Prompt:
Mitre
Corporation).
Robert
Berwick
served
as
the
local
arrangements
chair.
Together
with
his
students
and
staff
he
put
much
thought
and
a
tremendous
amount
of
work
into
the
organization
of
registration,
rooms,
exhibits,
demonstrations,
banquet,
as
well
as
the
general
logistics
of
the
conference.
Kathy
McKeown,
the
new
Secretary/Treasurer
of
the
ACL,
assumed
a very
active
role
in
the
preparation
of
the
conference.
In
an
observant
and
insistent
way
she
checked
on
deadlines
and
formats
and
made
sure
that
the
communication
among
the
different
organizers
never
stalled.
I particularly
want
to
express
my
gratitude
to
Joanne
Capstick
for
assisting
me
in
a calm
and
efficient
way
during
all
phases
of
the
preparation
of
the
program
and
of
these
proceedings.
She
did
the
actual
work.
Thorsten
Brants
and
other
members
of
our
local
staff
helped
with
printing
and
formatting.
The
traditional
reviewing
process
of
the
ACL
puts
a heavy
burden
on
the
members
of the
program
committee.
This
year
each
member


Prompt:
This
year
each
member
had
to
read
and
evaluate
up
to
20
papers.
They
performed
this
work
in
a very
careful
and
efficient
manner.
We
followed
the
tradition
of
'blind'
reviewing
which,
although
not
watertight,
had
proved
very
effective
in
previous
years.
The
final
selection
was
made
in
an
intensive
one-day
meeting
in
New
York
City.
I want
the
members
of
the
program
committee
to
know
that
their
enormous
work
is greatly
appreciated
by
all
of
us.
It
was
a great
pleasure
to
work
with
these
delightful
colleagues:
Hans
Uszkoreit
(Universit£t
des
Saarlandes
/ DFKI,
chair),
Eric
Brill
(Johns
Hopkins
University),
Phil
Cohen
(Oregon
Graduate
Institute),
Ido
Dagan
(Bar
Ilan
University),
Mary
Dalrymple
(Xerox
PARC),
Dan
Flickinger
(CSLI
/ Stanford
University),
Ralph
Grishman
(New
York
University),
Eva
Hajicova
(Charles
University),
Bob
Kasper
(Ohio
State
University),
Yuji
Matsumoto
(Nara
Institute
of
Science
and
Technology),
John
Maxwell
(Xerox
PARC),
Marie
Meteer
(BBN
Systems
and
Technologies),


Prompt:
Systems
and
Technologies),
Re-
becca
Passonneau
(Columbia
University),
Fred
Popowich
(Simon
Fraser
University),
Louisa
Sadler
(Uni-
versity
of
Essex),
Stephanie
Seneff
(MIT),
Paul
Smolensky
(Johns
Hopkins
University),
Mark
Steedman
(University
of
Pennsylvania),
Marilyn
Walker
(Mitsubishi
Electrical
Research
Laboratories).
The
program
committee
is very
grateful
to
Ralph
Grishman
and
his
group
at
NYU
for
hosting
the
program
committee
meeting
and
for
providing
excellent
facilities
and
assistance.
The
program
committee
for
the
student
session,
co-chaired
by
Vasileios
Hatzivassiloglou
and
Johanna
Moore,
invested
much
time
and
energy
to
make
this
important
part
of
the
conference
a success.
Before
the
first
call
for
papers
for
ACL
95
was
issued,
the
executive
committee
had
engaged
in
a lengthy
and
very
constructive
discussion
of
the
appropriate
format
for
a session
at
which
student
members
of
ACL
could
present
work
in
progress.
This
discussion
also
involved
program
and
student
program
chairs


Prompt:
and
student
program
chairs
from
this
as
well
as
previous
conferences.
It was
decided
that
a poster
session
would
be
the
best
forum
for
presenting
high-quality
research
not
yet
at
the
state
to
qualify
for
the
main
sessions.
We
feel
that
the
excellent
selection
of
papers
made
by
the
student
program
committee
justifies
this
decision
and
we
hope
that
the
students
will
continue
to
participate
actively
in
our
annual
meetings.
Hans
Uszkoreit,
Program
Chair
Saarbr/icken,
Germany
May,
1995

P R E F A C E
T O
T H E
S T U D E N T
S E S S I O N
P A P E R S
These
proceedings
include
the
extended
abstracts
for
the
poster
presentations
at
the
Student
Session
of
the
33rd
Annual
Meeting
of
the
Association
for
Computational
Linguistics.
The
goal
of
the
Student
Session
is to
provide
a forum
for
student
members
to
present
work
in
progress,
rather
than
completed
work,
and
to
receive
feedback
from
other
members
of
the
computational
linguistics
community,
particularly
senior
researchers.
The
response
to
the


Prompt:
The
response
to
the
ACL
Student
Sessions
held
during
the
previous
years
was
very
positive.
The
student
authors
consistently
report
that
they
find
the
Student
Sessions
valuable,
and
answers
to
questionnaires
filled
out
by
ACL
members
(most
recently
in
1994)
indicate
that
the
audiences
find
the
sessions
interesting
and
of
high
quality.
This
year,
a new
format
has
been
adopted
on
a trial
basis.
Instead
of
brief
ten-minute
presentations
in
parallel
sessions,
student
authors
will
have
the
opportunity
to
present
their
work
in
a special
poster
session,
with
a higher
potential
for
one-on-one
discussions
of
the
details
and
future
directions
of
their
research.
Comments
on
the
success
of
this
experiment
are
actively
sought
from
both
the
student
authors
and
the
ACL
membership
at
large,
to
determine
the
optimal
format
that
the
sessions
should
have
in
the
future.
Forty-eight
papers
were
submitted
to
the
ACL
Student
Session
in
1995,
thus
equalling
the
previous
highest
number
of
submissions,
from


Prompt:
number
of
submissions,
from
1992.
Out
of
these,
we
were
able
to
accept
nineteen
papers,
an
all-time
high.
The
increased
number
of
accepted
papers
is partly
due
to
the
higher
flexibility
offered
by
the
poster
format.
Nevertheless,
we
still
had
to
leave
out
a number
of
interesting
papers.
We
thank
all
the
authors
for
their
submissions,
and
hope
that
the
reviews
encourage
them
in
their
research,
provide
constructive
criticism,
and
introduce
them
to
the
process
of
disseminating
their
work
more
broadly.
We
are
grateful
to
the
reviewers
for
providing
helpful,
detailed
reviews
of
the
submissions
under
a very
tight
time
schedule.
We
thank
the
student
members
of
the
ACL
1995
Student
Session
Program
Committee,
who
helped
plan
the
Student
Session
and
served
as
reviewers:
Jennifer
Chu-Carroll,
University
of
Delaware;
Christy
Doran,
University
of
Pennsylvania;
Philip
Edmonds,
University
of
Toronto;
Mark
Lauer,
Macquarie
University
and
Microsoft
Institute;
Lillian
Lee,
Harvard
University;
Carl
de


Prompt:
Harvard
University;
Carl
de
Marcken,
Massachusetts
Insti-
tute
of
Technology;
Gerrit
Rentier,
Tilburg
University;
Hinrich
Schiitze,
Stanford
University;
Wojciech
Skut,
Universitiit
des
Saarlandes;
Mettina
Veenstra,
University
of
Groningen;
Karen
Ward,
Oregon
Graduate
In-
stitute;
and
R.
Michael
Young,
University
of
Pittsburgh.
Carl
de
Marcken,
in
addition
to
his
duties
as
a
Program
Committee
member,
served
as
liaison
to
the
Local
Arrangements
Committee;
we
thank
Robert
Berwick
(Massachusetts
Institute
of
Technology)
for
his
help
with
these
issues.
We
also
thank
the
non-
student
members
of
the
Student
Session
Program
Committee,
who
provided
reviews
and
their
invaluable
experience
as
senior
researchers:
Susan
Armstrong,
ISSCO;
Nicholas
Asher,
University
of
Texas
at
Austin;
Bob
Carpenter,
Carnegie
Mellon
University;
Alison
Cawsey,
Glascow
University;
Michael
Elhadad,
Ben
Gu-
rion
University;
Marti
Hearst,
Xerox
Pare;
Kevin
Knight,
University
of Southern
California
and
Information


Prompt:
California
and
Information
Sciences
Institute;
K.
Vijay-Shanker,
University
of
Delaware;
Mark
Steedman,
University
of
Pennsylvania;
and
Dekai
Wu,
National
Technical
University
of
Hong
Kong.
In
addition,
we
thank
Chung
Hee
Hwang
( Uni-
versity
of
Rochester),
Judith
Klavans
(Columbia
University),
and
Gertjan
van
Noord
(Alfa-Informatica
and
BCN
Groningen),
who
served
as
specialist
reviewers.
Finally,
we
are
grateful
to
last
year's
Student
Session
chairs,
Beryl
Hoffman
( University
of
Pennsylvania)
and
Rebecca
Passonneau
(C01umbia
University),
as
well
as
to
Philip
Resnik
(Sun
Microsystems),
for
their
advice
and
guidance.
Vasileios
Hatzivassiloglou,
Columbia
University,
and
Johanna
Moore,
University
of
Pittsburgh
Student
Session
Co-Chairs
Peter
Heeman,
University
of
Rochester
Student
Session
Vice-Chair


Prompt:
California
and
Information
Sciences
Institute;
K.
Vijay-Shanker,
University
of
Delaware;
Mark
Steedman,
University
of
Pennsylvania;
and
Dekai
Wu,
National
Technical
University
of
Hong
Kong.
In
addition,
we
thank
Chung
Hee
Hwang
( Uni-
versity
of
Rochester),
Judith
Klavans
(Columbia
University),
and
Gertjan
van
Noord
(Alfa-Informatica
and
BCN
Groningen),
who
served
as
specialist
reviewers.
Finally,
we
are
grateful
to
last
year's
Student
Session
chairs,
Beryl
Hoffman
( University
of
Pennsylvania)
and
Rebecca
Passonneau
(C01umbia
University),
as
well
as
to
Philip
Resnik
(Sun
Microsystems),
for
their
advice
and
guidance.
Vasileios
Hatzivassiloglou,
Columbia
University,
and
Johanna
Moore,
University
of
Pittsburgh
Student
Session
Co-Chairs
Peter
Heeman,
University
of
Rochester
Student
Session
Vice-Chair
xi


Prompt:
P R E F A C E
On
behalf
of
the
Program
Committee
for
ACL96
we
are
pleased
to
present
you
with
this
volume
containing
the
papers
accepted
for
presentation
at
the
34th
Meeting
of
the
Association
for
Computational
Linguistics,
June
23-28,
1996,
at
UCSC,
Santa
Cruz,
California.
This
volume
also
contains
the
papers
that
were
selected
by
the
student
program
committee
for
presentation
at
the
student
poster
session.
We
received
a gratifyingly
large
number
of
papers
(many
of
them
electronically
without
having
to
resort
to
subsequent
hard-copy
backups),
and
of
unusually
high
quality.
This,
of
course,
made
the
program
com-
mittee's
job
that
much
more
difficult
because
of
the
number
of
papers
needing
to
be
read
(25
- 30
each),
but
also
because
of
the
onerous
task
of
having
to
choose
between
many
equally
interesting
and
convincing
papers.
The
encouraging
response
we
had
to
our
request
in
the
call
for
a wider
range
of
papers
also
resulted
in
greater
demands
on
the
reviewing
process,
requiring
an


Prompt:
process,
requiring
an
unusually
wide
range
of
expertise.
The
hard
work
of
the
authors
and
the
committee
have
produced
the
stimulating
document
before
you,
a broad
selection
of
much
of
the
best
work
in
the
field.
Special
praise
goes
to
our
outstanding
invited
speakers,
Mike
Tanenhaus
and
Hiyan
Alshawi,
who
have
begun
a new
precedent
by
including
written
versions
of
their
talks
in
the
proceedings.
We
thank
Johanna
Moore,
the
tutorial
chair,
who
put
together
an
excellent
slate
of
tutorial
instructors:
Alison
Cawsey,
Larry
Fagan,
Bonnie
Webber,
Ido
Dagan,
Eduard
H.
Hovy,
Kevin
Knight,
Alex
Lascarides,
and
Ann
Copestake,
whom
we
also
thank
for
preparing
their
alluring
and
informative
tutorials.
We
are
very
grateful
to
Mettina
Veenstra
and
Christy
Doran,
the
student
session
co-chairs,
who
ably
organized
the
student
poster
session.
In
addition,
we
are
most
appreciative
of
the
exemplary
job
performed
by
Doug
Appelt
and
Geoffrey
Pullum,
the
local
arrangements
co-chairs,
who
have
provided
us


Prompt:
who
have
provided
us
with
our
delightful
"California"
experience.
Our
hard
working
program
committee
and
the
additional
external
reviewers
cannot
be
thanked
too
much
for
the
conscientious
and
painstaking
job
they
performed
in
reviewing
a prodigious
number
of
papers
which
covered
a wide
spectrum
of
topics.
They
are
also
to
be
commended
for
the
professional
judgment
that
they
brought
to
the
program
committee
meeting
in
Philadelphia
which
made
it such
a pleasant
experience.
Their
names,
and
the
names
of
the
student
session
reviewers,
are
listed
on
the
following
page.
In
the
interests
of
including
a somewhat
larger
number
of
clearly
acceptable
papers,
the
committee
decided
to
experiment
with
a new
organization
format,
namely
parallel
sessions.
The
ACL
executive
committee
and
the
next
program
chair
will
be
very
interested
in
your
feedback
on
these
sessions
and
their
organization
as
well
as
on
the
poster
sessions
organized
by
the
students.
We
are
extremely
grateful
to
Trisha
Yannuzzi,
who


Prompt:
to
Trisha
Yannuzzi,
who
is the
one
person
most
responsible
for
handling
the
myriad
tasks
associated
with
the
proceedings
preparation,
including
our
successful
attempt
at
automating
most
of
the
electronic
submissions
process,
the
program
committee
meeting
at
the
University
of
Pennsylvania,
communications
with
authors
and
reviewers,
and
finally
the
submission
of
the
proceedings
itself
to
the
publisher.
She
has
been
very
ably
assisted
by
Susan
Deysher
and
by
Mark-Jason
Dominus,
the
implementer
of
our
automated
submission
handler,
to
whom
we
also
owe
a debt
of
gratitude.
In
addition
we
thank
the
Institute
for
Research
in
Cognitive
Science
and
the
Department
of
of
Computer
and
Information
Science
at
the
University
of
Pennsylvania
for
providing
internal
financial
support
for
both
administrative
and
technical
tasks
related
to
this
conference.
Finally,
we
would
like
to
express
our
gratitude
to
Kathy
McKeown
and
Priscilla
Rasmussen,
who
as
usual
provided
the
consistent
and
efficient
support


Prompt:
and
efficient
support
and
guidance
that
we
have
all
come
to
rely
on,
and
to
the
ACL
Executive
Committee.
Welcome
to
ACL96
at
Santa
Cruz!
Aravind
Joshi
and
Martha
Palmer,
Program
Co-Chairs
May,
1996
University
of
Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia,
PA

ACL96
Program
Committee
members
Anne
Abeill6
(Universit6
Paris
7)
Steve
Abney
(University
of
Tfibingen)
Susan
Armstrong
(ISSCO,
University
of
Geneva)
Madeleine
Bates
(BBN
Systems
&
Technologies)
Sandra
Carberry
(University
of
Delaware)
Claire
Cardie
(CorneU
University)
David
Carter
(SRI
International)
Kenneth
W.
Church
(AT&T
Research)
Ann
Copestake
(CSLI,
Stanford)
Pierre
Isabelle
(CITI,
Montreal)
Kevin
Knight
(USC/Information
Sciences
Institute)
Sadao
Kurohashi
(Kyoto
University)
John
Lafferty
(Carnegie
Mellon
University)
Klans
Netter
(DFKI,
Saarbrficken)
Cdcile
Paris
(University
of
Brighton)
Fernando
Pereira
(AT&T
Research)
Emmanuel
Roche
(Mitsubishi
Electric
Research
Laboratories)
Candy
Sidner
(Lotus
Development
Corporation)
Additional


