Prompt:
Xutai Ma, Zhixin MA, Sean
MacAvaney, Wolfgang Macherey, Joel Mackenzie, Aman Madaan, Andrea Madotto, Manuel Mager,
Måns Magnusson, Adyasha Maharana, Debanjan Mahata, Ayush Maheshwari, Wolfgang Maier, Pratyush
Maini, Bodhisattwa Prasad Majumder, Navonil Majumder, Peter Makarov, Márton Makrai, Prodromos
Malakasiotis, Chaitanya Malaviya, Andreas Maletti, Ankur Mali, Igor Malioutov, Jonathan Mallinson,
Eric Malmi, Rob Malouf, Valentin Malykh, Paweł Mandera, Pranav Maneriker, Lydia Manikonda, Elman
Mansimov, Saab Mansour, Behrooz Mansouri, Ramesh Manuvinakurike, Emaad Manzoor, Xian-Ling
Mao, Xiaoxi Mao, Xin Mao, Yongyi Mao, Yuning Mao, Yuren Mao, Zhendong Mao, Zhiming Mao,
Zhuoyuan Mao, Vladislav Maraev, Ana Marasovi´c, Diego Marcheggiani, Etienne Marcheret, Daniel
xxiii

Marcu, Piotr Mardziel, Alda Mari, Alex Marin, Antonis Maronikolakis, Mirko Marras, Edison Marrese-
Taylor, Héctor Martínez Alonso, Eva Martínez Garcia, Eugenio Martínez-Cámara, Bruno Martins, Pedro


Prompt:
Bruno Martins, Pedro
Henrique Martins, David Martins de Matos, Sameen Maruf, Luisa März, Ditty Mathew, Sandeep Mathias,
Yuichiroh Matsubayashi, Yuji Matsumoto, Austin Matthews, Yevgen Matusevych, Avner May, Jonathan
May, Joshua Maynez, Amir Mazaheri, Sahisnu Mazumder, Alessandro Mazzei, David McAllester, Diana
McCarthy, David McClosky, R. Thomas McCoy, John P. McCrae, Kate McCurdy, Matthew McDermott,
David McDonald, Ryan McDonald, Bridget McInnes, Nick McKenna, Sara Meftah, Nikhil Mehta, Sanket
Vaibhav Mehta, Clara Meister, Dheeraj Mekala, Telmo Menezes, Fandong Meng, Lu Meng, Rui Meng, Yu
Meng, Yuanliang Meng, Zhao Meng, Mohsen Mesgar, Angeliki Metallinou, Donald Metzler, Marie-Jean
Meurs, Haitao Mi, Alessio Miaschi, Antonio Valerio Miceli Barone, Julian Michael, Lesly Miculicich,
Sabrina Mielke, Margot Mieskes, Claudiu Mih˘ail˘a, Todor Mihaylov, Tristan Miller, Farjana Sultana Mim,
Qingkai Min, Sewon Min, So Yeon Min, Hideya Mino, Shachar Mirkin, SeyedAbolghasem Mirroshandel,


Prompt:
oshandel,
Paramita Mirza, Abhijit Mishra, Shlok Mishra, Shubhanshu Mishra, Amita Misra, Dipendra Misra,
Bhaskar Mitra, Ashish Mittal, Sudip Mittal, Vibhu Mittal, Yusuke Miyao, Daichi Mochihashi, Daniela
Moctezuma, Ashutosh Modi, Hans Moen, Farhad Moghimifar, Omid Mohamad Nezami, Saif Mohammad,
Alireza Mohammadshahi, Behrang Mohit, Mrinal Mohit, Tasnim Mohiuddin, Michael Mohler, Dennis
Singh Moirangthem, Asher Moldwin, Diego Molla, Nicholas Monath, Helena Moniz, Joel Ruben Antony
Moniz, Will Monroe, Simonetta Montemagni, Manuel Montes, Jihyung Moon, Lori Moon, Seungwhan
Moon, Taesun Moon, Raymond Mooney, Joss Moorkens, Mehrad Moradshahi, Erwan Moreau, Jose
G. Moreno, Junichiro Mori, Véronique MORICEAU, Emmanuel Morin, Gaku Morio, Makoto Mor-
ishita, Ahmadreza Mosallanezhad, Marius Mosbach, Aida Mostafazadeh Davani, Lili Mou, Xiangyang
Mou, Isabelle Moulinier, Ahmed Mourad, Diego Moussallem, Maximilian Mozes, Khalil Mrini, Frank


Prompt:
Khalil Mrini, Frank
Mtumbuka, Jesse Mu, Hamdy Mubarak, Pavankumar Reddy Muddireddy, David Mueller, Aldrian Obaja
Muis, Shashank Mujumdar, Animesh Mukherjee, Matthew Mulholland, Philippe Muller, Mark-Christoph
Müller, Mathias Müller, Thomas Müller, Varish Mulwad, Tsendsuren Munkhdalai, Dragos Munteanu,
Yugo Murawaki, Karthik Muthuswamy, Sung-Hyon Myaeng, Agnieszka Mykowiecka, Sheshera Mysore,
Kanthashree Mysore Sathyendra
Seung-Hoon Na, Farah Nadeem, Nona Naderi, Seema Nagar, Masaaki Nagata, Ryo Nagata, Elham
Naghizade, Aakanksha Naik, Saeed Najaﬁ, Tetsuji Nakagawa, Yuta Nakashima, Hideki Nakayama,
Sungjin Nam, Marcin Namysl, Guoshun Nan, Diane Napolitano, Jason Naradowsky, Kanika Narang,
Sharan Narasimhan, Franco Maria Nardini, Tahira Naseem, Md Nasir, Sudip Naskar, Alexis Nasr, Deepak
Nathani, Costanza Navarretta, Tapas Nayak, Mojtaba Nayyeri, Ambreen Nazir, Rostislav Nedelchev,
Mark-Jan Nederhof, Matteo Negri, Isar Nejadgholi, Guenter Neumann, Mariana Neves, Denis Newman-


Prompt:
Denis Newman-
Grifﬁs, Hwee Tou Ng, Raymond W. M. Ng, Vincent Ng, Minh-Quoc Nghiem, Dai Quoc Nguyen, Dang
Tuan Nguyen, Dat Quoc Nguyen, Hoang Nguyen, Huy Nguyen, Kiem-Hieu Nguyen, Kim Anh Nguyen,
Minh Van Nguyen, Thanh-Tung Nguyen, Truc-Vien T. Nguyen, Trung Hieu Nguyen, Vincent Nguyen,
Hoang-Quoc Nguyen-Son, Minheng Ni, Zhaoheng Ni, Garrett Nicolai, Massimo Nicosia, Jian-Yun Nie,
Jan Niehues, Elizabeth Nielsen, Christina Niklaus, Giannis Nikolentzos, Nikola I. Nikolov, Lasguido Nio,
Kyosuke Nishida, Masaaki Nishino, Jingcheng Niu, Kun Niu, Sufeng Niu, Tong Niu, Xing Niu, Yulei Niu,
Bill Noble, Pegah Nokhiz, Tadashi Nomoto, Farhad Nooralahzadeh, Damien Nouvel, Jekaterina Novikova
Alexander O’Connor, Tim Oates, Yusuke Oda, Kemal Oﬂazer, Maciej Ogrodniczuk, Alice Oh, Jong-Hoon
Oh, Yoo Rhee Oh, Kiyonori Ohtake, Panagiotis Agis Oikonomou Filandras, Tsuyoshi Okita, Oleg Okun,
Amy Olex, Brian Ondov, Yasumasa Onoe, Matan Orbach, Maite Oronoz, Pedro Javier Ortiz Suárez,


Prompt:
Pedro Javier Ortiz Suárez,
Daniel Ortiz-Martínez, Naoki Otani, Zhijian Ou, Hiroki Ouchi, Nedjma Ousidhoum, Kehinde Owoeye,
Hiroaki Ozaki, Satoru Ozaki
Deepak P, Maria Leonor Pacheco, Ankur Padia, Aishwarya Padmakumar, Sebastian Padó, Shriphani
xxiv

Palakodety, Shruti Palaskar, Endang Wahyu Pamungkas, Liangming Pan, Gaurav Pandey, Liang Pang,
Richard Yuanzhe Pang, Wei Pang, Sheena Panthaplackel, Alessandro Panunzi, Haris Papageorgiou,
Alexandros Papangelis, Nikos Papasarantopoulos, Sean Papay, Nikolaos Pappas, Ivandré Paraboni, Emer-
son Paraiso, Bhargavi Paranjape, Natalie Parde, Tanmay Parekh, Shantipriya Parida, Chan Young Park,
Kunwoo Park, Seong-Bae Park, Patrick Paroubek, Ioannis Partalas, Lucia Passaro, Ramakanth Pasunuru,
Raj Patel, Archita Pathak, Braja Gopal Patra, Badri Narayana Patro, Jasabanta Patro, Manasi Patward-
han, Siddharth Patwardhan, Debjit Paul, Adam Pauls, Ellie Pavlick, John Pavlopoulos, Pavel Pecina,


Prompt:
Pavel Pecina,
Jiahuan Pei, Jiaxin Pei, Weiping Pei, Stephan Peitz, Baolin Peng, Bo Peng, Hao Peng, Haoruo Peng,
Minlong Peng, Qiyao Peng, Siyao Peng, Wei Peng, Xi Peng, Xutan Peng, Yifan Peng, Shiva Kumar
Pentyala, Joseph Peper, Ethan Perez, Juan Antonio Pérez-Ortiz, Gabriele Pergola, Charith Peris, Hugh
Perkins, Stanislav Peshterliev, Denis Peskov, Ben Peters, Matthew Peters, Fabio Petroni, Slav Petrov,
Pavel Petrushkov, Sandro Pezzelle, Jonas Pfeiffer, Hai Pham, Scott Piao, Maciej Piasecki, Massimo
Piccardi, Matúš Pikuliak, Mohammad Taher Pilehvar, Nisha Pillai, Tiago Pimentel, M¯arcis Pinnis, Juan
Pino, Leticia Pinto-Alva, Telmo Pires, Flammie A Pirinen, Benjamin Piwowarski, Emmanouil Antonios
Platanios, Laura Plaza, Flor Miriam Plaza-del-Arco, Brian Plüss, Lahari Poddar, Massimo Poesio, Sylvain
Pogodalla, Tamara Polajnar, Girishkumar Ponkiya, Karthikeyan Ponnalagu, Edoardo Maria Ponti, Maria


Prompt:
Edoardo Maria Ponti, Maria
Pontiki, Kashyap Popat, Martin Popel, Andrei Popescu-Belis, Christopher Potts, Amir Pouran Ben Veyseh,
Forough Poursabzi-Sangdeh, Sandhya Prabhakaran, Shrimai Prabhumoye, Animesh Prasad, Archiki
Prasad, Oﬁr Press, Prokopis Prokopidis, Emily Prud’hommeaux, Piotr Przybyła, Michal Ptaszynski,
Ratish Puduppully, Haritz Puerto, Rajkumar Pujari, Stephen Pulman, Matthew Purver, Yevgeniy Puzikov,
Valentina Pyatkin
Fanchao Qi, Jianzhong Qi, Weizhen Qi, Chen Qian, Hongjin Qian, Kun Qian, Tieyun Qian, Xiuming
Qiao, Guanghui Qin, Kechen Qin, Libo Qin, Qi Qin, Yanxia Qin, Yujia Qin, Long Qiu, Xinying Qiu,
Zimeng Qiu, Chen Qu, Jun Quan
Ella Rabinovich, Gorjan Radevski, Dianna Radpour, Muhammad Raﬁ, Davood Raﬁei, Alessandro Ra-
ganato, Preethi Raghavan, Afshin Rahimi, Zahra Rahimi, Sunny Rai, Shahab Raji, Nitendra Rajput,
Geetanjali Rakshit, Sai Krishna Rallabandi, Dhananjay Ram, Taraka Rama, Deepak Ramachandran,


Prompt:
Deepak Ramachandran,
Anil Ramakrishna, Goutham Ramakrishnan, Giulia Rambelli, Gabriela Ramirez-de-la-Rosa, Sahana
Ramnath, Alan Ramponi, Surangika Ranathunga, Jinfeng Rao, Yanghui Rao, Ari Rappoport, Mohammad
Sadegh Rasooli, Prabod Rathnayaka, Fedor Ratnikov, Vikas Raunak, Eran Raveh, Shauli Ravfogel, Vinit
Ravishankar, Bhanu Pratap Singh Rawat, Avik Ray, Soumya Ray, Julia Rayz, Simon Razniewski, Evgeniia
Razumovskaia, Livy Real, Traian Rebedea, Gábor Recski, Sravana Reddy, Hanumant Redkar, Georg
Rehm, Marek Rei, Ridho Reinanda, Navid Rekabsaz, Da Ren, Feiliang Ren, Han Ren, Haopeng Ren,
Mucheng Ren, Pengjie Ren, Shuhuai Ren, Xiaoqi Ren, Yafeng Ren, Yuanhang Ren, Steven Rennie, Nils
Rethmeier, Christian Retoré, Luis Reyes-Galindo, Mehdi Rezagholizadeh, Eugénio Ribeiro, Leonardo
F. R. Ribeiro, Caitlin Richter, Stefan Riezler, Mat¯ıss Rikters, Ellen Riloff, Tharathorn Rimchala, Laura
Rimell, Fabio Rinaldi, Ruty Rinott, Annette Rios, Anthony Rios, Julian Risch, Gil Rocha, Mathieu Roche,


Prompt:
Gil Rocha, Mathieu Roche,
Alvaro Rodrigo, Pedro Rodriguez, Melissa Roemmele, Omid Rohanian, Mukesh Kumar Rohil, Paul
Roit, Lina M. Rojas Barahona, Roland Roller, Alexey Romanov, Salvatore Romeo, Srikanth Ronanki,
Subendhu Rongali, Francesco Ronzano, Rudolf Rosa, Andrew Rosenberg, Jan Rosendahl, Sara Rosenthal,
Guy Rosin, Candace Ross, Federico Rossetto, Julien Rossi, Paolo Rosso, Thomas Brox Røst, Sascha
Rothe, Guy Rotman, Bryan Routledge, Aurko Roy, Dwaipayan Roy, Shamik Roy, Subhro Roy, Sumegh
Roychowdhury, Alla Rozovskaya, Yu-Ping Ruan, Raphael Rubino, Sebastian Ruder, Koustav Rudra,
Frank Rudzicz, Dana Ruiter, Josef Ruppenhofer, Thomas Ruprecht, Alexander Rush, Max Ryabinin,
Neville Ryant, Maria Ryskina
Fatiha Sadat, Farig Sadeque, Arka Sadhu, Marzieh Saeidi, Tara Safavi, Niloofar Saﬁ Samghabadi, Horacio
xxv

Saggion, Koustuv Saha, Monjoy Saha, Sriparna Saha, Swarnadeep Saha, Rishiraj Saha Roy, Saurav


Prompt:
Rishiraj Saha Roy, Saurav
Sahay, Gözde ¸Sahin, Gaurav Sahu, Sunil Kumar Sahu, Keisuke Sakaguchi, Mohammad Salameh, Julian
Salazar, Iman Saleh, Elizabeth Salesky, Andrea Salﬁnger, Tanja Samardzic, Rajhans Samdani, Younes
Samih, Shailaja Keyur Sampat, Ramon Sanabria, George Sanchez, Felipe Sánchez-Martínez, Germán
Sanchis-Trilles, Mario Sänger, Victor Sanh, Hugo Sanjurjo-González, Chinnadhurai Sankar, Sashank
Santhanam, Marina Santini, T.Y.S.S Santosh, Bishal Santra, Sebastin Santy, Soumya Sanyal, Maarten
Sap, Maya Sappelli, Ruhi Sarikaya, Efsun Sarioglu Kayi, Prathusha K Sarma, Mourad Sarrouti, Shota
Sasaki, Ryohei Sasano, Giorgio Satta, Danielle Saunders, Nikunj Saunshi, Denis Savenkov, Hassan
Sawaf, Ramit Sawhney, Karan Saxena, Kevin Scannell, Thomas Schaaf, Yves Scherrer, Timo Schick,
Frank Schilder, Dominik Schlechtweg, Jonathan Schler, Helmut Schmid, Martin Schmitt, Felix Schnei-
der, Steven Schockaert, Annika Marie Schoene, Mirco Schoenfeld, William Schuler, Björn Schuller,


