or it may be constant. You may feel pain in one area of your body, such as your back, abdomen or chest or you may feel pain all over, such as when your muscles ache from the flu. Pain can be helpful in diagnosing a problem. Without pain, you might seriously hurt yourself without knowing it, or you might not realize you have a medical problem that needs treatment. Once you take care of the problem, pain usually goes away. However, sometimes pain goes on for weeks, months or even years. This is called chronic pain. Sometimes chronic pain is due to an ongoing cause, such as cancer or arthritis. Sometimes the cause is unknown. Fortunately, there are many ways to treat pain. Treatment varies depending on the cause of pain. Pain relievers, acupuncture and sometimes surgery are helpful.",Pain,0000680,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pain.html,C0030193,T184,Disorders +Do you have information about Pain Relievers,0000681-1,information,"Summary : Pain relievers are medicines that reduce or relieve headaches, sore muscles, arthritis, or other aches and pains. There are many different pain medicines, and each one has advantages and risks. Some types of pain respond better to certain medicines than others. Each person may also have a slightly different response to a pain reliever. Over-the-counter (OTC) medicines are good for many types of pain. There are two main types of OTC pain medicines: acetaminophen (Tylenol) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Aspirin, naproxen (Aleve), and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) are examples of OTC NSAIDs. If OTC medicines don't relieve your pain, your doctor may prescribe something stronger. Many NSAIDs are also available at higher prescription doses. The most powerful pain relievers are narcotics. They are very effective, but they can sometimes have serious side effects. Because of the risks, you must use them only under a doctor's supervision. There are many things you can do to help ease pain. Pain relievers are just one part of a pain treatment plan.",Pain Relievers,0000681,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/painrelievers.html,,, +Do you have information about Palliative Care,0000682-1,information,"Summary : Palliative care is treatment of the discomfort, symptoms, and stress of serious illness. It provides relief from distressing symptoms including - Pain - Shortness of breath - Fatigue - Constipation - Nausea - Loss of appetite - Problems with sleep It can also help you deal with the side effects of the medical treatments you're receiving. Hospice care, care at the end of life, always includes palliative care. But you may receive palliative care at any stage of an illness. The goal is to make you comfortable and improve your quality of life. NIH: National Institute of Nursing Research",Palliative Care,0000682,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/palliativecare.html,,, +Do you have information about Pancreas Transplantation,0000683-1,information,"Summary : The pancreas is a gland behind your stomach and in front of your spine. It produces the juices that help break down food and the hormones that help control blood sugar levels. A pancreas transplant is surgery to place a healthy pancreas from a donor into a person with a diseased pancreas. It is mostly done for people with severe type 1 diabetes. It can allow them to give up insulin shots. An experimental procedure called islet cell transplantation transplants only the parts of the pancreas that make insulin. People who have transplants must take drugs to keep their body from rejecting the new pancreas for the rest of their lives. They must also have regular follow-up care. Because of the risks, it is not a common treatment for type 1 diabetes.",Pancreas Transplantation,0000683,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pancreastransplantation.html,,, +What is (are) Pancreatic Cancer ?,0000684-1,information,"The pancreas is a gland behind your stomach and in front of your spine. It produces the juices that help break down food and the hormones that help control blood sugar levels. Pancreatic cancer usually begins in the cells that produce the juices. Some risk factors for developing pancreatic cancer include - Smoking - Long-term diabetes - Chronic pancreatitis - Certain hereditary disorders Pancreatic cancer is hard to catch early. It doesn't cause symptoms right away. When you do get symptoms, they are often vague or you may not notice them. They include yellowing of the skin and eyes, pain in the abdomen and back, weight loss and fatigue. Also, because the pancreas is hidden behind other organs, health care providers cannot see or feel the tumors during routine exams. Doctors use a physical exam, blood tests, imaging tests, and a biopsy to diagnose it. Because it is often found late and it spreads quickly, pancreatic cancer can be hard to treat. Possible treatments include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. Targeted therapy uses substances that attack cancer cells without harming normal cells. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Pancreatic Cancer,0000684,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pancreaticcancer.html,C0346647,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Pancreatic Diseases ?,0000685-1,information,"The pancreas is a gland behind your stomach and in front of your spine. It produces juices that help break down food and hormones that help control blood sugar levels. Problems with the pancreas can lead to many health problems. These include - Pancreatitis, or inflammation of the pancreas: This happens when digestive enzymes start digesting the pancreas itself - Pancreatic cancer - Cystic fibrosis, a genetic disorder in which thick, sticky mucus can also block tubes in your pancreas The pancreas also plays a role in diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, the beta cells of the pancreas no longer make insulin because the body's immune system has attacked them. In type 2 diabetes, the pancreas loses the ability to secrete enough insulin in response to meals.",Pancreatic Diseases,0000685,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pancreaticdiseases.html,C0030286,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Pancreatitis ?,0000686-1,information,"The pancreas is a large gland behind the stomach and close to the first part of the small intestine. It secretes digestive juices into the small intestine through a tube called the pancreatic duct. The pancreas also releases the hormones insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream. Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. It happens when digestive enzymes start digesting the pancreas itself. Pancreatitis can be acute or chronic. Either form is serious and can lead to complications. Acute pancreatitis occurs suddenly and usually goes away in a few days with treatment. It is often caused by gallstones. Common symptoms are severe pain in the upper abdomen, nausea, and vomiting. Treatment is usually a few days in the hospital for intravenous (IV) fluids, antibiotics, and medicines to relieve pain. Chronic pancreatitis does not heal or improve. It gets worse over time and leads to permanent damage. The most common cause is heavy alcohol use. Other causes include cystic fibrosis and other inherited disorders, high levels of calcium or fats in the blood, some medicines, and autoimmune conditions. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and oily stools. Treatment may also be a few days in the hospital for intravenous (IV) fluids, medicines to relieve pain, and nutritional support. After that, you may need to start taking enzymes and eat a special diet. It is also important to not smoke or drink alcohol. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Pancreatitis,0000686,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pancreatitis.html,C1963198,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Panic Disorder ?,0000687-1,information,"Panic disorder is a type of anxiety disorder. It causes panic attacks, which are sudden feelings of terror when there is no real danger. You may feel as if you are losing control. You may also have physical symptoms, such as - Fast heartbeat - Chest or stomach pain - Breathing difficulty - Weakness or dizziness - Sweating - Feeling hot or a cold chill - Tingly or numb hands Panic attacks can happen anytime, anywhere, and without warning. You may live in fear of another attack and may avoid places where you have had an attack. For some people, fear takes over their lives and they cannot leave their homes. Panic disorder is more common in women than men. It usually starts when people are young adults. Sometimes it starts when a person is under a lot of stress. Most people get better with treatment. Therapy can show you how to recognize and change your thinking patterns before they lead to panic. Medicines can also help. NIH: National Institute of Mental Health",Panic Disorder,0000687,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/panicdisorder.html,C0030319,T048,Disorders +What is (are) Paralysis ?,0000688-1,information,"Paralysis is the loss of muscle function in part of your body. It happens when something goes wrong with the way messages pass between your brain and muscles. Paralysis can be complete or partial. It can occur on one or both sides of your body. It can also occur in just one area, or it can be widespread. Paralysis of the lower half of your body, including both legs, is called paraplegia. Paralysis of the arms and legs is quadriplegia. Most paralysis is due to strokes or injuries such as spinal cord injury or a broken neck. Other causes of paralysis include - Nerve diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Autoimmune diseases such as Guillain-Barre syndrome - Bell's palsy, which affects muscles in the face Polio used to be a cause of paralysis, but polio no longer occurs in the U.S.",Paralysis,0000688,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/paralysis.html,C0522224,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Parasitic Diseases ?,0000689-1,information,"Parasites are living things that use other living things - like your body - for food and a place to live. You can get them from contaminated food or water, a bug bite, or sexual contact. Some parasitic diseases are easily treated and some are not. Parasites range in size from tiny, one-celled organisms called protozoa to worms that can be seen with the naked eye. Some parasitic diseases occur in the United States. Contaminated water supplies can lead to Giardia infections. Cats can transmit toxoplasmosis, which is dangerous for pregnant women. Others, like malaria, are common in other parts of the world. If you are traveling, it's important to drink only water you know is safe. Prevention is especially important. There are no vaccines for parasitic diseases. Some medicines are available to treat parasitic infections.",Parasitic Diseases,0000689,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parasiticdiseases.html,C0030499,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Parathyroid Disorders ?,0000690-1,information,"Most people have four pea-sized glands, called parathyroid glands, on the thyroid gland in the neck. Though their names are similar, the thyroid and parathyroid glands are completely different. The parathyroid glands make parathyroid hormone (PTH), which helps your body keep the right balance of calcium and phosphorous. If your parathyroid glands make too much or too little hormone, it disrupts this balance. If they secrete extra PTH, you have hyperparathyroidism, and your blood calcium rises. In many cases, a benign tumor on a parathyroid gland makes it overactive. Or, the extra hormones can come from enlarged parathyroid glands. Very rarely, the cause is cancer. If you do not have enough PTH, you have hypoparathyroidism. Your blood will have too little calcium and too much phosphorous. Causes include injury to the glands, endocrine disorders, or genetic conditions. Treatment is aimed at restoring the balance of calcium and phosphorous. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Parathyroid Disorders,0000690,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parathyroiddisorders.html,C0030517,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Parenting ?,0000691-1,information,"If you're a parent, you get plenty of suggestions on how to raise your child. From experts to other parents, people are always ready to offer advice. Parenting tips, parents' survival guides, dos, don'ts, shoulds and shouldn'ts - new ones come out daily. The truth is there is more than one ""right"" way to be a good parent. Good parenting includes - Keeping your child safe - Showing affection and listening to your child - Providing order and consistency - Setting and enforcing limits - Spending time with your child - Monitoring your child's friendships and activities - Leading by example NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development",Parenting,0000691,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parenting.html,C0518120,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Parkinson's Disease ?,0000692-1,information,"Parkinson's disease (PD) is a type of movement disorder. It happens when nerve cells in the brain don't produce enough of a brain chemical called dopamine. Sometimes it is genetic, but most cases do not seem to run in families. Exposure to chemicals in the environment might play a role. Symptoms begin gradually, often on one side of the body. Later they affect both sides. They include - Trembling of hands, arms, legs, jaw and face - Stiffness of the arms, legs and trunk - Slowness of movement - Poor balance and coordination As symptoms get worse, people with the disease may have trouble walking, talking, or doing simple tasks. They may also have problems such as depression, sleep problems, or trouble chewing, swallowing, or speaking. There is no lab test for PD, so it can be difficult to diagnose. Doctors use a medical history and a neurological examination to diagnose it. PD usually begins around age 60, but it can start earlier. It is more common in men than in women. There is no cure for PD. A variety of medicines sometimes help symptoms dramatically. Surgery and deep brain stimulation (DBS) can help severe cases. With DBS, electrodes are surgically implanted in the brain. They send electrical pulses to stimulate the parts of the brain that control movement. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Parkinson's Disease,0000692,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parkinsonsdisease.html,C0030567,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Patient Rights,0000693-1,information,"Summary : As a patient, you have certain rights. Some are guaranteed by federal law, such as the right to get a copy of your medical records, and the right to keep them private. Many states have additional laws protecting patients, and healthcare facilities often have a patient bill of rights. An important patient right is informed consent. This means that if you need a treatment, your health care provider must give you the information you need to make a decision. Many hospitals have patient advocates who can help you if you have problems. Many states have an ombudsman office for problems with long term care. Your state's department of health may also be able to help.",Patient Rights,0000693,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/patientrights.html,,, +Do you have information about Patient Safety,0000694-1,information,"Summary : You can help prevent medical errors by being an active member of your health care team. Research shows that patients who are more involved with their care tend to get better results. To reduce the risk of medical errors, you can - Ask questions if you have doubts or concerns. Take a relative or friend to your doctor appointment to help you ask questions and understand answers. - Make sure you understand what will happen if you need surgery - Tell your health care providers about all the medicines you take, including over-the-counter drugs and dietary supplements. Tell them if you have any allergies or bad reactions to anesthesia. Make sure you know how to take your medications correctly. - Get a second opinion about treatment options - Keep a copy of your own health history Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality",Patient Safety,0000694,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/patientsafety.html,,, +What is (are) Pelvic Inflammatory Disease ?,0000695-1,information,"Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection and inflammation of the uterus, ovaries, and other female reproductive organs. It causes scarring in these organs. This can lead to infertility, ectopic pregnancy, pelvic pain, abscesses, and other serious problems. PID is the most common preventable cause of infertility in the United States. Gonorrhea and chlamydia, two sexually transmitted diseases, are the most common causes of PID. Other bacteria can also cause it. You are at greater risk if you - Are sexually active and younger than 25 - Have more than one sex partner - Douche Some women have no symptoms. Others have pain in the lower abdomen, fever, smelly vaginal discharge, irregular bleeding, and pain during intercourse or urination. Doctors diagnose PID with a physical exam, lab tests, and imaging tests. Antibiotics can cure PID. Early treatment is important. Waiting too long increases the risk of infertility. NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",Pelvic Inflammatory Disease,0000695,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pelvicinflammatorydisease.html,C0242172,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Pelvic Pain ?,0000696-1,information,"Pelvic pain occurs mostly in the lower abdomen area. The pain might be steady, or it might come and go. If the pain is severe, it might get in the way of your daily activities. If you're a woman, you might feel a dull pain during your period. It could also happen during sex. Pelvic pain can be a sign that there is a problem with one of the organs in your pelvic area, such as the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix or vagina. It could also be a symptom of infection, or a problem with the urinary tract, lower intestines, rectum, muscle or bone. If you're a man, the cause is often a problem with the prostate. You might have to undergo a lot of medical tests to find the cause of the pain. The treatment will depend on the cause, how bad the pain is and how often it occurs. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development",Pelvic Pain,0000696,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pelvicpain.html,C3539023,T184,Disorders +What is (are) Pelvic Support Problems ?,0000697-1,information,"The pelvic floor is a group of muscles and other tissues that form a sling or hammock across the pelvis. In women, it holds the uterus, bladder, bowel, and other pelvic organs in place so that they can work properly. The pelvic floor can become weak or be injured. The main causes are pregnancy and childbirth. Other causes include being overweight, radiation treatment, surgery, and getting older. Common symptoms include - Feeling heaviness, fullness, pulling, or aching in the vagina. It gets worse by the end of the day or during a bowel movement. - Seeing or feeling a ""bulge"" or ""something coming out"" of the vagina - Having a hard time starting to urinate or emptying the bladder completely - Having frequent urinary tract infections - Leaking urine when you cough, laugh, or exercise - Feeling an urgent or frequent need to urinate - Feeling pain while urinating - Leaking stool or having a hard time controlling gas - Being constipated - Having a hard time making it to the bathroom in time Your health care provider diagnoses the problem with a physical exam, a pelvic exam, or special tests. Treatments include special pelvic muscle exercises called Kegel exercises. A mechanical support device called a pessary helps some women. Surgery and medicines are other treatments. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development",Pelvic Support Problems,0000697,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pelvicsupportproblems.html,C1456680,T046,Disorders +What is (are) Pemphigus ?,0000698-1,information,"Pemphigus is an autoimmune disorder. If you have it, your immune system attacks healthy cells in your skin and mouth, causing blisters and sores. No one knows the cause. Pemphigus does not spread from person to person. It does not appear to be inherited. But some people's genes put them more at risk for pemphigus. Pemphigoid is also an autoimmune skin disease. It leads to deep blisters that do not break easily. Pemphigoid is most common in older adults and may be fatal for older, sick patients. Doctors diagnose pemphigus with a physical exam, a biopsy, and blood tests. The treatment of pemphigus and pemphigoid is the same: one or more medicines to control symptoms. These may include - Steroids, which reduce inflammation - Drugs that suppress the immune system response - Antibiotics to treat associated infections NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Pemphigus,0000698,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pemphigus.html,C0030807,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Penis Disorders ?,0000699-1,information,"Problems with the penis can cause pain and affect a man's sexual function and fertility. Penis disorders include - Erectile dysfunction - inability to get or keep an erection - Priapism - a painful erection that does not go away - Peyronie's disease - bending of the penis during an erection due to a hard lump called a plaque - Balanitis - inflammation of the skin covering the head of the penis, most often in men and boys who have not been circumcised - Penile cancer - a rare form of cancer, highly curable when caught early",Penis Disorders,0000699,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/penisdisorders.html,C0030846,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Peptic Ulcer ?,0000700-1,information,"A peptic ulcer is a sore in the lining of your stomach or your duodenum, the first part of your small intestine. A burning stomach pain is the most common symptom. The pain - Starts between meals or during the night - Briefly stops if you eat or take antacids - Lasts for minutes to hours - Comes and goes for several days or weeks Peptic ulcers happen when the acids that help you digest food damage the walls of the stomach or duodenum. The most common cause is infection with a bacterium called Helicobacter pylori. Another cause is the long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIDs) such as aspirin and ibuprofen. Stress and spicy foods do not cause ulcers, but can make them worse. To see if you have an H. pylori infection, your doctor will test your blood, breath, or stool. Your doctor also may look inside your stomach and duodenum by doing an endoscopy or x-ray. Peptic ulcers will get worse if not treated. Treatment may include medicines to reduce stomach acids or antibiotics to kill H. pylori. Antacids and milk can't heal peptic ulcers. Not smoking and avoiding alcohol can help. You may need surgery if your ulcers don't heal. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Peptic Ulcer,0000700,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pepticulcer.html,C0030920,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Pericardial Disorders ?,0000701-1,information,"The pericardium is a membrane, or sac, that surrounds your heart. It holds the heart in place and helps it work properly. Problems with the pericardium include - Pericarditis - an inflammation of the sac. It can be from a virus or other infection, a heart attack, heart surgery, other medical conditions, injuries, and certain medicines. - Pericardial effusion - the buildup of fluid in the sac - Cardiac tamponade - a serious problem in which buildup of fluid in the sac causes problems with the function of the heart Symptoms of pericardial problems include chest pain, rapid heartbeat, and difficulty breathing. Fever is a common symptom of acute pericarditis. Your doctor may use a physical exam, imaging tests, and heart tests to make a diagnosis. Treatment depends on the cause. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Pericardial Disorders,0000701,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pericardialdisorders.html,C0265122,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Peripheral Arterial Disease ?,0000702-1,information,"Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) happens when there is a narrowing of the blood vessels outside of your heart. The cause of PAD is atherosclerosis. This happens when plaque builds up on the walls of the arteries that supply blood to the arms and legs. Plaque is a substance made up of fat and cholesterol. It causes the arteries to narrow or become blocked. This can reduce or stop blood flow, usually to the legs. If severe enough, blocked blood flow can cause tissue death and can sometimes lead to amputation of the foot or leg. The main risk factor for PAD is smoking. Other risk factors include older age and diseases like diabetes, high blood cholesterol, high blood pressure, heart disease, and stroke. Many people who have PAD don't have any symptoms. If you have symptoms, they may include - Pain, numbness, achiness, or heaviness in the leg muscles. This happens when walking or climbing stairs. - Weak or absent pulses in the legs or feet - Sores or wounds on the toes, feet, or legs that heal slowly, poorly, or not at all - A pale or bluish color to the skin - A lower temperature in one leg than the other leg - Poor nail growth on the toes and decreased hair growth on the legs - Erectile dysfunction, especially among men who have diabetes PAD can increase your risk of heart attack, stroke, and transient ischemic attack. Doctors diagnose PAD with a physical exam and heart and imaging tests. Treatments include lifestyle changes, medicines, and sometimes surgery. Lifestyle changes include dietary changes, exercise, and efforts to lower high cholesterol levels and high blood pressure. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Peripheral Arterial Disease,0000702,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/peripheralarterialdisease.html,C1704436,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Peripheral Nerve Disorders ?,0000703-1,information,"Your peripheral nerves are the ones outside your brain and spinal cord. Like static on a telephone line, peripheral nerve disorders distort or interrupt the messages between the brain and the rest of the body. There are more than 100 kinds of peripheral nerve disorders. They can affect one nerve or many nerves. Some are the result of other diseases, like diabetic nerve problems. Others, like Guillain-Barre syndrome, happen after a virus infection. Still others are from nerve compression, like carpal tunnel syndrome or thoracic outlet syndrome. In some cases, like complex regional pain syndrome and brachial plexus injuries, the problem begins after an injury. Some people are born with peripheral nerve disorders. Symptoms often start gradually, and then get worse. They include - Numbness - Pain - Burning or tingling - Muscle weakness - Sensitivity to touch Treatment aims to treat any underlying problem, reduce pain and control symptoms. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Peripheral Nerve Disorders,0000703,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/peripheralnervedisorders.html,C0031117,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Peritoneal Disorders ?,0000704-1,information,"Your peritoneum is the tissue that lines your abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in your abdomen. A liquid, peritoneal fluid, lubricates the surface of this tissue. Disorders of the peritoneum are not common. They include - Peritonitis - an inflammation of the peritoneum - Cancer - Complications from peritoneal dialysis Your doctor may use imaging tests or lab tests to analyze the peritoneal fluid to diagnose the problem. Treatment of peritoneal disorders depends on the cause.",Peritoneal Disorders,0000704,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/peritonealdisorders.html,C0031142,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Personal Health Records,0000705-1,information,"Summary : You've probably seen your chart at your doctor's office. In fact, you may have charts at several doctors' offices. If you've been in the hospital, you have a chart there, too. These charts are your medical records. They may be on paper or electronic. To keep track of all this information, it's a good idea to keep your own personal health record. What kind of information would you put in a personal health record? You could start with - Your name, birth date, blood type, and emergency contact information - Date of last physical - Dates and results of tests and screenings - Major illnesses and surgeries, with dates - A list of your medicines and supplements, the dosages, and how long you've taken them - Any allergies - Any chronic diseases - Any history of illnesses in your family",Personal Health Records,0000705,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/personalhealthrecords.html,,, +What is (are) Personality Disorders ?,0000706-1,information,"Personality disorders are a group of mental illnesses. They involve long-term patterns of thoughts and behaviors that are unhealthy and inflexible. The behaviors cause serious problems with relationships and work. People with personality disorders have trouble dealing with everyday stresses and problems. They often have stormy relationships with other people. The cause of personality disorders is unknown. However, genes and childhood experiences may play a role. The symptoms of each personality disorder are different. They can mild or severe. People with personality disorders may have trouble realizing that they have a problem. To them, their thoughts are normal, and they often blame others for their problems. They may try to get help because of their problems with relationships and work. Treatment usually includes talk therapy and sometimes medicine.",Personality Disorders,0000706,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/personalitydisorders.html,C0031212,T048,Disorders +Do you have information about Pesticides,0000707-1,information,"Summary : Pests live where they are not wanted or cause harm to crops, people, or animals. Pesticides can help get rid of them. Pesticides are not just insect killers. They also include chemicals to control weeds, rodents, mildew, germs, and more. Many household products contain pesticides. Pesticides can protect your health by killing germs, animals, or plants that could hurt you. However, they can also be harmful to people or pets. You might want to try non-chemical methods first. If you do need a pesticide, use it correctly. Be especially careful around children and pets. Proper disposal of pesticides is also important - it can help protect the environment. Biologically-based pesticides are becoming more popular. They often are safer than traditional pesticides. Environmental Protection Agency",Pesticides,0000707,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pesticides.html,,, +Do you have information about Pet Health,0000708-1,information,"Summary : Pets can add fun, companionship and a feeling of safety to your life. Before getting a pet, think carefully about which animal is best for your family. What is each family member looking for in a pet? Who will take care of it? Does anyone have pet allergies? What type of animal suits your lifestyle and budget? Once you own a pet, keep it healthy. Know the signs of medical problems. Take your pet to the veterinarian if you notice: - Loss of appetite - Drinking a lot of water - Gaining or losing a lot of weight quickly - Strange behavior - Being sluggish and tired - Trouble getting up or down - Strange lumps",Pet Health,0000708,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pethealth.html,,, +What is (are) Phenylketonuria ?,0000709-1,information,"Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disorder in which the body can't process part of a protein called phenylalanine (Phe). Phe is in almost all foods. If the Phe level gets too high, it can damage the brain and cause severe intellectual disability. All babies born in U.S. hospitals must now have a screening test for PKU. This makes it easier to diagnose and treat the problem early. The best treatment for PKU is a diet of low-protein foods. There are special formulas for newborns. For older children and adults, the diet includes many fruits and vegetables. It also includes some low-protein breads, pastas and cereals. Nutritional formulas provide the vitamins and minerals they can't get from their food. Babies who get on this special diet soon after they are born develop normally. Many have no symptoms of PKU. It is important that they stay on the diet for the rest of their lives. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development",Phenylketonuria,0000709,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/phenylketonuria.html,C0031485,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Pheochromocytoma ?,0000710-1,information,"Pheochromocytoma is a rare tumor that usually starts in the cells of one of your adrenal glands. Although they are usually benign, pheochromocytomas often cause the adrenal gland to make too many hormones. This can lead to high blood pressure and cause symptoms such as - Headaches - Sweating - Pounding of the heart - Being shaky - Being extremely pale Sometimes pheochromocytoma is part of another condition called multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome (MEN). People with MEN often have other cancers and other problems involving hormones. Doctors use lab tests and imaging tests to diagnose it. Surgery is the most common treatment. Other options include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. Targeted therapy uses substances that attack cancer cells without harming normal cells. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Pheochromocytoma,0000710,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pheochromocytoma.html,C0031511,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Phobias ?,0000711-1,information,"A phobia is a type of anxiety disorder. It is a strong, irrational fear of something that poses little or no real danger. There are many specific phobias. Acrophobia is a fear of heights. Agoraphobia is a fear of public places, and claustrophobia is a fear of closed-in places. If you become anxious and extremely self-conscious in everyday social situations, you could have a social phobia. Other common phobias involve tunnels, highway driving, water, flying, animals and blood. People with phobias try to avoid what they are afraid of. If they cannot, they may experience - Panic and fear - Rapid heartbeat - Shortness of breath - Trembling - A strong desire to get away Phobias usually start in children or teens, and continue into adulthood. The causes of specific phobias are not known, but they sometimes run in families. Treatment helps most people with phobias. Options include medicines, therapy or both. NIH: National Institute of Mental Health",Phobias,0000711,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/phobias.html,C0349231,T048,Disorders +What is (are) Piercing and Tattoos ?,0000712-1,information,"Piercings and tattoos are body decorations that go back to ancient times. Body piercing involves making a hole in the skin so that you can insert jewelry. This is often in the earlobe, but can be in other parts of the body. Tattoos are designs on the skin made with needles and colored ink. A permanent tattoo is meant to last forever. Permanent makeup is a type of tattoo. The health risks of piercings and tattoos include - Allergic reactions - Keloids, a type of scar that forms during healing - Infections, such as hepatitis To reduce the risks, make sure that the facility is clean, safe and has a good reputation. Proper sterilization of the equipment is important. Be sure to follow the instructions on caring for your skin. Holes from piercing usually close up if you no longer wear the jewelry. It is possible to remove tattoos, but it's painful and can cause scarring.",Piercing and Tattoos,0000712,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/piercingandtattoos.html,C1366940,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Pinkeye ?,0000713-1,information,"Conjunctivitis is the medical name for pink eye. It involves inflammation of the outer layer of the eye and inside of the eyelid. It can cause swelling, itching, burning, discharge, and redness. Causes include - Bacterial or viral infection - Allergies - Substances that cause irritation - Contact lens products, eye drops, or eye ointments Pinkeye usually does not affect vision. Infectious pink eye can easily spread from one person to another. The infection will clear in most cases without medical care, but bacterial pinkeye needs treatment with antibiotic eye drops or ointment. NIH: National Eye Institute",Pinkeye,0000713,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pinkeye.html,C1261274,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Pinworms ?,0000714-1,information,"Pinworms are small parasites that can live in the colon and rectum. You get them when you swallow their eggs. The eggs hatch inside your intestines. While you sleep, the female pinworms leave the intestines through the anus and lay eggs on nearby skin. Pinworms spread easily. When people who are infected touch their anus, the eggs attach to their fingertips. They can spread the eggs to others directly through their hands, or through contaminated clothing, bedding, food, or other articles. The eggs can live on household surfaces for up to 2 weeks. The infection is more common in children. Many people have no symptoms at all. Some people feel itching around the anus or vagina. The itching may become intense, interfere with sleep, and make you irritable. Your health care provider can diagnose pinworm infection by finding the eggs. A common way to collect the eggs is with a sticky piece of clear tape. Mild infections may not need treatment. If you do need medicine, everyone in the household should take it. To prevent becoming infected or reinfected with pinworms, - Bathe after waking up - Wash your pajamas and bed sheets often - Wash your hands regularly, especially after using the bathroom or changing diapers - Change your underwear every day - Avoid nail biting - Avoid scratching the anal area NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",Pinworms,0000714,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pinworms.html,C0086227,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Pituitary Disorders ?,0000715-1,information,"Your pituitary gland is a pea-sized gland at the base of your brain. The pituitary is the ""master control gland"" - it makes hormones that affect growth and the functions of other glands in the body. With pituitary disorders, you often have too much or too little of one of your hormones. Injuries can cause pituitary disorders, but the most common cause is a pituitary tumor.",Pituitary Disorders,0000715,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pituitarydisorders.html,C0032002,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Pituitary Tumors ?,0000716-1,information,"Your pituitary gland is a pea-sized gland at the base of your brain. The pituitary is the ""master control gland"" - it makes hormones that affect growth and the functions of other glands in the body. Pituitary tumors are common, but often they don't cause health problems. Most people with pituitary tumors never even know they have them. The most common type of pituitary tumor produces hormones and disrupts the balance of hormones in your body. This can cause endocrine diseases such as Cushing's syndrome and hyperthyroidism. Symptoms of pituitary tumors include - Headaches - Vision problems - Nausea and vomiting - Problems caused by the production of too many hormones Pituitary tumors are usually curable. Treatment is often surgery to remove the tumor. Other options include medicines, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.",Pituitary Tumors,0000716,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pituitarytumors.html,C0032019,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Plague ?,0000717-1,information,"Plague is an infection caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. The bacteria are found mainly in rats and in the fleas that feed on them. People and other animals can get plague from rat or flea bites. In the past, plague destroyed entire civilizations. Today plague is uncommon, due to better living conditions and antibiotics. There are three forms of plague: - Bubonic plague causes the tonsils, adenoids, spleen, and thymus to become inflamed. Symptoms include fever, aches, chills, and tender lymph glands. - In septicemic plague, bacteria multiply in the blood. It causes fever, chills, shock, and bleeding under the skin or other organs. - Pneumonic plague is the most serious form. Bacteria enter the lungs and cause pneumonia. People with the infection can spread this form to others. This type could be a bioterror agent. Lab tests can diagnose plague. Treatment is a strong antibiotic. There is no vaccine. NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",Plague,0000717,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/plague.html,C0032064,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery,0000718-1,information,"Summary : Surgeons can reshape the appearance of body parts through cosmetic surgery. Some of the most common body parts people want to improve through surgery include - Breasts: Increase or reduce the size of breasts or reshape sagging breasts - Ears: Reduce the size of large ears or set protruding ears back closer to the head - Eyes: Correct drooping upper eyelids or remove puffy bags below the eyes - Face: Remove facial wrinkles, creases or acne scars - Hair: Fill in balding areas with one's own hair - Nose: Change the shape of the nose - Tummy: Flatten the abdomen",Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery,0000718,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/plasticandcosmeticsurgery.html,,, +What is (are) Platelet Disorders ?,0000719-1,information,"Platelets are little pieces of blood cells. Platelets help wounds heal and prevent bleeding by forming blood clots. Your bone marrow makes platelets. Problems can result from having too few or too many platelets, or from platelets that do not work properly. If your blood has a low number of platelets, it is called thrombocytopenia. This can put you at risk for mild to serious bleeding. If your blood has too many platelets, you may have a higher risk of blood clots. With other platelet disorders, the platelets do not work as they should. For example, in von Willebrand Disease, the platelets cannot stick together or cannot attach to blood vessel walls. This can cause excessive bleeding. Treatment of platelet disorders depends on the cause. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Platelet Disorders,0000719,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/plateletdisorders.html,C0005818,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Pleural Disorders ?,0000720-1,information,"Your pleura is a large, thin sheet of tissue that wraps around the outside of your lungs and lines the inside of your chest cavity. Between the layers of the pleura is a very thin space. Normally it's filled with a small amount of fluid. The fluid helps the two layers of the pleura glide smoothly past each other as your lungs breathe air in and out. Disorders of the pleura include - Pleurisy - inflammation of the pleura that causes sharp pain with breathing - Pleural effusion - excess fluid in the pleural space - Pneumothorax - buildup of air or gas in the pleural space - Hemothorax - buildup of blood in the pleural space Many different conditions can cause pleural problems. Viral infection is the most common cause of pleurisy. The most common cause of pleural effusion is congestive heart failure. Lung diseases, like COPD, tuberculosis, and acute lung injury, cause pneumothorax. Injury to the chest is the most common cause of hemothorax. Treatment focuses on removing fluid, air, or blood from the pleural space, relieving symptoms, and treating the underlying condition. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Pleural Disorders,0000720,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pleuraldisorders.html,C0032226,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Pneumococcal Infections ?,0000721-1,information,"Pneumococci are a type of streptococcus bacteria. The bacteria spread through contact with people who are ill or by healthy people who carry the bacteria in the back of their nose. Pneumococcal infections can be mild or severe. The most common types of infections are - Ear infections - Sinus infections - Pneumonia - Sepsis - Meningitis How the diagnosis is made depends upon where the infection is. Your doctor will do a physical exam and health history. Possible tests may include blood, imaging, or lab tests. Treatment is with antibiotics. Vaccines can prevent pneumococcal infections. There are two vaccines. One is for infants and young children. The other is for people at high risk, including those who are over 65 years old, have chronic illnesses or weak immune systems, smoke, have asthma, or live in long-term care facilities. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Pneumococcal Infections,0000721,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pneumococcalinfections.html,C0032269,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Pneumocystis Infections ?,0000722-1,information,"Pneumocystis jirovec is a tiny fungus that lives in the lungs of many people. Most people's immune systems keep the fungus under control. But if your immune system is weak, the fungus can make you very sick. The most common problem of infection is pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). PCP once was the major cause of death for people with HIV/AIDS. But now, it is possible to prevent or treat most cases. The key to surviving PCP is early treatment. The first signs of PCP are difficulty breathing, fever and a dry cough. If you have these symptoms, see your doctor right away.",Pneumocystis Infections,0000722,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pneumocystisinfections.html,C0851886,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Pneumonia ?,0000723-1,information,"Pneumonia is an infection in one or both of the lungs. Many germs, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, can cause pneumonia. You can also get pneumonia by inhaling a liquid or chemical. People most at risk are older than 65 or younger than 2 years of age, or already have health problems. Symptoms of pneumonia vary from mild to severe. See your doctor promptly if you - Have a high fever - Have shaking chills - Have a cough with phlegm that doesn't improve or gets worse - Develop shortness of breath with normal daily activities - Have chest pain when you breathe or cough - Feel suddenly worse after a cold or the flu Your doctor will use your medical history, a physical exam, and lab tests to diagnose pneumonia. Treatment depends on what kind you have. If bacteria are the cause, antibiotics should help. If you have viral pneumonia, your doctor may prescribe an antiviral medicine to treat it. Preventing pneumonia is always better than treating it. Vaccines are available to prevent pneumococcal pneumonia and the flu. Other preventive measures include washing your hands frequently and not smoking. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Pneumonia,0000723,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pneumonia.html,C0032285,T047,Disorders +"What is (are) Poison Ivy, Oak and Sumac ?",0000724-1,information,"If you spend time outdoors, chances are you have been bothered by poison ivy, poison oak or poison sumac at some point. Most people are sensitive to the plants' oily sap. The sap is in the root, stems, leaves and fruit of these plants. If it gets on your skin, it causes a blistering skin rash. The rash can range from mild to severe, depending on how much sap gets on your skin and how sensitive you are to it. Problems can also happen if the plants are burned. Airborne sap-coated soot can get into the eyes, nose, throat and respiratory system. The best way to avoid the rash is to learn what the plants look like and stay away from them. If you come into contact with the plants, wash your skin and clothing right away. If you develop a rash, ask your pharmacist about over-the-counter medicines. For severe rashes, see your doctor. National Park Service","Poison Ivy, Oak and Sumac",0000724,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/poisonivyoakandsumac.html,C0162451,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Poisoning ?,0000725-1,information,"A poison is any substance that is harmful to your body. You might swallow it, inhale it, inject it, or absorb it through your skin. Any substance can be poisonous if too much is taken. Poisons can include - Prescription or over-the-counter medicines taken in doses that are too high - Overdoses of illegal drugs - Carbon monoxide from gas appliances - Household products, such as laundry powder or furniture polish - Pesticides - Indoor or outdoor plants - Metals such as lead and mercury The effects of poisoning range from short-term illness to brain damage, coma, and death. To prevent poisoning it is important to use and store products exactly as their labels say. Keep dangerous products where children can't get to them. Treatment for poisoning depends on the type of poison. If you suspect someone has been poisoned, call your local poison control center right away.",Poisoning,0000725,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/poisoning.html,C0032343,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Polio and Post-Polio Syndrome ?,0000726-1,information,"Polio is an infectious disease caused by a virus. The virus lives in an infected person's throat and intestines. It is most often spread by contact with the stool of an infected person. You can also get it from droplets if an infected person sneezes or coughs. It can contaminate food and water if people do not wash their hands. Most people have no symptoms. If you have symptoms, they may include fever, fatigue, nausea, headache, flu-like symptoms, stiff neck and back, and pain in the limbs. A few people will become paralyzed. There is no treatment to reverse the paralysis of polio. Some people who've had polio develop post-polio syndrome (PPS) years later. Symptoms include tiredness, new muscle weakness, and muscle and joint pain. There is no way to prevent or cure PPS. The polio vaccine has wiped out polio in the United States and most other countries. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Polio and Post-Polio Syndrome,0000726,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/polioandpostpoliosyndrome.html,C0032371,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ?,0000727-1,information,"Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) happens when a woman's ovaries or adrenal glands produce more male hormones than normal. One result is that cysts (fluid-filled sacs) develop on the ovaries. Women who are obese are more likely to have polycystic ovary syndrome. Symptoms of PCOS include: - Infertility - Pelvic pain - Excess hair growth on the face, chest, stomach, thumbs, or toes - Baldness or thinning hair - Acne, oily skin, or dandruff - Patches of thickened dark brown or black skin Women with PCOS are at higher risk of diabetes, metabolic syndrome, heart disease, and high blood pressure. Medicines can help control the symptoms. Birth control pills help women have normal periods, reduce male hormone levels, and clear acne. Other medicines can reduce hair growth and control blood pressure and cholesterol. There is no cure. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development",Polycystic Ovary Syndrome,0000727,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/polycysticovarysyndrome.html,C0032460,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Polymyalgia Rheumatica ?,0000728-1,information,"Polymyalgia rheumatica is a disorder that causes muscle pain and stiffness in your neck, shoulders, and hips. It is most common in women and almost always occurs in people over 50. The main symptom is stiffness after resting. Other symptoms include fever, weakness and weight loss. In some cases, polymyalgia rheumatica develops overnight. In others, it is gradual. The cause is not known. There is no single test to diagnose polymyalgia rheumatica. Your doctor will use your medical history, symptoms, and a physical exam to make the diagnosis. Lab tests for inflammation may help confirm the diagnosis. Polymyalgia rheumatica sometimes occurs along with giant cell arteritis, a condition that causes swelling of the arteries in your head. Symptoms include headaches and blurred vision. Doctors often prescribe prednisone, a steroid medicine, for both conditions. With treatment, polymyalgia rheumatica usually disappears in a day or two. Without treatment, it usually goes away after a year or more. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Polymyalgia Rheumatica,0000728,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/polymyalgiarheumatica.html,C0032533,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Porphyria ?,0000729-1,information,"Porphyrias are a group of genetic disorders caused by problems with how your body makes a substance called heme. Heme is found throughout the body, especially in your blood and bone marrow, where it carries oxygen. There are two main types of porphyrias. One affects the skin and the other affects the nervous system. People with the skin type develop blisters, itching, and swelling of their skin when it is exposed to sunlight. The nervous system type is called acute porphyria. Symptoms include pain in the chest, abdomen, limbs, or back; muscle numbness, tingling, paralysis, or cramping; vomiting; constipation; and personality changes or mental disorders. These symptoms come and go. Certain triggers can cause an attack, including some medicines, smoking, drinking alcohol, infections, stress, and sun exposure. Attacks develop over hours or days. They can last for days or weeks. Porphyria can be hard to diagnose. It requires blood, urine, and stool tests. Each type of porphyria is treated differently. Treatment may involve avoiding triggers, receiving heme through a vein, taking medicines to relieve symptoms, or having blood drawn to reduce iron in the body. People who have severe attacks may need to be hospitalized. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Porphyria,0000729,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/porphyria.html,C0032708,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder ?,0000730-1,information,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a real illness. You can get PTSD after living through or seeing a traumatic event, such as war, a hurricane, sexual assault, physical abuse, or a bad accident. PTSD makes you feel stressed and afraid after the danger is over. It affects your life and the people around you. PTSD can cause problems like - Flashbacks, or feeling like the event is happening again - Trouble sleeping or nightmares - Feeling alone - Angry outbursts - Feeling worried, guilty, or sad PTSD starts at different times for different people. Signs of PTSD may start soon after a frightening event and then continue. Other people develop new or more severe signs months or even years later. PTSD can happen to anyone, even children. Treatment may include talk therapy, medicines, or both. Treatment might take 6 to 12 weeks. For some people, it takes longer. NIH: National Institute of Mental Health",Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder,0000730,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/posttraumaticstressdisorder.html,C0038436,T048,Disorders +Do you have information about Postpartum Care,0000731-1,information,"Summary : Taking home a new baby is one of the happiest times in a woman's life. But it also presents both physical and emotional challenges. - Get as much rest as possible. You may find that all you can do is eat, sleep, and care for your baby. And that is perfectly okay. You will have spotting or bleeding, like a menstrual period, off and on for up to six weeks. - You might also have swelling in your legs and feet, feel constipated, have menstrual-like cramping. Even if you are not breastfeeding, you can have milk leaking from your nipples, and your breasts might feel full, tender, or uncomfortable. - Follow your doctor's instructions on how much activity, like climbing stairs or walking, you can do for the next few weeks. - Doctors usually recommend that you abstain from sexual intercourse for four to six weeks after birth. In addition to physical changes, you may feel sad or have the ""baby blues."" If you are extremely sad or are unable to care for yourself or your baby, you might have a serious condition called postpartum depression. Dept. of Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health",Postpartum Care,0000731,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/postpartumcare.html,,, +What is (are) Postpartum Depression ?,0000732-1,information,"Many women have the baby blues after childbirth. If you have the baby blues, you may have mood swings, feel sad, anxious or overwhelmed, have crying spells, lose your appetite, or have trouble sleeping. The baby blues most often go away within a few days or a week. The symptoms are not severe and do not need treatment. The symptoms of postpartum depression last longer and are more severe. You may also feel hopeless and worthless, and lose interest in the baby. You may have thoughts of hurting yourself or the baby. Very rarely, new mothers develop something even more serious. They may have hallucinations or try to hurt themselves or the baby. They need to get treatment right away, often in the hospital. Postpartum depression can begin anytime within the first year after childbirth. The cause is not known. Hormonal and physical changes after birth and the stress of caring for a new baby may play a role. Women who have had depression are at higher risk. If you think you have postpartum depression, tell your health care provider. Medicines, including antidepressants and talk therapy can help you get well. Dept. of Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health",Postpartum Depression,0000732,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/postpartumdepression.html,C0221074,T048,Disorders +Do you have information about Potassium,0000733-1,information,"Summary : Potassium is a mineral that the body needs to work normally. It helps nerves and muscles communicate. It also helps move nutrients into cells and waste products out of cells. A diet rich in potassium helps to offset some of sodium's harmful effects on blood pressure. Most people get all the potassium they need from what they eat and drink. Sources of potassium in the diet include - Leafy greens, such as spinach and collards - Fruit from vines, such as grapes and blackberries - Root vegetables, such as carrots and potatoes - Citrus fruits, such as oranges and grapefruit",Potassium,0000733,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/potassium.html,,, +What is (are) Prader-Willi Syndrome ?,0000734-1,information,"Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a rare genetic disorder. It causes poor muscle tone, low levels of sex hormones and a constant feeling of hunger. The part of the brain that controls feelings of fullness or hunger does not work properly in people with PWS. They overeat, leading to obesity. Babies with PWS are usually floppy, with poor muscle tone, and have trouble sucking. Boys may have undescended testicles. Later, other signs appear. These include - Short stature - Poor motor skills - Weight gain - Underdeveloped sex organs - Mild intellectual and learning disabilities There is no cure for PWS. Growth hormone, exercise, and dietary supervision can help build muscle mass and control weight. Other treatments may include sex hormones and behavior therapy. Most people with PWS will need specialized care and supervision throughout their lives. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development",Prader-Willi Syndrome,0000734,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/praderwillisyndrome.html,C0032897,T019,Disorders +Do you have information about Preconception Care,0000735-1,information,"Summary : If you are trying to have a baby or are just thinking about it, it is not too early to prepare for a safe pregnancy and a healthy baby. You should speak with your healthcare provider about preconception care. Preconception care is care you receive before you get pregnant. It involves finding and taking care of any problems that might affect you and your baby later, like diabetes or high blood pressure. It also involves steps you can take to reduce the risk of birth defects and other problems. For example, you should take folic acid supplements to prevent neural tube defects. By taking action on health issues before pregnancy, you can prevent many future problems for yourself and your baby. Once you're pregnant, you'll get prenatal care until your baby is born. National Center for Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities",Preconception Care,0000735,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/preconceptioncare.html,,, +What is (are) Prediabetes ?,0000736-1,information,"Prediabetes means you have blood glucose, or blood sugar, levels that are higher than normal but not high enough to be called diabetes. Glucose comes from the foods you eat. Too much glucose in your blood can damage your body over time. If you have prediabetes, you are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke. Most people with prediabetes don't have any symptoms. Your doctor can use an A1C test or another blood test to find out if your blood glucose levels are higher than normal. If you are 45 years old or older, your doctor may recommend that you be tested for prediabetes, especially if you are overweight. Losing weight - at least 5 to 10 percent of your starting weight - can prevent or delay diabetes or even reverse prediabetes. That's 10 to 20 pounds for someone who weighs 200 pounds. You can lose weight by cutting down on the amount of calories and fat you eat and being physically active at least 30 minutes a day. Being physically active makes your body's insulin work better. Your doctor may also prescribe medicine to help control the amount of glucose in your blood. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Prediabetes,0000736,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prediabetes.html,C0362046,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Pregnancy,0000737-1,information,"Summary : So you're going to have a baby! Whether you are pregnant or are planning to get pregnant, you will want to give your baby a healthy start. You need to have regular visits with your healthcare provider. These prenatal care visits are very important for your baby and yourself. Some things you might do when you are pregnant could hurt your baby, such as smoking or drinking. Some medicines can also be a problem, even ones that a doctor prescribed. You will need to drink plenty of fluids and eat a healthy diet. You may also be tired and need more rest. Your body will change as your baby grows during the nine months of your pregnancy. Don't hesitate to call your health care provider if you think you have a problem or something is bothering or worrying you.",Pregnancy,0000737,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pregnancy.html,,, +Do you have information about Pregnancy and Medicines,0000738-1,information,"Summary : Not all medicines are safe to take when you are pregnant. Some medicines can harm your baby. That includes over-the-counter or prescription drugs, herbs, and supplements. Always speak with your health care provider before you start or stop any medicine. Not using medicine that you need may be more harmful to you and your baby than using the medicine. For example, many pregnant women take prescription medicines for health problems like diabetes, asthma, seizures, and heartburn. The decision about whether or not to take a medicine depends on the risks and benefits. You and your health care provider should make this choice together. Pregnant women should not take regular vitamins. They may have too much or too little of the vitamins that you need. There are special vitamins for pregnant women. It is important to take 0.4 mg of folic acid every day before you become pregnant through the first part of your pregnancy. Folic acid helps to prevent birth defects of the baby's brain or spine. Food and Drug Administration",Pregnancy and Medicines,0000738,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pregnancyandmedicines.html,,, +Do you have information about Pregnancy and Nutrition,0000739-1,information,"Summary : When you're pregnant, eating healthy foods is more important than ever. You need more protein, iron, calcium, and folic acid than you did before pregnancy. You also need more calories. But ""eating for two"" doesn't mean eating twice as much. It means that the foods you eat are the main source of nutrients for your baby. Sensible, balanced meals will be best for you and your baby. You should gain weight gradually during your pregnancy, with most of the weight gained in the last trimester. Generally, doctors suggest women gain weight at the following rate: - 2 to 4 pounds total during the first trimester - 3 to 4 pounds per month for the second and third trimesters Most women need 300 calories a day more during at least the last six months of pregnancy than they did before they were pregnant. But not all calories are equal. Your baby needs healthy foods that are packed with nutrients - not ""empty calories"" such as those found in soft drinks, candies, and desserts. Dept. of Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health",Pregnancy and Nutrition,0000739,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pregnancyandnutrition.html,,, +What is (are) Pregnancy and Substance Abuse ?,0000740-1,information,"When you are pregnant, you are not just ""eating for two."" You also breathe and drink for two, so it is important to carefully consider what you give to your baby. If you smoke, use alcohol or take illegal drugs, so does your unborn baby. First, don't smoke. Smoking during pregnancy passes nicotine and cancer-causing drugs to your baby. Smoke also keeps your baby from getting nourishment and raises the risk of stillbirth or premature birth. Don't drink alcohol. There is no known safe amount of alcohol a woman can drink while pregnant. Alcohol can cause life-long physical and behavioral problems in children, including fetal alcohol syndrome. Don't use illegal drugs. Using illegal drugs may cause underweight babies, birth defects or withdrawal symptoms after birth. If you are pregnant and you smoke, drink alcohol or do drugs, get help. Your health care provider can recommend programs to help you quit. You and your baby will be better off. Dept. of Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health",Pregnancy and Substance Abuse,0000740,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pregnancyandsubstanceabuse.html,C0740858,T048,Disorders +Do you have information about Premature Babies,0000741-1,information,"Summary : Almost 1 of every 10 infants born in the United States are premature, or preemies. A premature birth is when a baby is born before 37 completed weeks of pregnancy. A full-term pregnancy is 40 weeks. Important growth and development happen throughout pregnancy - especially in the final months and weeks. Because they are born too early, preemies weigh much less than full-term babies. They may have health problems because their organs did not have enough time to develop. Problems that a baby born too early may have include - Breathing problems - Feeding difficulties - Cerebral palsy - Developmental delay - Vision problems - Hearing problems Preemies need special medical care in a neonatal intensive care unit, or NICU. They stay there until their organ systems can work on their own. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Premature Babies,0000741,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prematurebabies.html,,, +What is (are) Premature Ovarian Failure ?,0000742-1,information,"Premature ovarian failure (POF) is when a woman's ovaries stop working before she is 40. POF is different from premature menopause. With premature menopause, your periods stop before age 40. You can no longer get pregnant. The cause can be natural or it can be a disease, surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation. With POF, some women still have occasional periods. They may even get pregnant. In most cases of POF, the cause is unknown. Missed periods are usually the first sign of POF. Later symptoms may be similar to those of natural menopause: - Hot flashes - Night sweats - Irritability - Poor concentration - Decreased sex drive - Pain during sex - Vaginal dryness Doctors diagnose POF by doing a physical exam and lab and imaging tests. Most women with POF cannot get pregnant naturally. Fertility treatments help a few women; others use donor eggs to have children. There is no treatment that will restore normal ovarian function. However, many health care providers suggest taking hormones until age 50. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development",Premature Ovarian Failure,0000742,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prematureovarianfailure.html,C0025322,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Premenstrual Syndrome ?,0000743-1,information,"Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, is a group of symptoms that start one to two weeks before your period. Most women have at least some symptoms of PMS, and the symptoms go away after their periods start. For some women, the symptoms are severe enough to interfere with their lives. They have a type of PMS called premenstrual dysphoric disorder, or PMDD. Common PMS symptoms include - Breast swelling and tenderness - Acne - Bloating and weight gain - Pain - headache or joint pain - Food cravings - Irritability, mood swings, crying spells, depression No one knows what causes PMS, but hormonal changes trigger the symptoms. No single PMS treatment works for everyone. Over-the-counter pain relievers such as ibuprofen, aspirin or naproxen may help ease cramps, headaches, backaches and breast tenderness. Exercising, getting enough sleep, and avoiding salt, caffeine, and alcohol can also help. Dept. of Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health",Premenstrual Syndrome,0000743,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/premenstrualsyndrome.html,C0033046,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Prenatal Care,0000744-1,information,"Summary : Prenatal care is the health care you get while you are pregnant. It includes your checkups and prenatal testing. Prenatal care can help keep you and your baby healthy. It lets your health care provider spot health problems early. Early treatment can cure many problems and prevent others. Your doctor or midwife will give you a schedule for your prenatal visits. If you are over 35 years old or your pregnancy is high risk because of health problems like diabetes or high blood pressure, your doctor or midwife will probably want to see you more often. You can also expect to see your health care provider more often as your due date gets closer. Dept. of Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health",Prenatal Care,0000744,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prenatalcare.html,,, +Do you have information about Prenatal Testing,0000745-1,information,"Summary : Prenatal testing provides information about your baby's health before he or she is born. Some routine tests during pregnancy also check on your health. At your first prenatal visit, your healthcare provider will test for a number of things, including problems with your blood, signs of infections, and whether you are immune to rubella (German measles) and chickenpox. Throughout your pregnancy, your healthcare provider may suggest a number of other tests, too. Some tests are suggested for all women, such as screenings for gestational diabetes, Down syndrome, and HIV. Other tests might be offered based on your: - Age - Personal or family health history - Ethnic background - Results of routine tests Some tests are screening tests. They detect risks for or signs of possible health problems in you or your baby. Based on screening test results, your doctor might suggest diagnostic tests. Diagnostic tests confirm or rule out health problems in you or your baby. Dept. of Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health",Prenatal Testing,0000745,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prenataltesting.html,,, +What is (are) Prescription Drug Abuse ?,0000746-1,information,"If you take a medicine in a way that is different from what the doctor prescribed, it is called prescription drug abuse. It could be - Taking a medicine that was prescribed for someone else - Taking a larger dose than you are supposed to - Taking the medicine in a different way than you are supposed to. This might be crushing tablets and then snorting or injecting them. - Using the medicine for another purpose, such as getting high Abusing some prescription drugs can lead to addiction. These include narcotic painkillers, sedatives, tranquilizers, and stimulants. Every medicine has some risk of side effects. Doctors take this into account when prescribing medicines. People who abuse these drugs may not understand the risks. The medicines may not be safe for them, especially at higher doses or when taken with other medicines. NIH: National Institute on Drug Abuse",Prescription Drug Abuse,0000746,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prescriptiondrugabuse.html,C0747950,T048,Disorders +What is (are) Pressure Sores ?,0000747-1,information,"Pressure sores are areas of damaged skin caused by staying in one position for too long. They commonly form where your bones are close to your skin, such as your ankles, back, elbows, heels and hips. You are at risk if you are bedridden, use a wheelchair, or are unable to change your position. Pressure sores can cause serious infections, some of which are life-threatening. They can be a problem for people in nursing homes. You can prevent the sores by - Keeping skin clean and dry - Changing position every two hours - Using pillows and products that relieve pressure Pressure sores have a variety of treatments. Advanced sores are slow to heal, so early treatment is best.",Pressure Sores,0000747,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pressuresores.html,C0011127,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Preterm Labor ?,0000748-1,information,"Preterm labor is labor that starts before 37 completed weeks of pregnancy. It can lead to premature birth. Premature babies may face serious health risks. Symptoms of preterm labor include - Contractions every 10 minutes or more often - Leaking fluid or bleeding from the vagina - Feeling of pressure in the pelvis - Low, dull backache - Cramps that feel like menstrual cramps - Abdominal cramps with or without diarrhea If you think you might be having preterm labor, contact your health care provider. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development",Preterm Labor,0000748,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pretermlabor.html,C0022876,T046,Disorders +What is (are) Progressive Supranuclear Palsy ?,0000749-1,information,"Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a rare brain disease. It affects brain cells that control the movement of your eyes. This leads to serious and permanent problems with balance and the way you walk. It usually occurs in middle-aged or elderly people. Symptoms are very different in each person, but may include personality changes, speech, vision and swallowing problems. Doctors sometimes confuse PSP with Parkinson's disease or Alzheimer's disease. PSP has no cure and no effective treatments. Walking aids, special glasses and certain medicines might help somewhat. Although the disease gets worse over time, it isn't fatal on its own. However, PSP is dangerous because it increases your risk of pneumonia and choking from swallowing problems and injuries from falling. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Progressive Supranuclear Palsy,0000749,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/progressivesupranuclearpalsy.html,C0038868,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Prostate Cancer ?,0000750-1,information,"The prostate is the gland below a man's bladder that produces fluid for semen. Prostate cancer is common among older men. It is rare in men younger than 40. Risk factors for developing prostate cancer include being over 65 years of age, family history, and being African-American. Symptoms of prostate cancer may include - Problems passing urine, such as pain, difficulty starting or stopping the stream, or dribbling - Low back pain - Pain with ejaculation To diagnose prostate cancer, you doctor may do a digital rectal exam to feel the prostate for lumps or anything unusual. You may also get a blood test for prostate-specific antigen (PSA). These tests are also used in prostate cancer screening, which looks for cancer before you have symptoms. If your results are abnormal, you may need more tests, such as an ultrasound, MRI, or biopsy. Treatment often depends on the stage of the cancer. How fast the cancer grows and how different it is from surrounding tissue helps determine the stage. Men with prostate cancer have many treatment options. The treatment that's best for one man may not be best for another. The options include watchful waiting, surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, and chemotherapy. You may have a combination of treatments. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Prostate Cancer,0000750,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prostatecancer.html,C0376358,T191,Disorders +Do you have information about Prostate Cancer Screening,0000751-1,information,"Summary : The prostate is the gland below a man's bladder that produces fluid for semen. Cancer screening is looking for cancer before you have any symptoms. Cancer found early may be easier to treat. There is no standard screening test for prostate cancer. Researchers are studying different tests to find those with the fewest risks and most benefits. One test is the digital rectal exam (DRE). The doctor or nurse inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into your rectum to feel the prostate for lumps or anything unusual. Another test is the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test. Your PSA level may be high if you have prostate cancer. It can also be high if you have an enlarged prostate (BPH) or other prostate problems. If your screening results are abnormal, your doctor may do more tests, such as an ultrasound, MRI, or a biopsy. Prostate cancer screening has risks: - Finding prostate cancer may not improve your health or help you live longer - The results can sometimes be wrong - Follow-up tests, such as a biopsy, may have complications You and your doctor should discuss your risk for prostate cancer, the pros and cons of the screening tests, and whether you should get them.",Prostate Cancer Screening,0000751,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prostatecancerscreening.html,,, +What is (are) Prostate Diseases ?,0000752-1,information,"The prostate is a gland in men. It helps make semen, the fluid that contains sperm. The prostate surrounds the tube that carries urine away from the bladder and out of the body. A young man's prostate is about the size of a walnut. It slowly grows larger with age. If it gets too large, it can cause problems. This is very common after age 50. The older men get, the more likely they are to have prostate trouble. Some common problems are - Prostatitis - inflammation, usually caused by bacteria - Enlarged prostate (BPH), or benign prostatic hyperplasia - a common problem in older men which may cause dribbling after urination or a need to go often, especially at night - Prostate cancer - a common cancer that responds best to treatment when detected early NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Prostate Diseases,0000752,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prostatediseases.html,C0033575,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Psoriasis ?,0000753-1,information,"Psoriasis is a skin disease that causes itchy or sore patches of thick, red skin with silvery scales. You usually get the patches on your elbows, knees, scalp, back, face, palms and feet, but they can show up on other parts of your body. Some people who have psoriasis also get a form of arthritis called psoriatic arthritis. A problem with your immune system causes psoriasis. In a process called cell turnover, skin cells that grow deep in your skin rise to the surface. Normally, this takes a month. In psoriasis, it happens in just days because your cells rise too fast. Psoriasis can be hard to diagnose because it can look like other skin diseases. Your doctor might need to look at a small skin sample under a microscope. Psoriasis can last a long time, even a lifetime. Symptoms come and go. Things that make them worse include - Infections - Stress - Dry skin - Certain medicines Psoriasis usually occurs in adults. It sometimes runs in families. Treatments include creams, medicines, and light therapy. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Psoriasis,0000753,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/psoriasis.html,C0033860,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Psoriatic Arthritis ?,0000754-1,information,"Psoriasis is a skin disease that causes itchy or sore patches of thick, red skin with silvery scales. You usually get them on your elbows, knees, scalp, back, face, palms and feet, but they can show up on other parts of your body. Some people with psoriasis have psoriatic arthritis. It causes pain, stiffness, and swelling of the joints. It is often mild, but can sometimes be serious and affect many joints. The joint and skin problems don't always happen at the same time. Your doctor will do a physical exam and imaging tests to diagnose psoriatic arthritis. There is no cure, but medicines can help control inflammation and pain. In rare cases, you might need surgery to repair or replace damaged joints.",Psoriatic Arthritis,0000754,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/psoriaticarthritis.html,C0003872,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Psychotic Disorders ?,0000755-1,information,"Psychotic disorders are severe mental disorders that cause abnormal thinking and perceptions. People with psychoses lose touch with reality. Two of the main symptoms are delusions and hallucinations. Delusions are false beliefs, such as thinking that someone is plotting against you or that the TV is sending you secret messages. Hallucinations are false perceptions, such as hearing, seeing, or feeling something that is not there. Schizophrenia is one type of psychotic disorder. People with bipolar disorder may also have psychotic symptoms. Other problems that can cause psychosis include alcohol and some drugs, brain tumors, brain infections, and stroke. Treatment depends on the cause of the psychosis. It might involve drugs to control symptoms and talk therapy. Hospitalization is an option for serious cases where a person might be dangerous to himself or others.",Psychotic Disorders,0000755,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/psychoticdisorders.html,C0033975,T048,Disorders +Do you have information about Puberty,0000756-1,information,"Summary : Puberty is the time in life when a boy or girl becomes sexually mature. It is a process that usually happens between ages 10 and 14 for girls and ages 12 and 16 for boys. It causes physical changes, and affects boys and girls differently. In girls: - The first sign of puberty is usually breast development. - Then hair grows in the pubic area and armpits. - Menstruation (or a period) usually happens last. In boys: - Puberty usually begins with the testicles and penis getting bigger. - Then hair grows in the pubic area and armpits. - Muscles grow, the voice deepens, and facial hair develops as puberty continues. Both boys and girls may get acne. They also usually have a growth spurt (a rapid increase in height) that lasts for about 2 or 3 years. This brings them closer to their adult height, which they reach after puberty. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development",Puberty,0000756,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/puberty.html,,, +What is (are) Pulmonary Embolism ?,0000757-1,information,"A pulmonary embolism is a sudden blockage in a lung artery. The cause is usually a blood clot in the leg called a deep vein thrombosis that breaks loose and travels through the bloodstream to the lung. Pulmonary embolism is a serious condition that can cause - Permanent damage to the affected lung - Low oxygen levels in your blood - Damage to other organs in your body from not getting enough oxygen If a clot is large, or if there are many clots, pulmonary embolism can cause death. Half the people who have pulmonary embolism have no symptoms. If you do have symptoms, they can include shortness of breath, chest pain or coughing up blood. Symptoms of a blood clot include warmth, swelling, pain, tenderness and redness of the leg. The goal of treatment is to break up clots and help keep other clots from forming. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Pulmonary Embolism,0000757,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pulmonaryembolism.html,C0034065,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Pulmonary Fibrosis ?,0000758-1,information,"Pulmonary fibrosis is a condition in which the tissue deep in your lungs becomes scarred over time. This tissue gets thick and stiff. That makes it hard for you to catch your breath, and your blood may not get enough oxygen. Causes of pulmonary fibrosis include environmental pollutants, some medicines, some connective tissue diseases, and interstitial lung disease. Interstitial lung disease is the name for a large group of diseases that inflame or scar the lungs. In most cases, the cause cannot be found. This is called idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Symptoms include - Shortness of breath - A dry, hacking cough that doesn't get better - Fatigue - Weight loss for no known reason - Aching muscles and joints - Clubbing, which is the widening and rounding of the tips of the fingers or toes Your doctor may use your medical history, imaging tests, a biopsy, and lung function tests to diagnose pulmonary fibrosis. There is no cure. Treatments can help with symptoms and improve your quality of life. They include medicines, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, or a lung transplant. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Pulmonary Fibrosis,0000758,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pulmonaryfibrosis.html,C0034069,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Pulmonary Hypertension ?,0000759-1,information,"Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is high blood pressure in the arteries to your lungs. It is a serious condition. If you have it, the blood vessels that carry blood from your heart to your lungs become hard and narrow. Your heart has to work harder to pump the blood through. Over time, your heart weakens and cannot do its job and you can develop heart failure. Symptoms of PH include - Shortness of breath during routine activity, such as climbing two flights of stairs - Tiredness - Chest pain - A racing heartbeat - Pain on the upper right side of the abdomen - Decreased appetite As PH worsens, you may find it hard to do any physical activities. There are two main kinds of PH. One runs in families or appears for no known reason. The other kind is related to another condition, usually heart or lung disease. There is no cure for PH. Treatments can control symptoms. They involve treating the heart or lung disease, medicines, oxygen, and sometimes lung transplantation. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Pulmonary Hypertension,0000759,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pulmonaryhypertension.html,C0020542,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Pulmonary Rehabilitation,0000760-1,information,"Summary : Pulmonary rehabilitation (rehab) is a medically supervised program to help people who have chronic breathing problems, including - COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) - Sarcoidosis - Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis - Cystic fibrosis During pulmonary rehab you may do exercise training and learn breathing techniques. You'll also get tips on conserving your energy and advice on nutrition and coping. These can't cure your lung disease or completely ease your breathing problems. But it can help you function better in your daily life. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Pulmonary Rehabilitation,0000760,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pulmonaryrehabilitation.html,,, +Do you have information about Quitting Smoking,0000761-1,information,"Summary : Tobacco use is the most common preventable cause of death. About half of the people who don't quit smoking will die of smoking-related problems. Quitting smoking is important for your health. Soon after you quit, your circulation begins to improve, and your blood pressure starts to return to normal. Your sense of smell and taste return, and it's easier for you to breathe. In the long term, giving up tobacco can help you live longer. Your risk of getting cancer decreases with each year you stay smoke-free. Quitting is not easy. You may have short-term affects such as weight gain, irritability, and anxiety. Some people try several times before they succeed. There are many ways to quit smoking. Some people stop ""cold turkey."" Others benefit from step-by-step manuals, counseling, or medicines or products that help reduce nicotine addiction. Some people think that switching to e-cigarettes can help you quit smoking, but that has not been proven. Your health care provider can help you find the best way for you to quit. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Quitting Smoking,0000761,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/quittingsmoking.html,,, +What is (are) Rabies ?,0000762-1,information,"Rabies is a deadly animal disease caused by a virus. It can happen in wild animals, including raccoons, skunks, bats and foxes, or in dogs, cats or farm animals. People get it from the bite of an infected animal. In people, symptoms of rabies include fever, headache and fatigue, then confusion, hallucinations and paralysis. Once the symptoms begin, the disease is usually fatal. A series of shots can prevent rabies in people exposed to the virus. You need to get them right away. If an animal bites you, wash the wound well; then get medical care. To help prevent rabies - Vaccinate your pet. Rabies vaccines are available for dogs, cats and farm animals - Don't let pets roam - Don't approach stray animals. Animals with rabies might be aggressive and vicious, or tired and weak Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Rabies,0000762,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rabies.html,C0034494,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Radiation Emergencies,0000763-1,information,"Summary : Radiation is a type of energy. People are exposed to small amounts of radiation every day from sources such as sunlight. A radiation emergency would involve larger amounts of radiation and could be caused by - Dirty bombs - a mix of explosives with radioactive powder - Fallout from a nuclear bomb - Accidental release from a nuclear reactor or a nuclear weapons plant A lot of radiation over a short period can cause burns or radiation sickness. If the exposure is large enough, it can cause premature aging or even death. Although there are no guarantees of safety during a radiation emergency, you can take actions to protect yourself. You should have a disaster plan. Being prepared can help reduce fear, anxiety and losses. If you do experience a disaster, it is normal to feel stressed. You may need help in finding ways to cope. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Radiation Emergencies,0000763,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/radiationemergencies.html,,, +Do you have information about Radiation Exposure,0000764-1,information,"Summary : Radiation is energy that travels in the form of waves or high-speed particles. It occurs naturally in sunlight. Man-made radiation is used in X-rays, nuclear weapons, nuclear power plants and cancer treatment. If you are exposed to small amounts of radiation over a long time, it raises your risk of cancer. It can also cause mutations in your genes, which you could pass on to any children you have after the exposure. A lot of radiation over a short period, such as from a radiation emergency, can cause burns or radiation sickness. Symptoms of radiation sickness include nausea, weakness, hair loss, skin burns and reduced organ function. If the exposure is large enough, it can cause premature aging or even death. You may be able to take medicine to reduce the radioactive material in your body. Environmental Protection Agency",Radiation Exposure,0000764,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/radiationexposure.html,,, +Do you have information about Radiation Therapy,0000765-1,information,"Summary : Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment. It uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and stop them from spreading. About half of all cancer patients receive it. The radiation may be external, from special machines, or internal, from radioactive substances that a doctor places inside your body. The type of radiation therapy you receive depends on many factors, including - The type of cancer - The size of the cancer - The cancer's location in the body - How close the cancer is to normal tissues that are sensitive to radiation - How far into the body the radiation needs to travel - Your general health and medical history - Whether you will have other types of cancer treatment - Other factors, such as your age and other medical conditions Radiation therapy can damage normal cells as well as cancer cells. Treatment must be carefully planned to minimize side effects. Common side effects include skin changes and fatigue. Other side effects depend on the part of your body being treated. Sometimes radiation is used with other treatments, like surgery or chemotherapy. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Radiation Therapy,0000765,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/radiationtherapy.html,,, +Do you have information about Radon,0000766-1,information,"Summary : You can't see radon. And you can't smell it or taste it. But it may be a problem in your home. Radon comes from the natural breakdown of uranium in soil, rock, and water. Radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States. There are low levels of radon outdoors. Indoors, there can be high levels. Radon can enter homes and buildings through cracks in floors, walls, or foundations. Radon can also be in your water, especially well water. Testing is the only way to know if your home has elevated radon levels. It is inexpensive and easy. You can buy a test kit at most hardware stores or hire someone to do a test. Radon reduction systems can bring the amount of radon down to a safe level. The cost depends on the size and design of your home.",Radon,0000766,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/radon.html,,, +What is (are) Rare Diseases ?,0000767-1,information,"A rare disease is one that affects fewer than 200,000 people in the United States. There are nearly 7,000 rare diseases. More than 25 million Americans have one. Rare diseases - May involve chronic illness, disability, and often premature death - Often have no treatment or not very effective treatment - Are frequently not diagnosed correctly - Are often very complex - Are often caused by changes in genes It can be hard to find a specialist who knows how to treat your rare disease. Disease advocacy groups, rare disease organizations, and genetics clinics may help you to find one. NIH: National Institutes of Health",Rare Diseases,0000767,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rarediseases.html,C0678236,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Rashes ?,0000768-1,information,"A rash is an area of irritated or swollen skin. Many rashes are itchy, red, painful, and irritated. Some rashes can also lead to blisters or patches of raw skin. Rashes are a symptom of many different medical problems. Other causes include irritating substances and allergies. Certain genes can make people more likely to get rashes. Contact dermatitis is a common type of rash. It causes redness, itching, and sometimes small bumps. You get the rash where you have touched an irritant, such as a chemical, or something you are allergic to, like poison ivy. Some rashes develop right away. Others form over several days. Although most rashes clear up fairly quickly, others are long-lasting and need long-term treatment. Because rashes can be caused by many different things, it's important to figure out what kind you have before you treat it. If it is a bad rash, if it does not go away, or if you have other symptoms, you should see your health care provider. Treatments may include moisturizers, lotions, baths, cortisone creams that relieve swelling, and antihistamines, which relieve itching.",Rashes,0000768,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rashes.html,C0015230,T184,Disorders +What is (are) Raynaud's Disease ?,0000769-1,information,"Raynaud's disease is a rare disorder of the blood vessels, usually in the fingers and toes. It causes the blood vessels to narrow when you are cold or feeling stressed. When this happens, blood can't get to the surface of the skin and the affected areas turn white and blue. When the blood flow returns, the skin turns red and throbs or tingles. In severe cases, loss of blood flow can cause sores or tissue death. Primary Raynaud's happens on its own. The cause is not known. There is also secondary Raynaud's, which is caused by injuries, other diseases, or certain medicines. People in colder climates are more likely to develop Raynaud's. It is also more common in women, people with a family history, and those over age 30. Treatment for Raynaud's may include drugs to keep the blood vessels open. There are also simple things you can do yourself, such as - Soaking hands in warm water at the first sign of an attack - Keeping your hands and feet warm in cold weather - Avoiding triggers, such as certain medicines and stress NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Raynaud's Disease,0000769,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/raynaudsdisease.html,C0034734,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Rectal Disorders ?,0000770-1,information,"The rectum is the lower part of your large intestine where your body stores stool. Problems with rectum are common. They include hemorrhoids, abscesses, incontinence and cancer. Many people are embarrassed to talk about rectal troubles. But seeing your doctor about problems in this area is important. This is especially true if you have pain or bleeding. Treatments vary widely depending on the particular problem. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Rectal Disorders,0000770,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rectaldisorders.html,C0034882,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Refractive Errors ?,0000771-1,information,"The cornea and lens of your eye helps you focus. Refractive errors are vision problems that happen when the shape of the eye keeps you from focusing well. The cause could be the length of the eyeball (longer or shorter), changes in the shape of the cornea, or aging of the lens. Four common refractive errors are - Myopia, or nearsightedness - clear vision close up but blurry in the distance - Hyperopia, or farsightedness - clear vision in the distance but blurry close up - Presbyopia - inability to focus close up as a result of aging - Astigmatism - focus problems caused by the cornea The most common symptom is blurred vision. Other symptoms may include double vision, haziness, glare or halos around bright lights, squinting, headaches, or eye strain. Glasses or contact lenses can usually correct refractive errors. Laser eye surgery may also be a possibility. NIH: National Eye Institute",Refractive Errors,0000771,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/refractiveerrors.html,C0034951,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Rehabilitation,0000772-1,information,"Summary : After a serious injury, illness or surgery, you may recover slowly. You may need to regain your strength, relearn skills or find new ways of doing things you did before. This process is rehabilitation. Rehabilitation often focuses on - Physical therapy to help your strength, mobility and fitness - Occupational therapy to help you with your daily activities - Speech-language therapy to help with speaking, understanding, reading, writing and swallowing - Treatment of pain The type of therapy and goals of therapy may be different for different people. An older person who has had a stroke may simply want rehabilitation to be able to dress or bathe without help. A younger person who has had a heart attack may go through cardiac rehabilitation to try to return to work and normal activities. Someone with a lung disease may get pulmonary rehabilitation to be able to breathe better and improve their quality of life.",Rehabilitation,0000772,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rehabilitation.html,,, +What is (are) Reproductive Hazards ?,0000773-1,information,"Both the male and female reproductive systems play a role in pregnancy. Problems with these systems can affect fertility and the ability to have children. Something that affects reproductive health is called a reproductive hazard. Examples include: - Radiation - Metals such as lead and mercury - Chemicals such as pesticides - Cigarettes - Some viruses - Alcohol For men, a reproductive hazard can affect the sperm. For a woman, a reproductive hazard can cause different effects during pregnancy, depending on when she is exposed. During the first 3 months of pregnancy, it might cause a birth defect or a miscarriage. During the last 6 months of pregnancy, it could slow the growth of the fetus, affect the development of its brain, or cause premature labor.",Reproductive Hazards,0000773,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/reproductivehazards.html,C3534589,T046,Disorders +What is (are) Respiratory Failure ?,0000774-1,information,"Respiratory failure happens when not enough oxygen passes from your lungs into your blood. Your body's organs, such as your heart and brain, need oxygen-rich blood to work well. Respiratory failure also can happen if your lungs can't remove carbon dioxide (a waste gas) from your blood. Too much carbon dioxide in your blood can harm your body's organs. Diseases and conditions that affect your breathing can cause respiratory failure. Examples include - Lung diseases such as COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, and cystic fibrosis - Conditions that affect the nerves and muscles that control breathing, such as spinal cord injuries, muscular dystrophy and stroke - Damage to the tissues and ribs around the lungs. An injury to the chest can cause this damage. - Drug or alcohol overdose - Injuries from inhaling smoke or harmful fumes Treatment for respiratory failure depends on whether the condition is acute (short-term) or chronic (ongoing) and how severe it is. It also depends on the underlying cause. You may receive oxygen therapy and other treatment to help you breathe. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Respiratory Failure,0000774,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/respiratoryfailure.html,C1145670,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections ?,0000775-1,information,"Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes mild, cold-like symptoms in adults and older healthy children. It can cause serious problems in young babies, including pneumonia and severe breathing problems. Premature babies and those with other health problems have the highest risk. A child with RSV may have a fever, stuffy nose, cough, and trouble breathing. Lab tests can tell if your child has the virus. There is no specific treatment. You should give your child fluids to prevent dehydration. If needed, you can also give a pain reliever (not aspirin) for fever and headache. RSV easily spreads from person to person. You can get it from direct contact with someone who has it or by touching infected objects such as toys or surfaces such as countertops. Washing your hands often and not sharing eating and drinking utensils are simple ways to help prevent the spread of RSV infection. There is currently no vaccine for RSV. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections,0000775,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/respiratorysyncytialvirusinfections.html,C0042776,T005,Disorders +What is (are) Restless Legs ?,0000776-1,information,"Restless legs syndrome (RLS) causes a powerful urge to move your legs. Your legs become uncomfortable when you are lying down or sitting. Some people describe it as a creeping, crawling, tingling, or burning sensation. Moving makes your legs feel better, but not for long. RLS can make it hard to fall asleep and stay asleep. In most cases, there is no known cause for RLS. In other cases, RLS is caused by a disease or condition, such as anemia or pregnancy. Some medicines can also cause temporary RLS. Caffeine, tobacco, and alcohol may make symptoms worse. Lifestyle changes, such as regular sleep habits, relaxation techniques, and moderate exercise during the day can help. If those don't work, medicines may reduce the symptoms of RLS. Most people with RLS also have a condition called periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD). PLMD is a condition in which a person's legs twitch or jerk uncontrollably, usually during sleep. PLMD and RLS can also affect the arms. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Restless Legs,0000776,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/restlesslegs.html,C0035258,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Retinal Detachment ?,0000777-1,information,"The retina is a layer of tissue in the back of your eye that senses light and sends images to your brain. It provides the sharp, central vision needed for reading, driving, and seeing fine detail. A retinal detachment lifts or pulls the retina from its normal position. It can occur at any age, but it is more common in people over age 40. It affects men more than women and whites more than African Americans. A retinal detachment is also more likely to occur in people who - Are extremely nearsighted - Have had a retinal detachment in the other eye - Have a family history of retinal detachment - Have had cataract surgery - Have other eye diseases or disorders - Have had an eye injury Symptoms include an increase in the number of floaters, which are little ""cobwebs"" or specks that float about in your field of vision, and/or light flashes in the eye. It may also seem like there is a ""curtain"" over your field of vision. A retinal detachment is a medical emergency. If not promptly treated, it can cause permanent vision loss. If you have any symptoms, see an eye care professional immediately. Treatment includes different types of surgery. NIH: National Eye Institute",Retinal Detachment,0000777,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/retinaldetachment.html,C1963229,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Retinal Disorders ?,0000778-1,information,"The retina is a layer of tissue in the back of your eye that senses light and sends images to your brain. In the center of this nerve tissue is the macula. It provides the sharp, central vision needed for reading, driving and seeing fine detail. Retinal disorders affect this vital tissue. They can affect your vision, and some can be serious enough to cause blindness. Examples are - Macular degeneration - a disease that destroys your sharp, central vision - Diabetic eye disease - Retinal detachment - a medical emergency, when the retina is pulled away from the back of the eye - Retinoblastoma - cancer of the retina. It is most common in young children. - Macular pucker - scar tissue on the macula - Macular hole - a small break in the macula that usually happens to people over 60 - Floaters - cobwebs or specks in your field of vision NIH: National Eye Institute",Retinal Disorders,0000778,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/retinaldisorders.html,C0035309,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Rett Syndrome ?,0000779-1,information,"Rett syndrome is a rare genetic disease that causes developmental and nervous system problems, mostly in girls. It's related to autism spectrum disorder. Babies with Rett syndrome seem to grow and develop normally at first. Between 3 months and 3 years of age, though, they stop developing and even lose some skills. Symptoms include - Loss of speech - Loss of hand movements such as grasping - Compulsive movements such as hand wringing - Balance problems - Breathing problems - Behavior problems - Learning problems or intellectual disability Rett syndrome has no cure. You can treat some of the symptoms with medicines, surgery, and physical and speech therapy. Most people with Rett syndrome live into middle age and beyond. They will usually need care throughout their lives. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development",Rett Syndrome,0000779,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rettsyndrome.html,C0035372,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Reye Syndrome ?,0000780-1,information,"Reye syndrome is a rare illness that can affect the blood, liver, and brain of someone who has recently had a viral infection. It always follows another illness. Although it mostly affects children and teens, anyone can get it. It can develop quickly and without warning. It is most common during flu season. Symptoms include - Nausea and vomiting - Listlessness - Personality change - such as irritability, combativeness or confusion - Delirium - Convulsions - Loss of consciousness If these symptoms occur soon after a viral illness, seek medical attention immediately. Reye syndrome can lead to a coma and brain death, so quick diagnosis and treatment are critical. Treatment focuses on preventing brain damage. There is no cure. The cause of Reye syndrome is unknown. Studies have shown that taking aspirin increases the risk of getting it. Because of that, health care professionals now recommend other pain relievers for young patients. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Reye Syndrome,0000780,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/reyesyndrome.html,C0035400,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Rh Incompatibility ?,0000781-1,information,"There are four major blood types: A, B, O, and AB. The types are based on substances on the surface of the blood cells. Another blood type is called Rh. Rh factor is a protein on red blood cells. Most people are Rh-positive; they have Rh factor. Rh-negative people don't have it. Rh factor is inherited though genes. When you're pregnant, blood from your baby can cross into your bloodstream, especially during delivery. If you're Rh-negative and your baby is Rh-positive, your body will react to the baby's blood as a foreign substance. It will create antibodies (proteins) against the baby's blood. These antibodies usually don't cause problems during a first pregnancy. But Rh incompatibility may cause problems in later pregnancies, if the baby is Rh-positive. This is because the antibodies stay in your body once they have formed. The antibodies can cross the placenta and attack the baby's red blood cells. The baby could get Rh disease, a serious condition that can cause a serious type of anemia. Blood tests can tell whether you have Rh factor and whether your body has made antibodies. Injections of a medicine called Rh immune globulin can keep your body from making Rh antibodies. It helps prevent the problems of Rh incompatibility. If treatment is needed for the baby, it can include supplements to help the body to make red blood cells and blood transfusions. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Rh Incompatibility,0000781,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rhincompatibility.html,C1504421,T046,Disorders +What is (are) Rheumatoid Arthritis ?,0000782-1,information,"Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a form of arthritis that causes pain, swelling, stiffness and loss of function in your joints. It can affect any joint but is common in the wrist and fingers. More women than men get rheumatoid arthritis. It often starts in middle age and is most common in older people. You might have the disease for only a short time, or symptoms might come and go. The severe form can last a lifetime. Rheumatoid arthritis is different from osteoarthritis, the common arthritis that often comes with older age. RA can affect body parts besides joints, such as your eyes, mouth and lungs. RA is an autoimmune disease, which means the arthritis results from your immune system attacking your body's own tissues. No one knows what causes rheumatoid arthritis. Genes, environment, and hormones might contribute. Treatments include medicine, lifestyle changes, and surgery. These can slow or stop joint damage and reduce pain and swelling. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Rheumatoid Arthritis,0000782,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rheumatoidarthritis.html,C0003873,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Rickets ?,0000783-1,information,"Rickets causes soft, weak bones in children. It usually occurs when they do not get enough vitamin D, which helps growing bones absorb the minerals calcium and phosphorous. It can also happen when calcium or phosphorus levels are too low. Your child might not get enough vitamin D if he or she - Has dark skin - Spends too little time outside - Has on sunscreen all the time when out of doors - Doesn't eat foods containing vitamin D because of lactose intolerance or a strict vegetarian diet - Is breastfed without receiving vitamin D supplements - Can't make or use vitamin D because of a medical disorder such as celiac disease In addition to dietary rickets, children can get an inherited form of the disease. Symptoms include bone pain or tenderness, impaired growth, and deformities of the bones and teeth. Your child's doctor uses lab and imaging tests to make the diagnosis. Treatment is replacing the calcium, phosphorus, or vitamin D that are lacking in the diet. Rickets is rare in the United States.",Rickets,0000783,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rickets.html,C0035579,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Rosacea ?,0000784-1,information,"Rosacea is a long-term disease that affects your skin and sometimes your eyes. It causes redness and pimples. Rosacea is most common in women and people with fair skin. It most often affects middle-aged and older adults. In most cases, rosacea only affects the face. Symptoms can include - Frequent redness of the face, or flushing - Small, red lines under the skin - Acne - A swollen nose - Thick skin, usually on the forehead, chin, and cheeks - Red, dry, itchy eyes and sometimes vision problems No one knows what causes rosacea. You may be more likely to have it if you blush a lot or if rosacea runs in your family. Rosacea is not dangerous. There is no cure, but treatments can help. They include medicines and sometimes surgery. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Rosacea,0000784,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rosacea.html,C0035854,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Rotator Cuff Injuries ?,0000785-1,information,"Your rotator cuff is located in your shoulder area. It is made of muscles and tendons. It helps your shoulder to move and stay stable. Problems with the rotator cuff are common. They include tendinitis, bursitis, and injuries such as tears. Rotator cuff tendons can become inflamed from frequent use or aging. Sometimes they are injured from a fall on an outstretched hand. Sports or jobs with repeated overhead motion can also damage the rotator cuff. Aging causes tendons to wear down, which can lead to a tear. Some tears are not painful, but others can be very painful. Treatment for a torn rotator cuff depends on age, health, how severe the injury is, and how long you've had the torn rotator cuff. Treatment for torn rotator cuff includes: - Rest - Heat or cold to the sore area - Medicines that reduce pain and swelling - Electrical stimulation of muscles and nerves - Ultrasound - Cortisone injection - Surgery NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Disease",Rotator Cuff Injuries,0000785,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rotatorcuffinjuries.html,C0851122,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Rotavirus Infections ?,0000786-1,information,"Rotavirus is a virus that causes gastroenteritis. Symptoms include severe diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration. Almost all children in the U.S. are likely to be infected with rotavirus before their 5th birthday. Infections happen most often in the winter and spring. It is very easy for children with the virus to spread it to other children and sometimes to adults. Once a child gets the virus, it takes about two days to become sick. Vomiting and diarrhea may last from three to eight days. There is no medicine to treat it. To prevent dehydration, have your child drink plenty of liquids. Your health care provider may recommend oral rehydration drinks. Some children need to go to the hospital for IV fluids. Two vaccines against rotavirus infections are available. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Rotavirus Infections,0000786,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rotavirusinfections.html,C0035869,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Rubella ?,0000787-1,information,"Rubella is an infection caused by a virus. It is usually mild with fever and a rash. About half of the people who get rubella do not have symptoms. If you do get them, symptoms may include - A rash that starts on the face and spreads to the body - Mild fever - Aching joints, especially in young women - Swollen glands Rubella is most dangerous for a pregnant woman's baby. It can cause miscarriage or birth defects. Rubella spreads when an infected person coughs or sneezes. People without symptoms can still spread it. There is no treatment, but the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine can prevent it. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Rubella,0000787,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rubella.html,C0035920,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Rural Health Concerns,0000788-1,information,"Summary : People in rural areas face some different health issues than people who live in towns and cities. Getting health care can be a problem when you live in a remote area. You might not be able to get to a hospital quickly in an emergency. You also might not want to travel long distances to get routine checkups and screenings. Rural areas often have fewer doctors and dentists, and certain specialists might not be available at all. Because it can be hard to get care, health problems in rural residents may be more serious by the time they are diagnosed. People in rural areas of the United States have higher rates of chronic disease than people in urban areas. They also have higher rates of certain types of cancer, from exposure to chemicals used in farming.",Rural Health Concerns,0000788,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ruralhealthconcerns.html,,, +Do you have information about Safety,0000789-1,information,"Summary : You can't remove all the safety hazards from your life, but you can reduce them. To avoid many major hazards and prepare for emergencies - Keep emergency phone numbers by your telephones - Make a first aid kit for your home - Make a family emergency plan - Install and maintain smoke alarms and carbon monoxide detectors - Keep guns unloaded and locked up. Lock up the ammunition separately. - Follow the directions carefully when using tools or equipment Young children are especially at risk. Supervision is the best way to keep them safe. Childproofing the house can also help.",Safety,0000789,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/safety.html,,, +What is (are) Salivary Gland Cancer ?,0000790-1,information,"Your salivary glands make saliva - sometimes called spit - and empty it into your mouth through openings called ducts. Saliva makes your food moist, which helps you chew and swallow. It helps you digest your food. It also cleans your mouth and contains antibodies that can kill germs. Salivary gland cancer is a type of head and neck cancer. It is rare. It may not cause any symptoms, or you could notice - A lump in your ear, cheek, jaw, lip, or inside the mouth - Fluid draining from your ear - Trouble swallowing or opening the mouth widely - Numbness, weakness, or pain in your face Doctors diagnose salivary gland cancer using a physical exam, imaging tests, and a biopsy. Treatment can include surgery, radiation therapy, and/or chemotherapy. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Salivary Gland Cancer,0000790,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/salivaryglandcancer.html,C0220636,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Salivary Gland Disorders ?,0000791-1,information,"Your salivary glands make saliva - sometimes called spit - and empty it into your mouth through openings called ducts. Saliva makes your food moist, which helps you chew and swallow. It helps you digest your food. It also cleans your mouth and contains antibodies that can kill germs. Problems with salivary glands can cause the glands to become irritated and swollen. This causes symptoms such as - Bad taste in the mouth - Difficulty opening your mouth - Dry mouth - Pain in the face or mouth - Swelling of the face or neck Causes of salivary gland problems include infections, obstruction or cancer. Problems can also be due to other disorders, such as mumps or Sjogren's syndrome.",Salivary Gland Disorders,0000791,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/salivaryglanddisorders.html,C0036093,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Salmonella Infections ?,0000792-1,information,"Salmonella is the name of a group of bacteria. In the United States, it is a common cause of foodborne illness. Salmonella occurs in raw poultry, eggs, beef, and sometimes on unwashed fruit and vegetables. You also can get infected after handling pets, especially reptiles like snakes, turtles, and lizards. Symptoms include - Fever - Diarrhea - Abdominal cramps - Headache - Possible nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite Symptoms usually last 4-7 days. Your health care provider diagnoses the infection with a stool test. Most people get better without treatment. Infection can be more serious in the elderly, infants, and people with chronic health problems. If Salmonella gets into the bloodstream, it can be serious. The usual treatment is antibiotics. Typhoid fever, a more serious disease caused by Salmonella, is not common in the United States. It frequently occurs in developing countries. NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",Salmonella Infections,0000792,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/salmonellainfections.html,C0036117,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Sarcoidosis ?,0000793-1,information,"Sarcoidosis is a disease that leads to inflammation, usually in your lungs, skin, or lymph nodes. It starts as tiny, grain-like lumps, called granulomas. Sarcoidosis can affect any organ in your body. No one is sure what causes sarcoidosis. It affects men and women of all ages and races. It occurs mostly in people ages 20 to 50, African Americans, especially women, and people of Northern European origin. Many people have no symptoms. If you have symptoms, they may include - Cough - Shortness of breath - Weight loss - Night sweats - Fatigue Tests to diagnose sarcoidosis include chest x-rays, lung function tests, and a biopsy. Not everyone who has the disease needs treatment. If you do, prednisone, a type of steroid, is the main treatment. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Sarcoidosis,0000793,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sarcoidosis.html,C0036202,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Scabies ?,0000794-1,information,"Scabies is an itchy skin condition caused by the microscopic mite Sarcoptes scabei. It is common all over the world, and can affect anyone. Scabies spreads quickly in crowded conditions where there is frequent skin-to-skin contact between people. Hospitals, child-care centers, and nursing homes are examples. Scabies can easily infect sex partners and other household members. Sharing clothes, towels, and bedding can sometimes spread scabies. This can happen much more easily when the infested person has crusted scabies. You cannot get scabies from a pet. Pets get a different mite infection called mange. Symptoms are - Pimple-like irritations or a rash - Intense itching, especially at night - Sores caused by scratching Your health care provider diagnoses scabies by looking at the skin rash and finding burrows in the skin. Several lotions are available to treat scabies. The infected person's clothes, bedding and towels should be washed in hot water and dried in a hot dryer. Treatment is also recommended for household members and sexual partners. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Scabies,0000794,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/scabies.html,C0036262,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Scars ?,0000795-1,information,"A scar is a permanent patch of skin that grows over a wound. It forms when your body heals itself after a cut, scrape, burn, or sore. You can also get scars from surgery that cuts through the skin, infections like chickenpox, or skin conditions like acne. Scars are often thicker, as well as pinker, redder, or shinier, than the rest of your skin. How your scar looks depends on - How big and deep your wound is - Where it is - How long it takes to heal - Your age - Your inherited tendency to scar Scars usually fade over time but never go away completely. If the way a scar looks bothers you, various treatments might minimize it. These include surgical revision, dermabrasion, laser treatments, injections, chemical peels, and creams.",Scars,0000795,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/scars.html,C2004491,T046,Disorders +What is (are) Schizophrenia ?,0000796-1,information,"Schizophrenia is a serious brain illness. People who have it may hear voices that aren't there. They may think other people are trying to hurt them. Sometimes they don't make sense when they talk. The disorder makes it hard for them to keep a job or take care of themselves. Symptoms of schizophrenia usually start between ages 16 and 30. Men often develop symptoms at a younger age than women. People usually do not get schizophrenia after age 45. There are three types of symptoms: - Psychotic symptoms distort a person's thinking. These include hallucinations (hearing or seeing things that are not there), delusions (beliefs that are not true), trouble organizing thoughts, and strange movements. - ""Negative"" symptoms make it difficult to show emotions and to function normally. A person may seem depressed and withdrawn. - Cognitive symptoms affect the thought process. These include trouble using information, making decisions, and paying attention. No one is sure what causes schizophrenia. Your genes, environment, and brain chemistry may play a role. There is no cure. Medicine can help control many of the symptoms. You may need to try different medicines to see which works best. You should stay on your medicine for as long as your doctor recommends. Additional treatments can help you deal with your illness from day to day. These include therapy, family education, rehabilitation, and skills training. NIH: National Institute of Mental Health",Schizophrenia,0000796,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/schizophrenia.html,C0036341,T048,Disorders +Do you have information about School Health,0000797-1,information,"Summary : Your child spends more time at school than anywhere else except home. Schools can have a major effect on children's health. Schools can teach children about health, and promote healthy behaviors. Physical education classes give children a chance to get exercise. Schools work to - Prevent risky behaviors such as alcohol and tobacco use, or bullying - Encourage healthy habits like exercise and healthy eating - Deal with specific health problems in students, such as asthma, obesity and infectious diseases The school building and environment should be a safe and healthy place for your child.",School Health,0000797,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/schoolhealth.html,,, +What is (are) Sciatica ?,0000798-1,information,"Sciatica is a symptom of a problem with the sciatic nerve, the largest nerve in the body. It controls muscles in the back of your knee and lower leg and provides feeling to the back of your thigh, part of your lower leg, and the sole of your foot. When you have sciatica, you have pain, weakness, numbness, or tingling. It can start in the lower back and extend down your leg to your calf, foot, or even your toes. It's usually on only one side of your body. Causes of sciatica include - A ruptured intervertebral disk - Narrowing of the spinal canal that puts pressure on the nerve, called spinal stenosis - An injury such as a pelvic fracture. In many cases no cause can be found. Sometimes sciatica goes away on its own. Treatment, if needed, depends on the cause of the problem. It may include exercises, medicines, and surgery.",Sciatica,0000798,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sciatica.html,C0036396,T184,Disorders +What is (are) Scleroderma ?,0000799-1,information,"Scleroderma means hard skin. It is a group of diseases that cause abnormal growth of connective tissue. Connective tissue is the material inside your body that gives your tissues their shape and helps keep them strong. In scleroderma, the tissue gets hard or thick. It can cause swelling or pain in your muscles and joints. Symptoms of scleroderma include - Calcium deposits in connective tissues - Raynaud's phenomenon, a narrowing of blood vessels in the hands or feet - Swelling of the esophagus, the tube between your throat and stomach - Thick, tight skin on your fingers - Red spots on your hands and face No one knows what causes scleroderma. It is more common in women. It can be mild or severe. Doctors diagnose scleroderma using your medical history, a physical exam, lab tests, and a skin biopsy. There is no cure, but various treatments can control symptoms and complications. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Scleroderma,0000799,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/scleroderma.html,C0036421,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Scoliosis ?,0000800-1,information,"Scoliosis causes a sideways curve of your backbone, or spine. These curves are often S- or C-shaped. Scoliosis is most common in late childhood and the early teens, when children grow fast. Girls are more likely to have it than boys. It can run in families. Symptoms include leaning to one side and having uneven shoulders and hips. Doctors use your medical and family history, a physical exam, and imaging tests to diagnose scoliosis. Treatment depends on your age, how much more you're likely to grow, how much curving there is, and whether the curve is temporary or permanent. People with mild scoliosis might only need checkups to see if the curve is getting worse. Others might need to wear a brace or have surgery. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Scoliosis,0000800,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/scoliosis.html,C0559260,T019,Disorders +What is (are) Seasonal Affective Disorder ?,0000801-1,information,"Some people experience a serious mood change during the winter months, when there is less natural sunlight. This condition is called seasonal affective disorder, or SAD. SAD is a type of depression. It usually lifts during spring and summer. Not everyone with SAD has the same symptoms. They include - Sad, anxious or ""empty"" feelings - Feelings of hopelessness and/or pessimism - Feelings of guilt, worthlessness or helplessness - Irritability, restlessness - Loss of interest or pleasure in activities you used to enjoy - Fatigue and decreased energy - Difficulty concentrating, remembering details and making decisions - Difficulty sleeping or oversleeping - Changes in weight - Thoughts of death or suicide SAD may be effectively treated with light therapy. But nearly half of people with SAD do not respond to light therapy alone. Antidepressant medicines and talk therapy can reduce SAD symptoms, either alone or combined with light therapy. NIH: National Institute of Mental Health",Seasonal Affective Disorder,0000801,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/seasonalaffectivedisorder.html,C0085159,T048,Disorders +Do you have information about Secondhand Smoke,0000802-1,information,"Summary : Secondhand smoke is a mixture of the smoke that comes from the burning end of a cigarette, cigar, or pipe, and the smoke breathed out by the smoker. It contains more than 7,000 chemicals. Hundreds of those chemicals are toxic and about 70 can cause cancer. Health effects of secondhand smoke include - Ear infections in children - More frequent and severe asthma attacks in children - Heart disease and lung cancer in adults who have never smoked There is no safe amount of secondhand smoke. Even low levels of it can be harmful. The only way to fully protect nonsmokers from secondhand smoke is not to allow smoking indoors. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Secondhand Smoke,0000802,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/secondhandsmoke.html,,, +What is (are) Seizures ?,0000803-1,information,"Seizures are symptoms of a brain problem. They happen because of sudden, abnormal electrical activity in the brain. When people think of seizures, they often think of convulsions in which a person's body shakes rapidly and uncontrollably. Not all seizures cause convulsions. There are many types of seizures and some have mild symptoms. Seizures fall into two main groups. Focal seizures, also called partial seizures, happen in just one part of the brain. Generalized seizures are a result of abnormal activity on both sides of the brain. Most seizures last from 30 seconds to 2 minutes and do not cause lasting harm. However, it is a medical emergency if seizures last longer than 5 minutes or if a person has many seizures and does not wake up between them. Seizures can have many causes, including medicines, high fevers, head injuries and certain diseases. People who have recurring seizures due to a brain disorder have epilepsy. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Seizures,0000803,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/seizures.html,C0036572,T184,Disorders +What is (are) Self-harm ?,0000804-1,information,"Self-harm refers to a person's harming their own body on purpose. About 1 in 100 people hurts himself or herself in this way. More females hurt themselves than males. A person who self-harms usually does not mean to kill himself or herself. But they are at higher risk of attempting suicide if they do not get help. Self-harm tends to begin in teen or early adult years. Some people may engage in self-harm a few times and then stop. Others engage in it more often and have trouble stopping. Examples of self-harm include - Cutting yourself (such as using a razor blade, knife, or other sharp object to cut the skin) - Punching yourself or punching things (like a wall) - Burning yourself with cigarettes, matches, or candles - Pulling out your hair - Poking objects through body openings - Breaking your bones or bruising yourself Many people cut themselves because it gives them a sense of relief. Some people use cutting as a means to cope with a problem. Some teens say that when they hurt themselves, they are trying to stop feeling lonely, angry, or hopeless. It is possible to overcome the urge to hurt yourself. There are other ways to find relief and cope with your emotions. Counseling may help. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Office on Women's Health",Self-harm,0000804,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/selfharm.html,C0424366,T037,Disorders +Do you have information about Seniors' Health,0000805-1,information,"Summary : People in the U.S. are living longer than ever before. Many seniors live active and healthy lives. But there's no getting around one thing: as we age, our bodies and minds change. There are things you can do to stay healthy and active as you age.It is important to understand what to expect. Some changes may just be part of normal aging, while others may be a warning sign of a medical problem. It is important to know the difference, and to let your healthcare provider know if you have any concerns. Having a healthy lifestyle can help you to deal with normal aging changes and make the most of your life.",Seniors' Health,0000805,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/seniorshealth.html,,, +What is (are) Sepsis ?,0000806-1,information,"Sepsis is a serious illness. It happens when your body has an overwhelming immune response to a bacterial infection. The chemicals released into the blood to fight the infection trigger widespread inflammation. This leads to blood clots and leaky blood vessels. They cause poor blood flow, which deprives your body's organs of nutrients and oxygen. In severe cases, one or more organs fail. In the worst cases, blood pressure drops and the heart weakens, leading to septic shock. Anyone can get sepsis, but the risk is higher in - People with weakened immune systems - Infants and children - The elderly - People with chronic illnesses, such as diabetes, AIDS, cancer, and kidney or liver disease - People suffering from a severe burn or physical trauma Common symptoms of sepsis are fever, chills, rapid breathing and heart rate, rash, confusion, and disorientation. Doctors diagnose sepsis using a blood test to see if the number of white blood cells is abnormal. They also do lab tests that check for signs of infection. People with sepsis are usually treated in hospital intensive care units. Doctors try to treat the infection, sustain the vital organs, and prevent a drop in blood pressure. Many patients receive oxygen and intravenous fluids. Other types of treatment, such as respirators or kidney dialysis, may be necessary. Sometimes, surgery is needed to clear up an infection. NIH: National Institute of General Medical Sciences",Sepsis,0000806,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sepsis.html,C0243026,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Sexual Assault ?,0000807-1,information,"Sexual assault is any sexual activity to which you haven't freely given your consent. This includes completed or attempted sex acts that are against your will. Sometimes it can involve a victim who is unable to consent. It also includes abusive sexual contact. It can happen to men, women or children. The attacker can be anyone - a current or former partner, a family member, a person in position of power or trust, a friend, an acquaintance, or a stranger. Sexual assault can affect your health in many ways. It can lead to long-term health and emotional problems. It is important to seek help if you have been assaulted. First, get to a safe place. Then dial 9-1-1 or go to a hospital for medical care. You may want to have counseling to deal with your feelings. The most important thing to know is that the assault was not your fault. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Sexual Assault,0000807,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sexualassault.html,C0237236,T048,Disorders +Do you have information about Sexual Health,0000808-1,information,"Summary : Sexuality is a big part of being human. Love, affection and sexual intimacy all play a role in healthy relationships. They also contribute to your sense of well-being. A number of disorders can affect the ability to have or enjoy sex in both men and women. Factors that can affect sexual health include - Fear of unplanned pregnancy - Concerns about infertility - Sexually transmitted diseases - Chronic diseases such as cancer or heart disease - Medicines that affect sexual desire or performance",Sexual Health,0000808,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sexualhealth.html,,, +Do you have information about Sexual Problems in Men,0000809-1,information,"Summary : Many men have sexual problems. They become more common as men age. Problems can include - Erectile dysfunction - Reduced or lost interest in sex - Problems with ejaculation - Low testosterone Stress, illness, medicines, or emotional problems may also be factors. Occasional problems with sexual function are common. If problems last more than a few months or cause distress for you or your partner, you should see your health care provider.",Sexual Problems in Men,0000809,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sexualproblemsinmen.html,,, +Do you have information about Sexual Problems in Women,0000810-1,information,"Summary : There are many problems that can keep a woman from enjoying sex. They include - Lack of sexual desire - Inability to become aroused - Lack of orgasm, or sexual climax - Painful intercourse These problems may have physical or psychological causes. Physical causes may include conditions like diabetes, heart disease, nerve disorders, or hormone problems. Some drugs can also affect desire and function. Psychological causes may include work-related stress and anxiety. They may also include depression or concerns about marriage or relationship problems. For some women, the problem results from past sexual trauma. Occasional problems with sexual function are common. If problems last more than a few months or cause distress for you or your partner, you should see your health care provider.",Sexual Problems in Women,0000810,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sexualproblemsinwomen.html,,, +What is (are) Sexually Transmitted Diseases ?,0000811-1,information,"Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are infections that you can get from having sex with someone who has the infection. The causes of STDs are bacteria, parasites and viruses. There are more than 20 types of STDs, including - Chlamydia - Gonorrhea - Genital herpes - HIV/AIDS - HPV - Syphilis - Trichomoniasis Most STDs affect both men and women, but in many cases the health problems they cause can be more severe for women. If a pregnant woman has an STD, it can cause serious health problems for the baby. If you have an STD caused by bacteria or parasites, your health care provider can treat it with antibiotics or other medicines. If you have an STD caused by a virus, there is no cure. Sometimes medicines can keep the disease under control. Correct usage of latex condoms greatly reduces, but does not completely eliminate, the risk of catching or spreading STDs. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Sexually Transmitted Diseases,0000811,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sexuallytransmitteddiseases.html,C0036916,T046,Disorders +What is (are) Shingles ?,0000812-1,information,"Shingles is a disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus - the same virus that causes chickenpox. After you have chickenpox, the virus stays in your body. It may not cause problems for many years. As you get older, the virus may reappear as shingles. Although it is most common in people over age 50, anyone who has had chickenpox is at risk. You can't catch shingles from someone who has it. However, if you have a shingles rash, you can pass the virus to someone who has never had chickenpox. This would usually be a child, who could get chickenpox instead of shingles. The virus spreads through direct contact with the rash, and cannot spread through the air. Early signs of shingles include burning or shooting pain and tingling or itching, usually on one side of the body or face. The pain can be mild to severe. Rashes or blisters appear anywhere from one to 14 days later. If shingles appears on your face, it may affect your vision or hearing. The pain of shingles may last for weeks, months, or even years after the blisters have healed. There is no cure for shingles. Early treatment with medicines that fight the virus may help. These medicines may also help prevent lingering pain. A vaccine may prevent shingles or lessen its effects. The vaccine is recommended for people 60 or over. In some cases doctors may give it to people ages 50 to 59. NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",Shingles,0000812,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/shingles.html,C0019360,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Shock ?,0000813-1,information,"Shock happens when not enough blood and oxygen can get to your organs and tissues. It causes very low blood pressure and may be life threatening. It often happens along with a serious injury. There are several kinds of shock. Hypovolemic shock happens when you lose a lot of blood or fluids. Causes include internal or external bleeding, dehydration, burns, and severe vomiting and/or diarrhea. Septic shock is caused by infections in the bloodstream. A severe allergic reaction can cause anaphylactic shock. An insect bite or sting might cause it. Cardiogenic shock happens when the heart cannot pump blood effectively. This may happen after a heart attack. Neurogenic shock is caused by damage to the nervous system. Symptoms of shock include - Confusion or lack of alertness - Loss of consciousness - Sudden and ongoing rapid heartbeat - Sweating - Pale skin - A weak pulse - Rapid breathing - Decreased or no urine output - Cool hands and feet Shock is a life-threatening medical emergency and it is important to get help right away. Treatment of shock depends on the cause. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Shock,0000813,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/shock.html,C0036974,T046,Disorders +What is (are) Shoulder Injuries and Disorders ?,0000814-1,information,"Your shoulder joint is composed of three bones: the clavicle (collarbone), the scapula (shoulder blade), and the humerus (upper arm bone). Your shoulders are the most movable joints in your body. They can also be unstable because the ball of the upper arm is larger than the shoulder socket that holds it. To remain in a stable or normal position, the shoulder must be anchored by muscles, tendons and ligaments. Because the shoulder can be unstable, it is the site of many common problems. They include sprains, strains, dislocations, separations, tendinitis, bursitis, torn rotator cuffs, frozen shoulder, fractures and arthritis. Usually shoulder problems are treated with RICE. This stands for Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation. Other treatments include exercise, medicines to reduce pain and swelling, and surgery if other treatments don't work. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Shoulder Injuries and Disorders,0000814,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/shoulderinjuriesanddisorders.html,C3263723,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Sickle Cell Anemia ?,0000815-1,information,"Sickle cell anemia is a disease in which your body produces abnormally shaped red blood cells. The cells are shaped like a crescent or sickle. They don't last as long as normal, round red blood cells. This leads to anemia. The sickle cells also get stuck in blood vessels, blocking blood flow. This can cause pain and organ damage. A genetic problem causes sickle cell anemia. People with the disease are born with two sickle cell genes, one from each parent. If you only have one sickle cell gene, it's called sickle cell trait. About 1 in 12 African Americans has sickle cell trait. The most common symptoms are pain and problems from anemia. Anemia can make you feel tired or weak. In addition, you might have shortness of breath, dizziness, headaches, or coldness in the hands and feet. A blood test can show if you have the trait or anemia. Most states test newborn babies as part of their newborn screening programs. Sickle cell anemia has no widely available cure. Treatments can help relieve symptoms and lessen complications. Researchers are investigating new treatments such as blood and marrow stem cell transplants, gene therapy, and new medicines. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Sickle Cell Anemia,0000815,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sicklecellanemia.html,C0002895,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Sinusitis ?,0000816-1,information,"Sinusitis means your sinuses are inflamed. The cause can be an infection or another problem. Your sinuses are hollow air spaces within the bones surrounding the nose. They produce mucus, which drains into the nose. If your nose is swollen, this can block the sinuses and cause pain. There are several types of sinusitis, including - Acute, which lasts up to 4 weeks - Subacute, which lasts 4 to 12 weeks - Chronic, which lasts more than 12 weeks and can continue for months or even years - Recurrent, with several attacks within a year Acute sinusitis often starts as a cold, which then turns into a bacterial infection. Allergies, nasal problems, and certain diseases can also cause acute and chronic sinusitis. Symptoms of sinusitis can include fever, weakness, fatigue, cough, and congestion. There may also be mucus drainage in the back of the throat, called postnasal drip. Your health care professional diagnoses sinusitis based on your symptoms and an examination of your nose and face. You may also need imaging tests. Treatments include antibiotics, decongestants, and pain relievers. Using heat pads on the inflamed area, saline nasal sprays, and vaporizers can also help. NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",Sinusitis,0000816,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sinusitis.html,C0037199,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Sjogren's Syndrome ?,0000817-1,information,"Sjogren's syndrome is a disease that causes dryness in your mouth and eyes. It can also lead to dryness in other places that need moisture, such as your nose, throat and skin. Most people who get Sjogren's syndrome are older than 40. Nine of 10 are women. Sjogren's syndrome is sometimes linked to rheumatic problems such as rheumatoid arthritis. Sjogren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease. If you have an autoimmune disease, your immune system, which is supposed to fight disease, mistakenly attacks parts of your own body. In Sjogren's syndrome, your immune system attacks the glands that make tears and saliva. It may also affect your joints, lungs, kidneys, blood vessels, digestive organs and nerves. The main symptoms are: - Dry eyes - Dry mouth Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Sjogren's Syndrome,0000817,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sjogrenssyndrome.html,C1527336,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Skin Aging,0000818-1,information,"Summary : Your skin changes as you age. You might notice wrinkles, age spots and dryness. Your skin also becomes thinner and loses fat, making it less plump and smooth. It might take longer to heal, too. Sunlight is a major cause of skin aging. You can protect yourself by staying out of the sun when it is strongest, using sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or higher, wearing protective clothing, and avoiding sunlamps and tanning beds. Cigarette smoking also contributes to wrinkles. The wrinkling increases with the amount of cigarettes and number of years a person has smoked. Many products claim to revitalize aging skin or reduce wrinkles, but the Food and Drug Administration has approved only a few for sun-damaged or aging skin. Various treatments soothe dry skin and reduce the appearance of age spots. NIH: National Institute on Aging",Skin Aging,0000818,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/skinaging.html,,, +What is (are) Skin Cancer ?,0000819-1,information,"Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer in the United States. The two most common types are basal cell cancer and squamous cell cancer. They usually form on the head, face, neck, hands, and arms. Another type of skin cancer, melanoma, is more dangerous but less common. Anyone can get skin cancer, but it is more common in people who - Spend a lot of time in the sun or have been sunburned - Have light-colored skin, hair and eyes - Have a family member with skin cancer - Are over age 50 You should have your doctor check any suspicious skin markings and any changes in the way your skin looks. Treatment is more likely to work well when cancer is found early. If not treated, some types of skin cancer cells can spread to other tissues and organs. Treatments include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and biologic therapy. PDT uses a drug and a type of laser light to kill cancer cells. Biologic therapy boosts your body's own ability to fight cancer. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Skin Cancer,0000819,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/skincancer.html,C0007114,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Skin Conditions ?,0000820-1,information,"Your skin is your body's largest organ. It covers and protects your body. Your skin - Holds body fluids in, preventing dehydration - Keeps harmful microbes out, preventing infections - Helps you feel things like heat, cold, and pain - Keeps your body temperature even - Makes vitamin D when the sun shines on it Anything that irritates, clogs, or inflames your skin can cause symptoms such as redness, swelling, burning, and itching. Allergies, irritants, your genetic makeup, and certain diseases and immune system problems can cause rashes, hives, and other skin conditions. Many skin problems, such as acne, also affect your appearance. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Skin Conditions,0000820,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/skinconditions.html,C0037274,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Skin Infections ?,0000821-1,information,"Your skin helps protect you from germs, but sometimes it can get infected by them. Some common types of skin infections are - Bacterial: Cellulitis and impetigo. Staphylococcal infections can also affect the skin. - Viral: Shingles, warts, and herpes simplex - Fungal: Athlete's foot and yeast infections - Parasitic: Body lice, head lice, and scabies Treatment of skin infections depends on the cause.",Skin Infections,0000821,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/skininfections.html,C0037278,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Skin Pigmentation Disorders ?,0000822-1,information,"Pigmentation means coloring. Skin pigmentation disorders affect the color of your skin. Your skin gets its color from a pigment called melanin. Special cells in the skin make melanin. When these cells become damaged or unhealthy, it affects melanin production. Some pigmentation disorders affect just patches of skin. Others affect your entire body. If your body makes too much melanin, your skin gets darker. Pregnancy, Addison's disease, and sun exposure all can make your skin darker. If your body makes too little melanin, your skin gets lighter. Vitiligo is a condition that causes patches of light skin. Albinism is a genetic condition affecting a person's skin. A person with albinism may have no color, lighter than normal skin color, or patchy missing skin color. Infections, blisters and burns can also cause lighter skin.",Skin Pigmentation Disorders,0000822,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/skinpigmentationdisorders.html,C1704421,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Sleep Apnea ?,0000823-1,information,"Sleep apnea is a common disorder that causes your breathing to stop or get very shallow. Breathing pauses can last from a few seconds to minutes. They may occur 30 times or more an hour. The most common type is obstructive sleep apnea. It causes your airway to collapse or become blocked during sleep. Normal breathing starts again with a snort or choking sound. People with sleep apnea often snore loudly. However, not everyone who snores has sleep apnea. You are more at risk for sleep apnea if you are overweight, male, or have a family history or small airways. Children with enlarged tonsils may also get it. Doctors diagnose sleep apnea based on medical and family histories, a physical exam, and sleep study results. When your sleep is interrupted throughout the night, you can be drowsy during the day. People with sleep apnea are at higher risk for car crashes, work-related accidents, and other medical problems. If you have it, it is important to get treatment. Lifestyle changes, mouthpieces, surgery, and breathing devices can treat sleep apnea in many people. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Sleep Apnea,0000823,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sleepapnea.html,C0037315,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Sleep Disorders ?,0000824-1,information,"Is it hard for you to fall asleep or stay asleep through the night? Do you wake up feeling tired or feel very sleepy during the day, even if you have had enough sleep? You might have a sleep disorder. The most common kinds are - Insomnia - a hard time falling or staying asleep - Sleep apnea - breathing interruptions during sleep - Restless legs syndrome - a tingling or prickly sensation in the legs - Narcolepsy - daytime ""sleep attacks"" Nightmares, night terrors, sleepwalking, sleep talking, head banging, wetting the bed and grinding your teeth are kinds of sleep problems called parasomnias. There are treatments for most sleep disorders. Sometimes just having regular sleep habits can help.",Sleep Disorders,0000824,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sleepdisorders.html,C0851578,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Small Intestine Disorders ?,0000825-1,information,"Your small intestine is the longest part of your digestive system - about twenty feet long! It connects your stomach to your large intestine (or colon) and folds many times to fit inside your abdomen. Your small intestine does most of the digesting of the foods you eat. It has three areas called the duodenum, the ileum, and the jejunum. Problems with the small intestine can include: - Bleeding - Celiac disease - Crohn's disease - Infections - Intestinal cancer - Intestinal obstruction - Irritable bowel syndrome - Ulcers, such as peptic ulcer Treatment of disorders of the small intestine depends on the cause.",Small Intestine Disorders,0000825,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/smallintestinedisorders.html,C0341268,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Smallpox ?,0000826-1,information,"Smallpox is a disease caused by the Variola major virus. Some experts say that over the centuries it has killed more people than all other infectious diseases combined. Worldwide immunization stopped the spread of smallpox three decades ago. The last case was reported in 1977. Two research labs still keep small amounts of the virus. Experts fear bioterrorists could use the virus to spread disease. Smallpox spreads very easily from person to person. Symptoms are flu-like. They include - High fever - Fatigue - Headache - Backache - A rash with flat red sores There is no treatment. Fluids and medicines for pain or fever can help control symptoms. Most people recover, but some can die. Those who do recover may have severe scars. The U.S. stopped routine smallpox vaccinations in 1972. Military and other high-risk groups continue to get the vaccine. The U.S. has increased its supply of the vaccine in recent years. The vaccine makes some people sick, so doctors save it for those at highest risk of disease. NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",Smallpox,0000826,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/smallpox.html,C0037354,T005,Disorders +Do you have information about Smokeless Tobacco,0000827-1,information,"Summary : Many people who chew tobacco or dip snuff think it's safer than smoking. But you don't have to smoke tobacco for it to be dangerous. Chewing or dipping carries risks like - Cancer of the mouth - Decay of exposed tooth roots - Pulling away of the gums from the teeth - White patches or red sores in the mouth that can turn to cancer Recent research shows the dangers of smokeless tobacco may go beyond the mouth. It might also play a role in other cancers, heart disease and stroke. Smokeless tobacco contains more nicotine than cigarettes. Nicotine is a highly addictive drug that makes it hard to stop using tobacco once you start. Having a quit date and a quitting plan can help you stop successfully. NIH: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research",Smokeless Tobacco,0000827,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/smokelesstobacco.html,,, +What is (are) Smoking ?,0000828-1,information,"There's no way around it. Smoking is bad for your health. Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body. Cigarette smoking causes 87 percent of lung cancer deaths. It is also responsible for many other cancers and health problems. These include lung disease, heart and blood vessel disease, stroke and cataracts. Women who smoke have a greater chance of certain pregnancy problems or having a baby die from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Your smoke is also bad for other people - they breathe in your smoke secondhand and can get many of the same problems as smokers do. E-cigarettes often look like cigarettes, but they work differently. They are battery-operated smoking devices. Not much is known about the health risks of using them. Quitting smoking can reduce your risk of health problems. The earlier you quit, the greater the benefit. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Smoking,0000828,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/smoking.html,C1519384,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Smoking and Youth ?,0000829-1,information,"Smoking cigarettes has many health risks for everyone. However, the younger you are when you start smoking, the more problems it can cause. People who start smoking before the age of 21 have the hardest time quitting. Teens who smoke are also more likely to use alcohol and illegal drugs. The problem is not just cigarettes. Spit tobacco, e-cigarettes, and cigars are not safe alternatives to cigarettes. Low-tar and additive-free tobacco products are not safe either. Young people who do not start using tobacco by age 18 will most likely never start. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Smoking and Youth,0000829,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/smokingandyouth.html,C1519384,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Snoring ?,0000830-1,information,"Snoring is the sound you make when your breathing is blocked while you are asleep. The sound is caused by tissues at the top of your airway that strike each other and vibrate. Snoring is common, especially among older people and people who are overweight. When severe, snoring can cause frequent awakenings at night and daytime sleepiness. It can disrupt your bed partner's sleep. Snoring can also be a sign of a serious sleep disorder called sleep apnea. You should see your health care provider if you are often tired during the day, don't feel that you sleep well, or wake up gasping. To reduce snoring - Lose weight if you are overweight. It may help, but thin people can snore, too. - Cut down or avoid alcohol and other sedatives at bedtime - Don't sleep flat on your back NIH: National Institute on Aging",Snoring,0000830,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/snoring.html,C0037384,T184,Disorders +Do you have information about Sodium,0000831-1,information,"Summary : Table salt is made up of the elements sodium and chlorine - the technical name for salt is sodium chloride. Your body needs some sodium to work properly. It helps with the function of nerves and muscles. It also helps to keep the right balance of fluids in your body. Your kidneys control how much sodium is in your body. If you have too much and your kidneys can't get rid it, sodium builds up in your blood. This can lead to high blood pressure. High blood pressure can lead to other health problems. Most people in the U.S. get more sodium in their diets than they need. A key to healthy eating is choosing foods low in salt and sodium. Doctors recommend you eat less than 2.4 grams per day. That equals about 1 teaspoon of table salt a day. Reading food labels can help you see how much sodium is in prepared foods. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Sodium,0000831,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sodium.html,,, +What is (are) Soft Tissue Sarcoma ?,0000832-1,information,"Your soft tissues connect, support, or surround other tissues. Examples include your muscles, tendons, fat, and blood vessels. Soft tissue sarcoma is a cancer of these soft tissues. There are many kinds, based on the type of tissue they started in. They may cause a lump or swelling in the soft tissue. Sometimes they spread and can press on nerves and organs, causing problems such as pain or trouble breathing. No one knows exactly what causes these cancers. They are not common, but you have a higher risk if you have been exposed to certain chemicals, have had radiation therapy, or have certain genetic diseases. Doctors diagnose soft tissue sarcomas with a biopsy. Treatments include surgery to remove the tumor, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Soft Tissue Sarcoma,0000832,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/softtissuesarcoma.html,C1261473,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Sore Throat ?,0000833-1,information,"Your throat is a tube that carries food to your esophagus and air to your windpipe and larynx (also called the voice box). The technical name for the throat is pharynx. You can have a sore throat for many reasons. Often, colds and flu cause sore throats. Other causes can include: - Allergies - Mononucleosis - Smoking - Strep throat - Tonsillitis - an infection in the tonsils Treatment depends on the cause. Sucking on lozenges, drinking lots of liquids, and gargling may ease the pain. Over-the-counter pain relievers can also help, but children should not take aspirin.",Sore Throat,0000833,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sorethroat.html,C0031350,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Speech and Communication Disorders ?,0000834-1,information,"Many disorders can affect our ability to speak and communicate. They range from saying sounds incorrectly to being completely unable to speak or understand speech. Causes include - Hearing disorders and deafness - Voice problems, such as dysphonia or those caused by cleft lip or palate - Speech problems like stuttering - Developmental disabilities - Learning disorders - Autism spectrum disorder - Brain injury - Stroke Some speech and communication problems may be genetic. Often, no one knows the causes. By first grade, about 5 percent of children have noticeable speech disorders. Speech and language therapy can help. NIH: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders",Speech and Communication Disorders,0000834,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/speechandcommunicationdisorders.html,C0009460,T048,Disorders +What is (are) Speech and Language Problems in Children ?,0000835-1,information,"Children vary in their development of speech and language skills. Health professionals have milestones for what's normal. These milestones help determine if a child is on track or if he or she may need extra help. For example, a child usually has one or two words like ""Hi,"" ""dog,"" ""Dada,"" or ""Mama"" by her first birthday. Sometimes a delay may be caused by hearing loss, while other times it may be due to a speech or language disorder. Language disorders can mean that the child has trouble understanding what others say or difficulty sharing her thoughts. Children who have trouble producing speech sounds correctly or who hesitate or stutter when talking may have a speech disorder. If your child's speech or language appears to be delayed, talk to your child's doctor. NIH: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders",Speech and Language Problems in Children,0000835,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/speechandlanguageproblemsinchildren.html,C1405458,T048,Disorders +What is (are) Spider Bites ?,0000836-1,information,"Though many people are afraid of spiders, they rarely bite people unless threatened. Most spider bites are harmless. Occasionally, spider bites can cause allergic reactions. And bites by the venomous black widow and brown recluse spiders can be very dangerous to people. If you are bitten by a spider, you may see a reaction similar to that of a bee sting, including redness, pain and swelling at the site. To treat a spider bite: - Wash the area well with soap and water - Apply an ice pack or a wet compress to the area - Take over-the-counter pain medicine, if needed - Consider using antihistamines for severe swelling - Seek medical treatment for small children and adults with severe symptoms",Spider Bites,0000836,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spiderbites.html,C0242188,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Spina Bifida ?,0000837-1,information,"Spina bifida is a neural tube defect - a type of birth defect of the brain, spine, or spinal cord. It happens if the spinal column of the fetus doesn't close completely during the first month of pregnancy. This can damage the nerves and spinal cord. Screening tests during pregnancy can check for spina bifida. Sometimes it is discovered only after the baby is born. The symptoms of spina bifida vary from person to person. Most people with spina bifida are of normal intelligence. Some people need assistive devices such as braces, crutches, or wheelchairs. They may have learning difficulties, urinary and bowel problems, or hydrocephalus, a buildup of fluid in the brain. The exact cause of spina bifida is unknown. It seems to run in families. Taking folic acid can reduce the risk of having a baby with spina bifida. It's in most multivitamins. Women who could become pregnant should take it daily. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Spina Bifida,0000837,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spinabifida.html,C0080178,T019,Disorders +What is (are) Spinal Cord Diseases ?,0000838-1,information,"Your spinal cord is a bundle of nerves that runs down the middle of your back. It carries signals back and forth between your body and your brain. It is protected by your vertebrae, which are the bone disks that make up your spine. If you have an accident that damages the vertebrae or other parts of the spine, this can also injure the spinal cord. Other spinal cord problems include - Tumors - Infections such as meningitis and polio - Inflammatory diseases - Autoimmune diseases - Degenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal muscular atrophy Symptoms vary but might include pain, numbness, loss of sensation and muscle weakness. These symptoms can occur around the spinal cord, and also in other areas such as your arms and legs. Treatments often include medicines and surgery.",Spinal Cord Diseases,0000838,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spinalcorddiseases.html,C0037928,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Spinal Cord Injuries ?,0000839-1,information,"Your spinal cord is a bundle of nerves that runs down the middle of your back. It carries signals back and forth between your body and your brain. A spinal cord injury disrupts the signals. Spinal cord injuries usually begin with a blow that fractures or dislocates your vertebrae, the bone disks that make up your spine. Most injuries don't cut through your spinal cord. Instead, they cause damage when pieces of vertebrae tear into cord tissue or press down on the nerve parts that carry signals. Spinal cord injuries can be complete or incomplete. With a complete spinal cord injury, the cord can't send signals below the level of the injury. As a result, you are paralyzed below the injury. With an incomplete injury, you have some movement and sensation below the injury. A spinal cord injury is a medical emergency. Immediate treatment can reduce long-term effects. Treatments may include medicines, braces or traction to stabilize the spine, and surgery. Later treatment usually includes medicines and rehabilitation therapy. Mobility aids and assistive devices may help you to get around and do some daily tasks. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Spinal Cord Injuries,0000839,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spinalcordinjuries.html,C0037929,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Spinal Muscular Atrophy ?,0000840-1,information,"Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a genetic disease that attacks nerve cells, called motor neurons, in the spinal cord. These cells communicate with your voluntary muscles - the ones you can control, like in your arms and legs. As the neurons die, the muscles weaken. This can affect walking, crawling, breathing, swallowing, and head and neck control. SMA runs in families. Parents usually have no symptoms, but still carry the gene. Genetic counseling is important if the disease runs in your family. There are many types of SMA. Some of them are fatal. Some people have a normal life expectancy. It depends on the type and how it affects breathing. There is no cure. Treatments help with symptoms and prevent complications. They may include machines to help with breathing, nutritional support, physical therapy, and medicines. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Spinal Muscular Atrophy,0000840,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spinalmuscularatrophy.html,C0026847,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Spinal Stenosis ?,0000841-1,information,"Your spine, or backbone, protects your spinal cord and allows you to stand and bend. Spinal stenosis causes narrowing in your spine. The narrowing puts pressure on your nerves and spinal cord and can cause pain. Spinal stenosis occurs mostly in people older than 50. Younger people with a spine injury or a narrow spinal canal are also at risk. Diseases such as arthritis and scoliosis can cause spinal stenosis, too. Symptoms might appear gradually or not at all. They include - Pain in your neck or back - Numbness, weakness, cramping, or pain in your arms or legs - Pain going down the leg - Foot problems Doctors diagnose spinal stenosis with a physical exam and imaging tests. Treatments include medications, physical therapy, braces, and surgery. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Spinal Stenosis,0000841,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spinalstenosis.html,C0037944,T020,Disorders +What is (are) Spine Injuries and Disorders ?,0000842-1,information,"Your backbone, or spine, is made up of 26 bone discs called vertebrae. The vertebrae protect your spinal cord and allow you to stand and bend. A number of problems can change the structure of the spine or damage the vertebrae and surrounding tissue. They include - Infections - Injuries - Tumors - Conditions, such as ankylosing spondylitis and scoliosis - Bone changes that come with age, such as spinal stenosis and herniated disks Spinal diseases often cause pain when bone changes put pressure on the spinal cord or nerves. They can also limit movement. Treatments differ by disease, but sometimes they include back braces and surgery.",Spine Injuries and Disorders,0000842,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spineinjuriesanddisorders.html,C3263723,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Spleen Diseases ?,0000843-1,information,"Your spleen is an organ above your stomach and under your ribs on your left side. It is about as big as your fist. The spleen is part of your lymphatic system, which fights infection and keeps your body fluids in balance. It contains white blood cells that fight germs. Your spleen also helps control the amount of blood in your body, and destroys old and damaged cells. Certain diseases might cause your spleen to swell. You can also damage or rupture your spleen in an injury, especially if it is already swollen. If your spleen is too damaged, you might need surgery to remove it. You can live without a spleen. Other organs, such as your liver, will take over some of the spleen's work. Without a spleen, however, your body will lose some of its ability to fight infections.",Spleen Diseases,0000843,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spleendiseases.html,C0037997,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Sports Fitness,0000844-1,information,"Summary : Sports can be a great way to get in shape or stay that way. Having a specific goal can be a great motivator. Physically, you need strength and endurance. Your training will vary with your sport. You would not train the same way for pole vaulting as for swimming. You might, however, cross train. Cross training simply means that you include a variety of fitness activities in your program. Research shows that cross training builds stronger bones. Remember to listen to your body. If you frequently feel exhausted or you are in pain, you may be overdoing it. Injuries can be the result. And be sure that you use your body and your equipment safely. What you eat and drink is also important. Water is the most important nutrient for active people. Drink it before, during and after workouts.",Sports Fitness,0000844,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sportsfitness.html,,, +What is (are) Sports Injuries ?,0000845-1,information,"Exercising is good for you, but sometimes you can injure yourself when you play sports or exercise. Accidents, poor training practices, or improper gear can cause them. Some people get hurt because they are not in shape. Not warming up or stretching enough can also lead to injuries. The most common sports injuries are - Sprains and strains - Knee injuries - Swollen muscles - Achilles tendon injuries - Pain along the shin bone - Rotator cuff injuries - Fractures - Dislocations If you get hurt, stop playing. Continuing to play or exercise can cause more harm. Treatment often begins with the RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation) method to relieve pain, reduce swelling, and speed healing. Other possible treatments include pain relievers, keeping the injured area from moving, rehabilitation, and sometimes surgery. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Sports Injuries,0000845,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sportsinjuries.html,C0004161,T037,Disorders +Do you have information about Sports Safety,0000846-1,information,"Summary : Playing sports can be fun, but it can also be dangerous if you are not careful. You can help prevent injuries by - Getting a physical to make sure you are healthy before you start playing your sport - Wearing the right shoes, gear, and equipment - Drinking lots of water - Warming up and stretching If you have already hurt yourself playing a sport, make sure you recover completely before you start up again. If possible, protect the injured part of your body with padding, a brace, or special equipment. When you do start playing again, start slowly.",Sports Safety,0000846,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sportssafety.html,,, +What is (are) Sprains and Strains ?,0000847-1,information,"A sprain is a stretched or torn ligament. Ligaments are tissues that connect bones at a joint. Falling, twisting, or getting hit can all cause a sprain. Ankle and wrist sprains are common. Symptoms include pain, swelling, bruising, and being unable to move your joint. You might feel a pop or tear when the injury happens. A strain is a stretched or torn muscle or tendon. Tendons are tissues that connect muscle to bone. Twisting or pulling these tissues can cause a strain. Strains can happen suddenly or develop over time. Back and hamstring muscle strains are common. Many people get strains playing sports. Symptoms include pain, muscle spasms, swelling, and trouble moving the muscle. At first, treatment of both sprains and strains usually involves resting the injured area, icing it, wearing a bandage or device that compresses the area, and medicines. Later treatment might include exercise and physical therapy. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Sprains and Strains,0000847,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sprainsandstrains.html,C0038048,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Staphylococcal Infections ?,0000848-1,information,"Staph is short for Staphylococcus, a type of bacteria. There are over 30 types, but Staphylococcus aureus causes most staph infections (pronounced ""staff infections""), including - Skin infections - Pneumonia - Food poisoning - Toxic shock syndrome - Blood poisoning (bacteremia) Skin infections are the most common. They can look like pimples or boils. They may be red, swollen and painful, and sometimes have pus or other drainage. They can turn into impetigo, which turns into a crust on the skin, or cellulitis, a swollen, red area of skin that feels hot. Anyone can get a staph skin infection. You are more likely to get one if you have a cut or scratch, or have contact with a person or surface that has staph bacteria. The best way to prevent staph is to keep hands and wounds clean. Most staph skin infections are easily treated with antibiotics or by draining the infection. Some staph bacteria such as MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) are resistant to certain antibiotics, making infections harder to treat.",Staphylococcal Infections,0000848,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/staphylococcalinfections.html,C0038160,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Statins,0000849-1,information,"Summary : Statins are drugs used to lower cholesterol. Your body needs some cholesterol to work properly. But if you have too much in your blood, it can stick to the walls of your arteries and narrow or even block them. If diet and exercise don't reduce your cholesterol levels, you may need to take medicine. Often, this medicine is a statin. Statins interfere with the production of cholesterol in your liver. They lower bad cholesterol levels and raise good cholesterol levels. This can slow the formation of plaques in your arteries. Statins are relatively safe for most people. But they are not recommended for pregnant patients or those with active or chronic liver disease. They can also cause serious muscle problems. Some statins also interact adversely with other drugs. You may have fewer side effects with one statin drug than another. Researchers are also studying the use of statins for other conditions. Food and Drug Administration",Statins,0000849,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/statins.html,,, +Do you have information about Stem Cells,0000850-1,information,"Summary : Stem cells are cells with the potential to develop into many different types of cells in the body. They serve as a repair system for the body. There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Stem cells are different from other cells in the body in three ways: - They can divide and renew themselves over a long time - They are unspecialized, so they cannot do specific functions in the body - They have the potential to become specialized cells, such as muscle cells, blood cells, and brain cells Doctors and scientists are excited about stem cells because they could help in many different areas of health and medical research. Studying stem cells may help explain how serious conditions such as birth defects and cancer come about. Stem cells may one day be used to make cells and tissues for therapy of many diseases. Examples include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, spinal cord injury, heart disease, diabetes, and arthritis. NIH: National Institutes of Health",Stem Cells,0000850,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/stemcells.html,,, +Do you have information about Steroids,0000851-1,information,"Summary : You may have heard of anabolic steroids, which can have harmful effects. But there's another type of steroid - sometimes called a corticosteroid - that treats a variety of problems. These steroids are similar to hormones that your adrenal glands make to fight stress associated with illnesses and injuries. They reduce inflammation and affect the immune system. You may need to take corticosteroids to treat - Arthritis - Asthma - Autoimmune diseases such as lupus and multiple sclerosis - Skin conditions such as eczema and rashes - Some kinds of cancer Steroids are strong medicines, and they can have side effects, including weakened bones and cataracts. Because of this, you usually take them for as short a time as possible.",Steroids,0000851,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/steroids.html,,, +What is (are) Stillbirth ?,0000852-1,information,"If a woman loses a pregnancy after she's past her 20th week, it's called a stillbirth. Stillbirths are due to natural causes. They can happen before delivery or during delivery. Causes include: - Problems with the placenta, the organ that transports oxygen and nutrients to the fetus - Genetic problems with the fetus - Fetal infections - Other physical problems in the fetus In at least half of all cases, it is not possible to tell why the baby died. If stillbirth happens before delivery, your health care provider may induce labor or perform a Cesarean section to deliver the fetus. In some cases, you can wait until you go into labor yourself. This usually happens within two weeks of stillbirth. Counseling may help you cope with your grief. Later, if you do decide to try again, work closely with your health care provider to lower the risks. Many women who have a stillbirth go on to have healthy babies. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development",Stillbirth,0000852,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/stillbirth.html,C0595939,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Stomach Cancer ?,0000853-1,information,"The stomach is an organ between the esophagus and the small intestine. It mixes food with stomach acid and helps digest protein. Stomach cancer mostly affects older people - two-thirds of people who have it are over age 65. Your risk of getting it is also higher if you - Have had a Helicobacter pylori infection - Have had stomach inflammation - Are a man - Eat lots of salted, smoked, or pickled foods - Smoke cigarettes - Have a family history of stomach cancer It is hard to diagnose stomach cancer in its early stages. Indigestion and stomach discomfort can be symptoms of early cancer, but other problems can cause the same symptoms. In advanced cases, there may be blood in your stool, vomiting, unexplained weight loss, jaundice, or trouble swallowing. Doctors diagnose stomach cancer with a physical exam, blood and imaging tests, an endoscopy, and a biopsy. Because it is often found late, it can be hard to treat stomach cancer. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation or a combination. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Stomach Cancer,0000853,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/stomachcancer.html,C0024623,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Stomach Disorders ?,0000854-1,information,"Your stomach is an organ between your esophagus and small intestine. It is where digestion of protein begins. The stomach has three tasks. It stores swallowed food. It mixes the food with stomach acids. Then it sends the mixture on to the small intestine. Most people have a problem with their stomach at one time or another. Indigestion and heartburn are common problems. You can relieve some stomach problems with over-the-counter medicines and lifestyle changes, such as avoiding fatty foods or eating more slowly. Other problems like peptic ulcers or GERD require medical attention. You should see a doctor if you have any of the following: - Blood when you have a bowel movement - Severe abdominal pain - Heartburn not relieved by antacids - Unintended weight loss - Ongoing vomiting or diarrhea NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Stomach Disorders,0000854,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/stomachdisorders.html,C0038354,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Streptococcal Infections ?,0000855-1,information,"Strep is short for Streptococcus, a type of bacteria. There are two types: group A and group B. Group A strep causes - Strep throat - a sore, red throat, sometimes with white spots on the tonsils - Scarlet fever - an illness that follows strep throat. It causes a red rash on the body. - Impetigo - a skin infection - Toxic shock syndrome - Cellulitis and necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease) Group B strep can cause blood infections, pneumonia and meningitis in newborns. A screening test during pregnancy can tell if you have it. If you do, I.V. antibiotics during labor can save your baby's life. Adults can also get group B strep infections, especially if they are elderly or already have health problems. Strep B can cause urinary tract infections, blood infections, skin infections and pneumonia in adults. Antibiotics are used to treat strep infections. NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",Streptococcal Infections,0000855,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/streptococcalinfections.html,C0038395,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Stress ?,0000856-1,information,"Everyone feels stressed from time to time. Not all stress is bad. All animals have a stress response, and it can be life-saving. But chronic stress can cause both physical and mental harm. There are at least three different types of stress: - Routine stress related to the pressures of work, family, and other daily responsibilities - Stress brought about by a sudden negative change, such as losing a job, divorce, or illness - Traumatic stress, which happens when you are in danger of being seriously hurt or killed. Examples include a major accident, war, assault, or a natural disaster. This type of stress can cause post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Different people may feel stress in different ways. Some people experience digestive symptoms. Others may have headaches, sleeplessness, depressed mood, anger, and irritability. People under chronic stress get more frequent and severe viral infections, such as the flu or common cold. Vaccines, such as the flu shot, are less effective for them. Some people cope with stress more effectively than others. It's important to know your limits when it comes to stress, so you can avoid more serious health effects. NIH: National Institute of Mental Health",Stress,0000856,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/stress.html,C0038435,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Stroke ?,0000857-1,information,"A stroke is a medical emergency. Strokes happen when blood flow to your brain stops. Within minutes, brain cells begin to die. There are two kinds of stroke. The more common kind, called ischemic stroke, is caused by a blood clot that blocks or plugs a blood vessel in the brain. The other kind, called hemorrhagic stroke, is caused by a blood vessel that breaks and bleeds into the brain. ""Mini-strokes"" or transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), occur when the blood supply to the brain is briefly interrupted. Symptoms of stroke are - Sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm or leg (especially on one side of the body) - Sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding speech - Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes - Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination - Sudden severe headache with no known cause If you have any of these symptoms, you must get to a hospital quickly to begin treatment. Acute stroke therapies try to stop a stroke while it is happening by quickly dissolving the blood clot or by stopping the bleeding. Post-stroke rehabilitation helps individuals overcome disabilities that result from stroke damage. Drug therapy with blood thinners is the most common treatment for stroke. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Stroke,0000857,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/stroke.html,C0038454,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Stroke Rehabilitation,0000858-1,information,Summary : A stroke can cause lasting brain damage. People who survive a stroke need to relearn skills they lose because of the damage. Rehabilitation can help them relearn those skills. Stroke can cause five types of disabilities: - Paralysis or problems controlling movement - Pain and other problems with the senses - Problems using or understanding language - Problems with thinking and memory - Emotional disturbances Stroke rehabilitation involves many kinds of health professionals. The goal is to help survivors become as independent as possible and to have the best possible quality of life. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke,Stroke Rehabilitation,0000858,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/strokerehabilitation.html,,, +What is (are) Stuttering ?,0000859-1,information,"Stuttering is a problem that affects the flow of your speech. If you stutter, you may - Make certain words sound longer than they should be - Find it hard to start a new word - Repeat words or parts of words - Get tense when you try to speak. You may blink your eyes rapidly, or your lips and jaw may tremble as you struggle to get the words out. Stuttering can affect anyone. It is most common in young children who are still learning to speak. Boys are three times more likely to stutter than girls. Most children stop stuttering as they grow older. Less than 1 percent of adults stutter. Scientists don't fully understand why some people stutter. The problem seems to run in families. There is no cure, but treatments can help. They include stuttering therapy, electronic devices, and self-help groups. Starting stuttering therapy early for young children can keep it from becoming a lifelong problem. NIH: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders",Stuttering,0000859,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/stuttering.html,C0038506,T048,Disorders +What is (are) Sudden Infant Death Syndrome ?,0000860-1,information,"Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the sudden, unexplained death of an infant younger than one year old. Some people call SIDS ""crib death"" because many babies who die of SIDS are found in their cribs. SIDS is the leading cause of death in children between one month and one year old. Most SIDS deaths occur when babies are between two months and four months old. Premature babies, boys, African Americans, and American Indian/Alaska Native infants have a higher risk of SIDS. Although health care professionals don't know what causes SIDS, they do know ways to reduce the risk. These include - Placing babies on their backs to sleep, even for short naps. ""Tummy time"" is for when babies are awake and someone is watching - Using a firm sleep surface, such as a crib mattress covered with a fitted sheet - Keeping soft objects and loose bedding away from sleep area - Making sure babies don't get too hot. Keep the room at a comfortable temperature for an adult. - Don't smoke during pregnancy or allow anyone to smoke near your baby NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development",Sudden Infant Death Syndrome,0000860,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/suddeninfantdeathsyndrome.html,C0038644,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Suicide ?,0000861-1,information,"Suicide is the tenth most common cause of death in the United States. People may consider suicide when they are hopeless and can't see any other solution to their problems. Often it's related to serious depression, alcohol or substance abuse, or a major stressful event. People who have the highest risk of suicide are white men. But women and teens report more suicide attempts. If someone talks about suicide, you should take it seriously. Urge them to get help from their doctor or the emergency room, or call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (8255). It is available 24/7. Therapy and medicines can help most people who have suicidal thoughts. Treating mental illnesses and substance abuse can reduce the risk of suicide. NIH: National Institute of Mental Health",Suicide,0000861,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/suicide.html,C0038661,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Sun Exposure ?,0000862-1,information,"Ultraviolet (UV) rays are an invisible form of radiation. They can pass through your skin and damage your skin cells. Sunburns are a sign of skin damage. Suntans aren't healthy, either. They appear after the sun's rays have already killed some cells and damaged others. UV rays can cause skin damage during any season or at any temperature. They can also cause eye problems, wrinkles, skin spots, and skin cancer. To protect yourself - Stay out of the sun when it is strongest (between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m.) - Use sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or higher - Wear protective clothing - Wear wraparound sunglasses that provide 100 percent UV ray protection - Avoid sunlamps and tanning beds Check your skin regularly for changes in the size, shape, color, or feel of birthmarks, moles, and spots. Such changes are a sign of skin cancer. Food and Drug Administration",Sun Exposure,0000862,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sunexposure.html,C1456711,T033,Disorders +Do you have information about Surgery,0000863-1,information,"Summary : There are many reasons to have surgery. Some operations can relieve or prevent pain. Others can reduce a symptom of a problem or improve some body function. Some surgeries are done to find a problem. For example, a surgeon may do a biopsy, which involves removing a piece of tissue to examine under a microscope. Some surgeries, like heart surgery, can save your life. Some operations that once needed large incisions (cuts in the body) can now be done using much smaller cuts. This is called laparoscopic surgery. Surgeons insert a thin tube with a camera to see, and use small tools to do the surgery. After surgery there can be a risk of complications, including infection, too much bleeding, reaction to anesthesia, or accidental injury. There is almost always some pain with surgery. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality",Surgery,0000863,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/surgery.html,,, +What is (are) Swallowing Disorders ?,0000864-1,information,"If you have a swallowing disorder, you may have difficulty or pain when swallowing. Some people cannot swallow at all. Others may have trouble swallowing liquids, foods, or saliva. This makes it hard to eat. Often, it can be difficult to take in enough calories and fluids to nourish your body. Anyone can have a swallowing disorder, but it is more likely in the elderly. It often happens because of other conditions, including - Nervous system disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and cerebral palsy - Problems with your esophagus, including GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) - Stroke - Head or spinal cord injury - Cancer of the head, neck, or esophagus Medicines can help some people, while others may need surgery. Swallowing treatment with a speech-language pathologist can help. You may find it helpful to change your diet or hold your head or neck in a certain way when you eat. In very serious cases, people may need feeding tubes. NIH: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders",Swallowing Disorders,0000864,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/swallowingdisorders.html,C0011168,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Sweat ?,0000865-1,information,"Sweat is a clear, salty liquid produced by glands in your skin. Sweating is how your body cools itself. You sweat mainly under your arms and on your feet and palms. When sweat mixes with bacteria on your skin, it can cause a smell. Bathing regularly and using antiperspirants or deodorants can help control the odor. Sweating a lot is normal when it is hot or when you exercise, are anxious, or have a fever. It also happens during menopause. If you often sweat too much, it's called hyperhidrosis. Causes include thyroid or nervous system disorders, low blood sugar, or another health problem. Sweating too little, anhidrosis, can be life-threatening because your body can overheat. Causes of anhidrosis include dehydration, burns, and some skin and nerve disorders.",Sweat,0000865,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sweat.html,C0038990,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Syphilis ?,0000866-1,information,"Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by bacteria. It infects the genital area, lips, mouth, or anus of both men and women. You usually get syphilis from sexual contact with someone who has it. It can also pass from mother to baby during pregnancy. The early stage of syphilis usually causes a single, small, painless sore. Sometimes it causes swelling in nearby lymph nodes. If you do not treat it, syphilis usually causes a non-itchy skin rash, often on your hands and feet. Many people do not notice symptoms for years. Symptoms can go away and come back. The sores caused by syphilis make it easier to get or give someone HIV during sex. If you are pregnant, syphilis can cause birth defects, or you could lose your baby. In rare cases, syphilis causes serious health problems and even death. Syphilis is easy to cure with antibiotics if you catch it early. Correct usage of latex condoms greatly reduces, but does not completely eliminate, the risk of catching or spreading syphilis. NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",Syphilis,0000866,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/syphilis.html,C0039128,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Syringomyelia ?,0000867-1,information,"Syringomyelia is a rare disorder that causes a cyst to form in your spinal cord. This cyst, called a syrinx, gets bigger and longer over time, destroying part of the spinal cord. Damage to the spinal cord from the syrinx can cause symptoms such as - Pain and weakness in the back, shoulders, arms or legs - Headaches - Inability to feel hot or cold Symptoms vary according to the size and location of the syrinx. They often begin in early adulthood. Syringomyelia usually results from a skull abnormality called a Chiari I malformation. A tumor, meningitis or physical trauma can also cause it. Surgery is the main treatment. Some people also need to have the syrinx drained. Medicines can help ease pain. In some cases, there are no symptoms, so you may not need treatment.",Syringomyelia,0000867,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/syringomyelia.html,C0039144,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Tailbone Disorders ?,0000868-1,information,"The tailbone is the small bone at the bottom of your backbone, or spine. Tailbone disorders include tailbone injuries, pain, infections, cysts and tumors. You rarely break your tailbone. Instead, most injuries cause bruises or pulled ligaments. A backward fall onto a hard surface, such as slipping on ice, is the most common cause of such injuries. Symptoms of various tailbone disorders include pain in the tailbone area, pain upon sitting, pain or numbness in the arms or legs due to pressure on nerves in the tailbone area, and a mass or growth you can see or feel.",Tailbone Disorders,0000868,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tailbonedisorders.html,C1456712,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Talking With Your Doctor,0000869-1,information,"Summary : How well you and your doctor communicate with each other is one of the most important parts of getting good health care. Being prepared can help make the most of your visit. Here are some things you can bring: - Lists of your concerns, any allergies and all the medicines, herbs, or vitamins you take - A description of symptoms - when they started, what makes them better - A trusted friend or family member - A way to take notes during your appointment Make sure you understand your diagnosis and any treatments. Ask your health care provider to write down his or her instructions to you. If you still have trouble understanding, ask where you can go for more information.",Talking With Your Doctor,0000869,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/talkingwithyourdoctor.html,,, +What is (are) Taste and Smell Disorders ?,0000870-1,information,"Our senses of taste and smell give us great pleasure. Taste helps us enjoy food and beverages. Smell lets us enjoy the scents and fragrances like roses or coffee. Taste and smell also protect us, letting us know when food has gone bad or when there is a gas leak. They make us want to eat, ensuring we get the nutrition we need. People with taste disorders may taste things that aren't there, may not be able to tell the difference in tastes, or can't taste at all. People with smell disorders may lose their sense of smell, or things may smell different. A smell they once enjoyed may now smell bad to them. Many illnesses and injuries can cause taste and smell disorders, including colds and head injuries. Some drugs can also affect taste and smell. Most people lose some ability to taste and smell as they get older. Treatment varies, depending on the problem and its cause. NIH: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders",Taste and Smell Disorders,0000870,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tasteandsmelldisorders.html,C0553757,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Tay-Sachs Disease ?,0000871-1,information,"Tay-Sachs disease is a rare, inherited disorder. It causes too much of a fatty substance to build up in the brain. This buildup destroys nerve cells, causing mental and physical problems. Infants with Tay-Sachs disease appear to develop normally for the first few months of life. Then mental and physical abilities decline. The child becomes blind, deaf, and unable to swallow. Muscles begin to waste away and paralysis sets in. Even with the best of care, children with Tay-Sachs disease usually die by age 4. The cause is a gene mutation which is most common in Eastern European Ashkenazi Jews. To get the disease, both parents must have the gene. If they do, there is a 25% chance of the child having the disease. A blood test and prenatal tests can check for the gene or the disease. There is no cure. Medicines and good nutrition can help some symptoms. Some children need feeding tubes. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Tay-Sachs Disease,0000871,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/taysachsdisease.html,C0039373,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Tears,0000872-1,information,"Summary : You may only think of tears as those salty drops that fall from your eyes when you cry. Actually, your tears clean your eyes every time you blink. Tears also keep your eyes moist, which is important for your vision. Tear glands produce tears, and tear ducts carry the tears from the glands to the surface of your eye. Problems with the tear system can include too many tears, too few tears, or problems with the tear ducts. Treatment of the problem depends on the cause.",Tears,0000872,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tears.html,,, +Do you have information about Teen Development,0000873-1,information,"Summary : As a teenager, you go through many physical, mental, emotional, and social changes. The biggest change is puberty, the process of becoming sexually mature. It usually happens between ages 10 and 14 for girls and ages 12 and 16 for boys. As your body changes, you may have questions about sexual health. During this time, you start to develop your own unique personality and opinions. Some changes that you might notice include - Increased independence from your parents - More concerns about body image and clothes - More influence from peers - Greater ability to sense right and wrong All of these changes can sometimes seem overwhelming. Some sadness or moodiness can be normal. But feeling very sad, hopeless, or worthless could be warning signs of a mental health problem. If you need help, talk to your parents, school counselor, or health care provider. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Teen Development,0000873,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/teendevelopment.html,,, +Do you have information about Teen Health,0000874-1,information,"Summary : As a teenager, you go through many changes. Your body is on its way to becoming its adult size. You may notice that you can't fit into your old shoes or that your jeans are now 3 inches too short. Along with these changes, you are probably becoming more independent and making more of your own choices. Some of the biggest choices you face are about your health. Healthy habits, including eating a healthy diet and being physically active, can help you feel good, look good, and do your best in school, work, or sports. They might also prevent diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, osteoporosis, stroke, and some cancers when you are older.",Teen Health,0000874,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/teenhealth.html,,, +Do you have information about Teen Mental Health,0000875-1,information,"Summary : Being a teenager is hard. You're under stress to be liked, do well in school, get along with your family, and make big decisions. You can't avoid most of these pressures, and worrying about them is normal. But feeling very sad, hopeless or worthless could be warning signs of a mental health problem. Mental health problems are real, painful, and sometimes severe. You might need help if you have the signs mentioned above, or if you - Often feel very angry or very worried - Feel grief for a long time after a loss or death - Think your mind is controlled or out of control - Use alcohol or drugs - Exercise, diet and/or binge-eat obsessively - Hurt other people or destroy property - Do reckless things that could harm you or others Mental health problems can be treated. To find help, talk to your parents, school counselor, or health care provider.",Teen Mental Health,0000875,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/teenmentalhealth.html,,, +Do you have information about Teen Sexual Health,0000876-1,information,"Summary : During your teens you go through puberty and become sexually mature. If you're a girl, you develop breasts and begin to get your period. If you're a boy, your penis and testicles become larger. If you have sex, you could get pregnant or get someone pregnant. Whether you choose to have sex or not, it is a good idea to know about safe sex and how sex affects your health. Besides pregnancy, having sex puts you at risk of getting a sexually transmitted disease, such as herpes or genital warts, or HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. The only way to be completely safe is not to have sex. If you choose to have sex, however, latex condoms are the best protection against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Condoms are also a form of birth control to help prevent pregnancy.",Teen Sexual Health,0000876,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/teensexualhealth.html,,, +Do you have information about Teen Violence,0000877-1,information,"Summary : Teen violence refers to harmful behaviors that can start early and continue into young adulthood. The young person can be a victim, an offender, or a witness to the violence. Violent acts can include - Bullying - Fighting, including punching, kicking, slapping, or hitting - Use of weapons such as guns or knives Some violent acts can cause more emotional harm than physical harm. Others can lead to serious injury or even death. An important risk factor for violence in teens is the behavior of their friends and classmates. You should know who your kids hang out with and encourage healthy behavior and relationships. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Teen Violence,0000877,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/teenviolence.html,,, +What is (are) Teenage Pregnancy ?,0000878-1,information,"Most teenage girls don't plan to get pregnant, but many do. Teen pregnancies carry extra health risks to both the mother and the baby. Often, teens don't get prenatal care soon enough, which can lead to problems later on. They have a higher risk for pregnancy-related high blood pressure and its complications. Risks for the baby include premature birth and a low birth weight. If you're a pregnant teen, you can help yourself and your baby by - Getting regular prenatal care - Taking your prenatal vitamins for your health and to prevent some birth defects - Avoiding smoking, alcohol, and drugs - Using a condom, if you are having sex, to prevent sexually transmitted diseases that could hurt your baby",Teenage Pregnancy,0000878,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/teenagepregnancy.html,C2028285,T033,Disorders +Do you have information about Teens' Page,0000879-1,information,"Summary : If you are a teenager, this page is for you! It includes materials specifically for you - not for your parents - about health and safety for teens. There are quizzes, games and lots of cool web sites for you to explore. Have fun!",Teens' Page,0000879,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/teenspage.html,,, +What is (are) Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction ?,0000880-1,information,"The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) connects your jaw to the side of your head. When it works well, it enables you to talk, chew, and yawn. For people with TMJ dysfunction, problems with the joint and muscles around it may cause - Pain that travels through the face, jaw, or neck - Stiff jaw muscles - Limited movement or locking of the jaw - Painful clicking or popping in the jaw - A change in the way the upper and lower teeth fit together Jaw pain may go away with little or no treatment. Treatment may include simple things you can do yourself, such as eating soft foods or applying ice packs. It may also include pain medicines or devices to insert in your mouth. In rare cases, you might need surgery. NIH: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research",Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction,0000880,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/temporomandibularjointdysfunction.html,C0039496,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Tendinitis ?,0000881-1,information,"Tendons are flexible bands of tissue that connect muscles to bones. They help your muscles move your bones. Tendinitis is the severe swelling of a tendon. Tendinitis usually happens after repeated injury to an area such as the wrist or ankle. It causes pain and soreness around a joint. Some common forms of tendinitis are named after the sports that increase their risk. They include tennis elbow, golfer's elbow, pitcher's shoulder, swimmer's shoulder, and jumper's knee. Doctors diagnose tendinitis with your medical history, a physical exam, and imaging tests. The first step in treatment is to reduce pain and swelling. Rest, wrapping or elevating the affected area, and medicines can help. Ice is helpful for recent, severe injuries. Other treatments include ultrasound, physical therapy, steroid injections, and surgery.",Tendinitis,0000881,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tendinitis.html,C0039503,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Testicular Cancer ?,0000882-1,information,"Testicles, or testes, make male hormones and sperm. They are two egg-shaped organs inside the scrotum, the loose sac of skin behind the penis. You can get cancer in one or both testicles. Testicular cancer mainly affects young men between the ages of 20 and 39. It is also more common in men who - Have had abnormal testicle development - Have had an undescended testicle - Have a family history of the cancer Symptoms include pain, swelling, or lumps in your testicles or groin area. Doctors use a physical exam, lab tests, imaging tests, and a biopsy to diagnose testicular cancer. Most cases can be treated, especially if found early. Treatment options include surgery, radiation, and/or chemotherapy. Regular exams after treatment are important. Treatments may also cause infertility. If you may want children later on, you should consider sperm banking before treatment. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Testicular Cancer,0000882,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/testicularcancer.html,C0153594,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Testicular Disorders ?,0000883-1,information,"Testicles, or testes, make male hormones and sperm. They are two egg-shaped organs inside the scrotum, the loose sac of skin behind the penis. It's easy to injure your testicles because they are not protected by bones or muscles. Men and boys should wear athletic supporters when they play sports. You should examine your testicles monthly and seek medical attention for lumps, redness, pain or other changes. Testicles can get inflamed or infected. They can also develop cancer. Testicular cancer is rare and highly treatable. It usually happens between the ages of 15 and 40.",Testicular Disorders,0000883,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/testiculardisorders.html,C0039584,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Tetanus ?,0000884-1,information,"Tetanus is a serious illness caused by Clostridium bacteria. The bacteria live in soil, saliva, dust, and manure. The bacteria can enter the body through a deep cut, like those you might get from stepping on a nail, or through a burn. The infection causes painful tightening of the muscles, usually all over the body. It can lead to ""locking"" of the jaw. This makes it impossible to open your mouth or swallow. Tetanus is a medical emergency. You need to get treatment in a hospital. A vaccine can prevent tetanus. It is given as a part of routine childhood immunization. Adults should get a tetanus shot, or booster, every 10 years. If you get a bad cut or burn, see your doctor - you may need a booster. Immediate and proper wound care can prevent tetanus infection.",Tetanus,0000884,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tetanus.html,C0039614,T047,Disorders +"What is (are) Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis Vaccines ?",0000885-1,information,"Tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (whooping cough) are serious bacterial infections. Tetanus causes painful tightening of the muscles, usually all over the body. It can lead to ""locking"" of the jaw. Diphtheria usually affects the nose and throat. Whooping cough causes uncontrollable coughing. Vaccines can protect you from these diseases. In the U.S., there are four combination vaccines: - DTaP prevents all three diseases. It is for children younger than seven years old. - Tdap also prevents all three. It is for older children and adults. - DT prevents diphtheria and tetanus. It is for children younger than seven who cannot tolerate the pertussis vaccine. - Td prevents diphtheria and tetanus. It is for older children and adults. It is usually given as a booster dose every 10 years. You may also get it earlier if you get a severe and dirty wound or burn. Some people should not get these vaccines, including those who have had severe reactions to the shots before. Check with your doctor first if you have seizures, a neurologic problem, or Guillain-Barre syndrome. Also let your doctor know if you don't feel well the day of the shot; you may need to postpone it. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis Vaccines",0000885,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tetanusdiphtheriaandpertussisvaccines.html,C0039614,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Thalassemia ?,0000886-1,information,"Thalassemias are inherited blood disorders. If you have one, your body makes fewer healthy red blood cells and less hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen to the body. That leads to anemia. Thalassemias occur most often among people of Italian, Greek, Middle Eastern, Southern Asian, and African descent. Thalassemias can be mild or severe. Some people have no symptoms or mild anemia. The most common severe type in the United States is called Cooley's anemia. It usually appears during the first two years of life. People with it may have severe anemia, slowed growth and delayed puberty, and problems with the spleen, liver, heart, or bones. Doctors diagnose thalassemias using blood tests. Treatments include blood transfusions and treatment to remove excess iron from the body. If you have mild symptoms or no symptoms, you may not need treatment. In some severe cases, you may need a bone marrow transplant. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Thalassemia,0000886,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/thalassemia.html,C0039730,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Thoracic Outlet Syndrome ?,0000887-1,information,"Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) causes pain in the shoulder, arm, and neck. It happens when the nerves or blood vessels just below your neck are compressed, or squeezed. The compression can happen between the muscles of your neck and shoulder or between the first rib and collarbone. You may feel burning, tingling, and numbness along your arm, hand, and fingers. If a nerve is compressed, you may also feel weakness in your hand. If a vein is compressed, your hand might be sensitive to cold, or turn pale or bluish. Your arm might swell and tire easily. TOS is more common in women. It usually starts between 20 and 50 years of age. Doctors do nerve and imaging studies to diagnose it. There are many causes of TOS, including - Injury - Anatomical defects - Tumors that press on nerves - Poor posture that causes nerve compression - Pregnancy - Repetitive arm and shoulder movements and activity, such as from playing certain sports Treatment depends on what caused your TOS. Medicines, physical therapy, and relaxation might help. Surgery may also be an option. Most people recover. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Thoracic Outlet Syndrome,0000887,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/thoracicoutletsyndrome.html,C0039984,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Throat Cancer ?,0000888-1,information,"Throat cancer is a type of head and neck cancer. Throat cancer has different names, depending on what part of the throat is affected. The different parts of the throat are called the oropharynx, the hypopharynx, and the nasopharynx. Sometimes the larynx, or voice box, is also included. The main risk factors for throat cancer are smoking or using smokeless tobacco and use of alcohol. Symptoms of throat cancer may include - Trouble breathing or speaking - Frequent headaches - Pain or ringing in the ears - Trouble swallowing - Ear pain Treatments include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Throat Cancer,0000888,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/throatcancer.html,C0740339,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Throat Disorders ?,0000889-1,information,"Your throat is a tube that carries food to your esophagus and air to your windpipe and larynx. The technical name for throat is pharynx. Throat problems are common. You've probably had a sore throat. The cause is usually a viral infection, but other causes include allergies, infection with strep bacteria or the upward movement of stomach acids into the esophagus, called GERD. Other problems that affect the throat include - Tonsillitis - an infection in the tonsils - Pharyngitis - inflammation of the pharynx - Cancers - Croup - inflammation, usually in small children, which causes a barking cough Most throat problems are minor and go away on their own. Treatments, when needed, depend on the problem.",Throat Disorders,0000889,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/throatdisorders.html,C0544058,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Thymus Cancer ?,0000890-1,information,"The thymus is a small organ in your upper chest, under your breastbone. Before birth and during childhood, the thymus helps the body make a type of white blood cell. These cells help protect you from infections. Cancer of the thymus is rare. You are more likely to get it if you have other diseases such as myasthenia gravis, lupus or rheumatoid arthritis. Sometimes there are no symptoms. Other times, thymus cancer can cause - A cough that doesn't go away - Chest pain - Trouble breathing Doctors use a physical exam, imaging tests, and a biopsy to diagnose thymus cancer. The most common treatment is surgery to remove the tumor. Other options include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Thymus Cancer,0000890,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/thymuscancer.html,C0751552,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Thyroid Cancer ?,0000891-1,information,"Your thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland in your neck, just above your collarbone. It makes hormones that help the body work normally. There are several types of cancer of the thyroid gland. You are at greater risk if you - Are between ages 25 and 65 - Are a woman - Are Asian - Have a family member who has had thyroid disease - Have had radiation treatments to your head or neck You should see a doctor if you have a lump or swelling in your neck. Doctors use a physical exam, blood tests, imaging tests, and a biopsy to diagnose thyroid cancer. Treatment depends on the type of cancer you have and how far the cancer has spread. Many patients receive a combination of treatments. They may include surgery, radioactive iodine, hormone treatment, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or targeted therapy. Targeted therapy uses substances that attack cancer cells without harming normal cells. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Thyroid Cancer,0000891,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/thyroidcancer.html,C0549473,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Thyroid Diseases ?,0000892-1,information,"Your thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland in your neck, just above your collarbone. It is one of your endocrine glands, which make hormones. Thyroid hormones control the rate of many activities in your body. These include how fast you burn calories and how fast your heart beats. All of these activities are your body's metabolism. Thyroid problems include - Goiter - enlargement of the thyroid gland - Hyperthyroidism - when your thyroid gland makes more thyroid hormones than your body needs - Hypothyroidism - when your thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormones - Thyroid cancer - Thyroid nodules - lumps in the thyroid gland - Thyroiditis - swelling of the thyroid Dept. of Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health",Thyroid Diseases,0000892,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/thyroiddiseases.html,C0040128,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Tick Bites ?,0000893-1,information,"If you spend time outdoors or have pets that go outdoors, you need to beware of ticks. Ticks are small bloodsucking parasites. Many species transmit diseases to animals and people. Some of the diseases you can get from a tick bite are Lyme disease, ehrlichiosis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever and tularemia. Some ticks are so small that they can be difficult to see. Ticks may get on you if you walk through areas where they live, such as tall grass, leaf litter or shrubs. Tick-borne diseases occur worldwide, including in your own backyard. To help protect yourself and your family, you should - Use a chemical repellent with DEET, permethrin or picaridin - Wear light-colored protective clothing - Tuck pant legs into socks - Avoid tick-infested areas - Check yourself, your children and your pets daily for ticks and carefully remove any ticks you find",Tick Bites,0000893,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tickbites.html,C0150914,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Tinea Infections ?,0000894-1,information,"Tinea is the name of a group of diseases caused by a fungus. Types of tinea include ringworm, athlete's foot and jock itch. These infections are usually not serious, but they can be uncomfortable. You can get them by touching an infected person, from damp surfaces such as shower floors, or even from a pet. Symptoms depend on the affected area of the body: - Ringworm is a red skin rash that forms a ring around normal-looking skin. A worm doesn't cause it. - Scalp ringworm causes itchy, red patches on your head. It can leave bald spots. It usually affects children. - Athlete's foot causes itching, burning and cracked skin between your toes. - Jock itch causes an itchy, burning rash in your groin area. Over-the-counter creams and powders will get rid of many tinea infections, particularly athlete's foot and jock itch. Other cases require prescription medicine.",Tinea Infections,0000894,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tineainfections.html,C0040247,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Tinnitus ?,0000895-1,information,"Tinnitus is often described as a ringing in the ears. It also can sound like roaring, clicking, hissing, or buzzing. It may be soft or loud, high pitched or low pitched. You might hear it in either one or both ears. Millions of Americans have tinnitus. People with severe tinnitus may have trouble hearing, working or even sleeping. Causes of tinnitus include - Hearing loss in older people - Exposure to loud noises - Ear and sinus infections - Heart or blood vessel problems - Meniere's disease - Brain tumors - Hormonal changes in women - Thyroid problems - Certain medicines Treatment depends on the cause. Treatments may include hearing aids, sound-masking devices, medicines, and ways to learn how to cope with the noise. NIH: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders",Tinnitus,0000895,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tinnitus.html,C0040264,T033,Disorders +Do you have information about Toddler Development,0000896-1,information,"Summary : Mastering new skills such as how to walk, talk, and use the potty are developmental milestones. It is exciting to watch your toddler learn new skills. The normal development of children aged 1-3 can be broken down into the following areas: - Gross motor - walking, running, climbing - Fine motor - feeding themselves, drawing - Sensory - seeing, hearing, tasting, touching, and smelling - Language - saying single words, then sentences - Social - playing with others, taking turns, doing fantasy play Toddlers do not develop at the same rate. There is a wide range of what is considered ""normal."" Your child may be ahead in some areas and slightly behind in others. If you are worried about possible delays, talk to your child's health care provider.",Toddler Development,0000896,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/toddlerdevelopment.html,,, +Do you have information about Toddler Health,0000897-1,information,"Summary : Most young children get sick. It is hard for parents to know what is serious. You can learn what the common warning signs are. In the end, trust your intuition. If you are worried about your toddler, call your health care provider right away. Well-child visits are important to your toddler's health. Toddlers will get their recommended immunizations during these visits. Routine exams and screenings help you and your kids prevent and treat health problems as well as chart their growth and development.",Toddler Health,0000897,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/toddlerhealth.html,,, +Do you have information about Toddler Nutrition,0000898-1,information,"Summary : Food provides the energy and nutrients that young children need to be healthy. Toddlers are learning to feed themselves and to eat new foods. They should eat a variety of foods from all of the food groups. Each day, toddlers need enough nutrients, including - 7 milligrams of iron - 700 milligrams of calcium - 600 IU of vitamin D",Toddler Nutrition,0000898,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/toddlernutrition.html,,, +What is (are) Toe Injuries and Disorders ?,0000899-1,information,"Fourteen of the 26 bones in your feet are in your toes. The toes, particularly your big toe, help you move and keep your balance. Playing sports, running, and receiving a blow to the foot can damage your toes. Wearing shoes that are too loose or too tight can also cause toe problems. Certain diseases, such as severe arthritis, can cause toe problems and pain. Gout often causes pain in the big toe. Common toe problems include - Corns and bunions - Ingrown toenails - Toe joint sprains and dislocations - Fractured toe bones Treatments for toe injuries and disorders vary. They might include shoe inserts or special shoes, padding, taping, medicines, rest, and in severe cases, surgery.",Toe Injuries and Disorders,0000899,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/toeinjuriesanddisorders.html,C3263723,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Toilet Training ?,0000900-1,information,"Is your child ready to use a potty? The more important question may be, are you? Children are usually ready around ages 18-24 months. They often signal that they are ready by letting you know when their diapers need changing. You should be prepared to commit to three months of daily encouragement. Successful trips to the potty should be rewarded. Missteps shouldn't get as much attention. Training requires patience. If it is not successful, it may mean your child is not ready.",Toilet Training,0000900,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/toilettraining.html,C0700127,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Tongue Disorders ?,0000901-1,information,"Your tongue helps you taste, swallow, and chew. You also use it to speak. Your tongue is made up of many muscles. The upper surface contains your taste buds. Problems with the tongue include - Pain - Swelling - Changes in color or texture - Abnormal movement or difficulty moving the tongue - Taste problems These problems can have many different causes. Treatment depends on the underlying problem.",Tongue Disorders,0000901,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tonguedisorders.html,C0040409,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Tonsils and Adenoids,0000902-1,information,"Summary : Your tonsils and adenoids are part of your lymphatic system. Your tonsils are in the back of your throat. Your adenoids are higher up, behind your nose. Both help protect you from infection by trapping germs coming in through your mouth and nose. Sometimes your tonsils and adenoids become infected. Tonsillitis makes your tonsils sore and swollen and causes a sore throat. Enlarged adenoids can be sore, make it hard to breathe and cause ear problems. The first treatment for infected tonsils and adenoids is antibiotics. If you have frequent infections or trouble breathing, you may need surgery. Surgery to remove the tonsils is tonsillectomy. Surgery to remove adenoids is adenoidectomy.",Tonsils and Adenoids,0000902,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tonsilsandadenoids.html,,, +What is (are) Tooth Decay ?,0000903-1,information,"You call it a cavity. Your dentist calls it tooth decay or dental caries. They're all names for a hole in your tooth. The cause of tooth decay is plaque, a sticky substance in your mouth made up mostly of germs. Tooth decay starts in the outer layer, called the enamel. Without a filling, the decay can get deep into the tooth and its nerves and cause a toothache or abscess. To help prevent cavities - Brush your teeth every day with a fluoride toothpaste - Clean between your teeth every day with floss or another type of between-the-teeth cleaner - Snack smart - limit sugary snacks - See your dentist or oral health professional regularly",Tooth Decay,0000903,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/toothdecay.html,C0011334,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Tooth Disorders ?,0000904-1,information,"Your teeth are made of a hard, bonelike material. Inside the tooth are nerves and blood vessels. You need your teeth for many activities you may take for granted. These include eating, speaking and even smiling. But tooth disorders are nothing to smile about. They include problems such as cavities (also known as tooth decay), infections, and injuries. The most familiar symptom of a tooth problem is a toothache. Others include worn-down or loose teeth. It's important that you see a dentist if you have any problems with your teeth. Fortunately, you can prevent many tooth disorders by taking care of your teeth and keeping them clean.",Tooth Disorders,0000904,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/toothdisorders.html,C0040435,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Tornadoes,0000905-1,information,"Summary : Tornadoes are nature's most violent storms. They are rotating, funnel-shaped clouds that extend from a thunderstorm to the ground. Their whirling winds can reach 300 miles per hour. They can strike quickly with little or no warning, devastate a neighborhood in seconds, and leave a path of damage over a mile wide and 50 miles long. Tornadoes can also accompany tropical storms and hurricanes as they move onto land. Although there are no guarantees of safety during a tornado, you can take actions to protect yourself. You should have a disaster plan. Being prepared can help reduce fear, anxiety, and losses. If you do experience a disaster, it is normal to feel stressed. You may need help in finding ways to cope. Federal Emergency Management Agency",Tornadoes,0000905,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tornadoes.html,,, +What is (are) Tourette Syndrome ?,0000906-1,information,"If you have Tourette syndrome, you make unusual movements or sounds, called tics. You have little or no control over them. Common tics are throat-clearing and blinking. You may repeat words, spin, or, rarely, blurt out swear words. Tourette syndrome is a disorder of the nervous system. It often occurs with other problems, such as - Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) - Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) - Anxiety - Depression The cause of Tourette syndrome is unknown. It is more common in boys than girls. The tics usually start in childhood and may be worst in the early teens. Many people eventually outgrow them. No treatment is needed unless the tics interfere with everyday life. Excitement or worry can make tics worse. Calm, focused activities may make them better. Medicines and talk therapy may also help. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Tourette Syndrome,0000906,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tourettesyndrome.html,C0040517,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Toxoplasmosis ?,0000907-1,information,"Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. More than 60 million people in the U.S. have the parasite. Most of them don't get sick. But the parasite causes serious problems for some people. These include people with weak immune systems and babies whose mothers become infected for the first time during pregnancy. Problems can include damage to the brain, eyes, and other organs. You can get toxoplasmosis from - Waste from an infected cat - Eating contaminated meat that is raw or not well cooked - Using utensils or cutting boards after they've had contact with contaminated raw meat - Drinking infected water - Receiving an infected organ transplant or blood transfusion Most people with toxoplasmosis don't need treatment. There are drugs to treat it for pregnant women and people with weak immune systems. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Toxoplasmosis,0000907,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/toxoplasmosis.html,C0040558,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Tracheal Disorders ?,0000908-1,information,"Your trachea, or windpipe, is one part of your airway system. Airways are pipes that carry oxygen-rich air to your lungs. They also carry carbon dioxide, a waste gas, out of your lungs. When you inhale, air travels from your nose, through your larynx, and down your windpipe. The windpipe splits into two bronchi that enter your lungs. Problems with the trachea include narrowing, inflammation, and some inherited conditions. You may need a procedure called a tracheostomy to help you breathe if you have swallowing problems, or have conditions that affect coughing or block your airways. You might also need a tracheostomy if you are in critical care and need to be on a breathing machine. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Tracheal Disorders,0000908,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/trachealdisorders.html,C0040580,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Transient Ischemic Attack ?,0000909-1,information,"A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a stroke that comes and goes quickly. It happens when the blood supply to part of the brain stops briefly. Symptoms of a TIA are like other stroke symptoms, but do not last as long. They happen suddenly, and include - Numbness or weakness, especially on one side of the body - Confusion or trouble speaking or understanding speech - Trouble seeing in one or both eyes - Loss of balance or coordination Most symptoms of a TIA disappear within an hour, although they may last for up to 24 hours. Because you cannot tell if these symptoms are from a TIA or a stroke, you should get to the hospital quickly. TIAs are often a warning sign for future strokes. Taking medicine, such as blood thinners, may reduce your risk of a stroke. Your doctor might also recommend surgery. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Transient Ischemic Attack,0000909,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/transientischemicattack.html,C0007787,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Traumatic Brain Injury ?,0000910-1,information,"Traumatic brain injury (TBI) happens when a bump, blow, jolt, or other head injury causes damage to the brain. Every year, millions of people in the U.S. suffer brain injuries. More than half are bad enough that people must go to the hospital. The worst injuries can lead to permanent brain damage or death. Half of all TBIs are from motor vehicle accidents. Military personnel in combat zones are also at risk. Symptoms of a TBI may not appear until days or weeks following the injury. A concussion is the mildest type. It can cause a headache or neck pain, nausea, ringing in the ears, dizziness, and tiredness. People with a moderate or severe TBI may have those, plus other symptoms: - A headache that gets worse or does not go away - Repeated vomiting or nausea - Convulsions or seizures - Inability to awaken from sleep - Slurred speech - Weakness or numbness in the arms and legs - Dilated eye pupils Health care professionals use a neurological exam and imaging tests to assess TBI. Serious traumatic brain injuries need emergency treatment. Treatment and outcome depend on how severe the injury is. TBI can cause a wide range of changes affecting thinking, sensation, language, or emotions. TBI can be associated with post-traumatic stress disorder. People with severe injuries usually need rehabilitation. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Traumatic Brain Injury,0000910,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/traumaticbraininjury.html,C0876926,T037,Disorders +Do you have information about Traveler's Health,0000911-1,information,"Summary : Traveling can increase your chances of getting sick. A long flight can increase your risk for deep vein thrombosis. Once you arrive, it takes time to adjust to the water, food, and air in another place. Water in developing countries can contain viruses, bacteria, and parasites that cause stomach upset and diarrhea. Be safe by using only bottled or purified water for drinking, making ice cubes, and brushing your teeth. If you use tap water, boil it or use iodine tablets. Food poisoning can also be a risk. Eat only food that is fully cooked and served hot. Avoid unwashed or unpeeled raw fruits and vegetables. If you are traveling out of the country, you might also need vaccinations or medicines to prevent specific illnesses. Which ones you need will depend on what part of the world you're visiting, the time of year, your age, overall health status, and previous immunizations. See your doctor 4 to 6 weeks before your trip. Most vaccines take time to become effective. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Traveler's Health,0000911,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/travelershealth.html,,, +What is (are) Tremor ?,0000912-1,information,"Tremors are unintentional trembling or shaking movements in one or more parts of your body. Most tremors occur in the hands. You can also have arm, head, face, vocal cord, trunk, and leg tremors. Tremors are most common in middle-aged and older people, but anyone can have them. The cause of tremors is a problem in the parts of the brain that control muscles in the body or in specific parts of the body, such as the hands. They commonly occur in otherwise healthy people. They may also be caused by problems such as - Parkinson's disease - Dystonia - Multiple sclerosis - Stroke - Traumatic brain injury - Alcohol abuse and withdrawal - Certain medicines Some forms are inherited and run in families. Others have no known cause. There is no cure for most tremors. Treatment to relieve them depends on their cause. In many cases, medicines and sometimes surgical procedures can reduce or stop tremors and improve muscle control. Tremors are not life threatening. However, they can be embarrassing and make it hard to perform daily tasks. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Tremor,0000912,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tremor.html,C1963252,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Trichomoniasis ?,0000913-1,information,"Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by a parasite. You get it through sexual intercourse with an infected partner. Many people do not have any symptoms. If you do get symptoms, they usually happen within 5 to 28 days after being infected. Symptoms in women include - Yellow-green or gray discharge from the vagina - Discomfort during sex - Vaginal odor - Painful urination - Itching in or near the vagina Most men do not have symptoms. If they do, they may have a whitish discharge from the penis and painful or difficult urination and ejaculation. Lab tests can tell if you have the infection. Treatment is with antibiotics. If you are infected, you and your partner must be treated. Correct usage of latex condoms greatly reduces, but does not eliminate, the risk of catching or spreading trichomoniasis. NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",Trichomoniasis,0000913,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/trichomoniasis.html,C0040921,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Trigeminal Neuralgia ?,0000914-1,information,"Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a type of chronic pain that affects your face. It causes extreme, sudden burning or shock-like pain. It usually affects one side of the face. Any vibration on your face, even from talking, can set it off. The condition may come and go, disappearing for days or even months. But the longer you have it, the less often it goes away. TN usually affects people over 50, especially women. The cause is probably a blood vessel pressing on the trigeminal nerve, one of the largest nerves in the head. Tumors and multiple sclerosis can also cause TN, but in some cases the cause is unknown. There is no single test to diagnose TN. It can be hard to diagnose, since many other conditions can cause facial pain. Treatment options include medicines, surgery, and complementary techniques. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Trigeminal Neuralgia,0000914,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/trigeminalneuralgia.html,C0040997,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Triglycerides,0000915-1,information,"Summary : Triglycerides are a type of fat found in your blood. Too much of this type of fat may raise the risk of coronary artery disease, especially in women. A blood test measures your triglycerides along with your cholesterol. Normal triglyceride levels are below 150. Levels above 200 are high. Factors that can raise your triglyceride level include - Being overweight - Lack of physical activity - Smoking - Excessive alcohol use - A very high carbohydrate diet - Certain diseases and medicines - Some genetic disorders You may be able to lower your triglycerides with a combination of losing weight, diet, and exercise. You also may need to take medicine to lower your triglycerides. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Triglycerides,0000915,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/triglycerides.html,,, +Do you have information about Tsunamis,0000916-1,information,"Summary : A tsunami is a series of huge ocean waves created by an underwater disturbance. Causes include earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, or meteorites--chunks of rock from space that strike the surface of Earth. A tsunami can move hundreds of miles per hour in the open ocean. It can smash into land with waves as high as 100 feet or more and cause devastating floods. Drowning is the most common cause of death related to a tsunami. Although there are no guarantees of safety during a tsunami, you can take actions to protect yourself. You should have a disaster plan. Being prepared can help reduce fear, anxiety, and losses. If you do experience a disaster, it is normal to feel stressed. You may need help in finding ways to cope. Federal Emergency Management Agency",Tsunamis,0000916,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tsunamis.html,,, +Do you have information about Tubal Ligation,0000917-1,information,"Summary : Tubal ligation (getting your ""tubes tied"") is a type of surgery. It prevents a woman from getting pregnant. It is a permanent form of birth control. The surgery closes the fallopian tubes, which connect the ovaries to the uterus. It usually takes about 30 minutes. Almost all women go home the same day. Women can return to most normal activities within a few days. Tubal ligation can sometimes be reversed, but not always.",Tubal Ligation,0000917,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tuballigation.html,,, +What is (are) Tuberculosis ?,0000918-1,information,"Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the lungs, but they can also damage other parts of the body. TB spreads through the air when a person with TB of the lungs or throat coughs, sneezes, or talks. If you have been exposed, you should go to your doctor for tests. You are more likely to get TB if you have a weak immune system. Symptoms of TB in the lungs may include - A bad cough that lasts 3 weeks or longer - Weight loss - Loss of appetite - Coughing up blood or mucus - Weakness or fatigue - Fever - Night sweats Skin tests, blood tests, x-rays, and other tests can tell if you have TB. If not treated properly, TB can be deadly. You can usually cure active TB by taking several medicines for a long period of time. NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",Tuberculosis,0000918,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tuberculosis.html,C0041296,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Tuberous Sclerosis ?,0000919-1,information,"Tuberous sclerosis is a rare genetic disease that causes benign tumors to grow in the brain and other organs. Symptoms vary, depending on where the tumors grow. They could include - Skin problems, such as light patches and thickened skin - Seizures - Behavior problems - Intellectual disabilities - Kidney problems Some people have signs of tuberous sclerosis at birth. In others it can take time for the symptoms to develop. The disease can be mild, or it can cause severe disabilities. In rare cases, tumors in vital organs or other symptoms can be life-threatening. Tuberous sclerosis has no cure, but treatments can help symptoms. Options include medicines, educational and occupational therapy, surgery, or surgery to treat specific complications. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Tuberous Sclerosis,0000919,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tuberoussclerosis.html,C0041341,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Tumors and Pregnancy ?,0000920-1,information,"Tumors during pregnancy are rare, but they can happen. Tumors can be either benign or malignant. Benign tumors aren't cancer. Malignant ones are. The most common cancers in pregnancy are breast cancer, cervical cancer, lymphoma, and melanoma. Cancer itself rarely harms the baby, and some cancer treatments are safe during pregnancy. You and your health care provider will work together to find the best treatment. Your options will depend on how far along the pregnancy is, as well as the type, size, and stage of your cancer. Another type of tumor that women can get is called a gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD). It happens when a fertilized egg doesn't become a fetus. GTD is not always easy to find. It is usually benign, but some types can be malignant. The most common type of GTD is a molar pregnancy. In its early stages, it may look like a normal pregnancy. You should see your health care provider if you have vaginal bleeding (not menstrual bleeding). Treatment depends on the type of tumor, whether it has spread to other places, and your overall health.",Tumors and Pregnancy,0000920,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tumorsandpregnancy.html,C0027651,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Turner Syndrome ?,0000921-1,information,"Turner syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects a girl's development. The cause is a missing or incomplete X chromosome. Girls who have it are short, and their ovaries don't work properly. Other physical features typical of Turner syndrome are - Short, ""webbed"" neck with folds of skin from tops of shoulders to sides of neck - Low hairline in the back - Low-set ears - Swollen hands and feet Most women with Turner syndrome are infertile. They are at risk for health difficulties such as high blood pressure, kidney problems, diabetes, cataracts, osteoporosis, and thyroid problems. Doctors diagnose Turner syndrome based on symptoms and a genetic test. Sometimes it is found in prenatal testing. There is no cure for Turner syndrome, but there are some treatments for the symptoms. Growth hormone often helps girls reach heights that are close to average. Hormone replacement can help start sexual development. Assisted reproduction techniques can help some women with Turner syndrome get pregnant. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development",Turner Syndrome,0000921,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/turnersyndrome.html,C0041408,T019,Disorders +"What is (are) Twins, Triplets, Multiple Births ?",0000922-1,information,"If you are pregnant with more than one baby, you are far from alone. Multiple births are up in the United States. More women are having babies after age 30 and more are taking fertility drugs. Both boost the chance of carrying more than one baby. A family history of twins also makes multiples more likely. Years ago, most twins came as a surprise. Now, most women know about a multiple pregnancy early. Women with multiple pregnancies should see their health care providers more often than women who are expecting one baby. Multiple pregnancy babies have a much higher risk of being born prematurely and having a low birth weight. There is also more of a risk of disabilities. Some women have to go on bed rest to delay labor. Finally, they may deliver by C-section, especially if there are three babies or more. Parenting multiples can be a challenge. Volunteer help and support groups for parents of multiples can help. Dept. of Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health","Twins, Triplets, Multiple Births",0000922,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/twinstripletsmultiplebirths.html,C0233365,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Ulcerative Colitis ?,0000923-1,information,"Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a disease that causes inflammation and sores, called ulcers, in the lining of the rectum and colon. It is one of a group of diseases called inflammatory bowel disease. UC can happen at any age, but it usually starts between the ages of 15 and 30. It tends to run in families. The most common symptoms are pain in the abdomen and blood or pus in diarrhea. Other symptoms may include - Anemia - Severe tiredness - Weight loss - Loss of appetite - Bleeding from the rectum - Sores on the skin - Joint pain - Growth failure in children About half of people with UC have mild symptoms. Doctors use blood tests, stool tests, colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy, and imaging tests to diagnose UC. Several types of drugs can help control it. Some people have long periods of remission, when they are free of symptoms. In severe cases, doctors must remove the colon. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Ulcerative Colitis,0000923,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ulcerativecolitis.html,C0009324,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Ultrasound,0000924-1,information,"Summary : Ultrasound is a type of imaging. It uses high-frequency sound waves to look at organs and structures inside the body. Health care professionals use it to view the heart, blood vessels, kidneys, liver, and other organs. During pregnancy, doctors use ultrasound to view the fetus. Unlike x-rays, ultrasound does not expose you to radiation. During an ultrasound test, you lie on a table. A special technician or doctor moves a device called a transducer over part of your body. The transducer sends out sound waves, which bounce off the tissues inside your body. The transducer also captures the waves that bounce back. The ultrasound machine creates images from the sound waves.",Ultrasound,0000924,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ultrasound.html,,, +Do you have information about Uncommon Infant and Newborn Problems,0000925-1,information,"Summary : It can be scary when your baby is sick, especially when it is not an everyday problem like a cold or a fever. You may not know whether the problem is serious or how to treat it. If you have concerns about your baby's health, call your health care provider right away. Learning information about your baby's condition can help ease your worry. Do not be afraid to ask questions about your baby's care. By working together with your health care provider, you make sure that your baby gets the best care possible.",Uncommon Infant and Newborn Problems,0000925,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/uncommoninfantandnewbornproblems.html,,, +Do you have information about Underage Drinking,0000926-1,information,"Summary : Alcohol is the most widely abused substance among America's youth. Drinking by young people has big health and safety risks. It is dangerous because it - Causes many deaths and injuries - Can lead to poor decisions about engaging in risky behavior, such as drinking and driving or unprotected sex - Increases the risk of physical and sexual assault - Can lead to other problems, such as trouble in school - May interfere with brain development - Increases the risk of alcohol problems later in life Kids often begin drinking to look ""cool"" or fit in with their peers. Parents can help their kids avoid alcohol problems. Open communication and conversations about drinking are important. So is being involved in your child's life. Get help for your child if you suspect a drinking problem. NIH: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism",Underage Drinking,0000926,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/underagedrinking.html,,, +Do you have information about Understanding Medical Research,0000927-1,information,"Summary : It seems to happen almost every day - you hear about the results of a new medical research study. Sometimes the results of one study seem to disagree with the results of another study. It's important to be critical when reading or listening to reports of new medical findings. Some questions that can help you evaluate health information include: - Was the study in animals or people? - Does the study include people like you? - How big was the study? - Was it a randomized controlled clinical trial? - Where was the research done? - If a new treatment was being tested, were there side effects? - Who paid for the research? - Who is reporting the results? NIH: National Institutes of Health",Understanding Medical Research,0000927,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/understandingmedicalresearch.html,,, +What is (are) Ureteral Disorders ?,0000928-1,information,"Your kidneys make urine by filtering wastes and extra water from your blood. The urine travels from the kidneys to the bladder in two thin tubes called ureters. The ureters are about 8 to 10 inches long. Muscles in the ureter walls tighten and relax to force urine down and away from the kidneys. Small amounts of urine flow from the ureters into the bladder about every 10 to 15 seconds. Sometimes the ureters can become blocked or injured. This can block the flow of urine to the bladder. If urine stands still or backs up the ureter, you may get a urinary tract infections. Doctors diagnose problems with the ureters using different tests. These include urine tests, x-rays, and examination of the ureter with a scope called a cystoscope. Treatment depends on the cause of the problem. It may include medicines and, in severe cases, surgery. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Ureteral Disorders,0000928,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ureteraldisorders.html,C0403608,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Urethral Disorders ?,0000929-1,information,"The urethra is the tube that allows urine to pass out of the body. In men, it's a long tube that runs through the penis. It also carries semen in men. In women, it's short and is just above the vagina. Urethral problems may happen due to aging, illness, or injury. They include - Urethral stricture - a narrowing of the opening of the urethra - Urethritis - inflammation of the urethra, sometimes caused by infection Urethral problems may cause pain or difficulty passing urine. You may also have bleeding or discharge from the urethra. Doctors diagnose urethral problems using different tests. These include urine tests, x-rays and an examination of the urethra with a scope called a cystoscope. Treatment depends on the cause of the problem. It may include medicines and, in severe cases, surgery.",Urethral Disorders,0000929,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/urethraldisorders.html,C0041969,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Urinalysis,0000930-1,information,"Summary : A urinalysis is a test of your urine. It is often done to check for a urinary tract infections, kidney problems, or diabetes. You may also have one during a checkup, if you are admitted to the hospital, before you have surgery, or if you are pregnant. It can also monitor some medical conditions and treatments. A urinalysis involves checking the urine for - Its color - Its appearance (whether it is clear or cloudy) - Any odor - The pH level (acidity) - Whether there are substances that are not normally in urine, such as blood, too much protein, glucose, ketones, and bilirubin - Whether there are cells, crystals, and casts (tube-shaped proteins) - Whether it contains bacteria or other germs",Urinalysis,0000930,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/urinalysis.html,,, +What is (are) Urinary Incontinence ?,0000931-1,information,"Urinary incontinence (UI) is loss of bladder control. Symptoms can range from mild leaking to uncontrollable wetting. It can happen to anyone, but it becomes more common with age. Women experience UI twice as often as men. Most bladder control problems happen when muscles are too weak or too active. If the muscles that keep your bladder closed are weak, you may have accidents when you sneeze, laugh or lift a heavy object. This is stress incontinence. If bladder muscles become too active, you may feel a strong urge to go to the bathroom when you have little urine in your bladder. This is urge incontinence or overactive bladder. There are other causes of incontinence, such as prostate problems and nerve damage. Treatment depends on the type of problem you have and what best fits your lifestyle. It may include simple exercises, medicines, special devices or procedures prescribed by your doctor, or surgery. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Urinary Incontinence,0000931,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/urinaryincontinence.html,C0042024,T046,Disorders +What is (are) Urinary Tract Infections ?,0000932-1,information,"The urinary system is the body's drainage system for removing wastes and extra water. It includes two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder, and a urethra. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the second most common type of infection in the body. You may have a UTI if you notice - Pain or burning when you urinate - Fever, tiredness, or shakiness - An urge to urinate often - Pressure in your lower belly - Urine that smells bad or looks cloudy or reddish - Pain in your back or side below the ribs People of any age or sex can get UTIs. But about four times as many women get UTIs as men. You're also at higher risk if you have diabetes, need a tube to drain your bladder, or have a spinal cord injury. If you think you have a UTI it is important to see your doctor. Your doctor can tell if you have a UTI with a urine test. Treatment is with antibiotics. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Urinary Tract Infections,0000932,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/urinarytractinfections.html,C0042029,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Urine and Urination,0000933-1,information,"Summary : Your kidneys make urine by filtering wastes and extra water from your blood. The waste is called urea. Your blood carries it to the kidneys. From the kidneys, urine travels down two thin tubes called ureters to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until you are ready to urinate. It swells into a round shape when it is full and gets smaller when empty. If your urinary system is healthy, your bladder can hold up to 16 ounces (2 cups) of urine comfortably for 2 to 5 hours. You may have problems with urination if you have - Kidney failure - Urinary tract infections - An enlarged prostate - Bladder control problems like incontinence, overactive bladder, or interstitial cystitis - A blockage that prevents you from emptying your bladder Some conditions may also cause you to have blood or protein in your urine. If you have a urinary problem, see your healthcare provider. Urinalysis and other urine tests can help to diagnose the problem. Treatment depends on the cause. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Urine and Urination,0000933,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/urineandurination.html,,, +What is (are) Usher Syndrome ?,0000934-1,information,"Usher syndrome is an inherited disease that causes serious hearing loss and retinitis pigmentosa, an eye disorder that causes your vision to get worse over time. It is the most common condition that affects both hearing and vision. There are three types of Usher syndrome: - People with type I are deaf from birth and have severe balance problems from a young age. Vision problems usually start by age 10 and lead to blindness. - People with type II have moderate to severe hearing loss and normal balance. Vision problems start in the early teens and get worse more slowly than in type I. - People with type III are born with normal hearing and near-normal balance but develop vision problems and then hearing loss. There is no cure. Tools such as hearing aids or cochlear implants can help some people. Training such as Braille instruction, low-vision services, or auditory training can also help. NIH: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders",Usher Syndrome,0000934,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ushersyndrome.html,C0271097,T019,Disorders +What is (are) Uterine Cancer ?,0000935-1,information,"The uterus, or womb, is an important female reproductive organ. It is the place where a baby grows when a women is pregnant. There are different types of uterine cancer. The most common type starts in the endometrium, the lining of the uterus. This type of cancer is sometimes called endometrial cancer. The symptoms of uterine cancer include - Unusual vaginal bleeding or discharge - Trouble urinating - Pelvic pain - Pain during intercourse Uterine cancer usually occurs after menopause. Being obese and taking estrogen-alone hormone replacement therapy (also called menopausal hormone therapy) also increase your risk. Treatment varies depending on your overall health, how advanced the cancer is and whether hormones affect its growth. Treatment is usually a hysterectomy, which is surgery to remove the uterus. The ovaries and fallopian tubes are also removed. Other options include hormone therapy and radiation. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Uterine Cancer,0000935,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/uterinecancer.html,C0153567,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Uterine Diseases ?,0000936-1,information,"The uterus, or womb, is the place where a baby grows when a woman is pregnant. The first sign of a problem with the uterus may be bleeding between periods or after sex. Causes can include hormones, thyroid problems, fibroids, polyps, cancer, infection, or pregnancy. Treatment depends on the cause. Sometimes birth control pills treat hormonal imbalances. If a thyroid problem is the cause, treating it may also stop the bleeding. If you have cancer or hyperplasia, an overgrowth of normal cells in the uterus, you may need surgery. With two other uterine problems, tissue that normally lines the uterus grows where it is not supposed to. In endometriosis, it grows outside the uterus. In adenomyosis, it grows in the uterus's outside walls. Pain medicine may help. Other treatments include hormones and surgery.",Uterine Diseases,0000936,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/uterinediseases.html,C0042131,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Uterine Fibroids ?,0000937-1,information,"Uterine fibroids are the most common benign tumors in women of childbearing age. Fibroids are made of muscle cells and other tissues that grow in and around the wall of the uterus, or womb. The cause of fibroids is unknown. Risk factors include being African American or being overweight. Many women with fibroids have no symptoms. If you do have symptoms, they may include - Heavy or painful periods or bleeding between periods - Feeling ""full"" in the lower abdomen - Urinating often - Pain during sex - Lower back pain - Reproductive problems, such as infertility, multiple miscarriages or early labor Your health care provider may find fibroids during a gynecological exam or by using imaging tests. Treatment includes drugs that can slow or stop their growth, or surgery. If you have no symptoms, you may not even need treatment. Many women with fibroids can get pregnant naturally. For those who cannot, infertility treatments may help. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development",Uterine Fibroids,0000937,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/uterinefibroids.html,C0042133,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Vaginal Bleeding ?,0000938-1,information,"Menstruation, or period, is a woman's monthly bleeding. Abnormal vaginal bleeding is different from normal menstrual periods. It could be bleeding that is between periods, lasts several weeks, or happens before puberty or after menopause. Causes can include - Uterine fibroids or polyps - Hormone problems - Hormone pills, such as birth control pills and menopausal hormone therapy - Cancer of the cervix, ovaries, uterus or vagina - Thyroid problems Bleeding during pregnancy can have several different causes. It is not always a serious problem, but to be safe you should always contact your healthcare provider. Pelvic exams, blood tests and other procedures can help your healthcare provider diagnose the problem. Treatment depends on the cause.",Vaginal Bleeding,0000938,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vaginalbleeding.html,C3163625,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Vaginal Cancer ?,0000939-1,information,"Vaginal cancer is a rare type of cancer. It is more common in women 60 and older. You are also more likely to get it if you have had a human papillomavirus (HPV) infection or if your mother took diethylstilbestrol (DES) when she was pregnant. Doctors prescribed DES in the 1950's to prevent miscarriages. You are also at higher risk if you have had abnormal cells in the vagina, cervix, or uterus. It often doesn't have early symptoms. However, see your doctor if you notice - Bleeding that is not your period - A vaginal lump - Pelvic pain A Pap test can find abnormal cells that may be cancer. Vaginal cancer can often be cured in its early stages. Treatment might include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Vaginal Cancer,0000939,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vaginalcancer.html,C0042237,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Vaginal Diseases ?,0000940-1,information,"Vaginal problems are some of the most common reasons women go to the doctor. They may have symptoms such as - Itching - Burning - Pain - Abnormal bleeding - Discharge Often, the problem is vaginitis, an inflammation of the vagina. The main symptom is smelly vaginal discharge, but some women have no symptoms. Common causes are bacterial infections, trichomoniasis, and yeast infections. Some other causes of vaginal symptoms include sexually transmitted diseases, vaginal cancer, and vulvar cancer. Treatment of vaginal problems depends on the cause.",Vaginal Diseases,0000940,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vaginaldiseases.html,C0042251,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Valley Fever ?,0000941-1,information,"Valley Fever is a disease caused by a fungus (or mold) called Coccidioides. The fungi live in the soil of dry areas like the southwestern U.S. You get it from inhaling the spores of the fungus. The infection cannot spread from person to person. Anyone can get Valley Fever. But it's most common among older adults, especially those 60 and older. People who have recently moved to an area where it occurs are at highest risk for infection. Other people at higher risk include - Workers in jobs that expose them to soil dust. These include construction workers, agricultural workers, and military forces doing field training. - African Americans and Asians - Women in their third trimester of pregnancy - People with weak immune systems Valley Fever is often mild, with no symptoms. If you have symptoms, they may include a flu-like illness, with fever, cough, headache, rash, and muscle aches. Most people get better within several weeks or months. A small number of people may develop a chronic lung or widespread infection. Valley Fever is diagnosed by testing your blood, other body fluids, or tissues. Many people with the acute infection get better without treatment. In some cases, doctors may prescribe antifungal drugs for acute infections. Severe infections require antifungal drugs. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Valley Fever,0000941,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/valleyfever.html,C0009186,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Varicose Veins ?,0000942-1,information,"Varicose veins are swollen, twisted veins that you can see just under the skin. They usually occur in the legs, but also can form in other parts of the body. Hemorrhoids are a type of varicose vein. Your veins have one-way valves that help keep blood flowing toward your heart. If the valves are weak or damaged, blood can back up and pool in your veins. This causes the veins to swell, which can lead to varicose veins. Varicose veins are very common. You are more at risk if you are older, a female, obese, don't exercise or have a family history. They can also be more common in pregnancy. Doctors often diagnose varicose veins from a physical exam. Sometimes you may need additional tests. Exercising, losing weight, elevating your legs when resting, and not crossing them when sitting can help keep varicose veins from getting worse. Wearing loose clothing and avoiding long periods of standing can also help. If varicose veins are painful or you don't like the way they look, your doctor may recommend procedures to remove them. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Varicose Veins,0000942,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/varicoseveins.html,C0042345,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Vascular Diseases ?,0000943-1,information,"The vascular system is the body's network of blood vessels. It includes the arteries, veins and capillaries that carry blood to and from the heart. Problems of the vascular system are common and can be serious. Arteries can become thick and stiff, a problem called atherosclerosis. Blood clots can clog vessels and block blood flow to the heart or brain. Weakened blood vessels can burst, causing bleeding inside the body. You are more likely to have vascular disease as you get older. Other factors that make vascular disease more likely include - Family history of vascular or heart diseases - Pregnancy - Illness or injury - Long periods of sitting or standing still - Any condition that affects the heart and blood vessels, such as diabetes or high cholesterol - Smoking - Obesity Losing weight, eating healthy foods, being active and not smoking can help vascular disease. Other treatments include medicines and surgery.",Vascular Diseases,0000943,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vasculardiseases.html,C0042373,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Vasculitis ?,0000944-1,information,"Vasculitis is an inflammation of the blood vessels. It happens when the body's immune system attacks the blood vessel by mistake. It can happen because of an infection, a medicine, or another disease. The cause is often unknown. Vasculitis can affect arteries, veins and capillaries. Arteries are vessels that carry blood from the heart to the body's organs. Veins are the vessels that carry blood back to the heart. Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that connect the small arteries and veins. When a blood vessel becomes inflamed, it can - Narrow, making it more difficult for blood to get through - Close off completely so that blood can't get through - Stretch and weaken so much that it bulges. The bulge is called an aneurysm. If it bursts, it can cause dangerous bleeding inside the body. Symptoms of vasculitis can vary, but usually include fever, swelling and a general sense of feeling ill. The main goal of treatment is to stop the inflammation. Steroids and other medicines to stop inflammation are often helpful. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute",Vasculitis,0000944,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vasculitis.html,C1963274,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Vasectomy,0000945-1,information,"Summary : Vasectomy is a type of surgery that prevents a man from being able to get a woman pregnant. It is a permanent form of birth control. Vasectomy works by blocking the tube through which sperm pass. The surgery usually takes no more than 30 minutes. Almost all men go home the same day. In most cases, recovery takes less than a week. Vasectomy can sometimes be reversed, but not always. Having a vasectomy does not protect against sexually transmitted diseases, such as HIV/AIDS. Men who have had vasectomy should still practice safe sex to avoid STDs. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development",Vasectomy,0000945,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vasectomy.html,,, +Do you have information about Vegetarian Diet,0000946-1,information,"Summary : A vegetarian diet focuses on plants for food. These include fruits, vegetables, dried beans and peas, grains, seeds and nuts. There is no single type of vegetarian diet. Instead, vegetarian eating patterns usually fall into the following groups: - The vegan diet, which excludes all meat and animal products - The lacto vegetarian diet, which includes plant foods plus dairy products - The lacto-ovo vegetarian diet, which includes both dairy products and eggs People who follow vegetarian diets can get all the nutrients they need. However, they must be careful to eat a wide variety of foods to meet their nutritional needs. Nutrients vegetarians may need to focus on include protein, iron, calcium, zinc and vitamin B12. United States Department of Agriculture",Vegetarian Diet,0000946,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vegetariandiet.html,,, +What is (are) Veterans and Military Family Health ?,0000947-1,information,"Service members and veterans face some different health issues from civilians. Their families also face some unique challenges. Families may have to cope with - Separation from their loved ones - Anxiety over loved ones' safety in combat zones - Illnesses and injuries from combat, including disabilities - Mental health effects of military service, including post-traumatic stress disorder - Family issues such as disruptions in parenting - Caregiver stress",Veterans and Military Family Health,0000947,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/veteransandmilitaryfamilyhealth.html,C0600220,T033,Disorders +Do you have information about Veterans and Military Health,0000948-1,information,"Summary : Military service members and veterans face some different health issues than civilians. During combat, the main health concerns are life-threatening injuries. These include - Shrapnel and gunshot wounds - Lost limbs - Head and brain injuries There may also be a risk of health problems from exposure to environmental hazards, such as contaminated water, chemicals, and infections. Being in combat and being separated from your family can be stressful. The stress can put service members and veterans at risk for mental health problems. These include anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and substance abuse. Suicide can also be a concern.",Veterans and Military Health,0000948,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/veteransandmilitaryhealth.html,,, +What is (are) Viral Infections ?,0000949-1,information,"Viruses are capsules with genetic material inside. They are very tiny, much smaller than bacteria. Viruses cause familiar infectious diseases such as the common cold, flu and warts. They also cause severe illnesses such as HIV/AIDS, smallpox and hemorrhagic fevers. Viruses are like hijackers. They invade living, normal cells and use those cells to multiply and produce other viruses like themselves. This eventually kills the cells, which can make you sick. Viral infections are hard to treat because viruses live inside your body's cells. They are ""protected"" from medicines, which usually move through your bloodstream. Antibiotics do not work for viral infections. There are a few antiviral medicines available. Vaccines can help prevent you from getting many viral diseases. NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",Viral Infections,0000949,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/viralinfections.html,C3714514,T046,Disorders +What is (are) Vision Impairment and Blindness ?,0000950-1,information,"If you have low vision, eyeglasses, contact lenses, medicine, or surgery may not help. Activities like reading, shopping, cooking, writing, and watching TV may be hard to do. The leading causes of low vision and blindness in the United States are age-related eye diseases: macular degeneration, cataract and glaucoma. Other eye disorders, eye injuries and birth defects can also cause vision loss. Whatever the cause, lost vision cannot be restored. It can, however, be managed. A loss of vision means that you may have to reorganize your life and learn new ways of doing things. If you have some vision, visual aids such as special glasses and large print books can make life easier. There are also devices to help those with no vision, like text-reading software and braille books. The sooner vision loss or eye disease is found and treated, the greater your chances of keeping your remaining vision. You should have regular comprehensive eye exams by an eye care professional. NIH: National Eye Institute",Vision Impairment and Blindness,0000950,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/visionimpairmentandblindness.html,C0456909,T033,Disorders +Do you have information about Vital Signs,0000951-1,information,"Summary : Your vital signs show how well your body is functioning. They are usually measured at doctor's offices, often as part of a health checkup, or during an emergency room visit. They include - Blood pressure, which measures the force of your blood pushing against the walls of your arteries. Blood pressure that is too high or too low can cause problems. Your blood pressure has two numbers. The first number is the pressure when your heart beats and is pumping the blood. The second is from when your heart is at rest, between beats. A normal blood pressure reading for adults is lower than 120/80 and higher than 90/60. - Heart rate, or pulse, which measures how fast your heart is beating. A problem with your heart rate may be an arrhythmia. Your normal heart rate depends on factors such as your age, how much you exercise, whether you are sitting or standing, which medicines you take, and your weight. - Respiratory rate, which measures your breathing. Mild breathing changes can be from causes such as a stuffy nose or hard exercise. But slow or fast breathing can also be a sign of a serious breathing problem. - Temperature, which measures how hot your body is. A body temperature that is higher than normal (over 98.6 degrees F) is called a fever.",Vital Signs,0000951,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vitalsigns.html,,, +Do you have information about Vitamin A,0000952-1,information,"Summary : Vitamins are substances that your body needs to grow and develop normally. Vitamin A plays a role in your - Vision - Bone growth - Reproduction - Cell functions - Immune system Vitamin A is an antioxidant. It can come from plant or animal sources. Plant sources include colorful fruits and vegetables. Animal sources include liver and whole milk. Vitamin A is also added to foods like cereals. Vegetarians, young children, and alcoholics may need extra Vitamin A. You might also need more if you have certain conditions, such as liver diseases, cystic fibrosis, and Crohn's disease. Check with your health care provider to see if you need to take vitamin A supplements. NIH: National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements",Vitamin A,0000952,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vitamina.html,,, +Do you have information about Vitamin C,0000953-1,information,"Summary : Vitamins are substances that your body needs to grow and develop normally. Vitamin C is an antioxidant. It is important for your skin, bones, and connective tissue. It promotes healing and helps the body absorb iron. Vitamin C comes from fruits and vegetables. Good sources include citrus, red and green peppers, tomatoes, broccoli, and greens. Some juices and cereals have added vitamin C. Some people may need extra vitamin C: - Pregnant/breastfeeding women - Smokers - People recovering from surgery - Burn victims",Vitamin C,0000953,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vitaminc.html,,, +Do you have information about Vitamin D,0000954-1,information,"Summary : Vitamins are substances that your body needs to grow and develop normally. Vitamin D helps your body absorb calcium. Calcium is one of the main building blocks of bone. A lack of vitamin D can lead to bone diseases such as osteoporosis or rickets. Vitamin D also has a role in your nerve, muscle, and immune systems. You can get vitamin D in three ways: through your skin, from your diet, and from supplements. Your body forms vitamin D naturally after exposure to sunlight. However, too much sun exposure can lead to skin aging and skin cancer. So many people try to get their vitamin D from other sources. Vitamin D-rich foods include egg yolks, saltwater fish, and liver. Some other foods, like milk and cereal, often have added vitamin D. You can also take vitamin D supplements. Check with your health care provider to see how much you should take. People who might need extra vitamin D include - Seniors - Breastfed infants - People with dark skin - People with certain conditions, such as liver diseases, cystic fibrosis and Crohn's disease - People who are obese or have had gastric bypass surgery NIH: National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements",Vitamin D,0000954,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vitamind.html,,, +Do you have information about Vitamin E,0000955-1,information,"Summary : Vitamins are substances that your body needs to grow and develop normally. Vitamin E is an antioxidant. It plays a role in your immune system and metabolic processes. Good sources of vitamin E include - Vegetable oils - Margarine - Nuts and seeds - Leafy greens Vitamin E is also added to foods like cereals. Most people get enough vitamin E from the foods they eat. People with certain disorders, such as liver diseases, cystic fibrosis, and Crohn's disease may need extra vitamin E. Vitamin E supplements may be harmful for people who take blood thinners and other medicines. Check with your health care provider before taking the supplements. NIH: National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements",Vitamin E,0000955,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vitamine.html,,, +Do you have information about Vitamin K,0000956-1,information,"Summary : Vitamins are substances that your body needs to grow and develop normally. Vitamin K helps your body by making proteins for healthy bones and tissues. It also makes proteins for blood clotting. If you don't have enough vitamin K, you may bleed too much. Newborns have very little vitamin K. They usually get a shot of vitamin K soon after they are born. If you take blood thinners, you need to be careful about how much vitamin K you get. You also need to be careful about taking vitamin E supplements. Vitamin E can interfere with how vitamin K works in your body. Ask your health care provider for recommendations about these vitamins. There are different types of vitamin K. Most people get vitamin K from plants such as green vegetables, and dark berries. Bacteria in your intestines also produce small amounts of another type of vitamin K.",Vitamin K,0000956,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vitamink.html,,, +Do you have information about Vitamins,0000957-1,information,"Summary : Vitamins are substances that your body needs to grow and develop normally. There are 13 vitamins your body needs. They are - Vitamin A - B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12 and folate) - Vitamin C - Vitamin D - Vitamin E - Vitamin K You can usually get all your vitamins from the foods you eat. Your body can also make vitamins D and K. People who eat a vegetarian diet may need to take a vitamin B12 supplement. Each vitamin has specific jobs. If you have low levels of certain vitamins, you may get health problems. For example, if you don't get enough vitamin C, you could become anemic. Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems. Vitamin A prevents night blindness. The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods. In some cases, you may need to take vitamin supplements. It's a good idea to ask your health care provider first. High doses of some vitamins can cause problems.",Vitamins,0000957,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vitamins.html,,, +What is (are) Vitiligo ?,0000958-1,information,"Vitiligo causes white patches on your skin. It can also affect your eyes, mouth, and nose. It occurs when the cells that give your skin its color are destroyed. No one knows what destroys them. It is more common in people with autoimmune diseases, and it might run in families. It usually starts before age 40. The white patches are more common where your skin is exposed to the sun. In some cases, the patches spread. Vitiligo can cause your hair to gray early. If you have dark skin, you may lose color inside your mouth. Using sunscreen will help protect your skin, and cosmetics can cover up the patches. Treatments for vitiligo include medicines, light therapy, and surgery. Not every treatment is right for everyone. Many have side effects. Some take a long time. Some do not always work. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases",Vitiligo,0000958,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vitiligo.html,C1847835,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Voice Disorders ?,0000959-1,information,"Voice is the sound made by air passing from your lungs through your larynx, or voice box. In your larynx are your vocal cords, two bands of muscle that vibrate to make sound. For most of us, our voices play a big part in who we are, what we do, and how we communicate. Like fingerprints, each person's voice is unique. Many things we do can injure our vocal cords. Talking too much, screaming, constantly clearing your throat, or smoking can make you hoarse. They can also lead to problems such as nodules, polyps, and sores on the vocal cords. Other causes of voice disorders include infections, upward movement of stomach acids into the throat, growths due to a virus, cancer, and diseases that paralyze the vocal cords. Signs that your voice isn't healthy include - Your voice has become hoarse or raspy - You've lost the ability to hit some high notes when singing - Your voice suddenly sounds deeper - Your throat often feels raw, achy, or strained - It's become an effort to talk Treatment for voice disorders varies depending on the cause. Most voice problems can be successfully treated when diagnosed early. NIH: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders",Voice Disorders,0000959,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/voicedisorders.html,C0042940,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Volcanoes,0000960-1,information,"Summary : A volcano is a vent in the Earth's crust. Hot rock, steam, poisonous gases, and ash reach the Earth's surface when a volcano erupts. An eruption can also cause earthquakes, mudflows and flash floods, rock falls and landslides, acid rain, fires, and even tsunamis. Volcanic gas and ash can damage the lungs of small infants, older adults, and people with severe respiratory illnesses. Volcanic ash can affect people hundreds of miles away from the eruption. Although there are no guarantees of safety during a volcanic eruption, you can take actions to protect yourself. You should have a disaster plan. Being prepared can help reduce fear, anxiety, and losses. If you do experience a disaster, it is normal to feel stressed. You may need help in finding ways to cope. Federal Emergency Management Agency",Volcanoes,0000960,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/volcanoes.html,,, +What is (are) Von Hippel-Lindau Disease ?,0000961-1,information,"Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) is a rare, genetic disease that causes tumors and cysts to grow in your body. The tumors can be either cancerous or benign. They can grow in your brain and spinal cord, kidneys, pancreas and, in men, their genital tract. Symptoms of VHL vary and depend on the size and location of the tumors. They may include headaches, problems with balance and walking, dizziness, weakness of the limbs, vision problems and high blood pressure. Detecting and treating VHL early is important. Treatment usually involves surgery or sometimes radiation therapy. The goal is to treat growths while they are small and before they do permanent damage. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke",Von Hippel-Lindau Disease,0000961,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vonhippellindaudisease.html,C1402998,T019,Disorders +What is (are) Vulvar Cancer ?,0000962-1,information,"Vulvar cancer is a rare type of cancer. It forms in a woman's external genitals, called the vulva. The cancer usually grows slowly over several years. First, precancerous cells grow on vulvar skin. This is called vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), or dysplasia. Not all VIN cases turn into cancer, but it is best to treat it early. Often, vulvar cancer doesn't cause symptoms at first. However, see your doctor for testing if you notice - A lump in the vulva - Vulvar itching or tenderness - Bleeding that is not your period - Changes in the vulvar skin, such as color changes or growths that look like a wart or ulcer You are at greater risk if you've had a human papillomavirus (HPV) infection or have a history of genital warts. Your health care provider diagnoses vulvar cancer with a physica1 exam and a biopsy. Treatment varies, depending on your overall health and how advanced the cancer is. It might include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or biologic therapy. Biologic therapy boosts your body's own ability to fight cancer. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Vulvar Cancer,0000962,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vulvarcancer.html,C0375071,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Vulvar Disorders ?,0000963-1,information,"The vulva is the external part of a woman's genitals. Some problems you can have with the vulvar area include - Bacterial or fungal infections - Skin problems due to allergy - Vulvar cancer - Vulvodynia, or vulvar pain Symptoms may include redness, itching, pain, or cracks in the skin. Treatment depends on the cause.",Vulvar Disorders,0000963,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vulvardisorders.html,C0042994,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Walking Problems ?,0000964-1,information,"We walk thousands of steps each day. We walk to do our daily activities, get around, and exercise. Having a problem with walking can make daily life more difficult. The pattern of how you walk is called your gait. A variety of problems can cause an abnormal gait and lead to problems with walking. These include: - Injuries, diseases, or abnormal development of the muscles or bones of your legs or feet - Movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease - Diseases such as arthritis or multiple sclerosis - Vision or balance problems Treatment of walking problems depends on the cause. Physical therapy, surgery, or mobility aids may help.",Walking Problems,0000964,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/walkingproblems.html,C0311394,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Warts ?,0000965-1,information,"Warts are growths on your skin caused by an infection with humanpapilloma virus, or HPV. Types of warts include - Common warts, which often appear on your fingers - Plantar warts, which show up on the soles of your feet - Genital warts, which are a sexually transmitted disease - Flat warts, which appear in places you shave frequently In children, warts often go away on their own. In adults, they tend to stay. If they hurt or bother you, or if they multiply, you can remove them. Chemical skin treatments usually work. If not, various freezing, surgical and laser treatments can remove warts.",Warts,0000965,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/warts.html,C3665596,T191,Disorders +Do you have information about Water Pollution,0000966-1,information,"Summary : We all need clean water. People need it to grow crops and to operate factories, and for drinking and recreation. Fish and wildlife depend on it to survive. Many different pollutants can harm our rivers, streams, lakes, and oceans. The three most common are soil, nutrients, and bacteria. Rain washes soil into streams and rivers. The soil can kill tiny animals and fish eggs. It can clog the gills of fish and block light, causing plants to die. Nutrients, often from fertilizers, cause problems in lakes, ponds, and reservoirs. Nitrogen and phosphorus make algae grow and can turn water green. Bacteria, often from sewage spills, can pollute fresh or salt water. You can help protect your water supply: - Don't pour household products such as cleansers, beauty products, medicines, auto fluids, paint, and lawn care products down the drain. Take them to a hazardous waste collection site. - Throw away excess household grease (meat fats, lard, cooking oil, shortening, butter, margarine, etc.) diapers, condoms, and personal hygiene products in the garbage can. - Clean up after your pets. Pet waste contains nutrients and germs. Environmental Protection Agency",Water Pollution,0000966,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/waterpollution.html,,, +Do you have information about Water Safety (Recreational),0000967-1,information,"Summary : Playing in the water - whether swimming, boating or diving - can be fun. It can also be dangerous, especially for children. Being safe can help prevent injuries and drowning. To stay safe in the water - Avoid alcohol when swimming or boating - Wear a life jacket whenever you're in a boat - Don't swim alone, or in bad weather - Learn CPR - Learn to swim and teach your children to swim - Supervise your children when they are in the water - Prevent sunburns - use plenty of sunscreen",Water Safety (Recreational),0000967,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/watersafetyrecreational.html,,, +Do you have information about Weight Control,0000968-1,information,"Summary : Keeping a healthy weight is crucial. If you are underweight, overweight, or obese, you may have a higher risk of certain health problems. About two thirds of adults in the U.S. are overweight or obese. Achieving a healthy weight can help you control your cholesterol, blood pressure and blood sugar. It might also help you prevent weight-related diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, arthritis and some cancers. Eating too much or not being physically active enough will make you overweight. To maintain your weight, the calories you eat must equal the energy you burn. To lose weight, you must use more calories than you eat. A weight-control strategy might include - Choosing low-fat, low-calorie foods - Eating smaller portions - Drinking water instead of sugary drinks - Being physically active Eating extra calories within a well-balanced diet can help to add weight. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Weight Control,0000968,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/weightcontrol.html,,, +Do you have information about Weight Loss Surgery,0000969-1,information,"Summary : Weight loss surgery helps people with extreme obesity to lose weight. It may be an option if you cannot lose weight through diet and exercise or have serious health problems caused by obesity. There are different types of weight loss surgery. They often limit the amount of food you can take in. Some types of surgery also affect how you digest food and absorb nutrients. All types have risks and complications, such as infections, hernias, and blood clots. Many people who have the surgery lose weight quickly, but regain some weight later on. If you follow diet and exercise recommendations, you can keep most of the weight off. You will also need medical follow-up for the rest of your life. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Weight Loss Surgery,0000969,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/weightlosssurgery.html,,, +What is (are) West Nile Virus ?,0000970-1,information,"West Nile virus (WNV) is an infectious disease that first appeared in the United States in 1999. Infected mosquitoes spread the virus that causes it. People who get WNV usually have no symptoms or mild symptoms. The symptoms include a fever, headache, body aches, skin rash, and swollen lymph glands. They can last a few days to several weeks, and usually go away on their own. If West Nile virus enters the brain, however, it can be life-threatening. It may cause inflammation of the brain, called encephalitis, or inflammation of the tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, called meningitis. A physical exam, health history and laboratory tests can diagnose it. Older people and those with weakened immune systems are most at risk. There are no specific vaccines or treatments for human WNV disease. The best way to avoid WNV is to prevent mosquito bites: - Use insect repellent - Get rid of mosquito breeding sites by emptying standing water from flower pots, buckets or barrels - Stay indoors between dusk and dawn, when mosquitoes are most active - Use screens on windows to keep mosquitoes out NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases",West Nile Virus,0000970,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/westnilevirus.html,C0043125,T005,Disorders +What is (are) Whooping Cough ?,0000971-1,information,"Whooping cough is an infectious bacterial disease that causes uncontrollable coughing. The name comes from the noise you make when you take a breath after you cough. You may have choking spells or may cough so hard that you vomit. Anyone can get whooping cough, but it is more common in infants and children. It's especially dangerous for infants. The coughing spells can be so bad that it is hard for infants to eat, drink, or breathe. To make a diagnosis, your doctor may do a physical exam, blood tests, chest x-rays, or nose or throat cultures. Before there was a vaccine, whooping cough was one of the most common childhood diseases and a major cause of childhood deaths in the U.S. Now most cases are prevented by vaccines. If you have whooping cough, treatment with antibiotics may help if given early. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Whooping Cough,0000971,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/whoopingcough.html,C0043168,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Wilms Tumor ?,0000972-1,information,"Wilms tumor is a rare type of kidney cancer. It causes a tumor on one or both kidneys. It usually affects children, but can happen in adults. Having certain genetic conditions or birth defects can increase the risk of getting it. Children that are at risk should be screened for Wilms tumor every three months until they turn eight. Symptoms include a lump in the abdomen, blood in the urine, and a fever for no reason. Tests that examine the kidney and blood are used to find the tumor. Doctors usually diagnose and remove the tumor in surgery. Other treatments include chemotherapy and radiation and biologic therapies. Biologic therapy boosts your body's own ability to fight cancer. NIH: National Cancer Institute",Wilms Tumor,0000972,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/wilmstumor.html,C0027708,T191,Disorders +What is (are) Wilson Disease ?,0000973-1,information,"Wilson disease is a rare inherited disorder that prevents your body from getting rid of extra copper. You need a small amount of copper from food to stay healthy. Too much copper is poisonous. Normally, your liver releases extra copper into bile, a digestive fluid. With Wilson disease, the copper builds up in your liver, and it releases the copper directly into your bloodstream. This can cause damage to your brain, kidneys, and eyes. Wilson disease is present at birth, but symptoms usually start between ages 5 and 35. It first attacks the liver, the central nervous system or both. The most characteristic sign is a rusty brown ring around the cornea of the eye. A physical exam and laboratory tests can diagnose it. Treatment is with drugs to remove the extra copper from your body. You need to take medicine and follow a low-copper diet for the rest of your life. Don't eat shellfish or liver, as these foods may contain high levels of copper. At the beginning of treatment, you'll also need to avoid chocolate, mushrooms, and nuts. Have your drinking water checked for copper content and don't take multivitamins that contain copper. With early detection and proper treatment, you can enjoy good health. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases",Wilson Disease,0000973,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/wilsondisease.html,C0019202,T047,Disorders +Do you have information about Winter Weather Emergencies,0000974-1,information,"Summary : Severe winter weather can lead to health and safety challenges. You may have to cope with - Cold related health problems, including frostbite and hypothermia - Household fires and carbon monoxide poisoning from space heaters and fireplaces - Unsafe driving conditions from icy roads - Power failures - Floods after snow and ice melt Although there are no guarantees of safety during winter weather emergencies, you can take actions to protect yourself. You should have a disaster plan. Being prepared can help reduce fear, anxiety and losses. If you do experience a disaster, it is normal to feel stressed. You may need help in finding ways to cope. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Winter Weather Emergencies,0000974,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/winterweatheremergencies.html,,, +Do you have information about Women's Health,0000975-1,information,"Summary : Women have unique health issues. And some of the health issues that affect both men and women can affect women differently. Unique issues include pregnancy, menopause, and conditions of the female organs. Women can have a healthy pregnancy by getting early and regular prenatal care. They should also get recommended breast cancer, cervical cancer, and bone density screenings. Women and men also have many of the same health problems. But these problems can affect women differently. For example, - Women are more likely to die following a heart attack than men - Women are more likely to show signs of depression and anxiety than men - The effects of sexually transmitted diseases can be more serious in women - Osteoarthritis affects more women than men - Women are more likely to have urinary tract problems NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development",Women's Health,0000975,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/womenshealth.html,,, +What is (are) Women's Health Checkup ?,0000976-1,information,"Regular health exams and tests can help find problems before they start. They also can help find problems early, when your chances for treatment are better. As a woman, you need some special exams and screenings. During your checkup, your health care provider will usually do: - A pelvic exam - an exam to check if internal female organs are normal by feeling their shape and size. - A Pap test - a test to check for cancer of the cervix, the opening to a woman's uterus. Cells from the cervix are examined under a microscope. - A clinical breast exam - to check for breast cancer by feeling and looking at your breasts. Your health care provider may also recommend other tests, including a mammogram or a test for HPV.",Women's Health Checkup,0000976,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/womenshealthcheckup.html,C0260860,T033,Disorders +What is (are) Wounds and Injuries ?,0000977-1,information,"An injury is damage to your body. It is a general term that refers to harm caused by accidents, falls, hits, weapons, and more. In the U.S., millions of people injure themselves every year. These injuries range from minor to life-threatening. Injuries can happen at work or play, indoors or outdoors, driving a car, or walking across the street. Wounds are injuries that break the skin or other body tissues. They include cuts, scrapes, scratches, and punctured skin. They often happen because of an accident, but surgery, sutures, and stitches also cause wounds. Minor wounds usually aren't serious, but it is important to clean them. Serious and infected wounds may require first aid followed by a visit to your doctor. You should also seek attention if the wound is deep, you cannot close it yourself, you cannot stop the bleeding or get the dirt out, or it does not heal. Other common types of injuries include - Bruises - Burns - Dislocations - Fractures - Sprains and strains",Wounds and Injuries,0000977,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/woundsandinjuries.html,C0043251,T037,Disorders +What is (are) Wrist Injuries and Disorders ?,0000978-1,information,"Your wrist is made up of eight small bones known as carpals. They support a tube that runs through your wrist. That tube, called the carpal tunnel, has tendons and a nerve inside. It is covered by a ligament, which holds it in place. Wrist pain is common. Repetitive motion can damage your wrist. Everyday activities like typing, racquet sports or sewing can cause pain, or even carpal tunnel syndrome. Wrist pain with bruising and swelling can be a sign of injury. The signs of a possible fracture include misshapen joints and inability to move your wrist. Some wrist fractures are a result of osteoporosis. Other common causes of pain are - Sprains and strains - Tendinitis - Arthritis - Gout and pseudogout",Wrist Injuries and Disorders,0000978,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/wristinjuriesanddisorders.html,C0043264,T037,Disorders +Do you have information about X-Rays,0000979-1,information,"Summary : X-rays are a type of radiation called electromagnetic waves. X-ray imaging creates pictures of the inside of your body. The images show the parts of your body in different shades of black and white. This is because different tissues absorb different amounts of radiation. Calcium in bones absorbs x-rays the most, so bones look white. Fat and other soft tissues absorb less, and look gray. Air absorbs the least, so lungs look black. The most familiar use of x-rays is checking for broken bones, but x-rays are also used in other ways. For example, chest x-rays can spot pneumonia. Mammograms use x-rays to look for breast cancer. When you have an x-ray, you may wear a lead apron to protect certain parts of your body. The amount of radiation you get from an x-ray is small. For example, a chest x-ray gives out a radiation dose similar to the amount of radiation you're naturally exposed to from the environment over 10 days.",X-Rays,0000979,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/xrays.html,,, +What is (are) Yeast Infections ?,0000980-1,information,"Candida is the scientific name for yeast. It is a fungus that lives almost everywhere, including in your body. Usually, your immune system keeps yeast under control. If you are sick or taking antibiotics, it can multiply and cause an infection. Yeast infections affect different parts of the body in different ways: - Thrush is a yeast infection that causes white patches in your mouth - Candida esophagitis is thrush that spreads to your esophagus, the tube that takes food from your mouth to your stomach. It can make it hard or painful to swallow. - Women can get vaginal yeast infections, causing itchiness, pain and discharge - Yeast infections of the skin cause itching and rashes - Yeast infections in your bloodstream can be life-threatening Antifungal medicines get rid of yeast infections in most people. If you have a weak immune system, treatment might be more difficult.",Yeast Infections,0000980,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/yeastinfections.html,C0750466,T047,Disorders +What is (are) Zika Virus ?,0000981-1,information,"Zika is a virus that is spread by mosquitoes. A pregnant mother can pass it to her baby during pregnancy or around the time of birth. A man can spread it to his partner during sexual contact. There have also been reports that the virus has spread through blood transfusions. There have been outbreaks of Zika virus in Africa, Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, parts of the Caribbean, and Central and South America. Most people who get the virus do not get sick. One in five people do get symptoms, which can include a fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis (pinkeye). Symptoms are usually mild, and start 2 to 7 days after being bitten by an infected mosquito. A blood test can tell whether you have the infection. There are no vaccines or medicines to treat it. Drinking lots of fluids, resting, and taking acetaminophen might help. Zika can cause microcephaly (a serious birth defect of the brain) and other problems in babies whose mothers were infected while pregnant. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that pregnant women do not travel to areas where there is a Zika virus outbreak. If you do decide to travel, first talk to your doctor. You should also be careful to prevent mosquito bites: - Use insect repellent - Wear clothes that cover your arms, legs, and feet - Stay in places that have air conditioning or that use window and door screens Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",Zika Virus,0000981,MPlusHealthTopics,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/zikavirus.html,C0042776,T005,Disorders