Prompt:
Corporation)
Additional
Reviewers
Afzal
Ballim
(Swiss
Federal
Institute
of
Technology
at
Lausanne)
Tilmann
Becker
(DFKI,
Sa~rbrficken)
Pierrette
Bouillon
(ISSCO,
University
of
Geneva)
Richard
Crouch
(Defence
Research
Agency,
Malvern,
UK)
Louis
des
Tombe
(University
of
Utrecht)
Greger
Erbach
(DFKI,
Saarbrfcken)
Julia
Hirschberg
(AT&T
Research)
Stephen
Isard
(University
of
Edinburgh)
Walter
Kasper
(DFKI,
Sa~rbrficken)
Bernd
Kiefer
(DFKI,
Saarbrficken)
Steven
Krauwer
(University
of
Utrecht)
Hans-Ulrich
Krieger
(DFKI,
Saarbrficken)
Inn
Lewin
(SRI
International,
Cambridge)
Mitch
Marcus
(University
of
Pennsylvania)
Paola
Merlo
(University
of
Geneva)
Mehryar
Mohri
(AT&T
Research)
Gfinter
Neumann
(DFKI,
Saarbrficken)
Richard
Oerhle
(University
of
Arizona)
Dominique
Petitpierre
(ISSCO,
University
of
Geneva)
Stephen
Pulman
(SRI
International,
Cambridge)
Graham
Russell
(ISSCO,
University
of
Geneva)
Mark
Steedman
(University
of
Pennsylvania)

P R E F A C E
T O
T H E
S T U D E N T
S E S S I O N


Prompt:
S T U D E N T
S E S S I O N
P A P E R S
These
proceedings
include
the
extended
abstracts
for
the
poster
presentations
at
the
Student
Session
of
the
34th
Annual
Meeting
of
the
Association
for
Computational
Linguistics.
The
goal
of
the
Student
Session
is to
provide
a forum
for
student
members
to
present
work
in
progress,
rather
than
completed
work,
and
to
receive
feedback
from
other
members
of
the
computational
linguistics
community,
particularly
senior
researchers.
The
response
to
the
ACL
Student
Sessions
held
during
the
previous
years
was
very
positive.
The
student
authors
consistently
report
that
they
find
the
Student
Sessions
valuable,
and
answers
to
questionnaires
filled
out
by
ACL
members
(most
recently
in
1995)
indicate
that
the
audiences
find
the
sessions
interesting
and
of
high
quality.
Last
year,
a new
format
was
adopted
on
a trial
basis.
Instead
of
brief
ten-minute
presentations
in
parallel
sessions,
student
authors
had
the
opportunity
to
present
their
work
in
a special


Prompt:
their
work
in
a special
poster
session.
Answers
to
questionnaires
indicate
that
this
approach
is
appreciated
by
a majority
of
the
respondents,
although
most
of
the
student
respondents
showed
a preference
for
talks
or
a combination
of
posters
and
talks
over
posters
alone.
This
year,
the
poster
format
will
be
tried
again
and
then
re-evaluated.
Thirty-two
papers
were
submitted
to
the
ACL
Student
Session
in
1996
(as
compared
with
forty-eight
submissions
last
year),
and
we
accepted
fourteen
of
these.
We
thank
all
the
authors
for
their
submissions,
and
hope
that
the
reviews
provide
constructive
criticism
and
encourage
them
in
their
research.
We
thank
all
of
the
reviewers
for
their
detailed
and
often
stimulating
reviews
of
the
submissions.
Student
members
of
the
ACL
1996
Student
Session
Program
Committee:
Johan
Bos,
University
of
the
Saarland;
Lidia
Fraczak,
Universitd
Paris-Sud;
Pamela
Jordan,
University
of
Pittsburgh;
V.
Krp~sundar,
SUNY
at
Buffalo;
Deryle
Lonsdale,
Carnegie
Mellon


Prompt:
Lonsdale,
Carnegie
Mellon
University;
Dragomir
R.
Radev,
Columbia
University;
Stefan
R.iezler,
University
of
Tiibingen;
Eric
Ringger,
University
of
Rochester;
Frank
Schilder,
University
of Edinburgh;
Matthew
Stone,
University
of
Pennsylvania;
Cynthia
A.
Thompson,
University
of
Texas
at
Austin;
Marc
Verhagen,
Brandeis
University;
Karen
Ward,
Oregon
Graduate
Institute;
Cheng-Xiang
Zhai,
Carnegie
Mellon
University.
Non-student
members
of
the
Student
Session
Program
Committee:
Pierrette
Bouillon,
ISSCO/University
of
Geneva;
Miriam
Butt,
University
of
Stuttgart;
John
Carroll,
University
of
Sussex;
Crit
Cremers,
University
of
Leiden;
Bruce
Croft,
University
of
Massachusetts;
Walter
Daelemans,
University
of
Tilburg;
Douglas
Jones,
University
of
Maryland;
Ellen
Riloff,
University
of
Utah;
Giorgio
Satta,
University
of
Padua;
Ed
Stabler,
UCLA;
Leo
Wanner,
University
of
Waterloo.
Last
year's
Student
Session
chairs,
Vasileios
Hatzivassiloglou
and
Peter
Heeman,
were
extremely
generous
with
their


Prompt:
generous
with
their
advice.
Finally,
we
thank
Geoffrey
Pullum
for
his
help
in
finding
an
appropriate
space
for
the
poster
session.
Mettina
Veenstra,
University
of Groningen
Student
Session
Chair
Christine
Doran,
University
of
Pennsylvania
Student
Session
Vice-Chair


Prompt:
generous
with
their
advice.
Finally,
we
thank
Geoffrey
Pullum
for
his
help
in
finding
an
appropriate
space
for
the
poster
session.
Mettina
Veenstra,
University
of Groningen
Student
Session
Chair
Christine
Doran,
University
of
Pennsylvania
Student
Session
Vice-Chair
xSv


Prompt:
Philip
R.
Cohen
Wolfgang
Wahlster
PC
Chairs
Oregon
Graduate
Institute,
USA
DFKI
Saarbriicken,
Germany
Area
Chairs
Elisabeth
Andrd
Eugene
Charniak
Lauri
Karttunen
Donia
Scott
Koenraad
de
Smedt
Anne
Steven
Doug
Susan
Hans-Ulrich
Branimir
Gosse
Ted
Sandra
Kenneth
Ward
Robert
Mary
Giacomo
Gregory
Takao
Lynette
Hitoshi
David
Michael
Ron
Genichiro
Kimmo
Alex
David
Johanna
Renato
Giinter
Hermann
Gertjan
Kemal
James
Owen
Ehud
Uwe
DFKI
Saarbriicken,
Germany
(Uses
of
Language
Processing)
Brown
Univ.,
USA
(Statistical
Language
Processing)
Xerox
PARC,
USA
(Morphology,
Lexicon,
and
Finite
State
Technologies)
Univ.
of
Brighton,
United
Kingdom
(Semantics,
Pragmatics
and
Discourse)
Univ.
of
Bergen,
Norway
(Grammar
and
Formalisms
for
Parsing
and
Tactical
Generation)
PC
Members
Abeille
Abney
Appelt
Armstrong
Block
Boguraev
Bouma
Briscoe
Carberry
Church
Dale
Dalrymple
Ferrari
Grefenstette
Gunji
Hirschman
Iida
Israel
Johnston
Kaplan
Kikui
Koskenniemi
Lascarides
Magerman
Moore
de
Mori
Neumann
Ney
van


Prompt:
de
Mori
Neumann
Ney
van
Noord
Oflazer
Pustejovski
Rambow
Reiter
Reyle
Univ.
of
Paris
7,
France
Univ.
of
Tiibingen,
Germany
SRI
International,
USA
ISSCO,
Switzerland
Siemens,
Germany
Apple
Computer,
USA
Univ.
of
Groningen,
The
Netherlands
Cambridge
Univ.,
United
Kingdom
Univ.
of
Delaware,
USA
AT&T
Research,
USA
Microsoft
Research
Institute,
Australia
Xerox
PARC,
USA
Univ.
of
Turin,
Italy
Rank
Xerox
Research
Centre,
France
Osaka
Univ.,
Japan
Mitre,
USA
ATR
Research
Laboratories,
Japan
SRI
International,
USA
Oregon
Graduate
Institute,
USA
Xerox
PARC,
USA
NTT,
Japan
Univ.
of
Helsinki,
Finland
Univ.
of
Edinburgh,
United
Kingdom
Renaissance
Technologies,
USA
Univ.
of
Pittsburgh,
USA
Univ.
of
Avignon,
France
DFKI
Saarbriicken,
Germany
Aachen
Univ.
of
Technology,
Germany
Univ.
of
Groningen,
The
Netherlands
Bilkent
Univ.,
Turkey
Brandeis
Univ.,
USA
Cogentex,
USA
Univ.
of
Aberdeen,
United
Kingdom
Univ.
of
Stuttgart,
Germany
V

Ellen
Horacio
Mats
David
Patrick
Yves
J6rg
Hinrich
Stuart
Richard


Prompt:
J6rg
Hinrich
Stuart
Richard
Mark
Andreas
Louis
Harald
Marilyn
Leo
Peter
Dekai
Steve
Riloff
Rodriguez
Rooth
Sadek
Saint-Dizier
Schabes
Schlitz
Schiitze
Shieber
Sproat
Steedman
Stolcke
des
Tombe
Trost
Walker
Wanner
Whitelock
Wu
Young
Univ.
of
Utah,
USA
Univ.
Politecnica
de
Catalunya,
Spain
Univ.
of
Stuttgart,
Germany
France
Telecom,
France
Univ.
of
Toulouse,
France
Mitsubishi
Electric
Research
Lab.,
USA
IAI,
Germany
Xerox
PARC,
USA
Harvard
Univ.,
USA
Bell
Laboratories,
USA
Univ.
of
Pennsylvania,
USA
SRI
International,
USA
Univ.
of
Utrecht,
The
Netherlands
Austrian
Research
Institute
for
AI,
Austria
AT&T
Research,
USA
ISI/USC,
USA
Sharp
Labs
of
Europe,
United
Kingdom
Hong
Kong
Univ.
of
Science
and
Technology,
Hong
Kong
Cambridge
Univ.,
United
Kingdom
Additional
Reviewers
Jan
Liliana
Etienne
Tilman
Thomas
Philippe
Thomas
Bob
Jim
Nils
Laurence
Mark
Andreas
Marc
Tim
Mark
Karin
Stephen
Mark
Megumi
Andy
Bill
Esther
Steven
Hans-Ulrich
William
Mark
Alexandersson
Ardissono
Barnard
Becker
Bilgram


Prompt:
Barnard
Becker
Bilgram
Bretier
Briickner
Carpenter
Cowie
Dahlbaeck
Danlos
Davis
Eisele
E1-Beze
Fernando
Gawron
Harbusch
Helmreich
Johnson
Kameyama
Kehler
Keller
KSnig
Krauwer
Krieger
Ladusaw
Lauer
Leonardo
Hector
Vincenzo
Kavi
Elisabeth
Henri
Bernard
Dale
Larry
Stephan
Christine
Mark-Jan
Sergei
Karel
Franck
Stephen
Norbert
Tobias
Christer
Giorgio
Dario
Richmond
H.
Evelyne
Theo
Nigel
Frank
Remi
Lesmo
Levesque
Lombardo
Mahesh
Maier
Meloni
Merialdo
Miller
Moss
Miiller
Nanz
Nederhof
Nirenburg
Oliva
Panaget
Pulman
Reithinger
Ruland
Samuelsson
Satta
Sestero
Thomason
Viegas
Vosse
Ward
Wedekind
Zajac
VI

P R E F A C E
TO
T H E
S T U D E N T
S E S S I O N
P A P E R S
These
proceedings
include
the
extended
abstracts
accepted
for
presentation
at
the
Student
Session
of
the
35th
Annual
Meeting
of
the
Association
for
Computational
Linguistics
and
8th
Conference
of
the
European
Chapter
of
the
Association
for
Computational
Linguistics.
The
goal
of
the
Student
Session
is
to
provide
a forum
for
student


Prompt:
provide
a forum
for
student
members
to
present
work
in
progress,
rather
than
completed
work,
and
to
receive
feedback
from
other
members
of
the
computational
linguistics
community,
particularly
senior
researchers.
The
response
to
the
ACL
Student
Sessions
held
during
the
previous
years
was
very
positive.
The
student
authors
consistently
report
that
they
find
the
Student
Sessions
valuable,
and
answers
to
questionnaires
filled
out
by
ACL
members
(most
recently
in
1995)
indicate
that
the
audiences
find
the
sessions
interesting
and
of
high
quality.
In
previous
years,
the
ACL
Student
Session
had
moved
from
paper
presentations
to
poster
pre-
sentations
while
the
EACL
Student
Session
had
continued
with
paper
presentations.
Although
this
year's
Call
for
Papers
advertised
a Student
poster
session,
the
Program
Co-Chairs
encouraged
us
to
switch
to
paper
presentations.
We
thank
Wolfgang
Wahlster
and
Phil
Cohen
for
this
opportunity
to
have
paper
presentations
once
again.
Forty-two
papers
were


Prompt:
again.
Forty-two
papers
were
submitted
to
the
Student
Session
and
we
accepted
ten
of
these.
We
thank
all
the
authors
for
their
submissions,
and
hope
that
the
reviews
provided
constructive
criticism
and
encouraged
them
in
their
research.
We
also
thank
all
of
the
reviewers
for
the
time
they
spent
doing
careful
reviews
of
the
submissions.
Everyone
was
most
cooperative
and
forgiving
as
we
negotiated
matches
between
reviewers
and
papers.
Student
members
of
the
ACL
1997
Student
Session
Program
Committee:
Paul
Buitelaar
Brandeis
University;
Alastair
Butler
University
of
East
Anglia;
Bekki
Daisuke
University
of
Tokyo.
Mariana
Damova
University
of
Stuttgart;
Eric
Fosler
U.C.
Berkeley;
Rob
Koeling,
University
of
Groningen;
Mark
Lee
University
of
She~eld;
Maria
Milosavljevic
Macquarie
University;
Ted
Pedersen
South-
ern
Methodist
University;
Carolyn
Ros~
Carnegie
Mellon
University;
Bilge
Say
Bilkent
University;
Michael
Schiehlen
University
of
Stuttgart;
Hadar
Shemtov
Stanford
University;
B.