Prompt:
Björn Schuller,
Elliot Schumacher, Anne-Kathrin Schumann, Raphael Schumann, Sebastian Schuster, Tal Schuster, Roy
Schwartz, Stefan Schweter, João Sedoc, Elad Segal, Thibault Sellam, David Semedo, Nasredine Sem-
mar, Cansu Sen, Priyanka Sen, Gregory Senay, Shubhashis Sengupta, Yeon Seonwoo, Mirjam Sepesy
Mauˇcec, Giuseppe Serra, Soﬁa Serrano, Jurica Ševa, Kyle Shaffer, Darsh Shah, Hamidreza Shahidi,
Igor Shalyminov, Jingbo Shang, Lifeng Shang, Mingyue Shang, Chenze Shao, Jie Shao, Nan Shao, Wei
Shao, Yingxia Shao, Yutong Shao, Ori Shapira, Naomi Shapiro, Amr Sharaf, Nada Sharaf, Matthew
Shardlow, Ehsan Shareghi, Ashish Sharma, Mayukh Sharma, Piyush Sharma, Serge Sharoff, Hassan S.
Shavarani, Peter Shaw, Artem Shelmanov, Dinghan Shen, Jiaming Shen, Lei Shen, Qinlan Shen, Sheng
Shen, Shiqi Shen, Wade Shen, Xiaoyu Shen, Yikang Shen, Yilin Shen, Ying Shen, Yongliang Shen,
Yuming Shen, Emily Sheng, Hao Sheng, Qiang Sheng, Tom Sherborne, Botian Shi, Haoyue Shi, Tian


Prompt:
Haoyue Shi, Tian
Shi, Tianze Shi, Weijia Shi, Weiyan Shi, Chihiro Shibata, Tomohide Shibata, Yutaro Shigeto, Anastasia
Shimorina, Jaehun Shin, Jamin Shin, Joongbo Shin, Seungjae Shin, Kazutoshi Shinoda, Abu Awal Md
Shoeb, Lidan Shou, Linjun Shou, Dimitar Shterionov, Kai Shu, Lei Shu, Raphael Shu, Kurt Shuster,
Vered Shwartz, Chenglei Si, Mei Si, Aditya Siddhant, Advaith Siddharthan, Wladimir Sidorenko, Melanie
Siegel, Carina Silberer, Damien Sileo, Miikka Silfverberg, João Ricardo Silva, Fabrizio Silvestri, Stefano
Silvestri, Patrick Simianer, Goncalo Simoes, Dan Simonson, Edwin Simpson, Jyotika Singh, Sameer
Singh, Karan Singla, Olivier siohan, Amy Siu, Inguna Skadina, Ruba Skaik, Steve Skiena, Noah A.
Smith, Marco Antonio Sobrevilla Cabezudo, Juan Soler, Ilia Sominsky, Pia Sommerauer, Youngseo
Son, Haiyue Song, Haoyu Song, Hyun-Je Song, Kai Song, Kaiqiang Song, Kaitao Song, Linfeng Song,
Sanghoun Song, Wei Song, Xingyi Song, Yang Song, YIPING SONG, Rishi Sonthalia, Ekta Sood,


Prompt:
Rishi Sonthalia, Ekta Sood,
Alexey Sorokin, Daniil Sorokin, Xabier Soto, Sajad Sotudeh, Laure Soulier, Marlo Souza, Irena Spasic,
Evangelia Spiliopoulou, Andreas Spitz, Rohini Srihari, Mukund Srinath, Anirudh Srinivasan, Balaji
Vasan Srinivasan, Tejas Srinivasan, Ankit Srivastava, Brij Mohan Lal Srivastava, Felix Stahlberg, Jacopo
Staiano, Efstathios Stamatatos, Katherine Stasaski, Mark Steedman, Steinþór Steingrímsson, Evgeny
Stepanov, Brandon Stewart, Ian Stewart, Kurt Stockinger, Kristina Striegnitz, Jannik Strötgen, Tomek
Strzalkowski, Sara Stymne, Dan Su, Hsuan Su, Jinhua Su, Keh-Yih Su, Qinliang Su, Shang-Yu Su, Yixuan
Su, Yu Su, Yusheng Su, Saku Sugawara, Hiroaki Sugiyama, Kazunari Sugiyama, Alessandro Suglia,
Yoshihiko Suhara, Alane Suhr, Dianbo Sui, Zhifang Sui, Elior Sulem, Chengjie Sun, Fei Sun, Haipeng
Sun, Haitian Sun, Kai Sun, Lin Sun, Ming Sun, Simeng Sun, Siqi Sun, Tianxiang Sun, Xiaobing Sun,


Prompt:
Xiaobing Sun,
Xingwu Sun, Yajing Sun, Yawei Sun, Yu Sun, Zequn Sun, Zewei Sun, Zhiqing Sun, Shiva Sundaram, Yun-
hsuan Sung, Hanna Suominen, Marek Suppa, Mihai Surdeanu, Anshuman Suri, Raymond Hendy Susanto,
Mirac Suzgun, Hisami Suzuki, Yoshimi Suzuki, Sandesh Swamy, Munira Syed, Idan Szpektor, Ida Szubert
Ryuki Tachibana, Anaïs Tack, Oyvind Tafjord, Ryuichi Takanobu, Sho Takase, David Talbot, Aarne
Talman, George Tambouratzis, Aleš Tamchyna, Akihiro Tamura, Chuanqi Tan, Fei Tan, Xin Tan, Yi Chern
Tan, Kumiko Tanaka-Ishii, Gongbo Tang, Hao Tang, Shuai Tang, Xiangru Tang, Xiangyun Tang, Yi-Kun
Tang, Motoki Taniguchi, Tomoki Taniguchi, Simon Tannert, Chongyang Tao, Fei Tao, Shiva Taslimipoor,
Sandeep Tata, Michiaki Tatsubori, Marta Tatu, Elke Teich, Christoph Teichmann, Selma Tekir, Alberto
Testoni, Joel Tetreault, Ashish V. Thapliyal, Avijit Thawani, Mokanarangan Thayaparan, Kilian Theil,
Ashok Thillaisundaram, Camilo Thorne, Junfeng Tian, Xuetao Tian, Zhiliang Tian, Zuoyu Tian, Jörg


Prompt:
Zuoyu Tian, Jörg
xxvi

Tiedemann, Christoph Tillmann, Tiago Timponi Torrent, Evgeniia Tokarchuk, Takenobu Tokunaga, Gau-
rav Singh Tomar, Nadi Tomeh, Martin Tomko, Marc Tomlinson, Sara Tonelli, Meihan Tong, Antonio
Toral, Manabu Torii, Kentaro Torisawa, Marwan Torki, Samia Touileb, Masashi Toyoda, Chau Tran,
Ke Tran, Quan Hung Tran, Trang Tran, Dietrich Trautmann, Aaron Traylor, Marcos Treviso, Hai-Long
Trieu, Alina Trifan, Bayu Distiawan Trisedya, Harsh Trivedi, Bo-Hsiang Tseng, Chara Tsoukala, Masaaki
Tsuchida, Lifu Tu, Zhaopeng Tu, Don Tuggener, Iulia Turc, Martin Tutek, Elena Tutubalina, Kateryna
Tymoshenko
Irina Ualiyeva, Rutuja Ubale, Ana Sabina Uban, Kiyotaka Uchimoto, Adrian Ulges, Bhargav Upadhyay,
L. Alfonso Ureña-López, Dmitry Ustalov, Prasetya Utama, Masao Utiyama
Adithya V Ganesan, Ashwini Vaidya, Avijit Vajpayee, Josep Valls-Vargas, Rob van der Goot, Josef van
Genabith, Cynthia Van Hee, Rik van Noord, Menno van Zaanen, Vincent Vandeghinste, David Vandyke,


Prompt:
David Vandyke,
Natalia Vanetik, Stalin Varanasi, Rossella Varvara, Shikhar Vashishth, Siddharth Vashishtha, Gaurav
Verma, Rakesh Verma, Felipe Viegas, Anvesh Rao Vijjini, David Vilar, David Vilares, Jesús Vilares,
Martin Villalba, Serena Villata, Veronika Vincze, Lucas Vinh Tran, Nikolai Vogler, Rob Voigt, Elena
Voita, Pius von Däniken, Nikos Voskarides, Soroush Vosoughi, Piek Vossen, Thuy-Trang Vu, Tu Vu,
Ramya Vunikili
Henning Wachsmuth, Takashi Wada, David Wadden, Joachim Wagner, Eric Wallace, Ada Wan, Mengting
Wan, Yao Wan, Yu Wan, Alex Wang, Bailin Wang, Baoxin Wang, Bin Wang, Bingning Wang, Bingqing
Wang, Bo Wang, Boxin Wang, Changhan Wang, Chao Wang, Chenguang Wang, Chengyi Wang, Chengyu
Wang, Chuan-Ju Wang, Cunxiang Wang, Dingmin Wang, Fei Wang, Guangrun Wang, Guoyin Wang,
Hai Wang, Han Wang, Han Wang, Hao Wang, Hao Wang, Haohan Wang, Haoyu Wang, Heyuan Wang,
Huadong Wang, Jianzong Wang, Jin Wang, Jin Wang, Jingang Wang, Jingwen Wang, Jue WANG, Jun


Prompt:
Jingwen Wang, Jue WANG, Jun
Wang, Kexiang Wang, Lei Wang, Liwei Wang, Longshaokan Wang, Longyue Wang, Ming Wang, Mingx-
uan Wang, Nan Wang, Pidong Wang, Ping Wang, Qiang Wang, Qingyun Wang, Quan Wang, Quanbin
Wang, Rui Wang, Rui Wang, Ruibo WANG, Runze Wang, Shaonan Wang, Shuai Wang, Shuohang Wang,
Suge Wang, Tianlu Wang, Tong Wang, Wei Wang, Wei Wang, Wei Wang, Weiwei Wang, Weiyue Wang,
Wen Wang, Wenbo Wang, Wenhui Wang, Wenxuan Wang, Wenya Wang, Xiaolin Wang, Xiaosen Wang,
Xiaozhi Wang, Xin Wang, Xin Wang, Xing Wang, Xintong Wang, Xinyi Wang, Xinyu Wang, Xuancong
Wang, Xuezhi Wang, Xun Wang, Yasheng Wang, Yequan Wang, Yi Wang, Yinghan Wang, Yiyi Wang,
Yizhong Wang, Yu Wang, Yu-Siang Wang, Yue Wang, Yuxuan Wang, Zhen Wang, Zhendong Wang, Zheng
Wang, Zhiguang Wang, Zhilin Wang, Zhiqiang Wang, Zhuoer Wang, Zihan Wang, Zihao Wang, Zijian
Wang, Zirui Wang, Leo Wanner, Christian Wartena, Koki Washio, Shinji Watanabe, Yusuke Watanabe,


Prompt:
Yusuke Watanabe,
Bonnie Webber, Ingmar Weber, Leon Weber, Noah Weber, Jürgen Wedekind, Feng Wei, Hao-Ran Wei,
Jason Wei, Jerry Wei, Junqiu Wei, Penghui Wei, Xiangpeng Wei, Zhepei Wei, Gerhard Weikum, Shira
Wein, Gail Weiss, Orion Weller, Haoyang Wen, Zhiyuan Wen, Rongxiang Weng, Peter West, Michael
White, Spencer Whitehead, Michael Wiegand, Sarah Wiegreffe, John Wieting, Derry Tanti Wijaya, Ethan
Wilcox, Rodrigo Wilkens, Jake Williams, Jennifer Williams, Ronald Wilson, Steven Wilson, Genta Indra
Winata, Shuly Wintner, Guillaume Wisniewski, Tomer Wolfson, Cliff Wong, Derek F. Wong, Ka Ho
Wong, Kam-Fai Wong, Raymond Wong, Dina Wonsever, Zach Wood-Doughty, Dustin Wright, Alina
Wróblewska, Chien-Sheng Wu, Chuhan Wu, Fangzhao Wu, Guani Wu, Jialin Wu, Junshuang Wu, Kui
Wu, Lianwei Wu, Lijun Wu, Qi Wu, Qinzhuo Wu, Shih-Hung Wu, Shijie Wu, Shuangzhi Wu, Sixuan Wu,
Stephen Wu, Wenhao Wu, Xianchao Wu, Xiao-Ming Wu, Xiaobao Wu, Xiaofeng Wu, Xin Wu, Xixin Wu,


Prompt:
Xin Wu, Xixin Wu,
Yu Wu, Yuan Wu, Yuan-Kuei Wu, Yuanbin Wu, Yuexin Wu, Yuxiang Wu, Zeqiu Wu, Zhanghao Wu, Zhen
Wu, Zhiyong Wu, Joern Wuebker
Ruijie Xi, Congying Xia, Mengzhou Xia, Patrick Xia, Qingrong Xia, Rui Xia, Yingce Xia, Chunyang
xxvii

Xiao, Huiru Xiao, Jinghui Xiao, Liqiang Xiao, MIN XIAO, Tong Xiao, Wen Xiao, Xinyan Xiao, Yanghua
Xiao, Jiateng Xie, Jun Xie, Qianqian Xie, Qizhe Xie, Ruobing Xie, Wanying Xie, Yubo Xie, Yuqiang
Xie, Ji Xin, Yingwei Xin, Junjie Xing, Linzi Xing, Luxi Xing, Yujie Xing, Zhenchang Xing, hao xiong,
Wenhan Xiong, Boyan Xu, Can Xu, Canwen Xu, Chen Xu, Chenchen Xu, Dongfang Xu, Frank F. Xu,
Guandong Xu, Hongfei Xu, Hongzhi Xu, Huijuan Xu, Jiacheng Xu, jiaming xu, Jinan Xu, Jingjing Xu,
Jitao Xu, Keyulu Xu, Kun Xu, Liang Xu, Mingzhou Xu, Peng Xu, Peng Xu, Qiongkai Xu, Ruochen Xu,
Weijia Xu, Weiwen Xu, Wentao Xu, Xinnuo Xu, Yige Xu, Zenglin Xu, Zhen Xu, Huichao Xue, Qinghan
Xue


Prompt:
Huichao Xue, Qinghan
Xue
Mohit Yadav, Rohan Kumar Yadav, Shweta Yadav, Vikas Yadav, Yadollah Yaghoobzadeh, Ikuya Yamada,
Jianhao Yan, Jun Yan, Lingyong Yan, Yu Yan, Yuanmeng Yan, Zhao Yan, Hitomi Yanaka, Victoria Yaneva,
Baosong Yang, Cheng Yang, Chenghao Yang, Fan Yang, Haiqin Yang, Hang Yang, Liang Yang, Linyi
Yang, Qichuan Yang, Runzhe Yang, Sen Yang, Sen Yang, Shiquan Yang, Songlin Yang, Tsung-Yen
Yang, Wei Yang, Wenmian Yang, Yaqin Yang, Yilin Yang, Yinfei Yang, Yujiu Yang, Ze Yang, Zhen
Yang, Zhenglu Yang, Zhengyuan Yang, Zi Yang, Zijian Yang, Ziqing Yang, Zixiaofan Yang, Roman
Yangarber, Ken Yano, Tae Yano, He Yanqing, Jianmin YAO, Jin-Ge Yao, Shunyu Yao, Wenlin Yao, Ziyu
Yao, Semih Yavuz, Deming Ye, Hai Ye, Qinyuan Ye, Wei Ye, Yi-Ting Yeh, Nian Yi, Wen-wai Yim, Da
Yin, Qingyu Yin, Xusen Yin, Xuwang Yin, Yichun Yin, Yongjing Yin, Michael Yoder, Sho Yokoi, Jiawei
Yong, Kang Min Yoo, Seunghyun Yoon, Issei Yoshida, Masashi Yoshikawa, Naoki Yoshinaga, Masaharu


Prompt:
Naoki Yoshinaga, Masaharu
Yoshioka, Weiqiu You, Steve Young, Abdou Youssef, Bei Yu, Changlong Yu, Dian Yu, Dong Yu, Jianfei
Yu, Jianxing Yu, Juntao Yu, Kai Yu, Liang-Chih Yu, Tao Yu, Xiang Yu, Xiaodong Yu, Xiaohan Yu, Yipeng
Yu, Chunyuan Yuan, Michelle Yuan, Nicholas Jing Yuan, Zheng Yuan, Chuan Yue, Hyokun Yun, François
Yvon
Zdenˇek Žabokrtský, Annie Zaenen, Nasser Zalmout, mohammadzaman zamani, Yuan Zang, Marcely
Zanon Boito, Fadi Zaraket, Vicky Zayats, Albin Zehe, Amir Zeldes, Daojian Zeng, Jiali Zeng, Jiandian
Zeng, Qi Zeng, Qingkai Zeng, Weixin Zeng, Xiangrong Zeng, Xingshan Zeng, Luke Zettlemoyer, Deniz
Zeyrek, Hanwen Zha, Sheng Zha, Fangzhou Zhai, Shuang (Sophie) Zhai, Yuming Zhai, Haolan Zhan,
Biao Zhang, Boliang Zhang, Bowen Zhang, Chen Zhang, Chenwei Zhang, Chiyu Zhang, Dejiao Zhang,
Dongxu Zhang, Haibo Zhang, Hainan Zhang, Hao Zhang, Haoran Zhang, Hongming Zhang, Huijun
Zhang, Jianguo Zhang, Jingqing Zhang, Jipeng Zhang, Lei Zhang, Licheng Zhang, Linhao Zhang, Liwen