Prompt:
Stanford
University;
B.
Srinivas
Univer-
sity
of
Pennsylvania;
Kjetil
Strand
University
of
Oslo;
David
Tugwell
University
of
Edinburgh;
Peter
Vanderheyden
University
of
Waterloo.
Non-student
members
of
the
Student
Session
Program
Committee:
W.
Scott
Bennett
Logos
Corp.;
Martin
Emele
University
of
Stuttgart;
Ted
Gibson
Massachusetts
Institute
of Technology;
Paola
Merlo
University
of
Geneva;
Marie
Meteer
BBN;
Susan
McRoy
University
of
Wisconsin-Milwaukee;
Massimo
Poesio
University
of
Edinburgh;
Craige
Roberts
Ohio
State
University;
Patrick
Saint-Dizier
Institut
de
Recherche
en
Informatique
Toulouse;
Koichi
Takeda
Tokyo
Research
Laboratory,
IBM
Japan;
and
Gertjan
van
Noord
University
of
Groningen.
We
are
grateful
too
to
those
who
provided
us
with
special
reviews.
The
additional
students
we
wish
to
thank
are:
Kathryn
Baker,
Carnegie
Mellon
University
and
Matthew
Stone,
University
of
Penn-
sylvania.
The
additional
non-student
reviewers
included:
Bianka
Buschbeck,
University
of
Stuttgart;


Prompt:
University
of
Stuttgart;
Nancy
Green,
Carnegie
Mellon
University;
and
Mark-Jan
Nederhof,
University
of
Groningen.
Last
year's
Student
Session
chairs,
Mettina
Veenstra,
University
of
Groningen
and
Christine
Do-
ran,
University
of
Pennsylvania
were
extremely
generous
with
their
advice.
They
provided
us
with
a
timeline
and
other
invaluable
advice
on
how
to
conduct
a student
session.
Finally,
we
wish
to
thank
the
Program
Co-Chairs,
the
ACL
Executive
Committee,
Rich
Thomason
University
of
Pittsburgh
and
Barbara
Di
Eugenio
University
of
Pittsburgh
for
their
general
advice
and
guidance.
Pamela
Jordan,
University
of
Pittsburgh
Johan
Bos,
University
of
the
Saarland
Student
Session
Co-Chairs


Prompt:
University
of
Stuttgart;
Nancy
Green,
Carnegie
Mellon
University;
and
Mark-Jan
Nederhof,
University
of
Groningen.
Last
year's
Student
Session
chairs,
Mettina
Veenstra,
University
of
Groningen
and
Christine
Do-
ran,
University
of
Pennsylvania
were
extremely
generous
with
their
advice.
They
provided
us
with
a
timeline
and
other
invaluable
advice
on
how
to
conduct
a student
session.
Finally,
we
wish
to
thank
the
Program
Co-Chairs,
the
ACL
Executive
Committee,
Rich
Thomason
University
of
Pittsburgh
and
Barbara
Di
Eugenio
University
of
Pittsburgh
for
their
general
advice
and
guidance.
Pamela
Jordan,
University
of
Pittsburgh
Johan
Bos,
University
of
the
Saarland
Student
Session
Co-Chairs
XIII


Prompt:
exercise
would
have
no
point,
and
the
Organizing
Committee
who
helped
the
PC
in
many
ways
right
from
the
start.
Last
but
not
least,
to
all
participants:
please
don't
forget
that,
although
the
written
aspect
of
the
conference
is
very
important,
direct
communication
and
intense
discussion
are
essential.
New
ideas
often
emerge
only
in
such
contexts.
A
third
of
the
time
allotted
to
each
presentation
should
be
used
for
discussions,
and
all
the
time
between
presentations,
i.e.
exactly
50%
of
our
time
in
the
University
of
Montreal!
Christian
Boitet
and
Pete
Whitelock
19
June
1998
Programme
Committee
and
Reviewers
by
Subject
Area
Morphology
and
phonology:
Lauri
Karttunen
(chair),
Evan
Antworth,
Susan
Armstrong,
Ken-
neth
R.
Beesley,
Steven
Bird,
Igor
Boguslavsky,
Key-Sun
Choi,
Mark
EUison,
Dafydd
Gibbon,
Jan
Haji~,
Julia
Hirschberg,
Yang
Huizhong,
Arvi
Hurskainen,
George
Kiraz,
Kimmo
Koskenniemi,
Mark
Liberman,
Kazunori
Muraki,
Kemal
Oflazer,
Richard
Sproat,
Bruce
Tesar,
Dan
Tufts.
Syntax


Prompt:
Tesar,
Dan
Tufts.
Syntax
and
parsing:
Aravind
Joshi
(chair),
Anne
Abeill~,
Steve
Abney,
Srinivas
Bangalore,
Tilman
Becker,
John
Carroll,
David
Carter,
Mike
Collins,
Christy
Doran,
Christophe
Fouquer~,
Karin
Harbusch,
Seth
Kulick,
Mark
Liberman,
Mark-Jan
Nederhof,
Steve
Pulman,
Owen
Rainbow,
Adwait
Ratnaparkhi,
Anoop
Sarkar,
Giorgio
Satta,
Mark
Steedman,
Yuka
Tateisi,
K.
Vijayshanker,
David
Weir.
Semantics,
pragmatics,
cognition:
Eva
Haji~ov~
(chair),
Nicholas
Asher,
Peter
Bosch,
Robin
Cooper,
Robert
Dale,
Mary
Dalrymple,
Elisabet
Engdahl,
Walther
von
Hahn,
Erhard
Hinrichs,
Wolfgang
Hoeppner,
Satoru
Ikehara,
Ferenc
Kiefer,
Sadao
Kurohashi,
Wolfgang
Menzel,
Elena
Paducheva,
Jarmila
Panevov~,
Ellen
F.
Prince,
Donia
Scott,
Petr
Sgall,
Paul
Smolensky,
Bonnie
Webber.
Discourse
and
Dialogue:
Yorick
Wilks
(chair),
Jens
Allwood,
Douglas
E.
Appelt,
Gene
Ball,
Afzal
Ballim,
Sandra
Carberry,
Giinther
GSrz,
Nancy
Green,
Susan
Hailer,
Koiti
Hasida,
Graeme
Hirst,
Eduard
Hovy,
Kristiina
Jokinen,
Ami


Prompt:
Hovy,
Kristiina
Jokinen,
Ami
Kronfeld,
Mark
T.
Maybury,
Kathy
McCoy,
Tony
McEnery,
Johanna
D.
Moore,
Naoyuki
Okada,
Nicholas
Ostler,
C~cile
Paris,
Massimo
Poesio,
Stephen
Pulman,
Allan
Ramsay,
Ehud
Reiter,
David
Sadek,
Akira
Shimazu,
David
R.
Traum,
Wolfgang
Wahlster,
Nigel
Ward,
Janyce
Wiebe,
Sandra
Williams,
Ingrid
Zukerman.
Corpus
processing
and
empirical
methods:
Dekai
Wu
(chair),
Susan
Armstrong,
Eric
Brill,
Claire
Cardie,
Eugene
Charniak,
Hsin-Hsi
Chen,
Key-Sun
Choi,
Ido
Dagan,
Pascale
Fung,
Kok-Wee
Gan,
Vasileios
Hatzivassiloglou,
Kim
Teng
Lua,
Ray
Mooney,
Eric
Ristad,
Harold
Somers,
Ralph
Weischedel,
Paul
Wu,
David
Yarowsky.
Lexical
resources
and
computational
lexicography:
Nicoletta
Calzolari
(chair),
Amedeo
Cappelli,
John
Carroll,
Gregory
Grefenstette,
Eduard
Hovy,
Nancy
Ide,
Kimmo
Koskenniemi,
Bente
Maegaard,
Simonetta
Montemagni,
Antoine
Ogonowski,
Martha
Palmer,
Maria
Teresa
Pazienza,
Vito
Pirrelli,
James
Pustejovsky,
Philip
Resnik.
Computational
paradigms
(symbolic,


Prompt:
paradigms
(symbolic,
stochastic,
neural,
hybrid):
Hozumi
Tanaka
(chair),
John
Carroll,
Keh-Jiann
Chen,
Young
S.
Hail,
Hideki
Hirakawa,
Hidoshi
Iida,
Asanee
Kawtrakul,
Surapant
Meknavin,
Masaaki
Nagata,
Akitoshi
Okumura,
Keh-Yih
Su,
Takenobu
Tokunaga.
Languages,
tools
and
environments
for
lingware
development:
R~mi
Zajac
(chair),
Jan
Amtrup,
Steve
Beale,
Hamish
Cunningham,
Alex
Franz,
Robert
Gaizauskas,
Udo
Hahn,
Doug
Jones,
Koiti
Hasida,
Hans-Ulrich
Krieger,
Yuji
Matsumoto,
Jun-Ichi
Nakamura,
Giinter
Neumann,
Kemal
Oflazer,
Hiroshi
Sano,
JSrg
Schutze,
Tomek
Strzalkowski,
Leo
Wanner.
vi

Form
checking
(spelling,
terminology,
grammar,
style):
Steve
Richardson
(chair),
Arendse
Bernth,
Lisa
Braden-Harder,
Jill
Burstein,
Simon
Corston,
Deborah
Coughlin,
William
Dolan,
George
Heidorn,
Karen
Jensen,
Michael
Jones,
Claudia
Leacock,
Michael
C.
McCord,
Joseph
Penth-
eroudakis,
Yael
Ravin,
LeeAnn
Schwartz,
Frdddrique
Segond,
Lucy
Vanderwende,
Rick
Wojcik.
Summarization,
abstraction,
generation:


Prompt:
abstraction,
generation:
Winf~ied
Lenders
(chair),
Stephan
Busemann,
Tong
Loong
Cheong,
Key-Sun
Choi,
Gnther
Grz,
Karin
Harbusch,
Roland
Hausser,
Eduard
Hovy,
Chu-
Ren
Huang,
Tibor
Kiss,
Gerhard
Knorz,
Rainer
Kuhlen,
Inderjeet
Mani,
Dietmar
RSsner,
Karen
Sparck-Jones,
Manfred
Stede,
Harald
Trost.
Text
and
speech
machine
translation
and
translation
aids:
Jun-lchi
Tsujii
(chair),
Sophia
Ananiadou,
Naoya
Arakawa,
Paul
Bennett,
Bill
Black,
Hans-Ulrich
Block,
Key-Sun
Choi,
Do-
minique
Estival,
Robert
Frederking,
Zhao-Ming
Gao,
Young
S.
Han,
Chu-Ren
Huang,
Dosam
Hwang,
Hitoshi
Iida,
Hitoshi
Isahara,
Alon
Lavie,
Lori
Levin,
Jong-Hyeok
Lee,
Kim-Teng
Lua,
Yuji
Matsumoto,
Teruko
Mitamura,
Masaki
Murata,
Yoshiki
Niwa,
Eric
Nyberg,
Jaeduk
Park,
Hae-Chang
Rim,
Jungyun
Seo,
Harold
Somers,
Koichi
Takeda,
Hideki
Tanaka,
Kiyotaka
Uchimoto,
Takehito
Utsuro,
Eric
M.
Visser,
Jin
Yang,
Akio
Yokoo,
Zaharin
Yusoff,
Min
Zhang.
Multimodal
NLP
(speech
and
dialogue
processing,
integration
of
speech,
text,
ges-


Prompt:
of
speech,
text,
ges-
tures):
Alex
Waibel
(chair),
Lars
Ahrenberg,
E.
Andre,
Veronique
Auberge,
Gerard
Bailly,
Meera
Blattner,
Elizabeth
O.
Bratt,
Jean
Caelen,
NoeUe
Carbonell,
David
N.
Chin,
Phil
Cohen,
John
Dowding,
Laurel
Fais,
Sakaoki
Furui,
Marsal
Gavalda,
Michael
Johnston,
Hasida
Koiti,
Akira
Kurematsu,
John
Lafferty,
Henry
Lieberman,
Jean-Francois
Mari,
Vibhu
O.
Mittal,
Douglas
B.
Moran,
Katashi
Nagao,
Sharon
L.
Oviatt,
Thomas
Polzin,
Takenobu
Takenaga,
Ye-Yi
Wang,
Monika
Woszczyna,
Jie
Yang.
Text
and
speech
information
retrieval
and
categorization,
electronic
libraries:
Sergei
Nirenburg
(chair),
Jamie
CaUan,
Tomek
Strzalkowski,
Jim
Cowie,
Mark
Davis,
Susan
Dumais,
Ted
Dunning,
David
Evans,
Roger
Evans,
Fredric
C.
Gey,
Gregory
Grefenstette,
Alexa
McCray,
Douglas
W.
Oard,
Boyan
Onyshkevych,
Jan
Pedersen,
Ellen
Riloff,
Scott
Waterman.
Large
R
&
D
cooperative
projects:
Antonio
Zampolli
(chair),
Antonietta
Alonge,
Sophia
Ana-
niadou,
Nuria
Bel,
Paul
Buitelaar,
Amedeo
CappeUi,
Maria


Prompt:
Amedeo
CappeUi,
Maria
Gavrilidou,
Steven
Kranwer,
Simonetta
Montemagni,
Antoine
Ogonowski,
Fabio
Pianesi,
Patrick
Saint-Dizier,
Antonio
Sanfilippo.
Validation
and
testing
programmes:
Joseph
Mariani
(chair),
Christophe
d'Alessandro,
Niels
Ole
Bernsen,
Frederic
Bimbot,
Lou
Boves,
Jean
Caelen,
Nick
Campbell,
Jean-Pierre
Chanod,
Lin
L.
Chase,
Khalid
Choukri,
Renato
De
Mori,
Donna
Harman,
Lynette
Hirschman,
Christophe
Jouis,
Candace
Kamm,
Steven
Krauwer,
Lori
Lamel,
Philippe
Langlais,
Guy
Lapalme,
Bente
Maegaard,
Widad
Elhad
Mustafa,
Klaus
Netter,
Patrick
Paroubek,
Louis
C.W.
Pols,
Martin
Rajman,
Paul
Sabatier,
Laurent
Schmitt,
Jan
P.
H.
van
Santen,
Jean
Vdronis,
Rdmi
Zajac.
Small
Scale
Innovative
Research
Projects:
Helmut
Schnelle
(chair),
Peter
Bosch,
Daniel
Flickinger,
Simon
Garrod,
Christopher
Habel,
Megumi
Kameyama,
Marc
Moens,
Manfred
Pinkal,
Ronan
G.
Reilly,
Remko
Scha,
Petr
Sgall.
Others
(contributions
not
falling
in
above
categories):
Eric
Wehrli
(chair),
Marc
Dymet-
man,
Michael


Prompt:
Marc
Dymet-
man,
Michael
Hess,
David
Johnson,
Andras
Kornai,
Paola
Merlo,
Jean-Yves
Morin,
Martin
Rajman,
Anne
Reboul,
Frdddrique
Segond,
Pierre
Zweigenbaum.
Additional
reviewers:
Kudo
Ikuo,
Alain
Lecomte,
Christian
Rdtord,
Noriyoshi
Uratani.
vii

Preface:
Student
Session
Co-Chairs
The
proceedings
of
COLING-ACL'98
wouldn't
be
complete
without
the
extended
abstracts
of
the
students
presenting
their
work
in
four
special
student
sessions.
Unlike
the
regular
papers
presented
in
the
main
session,
students
were
encouraged
to
present
work
in
progress
that
includes
great
ideas
for
future
research.
We
received
46
submissions
from
12
countries.
After
thorough
consideration,
we
accepted
12
of
the
submitted
papers
(or
26%).
Each
submission
was
reviewed
by
at
least
two
student
reviewers
and
two
non-student
reviewers.
We
want
to
thank
the
43
members
of
the
program
committee
for
being
precise
and
fair
in
their
assesments
and
for
making
our
lives
easier
by
returning
all
reviews
on
time.
The
student


Prompt:
reviews
on
time.
The
student
members
of
the
COLING-ACL
1998
Student
Session
Program
Committee
were
Houssem
Assadi,
EDF-DER,
_b~rance;
Amit
Bagga,
Duke
University,
USA;
Sarah
Boyd,
MRI,
Mac-
quarie
University,
Australia;
Joyce
Chai,
Duke
University,
USA;
Bart
de
Boer,
Vrije
Universiteit
Brussel,
Belgium;
Christy
Doran,
University
of
Pennsylvania,
USA;
Mark
Dras,
MRI,
Macquarie
University,
Australia;
Philip
Edmonds,
University
o
Toronto,
Canada;
Daqing
He,
University
of
Edinburgh,
Scotland,
UK;
Pamela
Jordan,
University
of
Pittsburgh,
USA;
Esther
Klabbers,
Tech-
nical
University
Eindhoven,
The
Netherlands;
Nobo
Komagata,
University
of
Pennsylvania,
USA;
Daniel
Loehr,
The
MITRE
Corporation,
USA;
Nuno
Marques,
Universidade
Nova
de
Lisboa,
Por-
tugal;
Maite
Taboada,
Universidad
Complutense
de
Madrid,
Spain;
Mariet
Theune,
IPO,
The
Netherlands;
Laura
Tomokiyo,
Carnegie
Mellon
University,
USA;
Meltem
Turhan,
Middle
East
Technical
University,
Turkey;
Jakub
Zavrel,
Tilburg
University,
The


Prompt:
Tilburg
University,
The
Netherlands.
The
following
were
the
non-student
members
of
the
committee:
Ion
Androutsopoulos,
NCSR
"Demokritos",
Athens,
Greece;
Maria
Aretoulaki,
University
of
Erlangen,
Germany;
Kim
Binsted,
Sony,
Japan;
Ido
Dagan,
Bar-Nan
University,
Israel;
Barbara
Di
Eugenio,
University
of
Pitts-
burgh,
USA;
Mark
Ellison,
University
of
Edinburgh,
Scotland;
Dominique
Estival,
University
of
Melbourne,
Australia;
Eva
Hajicova,
Charles
University,
Czech
Republic;
Steve
Green,
MRI,
Mac-
quarie
University,
Australia;
Dekang
Lin,
University
of
Manitoba,
Canada;
Karen
Lochbaum,
US
WEST
Advanced
Technologies,
USA;
Mehryar
Mohri,
AT~T
Labs
- Research,
USA;
Cecile
Paris,
CSIRO,
Australia;
Scott
Prevost,
FX
Palo
Alto
Laboratory,
Inc,
USA;
Ehud
Reiter,
University
of
Aberdeen,
Scotland;
Ellen
Riloff,
University
of
Utah,
USA;
Eric
Siegel,
Columbia
University,
USA;
Harold
Somers,
UMIST,
Manchester,
UK;
Bangalore
Srinivas,
AT~T
Labs
- Research,
USA;
Evelyne
Tzoukermann,
Bell
Labs,
USA;


Prompt:
Tzoukermann,
Bell
Labs,
USA;
Renata
Vieira,
University
of
Edinburgh,
Scotland;
Marilyn
Walker,
AT~T
Labs
- Research,
USA;
David
Weir,
University
o/
Sussex,
UK;
Dekai
Wu,
Hong
Kong
University
of
Science
and
Technology,
Hong
Kong.
We
want
to
thank
last
year's
organizers:
Pamela
Jordan,
University
of
Pittsburgh,
USA
and
Johan
Bos,
University
o:f
the
Saarland
for
their
help
and
for
providing
us
with
a large
volume
of
supporting
materials
that
made
it possible
to
handle
the
organization
of
this
year's
Student
Session.
Finally,
we
want
to
thank
the
organizers
of
the
main
conference
from
ICCL
and
the
ACL
Executive
Committee,
more
specifically
Pierre
Isabelle,
Christian
Boitet,
Pete
Whitelock,
and
Kathy
McCoy.
Student
Session
Co-Chairs:
Maria
Milosavljevic,
CSIRO,
Australia
Dragomir
R.
Radev,
Columbia
University,
USA


Prompt:
Tzoukermann,
Bell
Labs,
USA;
Renata
Vieira,
University
of
Edinburgh,
Scotland;
Marilyn
Walker,
AT~T
Labs
- Research,
USA;
David
Weir,
University
o/
Sussex,
UK;
Dekai
Wu,
Hong
Kong
University
of
Science
and
Technology,
Hong
Kong.
We
want
to
thank
last
year's
organizers:
Pamela
Jordan,
University
of
Pittsburgh,
USA
and
Johan
Bos,
University
o:f
the
Saarland
for
their
help
and
for
providing
us
with
a large
volume
of
supporting
materials
that
made
it possible
to
handle
the
organization
of
this
year's
Student
Session.
Finally,
we
want
to
thank
the
organizers
of
the
main
conference
from
ICCL
and
the
ACL
Executive
Committee,
more
specifically
Pierre
Isabelle,
Christian
Boitet,
Pete
Whitelock,
and
Kathy
McCoy.
Student
Session
Co-Chairs:
Maria
Milosavljevic,
CSIRO,
Australia
Dragomir
R.
Radev,
Columbia
University,
USA
VIII


Prompt:
PREFACE
TO
THE
STUDENT
SESSION
PAPERS
The
proceedings
of ACL'99
wouldn't
be
complete
without
the
extended
abstracts
of
the
students
presenting
their
work
in
the
special
student
sessions.
Unlike
the
regular
papers
presented
in
the
main
session,
students
were
encouraged
to
present
work
in
progress
that
includes
great
ideas
for
future
research.
We
received
30
submissions
from
12
countries.
After
thorough
consideration,
we
accepted
10
of
the
submitted
papers.
Each
submission
was
reviewed
by
at least
two
student
reviewers
and
one
non-student
reviewer.
We
want
to thank
the
31
members
of the
program
committee
for
being
precise
and
fair
in
their
assessments
and for
making
our
lives
easier
by
returning
all
reviews
on
time.
The
student
members
of
the
ACL
1999
Student
Session
Program
Committee
were:
-
Antonio
Branco,
Universidade
de
Lisboa,
Portugal
-
Hua
Cheng,
University
of
Edinburgh,
Scotland,
UK
-
Jeanne
Fromer,
Massachusetts
Institute
of Technology,
USA
-
Marsal
Gavalda,
Carnegie
Mellon


Prompt:
Gavalda,
Carnegie
Mellon
University,
USA
-
Ulrich
Germann,
ISI,
USA
-
Daqing
He,
University
of
Edinburgh,
Scotland,
UK
-
Sylvia
Knight,
University
of
Cambridge,
UK
-
Yuval
Krymolowski,
Bar-Ilan
University,
Israel
-
Oi
Yee
Kwong,
University
of
Cambridge,
UK
-
Dragomir
Radev,
Columbia
University,
USA
-
James
Shaw,
Columbia
University,
USA
-
Ivelin
Stoianov,
University
of Groningen,
The
Netherlands
-
Scott
Thede,
Purdue
University,
USA
-
Peter
Vanderheyden,
University
of
Waterloo,
Canada
-
Jakub
Zavrel,
Tilburg
University,
The
Netherlands
-
Klaus
Zechner,
Carnegie
Mellon
University,
USA
The
following
were
the
non-student
members
of the
committee:
-
Amit
Bagga,
Duke
University,
USA
-
Roy
Byrd,
IBM,
USA
-
Lauri
Carlson,
University
of
Helsinki,
Finland
-
Christy
Doran,
University
of
Pennsylvania,
USA
-
Mark
Dras,
MRI,
Macquarie
University,
Australia
-
KristiinaJokinen,
ATL
ITR,
Japan
-
Alistair
Knott,
University
of
Edinburgh,
Scotland,
UK
-
Mark
Lewellen,
Georgetown
University,
USA
-
Vera


Prompt:
University,
USA
-
Vera
Lucia
Strube
de
Lima,
Pontificia
Universidade
Cat61ica
do
Rio
Grande
do
Sul,
Brazil
-
Chris
Mellish,
University
of
Edinburgh,
Scotland,
UK
-
John
Nerbonne,
University
of
Groningen,
The
Netherlands
-
Chris
Reed,
Brunel
University,
UK
-
Paul
Schmidt,
Johannes
Gutenberg-University,
Germany
-
Claudia
Soria,
University
of
Pisa,
Italy
-
Manfred
Stede,
Technische
Universit~it
Berlin,
Germany
We
want
to
thank
last
year's
organizers:
Maria
Milosavljevic,
CSIRO,
Australia
and
Dragomir
R.
Radev,
Columbia
University,
USA
for
their
help
and
for
providing
us
with
a large
volume
of supporting
materials
that
made
it
possible
to
handle
the
organization
of this
year's
Student
Session.
Finally,
we
want
to
thank
the
organizers
of the
main
conference
and
the
ACL
Executive
Committee,
more
specifically
Robert
Dale,
Kenneth
Church
and
Kathy
McCoy.
Student
Session
Co-Chairs:
Melanie
Baljko,
University
of Toronto,
Canada Anna
Korhonen,
Univesity
of
Cambridge,
UK
i v

List
of
Reviewers


Prompt:
UK
i v

List
of
Reviewers
Program
Committee:
Nicoletta
Calzolari,
Barbara
Di
Eugenio,
Hwee
Tou
Ng,
C6cile
Paris,
Keh-Yih
Su,
K.
Vijay-Shanker.
Theme
Sessions
Committee:
James
Allan,
Jill
Burstein,
W.
Bruce
Croft,
Laurence
Danlos,
Gregory
Grefenstette,
Jan
Hajic,
Tony
Hartley,
Julia
Hirschberg,
Lynette
Hirschman,
Nancy
Ide,
Douglas
A.
Jones,
Alistair
Knott,
Alon
Lavie,
Claudia
Leacock,
Diane
Litman,
Masaaki
Nagata,
Douglas
Oard,
Boyan
Onyshkevych,
David
Palmer,
C~cile
Paris,
Owen
Rainbow,
Philip
Resnik,
Carolyn
Penstein
Rose,
Hinrich
Schtitze,
Max
Silberztein,
Elke
Teich,
Marilyn
Walker,
Bonnie
Webber, Sandra
Williams.
Reviewers:
Anne
Abeille
(Universit~
de
Paris
7),
Steven
Abney
(AT&T
Labs
- Research),
Jan
Alexandersson
(DFKI),
James
Allan
(University
of
Massachusetts,
Amherst),
Nicholas
Asher
(University
of Texas).
Lisa
Ballesteros
(University
of Massachusetts,
Amherst),
Srinivas
Bangalore
(AT&T
Labs
- Research),
Tilman
Becker
(DFKI),
Nuria
Bel
(University
of
Barcelona),
Javier


Prompt:
of
Barcelona),
Javier
Blanco
(Autonomous
University
of
Barcelona),
Branimir
Boguraev
(IBM
T. J. Watson
Research
Center),
Gosse
Bouma
(Rijksuniversiteit
Groningen),
Michael
Brent
(Johns
Hopkins
University),
Chris
Brew
(University
of
Edinburgh),
Ted
Briscoe
(University
of
Cambridge),
Rebecca
Bruce
(University
of
North
Carolina
at Asheville),
Federica
Busa
(Brandeis
University).
Jamie
Callan
(University
of Massachusetts,
Amherst),
Nick
Campbell
(ATR
Interpreting
Telecommunications
Research
Lab),
Sandee
Carberry
(University
of
Delaware),
Jaime
Carbonell
(Carnegie
Mellon
University),
Claire
Cardie
(Cornell
University),
Jean
Carletta
(University
of
Edinburgh),
Lauri
Carlson
(Helsinki
University),
Rolf
Carlson
(KTH),
Lynn
Carlson,
Bob
Carpenter
(Lucent
Technologies),
John
Carroll
(University
of
Sussex),
David
Carter
(SRI
Cambridge),
Jason
S. Chang
(National
Tsing-Hua
University),
Jing-Shin
Chang
(Behavior
Design
Corporation),
Eugene
Charniak
(Brown
University),
Ciprian
Chelba
(johns
Hopkins


Prompt:
Chelba
(johns
Hopkins
University),
Hsin-Hsi
Chen
(National
Taiwan
University),
Stanley
Chen
(CMU),
Keh-Jiann
Chen
(Academia
Sinica),
Tung-Hui
Chiang
(CCL/ITRI),
Key-Sun
Choi
(KAIST),
Michael
Collins
(AT&T
Labs
- Research),
Mark
Core
(University
of
Rochester),
Stephen
Crain
(University
of Maryland),
Dan
Cristea
(University
A.
I. Cuza
Iasi),
Krzysztof
Czuba
(Carnegie
Mellon
University).
Walter
Daelemans
(Tilburg
University),
Nils
D/ihlback
(Link6ping
University),
Morena
Danieli
(CSELT
(CF/VR)),
Satya
Dharanipragada
(IBM
Watson),
Anne
Dister
(University
of
Liege),
John
Dowding
(SRI).
Jeff
Elman
(UCSD),
Cedrick
Fairon
(University
of Marne-la-Vallee),
Christiane
Fellbaum
(Princeton
University),
Charles
J. Fillmore
(International
Computer
Science
Institute),
Dan
Flickinger
(Stanford
University),
Robert
Frank
(Johns
Hopkins
University),
Norbert
Fuchs
(University
of
Zurich),
Pascale
Fung
(HKUST).
Marsal
Gavaldfi
(Carnegie
Mellon
University),
Laurie
Gerber
(SYSTRAN
Software
Inc.),
Ted
Gibson


Prompt:
Software
Inc.),
Ted
Gibson
(MIT),
Michael
Glass
(IIT),
Andrew
Golding
(MERL),
Nancy
Green
(Carnegie
Mellon
University),
Greg
Grefenstette
(Xerox
Research
Centre
Europe),
Maurice
Gross
(Universit~
de
Paris
7),
Jin
Guo
(Motorola).
Udo
Hahn
(Universitaet
Freiburg),
Masahiko
Haruno
(ATR),
K6iti
Hasida
(ETL),
Marti
Hearst
(UC
Berkeley),
Peter
Heeman
(Oregan
Graduate
Institute),
James
Henderson
(University
of
Exeter),
Donald
Hindle
(AT&T
Labs
-
Research),
Barbora
Hladka
(Charles
University),
Eduard
Hovy
(Information
Sciences
Institute),
Changning
Huang
(Tsinghua
University).
Hitoshi
lida
(Sony),
Pierre
Isabelle
(Xerox
Research
Center
Europe),
Masato
Ishizaki
(Japan
Advanced
Institute
of
Science
and
Technology).
Christian
Jacquemin
(LIMSI),
Ian
Johnson
(Sharp
Laboratories
of
Europe),
Mark
Johnson
(Brown
University),
Kristiina
Jokinen
(ATR),
Douglas
A.
Jones
(Dept.
of
Defense),
Aravind
Joshi
(University
of
Pennsylvania),
Dan
Jurafsky
(University
of
Colorado
Boulder).

Noriko
Kando
(NACSIS),


Prompt:
Noriko
Kando
(NACSIS),
Ronald
Kaplan
(Xerox
Palo
Alto
Research
Center),Jussi
Karlgren
(Helsinki
University
and
SICS),
Michael
Kearns
(AT&T
Labs
- Research),
Andrew
Kehler
(SKI
International),
Richard
Kittredge
(Montreal
University),
Kevin
Knight
(USC/ISI),
Hanae
Koiso
(National
Language
Research
Institute),
Steven
Krauwer
(Utrecht
University),
Sadao
Kurohashi
(Kyoto
University),
Natasha
Kurtonina
(University
of
Pennsylvania).
Lillian
Lee
(Cornell
University),
Geunbae
Lee
(Pohang
University
of
Science
and
Technology),
Mun
Kew
Leong
(Kent
Ridge
Digital
Labs),
Leonardo
Lesmo
(Universita'
di
Torino),
Lori
Levin
(Carnegie
Mellon
University),
David
Lewis
(AT&T
Labs
- Research),
Hang
Li
(NEC
Corporation),
Dekang
Lin
(University
of
Manitoba),
Susann
LuperFoy
(Information
Extraction
and
Transport).
Christopher
Manning
(University
of
Sydney),
Alec
Marantz
(Massachusetts
Institute
of Technology),
Daniel
Marcu
(Information
Sciences
Institute/USC),
Paul
Martin
(Sun
Microsystems
Laboratories),


Prompt:
Microsystems
Laboratories),
Yuji
Matsumoto
(NAIST),
John
Maxwell
(Xerox
Palo
Alto
Research
Center),
David
McGee
(Oregon
Graduate
Institute),
Dan
Melamed
(West
Group),
Paola
Merlo
(University
of
Geneva),
David
Miller
(BBN
Technologies),
Mehryar
Mohri
(AT&T
Labs
- Research),
Johanna
Moore
(University
of
Edinburgh),
Sung
Hyon
Myaeng
(Chungnam
National
University).
Jian-Yun
Nie
(University
of Montreal),
Anton
Nijholt
(University
of Twente),
Sergei
Nirenburg,
Eric
Nyberg
(Carnegie
Mellon
University).
Kemal
Oflazer
(Bilkent
University/NMSU-CRL),
Antoine
Ogonowski
(LexiQuest),
Karel
Oliva
(University
of
the
Saarland).
Martha
Palmer
(University
of
Pennsylvania),
Patrick
Paroubek
(LIMSI),
Jan
Pedersen
(Infoseek
Corporation),
Carol
Peters
(IEI-CNR
Pisa),
Vito
Pirrelli
(ILC-CNR
Pisa),
Massimo
Poesio
(University
of
Edinburgh),
Scott
Prevost
(FX
Palo
Alto
Laboratory),
G~ibor
Pr6sz6ky
(Morphologic,
Inc.),
Stephen
Pulman
(SKI
and
Cambridge
University).
Elisabete
Ranchhod
(University
of
Lisboa),


Prompt:
(University
of
Lisboa),
Victor
Raskin
(Purdue
University),
Adwait
Ratnaparkhi
(IBM),
Manny
Rayner
(SRI
International),
Terry
Regier
(University
of
Chicago),
Norbert
Reithinger
(DFKI
GmbH
Saarbruecken),
Antoinette
Renouf
(University
of
Liverpool),
Ellen
Riloff
(University
of
Utah),
James
Rogers
(University
of
Central
Florida),
Laurent
Romary
(Loria/CNRS),
Mats
Rooth
(University
of
Stuttgart),
Carolyn
Rose
(University
of
Pittsburgh),
Alexandr
Rosen
(Charles
University),
Dan
Roth
(University
of
Illinois
at
Urbana/Champaign),
John
Rotondo
(AT&T
Labs
- Research).
David
Sadek
(CNET/France
Telecom),
Mark
Sanderson
(University
of
Sheffield),
Giorgio
Satta
(Universita'
di
Padova),
Michael
Schultz
(University
of
Pennsylvania),
Stephanie
Seneff
(MIT),
Jean
Senellart
(Universit6
de
Paris
7),
Candace
Sidner
(Lotus
Development
Corporation),
Amit
Singhal
(AT&T
Labs
- Research),
Alan
Smeaton
(Dublin
City
University),
Ronnie
Smith
(East
Carolina
University),
Harold
Somers
(UMIST,
Manchester),
Virach


Prompt:
(UMIST,
Manchester),
Virach
Sornlertlamvanich
(NECTEC),
Michael
Spivey
(Cornell
University),
Richard
W.
Sproat
(AT&T
Labs
- Research),
Bangalore
Srinivas
(AT&T
Labs
- Research),
Ed
Stabler
(UCLA),
Manfred
Stede
(Technical
University
of
Berlin),
Mark
Steedman
(University
of
Edinburgh),
Gees
Stein,
Suzanne
Stevenson
(Rutgers
University),
Matthew
Stone
(Rutgers
University),
Michael
Strube
(University
of
Pennsylvania),
Tomek
Strzalkowski
(General
Electric),
Mao-
Song
Sun
(Tsinghua
University).
Hozumi
Tanaka
(Tokyo
Institute
of Technology),
Jacques
Terken
(IPO
Eindhoven
University
of Technology),
Jun'ichi
Tsujii
(University
of Tokyo).
Juan
Uriagereka,
Enric
Vallduvi
(Universitat
Pompeu
Fabr~i),
Keith
van
Rijsbergen
(Glasgow
University),
Ellen
Voorhees
(NIST),
Atro
Voutilainen
(University
of
Helsinki).
Bonnie
Webber
(University
of
Edinburgh),
Amy
Weinberg
(University
of
Maryland),
David
Weir
(University
of
Sussex),
Janyce
Wiebe
(New
Mexico
State
University),
Mats
Wiren
(Telia
Research),


Prompt:
Mats
Wiren
(Telia
Research),
Richard
Wojcik
(Boeing),
Karsten
Worm
(University
of
the
Saarland),
Dekai
Wu
(HKUST).
Mikio
Yamamoto
(University
of
Tsukuba),
David
Yarowsky,
Daniel
Zeman
(Charles
University),
Teresa
Zollo
(University
of
Rochester).