Prompt:
Linhao Zhang, Liwen
Zhang, Meishan Zhang, Meng Zhang, Michael Zhang, Ming Zhang, Mozhi Zhang, Ningyu Zhang, Qiang
Zhang, Ruqing Zhang, Shiyue Zhang, SHUO ZHANG, Tongtao Zhang, Wen Zhang, Wenxuan Zhang,
Xiang Zhang, Xiao Zhang, Xuanyu Zhang, Xuchao Zhang, Xuemiao Zhang, Yan Zhang, Yan Zhang,
Yanjian Zhang, yifan zhang, Yin Zhang, Yingyi Zhang, Yuan Zhang, Yuanzhe Zhang, Yuhao Zhang, Yuhui
Zhang, Yunyi Zhang, Yuqi Zhang, Yuyu Zhang, Zeyu Zhang, Zheng Zhang, Zheng Zhang, Zhengyan
Zhang, Zhirui Zhang, Zhisong Zhang, Zhuosheng Zhang, Chao Zhao, Chen Zhao, Dongyan Zhao, Jiawei
Zhao, Jieyu Zhao, Jun Zhao, Kai Zhao, Mengjie Zhao, Ruihui Zhao, Shiwan Zhao, Tiancheng Zhao,
Tianyu Zhao, Tiejun Zhao, Wei Zhao, Wenbo Zhao, Yanpeng Zhao, Yu Zhao, Yun Zhao, Vitalii Zhelezniak,
Changmeng Zheng, Chujie Zheng, Renjie Zheng, Xiaoqing Zheng, Yinhe Zheng, Zaixiang Zheng, An
Zhenwei, Ming Zhong, Wanjun Zhong, Zexuan Zhong, Ben Zhou, Chunting Zhou, Dong Zhou, Guangyou


Prompt:
Dong Zhou, Guangyou
Zhou, Jie Zhou, Jie Zhou, Jie Zhou, Junpei Zhou, Junsheng Zhou, Li Zhou, Pei Zhou, Qiji Zhou, Qingyu
Zhou, Shuchang Zhou, Wangchunshu Zhou, Wei Zhou, Wenxuan Zhou, Xiabing Zhou, Xiangyang Zhou,
Yilun Zhou, Yuxiang Zhou, Hao Zhu, Qi Zhu, Qingfu Zhu, Su Zhu, Suyang Zhu, Wang Zhu, Xiaofeng Zhu,
Xunjie Zhu, Zhenhai Zhu, Zining Zhu, Honglei Zhuang, Yimeng Zhuang, Ayah Zirikly, Ran Zmigrod, Shi
Zong, Markus Zopf, Bowei Zou, Yanyan Zou, Yicheng Zou, Andrej Zukov Gregoric.
Secondary Reviewers
Jaimeen Ahn, Kabir Ahuja, Betty van Aken, Iskander Akhmetov, Abdullah Aljebreen, Mohammed
Alqahtani, Christian Angel, Kaveri Anuranjana, Flor Miriam Plaza del Arco, Maxime D. Armstrong
xxviii

C.S. Bahushruth, Pratyay Banerjee, Hongchang Bao, Joao Gabriel Melo Barbirato, Oliver Baumann, Imene
Bensalem, Shaily Bhatt, Amrita Bhattacharjee, Semere Kiros Bitew, Yuri Bizzoni, Sairoop Bodepudi,
Logan Born, Chlo Braud, Eleftheria Briakou, Joseph Brucker, Luna De Bruyne, Christopher Bryant


Prompt:
Christopher Bryant
Pere-Lluis Huguet Cabot, Jiarun Cao, Roman Castagne, Steffen Castle, Chih-Chiang Chang, Emile
Chapuis, Ethan Chau, Saneem Chemmengath, Fumian Chen, Junkun Chen, Qibin Chen, Shijie Chen,
Wei-Fan Chen, Xinyu Chen, Yangyi Chen, Yue Chen, Zhijia Chen, Zui Chen, Jia-Chen Gu, Sijie Cheng, Yi
Cheng, Zifeng Cheng, Gi-Cheon Kang, Alexander Chernyavskiy, Seonhee Cho, Sungjun Cho, Yung-Sung
Chuang, Sai Sree Laya Chukkapalli, Po-Chun Hsu, Pierre Colombo, Pablo Botton da Costa, Maury
Courtland
Qin Dai, Yong Dai, Zhaoqian Dai, Daniel Dakota, Dhairya Dalal, Souvik Das, Saloni Dash, Surabhi
Datta, Johannes Deleu, Bart Desmet, Bosheng Ding, Keyang Ding, Liang Ding, Yang Ding, Tanvi Dinkar,
Michael Diskin, Mengxing Dong, Zujun Dou, Leo Du, Yoann Dupont
Markus Eberts, Ori Ernst, Mathias Etcheverry
Gloria Feher, Nils Feldhus, James Finch, Jeffrey Flanigan, Mikel L. Forcada, Clementine Fourrier, Xiyan
Fu, Masaki Fujita, Giacomo Furlan


Prompt:
Giacomo Furlan
Manas Gaur, Shiping Ge, Christian Geishauser, Ziwei Gong, Carlos Emiliano Gonzlez, Navita Goyal,
Lorenzo Gregori, Tommi Grndahl, Jetic Gu, Gal Guibon, Shu Guo, Ashim Gupta, Sameer Gupta, Bernal
Jimenez Gutierrez, Ximena Gutierrez
Patrick Haller, Mika Hämäläinen, Felix Hamann, Seungju Han, Yongchang Hao, Sakib Hasan, Bradley
Hauer, Philip Hausner, Lirong He, Michael Heck, Giwon Hong, Haoyun Hong, Yicong Hong, Jue Hou,
Rui Hou, Alexander Miserlis Hoyle, Fei Hu, Chenyang Huang, Chien-yu Huang, Jimin Huang, Shuyan
Huang, Tongtong Huang, Xinting Huang, Hyeonji Hwang
Nitisha Jain, Kyoung-rok Jang, Anubhav Jangra, Myeongho Jeong, Jiajia Jiang, Wenxiang Jiao, Zhiling Jin
Ehsan Kamalloo, Ilanthenral Kandasamy, Junmo Kang, Taegwan Kang, Yoav Kantor, Anisia Katinskaia,
Pride Kavumba, Simran Khanuja, Vivek Khetan, Beomsu Kim, Tobias Koopmann, Anastassia Kornilova,
Heeyoung Kwak
Nicola Landro, Changyoon Lee, Dong Won Lee, Hwanhee Lee, Youngin Lee, Chang Li, Chuyuan Li,


Prompt:
Chang Li, Chuyuan Li,
Guanlin Li, Junlong Li, Linyang Li, Mengyuan Li, Peiyao Li, Qimai Li, Wanli Li, Xiaodi Li, Zhifeng Li,
Zhongli Li, Zhongqiu Li, Zuochao Li, Zuocheng Li, Shi Liang, Zhengzhong Liang, Boda Lin, Xixun Lin,
Yist Lin, Dong Liu, Fangchao Liu, Hao Liu, Junpeng Liu, Qianchu Liu, Shen Liu, Yibing Liu, Yiyi Liu,
Yu Liu, Roberto Lpez, Pilar Lpez-beda, Brian Lu, Kaiji Lu, Qiuhao Lu, Xiaoxin Lu, Ling Luo
Weicheng Ma, Petter Mæhlum, Divyat Mahajan, Santiago Marro, Diego Maupomé, Vaibhav Mavi, Chester
Palen-Michel, Farjana Sultana Mim, Bhavnick Singh Minhas, Swaroop Mishra, Safaa Mohamud, Ishani
xxix

Mondol, Yi Mu
Dan Nguyen, Dn Nguyen, Patrick Nguyen, Tung The Nguyen, Vincent Nguyen, Gennaro Nolano
Asami Ogawa, Rosa María Ortega, Siru Ouyang
Vardaan Pahuja, Partha Pakray, Kuntal Pal, Alexandros Papangelis, Sara Papi, Nivranshu Pasricha, Arkil
Patel, Archita Pathak, Mayur Patidar, Stan Peshterliev, Minh Quang Pham, Aritran Piplai
Xueyang Qin


Prompt:
Xueyang Qin
Lisa Raithel, Dhananjay Ram, Fanny Rancourt, Varun Nagaraj Rao, Goncalo Raposo, Avik Ray, David
Reich, David Reid, Machel Reid, Lisa Reithel, Yuanhang Ren, Tim Repke, Francisco J. Ribadas-Pena,
Mohd Sanad Zaki Rizvi, Alan da Silva Romualdo, Adam Roussel
Sougata Saha, Joy Prakash Sain, Jonne Saleva, Michael Samuels, Jivnesh Sandhan, Brenda Santana,
Twisampati Sarkar, Shiki Sato, Shoetsu Sato, Julian Moreno Schneider, Konstantin Schulz, Robert
Schwarzenberg, Nina Seemann, Sumin Seo, Amrith Setlur, Kyle Shaffer, Jahanvi Shah, Abhilash
Shankarampeta, Soumya Sharma, jianhao shen, Ming Shen, Yuqi Si, Aren Siekmeier, Alejandro Sierra,
Ishika Singh, Keshav Singh, Thoudam Doren Singh, Giovanni Siragusa, Gabriella Skitalinskaya, Reza
Sohrabi, Juhee Son, Chan-Hee Song, Sarvesh Soni, Olga Sozinova, Anirudh Srinivasan, Dominik Stamm-
bach, Peng Su, Dianbo Sui
Chaohong Tan, Hanzhuo Tan, Ling Tan, Liyan Tang, Allahsera Tapo, Aditya Srinivas Timmaraju, Orith
Toledo-Ronen, David Toms


Prompt:
Toledo-Ronen, David Toms
Sabine Ullrich
Sai Vallurupalli, vergilus, Amir Veyseh
Chengyi Wang, Hongfei Wang, JiaYi Wang, Jiexin Wang, Ke Wang, Lili Wang, Shuo Wang, Suyuchen
Wang, Thomas Wang, Yizhong Wang, Yu Wang, Zhenghailong Wang, Zhuoyi Wang, Patrick Watrin, Cyril
Weerasooriya, Qiang Wei, Zhihua Wen, Romane Werner, Taesun Whang, Di Wu, Minghao Wu, Tongtong
Wu, Xinyi Wu, Zhenghao Wu, Zhuofeng Wu
Yi Xiang, Zhiwen Xie, Benfeng Xu, Liyan Xu, Mingzhou Xu, Qingting Xu, Yan Xu
Zeyu Yan, Eugene Yang, Fan Yang, Zhengkai Yang, Zijun Yao, An-Ze Yen, Sean S. Yi, Zheng-Xin Yong,
Bokai Yu, Bowen Yu, Jianfei Yu
Karolina Zaczynska, Klim Zaporojets, Omnia Zayed, Yan Zeng, Ziqian Zeng, Li-Ming Zhan, Beibei
Zhang, Chen Zhang, Cunwang Zhang, Gong Zhang, Haode Zhang, Huibin Zhang, Mi Zhang, Songyang
xxx

Zhang, Tianlin Zhang, Tiantian Zhang, Xiao Zhang, Xudong Zhang, Xueyao Zhang, Yao Zhang, Yuji
Zhang, Yuwei Zhang, Zhengkun Zhang, Daiyan Zhao, Jinming Zhao, Shangqing Zhao, Wenlong Zhao,


Prompt:
Wenlong Zhao,
Yingxiu Zhao, Kangjie Zheng, Weihua Zheng, Lingyu Zhu, Shichao Zhu, Yaxin Zhu, Yi Zhu, Yongchun
Zhu
Outstanding Reviewers
We would also like to recognize the following outstanding reviewers.
Judit Ács, Somak Aditya, Vaibhav Adlakha, Natalie Ahn, Salah Aït-Mokhtar, Nader Akoury, Afra Feyza
Akyürek, Reinald Kim Amplayo, Mark Anderson, Jacob Andreas, Ion Androutsopoulos, Maria Antoniak,
Jun Araki, Piyush Arora, Wilker Aziz, Aparna Balagopalan, Ken Barker, Tilman Beck, Gabriel Bernier-
Colborne, Steven Bethard, Mukul Bhutani, Marcely Zanon Boito, Kaj Bostrom, Jan Botha, Florian
Boudin, Ruben Branco, Samuel Cahyawijaya, Andrew Caines, Ilias Chalkidis, Jonathan P. Chang, Mingda
Chen, Tongfei Chen, Zifeng Cheng, Emmanuele Chersoni, Simone Conia, Francesco Corcoglioniti,
Fabien Cromieres, Forrest Davis, Kalpit Dixit, Li Dong, Haim Dubossarsky, Greg Durrett, Yanai Elazar,
Thierry Etchegoyhen, Allyson Ettinger, Thibault Févry, Catherine Finegan-Dollak, Michael Flor, Anette


Prompt:
Michael Flor, Anette
Frank, Zhe Gan, Mor Geva, Dagmar Gromann, Isabel Groves, Jiaqi Guo, Nitish Gupta, Rujun Han,
David Harbecke, Hamza Harkous, Yoshihiko Hayashi, Benjamin Heinzerling, Jonathan Herzig, Zhiqi
Huang, Hyeju Jang, Kevin Jesse, Junyi Jessy Li, Harsh Jhamtani, Erik Jones, Jaap Jumelet, Giannis
Karamanolakis, Siddharth Karamcheti, Sanjeev Kumar Karn, Jungo Kasai, Julia Kreutzer, Varun Kumar,
Yi-an Lai, Yuxuan Lai, Jinhyuk Lee, Bei Li, Jing Li, Shaohua Li, Shuyang Li, Yuliang Li, Zuchao Li,
Jindˇrich Libovický, Bill Yuchen Lin, Wei Liu, Jaime Lorenzo-Trueba, Jiebo Luo, Wolfgang Macherey,
Prodromos Malakasiotis, Edison Marrese-Taylor, Yevgen Matusevych, Jonathan May, Joshua Maynez, R.
Thomas McCoy, Clara Meister, Julian Michael, Sabrina Mielke, Sewon Min, Paramita Mirza, Dipendra
Misra, Michael Mohler, Jihyung Moon, Philippe Muller, Jason Naradowsky, Tahira Naseem, Rostislav
Nedelchev, Denis Newman-Grifﬁs, Amy Olex, Naoki Otani, Lisa Raithel, Yanghui Rao, Ellen Riloff, Paul


Prompt:
Ellen Riloff, Paul
Roit, Roland Roller, Candace Ross, Josef Ruppenhofer, Koustuv Saha, Andrea Salﬁnger, Rajhans Samdani,
Sebastin Santy, Shota Sasaki, Yves Scherrer, Timo Schick, Steven Schockaert, Sebastian Schuster, Roy
Schwartz, Priyanka Sen, Soﬁa Serrano, Jurica Ševa, Peter Shaw, Qinlan Shen, Tom Sherborne, Chihiro
Shibata, Kurt Shuster, Chenglei Si, Pia Sommerauer, Yoshihiko Suhara, Alane Suhr, Aleš Tamchyna,
Christoph Teichmann, Jörg Tiedemann, Rik van Noord, Jesús Vilares, Elena Voita, Nikos Voskarides,
Joachim Wagner, Bailin Wang, Bingqing Wang, Ruibo Wang, Shuai Wang, Wen Wang, Zihao Wang, Noah
Weber, Peter West, Sarah Wiegreffe, Tomer Wolfson, Zach Wood-Doughty, Chunyang Xiao, Jingjing
Xu, Yige Xu, Chenghao Yang, Semih Yavuz, Michelle Yuan, François Yvon, Amir Zeldes, Biao Zhang,
Mengjie Zhao, Vitalii Zhelezniak, Ben Zhou, Yilun Zhou