Prompt:
Mats
Wiren
(Telia
Research),
Richard
Wojcik
(Boeing),
Karsten
Worm
(University
of
the
Saarland),
Dekai
Wu
(HKUST).
Mikio
Yamamoto
(University
of
Tsukuba),
David
Yarowsky,
Daniel
Zeman
(Charles
University),
Teresa
Zollo
(University
of
Rochester).
vi


Prompt:
Organizers
General Conference Chair:
Kevin Knight, University of Southern California, USA
Program Chairs:
Hwee Tou Ng, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Kemal Oflazer, Sabancı University, Turkey
Tutorial Chair:
Stefan Riezler, PARC, USA
Workshop Chair:
Mirella Lapata, University of Edinburgh, UK
Workshop Committee:
Mark Dras, Macquarie University, Australia
Mary Harper, NSF and Purdue University, USA
Dan Klein, University of California, Berkeley, USA
Shuly Winter, University of Haifa, Israel
Demo Chairs:
Masaaki Nagata, ATR Labs, USA
Ted Pedersen, University of Minnesota, USA
Publication Chairs:
Jason Eisner, Johns Hopkins University, USA
Philipp Koehn, University of Edinburgh, UK
Sponsorshop Chair:
Mark Johnson, Brown University, USA
Exhibits and Publicity Chair:
Richard Wicentowski, Swarthmore College, USA
Student Research Workshop:
Regina Barzilay, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
Chris Callison-Burch, University of Edinburgh, UK


Prompt:
University of Edinburgh, UK
Stephen Wan, Macquarie University, Australia
Local Organization Chair:
Dragomir Radev, University of Michigan, USA
Local Organization Committee:
Steve Abney, University of Michigan, USA
Joyce Chai, Michigan State University, USA
vii

San Duanmu, University of Michigan, USA
Kurt Godden, General Motors Research, USA
Rick Lewis, University of Michigan, USA
Keith van der Linden, Calvin College, USA
Acrisio Pires, University of Michigan, USA
Martha Pollack, University of Michigan, USA
Sara Schwartz, University of Michigan, USA
Rich Thomason , University of Michigan, USA
Bill Vlisides, University of Michigan, USA
Conference Webmaster:
James Sweeney, University of Michigan, USA
ACL Executive Committee:
Martha Palmer, ACL president, University of Pennsylvania, USA
Jun’ichi Tsujii, University of Tokyo
Mark Steedman, University of Edinburgh, UK
Kathy McCoy, University of Delaware, USA
Sandee Carberry, University of Delaware, USA


Prompt:
University of Delaware, USA
Johanna Moore, University of Edinburgh, UK
Priscilla Rasmussen, ACL, USA
Annie Zaenen, PARC, USA
Walter Daelemans, University of Antwerp, Belgium
Keh-Yih Su, Behavior Design Corporation, Taiwan
viii

Program Committee
Chairs
Hwee Tou Ng, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Kemal Oflazer, Sabancı University, Turkey
Area Chairs
Michael Collins, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
Marti Hearst, University of California, Berkeley, USA
Hang Li, Microsoft Research, China
Chin-Yew Lin, University of Southern California, USA
Yuji Matsumoto, Nara Institute of Technology, Japan
Diana McCarthy, University of Sussex, UK
Hermann Ney, RWTH Aachen, Germany
Gerald Penn, University of Toronto, Canada
Brian Roark, Oregon Health and Science University, USA
Michael Strube, EML Research, Germany
Program Committee Members
Steve Abney (University of Michigan, USA), Eneko Agirre (University of the Basque Coun-


Prompt:
que Coun-
try, Spain), Yasemin Altun (Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago, USA), Rie Ando (IBM
Research, USA), Chinatsu Aone (SRA International, USA), Masayuki Asahara (NAIST, Japan)
Tim Baldwin (University of Melbourne, Australia), Srinivas Bangalore (AT&T Research, USA),
Regina Barzilay (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA), Dan Bikel (IBM Research, USA),
Jeff Bilmes (University of Washington, USA), Steven Bird (University of Melbourne, Australia),
Johan Bos (University of Edinburgh, UK), Antal van den Bosch (Tilburg University, The Nether-
lands), Thorsten Brants (Google, USA), Chris Brew (Ohio State University, USA), Ted Briscoe
(University of Cambridge, UK), Bill Byrne (University of Cambridge, UK), Donna Byron (Ohio
State University, USA)
Mary Elaine Califf (Illinois State University, USA), Jean Carletta (University of Edinburgh, UK),
Bob Carpenter (Alias-i, USA), John Carroll (University of Sussex, UK), Francisco Casacuberta


Prompt:
UK), Francisco Casacuberta
(Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain), Justine Cassell (Northwestern University, USA),
Nick Cercone (Dalhousie University, Canada), Mauro Cettolo (ITC-IRST, Italy), Eugene Char-
niak (Brown University, USA), Ciprian Chelba (Microsoft Research, USA), Aitao Chen (Ya-
hoo, USA), Hsin-Hsi Chen (National Taiwan University, Taiwan), Stanley Chen (IBM Research,
USA), David Chiang (University of Maryland, USA), Jennifer Chu-Carroll (IBM Research,
USA), Tat-Seng Chua (National University of Singapore, Singapore), Grace Chung (CNRI, USA),
Ken Church (Microsoft Research, USA), Fabio Ciravegna (University of Shefﬁeld, UK), Alexan-
der Clark (University of London, UK), Stephen Clark (University of Oxford, UK), William Co-
hen (Carnegie Mellon University, USA), Mark Craven (University of Wisconsin, USA), Richard
Crouch (PARC, USA), James Curran (University of Sydney, Australia)


Prompt:
Australia)
Jan Daciuk (Gdansk University of Technology, Poland), Walter Daelemans (University of Antwerp,
ix

Belgium), Hal Daum´e III (University of Southern California, USA), Barbara Di Eugenio (Univer-
sity of Illinois at Chicago, USA), Mona Diab (Stanford University, USA), Alexandre Dikovsky
(University of Nantes, France), Bonnie Dorr (University of Maryland, USA)
Phil Edmonds (Sharp Laboratories of Europe Ltd, UK), Jason Eisner (Johns Hopkins University,
USA), Stefan Evert (University of Osnabr¨uck, Germany)
Marcello Federico (ITC-IRST, Italy), Christiane Fellbaum (Princeton University, USA), Radu
Florian (IBM Research, USA), Eric Fosler-Lussier (Ohio State University, USA), George Fos-
ter (NRC Institute for Information Technology, Canada), Dayne Freitag (Carnegie Mellon Uni-
versity, USA), Jun’ichi Fukumoto (Ritsumeikan University, Japan), Pascale Fung (Hong Kong
University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong)


Prompt:
Hong Kong)
Michel Galley (Columbia University, USA), Jianfeng Gao (Microsoft Research, China), Yuqing
Gao (IBM Research, USA), Daniel Gildea (University of Rochester, USA), Jonathan Ginzburg
(King’s College London, UK), Jade Goldstein (Department of Defense, USA), Fernando Gomez
(University of Central Florida, USA), Joshua Goodman (Microsoft Research, USA)
Kadri Hacioglu (University of Colorado, USA), Udo Hahn (University of Freiburg, Germany),
Jan Hajic (Charles University, Czech Republic), Keith Hall (Johns Hopkins University, USA),
Hans van Halteren (Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands), Sanda Harabagiu (Univer-
sity of Texas at Dallas, USA), Marti Hearst (University of California, Berkeley, USA), James
Henderson (University of Edinburgh, UK), Ulf Hermjakob (University of Southern California,
USA), Don Hindle (Primus Knowledge Systems, USA), Graeme Hirst (University of Toronto,
Canada), Julia Hockenmaier (University of Pennsylvania, USA), Eduard Hovy (University of


Prompt:
Eduard Hovy (University of
Southern California, USA), Rebecca Hwa (University of Pittsburgh, USA)
Pierre Isabelle (NRC Institute for Information Technology, Canada), Shun Ishizaki (Keio Uni-
versity, Japan), Hideki Isozaki (NTT Communication Science Laboratories, Japan), Abraham
Ittycheriah (IBM Research, USA)
Gerhard J¨ager (University of Bielefeld, Germany), Nick Jakobi (Algorithmix, UK), Martin Jan-
sche (Columbia University, USA), Mark Johnson (Brown University, USA), Dan Jurafsky (Stan-
ford University, USA)
Laura Kallmeyer (University of Paris 7, France), Min-Yen Kan (National University of Singa-
pore, Singapore), Ron Kaplan (PARC, USA), Lauri Karttunen (PARC, USA), Tsuneaki Kato
(University of Tokyo, Japan), Andrew Kehler (University of California, San Diego, USA), Frank
Keller (University of Edinburgh, UK), Adam Kilgarriff (Lexicography MasterClass Ltd, UK),
Katrin Kirchhoff (University of Washington, USA), Esther Klabbers (Oregon Health and Sci-


Prompt:
and Sci-
ence University, USA), Dietrich Klakow (Saarland University, Germany), Dan Klein (University
of California, Berkeley, USA), Rob Koeling (University of Sussex, UK), Philipp Koehn (Uni-
versity of Edinburgh, UK), Alexander Koller (Saarland University, Germany), Anna Korhonen
(University of Cambridge, UK), Kimmo Koskenniemi (University of Helsinki, Finland), Geert-
Jan Kruijff (Saarland University, Germany), Taku Kudo (NTT, Japan), Jonas Kuhn (University
x

of Texas - Austin, USA), Shankar Kumar (Johns Hopkins University, USA), Sadao Kurohashi
(University of Tokyo, Japan)
Geunbae Lee (POSTECH, South Korea), Jong-Hyeok Lee (POSTECH, South Korea), Gina
Levow (University of Chicago, USA), Roger Levy (Stanford University, USA), Elizabeth Liddy
(Syracuse University, USA), Marc Light (University of Iowa, USA), Dekang Lin (University
of Alberta, Canada), Jimmy Lin (University of Maryland, USA), Diane Litman (University of


Prompt:
Diane Litman (University of
Pittsburgh, USA), Xiaoquiang Luo (IBM Research, USA), Elliott Macklovitch (University of
Montreal, Canada), Bernardo Magnini (ITC-IRST, Italy), Rob Malouf (San Diego State Univer-
sity, USA), Lidia Mangu (IBM Research, USA), Inderjeet Mani (Georgetown University, USA),
Stanford University Manning Chris (USA), Daniel Marcu (University of Southern California,
USA), Jose B. Marino (Technical University of Catalonia, Spain), Yuji Matsumoto (Nara Insti-
tute of Technology, Japan), Andrew McCallum (University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA),
Diana McCarthy (University of Sussex, UK), Kathy McKeown (Columbia University, USA),
Dan Melamed (New York University, USA), Wolfgang Menzel (University of Hamburg, Ger-
many), Paola Merlo (University of Geneva, Switzerland), Detmars Meurers (Ohio State Univer-
sity, USA), Rada Mihalcea (University of North Texas, USA), Marie-France Moens (Catholic


Prompt:
(Catholic
University of Leuven, Belgium), Bob Moore (Microsoft Research, Microsoft), Johanna Moore
(University of Edinburgh, UK)
Masaaki Nagata (NTT, Japan), Preslav Nakov (University of California, Berkeley, USA), Mark-
Jan Nederhof (University of Groningen, The Netherlands), Vincent Ng (University of Texas at
Dallas, USA), Grace Ngai (Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong), Tadashi Nomoto
(National Institute of Japanese Literature, Japan), Gertjan van Noord (University of Groningen,
The Netherlands)
Doug Oard (University of Maryland, USA), Franz Och (Google Research, USA), Miles Osborne
(University of Edinburgh, UK), Mari Ostendorf (University of Washington, USA), Paul Over
(NIST, USA)
Tim Paek (Microsoft Research, USA), Martha Palmer (University of Pennsylvania, USA), Patrick
Pantel (University of Southern California, USA), Kishore Papineni (IBM Research, USA), Seong-
Bae Park (Seoul National University, Korea), Catherine Pelachaud (University of Paris 8, France),


Prompt:
France),
Gerald Penn (University of Toronto, Canada), Fernando Pereira (University of Pennsylvania,
USA), Massimo Poesio (University of Essex, UK), John Prager (IBM Research, USA)
Owen Rambow (Columbia University, USA), Deepak Ravichandran (University of Southern
California, USA), Ehud Reiter (University of Aberdeen, UK), Norbert Reithinger (DFKI, Ger-
many), Giuseppe Riccardi (AT&T Research, USA), Stefan Riezler (PARC, USA), German Rigau
(University of the Basque Country, Spain), Ellen Riloff (University of Utah, USA), Hae-Chang
Rim (Korea University, South Korea), Brian Roark (Oregon Health and Science University,
USA), James Rogers (Earlham College, USA), Mats Rooth (Cornell University, USA), Barbara
Rosario (University of California, Berkeley, USA), Dan Roth (University of Illinois at Urbana-
xi

Champaign, USA), Salim Roukos (IBM Research, USA)
Horacio Saggion (University of Shefﬁeld, UK), Mehran Sahami (Stanford University and Google,


Prompt:
d Google,
USA), Murat Saraclar (Boˇgazic¸i University, Turkey), Anoop Sarkar (Simon Fraser University,
Canada), Yutaka Sasaki (ATR, Japan), Hinrich Sch¨utze (University of Stuttgart, Germany), Ralf
Schlueter (RWTH Aachen, Germany), Sabine Schulte im Walde (Saarland University, Germany),
Donia Scott (Open University, UK), Satoshi Sekine (New York University, USA), Zak Shafran
(Johns Hopkins University, USA), Stuart Shieber (Harvard University, USA), Elizabeth Shriberg
(SRI and ICSI, USA), Candy Sidner (MERL, USA), Khalil Sima’an (University of Amsterdam,
The Netherlands), Karen Sp¨arck Jones (Cambridge University, UK), Richard Sproat (University
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA), Edward Stabler (UCLA, USA), Manfred Stede (Uni-
versity of Potsdam, Germany), Mark Steedman (University of Edinburgh, UK), Mark Stevenson
(University of Shefﬁeld, UK), Suzanne Stevenson (University of Toronto, Canada), Matthew


Prompt:
Canada), Matthew
Stone (Rutgers University, USA), Tomek Strzalkowski (SUNY, Albany, USA), Jian Su (Insti-
tute for Infocomm Research, Singapore), Keh-Yih Su (Behavior Design Corporation, Taiwan),
Eiichiro Sumita (ATR, Japan)
Simone Teufel (Cambridge University, UK), Eric Tjong Kim Sang (University of Antwerp, Bel-
gium), Kentaro Torisawa (Japan Advanced Institute of Science Technology, Japan), Evelyne
Tzoukermann (StreamSage, USA)
Dimitra Vergyri (SRI International, USA), Enrique Vidal (Polytechnic University of Valencia,
Spain), Aline Villavicencio (University of Essex, UK), Stephan Vogel (Carnegie Mellon Univer-
sity, USA), Ellen Voorhees (NIST, USA)
Wen Wang (SRI International, USA), XingLong Wang (University of Sussex, UK), Bonnie Web-
ber (University of Edinburgh, UK), Julie Weeds (University of Sussex, UK), Janyce Wiebe (Uni-
versity of Pittsburgh, USA), Ross Wilkinson (CSIRO, Australia), Shuly Wintner (University of


Prompt:
ersity of
Haifa, Israel), Dekai Wu (Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong)
Peng Xu (Johns Hopkins University, USA)
Christopher Yang (The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong)
Richard Zens (RWTH Aachen, Germany), ChengXiang Zhai (University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign, USA), GuoDong Zhou (Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore)


Prompt:
ersity of
Haifa, Israel), Dekai Wu (Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong)
Peng Xu (Johns Hopkins University, USA)
Christopher Yang (The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong)
Richard Zens (RWTH Aachen, Germany), ChengXiang Zhai (University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign, USA), GuoDong Zhou (Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore)
xii


Prompt:
Organizers
General Chair:
Nicoletta Calzolari, Istituto di Linguistica Computazionale – CNR, Italy
Program Committee Co-Chairs:
Claire Cardie, Cornell University, USA
Pierre Isabelle, National Research Council of Canada, Canada
Tutorials Chair:
Claire Gardent, CNRS/LORIA, France
Workshops Chair:
Suzanne Stevenson, University of Toronto, Canada
Workshops Program Committee:
Ann Copestake, University of Cambridge, UK
Pascale Fung, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
Jamie Henderson, University of Edinburgh, UK
Ingrid Zukerman, Monash University, Australia
Interactive Presentations Chair:
James Curran, University of Sydney, Australia
Publications Chair:
Olivia Kwong, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Sponsorship Chairs:
Steven Krauwer, ELSNET / UiL OTS, The Netherlands
Dominique Estival, Appen Pty Limited, Australia
Exhibits Chair:
Menno van Zaanen, Macquarie University, Australia
Mentoring Service Chair:
Richard Power, The Open University, UK


Prompt:
The Open University, UK
Publicity Chair:
Timothy Baldwin, University of Melbourne, Australia
xvii

Student Research Workshop:
Rebecca Hwa, University of Pittsburgh, USA
Marine Carpuat, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
Kevin Duh, University of Washington, USA
Local Organization Chairs:
Robert Dale, Macquarie University, Australia
C´ecile Paris, CSIRO ICT Centre, Australia
Local Organizing Advisory Committee:
John Debenham, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
Jon Patrick, University of Sydney, Australia
Raymond Wong, University of New South Wales, Australia
Student Volunteers Coordinator:
Priscilla Rasmussen, Association for Computational Linguistics, USA
Conference Webmasters:
Andrew Lampert, CSIRO ICT Centre, Australia
Brett Powley, Macquarie University, Australia
Conference Secretariat Coordinator:
Judy Potter, Well Done Events, Australia
Graphic Design:
Kathie Mason, Macquarie University, Australia
Advisory Committee:


Prompt:
Advisory Committee:
Sandra Carberry, University of Delaware, USA
Eva Hajicova, Charles University, Czech Republic
Aravind K. Joshi, University of Pennsylvania, USA
Martin Kay, Stanford University, USA
Kathleen McCoy, University of Delaware, USA
Martha Palmer, University of Colorado, USA
Priscilla Rasmussen, Association for Computational Linguistics, USA
Benjamin Tsou, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Jun’ichi Tsujii, University of Tokyo, Japan
International Committee on Computational Linguistics (ICCL):
Igor Boguslavsky, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
Christian Boitet, GETA, CLIPS, IMAG, France
Nicoletta Calzolari, Istituto di Linguistica Computazionale – CNR, Italy
Eva Hajicova, Charles University, Czech Republic
Kolbjorn Heggstad
Chu-Ren Huang, Academia Sinica, Taiwan
Pierre Isabelle, National Research Council of Canada, Canada
xviii

Aravind K. Joshi, University of Pennsylvania, USA
Martin Kay, Stanford University, USA
Winfried Lenders, IKS-Universitaet Bonn, Germany


Prompt:
, Germany
Makoto Nagao, Kyoto University, Japan
Sergei Nirenburg, University of Maryland Baltimore County, USA
Helmut Schnelle
Donia Scott, The Open University, UK
Petr Sgall, Charles University, Czech Republic
Hozumi Tanaka, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
Jun’ichi Tsujii, University of Tokyo, Japan
Hans Uszkoreit, DFKI Saarbruecken, Germany
Hiroshi Wada
Yorick Wilks, University of Shefﬁeld, UK
ACL Executive Committee:
Jun’ichi Tsujii, University of Tokyo, Japan
Mark Steedman, University of Edinburgh, UK
Bonnie Dorr, University of Maryland, USA
Kathleen McCoy, University of Delaware, USA
Dragomir Radev, University of Michigan, USA
Martha Palmer, University of Colorado, USA
Sandra Carberry, University of Delaware, USA
Walter Daelemans, University of Antwerp, Belgium
Keh-Yih Su, Behavior Design Corporation, Taiwan
Claire Cardie, Cornell University, USA
xix

xx

Program Committee
Chairs:
Claire Cardie, Cornell University, USA


Prompt:
Cornell University, USA
Pierre Isabelle, National Research Council of Canada, Canada
Area Chairs:
Johan Bos, Universit`a di Roma “La Sapienza”, Italy
Jason Chang, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan
David Chiang, USC Information Sciences Institute, USA
Eva Hajicova, Charles University, Czech Republic
Chu-Ren Huang, Academia Sinica, Taiwan
Martin Kay, Stanford University, USA
Emiel Krahmer, Tilburg University, The Netherlands
Roland Kuhn, National Research Council of Canada, Canada
Lillian Lee, Cornell University, USA
Yuji Matsumoto, Nara Institute of Technology, Japan
Dan Moldovan, University of Texas, USA
Mark-Jan Nederhof, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
Hwee Tou Ng, National University of Singapore, Singapore
John Prager, IBM Watson Research Center, USA
Anoop Sarkar, Simon Fraser University, Canada
Donia Scott, The Open University, UK
Simone Teufel, University of Cambridge, UK
Benjamin Tsou, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong


Prompt:
Hong Kong
ChengXiang Zhai, University of Illinois, USA
Ming Zhou, Microsoft Beijing, China
Program Committee Members:
Anne Abeille, Eugene Agichtein, Eneko Agirre, David Ahn, Lars Ahrenberg, Miguel Alonso
Pardo, Rie Ando, Elisabeth Andre, Galen Andrew, Shlomo Argamon, Masayuki Asahara, Tania
Avgustinova, Necip Fazil Ayan
Srinivas Bangalore, Regina Barzilay, Roberto Basili, Tilman Becker, S M Bendre, Stefano Bertolo,
Pushpak Bhattacharya, Steffen Bickel, Daniel Bikel, Mikhail Bilenko, Philippe Blache, William
Black, Constantinos Boulis, Thorsten Brants, Eric Breck, Sabine Buchholz, Razvan Bunescu, John
Burger, Donna Byron
Chris Callison-Burch, Jaime Carbonell, Xavier Carreras, Vitor Carvalho, Nuria Castell, Frantisek
Cermak, Joyce Chai, Soumen Chakrabarti, Ciprian Chelba, Hsin-Hsi Chen, John Chen, Keh-
Jiann Chen, Kuang-hua Chen, Lee-Feng Chien, Yejin Choi, Tat-Seng Chua, Ken Church, Stephen
Clark, James Clarke, Michael Collins, Matteo Contolini, Koby Crammer, Mathias Creutz, Silviu


Prompt:
Mathias Creutz, Silviu
Cucerzan, James Curran, Krzysztof Czuba
Walter Daelemans, Ido Dagan, Hal Daume III, Renato DeMori, Barbara Di Eugenio, Mona Diab,
Christy Doran, Mark Dras, Amit Dubey, Kevin Duh
Noemie Elhadad, Katrin Erk, Andrea Esuli, Yair Even-Zohar
xxi

Marcello Federico, Christiane Fellbaum, Radu Florian, George Forman, George Foster, Anette
Frank, Robert Frank, Alex Fraser, Dayne Freitag, Sadaoki Furui
Evgeniy Gabrilovich, Jianfeng Gao, Eric Gaussier, Mark Gawron, Ruifang Ge, Efﬁ Georgala,
Mazin Gilbert, Roxana Girju, Oren Glickman, Jade Goldstein, Yifan Gong, Silke Goronzy, Cyril
Goutte, Gregory Grefenstette, Ralph Grishman
Nizar Habash, Udo Hahn, Thomas Hain, Jan Hajic, Keith Hall, Sanda Harabagiu, Mary Harper,
James Henderson, John Henderson, Erhard Hinrichs, Graeme Hirst, Barbora Hladka, Julia Hock-
enmaier, Veronique Hoste, Shu-Kai Hsieh, Fei Huang, Liang Huang
Nancy Ide, Kentaro Inui, Hitoshi Isahara, Hideki Isozaki, Abe Ittycheriah


Prompt:
Abe Ittycheriah
Paul Jacobs, Nathalie Japkowicz, Donghong Ji, Rong Jin, Hongyan Jing, Howard Johnson, Michael
Johnston, Rosie Jones, Jean-Claude Junqua
Kyo Kageura, Laura Kallmeyer, Nanda Kambhatla, Noriko Kando, Boris Katz, Asanee Kawtrakul,
Martin Kay, Frank Keller, Rodger Kibble, Adam Kilgarriff, Tracy Hooloway King, Alexandra
Kinyon, Katrin Kirchhoff, Dan Klein, Kevin Knight, Alistair Knott, Philipp Koehn, Moshe Kop-
pel, Kimmo Koskenniemi, Taku Kudo, Peter Kuehnlein, Jonas Kuhn, Roland Kuhn, Shankar Ku-
mar, Oren Kurland, Sadao Kurohashi, K L Kwok, Olivia Kwong
Tom Lai, Irene Langkilde-Geary, Philippe Langlais, Mirella Lapata, Alex Lascarides, Alberto
Lavelli, Alon Lavie, Victor Lavrenko, Guy Lebanon, Gary (Geunbae) Lee, Jong-Hyeok Lee,
Young-Suk Lee, Oliver Lemon, Alessandro Lenci, Piroska Lendvai, David Lewis, Hang Li, Mu
Li, Xin Li, Liz Liddy, Chin-Yew Lin, Jimmy Lin, Ken Litkowski, Bing Liu, Beth Logan, Marketa
Lopatkova, Adam Lopez, Yajuan Lu, Xiaoqiang Luo


Prompt:
Yajuan Lu, Xiaoqiang Luo
Qing Ma, Bente Maegaard, Milind Mahajan, Steve Maiorano, Rob Malouf, Daniel Marcu, Mitch
Marcus, Katja Markert, Lluis Marquez, Erwin Marsi, Yuji Matsumoto, John Maxwell, Andrew
McCallum, Diana McCarthy, Kathleen McCoy, Ryan McDonald, Dan Melamed, Helen Meng,
Wolfgang Menzel, Paola Merlo, Detmar Meurers, Adam Meyers, Rada Mihalcea, Natasa Milic-
Frayling, Eleni Miltsakaki, Ruslan Mitkov, Mandar Mitra, Vibhu Mittal, Yusuke Miyao, Dunja
Mladenic, Dan Moldovan, Monica Monachini, Christof Monz, Johanna Moore, Alessandro Mos-
chitti, Isabelle Moulinier, Dragos Munteanu, Masaki Murata
Masaaki Nagata, Sobha L Nair, Hiroshi Nakagawa, Satoshi Nakamura, Srini Narayanan, Wuritu
Nashun, Roberto Navigli, Hermann Ney, Vincent Ng, Patrick Nguyen, Nicolas Nicolov, Jian-Yun
Nie, Kamal Nigam, Takashi Ninomiya, Malvina Nissim, Cheng Niu, Zheng-Yu Niu, Joakim Nivre,
Eric Nyberg
Jon Oberlander, Franz Och, Stephan Oepen, Kemal Oﬂazer, Miles Osborne


Prompt:
Kemal Oﬂazer, Miles Osborne
Petr Pajas, Karel Pala, Martha Palmer, Jarmila Panevova, Bo Pang, Patrick Pantel, Fuchun Peng,
Gerald Penn, Vladimqr Petkevic, Fabio Pianesi, Paul Piwek, Massimo Poesio, Patrice Pognan,
Ana-Maria Popescu, Andrei Popescu-Belis, Richard Power, Sameer Pradhan, John Prange, Rashmi
Prasad, Detlef Prescher, Laurent Prevot, Katharina Probst, Gabor Proszeky, Josef Psutka
Yan Qu
Owen Rambow, Alan Ramsay, Philip Resnik, Stefan Riezler, German Rigau, Hae-Chang Rim,
Brian Roark, Rick Rose, Alex Rudnicky, Pavel Rychly
Carl Sable, Louisa Sadler, Kenji Sagae, Antonio Sanﬁlippo, Rajeev Sangal, Sunita Sarawagi, Gior-
gio Satta, Michael Schiehlen, Frank Schilder, Helmut Schmid, Hinrich Schuetze, Tanja Schultz,
Holger Schwenk, Donia Scott, Jiri Semecky, Petr Sgall, Fei Sha, Vijay Shanker, Dipti M Sharma,
xxii

Libin Shen, Xiaodong Shi, Atsushi Shimojima, Luo Si, Advaith Siddharthan, Khalil Simaan,


Prompt:
Khalil Simaan,
Man-Hung Siu, David Smith, Noah Smith, Harold Somers, Virach Sornlertlamvanich, Karen
Sparck-Jones, Rohini Srihari, Manfred Stede, Mark Steedman, Amanda Stent, Suzanne Steven-
son, Matthew Stone, Veselin Stoyanov, Carlo Strapparava, Tomek Strzalkowski, Jian Su, Keh-Yih
Su, Maosong Sun, Mihai Surdeanu, Jun Suzuki, Marc Swerts
Hiroya Takamura, Marta Tatu, Thanaruk Theeramunkong, Mariet Theune, Christoph Tillmann,
Takenobu Tokunaga, Andrew Tomkins, Kristina Toutanova, David Traum, Huihsin Tseng, Ben-
jamin Tsou, Dan Tuﬁs, Peter Turney
Kiyotaka Uchimoto, Nicola Uefﬁng, Takehito Utsuro
Antal van den Bosch, Josef van Genabith, Gertjan van Noord, Lucy Vanderwende, Hans vanHal-
teren, Ashish Venugopal, Peter Veprek, Stephan Vogel, Piek Vossen
Marilyn Walker, Shaojun Wang, Wei Wang, Xiaolong Wang, Ye-Yi Wang, Andy Way, Bonnie
Webber, David Weir, Michael White, Ed Whittaker, Richard Wicentowski, Jan Wiebe, Yorick


Prompt:
Jan Wiebe, Yorick
Wilks, Theresa Wilson, Shuly Wintner, Dekai Wu, Xiaoyuan Wu, Yunfang Wu
Fei Xia, Peng Xu
Z Zabokrtsky, Fabio Massimo Zanzotto, Daniel Zeman, Richard Zens, Hao Zhang, Tong Zhang,
Yi Zhang, Ying Zhang, GuoDong Zhou, Jingbo Zhu, Imed Zitouni


Prompt:
Jan Wiebe, Yorick
Wilks, Theresa Wilson, Shuly Wintner, Dekai Wu, Xiaoyuan Wu, Yunfang Wu
Fei Xia, Peng Xu
Z Zabokrtsky, Fabio Massimo Zanzotto, Daniel Zeman, Richard Zens, Hao Zhang, Tong Zhang,
Yi Zhang, Ying Zhang, GuoDong Zhou, Jingbo Zhu, Imed Zitouni
xxiii