Prompt:
Ellen Riloff, Paul
Roit, Roland Roller, Candace Ross, Josef Ruppenhofer, Koustuv Saha, Andrea Salﬁnger, Rajhans Samdani,
Sebastin Santy, Shota Sasaki, Yves Scherrer, Timo Schick, Steven Schockaert, Sebastian Schuster, Roy
Schwartz, Priyanka Sen, Soﬁa Serrano, Jurica Ševa, Peter Shaw, Qinlan Shen, Tom Sherborne, Chihiro
Shibata, Kurt Shuster, Chenglei Si, Pia Sommerauer, Yoshihiko Suhara, Alane Suhr, Aleš Tamchyna,
Christoph Teichmann, Jörg Tiedemann, Rik van Noord, Jesús Vilares, Elena Voita, Nikos Voskarides,
Joachim Wagner, Bailin Wang, Bingqing Wang, Ruibo Wang, Shuai Wang, Wen Wang, Zihao Wang, Noah
Weber, Peter West, Sarah Wiegreffe, Tomer Wolfson, Zach Wood-Doughty, Chunyang Xiao, Jingjing
Xu, Yige Xu, Chenghao Yang, Semih Yavuz, Michelle Yuan, François Yvon, Amir Zeldes, Biao Zhang,
Mengjie Zhao, Vitalii Zhelezniak, Ben Zhou, Yilun Zhou
xxxi


Prompt:
PREFACE
These
are
the
proceedings
of
the
17th
Annual
Meeting
of
the
Association for
Computational
Linguistics.
The
field
which
began
as
a
study
of mechanical
translation
has
broadened
to
include
much
more.
The
Program Committee
tried
to
have
as
many
areas
represented
here
as
possible, In
the
conference's
sessions
are
papers
on
topics
as
varied
as
speech perception,
the
formal
definition
of
knowledge
representations,
the reality
of
a
cognitive
model
of
spatial
knowledge,
and
computer-assisted dialect
adaption.
At
the
same
time,
we
have
tried
to
highlight
current trends.
So
there
are
several
papers
on
topics
like
word-driven
versus rule-driven
parsers,
graph
representations
of
knowledge,
dialogue
models, and
natural
language
access
to
databases.
Any
success
this
conference
enjoys
is
due
to
a great
deal
of
volunteer effort.
Foremost
among
the
people
who
must
be
thanked
are
Bonnie
Lynn Webber,
who
organized
the
conference,
Don
Walker,
who
handled
the
finances, and
Jim
Levin,
who
handled


Prompt:
Jim
Levin,
who
handled
local
arrangements.
I also
want
to
thank the
other
two
members
of
the
Program
Committee,
Barbara
Sangster
and Ralph
Weischedel,
and
the
president
of
the
ACL,
Ron
Kaplan.
Thanks
are
due
to
the
organlzers
of
the
La
Jolla
Conference
on
Cogni- tive
Science
and
the
Office
of
the
Conference
Coordinator
of
the
Univer- sity
of
California
at
San
Diego
for
their
cooperation.
Thanks
are
also
due
to
several
people
at
Sperry
Univac:
my
boss,
Dick Wexelblat,
who
made
my
time
available,
and
my
secretary,
Barbara
Gebhar~t, who
handled
the
typing,
mailing,
and
copying.
The
Research
Department at
Univac
also
paid
for
the
preparation
of
the
conference
advertising and
the
printing
of
these
proceedings.
Thanks
are
also
due
to
the
authors
of
these
papers
who
provide
the rationale
for
the
meeting.
Finally,
thanks
are
due
to
the
authors
of the
many
excellent
papers
who,
unfortunately,
had
to
be
turned
away
due to
llmlted
time
in
the
program.
We
hope
you
enjoy
the
conference
and
find


Prompt:
the
conference
and
find
these
proceedings
useful.
I look
forward
to
seeing
you
at
next
year's
meeting
in
Philadelphia.
Norman
K.
Sondheimer Program
Chairman
Rro~ram
Cb~r
Dr.
Norman
Sondheimer Sperry
Univac P.
O.
Box
500,
MS
203 Blue
Boll,
PA
19424
CONFERENCE
COMMITTEE
Program
Committee
Me~r~:
Dr,
Barbara
Sangster,
Rutgers
University Prof.
Bonnie
Lynn
Webber,
University
of
Pennsylvania Prof.
Ralph
Welschedel,
University
of
Delaware
Local
~ranoements
Chair
Dr.
Jim
Levln Communications
Program University
of
California at
San
Diego La
Jolla.
CA


Prompt:
the
conference
and
find
these
proceedings
useful.
I look
forward
to
seeing
you
at
next
year's
meeting
in
Philadelphia.
Norman
K.
Sondheimer Program
Chairman
Rro~ram
Cb~r
Dr.
Norman
Sondheimer Sperry
Univac P.
O.
Box
500,
MS
203 Blue
Boll,
PA
19424
CONFERENCE
COMMITTEE
Program
Committee
Me~r~:
Dr,
Barbara
Sangster,
Rutgers
University Prof.
Bonnie
Lynn
Webber,
University
of
Pennsylvania Prof.
Ralph
Welschedel,
University
of
Delaware
Local
~ranoements
Chair
Dr.
Jim
Levln Communications
Program University
of
California at
San
Diego La
Jolla.
CA
92093


Prompt:
PREFACE
These
are
the
proceedings
of
the
18th
Annual
Meeting
of
the
Association
for Computational
Linguistics.
They
contain
both
the
papers
contributed
to
the
annual conference
and
the
position
papers
from
the
participants
in
the
special
parasession on
Topics
in
Interactive
Discourse.
This
year
s conference
features
a
session
on improving
the
robustness
of
natural
language
understanding
systems.
Also
noteworthy is
the
mixture
of
applied
and
theoretical
studies,
and
the
number
of
subdisciplines that
have
contributed
to
the
meeting.
The
parasession
addresses
specific
issues
in interactive
systems.
Individual
panels
look
at
the
influence
of
th~
social
and
task contexts.
One
panel
considers
future
prospects.
Thanks
are
due
to
a
large
number
of
people.
Gary
Hendrix
organized
and
chaired
the program
committee,
and,
with
help
from
Don
Walker,
oversaw
the
production
of
the Call-for-Papers
and
the
Advance
Program.
They
received
excellent
secretarial
support from
Jane
Perry.
Bonnie
Lynn


Prompt:
Jane
Perry.
Bonnie
Lynn
Webber
originated
the
idea
for
the
parasession
and brought
it
into
existence.
Both
Bonnie
and
Gary
were
ably
assisted
by
their respective
committees.
Kathy
McKeown
arranged
the
facilities
for
the
meeting
and handled
the
registration.
Financial
support
came
Erom
four
sources.
The
Office
of
Naval
Research,
Information Systems
Division
provided
support
for
the
parasession
under
a grant
to
the
University of
Pennsylvania
(ONR
Grant
NR049-458).
SRI
International
produced
the Call-for-Papers
and
the
Advanced
Program
and
supported
the
secretarial
expenses
of the
program
committee.
Sperry
Univac
produced
these
proceedings.
The
Department
of Computer
and
Information
Science
of
the
University
of
Pennsylvania
provided
partial support
for
the
conference
banquet
and
local
arrangements.
Thanks
are
due
to
the
authors
and
panelists
whose
research
is
the
theme
of
this meeting.
Wholehearted
thanks
are
also
due
to
the
individuals
whose
submissions
could not
be
accepted
because
of


Prompt:
be
accepted
because
of
the
conference's
limited
schedule.
Finally,
thanks
are due
to
you,
whose
interest
in
the
conference
provides
its
essential
motivation.
I hope
you
find
the
meeting
and
these
proceedings
useful.
Norman
K.
Sondheimer Conference
Organizer
Pro@ram
Gary
Hendrix,
Chair Charles
Fillmore Jane
Robinson Ivan
Sag Henry
Thompson Robert
Wilensky
CONFERENCE
COMMITTEES
Parasession
Bonnie
Lynn
Webber,
Organizer Barbara
Grosz Jerry
Hobbs
Local
Arrangements
Kathleen


Prompt:
be
accepted
because
of
the
conference's
limited
schedule.
Finally,
thanks
are due
to
you,
whose
interest
in
the
conference
provides
its
essential
motivation.
I hope
you
find
the
meeting
and
these
proceedings
useful.
Norman
K.
Sondheimer Conference
Organizer
Pro@ram
Gary
Hendrix,
Chair Charles
Fillmore Jane
Robinson Ivan
Sag Henry
Thompson Robert
Wilensky
CONFERENCE
COMMITTEES
Parasession
Bonnie
Lynn
Webber,
Organizer Barbara
Grosz Jerry
Hobbs
Local
Arrangements
Kathleen
McKeown


Prompt:
PREFACE
This
volume
is
the
official
record
of
the
proceedings
of
the
19th Annual
Meeting
of
the
Association
for
Computational
Linguistics, held
on
the
campus
of
Stanford
University,
from
June
29
to
July i,
1981.
It
contains
both
the
refereed
papers
presented
at
the meeting
and
the
position
statements
of
the
participants
to
the two
invited
panels,
the
first
on
the
evaluation
of
natural language
interfaces
to
databases,
and
the
second
on
parsing.
The
conference
is
the
result
of
the
efforts
of
many
individuals and
institutions,
all
of
whom
get
my
thanks
and
those
of
the Association.
The
program
committee
consisted
of
Chip
Bruce, Jaime
Carbonell,
Mitch
Marcus,
Ellen
Prince,
Ralph
Weischedel, and
myself.
Jane
Robinson
and
Norman
Sondheimer
organized
the panels.
Norman
also
oversaw
the
production
of
these
proceedings. Jerry
Kaplan
handled
the
local
arrangements.
Don
Walker
produced the
Call
for
Papers
and
the
Advanced
Program,
and
was
always available
to
make
sure
the
rest
of
us
didn't


Prompt:
sure
the
rest
of
us
didn't
forget
what
to
do next.
I
could
never
have
undertaken
to
be
program
chairman
without
the support
I
received
from
my
hosts,
SRI
International
and
Bolt Beranek
and
Newman,
Inc.,
while
I was
on
sabbatical
from
the University
of
Toronto.
My
special
thanks
go
to
Jane
Perry
of
SRI and
Beverly
Tobiason
of
BBN
for
their
secretarial
assistance.
Financial
assistance
came
from
several
sources.
SRI International
produced
the
Call
for
Papers
and
the
Advanced Program.
Bolt
Beranek
and
Newman
provided
secretarial
support
to the
program
committee.
Sperry
Univac
produced
the
proceedings. The
Department
of
Computer
Science
at
Stanford
provided
support for
the
local
arrangements.
Most
importantly,
thanks
to
all
who
took
the
time
to
write
and submit
papers.
Particular
thanks
go
to
those
whose
submissions could
not
be
accommodated
in
our
limited
schedule.
Finally, thanks
to
those
who
in
these
days
of
soaring
transportation
costs attended
the
meeting.
You
make
it
all
worthwhile.


Prompt:
You
make
it
all
worthwhile.
C.
Raymond
Per
fault Program
Chairman


Prompt:
You
make
it
all
worthwhile.
C.
Raymond
Per
fault Program
Chairman
i


Prompt:
PREFACE
These
proceedings
contain
both
the
papers
that
were
contributed
to
the
20th
annual
meeting
of
the
Association
for
Computational
Linguistics
and
the
position
papers
from
the
invited
panelists.
It
has
become
traditional
for
the
ACL
meeting
to
present
material
all
along
the
spectrum
of
applied
and
theoretical
work;
this
meeting
is no
exception.
The
topic
areas
include
computational
semantics,
knowledge
representation,
data
base
interfaces,
language
generation,
acquisition
of
syntactic
rules,
and
the
understanding
of
ungrammatical
(or
otherwise
non-standard)
input.
This
great
breadth
illustrates
how
much
the
field
has
grown
in
the
two
decades
of
ACL's
existence.
To
celebrate
the
beginning
of
our
third
decade,
this
year's
program
includes
a panel
composed
of
past
presidents
of
the
ACL;
it is hoped
that
their
reflections
will
provide
a perspective
from
which
the
future
can
be
viewed
realistically
but
with
optimism.
Two
other
panels
touch
upon
one
of
the
current
"hot
topics"
in


Prompt:
the
current
"hot
topics"
in
computational
linguistics
(natural
language
interfaces
to
data
bases)
and
one
of
the
areas
we
anticipate
will
become
"hot"
in
the
very
near
future
(non-normative
systems).
The
panel
chairmen,
Don
Walker,
Bob
Moore,
and
Mitch
Marcus,
are
to
be
commended
on
their
selection
of
panelists
and
on
their
formulation
of
the
issues
the
panelists
will
address.
The
Program
Committee
consisted
of
Madeleine
Bates
(Bolt
Beranek
and
Newman),
Jonathan
Allen
(MIT),
Robert
Berwick
(MIT),
Barbara
Grosz
(SRI
International),
Chris
Riesbeck
(Yale),
and
Stuart
Shapiro
(SUNY
Buffalo).
The
committee
evaluated
43
papers
that
were
submitted
to
the
conference.
The
selection
of
a final
program
is
always
a difficult
process,
but
we
believe
that
this
year's
program
continues
the
ACL's
tradition
of
excellence.
Special
thanks
go
to
all
those
who
submitted
papers
to
the
conference.
The
continuing
success
of
our
meetings
is due
to
the
effort
of
numerous
volunteers
who
accept
responsibilities


Prompt:
who
accept
responsibilities
and
discharge
then
with
good
will.
In
particular,
this
year,
Ray
Perrault
managed
the
local
arrangements
for
the
meeting,
Don
Walker
saw
to
it that
the
call
for
papers,
the
program
announcement,
and
the
proceedings
all
got
produced
and
distributed
(no
small
task!),
and
Jane
Robinson
kept
everything
under
control.
Madeleine
Bates
Program
Chair
°.° ° I!1


Prompt:
who
accept
responsibilities
and
discharge
then
with
good
will.
In
particular,
this
year,
Ray
Perrault
managed
the
local
arrangements
for
the
meeting,
Don
Walker
saw
to
it that
the
call
for
papers,
the
program
announcement,
and
the
proceedings
all
got
produced
and
distributed
(no
small
task!),
and
Jane
Robinson
kept
everything
under
control.
Madeleine
Bates
Program
Chair
°.° ° I!1
°


Prompt:
PREFACE
This
volume
provides
a record
of
the
proceedings
of
the
21st
Annual
Meeting
of
the
Association
for
Computational
Linguistics,
held
at
the
Massachusetts
Institute
of
Technology
from
15
to
18
J,-~
1983.
It contains
both
the
refereed
papers
presented
at
the
meeting,
and
written
versions
of
two
of
the
three
invited
talks
given
there.
As
a reflection
of
continuing
growth
and
specialization
within
computational
linguistics,
the
program
committee
felt
that
several
intellectual
developments
of
potentially
wide
interest
require
some
introduction
for
non-specialists.
We
invited
the
authors
of
submitted
papers
in
two
of
these
areas
to
give
instead
more
extensive
presentations
with
more
tutorial
content,
and
they
kindly
accepted
our
invitations.
The
meeting
included
an
invited
talk
by
David
Israel
on
computational
implications
of
Barwise
and
Perry's
newly
emergent
theory
of
situation
semantics
and
a tutorial
overview
by
Mark
Liberman
on
the
new
round
of
applications
of
techniques
from


Prompt:
of
techniques
from
artificial
intelligence
and
computational
linguistics
to
low-level
speech
analysis
and
phonetically-based
speech
recognition
(not
included
in
the
proceedings).
The
sole
panel
discussion
at
the
meeting
is closely
linked
to
a set
of
papers
which
are
part
of
a new
wave
of
work
focusing
on
the
computational
complexity
of
various
grammatical
formalisms
and
on
the
relevance
of
such
analyses.
The
program
committee
felt
the
differing
views
expressed
in
these
papers
strongly
invited
wider
discussion.
Ray
Perrault
organized
a panel
on
these
topics,
and
set
the
stage
with
a tutorial
prese.nting
relevant
formal
underpinnings
and
historical
background.
Particular
thanks
are
due
him
for
taking
on
this
dual
responsibility
in
addition
to
his
other
extensive
duties
at
the
meeting.
As
chair,
I would
to
thank
the
rest
of
the
program
committee:
Phil
Cohen
(Fairchild),
Lauri
Karttunen
(University
of
Texas),
Bill
Mann
(USC/ISI),
Robert
Moore
(SRI
International),
Ann
Robinson
(Symantec),


Prompt:
Ann
Robinson
(Symantec),
and
Robert
Wilensky
(University
of
California,
Berkeley).
Every
member
of
the
committee
read
and
evaluated
each
of
the
04
papers
submitted
to
the
conference.
The
selection
of
final
papers
is always
difficult;
this
year
was
no
exception.
Thanks
to
all
those
who
took
the
time
and
effort
to
submit
papers
to
the
conference;
particular
thanks
go
to
those
whose
submissions
could
not
be
accommodated
due
to
the
time
limits
of
the
meeting.
The
support
and
assistance
of
a number
of
people
were
instrumental
in
organizing
this
con-
ference.
Don
Walker
produced
the
Call
for
Papers,
the
Advance
Program,
and
the
Proceedings
(!),
and
generally
made
sure
things
were
on
track.
Jon
Allen,
assisted
by
Judy
Sobel,
was
responsible
for
local
arrangements
for
the
meeting,
including
coordinating
the
demonstrations.
Ray
Perrault
provided
counsel
every
step
of
the
way,
in
addition
to
his
direct
contributions
to
the
program.
I
myself
owe
special
thanks
to
June
Fostik
of
Bell
Labs
for


Prompt:
June
Fostik
of
Bell
Labs
for
secretarial
and
organizational
assistance:
her
help
was
invaluable.
Several
institutions
provided
a~sistance;
their
contribution
should
be
acknowledged.
SRI
Inter-
national's
facilities
were
used
to
produce
the
Call
for
Papers,
the
Advanced
Program,
and
these
Proceedings.
Bell
Labs
provided
clerical
and
secretarial
support
to
the
program
committee.
MIT
provided
support
for
local
arrangements.
And
finally,
thanks
to
the
people
attending
the
meeting.
Without
their
presence,
much
of
this
effort
would
lose
its
meaning.
Mitch
Marcus
Chair,
Program
Committee
- 111


Prompt:
June
Fostik
of
Bell
Labs
for
secretarial
and
organizational
assistance:
her
help
was
invaluable.
Several
institutions
provided
a~sistance;
their
contribution
should
be
acknowledged.
SRI
Inter-
national's
facilities
were
used
to
produce
the
Call
for
Papers,
the
Advanced
Program,
and
these
Proceedings.
Bell
Labs
provided
clerical
and
secretarial
support
to
the
program
committee.
MIT
provided
support
for
local
arrangements.
And
finally,
thanks
to
the
people
attending
the
meeting.
Without
their
presence,
much
of
this
effort
would
lose
its
meaning.
Mitch
Marcus
Chair,
Program
Committee
- 111
-


Prompt:
PREFACE
I hope
you
like
the
programme;
I do
personally,
and
look
forward
to
hearing
many
of
the
papers,
even
those
I disagree
with.
There
has
been
a lot
of
effort
behind
the
production
of
what
you
see,
and
enormous
thanks
are
due
to
the
large
committee
of
40
distinguished
persons
who
gave
a great
deal
of
time
to
review
a large
field
quickly.
The
method
used
was
more
akin
to
that
of
previous
COLING
meetings
than
of
ACL
ones,
but
I think
it has
yielded
a programme
as
interesting
as
those
produced
by
more
strenuous
methods.
I also
owe
a special
personal
word
of
thanks
to
my
back-up
team
at
Essex
who
coped
with
the
dog
work
while
staying
in
touch
with
me
during
a year
away
in
Australia
and
Costa
Rica.
I now
have
much
unwanted
experience
on
the
relative
virtues
of
nets,
telex,
phones
and
mail
in
a
range
of
countries.
Another
especial
personal
word
of
thanks
is
due
Don
Walker,
who
was
officially
ACL
liaison,
but
in
fact
much
more.
I hope,
then,
that
you
will
enjoy
and
profit
from
the


Prompt:
enjoy
and
profit
from
the
programme
and
find
the
national,
continental,
linguistic
and
gender
balance
to
your
taste.
If not,
remember
how
little
of
it was
really
under
our
control.
! hope,
too,
that
the
no-chair
sessions
will
cause
you
no
problems
of
novelty
or
insecurity.
The
method
is
now
well
established
in
the
United
States,
and
I think
of
it as
just
a form
of
self-organization
and
common
sense.
Yorick
Wilks
The
International
Committee
on
Computational
Linguistics
Bernard
Vauquois
(chairman),
David
Hays
(honorary
member),
Eva
Hajicova,
Brian
Harris,
Kolbj0rn
Heggstad,
Martin
Kay,
Hans
Karlgren,
Olga
Kulagina,
Makoto
Nagao,
Guy
Rondeau,
Helmut
Schnelle,
Petr
Sgall,
Hiroshi
Wada,
Don
Walker,
Yorick
Wilks,
Antonio
Zampolli
The
Executive
Committee
of
the
Association
for
Computational
Linguistics
Mar(ha
W.
Evens
(President),
Lance
A.
Miller
(Vice
President),
Donald
E.
Walker
(Secretary-Treasurer),
Lauri
J.
Karttunen,
Ralph
M.
Weischedel,
Mitchell
Marcus,
James
Allen
(AJCL
Editor),


Prompt:
James
Allen
(AJCL
Editor),
Aravind
Joshi
(SNLP
Editor).
Officers
of the
European
Chapter
of the
Association
for
Computational
Linguistics
Eva
Haji~ovd(Chair),
Harold
L.
Somers
(Secretary),
Michael
Rosner,
(Treasurer),
Hubert
Lehmann,
Remko
J. Scha,
Benny
Brodda.
Coling
Reviewers
Jonathan
Allen,
Jaime
Carbonnell,
Gerald
Gazdar,
Barbara
Grosz,
Eva
Hajicova,
Brian
Harris,
George
Heidorn,
Roderick
Johnson,
Aravind
Joshi,
Ronald
Kaplan,
Hans
Karlgren,
Martin
Kay,
Margaret
King,
Richard
Kittredge,
Vutaka
Kusanagi,
Jan
Landsbergen,
Wendy
Lehnert,
William
Mann,
Makato
Nagao,
Raymond
Perrauit,
Stanley
Petrick,
Stephen
Pulman,
Christopher
Riesbeck,
Graeme
Ritchie,
Jane
Robinson,
Guy
Rondeau,
Helmut
Schnelle,
Petr
Sgail,
Candace
Sidner,
Karen
Sparck
Jones,
Bernard
Vauquois,
Walther
yon
Hahn,
Wolfgang
Wahlster,
Hiroshi
Wada,
Donald
Walker,
Bonnie
Webber,
Ralph
Weischedel,
Sho
Yoshida,
Antonio
Zampolli


Prompt:
James
Allen
(AJCL
Editor),
Aravind
Joshi
(SNLP
Editor).
Officers
of the
European
Chapter
of the
Association
for
Computational
Linguistics
Eva
Haji~ovd(Chair),
Harold
L.
Somers
(Secretary),
Michael
Rosner,
(Treasurer),
Hubert
Lehmann,
Remko
J. Scha,
Benny
Brodda.
Coling
Reviewers
Jonathan
Allen,
Jaime
Carbonnell,
Gerald
Gazdar,
Barbara
Grosz,
Eva
Hajicova,
Brian
Harris,
George
Heidorn,
Roderick
Johnson,
Aravind
Joshi,
Ronald
Kaplan,
Hans
Karlgren,
Martin
Kay,
Margaret
King,
Richard
Kittredge,
Vutaka
Kusanagi,
Jan
Landsbergen,
Wendy
Lehnert,
William
Mann,
Makato
Nagao,
Raymond
Perrauit,
Stanley
Petrick,
Stephen
Pulman,
Christopher
Riesbeck,
Graeme
Ritchie,
Jane
Robinson,
Guy
Rondeau,
Helmut
Schnelle,
Petr
Sgail,
Candace
Sidner,
Karen
Sparck
Jones,
Bernard
Vauquois,
Walther
yon
Hahn,
Wolfgang
Wahlster,
Hiroshi
Wada,
Donald
Walker,
Bonnie
Webber,
Ralph
Weischedel,
Sho
Yoshida,
Antonio
Zampolli
iii


Prompt:
P R E F A C E
The
conference
program
and
organization
have
been
created
through
the
efforts
of
a large
number
of
people
who
have
given
generously
of
their
time
and
talents.
I
especially
thank
the
program
committee:
Applications
Panel:
rim
Finin
Ralph
Grishman
Beatrice
Oshika
Gary
Simons
Jonathan
Slocum
Theory
Panel:
Robert
Amsler
Rusty
Bobrow
Daniel
Chester
Phil
Cohen
Ivan
,Sag
University
of
Pennsylvania
New
York
University
System
Development
Corporation
Summer
Institute
of
Linguistics
Microelectronics
and
Computer
Technology
Corporation
Bell
Communications
Research
Bolt
Beranek
and
Newman
University
of
Delaware
SRI
International
Stanford
University
Other
energetic
contributors
include
Martha
Evens
and
Victor
Yngve,
who
have
made
it
posmble
to
meet
at
the
University
of
Chicago;
Carole
Hafner,
who
has
put
to-
gether
a marvelous
collection
of
exhibits
and
demonstrations;
Lisa
Trentham,
who
has
facilitated
the
necessary
communication
in
a
hundred
ways;
and
Norm
Sondheimer
and
Don


Prompt:
and
Norm
Sondheimer
and
Don
Walker.
whose
experience
and
energy
have
kept
the
whole
process
on
course.
Now
we
can
all
benefit
from
their
generosity.
William
C.
Mann
Chair,
Program
Committee
t


Prompt:
and
Norm
Sondheimer
and
Don
Walker.
whose
experience
and
energy
have
kept
the
whole
process
on
course.
Now
we
can
all
benefit
from
their
generosity.
William
C.
Mann
Chair,
Program
Committee
t
i i i


Prompt:
P R E F A C E
This
volume
is
the
official
record
of
the
Twenty-Fourth
Annual
Meeting
of
the
Association
for
Computational
Linguistics.
It
contains
abstracts
for
the
tu-
torials
and
panels
as
well
as
the
texts
of
the
presented
papers.
Such
a meeting
can
be
a success
only
through
the
efforts
of
a large
number
of
people.
We
are
first
indebted
to
the
very
many
authors
who
submitted
papers.
While
the
great
majority
of
them
reported
important
work,
only
a third
could
be
included
in
the
program.
We
are
also
indebted
to
the
members
of
the
Program
Committee
who
helped
make
the
difficult
decisions:
Kenneth
W.
Church
Michael
Dyer
Carole
D.
Hafner
George
E.
Heidorn
David
D.
McDonald
Fernando
C.
N.
Pereira
Candace
L.
Sidner
John
S.
White
A T8~
T Bell
Laboratories
University
of
California
at
Los
Angeles
Northeastern
University
IBM
T.J.
Watson
Research
Center
University
of
Massachusetts
SRI
International
BBN
Laboratories
Siemens
Information
Systems
In
addition,
much
credit
goes
to
Bruce
W.
Ballard


Prompt:
goes
to
Bruce
W.
Ballard
who
organized
the
tutorial
sessions
and
to
Ralph
Grishman
and
Cecile
Paris
who
organized
the
demonstra-
tions
and
exhibits.
On
administrative
matters,
Don
Walker
published
the
Call
for
Papers
and
this
Proceedings,
sent
out
the
advertisements
and
registration
packets,
and
han-
dled
countless
other
problems
that
most
of
us
never
knew
existed.
Kathy
McKeown
and
Cecile
Paris
were
in
charge
of
the
huge
task
of
local
arrangements.
I am
also
grateful
to
the
Department
of
Computer
Science
at
Duke
University
which
provided
extensive
secretarial
support
for
my
correspondence
and
organiza-
tional
activities.
Alan
W.
Biermann,
Duke
University
Chair,
Program
Committee


Prompt:
goes
to
Bruce
W.
Ballard
who
organized
the
tutorial
sessions
and
to
Ralph
Grishman
and
Cecile
Paris
who
organized
the
demonstra-
tions
and
exhibits.
On
administrative
matters,
Don
Walker
published
the
Call
for
Papers
and
this
Proceedings,
sent
out
the
advertisements
and
registration
packets,
and
han-
dled
countless
other
problems
that
most
of
us
never
knew
existed.
Kathy
McKeown
and
Cecile
Paris
were
in
charge
of
the
huge
task
of
local
arrangements.
I am
also
grateful
to
the
Department
of
Computer
Science
at
Duke
University
which
provided
extensive
secretarial
support
for
my
correspondence
and
organiza-
tional
activities.
Alan
W.
Biermann,
Duke
University
Chair,
Program
Committee
III


Prompt:
PREFACE
The
Twenty-Fifth
Annual
Meeting
of
the
Association
for
Computational
Linguistics
offers
the
membership
a chance
to
acknowledge
and
benefit
from
the
wide
range
of
developments
in
compu-
tational
linguistics
in
the
past
several
years.
The
papers
in
the
program
reflect
the
growing
in-
teraction
between
computational
linguists
trained
in
information
processing
approaches
and
those
trained
in
linguistic
disciplines.
At
the
same
time
the
program's
papers
report
on
new
developments
in
many
areas
of
computational
linguistics
that
are
now
the
forefront
of
research
in
our
field.
Because
of
the
exponentially
increasing
number
of
papers
submitted
this
year,
the
committee
chose
to
reduce
the
number
of
panels
and
invited
talks
in
favor
of
accepting
additional
papers.
The
panel
on
Directions
for
Natural
Language
Processing
will
provide
the
membership
with
a
chance
to
assess
current
developments
in
the
field
and
their
potential
for
the
next
several
years.
The
invited
talk
on
Speech
Act


Prompt:
invited
talk
on
Speech
Act
Theory
will
update
the
membership
in
depth
on
one
part
of
our
field
that
shows
special
promise
for
natural
language
processing.
At
the
same
time,
this
year's
tutorials
have
been
planned
to
provide
the
membership
with
lectures
in
areas
of
computational
linguistics
that
complement
those
being
studied
during
the
courses
at
the
1987
Linguistic
Insti-
tute
at
Stanford
University.
The
Public
Forum
on
Evaluating
Natural
Language
Systems
is
a
special
part
of
this
year's
program.
It
permits
all
of
the
membership
to
participate
in
the
examination
of
a set
of
issues
that
are
pressing
to
every
one
in
the
community,
no
matter
what
their
particular
specialty
may
be.
It
is
my
hope
that
this
forum
will
further
research
and
practical
measures
on
evaluating
all
aspects
of
natural
language
systems.
The
forum
is
also
an
experiment
in
programming
for
an
an-
nual
meeting
because
of
its
unusual
scheduling
structure.
This
year's
meeting
is
the
product
of
a number
of
members'


Prompt:
of
a number
of
members'
talent,
time
and
hard
work
(in
all
combinations
of
those
terms!).
I am
indebted
to
the
Program
Committee
for
their
contribu-
tions
to
the
content
of
the
program.
It
is
no
small
task
to
read
and
understand
the
large
number
of
papers
submitted,
and
the
committee
covered
the
papers
with
great
care.
My
thanks
to
them:
Robert
Berwick,
Massachusetts
Institute
of
Technology;
Julia
Hirschberg,
AT&T
Bell
Labora-
tories;
Aravind
Joshi,
University
of
Pennsylvania;
Janet
Kolodner,
Georgia
Institute
of
Technolo-
gy;
Paul
Martin,
SRI
International;
Kathleen
McKeown,
Columbia
University;
James
Meehan,
Cognitive
Systems
Inc.;
Sergei
Nirenberg,
Carnegie-Mellon
University;
Martha
Palmer,
UNISYS;
C.
Raymond
Perrault,
SRI
International.
Special
thanks
to
Dan
Flickenger,
Hewlett-Packard
Laboratories,
and
Jerry
Hobbs,
SRI
International,
for
organizing
the
Forum
on
Evaluating
Natural
Language
Systems.
I also
wish
to
express
my
appreciation
to
Hewlett-Packard,
Inc.
for
sponsoring
the


Prompt:
Inc.
for
sponsoring
the
reception
following
the
Forum.
This
year's
annual
meeting
could
not
have
taken
place
without
the
organizational
talents
and
energy
of
several
ACL
members,
in
particular
Douglas
Appelt
of
SRI
International
who
was
responsible
for
local
arrangements,
Paul
Martin
of
SRI
International
who
organized
the
exhibits
program,
and
Joyce
Friedman
of
Boston
University
who
put
together
the
Tutorials
Program.
Bill
Mann,
USC/Information
Sciences
Institute,
the
ACL
President,
has
provided
me
with
useful
advice
on
many
aspects
of
the
program.
Ivan
Sag,
Stanford
University,
was
particularly
helpful
in
co-ordinating
this
year's
meeting
with
the
1987
Linguistic
Institute.
I also
want
to
ack-
nowledge
the
special
assistance
of
my
secretary,
Rachel
Moser,
for
invaluable
organizational
and
secretarial
help
with
the
papers
submitted.
I wish
to
extend
a very
special
thanks
to
Don
Walker,
Bell
Communications
Research,
the
ACL
Secretary-Treasurer.
Until
I became
program
chair,
I was


Prompt:
program
chair,
I was
unaware
of
just
how
much
effort
Don
invests
at
every
stage
of
the
meeting,
from
advertising
the
Call
for
Papers
to
publishing
the
schedule
and
registration
information
for
the
meeting
to
producing
the
Proceedings
(as
well
as
much,
much
more).
This
meeting
could
not
have
taken
place
without
him.
Candy
Sidner,
BBN
Laboratories
Chair,
Program
Committee


Prompt:
program
chair,
I was
unaware
of
just
how
much
effort
Don
invests
at
every
stage
of
the
meeting,
from
advertising
the
Call
for
Papers
to
publishing
the
schedule
and
registration
information
for
the
meeting
to
producing
the
Proceedings
(as
well
as
much,
much
more).
This
meeting
could
not
have
taken
place
without
him.
Candy
Sidner,
BBN
Laboratories
Chair,
Program
Committee
iii


Prompt:
P R E F A C E
This
volume
is
comprised
of
the
papers
presented
at
the
Twenty-Sixth
Annual
Meeting
of
the
Association
for
Computational
Linguistics.
Over
the
years,
this
meeting
has
come
to
be
the
forum
at
which
some
of
the
newest
and
most
exciting
work
is
first
presented,
and
this
year
is
no
exception.
It
is,
of
course,
the
authors
of
the
papers
who
are
most
responsible
for
this
and
who
ensure
the
success
of
the
meeting.
We
all
owe
them
our
gratitude,
as
we
do
to
all
those
who
submitted
papers
which
unfortunately
could
not
be
included
in
the
program.
I am
personally
very
pleased
at
the
high
quality
of
the
papers
we
had
to
choose
among.
We
are
also
indebted
to
the
members
of
the
Program
Committee,
who
devoted
a great
deal
of
time
and
effort
to
coming
to
these
difficult
decisions.
They
are
Jared
Bernstein,
SRI
Interna-
tional;
Roy
Byrd,
IBM
T.J.
Watson
Research
Center;
Sandra
Carberry,
University
of
Delaware;
Eugene
Charniak,
Brown
University;
Raymonde
Guindon,
MCC;
Lynette


Prompt:
Guindon,
MCC;
Lynette
Hirschmann,
Unisys;
Karen
Jensen,
IBM
T.J.
Watson
Research
Center;
Lauri
Karttunnen,
Xerox
PARC;
William
Rounds,
University
of
Michigan;
Ralph
Weischedel,
BBN
Laboratories;
and
Robert
Wilensky,
University
of
California
at
Berkeley.
In
addition
much
credit
goes
to
William
J.
Rapaport
who
has
been
in
charge
of
the
huge
task
of
local
arrangements,
to
Lynda
Spahr
who
organized
the
demonstrations
and
exhibits
as
well
as
providing
major
support
for
local
arrangements,
to
Ralph
Grishman
who
organized
the
tutorial
sessions,
and
to
Mae
Jones
for
her
extensive
secretarial
help.
I would
also
like
to
thank
Dedre
Gentner
who
agreed
to
give
the
invited
lecture.
Perhaps
most
of
all
I would
like
to
express
my
gratitude
to
Don
Walker,
who
published
the
Call
for
Papers
and
this
Proceedings,
sent
out
the
advertisements
and
registration
packets,
and
in
general,
this
year
as
in
past
years,
has
kept
the
Association
for
Computational
Linguistics
to-
gether
and
operational.
We
owe
our


Prompt:
and
operational.
We
owe
our
gratitude
as
well
to
Betty
Walker,
who
does
more
for
the
organization
and
its
meetings
than
any
of
us
know.
Jerry
Hobbs,
SRI
International
Chair,
Program
Committee
A C K N O W L E D
G E M E N T S
The
organizations
listed
below
have
contributed
to
conference
in
a variety
of
ways;
the
ACL
is
particularly
indebted
to
Bill
Rapaport
for
the
effectiveness
of
his
elicitations.
Barrister
Infor-
mation
Systems
Corporation;
Calspan
Corporation;
Calspan-UB
Research
Center;
Erie
Commun-
ity
College,
City
Campus;
IBM
Corporation;
Northeast
Artificial
Intelligence
Consortium;
SUNY
Buffalo
Conferences
in
the
Disciplines;
SUNY
Buffalo
Department
of
Computer
Science;
SUNY
Buffalo
Department
of
Linguistics;
SUNY
Buffalo
Faculty
of
Natural
Sciences
and
Mathematics;
SUNY
Buffalo
Faculty
of
Social
Sciences;
SUNY
Buffalo
Graduate
&
Research
Initiative
in
Cogni-
tive
and
Linguistic
Sciences;
SUNY
Buffalo
Graduate
Group
in
Cognitive
Science.


Prompt:
and
operational.
We
owe
our
gratitude
as
well
to
Betty
Walker,
who
does
more
for
the
organization
and
its
meetings
than
any
of
us
know.
Jerry
Hobbs,
SRI
International
Chair,
Program
Committee
A C K N O W L E D
G E M E N T S
The
organizations
listed
below
have
contributed
to
conference
in
a variety
of
ways;
the
ACL
is
particularly
indebted
to
Bill
Rapaport
for
the
effectiveness
of
his
elicitations.
Barrister
Infor-
mation
Systems
Corporation;
Calspan
Corporation;
Calspan-UB
Research
Center;
Erie
Commun-
ity
College,
City
Campus;
IBM
Corporation;
Northeast
Artificial
Intelligence
Consortium;
SUNY
Buffalo
Conferences
in
the
Disciplines;
SUNY
Buffalo
Department
of
Computer
Science;
SUNY
Buffalo
Department
of
Linguistics;
SUNY
Buffalo
Faculty
of
Natural
Sciences
and
Mathematics;
SUNY
Buffalo
Faculty
of
Social
Sciences;
SUNY
Buffalo
Graduate
&
Research
Initiative
in
Cogni-
tive
and
Linguistic
Sciences;
SUNY
Buffalo
Graduate
Group
in
Cognitive
Science.
iii


Prompt:
PREFACE
This
volume
contains
papers
prepared
for
the
Twenty-Seventh
Annual
Meeting
of
the
Association
for
Computational
Linguistics,
held
26-29
June
1989
at
the
University
of
British
Columbia
in
Vancouver.
The
authors
of
these
papers-and
of
the
abstracts
we
could
not
include
in
the
program--deserve
sincere
thanks.
Thanks
also
to
James
Allen,
Mark
Liberman,
and
Emmanuel
Schegloff,
for
presenting
invited
talks;
to
Don
Walker,
for
organizing
the
panel
on
"Computational
Linguistics
and
the
Humanities";
and
to
Jared
Bemstein,
Aravind
Joshi,
Patti
Price,
Richard
Sproat,
Michael
Tanenhaus,
K.
Vijay-Shanker,
and
David
Weir
for
presenting
tutorials.
A
number
of
people
worked
behind
the
scenes
to
make
this
program
possible
and
deserve
recognition.
Very
special
thanks
go
to
the
members
of
the
program
committee,
who
performed
the
herculean
task
of
reading
and
commenting
on
a record
number
of
submissions:
Joyce
Friedman,
Boston
University;
Barbara
Grosz,
Harvard
University;
Robert
Kasper,


Prompt:
University;
Robert
Kasper,
University
of
Southern
California,
Information
Sciences
Institute;
Richard
Kittredge,
Universitd
de
Montreal
and
Odyssey
Research
Associates;
Beth
Levin,
Northwestern
University;
Steve
Lytinen,
University
of
Michigan;
Len
Schubert,
University
of
Rochester;,
Martha
Palmer,
Unisys;
Femando
Pereira,
SRI
International;
Carl
Pollard,
Carnegie-Mellon
University;
Mark
Steedman,
University
of
Pennsylvania.
Thanks
also
to
Richard
Rosenberg
for
handling
local
arrangements
and
exhibits;
to
Martha
Pollack
for
arranging
tutorials;
to
Candy
Sidner
for
much
good
advice;
and
to
Esperanza
Plata
for
invaluable
secretarial
help.
Finally,
deepest
thanks
to
Don
Walker
for
providing
the
historical
continuity
and
the
enormous
amount
of
hard
work
that
make
ACL
function
and
to
Betty
Walker
for
helping
him
in
this
enterprise.
Once
again,
the
community
is in
their
debt.
Julia
Hirschberg,
AT&T
Bell
Laboratories
Program
Chair


Prompt:
University;
Robert
Kasper,
University
of
Southern
California,
Information
Sciences
Institute;
Richard
Kittredge,
Universitd
de
Montreal
and
Odyssey
Research
Associates;
Beth
Levin,
Northwestern
University;
Steve
Lytinen,
University
of
Michigan;
Len
Schubert,
University
of
Rochester;,
Martha
Palmer,
Unisys;
Femando
Pereira,
SRI
International;
Carl
Pollard,
Carnegie-Mellon
University;
Mark
Steedman,
University
of
Pennsylvania.
Thanks
also
to
Richard
Rosenberg
for
handling
local
arrangements
and
exhibits;
to
Martha
Pollack
for
arranging
tutorials;
to
Candy
Sidner
for
much
good
advice;
and
to
Esperanza
Plata
for
invaluable
secretarial
help.
Finally,
deepest
thanks
to
Don
Walker
for
providing
the
historical
continuity
and
the
enormous
amount
of
hard
work
that
make
ACL
function
and
to
Betty
Walker
for
helping
him
in
this
enterprise.
Once
again,
the
community
is in
their
debt.
Julia
Hirschberg,
AT&T
Bell
Laboratories
Program
Chair
iii


Prompt:
PREFACE
This
volume
contains
the
papers
presented
at
the
28th
Annual
Meeting
of
the
Association
for
Computational
Linguistics.
Every
year
it
seems
that
the
task
of
picking
the
best
papers
out
of
hundreds
of
exciting
and
new
papers
becomes
more
and
more
difficult.
As
a
community,
we
should
thank
all
these
authors
who
submitted
papers
of
such
high
quality,
whether
their
papers
were
accepted
or
not,
for
it is they
who
make
the
meeting
possible
and
set
its
high
standards.
Of
course,
that
means
that
we
are
indebted
more
than
ever
to
the
members
of
the
Program
Committee.
They
deserve
our
deepest
thanks
for
the
Herculean
task
of
reading
and
carefully
reviewing
a
near-record
number
of
papers:
David
Israel,
SRI
International;
Karen
Jensen,
IBM
Corporation;
Aravind
Joshi,
University
of
Pennsylvania;
Richard
Larson,
State
University
of
New
York,
Stony
Brook;
Paul
Martin,
SRI
International;
Kathy
McKeown,
Columbia
University;
Martha
Pollack,
SRI
International;
James
Pustejovsky,
Brandeis


Prompt:
James
Pustejovsky,
Brandeis
University;
Edward
Stabler,
University
of
California
at
Los
Angeles;
Hans
Uszkoreit,
Universitltt
des
Saarlandes;
and
David
Weir,
Northwestern
University.
Kudos
go
to
Rich
Thomason
of
the
University
of
Pittsburgh
for
acting
as
the
local
arrangements
coordinator
and
his
staff
assistant
Stefni
Agin;
to
Dan
Flickinger
for
putting
together
a most
interesting
set
of
tutorials;
to
Johanna
Moore
who
made
demonstrations
and
and
exhibits
possible;
and
to
my
own
staff
assistant
Rhonda
Byrne
for
keeping
the
program
committee's
business
running
smoothly.
A
special
tip-of-the-hat
to
the
managers
of
MIT's
air
conditioning,
who
kept
the
program
committee
running
on
schedule.
Our
invited
speakers
always
add
a special
sparkle
to
our
meetings,
so
I would
like
to
personally
applaud
Lila
Gleitman
from
the
University
of
Pennsylvania
and
Fred
Jelinek
from
the
IBM
T.J.
Watson
Research
Center.
Learning
is
also
an
important
part
of
our
annual
meetings,
so
I also
thank
the


Prompt:
so
I also
thank
the
individual
instructors
for
our
tutorial
sessions:
Per-Kristian
Halvorsen
and
John
Nerbonne;
Terry
Langendoen
and
Mitch
Marcus;
Irene
Heim;
and
David
Rumelhart.
Mark
Liberman
deserves
special
appreciation
for
his
report
on
the
ACL
Data
Collection
Initiative.
Last
on
this
list
of
thanks,
but
first
in
our
hearts
and
minds,
is
Don
Walker.
Together
with
Betty
Walker,
he
is
truly
the
"glue"
that
makes
the
Association
for
Computational
Linguistics
stick
together.
He
does
everything
from
soup
to
nuts
for
our
Association,
and
particularly
for
the
conferences,
from
putting
out
the
Call
for
Papers,
to
answering
every
little
question,
to
publishing
the
Proceedings.
All
done
selflessly,
aside
from
this
meagre
reward
at
the
front
of
each
year's
Proceedings.
We
should
all
think
of
how
much
he
has
done
for
all
of
us
and
the
field
as
a whole.
Robert
C.
Berwick,
Massachusetts
Institute
of
Technology
Chair,
Program
Committee


Prompt:
so
I also
thank
the
individual
instructors
for
our
tutorial
sessions:
Per-Kristian
Halvorsen
and
John
Nerbonne;
Terry
Langendoen
and
Mitch
Marcus;
Irene
Heim;
and
David
Rumelhart.
Mark
Liberman
deserves
special
appreciation
for
his
report
on
the
ACL
Data
Collection
Initiative.
Last
on
this
list
of
thanks,
but
first
in
our
hearts
and
minds,
is
Don
Walker.
Together
with
Betty
Walker,
he
is
truly
the
"glue"
that
makes
the
Association
for
Computational
Linguistics
stick
together.
He
does
everything
from
soup
to
nuts
for
our
Association,
and
particularly
for
the
conferences,
from
putting
out
the
Call
for
Papers,
to
answering
every
little
question,
to
publishing
the
Proceedings.
All
done
selflessly,
aside
from
this
meagre
reward
at
the
front
of
each
year's
Proceedings.
We
should
all
think
of
how
much
he
has
done
for
all
of
us
and
the
field
as
a whole.
Robert
C.
Berwick,
Massachusetts
Institute
of
Technology
Chair,
Program
Committee
iii


Prompt:
PREFACE
This
volume
contains
the
papers
prepared
for
the
29th
Annual
Meeting
of
the
Association
for
Computational
Linguistics,
held
18-21
June
1991
in
Berkeley,
California.
Also,
for
the
first
time
the
program
included
a
number
of
presentations
by
students
describing
interesting
dissertation
work
in
progress.
Their
papers
are
gathered
in
a separate
section
at
the
end
of
this
Proceedings.
The
program
committee
found
its
job
to
be
quite
difficult
this
year
because
of
the
extraordinarily
high
quality
of
the
submissions
we
received.
Because
of
the
high
overall
quality,
we
have
expanded
the
number
of
papers
we
accepted
this
year,
and
even
so
we
felt
that
some
papers
were
rejected
that
would
have
met
the
standards
of
past
years.
It
gives
all
of
us
great
pleasure
to
see
the
field
evolve
and
its
standards
of
excellence
increase.
The
entire
computational
linguistics
research
community
deserves
congratulations
for
this
encouraging
development.
We
feel
this
program
demonstrates
excellent


Prompt:
demonstrates
excellent
progress
in
all
areas
of
computational
linguistics,
and
it
reflects
the
increasingly
international
character
of
the
research
community,
with
contributions
from
Europe,
Asia,
the
Middle
East,
and
North
America.
We
hope
that
you
find
these
papers
as
interesting
and
exciting
as
we
did.
As
Program
Chair,
I wish
thank
our
invited
speakers,
Sue
Atkins,
Charles
Fillmore,
and
Jun-ichi
Tsujii
for
their
contributions
to
the
program.
I also
thank
Cecile
Paris
for
organizing
the
tutorial
sessions,
and
Jaime
Carbonell,
Julia
Hirschberg,
Nancy
Ide,
Kathleen
McCoy,
Johanna
Moore,
and
Yorick
Wilks
for
giving
the
tutorials.
I also
wish
to
extend
my
gratitude
to
Peter
Norvig
for
the
local
arrangements,
and
to
Sandra
Newton
for
organizing
the
exhibit
program,
and
of
course,
to
Don
Walker
and
Betty
Walker
for
their
tireless
efforts
on
behalf
of
the
ACL.
Finally,
I wish
to
thank
my
fellow
1991
program
committee
members
for
their
efforts
in
reading
the
165
submitted
papers:
Ken


Prompt:
165
submitted
papers:
Ken
Church,
AT&T
Bell
Labs
and
USC/ISI;
Robin
Cohen,
University
of Waterloo;
Erhard
Hinrichs,
University
of
Tiibingen;
Eduard
Hovy,
USC/ISI;
Robert
Ingria
BBN
Systems
and
Technologies;
Yasuhiro
Katagiri,
NTT
Basic
Research
Laboratories;
Diane
Litman,
Columbia
University;
K.
Vijay-Shanker,
University
of Delaware;
Meg
Withgott,
XEROX
Palo
Alto
Research
Center;
and
Henk
Zeevat,
Un&ersity
of Amsterdam.
Douglas
E.
Appelt,
SRI
International
Chair,
Program
Committee


Prompt:
165
submitted
papers:
Ken
Church,
AT&T
Bell
Labs
and
USC/ISI;
Robin
Cohen,
University
of Waterloo;
Erhard
Hinrichs,
University
of
Tiibingen;
Eduard
Hovy,
USC/ISI;
Robert
Ingria
BBN
Systems
and
Technologies;
Yasuhiro
Katagiri,
NTT
Basic
Research
Laboratories;
Diane
Litman,
Columbia
University;
K.
Vijay-Shanker,
University
of Delaware;
Meg
Withgott,
XEROX
Palo
Alto
Research
Center;
and
Henk
Zeevat,
Un&ersity
of Amsterdam.
Douglas
E.
Appelt,
SRI
International
Chair,
Program
Committee
iii


Prompt:
PREFACE
This
volume
contains
the
papers
prepared
for
the
30th
Annual
Meeting
of
the
Association
for
Computational
Linguistics,
held
28
June-2
July
in
Newark,
Delaware.
Following
on
from
last
year's
innovation,
papers
presented
at
the
separate
student
session
are
also
to
be
found,
gathered
in
a separate
section
at
the
end
of
this
Proceedings.
In
keeping
with
the
prestigious
nature
of
the
meeting,
and
despite
a
number
of
alternative
conferences
in
our
area,
the
programme
committee
was
once
again
confronted
With
a large
number
of
very
high
quality
submissions
from
around
the
world.
Balancing
our
desire
to
accept
as
many
as
possible
of
those
which
merited
inclusion
with
the
need
to
present
a
conference
programme
which
ordinary
mortals
could
reasonably
be
expected
to
benefit
from
proved,
as
always,
a difficult
challenge.
We
hope
the
results,
as
represented
by
the
conference
itself
and
the
papers
collected
here,
will
stand
as
a fair
and
representative
cross-section
of
the
best
work
in
the


Prompt:
of
the
best
work
in
the
field
today.
Many
people
contributed
to
the
success
of
this
year's
meeting,
and
I'm
happy
to
have
the
opportunity
of
recording
our
thanks
to
them:
to
Martin
Kay,
Karen
Sparck
Jones
and
Don
Walker,
for
the
invited
talks;
to
Bonnie
Webber,
for
organising
the
excellent
set
of
tutorial
sessions;
to
Keith
Devlin,
William
Gale,
Joseph
Kruskal,
Mark
Liberman,
Mitch
Marcus,
Yves
Schabes
and
Stuart
Shieber
for
presenting
the
tutorials;
to
Sandra
Carberry,
Dan
Chester
and
Kathleen
McCoy,
for
handling
the
local
arrangements;
to
David
Traum
and
Lenhard
Schubert
for
organising
the
Student
Sessions;
and
finally
to
Don
Walker
and
Betty
Walker
for
their
stalwart
labours
behind
the
scenes.
In
a year
when
over
seven
hundred
papers
in
the
field
were
submitted
for
consideration
by
a number
of
meetings,
reviewers'
time
and
effort
was
at
a premium,
with
many
people
being
asked
to
read
papers
for
several
different
meetings.
My
special
thanks
therefore
to
the
programme
committee


Prompt:
to
the
programme
committee
members
who
read
and
diligently
commented
on
large
numbers
of
submissions,
did
so
to
a very
tight
timetable,
and
then
participated
in
the
traditional
pressure
cooker
face-to-face
programme
committee
meeting:
Peter
Brown,
IBM
T.
J.
Watson
Research
Center;
Stephan
Busemann,
German
Research
Center
for
Artificial
Intelligence;
Nicoletta
Calzolari,
University
of
Pisa;
Mary
Dalrymple,
Xerox
Palo
Alto
Research
Center;
Hitoshi
Iida,
ATR
Interpreting
Telephony
Research
Laboratories;
Johanna
Moore,
University
of
Pittsburgh;
Klaus
Netter,
German
Research
Center
for
Artificial
Intelligence;
Nicholas
Ostler,
Linguacubun
Ltd.;
Jan
Pedersen,
Xerox
Palo
Alto
Research
Center;
Steve
Pulman,
SRI
International
(Cambridge)
and
University
of
Cambridge;
Yves
Schabes,
University
of
Pennsylvania;
Donia
Scott,
Brighton
Polytechnic;
Ralph
Weischedel,
BBN
Systems
and
Technologies.
Special
thanks
to
Steve
Pulman,
Brenda
Scruby
and
SRI
International
in
Cambridge
for
hosting
the
programme


Prompt:
for
hosting
the
programme
committee
meeting.
Also
this
year
we
introduced
a new
approach
to
getting
specialist
reviews
as
an
additional
source
of
input
into
the
programme
selection
process,
making
official
the
unofficial
practice
of
previous
years.
Those
listed
on
the
reverse
of
this
page
were
all
recruited
by
the
programme
committee
and
contributed
reviews.
Their
gracious
acquiescence
in
a role
thrust
on
them
at
short
notice
and
the
helpful
and
detailed
response
they
produced
merit
our
sincere
thanks.
Henry
S.
Thompson,
University
of
Edinburgh
Chair,
Program
Committee
iii

SPECIALIST
REVIEWERS
Hiyan
Alshawi,
SRI
International
(Cambridge)
Nick
Asher,
University
of Texas
Damaris
Ayuso,
BBN
Systems
and
Technologies
Steven
Bird,
University
of Edinburgh
Ezra
Black,
IBM
T.J.
Watson
Research
Center
Bran
Boguraev,
IBM
T.J.
Watson
Research
Center
Gosse
Bouma,
University
of Groningen
Lauri
Carlson,
University
of Helsinki
David
Carter,
SRI
International
(Cambridge)
Ken
Church,
AT&T
Bell


Prompt:
Ken
Church,
AT&T
Bell
Laboratories
Phil
Cohen,
SRI
International
(Menlo
Park)
Dick
Crouch,
SRI
International
(Cambridge)
Andreas
Eisele,
University
of Stuttgart
Martha
Evens,
Illinois
Institute
of Technology
Wolfgang
Finkler,
German
Research
Center
for
Artificial
Intelligence
Osamu
Furuse,
ATR
Interpreting
Telephony
Research
Takao
Gunji,
Osaka
University
Koichi
Hashida,
Institute
for
New
Generation
Computer
Technology
Mark
Hepple,
University
of Cambridge
Jerry
Hobbs,
SRI
International
(Menlo
Park)
Rosaleen
Howard-Malverde,
University
of Liverpool
Stephen
Isard,
University
of Edinburgh
Mark
Johnson,
Brown
University
Ron
Kaplan,
Xerox
Palo
Alto
Research
Center
Lauri
Karttunen,
Xerox
Palo
Alto
Research
Center
Martin
Kay,
Xerox
Palo
Alto
Research
Center
Christel
Kemke,
German
Research
Center
for
Artificial
Intelligence
Jacqueline
Kowtko,
University
of Edinburgh
Julian
Kupiec,
Xerox
Palo
Alto
Research
Center
John
Lafferty,
IBM
T.J.
Watson
Research
Center
Robin
Lickley,
University


Prompt:
Robin
Lickley,
University
of Edinburgh
Colin
Matheson,
University
of Edinburgh
John
Maxwell,
Xerox
Palo
Alto
Research
Center
Willem
Meijs,
Amsterdam
University
Marie
Meteer,
Rensselaer
Polytechnic
Institute
Surya
Mohanty,
IBM
T.J.
Watson
Research
Center
Jun'ichi
Nakamura,
Kyushu
Institute
of Technology
Guenter
Neumann,
German
Research
Center
for
Artificial
Intelligence
Gertjan
Van
Noord,
University
of Groningen
Stephen
Delia
Pietra,
IBM
T.J.
Watson
Research
Center
Lance
Ramshaw,
Bowdoin
College
Manny
Rayner,
SRI
International
(Cambridge)
Norbert
Reithinger,
University
of Saarbruecken
Giorgio
Satta,
University
of Pennsylvania
Stuart
Shieber,
Harvard
University
Fei
Song,
University
of Guelph
Frank
K.
Soong,
AT&TBell
Laboratories
Karen
Sparck
Jones,
University
of Cambridge
David
Stallard,
BBN
Systems
and
Technologies
Richmond
Thomason,
University
of Pittsburgh
Annie
Zaenen,
Xerox
Palo
Alto
Research
Center
iv

PREFACE
TO
THE
STUDENT
SESSION
PAPERS
Once
again,
these
proceedings
conclude


Prompt:
these
proceedings
conclude
with
the
papers
accepted
for
slaort
presentations
at
the
student
sessions
of
the
Annual
Meeting
of
the
Association
for
Computational
Linguistics.
The
student
sessions
differ
from
the
main
conference
in
their
emphasis
on
work
in
progress,
judged
on
the
basis
of
insight,
creativity
and
promise.
The
first
ACL
student
sessions
were
held
in
1991
at
the
29th
ACL
Meeting,
under
the
stewardship
of
Bonnie
Lynn
Webber
and
Philip
Resnik.
The
stated
goals
were
(1)
to
allow
student
members
to
hone
their
presentation
skills
in
a conference
setting;
(2)
to
provide
student
members
with
reactions
to
their
research
from
the
community
at
large
at
a point
where
such
reactions
could
make
a significant
difference;
and
(3)
to
act
as
"ice
breakers",
giving
student
members
an
opportunity
to
talk
with
each
other
and
with
more
senior
researchers.
The
success
of
the
1991
sessions
in
meeting
these
goals
provided
the
incentive
for
again
including
student
sessions
in
1992.
The
response
to


Prompt:
in
1992.
The
response
to
the
call
for
papers
was
quite
gratifying,
eliciting
48
submissions
(a
26%
increase
over
last
year).
Our
thanks
go
to
all
the
authors,
and
to
the
members
of
the
Student
Session
Committee,
who
participated
in
planning
the
session
organization:
Tilman
Becker,
University
of
Saarbruecken;
Alan
Black,
University
of
Edinburgh;
Barbara
Di
Eugenio,
University
of
Pennsylvania;
Eric
Iverson,
New
Mexico
State
University;
Lynn
Lambert,
University
of
Delaware;
Karen
Lochbaum,
Harvard
University;
and
Cameron
Shelley,
University
of
Waterloo.
The
student
sessions
were
made
possible
by
the
initiative
and
support
of
the
ACL
Executive
Committee
and
the
1992
Program
and
Local
Arrangements
Committees.
We
would
also
like
to
thank
Sandra
Carberry,
Philip
Resnik,
and
especially
Don
Walker
for
their
advice
and
guidance
thoughout
the
planning
of
the
student
sessions.
Our
thanks
also
to
the
Student
Session
Program
Committee.
The
thoroughness,
helpfulness,
and
expeditiousness
of
the


Prompt:
and
expeditiousness
of
the
reviewing
were
truly
exemplary.
The
reviewing
team
included
the
Student
Session
Committee
members
(above)
as
well
as
the
following
regular
ACL
members:
Dan
Fass,
Simon
Fraser
University;
Julia
Hirschberg,
AT&T
Bell
Laboratories;
Graeme
Hirst,
University
of
Toronto;
Ed
Hovy,
USC/ISI;
James
Martin,
University
of
Colorado;
Chris
Mellish,
University
of
Edinburgh;
Carl
Pollard,
Ohio
State
University;
Graeme
Ritchie,
University
of
Edinburgh;
Candy
Sidner,
Digital
Equipment
Corporation;
Mark
Steedman,
University
of
Pennsylvania;
and
Wolfgang
Wahlster,
University
of
Saarbruecken.
We
gratefully
acknowledge
additional
reviews
provided
by
Eric
Brill,
University
of
Pennsylvania;
Bob
Carpenter,
Carnegie
Mellon
University;
Ted
Dunning,
New
Mexico
State
University;
Stephen
Helmreich,
New
Mexico
State
University;
Donald
Hindle,
AT&T
Bell
Labs;
Bob
Kaspar,
Ohio
State
University;
Graham
Katz,
University
of
Rochester;
Marc
Light,
University
of
Rochester;
Massimo
Poesio,


Prompt:
Rochester;
Massimo
Poesio,
University
of
Rochester;
and
Kent
Wittenburg,
Bellcore.
Lenhart
Schubert
and
David
Traum,
University
of
Rochester
Student
Session
Co-Chairs


Prompt:
Rochester;
Massimo
Poesio,
University
of
Rochester;
and
Kent
Wittenburg,
Bellcore.
Lenhart
Schubert
and
David
Traum,
University
of
Rochester
Student
Session
Co-Chairs
xii


Prompt:
PREFACE
This
volume
contains
the
papers
prepared
for
the
31
st Annual
Meeting
of
the
Association
for
Compu-
tational
Linguistics,
held
22-26
June
1993
at
The
Ohio
State
University
in
Columbus,
Ohio.
The
cluster
of
papers
in
the
final
section
stems
from
the
student
session,
featured
at
the
meeting
for
the
3rd
successive
year
and
testifying
to
the
vigor
of
this
emerging
tradition.
The
number
and
quality
of
submitted
papers
was
again
gratifying,
and
all
authors
deserve
our
collec-
tive
plaudits
for
the
efforts
they
invested
despite
the
well-known
risks
of
submitting
to
a highly
selective
conference.
It
was
their
efforts
that
once
again
ensured
a Meeting
(and
Proceedings)
reflecting
the
highest
standards
in
computational
linguistics,
offering
a tour
of
some
of
the
most
significant
recent
ad-
vances
and
most
lively
research
frontiers.
Special
thanks
go
to
our
invited
speakers,
Wolfgang
Wahlster,
Geoff
Nunberg
and
Barbara
Partee,
for
contributing
their
insights
and
panache
to
the


Prompt:
insights
and
panache
to
the
conference;
to
Philip
Cohen
for
concocting
and
coordinat-
ing
a varied
and
relevant
tutorial
program,
and
to
Helen
Gigley,
Steve
Small,
Alexis
Manaster
Ramer,
Wlodek
Zadrozny,
Kent
Wittenburg,
David
D.
Lewis,
and
Elizabeth
D.
Liddy
for
offering
the
tutorials;
to
Linda
Suri
and
Sandra
Carberry
for
very
effectively
co-organizing
the
program
for
the
student
sessions
(see
the
separate
preface
for
the
student
session
papers);
to
Terry
Patten
for
directing
local
arrangements,
and
to
Robert
Kasper
for
helping
with
local
arrangements
and
coordinating
exhibits
and
demonstrations.
In
an
effort
to
increase
the
fairness
of
reviewing,
we
opted
for
"blind"
reviewing
this
year.
Also,
to
reduce
the
load
upon
program
committee
members
to
a more
humanly
manageable
level,
to
curtail
frantic
last-minute
searches
for
specialist
reviewers,
and
to
allow
more
methodical,
uniform,
interactive
review-
ing
of
submissions,
the
size
of
the
program
committee
was
expanded
this
year
to


Prompt:
was
expanded
this
year
to
include
22
members
be-
sides
the
chair.
The
load
was
still
heavy,
but
the
committee
members
performed
their
duties
in
an
exem-
plary
fashion;
in
the
five-week
reviewing
period
which
culminated
in
the
one-day
program
committee
meeting,
they
spared
no
efforts
to
arrive
at
detailed,
accurate
and
principled
assessments,
and
at
the
best
possible
program
for
the
Meeting.
Their
heroic
service
is hereby
acknowledged:
Robert
Carpenter,
Carnegie
Mellon
University;
Garrison
Cottrell,
University
of
California
at
San
Diego;
Robert
Dale,
University
of Edinburgh;
Bonnie
Dorr,
University
of Maryland;
Julia
Hirsch-
berg,
AT&T
Bell
Labs;
Paul
Jacobs,
General
Electric
Corporate
R&D;
Robert
Kasper,
Ohio
State
U;
Slava
Katz,
IBM
TJ
Watson
Research
Center;
Judith
Klavans,
Columbia
U;
Bemard
Lang,
IN-
RIA;
Diane
Litman,
AT&T
Bell
Laboratories;
Mitch
Marcus,
University
of
Pennsylvania;
Kath-
leen
McCoy,
University
of
Delaware;
Marc
Moens,
University
of
Edinburgh;
Johanna
Moore,


Prompt:
of
Edinburgh;
Johanna
Moore,
University
of
Pittsburgh;
John
Nerbonne,
German
Research
Center
for
A/;
James
Pustejovsky,
Brandeis
University;
Uwe
Reyle,
University
of
Stuttgart;
Richard
Sproat,
AT&T
Bell
Labora-
tories;
Jun-ichi
Tsujii,
University
of
Manchester
Institute
of
Science
and
Technology;
Gregory
Ward,
Northwestern
University;
Janyce
Wiebe,
New
Mexico
State
University,
At
this
point
it is
also
appropriate
for
me
to
convey
my
appreciation
and
gratitude
to
Peggy
Meeker,
who
handled
the
flood
of
regular
and
email
correspondence,
the
massive
record-keeping
and
accounting,
and
the
arrangement
of
meetings
in
connection
with
the
activities
of
the
program
committee.
She
helped
expertly
and
unstintingly,
despite
all
her
other
duties,
and
usually
had
things
done
by
the
time
I thought
of
doing
them.
Many
thanks
also
to
the
Computer
Science
Department
at
Rochester
for
accommodating
the
extra
load
created
by
the
reviewing
and
program
planning
process.
Throughout
the
entire
planning
for
the


Prompt:
the
entire
planning
for
the
meeting,
starting
well
before
the
formation
of
the
program
committee,
the
ACL
executive
provided
continuous
and
invaluable
help
in
the
committee
search
and
on
many
matters
of
policy
and
logistics.
If the
meeting
was
a success,
it was
very
much
through
their
gui-
dance.
One
of
the
mainstays
of
that
committee
is,
of
course,
Don
Walker.
I now
know
that
the
effusive
tributes
I had
noticed
in
previous
Proceedings
to
Don's
manifold
and
essential
role
are
more
than
deserved.
He
is indeed
the
cohesive
force,
the
publicist,
the
keeper
and
provider
of
records,
traditions
and
standards
for
ACL,
and
most
of
all
an
ever-ready,
ever-effective
helper
and
advisor.
My
heartfelt
thanks
to
him
as
well
as
to
Betty
Walker
who
as
ever
put
her
shoulder
to
the
wheel
alongside
his.
Lenhart
Schubert,
University
of
Rochester
Chair,
Program
Committee
°°° ///

SPECIALIST
REVIEWERS
Matthew
Crocker,
University
of Edinburgh
Jeffrey
Elman,
University
of California
at San
Diego
Robert


Prompt:
at San
Diego
Robert
Ingria,
BBN
Systems
and
Technologies
John
S.
Justeson,
State
University
of New
York
at Buffalo
Esther
KiSnig,
University
of Stuttgart
Judith
Levi,
Northwestern
University
Christine
Nakatani,
Harvard
University
Gerald
Penn,
Carnegie
Mellon
University
Femando
Pereira,
AT&T
Bell
Laboratories
Michael
A.
Picheny,
IBM
TJ
Watson
Research
Center
Janet
Pierrehumbert,
Northwestern
University
Patti
Price,
SRI
International
K.
Vijay-Shanker,
University
of Delaware
Clare
Voss,
University
of Maryland
Amy
Weinberg,
University
of Maryland
/v

PREFACE
TO
THE
STUDENT
SESSION
PAPERS
These
proceedings
include
the
papers
presented
at
the
Student
Sessions
of
the
31st
Annual
Meeting
of
the
Association
for
Computational
Linguistics.
The
goal
of
the
Student
Sessions
is to
provide
a forum
for
student
members
to
present
work
in
progress,
rather
than
completed
work,
and
receive
feedback
from
other
members
of
the
computational
linguistics
community,
particularly
from
senior
researchers.
The


Prompt:
from
senior
researchers.
The
response
to
the
ACL
students
sessions
held
in
1991
and
1992
was
very
positive.
The
student
authors
re-
ported
that
they
found
the
Student
Sessions
valuable,
and
the
response
at
the
conferences
suggested
that
the
audiences
found
the
sessions
interesting
and
of
high
quality.
This
year,
there
were
thirty
submissions
to
the
ACL
Student
Sessions.
While
this
represents
a de-
crease
in
submissions
from
last
year,
we
believe
it reflects
a fluctuation
in
the
number
of
graduate
stu-
dents
currently
at
the
appropriate
stage
of
graduate
study
for
submitting
to
the
Student
Sessions.
We
thank
all
the
authors
for
their
papers.
We
also
thank
the
members
of
the
ACL
1993
Student
Sessions
Planning
Committee
who
helped
plan
and
organize
the
Student
Sessions:
Tilman
Becker,
University
of
Saarbriicken;
Beth
Ann
Hockey,
University
of
Pennsylvania;
David
Hutches,
University
of
California,
San
Diego;
Andrew
Kehler,
Har-
vard
University;
Vibhu
O.
Mittal,University
of
Southern


Prompt:
of
Southern
California~Information
Sciences
Institute;
Sheila
Rock,
University
of
Edinburgh;
Cameron
Shelley,
University
of
Waterloo;
James
Skon,
Ohio
State
University;
and
Keith
Vander
Linden,
University
of
Colorado.
We
appreciate
the
support
of
the
1992
and
1993
ACL
Executive
Committees,
and
the
1993
Program
and
Local
Arrangements
Committee.
We
are
also
grateful
to
David
Traum
and
Don
Walker
for
their
advice
and
guidance.
We
thank
the
reviewers
for
providing
providing
helpful,
detailed
reviews
of
the
submissions,
and
for
completing
the
reviews
promptly.
The
careful
thought
that
went
into
their
review
comments
was
obvious
and
impressive,
and
we
are
sure
the
student
authors
found
the
reviews
beneficial.
The
Program
Commit-
tee
included
the
members
of
the
Planning
Committee
and
the
following
non-student
members:
Mary
Dal-
rymple,
Xerox
Palo
Alto
Research
Center;
Chrysanne
DiMarco,
University
of
Waterloo;
Robert
Ingria,
BBN
Systems
&
Technologies;
Donald
Hindle,
AT&T
Bell
Laboratories;


Prompt:
AT&T
Bell
Laboratories;
John
Lafferty,
IBM
TJ
Watson
Research
Center;
Cecile
Paris,
University
of
Southern
California~Information
Sciences
Institute;
Rebecca
Passonneau,
Columbia
University;
Donia
Scott,
Brighton
Polytechnic
University;
Karen
Sparck
Jones,
University
of
Cambridge;
Hans
Uszkoreit,
University
of
Saarbriicken;
Peter
Van
Beek,
University
of
Alberta;
David
Weir,
University
of
Sussex.
We
are
grateful
to
Christina
Tortora,
University
of
Delaware,
and
Philip
Resnik,
University
of
Pennsylvania,
for
providing
additional
reviews
upon
our
request.
Linda
Z.
Suri
and
Sandra
Carberry,
University
of
Delaware
Student
Sessions
Co-Chairs


Prompt:
AT&T
Bell
Laboratories;
John
Lafferty,
IBM
TJ
Watson
Research
Center;
Cecile
Paris,
University
of
Southern
California~Information
Sciences
Institute;
Rebecca
Passonneau,
Columbia
University;
Donia
Scott,
Brighton
Polytechnic
University;
Karen
Sparck
Jones,
University
of
Cambridge;
Hans
Uszkoreit,
University
of
Saarbriicken;
Peter
Van
Beek,
University
of
Alberta;
David
Weir,
University
of
Sussex.
We
are
grateful
to
Christina
Tortora,
University
of
Delaware,
and
Philip
Resnik,
University
of
Pennsylvania,
for
providing
additional
reviews
upon
our
request.
Linda
Z.
Suri
and
Sandra
Carberry,
University
of
Delaware
Student
Sessions
Co-Chairs
x/


Prompt:
PREFACE
This
volume
contains
the
papers
presented
at
the
32nd
Annual
Meeting
of
the
Association
for
Computational
Linguistics,
held
June
27-30,
1994,
at
New
Mexico
State
University
in
Las
Cruces,
New
Mexico.
In
addition
to
the
papers
from
the
main
session,
these
proceedings
include
the
papers
from
the
student
sessions
as
well.
This
year
marked
the
first
time
ACL
accepted
papers
by
electronic
submission.
Surprisingly,
over
half
of
the
authors
decided
to
submit
electronically,
but
because
of
the
newness
of
the
medium
for
the
conference,
most
authors
also
submitted
paper
copies
as
well.
Except
for
some
minor
problems
with
formatting
and
mailer
difficulties,
the
process
went
remarkably
well.
I believe
in
a few
years,
we
will
be
ready
to
convert
entirely
to
electronic
submission
and
reviewing.
I would
especially
like
to
thank
our
invited
speakers,
Aravind
Joshi
and
Paul
Smolensky,
for
giving
of
their
time
and
ideas
at
the
conference.
I would
also
like
to
thank
the
tutorial
chair,
Lynette


Prompt:
the
tutorial
chair,
Lynette
Hirschman,
and
her
tutorial
instructors,
Steven
Bird,
Stephenie
Seneff,
Richard
Sproat,
Michael
Riley,
and
David
Searls.
And
for
organizing
the
student
sessions
of
the
conference,
I would
like
to
thank
Beryl
Hoffman
and
Rebecca
Passonneau.
Special
thanks
go
to
the
local
arrangements
director,
Janyce
M.
Wiebe,
and
to
Ted
Dunning
for
arranging
and
coordinating
exhibits
and
demos.
Because
of
the
number
and
quality
of
the
submissions
this
year,
the
committee
was
burdened
with
a
formidable
reviewing
task.
But
the
committee
performed
beautifully
and
the
meeting
went
very
smoothly.
I
would
like
to
once
again
acknowledge
their
service
here:
Hiyan
Alshawi
(AT&T),
Bran
Boguraev
(Apple
Inc.),
Ted
Briscoe
(Cambridge
U.
and
Xerox
Grenoble),
Garrison
Cottrell
(UC-San
Diego),
Laurence
Danlos
(Universit6
Paris
7),
Marc
Gawron
(SRI),
Pierre
Isabelle
(CITI),
Mark
Johnson
(Brown
University),
Alex
Lascarides
(Stanford
University),
Lori
Levin
(CMU),
David
Lewis
(AT&T),
Marie


Prompt:
David
Lewis
(AT&T),
Marie
Meteer
(BBN),
Livia
Polanyi
(Rice
University
and
CSLI),
Mats
Rooth
(University
of
Tiibingen),
Yoshinori
Sagisaka
(ATR),
Keh-Yih
Su
(National
Tsing
Hua
University),
Evelyne
Tzoukermann
(AT&T),
Hans
Uszkoreit
(Universit~it
des
Saarlandes)
and
K.
Vijay-Shanker
(University
of
Delaware
and
DFKI)
Local
help
with
preparing
the
papers
for
the
committee
and
mailing
came
from
Federica
Busa,
Robert
Ingria,
and
Scott
Waterman.
My
gratitude
to
their
invaluable
assistance,
as
things
would
not
have
run
so
smoothly
without
them.
I would
also
like
to
mention
the
help
we
received
from
the
external
reviewers,
Robert
Ingria
and
David
McDonald,
who
lent
their
expertise
where
needed.
Finally,
I would
like
to
thank
Fernando
Pereira,
for
his
time
and
effort
in
preparing
the
program
announcement
and
proceedings,
yet
another
task
on
top
of
his
other
ACL
responsibilites,
and
Betty
Walker,
whose
constant
and
continuing
support
has
made
the
transition
possible
each
year
from
meeting
to


Prompt:
each
year
from
meeting
to
meeting.
Betty
and
Don's
commitment
to
and
faith
in
the
field
have
been
an
inspiration
to
us
all,
and
a
mainstay
of
the
community.
I would
like
to
dedicate
these
proceedings
to
the
memory
of
Don
Walker.
James
Pustejovsky,
Brandeis
University
Chair,
Program
Committee
/ii

PREFACE
TO
THE
STUDENT
SESSION
PAPERS
These
proceedings
include
the
papers
presented
at
the
Student
Sessions
of
the
32nd
Annual
Meeting
of
the
Association
for
Computational
Linguistics.
The
ACL
student
sessions
provide
an
opportunity
for
student
ACL
members
to
present
work-in-progress
and
receive
valuable
feedback
on
their
research
from
other
members
of
the
computational
linguistics
community.
The
sessions
are
in
a workshop-style,
consisting
of
short
paper
presentations
by
student
authors;
students
and
senior
researchers
who
are
not
presenting
are
invited
to
participate
in
the
discussion.
This
year,
there
were
forty-one
submissions
to
the
ACL
Student
Sessions.
Ten
were
accepted
for


Prompt:
Ten
were
accepted
for
presentation
at
the
conference.
We
thank
all
the
students
authors
for
submitting
their
papers,
and
hope
that
the
reviews
encourage
them
in
their
research,
provide
constructive
criticism,
and
introduce
them
to
the
process
of
disseminating
their
work
more
broadly.
We
are
grateful
to
the
reviewers
for
providing
helpful,
detailed
reviews
of
the
submissions.
We
thank
the
members
of
the
ACL
1994
Student
Sessions
Committee
who
helped
plan
the
Student
Sessions
and
served
as
reviewers:
Jennifer
Chu
(Delaware),
Jason
Frank
(Ohio
State),
Steve
Green
(Toronto),
Vasileios
Hatzivassiloglou
(Columbia),
Peter
Heeman
(Rochester),
Chris
Manning
(Stanford),
Gaelle
Recource
(Paris
7),
Sheila
Rock
(Edinburgh),
and
Suzanne
Stevenson
(Toronto
and
Maryland).
Sheila
Rock
helped
us
organize
the
committee,
and
Eric
Iverson
(NMSU)
organized
the
student
local
arrangements.
We
also
thank
the
nonstudent
reviewers
on
the
committee
whose
experience
as
senior
researchers
was
invaluable:
Chinatsu


Prompt:
was
invaluable:
Chinatsu
Aone
(SRA),
Alan
Black
(ATR
Japan),
Ken
Church
(AT&T),
Robert
Frank
(Delaware),
Megumi
Kameyama
(SRI),
Robert
Kasper
(Ohio-State),
Chris
MeUish
(Edinburgh),
Gord
McCalla
(Saskatchewan),
John
Nerbonne
(Groningen),
and
Ingrid
Zukerman
(Monash).
We
are
also
grateful
to
Linda
Z.
Suri
and
Sandra
Carberry,
last
year's
student
sessions
co-chairs,
for
their
advice
and
guidance.
Beryl
Hoffman
and
Rebecca
Passonneau
Student
Sessions
Co-Chairs


Prompt:
was
invaluable:
Chinatsu
Aone
(SRA),
Alan
Black
(ATR
Japan),
Ken
Church
(AT&T),
Robert
Frank
(Delaware),
Megumi
Kameyama
(SRI),
Robert
Kasper
(Ohio-State),
Chris
MeUish
(Edinburgh),
Gord
McCalla
(Saskatchewan),
John
Nerbonne
(Groningen),
and
Ingrid
Zukerman
(Monash).
We
are
also
grateful
to
Linda
Z.
Suri
and
Sandra
Carberry,
last
year's
student
sessions
co-chairs,
for
their
advice
and
guidance.
Beryl
Hoffman
and
Rebecca
Passonneau
Student
Sessions
Co-Chairs
x/


Prompt:
P R E F A C E
This
volume
contains
the
papers
prepared
for
the
33rd
Annual
Meeting
of
the
Association
for
Computational
Linguistics,
held
from
26-30
June
at
Massachusetts
Institute
of
Technology
in
Cambridge,
Massachusetts.
In
a separate
section,
it also
contains
the
papers
that
were
selected
by
the
student
program
committee
for
presentation
at
the
student
poster
session.
A
large
number
of
people
in
many
places
have
contributed
to
the
success
of
this
year's
meeting.
First
of
all
I would
like
to
thank
our
keynote
speakers
Bonnie
Webber
and
Victor
Zue
for
accepting
our
invitation
to
present
their
exciting
research
at
the
meeting.
As
tutorial
chair
Yves
Shabes
organized
an
attractive
and
balanced
pre-conference
program.
Special
thanks
go
to
the
instructors
he
enlisted:
Beth
Levin
(Northwestern
University),
Emmanuel
Roche
(Mitsubishi
Electric
Research
Laboratories),
Kenneth
Ward
Church
(AT&T
Bell
Laboratories),
and
Lynette
Hirschman
and
Marc
Vilain
(The
Mitre
Corporation).
Robert