Prompt:
Organizers
General Chair:
John Carroll, University of Sussex, UK
Local Arrangements Chair:
Eva Hajicova, Charles University, Czech Republic
Program Chairs:
Antal van den Bosch, Tilburg University, The Netherlands
Annie Zaenen, Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), USA
Student Research Workshop:
Violeta Seretan, University of Geneva, Switzerland
Chris Biemann, University of Leipzig, Germany
Ellen Riloff (Faculty Advisor), University of Utah, USA
Workshop Chair:
Simone Teufel, University of Cambridge, UK
Tutorial Chair:
Joakim Nivre, V¨axj¨o University, Sweden
Demo/Poster Chair:
Sophia Ananiadou, The University of Manchester, UK
Exhibits Chairs:
Jaroslava Hlavacova, Charles University, Czech Republic
Pavel Pecina, Charles University, Czech Republic
Sponsorship Chairs:
Martha Palmer, University of Colorado, USA
Gabor Proszeky, Morphologic, Hungary
Jan Hajic, Charles University, Czech Republic
Jun’ichi Tsujii, University of Tokyo, Japan
xix

Publicity Chairs:


Prompt:
xix

Publicity Chairs:
Pavel Stranak, Charles University, Czech Republic
Jiri Mirovsky, Charles University, Czech Republic
Publication Chair:
Su Jian, Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), Singapore
Mentoring Service:
Florence Reeder, The MITRE Corporation, USA
Student Volunteers:
Marketa Lopatkova, Charles University, Czech Republic
Webmasters:
Zlatka Subrova, Czech Republic
Juraj Simlovic, Czech Republic
Secretariat:
Anna Kotesovcova, Charles University, Czech Republic
Registration:
Priscilla Rasmussen, Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)
ACL Executive Committee:
Mark Steedman, University of Edinburgh, UK
Bonnie Dorr, University of Maryland, USA
Steven Bird, University of Melbourne, Australia
Jun’ichi Tsujii, The University of Tokyo, Japan
Kathleen F. McCoy, University of Delaware, USA
Dragomir R. Radev, University of Michigan, USA
Owen Rambow, Columbia University, USA
Alex Lascarides, University of Edinburgh, UK
Keh-Yih Su, Behavior Design Corporation, Taiwan


Prompt:
n, Taiwan
Claire Cardie, Cornell University, USA
Nicoletta Calzolari, Istituto di Linguistica Computazionale del CNR, Italy
xx

Program Committee
Program Chairs:
Antal van den Bosch, Tilburg University, The Netherlands
Annie Zaenen, Palo Alto Research Center, USA
Area Chairs:
Tim Baldwin, University of Melbourne, Australia
Kees van Deemter, University of Aberdeen, UK
Barbara Di Eugenio, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
Josef van Genabith, Dublin City University, Ireland
Claire Grover, University of Edinburgh, UK
Diana McCarthy, University of Sussex, UK
Dan Roth, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
Richard Sproat, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
Marc Swerts, Tilburg University, The Netherlands
Andy Way, Dublin City University, Ireland
Program Committee Members:
Takeshi Abekawa, Eneko Agirre, Gregory Aist, Cyril Allauzen, Elisabeth Andr´e, Shlomo Arga-
mon, Ron Artstein,


Prompt:
mon, Ron Artstein,
Collin Baker, Srinivas Bangalore, Colin Bannard, Regina Barzilay, Roberto Basili, John Bate-
man, Kenneth Beesley, Anja Belz, Slaven Bilac, Steven Bird, Guido Boella, Francis Bond, Kalina
Bontcheva, Johan Bos, Gosse Bouma, Susan Brennan, Chris Brew, Ted Briscoe, Ralf Brown, Paul
Buitelaar, Razvan Bunescu, Harry Bunt,
Aoife Cahill, Janet Cahn, Mary Elaine Califf, Charles Callaway, Chris Callison-Burch, Nicoletta
Calzolari, Giuseppe Carenini, Michael Carl, Jean Carletta, Xavier Carreras, Justine Cassell, Joyce
Chai, Jing-Shin Chang, Ming-Wei Chang, Jinying Chen, Keh-Jiann Chen, Colin Cherry, David
Chiang, Grzegorz Chrupala, Jennifer Chu-Carroll, Ilyas Cicekli, Philipp Cimiano, Stephen Clark,
Michael Collins, Michael Connor, Mark Core, Mathias Creutz, James Curran,
Walter Daelemans, Ido Dagan, Hercules Dalianis, Hal Daume, Eric de la Clergerie, Maarten de
Rijke, Barbara Di Eugenio, Mona Diab, Gael Diaz, Bonnie Dorr, Laila Dybkjær,


Prompt:
Bonnie Dorr, Laila Dybkjær,
Jason Eisner, Noemie Elhadad, Katrin Erk, Dominique Estival, Stefan Evert,
xxi

David Farwell, Afsaneh Fazly, Marcello Federico, Katja Filippova, Kate Forbes Riley, Mikel For-
cada, George Foster, Mary Ellen Foster, Anette Frank, Reva Freedman, Guohong Fu, Pascale Fung,
Rob Gaizauskas, Jianfeng Gao, Kallirroi Georgila, Daniel Gildea, Roxana Girju, Alﬁo Gliozzo,
Sharon Goldwater, Fernando Gomez, Nancy Green, Mark Greenwood, Ralph Grishman, Declan
Groves,
Nizar Habash, Keith Hall, Susan Haller, Sanda Harabagiu, Henk Harkema, Tony Hartley, Sven
Hartrumpf, Mary Hearne, Marti Hearst, Peter Heeman, James Henderson, Mark Hepple, Ryuichiro
Higashinaka, Julia Hirschberg, Graeme Hirst, Barbora Hladka, Julia Hockenmaier, Deirdre Hogan,
Baden Hughes,
Diana Inkpen, Kentaro Inui,
Martin Jansche, Valentin Jijkoun, Mark Johnson, Kristiina Jokinen, Pamela Jordan,
Laura Kallmeyer, Stephan Kanthak, Vangelis Karkaletsis, Daisuke Kawahara, John Kelleher, Frank


Prompt:
John Kelleher, Frank
Keller, Andre Kempe, Rodger Kibble, Adam Kilgarriff, Tracy King, Ewan Klein, Alexandre Kle-
mentiev, Kevin Knight, Alistair Knott, Philipp Koehn, Rob Koeling, Alexander Koller, Grzegorz
Kondrak, Moshe Koppel, Valia Kordoni, Anna Korhonen, Emiel Krahmer, Sandra Kuebler, Jonas
Kuhn, Sadao Kurohashi,
Philippe Langlais, Guy Lapalme, Mirella Lapata, Staffan Larsson, Alberto Lavelli, Alon Lavie, Lil-
lian Lee, Jochen Leidner, Oliver Lemon, Yves Lepage, Leonardo Lesmo, Gina Levow, Ian Lewin,
William Lewis, Mu Li, Dekang Lin, Jimmy Lin, Diane Litman, Ting Liu, Saturnino Luz,
Bernardo Magnini, Gideon Mann, Chris Manning, Daniel Marcu, Katja Markert, Lluis Marquez,
Erwin Marsi, David Martinez, Carlos Martin-Vide, Evgeny Matusov, John Maxwell, Mike Maxwell,
Diana Maynard, Andrew McCallum, Ryan McDonald, Kathy McKeown, Susan McRoy, Mike
McTear, Dan Melamed, Chris Mellish, Arul Menezes, Helen Meng, Paola Merlo, Detmar Meur-


Prompt:
Paola Merlo, Detmar Meur-
ers, Rada Mihalcea, Maria Milosavljevic, Eleni Miltsakaki, David Milward, Yusuke Miyao, Dan
Moldovan, Diego Molla, Raymond Mooney, Roger Moore, Alessandro Moschitti, Karin Mueller,
Reinhard Muskens,
Hiroshi Nakagawa, Hiromi Nakaiwa, Roberto Navigli, Mark-Jan Nederhof, Goran Nenadic, John
Nerbonne, Hwee Tou Ng, Vincent Ng, Jian-Yun Nie, Malvina Nissim, Joakim Nivre, David Novick,
Jon Oberlander, Franz Och, Stephan Oepen, Kemal Oﬂazer, Ian O’Neill, Miles Osborne, Mari
Ostendorf,
Tim Paek, Martha Palmer, Patrick Pantel, Ivandre Paraboni, Becky Passonneau, Michael Paul,
Fernando Pereira, Scott Piao, Manfred Pinkal, Paul Piwek, Massimo Poesio, Joe Polifroni, Richard
Power, John Prager, Stephen Pulman, Vasin Punyakanok,
Chris Quirk,
xxii

Reinhard Rapp, Lev Ratinov, Ehud Reiter, Martin Reynaert, Stefan Riezler, German Rigau, Ellen
Riloff, Brian Roark, Laurent Romary,
Bogdan Sacaleanu, Horacio Saggion, Anna Sagvall Hein, Mark Sanderson, Anoop Sarkar, Avik


Prompt:
Anoop Sarkar, Avik
Sarkar, Helmut Schmid, Gerold Schneider, Patrick Schone, Hinrich Schuetze, Sabine Schulte im
Walde, Satoshi Sekine, Stephanie Seneff, Izhak Shafran, Advaith Siddharthan, Khalil Simaan,
Kevin Small, Noah A. Smith, Harold Somers, Virach Sornlertlamvanich, Manfred Stede, Mark
Steedman, Amanda Stent, Mark Stevenson, Carlo Strapparava, Oliver Streiter, Nicolas Stroppa,
Michael Strube, Jian Su, Rajen Subba, Stan Szpakowicz,
Maite Taboada, Hiroya Takamura, Kumiko Tanaka-Ishii, Louis ten Bosch, Joel Tetreault, Simone
Teufel, Mariet Theune, Joerg Tiedemann, Takenobu Tokunaga, Kristina Toutanova, Isabel Tran-
coso, Richard Tsai, Gokhan Tur,
Nicola Uefﬁng, Nathan Vaillette, Gertjan van Noord, Menno van Zaanen, Sebastian Varges, Paola
Velardi, Renata Vieira, Begona Villada Moiron, Carl Vogel, Stephan Vogel, Piek Vossen,
Marilyn Walker, Haifeng Wang, Xinglong Wang, Bonnie Webber, David Weir, Ben Wellner, Richard


Prompt:
Ben Wellner, Richard
Wicentowski, Janyce Wiebe, Ross Wilkinson, Yorick Wilks, Theresa Wilson, Shuly Wintner, Dekai
Wu,
Fei Xia, Nianwen Xue, Endong Xun,
Muyun Yang, Scott Wen-tau Yih, Anssi Yli-Jyr¨a,
Dmitry Zelenko, Richard Zens, ChengXiang Zhai, Min Zhang, Tong Zhang, Guodong Zhou


Prompt:
Ben Wellner, Richard
Wicentowski, Janyce Wiebe, Ross Wilkinson, Yorick Wilks, Theresa Wilson, Shuly Wintner, Dekai
Wu,
Fei Xia, Nianwen Xue, Endong Xun,
Muyun Yang, Scott Wen-tau Yih, Anssi Yli-Jyr¨a,
Dmitry Zelenko, Richard Zens, ChengXiang Zhai, Min Zhang, Tong Zhang, Guodong Zhou
xxiii


Prompt:
Organizers
General Chair:
Kathleen McKeown, Columbia University, USA
Local Arrangements Chair:
Chris Brew, The Ohio State University, USA
Program Chairs:
Johanna Moore (Natural Language Processing), University of Edinburgh, UK
Simone Teufel (Natural Language Processing), University of Cambridge, UK
James Allan (Information Retrieval), University of Massachusetts, USA
Sadaoki Furui (Speech), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
Student Research Workshop:
Ebru Arisoy (Speech co-chair), Bogazici University, Turkey
Wolfgang Maier (Natural Language Processing co-chair), University of Tuebingen, Germany
Keisuke Inoue (Information Retrieval co-chair), Syracuse University, USA
Janyce Wiebe (Faculty Advisor), University of Pittsburgh, USA
Workshop Chair:
Ming Zhou, Microsoft Research China, China
Tutorial Chairs:
Ani Nenkova (Coordinator), University of Pennsylvania, USA
Marilyn Walker, University of Shefﬁeld, UK
Eugene Agichtein, Emory University, USA
Demo Chair:


Prompt:
Demo Chair:
Jimmy Lin, University of Maryland, USA
Sponsorship Chairs:
Inderjeet Mani, Mitre Corporation, USA
Josef van Genabith, Dublin City University, Ireland
Michael White, The Ohio State University, USA
xv

Publications Chairs:
Joakim Nivre, V¨axj¨o University and Uppsala University, Sweden
Noah Smith, Carnegie Mellon University, USA
Publicity Chairs:
Hal Daum´e III, University of Utah, USA
Eric Fosler-Lussier, The Ohio State University, USA
Diane Kelly, University of North Carolina, USA
Student Volunteers:
Ilana Bromberg (Volunteer co-ordinator)
Crystal Nakatsu (Accomodation requests)
Dominic Espinosa (Conference booklet)
Webmaster:
DJ Hovermale, The Ohio State University, USA
Publications Committee:
Marco Kuhlmann, Uppsala University, Sweden
Carol Sisson, Carnegie Mellon University, USA
Filip Salomonsson, Uppsala University, Sweden
Registration:
Priscilla Rasmussen, Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)
ACL Coordinating Committee:


Prompt:
ACL Coordinating Committee:
Nicoletta Calzolari, Universit´a di Pisa Cantara, Italy
Jennifer Chu-Carroll, IBM, USA
Graeme Hirst, University of Toronto, Canada
Chris Manning, Stanford University, USA
Kathleen McCoy, University of Delaware, US
Dragomir Radev, University of Michigan, USA
Owen Rambow, Columbia University, USA
Priscilla Rasmussen, Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)
Mark Steedman, The University of Edinburgh, UK
Suzanne Stevenson, University of Toronto, Canada
xvi

Program Committee
Program Chairs:
Johanna D. Moore, University of Edinburgh (UK)
Simone Teufel, Cambridge University (UK)
James Allan, University of Massachusetts Amherst (USA)
Sadaoki Furui, Tokyo Institute of Technology (Japan)
Area Chairs:
Jason Baldridge, University of Texas at Austin (USA)
Regina Barzilay, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (USA)
Pushpak Bhattacharayya, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (India)
David Carmel, IBM Research (Israel)


Prompt:
IBM Research (Israel)
David Chiang, USC/Information Sciences Institute (USA)
Steve Clark, Oxford University (UK)
Hal Daum´e III, University of Utah (USA)
Dina Demner-Fushman, National Library of Medicine (USA)
Li Deng, Microsoft Research (USA)
Mark Dras, Macquarie University (Australia)
Pascale Fung, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (China)
Daniel Gildea, University of Rochester (USA)
John Hansen, University of Texas at Dallas (USA)
Daniel Hardt, Copenhagen Business School (Denmark)
Masato Ishizaki, University of Tokyo (Japan)
Michael Johnston, AT&T Labs Reserach (USA)
Min-Yen Kan, National University of Singapore (Singapore)
Noriko Kando, National Institute of Informatics (Japan)
Emiel Krahmer, Tilburg University (Netherlands)
Elizabeth Liddy, Syracuse University (USA)
Chin-Yew Lin, Microsoft Research Asia (China)
Andrew McCallum, University of Massachusetts Amherst (USA)
Katja Markert, University of Leeds (UK)


Prompt:
University of Leeds (UK)
Llu´ıs M`arquez, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya (Spain)
Raymond Mooney, University of Texas at Austin (USA)
Rashmi Prasad, University of Pennsylvania (USA)
Helmut Schmid, University of Stuttgart (Germany)
Sabine Schulte im Walde, University of Stuttgart (Germany)
Rohini Srihari, University of Buffalo (USA)
Manfred Stede, Potsdam University (Germany)
Keiichi Tokuda, Nagoya Institute of Technology (Japan)
Taro Watanabe, NTT Communication Science Laboratories (Japan)
Janyce Wiebe, University of Pittsburgh (USA)
David Weir, Sussex University (UK)
xvii

Program Committee Members:
Doug Appelt, Steven Abney, Meni Adler, Stergos Afantenos, Eugene Agichtein, Eneko Agirre,
Lars Ahrenberg, Salah Ait-Mokhtar, Ahmet Aker, Jan Alexandersson, Afra Alishahi, Yasemin
Altun, Sophia Ananiadou, Galen Andrew, Masahiro Araki, Masayuki Asahara, Nicholas Asher,
Michaela Atterer, Necip Fazil Ayan


Prompt:
Necip Fazil Ayan
Timothy Baldwin, Srinivas Bangalore, Michele Banko, Colin Bannard, Roy Bar-Haim, Marco
Baroni, Roberto Basili, John Bateman, Johnathan Baxter, Tilman Becker, Ron Bekkerman, Anja
Belz, Jos´e Bened´ı, Paul Bennett, Sabine Bergler, Kay Berkling, Yves Bestgen, Rahul Bhagat,
Indrajit Bhattacharya, Tanmay Bhattacharya, Pushpak Bhattacharyya, Chris Biemann, Dan
Bikel, Mikhail Bilenko, Jeff Bilmes, Philippe Blache, Patrick Blackburn, Sasha
Blair-Goldensohn, David Blei, John Blitzer, Phil Blunsom, Gemma Boleda, Johan Bos, Pierre
Boullier, Karl Branting, Thorsten Brants, Eric Breck, Chris Brew, Ted Briscoe, Chris Brockett,
Ralf Brown, Paul Buitelaar, Razvan Bunescu, Harry Bunt, Stephan Busemann, Donna Byron
Aoife Cahill, Charles Callaway, Chris Callison-Burch, Nicoletta Calzolari, Nick Campbell,
Yunbo Cao, Sandra Carberry, Giuseppe Carenini, Jean Carletta, David Carmel, Xavier Carreras,
John Carroll, Francisco Casacuberta, Justine Cassell, Lawrence Cavedon, Suleyman Cetintas,


Prompt:
Suleyman Cetintas,
Yee Seng Chan, Raman Chandrasekar, Jason Chang, Eugene Charniak, Wanxiang Che, Ciprian
Chelba, Hsin-Hsi Chen, John Chen, Colin Cherry, David Chiang, Christian Chiarcos, Yejin
Choi, Min Chu, Tat-Seng Chua, Jennifer Chu-Carroll, Ken Church, Massimiliano Ciaramita,
Philip Cimiano, Ariel Cohen, Trevor Cohn, Michael Collins, Alistair Conkie, John Conroy,
Robin Cooper, Bonaventura Coppola, Mark Core, Marta Costa-juss´a, Koby Crammer, Mark
Craven, Josep Crego, Silviu Cucerzan, Hang Cui, Aron Culotta, James Curran
Walter Daelemans, Ido Dagan, Robert Dale, Hoa Dang, Hal Daum´e III, Eric de la Clergerie,
Maarten de Rijke, Vera Demberg, Dina Demner-Fushman, Yasuharu Den, Steve DeNeefe, John
DeNero, Li Deng, Yonggang Deng, Ann Devitt, Barbara di Eugenio, Mona Diab, Fernando
Diaz, Anne Diekema, Giuseppe DiFabbrizio, Kohji Dohsaka, Bill Dolan, Bonnie Dorr, John
Dowding, Mark Dras, Mark Dredze, Gregory Druck, Amit Dubey, Kevin Duh


Prompt:
Amit Dubey, Kevin Duh
Phil Edmonds, Markus Egg, Patrick Ehlen, Andreas Eisele, Jacob Eisenstein, Michael Elhadad,
Micha Elsner, Katrin Erk, Gunes Erkan, David Evans, Stefan Evert
Yi Fang, Afsaneh Fazly, Ronen Feldman, Christiane Fellbaum, Raul Fernandez, Elena Filatova,
Jenny Finkel, Michael Fleischman, Dan Flickinger, Radu Florian, Katherine Forbes, Eric
Fosler-Lussier, Frederik Fouvry, Nissim Francez, Robert Frank, Alex Fraser, Bob Frederking,
Marjorie Freedman, Dayne Freitag, Junichi Fukumoto
Evgeniy Gabrilovich, Robert Gaizauskas, Michael Gamon, Sudeep Gandhe, Yuqing Gao, Claire
Gardent, Ulrich Germann, Roxana Girju, Natalie Glance, Oren Glickman, Amir Globerson,
Yoav Goldberg, Ayelet Goldstein, Jade Goldstein, Sharon Goldwater, Gregory Grefenstette,
Thomas Grifﬁths, Ralph Grishman, Iryna Gurevych, Joakim Gustafson
Stephanie Haas, Nizar Habash, Aria Haghighi, Tom Hain, Dilek Hakkani-Tur, Keith Hall, Sanda


Prompt:
Keith Hall, Sanda
Harabagiu, Donna Harman, Sasa Hasan, Timothy Hazen, Daqing He, Xiaodong He, Mary
Hearne, Marti Hearst, Ulrich Heid, James Henderson, Ulf Hermjakob, Andrew Hickl, Julia
Hirschberg, Lynette Hirschman, Graeme Hirst, Julia Hockenmaier, Mark Hopkins, Veronique
Hoste, Eduard Hovy, Churen Huang, Liang Huang, Sarmad Hussain, Bouke Huurnink, Mei-Yuh
Hwang
xviii

Nancy Ide, Diana Inkpen, Kentaro Inui, Mitsuru Ishizuka, Abe Ittycheriah
Jagadeesh Jagarlamudi, Martin Jansche, Mark Johnson, Rie Johnson, Kristiina Jokinen, Gareth
Jones, Rosie Jones, Aravind Joshi
Laura Kallmeyer, Nanda Kambhatla, Hiroshi Kanayama, Noriko Kando, Damianos Karakos,
Nikiforos Karamanis, Hideki Kashioka, Yasuhiro Katagiri, Rohit Kate, Tsuneaki Kato, Boris
Katz, Tatsuya Kawahara, Junichi Kazama, Bill Keler, Frank Keller, Charles Kemp, Andre
Kempe, Stanley Yong Wai Keong, Sharam Khadivi, Mahboob Khalid, Rodger Kibble, Bernd


Prompt:
Rodger Kibble, Bernd
Kiefer, Adam Kilgarriff, Chunyu Kit, Dan Klein, Kevin Knight, Alistair Knott, Philipp Koehn,
Rob Koeling, Alexander Koller, Terry Koo, Moshe Koppel, Anna Korhonen, Kimmo
Koskenniemi, Emiel Krahmer, Geert-Jan Kruijff, Yuval Krymlowski, Sandra Kuebler, Marco
Kuhlmann, Jonas Kuhn, Seth Kulick, Shankar Kumar, A Kumaran, June-Jei Kuo, Sadao
Kurohashi
Philippe Langlais, Mirella Lapata, Alex Lascarides, Alberto Lavelli, Alon Lavie, Victor
Lavrenko, Alan Lee, Gary Lee, Lillian Lee, Yoong Keok Lee, Xin Lei, Gregor Leusch, Lori
Levin, Hang Li, Jianguo Li, Qing Li, Xiaolong Li, Xiaoyan Li, Jimmy Lin, Krister Lind´en,
Lucian Lita, Ken Litkowski, Diane Litman, Bing Liu, Qun Liu, Tie-Yan Liu, Yang Liu, Karen
Livescu, Andrei Ljolje, Adam Lopez, Yajuan Lu, Anke L¨udeling, Xiaoqiang Luo
Brian Mak, Rob Malouf, Inderjeet Mani, Gideon Mann, Daniel Marcu, Llu´ıs M`arquez, Brandeis
Marshall, Maria Ant`onia Mart´ı, James Martin, Jean-Claude Martin, David Mart´ınez, Gregory


Prompt:
David Mart´ınez, Gregory
Marton, Mstislav Maslennikov, Tomoko Matsui, Yuji Matsumoto, Evgeny Matusov, Arne
Mauser, Jonathan May, Mark Maybury, Diana McCarthy, Mark McConnville, Kathleen McCoy,
Ryan McDonald, Tony Mcenry, Chris Mellish, Helen Meng, Paola Merlo, Detmar Meurers,
Rada Mihalcea, Brian Milch, Eleni Miltsakaki, David Mimno, Wolfgang Minker, Einat Minkov,
Gilad Mishne, Dipti Misra, Teruko Mitamura, Mandar Mitra, Vibhu Mittal, Yusuke Miyao,
Noboru Miyazaki, Sien Moens, Saif Mohammad, Rajat Mohanty, Dan Moldovan, Diego Moll´a,
Christian Monson, Christof Monz, Raymond Mooney, Bob Moore, Glyn Morrill, Alessandro
Moschitti, Karin M¨uller, Dragos Munteanu, Smaranda Muresan, Reinhard Muskens, Sung Hyon
Myaeng
Masaaki Nagata, Mikio Nakano, Yukiko Nakano, Vivi Nastase, Roberto Navigli, Mark-Jan
Nederhof, Ani Nenkova, John Nerbonne, G¨unter Neumann, Hermann Ney, Hwee Tou Ng,
Vincent Ng, Patrick Nguyen, Jian-Yun Nie, Zaiqing Nie, Takashi Ninomiya, Malvina Nissim,


Prompt:
Malvina Nissim,
Cheng Niu, Joakim Nivre, Chikashi Nobata, Elena Not, Adrian Novischi
Jon Oberlander, Franz Och, Stephan Oepen, Kemal Oﬂazer, Manabu Okumura, Miles Osborne,
Jahna Otterbacher
Sebastian Pado, Tim Paek, Martha Palmer, Bo Pang, Cecile Paris, Marius Pasca, Rebecca
Passonneau, Jon Patrick, Siddharth Patwardhan, Michael Paul, Adam Pease, Ted Pedersen,
Catherine Pelachaud, Anselmo Pe˜nas, Gerald Penn, Wim Peters, Paul Piwek, Massimo Poesio,
Octavian Popescu, Andrei Popescu-Belis, Maja Popovic, Chris Potts, Richard Power, Sameer
Pradhan, John Prager, Rashmi Prasad, Detlef Prescher, Stephen Pulman, Amruta Purandare,
James Pustejovsky
Long Qiu, Yan Qu, Chris Quirk
xix

Hema Raghavan, Bhuvana Ramabhadran, Ganesh Ramakrishnan, Owen Rambow, Lance
Ramshaw, Deepak Ravichandran, Ehud Reiter, Norbert Reithinger, Philip Resnik, Giuseppe
Riccardi, Stefan Riezler, German Rigau, Ellen Riloff, Hae-Chang Rim, Fabio Rinaldi, Brian


Prompt:
Fabio Rinaldi, Brian
Roark, James Rogers, Maribel Romero, Barbara Rosario, Dan Roth, Victoria Rubin
Kenji Sagae, Horacio Saggion, Tetsuya Sakai, Joan A. S´anchez, Mark Sanderson, Murat
Saraclar, Anoop Sarkar, Shudeshna Sarkar, Yutaka Sasaki, Giorgio Satta, Jan Schehl, Michael
Schiehlen, Anne Schiller, David Schlangen, Judith Schlesinger, Helmut Schmid, Marc
Schroeder, Hinrich Sch¨utze, Holger Schwenk, Donia Scott, Satoshi Sekine, Mike Seltzer, Vijay
Shanker, Libin Shen, Akira Shimazu, Luo Si, Advaith Siddharthan, Melanie Siegel, Khalil
Simaan, Michel Simard, David Smith, Rion Snow, Benjamin Snyder, Stephen Soderland,
Anders Søgaard, Swapna Somasundaran, David Sontag, Jennifer Spenader, Caroline Sporleder,
Richard Sproat, Manfred Stede, Mark Steedman, Amanda Stent, Mark Stevenson, Suzanne
Stevenson, Nicola Stokes, Matthew Stone, Veselin Stoyanov, Carlo Strapparava, Michael
Strube, Tomek Strzalkowski, Jian Su, Keh-Yih Su, Eiichiro Sumita, Jian-Tao Sun, Richard


Prompt:
Jian-Tao Sun, Richard
Sutcliffe, Charles Sutton, Idan Szpektor
Maite Taboada, John Tait, Hiroya Takamura, David Talbot, Pasi Tapanainen, Joel Tetreault,
Mariet Theune, Vu Thuy, J¨org Tiedemann, Christoph Tillmann, Roberto Togneri, Takenobu
Tokunaga, Kristina Toutanova, David Traum, Benjamin Tsou, Hajime Tsukada, Yoshimasa
Tsuruoka, Gokhan Tur, Peter Turney
Raghavendra Udupa, Nicola Uefﬁng, Masao Utiyama
Antal van den Bosch, Josef van Genabith, Hans van Halteren, Lucy Vanderwende, Tony Veale,
Sriram Venkatapathy, Ashish Venugopal, Marc Verhagen, Paola Verlardi, Yannick Versley,
Renata Vieira, David Vilar, Piek Vossen, Atro Voutilainen
Joachim Wagner, Marilyn Walker, Michael Walsh, Xiaojun Wan, Haifeng Wang, Wei Wang,
Bonnie Webber, Wouter Weerkamp, Ben Wellner, Fuiliang Weng, Michael White, Richard
Wicentowski, Yorick Wilks, Theresa Wilson, Shuly Wintner, Yuk Wah Wong, Johan Wouters,
Dekai Wu
Fei Xia, Jingfang Xu, Peng Xu


Prompt:
Jingfang Xu, Peng Xu
Atsushi Yamada, Kazuhide Yamamoto, Xiaofeng Yang, Alexander Yates, Shiren Ye, Scott
Wen-tau Yih, Clem Yu, Deniz Yuret
Dmitry Zaykovskiy, Dmitry Zelenko, Luke Zettlemoyer, ChengXiang Zhai, Hao Zhang, Min
Zhang, Rong Zhang, Tong Zhang, Yue Zhang, Jerry Zhu, Andreas Zollmann, Chengqing Zong,
Ingrid Zukerman, Pierre Zweigenbaum


Prompt:
Jingfang Xu, Peng Xu
Atsushi Yamada, Kazuhide Yamamoto, Xiaofeng Yang, Alexander Yates, Shiren Ye, Scott
Wen-tau Yih, Clem Yu, Deniz Yuret
Dmitry Zaykovskiy, Dmitry Zelenko, Luke Zettlemoyer, ChengXiang Zhai, Hao Zhang, Min
Zhang, Rong Zhang, Tong Zhang, Yue Zhang, Jerry Zhu, Andreas Zollmann, Chengqing Zong,
Ingrid Zukerman, Pierre Zweigenbaum
xx


Prompt:
Organizing Committee
General Conference Chair:
Su, Keh-Yih (Behavior Design Corp., Taiwan; kysu@bdc.com.tw)
Program Chairs:
Su, Jian (Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore; sujian@i2r.a-star.edu.sg)
Wiebe, Janyce (University of Pittsburgh, USA; janycewiebe@gmail.com)
Local Organizing Chair:
Li, Haizhou (Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore; hli@i2r.a-star.edu.sg)
Demo Chairs:
Lee, Gary Geunbae (POSTECH, Korea; gblee@postech.ac.kr)
Schulte im Walde, Sabine (University of Stuttgart, Germany; schulte@ims.uni-stuttgart.de)
Exhibits Chairs:
Baldwin, Timothy (University of Melbourne, Australia; tim@csse.unimelb.edu.au)
Koehn, Philipp (University of Edinburgh, UK; pkoehn@inf.ed.ac.uk)
Mentoring Service Chairs:
Ng, Hwee Tou (National University of Singapore, Singapore; nght@comp.nus.edu.sg)
Reeder, Florence (Mitre, USA; freeder@mitre.org)
Publication Chairs:
Barzilay, Regina (MIT, USA; regina@csail.mit.edu)


Prompt:
USA; regina@csail.mit.edu)
Chang, Jing-Shin (National Chi Nan University, Taiwan; jshin@csie.ncnu.edu.tw)
Publicity Chairs:
Kan, Min-Yen (National University of Singapore, Singapore; kanmy@comp.nus.edu.sg)
Way, Andy (Dublin City University, Ireland; away@computing.dcu.ie)
Sponsorship Chairs:
Americas Sponsorship Co-Chairs:
Bangalore, Srinivas
Doran, Christine
European Sponsorship Co-Chairs:
Koehn, Philipp
Genabith, Josef van
Asia Sponsorship Co-Chairs:
Isahara, Hitoshi (NICT, Japan; isahara@nict.go.jp)
Lua, Kim-Teng (COLIPS, Singapore; luakt@colips.org)
vii

Student Chairs:
Dimalen, Davis (Academia Sinica, Taiwan; d dimalen@yahoo.com)
Finkel, Jenny Rose (Stanford University, USA; jrﬁnkel@cs.stanford.edu)
Thomson, Blaise (Cambridge University, UK; brmt2@cam.ac.uk)
Student Workshop Faculty Advisors:
Ngai, Grace (Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; csgngai@polyu.edu.hk)
Roark, Brian (Oregon Health & Science University, USA; roark@cslu.ogi.edu)
Tutorial Chairs: